IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 V 
 
 /. 
 
 {•/ 
 
 Q.A 
 
 WJ- 
 
 ^^ 
 
 y 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 IIIM |||||M 
 
 [|||j3 2 
 
 m mil 2.0 
 
 mm 
 
 14 IIIIII.6 
 
 c*m 
 
 
 VI 
 
 W^' 
 
 <p 
 
 y 
 
 /^ 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 
 
 
 '!"' 
 
 O^ 
 
 % 
 
 V 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 w 
 
 ^> 
 
.^ m 
 
 Q.A 
 
 i €4p. 
 
 w- 
 
 &=/ 
 
 C/j 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques 
 
 4S' 
 
Technicai and Bibliographic IMotes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 T 
 U 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best 
 original copy available for filming. Features of this 
 copy which may be bibliographically unique, 
 which may alter any of the images in the 
 reproduction, or which may significantly change 
 the usual method of filming, are checked below. 
 
 D 
 
 □ 
 
 
 n/ 
 
 n 
 
 Coloured covers/ 
 Couverture do couleur 
 
 I I Covers damaged/ 
 
 Couverture endommagee 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restaurde et/ou pelliculde 
 
 □ Cover title missing/ 
 Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 I I Coloured maps/ 
 
 D 
 
 Cartes gdographiques en couleur 
 
 Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 Bound with other material/ 
 Reli6 avec d'autres documents 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 
 La reliure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distortion le long de la marge int^rieure 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may 
 appear within the text. Whenever possible, these 
 have been omitted from filming/ 
 II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes 
 lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas 6t6 filmdes. 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentaires suppldmentaires; 
 
 L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire 
 qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details 
 de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du 
 point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier 
 une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une 
 modification dans la m^thode normale de filmage 
 sont indiquds ci-dessous. 
 
 □ Coloured pages/ 
 Pages de couleur 
 
 n 
 
 E 
 
 n 
 n 
 
 Pages damaged/ 
 Pages endommagdes 
 
 Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 Pages restaur^es et/ou pellicul6es 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 Pages d6color6es, tachetdes ou piqu^es 
 
 Pages detached/ 
 Pages detach^es 
 
 Showthrough/ 
 Transparence 
 
 Quality of print varies/ 
 Qualit^ in6gale de I'impression 
 
 Includes supplementary material/ 
 Comprend du materiel supplementaire 
 
 Only edition available/ 
 Seule Edition disponible 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to 
 ensure the best possible image/ 
 Les pages totalement ou partiellement 
 obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, 
 etc., ont 6X6 film^es d nouveau de fagon d 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 T 
 
 P 
 o 
 
 fi 
 
 C 
 
 b 
 
 tl 
 s 
 o 
 fi 
 s 
 o 
 
 T 
 s 
 
 T 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 d 
 
 e 
 b 
 ri 
 r« 
 n 
 
 This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce document est film6 au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous. 
 
 10X 14X 18X 22X 
 
 26X 
 
 30X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 12X 
 
 16X 
 
 20X 
 
 24X 
 
 28X 
 
 32X 
 
The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks 
 to the generosity of: 
 
 IMational Library of Canada 
 
 L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grdce d la 
 gdndrosit^ de: 
 
 Bibliothdque nationale du Canada 
 
 The images appearing here are the best quality 
 possible considering the condition and legibility 
 of the original copy and in keeping with the 
 filming contract specifications. 
 
 Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le 
 plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et 
 de la nettetd de l'exemplaire film6, et en 
 conformity avec les conditions du contrat de 
 filmage. 
 
 Original copies in printed paper covers are fihned 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All 
 other original copies are filmed beginning on the 
 first page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, and ending on the last page with a printed 
 or illustrated impression. 
 
 The last recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain the symbol -^ (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en 
 papier est imprimde sont filmds en commenpant 
 par le premier plat et en terminant soi; par la 
 dernidre page qui comporte une emp.ainte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second 
 plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires 
 originaux sont filmds en commen^ant par la 
 premidre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par 
 la dernidre page qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la 
 dernidre image de chaque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: le symbole — ^> signifie "A SUIVRE", le 
 symbole V signifie "FIN". 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent etre 
 film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre 
 reproduit en un seul clichd, il est film6 d partir 
 de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, 
 et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre 
 d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants 
 iliustrent la mdthode. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 32X 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
CHraSTOPHER COLUMBUS, 
 
 From :i Copy o/the ( >Kiginitt ii.' Wifiiis. 
 
m^.; Y^^' 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
\ 
 
 K 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
THE PEOPLE*! 
 
 FROM TH£ GROUP AT THE CAPITOL WASHINOTON 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 iiif le ma 
 
 ; 
 
THE PEOPLE'S 
 
 HISTORY OF AMERICA, 
 
 niOK Tnn 
 
 O^itrlicst iiswkncs to i\t |«stnt ^^. 
 
 CONTAININO: 
 
 BELKNAP'S BIOGRAPHIES OF THE EARLY nT«?nnAn.nT^T>o r. 
 
 BY COMPETENT AVRITER5 TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 WJTH A 
 
 Copious General Index, and abounding with Notes, Biographical Sketches, Etc. 
 
 ro wnicn ahe added 
 
 UUHBAUD^S HISTORY OP THE INDIAN WARS IN NEW ENGLAND 
 
 A^rD THE MORAL ADVANCEMENT OF THS PEOPLE." 
 
 I1>LUSTRATED WITH TWENTY-FOUR FULL-PAGE ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 1<'R0M THE MOST CELEBRATED PAINTINGS. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 PtJBLTSHED BY HENRY S. ALLEN, 
 
 No. 8 HOWARD STREET. 
 
 18 7 4, 
 
Entered nccoidimr to Act of Congress, In the year 1874, by 
 
 HENRY 8. ALLEN, 
 
 In (he Ofllce of the Librnriau of Congress, at Wasblngton, D. C 
 
TO 
 
 THE PEOPLE OF AMERICA, 
 
 WHOSIl 
 
 En-OUrS IS- the GAUSR op POT.TTWAL LTBKRTY fllVE A TECVLTAli CUARACTEli 
 TO TUE MEVOIWS OF THE VAST VEXTUUr, 
 
 AUD DV WUOM 
 
 Tire OHU.MS OF FIIKKDOM INHHUITUD FllOM TIIU OLD WOULD ItAVK IJEKN MAUK TO 
 DICVKLOl- Jj-UUrrd that auk a ULEriiJIXO TO CIVILIZATION 
 
 THIS WORK, 
 
 JIeCOI^DING the piAI^F^ATlVE OF THEII^ filSTORY. 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 EARLTKST TO TIIR LATEST TIMKS. 
 
 IS FAITUFULLV 
 
 ^ Bcdicatod. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 In this volume wo present to the public a history of the two AmoiMcan Contiiiont.s fnnn the pens of our iiUlcat his- 
 torians, coutinued in each instance by competent writL-ni to tlic presc'nt. time. For piirposcs of rofevcnce, nnd in order to 
 render the design as complete as possible, wo have prcHxed to tiio portion which is more purely historical, the excellent 
 biographies of the early discoverers which were written by the accomplished scholar nnd divine, Dr. IJelknnp. The 
 record of those men must not bo forgotten. For the early history, from the iirst voyage of ( 'olmnbus, through the stirring 
 events that signalized the settlement of Central nnd South America, the great work of Dr. Ilobertson possesses claims 
 which are pre-eminent. It therefore fitly occupies the next place, but with an additional cha]jter, wherein are traced the 
 gradual development of the several South American Ilepublica, and the formation of Brazil into a separate Empire. 
 Wo follow the chain of events in North America from the period of the cai'ly settlement, down to that of the English 
 revolution of 1G88, aided by the impartial pen of Mr. Cirahame ; henceforth relying upon a nuniber of equally accredited 
 author'.cies till wo reach the last fourth of the eighteenth century. At this eventful point in our history, we have had 
 recourse to the lucid narrative that has come to us from the pen of IMr. Ramsay. But the result of his labors extends 
 only to 1807. For subsequent history we have therefore adopted the same course as in perfecting the continuation 
 of Dr. Robertson's work on South America. Rich materials lay in abundance before us in both cases. We have used 
 the best means at our disposal to gather them together, and, with the most suitable of them, to produce a work whi:;h 
 shall be at once authentic and as far as possible complete. 
 
 It has been said, that ours is the only nation which has no nge of fable. This is only partly true. It is true of the 
 United States, but it is not true of America. The history of that time which preceded the great discovery by Columbus 
 IS a page which has yet to be written. Perhaps it never can be fully written. But it refers to an ago of fable than 
 n-hich no part of the world offers any that is more interesting, or probably more manellous. AYe cannot lose sight of 
 this, for we are treating not only of this Republic which has no such fabulous epoch, but of the entire American conti- 
 nent ; and our work begins, at the moment when the fabulous portion of that history ends. Our aim has been to con- 
 struct, npon a combined chronological and geographical basis, a narrative of all the leading events in American history, 
 wherewith to secure at once a work of reference upon the widest scale, and at the same time a volume of pleasant inter, 
 est which shall bo acceptable to the people. The life of a nation should mark the moral and intellectual progress of its 
 inhabitants ; and if that be true, the story is one which surely none of us can well ailord to leave unread. 
 
 "( 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 CIIUISTOPIIKH COLU.MIU:w. PORTUAIT, 
 
 (I'KIWICOS) COLUMBUS AMJ TIIK INDIAN MAIDEN, 
 
 LANDINO OF COLUMBUH, 
 
 PIZARRO MAKCHIN(f ON THE CAPITAL OF THE INCVS 
 
 ' * • • • 
 
 COHTEZ UKCEIVINO MONTEZUMAM PRESENTS 
 
 ' ' • • • . 
 
 CABRAL TAKING POSSESSION ' :;' BRAZIL 
 
 * ' * • • • • 
 
 ALJIAQRO MARCIIINO ON CHILI, 
 
 EMBARKATION OF THE PILGRIM FATHER.' , 
 
 FIRST LANDINO OF THE PILGRIMS ' 1(120, 
 
 GEORCiE WASHINGTON. PORTRAIT 
 
 ' ■•••.. 
 
 WILLIAM PENN RECEIVING THE CHARTKU OF PENNSYLVANIA FROM CHARLES II., 
 BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL, 
 WASHINGTON AT VALLEY FORGE, 
 
 * * • • • 
 
 BATTLE OF BENNINGTON, . , . _ 
 
 SIGNING OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, JULY 4, 177U, 
 AUTOGRAPHS OP THE SIGNERS OP THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 
 PORTRAITS OP THE EIGHTEEN PRESIDENTS OP THE UNITED STATES, 
 ATTACK ON FORT SUMTER, APRIL 13, 18C1, 
 
 MARCHING ON RICHMOND, 
 
 ' • • • . 
 
 IN THE TRENCHES BEFORE PETERSBURGH 
 
 ' * • • • • 
 
 BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG!!, JULY 3, 18C3 
 MONITORS BOMBARDING FORT SUMTER, APRIL 7, 18C3, 
 THE CHRISTIAN COMMISSION ON THE BATTLE FIEIJ), 
 
 A SCENE FROM THE INDIAN WARS IN NEW ENGLANT>-THE LIVES OP FIFTEEN PERSONS 
 WOMEN AND CHILDREN, PRESERVED BY THE HEROISM OP A YOUNG WOMAN, 
 
 yi-iint 
 
 .'.V'Are, 
 
 Vir/IU'tU 
 
 Title. 
 
 Pago 
 
 80 
 
 «i 
 
 Hi? 
 
 a 
 
 120 
 
 (( 
 
 8(i 
 
 41 
 
 LT) 
 
 <4 
 
 L'I3 
 
 (( 
 
 y;ii) 
 
 (( 
 
 ■.\w.\ 
 
 (1 
 
 32,? 
 
 (1 
 
 38a 
 
 << 
 
 Ul 
 
 11 
 
 •12''. 
 
 t< 
 
 •100 
 
 11 
 
 408 
 
 II 
 
 J9I 
 
 It 
 
 55G 
 
 11 
 
 5T3 
 
 <{ 
 
 588 
 
 11 
 
 580 
 
 l( 
 
 584 
 
 t< 
 
 590 
 
 C66 
 
f^ "J!^ 
 
C O ]\ T E ]\ T S. 
 
 BIOGILIPHIES OF THE EARLY DISCOVEItEES. 
 
 CHAPTER I. pAoB 
 
 BiKOV : nis Discovery of Uelaiid anil (Irecnlnnd— An Account of his 
 
 Voyuge — Character and Appearance of the Nativca . . . , 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Madoc : Ills Supposed Discovery of Aincricii— An Account of his Voyage 
 Examined — Ihe Improljability of the Story 3 
 
 CHAPTKR III. 
 
 Zeno : Ills Kiink and Birlli— lie Sails on a Voyage of Discovery— Is ovcr- 
 talien by a Storm— Arrives at Krisland— IHIlleuIties with the Natives 
 —His Death— His brother Antonio talies the Command ... 3 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 COLiTMnus : His nciisons for seeking India liy Westerly Route — Ills Four 
 Voyages, and the Hardships and Ditheulties he underwent — He is 
 Shipwrecked on Janndca— Ills Death and Character .... 4 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 AMEnIcrs Vesitciis: Ills Hhtli and Education — Ills Sclcntiflc Researches 
 —His First Voyage to .America and Claims as a Discoverer — The 
 Naming of the Continent . . 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Jons AND Sebastian Cabot : The Commission of King Ileurj- VII.— 
 Thev Sail on a Voyage of Discovery, and sight Land- Description of 
 the New Country — IJeturn to England — Sebastian starts on a Second 
 Voyage 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 James Caktier : Sails on a Voyage of Discovery, reaches the Island of 
 Newfoundland— Finds Chafenr Bay — His Interview with the Natives 
 — Danacona, the Indian Chief— His Stratagem — Indian Reception of 
 Cartier ami his Companions — Character, Habits, and Customs of the 
 Indians- Further Discoveries— The Expedition attacked by Disease — 
 Carter takes Possession of the Country — Returns to France with two 
 of the Natives- A Second Voyage— Kind Reception by the Indians.. 
 
 CHAPTER VMI. 
 
 FEBiiiNANno DE Soto : Lands in Florida— Advances into the Interior— 
 DlfllcullleswlththeNathes— Ills Death 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 JlbMrniiEY fiii.iiEUT: Voyage of Master Horc—Orcat Sufferings of the 
 Party— Seizure of French Vessel- Sir 11. (illbeit receives a Com- 
 mission from (Jneeii F.liz:ibeth— He Sails, and is overtaken by a Storm 
 — LamK on Newfonndlaml, and lakes Possession of the Island— Cor- 
 dial lieecplioii by the Natives- A (Jovcrninent Established— Ship- 
 wreck and Death . - 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Sill WAi.TKii Uu-ridii AM) Sill RiciiAiio (iRi-Nvii.LE : Raleigh olitains 
 a CominlsRlon from IJiieen Klizabeth, and sails for America- Ills ar- 
 rival at Wococon— Sr.iniriniimeo, the Indian Chief— Description of 
 an Indian Village— Kind Reception by the Nntlves- Return to Eng- 
 land— Seeoiul K:;pcditioii under Sir. R". (ircnvllle— Settlement of Vir- 
 ginia—Death of (iranganlmeo— Revenge of his brother, Wlnglna — 
 His Death- A Third Exiieililion- Progress of Virginia and Its ulti- 
 mate Desertion— Introduction of Tobacec into Europe— Anecdote of 
 Sir Walter Raleigh 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Jou.\ DE FicA ; Ills Adventuies and Discoveries— The Attempt to Pro- 
 cure him a C'omiulsslon 
 
 CIIAPTICR XII. 
 
 BAUTiiiii.oMrw (l.issoi.i): His Arrival in Virgiid.i- Description of the 
 Coasi- -Visit from the liulians- Aliaiulonment of the Cidony by tlie 
 English . 
 
 CHAI'Ti', U XIII. 
 JoUN Smith; Sketch of his ('mvcr-lli' joins the Austrian Armv— Ills 
 ICiieoiinter «llli I lie Tiiik:- Is mad.' e Prisoner, ai;d s ilil as a t-lavt»— 
 Eseupes, and Returns to r.:i-lual -.Meets (Jc n(dil, and they .udl lo 
 
 1« 
 
 17 
 
 America— Arrival at Virginia— Smith Is taken Prisoner by the In- 
 dians, and Condemned to Death — He Is Saved by Pocahoiitas — His 
 Release, and subsciiuent Discoveries — He is made President of Vir- 
 ginia — Ills Fame among the Indians — Returns to England— The His- 
 tory of Pocahoutus- Smith's Literary Works and Death ... 17 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 De Mo.nt?, PouTiiiNcot'uT AND C'liAMi'i.AiN : Do Moiit'rt Patent for 
 Acadia — His Fort at St. Crolv— Champlain Navigates the St. I.-aw- 
 renee — liullds a Fort at Quebec — Discovers the Lake that bears Ills 
 Name — Surrcuders Quebec to the Eiiglluh— Ills Character and Death 24 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Feiidinando fionoE.s and John Mason : Discovery of a Plot against 
 Queen Elizabeth— (lorgcs Defends himself hetora Parliiiment — His 
 Complaint against the Dutch- Misfortunes and l)e:itli— Mason's 
 Plantation at Piscataipia — Massachusetts Established — Plans for In- 
 dependence Suspected — Province of Maine — Tim Form of (joveru- 
 ment — Protected, and afterwards Pnrcliased by Massachusetts . . 20 
 
 C II A P T E R XVI. 
 
 IlENiiY IlrDSON : Sails on a Vovagc of Discovery — Arrives ot Sandy 
 Hook— Attempts to Sail up the River- Ilostlllly of the Natives— Re- 
 turns tf) Englaiij;! — His Second Voyage — Discovery of .Mcrmaitl — 
 Hudson's Arrangements with the Dutch— His .Misfortunes and Terri- 
 ble end 30 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Siu Thomas Smith : Charges against him— He Resigns the Treaanrership 
 of tlie Virginia Company, and receives a (Irant of Land to the Colony 
 -Sir Edwin Sandys appointed his Successor — Lotteries — Sujipiies 
 obtained by their nieaus for the Colony SI 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 Lord Delaware, Sir Tiio.mas Gates, Sir (Ieoroe Somers, Captain 
 Newport, Sir Thomas Dale, Sir F. Wainman : Lord Delaware 
 arrives in Virginia — Builds two F'orts on the James River— Leaves 
 Virginia and goes to tlie Western Islands— Settlement of Daniel (ioo- 
 kin in Virginia, and Removal to New England— Sir Thomas Dale ap- 
 jiolntcd (iovcrnor of Virginia— Outline of his Character— Appoint- 
 ment of Sir Thomas (iates— Dispute between him and .\<lmiral Soni- 
 ors on a Question of Precedence — Wreck of Somers In Bnrmuda— His 
 Death, Burial, and .Monument— First Settlement of Now York— .Ar- 
 rival of Sir Fcrdlnaudo Wainman in Virginia— His Death— Death ot 
 Lord Delaware 3A 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Siu Samuel Aiioal and Sin George Yeaudlet : Argal's Expedition 
 to Northern Virginia, and his Defeat of the French at Mount Dcsart 
 —Takes and destroys Port .<oyal — Holds a Conference witli Blcu- 
 court— Visits the Dutch at Ihe "Hudson River— The Dutch Governor 
 Surrenders to him- His Voyage to England- N appointed Deputj'- 
 Governor of Virginia— His severe Discipline— Charged ot Peculation, 
 and Is Superseded- But Escapes by the help ot Ihe Karl of Warwick — 
 Commands an Expedition against tlie Algerinea, and Is Knighted by 
 Khig James— His Character— Appointment of Sir George ieardlcy 
 to the Governorship of Virginia- He cneonmges the Cultivation ot 
 Tobacco— Attacks the Chiekahoinin,v Indians— Vicissitudes iu hl8 
 Career- His Death . . B4 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Sir FuANns Wvat : Siiccecils Yeardley in tht Government of VlrglntA 
 —Is Deceived by the Native. Chiefs— Massacre ot the Colonists— Ho 
 opposes the change of Uovcinmeut contemidated by the Crown, and 
 returns to Ireland 
 
 SO. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 B^nTiioLOMEW GosNoi.i), Martin Prino, Bahtikilomew Gilbert, and 
 George Wey.moitu : (iosnold's Voyage to Virginia — Ills Interview 
 and Tniflle with the Natives — Returns to Kngtainl— Accompanies, 
 Johu Smith to Virghiia— His Death — Prlng sails for North Virginia— 
 I)iseovers Fox l:-luiid— Enters Massachusetts Bay — Interview with 
 the Niitives— Relui'iis ti England, and m/'tcs a Second Voyage— GIU 
 belt ^alls for Virginia, and Is killed by the Natives— Wevmoutli's 
 \"oy!ige to America — He Discovers (Jeorge's Island and Pentecost 
 Harbour, and Kidnaps some of the Nathi.s ....>, 33 
 
 CHAPTER XX n, 
 
 Jonn RovissoN ; Ilisi liiilhaud Fiily H story— Mlnbter of a Dlss(.iitln({ 
 
 A 
 
|.!'^ 
 
 VIU 
 
 CONTEXTS. 
 
 CnnKroitiitlon— RcIIrIoiis Perspontlons— ITe removes to Amstcrdiim— 
 Ills Oltiniitntinn wllli KnlsriM""— '"" I'linri'li coiiti'inplntcs u lii'- 
 lUDViU — riiry apply to tiio Virginia Conipiinv — Tlie Hfrmon licfori^ 
 Koinoval, ami rartlii); from those who nailed for America — Ills Dialh 
 
 — Character and Posterity 4d 
 
 i 
 CHAPTEH XXIII. ! 
 
 John Cahver: Appointed Afjeiit by the EiiRlish Settlers nt I-eydeii— 
 Superintends arrangement* for Emigration— 1b appointed President 
 of tlu^ Company — ^^]^ke8 an Kxenrsion from (Jape Cod in 8eareli of a 
 Ilarhor — Latul* on Clarlv's Island — Forms a Settlement at IMynionlh ' 
 
 — His Interview with Mussassoit — His Death, Cliiiraeter, and iVtslcr- 
 ity— Relics in the Cabinet of tlic Historical Society . . . . U 
 
 CHAPTEU XXIV. 
 
 Wii.i.iAM liUADPonn : His Hirth and Edueation— lieniovcs to An;sler- 
 ilam— Aceompanies Emiirrants to New ICntfland— Lo^s of his Wife- 
 Is chosen (iovcrimr of New Plynnnith— Indian Conspinicii'S — Brad- [ 
 ford adopts Mcasnres of llefenee— Snrrenders the Patent to the Col- 
 otiy — His Death, Character, and Descendants 47 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 Wii.i.iAM Brewster: Honors frinn the Dntch tiovernment — llenioves 
 to Holland— Establishes a l'rintini;<)tllee— Crosses to America— Otll- 
 c'iates as a Preacher— Uis Death and CIniraeler .... 50 
 
 CHAPTEK XXVI. 
 
 KonRHT Ct'SiiMAN : Endi.irks for .\nn'i'i(a -Uetnrns loEnirland— .Vrrival 
 at Plvinnuth — His Lecture on iSeif-I.uve — His Familv C!)nie8 to New 
 EnL'lund ". . . .Mi 
 
 HISTORY OF SOUTH AMICRICA. 
 
 EdITOII's PliiiFACK 
 
 Altuoh's Pheface 
 
 I'AO » 
 . M 
 
 CIIAPTHR XXXII. 
 
 WII.I.IAM Pfnn: Ills Hirth and Education- He Tnivelu to Eranee, and 
 Visits Ireland- Aitaelies lliniself to the Society of Friends— I.s .\r- 
 rested and Discarded by His Father— liccomcs an Itincrint Preacher 
 — Is Impriscinid in the Towir of I.onilon — Ills Second .lour- 
 ney to Ireland— licconeiied witli Ilia Father— He Is au'ain Anwt^d 
 and Imprisoned in Ncwijate— Pleads theCaupe of the ^Jnllker.^ hi'fore 
 Parliament— Heciivcs a Charter of Pcmisylvaida- Terms <vf h^etli,'- 
 ment— Semis a Letter to the Indians- Eiuliarka with a NuiiiIkt of 
 (Quakers for AnuTii'a — Arrivi's at Newcastle — Fcninds and Nami's 
 I'liiladididila- Is Kl.ited a Fellow of thu Itoyal .Soeiety-lii . Style .,f 
 Pri'.aehinj:- Di'parture for Kiinland— Ho Piiblislies li Hunk oil tlie 
 I.ilierly (.f Cniiscience— Is 8\i>ii..i.tcd of bcini{ Iiiindi'id to Kiiiu' Wil- 
 liam -li^'conies Involved ill Debt— Sljfiis t New Charter — Again 
 Visits lOiifj'land— His i:uibarru63mc;it3 and Death .... 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI II. 
 
 Apit.nihx to tub Biookai'iiiks ; Account of the Natives of Now Eu^'- 
 land . , , 
 
 r.ooK I. 
 
 CHAPTRR XXVII. 
 
 EDWAnn WiNsi.ow : Ills lilrtli ami Education — Travels on tlie Continent 
 of Europe — Ucmoves to .■\iiieriea — Visits Masaassoit— Keturns to Eni;- 
 land — Sa'ls ajjain for New Piymcnitli, whence he Is airaln Sent to 
 Encland as Aircnt— Ills Cmnmittal to the Fleet Prison — Is Hcleased, 
 and Heturns to New England — Is C'liosen (loveruor. and then luaile 
 Commissioner of the Inited Colonies— Is Sent l)V Cromwell aijahiat 
 the Spaniards— Dies on the Passaj;e to Janiaica — Ills Posterity . 
 
 (MI APT Ell XXVIII. 
 
 Mil. EH Standisii; a Soldiir in the Netherlands— Embarks for .\nicrlei 
 — C(Unpels Corblt.iut to Submit at Swauzey — liis Itcsolute Polity 
 towards the Iiidi;ius--His Expedition to We'ssajnsset and Cajie Anii 
 — Mr. Hubbard's OiisiTvaf ions Hcspeetinc: Hint- Ketarns to Kiiirlaud 
 ns Aircnt for the ('oloiiy — His Death ami Di-scendanls — Estimate i>f 
 His Character — The Policy of Scmlini^ Convicts to Vir^jlnia 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 John WiNTiinor; First (iovcrnor of Massaehnselta : His Hirth ami An- 
 cestry— His Cliar;icter — Examinatiiin of His Accounts — His Dillieul- 
 enlties with Mrs. llulebinson and Her Followers— His Cnuduet to- 
 wards the Church at Moston— ()pinii>ns of Demoeraev, Liberty, ami 
 the .Mau'islruev— I'eenuiary Embarrassments and Fainiiv AlllictioMs— 
 His Di'alli aiid I'oslerily— Tlie Portrait In the Senate Chamber (it 
 Massachusetts 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 John Wintiiuop. F. R. S., Oovernor of Conneetieut— His liirtli and 
 Educatiou— Removal to New Eusrland— t)blains a Cliarler Incorpo- 
 raliii;,' Comiei'ticnl ami New ILnen— Is Chos.'ii (iovcrnor of tlie Col- 
 ony — Elected I'Vllow of the Royal Society — Ills Deatli 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 CHOROE Cai.veut, Cecimis Cai.veut (Lords Baltimore), I.EoNAun Cai.- 
 vi:uT : liirtli and iviucatio!; of (leiriie Calvert— He Enters the Sit- 
 viei> of Sir Robert Cecil --Is made Secretary of State, ami Rcri-iv,s a 
 Pensi<iu from Kiii'.' James— Heeoiues a Roman I'athuii,'— Is Cn'alcd 
 Paron of Haltimor.' — Attein[its « Settlement in Ni'wfoundlaud — 
 Visits Viriiiui I— Receives a (irant of Territory North (rf the i'otcunae 
 — His Cli.n-aeter and Death— Cecil iJecelves'a Patent of Maryh.uul- 
 Sctiies tlie Colonv and .Vppoinls His Brother Leonard lioveriior — 
 Leonard Calvert PromoL^'S Immj^^ratiou 
 
 Pbooress of Navlcatlcm amouf; the Ancients— View of their niacoverics 
 as Preparatory to those of tlic .Moderns— Imiierfcetlons of ..Sneient 
 Navigation and (ieo^niiihy— Docttlne of the Z(nies— Further Discov- 
 eries Clieckeil liy the Irruption of Barbarous Nations— (ieoifniphieal 
 KnowleilKc still Preserved in tlie East anioui; the Arabians— Kcvlvul 
 of Coininerceand Navia:atlon In Europe— Eavimrcd by the Crusades — 
 Extended liy Travelli'r^ into the East -Promoted by the Invcntiini 
 of tlie Mariner's Comiiass— First Regular Plan of Diseoverv formed 
 by Portu:;al- State of that Kingdom— Schemes of Prince' Henry — 
 Early Altemjits Feeld(\— Progress Moni; the Western Coast of Africa 
 —Holies of Discovcrini; a New Route to the East Indies- Atleiupts 
 to Aceomplisli this — Prosjiccts of Success 
 
 P.OOK II. 
 
 BlilTIi and Education of Columbus— He ae(|nires Nav.il Skill in the Ser- 
 vice of Porliipii— Conceives Hopes of reaeliiuK the East Indies liy 
 holding; a Westerly Course— His System Fouuded on the Ideas of tiio 
 Aneieuls and Kmiwiedite of their Navi^ralion, and mi tin; Discoveries 
 of the Porlaciiese— His Ne^'otlations Willi Dilfcrcnt Courts- (llista- 
 elcs wdiicli he hail l<i Surniouut in Spain —Voyai^c of Discovery — 
 Diilicultics and Success— lid urns to Spain— .\Bloiilslnncnt there' at 
 the Dl.-covcry of a New World — Pap.il (irant — Second Voyai^e — 
 Coiiiny Settled — Further Discoveries- War with the Indians— First 
 Tax Imposed upon I'lii'm— Third Vova^e — State of the Spanish 
 Colony— Emirs in the First System of Coloulziinr— V'ova!;i' of the 
 PortiiKiiese to the East Indies b'y the Cape of (iood Hope -- Its ElTeitH 
 — Discoveries inaile by Private Adveulurcrs In the New World - 
 Name of .Xinerica uiveii to it— Mailiinalions ii-.Minst Columbus — He 
 is Dlsi;T.iced, and sei>'. in Cliaius to Europe — Ills Fourth N'oyage — 
 Discoveries, Disasters, and Death 
 
 r.ooK III. 
 
 State of the Colony in Hi ipaulola— New War willi the Indians- CruoPy 
 of the Spaniards— Fatal liei,'ulalions eonccriiinfr Hie Cciinlitlou of 
 llie Imliaus— Diniiiiut on of that IVople— Discoveries and Settle- 
 meniri — First Col(in\ p anted on the <;nutinent — Conipicst of Cuba- 
 Discovery of Florida— Discovery of the South Sea— (ircat Expecta- 
 tions and Disappoiutiu.'nts — Controversy about the Tivatinent of tlie 
 luiliaus— t oiltrary Decisions— Zeal of liic Fee le-iaslics, parlleiilarly 
 of Las Casas — Sinnaihir Proceedings of .Ximeiies— Nej^rocs imporleil 
 into .Vinerica- Las Casas' Ideas nf a .New C(liiny--lle is Pcrniit'cd 
 to .\ltenipt to Carry out his Sclu'pie, and is I'usueccssfnl— Discover- 
 ies towar.is the West— Yucatan— Camiicachy— New Spain— Prepara- 
 tions for Invasion 
 
 !!()() Iv IV. 
 
 Amekioa in the Fifteenth Century- Its Inhaliitnnis— Scenery, etc. — 
 Theories eoucernliiu' tlic Early Population— Condition anil Character 
 of the Americans — Hi;;lier Civili/.atlnn of the Me\icans and Peru- 
 vians— Physical and Mental Characteristics nf tiie People— Their Do- 
 mestic Life — Polilic.il Stale and Institutions— .System of War — t'uti- 
 dilionof the Arts— Relighms Belief ami Inatltntious—Ccneral Cus- 
 toms 
 
 00 
 
 IM)() K I .\. 
 
 i!i;i. \Ti'-eis nf Spain In EuiMpe- F.llccls oi" tie I'nllcy of Nii|inleon ami 
 I'l' the Wars witli En:;l iiid - Tic Spfioish .\iiicricMii Colonies scekiiiK 
 Iniicpendcnce- Their Cltiiuate Sueecos— Scpari'.tlon of Brazil Into 
 
 (i'J 
 
 I'O 
 
 03 
 
 liOOK V. 
 
 The Conquest of New Spain by Cortcz 118 
 
 HOOK VI. 
 
 Tnn ('on»'iU(v<t of IVru by iMz;uT()— l>issnisiiniR luul Civil Wiirs of tlio 
 
 Simnlarilrt In that Cimiitry— rheirl)ri;iin itiul Cunsoquuiices . . i;u*) 
 
 BOOK VII. 
 
 In.stititions and Manners of the Mexicans and Peruvians — Tlielr Con- 
 di. ion compared with otli-'r Anicrican Slates— Oriirin of the Mexi- 
 cans—Their Progress in Civilizalion — (ieiiimi of llicir Rciijjhm — 
 The Peruvian Monarchy — Its i'niiey Founded on Reliu'ion— Laws of 
 Properly— Public Work's ann.iis,' the' Peruvians— Paeille ( liaiaelcr nf 
 the I'en'ple— Oilier Dominions of Spain In Aiucrli'a- Soiiora— (.'alifor- 
 nia— Honduras and Yucatan— Chill— Tuemnau—Tierm Flriuc— King- 
 dom of New llrenada IM 
 
 ]?0()K VIIT. 
 
 Intekiou riovermnent. Commerce, etc., of the Spanish Colonips- I)p- 
 popnlatinn of iViucriea— .^jianidi Mode of Colonizatioii --I'ctdcsias- 
 lieii Policy — Character of Ihe Clerjrv — Progress of ( hrlstianity — 
 .Mineral Resources of the Couutrv -.ilodc of Working; the Mine's — 
 Other Cnmiiiodilies of South Au'icriea— Flfects of this .New Cnm- 
 iiieree on Spain- Errors in Ihe Spanish Svslcm— Contraband 'I'radc 
 — Decline of Spain- Policy of 111,' Itourbo'ii Princes- Trade hetwei'n 
 New Spain anil the I'hillppiiie^ -lievenue of Spain from .Vmerica . l^id 
 
 I 
 
{'OXTENTS. 
 
 ix 
 
 HERICA. 
 
 . (is 
 
 their niscovcricB 
 tliiim (if Aiickiit 
 -t'lirlluT Discipv- 
 i»— (ii'iijrniphliMl 
 mbiiiim— Kcvlval 
 i.Vllii't'ni-iiiiU's— 
 ly Mil! Invi'iilliiii 
 liscoviTv fDriiifil 
 I'rliicci'llintv — 
 I t'imst (if AfrlcM 
 ndics— Allcnipts 
 
 Skill In tho 8cr- 
 Kast Inilli'S liv 
 till' Mens of Ilia 
 till! Discdvcrii'u 
 Cmirls — (M)slii- 
 (if l)it«0(ivi'ry — 
 Oiiiu'iit there ut 
 'eiMui Voyiii^e — 
 ■■ Iiiilians— first 
 if thi' .HpaiiiBli 
 -Vdvai;!' nf the 
 iMic-IlK Klfei-tB 
 New Wiirld— 
 t'liluiiihus — Ite 
 ourth Voyage— 
 
 icliaiis— Cruol'y 
 
 I' I'nllilitioii of 
 
 ie« an.l Scltle- 
 incsl of fiilia- 
 lireal Hx|i.'cta- 
 roatiiieiit oniic 
 e«, parlieiihirly 
 Jirois iiiipiirled 
 e is I'eriiiltied 
 fill— Discover- 
 paiii— I'lepara- 
 
 01) 
 
 i'O 
 
 Cdierv, etc.— 
 
 and Oharaeter 
 
 and I'lTii- 
 
 -'i'lieir l)o- 
 
 f War— Con- 
 
 ieiier.il Ciis- 
 
 03 
 
 lis 
 
 Wars of the 
 
 lliO 
 
 ■I'll, dr Toil- 
 llie Mexi- 
 H.-lij,'loii — 
 II ■ Laws of 
 liaiaeler o£ 
 a— Califor- 
 'iMi'— Kliijf- 
 
 IM 
 
 loiiipH—Dp- 
 1'eidenias- 
 rlstiaiiilv— 
 Mines- 
 New Colii- 
 land Trade 
 
 1' Ili-IWI'i'll 
 
 lu'i-jea 
 
 l.jj 
 
 leoii and 
 fs seekili/r 
 irizil Into 
 
 an Inilependeiit Monnrehy- War between Spain and the Kepulilles of 
 Chill and I'erii— The War au'alnst I'aratriiay— Defeat and Dealli of 
 l.opez- Kevlew of the Present Condition of the Soutli Aineiieau 
 tioiinlrlis- ConeliiBlon 170 
 
 Notes upon the History ot South Aiuerlcii 180 
 
 TIIE IIISTOKY OF NOllTII AMERICA. 
 
 KiiiToii'a PnErACE 
 
 AlTIlOU's I'llEFACE 
 
 20« 
 
 soy 
 
 P.OOK I. 
 
 1 
 
 H A V T !■: 11 
 
 Cahot's Vova;:e and Dlseovery of XewfoHiidland— Marilinie Eiiterprl-ic 
 Favored liy Queen Kli/ahel'li- The Slave Tnide— Sir Walter Kalelgh's 
 I'rojeets— Colony in North Aiiieriea— First F.xpeditlon-Tlie Country 
 iiained Virginia— A Colony I'.staldished at Hoaiioke—Mlfortui.eH of 
 tin' Coloui.-ts— Toliaeeo Introdiieed into ICngland— The Division of 
 North Anie'ica between Two Coinjiaiiies — Their Charters— Code of 
 Laws — Arrival of Colonists in the iJay of Chesapeake— ilanies Tow n 
 Founded- -Hostility of tlie Indians— IMstress in llii! Colony — Captain 
 Sinllli— His F.ieeliou to tlie I'resldeney— New Charter— Lord i)i.la- 
 ware appointed tliiveriior— Smith's Ueturii to Kiiglaiid 
 
 210 
 
 CHAPTEU II. 
 
 Is('UI!AsiN(i Dillleulties of the Colonists— The Wise Adniluistration of 
 Lord Delaware — Sir Thonias Dale. — Martial Law — (.'tiUivatlon of To- 
 liaeeo— First .\sseiiibly of Hepresentatlves In Viri^nia — New Consti- 
 tution for the (Colony— Dispute between the Klni; and the Colony — 
 Indian Coiisplraey and Xfassiiere of the Colonists — Dissensions of the 
 Loudon Coiniiany — Dissolution of tlii! Company — T'yriinnleal (lovern- 
 ment of Sir .John Harvey— Sir W. lierkelev apjiointed (fovernor — The 
 Popular Assembly liestlired- Part taken liy \ iriiiula in tlie Hidiellion 
 of Cromwell— Uestrietious lai the Trade of the Colouv -Kevolt of the 
 ColoulBts ". ... 219 
 
 O 11 APT K 11 III. 
 
 LMroi.irT of tbi! Navigation Aets— Diaeoiitent and Dlstrp8.s in the Colony 
 — Naturalizalion of .Miens— Indian Hostilities— Haeon'a Uebellloii — 
 Hill of Allainder— Tlie .\dmiiiistralioii of Colonel .lelfreys— Dispute 
 with the .\ssembiy— Lord Ciiioepjier's .Vdmlnistratiou-^Contiiiued 
 Disalfeetion— Insurreetioii and I'linishinent of the liebels— Arbitrary 
 .Measures of the (.'rowii— .lames II. Inenvises the Trade of the Colo- 
 iiisln- The (ioveriiinenl of Lord Klliiigliam— F.ll'eel upon the Colo- 
 nies of the iievoliiliou of lii.'-.s- Siat«> of Vii>;iiiia at this Period- 
 Population, Laws, and Miiiuurs 
 
 230 
 
 HOOK ]I. 
 
 TiiF Ni:w Knoland Si'ati:!«. 
 
 CHAPTKH I. 
 
 The Plynioulli Company— Pophani Kslablishes a Colony at Fort Saint 
 (ieori;e— SMlIi'riii!,'s 'of the Colonists— Captain Smith's Vovau'e mid 
 Survey of the Country — It is named New Kiu;laiiil — liiell'eetual 
 Atl.iiipl to Coloniz" it— lli.-torv and C'liaraetir of the Piiritan.s— Hise 
 of the Independenls — ,\ Coiii;rei,'atioii retires to Ilollaiid and ulti- 
 mately Kesolvei! to Settle in Amerie;i— Tiieir Ne:;oli:ition wllli KiiiK 
 .latiu's — They Arrive in Ma^saehusetls and I'ouiid New PIvnioutli — 
 Hardships of the Coloui^t^— Their Civil Institnlions— Com'miinitv of 
 Properly- Sihin Foumled— Charter of Ma.^saehusetls Day -Kuibark- 
 ulion of a New Hand of Kniiu'rauts — Tlieir Arrival at Salem— T'helr 
 ('onstitulioii- Two Persons Uanished for Sehism— lutoleranee of the 
 Puritans 
 
 f'HAPTKll 
 
 I I. 
 
 ijliaml to 
 
 TuE Charier (lovermnent transferred from I'.njiliind to Ma^saeluifetts — 
 Contluueil Kmii^ratioii — Fouudint; of Hostoii— DisfraiKdiisemeiit of 
 Dissenters— .John Cotton, his Colleauiu's and Sueeessors — Williams' 
 Sidiisni- He Founds Provhleiiee — .Arrival of Iliurh IN-ters and Henry 
 Vane — A Itepreseutative .Assembly - Foiinihition of Coiineetieut anil 
 'New Haven— War Willi the Indians— Severities Kxerel.<ed liv the 
 Colonists— Mrs. Ilulehiiison— Cuhinizatlon of liliode Island, Maine, 
 lud New Ilaniiisliire— State of New ICiighmd— Population, .Miiiuiers, 
 and Laws 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Fkdeiiai. Union of the New F.iiu:laiid Stales — I'rovineial Cinag,. of 
 Money— Inipeaehmeiit and Trial of (iovenior Wintlirop- .\rbitrary 
 Proeeedlmr au'alnst Dissenters— .\ttenipts to Clvlli?.e llie 'iidlans-- 
 Indlan Hlble Printed In Massaehusetts— A .Syimd of the Niw Fiif;- 
 laiid Churehes- Cromwell's .AilmlniHlration Favourable l:i New Kiii;- 
 land— Perseeution of the Anabaiillst.-r in Massaehie-elts— Conduet 
 andSuirerlnaiof thetjuakers— TheKesloratlonofthe Kini; -Addresses 
 of llie Colonists to Charles II.— The Deel.iration of Kiiihls- The 
 Kinu's Messaife to .Massiehusetls — Hoyal Ciiarler of Iiieorponilion 
 to Khole I.d.iml, Provideiiee, Conneetleiil, !ind New Haven 
 
 ai;) 
 
 'iTM 
 
 PAS! 
 
 OHAPTKn IV. 
 
 E.MIOIIATION of Ministers to New Knijland — A Royal Commission — 
 Dilfereuees between the Cidonisls and the KiiiK-^Cesslou of Aeadia 
 to the Freneli — Prosperilv of New Knitland — Conspiraev of tlii! 
 Indians- Contlnnanee of I)lspules with the Crown— Keliirlon and 
 .Morals In the Celonv— Surrender of the Charter ilemanded by tin) 
 Kin);— Writ of Quo \Viirruiil(> Issued— T'lie Chiirter luljudgud to be 
 Forfeited . 3.")9 
 
 CHAPTK'l V. 
 
 Death of Charles IL— Its Klleet upon the Colony— Andrns npjiolnted 
 (iovenior of New F^nniand— Siibniission of lih'ode Island- Ccdonlal 
 Poliey of Kim;- . lames— IntrlfTues of the French Provoke the Iloslill- 
 tles of till! Imlians — Insurreetion at liostou— Coniieelleiit and Kliodu 
 Tshind resume their Charters— William and .Mary Proelalined— Con- 
 quest of Acadia by Sir William Phipps— Impeaehinent of (iovenior 
 Andros— The Klni; refuses to Uestore the Aneient Constitution of 
 Massaeliusetia— The New Charter — Witehcnift in New Knulund — 
 Peace of Kyswlek— Moral and Political Coudltloii of the Colony . 20(1 
 
 I500K III. 
 
 Maryland— CImrter obtained by Lord Hiiltlniorc from Charles I.— Ko- 
 mnn Catholic KmlKratlon— 'I reuty with the Indians— First Asseiubly 
 in Maryland — Karly Iiitrodiietlon of Nct;ro Slavery — War with tlio 
 Indiaus—C'ley home's KebelUon— KeliKious Toleration Kstablislied, 
 afterwards Abolished — F^stubllslimeiit of a. Provincial Mint— Pros- 
 perous Condition of the Colony — Naturalization Acts- Law aKUinst 
 Iniporliui; Felons— Sepanitlon iif Delaware from Maryland— Iteiiort 
 of a Popish Plot — .\ Protestant AHSoelution is Formi'd- Fstablish- 
 meiit of the t;iiureli of Enjjland— Perseeution of the Calholies — State 
 of tlie Province- Maimers— Laws 277 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 
 CHAPTEU I. 
 
 NoKTii and South Carolina— Early .\ltempts of the French and Span- 
 iards to Colonize this Territory — Kind Ciiarler cranted to Lord Clar- 
 endon and Others — Formation" of Albemarle Settlciuent— Settlement 
 of Ashley Ulver — Seeontl Charter — T'be Constitutions of Soutli t'aro- 
 lina — Einli;riillou Thitber— John I.oidvi! created a Laiidi;nive — Hos- 
 tilities with the Spaniards in Florida, and with the Indians— Culpep- 
 per's Insurreellou — His Trial and Aciiuittal — Discord auioii^ the 
 Colonists 28.5 
 
 CirAPTEll 11. 
 
 Affaiiis of South Carolina— Indian War— Practice of KIdnappiiiK Iii- 
 dians- Eiiili;ralion from (ircat Hrilain and Fraiiei!— Pirates Enter- 
 tained in tin* Colony — The Navigation Laws— Diseonti'ut among tlie 
 Colonists— Naturalization of French Hefiigccs resisted— The Fiiiida- 
 nienliil Constitutions Abolished— Wise Adiniuistratloii of Aribdale 
 and Ketiiru of Prosperity— Stjite of Hie People— .Manners— Trade . 'J'.lli 
 
 BOOK Y. 
 
 CHAPTKU I. 
 
 New Yoiii!- Hudson's Vovau'c of Diseoverv- First Settlement of the 
 Dutch at Alban.v— The ■province granted i)y the Statcs-ticiii'ral to the 
 West India Codipany of Holland — The Dutch extend their Posses- 
 sions into Conneeticvit— Dis|mtes with New lOngland— Settlenieut of 
 Delaware by the Swedes— \S ar between the Dutch and the Indians — 
 .\lariii of the Dutch (iovenior — The Province L^raiitcd to the Duke of 
 York — Is Invaded by au l''nglisli I-'lcct — SurrenderK- (iovcrmiient of 
 Colonel Niidiois— ll'ollar.d cedes New York to ICngland— llci'aptiires 
 It— Cedes it Again— .\ New Charter (Iranted- A Free Constltntlon 
 given to the Colony by the Duke of York lUXI 
 
 CHAPTKU II. 
 
 CoLi>M:r, Donoan's Aduiluislration— Tin' Five Indian Nations- Thcdr 
 Hostility to till' Frencli— War— Diseoiilcni at .\i'W York— ■i'lii' Frcncdi 
 burn Schenectady- -.\riival of (io\eriior Slaugiitcr 'I'rial and I^xi'cu- 
 tion of Leisler— Wars and .Mutual Cruelties of the French and In- 
 dians— (iovenior Fictidicr's .Administralion — Ceptaiii Kidd— Trial of 
 ihiyard— Administration of Lord Cornbury--St.ile of the Colony at 
 tlieClos(!or the Seventeeiilh Century »« 
 
 r, ooK VI. 
 
 New ,Ti-iisf.v Sidd by the Duke of York to lii'i-kclcy and Carteret -Enil- 
 gralioii from Long Island to New .lerscy — .Arrival of the First (Jov- 
 ernor and Settlers from iMmland —Discontent lu the Colony — Coti- 
 iluct of thii Diiki' of York- Situation of tiic (Quakers In Fnglauil— 
 Tlieir Emigration to New Jersey — Henionstrance of the (^uakera 
 Leading to the Kccognition of the ludcpcndcm-e of the Province — 
 First Assembly- It. Ilarchiy a|ipoinlcd (iovenior— Scolcli Fniigratlon 
 to New Jersey"- Surrender of the Colou'al Pa but to the Crown - t'oii- 
 stltntlon of the Provincial (lovcrnmcnt after tiie Keiinion of Eart 
 and West New Jersey— Slate of the Cidouy 
 
 lilO 
 
 BOOK VII. 
 
 CHAPTKU I. 
 
 Pennsti.vania ANf) Dei. AWAKE— lUrtli and Character of William Penn— 
 He Scdieils a (irant of Aincriean Territory riom Cliarles H. Charter 
 of Pennsylvania — Emlgnillou of (.jnakers to the I'mvince Letter 
 fiMiii Penn to the Indiaus- (iriiiit of Delaware to Penn Peiin's lie- 
 
 .^ 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 ecptlon In America— Numerous Emli;ratlon — The First LeRlsliitivo 
 AsBOUibly — Controversy with lioril Uiiltiniore— Tronty witli the In- 
 dians—New Form of OOvonunent Ailopted— I'liUadelplila i'oiuidcd — 
 Pcuu'3 Rotum to EuRland 323 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Pesn nt tlio Court of Jnmea II. — Dissensions among the Colonists — 
 Tlieir Dlsaj^reenicnts with Penn — He appoints Five Commissioners— 
 BeinR Dissutisded witii them, lio nuikes XIarkwell Depnty-tiovernor 
 — Diuerenees between tlic People of Delaware and Pennsylvania — 
 Delaware obtains a Separate E.xeeutlve — Seliism in Pennsylvania — 
 Penn Deprived of his Authority — Fleteher ai)polnte(l Governor — 
 Peun's Autlioritv Restored — Opinions of the Qualcers eonecrnint^ 
 Ne^ro Slavery — Renewal of the Disijutes between tlie Two States — 
 Their Union Dissolved — Condition of Delaware and Pennsylvania at 
 tlio close of the Seventeenth Century 330 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 State and Prospects of tho North American Provinces at the elosc of 
 the Seventeenlii Century— Opinions of the Colonists respecting the 
 Policy of Great Britain S38 
 
 Notes to tho First Part of the Ilistory of North America .... 341 
 CONT'NCATION OF TIIF, IIlSTOKV OF NoUTlI AjIEHICA FltOM 
 
 THE Pekiod of the Enolish Eevolution of 1088. 
 
 CHAPTEU I. 
 
 Disputes between New York and New Jersey- Overthrow of the Royal 
 Government in New Yorlc— Si'ttienumt of Peinisylviinia— New Char- 
 ter for .Maasaehusctts— Restiir.itioM of the (iovernnu'iit in New Vcirk j 
 — War w ith the French and Indians — War with C.iiiada, anil w illi tlio j 
 Spanish Colonies- ..einent of the Boundaries between -Massachu- I 
 Bctts and Conn ,ucut— Yale College 348; 
 
 CHAPTER II. I 
 Papeii Money in Massachusetts— Inroads of the Indians — Deputation to j 
 the French — Alterations in tlie Cli.U'ier— Disputi-s Ix'tween tlie Ex- 
 ecutive and tlie Lc!;islature— Adjnstnieiit of tlie Bonndnry Disputes 
 between New York and New Jersey — Controversy Iietvveen New ] 
 York and Canada — Prosperity of tiie Nortiieni Colonies — Protced- 
 ini;s in Candlna — Settlement of Yamasce Territory— Seltleiiient of 
 Georgia — (Jnarrcl with tlie Spaniards — Attack uiioii' St. Augustine- 
 Abortive Attempt upon Georgia . oSO . 
 
 C H A P T E R II [ . 
 
 War between France and England— Tlie Attack and Surrender of Lonis- 
 burg— D'Anville's Expedition— .\bortive Attempt upon Nova Seotia 
 — Peace — Paper Money — Discovery of Louisiana and i ounding of Now I 
 
 Orleans— Tlie Rupture lietween tlie Englisli and French Colonies- 
 Capture of Nova Si'otia — Expeditions a,::ainst Crown Point ami 
 Niagara — Capture of Oswego — I'nsncccssful -\ttack upon Ticon- 
 deroga — Details of tlie Several Campaigns — (.'aptnre of tiuebcc by 
 the English, and the Death of Wolfe — Surrender of New France — 
 General Peace S-'iS 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 HlSTOilT of the Colonics from the Peace of Paris, lT(i:), to 1774 
 
 Petition to the 
 K'vg— General Washington made Commander -in- Chicf-Transae- 
 tions in Massachusetts 
 
 TicoNniJiiooA Taken 
 ulsta . 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 -Canada Invaded — Varied Fortunes of the Colo- 
 
 C H A P T E R 
 
 TiUNSACTioss In Virginia— The ( iirolinas- 
 AfTalrs In Ihe CohinieB in 1775 — I'mci 
 Kvueuatlou of Boston .... 
 
 XI. 
 
 (ienrgia- (iencral State i 
 edlngs 111 MassacliusctlB- 
 
 33'J 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Pkocei;diso!' of the British Pariianient in Coiiscipieuee of tlie Destruc- 
 tion of Tea by tlie Bostoulans • 3118 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 PKOCHErvisos in the Cidoniea- The Congress at Philadelphia— Resolu- 
 tions agreed upon 370 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Proceedinob in Great Britain in Response to the Action of the Colonies 370 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 CoNSEQfENCES In America of the Action takiii in Great Britain— Com- 
 mencement of Hostilities — \ Day of Fasting and Ilnmiliution Ap- 
 pointed— Tjaudlng of Britisli Troops at Boston— Battle of Dunker'a 
 llIU and Gallant Retreat of tile Americans 380 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Meetiso of the Second Congress— An Army Organized 
 
 384 
 
 3S7 
 
 310 
 
 CHAPTKR XII. 
 
 PnoCEEDiNO.s In Parliament- OperatliMiH in South Carolina— New York 
 and New Jersey— Dr. Franklin— .V British Fleet on tho Hudson— 
 Complaints against Washington — Details of the War — Sickness 
 nnionj' the .\ineriean Troops— Tlie Americans Driven out of Can- 
 ada-Conquest of New York by tlio British— End of the Campaign 
 
 of 1770 : . 
 
 300 
 
 HISTORY OF TIIE UNITED STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Of Independence— State CcMistitnlion and the Confederation— Lee's AIo- 
 tion in Congress — The Act of Independence — Tlie Council of Cen- 
 sors In Pennsylvania 400 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Tub Campaign of 1777 in the Middle States— The Slieech of Jolin Qiiiney 
 Adams on Lafayette- Successes of tho British under Sir W. Howe— 
 Aiucrican Privateers 411 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 TuE Northern Campaign of 1777— Movements about Lake Champhiin— 
 Memoir of (icncrai Starke — Tlie (.'ondnet of (ieneral .Arnold — .Me- 
 moir of Horatio Gates — The Conveiitiou with (iener.ii liurgoyno . -i'M 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 jVlliance iielween France and tlie United States — Cumiiaigu of 1778- 
 Notice of Bciijainiu Franklin 434 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 TnE Campaign of 1778 Continucil— Memoir of General Charles Lee— 
 Expedition against East Florida— Notice of Captain Bhldle — The 
 War at Sea 441 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Campaion of nrtl- Memoir of Major-Gcncral I'ntnani— Warlike Maiii- 
 f(!sto ]:y the Sjiaiiish Ambassador against Great Britain — The Con 
 test in tlie South 447 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Op Continental Paper Currency 4.53 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 The Indians— F.xpeditioiis into tiicir Country— The Troubles of AVyo- 
 
 mlng— Horrors of the ^\■ar LM 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 CAMPAroN of 17sn hi the South— -Vttaek upon Charleston — Surrender of 
 
 the Army of Defence- Defeat of the American xVrmy near Camden . 4.57 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 C.iMPAION' of 1780 in the Nortiieni States— Misfortunes of tlic Colonists- 
 Memoir of .Major .\ndri — Barbaritv Cliargcd against the Americans 
 for his Execution . . . ." . . ' -103 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 FoilEKiN AfTairs in Connection with tlie Anicricaii Revolnllon— Abortive 
 Plans of tlic French and .^poiiardi — Diilch Assistance to the ,\iiicri- 
 cans— Attack upon St. Euslatia liy tlie Uritish — Its Couseipicnecs . 408 
 
 CHAPTKR XII. 
 
 Revot.t in Pennsylvania and New Jersey — Distresses of tlie American 
 
 Armies— Arnold's Invasion of Virginia 470 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 C'AsrPAinv of 1781 — Operations in the 'I'wo Caroiinas and Georgia — Con- 
 duct of (ieneral Morgan — Escape of General Greene Into Virgliii.i 
 —His Defeat by Lord Coruwallis— Tlie Battle of Eutaw I'liial In South 
 Carolina . . - 4?2 
 
 CHAPTKR XIV. 
 
 Operations In Virginia — Tlie Importance of French Assistance to the 
 Cause of the Colonists — The liivesliturc of Vorktowii — Capitula- 
 tion of Corinvaiiis— Congressional Honours to Washington and the 
 French tieiierals . 478 
 
 CHAPTEU XV. 
 
 The Treatment of Prisoners and Distresses of tlie Inhabitants . . 484 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Campaign of i78J — Foreign Events and Negotiations— Peace . . . 480 
 
 C II .V P T I', U X V I T . 
 
 State of Parties— The Quaker^ avcre lo Independence -EfTevIs of Ihe 
 War U|)on the .Manners of the I'enpli' -.\dvaiitagcs and Disaiivan- 
 tages of tho Kevolntioii 4',K) 
 
CONTENTS, 
 
 xi 
 
 390 
 
 400 
 
 if JoIiiiQuiiicy 
 iir W. Howe— 
 
 . 411 
 
 B ChainpUiin — 
 1 Anidld— -Mc- 
 Hiirgoyiii", . IM 
 
 447 
 . IM 
 
 -Surrpiiiler of 
 L'anuU'ii . 457 
 
 > Colonists — 
 ; Ann'ikans 
 
 . 403 
 
 OH— Aliorlivi' 
 till.' Aim'Vi- 
 
 lie AiiieriiMn 
 
 . 470 
 
 4?2 
 
 . 478 
 . 484 
 . 4Mrt 
 
 •(•I'l.of llic 
 Disnflviiii- 
 
 CHAPTEU XVIII. 
 
 Disc'HAKOR of tlic Unitcil Sttttca Army— Evacuation of Now York- Uc- 
 siirnatlon of Wiisiiinfrton— Arrangetncnts for Disposing of the Wcst- 
 irii Tcrritoiy— I'lililic Diatrcsa — Kuiluie <if the Articlis of Confedera- 
 tion— (Joiivuntion for SeeurinfT Aniemlments — The New Constitution 
 — Wanhiugton Elected to the PrcBideney— An Addreea to the Tcoplc 
 
 CHAPTEU XIX. 
 
 AVAaiiiNOTON's Admlnistnitlon— Distress of the People — The President's 
 Address to the Senate and House of Kcprcsontatives — Policy of Spain 
 — Ketlrcmeut of Wasiilngton • . 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 The /'' i'inlstration of John Adams and Jefferson— Adams's Address to 
 Coi.gri'ss- Hemoval of the Seat of Government to tlie District of 
 Coliiml'ia— JelTerson's Address to Consross — P(diey of the United 
 States in Algeria — Convention with the Delaware Indians . 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 Administhation of Madison— Intercourse with France and England 
 Prirhiliitod— War i)e(lared against (ireat Britain 
 
 test-Tlie Treaty of tihent- 
 
 Address to Congress 
 
 493 
 
 49.5 
 
 500 
 
 Details of the Con- 
 iVbortlve liesult of the War— Madison's 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 ADMiNisTHATroxa of Monroe, John Qulney Adams, and Part of that of 
 Andrew Jackson — Monroe's Address to Congress — Progress of the 
 Country — Departure of Lafayette — Treaties witii the Indians, and 
 witli the Kcpnlilie of Coloinhlu — The Proelamation of Andrew Jack- 
 son upou tiic Constitution In Regard to State Klglita .... 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 Admisistiiatiox of Van Buren — Comnierrial Panic— Canadian Rebellion 
 — Convention between the United States and Texas .... 
 
 507 
 
 514 
 
 533 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 Administbatiox of Harrison 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 536 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 ADMisisTnATiON Of Tyler— The Ashhurton Treaty . 
 
 536 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 Apministration of Polk— Tlie Admission of Texas Into the Union— 
 Oppiisition of Mexico— Instructions to (ieneral Taylor— War— Battle 
 (It Bneiia Vista— Battle of Saerami'nto- Proceedings in California- 
 Advance of (ieneral Scott towards the Capital of Mexico— Capture of 
 General Valencia— Discovery of Gold In California .... 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 AuMiNisTnATiON of Taylor — Slavery Discussed In Congress— Calhoun's 
 Address to the Soutli— The Expedition of Lopez to Cuba . 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 Administhation of Fillmore 
 
 538 
 
 549 
 
 550 
 
 490 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 AiiMiNisTBATioN of Pierce- Treaty with Jrexleci— Commercial Recipro- 
 city Treaty lictween the United Stales and Great Britain— Expedition 
 to Japan — Treaty with Russia— Destnietion of Greytowu by a United 
 States Siiip of War 550 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 Admisistkation of Bnclianan— Condilion of Kansas— Decision In the 
 Drcd Seott Case— Admission of Minnesota— Tiie Crime, Arrest, and 
 Kxecutioii of Jolin Hniwn— Kleetiuii of Aliraliain l.lneolii— I'lie Presi- 
 dent's Message in Favor of Ainendiiig Mie Constilutlon— The Seces- 
 sion Movement— Tile Shir nfl/ir IVVs/ Fired upon— Seizure of Govern- 
 nient Forts and Arsenals liy tlie Soutiiern States— Organization of 
 Kansas, Colorado, and Dakota 553 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 ADMiN'isTnATiON of Llncolii — The Caliinet of President Davis In the 
 Soutli— Preparations for Active Prosiiiition of tlie Civil War— At- 
 tack upon Fort Sumter- Proclamation CaHiiig Out the Militia— 
 Blockade of tlie Southern I'orts — T'hc Cause of Seee.-slon Advancing 
 —Seizure of IIar|ier's Ferry— Batde and Retreat at Bull Run— Evacu- 
 ation of Springlicld- Escape of the .VienHiin/i— The War at Sea — 
 Siipercesslon of Ociicr.d Seolt— Tlic Army of the Potomac— Failures 
 and Successes of tlic Union Armies— Capture of Fort Donnolson — 
 Attack on New Orleans- Caiitun^ of the City— Inaction of MeCleilan 
 —Retreat Across the Chiekahomlny— Battle and Retreat from Mcehan- 
 lesvlile— Failure of MeClelian to Capture Richmond- Misfortunes 
 of General Pope— Advance to Antietam— Bloody and Indeeislvc Bat- 
 tic— Withdrawal of General I.ce Across the Potomac- Kievatiim of 
 General Ilalleck— Battle at Corinth— The President's rroelamation 
 of Freedom— Battle at Stone River— General Gnuit assumes Clilet 
 Coinmand of the Union Forces — Operations at Grand Gulf- Invcst- 
 ment and Surrender of Vicl^sbnrg- Unsueeessfnl Attack upon Port 
 Hudson— Attack upon Sabine Citj'- General lliirnside assumes Com- 
 mand f f tlie Army of the Potomac — Strategy of General Lee- Battlo 
 of Frei .^rlcksluirg— Hooker succeeds Burnslde— Confederate IMsas- 
 ter at Ciianceiiorsville— Hooker BUiierseded liy General Meade— Hat- 
 tic of Geltyslnirg— Severe Losses on botli Sides— Siicccssrul Riiids 
 of General" Morgan— Advance of Roseerans towards (.'batlanooga — 
 Battle of C'liickaumiira— Capture of Port Uoval— Attack im Fort 
 W:igiier-(iir.r of Mi'dialioii by tlie Eiiipi'ror 'of the Freneli I'ro- 
 cced'iiga of the C mfederate Coiigres.1— Inauguration of a Free State 
 
 Government for I,oulslana— Advance of General Sherman's Troops 
 up the Rod River— Buttle of Pleasant IIlll— Proceedings at tho WIl- 
 demoss— Sheridan's Expedition to Cut off Lee's Coinmunleutlon with 
 Richmond— Battle at Cold Harlior— End of the Campaign of 1804 — 
 Review of the War In Western and Northern Virginia- Growth of 
 the National Debt— Attempts to Negotiate a Peace- Skill of the Con- 
 federates In Building Iron-clada and Constructing Torpedoes— Sher- 
 man's March from Atlanta — Attack upon Savannah — Expeditions 
 against Fort Fisher — Demonstrations against Alabama — General 
 Canby'a Movement against Mobile— The Campaign of 1804-05 In Vir- 
 ginia — Tho Conllict iibout Hatcher's Run— Correspondence between 
 Lee and Grant — Meeting of the Two Conimandcra at McLean's Farm 
 Houae— Surrender of the Confederate General— Fliglit of President 
 Davis — Tho Laat Conllict— Assassinatiou of President Lincoln — At- 
 tempt to Murder Mr. Seward — Burial of Lincoln — Losses of the 
 Armies Estlmat.'l — Review of the Union Annies . . . . 
 
 655 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 Administuation of Andrew Johnson — Proelamation Concerning tho 
 South— Equal Rights for Whites and Blacks- The Test Oath Bill— 
 Ameiidnient of the Constitution- Conduct of Mr. Seward against tho 
 Einpeiorot Mexico— Canada Refuses Mr. Seward's Demands — Pol- 
 ley of the President on tlie Question of Civil Rights — Convention 
 of tho National Union Cluh at Phlladelpliia— Political Quarrels— 
 Irisli American Raid upon Canada — The Fourteenth Amendment — 
 Proclamations Regarding Texas and tlie Political Rights of the South 
 — Negotiations for the Settlement of the Alabama Claims — Tho 
 Mexican Dillieulty — Impeaelimeut of the President — Tho Fifteenth 
 Amendment to the Constitution 599 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 Administration of Grant — Virginia. Texas, and Mississippi- Congress 
 Refuses to Acknowledge a Supreme Being — Finances of the Country 
 — Panama Ship Canal— Progress of Reorganizing tho Soutli- Labor 
 Movements — Proclamation Relative to the Franco-German W"ar — 
 Revocati(m of Sliipjdng Lleeufca by Canada — The Alabama Claims 
 Again— Patrons of Ilualiandry — Seizure of the ViiyiiUiis — Labor Klots 
 — Financial Discussions In Congress 603 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 Genekal Summary— Education, Commerce, ami Navigation — Agrlcul- 
 cidture — .Mannfaetures — Cotton, Mining, Railroads, and Canals — 
 Immigration— Population— Religion— i'elegraplis — Postal Service — 
 Ncwsiiapcrs— Gold— The Public Debt 609 
 
 NARRATIVE OF THE INDIAN WARS IN 
 NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 Preface 
 
 633 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 iNTRODrcTioN- First Settlement of New England— Conference and Con- 
 cluaion of Peace with the Indians— Treaeherj' of the Pequods— Fight 
 witii the Colonists In lli:!0— Visit of Mlantonimo, Sachem of tlie Nar- 
 ragansetts, to Boston- Captain Mason's Report of an Attack on Mi- 
 antonimo— Final Is^-uc of the Pcquod War— Massassolt's League with 
 the English at Plymouth- Covenunt of Philip, Chief Sachem of Pa- 
 kanoket— Renewed Treaelierics and Breacii of Treaty Engagements 
 — New Agreement with tlie Narragansetts— Hostages given for tlielr 
 Good Behaviour— Occupation of tlie Plvmoutli Forces — P^xpedition 
 to the Indian Settlements on the Merr'imac — Perlidy of the Nipnet 
 Indians— .\lllaneo with the Peqiiods- Incidents in the War— Mur- 
 ders fif Women and Children— Desperate C'onlilet witli tlie Narra- 
 ganselt*- SulTeringa of the Colonists and their Allies— Destruction of 
 Lancaster— Attack on Groton and Other Places— Amnesly olTered liy 
 Proclamations at Boston— Peraistence of Philip in the War— Sulter- 
 Inga from Drought— Great Fire at Boston 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 The War from Piseatacpia to Pemmaquid— Causes of the Disturbauco — 
 
 Barbarous Conduct at Oyster Bay — Att.ack upon the Colonists at 
 
 Salmon Falls — Remarknlife Kscape of Antiiony Bracket and ills Wife 
 
 — Indian Suriirises of the Settlcra— History of Fruiieis Card— Jcdin 
 
 'aino 
 
 023 
 
 601 
 
 KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 To tue Reader 
 
 680 
 
 i CHAPTER I. 
 
 SETTi.FMrNT of Mr. Church— His Ditllenlties with the Natives— Assault 
 I upon the Settlement— Indian Prisoners Sold as Slaves — Strategy of 
 I tlio King— Comniiasion to Captain Cliureh— Intcrcating Details ol 
 j tlie War — Sucecsscs against the Eiu'iuy 681 
 
 j CHAPTER II. 
 The History Coutlnned— Tho Council of War to Captain Chnrch— 
 Geneial Instructions— The First Kxpedltioii East— Captain Church's 
 Report to the Governor and Council of .Maasachusetls— The Second 
 Expedition— Ollleial Reports— The Third Kxpedition— OIHcial Docu. 
 menis and Reports— The Fourth Expedition I'roeecdinga of .Major 
 Cliureh- The Fiflli and La t F.xpcdition— Ollldal Letlcrs and In- 
 strnetions— Details of the Expedition 698 
 
'11 
 
BIOGRAPHIES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 EARLY DISCOVERERS 
 
 1 y J K U E M V U K I. K N A P , I). D 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The editor oT this work hcliovos tlmt a people wlio liave patronised tlioso publications wliicli treat of otiicr countries, would readily cu- 
 courapc one tliat was altosrollier devoted to our own country. We have general and partirulii histories, many of tlieni ai)ouudinj; in ex- 
 cellent matter ; but as yet wc have no booli of reference on subjects relating eiitirely to America. Almon pultlislicd in England during 
 the revolutionary war his " Ri;MKMnR.v.\cKn," a collection of facts in regard to that conflict, remarkable for candor and correctness ; but 
 this is out of print. The next hook of reference is Nii.F.s' Rkcistkr: the public are much indebted to this indefatigable and able editor 
 fjr ids iiistorical treasures, wliidi are truly great ; but his |)(!riodical, on account of the expense, cannot circulate so generally as to dif- 
 fuse the intelligence tliat it contains among all classes ; and he has not, from the pressure of passing events, gone uuicli into our early an- 
 nals. The intention of the editor of tliis work is plainly this — to search, with competent assistance, the records of the discovery and set- 
 tlement of this country, and to give in a cheap but handsome form the rich materials that are to be found scattered throughout the United 
 States. lie will commence his labors with the lives of the early adventurers wlio explored unknown countries, and particularly this. — 
 Tiiere is a direct connexion between them, if some only prepared the way for others. We tbcroforo shall present the whole chain of 
 events which have operated in any way to our existence and welfare as a people. Chronology has been called the eye of history, and we 
 shall bo careful to give correct dates for all the incidents wo enumerate. Going back to the fountains of our history, wo shall follow the 
 Etrcams to the piesent time, in order that our readers may have a panoramic view, as it were, of all that regards our origin, progress, and 
 present situation. Our distinguished minds in everj' age of our history shall not be forgotten, and, when practicable, somes of their men- 
 tal efl()rts shall be furnished the reader. The reader need not fear that the subject will be soon exhausted ; for Time, who destroys all 
 thiuL's else, makes new matter for the historian, not only in the birth of events, but in opening the long hidden mines of knowledge. The 
 writer from whose works these biocraphies were taken, deserves the title of the /flMcr (i/,'J;HC(ir«« /i(!,7on/. lie was a man of genius, ii 
 scholar of extensive erudition, a divine of a holy life, and a lover of his country, lie estal)lished a historical society, and produced several 
 historical works. He wrote with a more polished pen than his cotemporaries, and showed them the worth of historical knowledge, and at 
 the same time gave tliem an example of the manner in which history should be written. The name of Jeremy Belknap, D. D., is sponsor 
 for all that lias been said, and more. This creat historian did not live to fill up his outline, which embraced "adventurers, statesmen, 
 philosophers, divines, warriors, authors, and other remarkable characters, comprehending a recital of the events connected with their lives 
 and actions ;" what has been done, is well done — and we shall sup|)ly a portion of the deficiency from other sources. In fine, we shall use 
 every exertion to make the work, if encourasrenuMit is given to the undertakinsr, a valuable collection of American history, biogrnpliv, elo- 
 quence, polite literature, science, and statistics — interspersed with anecdotes of olden lime, and of reviilutionary days, to amuse as well as 
 to instriu't the reader. In our history we shall comedown to the present time without a particle of party spirit, and strive to give a true 
 record of events as they have or may occur. There is an advantage in many respects in this method of presenting history and polite lit- 
 erature to the pulilic, as weiiave au opportunity of being optimists, and selertini; that which will make the strongest impression on the mind of 
 the rea.ier. There are epochs in our history which have not often been distinctly marked by writers. We shall endeavor to point them out. 
 There is a philosophy of history which sliould be studied while wt; are endeavoring to fix the facts in our nu-mory. Cause and elTect have 
 iie same connexion in tlie growth of a nation as in that of a blade of grass, and are much more clearly open to our investigation. 
 
 BIRON. 
 
 BlBON, a native of Norway— His (li-irnvprv nf Irrlanil nntl 
 OrpoiilsnU-An nrr.ounl nf liis voyas,'*' — Characlfr und op- 
 Iiparancocf tlic rmlivps. 
 
 Tn« anricnl inlnliilants of Norwav onil Denmark, 
 roileclivplv taknn, were distiiiuiiislict! liy tiio name of 
 iVoriJKin.f. Tlieir silnation ncir the roast of llic sra. nml 
 llie uvlvantagts wliidi that eleinent presented to llicm 
 
 2 
 
 bryonJ al! which they could ciprct. from a rongh soil, 
 in a coUI climate, led them at en early period to the 
 srienro and practice of nnviyation. 'I'hoy built their 
 vpsmlrt with the hcst of oak, and constnioted tlicrn in 
 5urh a m.inner as to rnrounter the storms and billows 
 of iho northern ocean. Tbev covert. d ihcin with decks 
 ntid fiirni-hed them with Iiit.di forecastles and Hlcrna. 
 They :nadu urc of sads as well as oars, and bad learn- 
 
 ed to trim their sails to the wind, in almost any diroc- 
 tion. In tliese arts, of building siii))s and of navi^itinn, 
 liioy were Huporior to the people horderinf,' ontho Me- 
 diterranean sea, who depended rhielly on their onrfl 
 and used sails only with a fair wird. 
 
 About the end of the ei'^hlb and be^inninjp ©f tho 
 ninth centurv. the Normans made themRelvrs fRniou:4 
 by their predatory excursions. Kngland, Scoltiuid, lio- 
 
 am 
 
I 
 
 AMERICA N 11 I ST OK Y. 
 
 
 I !: 
 
 land, tho Orkney and Slicttand istandn, wpre objcclBof 
 their depredutior.A ; and in onu uf (iK-ir |nmti(-al vx\k'- 
 ditiuiis, A. I). H<U, (liuy diHcDvcred an inlund, v%liuh 
 from its lofty nmtintiiirts, covcrtd with ico unil snuvv, 
 obtained iliti nuiiie of Iceland. In a few ycarrt ultcr 
 they planted a colony tlit*re, vvliicli wiis cnniinuully auij- 
 inentcd by ini^ratlons I'runi llie noi;^lil)orin<r ctiuntru'^. 
 Wilhin llic 8|)ftcc of thirty years HSU, u new country hi- 
 tUBle to tilt) weat, was discovered, at.J from us verdnro 
 during the suininer months, received the name of ii'ccn- 
 iand. This was deemed so importunl un ucquisition, 
 that, under tho condncl of Kkic Kauhk or Red Hkau, a 
 Danish chief, it was noon peopled. 
 
 Tho cin. grants to thi'«e new regions were still in- 
 flamed w^tli tlio passion for adventure and discovery. 
 An Icelander of tho name Heiuolk and hissun Bikon* 
 made I voyago every year to diirerent countries for the 
 aakcot iradie. About the beginning of the Hlh cen- 
 tury lOUl. their ships were separated hy a storm. 
 When IJiron arrived in Norway, he heard tliat liia fa- 
 ther wai {{ono to GreiMdand, and he vosulvcd to follow 
 him : Uit another storm drove him to tho soulhwest, 
 where h« discovered a Hat country, free from rocks, 
 but c'jvorcd with thick woods, and an island near the 
 roast. 
 
 He madn no longer slay at either of these places 
 than till the storm abated ; when by a northeast course 
 he hasted to Greenland. Tlie discovery was no sooner 
 known there, than Lkik (he son ol Kitic, who, tike his 
 father, had a strong de^iire to acquire gtoiy by adven- 
 tures, equipped a vessel, carrying twenty-five men ; 
 aiid taking Uiron for his pilot, sailed in 1UU2, in search 
 of the new country. 
 
 His course was southwest. On the first land which 
 he saw, he found nothing but flat ro'.-ks and ice, with- 
 out any verdure. He therelbre gave it the name of 
 Hcllcland, which sijxnilies rocky. Afterwords he caine 
 to a level slioie, without any rocks, but overgrown with 
 woods, and the sand was remarkably white This he 
 named Marklund or woody. Two days after, he saw 
 land a^ain, and an island lying before the norlhern 
 coast of it. Hero he tirst landed : and thence sailing 
 westward, round a point of land, found a creek or ri- 
 ver into which the ship entered. 
 
 On the banks of this river, were bushes bearing 
 swe.ct berries ; tho air was mild, the soil fertile, and the 
 fiver well stored with fish anions; which were very fine 
 ftalmon. At the head of this riv< r was a lake, on 
 the shore of which they resolved ;■) pass the winter, 
 and erectfd liuis for their accommodation. One of 
 their company, a (leriaan named 'lyrker having strag- 
 gled into thu woods, touiid ^'rapcs ; trom winch he 
 told them, that in his couniry, they made wnic. 
 From this nrcumstanco, Leif the commander of the 
 party, called the place Winiand dat (judc, tlie Good 
 Wine Country. 
 
 An intercourse being tlius opened between Green- 
 land and Winiand, several voya;:es were made, and 
 the new country was further explored. Many islands 
 were found near the coopI, but not a human creature 
 was seen till thu 'Jiird duinmer, llKtl, wiien three boats 
 constructed with ribs of bone, fastened with thongs or 
 twig« and covered with skins, each boat containing 
 three nien, made their appearance. Truin the diminu- 
 tive size of these people, the Normans deiiominalid 
 them ScTiLhui^s* and inhumanly kilhrd them all but 
 one ; wltu escaped and collected a large niimher of Ins 
 countrymen, to make an uttack o\\ tlieir invaders. Thu 
 Nonnans defended their ships with so much spirit tliat 
 the assailant!? were uhligod to retire. 
 
 After this, a colony ot Normans went and bettled 
 tt Winiand, carrying on a barter trade with the Mcrx'- 
 lings for furs ; but a controversy arose in the colony, 
 which induced some to return tu Greenland. 'I'he 
 Others dispersed and nux. d among the Scrielings. 
 
 In the next century, li21, Eric, bishop of fireen- 
 land, went to Winiand, wi h a benevolent design to re- 
 cover and convert hiscoumrymen who had dt-generated 
 into savages. This prelate never returned to Greenland ; 
 nor was any thing more lit>ard of Winiand, for several 
 centuries. 
 
 This account of the discovery of Winiand is tsken 
 from Pontoppidan's History of Norway, Crantz's 
 History of Greenland, and ^ late History of Northern 
 Voyages, by Dr. John Kcmhold Forster. The facts 
 are said to have been collected from a " great num- 
 ber of Icelandic Manuscripts by Thormond Thor- 
 foeus, Adam von Bremen, Arngrim Jonas and many 
 
 * His name is sj)i.-lled by dinureiit auUiuru Jiiron, Biom, Hi 
 irm, and iliacrn. 
 I Cut MJCka, chips— dwarfs 
 
 other writers, bo that it in hardly posHiblit to entertain 
 the least doubt conccmmg the uulhenticity of the re- 
 lation. 
 
 l*onloppidan says ** that they could see the sun full 
 six hours in tho shortrMt day ; but Crantz tells us that 
 *' the sun ro^e on the ^llllrtecl day at < ighl of the clock," 
 and I'orsur that " the sun was eight hours a!M)\e the 
 horizon,*' from which he cuncludeH that Winiand must 
 be found in the 'lUlli degree of nortlu rn latitude ; and 
 from Its being in a sonlhwestcrly direction from (ireen- 
 laiid, he supposes that it is either a part of Newfound- 
 land or come place on the northcin euast of the gulf 
 of St. Lawrence ; but whether grapes are found in eiilier 
 of those countries he cannot say. However, he seems 
 so fully persuaded ol the facts, that he gives it as his 
 opinion, that the Normans were, strictly speaking, the 
 lirst discoverers of America, nearly five centuries before 
 Columbus. 
 
 From a careful perusal of the first accounts of New- 
 foundland, preserved by those painful colleclorH Hak- 
 luyi and I*urchas, and of other memoirs respecting that 
 island and the coast of Labrador ; and from inspecting 
 the most approved maps of those regions, particularly 
 one in the American Atlas, delineated agreeably to the 
 actual surveys of (he late celebrated navigator, Caj)t. 
 James Cook, the following observations occur. 
 
 On the N. K. part of Newfoundland, which is most 
 directly accessible fiom Greenland, tliere is a lung 
 range of coast, in \\hich are two bavs, the one callid 
 Ciander bay, and tho other the Hay of Lxploiis. lie- 
 fore the mouth of the former, among nianv smaller, 
 there lies one large island, called Fogo ; and iiehire the 
 mouth of the latter, another called the New World. 
 Filher of these will sulliciently answer to the situation 
 described in the account of Uiron's second voyage. 
 Into eacit of tliese bays, runs a river, which has Us 
 head in a lake, and both these laked lie in the 4Uth de- 
 gree of north latitude. 
 
 The earliest accounts of Newfoundland after its 
 discovery and the establishment of a tisliery on its 
 co:ist, have respect cinetly to the lands about Trinity 
 and (.'onceiition Hays, between the parallels of 'id 
 and 'ly"^. These laiiils are represented as producing 
 straw lieiries, whortlel:erne8, raspberries, pears, wild 
 clurries, and liazel nuis, in very great plenty. The 
 rivers are said tu have been wt II stored with salmon 
 and trout. The natives, who inhabited a bay lying 
 to the northward of Trinity, and came occasiunally thi- 
 ther in their canoes, are descnticd as broad linasted 
 and upright, with black eyes, and without biards : the 
 hair on tiieir heads was of dill'crent colours ; some had 
 tiliick, some brown, and others yt?llo^v. in lUm variety 
 tiny dilfered from the other savages ofNorth America, 
 who have uniformly black hair, unless it be grown gray 
 Willi age. 
 
 The climate is represented as more mild in the win- 
 ter than that of England ; but much lv. ler in the 
 spring, by reason of the vast i^l.inds of ice, which are 
 driven into the bays or grounded on the batiks. 
 
 On ihe noriheaslern coast of Laluailor, helwcen the 
 latitudes of 53 and .'^ti^, are many excellent harbors 
 and islands. The seas are full of cud, the rivers 
 abound with salmon ; and the climate is said to be 
 more iniid than in the gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Nothing IS said in any uf these accounts uf vines 
 or grapes, excepting that some which were hruught 
 from England had thriven well. If any evidence can 
 be drawn Irom the comparison between llie countries uf 
 Newfound'and and New'-Englaiul it may be observed 
 that all the abuve menliuned Iruits and berries arc 
 found m the norihern and eastern parts of New-Eng- 
 land as far as Nova Scotia, in the latitudes uf 44 
 and 45*" ; and that grajtus {vttis valpma, vitts val- 
 /nuscUy) are known to gr.vv wherever these iruits are 
 I'ound. 
 
 Du Moots in bis vo' ^e to Acadia, in 16U8, speaks 
 of grapes in several p. aces ; and they were in such 
 pleiily on the isle of Orleans in lat. 4?''' that it was tirst 
 ailed the island oi Uuechus.^ Tliough there is no direct 
 and positive teslimuny oi grapes in tlie inland of New* 
 luundland, it is by no means tube concluded that there 
 were none. Nor is it improbable that grapes, though 
 once found there, inigiit liavc been so scanx', as not tu 
 merit notice, in such general descriptions, as were 
 given by the lirst English adventurers. 
 
 The distance between Greenland and Newfoundland 
 is not greater than between Iceland and Norway ; and 
 there could be no more ditliculty in navigating the west- 
 
 I ern than tho raslem \ATta of the norlhctn occon, with 
 
 I such vessi'ls as were then in use, nnJ ty such seatnoD 
 ! ay the Normans are said to have been; though they 
 knew nulhing of the magiielic needle. 
 
 I'pon the whole, ihouLih we can come to no pOMitive 
 conclusion in a (pn stiun of such remote antiiiuity ; 
 yet iht re are many cirenmslanees to confirm, and none 
 to disprove the relation given of the voyages of Uiron. 
 Unt if It be allowed (hat he is entitled to the honour of 
 having discovered Ainerira before ("olumbus, yel thia 
 discovery cannot in the le-isl deinict irom the merit cf 
 that celebrated navigator. Fur tin re is no reason to 
 suppose that Cniuinbus had any knowledge uf the Nor* 
 man ducovcries ; which long belure his time were for* 
 gotten, and would perhaps never have been recollected 
 il he had not by the astonishing exertions* of his genius 
 and Ills pcrseverin'g industry, elVected a discovery o! 
 this conlineiit, in a climale more friendly to the views 
 of eonimeicial adventurers. 
 
 Even (iretnland itself, in iho fifteenth century, wni 
 known to the Dam s and Normans only by the name of 
 lust Greenland ; and they did not recover their know- 
 ledge of it, till after the English had ascertained lis ex- 
 istence by their voyages to discover a norlhwesl pass- 
 age to the Facilic Ocean, and the Dutch had coasted it 
 in pursuing uf whales. 
 
 M A D O C . 
 
 MxDoe, TriiicR uf WaU's— lli.i fuppnsiMl tli.^cnvcry of Auiccli'a 
 —All jtL'Cimiil of liis Vtiyai-M! tr.xaimncd — The inipMibalfilil/ 
 (if liirt hiippiiscililiM iivi-r) bIiiiwh. 
 
 Tins person is supposed to have discDvcred Ameri- 
 ca, and bruught a cohmy of his countrymen hither, be- 
 hire the discovery niiide by (.'uhimbus. The story of 
 his emigration Irom Wales is thus related by Ilakluyt, 
 who.^e tiook wasfir.->t published m 1581>, and u secuni 
 edition of it m 10(10. 
 
 "The voyage of Madoc, (he son of Owen Gwyn- 
 neih, prince of Nurlli Wales, to the West Indies m 
 the year lIiO, taken out uf the History of Wales, 
 lately published by M. David I'owel, Doctor of Divi- 
 nitie."' 
 
 ''After the dtath of Owen Gwynneth, hi- sons fell 
 at deb.ite who .-iuiuld luherit alter him. Fur the eldest 
 suit born in in-iiiiniuny, Edwanlur lorwirih Drwydion, 
 was couiile<i iiimieet to govern, because ul tin: maiiiie 
 upon his face, and lluwel, that took upon Inm Bi\ 
 the riili', was a ba.se son begotten of an Irish woman. 
 'I'lierel'ore, David gathered all the power he could and 
 cainr against llowel, and tigliling with hiin, slew him ; 
 and alltrward enjoyid ijUiL-tly ihe whclu land of North 
 ^^ ale:<, until hs lirotlier lurwerth's sun came to age. 
 
 " Maiuk-, another ut Ow en (iwynnetii Ins suns telt the 
 bnd in contentiuu between his bietliren, and prepared 
 certain ships with iiKMi and nuinitiun, and sought adven- 
 tures by sea. sailing irmt, and leaving the coast ol Ire- 
 land su far norlh thai he eaine to aland unk:iown, where 
 he saw many si range things. 
 
 '• This hi:id must needs be some part of that country 
 of whicli thu Spaniards atlirni themselves to be the first 
 (indeis since llanno's lime. ["For by reason and order 
 of eosriiographie, this lanil to the wiiich Madoc came, 
 must ni:cd» be some part of Nova llispania or Florida.] 
 Whereiipun it is manliest that that couniry was long 
 [behirej by Hritains discovered, aioro [either] Colum- 
 bus [ur Americus \ espuiiusj led any Spaniards 
 tiiilher. 
 
 " Of the voyage and return of that Madoc there be 
 manv fables i^.'igued, as the common people do use, in 
 distance of place and length uf lime, rather to augment 
 than dnuniisli, bill sure if ts t/iu( llurc he was. And lif- 
 ter he had returned home and declared the pleasant 
 and truitfiil countries ihat he iiad seen withuut iiihabi 
 laijts ; and upon llie cuntrary pari, tur what wild and 
 barren (^.ound his brethrin and nephews did murthcr 
 one anoiher, he prepared a number uf ships and got 
 with luin such men and women as were desiruus to 
 live in (lUietnctiS ; und taking leave of his friends, took 
 hid journey thitherwards again. 
 
 " Therelbre it is to be presupposed, th&t he and his 
 pcojde inhabited part of those countries ; for it appcur- 
 elh, by Francis Lopez dc (ioinara, that in Acuzamd, 
 and other places, the people iionored the cross. Whero- 
 by it may he gathered, that Christians had been thcro 
 before the coming of the Spaniards. But because this 
 peojilc were not many, they followed the vxannera qI 
 the land they came to, and used the lani^uage the/ 
 found there. 
 
 ■•viS 
 
 
 
 :»* 
 
 1 
 
 Il i-^ alHd :>ai>l lliiU Mr. Kills inrt with tlit: vine abnul the 
 EiiL'li.shricitk'iiieiitK ill lluils'iit'd liny, and cuiiipar*;.-* (he I'ritit ti 
 
 il tu the currants uf llie ievant- Morae's Un. Ueu. rul- i. y, 64. 
 
 ♦ Til.' wnnls itiiidtleii in climirhita [ ] are cimitled io ib^ 
 iecuiid eitiiiuii uf Ijuttluyi's vuya^ud 
 
northern ocean, with 
 
 , uriJ iy such ■eainDO 
 (' httn ; ilioiigU ihiy 
 idle. 
 
 II come to tio poNitive 
 jh rt'inoli) aiitujiiity ; 
 I In cotitinn, and none 
 tlic voyii^pM of Uiron. 
 litlt'd to iliit honour of 
 c Cohiiiihus, yet lliii 
 met Iroiii (lie merit cf 
 till re IB no reusoii to 
 knowledge of the Nor- 
 ore his tune were for* 
 liiive been recotlcctcd 
 xerlioiijtof his gcniu4 
 Heeled u dttti-o\ery ol 
 '.' friendly to tiie view» 
 
 :iflecnth century, wsi 
 lis only by ihu iiiiinc of 
 I recover iheir know- 
 lad ascerlanii'd its ex- 
 kcr a noillirtL'f*! paas- 
 : Uiitcli had euatded it 
 
 nciI (Ijscnvi'ry of Aiiii''"li'« 
 iiicil—Tliu iiiii<iubal>ilii/ 
 
 ve diBC3vered Aineri- 
 oinilryinen liilher, be- 
 nibud. The siory of 
 \s rclafed by llakl'uyt, 
 1 l5tiU, and u secoiii 
 
 son of Owen Gwyn- 
 
 I liic West Indies in 
 lie liislory of W'uleg, 
 )wcl, Doctor of Divi- 
 
 wynneth, his sons fell 
 
 * hnii. l''or the ildest 
 
 )r loiwcriii brwydion, 
 
 fccaiisi; uf liie niuiine 
 
 It louk upon bun ad 
 
 of ini Irit-h woiiuin. 
 
 ]).)wtr liu cuuld and 
 
 wiUi liiMi, .''It-w hini ; 
 
 \viicl(j land uf >.orlb 
 
 s son came to n^e. 
 
 ineth hit>!>ons It'll iho 
 
 eUiien, and iirepured 
 
 )n, and bon^lit adveu- 
 
 ilie cod.st ul Ire- 
 
 and unknown, where 
 
 purtof lliat country 
 isilveh to bo iho first 
 hv reason and order 
 which Madoc came, 
 li>pania or Tlorida.] 
 .a Luuiiliy was long 
 lore teiiher] Coknii- 
 Htd any Spaniards 
 
 Itliat Madoc ihere be 
 Ion [iruple do usv, in 
 
 rather loangnient 
 I re he ifiis. And ;if- 
 [ciarcd the pleasant 
 
 .'11 without miiabi 
 Ifor wiiat wild and 
 || liews did murchcr 
 Tr of ships and ^rot 
 Is were desirou:} tn 
 ] of his friends, took 
 
 \A, th&t he and his 
 Irtes ; for it appfar- 
 , (hat in Acuzaiiid, 
 J the cross. Whero- 
 |ans had been thero 
 But because this 
 led the manners of 
 Ithc language thoy 
 
 J are omitted in ihi» 
 
 niOORAlMFIES OF TIIK TARLY DISOOVKUEUS. 
 
 n 
 
 
 '■A 
 
 I 
 
 "Tlii" Mmliir nrriviiijr in lliat wi'.-Iitii nuiiilry nil- 
 to the wliifli ho cunii' in till' year 1 1 TO, li'll iiiuhI nt 
 liU |ipiipii' lliiTO, iiiiil ri'liirniiiii biiik f.ir iiinri' ol lii» 
 own iiiitiiin, nc'i|u;iiiilaiK'o uiiil IriciHlK, In iiilmliil llial 
 liiir iiiiil liir;!t' couiilry, wi'ht lliillicr a^ain, «illi lin 
 Haila, an 1 linil niilnl hy (iiilyii Owen. I am ipI ippiii- 
 ion lliat llin lam! wliiTi'ln he came, was Kinic pari of 
 Mexico ;* llic ciuisea wliiili iiiaku Ine lliiiik ho lie 
 
 1. •' The common report of Iho Itihiiliilmils of llml 
 country, whieli nlUrnilliat tlioir rnliTH ilewenileil from 
 u slniniio naliiin, llvalranin tliiliier from af.ir ronntry ; 
 which lliini; ia ooMlesBe<l liy Mulezuma, Kiim of lliat 
 country, in an oraliun inailo for ijuieliiij! of his peoph' 
 nt hid anIimii'Kion lo Iho Kiiij; of ('aslile; Hernando 
 Corte/. liein^r ihen present, which is hiiil ihiwii in Ihe. 
 Spanish clirunich'S of llie uomiuest of Ihe West In- 
 dies. 
 
 2. '•The llrilish words and names of phices used 
 in that country even lo this day do aryuo the same ; 
 na when they talk limether. Ihey nselhi' word (I'lcrau- 
 dii, whicli is hearken, or lislen. Aifo they have a cer- 
 tain bird Willi a irhilc head, which lliey call pni^uiii, 
 that is while heail. Hut the islanil of Vnrrmmi. the 
 river id' ^'"V.»/..r, and Ihe while rock i>( J'tiiiii/uii. 
 which he ail Dritishor Welch words, ilo maiiife.sily 
 show llial it was that country, which Maduc and his 
 jM'opli* iidiahiled " 
 
 " Cariniiia Meredith filii Khesi menlioneni facicn- 
 tia lie Madoco I'dio Ovveiii (iwyiinedd ct do sua lia- 
 viijalione in terras inco;;iiitas. Vixit hie Meredith cir- 
 cilcr aniniiii iJoinini, HIT. 
 
 Madoc wyf, iinvyedic wedd 
 lawn 1,'enall, Owen (iwynedd, 
 Ni I'ynwm dir, fy tiiaid mild 
 Na da iiiawr, oiid y morocdd. 
 Those verses I received of my IcariicJ friend, M, 
 William Camden. 
 
 THE SAME IN FXOI.ISII. 
 
 "Mndoc I am iho sun of Owen Cwyiinodd, 
 
 Wiih siaiure lame and conielv ltiut adorned. 
 
 No lands al home, nor .store oi wealth me pleifc, 
 
 My mind was wliulo lo aeurcli the Ocean seas. 
 
 In this extract from Ilakluyt Is conlained all the 
 orii,'iual information which I have heen aide to find re- 
 fpel'liug Ihe KuppiLsed discovery of America liy the 
 Welch." The account itself is confused and contra- 
 dictory. The coimlry discovered hy Madoc is said 
 lobe " without iiihahilanls ; and yet the people whom 
 ho carried thilher " followed Ihe manners of the land, 
 and used the lani;nai;e Ihey found there." Tlioiii;li 
 Ihe Welch emi^jrants lost their lani;ua!;e, yet Ihe au- 
 thor allempts to prove the truth of his story hy the 
 preservation of several Welch words in Ihe American 
 tnnKuea. Ainoiiu these he is unforlunate in the choice 
 of "/ifH!,'«/ii a hird wilh a vliilc hriid ;' all birds of 
 that name on the American shores having black or 
 dark brown heads, and Ihe name jiciiffiiiu is said lo 
 have been originally yituhic<;iitc, from their excessive 
 fatncsa. 
 
 Amonif the proofs whicli some bile writers have ad- 
 duced in support of the discovery of America by Ma- 
 doc is Ibis, that a lan^nal!c rescmblini;tlH' Welch was 
 spoken by a tribe of Indians in North Carolina, and 
 that it is still used by a nation siUiale on some of the 
 weslern waters of the Mississippi. If that part of ihe 
 account preserved by Hakhiyl be true, that ibe Ian 
 guaiie was lost, it is in vain to offer an ars?iinient oi 
 this kind in support of the trnlh of the story, but a 
 question may here arise, How c.ivild any report of the 
 loss of their language have been transmitled to Eu- 
 rope at so early a period ! 
 
 An altempt has lately been made to ascertain the 
 truth of this piece of history hy Ur .lohn Williams, I 
 have not seen the book ilseif, but it the critical review- 
 ers may be credited, no new fads have been adduced. 
 It is remarked hy them, that " if Madoc once reached 
 America, it isdiilicull to explain how he could relurii 
 home, and it would be more iniproliable that ho should 
 arrive in America a second timo ; of which there ia not 
 the slightest evidence." They also observe, that " if 
 Madoc sailed wettward from Wales, thf; currents 
 would rather liave carried him to Nova Scotia than to 
 »hc southward." 
 
 ThoincntioniniT of Nova Scotia reminds me of some 
 words in the native language of that country which 
 begin wi' two syllahles reseniblini; the name of Ma- 
 doc. A sachein of the I'enoh.seot tribe who lived in 
 
 • Inliio fceoiiil ediiiiin, lliii WDiii ' Mexico' is rti.-iiigi'ii l'.,r 
 ' It.o Went IiiJ;cs ,' aaU tlio iwo fullowiiig |iiirasrii|ilia are 
 omutoil 
 
 the end id the last and in the beginning of Ihe pres- 
 eiil cenlury bore the name of Mitih<katt'ando. A vil- 
 biL'e on rcnul'M-ot ri\i'r was Miidutfuiif^rc. One 
 hraneli of Ibe river >St. John, which runs into Ihe bay 
 ol Fuiiila IS yUductiiik, and another is MfdiKxcftiirU' 
 MIS. Tin- adviieali's of this opinion may avail Ihcm- 
 Kclve.i as far as ihey can of tins coincidence, but in 
 my iipprehension il is too precarious to he the hasia 
 of any just conclusion. 
 
 Alter all lliat has been, or can he laid on the sub- 
 jecl, wo iiiiisl observe wilhlliecrilical reviewers, that if 
 " Madoc left Wales and discovered any oilier country 
 il must always remain uncerlain where that country 
 is." Dr. lioberlson thinks, if he made any discovery 
 at all it might be .Madeira, or one of Iho A/.ores. 
 
 The book of ]l,ikhiyt, in winch the original story ia 
 preserved, was wrilleii in the reign of Cjueen Kli/a- 
 lielli, and in the time other conlroversy wilh Spain. 
 The design of hia bringing tiirward the voyage of Ma- 
 doc appears, from what he says ol Cohinibus, lo have 
 been, ihe asserting of a discovery prior lo bis, and con- 
 neipicnlty Ihe righl ol the Crown of l-!iigl;uid lo the 
 sovereignly of America ; a point at llmt lime warmly 
 contested between ihe Iwo nalions. The teniarks 
 whicli ibe same iiuthor makesoii several othervoyages, 
 evideiilly tend lo ilie establishment of that claim. 
 Itiil if Ihe story of Uiron be true, which (though llak- 
 liiyl lias said nothing id it) Is better autbenlicaled than 
 Ibisot .M,idoe, the right of the (.'rown of Uenmark, is 
 on the j)riiici]iie uf prior discovery, superior to either 
 of iheiii, 
 
 i*erhiips the whole mystery may be unveiled, if we 
 advert to this one circiinistaiicc, the time when llak- 
 hiy t s book was fust published, national prejudice might 
 prevail even with so hoi. est a writer, to cunverl a 
 Welch fable into a polilical argument, to sii|>port, 
 against a powerful rival, Ihe clanii uf liia buvcrcign lo 
 the dominion of this continent. 
 
 Z K iN O . 
 
 Zkno— Tlis rnt;k .ii.il Mr'li— He pail.^ on n voyiiEC of discnvrry 
 — N tviTlaliiMi lij i; iriniii'st — .Mrives HI Fri>litinl — lliliiriil- 
 lii-:i Willi llii! hiilj\('.4— Deittli ut Mco.j Zelio— llic Lil'ulbcr All- 
 tiiuio liil;t'.H tlie cuiiiiiKiiiil. 
 
 It is well known llial the Venelians were reckon- 
 ed aiiiong the most exner' and ad\i ntiiroiis of the 
 maritime nalions. In that republu; the family of 
 Zkno or Zk.m is not only very ancient, and of high 
 rank, bill ci'lebraled for illuslrious achievtinci,ts. 
 Nicolo Zeiio having exhibited great valor in a war 
 with the (icnoese, conceived an anteiil desire, agree- 
 ably to the genius of his lialion, to travel ; that he 
 might, by his aciiuaintance with foreign nalions and 
 laiignaijes, render himself more illuslrious and use- 
 ful. \\'illi this view he eipiipped a vessel al his own 
 expense, and sailed tlirotigli the straits of Cill>r:dtar to 
 Ihe northward. A. D IIJHO, with an iiitenlion lo visit 
 liiilaiii and Flanders; but by a storm which lasted 
 niiiiiy davs, he was cast away on the coast of Fris- 
 land. 
 
 The prince of the country. Zichmni (or as Purchas 
 spi lis il. /ichniui). finding Xeno an expert seaman, 
 gave him the coinm.ind of his tleet, consisting of Ihir- 
 leeii vessels, of which two only were rowed with oars ; 
 one was :i ship, and the rest were small barks. 
 \\'itli ibis (Icet he made coiupiest and depredations 
 in licdovo and Uoso. and other small islands ; several 
 barks laden wilh fish being a part of his capture. 
 
 Nicolo wrote lo bis brother Antonio Zetio at \'enice, 
 inviiing him to Frislaiul, vvbitber he went ; and being 
 taken into the service uf Zichmni. conliiiiied with him 
 iiiurtecn years. The Heel sailed on an expedition to 
 Kstland, where they comuntted great ravages; but 
 hearing that the King of Norway was ceniing againsi 
 Ihem wilh a superior llccl, they departed, and were 
 driven by a slorni on shoiils, w here part of the licet was 
 wrecked, and ihe rest were saved on Urisland, '-a 
 great island, hut not inhabited. 
 
 Zichmni then delcrmined to attack Iceland, wtiich 
 holonged to the King of Norway ; but finding it well 
 fortified and defended, and hia licet being diminifhcd, 
 he retired and built a fort in I3ress, one of seven 
 small islands, where he left Nicolo and returned to 
 Frisland. 
 
 In the next spring Zeno, wilh three small harks, 
 sailed to the iiorthward on discovery, and arrived at 
 Engroenland. — where he found a monastery of Fri- 
 ars, and a (diitrch dedicated lo >Sl. Thomas, siluale 
 near a volcano, and heated by warm springs flowing 
 from the inountain. 
 
 After the death of Nicolo, which happened in 
 about four years, Antonio succeeded him in the coid- 
 
 iiianil ol the fleet ; and the prince Zichinni, aiminKat 
 the sovereignly of the sea, underlook an exiicdilioti 
 UTxtifttid, because thai some lishermen hail discuverotl 
 rich and populous islands in that (juarter. 
 
 The report of ihe fiHiiernien was, (hat above a 
 thousand miles westward from Frisland, to which 
 distance they had been driven by a tempest, Ihere was 
 an island called Kstoliland, which they had disroverrj 
 twenty-six years before ; that six men in one lioat 
 were ilriven upon ihe ialand, and being taken by the 
 inhabitantH were broughl inio a fair and populous 
 cily ; that the king of that place sent for many inler- 
 prcters, hut none was found who could iiiiilerHtaiid 
 Ihc langnago of the fisliermen, except one who could 
 speak lialiii, and he had formerly been cast ashore 
 on the island ; thai on his reporling iheir case lo Ihu 
 king, ho detained them live years, in which liiiio they 
 learned the language ; that one of Ihem visited divern 
 )iiirls of Ihe island, and reporli'd that il was a very 
 rich country, aboiinihng wilh all the coinmodilics oi 
 the world , ibal il was less than Iceland, but far mora 
 fruitful, having in the middle a very high mountain, 
 from which originated lour rivers. 
 
 The inhabilanls were dcscribrd as very ingenious, 
 having idl mechanic arts. They luiil a peculiar kinJ 
 of languagi! and lelters ; and in Ihe king's library 
 were preserved I.aliii books, uhieli Ihey did iiotunder- 
 sland. They had all kinds of nielala (but especially 
 gold, with which Ihey mi^lilily ahoiinded.) They 
 lield Irallic with ihe people of Fngroenlaiid, from 
 whence they brought furs, pitch, anil brimslono. 'i'lioy 
 had tiiaiiy great tiiresls, which supplied lliein with 
 limber hir Ihe building of ships, h, uses, and forlilica- 
 lions. The use of Ibe loadstone was not known , 
 bill lliese tishermen, liaving the niiirincrs' compass, 
 were held in so high estimalion, that the king sent 
 them with twelve barks lo a country al the southward 
 calleil Drogio, where the most of them were killed and 
 devoured by cannibats ; hut one of them saved himself 
 hy showing the savages a w.iy of taking fish by nelH, 
 ill niiieh greater )ilenly lliaii by any other iiioile before 
 known among them. This lisherman was in so great 
 delnaiid with the princes of Ihc eotlnlry, lliat they fre- 
 quently made vvaroii each oilier for the sake ofgain- 
 iiio him. In this manner be jiassed from one lo an- 
 iilher, till in the space of Ihlrteen years he had lived 
 with twenty-live liilliTeul princes, to whom he coiii- 
 muniealed bis " miraculous'' art of fishing with u*i.'i. 
 
 He llius beeanie arqiiainted with every part of the 
 couulry, which be described to be so extensive us to 
 iiieril the iiameof a )irH' voiid. The people were rudn 
 and ignorant of iheuse of clolbing. Iliough their cli- 
 male was coM. ami afl'ordeil beasts for the chase. In 
 Iheir hunting and wars they used the how and Iho 
 lance ; bill they knew not the use of metal. 
 
 Farther lo lite soutliu est Iho air was said to be 
 morelem|ierate and the jn'ople more civil. They 
 dwell ill cities, built temples, and worsliij>pcil idols, to 
 whom ihey oflered bniiian victims; and they had 
 |ilenly of gold and silver- 
 
 The liblierman ba\,.ig become fully acquainlet/ 
 with Ihe country, mcdiialcil a reltirn. IJaving fleil 
 Ihroiigh Ilii woi'ds to Drogio, after ihree years somo 
 boats ariived from Fstotilaial, in oneof'which he em- 
 barked for that coiinlry ; and having acquired con- 
 siderable property, he fitted out a bark of his own and 
 ret limed to I-'risland. 
 
 Such was the report of the fisherman ; n[ion hear- 
 ing of which /icliinni resolved lo equip his fleet and 
 go in search of Ihe new country ; Antonio Zeno being 
 the second ill cominaiid. 13til "the preparation fur 
 the voyage to Fslotiland was begun ill an evil hour ; 
 the fisbcrinan, who was to have been Ihc jiilol, died 
 three days before their deparlure." 
 
 However, taking ci'rtaiii mariners who had sailed 
 with the fisherman, Zichmni, began the intended 
 voyage. When he had sailed a small distance to tlio 
 westward, he was overtaken by a sforin whicli lasted 
 eight days, at the end of whicli they discovered land, 
 which the natives called learia. They were numer- 
 ous and formidable and would not permit him to como 
 on shore. From this place ihey sijiled six days to Iho 
 westward w ith a fair wind ; hut a heavy gale from 
 the southward drove them four days before it, when 
 they discovered land, in which was a volcano. The 
 oir was mild and leniperale, it being the height of 
 summer. They took a great quantity of fish, of sea 
 fowl and their eggs. /\ part who penetrated the 
 country as far as the foot of ihc volcano, found a spring 
 from whieli issued "a certain water, like pitch, 
 which ran into the sea." They discovered sonic oi 
 Ihe inhabilanls, who were of small stature andt^ild; 
 
AMKRTCAN HISTORY. 
 
 
 and who, At iUpi ii|>|iroiiclt of lint Mtraii^ert, liiil tbnii- 
 ■p|vf<8 ill their nivcH, lluviii|{ roiinil a ^iiod Imrliour, 
 Ziclinmi intciuliil to iiiiikc ii Hiltluuitnl ; but liiit proplu 
 m)|ti)iiii^ it, liH ilirtitiJHHril |iarl uf tlio fluct uliiJiT 
 ZtMio, »ho ri'tuniiil lo Frittlaiul. 
 
 'i'lio |iiirlin)tars uf Uiim iiurriUvc wcro fitflt writlcn 
 bv Antunio /ciiu in liia Iclicrti lu lild lirotlmr Oarlu, at 
 Vcnico ; froni HOiiie fnij^inciiti* uf vvhicli a coin|iilulion 
 wai made by I'raiiciscu Murculiiii, and preMurvcd by 
 Uainuiio. It wan tratiotattd by Kictmrd llackbiyt, and 
 printed in the third voluiiio of the ■ccond tdition uf liis 
 collcrtion, page 121, Alc. From it Urttbus haa made 
 aii extrnttin bia Thcalrum Orhts. 
 
 \)\\ Korater has lakcii inttcii pains to cianiine the 
 (vliulo account, both ^cu^mpbu^ally and bintorically. 
 The result of his ini|uiry la, tliut Frialand is one of the 
 Ofkniys ; that rurltind la ibe cluater of islands called 
 Turo, and tnai Latlaiid ia Sbi>iland. 
 
 At lirat, indeed, he was Of opinion that ** tbo coun- 
 tries, described by the Zenos actually existed at that 
 time, but bad since been swallowed up by (he sea in a 
 ^reat earllnpiake." 'i'tiis opinion be founded on tbo 
 probability ibat all tlie high islands in the ninhlte of the 
 se.t are of vulciuiic origin; as ia evident wUli respect 
 to Iceland and tbo Faro islands in the North Sea ; the 
 Azores, 'renenUe, Madeira, the Cape de Verds, St. Hc- 
 Irnu and Aseenition in the Atlantic \ the Society Islands, 
 Otabcite, Faster, the Marquesas and other islands in 
 the I'acific. 'riiis opinion be wuh induced to relinqni&b, 
 partly because "soj^reat a revolution must have left 
 behind it some historical ve.stij;es or traditions ;" but 
 principally because bis knowledge of the liunic lan- 
 guage suggested to bim a resemblance between the 
 names mtriitioned by Zeiio and (hose which are given 
 to some of the islands of Orkney, Shetland and the 
 llubrides. 
 
 However presumptuous it may oppear to call in 
 question lb<> opinion of so learned and diligent an 
 inquireri on a sut)jc?t which his pbilobigical and geo- 
 graphical knowledge luust eiiahte hnn to examine with 
 the greatest prucisiou ; yet from tbo searcli which I 
 have bad opportunity to make, it appeurs probable 
 to me that bis first opinion was right, as far as it 
 respects Frisland, ani perhaps i'orUnd. My reasons 
 are ihe.te : 
 
 1. I Jr. Forsier says that Fris-land was much larger 
 than Iceland ; and llakluyt m his accoiml uf Zeno's 
 voyage, .'*peaks of it as "bigger than Ireland.'' Nei- 
 ther of ibese accounts can agree with the supposition 
 of its litiiig oik; of ibe Orkneys ; for Iceland is 3-10 
 miles lon<:, and 2U0 wubi. Iri'laiid is 310 in letigih, 
 and 184 in breudlb ; Hut Pomona, the mainland ol the 
 Oikneya, i.s but 2'-l mill's loni/, and tJO wide. 
 
 2. Frislaud was seen by Marliii Frubisher in each of 
 bis three voyages to and from Lireenlaiid in the years 
 1570, 1577 aiiti 157H. In bis first voyage be took his 
 departure from Fuuta, tin? x^esiernmui^t of the Shetland 
 Islands, ill latitude (iU'' 130, and after sailing \V. by 
 N. fourteen days, be made the land of Frisland, 
 "bearing W. N. \V. di-'ititncc 10 leagues, in l.ititude 
 Cl^." In his second voyage he sailed fwin tlu; Ork- 
 neys W. N. W. twenty-six days, before ho came 
 "within making of Fru'-laud ;'* which be thus de- 
 Bcribes : — 
 
 "July <lth. We made land perfect, and knew it to 
 be Frisland. Found ourselves in lat. GU and a half 
 deg. and were fallen in wilb the soiitliernmo.-.t part of 
 this land. It is ibouglit to be in bigniss nut inln mr to 
 }-jtii(laiut ; and is called of some authors West Frisland. 
 Ithink it Iteib mure west than ai / part of Kurupe. It e.x- 
 tendcth lo the iiurtb very far, as feemed to us, and ap- 
 pcarelh by a description »etout by two brethren. Ntcolo 
 and Antonio Zeni ; who being driven out from Ireland 
 about 200 years suice, were sliip-wrecked there. 'J"hc-y 
 have in their sea charts described every part ; and lor 
 BO much of the land as we have sailed along, compar- 
 ing their charts with the coast, we lind it very agreeable. 
 All along tins coast the ica helh as a continual bulwark, 
 and so defendetb the country that those who would 
 land there incur great danger." In bis third voyage he 
 lonnd means to land on the island. The inhabitants 
 fled and bid themselves. Their tenia were made of 
 ■Kins, and their boats were like those of Greenland. 
 From these well authenticated accounts of Frisland, 
 8nd it) aitualion so far westward of the Orkneys and 
 Shetland, it seems impossible that Dr. Furster's second 
 opinion can be right. 
 
 3. One of the reasons. which led the doctor to give 
 Dp his first opinion, that these lands once existed, but 
 tiad diaappoared, was, that so great a rcvoliition must 
 have left some vestige behiiul. if no person escaptui 
 to tell the news, what belter vestige cun there be, 
 
 thdii the exifttence of hIiodIh or ro''ks in the plaeeii 
 where these iNhinds once \M<re known lo be ! In a map 
 prelixed to Crantz's history uf ('reinhmd, there is 
 marked a very exienmve shoal bolwien tlm latitiideM of 
 61)^ and OO'', called "'J'lio ttimken bind of IIiihs." ftx 
 longitude is betv/een lei land and (iri'iMdand, and the 
 author apeiiks of it in these words : — " Some ore of 
 opinion that Frisland was sunk by an earthquake, and 
 that it was situate in thone parts where the sunken land 
 of liiisa is marked in tbo mans; whieb the spamen 
 cautiously avoid, because of tho ahalluw ground and 
 turbulent wavcn." 
 
 UcBpccling liiiss Island, \ have met with no other 
 account than what ia preserved by I'urelias in his 
 abridgment of the journni of James llalTa voyages 
 from Denmark to (jreenland. In bis first voyage, 
 A.D. 1605, he remarks thus: " lieing in ihu latitude 
 of 50 and a half degrees, we looked to have seen liuss 
 Island ; but I do verily suppose the same to be placed 
 in a wrong latitude in the marine charts." In his se- 
 cond voyage (160(i) bo saw land, which bo " supposed 
 lo be Jliiss Island, lying more to the westward llian 
 It is placed in the marine charts ;" and ihe iie;:t day, 
 viz. July 2d, ho writes, *' Wo were in a great currrtiit 
 sotting S. S. W., which I suppose to set between 
 Uuss Island and Frisland over toward Americii." 
 
 In a fourth voyage, made in 1(112, by the same 
 James Hall, from England, for ibe discovery of a north- 
 west passage, of which (here is a journal written by 
 John (fHtanbe, and preserved in (^hnrcbiU's (-''ullections, 
 they kept a good look out, both in going and reluming, 
 fur the inland of Frisland, but could not see it. In a 
 map prefixed to this voyage, Frisland is laul down be- 
 tween the latitude of HI*' ai:d ()2", and IJnss in the lati* 
 tude of 51^. In (irntonhe's journal the distance be- 
 tween Shetland and Frisland is computed to be 200 
 leagues ; the southernmost pari of Frisland and ibe 
 nurthernmost part of Shetland are said to be in the 
 same latitude. There is also a particular map of Fris- 
 land jireserved by I'urcbcis, in which an^ delineated se- 
 veral towns and oiies ; the two i.sbuids of Iloso and 
 I.edovo are laid down lo the westward of it, and ano- 
 ther called Stromio to the eastward. 
 
 In a map uf the North Seas, prefixed to an anony- 
 mous account of (iicenland, in Churehill's Colleclions, 
 we lind Frisland laid down in the taiitude 132^' between 
 Ici-land and Greenland. 
 
 We have, then, no reason lo doubt the existence of 
 these islands as late as the beginning of the last century. 
 At what lime they disappeared is uncrrtain ; but that 
 their place has since been occupied by a shoal, we have 
 also cn^d.ole testimony- 
 
 The apjiearanee and disap)iearance of islands in the 
 Northern Sea is no uneonunon thing. Besides former 
 events of this kind, there is one very recent, In the 
 year 178!), by means of a volcanic eruption, two islands 
 were produced in the sea uvmt the S. K. coast of lee- 
 bmd. One was supposed to be so |iermaneiit that the 
 king of Denin;irk sent and look formal possession of it 
 as part of his dominions ; but the orruti, paving no re- 
 gard to the terriiorial claim of a mortal sovert ign, has 
 since reabsorbed it in bus watery bosom. 
 
 These reasons incline mo to believe that Dr. Fors- 
 ler's first ojiinion was well founded, as far us it respects 
 Frisland. 
 
 He sup[(Oses Porland to be Ibe cluster of inlands 
 called Faro. But Porland is said lo be south of Fris- 
 land ; whereas the Faro Islands be northirmt of Ork- 
 ney, which be supposes to be Fiislaud. Th(; learned 
 dui-tor, who is gem rally very accurate, was not aware 
 of this inconsistency. 
 
 In the account which liakluyt has given of Martin 
 Frobisher's third voyage, we find that one of his ships, 
 the Bus.<«of Bridgewater, in her return felt in wiih land 
 hfty leagues S. E. of Frisland, " which (it is said) was 
 never found before," — ihe southernmost part of which 
 by in lat. 57 and a half deg. Along ibe coast of ibis 
 island, v\hich they judged lo extend twenty-five leagues, 
 they sailed for three days. The existence of this land 
 Dr. Forsier seems to doubt ; but yet allows that '* if 
 it was then really discovered it must have sunk after- 
 wards into the sea, as it has never been seen again; or 
 else these navigators must have been mistaken in their 
 reckoning." 
 
 If such an island or cluster of islands did not exist 
 in tlic situation described by Frobishcr, it might be the 
 Borland of Zeno ; for the soulhtrnmost part of Fris- 
 land lay in the latitude of GO and a half deg. ; the 
 8oulhernmodt part of this land in 57 and a half deg. 
 in a direction S. F. fr(MU it. It wn-* probably called 
 Buss by the Kuglisb, from the name of Frobisher's 
 vuasel which discovered it. 
 
 'Ibe only proof which ear. now bo produced of tbif 
 fact miift l<e the arlual exiMi'iiie (d rocks ond sboali 
 in or near the name pl.iee. Of iliis, it iH liiippily in my 
 power III pniducu the evidence of two experienced 
 shipma«ter', of inciuiteslihle veracity, now living. 'I'he 
 first iH I»,iai: Sinilh of Maiden near iloslon, from whose 
 log-book I ha e made tbo lollowing extract: "In a 
 voyage from Betersburg to lt<Mlnn, in the ship Tho- 
 mas and Sardli, btlongmg to Tliomas Russell, Koq. ol 
 Boston, inerehant, Tbursdav, August 11, 1785, course 
 \V. N. W.— windAV. S. \V. At 4 A. M. discovered 
 a large rock ahead, wlmh for some lime w« took to be 
 a ship under close-reeled lopsail. At 7, being witl.in 
 two miles, saw breakers under our lee, on which ac- 
 count wore A\\\i. 'j'here are bieakerH in two places, 
 bearing S. F. ; one a mile, llii; oilier two miles from ihu 
 rock. It lies ill hit. 57^ JlS*. longitude West from Lon- 
 don \\\^ 30', and may be discoveretl live leagues oil'. 
 We sounded and hud fifiy-six fitbom. 'J'be rock ap- 
 pears lo be aiioul one biinilied yards in circumference, 
 and fifty feet above water It makes like a liav stack 
 black below aiitl white on the top." The other is Na- 
 ibaniel (ioodwm of Bosion, ului, ni bis homeward pas- 
 sage from Ainsterthini, on the ]5tb of August, 1701), 
 saw Ihu same rock. According to bis olmervalioii 
 (which however on that day was a liilU^ dubious) it ben 
 in lat. 57'>' 48', and Ion. [W 40'. He passed wiilnii 
 two miles of it to the southward, and saw breaker:' to 
 tho norlhvvard of it. lis appearance be describes in tbo 
 same manner with Smith, 
 
 I'roin these aulhorilies I am strongly inclinrd lo 
 believe that the shoal deiionnnaled " the sunken land 
 of Bus?," is either a port of the ancient Frisland or of 
 some island in its neighborhood ; and that the rock and 
 ledgtsseenby Ninilh and (iiuKviu behmged to tho 
 fluster once calb d Burland. If these conclusions bo 
 adi[)itled, there cuii be no suspicion oi fn-iion m iho 
 story of Zeno, as fariis it respects I'niice Zichmni and 
 his expeditions. Sln-lland nuiy then well enoiigii agree 
 wilb Fstland, which is described by llukluyt as laying 
 "between Frislaiul and Norway." 
 
 The only place which in Zeno's relation is called by 
 ihe same name, by which il is now known, is Iceland ; 
 though there can be no doubt that Fngroenland, or 
 Kngroveland is the same with Gr^-enland ; where, 
 according to Cranlz, there was once a eburcb dedicated 
 lo St. Thomas, and situate near a volcano and a hot 
 spring. 
 
 But tbo question is, where shall we find Fsloliland ] 
 Dr. Forsti-r is positive that " it cannot be any other 
 coiinlry than Winiand (di.scovered in 100';, where tho 
 Nunuaiiit made a settlement. 'I'he liatiii books seen 
 tliert! by llio fishertnau, he siqiposes lo have been iho 
 library of Kric. Bishop of (ireenland, who wenl thither 
 in the Iwellib century to convert Ins counlrymen. Ho 
 is also of o)union that this tishennaii bad the use of tho 
 magnetic needh-, which began to be known in Europe 
 about the year 1302 before the lime of the Zeiios. Wq 
 also thuiks thai the country called Drugio is the samo 
 with Florida. 
 
 In some of the old maps, particnhrly in Sanson's 
 French Alias, the name Kstotilaud is marked on tho 
 country of Labrador; but the pompous description of 
 it by the (isherman, wbelher u liu Labrador or New- 
 foundland, exceeds all tbo bounds of credibility, and 
 abuses even the license of a traveller. The utmost ex- 
 lent of Zicbnnii's expedition, in consequence of tho 
 fisberiiian's report, couM not be any further westward 
 than Greenland, to which his description well agrees. 
 The original inhabitants were short uf stature, half 
 wild, and lived in caverns ; and between Ihe years 1380 
 and 1384 they bad extirpated tho Normans and the 
 monks of St. Thomas. 
 
 The discovery of Kstotiland must therelore rest on 
 tlio report of the fisherman ; but the description of it, 
 of Drogiu, and the eounlry southwest of Drugio must 
 be ranked in tlie fabulous history of America, and 
 would probably have been long since forgotten if 
 (Jhrslopher Columbus bad not mado his grand diti- 
 eovery ; from the merit of which, his rivals and the 
 einemies of the Spanish nation have uniformly endea- 
 voured to detract. 
 
 CHUISTOPHKH COLUMBUS 
 
 CiiRisTorEH CoLUMDi's— Ills roa^joiis fur scekini^ Italia In tha 
 west— lli^ lirwi voyiigf— lli.H t-rcoiul voyage— His third voy- 
 H!,'L'~Hi.H Inurlh voyai.'*'— Uilliiiihiea, |iriv:iti<in8, and Iho 
 h irilsliipH lit; utuhTWt-iit — Hu i^ wrccktid on Jamaica — His 
 (U':nh and cliuructer. 
 
 Thk adventures, which have already been spoken of, 
 were more the result of accident than design; wa 
 are now entering on one founded in science tnd con 
 
DTOOUAIMIIKH OF T 11 K KAItl.Y 1) I S H O V K H K H S . 
 
 \ lio |iroilncc(l of tlitfl 
 I) oi rnrki 011(1 ithoiili 
 iiH, it in )iii|i|iily ill my 
 > ni' Iwo t!X|irrirnctil 
 ciiv. iiuw living. 'I'htf 
 ,r iluHioii. frnin whose 
 viiig extract : " In a 
 ton, 111 till) tiliiji 'I'lio* 
 mart IttisHt;!!, ilnq. ol 
 ijUHt II, 17H5, coume 
 t4 A. M. iltscovrred 
 u' (iinc \vH took tu be 
 At 7, buing wiit.in 
 ir Ii'is on winch bc- 
 ■akiTM in Iwo |»lacrs. 
 II r two mill's from tlio 
 iliitle Wrst from l^nn- 
 ■rt'd livf IniHiifs oil', 
 iliotn. 'J'lio rork ap- 
 rili4 in cirriiiiiliTcnrc, 
 lakcs like ii liay niiuk 
 )." 'Mil' oiliir IS Nii- 
 III liin liuiiii'Wtiul |i<iH- 
 l.^illi ol' Au^iiRt, IVUU, 
 ^ tu him uli(ii'rvii(u>n 
 a liitir diihiiiiis) It lif'M 
 i'. lie pa.shcd within 
 I, ami Kaw lircaktr." (o 
 ice ho duticribi!!! in tliu 
 
 titron^ly incljnrd to 
 
 ili'd " till! suiikcn land 
 nncienl Trisliiud or of 
 
 and dial tin; rock and 
 ivviii liflon<!('d to llio 
 f tlicsp concliisiona Im 
 (ion of tH-lion in llio 
 In I'lincc Zicliinni and 
 h(;n wi'll t'Motiyli a|;reo 
 
 hy Uuklnyt as laying 
 
 's rrlation is called by 
 iw known, is Icclaml ; 
 that Kn^rotMitand, or 
 I Citcinland ; where, 
 noi.' u church dedicated 
 r a volcano and a liot 
 
 dl wo find Ilstotilaiid ] 
 
 cannot be any other 
 
 d in 100'). where ibo 
 
 Lalin books seeu 
 
 ^...■s to have been tho 
 
 land, who went tbitlier 
 
 Ins countrymen. Ho 
 
 III had tlie use of tho 
 
 he known in Kuropo 
 
 lie of the /eiioa. llo 
 
 ed Drogio is the samo 
 
 icul'jrly in Sanuon's 
 
 .1 is marked on tlio 
 
 lOiniioiis description of 
 
 Labrador or Ncw- 
 
 ids of credibility, ami 
 
 lUr. The utmost ex- 
 
 niseiiueiice of tho 
 
 ,' further westward 
 
 ription well agrees. 
 
 short of stature, half 
 
 Iwecn (he years 1380 
 
 he Nunnans and the 
 
 mist tbcrelorc rest on 
 ibe description of il, 
 west of Drogio must 
 ory of America, and 
 g since forgotten if 
 nado his grand dib- 
 his rivals and the 
 lavc uniformly endea- 
 
 UJMnus 
 
 i fur ecvkirif^ India In th« 
 I vtiyage— His thiril voy- 
 esy priviiii'MiH, and tho 
 recked on Jainaicn— His 
 
 ready hpen spoken of, 
 
 rnt than design ; we 
 
 ill science tnd oon 
 
 durted hr Jtldjitmont ; an itdventiirn which, whether 
 we regard im eoneeptioii, its exeeiitioii, or its i onse* 
 qurnccN, will iilwayn relied the liiLflx'sl honoi r on 
 him who projected it. 
 
 Almnt the miildte of the Htleentli reiiliiry. when the 
 ?nrtnfjni'ifl under the eoiiduet ot IVime Henry :ini' 
 afterward of Kin<{ John H, wcrn pursuing their dt>* 
 mveriei nion); the weilrrn shorn ot Africii, to lind i\ 
 piiKHjigi* by the south to India, — a genius aroKC, wbrse 
 inemnry lias been pretervnl with veneration in the 
 pai;es of liislnry, as Ibo initrument of enlarging; (lie 
 rogions of M'ii i-nce and eonureree beyond any of his 
 predftceHiors. (.'iiitisrni'HRK CoLeMio'i^, o nativn of 
 the repnhlie of ftenoa, was horn in ibe year 1147, and 
 at the age of fourtepu entered on ii seafaring life, as 
 the propter splu're in which his vigorous iniiid was iles- 
 lined to pertorni eX{)loiis which should asloninh man- 
 kind. He was edoented in the Hciriiees of geotnelry 
 and astronomy, which form the basis of navigation ; 
 nM<l he was well versed in romnography, history and 
 phih.Hopliy. His active und enterprising genius, 
 though it enabled him (o comprehend iheotd iiy>leins, 
 vet would not siiller him lo rest in their deei<<ion8, 
 however sanelifird by lime or by veniTable names; 
 hut ih-lermined lo examine them by iu-tnal experiment, 
 he lirst visiii'd the neas wiihin the pol.ir circle, and 
 nfterwards those parts of Africa which Ibe INtrtn- 
 gilese had discovered, as f.ir as the const of (iiiinea ; 
 und by (he time he had attained llienge (d' thirly-sev- 
 on, he had from his own experience received the ful- 
 lest conviction that the opinion of the iincienls respect- 
 ing the torrid and frigid zones was void of any just 
 foundation. 
 
 When uii old system m found erroneous in one 
 point, it is natural to suspect it of farther impi-rfec- 
 titms ; and when one dillicuily is overcome, olliers ap- 
 
 iiear less formidable. Such was the ease with Co- 
 uinlms ; and his views were accelerated by an iiK'i- 
 dent which threatened lo put ati end lo his life. ])ur- 
 ing one of bis voyages, the ship in which he sailed 
 look fire, in an enyagement with a Venetian galley, 
 und the crew were obliged lo leap into the scii to 
 avoid perishing in the llaines. In this exlremilv (*o- 
 bnubufl, by the help of a floating oar, swam u|)wnrds 
 of two leagues to the coast of Portugal near Ijisbtui, 
 and met with a welcome reception from many of his 
 countrymen who weresi-tlled tliero. 
 
 At liisbon lie married the daiiiibler of Perestrello, 
 un old seaman, wlm bad been concerned in the dis- 
 covery of I*orto Santo and .Madeira ; from whose jour- 
 nnhi ami chart!' he received tlie liiijliest entertainment. 
 J*drsuiiig his iiupiiries in geo^Traphy, and observing 
 what alow pro<iress the l*.»rlu«.'nese made in their at- 
 temptslo lind a way roiiml ,\trica to India, "bo be- 
 gan to rellect llial as Ibe I'ortnguese travelled so far 
 soulhward, it were nole.ss proper tt> sail westward,"' 
 aiitl that it was reasonable to expect to find the desir- 
 ed land in that direction. 
 
 It must here be remembered I hat India was in part 
 known to the ancients, and lliat its rich .iiid useful 
 productions had for many eenluries been conveyed into 
 Kurope. either by caravans Ihrougb llie deserts of 
 Syria ami Arabia, or by the way of the Ked Sea, 
 through Kgypt into the Mediterranean. This lu- 
 crative commerce bad been suceessivcly engrossed by 
 the Pheiiecians, ihe Hebrews, the Kiryptians. tlie As- 
 hvrians. the Pahnyrenes, the Arabians, the Genoese, 
 anil the Venetians. The Portui.'nese were then seek- 
 ingil by atlemptihg the eircumnavigation of .Africa; 
 and tlieir expectalitm of linding it in that direction 
 was groundi'd (HI ancient historical traditions that a 
 voyage had been formerly made by the onlers of Ne- 
 cholvingof KgypI, from the lied Sea, round the 
 southern part of Africa, to Ihe straits of Hercules ; and 
 (hat (he same route had hern traversed hy Hanno the 
 (Jarthauinian, by Kudoxns the Kjryptian, and others. 
 The Portuguese had consumed about half a century 
 m making various attempts, and had advanced no far- 
 ther on the western coast of Africa, Ihaiijustto cross 
 the equator, when Columbus conceived his great de- 
 Bign of finding India in the west. 
 
 The causes which led him to entertain this idea are 
 diatinguislied by his son, the writer of his life, into 
 ihese three; "natural reason, theauthority of writers, 
 und the testimony of saiK>rs.'' 
 
 By the help o( •' reasim," ho argued in this man- 
 ner: That tho earth and se.i composed one globe or 
 sphere. 'I'his was known by observing the shadow of 
 the earth in lunar eclipses. Hence he conclmled that 
 It might be travelled over from east to west, or from 
 west to east. It had been explored to the cast hy 
 eomo European travellers us far as Cipango, or Jap- 
 
 an ; and asfar westward ns the A/.ores or Western 
 Islands. The remaining space, though now known 
 to be more than hidf. he supposid lo he hut one thini 
 p.irt oflhe cireiimlt rence of the gtohtt If this space 
 were un open sra, he imagined il mighl he easily wail- 
 ed over; and if there were uny land extending east- 
 wardty beyond the known limits of Asia, he lupposed 
 thai it must be nearer lo Spain by the west, than hy 
 the east. For, it waslhen a received opinion I hal Ihe 
 continent and islands of India extended over one Ihird 
 part of ihecircnniferetice (d' ibe ghdie ; Ihat another 
 lliird part wasconipreheiided between India And the 
 western shore of Spain ; therefore it was concluded, 
 ihat the eastern part of India must be as near lo Spain 
 as the western pari. 'I'his opinion tboiiuh now known 
 to )ie erroneous, yet being then adniilled as true, niude 
 il appear to (-olumbus very easy and praelicable to 
 discover India in the west. He hoped also ihut be- 
 tween Snaiii and India, in Ihal direction, there might 
 be fouiKl some islands ; hy the help of which, as rest- 
 ing places in bis voyage, lie iniglit the better pursue 
 bis main design. The probability rtf ibe existence of 
 land in that Ocean, he argued, partly from the opinion 
 of philosophers, that there was more land tlian sea on 
 the Riirt'ace of Ihe globe ; and partly from Ihe necessi- 
 ty of a eounteriioise in the west, for the immense 
 quantity of land which was known to ho in Ihe east. 
 
 Another source, from which hn drew iiis conclu- 
 sion, was, *' the authority of learned men, ' who had 
 allirmed the possibility of sailing froni Ihe weslerii 
 coast of Spain, to the eastern bounds -if India. Some 
 of the ancient (teograpbers had udinitled this for truth, 
 and one of Ihem, Pliny, bad attirmed that forty days 
 were sutlicient lo perforin this navigation. These 
 aulliorilies fell in with Ihe theory wiiich Colundius 
 had formed ; ami having, as early as 147'1, communi- 
 cated his ideas in wiiting to Paul, a learned physician 
 of Florence, he received from him letters of that date, 
 contirming his opinion and encouraging bis design ; 
 aceompanied with a chart, in which ]*aul had laid 
 down Ihe city of (juisay (supposed to he the capital 
 of China) but tittle nmre Ibaiitwo ihousand leagues 
 westward from I.i.^bt)n, which in fact is but half Ihe 
 dislance. Thus, by arguing from true principles, and 
 hy indulging conjectures partly well founded und part- 
 ly erroneous, ('olumiius was led to the execution of a 
 plan, ludd in its conception, and, to bis view, easily 
 practicable ; forjfreat minds overlook intermediate ob- 
 stacles, which men of smaller views mugnity into in- 
 superable ditlicullies. 
 
 The third ground on which be formed his ideas was 
 '• the testimony of mariners ;" a class of men who at 
 that lime, and in lhal imperfect stale of science, were 
 loo prone to mix fable with fact; and wen otten mis- 
 led by appearances, which they couhl not solve. In 
 the sea, between .Madeira and ihe V/estern Islands, 
 pieces of carved wood and large joints of cane had 
 been discovered, wbieli were supposed to bo brought 
 hy westerly winds. Branches otpine trees, a covered 
 canoe, and two human bodies of a complexion diller- 
 enl from the Europeans and Africans had been found 
 on the shores of these islands. Siime nuvigutors had 
 atbrnied. that lliey had seen islands not more than a 
 hundred leai/ues westward from Ihe Azores. There 
 was a tradition, that when Spain was conquered by the 
 Moors in iheeighlh century, seven Bishops, who were 
 exiled from their country, had built seven cities and 
 churches, on an island called Aniilla ; which was sup- 
 posed lo be not more than two hundred leagues west 
 of the Canaries ; and it was said that a J'ortuguese 
 ship had once discovered this island, but could never 
 find it again. These stories, partly true and partly 
 fabulous, had their etVect on the mind of Columbus. 
 He believed that islands were to bo Ibund, westward 
 oflhe A/ores and (^anaries ; though according lo his 
 theory, they were at a greater distance than any of 
 his contemporaries had imagined. His candor led 
 him to adopt an opinion from Pliny respecting float- 
 ing islands, hy the help of which he accounted for Ihe 
 appearances related to him, hy his marine brethren. 
 Il is not improbable that the large islands of floating 
 ice, driven from the Polar Seas (0 the southward ; or 
 the Fog Banks, which form many singular appearan- 
 ces resembling land and trees, might have been the 
 true foundation of this opinion and of these reports.* 
 
 It is not pretended that Columbus was the only per- 
 son of his ago who had ac<|uired these ideas of the 
 form, dimensions and balancing oflhe globe ; but he 
 was one oflhe few who bad begun lo think for them- 
 
 ♦ Till! fnllowiiif,' ncrmiiu of a nirimia ilcrppiinn, extrurteil 
 frniii the Ciuutlciiiun's Magazine, may elucidate the abuve ob* 
 ucrvatiuris ; 
 
 selvew, and be bad a geniuM of that kiiut, which rnnke* 
 use of speculation und reuHoninu only ai exeilemvnte 
 lo action. He was not a clonet prujeelitr, but un 
 nli-rpritiing adveiilurer ; and having eNinhlished bin 
 theory dii principles, he was determined lo exert liioi 
 self lo the utmnst todeiiKMistrate iu truth by experi- 
 nieiit. But deeminglbe enterprise loo great (o be under* 
 laken by any but a sovereign slate, he first applied {M 
 it is said) to the Uepiiblic of ( jeiioa, by whom his pro* 
 jeet was treated as visionary.* ile then propoiixl 
 bis plan to John II. King of Porliigal, who, tbou^jha 
 Prince id' gooil underslanding and of un enterjirisinjl 
 diipoiilion, yet was so deeply engaged in prosecutinf^ 
 discoveries on the African coast, wilh a view to Citui 
 a wuy to India rtpund lliul conlinent ; and hiol been 
 at so vast an expense without any conNideruble suo- 
 cess, that lie had no incbnation to accept the terini 
 which <.*otiinibns proposed, Iiilluenceil however by 
 the advice of Calzadillu, a favourite coitrlier, he pri- 
 vately gave orders to a ship, bound lo Ibe islaiuU of 
 Capedt^ Verd, to utiempt a discovery in the west ; iiut 
 through igni>runce and want of eiiler|)rise, the navi- 
 gators, alter wondering lor some lime in the ocean 
 and making no discovery, reached their defltined port 
 und turned ihe projeet of (^iluinbus into mlicule, 
 
 Disgusted with ibis buse arifice, be (piitled Portu- 
 gal, und went to Ferdinand, King of Spain, haviog 
 previiu.siy sent his brother to Kngland to solicit tho 
 patroiiuge of Henry VII. Bui being laken by pirates, 
 and dcluineil hcverul yeurs in cuptivily, Bartholomew 
 had il not in bis power to reveal hisprnject to Henrys 
 till Christopher (.'ohimhus had succeeded in Spain. 
 Before this could be uceiunplii'bed, he bad various 
 ol>^tacles to surmount ; and il was not lill aUer seven 
 years of painful solicitulton thul he obtained his re- 
 quest. 
 
 The objections made lo the proposal of Columbus, 
 by the most learned men in >^paiii, lo whom Ihe con- 
 sideration of it was referred, will gi\e us some idea of 
 the slate of geogi, nhical science at that time. Ono 
 objection was. How should he know more than all tbo 
 wise und skilful sailors w ho had existed since the ero 
 utiim I Another wus the a. 'ihorily of Seiiecu, whj 
 had doubted whether it were po^silile to navigate thu 
 ocean at any great dislance from the strTe ; hut ad- 
 mitting ibut It were navigable, they iniiigined, tha: 
 ihreu yeurs would be required tu perform th*» 
 voyage, wliich Columbus priiposed. A third was, 
 that if a ship should sail westward on a round 
 globe, she wouhl necessarily go down, on tho oppo- 
 site side, und ihen it would be iiiipos&ihte to return, 
 becuusc it would be like climbing up a liill, which 
 no ship could do wilh the strongest wind. A lourlh 
 objection was grounded on a book of St. Augustine, 
 in wbicli he had expressed liis doubt of the existence 
 of uiilipodes und the possibility of going from one 
 
 " March 1, I7^H— !i, at twi> in thu nl'ieniodii, iionle lanil, 
 wliii'li tiore Ti. K. st-vfu Iragncs ditsiai.ru liy e-^dination - iil live 
 tacki'i), tjving uboui tbreu h'a.sut'S rniiii hu'ul i^laiiil, winilK. 8. 
 K. iat.tiy (>l>;?i>rvati"ii 4f)ili'i>. .10 luin. ; Inn. 'Jl ilctr. HO min., 
 Iroiii ihe Lizanl. Tliis i-«lani) ^ireiches N. W. ami S. K. alinut 
 o h'ai;urshpiig, atui 1> miles wide. On tlie hhuiIi side tlnu val- 
 h'vs ami a grt-at iiunilirr I'l liirtls. 
 
 *Miiiih j, saui iriiaiiil ln)rt' N. three linpui-s. N'. W. u reef ci( 
 rocksilireu miles. Tlii» ilay n flop's iiia>t caine alniiu 8ult'. 
 C>n the Houtli priiiit nl laid ituhuitl is a Hiiiall mar^liy l^iaix)." 
 
 " A copy ot niy journal on boaiii iliu snuw Hi. I'aul, ol Lon- 
 don, buuii'd t'roui ijoiith Cart'ljna to London. 
 
 WiLi.iAV Utton, C'lnmiamU'r." 
 
 P. S. ('ji|'.(atn Otlon lhoiii:)it he saw a tiMit on itiu iiihual, 
 and uoiihl have gone ashore, but liad unroriunatuJy stow tijs 
 Iiiial .■'(inie tlniu bulbri!.** 
 
 " Ctiiioni dnrt' llodni7 IscnnimiBfi.int'd to go in qiicst of nn 
 Island, u'lorli, according to the rt-puii id'a ma^terot:a fhiji, anil 
 fouHMittiers, on exanii'iatioii btilorc ttie lordd olihu Admiral. 
 IV, licd about 30^ N. uiid about 300 leagues went ol Kngland. 
 ('apt. Miinlock Marloin^ii-, an r.\celltnt inatheinaticiau, antl 
 antliorofthe sen charts of ilio (Jrkney and lewis i.^lands, qi 
 (eniis oiio lit iiic CtilltdtMi sloop, to bring l)ack an ucconiit of 
 wb.it di.-^c-ovt ries he may make. As this island lies out nl iim 
 track (iliho triidt; to Aint-riia, it is ("UiiiHised to have 'leen la.*- 
 Eied liv luivtifutors to niir cohniics, |[i(>iii;h i.-rked in so.i'j 
 Dutrii mapd. lithe Comunidore di.Hinvers ii, lie is lo tako pus- 
 aession (dit by the nt.liie of Rodney's idland.'* 
 
 *' Friday, April Id, 175"J, Conunodora Iloilne? iir:>ed lu 
 Woo' with : he tiad teen cruising ten days hi cpieotoran inland, 
 ar.i the men at the top niatU-tiuad were more than i>m-e ducitir 
 ed with what the sailors call t'og-baiiks. About the tiih or 7tt) 
 day the rrew observed braiicheB of trtea witii their leavert on, 
 and tlighis of gidls, ami piifccs ot^shipwreek, which are gene- 
 rally reiranled an certain sii^ns of an aojacent shore, but could 
 nut divcover any." Ucnt. Mag. for 1761, p. ?3j ; fur 17j'<j, ii. 
 83, ISO. 
 
 IV. U. The iiiland, mnrkeit In the Dutch n)ap<>, could not have 
 lieen nd^iaken for ih)9 imat;inary island, being but a nmil'Im 
 rook. U is the same that isile^cribediu the liteorZcn;>. I'ligu 
 8'J. 
 
 ♦ Thtii ifl f^nid on the anihoriiy ofHiiriT.!, ihe rnval .'^pani-h 
 liit^toritu) : Ferdinando (kilumtius, in ihe life ol bis f.itht-r, snyi 
 nothing (d' it ; but reproRentH hisappheaiion tu thi; King of fcr- 
 tiigiil .-ID tiir llrr^i, and gives this reason for it, *' bectttiselie liv- 
 ed under liiiii.*' 
 
'ft 
 
 AMKUIOAN HIHTOIIV. 
 
 homiinhero to tho other. An tho wridiiff of thin 
 ll:ily railter was rrccivcd llio iiiiicliuti ol thu church 
 to coittrailirt hirii w<iii (lurniiil hrrcMy. 
 
 For Biuh rt-BHuiiH, uiid hy >Ui-h lenftorirrs, ihv pro- 
 poiil of CoUunhim wu» Qt (irNt ri'jct'lrtl ; bill liy ihn in* 
 tluoiico of Juha IVrcz, a S|mni^li iirirnt, itiul l.rwitt 
 SAiilaii^a-t, all oiYicvr of tlu' Kim^'m Iidiihi Imhl, Cjtifcrt 
 laulielld wu« prrt4uuil(-(l to hnii-n to hm Hnlinlulioii, 
 and after he liiul hi't'ii tvvicu rrpuUcd, lo riTiill hiin to 
 Court ; when ithu oIl'iTcd to puwii lit r juvvcIm to defray 
 the cxponnu oi (he ri|iii|>iiii'itt, arnoiiiilin^ to no inorr 
 than liJuOl) crownn ; whu'h Hiini wan iidvanct'd hv •Sitiit* 
 Miif{(il, and tht: CjntH'n'it jtiwclrv wio* lavrd. 'I'hiiti, to 
 tho ^rnrfoiiM di'i-irtioit of a tt iiuhi iiniid, wo ovvu iUv 
 UtKcovcry of Aiiu-ricu. 
 
 Tho condilioii Hlipul.Ucd tictwi'rn I'lTihuinKl »tid 
 IidlH'lln on thu onr piirl, iuid Cuttiinh'iK nn th<' olhtf 
 purl, wure thi'Ko ; " 'I'hiii lie, hut ht-irs iiiid Hiicct'SMurs, 
 nhould lioid thu otilce of Adnnrat in a\\ ihuM' miaiidn 
 and a>ntiiinil.t which he dhouM diACovcr; thut he 
 should ho ViofToy and Uovirnor of ittu »ann\ will) 
 iiovver of noininulin^ thrt'u iissunntoN, of whni't thi'ir 
 niajcHtictt tihunhl appoint one. That hci should huvo one 
 tenth pari of thu nctt jiroci-edi of all (he ^uld mid ml- 
 vor, precious HtoiicM, Npicu and other incrchandizu 
 wliicli MhunUI he fotitid ; thnt he, or a dcpnly of liia own 
 appointing, shouhl di-cide all ciinlrovermcH rcspci'tiii;^ 
 tlie trade ; that he nlioulil he at one ei|;lith part of the 
 expense of eipnppniir the t'lrti th.-et, and aliuuld receive 
 one eii>hlh pan of tlie prolits " 
 
 The iieceHKary preparations hein|» made, and a yeor's 
 proviHJon laid in, on tlieiJd of AugiiHt. IVJ'Z, (^'otiunlMiN 
 sailed front PjIok, a port of Spam, on the Medittrran- 
 can, with (hruo vesjieU, oie of wliidi was called ii ear- 
 rack, and thu other two caraveU,* having on hoard the 
 whole, ninety men. Havinir pusNi'd i!irou<;h (he sUails 
 of Giberalter, he ariiveJ at the ('unarirs, on the l^th 
 of the suine month, where he was detained in reliltin^ 
 one of the curaveU, and taking in wood and water, till 
 the 6th of Scpteinher, when he sailed wetilward on Urn 
 voyage of discovery. 
 
 This voyaii^e, which ia now considered aw an easy and 
 plcaaant run, heUvccn the latitudes of W and 30 de- 
 crees, with a trade wind, was then the huldeHt attempt 
 which had ever hecn made, and lilted tlie nnml.s of the 
 hc8t seamen with apprehension. They were ^oui^ di- 
 rectly from lunne, and from all liopeof relief', ij any ac- 
 cident should hefall Iheiii. No friendly port nor human 
 beiii^ was known to be m that direction. Kvery bird 
 which tlrsw in the air, every fish whieh appeared in the 
 Bca, ond every weed which floated on its surfaee, was 
 regarded with the most minute attention, as if thu fate 
 of the voyai^e depended on it. A plienomeiion whiuh 
 Imd never before been observed struck them with terror, 
 'i'he magnetic needle appeared to vary from the pole. 
 They hegan to apprehend that their compass would 
 prove an unfaithful ^uuie ; and the trade wind which 
 wafted them along with its friendly wings, they feared 
 would ob.struct their return. 
 
 'J'o he twenty days at sea, without sight of land, was 
 what the boldest mariner had never before attempted. 
 At the expiration of that time, the impatient sailers be- 
 gan to talk of throwing their eomniaiider into the ocean, 
 and returning home. Tlieir murmurs reached his ears; 
 but his active mind was never at a loss fur expedients, 
 even in the greatest extreiuiiy- Hy soothing, llatlcry, 
 and artifice, by inventing reasons for every nnc inmon 
 appearance, hy promising reward to the obodier ,, and a 
 gratuity to him whr should first diiicover land, in addition 
 to what tlio king had ordered ', and hy deceit ng them in 
 the ship's reckoning, he kept them on (hcircouise for six- 
 teen days longer. In the night of the 1 iii> of October, 
 he himself saw a light, which seemed to he on shore, 
 kiid on llie morning of the I'-Jtli. they ha'.' the joyful 
 fiight of land, which proved to be the ialand o>' (iuana- 
 haiia, one of the cluster called liahamati, in thu 2<'nh 
 degree of north laliliule. 
 
 Thus i' the space ©f thirty^six days, and in the 45th 
 year of bis age, ('otumbus enin[)leted a voyage which 
 he had spent twenty years in projecting and executing; 
 ft voyage which openuil to tho Kuropf-ans a new world ; 
 which gave a new turn to their thoughts, to their spirit 
 of enterprise ami of comimrcc ; which enlarged the 
 empire of Spain, and stamped with immortality the 
 name of Columbus. 
 
 After spending several months in sailing from one 
 island to another in that vast archipelago, which, from 
 the mist aKes of the age received the name of the West In- 
 dies, (.-'oliiinbus returned to Spam with the two smaller 
 Tpssets (the larger having been wreck on the island ol 
 
 * A carrack was a vessel witU a deck, a curavul hud uuiie 
 
 HispHiuola), travm^ behind hint n cohmy of thirty-nine 
 men, lurninhrd with a year's proitsion, arid lodged in a 
 furl which have been built of llie limbf r navt d Iroin l\w 
 wreck. 1 hiring Um par>^ag<^ be i.nt wiih a violent tem- 
 peMt wliielt llireateiird bun wilh ib'MirurtHMi. In thn* 
 extremity he gave un Hdiiiirahle pioof ul his ralmiierin 
 and loreHi^hl. lli> wrolii on pan hiiienl an aeeouiil ol 
 Ins diNcii\irieii, wrapt it in a pitce ol od clotli, and iii- 
 I'lti.ti'd It ID a cake of wax, whu'h he put into a light 
 i'at<k ami threw into the hen. Aliolher parchment, Ne- 
 4 urtd III the name manner, he placed on the Klern, that 
 if the r'liip shiiuhl Miik, the eaMk might tloal, and poHMi- 
 hlv one nr the other might be driven on slmre, or taken np 
 at m,\ by MUiie future navigMinr, Hut tins precaution 
 proved triiitleHH. He arrived I'afe m Spam, in Mureli, 
 1 ItKJ, anil was received witlt the liunorHdiie to his merit. 
 
 'I'he account which Columhns gave of hm now dis- 
 eoMTies, the Hpecimeiis of gold and other vuhiublu pro- 
 dnciioim, and llie Hight of the natives which he carried 
 from tho W't'st Indies to Spam, were so pleumiig (hut 
 the court determined on another expedition. Hut lirst 
 It wus neces-iary to obtain tht) sanction of tho I'ope, 
 who readily granted it ; and hy an imaginary line, 
 drawn from piilc (o pole, at tltc dintanci! of one hundred 
 leiigucA westward ol the Azores, he divided between 
 the crowriH ol Spain and I'orlugal, all the iieweountriea 
 dready discovered or to he distM)vereil ; giving (he 
 western part (o the former, and the eaHtern to the latter. 
 No piuvisioii however was made, iii case thut they 
 kIiouIiI meet, and their claims bliunld inturtere on the 
 opposite Hide of the gluhe. The hull containing this 
 famous but imperlci-t line of demarkation, was signed 
 hy Alexander VI. on the second day of May, l*ll>3 ; 
 and on the *8th of the same nionlli, the King and 
 C^tieeii of Sjiain, hy a written instrnment, explaim^d and 
 continned tlm privileges and powers which tliey had be- 
 fore granted to Coluiitl-U! . in.iking thi' oHice of Vice- 
 roy and (iovernor of :he Indies hereditary in hii fami- 
 ly. Oh the '^rith September following he »ailed from 
 (^'adiz, with a fleet of seventeen >hip^, great and small, 
 well fnrniahed with all necesnuries tor the voyage ; and 
 having on hoard ITillO people, witli horses, caltlu, and 
 implements to establish pi uitations, 
 
 On Sunday, the third of November, he discovered an 
 i.Hland, to wliich in honor id the day, be gave thu name 
 of Uommica. Al'lcrwardhe discovered in succession 
 other i>taud.t, which he called .Marigalaiite. (iuailaloupe, 
 Monl-errat, Itedonda, Antigua, Si. Martin's St. Ursu- 
 la, and St. Julm On the lUih of November lie camo 
 to Nuviilad, oil the north aide of llispaiiiola, where he 
 had built Ins fort, and left ins colony ; but he had the 
 mortiticatmn to hnu that tlu^ people were all dead, and 
 that the fort had been de.stroyed. 
 
 The account given by liie natives of the loss of the 
 cclony, was, tliat they fell into discord among them- 
 selves, on the usuil sulijeuts of controversy, women 
 and gold . that having pi-ovoked a chief, wlio.se name 
 was ('anaubo, be came against them with a superior 
 force, and deslroved them , that some of ihv. natives, 
 m nitempling to defend them, had been kil'ed, and 
 others were then ill of their wounds , which, oa in- 
 spection, appeared to have been made wttn Indiiii 
 weapons. 
 
 (-'oltimiius prudently forbore to make any critical in- 
 «piiry into the matter; but hasted to establish anotiier 
 colony in a more eligible situalion, to the »!ustward , 
 which he called l.^abulla, after Ins royal patroness Kr 
 had many ilillicullies to contend with, besdes those 
 which unavoidably attend uiiderlakmgs of such novel 
 ty and magiuiude. Nature indeed was bountiful ; the 
 soil and c'lmate produced vegetation with a rap''liiv l> 
 which the Spaniards had not been accustomed t'lciu 
 wheat sown ut the eiul of January, full ears were ga- 
 thered at the end of March. 'I'lic stones of fruit, the 
 shps of vines, and the joints of siigar cami 8;.'-cuied in 
 seven days, and many other seeds iti half (lie time. 
 This was an eneouragmg pro.ipcct ; but tl.-., slow ope- 
 rations of agriculture di> iiol meet the views of 83n- 
 gu rie adventurers. Tfic numerous followers of Co- 
 lo. .lUs, some of whom were of the best families in 
 Spam, had conciived hopes of suddenly enriching 
 themselves, by tho precious metals of those new re- 
 gions ; and wero not disposed to listen to his recom- 
 mendations of patience and industry in cultivating the 
 earth. The natives were displeased wiih the licentious- 
 ness of their new neighbours ; who endeavored to keep 
 them in awe by a display of force. 'I'Jie explosion of 
 fire arms, and the sight of men mounted on horses, 
 were at first objects of terror ; liut use had rendered 
 them less foniiidahle. Columbus, overburdened with 
 care and fatigue, fell sick, and at his recovery, found a 
 
 ntnliny nmontf his men ', which by j due mixture of ro- 
 siilntiiiii and h lulv, he luul ihe itddreKt to ipiell. \{» 
 then rndiMVuiireil to eNtal>h>>h disripline among bis own 
 p< oph', and to i inplov ihe iiatue^ in culling reidi 
 through (he wood.-* \\ liilsl he was preMeiil, and ahio 
 lo ath lid lo bu-iiiens, things went on so prosperonsly 
 that he thought lie might safety procued on \\\n discovu- 
 ru'Ft. 
 
 In liift former voyage he had visiled Ciihi ; but was 
 uneerlam whether it were an i-»laud or a part of soma 
 coniitieiit. He thurelore pansid ov<-r to \\n raNtrrn ex- 
 tremity ; nii'l coaHlnl lU Moulhward Hide, |||| he found 
 liiniself enlniiLded Hinoug a \asi nuinbrr of fimall 
 islands, vsIiilIi lor their beauty and lerlthly he ealted 
 the (iarde'i of Ihe l^ueen ; but the dangerous rockn 
 and shoils which ^Burrounded them, obliged him tu 
 stretch farther to thi! souihward ; by which means ho 
 discovered (he island of Jamaica, where he (bund wa- 
 ter and other refreshineiils |nr his rut ii, who were al- 
 most dead with famine. The li.i/ard^, f.itia.n-, aiid dis- 
 tress of this voyage, threw liim inio i lethargic disorder, 
 from wlii'di he had just recovired, when he rrturned to 
 his colony and h)und it all in cimfiiHion, from the samo 
 causes whicli had proved destruclive to the first. 
 
 In his absence, the lieentiou.Hiies.* of (he Spaniards 
 had provoked several of the ehiels : four of whom had 
 united to destroy them, ami liad neiiially comineneed 
 hoNlitities, in which twenty Spanianls were killed. 
 Cohinihus collerted his people, put tin in into thi' best 
 order, and by a judn.-ioiis comlnti.itKUi of force and 
 stratagem gained a decisive victory, to which the horstl 
 and dogs did not a tittle eoniribnte. 
 
 At Ills return to llispinlula, he liail tlie pleasure nf 
 meeting Ins brother Haiiholotnrw, whom lie liad not 
 seen for several years, and whom he supposed to have 
 been dead, liarthutomew was a niiin of eipial knowledgr , 
 experience, bravery and prudence with hnnself. IJis 
 palieiicu had endured a severe (rial in (heir long sepa- 
 ration. He had many obstacles to surmoutit before he 
 could get (o Kngland and obtain access to the king. 
 Ho was ut I'aris when he lieard of the success of his 
 brother's first enterprise ; who hud gone on the second 
 before Hartholomew could get to Sp,tin. (hi his arrival 
 there, and being introduced lo tin: court, he was ap^ 
 pointed to thu eoinniand of ihrtr ships, which wei*i 
 destined to convey supplies to ilie colony ; and he ar- 
 rived whilst Cristopher was absent on Ins voyagu to 
 Cuba and Jamaica. Colunihns uppoinlid hts broiher 
 to command at Isabella, whilst h<- went into the inte- 
 rior part of the island to perfect his conquest, and re- 
 duce the natives tosubjeclion and tribute. 
 
 The Indians were so unused to colli ct gold dust in 
 such (piantities as their compicrors demaiuhd it. that 
 they otl'ered to plant the immense )iluin.<< of lliR|iuniola, 
 and pay uneijuivalent in corn. ' 'otumbus vvas struck with 
 the magnanimity of the proposal ; and iu conseipieiuMi 
 moderated ihe tribute. 'I'liis did not tjtisfy the avarieo 
 of his fullow adventurers, who found means to complain 
 of him to the king's ministers, for his negligence m ae- 
 ijuinng the only commodity, which they thoiiLfht de- 
 served the name of riches. The Indians llien ilesisted 
 from planting their usual ([uantily of corn, and atuinp- 
 led to subsist chiefly on animal t'oud. This I'xperiment 
 proved injurious lo themselves as well us llicir curnpic- 
 ro.'s ; and it wa.s rompnted, that within four years, from 
 (he discovery of the ibtand, one third part of its inha- 
 bitaris perished. 
 
 i'he complaint against Cotumbiia so wrought op. 
 die jealous mind of Ivmg rerdinand, that John Agu-i- 
 iio, ,vlio was sent in MU5, with sujtptics to the -olony, 
 had orders to act us a spy on his conduct, 'i'fiis man 
 b"haved with so little discretion, as to seek matter of 
 accusation, anil give out threats against the .Admiral. 
 At the same time, the ships which he coinmari(h d being 
 destroyed by a hurricane, he had no means U-h to re- 
 turn ; till Columbus, knowing that he lud enemies ut 
 home and nothing tosupport himself but his own me- 
 rit, resolved to go to Spam with two caravels, himscll 
 in one and Aguado in (he other. Having appointed 
 proper persona to command (he several fortA ; his bro- 
 ther Hartholomew to superuitend the whole, and hi.s 
 brother James to be next in atidiority ; he set sad on 
 the tenth of March, HlJB, and after a perilous and 'o- 
 diouB voyage in the tropical latitudes, arrived at Cadiz 
 on the 11th of June. 
 
 His presence at Court, wilh the gold and other val- 
 iiiible articles which he carried home, renioveil, in 
 some measure, ihepn-judiees which had been excited 
 .-igainst him. Hut his eneinie.s, ilntugh silent, wero 
 not hlle ; and in a court where plih gin and languor 
 proved Q clog to the spirit of cntcrprisei they found t* 
 
 .■> 
 
 i 
 
nion R A pu I i:s or Tin: daut.v nisco v i; u k un. 
 
 lytdiin niiiiiiro of ro* 
 idtlrCM to <|n('ll. Ha 
 ii'tplinr niiiontf lim uwri 
 :i\r<i Ml CKiiiii^ rouU 
 \\<iA [irt'Mciit, and al>Io 
 flit (Mt Ml |iri>!>|)tTotiiily 
 iirot'i!t-il on liiK tliBCOVU* 
 
 h'iKiti'd Ciiliii ; ImiI wa» 
 I.iikI or a pail of .hoimu 
 over Ml iiH rji!*l»Tn t'T- 
 Aiinl Niilf, 111) III' IdiiihI 
 iiMt iMiiiilit'r nl Kiiiall 
 and Icrtiliiy In* rallrd 
 , lilt' (laii^iToiiM rockn 
 llii'iii, (>l>lii>i'il hull (o 
 ; by vvliii-|i inrajix ho 
 
 I, \%luT<' Ih< 101111(1 v,w- 
 
 liiN iiun, \%lio were nl- 
 izunh, i.itii,'iU'. mill tlts- 
 ito I I('lliart;ic liiHonlcr, 
 il, wlnii liu n-iuriKMt to 
 iit'iiifioii, I'roiii ihv ttuiuu 
 "tiv*i to tlm lir^t. 
 .iiH'.i.t ol the S|mhiar(Iti 
 'tn ; (our ol' whom hiiil 
 (I ac-mally coniiiinKTil 
 i|iaiiiariN wvw killed, 
 [inl tlirto into llir Uvsl 
 hiiiation ol forcr uiiil 
 irv, to v\lucli iliti horse* 
 lit). 
 
 lie had llir [(IroHiiro o( 
 cw, whom hv. had not 
 II hi- HU|i|)0^c(l to ha\o 
 )anofci|ual ki)Owlrdi.'f , 
 ICC Willi hi.iiMcir. llii 
 rial lit llu-ir ton^ Arpa- 
 < to Niirinouiit Ik I'oro he 
 ;im iicrrss to thi! kintr. 
 i of tht! success of hin 
 lud t,roiie OM tlx! ttecond 
 ) Sp.iHi. On hiH arrival 
 till; ciuirt, he wan ap- 
 ree kIujih, whieli wetii 
 hu colony ; and he ar- 
 ifit'iit on liN voya^u to 
 |h iippoitilo d his hroilier 
 
 {• went into the into- 
 
 hi» eonqiicKt, and ru- 
 id (nliulu. 
 
 to eolU (-1 |.'()ld dust in 
 
 rors (iciiiandi d it. ilmt 
 pluin.i of lliFijiiinioia, 
 
 umliuHwas struck wiili 
 and in conseipienco 
 
 lint latiJily tin: avarice 
 ud means to comphiiti 
 ■ lus neylit.'encc in ac- 
 
 ti'h t!iey thoiiL^ht de- 
 Indi.iTis then (U'^^lsted 
 :orii, »nd atiemp- 
 
 iMHJ. 'I'liiK experniiciit 
 well as ihcir compio- 
 aliiM four years, t'rom 
 :iird part of its iiiha' 
 
 nlma so wrouplil op, 
 id, tliat .loliii Ayo-i- 
 ippiies to llic "oloiiy, 
 conduct, 'i'his mail 
 a to seek matter of 
 afraiiitit the Admiral, 
 he comniaiidrd tieing 
 
 no meaiiH li.lt lo rt'- 
 he lijd enemicd at 
 
 If l)ul lim own MIC- 
 
 ,wo caravels, himsell 
 
 Having uppoiiiled 
 
 iveral forts ; his hro- 
 
 thc whole, and hi^i 
 lorily ; ha set sad on 
 T a jicrilous and 'o- 
 du8, arrived at Cadiz 
 
 gold and other val- 
 hoine, removed, in 
 oh had hecM excited 
 houjili eilent, were 
 ihlt-gin and languor 
 rpriuc, they found t* 
 
 
 not diinrult (ooliNtruet hiM vievvfl ; whieti nolwilhxliihd- 
 htg itit diNCiiiiniKniienlfi, were n|i|| pnmletl to the iltM* 
 ftivrry ol a way to India hy the went. 
 
 He now demanded ei:;ht itliipN, lo carry NUpplici to 
 
 h'm cohuiy, and Kit I't yo on di»*e')very. Thene de- 
 IiiiiiuU were rumplied with, and he hr^an Iiih third 
 voyuyi' mi tliclhirtietli nl' May, I HlH. Me kept a 
 ct)Urp>e mi fartn the Kiuilhwurd, ihai not imly hin men, 
 but hi)* priivi^ionH mid water Miill'rrcd ^'really frmn ex- 
 eoHRive heal The lifst land he made alter teavtni; 
 the lf«leH iif Cape de Verd. wan a larui> ir<tund whielt 
 he naiMi-il Tfiiiidad, Ir'tni lU appearaiM'e in the litrin 
 of three monntaiiiH. He tlienpaM'-ed thronuh a nar- 
 row ftlrail and whirlpuuj iiitn llic i^nlf nf I'aria ; where 
 oliMTviiii; the lidr tii hi- r.ipid, and the w uliT tirai kish, 
 hi' C'lnji ciiirrd that le t.iiid on the wi-Nhrii and hoiitli 
 ern miIVh id'lhc l.'ii) wa^ pail nf a eHniincnl ; and 
 that llii' tresh watrr /iroceeiled from Huiae ^neal rivern 
 
 The people lint' eeiianlnl I'ari.i were whiter than 
 thiiMi' iif the ihlair 0. Tliev had iili>>iil their necks 
 plateri id'uolil and Irinu's of pearl ; winch they readily 
 e\cltanj„M'd fur pie cn id' lin am! hrans. and little lallri ; 
 and when tliey were ipiesliniird wlieiiee they olitained 
 the i^olil and pearU, they pi>inteil In the west. 
 
 The Adniiial's pri>\i>ion nut allowini; him In Rlay 
 limu in thiH place ; he passed a^aiii thrnui^h th.it daii- 
 j^rroiiM Hi rail, hi which lie t^iivi- ihc nanie nf the Drag- 
 on H Mmilh ; and haviiiLf haliNjied linnm'ir, that the 
 land <Mi luH li'tl was a eimlineni. he steered >o tln^ N. 
 M*. ; discoveriiiL' Marijaiita and Nevi-ral other islands 
 in ln<4 eonrtte ; and mi the Ihnlti'lli of An^iiKt arrived 
 
 at the hailnmr of St. D in^K. in llispaiiiola ; to 
 
 Yvliich pi. ice his lirMllier liLid remnved lim cnlony in liitt 
 iihsciici', in cuiiscipicnce nf a plan precmicerled lie- 
 veen them. 
 
 \^'ea^le(l with inees<<niit eare and watchini;. In ihiH 
 danueriiOf \oyai.'e. he huped iiuw In enjny n-pnse ; in- 
 fttiail nf which lie fniind lii» enlnny much reduced hy 
 dealliH ; m.inytd'llie Hiirvivnrs sick, with a dtscaHe, 
 the [I'-i-iih.ir cnM--eipieiice nl llicir dehaiichery ; and a 
 larire niimher \>\' them in adiial rchcllinn. Thi-y had 
 Inrmed ihemselviM intn a Iindy ; Ihey had *jaiiicd nvcr 
 many nf the Indians, niidiT pretence id' pmlccliiii; 
 theiii , an I iht-y had relired In a disiaiit part nf the is- 
 land, which pnived a n-.-^orl fnr the seihtmns and di>enn- 
 lenled. Their emmnande'- was Francis Unldan, w Im 
 had hci'n (Jhief Jn.^lice nf th'- cnhmy ; and llieir inini- 
 ber vvaM tin C(UiHidcral)le. (!iat (.'nliiiMhiis cniild nni 
 comniaiid a fnrco Hiilticicnt to snlnlne them. He 
 tlierelorc entereil intna ne^nlialinii, hy nlVerin^ a par- 
 don to thnsc whn wnnld hnhinil, and liherty nf relnriN 
 iiii; In Spain tn ihuse w hn desireii it. TJicM- oilers, 
 Iiowe\er impolitic, proved huece.-^sful. Kntdan him- 
 frelf accepted them, and persiiaiied nllierK tn <ln the 
 came , then, hciiii^ reitlored lo his olVice, he tried and 
 condemned the relractnry, hi-me of whom were put tn 
 death. 
 
 An account of this mutiny was Kent home to Spain 
 by ('olnmhuti and annlher hy Kniihin. Kacli had 
 (heir advocates at court, and the cause was heard hy 
 the kin^ and ipieen. Kohlati and his men were ac- 
 cutted nf ailultery, perjury, mhliery. murder, and dis- 
 turhiiiji the p-Mce of the wlmU' isfaml : wliiUl CnJiiMi- 
 bus w!'s charL'cd wilh cruelty tn individuals, aimiiij,' 
 ut intlependeiice, and eniirnh.'inir the trihnle. It whs 
 iiisinualed, that not heinir a native nf Spain, he had 
 no prtiper respect for the iinhle laniilten, who had he- 
 come advnitnrers ; and that the dehts due to them 
 couki not he recovered. It wa.i siimiested, that if 
 pome remedy were not speedily applied, there wiis 
 dan;>cr that he would revnil, aiidjnin wiih smne nlher 
 Itriiite ; and that toemnpass lhisdesi>.'ii, he had con- 
 cealed the real wealth of the colmiy. iind prevfuted 
 the ciiuversinn of the Indians to the t 'atholjc f.iitii. 
 
 These insinuations prevailed on the Jealmisv nt Fer- 
 dinand, and e\eM hta^ricred the cnii>taiicv nf Isaheila. 
 They resolved tn appoint a jndire, wlio^Iinnld exam- 
 ine iiiets oil the Kpot : and if he shnnid tind tlie Ad- 
 ruiral truilly, to raipcrHcde him. For this purpo.sc thev 
 ■em FranciH Hovadilla, a man of nohle rank, hut 
 whose poverty alntm recnmniended him to the olhee. 
 Furnished with these powers, Im arrived at St. iJo- 
 tnin<ro, when (>olumhuiJ was ahKcut ; look lodninirs in 
 his house; inviteil accusers to appear a/^ainst [lini ; 
 flei/.ed on l.is ell'cctfl, and linally sent him and hnlh his 
 hMlhers to Spain in three diilVrent bhips, but all luaded 
 with irong. 
 
 The I'.iaslcrof the ship in which the Admiral oiiled 
 had bo .iiiich respect for him, thai, w hen he had trot lo 
 Bt;a, he oiVe.-fd to take nil his fetters ; hut (.'nlunihus 
 nobly declined, that he would prrniit that hoiinr to he 
 donofo him. hy uurx but his sovereign. In this ha- 
 
 niilniiintr ennrineii 
 
 .hOinp nt Ihl.l.lJnH 
 
 nf all lhi'M>riL'ornii 
 hei-n CMmmitled ih 
 
 cut, hf wan dejivrrnl In Fnniieca, 
 
 who had heeii the chief inKli^alnr 
 
 N pmceidini;'*. and to whom had 
 
 >al)'.ilrN of ihe IiidieM. | 
 
 Not <-niitenl Willi rohhiii;; ColmnhiiN of bin liherty. 
 ihis prejuila-eil ceelesiaHlie would ha^e depri\ed him 
 of hiM well earned repulalioii nf havinu lirMl diM-nvered 
 the new eniiliiienl. With lhi> aecnbalinnx which Cn- 
 lumhiiM had r<eMt homr aL'!iiii''t Unldan, he had Irani*- 
 milled .in acenunl of the dif>eovery nf ihe roaht of I'a* 
 ria, which he Jnslly siippoMeil Inhr pari nf u cnntineiit 
 Ojeita, an acli\e ollli er, whn had N,ij)ed wilh CohniihiiN 
 in hi»i m'coiid vnyaye, wan at Cniirt when lhe«e A\n- 
 p.ilcheM arrived, and naw the dr,iiiL'lit of the dincnxe 
 ry, wilh the xpeciiiM iiii of L'nld and pearlx, whiih the 
 
 Admiral had hciit I e. iJeini; a lavnrile of Fom>eca, 
 
 he easily nhlaiiied lea\e In pursue the difCoM-ry — 
 Some I'lerchaittM nf .Seville weri' prevailed upon tn 
 eipiip fnurHtiips; with which, in Ml)l>, Ojeda InMnw- 
 ed Ihe track of CohmilniK, iuid made land niithecnast 
 I'i I'aria. An)eri;»o Vespucci, a Florentine merehanl. 
 well skilled ill i.'eoi,'rapliy and itaviiiaiioii, accompani' 
 ed Ojeda in this vnya),'e ; anil hy piihli> hiiii,' the tirnt 
 hook and cliart, deNrrihiiij.' the new world ohiaim-d llie 
 liniior *>( havini; it railed Ami:iih *. This hi'Weverdid 
 nnt happen tillafli-r the di-alh of Cnliii ihuM. Several 
 nlher advenlurers fnltowed the name track, and all 
 uippiiM d that the continent which they had seen, wim 
 part of Indi.l. 
 
 Ah n 'nil as it wna km-wn. that CohinihtiH waM ar- 
 rived at ('adi7., Nnv f), l.''i(IO, in the disgraceful Hitua- 
 tioii above nienlioiicd, the k\\\n and queen, a.'iliamctl 
 nf llie nnlers which they had ^iveii, comma ndeil him to 
 he released, and invited liiiii to court, win re tliey apoh 
 o^'i/ed for the mishehavionr nf their new (lovcrimr, 
 iUid not '>nly proinised in recal him, hut to rer«lnrn lo 
 llie Admiral all hiseltecls. (^olnmhiis conld not fnr- 
 L'ct the ii/nnuiiny. He preKcrved the fellers, l.niii,' 
 them up in Ion iiparlment, ami ordered them to he bu- 
 ried in his ^'rave. 
 
 Instead id' reiiislatinjf him in Iur (jovernmrnt iic- 
 cordini: In Ihe orii^iiial eniitratt, the kini! and ipieeii 
 sent Ovahdn, tn 1 liKpaiiinla, In Mtperhcde Itnvadilla ; 
 and niilv indiil:^eil CnhunhuH in piirHiiini; his darliii;.' 
 prniecl, the di.scnvery of India hy lln* wett, which he 
 siill hoped to accomplish. Hetiaih-d a^ain from Ca- 
 di/., nn the fnnrlh of. May. !.')(i- ; wii.i four ^eH^eIH, 
 eatrv iii<f one hundred and forty men and hnys ; td' 
 whiili nuinher were bin hroiher narthjlo!:iew and bis 
 snii Ferdinand, the writer of hi** life 
 
 In his passage lo the (.'ariUice islatid.s, he founil hifi 
 largest vessel, nf seventy toll!*, uiitit for ^^ervice ; and 
 theretnre went In Si. DnMMnL'it. iu hope id' eichaiiif- 
 in;r it for a belter ; and tnseek shelti-r fmm a sinrm 
 which he Kaw apprnacliin<;. To his intinite hiirprise 
 and morlircalinn, Ovandn would not admit him into 
 the port. .'\ fleet of thirly ships was then ready to 
 sail litr Spain, on hnard of which Knldaii ai.d Hnvatlil- 
 la were pri.'^nnerH. ('nlmnhns infnrincil ( >vandn nf the 
 prnj.'no.>licM whicli he had nhserved. which Ovandn 
 di.-iieearded, and Ihe tleet sailed. Columbus then laid 
 three nf his vessels under the h'C nf the shnre, and, 
 with f:real dillicully, rode out Iheli-mpest. Hishrnth. 
 i er put tn sea ; aiul hy his jireat n: val hkill saved the 
 j ship in which be sailctl. Of the Ih et Naind !n Spain, 
 eii<i)leen sliips were loht, and in t'iiem peribhed Koldaii 
 I and Hnvadilla, 
 
 ! The enemieH of Coluinbua fjave out that ho had 
 
 I raised the slorm hy the art of nia^tc ; and such was 
 
 ; the iiiiiuraiiie of the anr, tliat the blory was believed 
 
 ! \\ hat cmtnhnled the ninre to it.s credit, was, that 
 
 one id" llie worst ships id' the Heel, on board ut' which 
 
 j were all the elVecIs which had been saved lri)m the 
 
 rniried fortune of Colninlius, was the first whidi 
 
 arrived in Spain. The amount of tiiese eli'ec.s waa 
 
 " four thousand peuns of ^ntd, each of the value of 
 
 eiLihl ti|iiliiii;.'H." 'I'bo remark which Ferdinaiido 
 
 ('nlnmbus makcri on this event, so destructive to the 
 
 accusers id' liiu father, in, *' I am (satisfied, it was tlie 
 
 hand of (ion, who was pleased to infatuate them ; 
 
 that they Mn<>hl not hearken to good advice ; for bad 
 
 they arrived in Spain, they bad never been punished 
 
 a.s their criineH deserved, but rattier luvurcd und pre- 
 
 ferreil as being the lliKliop's friends,'* 
 
 After this Hiorni, and another which followed it, 
 Columbus having collected bin little squadron, sailed 
 on dihCiivery toward the cnntineiit ; and, steering to 
 the southwest, came tn an island called (tuanaiiia, 
 Iwidve h'ague.-^ from the cnast nf llniiduras, where he 
 met with a lar;M* cnvt-red canoe, having on board 
 several pieces of cotton cloth of divtis cnlorH, which 
 
 toe penple said they had brnMi<ht frnm the vvrniwtiiL 
 
 The men were armed Willi kwohIn of w 1. in wldcll 
 
 •harp IhniM were pitrohulv fixnl Their provitr«t 
 was Miaiite and rooln, and they Uonl the berrien c*' ri> 
 ena ait mnney When llie Admiial iinpiirrd f,ir ^olil, 
 they pnmled lo llie Wi>l, and when he ai^keil (or a 
 Htrait by which be iniji^ht |iaKH ihrongh the land, Ihfj 
 poinli'd tn the rjiHt From the Npecimelifl of cnlorrd 
 cinlh, be imai/iiieil, that they bad come from Intli;i , uiitl 
 he linped tn jKiKS thither, by ihe hlrail which thev de- 
 Hi-nheil. Piirniimg Ins enitrse lo Ihe east and miulh, 
 he wan led to ihr gulf of Harieii ; and \ii*iled nrveral 
 Itarhors, ainoii|{ wliidi was one which he called I'orlo 
 Hello; but he fniirid no pi'ihai-e exiending throuuh 
 the land He iheii relorned In the wcKlwanl, and 
 landi'd nil the coawl of Vi'raL'ua , where t/n' leaiity 
 and h-rlihl;' of ihe coniilry mviled him lo ht^Mu a 
 ptaiitalinn, which hi' eidliil Helem ; but thn iiativea, 
 a fierce and Inrmiilahle rate, deprived liiiii ol the ho- 
 nor nf lirxt etilah!ii.|iinL' a enlnny on the continent, by 
 killing Koiiie of his people ami ohligine bim to retiro 
 with the otlierK. 
 
 At sea, he met wilh tempesinous wealher nf lonu 
 cnntimiance, in which Ins »>hipH were mi sliatlernl, 
 that wilh the ulniont ddlicnlly lie kept them ahovo 
 water. Iill he ran them aslinre nn ihe island nf Jamai- 
 ca. Hy his exiramdinary aildreHs, he procured fnun 
 the nalivrti two nf iheir larj„n>t cfinnes ; in which two 
 of his most faithlul friends, Meiale/ unit FicKco, nC* 
 eompanied hy some nf his Nailors and a hw liidianii 
 embarked for Hispaniola. Alter eiiconnteriti^ the 
 orealcft ditVicnIlies in their passage, ihry carried tid- 
 inns (d his ijiisloilnne lo ( )vai.dn, and snln iled his iiiil. 
 The niercilesH wretch delaiitfd them eiL:lit MinnlliH 
 without any answer, during which time, CnluinhuH suf- 
 fered the severest barships from the discnnlent of bifl 
 eniiipany. and ii want of jirov isiniis. JJy Ihe Imiipila- 
 tily id the iiali\is, he at first received huch supplies, 
 as lliey were able tn spare ; hii the long cniitinuanco 
 nf these j^uests hnd diiniitislieil thi-ir store, and tb« 
 inwnlciice of ihe imilineers gave a chirk of their friend- 
 ship In this exlremily, the fertile invention of (,'o- 
 I'lmhns suL':'*'-''lei) an expedient which proved hiic- 
 ces^fiil. He knew that a total eclipse of the nmun 
 was al hand, which would he vi^ihle in the evcninj^. 
 On the preceding day, he sent for the pnncij)al In- 
 dians, to speak wilh tliein, on a matter of the utmost 
 imporlaiice. Ihdng assemhled. he diri'etcd his inl(>r- 
 pri-ter to tell them that the (inl> of heaven, whnm ho 
 wnrshipjied, was angry wilh them for withholding pro- 
 visions Imm him, arid would puiii»li then with famine 
 and pestilence ; a^ a token nf which, the innoii would 
 in the eveiiini:. appear of an imi/ry and hlnndy color. 
 Some of ihem received his speech w ilh lermr, and oth- 
 ers wilh indiirerence ; hut wlieti ihe inouii rose, and 
 till' eclipse iMcreased as she advamed frnm ihe hori- 
 zon, they came in crowds, Inaded w ilh prov isions, and 
 heotrcdlhe Admiral tn intercede with (ind.fnr the re- 
 moval of his anger. Columlius retired In his cabin ; 
 
 and when the iclipse bej.':iii to gti nil", he cai )Ut 
 
 and told ihem, ihal he had pr;iyeil to his (jod, and 
 had received ihis aiiiswcr; that iflhey would he gnod 
 for the fulure, and hriii<: him prnvi.--inn as be sin old 
 want, (iixl wnutd Inrjiive Ihein ; and as a tnken of it, 
 the mnnii Would put nn her ii>nal hrii;lilnesH. They 
 L'ave liini ihaiiks, nrid promised compliance ; and 
 whilst he remained nn the islanit there was no more 
 want of provision. 
 
 At iheend of ei^^ht months, Ovandn sent a small 
 vessel lo .lann.ica. with a e.tsk of wine, two tlilclies of 
 haeon, and a letter nf compliment and excuse, which 
 the ollicer delivered ; and wiibnut wailing Inr an an- 
 swer, \vei;:lied his anclmr the same eveniiii,' and sail- 
 ed back to Ilispatiiola. The men who adhered to Co- 
 luMibiis and were with bim on board the wrecks, won- 
 ilered at the sudden departure of the vessel, by whicli 
 they expected delivereiice. Columbus, never at a loss 
 lor an evasion, tidd them that the caravel was too 
 small to take the whole roinpany, and he would not 
 go without them. This ticlinn had the desired ellect; 
 ihoKc who adhered to him resumed their patience ; 
 lint the mutineers hrcame so insolent that it was ne- 
 cessary to subdue them hy force. In the contest ten 
 of them were killed. i*orra.<. their leader, was made 
 prisoner aiul the others escaped. IJarlholeinew Co- 
 lundms and two others of the Admiral's party wcro 
 wounded, of whom one died. 
 
 'J'lie hioitivcs, having lost iheir leader, thought it 
 best to snhintt ; aial on the next day sent a petition to 
 the Ad.tiiral, conre.osing their fault, and prumimnu 
 fidelity. This promnic they contirnicd bv un oath, ol 
 which the imprecaiiun wis singular ; '* they renounced, 
 
8 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORY. 
 
 I in !! 
 
 Ill 1 
 
 in oa«e of failure, any abAottition from Priest, nishop, 
 Of pope, at the tiino of iheir dratli ; and at) brnpfit 
 from the sQcriirncnts of tliu chtiich; consenting to bo 
 buried bko hcathnis and iniidcU in the open field/' 
 The Admiral received their Bubmis«ioii, provided that 
 Porraaahonld continue prisoner, and they would accept 
 ft commundcr of bis appointuicni, as long as they should 
 remain on the island. 
 
 At length a vessel, which Mcndoz had been per- 
 mitted to buy. with the AdiniraTs money, at llispnni- 
 ola, came to Jamaicn, and took tliem olT. On their 
 arrival at St. Domintro, August 13, 1501, Ovando 
 atfectcd great joy. and trcnled the Admiral with n 
 ahow of respect : but he lihrrated I'orras, and tlireat- 
 oned with punishment the fuilhlui adherents of <'o- 
 lunibus. As soon as the vessel was refuied, llio Ad- 
 miral look leave uf bis treacherous host, and, with 
 bis brother, son, and servimls embarked for Spain. 
 After a lonjj and dislressintj voynjre, in wliich the 
 ship lost her musts, he arrived at St. Luca, in May, 
 1605. 
 
 His patroness Isabella had been dead about a year ; 
 and witli her bad expired all the favor which he rvrr 
 enjoyed in the (-ourt of Ferdinand. Worn out with 
 sickness and fatigue, di.-<i,ni.sled with the insincerity of 
 his sovereign, and the haugiainess of Ins courtiers. 
 Columbus lini;crcd out a year in fruiiless soliciliilion 
 for his violated rights ; till death relieved bim from 
 oil bis vexations. He died at Valadolid, on the twen- 
 tieth of May, 150fi, in the 5l)th year of his age ; and 
 was buried in tl.c cathedral of Seville, witii this m- 
 ■criptiou on his tomb. 
 
 A CasliHa ija Ta-ou, 
 Nucrn Mnndo liio Colon. 
 
 Translated thL« ; 
 To Castile and \tiyv:r\^ 
 Columbns gave n Mew World. 
 
 In the life of this reniaik.ible ni.in there ij no drh- 
 ciency of any qualiiy which can constitute a truly 
 great character.* His gt'iiius was peneiratiiig. and his 
 judgment solid. He hiid acquired as mucii knowledge 
 of the sciences as could be obtained at tliat day ; and 
 he corrected what be had learned, by his own oliserva- 
 tions. His conslancy and patience were e'lual to the 
 most hazardous unciertakiugs. His frtitude surmoinit- 
 od manvditHculiies ; and his inventio.i extricated hiiu 
 out of many perplc.':ities. His prudence enabled him 
 to cniiceal or subdue his own inbrinities ; whilst be 
 took advantage of the passior-" ^^f oitiers, adjusting his 
 behaviour to hrs circumstances ; teniporiznig, or acting 
 with vigour, as the occasion required. 
 
 His fidelity to tiie ungrateful Prince, whom he 
 served, and whose doniinions he enlarged, must render 
 him forever conspicuous as an example of justice ; and 
 his atlacbment to the Queen, by whose uitluence he 
 was raiseu and supported, wUl always be a monument 
 of his gratitude. 
 
 To his other excellent qualities may bo added bis 
 piety. He always entertained, and on proper occasions 
 expressed, a reverence for the Deity, and a tinn conti- 
 denco in tiis care and protection. In his declining 
 days, the consolations of religion were his chief sup* 
 port; and his last words were, "Into thy hands, U 
 Lord, I commend my spirit.'* 
 
 The persecution and injustice which he sunfered, 
 may be traced vip lu tlie lonlracl, which lie insisird on, 
 before he engaged in the plan of discovery. 'I'liat a 
 foreigner should atliuii so higli a rank as to be Viceroy 
 for life, and that the honor of an Admiral should hv. 
 herflditary in his fjinily, lo liie exclusion of all nobles 
 of Spain, was more than ll.eir pride and jealousy could 
 endure ; and they constantly endeavoured to depreciate 
 his merit; the only foundation on which bis honors 
 were erected. 
 
 There is a story recorded by Peter Martyr, a con- 
 temporary historian, which cxeniplilies their malice, and 
 bis ingenuity in rising sujK'rior to it. After the death 
 of the Queen, the nobility atlccted to insinnate. that 
 hia discoveries were more the result of accident and 
 good fortune, than of any well concerted measures. 
 One day at a public dinner, Columbus having borne 
 much iuSulUng railery on that head, at length called 
 for an egg, and asked whether any of them could set 
 It upright on its little end. They all confessed it to ho 
 impossible. Columbus striking it gently, tlatted the 
 shell till it stood upright ou the tible. Tlie company, 
 W''h a disdainful snt-er, cried oui, "Any body might 
 have done ii." — " Ves, (said t-'oluir.biis) bu* no.ie of 
 you thougiit of it ; so 1 disrovereil the Indies, and now 
 
 • Sniiio frilirs<;iil).-tiTViitiinu-« ari' l.ikeii Iroin Ur. nainpheH's 
 ttoouuui ur Kufpeaii auul-iuciu In America. Vul. 1. ch. vui. 
 
 every pilot can steer tlio same course Many things 
 appear easy when once performed, though before, they 
 were thought impossible. Uemember the acolTs that 
 were thrown at me, before i put my design in execution. 
 Then it was a dream, ochimery delusion ; now, is what 
 any body miglit have done as well as I.'* When this 
 story was told to Ferdinand, ho could not but admire 
 the grandeur of that spirit, which at the samu time 
 ho was endeavoring to depress, 
 
 Writers of ditlerent countries have treated the 
 character of ('olumhus according to their prejudices, 
 either national or personal. It is surprising to observe, 
 how these perjudices have disi-pnded ; and that even 
 at the distance of three centuries, there are some, who 
 alfect lo deny hiiu the virtues for which be vas conspi- 
 cuous, and tiie merit uf originating a discovery, which 
 is an honor to human reasor. Hi.s humanity has been 
 Culled in question, because he carried dogs to the West 
 Indies, and employed them in extirpating the natives. 
 'i'lio truth is, that in his second expedition he was ae- 
 cou panied by a number of gentlemen of the best fa- 
 m^l L-s in Spain ; and many more would have gone if it 
 1)30 been possible to accoiumodate ibem. Tliese gen- 
 tlemon carried with them "horses, nsses and oiher 
 beasts wliirh were of a great use in a new planaitiou." 
 The conllict which Columbus had with the natives was 
 in consequence of the disorderly conduct of these 
 Spaniards ; who, in bis .ibsence. bad taken their goods, 
 abused (heir women, and coiutniiled other outrages, 
 which the Indians cotild nut endure, and then^fore 
 made war upon them. In this war he found bis rotouy 
 engaged when he returned from his voyage to Cul)a ; 
 and there wa.^ no way to end it, but by pursuing it with 
 vigour. With two hundred Spaniards, of whom twenty 
 were mounted ou "horses followed by an Hi(i»f/dogs, 
 bo encountered a numerous body of Indians, e.siimnied 
 at one liuiulred thcusand.on a lirgeptiin. Htulivided 
 iiis men into two parties, and atta<:ke(i tliein on two 
 sides ; the noise of tin; lire arms, soon dispersed tliem, 
 and the horses and doys jircveiited them from rallying ; 
 piid thus n complete victory was obtained. In this in- 
 stance alone, were the dogs used against tlie natives. 
 They naturally followed their masters into the tield. and 
 the horses lo which they were accustomed ; but to sup- 
 pose that Cnliiinl)us transported llieiu lo the West In- 
 dies, with a view to destroy the Indians, appears alto- 
 gether idle, when it is considered that the number is 
 reckon -d only at twenty. Excepting in this instance, 
 whe e le was driven by necessity, there is no evidence, 
 that . , made war ou the natives of the West Indies ; 
 on the contrary, be endeavoured as far as possible to 
 treat them with justice and gentleness. The same can- 
 not be said of those who .succeeded him. 
 
 Attempts have also been niaile lo detract from bis 
 merit as an original discoverer of ihe New World. 
 The most successful candidate, who has been set up as 
 a rival to him, is Maktin Hkiiaim of Nurenberg, in 
 CJermany. His claim to a prior discovery has been so 
 well coiilesied, and the vanity of it so fully exposed by 
 the late Dr. Robertson, that I should not have thought 
 of adding any thing lo what he has written, had not a 
 memoir appeared in the second volume of Transactions 
 of the American Philosophical Society at Philadel- 
 phia, in which the pretensions of Ijebaim are revived 
 hy M. Otto; who has produced sonie authorities which 
 he had obtained from Nuremberg. &\\ imperial city of 
 Cennany, and which appear to him, "to establish in 
 the clearest manner a discovery of America anterior to 
 that of Columbus. 
 
 it is conceded that Uehaim was a man of learning 
 and enterprise ; that he was contemporary with Colum- 
 bus, and was his friend ; that he pursued the same 
 studies and drew the same concluitions ; that be was 
 emploved by King John H. in making dir overies ; 
 and, that ho met with a deserved honor for tiie import- 
 ant services whicli be rendered to tlus crown of Portu- 
 gal, llut there are sucli dillicullirs attending the story 
 of his discovering .America, as appear to me insuper- 
 able. These I shall state ; togetlier with some remarks 
 on the authorities produceil by M. Otto. 
 
 The first of his auilioriiit's contains several asser- 
 tions wliich are contradicted hy otlier histories; (1.) 
 That l8al)ella, daughter of .lohn, King of Portugal, 
 reigned after the death of Philip, Duke of Ilurgundy, 
 surnamed the (Jood. ('^.) That this lady, when regent 
 of the Duchy of Uurgundy. and Flanders, Uehaim paid 
 a visit in 14.VJ. And (U ) Tint having inftinned her of 
 bis designs, tie procured a vi>ssel m which he made tlin 
 dis'-uverv ?f the island of Faval, in l-lliO. 
 
 It IS truif that Phdip, U-ike of Iturgundy and Fhu- 
 dcrs, surnamed the Good, married IsabelU the daughter 
 
 of King John I. of Portugal ; but Philip did not dio 
 till Mfi7, ("lid was in. mediately succeeded by bit son 
 Charles, surtiamed the Hold, then thirty-four years ol 
 ago. There could therefore have been no interregnum, 
 nor female rtgenl, aflrr the death of Philip; and if 
 there bad lu^en, the time of Uenaim's visit wUl not cor 
 respond with it ; thai being placed in M.'SO, eight yeara 
 before the death of Philip. Such a mistake in jioint of 
 fact, and of chronology, is snUicient to induce a suspi- 
 cion that the "archives of Nuremberg" arc too defi- 
 cient in accuracy to be depended on as authorities. 
 
 With respect to the discovery of Faynl, in HflO, M. 
 Otio acknowledges that it is "contrary to the received 
 opinon ;" and well he might ; for tlie first of the Azo- 
 res, St. Maria, was discovered in H31 ; the sccondj 
 St. Michael, in \\\\\ the third, Terceira, in 144fi; 
 and before 1449, tlic islands, St. (.Jeorge, Craciosn, 
 Fayal and Pico, were known to the Portuguese. How- 
 ever, true it may be that Hehaiin settled in the island 
 of Faynl and lived there twenty years ; yet his claim 
 to the discovery of it must have a belter foundation 
 than tiie " urcluves of Nuremberg,*' before it can be 
 admitted. 
 
 The genuine account of the settlement of Fayal, 
 and the interest which Itebaim had in it, is thus related 
 by Dr. For-sler, a Cerman author, of much learning and 
 good credit. 
 
 "After the death of Ihe infant Don Henry, which 
 happened in MOII, the island nf Fayal was made a pre- 
 sent by his sister, Isabella, Dnclu ss of linrgundy, to 
 ,Iobst von Hurler, n native of Nurcml»erg. Hurler 
 went in 1460, with a colony of more than aOOO Flem- 
 ming.-* of both sexes, to bis pro|ierty, the isle of Fayal. 
 'I'be Duchess bad provuied tlie Flemish emigranls with 
 all necessaries for two years, and the colony soon in- 
 cteased. About liie year MHO, Martin Ilehaim mar- 
 ried a daughter of ihe (Mievalier .lubst von Hurler, and 
 had a son by her named .Marlm. — Johsi von Hurler, and 
 Martin Hehaim, both natives of Nuremberg, were lords 
 of Fayal and Pico." 
 
 Tiie date of the supposed discovery of America, by 
 lU'haim, is placed by M. (Jtlo, in 14N4, eight vears be- 
 fore the celebraU'd voyage of (/olumbus. In the same 
 year we are told that Atonzo Sanchaz de Huelva waa 
 driven by a storm to tlie westward for iwrnty-mncdays ; 
 and saw an island of which at bis relurii be gave an in- 
 formation lo (^obimbus. From both ibese Kupposed 
 discoveries this conclusion is drawn. "Thai Columbus 
 would never have thought of ihis expedilion lo Amo- 
 ica, had not Heliaim gone there before him." Wlielher 
 it bo sujiposed that Dehaim and Sancluiz sailed in ibo 
 same ahip, or thai they made a discovery of two diife- 
 renl parts of America, in ibe same vear, is not easy lo 
 understand from tlic autintrities produced ; but what 
 destroys the credibility of this plau.sihle tale, is, that 
 Columbus had formed his theory, arnl projected bis voy- 
 age, at least ten yeara bulore ; as appears by his cor- 
 respondence with Paul, a learned phvwician of Florence, 
 winch bears date ill 1474. It is nncertaiii at what tmio 
 (Columbus first made his appbcotioii to the King uf 
 Portugal, to fit liim out for a western \oyage ; but it is 
 certain that after a negocialion with him on the subject, 
 and after he had found out ihe .secret and unsuccesshil at- 
 tempt, which bad been made lo anticipate a discovery ; 
 he quilted that kingdom m disgust, and went into 
 8^)ain, in the latter end of the year 1481. 'I'ho au- 
 ihority of these facts is unqnesiiontd ; and from them 
 it fully appears, that a prior discovery of America, by 
 Ilchaim or Sancbaz, made in 14H4, contd not have bueu 
 the foundation of the enl' •■prise of Columbas. 
 
 M. Olio spei'ks of letters wrillen by IJehaim m I486, 
 in the German language, niid preserved in the "arch- 
 ives of Nuremberg," wliich support liis claim ton prior 
 discovery. As tbese Iclters are not produced, no cer- 
 tain opinion can be formed conceriung them ; hut from 
 ttiu date of the letters, and from the letters, and from 
 the voyages which Uebaim actually performed in tho 
 two preceding years, we may with gieat probability 
 suppose that they related lo the discovery of Congo, 
 in Africa; to which iiehaim has ait uncoutrr verted 
 claim. 
 
 I will now state the facts relative to this event partly 
 from tho authorities cited by M. Otto; and partly from 
 others. 
 
 Dr. Uobertson places the discovery of Congo and 
 Benin in 14S:), and with him Dr. Forsier agrees. 
 The authors of the Motlern Universal History speak 
 of two voyages to that coast; the first in 1484, tho 
 second in MH5 ; both of whicli were made by Uiego 
 Cam, who is said to have been one of the most ox* 
 pert sailors and uf an ciUcrpristii;^ genius. From tbtf 
 
 4 
 
 "1 
 
 .4 
 
 M 
 
DIOGRAPHIES OF THE EARLV DISCOVEUEUS. 
 
 but Philip did not dio 
 ly succeeded by hi* ion 
 Lhoii thiriy-four years of 
 ,■0 been no interregnum, 
 denth of Philip ; and if 
 (aim's visit will not cor 
 i^rd in H^')!), ciglit years 
 ch a mistake in point of 
 icirnt to induce a auapl- 
 ircrnbcrg" arc too defi- 
 :dou ns aulhoriticH. 
 i of Fayal, in HfiO, M. 
 'onlrary to the received 
 or tlie first of the Azo- 
 in H31 ; the secondj 
 rd, Trrccira, in 144fi ; 
 St. (iporjje, GracioBR, 
 the l*ortu}>uese. How- 
 iin settled in (lie island 
 ity years ; yet hia claim 
 ve a bdlcr fonridalion 
 •rg," before it can be 
 
 n settlrnienl of Fayal, 
 unl in It, is thus related 
 r, of mudi learning and 
 
 r.iut Don Henry, which 
 I'^iiyal was made a pre- 
 ichi ss of Hurguiidy, to 
 f NnrctiihiTi;. Hurler 
 more than 2000 Flcm- 
 )erty. the isle of Fayal. 
 [■'lemish cinifjrants with 
 ud the colnnv soon in- 
 ), Muriiu Iteliaini mar- 
 r Johst von Hurler, and 
 — Johsi von Hurler, and 
 Nuremberg, were lurda 
 
 ncovcry of America, by 
 
 in 1481, eight years hc- 
 
 ^utumbus. In the same 
 
 nucliaz dc Huelva was 
 
 rd for twenty-nnie days ; 
 
 is return he gave on in- 
 
 I both ilu'se supposed 
 
 iivvn. '* 'riiiii Columbus 
 
 is expedition to Amo- 
 
 fore bun." Whether 
 
 \\ Sanehuz sailed in the 
 
 liuseovery of two diHe- 
 
 yrar. is not easy to 
 
 produced ; but what 
 
 phiuMhIe tale, is, that 
 
 tid projected hisvoy- 
 
 ppears by his cor- 
 
 phvMician of Florence, 
 
 icerlaui at what tune 
 
 alioh to the Kiu>r u( 
 
 i^rii voyage ; but it is 
 
 ill) liiin on iho subject, 
 
 land uusurcesaful at- 
 
 ticipale u discovery ; 
 
 , and went into 
 
 ear 1481. 'i'U au- 
 
 1 ; and fro:n them 
 
 very of America, by 
 
 1, could not have been 
 
 f CohimbiiH. 
 
 n by itehaimm 148B, 
 
 .served in the "arch- 
 
 rl his claim to u prior 
 
 not produced, no cer- 
 
 ing them ; but from 
 
 the letters, and from 
 
 lly performed iii ihn 
 
 th gieat probability 
 
 liscovery of Congo, 
 
 an uncontrr-verted 
 
 I'o to this event partly 
 >tlo; and partly from 
 
 overy of Congo and 
 Dr. Forst(!r agreed. 
 'ersal History speak 
 le lirst in 1484, ihu 
 ■ere made by Uiego 
 10 of the nmst ox- 
 geniua. From Cbtt 
 
 chronicle of Hartnnm Schedl, as quoted by M. Otto, 
 ne are informed, that liohiiim waited from ^*.rn. in 
 theiio voyages, which arc described in the follo\,,..^ 
 terms. " These two, by the bounty of heaven, coast- 
 ing along the southern ocean, and having crossed the 
 equator, got into the other hemisphere ; where, /rtri/ii; 
 to the eastward, their shadows projected towards the 
 south, and ri<*lit hand." No words could be more 
 completely descriptive of a voyage from Portugal to 
 Congo, as any person may be satislied by inspecting 
 & map of Africa ; but how could M. Otto imagine that 
 tiie discovery of America was accomplished in such a 
 \oyago a-s this ! " Having firnsbed their cruise (con- 
 t.nues Schedl) ii. ihe space o*' 'ifi months, they return- 
 C'i to Porluijal, with the lossof many of iheir seamen, 
 liv the violence of ihe climate." This latter cirrum- 
 fiiance also agrees very well w'.th the climate of the 
 African coast ;* but Schedl says nJt a word of the 
 discovery of America. 
 
 M. Olto goes on to tell us " that the most positive 
 proof of the L'H'at services rendercMi to the crown of 
 JVirtui,'alhy llehaim, islhe recmnpen-sn bestowed on 
 hiui by King John H. ; who, in the most sotemn 
 manner, l{ui«{hteil him in the presence of .Jl his court.'' 
 Then follows a jiarticular detail of the ceremony of 
 installation, as perforimil on the 18th of Fi'bruary, 
 14*^.'), and M. Otto fairly owns that this was '"a reward 
 for the discovery of (--'ongo.'' Now let us bring the 
 detii'-lu'd parts of iho story together. 
 
 Ilehaim was knijihted on the ISth of February, 
 14H"), for the discovery of Oouffo, in which he had 
 been employed Sfi months preceding; having within 
 that time made two voyages thither, in company with 
 Diego (Jam.t It will fullow then that the whole of the 
 preceding years. MS \ and 14rt:j,were taken up in thcfie 
 two voyages. This agrees very «ell with the ae- 
 cmrntsof the discovery of Conjio, in lioliertson and 
 Forster. and does mil ilisagree with the modern univer- 
 sal history, as far as t!io year 14S4 is concerned ; 
 vvhii'h unfoi'tmiately is the year assigned for Uehaiin's 
 discovery of" that part of America called Brazil, and 
 his sailing even to the straits of Magellan." 
 
 The only tiling to Mr. Ottos's memoir which bears 
 any resemblance to a solotitin of this dillicnlty is this. 
 " We may suppose that IJeliaim, engaged in an ex- 
 pedition to Congo, was driven by the winds to ".t- 
 nanboue, and from llience by lne currents tov ard ho 
 coast of (iuiaiia.'' IJul supposition without proof 
 will avail little ; ami 8oppo.sition against proof will 
 avail nothing. The two vtiyaires to (>ongo are nd« 
 mitti'd. The course is di'scribed ; the time is deter- 
 inineii ; and both of these are directly opposed to the 
 supiiosition of his being driven by winds and currents 
 to America. For if he had been driven out of bis 
 couiseand had spent "several years in exaniininuthe 
 Ameio.in islaiids.atd discovering the strait which bears 
 the na..'eof Magellan ;" and iWnic of those years was 
 the year 1484, then he could nol have spent 26 months 
 precednig February i4H,'), in the discovery ofC.'ongo; 
 but of this we have full and -satisfactory evidence ;'"the 
 discovery of America therefore lu'st be given up. 
 
 There is oru' thing furl her in this memoir which de- 
 nerves a particular remark, and itial is the reason as. 
 Bi.Toed by M. Oltd. for which the Kini; of P»>rtugal 
 declined the pr.iposal of (-'olmnhus to sail to India bv 
 tlu west. *' The refusal of John H. is a proof of the 
 kill wled;r(' which that politic and wise prince had al- 
 ready procured of the existence of a new conlinent, 
 whiih oOereil him oidy barren lands, inhabited iiv un- 
 conqjcrable .>^avai:cs. ' This knowledge is supposed 
 to have been derived from the discoveries nuule bv 
 Beliaun. liul, not to nr-,'o again the chronological 
 difliculty with whicli this conjecture is embarrassed, I 
 will take iioiiceol two circumstances, in the life of 
 Columbus, which militate with this idea. The first 
 ifi, that when Ctilumbns had proposed a western 
 Toyage to King John and be declined it, "the king, 
 by the advice of one Dr. ('alzadilla, resolved tit send a 
 I'HTnvel privately, to attempt that which Columbus had 
 (u'oposed to him; because in case those countries 
 were bo discovered, he thought himself not obliged to 
 bestow any great reward. Having speedily cquipjied 
 u caravel, which was to carry sii|tpliee to the islands 
 of Cabo Verde, ho sent il that way which the Admi- 
 ral proposed to go. lint those whom he sent wanted 
 the knowledge, constancy and spirit af the Admiral. 
 Afier wandering many days upon the sea, they turn- 
 ed hack to the 'Hlands of (iabo V.-rde, tauuhiiiir at the 
 
 • Hrv Hrutikcs-HGii/i-ii.MT, Ui'iiHi. 
 
 t Dii'L'ii ID !ho Spiuiisti natiin of James, in Latin J.'icbus.nnil 
 In Piirtiis-Mh jtf, Jntrn. l';oii in in Latin, Canni.'' or I'loin'*, nml 
 In Hpanid'i, Caiio ; thcsu ilin'troiil iianiei arc fuund in liifTercnt 
 autliora. 
 
 undertaking ; and saying' it was impossible there should 
 he any land in those seas." 
 
 Allerward, " Iho king bring sensible how faulty 
 they were whom he had sent with the caravel, had u 
 mind to restore the Admiral to his favor, and desired 
 that ho should renew tlio discimrso of his enlerprii>e ; 
 but not being HO diligent to put this in execution, as 
 the Admiral was in getting away, he lost that good 
 opportunity; the Admiral, about the end of iho year 
 1484, stole away privately out of Portugal for fear of 
 being stopped by the king." This acctnint tloes not 
 agree with the supposition of a prior discovery. 
 
 'I'ho other circumstance is an interview which Co- 
 lumbus had with the people of Lisbon, and the King 
 of Portugal, on his return from his first voyage. For 
 il so happened that (vohnnl)us on his return was by 
 stre'3 of weather obliged to take shelter in the port of 
 lji.sbon ; and as soon as :t was known that he had 
 come from the Indies, " llr^ people llironged to see the 
 natives whom he had brought, and hear the news; so 
 that the caravel would not contain them. Some of 
 them praising God for so great a happiness ; others 
 storming that they had lust thedi-scovery through their 
 kind's incredulity." 
 
 When the kin;; fiont for Colnnibus, " he was doubt- 
 ful what to do; but to take oU'alt suspicion that he 
 came from his compiestH, he consented." At Mie in- 
 terview, '* the kiiiuoirered him all that he required for 
 the service id" their ('atholic Majesties, liii)U:!h he 
 thought, that forasmuch as he had been a captain in 
 Portugal, that conquest belonged to him. To which 
 the Admiral answered, that he knew of no such agree- 
 ment, and that he had strictly observed bis orders, 
 which were not to go to (hi; mines (tf Portugal, [the 
 gold coastj nor to Guinea.* Hail John H. heard of 
 Uehaims vnyaye to a western CiUitinent, would he not 
 have claimed it by priority of discovery, rather than 
 by the commission which ('olumbus had formerly 
 borne in bis service? Had such a prior discovery 
 been made, coiihl it have been concealed from the peo- 
 ple of Ijisl)on I A\u\ would they have been an^ry 
 that the king had lost it by his incredulity ! These 
 circumstances appear to nie to carry sullicient evi- 
 (hence, that no discovery of America prior to that of 
 (^)lumbus had come to the knowledge of the King of 
 Portuixal. 
 
 In answer to the question, " Why are we searching 
 the archives of an iiiqieri.d city for the causes (d* an 
 event, which took place in the western extremity of 
 Kurope ! ' M. Otto gives us to understand, that 
 " from the fourtemth to the sixteenth centuries, the 
 Germans were the best geouraphers, the best hislo 
 rians. and most enlighteiietbpoliiicians." Not to de- 
 tract from the merit of the German literati of those 
 aijes. I think we may give equal credit to a learned 
 i (lerinan author of the present age. Dr. John Hein- 
 hold Forster ; who appears to have a thorough under- 
 standing of the claims not only uf his own country' 
 men, but of others. In hi.s indefatigable researches 
 into tho discoveries which have been made by all na- 
 tions, thi>ugh he has fjiven due credit to the adven- 
 tures of IJehaim in Ctuigo and Fayal, yet he has not 
 said one word of bis visiting .America ; which he cer- 
 tainly would have done, if in his o[tinioii there had 
 been any foundatiim for it. 
 
 Lt'llrr.f from Panf^a Phii-ficiiin of Flnrcurejo Chriafophe^- 
 CulttmhustCunct'rtiiii:^ tl,f d'lsiintri/ of the Indies. 
 
 I.KTTKIU. 
 
 To Chri^tnpher CuUimhiif, Paul the Physician uishrth 
 hvalth. 
 I PKKcKivK your noble and earnest desire to sail to 
 those parts where the spice is produced ; and therefore 
 in answer ton letter of yours. I send you another let- 
 ter, which some days since I wrote to a friend of mine, 
 and servant to the King of Portugal, befitre the wars 
 of Casiile, in answer to another be wrote to me by 
 his hi^hness'R order, upon this same account ; and I 
 send you another sea chart like that I sent him. whieh 
 will satisfy your demands. The copy of the letter is 
 this. 
 
 To Ferdinand Martinez, canon of lA-fhon^ Paul the Physi- 
 
 ciitn wishvlh health. 
 I AM very glad to hear ol the familiarity you have 
 with your most serene and inamiirtcent king; and 
 though I have very ot\en discoursed cotu'orinng tho 
 short way there is from hence to the Indies, where the 
 spice is produced, by sea, whieh I look upon to be 
 sliorter than that you take by the coast of fininea; yet 
 you now tell me that his bighness wouhl have me 
 make out and demonstrate it. so as it may be understood 
 and put in practice, Thi'rcf.ire. llniui>h I could better 
 ' show it him witli a |[lubc in my hand, and niako him 
 
 sensible of the Hgure of tho world ; yet I have resolved 
 to ren<Ier it more easy and intelligible, to show this 
 way upon a cliarl, such as aro used in navigation; 
 and tlierefore I send one to his majesty, made and 
 drawn with my own hand ; wherein is set down the 
 utmost houiulf of the west, from Ireland in the north, 
 to the farthest part of Guinea, with all the islands that 
 lie in the way. Opposite to which western coast isdo- 
 scribed tho beginning of the Indies, with the isl.inda 
 and places whither you may go, and how far you may 
 bend from the north pole toward the equinoctial, and 
 for how long a time ; th.it is, how many leagues you 
 may sail before you come to those places must fruitful 
 in all sorts ofspice,jcwelR, and precious stones. Dj 
 not wonder if I term that country where the spice growl 
 west, that product being generally ascribed tu the east; 
 because those who shall sail westward will always find 
 those places in the west ; and they ihat travel by land 
 eastward will ever find those places in the cast. Tho 
 strait lines that lie leiii'diways in the chart, show tho 
 di.>tance there is from west to east ; the others cross 
 them, show the distance from north to south. I havo 
 also marked down in the said chart, several places ia 
 India, where ships might put in upon any storm, or 
 contrary winds, or any (»ther accident unforeseen. 
 
 Moreover to give you full information of all those 
 places which you arc very desirous to know ; you 
 must urnlerstand, that none but traders live or reside 
 in nil those J>:.'3*:;!s, and that there \» as great number 
 of ships and seafaring people with merchandise, as in 
 any other part of the world ; particularly in a most 
 noble port called Zavtun, where there are every year a 
 hunilreil large shi|)s of pepper loaded and u.doaded, 
 besides many other shi|w tliat take iu other spice. 
 
 This connlry is mighty populous, and there are 
 many provinces and kinijdoms, and innumerable cities 
 under the (buninion of a prince called the Kham, 
 which name signifies. King of Kings; who for tho 
 most part resides in the ptuvince of Cathay. His 
 predecessors were very desirous to have commerce 
 and he in amity with' (*hrislians ; and SOO years 
 since, sent anibat-sadors to the Pope ; desiring him to 
 send them many learned men and doctors to teach 
 Ihem our faith ; hut by reason of fitunc obstacles the 
 ambassadors met with, they returned back, without 
 coming to Home. 
 
 Desidcs, there came an ambasvaihir to Popo Eugc- 
 nusIV. who told him the great friendship there was 
 between those princes, their people and the Chris- 
 tians. I discoursed with him a long while upon the 
 several matters of th? jirandeur of the royal structures, 
 and of the greatness, lenj'Oi and breadth of their ri- 
 vers. He told me many wonderful things of the mul- 
 titude id' towns and cilie.*! founded alonuthe banks of 
 Ihe rivers; and that there were t^OO ciliey upon one 
 river oidy, with marble bridues over it, of a great 
 |en<;th ami breadth, and adorned with abundance ol 
 pillars. This ctmiitry deserves as well as any other 
 to he discovereil ; and there may nit only be (rreat 
 profit made there, and many things <»f value found, 
 l)ut also gidd, silver, all sorts of precious stones, and 
 spices in abundance, which are not brought into our 
 parts. And it is certain, that U'any wise men, philo- 
 sophers, astntloi^ers, and other persons skilleil in all 
 arts, and very in^enion.s. govern that mighty province, 
 and command their urinies. 
 
 From liisbon directly westward, Ibero aro in tho 
 chart 2(i spaces, each of which fontnins2.^0 miles, to 
 ihe most noble and vast city of (juisay, which ia 
 100 miles In compass, that is 3 j leagnps; in it there 
 are ten marble bfiilijes. Tho name siifnilics a hea- 
 I venly city; of which wonderful things are reported, 
 ' as to the ingenuity of the people, the buildings and 
 the revenues. Tliis space above mentioned is almost 
 the Ihird part of Ihe \i\\A)c. This city is in the pro- 
 vince of Mango, bordering on that of Cathay, where 
 the king for the most pi.rt resides. 
 
 From the island .Antilla, which you call tho seven 
 cities, and of ichieh you hare some knoirledf^e, Uy iho 
 most noble inland of Cipango are ten spaces, wliicn 
 make Ur>00 miles, or £25 leagues ; which island 
 abounds in gold, pearls and precious stones ; and you 
 must underfitand, they cover their temples and pa« 
 laces with plates of pure gold. So that for want of 
 knowing the way. all these things aro hidden and 
 concealed, and yet may bo gone t)> W'lli safety. 
 
 Much more nn^ht he said, but having 1 Id yoti 
 what is most material, and you being wise and judi- 
 cious, 1 am satisfied there is nothing of it but what 
 von undersland. and therefore \ will not be more pro* 
 iix. Thus much may serve to satisfy your curiosity, 
 it being as much as tho shortness of time ».r.\ my bu- 
 
Ill- 1 
 
 i 
 
 10 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORY. 
 
 n 
 
 riness would permit mc to Ray. So I reninin most 
 ready to siitisfy nml servo liis hifrhucss to the utmost 
 in all the cointniuuls li<* ^lialt l.iy upuii me. 
 Florenck, June 35. 1 17-i. 
 
 LETTER II. 
 
 in> Christopher Culumhux, Vnul the rhifsician wishelh 
 
 hctklik. 
 
 I FKrEivEn your Irltrrs with tlip thinj^s you srnt 
 me. which I shall takf as a <;ri'at favor, ami cumniciij 
 your iiobU* and arilciit desire iif saillnj» Iroiii i-ast to 
 west, as it is marked not in llie ciiart I sent you, 
 whicli would dcinonstralc it.sell" belter in the i'orm ofa 
 globe. 
 
 I am ^lad it is well uiidersfood. and that the vnyaijc 
 laid down is not only post^ible but true, certain, hono- 
 rable, very advanIa<feons, and most j'tt)rioiis ainoniiall 
 Christians. You cannot be perfect in the knowleilye 
 of it, but by experience and practice, as I have had in 
 great measure, and by the suliil and true information 
 i)f worthy nnd wise men, who have come from tlu>se 
 
 !)arts to this court of Kome ; and from merehanls who 
 lavc traded Ion(» in those parts luid are persons of ^ood 
 reputation. So that when the said voyaije is perlnrm- 
 cd. it will he to powerful kinirdoms, ami to the most 
 noble cities and provinces ; rich and abouudiu!^ in all 
 thintFs we stand in need of, particularly in all sort;; of 
 spice in j^reat quantities, and store of jewels. 
 
 This will moreover be j^rateful to those kini^s and 
 princes, who are very desirous to converse and trade 
 with Christians of these our countries, whelher it be 
 for some of them to become Christians, or else It) have 
 communication with the wise and ingenious men of 
 these parts, as well in point of relii^jon, as in all scien 
 ces, because of^he extraordinary account they have 
 of the kiniidomsaiid government of these parts. 
 
 For which reasons, and many more that might be 
 Alleged, I do not at all admire, that you who have a 
 great heart, and all the PorlujinehC nation, whicli has 
 ever had notable men in all nnilertaliin<js, be eagerly 
 bunt upon performing this voyage. 
 
 AMEUICUS VESPUCIUS. 
 
 Amkricus VEspucifs,— Ilishirih arnlfduciuion— Hisicipiuiflc 
 rfse;irrlit':J— lli-s account iifhir^ vtiyaije In America — TIip lir-t 
 itcrouiu t>r.\uii'ricii |»iblit<lu'il hy him — Tlic reatmn ofitii'' 
 Cdiiiiiieiit being named Aincrica—Ht! has iiu claim iu ihe dis- 
 covery 
 
 Amekici's Vfspucius, or more properly Amerian) 
 Vesjmcci a Florentine senileman, irom whom Aine 
 rica derives its name, was born March !), 11.01, of an 
 ancient family. His father, wlio was an Italian mer- 
 ch'\nt, brought hitnui) iu lliis busim>ss, and his profes- 
 aion led Inm to visit Spain and other countries, iieing 
 eminently skilful iu all the sciences subservient to na- 
 vigation, and possessing an enlpri)risiii[j spiiit, he be- 
 catuo desirous of seeing the new world, which ('olum- 
 buti had discovered in MU*. He acconlingly entered 
 as a merchant on board the small lleet of four shi|)s, 
 equipped hy the merchants of Seville -ind .sent out un- 
 der the command of Ojeua. Ihe enterprise was sanc- 
 tioned by a royal license. 
 
 According tt» Ameriijo's own account he sailed from 
 Cadiz, iMay, '*0, ll'J7, and returned to tlie same port 
 October 15, l-iDS, having discovered ihe coast of l\i- 
 Tia and passed as far as the gulf of Mexico. If thiw 
 •talemeiit is ctirrecl, he saw the continent before Co- 
 lumbus; but its correctness has been disproved, and 
 '.he voyage of Ojeila was nut made until 1 109, which 
 Amerigo call'j his second voyage, falsely representing 
 that he hiinself hail the conmiand of six vessels. He 
 Bailed .May -0, I IU!). under tlie command of Ojeda, 
 and proceeded to the Aniilla i^lanlls. and thence to the 
 coast of (jui.inu and Venezuela, and returned toCailiz 
 in Nov. l.'iOU. After his return. Emamiel, king of 
 Portugal, wilt) was jealous of tlie sucei-ss and glory 
 of S|iain, in\iied him to Ins kin^'doin, and gave him 
 the ctumnAnd of three ships to make a third voyage of 
 di^covfry, He sailed from Lisbon May 10, ITiOl. and 
 ran down the coaMs of Africa as far as Sierra Leone 
 and the Coa.st of An^fola, and then passed ovrr to 
 Eiazil in South America, and ctmtinued his iliscove- 
 ries to the south as far as Patagonia. He then re- 
 turneil to Sierra Leone and the coast of (ininea, and 
 «ntered nuain the port of Lisbon, September 7, XhiK. 
 
 King Kmanuel, highly gralitied by his succes.s, 
 equipped for him six ships, with wliicli he sailed on his 
 fmi'h and last voyage, May U). I'lOiJ It was his oh- 
 jt'Tl to discover a western pas>:ii;e to (he .Molucca isl- 
 and-i Mr p.ts--ed thecoasls c.f Africa, an. I eiitend the 
 buy of All Saints in IJrazd Havmg provision for oidv 
 20 months, and britiu^ detained on Ihe coast of llrazii 
 by bud weather and coutiury winds five mouths, he 
 
 1 formed the resolution of returning to Portugal, where 
 
 he arrived .Iun« M, ir)01. As he ^'arried home with 
 
 ! hiiu considerable quantities vi the llrazil wood, an<) 
 
 ! other articles td' value, he was received with joy. It 
 
 was soon after this period, that he wrote an account 
 
 of his four voyages. The work was dedicated Kene 
 
 H. Duke of Lorraine, who took the title of the king of 
 
 Sicily, and who died Dec. it), 1;)08. It was prolmbly 
 
 published abc.it the year 1507, for in that year he 
 
 ' went from Li.shon to Seville, and King Ferdinand ap- 
 
 , pointed him to draw sea cliarts with the title of chief 
 
 ' pilot. He died at the I.fland ofTercera in 1511. aged 
 
 about Cy vears, or agieeably to another account, at 
 
 I Seville. in*l.''>PJ. 
 
 j As he pul)lished the first bonk ami chart, describing 
 ; the new world, and as he claimed the honor of fir^t 
 j discovering the continent, the new world has received 
 fnmi him the name oi Amcrua. His prctiMisions liow- 
 ever to this first discovery do not seem to be well sup- 
 I ported against the claims of Colundms, to whom the 
 honor is uniformly ascribed by the Spanish historians, 
 anil who first saw the continent in 11!)H. Ilerrera. 
 who cumpileil liis general history of America from the 
 most auilienlic records, says, that Amerigo never made 
 but two voyages, ami those were with Ojeda in Mi)l) 
 and 1501, and that his rebitit>n of his other voyaijes 
 was proved to be a mere imposition. This charge 
 lU'eds to he confirmed ity strong proof, tor AmeriLfis 
 hook was pulilished within ten years of t!u' jieriod as- 
 signed ft)r his (irst voyage, when the facts must have 
 been fresh in the memories of tliousands. Uesides ihe 
 improbability of his being guilty of falsitying dates, as 
 he was accused, which arises from this circumstance, 
 it is very possible, that the Spanish writers nnixht have 
 felt a national resentment against him tor havinu; de- 
 serteil the service of .Spain. But the evidence a^ain.-t 
 Ihe IioiH'siy of Amerigo U very convincing. jN'eiilier 
 Martyr nor Uenzoni. wlio were lialians, natives of the 
 same country, and the firmer of whom was a con- 
 temporary, attribute to him the first discovery of the 
 continent. .Martyr pnitlished the first u"iierai history 
 of ihe new worlil. and his epi^tIes contain an account 
 of all Ihe remarkable events of his time. All the 
 Spanish historians are ai-ainst Ainerii:o. Ilerrera 
 brings against him the tesiinnmy of Djeda .is given in 
 a judicial inquiry. Fonseca, who yave Ojeda the li- 
 cense for his voynire, was not reinstated in the diiec- 
 tion of Indian affairs until after the lime, which Aine- 
 rig») assiiiUs lor the coimneneemeiU of his first voy- 
 age. Olher circumstances might be mentioned ; and 
 the wliole mass of evidence it is dillicult to resist 
 The book of Amerigo was probalily published about a 
 year after the deatli of Cohnnbus. when his jtreten- 
 sions could bo advanced without the fear of refutatnui 
 from chat illustrious navigator. IJut however tht« 
 eontrover.sy may be decitied, it is well known, that the 
 honor 11 f first liiscovering thecontiiient belongs neith 
 er to Columbus nor to Vespucci, even admilling the 
 relation of the latter ; but to the Cabots, who sailed 
 froii; England. A life of Vespucci was publisiietl at 
 Florence by Uandani, 17'io, in which an attempt ia 
 madi! tu support his preten^ions. 
 
 The relation of his four voyages, winch was first 
 publislied about the year 1507, was republished in the 
 Xovus Drbis, fol. I.''n')5. His letters were | uLlished 
 af:cr his death at Florence. 
 
 JOIIX CAUOTAND SEIJASTIAN CAIJO T- 
 
 JniiN Cabot aiiil 111.'! son Bcliaalinil— Kiiii; He:irv VII. rrranl^ 
 ^>A\'\ r;iliit( a cunnnissicn— He.'^nils %>lli hij* vfm (in ;i vnviiL'e 
 .it'ili-rnvery — Apiieiraiice of laiid— l/t;.srrii.|jim ofit— 'fliry 
 ri'inru ii* Kncland— Setiastian .^ails on . v-iyuL-f ef diycovcry 
 
 Tni: economical disposition of Henry VII. King of 
 Eiieland, induciMl him to pre.si>rve t.'rtnqiiilliiy in his 
 dommion.s. which greatly contrihutwJ t,i the increase 
 of conmierci' and manufactures ; ainl to bring thither 
 merchants Irom all parts of Europe. The Lombards 
 and the Venetians were remarkably lunnerous : the 
 fornuT of whom had a street in London approjiriated 
 to them and called by their name. 
 
 Among the Venetians resident ihere at that time 
 was John Cabot, a man perfectly skilleil in all the sci- 
 ences requisite to form an accomi>lished mariner — 
 He had three sons, Lewis, Sebastian, ami Sanclius, 
 all of whom he educated in the same manner. Lew- 
 is and Sanctius became eminent men, and settled, the 
 one at (lenoa, the oiln'r at \ enice. Of Sebastian a 
 farilier account will be t-iven. 
 
 Tlie fiunous discovery made by (^olunduis caused 
 irreat admiration anJ mudi discourse in the court of 
 Henry, amongthe mercmutts of England, 'Vm find a 
 way lo India by the west, h.id lon^ been a problem 
 
 with men of science as well as a desideratum In the 
 mercantile interest. The way was then supposed |c 
 be opened ; and the specimens of gold which Culuoi' 
 bus had brought home, excited the warmest desire oj 
 pursuing that discuverv. 
 
 Cabot, by his knowledge of the gli>be, supposed that 
 a shorter way nnght be found from England to Indi^ 
 by the northwest. Having communicated his project 
 to ihe king, it wan favorably received ; and on ths 
 fifth of March I-1U6, a commission was granted to 
 *' John Cabot, and his three sons, their heirs and dej»- 
 ulies, giving them liberty to sail lo all ports of eattt^ 
 west, aiul north, under the royal banners, and en- 
 signs; lodiscover countries of the heathen unknown 
 to Christians ; to set up the kind's banners there ; to 
 occnjiy and po.-;sess as his subjects, siu-h places as 
 they cotilil siilidue ; iiiviiiL' them the ride and jurisdic- 
 tion of the same, to be holden on condition of paying 
 to the king^ as otien as they should arrive at Urittol 
 (at which place only they were ]iermitted to arrive,) 
 in wares and merchandise, one fitth part of all their 
 gains: with exemptiLii t'rom all customs and duties on 
 snch merciiandise as sliould be brought from tiieir 
 discoveries." 
 
 At^er the granting of this commission, the king gave 
 orders for fitting ont two caravels for the pur|iose of 
 the liiscovery. These were \ictnalled at the public 
 expense ; ami fn-iifhted by the nu-rchants of Liuidon 
 and Hrislol, with coarse cloths and other articles of 
 tralfie. The whole comjiany consisted oflliree huu- 
 vlred men. 
 
 With this eqnipment, in. the beginning of May, 
 1197,* Jo!m C^ab, I and his son Sebastian sailed from 
 IJristoj towards the northwest, till they reached the 
 latitude of 58** ; wie're nu'ctinir with tloating ice, and 
 the weather bein:i severely ' dd. they altered their 
 course to the southwest ; 111. .'ding to find any 
 
 laiiil. till tliey should arrive -Uiay, the northern 
 
 part of China, from whcuci. ^ intended to puss 
 southward to India. 
 
 On the "tth of June, very early in the morning, 
 they were surprised with the sight of land ; which, 
 being the first liiat they had tJeen. they called Prima 
 Vista. The description of it is i;iven in these words. 
 ' 'Ihe i.'.land which lieth out betbre the land, he called 
 St JoIm). bi'cause it wa.s discovered on the day of St. 
 John, the Uaplist. The inhalittan's (d this i.slaud 
 wear beasts" skins. In their wars tliey use bows, ar- 
 rows, pikes, darts, wtioden clubs, and slimjs. The 
 soil is barren in some places and yieldeth little fruit; 
 but is full of while bears and stags, far greater than 
 ours. It yieldeth ph'iily offish, and those very great, 
 as seals and salmons. There are soles above a yartl 
 in leiinth ; but especially ihere is great abundance ut 
 thnt kind of fi.-^h whit h the tia^ages call Uacalao, — 
 (Cod.) In the same l^land are hawks and eaoles, as 
 Mack as ravens, also |iarlridges. The inhabitants 
 had plenty of copper." 
 
 This liMid is t^enerally supposed lo be some part oi 
 the island of New loundland ; and Dr. Foster thinks 
 lliat the nanu'. Piiiha \ i^la, was allervvards chiinged 
 to Ilona Vi.>.la.^iow the nt)rlhern cape Trinity Hay, in 
 latitude ■18*' .'iO*. Peter Martyr'h account is,"that*Ca- 
 bot called the land, Uaealaos ; and there is a small 
 island olfllie Foutli cape of Trinity Day. which bears 
 that name i Mr. I'rince. in his chronolo-; (.-iiipg 
 Cialvanus tor an authority.) says, that tlie land tlis- 
 covered hy Caliot was in latitude do*"'. If this were 
 true, tiie first discovery was miule on the peninsula of 
 Xova Scotia ; and as they coat- ti d the land north- 
 wanl. they must h.ne jjonc into the gulf St. Law- 
 reuc", in imrsiiit o(" their northwest pa^^ai;e. 
 
 T!ie best accf»unts of the \oyage preserved by ILik- 
 { luyt and Purehas, say nothing ol the latitude t>f Pri- 
 'ma Vis^ta , but speak of their sailino nurlhward after 
 they had made the land, as far as fii*^. Mowe, in his 
 chronicle, says it was on the " iioith side of Terra do 
 Labradoie.' This course must liave carried tiiein far 
 up the strait which separates lircenland from the Ciui- 
 linent of America. 
 
 Finding ihe land still stretching to the northward, 
 and the weather very cold in llie month of July ; the 
 men became uneasy, and the commanders found it 
 necessary to return to Uaealaos. Having here re- 
 freshed themselves, they coasted the land south- 
 ward till they came into the same latitude with th« 
 
 ' Tlu're is nnirniiil acci-tiiit nftluH v;)y:iec wriUr-ii by any run 
 lt'iii|"-riiry luntmr. Ii i.^ ilii-ri'|i>re colli'iii'd tn'in flivcriil who 
 jiiive sri I'invvii Ieu l-^ wiiloatl niucli urdtT or prccinii.n. 1'u ro* 
 ciiticiiti tliL'irromruiiicnohs, aial ilrtha-e r<'Mi'lti!<i«)nit rrurn what 
 tliry have rt-'lali'd, rc()uirL'rt mui'li tronldc, and Irnvcs an uncar- 
 tidiity Willi re.npcct to parltrnhtr circuiuauuiciis, tliuut{h lb* 
 principal facta iixt; wi:ll aiicvrtuiiied. 
 
 
BIOGRAPHIES OF THE EARLY DISCOVERERS. 
 
 AH a ()osi(](>riitum in the 
 :iy WHS tliPii supposptl Ic 
 'lis ofiTolil which Culuni' 
 ed tliu wiiniietit desire of 
 
 illie globp, siipposcil that 
 III from Knn|i\iul to India^ 
 L-omminiicnlcd his pnijett 
 f roci'ivcd ; ami on iha 
 inissiott was granted to 
 sons, their lii'irs and drp- 
 
 ^ail to all ports of curfj 
 roy;il liiiriinTs, and I'n- 
 ofthe IicathtMi unknown 
 
 kiuii's hannrrs there ; to 
 
 Kultjecls, surh phices as 
 hrni the rule and jurlsdic- 
 n on conililion ufpay'ng 
 should arrive at lirUlol 
 L're permitted to nrrive^j 
 me fifth part of all their 
 
 nil customs and duties on 
 I he hroueht from tiicir 
 
 •onunisRion, the king £rave 
 ravels for the purpose of 
 virtualU'd at tin; puhlic 
 he merchants of London 
 \\9 and other artich'S of 
 I- consisted ofihrec hun- 
 
 I. the beginning nf May, 
 
 on SehaJitian sailed from 
 
 St, till they reaehod the 
 
 in>: with lluatingico, and 
 
 ' >Id, they altered their 
 
 •c'liiijr to fmd any 
 
 Uiay, the northern 
 
 _, intended to ^ ass 
 
 early in the morning, 
 ' siijht of laud ; whieh, 
 seen, tliey called Prima 
 is riven in these words, 
 hetore the land, he railed 
 'overed on the day of St. 
 lahitan's of (his island 
 wars ihey use hows, ar- 
 eiulis, and sliuiis. The 
 and yieldeth little fruit ; 
 slags, fir greater than 
 nil, and those very great, 
 ue soles above a yard 
 i great ahnndauLe ut 
 iges call Uaealao.— 
 hawks and eagles, as 
 di^es. The itdiabitants 
 
 <ed lo I)e some part oi 
 nd Dr. I'Vsler thiiikrt 
 rt afterwards changed 
 rn cape Trinity IJay, in 
 yr"h;iecount is, ibal C'a- 
 nd there is a small 
 rnty Hay. which hears 
 his chroMolo-y ;,-iting 
 , that the land dis- 
 ■1;")^'. If this wero 
 le on (he peniiistda of 
 i>!.d the land north- 
 t ibc gulf St. Law* 
 \ t-M passage, 
 ige jiresiTvcd bv Hak- 
 i>fllie latitude of I'ri- 
 ailiti:; northward after 
 \s 07^. NtoMe, in his 
 ii.piiii hide of Terra do 
 have carried them far 
 reenland truni ihu con- 
 
 r to tlift northward, 
 e month of July ; the 
 ronimanders found it 
 Having here re- 
 sted the land south- 
 me latitude with the 
 
 ;>y;itr'' wriitcMi hy iiii.r fun 
 illnifil tntin scTcra'l who 
 
 Irr nr prtiisii.n. To ni* 
 ice corirliixiMiifli'rorn whoi 
 utile, ami Irnvcs Hiiuncor* 
 rcuaiKiuiiceii, Uiuu^h Um 
 
 % 
 
 
 Dirail" of fiilwmltiT 30", aocorilinj lo some no fiirlhcr 
 than 3S^ ; ivhiMi their provisi.ms ftllini; sliorl, they rc- 
 tunicil lo En^hnd ; briii^in:; three ullhe s.iviiires as a 
 prr«cnt lo the kim; '■ They were elolhed vvilli Ihe Kkins 
 uf heasls, anil lived on raw llesli ; lull al'ler two years, 
 were seen in Ihe liinjj's cunrt clotlied like Kniilislunen, 
 nnd eonld not he discerned from Eni;lishnien.'' 
 
 Nothing more is said of . John (lalml, Ihe father; 
 and some historians ascribe the whole of this discove- 
 ry to Sebastian only ; but at the time of this voyage 
 he could not have been more than twenty years old, 
 when thoMt;Ii he nii^ht aceoui|iany his father, yet he 
 was looyimOL' to nndi'rtake such an exjiedition him- 
 self The voyaije having produced no specimens of 
 cold, and Ibe kin^' being enua:.''''! in a controversy 
 with Seotlanil, no farther encouragement was given 
 to the spirit of iliscovery. 
 
 After the kina's death, Sebastian Cabot was invit- 
 ed lo Spain, and was received in a respectful manner 
 by Kiui; Ferdinand and Queen Isaliella. lii their 
 service be sailer! on a voya'_'e of iliscovery to the 
 fioulhern parts of the New tvontincnt; and bavinii 
 visited the coa- "Urazil, entered a rrreat river to 
 which he umv.' name of Rio de la Plata. He sail- 
 fid up this riv huiulreil and tweuty leaL'ues ; and 
 found it divii' 1 uiai.y branches ; Ihe shores of 
 which were ill by mnnerous people. 
 
 After this In , j,. ■ ollur voyages of which no par- 
 ticular memorials remain. IIi' was honored by Fer- 
 dinand with a comnns^ion of Grand Pilot ; and was 
 one of the council of tlie Indii's. His residence was 
 in the city of Seville. His character was nentle. 
 friendly ami social. Hisemplovment was the draw- 
 ins of charts; on which be delineated all the new 
 discoveries made by himself and others. Peter Mar- 
 tyr speaks of him as a friend with whom he loved fa- 
 niiliarly to converse. 
 
 In his advanced aje. he relumed to ?ji<i!and, and 
 resided at Hrislol. liy the fivor ofllie lluke of Som- 
 erset, he was introduced to ICinij Kdwan! VI. who 
 took iireal delight in bis conversation, ami settled on 
 him a pension of Ififi/, Kl.v. Ul. per annum for life. He 
 WIS .appointed iTiivernor of a company of mercbanls. 
 hfsociated for Ibe purpose of makini; discoveries of 
 t;nknown countries. This is a proof of the e^reat es. 
 teem in which he was held as a matt of knowlcdije 
 and experienced in his profession. He had a strong 
 persuasion that a passa:je miiiht be found lo China by 
 the norlbeasl,and warmly patronized the attempt made 
 by Sir Hui;h WilloUL'bby in irwll to explore Ihe north- 
 ern seas for that purpose. There is slill extant a 
 complete set of instructions drawn and subscrilted by 
 ('allot, for ihe direclion of the voyage to {.''atliay. 
 which allords the clearest proof of his saixacity and 
 penetration. Hut ilioii;.rh this, as well as all other at- 
 tempts of the kind, proved incflectiial to the principal 
 end in view, yet it wastlie means ofopeninij a trade 
 with Russia, which proved very heneticial to the com- 
 pany. 
 
 'I'iie last account wliichwehave willi Sebastian is, 
 that in I ').")0, when a cimipaiiv were semrm!» oul a ves- 
 Be! called the Search tlirirt. under Ibe eoimnand of 
 .Stephen Burrouiih, for discovery ; tbefiovernor made 
 a visit on board ; whieh is ihus related in the journal 
 of the voyage as preserved by Hidihiyt. 
 
 "The'2Tili of April, beiliij Monday, the Hight 
 M'orshipfu! ,Sebastian Cabota came aiMard our pin- 
 nace, at Oraveseiid : accompanied wiib divers ueiiile- 
 mcn and ffeuilewomeu ; who, at'tcr lliey Iv.id viewed 
 our pinnace, and tasted of such elieer as wc could 
 make them, went ashore, eiving ttiour mariners right 
 liiienil .,'wards 'I'he good old geutleiiian Master 
 Cabota gave to ihe ;toor most liberal alms, wishing 
 lliim to pray for the good fortune and prosperous siic- 
 cCBsoftbe Search-tbriil. our iiiiinace .And then at 
 the sign of.Sl. (.'hristopher. be and his friends haii- 
 (juote,) ; and made me and them that were in ihe com- 
 pany great cheer ; and for very joy that be bad to see 
 the towardness of our intended discovery, he etitrriul 
 ill/0 thr fliinrc hi'tixtlf, -Am'tnii l\w rest of the young 
 and lusty company ; which beini» ended he aiul his 
 friends deparleil. mott gently commendini; us lo the 
 governance of Almighty Gon." 
 
 .\ccordingto llir calculation of hi.s ago by Dr Cimp- 
 bell, lie must at that time have been about eighty 
 vears old. 
 
 He was one of the most exIraord'naTy men of the 
 >ef in which he lived Ily his ing 'iiuiiy and imlus- 
 Iry, he enlarged the boiimls of science and ]in>mote(l 
 t';e inleresi of the llnglish nation. Ur. Cainphell siip- 
 poeeait was he wlio first look no;iee of the variation 
 oftho majjiiei-c nccdio It h?a been observed in llio 
 
 i^ 
 
 lir.st voyage of Colunibuslo the West Indies ; though i the words lire Ic Kmi ile France. Dclbrc it, thopco- 
 
 |ile kneeled, uncovered; with their hands extended, 
 and their eyes lilled toward heaven. The n.itivcs, 
 who were present, beliekl Ihe ceremony nt firbt with 
 siicnt udiniraliun ; but after u wiiile, an old man, clad 
 ill a bear's skin, niaile sign.s to them that the land was 
 his, and that they should not have it, without his leave. 
 They then informed him by signs, that the cross was 
 intended only as ,i mark of direction, by which they 
 might again find the port ; and they promised to re- 
 turn the next year, and lo bring iron and other com- 
 modities. 
 
 They thought it proper however to conciliate the 
 old man's good will, by entertaining him on board th« 
 ship and making him several presents ; by which 
 nr\ans, they so pp .ailed on him, that he permitted 
 Cartier to carry two of bis sons, yonng men, to France 
 on Ihe security of a promise thai he would bring them 
 back, at bis return the next spring. 
 
 From Graspe, he saile.l so far into the Great Rivoi 
 afterward called Si. Lawrence, as lo discover land on 
 the opposite side; but Ihe weather being boisterous, 
 and the current selling against him, he thought it 
 best to return to iS'ewfoimdlai d, and then to France ; 
 where he arrived safe in the harbor uf St. Malo, on 
 the fifth of Seplcmber. 
 
 The discoveries made in this voyage excited farther 
 curiosity ; and the vice .\dmiial .Mellcrayc represent- 
 ed (^irlier's merits to the King, so favorably as to 
 procure for him a more ample eiiuipmcnt. Three 
 ships, one of 120, one of 00 and one of -U) tons, wero 
 destined to perform another vovage, in ibe ensuing 
 
 probably (>aliot iiiigbt not have known it, till aRer he 
 had made the suine discovery. 
 
 JAMES (J A R T I V. R . 
 
 Jamps CAliTlEn— Ite sails oii avoyaije of discovery — Conios In 
 siSljl (ifi.uiil — .Vrtount nf liig voyuiit) — Chaleur 'Bay di.^cnv- 
 CM'ii— Hi..) uaiTviPW Willi tiic imtivus — Danncona — The In- 
 ilian Ciiter— His strfilayeiii — ncci'pliiin nf Curlier niiil his 
 company by lliu liultaiis — Chararter, liabits, niul nistnins ef 
 tlie liiiiiaiis— Curlier inukes further th.-cuveries—Ragiiisr nf 
 tlio scurvy in his cnnipniiy — Cartier takes imsses.Jioll of the 
 cntiiilry— He reliirn.4 In l''"raiico with twn (>f the nutivcs^Cjir- 
 lier a^'.iin sails — The natives tn<iuirc after their trcthrcn— 
 Kinihiesscif the Iiulians, 
 
 Tiioi:(;ii the English did not prosecute the discove- 
 ry made by the Cahols, nor avail themselves of the on- 
 ly advantages wliicli it could have all'onletl them ; yet 
 their neighbours of lirittanny, ' Normandy and Bis- 
 cay wisely pursued the lr,ack of those adveulurers and 
 took vast ijuanlities of cod on the hanks of Newfound- 
 land. 
 
 In I. TCI, John Verazzani, a Florentine, in the ser- 
 vice of France, r.tiiijed Ihe coast of the new continent 
 fwiii Florida lo Newfoundland, and gave it the name 
 of AVjc Fiance. In a subse(pient voyage he was cut 
 to pieces and devouret! by the savages. 
 
 It is remark:ible that the three great European 
 kingdoms, Spain, England and France, made use of 
 tliri'e Italians lo conduct their discoveries; Columbus 
 a Genoese ; Cabot, a Venetian ; and Vera/zani, a 
 Florenline. This is a proof that among the Italians, 
 there were at tliat lime [lersons supeiior in maritime 
 
 knowledge to the olher nations of Europe; though 
 
 Ibe penurious spirit of those republics, their mutual j spring ; anti several young men of distinction entered 
 jealousy and peiiy wars, made tlictu overlook the , as volunteers, to seek advenliircs in the new world, 
 benelits restilliiig from exienaive enterprises, anil leave i When Ihey were reaily to sail, the whole company, 
 the vast regions of the new world to be occupied by i after Ihe example of (.'oltimbiis, went in procession to 
 
 otiicrs. 
 
 The voyages of Verazzani having produced no ad- 
 dition to the revenue of France, all further attempts 
 lo perfect bis iliscoveries were laid aside ; but the fish- 
 ery being fo'iiiil conducive to the commercial interest, 
 it was at length coiiceiveil; that a plantation in the 
 neighborhood of ihe banks might ite ailvantagemis. 
 This being rcprt*seiited lo King Francis I. by Cliabot 
 llie .Admiral, .l.niK.-: Cautieu t of !St. Malo, was com- 
 missi. med to explore the country, with a view to lind 
 a place for a colonv. 
 
 On the i'Oih of .\pril l,53t, he sailed from St. Slalo 
 willi two ships of sixty tons, and VZ'Z men; and on the 
 
 L'hurch, on Whitsunday, where the Uisbopof St.Malo 
 pronounced his bhssiiig on Iheiii. They sailed on the 
 I'Jih of May 15'd'j. Meeting with tempestuous weath- 
 er, the ships were separated ; and did not join agaio, 
 till Cartier in the largest ship arrived at Uird Island , 
 where he again lilled bis boats with fowls, and on tho 
 SGihof July wasjoineil bylhe olher vessels. 
 
 From liird Island ihey [lurst'ed the same course ns 
 in the iireceding summer ; and having come into the 
 gulf on the weslern side of Newfoundland, gave it the 
 name of .St. I.awrence. Here they saw abutidanco of 
 whales. Passing beiwccn the island of .Assumption 
 (since called Anticcsli) ami ihe noithern shore, they 
 
 leiilli of .May came in sight of Honavista, on the island siiil"! "P the great river, till ihey came lo a branch on 
 
 ' ' the northern side, whieh the young natives who were 
 
 on ho:ird called Saguenay ; the main river they told 
 him would carry him lo llochelega, the capital of the 
 whole country. 
 
 After spending sometime in espl.ning the northern 
 coast, lo fniil an n|.eiiiiig lo Ihe northward ; in the 
 lieginning of Sepleniher. he sailed up the river, and 
 discovereil several islands ; one of which, from the 
 mulliltide odllberls. he called Coudres ; and another, 
 fr.im the vast ipianlily of grapes, he named llacchus, 
 
 of Newf.uiiiilland. Iliit the ice which lay along the 
 shore obligcil him to go soulhward ; and he entered a 
 harbor to which he gave the name of St. Calharine ; 
 where be wailed for fair weaiher, ami filleil his boats. 
 .•\s so. .11 as the season would permit he sailed norih- 
 ward, and examined several harbors and islands, on 
 the coast of Newr>iindland ; in one of which he foui.tl 
 such a ipianlily of bii'ds, that in half an h.iur, two 
 boats were loaded with iheni : and after ihey had eat- 
 en as many as Ihey could, live or six barrels full were 
 
 sailed for I. -.rh ship. This place was called Uini Island I (now Orleans.) This island was full of iuhabitanta 
 Having passetl Cape de Grat, the northern exire- '^l'" subsisied by lishing. 
 
 \\'lieii ihe ships bad c.ime lo anchor between tho 
 N. \\'. side of the island ami the main, Carlicr went 
 on slmre with I. is Uvo young .Savages. The people 
 of the eouiiirv were at first afr.ii.l of them ; but hear- 
 
 niiiy.d'lhe laiul ; be entered the straits of Hellish' and 
 visiti-d several harb.irs on Ih.e opposite coast of liab- 
 raib.r, one of wliicli he called Carlier s Sound. The 
 harbor is describeil as one M the best in Ihe worM ; 
 but llii' Ian. I is sligmalized as the place lo whieh Cain i '"i; ""' youths speak lo ibem in Ih'.ir own langui.go, 
 was banished ; no vegetation being produced among Ih''.^' became sociable, and brought eels and other fi&h, 
 the rocks, but iliorns and moss. Vel. bail as it was" willi a ipianlily of Indian corn in ears, for the refresh- 
 there were iiihabilanla in it. who lived bv catchiti.' ment of ibeir new guests ; in return for which, they 
 seals, and seeme.l to be a wandering tribe ' " I were presenled with such Eurojiean Iniubles us wero 
 
 111 eircunmavigaling the great islaml of Newfound- pleasing lo them, 
 lan.l, Ihey fiiuiid Ihe weather in general cold; but ''he next day. Donacona, Ihe prince of the place 
 when they had crossed Ihe gulf ill a southweslerlvdi- '"ill"" ''> ^i»i' iheni, attended by twelve boats; hut 
 reclion lo the conlinenl, they came into a deep bay, j keeping ten of them at a dislanee, he approached 
 where the climate was so warm, that ihev named it '■ "i'h two only, containing sixteen men. In the true 
 Uaye lie ("haleur. or the liay of Heat. Here were ! ''Iiitit of hospitality, he made a speech, accompanied 
 .several kinds of wild berries, roses and meadow s ol j wiih significant gestures, welcoming Ihe Frencli to 
 gr.tss. In Ihe fresh waters they caught salufni in , '''■■* country and otl'ering his service to lo them. The 
 great jdeiily. ' | .voung savages, Tiagnoagni and Uomagaia answered 
 
 Having searched in vain f.ir a passage through the him, reporting all which they had seen in France, 
 h.ay, Ihey ipiilted il, and sailed along the coasl^ east- i at which iie appeared lo be pleased. Then approach- 
 ward, till they came lo the smaller hay of Gaspe ; ! ' 
 where Ihey s.iugbl sheller fr.un a tempest, and v ero | 
 delaineil twelve days in ihe month of .luly. !.i this j 
 pbue Canier perf.irmed the ceremony of "taking pos- j 
 ses.-ion for the King of I'rance. .\ cross of thirty feet 
 high was erected on a point of land. (In this cross ' 
 was suspended a shield, with the arms nf France and 
 
 • U i* suppose. 1 It. .11 the islan.l .M'C.ipc Breton t^.uli ild liailia 
 fr.ini tlip Breton!", the flulienni'n Britt.iiiy. 
 \ Hid itaoie Is Botnctiines wrilleii CXuonlcr. 
 
 ing Ihe (.'aptain, « ho \wM out his hand, he kissed it, 
 
 anil laid it round his own neck, in token 'if friend- 
 
 j ship. Cartier, on his part, entertained Donacona 
 
 I Willi bread itid wine, and they parted mutMally 
 
 ' i»leascil. 
 
 The next day Cartier went np in bis boat to find n 
 
 harbor f.vr his ships ; Ihe season being so far ad- 
 
 , vanecd Ihal it became necessary ti> secure them. At 
 
 j Ihe west end of Ihe isle of liacchus, he found " a 
 
 I goodly and pleasant aound, where is a lillle rivet 
 
13 
 
 A M F. U I C A IS HISTORY. 
 
 \i 
 
 l;iir' 
 
 fttid haven ; about three fitthomB drop at hiyh water.' 
 To this 00 gave the ii:vmo of iSt. Croix, iiiiU dftrnniii- 
 cU there to lay up his shipH. 
 
 Near this place was a villago calUuI Stndaconn, of 
 vhich Donacona wsh tho lord. It was environed 
 with forest trees, some of which hore fruit ; and un- 
 der the trees, was a growth of wild hemp. As Car- 
 tier was returning to his ships, he had another Kpe- 
 cimen of the hospitable manners of tho natives. A 
 company of people, of both sexes, met him on tho 
 Bh'tre of the liltle river, singing nnd dancing up to 
 their knees in water. In return for their cnurlesy, he 
 gave then knives and beads ; ami titcy continued their 
 luuNio till he was beyond hearing it. 
 
 When Cartier had brought bis ships to tho har- 
 bor and secured them, he inlimatrd his intention to 
 pass in his boats up the river to Huchelaga. Duna- 
 cona was loth to part with him ; and invented several 
 aniftccs to prevent his going thither. Among others, 
 he contrived to dress three of his men in black and 
 white skins, with horns on tlieir heads, and their fa- 
 ces besmeared with coal, to make them leseniblu in- 
 fernal spirits. They were put into a canoe and 
 passed to the ship.s ; brandishing their horns and 
 making an unintelligible harrangue. Uonacona, 
 with his people, pursued and took them, on which 
 they fell down as if dead. They were carried ashore 
 into the wood.s and all tho savages rollowed them. 
 A long disct>urse ensued, ami t)i'.< concMuMion ot the 
 farce was, that these demons bad brought news from 
 the gml of Hochelaga, that iiis country was so full 
 of snow and ice, that whoever sliould adventure 
 thither would perish with tho cold. The artilice 
 afforded diversion to tlic French, but was loo thin lo 
 deceive them. Cartier determined to proceed ; and 
 on the nineteenth uf September, with his pinnace 
 and two boats, began his voyage up the river lo 
 Unchelaga. 
 
 Among the woods on the margin of ibe river were 
 many vines loaded with white grapes, than which 
 nothing could he a more welcome si^bt to French- 
 men, though the fruit was not so delicious as they 
 had been used to taste in their own country. Along 
 the hanks were many huts of the unlives ; wlio nuule 
 signs of joy as they passed ; presented ibem with lisb ; 
 piloted them througli narrow channel.s ; carried tbcui 
 ashore on their backs, and helped ibeni to get oil'tlieir 
 boatawhcn aground. Some presented their <'hiUlren to 
 them, and such as were of proper age were accepted. 
 
 The water at tliat time of the year being low, their 
 inssage was rendered dillicult ; hut by the friendly as- 
 eietance of the natives they surmonuled the ol).slruc- 
 tions. On the SSth of Seplember they i a.'ised the rap- 
 ids between the islands in the upper | art of the lake 
 An^oleme, (now called St. IVters) and i>n llie second 
 of Oclober they arrived at the ishuul of HtH'helaga ; 
 where they had been expected, and preparations were 
 made to gtve them a welcome reception. About a 
 thousand persons came to meet them, Kingin*; and 
 dancing, the men on one side, the women on the oth- 
 er, and the children in a distinct body. JVesents of 
 fish and other victuals were brought, and in return 
 were given knives, beads ami other trinkets. Tlie 
 Frenchmen lotlged the first night in their boats, and 
 the natives walched on the shore, dancing round their 
 iires during the whole nioht. 
 
 The next morning Cartier, with Iwenty-fivp of his 
 company, went to visit the town, and were met on the 
 way by a person of diKlinclion, who bade them wel- 
 Ciimo. To him they gave two hatchets and two knives, 
 and hung over bis neck a cross which they taught him 
 to kiss. As they proceeded, they passed throui.'h 
 groves of oak. from which acorns were fallen ami lay 
 thick on the ground. After this they ciune to lields 
 of ripe corn, some of which was gathered. In the 
 midst of these Holds was situate the town of Hoche- 
 I&ffa. 
 
 It was of a round form, encompassed with threelinos 
 of [lalisades. through which was one entrance, well se- 
 cured with stakesand bars On the inside was a ram- 
 part of timber, to which were ascents by ladders, and 
 neaps of stones were laid in proper places for defence 
 In the town were about fifty long huts built with 
 itakes and covered with bark. In the middle of each 
 fiut was a fire, round which were lodging places, lloor- 
 ed with bark and covered with skins. In the upper 
 part was a scartold on which they drieil and preserved 
 Iheir corn. To prepare it for eating, ihey ptnnided it 
 m wooden mortars, and having mixed it with water, 
 baited it on hot stones. Ueside- cnni they had beans, 
 •iquashes ami pumjikins. 'I'liey dried tl'ieir fish and 
 trutarved them iti troughs. These people lived chiefly 
 
 I liy tillage nnd fishing, and seldom went far from home. 
 I 'I'luiseon the lower parts of ihi' rixiT were more giv- 
 I en to hunting, ami considered the liord of Huchelaga 
 as their sovereign, to whom they paid tribute. 
 
 When the new guests were cnriduclcd lo an open 
 square in the centre of the town ; the lemales came to 
 them, rubbing their hands and faces, weeping with joy 
 at their arrival, and bringing their children to be 
 touched by the strangers. They spread nials for them 
 on the ground, whilst the men seated thenisel\es in a 
 large circle on the outside. The king was then brought 
 into a litter on the shoulders of ten men, and placed 
 on a mat next to the French Captain. He was idmut 
 fifty years old, and had no mark of distinction bnl a 
 coronet made of porenpiries's (piills dyed red ; which 
 he look oll'and gave lo (heCapiain, requcaling hun lo 
 rub his armi> and legs wliich were trembling uith the 
 patsy. Several persons, blind, lame and withered 
 with age, were also brought to be l<aiched ; as if ihey 
 supposed that their new guests were messengers from 
 heaven invested wilh a power of healing iliseases. 
 Carlier gratifu'd them as well as he cnuhi, by laying 
 his hands on them and repeating some deviitionai pas- 
 .•(ages from a service hook, which he had in Ids pock- 
 et ; accompanyuig his ejaculations wilh signilicant 
 geslurcs, and lilUng up his eves to hca\en. 'ibe na- 
 tives attentively observed and imitated all his motions. 
 
 Having perlorined this ceremony, be dcsireil the 
 men, women and ehililrcn to arrange theniselvcs in 
 separate bodies. To the men he gave halchcls, to the 
 women beads, and lolhe children rings, lie then (or- 
 dered his drums and irunipets lo sound, which higlily 
 pleased the company and set them to daticing. 
 
 Being desirous of ascending the hill, under which 
 the town was buill, the natives conducled iheni lo the 
 suimnit; where they were entertained wilh u mofct 
 exte.isive and beaulit'ul prospect of mountains, woods, 
 islands and waters. 'i'lny ob.served the course of ihe 
 river above, and sonn* falls of water in it ; and the na- 
 lives informed them thai they might .sail on it for three 
 nionthfi ; ihat it riin through two or three great lakes, 
 beyond which was a sea ot fresh water, to which they 
 knew of no lioumls ; and that on the other side of the 
 mountains there was anolhcr river which ran in a 
 ctmtrary direction to the sou'hwest, through a coun- 
 try full of delicious iVuits. and free from snow and ice; 
 thai there was fi)und such nu'tai as tlic Captain's 
 silirr whistle and the haft uf the dagger belonging to 
 (me of the company which was gilt with ^'c/r/. lieiiig 
 shown some copper, they po'uled lo 'he northward, 
 and said il came from Sagueiiay. To this hid Car- 
 tier gave the name of Moniical^ which it has ever since 
 retained. 
 
 'J'he visit being finished, the natives accompanied 
 the French to their boats, carrying such as were weary 
 on their sli(»ulders. Tln-y were loth to pari wilhibcir 
 guests, and followed them along the shore uf the river 
 lo a considcjatile distance. 
 
 Onthc'lth el October, Carlier and his company 
 dcparlcd from Hochelaga. In jiassingdown ihc river, 
 ihcv erected a cross on the pt)int of an island, which, 
 wilh three others, lay in the mouth of a shallow river, 
 on the north side, called Fouetz. On the eleventh they 
 arrived at the Fort de St. Croix, and found that iheir 
 ^companions had enclosed the ships with a palisade 
 anil rampart, on which they had mounted cannon. 
 
 The ne.\t day Uonacona invileil Ihein lo his resi- 
 detu'c, where they were eiilcrtained with the usual fes- 
 tivity and made the cushmiary presentb. They ob- 
 served thai these people us -d the haves of an herb 
 (tobacco) iwhich tliey preserved in pouches made of 
 skins and smoked in stone pipes. It was very 4)ilVn 
 sivc to the French ; bnl the natives valued it as con- 
 tributing much to the preservation tif their health. 
 Their houses appeared lo be well supplied wilh pro- 
 visions. Among other things which wi're new lolhe 
 French, they oliserved the scalps of live men, spread 
 and dried like parclunent. These were taken from 
 Iheir enemies the Toudamani, who came from the 
 suulh, and were continually at war wilh them. 
 
 lleing determined to spend the winter among those 
 friendly petiple, they traded wilh them for the provis- 
 ions which they could H|iare, and the river supplied 
 them with fish till il was bard fr07.cn. 
 
 In l)ec«*inber the seurvey began to make lis ap- 
 pearance among the natives, and Cartier i»roliiliited all 
 intercourse wilh them ; but il was not long before his 
 own men were laki 11 with it. It ra^'Cil with uncon- 
 Iroilel violence for above Uvo months, and by the mid- 
 dle of Feliruary, out uftme hundred and len persons, 
 fdly were sick at once, and eight or ten had died. 
 
 in this extremity Cartier appointed a day of solemn 
 
 humiliation nnd prayer. A crucifix waflpl.icef'. on a 
 tree, and as many as were able to walk wen' ir piiv 
 cession, through the ice and snow, singing tl *! seven 
 penitential psalms and pcrforniing ulber devotional 
 exercises. At the close of the soNnmily Cartier 
 nnide a vow, that " if il would please Cuul tu permit 
 him to return to France, he would go in pilgrimage to 
 our l.ndy of Itoquemado.'' IJut il was necessary to 
 watch as well as pray. To jirevent the natives from 
 kmiwing their weak and defenceless s(a!e. he obligi«l 
 all who were able, (o make as nuich nmse as pohsiblu 
 wilh axes and hannn<-rs; and told ihe nati\es thai 
 his men were all busily emph-yed. and that he would 
 not sulVer any of ibeni lo go from ihe ships till their 
 work was dour. Tfie ships wen^ fast tro/.en up t'wm 
 the niidille of iN'ovendier lolhe middle of March; tho 
 snow was four tcct deep, and hi^iher than the sides 0I 
 the siii|.s above the ice. The severity of the winter crt- 
 cecded all « m they ha<l ever experienced ; tlie scur- 
 vy Ktill laged ; twenty-five men had f.dleii victims to 
 il, and Ihe ulhers \v<>re so weak and low in spirits, 
 that they despaired of ever seeing ihcirnat* ■■ country. 
 
 In the {leplb of this distress and di-spoit.iency, ('ar- 
 tier, who had escaped Ibe dihcase, in walking one ilay 
 on the ice, mi'l some uf ibe natives, among w hoin was 
 Uotnagaia, one of the young men who had been with 
 hint to France and who then resided with bis country- 
 men at Siadacona. He had been sick with the scur- 
 vy, ids sjm>w8 had been shrunk and his knees swol- 
 len, his teeth loose, and his gums rotten ; but he was 
 then recovered, and lold ('aiticr of a certain tree ; tho 
 leaves and bark of which he had used as a remedy'. — 
 Cartier expressed his wish to see the tree; telling 
 him that one ofbispe.iple had been alVected with the 
 same disorder. Two women were iminedialely dis- 
 patched, who brunght len or twelve branches, and 
 showed him how lo prcjiare ibe decoction; which 
 was thus, ^' to boil the bark and the leaves ; to drink 
 of the liipior every olher day ; and to put the dregs un 
 the legs uf the siek."* 
 
 This remedy presently came into use. on bo.vd th« 
 sliips ; and ils good eHeels were so surprising, that 
 within one week they were complelely healed of Ihc 
 seurvey; and some who had venereal complaints of 
 loiii.' standing were also cured by the same nuans. 
 
 The severity of ihe winter having continued four 
 months without iiitenuission. at the return ol the sun 
 the season became niibler. atui in April the ice began 
 lo break up. On the third of May, (.'ariiiT took pos- 
 session oflhe counlry by erecting a cross, ihirty-five 
 feel high, on which was hung a shii-ld. bearing the 
 arms uf France, with this inscri|ition : Fhancicub 
 i'rinius, Dei f,na(ia, Fkamuiiim AVj-, rrinuit. 
 
 The same day being a day of fi-slivity, Ihe two 
 yourig savages. Taignoagni ami Domagaia, wilh I)o« 
 iiacona Ihe chief of the place, eameun board tbesbips, 
 and were jiartly prevailed on and partly constrained 
 to accompany Carlier to France. A handsome pre- 
 sent was made lolhe family ufDonacuna, but il was 
 wilh great reluctance that his friends parted with him; 
 though Carlier promised lo bring him again at the end 
 uf twelve nionlbs. On the sixib of May Ihey sailed 
 from the Fori uf St. (.'ruix ; arul having louehed at 
 St. IVter's in Newloundland, Ihey arrived at St. Ma- 
 lo in France the sixth ofjuly, I.O^G. 
 
 WhelherCartier performed his vow to fJud, tho 
 hislury does nut tell us; certain it is, huwever. that 
 he tlid nol perform bis pruniise 10 his passengers. The 
 zeal for adventures of ibis kind began to abale. IVei- 
 Ibeirgold nor silver were carried home. The advan- 
 tages of the fur trade were nut fully understond ; and 
 Ihe prospect of bciK fit from cullivalion in the short 
 sun.mcr of Ihat cold climate, was greatly overbalan- 
 ced, by the length and severity uf a Canadian w inter. 
 The natives had been so ofien told of ihe necessity uf 
 biiptism in order lo salvation, that un their arrival in 
 France, they were at their own recpiesl baptised ; hut 
 neither of them lived to see their nalive land again. 
 
 The rejiorl which (.'artier brought home, of tim 
 fine country hevond the Lakes, had however nnido 
 sucli an impre sionon the minds of stune, that, at 
 Ihe end of fiiUi" years, another exjiediliun was iitt*- 
 jected. Fnucis de la lioche, Lord of Hoherval, 
 was commissioned by the King as his Lieutenant, 
 
 • Tlii.-* iretj wii.-* calif"! t)y Uie iintivM, Aniftla nr IlHtieila — 
 Mr lliikluyi biiiiixhi-h U m Imvo Iici'm tlie Ha-t.-^afnn; Imi us ihfl 
 Intvfrt were iru-il wlih ilie bark, in tlie v.iaOT, il aiu.H liuva 
 l)iM-a nil evrr^'reon. Ttn' <heji' .ililii^ linrk wtTi' til.-'u api'lifa 
 luitii' fiiri! ti'i'8 uCilie iiiineiK. Kmin ilidHfriiTumsi inr»(i I a.in 
 inctttieil loiliiiik Uiat il wan ilioupruee pii," (|iiioiHCioudeiisiB) 
 wliicli is iiBiMJ in ilie snine iiiiuuicr liy ilie Imlian.- luui each iia 
 havt* li-ariitilftrihrni. S|inirr lipcr in well kuuwn .0 be apqw- 
 erfiil aiiiiHCdrlaiiie : luul tlui bnrk oliliis nnil ol'th* wlntu JHUfl 
 serves as a cataplniiai tur ivc u vie tial *n)»s. 
 
niOORAPHIES OF THE EARLY DISCOVERERS. 
 
 IS 
 
 icifix wns jiUcii'. on a 
 to w.ilk witii ir pill- 
 ow, sitij.'inj( ll* Brven 
 iiin^ iillitT ilc'viitionnl 
 hi' suli'imiily Carliir 
 |)li'iihe tioi) tu pcruiit 
 ilil ^11 ill pitt^rininirc to 
 I it was lu'cCHMiry lo 
 ■viMilllii' hiilivos Iriim 
 I'lesH t^tiilf. 111' (>lili^i<d 
 
 lllich lltllSI* :iK lUlhHlllIl' 
 lllld llir llllliM'K tliul 
 
 I'll, iiiul lliat 111' wiiuM 
 nil ilu' hlii|is till Ihi'ir 
 rt' liiht rrii/.fii u)i i'rntn 
 iiiililli' III Marcli ; ll\o 
 ;t|ii'r llinii till' siili'H ot 
 (crily ol'ilii' wiiiler cx- 
 rxiK'rii'iicnl ; llir ftcur- 
 I liiul liilirii vit'tiiiis to 
 k iiiiil luw ill h|iirilH, 
 cr ihi'ir mil'" cimiilry. 
 iinil lii'ispnii.ii'iiry, ('nr- 
 si', III walkiii;; inic^ iliiy 
 \i'K. miinnii whi'in was 
 '11 who liail liri'li \villl 
 sidiil «iili lii« I'litinliy- 
 'I'll sit'k with llie si'ur- 
 
 anil Ills kiiocn bwiiI- 
 118 nilli'ii ; lull lit! was 
 r Ilia I'lrlain tree ; tlio 
 ni usi'il as a ri'iiH'ily. — 
 
 si'i! the tri'i' ; Irlliiij; 
 lii'iMi allrdi'il willi ti.e 
 
 wiTf iiniiu'iliali'ly ilis- 
 Um'Ih' liraliclit'S, anil 
 ho ili't'iu'lum ; wliicli 
 il till' IcaM's ; ti) ilriiik 
 and to put the drrgs un 
 
 into Ufio, on ho.iiJ the 
 ri' so surprising, that 
 npli'li'ly healed of Iho 
 venereal t'Diiiplaiiita of 
 hv (he same means. 
 haviii}» c'lintiinieil four 
 III Ihe reUini of the sun 
 lin April the iee heiraii 
 
 IV, ("artier took poa- 
 i;i'a eriiss, ihiriy-tive 
 I shiehl, heariiij,' the 
 iseriplion : Fhamui'B 
 
 of li'stiCily, llie two 
 Uoiiiai;aia, with l)o- 
 iiieoii hoard the ships, 
 nd partly eonslraiiied 
 A hamlsniue pre- 
 liiiiaeoiia, liul it w aa 
 Is paried with him; 
 him again at the end 
 h ot May Ihey sailed 
 id havini; louehed at 
 hev arrived at St. Ma- 
 CM. 
 rt vow to (iod, tho 
 it is, however, that 
 hispasseticers. 'I'lio 
 hecan lo aliale. Kei- 
 hollie. The advali- 
 I'ully undersleiid ; and 
 ivaiion ill the shoit 
 IS (ireally overlialaii- 
 iraCaiiadian winter, 
 lid id the neeessily of 
 on Iheir arrival in 
 ipiest haplised ; hut 
 na:ivelalid aeain. 
 iiifilit home, of the 
 had however niudii 
 Is of some, that, at 
 .vjH'dilioii was i>rj- 
 Loril of Hoherval, 
 as his Lieutenant, 
 s'Aait'ila or IIiiiieilB — 
 III' SH.isiil'riii; I'lii IS ni" 
 '. v.iiiO'r, il imii'l hnvii 
 iirk wi'iv .il'-o npl'liml 
 lii',-i'rin'iimslin*'''s I am 
 ■ li'." (pintist'!ii>.iilriisiR) 
 III' lij'liiili- aiiiUllch aa 
 M'll klic.Wli LlilM^POW- 
 ii«niulorih««liil»»''« 
 ''uroii. 
 
 Oovornor in Canada and Hockclaita ; and Cartier 
 was appointed his pilot, willi Iho e.oininand of live 
 •hips. When they were ready to sail, Uolierval had 
 not Hnished his preparaliona, and was Iherelore de- 
 tained. Tho Kind's orders lo ('artier lieini; positive, 
 lio sailed from St. Main on llie Slid of May 1510. 
 
 The winds were adverse and the voyaiio tedious. 
 The 8lii|i9 were scatlered, and did not arrive at the 
 place of their ileslination till Iho '.i:!d of.Aut^ust; when 
 Ihey came tu the port of St. Croix in the river of Can- 
 ada. 
 
 The first imiuiry made liy the natives was for their 
 countrymen who liad heen carried away. Tho an- 
 swer was, that Uouaeona was dead, and that the oth- 
 ers had heeoine j^reat Lords, were married in France, 
 and refu.sed lo return. Meilher sorrow nor resent- 
 ment were shown on this occasion ; hut a secret jeal- 
 ousy, which had heen long working, received slrength, 
 from an answer so liahle to suspicion. 
 
 The history of this voyage heiiig imperfect, it is not 
 possihie lo say, in what particular manner this jealou- 
 sy operated. Ca:'' made another excursion, up the 
 river ; and piteheo ■ ii a place ahout four leagues aliove 
 .^t. Croix to lay up three of his vessels for tho winter. 
 The other two lie sent hack to France, to inform the 
 Kill), of A hat they had done; and that Roherval had 
 not arrived. 
 
 At the new harhour, which he had chosen for his 
 Bhi[is, was ,1 small river, running in a serpentine 
 course to the south. On Ihe eastern side of its en- 
 trance was a high and sleep elilf; od the top of which, 
 ihey huilt a fort and called it (Jharlehurg. llelow, the 
 ships were drawn up and forlilieil, as ihey li.id heen 
 ill the firmer winter which he spent here. Not far 
 from the fori were some rocks eoiilaining chryslals ; 
 which Ihey deiiomiiialed diamonds ; and on the shore 
 were picked up certain specks of a yellow suhstance, 
 which Iheir imagin.itioiis reliiied into gold. Iron ore 
 was found in ahundaiicc ; and a kind of lilack slate, 
 Willi veins of an apparent melallie suhstance. 
 
 Ill what manner they passed the winter, Ihe defec- 
 tive aeooinits which we have do not iiit'orm us. In ihe 
 spring of Ihe following year, (,'arlier and his company 
 having heard noihingof iioherval ; and eomluding 
 that ihey were ali.iiiiloni'd hy Iheir friends and expos- 
 ed to perish in a cliinale the most severe, and among 
 people whose conducl loward ihem was lolally cliAiig- 
 ed, deleniiinnl lo return lo France. .Accoriiingly 
 having sel .sail, at llie hreaking up of the ice, lliey ar- 
 rived in the harhor of St. ,lolin's in Newfouiidiand, 
 sonielime in June ; where Ihey niel Roherval, who, 
 with three ships and Iwo hundred persons, male and 
 female, had sailed from Rochellein .April ; and were 
 on their way to eslahlisli a eidoiiy in (Jaiiada. Car- 
 tier went on hoard Roherval's ship, and showed him 
 the di.inionds and gold which he had found ; hut told 
 hiui that the lioslile disposilioii of the natives had 
 obliged him lo quit Ihe I'oiintry ; which however he 
 represented to hiiiias capahle of prnlilalilecullivation. 
 Kolierval ordered him to relilrn lot'anada ; hiil ("ar- 
 tier privately sailed out of the harbor in llic niglil,aiid 
 pursued his voyage to France 
 
 Morlified and disap[ioiiiled, Roherval conlimied 
 •cine lime longer al Si. Johns hi't'ore he proceeded, 
 and ahoni Ihe end of Jnlv arrived at the place which 
 Carlier h.id ipiilled. There he creeled a fort on a 
 coimnaiiiling eiiiinence. and aiioiher at its fool ; in 
 which were deposited all ihe provision. aummnilion, ar- 
 tillery, implemenls of hushandry, and other materials 
 for the inteiided colony. 
 
 In Si'pieinlier, Iwo vessels were sent hack lo France, 
 to carry speeiiiii'Ms of chryslal, and felcll provisions 
 for the next year ; iho stores which lliev had brought 
 being much reduied. lly the help of The ll.sli which 
 they look in the river, and Ihe game which Ihey pro- 
 cured from the savages ; and by well hiishandiiig 
 their provisions, ihey lingered out a tedious wiiitei% 
 having sulfered much from the scurvy, of which about 
 fifty of them died. In addilioii l,i this dislress, R,,h. 
 erval exercised such severity in his government, that 
 one man was hanged, several were laid in irons, and 
 noineofhoth sexes underwent the discipline of the 
 whip. 
 
 In April the ice began to break up ; and on Ihe 
 fifth of June he proceeded up the river ; leaving Ue 
 Roye'/.e, his Lieulenant, to coinmand in his absence, 
 with orders toeinbark for France, if he should nut re- 
 turn by the middle of July. 
 
 As tho account of the expeililion ends here, we can 
 only roiuaik that the colony was broken up ; and no 
 nir'her attempt was made hv Ihe French to eslahlisli 
 IbemwlTea in Canada, till after the eipiratioii of hulf 
 
 a century. The last account of Roherval is that, in 
 l.'ill), he sailed with his brother on soiiio voyage of 
 discovery, and never i. "turned. 
 
 Ill lliis fiist visit, which the natives of Canada re- 
 ceived from Ihe Europeans, we have a striking instance 
 of their priinitivo manners. Suspecting no danger, 
 and inllnenced by no fear, they embraced the stranger 
 with unalli'Cted joy. Their huts were open to re- 
 ceive him, their tires and furs to give warmth and rest 
 to his weary liinhs ; their food was shared with liiin or 
 given in exchange for his trilles ; they were ready with 
 their simple medicines to heal his diseases and his 
 wounds; they wouhl wade through rivers and climb 
 rocks and mountains to guide him in tiis way, and they 
 would remember and requite ins Iiindncss more than it 
 deserved. 
 
 Unhappily for them they set too high a value on 
 their new guest. Iniaginin,. him to he of a heavenly 
 origin, they were cxtravagau and unguarded in their 
 first allachnient, and from sou'" specimens ofl.is su- 
 periority, obvious to their senses, ihi'v expected more 
 Ihr.n ought ever to be expected from i "ings of the 
 same species. But when the mistake was discover- 
 ed, anil the stranger whom they adored proved to be 
 no more than human, having the same inferior desires 
 and passions with iheinsi'lves ; especially when they 
 found their confidence misplaced and Iheir generous 
 friendship ill reipiited ; then the rage of jealous-,' ex- 
 tinguished Ihe virtue of benevolence; and they strug- 
 gled to rid themselves of liim, as an enemyi whom 
 they had received into their bosom as a friend. 
 
 On the other hand, it was too common for the Eu- 
 ropean adventurer to regard the man of nature as an 
 inferior being ; and whilst he availed himself of his 
 slrenglh and experience, lo iibo;:c his conlidence, and 
 repay his kindness with insult and injury ; to slignia- 
 tize him as a heathen and a savage, and to bestow on 
 him the epilhels of deceitful, treacherous, and cruel ; 
 though he himself had first set the example of these 
 detestable vices. 
 
 F E R U I N A N 1) O I) E 'S O T O . 
 
 FKnniNANUO DS Soto — His ex|ii'iliijnii— Hi« ailvi'iuiircs — He 
 Iit'iii'lrales iiiuilhc iiiU'ritinif ihe fiiuiilry— His iliMii-iilly Willi 
 llie liii;iiiiis— Ki.routilcr Willi tliv liiilimis in which many arc 
 killnl-llisili'iuh. 
 
 The travels and Iransactions of this adventurer are 
 of so lilile iniporlance in the hislory of .'Xmerica, that 
 I should nol have thought them worthy of nulice ; had 
 il iKil been, that some genlleuien of ingenuity and 
 learning have had recourse to the expedition of this 
 .Spaniard as a means of solving the question respect- 
 ing ihe mounds and fortiftealioiis, of a regular con- 
 slriu'tion, which within a lew years past have been 
 discovered in the ihickest shades of the .\merican 
 forest.* Though the opinion seems lo have been 
 eaiidiilly given up by one of Ihe writers who attempt- 
 ed loilefeiiil it ; yet as what was piiblisheil on llie 
 siiliji'cl may have impressed some persons Willi an 
 iilia that Ihese works were of European fabric, I shall 
 hrielly relate the hislory of Solo's march ; and tbcdif- 
 fii'iil'ies which allend the supposiiion that he was the 
 builder of any oflhese fortilirations. 
 
 .\lier llie conquest of Mexico and I'eru, in the he- 
 giiiiiiii'j of the sixleenlh ceiiliiry. Ihe iiiexlinguisha- 
 able ibirst for gold, which had seized the .Spaiiish ad- 
 venturers, prompied ilicm lo search for thai fiewilcli- 
 iiig metal wherever there could he any prospect of 
 finding it. Three unsuccessful allenipls had been made 
 ill Florida, by I'once, Cioiuez, and Narvaez ; but be- 
 cause lliese adveliliirers did not jienetrate Ihe interior 
 parts of the eoiiiinent, Fkhiiinmnoo m: ,So-ro, (lovern- 
 orof (.'iilia, who had been a com|iaiiiiui of Ihe I'izar- 
 ros in their I'eriivian expedilioii, and had Ihere amas- 
 sed much weallli, projected a march into Florida, of 
 which coiiiilry he hail the tille ol .■Xdelanlado, or I're- 
 siileiil. He sailed from the port of llavannah. May 
 KS. l.'i;)!), Willi nine vessels, six biindred nieii.t two 
 hundred and thirleen horses, and a herd of swine, and 
 arrived on IhcoOlh of the same luoiiih in ihe bay of 
 Espirilii Santo, on the western coasi of Ihe peninsula 
 of Florida. 
 
 lieing a soldier of fortune and delerinined on con- 
 quest, he immedialely pilehed bis camp and secured il. 
 .\ fiiraging parly mel with a few Indians who resisted 
 
 • llllu' ri'ililiT wi'.hi's lii-it'e a |iariii'llliirilivi'sli(;nlinli ol'llii.i 
 hy|H'llir.-is, Uf may r'.iisull the .^iiH'rimii M.iea/iiie, priiitril iil 
 New-Ynrk, for Ili'ft'iiilicr U.s7, Jaimnry iiinl Kt'hniary 17ss, 
 aiitl siaiie Biihsi'tiiu'iii iitiiiiliiTH : rnuipiiri''il with ihe (■olumhiiiii 
 Mnirii-icilio, priiileil ill IMiilailolphia, fur SctiteiiilH'r niul Novcm- 
 hi'r I7S3. 
 
 t 111 rritirt''.i<')ir"iinli'2y ii i;i piiiil thru Soinliail !loo mi'ii, hui 
 lie niii'les Fiircha^ t.-r liij uulliuiily, in wligsu book tho uunl* 
 twc u " lix huuilral." 
 
 them i two were killed, the others escaped, and report- 
 ed to their connlrymen thai the watriurs of fire had 
 invaded their terriiories: upon which llie smaller towuu 
 were deserted and the iialives hid in Ihe woods 
 
 Having met witlha Spaniard of the parly of Nar- 
 vaez, who had heen wrecked on the coast, and had been 
 twelve years a captive willi the Indians, Soto made 
 use of him as a messenger lo iliem to inquire fi>r gold 
 and silver ; and wherever he could receive any infor' 
 mation, respecting these precious metals, thither he 
 directed his march. 
 
 His manner of marcliing was tliif ; The horsemen 
 rarried hags of corn and other iiroviwuis ; Ibe foot-inen 
 inarched by Ihe side of the horses, and the swine were 
 driven before llieiii. When Ihey first landed ihey hao 
 Ihirteen li'inale swine, wliitli in Iwo years increaavJ 
 lo several hundreds; the warnilh of Ihe climate being 
 favorable to their propagation, and, the forests yielding 
 them a plenty of food. 
 
 The first summer and winter were spent in llie pe- 
 ninsula of F'lorida, not far from the bay of Apalache; 
 and in the liegiiining of the liillow log spring, having 
 sent back his vessels to (^'uba for supplies, and left a 
 part of his men at the port, where he expecled Ibe ships 
 to return, he marched towards Ibe noiili and east, in 
 search of a place called Vupalia, where he had been 
 informed there was gold. 
 
 In this march he crossed Ihe river Allaniaha, and 
 probably the Ogechee, and came, as he w-as informetl, 
 within two days' journey of Ihe bay of .St. Helena, 
 where the Spaniards had been several years helore. In 
 all this march he staid nol more than a week in any 
 one place. 
 
 He then set his face iiorlhtranl, and having passed 
 a hilly country, came to a district called (;iialaque, 
 which is supposed lo be the country now called Che- 
 rokee, on the upper branches of the river Savannah. 
 Thence ho turned Vf^xtwant, in search of a place call- 
 ed Chialia, and in this roule be crossed the Allegany 
 ridge, and came lo Cliiaha, where his horses and men 
 being excessively fatigued, he rested thirty days. Tho 
 horses fed in a meadow, and Ihe people lay under tho 
 trees, the wealher being very boi, and the natives in 
 peace. This was in the nionlhs of May and June. 
 During Iheir abode ihere ihey heard of a country tail- 
 ed Cliisca, where was cop|ieriiid another metal of Ihe 
 same color. This country lay iwilliuiml, and a parly 
 was sent with Indian guides lo view il. Their report 
 was. that Ihe mounlaiiis were imgiassable. and Solo 
 did not alleinpt lo proceed any farllier in that direction 
 
 From a careful iiispeclioii of ihe maps in the Ame- 
 rican Alias, I am iiieliiied lo think that Ihe place where 
 Soto crossed Ihe inotiiilains was williin the Ihirty-fifth 
 degree of lalilude. In Delisle's map, a village called 
 (Janasaga is laid down on Ihe i\. VV. side of the Al- 
 legany, or (as it is somelimcs called) the .Apalachian 
 ridge of mounlains, in that lalilude; and l/'hiaha is 
 said in Colo's journal lo be five days 'vestward from 
 Caiiasaga. 
 
 To ascertain iho situalion offJhiaha, we must ob- 
 serve that it is said to he subject lo Ihe Lord of Cosa, 
 which is situaleoii an eastern branch of the Mobile; 
 and Solos sick men came itutni Ihe river from Chiahii 
 in lionts. This river could be none hut a branch of tho 
 .Mi'bile; and bis course was llicn lurned loward tho 
 xfUflli. In ibis march he passed Ihroiigb Alibama, Ta- 
 lise, Tasealiisa. names which are still known ami 
 marked on the maps, till he came to Ihe town of Ma- 
 villa, which llie French pronoiiiice .Moiiville and Ma- 
 liille. Il was Ihen a wailed town, bill llie walls w*ro 
 of wood. The iiihatiilaiits had coiiceived a ilisgust to 
 llie .Spaniards, which was ,'iugini'iili'il by an oulrago 
 coiiimilted on one of iheir chiel's.alid finally hrokcout 
 in a severe eoiilhel, in which Iwo llioUsand of Ihe iii- 
 noieiil natives were slain, and many of ihe .Spaniarilu 
 killed and wounded, and Ihe lowii vvas burnt. This 
 was ill the lalier end of October. 
 
 It is probable that Solo iiiiendi'd lo pass llie winter 
 in the neighborhood of that village, if he could liava 
 ki'pl oil friendly leriiis Willi llic Indians ; liir lliere liu 
 could have had a conuuiiiiicalion willi Cuba. There 
 he heard that the vessels which be had sent to Ciild 
 fiir supplies were arrived al ()clius(l'ensacola.) wliero 
 he agreed lo meet them; hut he kept Ibis information 
 secret, hecause ho had nol yet made any discoveriea 
 which his .Spanish friends would Ihiiik worthy of re- 
 gard. The country about him was populous and hoa- 
 lile, and, being void of gold or silver, was nol an ob- 
 ject fiir him to possess at the risk of losing his army, 
 of which above aniiiindrcd had already perislicd. lid 
 therefore, after slaying twenly-eight days for the to- 
 cuvci; ufUiiwuuudeii, dctcruiiiieJon a retreat. 
 
M 
 
 AMERICAN niSTOHV. 
 
 In thia retreat it lias been supposed that he penetra- 
 lod northward, beyond the Ohio. 'I'lie truth i», that 
 ho began liis ninrch from Mavilla, a village near the 
 mouth of the Moliile, on the 18th of IS'oveinber, and 
 on the 17th of December arrived at Chicaca, an In- 
 dian village of twenty hoUBCa, where they remained 
 till the next April. 
 
 The distance, the time, the nature of the country, 
 the course and manner of the niarch, and the name of 
 the village, all concur to determine this winter station 
 of Soto to be a village of the Ckirkcsaw Indians, sit- 
 uate on the upper part of the Yasou, a branch of the 
 IMississippi, about eighty leagues northwestward from 
 Mobile, and not less than one linndreil and forty 
 leagues southwestward from the Muskingum, where 
 the great fortifications, which gave rise to this inquiry 
 are found From Chieaea, in the spring, bo went 
 westward, and crossed a river within th'j thirly-fourtb 
 degree of latitude, which he called Ric Grande, and 
 which is now known to be the Mississippi. 
 
 On the western side of the ^Mississippi, after ram- 
 bling all summer, he spent the next ninler, at a place 
 called Autiamtiue, where he enclosed his camp with 
 a wall of timber, the work of three days only. With- 
 in this enclosure ho loilged safely during three 
 months; and in the succeeding spring, ihn nrtreine 
 fatigue and anxiety which be had sulTeied, threw him 
 into a fever, of which he died. May 21, l.''vl2, at G»a- 
 coya. To prevent his death from being known to the 
 Indians, his body was sunk in the midillcofa river. 
 
 His Lieutenant, Louis do Moscosco, continued to 
 ramble on the western side of the Mississippi, till the 
 next summer ; when worn with fatigue, disappoint- 
 ment, and loss of men, he built seven boats, called 
 brigaiilines, on the Mississippi, in which, the shatter- 
 ed remnants, consisting of three hundred and eleven, 
 returned to Cuba, in September, l.')13, 
 
 The pl.ice where Soto died is said to have been on 
 the bank of the Red river, a western branch of the 
 Mississippi, in lat. 31°. The place where the rem- 
 nant of his army built their ve.-i.«e!s and embarked for 
 Cuba, is called in the journal Minoya. Tliev were 
 ecveiileen days in sailing down the river, and they 
 computed the distance to be two hundred and fitly 
 leagues.* 
 
 From this account, faithfully abridged from Purchas 
 and compared with the best maps, I am fully persua- 
 ded that tile whole country through which Koto trav- 
 elled on the eastern side of the Mississippi Is compre- 
 hended within Florida, Georgia and South Carolina ; 
 aiid that be never went farther mirlhward than the 
 35th degree of latitude, which is distant two degrees 
 southward from any part of the Ohio. The cimclu 
 sion then is, that he could not have been the liuildcr of 
 those fortifications still remaining in that part of the 
 continent which lies N. W. of the Ohio. Xor indeed 
 can any works which he erected for tlie securilv of his 
 camp be subsisling at this time ; for the best of them 
 were maile of wood, and were intended to cover his 
 men and protect his horses and swine only during one 
 winter. 
 
 The vvorks which have so much excited curiosity 
 and conjecture, are far more numerous, extensive and 
 ilurable. They arc f lund in various and distant pla- 
 ces, in the iiilerior part of the coiilinent. on both sides 
 oftlie Mississippi; on the Ohio and its hranehes ; on 
 James and I'oi.iwniiick rivers in Viruinia ; in the 
 country of the Six Nations, ami on the shores of 
 Lake Krie ; where they are e.U'eedingly nuinerous. 
 
 The most obvious mode of solving the quest ion re- 
 «pecliiigtlieiii. is by impiiry of the present natives. — 
 But the struetur 's are too ancient for their tradition ; 
 the oldest and wisest men know nothing of their orig- 
 inal. The form and materials of these works, indi- 
 cate the existence of a race of men superior to the 
 pre- "' .cij. iniriproveinent, in design, and in that 
 'vhicli niust have aceompanied the labor of 
 
 » *' liavc been fiund growing on them 
 
 ■':">' ''■ ,iuvvii, and from indubitalile marks, are 
 
 t; 'Vi ; • e I ,.•, ii|nvards of Ihreo hundred years 
 ■I ■ '' '■ se the first growth upon them. 
 
 ' id nimparls areconslructed of earth, 
 ■• '■ ■ ' a llrmncss and solidity, which ren- 
 
 der it proliaolc mat they are the work of some reinole 
 Hge and some other people , who had dilferent ideas 
 of convenience and were better aii|uaiiiled with the 
 arts of de.'ence ; and in fact were much more numer- 
 ous than the ancestry of those natives, of wlioin we or 
 our fathers have h ad any knowledue. It is to be 
 
 • Mr. l-riiiiT, i,i lii.i clir(ii[iil"i.'v, ^avTIiKl, in fi^urfr : \:m 
 »*«liM, from wlium bo quotes, says "two liuiiilicd sod fifiy." 
 
 hoped that the persons who now occupy and are cul- 
 tivating the lands where these singular buildings are 
 found, will preserve, as far as they are able, some at 
 least of these nionumenis of unknown ages; that as 
 they have long resisted the ravages of lime, and may 
 ]>ossibly ballle the researches of the present genera- 
 tion, they may subsist unimpaired as subjects of spec- 
 ulation to our posterity. 
 
 HUMPHREY GILBERT. 
 
 Master Ilore sails en a voynijo oftliKrovcr.v, nori>iiipnniril tiy n 
 mnaI)LT orgi-nllt'nu'ii niraiik and liTtiiiic— They ^I't rcitucrd 
 — Tlii'y devour etieannlher— Stizure of a Krriir'Ii veM,<el with 
 prnvision liy liio ^npliah— IlcMPUHRV (.ilLBEBT— H«' oh- 
 lains n cniiitniflsinM froiii Qilfeii Klizulietli— Ho faila niid la 
 nvertaliea liy a atnrni — la ntilieed lo pul ttui'k— His tlillinil. 
 lieri— He npaia aela pail Willi five H!ii|ia niid nrrivea in Aiiier- 
 ira — llis reoe|in()|i — He laltra poaseaainn in ttie iiniiiu ot the 
 tiueen— IIee.''l«ldislita Inwa— He aailaoli liia relurn— Loss 
 oltlie Deliijhl — Loss ol'tlie vesael Willi (.Jilbert on tmartl. 
 Aftkb the discovery of Aewfoundland by the Ca- 
 bots, the passion for adventure, among the English, 
 met with many severe checks. But whilst one ad- 
 venturer ? Her another was returning home from an 
 unsuccessful vovage, intended to jienetrate unknown 
 seas to China , foriig.'.'-rs were reajiing the benefit of 
 their partial discoy-^riea 
 
 Within the rrst forty years we have no account of 
 any attempt made by the English lo prosecnie the 
 discovery of the new continent, except that in l.')3G, 
 two vessels containing one hundred and twenty per- 
 sons, of whom thirty where gentlemen of education 
 and character, under the conduct of "Master Hore 
 of London" made a voyage to Kewfnundland ; but 
 they were so ill provided, and knew so little of the na- 
 ture of the country, that they suffered the extremity 
 of famine. For. notwithstanding the immense quan- 
 tities of fish and fowl to be found on those coasts; 
 they were reduced so low as to vvalcli the nests of birds 
 of prey and rob them of the fish which tliey brought 
 lo feed Iheir young. To collect this scanty supply, 
 with a mixture of roots and herbs, the men dispersed 
 theinselvcs in the woods, until several of them were 
 missing. It was at first thought they were devoured 
 bv wild beasts ; but it wa.s found that they met with a 
 more tragical fate; the stronger having killed the 
 weaker and feasted on their flesh. In the midst of 
 this distress, a French ship arriving with a supply of 
 provisions, tliev took her by fiirce, and returned to Eng- 
 land ; leaving lo the l-^renehinen their own sinailer 
 vessels, and dividing the provision between limn. 
 Complaint of this act of piracy was made to King 
 Henry ^'1I1 ; who knowing the miseries of the uiifiir- 
 lunate crew, instead of punishing them, paid the diim- 
 age out ()f his own colfers. 
 
 Within the succeeding forty years, the English had 
 begun lo make some advantage by the fishery ; and in 
 l:V?>',the state of it is thus described. "There are about 
 one hundred sail of Spaniards who come to lake cod ; 
 who make it all wet, and dry it w hen they eoine home; 
 besides twenty or thirty more, who come I'roiii Biscay 
 to kill whales for train. 'I'liese be better appointed for 
 shipping and furniture of munition than any other na- 
 tion save the English ; who commonly are lords of the 
 harbors. As touehing their tonnage, I think it may be 
 near five or sixthousand. Of Portiigals. there are not 
 above fifiy sail, whose tonnage may amount to three 
 thousand, and they make all wet. Of the French ii.i- 
 lion are about one hundred and liliy sail ; the most of 
 their shipping is very small, imt past (iirly tons; among 
 wliieli some are (.'real and re.is,in;ibly well appointed ; 
 better ttiaii the PorlUL'als. and imt sowed as the Span- 
 iarils ; the biirdrn of them may be about seven thous- 
 and. The English vessels have increased in fouryears 
 from thirty to fifty sail. The triiile which our iiatii n 
 lialh to Iceland, inakelh. that the English are not there 
 in such nuiiihers as other nations,'' 
 
 The next year (l.'iTlt) yiienn F.lizabeth granted to 
 .Sir Ilumphn'y Gilbert, a patent for the discovering, 
 occupying and peiqiling of " such remote, heiithen and 
 barbarous countries as were not actually possessed by 
 any Christian people." In coiiseipience of Ibis grant 
 many of his friends joined him, anil preparations were 
 made f(>r an expedition, which promised to be highly 
 aiK .ntageous. But before the licet was ready, some 
 declined and retracted their engagements. Ciilbert 
 with a few eonipanions, sailed ; but a violent storm, in 
 which one of the sliijis foundered, caused them lo re- 
 turn. This inisfiirtiine involved him in ilebt ; and he 
 had no way to satisfy the demands of his creditors, 
 but by grants of land in America. By bucIi means Ihe 
 country was not likely lobe peopled, nor the conditions 
 of his patent fiillilled. He was obliged therefore to 
 sell his estate before he could make another uttt'tn(it ; 
 
 and alfer long solicitation, being assisted tiy aoine 
 friends, he set sail from Plymouth with five shipi, car- 
 rying two hundred and sixty men, on the eleventh of 
 June l.'iSS; and on the eleventh of July arrived off tlio 
 b;iy of St. John, on Ihe eastern co;ist ' Newfoundland 
 
 Thirty-six fishing vessels were tl . in the harbor, 
 who refused him adinitlance. He prejiared to eiilet 
 by force of arms ; but previously sent in his boat with 
 bis comniissjon from t^ueen Eli/.abelh ; on sight of 
 which they submitted, and he sailed into the port. 
 
 The iiilenlion of this voyage was to take formal pos- 
 session of the island, and of the fishery .in its banks, 
 for the crown of England. This was done in the fol- 
 lowing ninnner : , 
 
 On Monday the fifth of August, Admiral Gilbert 
 had his tent pitched on shore, in sight of all tl.e ship- 
 ping; and being attended by his own people, sum- 
 moned the nicrchanls and masters of vessels, both 
 Eiiglishnien and others to be present at the ceremony. 
 When they were all assembled, his coinmission was 
 read, and interpreted to the foreigners. Then a turf 
 and a twig were delivered to him, which he received 
 with a hazle wand. Immediately, proclamation wag 
 made, that by virtue of his commission from the tjiieen, 
 lie took possession lor the crown of England, of the 
 harbor of St. John, and two hundred leagues every 
 way round it. 
 
 Ho then published three laws, for the government 
 of the territory. By the first, public worship was es- 
 lablislied according to the mode of the church of Eng- 
 laiiil. By the second, the attempting of any thing pre- 
 judicial to her Majesty's title was declared treason, ac- 
 cording to the laws of JInglaiid. By the third, the ut- 
 tering of words lo Ihe dishonor of her Majesty was lo 
 he puni.shcd with the loss of ears and the coiifiscalion 
 of property. 
 
 The pro<'lamalion being finislied, assent and obedi- 
 ence were signified by loud acclamations. A jiillarwas 
 erected, bearing a plate of lead, on which the yiieen's 
 arms were engr.aven ; and several of Ihe merchants 
 look grants of land, in see farm ; on which they might 
 cure their fish, as they had done before. 
 
 A tax of provision, by her Majesty's authority, was 
 levied on all the ships. This t;i.\ was readily paid ; 
 besides which, the Admiral rcceivi'd presents of wine, 
 fruit, and other refreshments, chielly from the Portu- 
 guese. 
 
 This fonnal possession, taken by Sir Humphrey 
 Gilberl, in consequence of the discovery by the Cabots, 
 is the founilation of the right and title of ihe crown of 
 England to the territory of Newfoundland and to the 
 fishery on its banks, 
 
 .■\8 far as the time would permit, a survey was made 
 oftlie country ; one principal object of which was the 
 discovery of mines and inine'-.ds. The mineralogist 
 was a .Saxon, who is characterized as " honest and re- 
 ligious." This man brought to the .'Xdniiral first a 
 specimen of iron, then a kind of ore, which, on the 
 peril of his life, he prolesled to be silver. The Admi- 
 ral enjoined secrecy, and sent il on board ; intending 
 to have il assayed, when they sliouhl gel to sea. 
 
 The company being dispersed abroad, some were 
 taken sick and died ; suine hid Ihcmselves in the woods, 
 with an intention to go home, by the first iqiportunity ; 
 and others cut one of the vessels out of the harbor and 
 carried her off. 
 
 On the aOth of .August, the Admiral, having col- 
 lected as many of his men as could be found, and or- 
 dcicd one of his vessels to stay and lake off ilie sick ; 
 set sail with three ships; the Dcligbl, ihe Hind and 
 the Squirrel. He coasted along the sontliern part of 
 the island, with a view lo make Cape Breton mid the 
 Isle of Sable; on which lai.t, he had heard llial cattle 
 and swine had been landed by the Portoguese, thirty 
 years belbrc. 
 
 Being entangled among shoals and involved in 
 figs. th(^ Delight struck on a sand bank and was lost. 
 Fourteen men only saved tliemsr Ives in a boat; the 
 loss of Ihe Saxon refiner was particularly noted, and 
 nothing farther was heard of Ihe silver ore. This 
 misfiirtune determined the Admiral to return to Eng- 
 land, without attempting to make any farther disco- 
 veries, or to take possession of any other part of 
 .\nierica. On his passage, he met with bad weather. 
 The Squirrel frigate, in which Sir Humphrey sailed, 
 was overloaded on her deck ; but he persisted in 
 taking his passage in her, notwilhslanding the re- 
 inonsirances of bis friends, in the Hind, wlio would 
 have persuaded him lo sail wiili them. From tlio 
 circnmslance of his reluming from his first voyage 
 without aecoinplishing its object, it had been reporti'xl 
 that he was afraid of the 9«a ; had he yielded lo lb* 
 
DIOORAPHTKS OF THE EARLY DISCOVERERS. 
 
 M 
 
 , l)oing anfiiptpd Dy Boine 
 mouth with five Hhips, car- 
 y men, on tho eleventh of 
 enlh of July arrived olTtlio 
 rii coJiHt ' Newtbtindlanil 
 u were tl . in the harbor, 
 e. He prepared lo enter 
 }UKly 8eiit in hiH boat with 
 I KIt/.aheth ; on sight of 
 lie sailed into the port. 
 i<;e was lo take formal pog- 
 )f the fi«lu'ry jn ilM bankn, 
 This was done in the fol- 
 
 August, Admiral Gilbert 
 re, in si^ht ol all the ship- 
 by his own people, sum- 
 
 masters of vessels, both 
 le present at the ceremony. 
 bled, his comniissioi) was 
 
 foreigners. Then nturf 
 to him, which he received 
 diatety, proclamation was 
 immission from the Queen, 
 nrowii of Kniilinid, of the 
 vo hundred leagues every 
 
 laws, for the government 
 st, public worsliip was cs- 
 node of the church of Kng- 
 lempting of any thing pre- 
 le w as declared treason, ac- 
 land. IJy the third, the ut- 
 ihor of her Majesty was to 
 if ears and thu conliscation 
 
 finished, assent and obcdi- 
 acclamations. A pillar was 
 cad, on which the Cjucen's 
 
 several of the nierchanla 
 farm ; on which they might 
 done belorc. 
 
 r iMajchty's authority, was 
 his tiu was readily paid ; 
 
 received presents of wine, 
 its, chielly from the Purtu- 
 
 taken hy Sir Humphrey 
 discovery by the Cubuls, 
 and title uf the crown of 
 
 Sl'c^^ fouudland and to the 
 
 lerniit, a survey wni< made 
 " object of which \v:is the 
 
 '■.ds. The mineralogist 
 ,'rizcd as ** honest and re- 
 iit to the Admiral first a 
 iud of ore, which, on the 
 to be silver. The Admi- 
 it on board ; intending 
 ^lIoul^l get to sea. 
 
 ,.cd abmad. some were 
 il llicmsehcs in the woods, 
 
 , by the first opportunity ; 
 
 scIa out uf the harbor and 
 
 he Admiral, having col- 
 
 could be found, and or< 
 
 y and take off the sick ; 
 
 Delight, \\w Hind and 
 
 lonji the southern part of 
 
 Cape Ureton and the 
 
 he luui heard that callte 
 
 ly the Portuguese, thirty 
 
 dioals and involved in 
 sand bank and was lost, 
 >nisrlves in a boat ; the 
 particularly notcdf and 
 if the hilvtr ore. This 
 dmirai to return to Kng- 
 iiake any fartlier disco- 
 of any other part of 
 le met with bad weather, 
 h fSir Humphrey sailed, 
 c ; but he persisted in 
 notwithstanding the re- 
 in the Hind, wlio would 
 with them. From tho 
 \ from his first voyage 
 •cl, it hail been reported 
 ; had he yielded to (ba 
 
 KolieitaUon of his friends, the stigma might have been j 
 indelible. { 
 
 When the wind abated, and the vi ssels were near i 
 enough, the Admiral was kimmi (onstnuily Kittling in 
 the stern with a book in bis hand. On (he IHli of 
 SepteniluT, he was Hceii for the last time; and was 
 heani hy the people in the Hind to say, " We are as 
 near heaven l)y sea as l»y land.'' " *'ii- following 
 night, till' li^Iits of his ship suddenly disappeared. — 
 Tlie peiijile in tlie other vessel kept a good look out for 
 liiui. iluring tin' remainder of the \uyane. On tho 
 t\^enty-secorid itf September, they arrived, through 
 much tempest and peril, al Fatinouth. Uut nothing 
 more was seen or heard of the Admiral. 
 
 Whilst his zeal fur the interest ul' the Crown, and 
 the settlements t)f its American dominions, has been 
 largely connnended ; he has been blamed for his tc- 
 nicrily in lavishing his owti and other nien^s fortunes 
 it) the prosecution of his designs. This is not the 
 only instance of a waste of property in conseipieticc 
 of sanguine evpectations ; which, though ruinous to 
 the first adventurers, has produced solid advantages. to 
 their successors. 
 
 Ur. Forster has a remark on one of the incidents of 
 this voyage which is worthy of repetition and remem- 
 brance. " It Is very clear (says he) in the iii.-,lance nf 
 the Portuguese having stocked the Isle of S;ilile with 
 dntnestic -.ininals. that the dise()\erersof llie new witrld 
 were im>n of Innnanity ; desirous of providing f<tr such 
 unlbrtiuiate peiip|i> ns inight happen to be east away 
 on tliose coast.s. The f.ilse policy of modern times is 
 callous and lyramiical, exfiorling d"»gs to devour them. 
 Are these the happy eouseipiences of the so nuich 
 boasteil eidightetu'd statf? oftiic present age, and re- 
 lineinenl of matiuers, peculiar to our times ! Father 
 of mercies, wlieu will philanthropy again take up her 
 aliode ill the breasts of men, of Christians, and the 
 rulers of this earth I" 
 
 WALTER RALEIG II, 
 
 ANn 
 
 RICHARD ORE N VI I.I. E. 
 
 Wkmn Rai.kiou— Url.Trivc nf P.iltifn— nitiijns a commit, 
 fii.iii Irt'iii <i'ir<'M KU/aii-tlj— -Hi' s.nN lur AriiiTir.i— 'I'tmir 
 arrival—tiraiiL'iiiiiiiii'ii. liit- liiili;iii rhji T— [)>!si'ri|iiii)ii ul' a.i 
 Indian vjllaae— IIii.--|M(aUtv uniI kimtrn'-s uiilic ii;iii\(-s— lie* 
 mm nf Hiilei^'h ;iNi| lii-. pany l'> Kiii:l;iriil vvillilwu iiallvf?*— 
 Vireinia, Bttiiann-ii hy Kli/.iiiciti— .\iiiuli('r t\in'iiitjtm nnilir 
 the ci«innmnd i if .Sir' IlichanI (JrcuvilU — Tlivir arrivitl in 
 America—llaslmfH.s i>( (irriiviUi— lli:? ri-tinn— i)i aiU ut' 
 aratiiraiiiineK— Wiiiiririti ilt[,'rmiiif-! on a r'-'vi'in-.'—lt.r i> i'm- 
 Biiarctl hy Ov KuL-lMh itn-l kJlh'.|--!),-|iariun' nlilu' KtiL-hsii 
 — Atii'tlur i;x|)f(htniii--'rti.ir arrival— A ili^pmr iii tlio cimi- 
 jjaiiy— <tovi-rii'tr 1,1' \'ir:.'iiiia ntiirii-i In Kniliiiinl in snlicu 
 BU|)|'lit's-~lIi-4 ill-siicct'H.-; — I>i-iH]i|iniiitiilClil.sainl lll.■;^it'S nilla- 
 lpijll— Dl-parUire nliht' (iuVi-rinT I'nr V'nL'iiiia— His arrival 
 — Kiiiiliitht! cnlmiy ilc-^rrtctl ami in ruins— He reiian.'i to Kni:- 
 iHtnl— Ijinniluctiuii ni Tnhaccii in Liiroitc— Aneciloto of Sir 
 Walter lluluigli. 
 
 TuK distinguished figure, which the lifeof Sir Wal- 
 ter Raleigh make«j in the history of England renders 
 Uimeeessary any otiier acci»unt of him here, than what 
 respects his adventures in .\merica ; and particularly 
 in Virginia; of whieli colony he is acknowledged to 
 have been the unfortunate founder. 
 
 He was half hroiher, by tlh? mother's side, to Sir 
 Humphrey (Jillierl, and was at the expense of littitt-i 
 out one (tf the ships of his stpiadron. Nol\vithst:uul- 
 ing the unhappy t\\\o of his brother, he persisted in his 
 design of makinif a seltlemeiit in America. IJeing a 
 favorite in the court of Queen Elizabeth, he ohlaiiied 
 A patent, beariuif diUe the Uolh of March, loHl, for 
 the discovering and planting of any laniLi and coun- 
 tries wliich were not possessed by any Christian prince 
 or nation. 
 
 About the same time llie Queen ijrantcdhim another 
 patent to license the vending ofwim?, thnuiL'hinit Ihei 
 kingdom ; that by thr pr.ifit.s I'lcnce arising he iniirht 
 be able to bear the expense ol his intetided plan of 
 colonization. Further to slren^niien bis interest, he 
 eni.Mi.M'd the assistance of two wealthy kinsmen. Sir 
 Richard GrenviHe and William Saiiilerson. They 
 provitled two barks, and havinij well furnished them 
 with men arul provisions, put them umler the com- 
 mand <d" Philip Amadas.tmi Arthur IJarlow, who sail- 
 ed from the west of England. April ilT, inHl. 
 
 They took the usual route by the way of the Cana- 
 ries and the M'^cst Indies ; the reasc.i of which is thus 
 erpressed in the account of this voyage written by 
 Uarlo'v, '♦ because wc doubled that the current of the 
 hay of Mexico between the cape of Flori la and Ha- 
 vamia bad been of greater force than we allerwards 
 foimd it to be. " 
 
 Taking advantage of tlie Gulf Stream, they ap- 
 proached the coast of Florida ; and on the flccoiid of 
 
 July came into shoal waters; where tho odoriferous 
 omell of flowers indicated tho land to be near, though 
 not uithin si^'ht. On .ho fourth they saw land ; ahmg 
 which they sailed foi y leaguoH before they fuund an 
 entrance. Atthe first opening, they cast anchor, (July 
 13.) and having devuu ly tjiven thanks lo Giid, fur their 
 safe arrival on the coast, thoy went ashore in their boats, 
 and took possessi«>n iti the name of Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 The place where they lauded was a sandy island, 
 called Wococon,* aho;it sixteen miles in length and six 
 in breadth, full of cedars, pines, cypress, sassafras, 
 and other trees ; among which were many vinos load- 
 ed with grajies. In the„woods they found deer and 
 hares; and in tho waters and nnirshoB vaiious kinds 
 of fowl ; but no Imman creature was soon till the 
 third day ; when a Citnoe, with three men, canw along 
 by the shore. One of them landed ; and, without any 
 fear or preeaution, mot the Europeans and addressed 
 them in a friendly maimer, in his ow n language. They 
 carried hiru onboard one of their vessels ; gave Mm 
 a sliirt and some other trifles, ant regaled l>iin with 
 meat and wine. He fhen returned to his canoe ; tt.id 
 with his companions went u fsliing. When he cn- 
 noe was filled, they br lught the fish on shoi-e and di- 
 vided them into two hea|)s ; m..King signs, that each 
 of the vessels shouhl I ike one. 
 
 The next day, .'ioveral eannes canio ; in which were 
 forty or fifty )ieiiple, and among them was (uangani- 
 nu'o, brnther of VVinjiina King of the country; who 
 was coidiiu'd at home hy the wounds, which he h;ul 
 received in battle, with a neighbouring Prince. Tho 
 matnu'r of his appruach was fearless and respectful. 
 He left his boats at a distance; and came along the 
 shore, aceompanied by all his |)eople. till ho was abreast 
 of tho ships. Then advaneinix with four men oidy. 
 who s))read a mat on l!ie gromii), ho sat down on one 
 end ; and the four men on the other. Whonthe Enghsli 
 went on shore, armed, lie hoeknned to them to come and 
 sit by him ; which they did, and he made signs of joy 
 and friendship, striking with his hand on bis head and 
 breast, and then on theirs, to show that they wore nil 
 one. None of his peoplospuko a word ; and wlieii the 
 English offered them pre>ents, he took them all into 
 his own possession ; h'aking signs that they were lus 
 seavants and that all which they had, belonged to him. 
 
 After this interview, the natives eamo in great num- 
 bers and i)rought skins, coral, and materials for dyes ; 
 hut when (iraniranimoo was present, noiu' were per- 
 mitted to trade, but himself and those who had a piece 
 ol Clipper on their head'. Nothiriirpjcasedhim sonun-h 
 as a tin ))late, in which he made a hob* and hung it 
 over his breast, as a pi^ce of defensive armour. Ho 
 supplied them every day with venison, fish, and fruits, 
 and invited them to vnit him at his village, on tho 
 north end of an island called Kuaiioke. 
 
 This village consisted of nine houses, built of cedar, 
 and fortified with sharp palisades. When tho English 
 arrived there in their ioat, Granganimeo was absent ; 
 but his wife entertained them with the kindest hospi- 
 tality, washed their Ift and their ciotbos, ordered 
 their boat to be drawn ashore and tiieir oars to be so- 
 cured ; and then seated th'.Mn with venison, fish, truils, 
 and homony.t Whilst they were at supjier. some of 
 her men came in from huntiiiL'. w-iih their hows ami 
 arrows in their hands ; on which her lIlle^ts began to 
 mistrust dani^er ; but sht- ordered their hows to he 
 taken from them, and their arrows to bo broken ; and 
 then turned them out at tho gate. Tin' English how- 
 ever thoULdu il most prudent to pass tho niijht in their 
 boat, which they launcheil and laid at anchor. At this 
 she was much grieved; out (inding all her solieitaiions 
 inejleciual, she ordered liie victuals in the pots to he 
 [)Ut on board, with mats to cover thepi-ople from the 
 rain ; and ap|>ointed several persons of both sexes to 
 keep uMiard on the heacn dnririir the whole night. — 
 
 •Thi>tsta:al is lm-.i. Tally -iiipp.isf,! ti. |,i- m\v mIIIio!»(' wlii.h 
 111- al Uii- iiii'iuh <ir Alli.riuirlf .suuidl. on ilu- (•,>ast nt' .Nnrilj 
 Cari'liiia. Ititrtnw. in fiis I-tt.-r m Sir \V. ltali'i;j:li. prestTVP.I 
 liy lliiltinyi, s.ivh. iliat lie, ^.jiti sfWii utlids, woiil in hIju'ii 
 " twriiiy iiiilL'» iia<i the riviT Occam, aui!. tin- uveniiit: r<.l!,i\v- 
 ini.', came ti> an j^^lainl ralh 't Uinoinl^i!, ili.'«taiit froin tin' liar- 
 tmr liy whicli fie eniLTCiI, seven luasiie:*; ul the rn»rili mil 
 tlii-rcur was a villaL^e.-' Mr. Suili. v.-lin unite the liwtiiry i.t' 
 Vlruiiiia, ami \vti'> iicknowi^d^en l)i<it tiu li.id rint hvcm tliis h't- 
 li>r in Kntrli<^li tnit in n Lndn translution, tiiip|>iis<M that tin- i.-;- 
 hnid Wiiincnii must lie between cape Ifattera.'^ arul cape Kcar, 
 ami that ilie ili>tanre mii^lit ee 31) lea^'ues. Hut it appuarR iVnnt 
 Ilarlnw'.s liiter iliai ilie Imiu werii in one day and carae in ttir 
 eveiiiiiir til tlie imrtti end (li'Unnnnkc ; tlio tli.Htance id twice 
 iiu'niimieil, nnre in niili-s am! nni-e in loainii'ri. I 8pe no reason 
 lliercfiire. inailmif Stitlrtf '■nnjcctnre in nppi.riitinii tn Unrlnw. 
 Stjlli Imwever apppeais tn h 've hiuti a very dnse iunl aoouraie 
 inipitrcr, ih \\\t as \\\n ni.itcnnU anil tippiiriiiiiily pcrinilteil, 
 
 t llMiiiiniy U made nt'ln'l:aii c-.m he:itiii Jn a ninrnii iind se- 
 paraKMl rioin thu braa \ then builud tittiur !>/ itauU' ur iu itio 
 broth of meat. 
 
 Could there he a more engaging specimen of genoioufl 
 hufpitality \ 
 
 These people were characterised as '* gentle, lovino 
 and faithful ; void of ^iiile and treachery ; living af- 
 ter the manner of the golden age ; earing only lo feed 
 themselves, with such food as the soil aflbrdelh, anil 
 to defend themselves from the cold, in their short 
 winter." 
 
 No farther discovery wafi made of the country I)v 
 those adventurers. Fioin the natives they obtained 
 some uncertain account of its geography, andof aship 
 which had been wrecked on the coast between twen- 
 ty and thirty years before. They carried away two 
 of the natives, Wanchoso and Mauteo ; and arrived in 
 the west of England about tho middle of September 
 The account of this discovery was so welcome to 
 Queen Elizabeth, that she named the country Virfrin- 
 in ; either in memory of her own virginity, or because 
 it retained its virgin purity, and the people their pri- 
 mitive simplicity. 
 
 About this time Haleigh was elected knifihl of the 
 shire, for his mitivo county of Devon; and in t!io 
 pHrliament which was hold in the succeeding winter, 
 he caused a bill lobe brought into the House of ('om- 
 mons to confirm his patent for the diseovi ry of foreign 
 countries. After nnwh debate, the bill was carried 
 throni:h both houses, and received the royal assent.— 
 ' In additimi to whieli, tho Queen conferred on him tho 
 ; order of Kniirhthood. 
 
 j A seetmd expedition being resolved on. Sir HieharJ 
 Orenville himself took the command, and with seven 
 : vessels, largo and smalt, sailed from Plymonth, on the 
 ninth of April. i.jH.5. 'I'hey went in the usual course 
 I by tho Canaries and the West Indies; whore they 
 i took two Spanish prizes ; and, af\er narrowly escap- 
 I ing shipwreck on Capo Fear, arrived at Wococon the 
 i 2(ith of June.* 
 
 j The natives came, as before, to bid them welcome 
 I and to trade with them. Mantoo, whom they had 
 j brouybt back proved a faithful guide, and pilotethhem 
 ! about from place to place. In nn excursion of eight 
 \ days with their boats, thoy visited several Irulian vil- 
 } la<;es, on the islands and on the main adjoining la 
 j Albemarle Sound. At one place, called A(]uascoi.'ok, 
 i an Indian stole from them a silvercup. Inquiry being 
 ; made, tho offender was tletecled ami [iromised to re- 
 ' store it ; but tho promi.se beii g not speeilily perform- 
 ' ed, a liasly and severe revenge was taken, by tho orders 
 ' (d" tirouviile ; thetownwas burnt ami the corn de- 
 stroyed in the fields. (July Ui) whilst the aflriyhtoil 
 I people fled lo tho wtiods for safety. From this ill 
 ljuili;ed act of violence, may bo dated tho niisforlunea 
 and lailure of this colony. 
 
 Leaving one hundred and eight persons to attempt a 
 settlement, (iretiville priKveded ^vith his fleet to the 
 island of JIalloras ; where ho received a visit from 
 (iraiiganinn'o, and ihen sailed f.ir England. On the 
 13th of September he arrived at Plymouth; with a 
 rich Spanish prize which he had taken on the passage. 
 Of the colony left in \'irgiriia. Kalpli Lane was ap 
 pointed (Jovenior. Ho was a military man, of con 
 sideralile re]mtation in the service. iMiili|) Amadas, 
 who had cinmuanded in the first vovage, was Ailmiral. 
 They chose tho island of Koaiioke in the nnmth of 
 Alhemarli' Sound, as (he place uf their resideneo ; and 
 their eliiefemploynu'iit was to explore and survey the 
 i c.ainlry, and ileserii)e tho persons and inanm'rs of its 
 iiilialiitants. For these purposes, Sir Walter Kalei'^h 
 had sent John Withe, an ingenious painter; and 
 Thon>as Ileriot, a skilful matiiemalician, and a man 
 of curious observation : both of whom porforinod their 
 parts with fidelity and success. t 
 
 The farthest discovery which they made to tho 
 southward of lioanoke was Seeolan. an Indian town 
 between the rivers of J*aniplico and IVeus. tlistant 
 eighty leagues. To the northward they wont aliout 
 ftnty ieaiiues. to a mition called Chosepi-ags, on a 
 sinaHriver now called Elisidielh, which falls into 
 
 * Mr. Siiili Miii-takcH in sayirri,' May -JC, and SirWilljaiii 
 Ki illi. wlin copies li.r him. aitnpt^ the snnie ini.--(ake. 
 
 t The dr.iwi.,>:s which Mr Wiitic jnaile were entTrtven and 
 printcil niFranltton (tJ'.iO^ hy Tlien,l,»re I)e Hrv. Tliey rep- 
 rcRciiU'iI the persons (ind lialiitu of tlie natives, their eiiiploy- 
 iiieiitH, diversions, and Buperstiiti.i.g. Kmiii thene, the prims 
 ill tU'veily'M history of Virginia are rnpieit. 
 
 Mr. Herint wrote atopoirr.iphical description ofihc rnimirT 
 andit,-'natnr.iniii-tory,whiclii8prescrvcilinHa.kIuv<'scnl|eeti.in 
 vi>I. iii. -j-^o. It wna iran8la;9d in'o Latin, and puliltrtheil hv De 
 Dry in hi:- coilccUon of voyages. It Ii'i.s liceii Bupposddiliai Ra« 
 leiuh hiiiiaett'raaie to Viri-hiia widi diis cnluny. Tli.Rin amia. 
 tulie, LTtMiiiiird nn a mistranslaiinn ofa par-oape in Hcriet>nar» 
 rative. h in rinis expre.'^fle.l in Knclt^h : "The aciimirt di'thnae 
 «hn h;i\e heen hy Sir Waller IlaleiiTh ihereiii etnpliivptl.*'-- 
 Wliifli is thus rendered intlicLatin traii^hitinn,"tili t'cn'crni-jta 
 
 L). Watterum Uulici;h, iu earn rcgiuiiem cumitali burJ Bllib 
 
L 
 
 l« 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORY. 
 
 Hii 
 
 Chencppag bay, bolow Nurfnlk. To the wrstwarJ 
 they wont up Alhptnarlu Soimd nrul (.^lunvan river, 
 about forty U'a<;urH, to a natioii rallei) Cliowanu};M ; 
 whuso king, Menatonona, amuspil thrin with a story 
 uf a cojincr miiin anil a pearl fishery; in search of 
 which thoy spent so much time and ho cxhanslcil 
 their proviHiom*, that they wero glad to cat their dogu 
 before they returned to Hoanukc. 
 
 During thin excursion, their friend Grar.ganimeo 
 died ; and his brother Wingina discovered hi» lioHtile 
 dit*poBition toward the colony. The return of Mr. Iiane 
 and his party, from their excursion, gave a check to 
 his malice fur a while ; but he secretly laid ;i plot for 
 their dcHtruction ; which being betrayed by the Kng- 
 Mtih, they seized all the boats on the island. I'liis 
 brought on a skirmish, in wiiich five or six Indians 
 were killed, and the rest lied to the woods. Alter much 
 jealousy and dissimulation on both sides, Wingina 
 was drawn into a snare ; and with eight of his men, 
 fell a sacrifice to thd resentment of the Kniflish. 
 
 In a few days alter Wingina » death, Sir Francos 
 Drake, who had been cruising against the Spaniards 
 in the We^l Indies, and had received orders from the 
 t^ueen to visit this colony, arrived with his lleet on 
 the coast ; and by the unanimous desire of the people, 
 took iheni all otVand carried them to Kngland, where 
 thev arrived in July ISSO. 
 
 Within a fortnight alter the departure of this i:nfor- 
 tunato colony, Sir Kichard Cirenvillo arrived with three 
 ships for their relief. Finding their habitation abaii* 
 boned, and being unable to gain an) intelliixenco of 
 iheni, he landed tilly men on the island of Uoanoke. 
 plentifully supplied with provisions fur two years, and 
 then returned to Kriijland. 
 
 The next year (1587) three sliips were sent, under 
 the command of .hihn White, who was appointed Uov- 
 ernor of the colony, with twelve Counsellors. To 
 them llaleigh gave a charter of incorporation for the 
 city of Ualcigh, which he ordered ihein to I)uild on the 
 river Chesepeag, the northern extent of tlie discovery. 
 After narrowly e.scaping sliipwreik on C.ipe Fear they 
 urrived at Hatteras, on the 2*d of.luly, and M'lit a parly 
 to Koanokc to look for tbe second colony of lilty men. 
 They found no person living, and the bones of but one 
 dead. The huts were standing, but were overgrown 
 with bushes and weeds. In conversing with some of 
 the natives, tliey were informed, that the colony had 
 been destroyed by Wingina's people, in revenge of his 
 death. 
 
 Mr. White endeavored to renew a friendly inter- 
 course with those naiives ; but their jealousy rendered 
 them implacable. He therefore went across the water 
 to the main with a party of twenty-five men, and 
 came suddenly on a company of friendly Indians, who 
 were seated round a fire, one of whom they killed be- 
 fore they di.scovered the mistake. 
 
 Two remarkable events are mentioned as happening 
 at this time ; one was the baptism of Manteo, the faith- 
 ful Imlian gniile ; the other was the birth nf a female 
 child, daughter of .\nanias Dare, one of the council ; 
 which, being the first child born in the colony, was 
 named Virginia. 
 
 IJy this time (.\ugusl21) the ships had unloaded 
 their stores and were prepariuL' to return to England. 
 It was evident t!iat a furtfier supply w'as necessary. 
 and that some person must go home to solicit it. A 
 dispute arose in the ('ouncil on thirf point, and after 
 much altercation, it was determined, that llie (Jovernor 
 was the most proper person to he sent on this erranil. 
 Tlic whole colony joined in retpiesting him ti) proceed, 
 promising to take care of his interest in his absence. 
 With n/jch reluctance he consented, on their snbserib- 
 ing a testimonial of his unwillingness to quit the plan- 
 tation He accordingly saileii on the 27lh of August, 
 and arrived in Kniihmd the following IS'ovembcr. — 
 Till! nation was in a stale of alarm and apprehension 
 on account of the war wiih 8pair^ and of the invinci- 
 ble armada, which had threateneii it with an invasion. 
 Sir Walter Kalcigh was one of the t^ueens Ccmncil 
 nf war, as weie also Sir Hichard fJrenvillo and Mr. 
 Lane. Their time was wholly taken up with public 
 consultations, and Ciovornor White was obliged to 
 wait, till the plan of operations au^ainst the enemy 
 could be adjusted ami carried into execution. 
 
 The next sprinir.Kalejgh and Grenville,whohad the 
 command of the militia in Cornwall, and were training 
 them f.>r the defimceof the kiiiijdorn. lieing strongly 
 solicited by White, proviiled two small barks, whicli 
 Bailed from UidJeford on the 2'.;d of April IMS. — 
 These vessels had commissions as ships of war, ami 
 bchig more intent on gain to themselves, tlian relief to 
 tiiu colonyn went in chase of prizes, and were both 
 
 driven back by Hhips of superior force, to the great 
 
 mortification <)f their patron, and the ruin of bis colony. 
 
 These disappointments were n source of vexaliim 
 to Kaleigh. He had expended forty thousand pounds, 
 of his own and other men's mimcy, in pursuit uf his 
 favorite object, and his gains were yet to come. He 
 therefore made an assignment of his patent (March 7, 
 15S'J) to Thomas Smith, and other merdiants and ad- 
 venturers, among whom was (iovernor White, with a 
 donation of one hundred pounds for the propagation 
 of the Christian religion in Virginia. Uemglhusdis- 
 engaged from the business of colonization ; he had full 
 scope for his martial genius in the war with Spain. 
 
 His assignees were not so zealous in the prosecu- 
 tion of their business. It was not till the spring of 
 ITiOO, that Governor White could returr. to Ids colony. 
 Then, with three ships, he sailed fron» I'lymouth, and 
 passing through the West Indies in quest uf Spanish 
 prizes, he arrived at Hatteras on the 15lh of August. 
 From this place they observed a smoke arising on the 
 island of Hoanoke, which gave them some hope that 
 the colony was there subsisting ; on their conung to 
 the place, they found old trees and grass burning, but 
 no human being. On a post of one ofthe houses they 
 saw the word Vroatun, which gave them some hope, 
 that at the island of that name they should find their 
 friemls. They sailed for that island : which lay 
 southward of Hatteras ; but a violent storm arising, in 
 which they lost their anchors, they were obliged to 
 quit the inhospitable coast and return home ; nor was 
 any thing afterward heard of the unfortunate colony. 
 
 The next year (I.'jyi) Sir Uichard (Jrcnville was 
 mortally wounded in an engagement with a Spanish 
 lleet ; and died on board the Adinirars ship, where he 
 wjis a prisoner. 
 
 Kaleigh, though disengaged from the business of 
 colonizing Virginia, sent five timesat his own expense 
 to seek for and relieve his friends ; but the persons 
 whom he employed, having more profitable businessin 
 the West Indies, either went not to the place, or were 
 forced from it by stress of weather, it being a tempes- 
 tuous region, and without any safe harbor. The last 
 attempt which he made, was in 1002 ; the yearbcfore 
 his imprisonment ; an event which ualilied the malice 
 of his enemies, and prepared the way for his death; 
 which was much less ignominious to him than to his 
 sovereign, King James I. the British .Solomon; suc- 
 cessor to Elizabeth, the liritish Deborah.* 
 
 This unfortunate attempt to settle a colony in Vir- 
 ginia, was proiluetive of one thing which will always 
 render it memorable, the intrnduclitjii of tobacco into 
 England. Carlier, in his visit to Canada fifty years 
 before, had observed that the natives used this weed 
 fuinigalion, but it was an object of disgust to French- 
 men. Ralph Lane, at his return in 1586, brought it 
 first into Europe; and Kaleiifh, who was a man of 
 gaiety ami fashion, not only learnctl the use of it him- 
 self, but introduced itintothe polite circles; and even 
 the ijueen herself gave encouragement to it. Some 
 hnmourous stories respecting it are still rememberetl. 
 Kaleigh laid a wager with the l^ueen, that he would 
 determine exactly, the weight of smoke which issued 
 from his pipe. Tins he did by first weighing the to- 
 bacco and then the ashes. When the (^ueen paiil the 
 wager, she pleasantly observed, that many laliorers 
 had turned their gold into smoke, but that he was the 
 first who had converted smoke inlt) gold. 
 
 It is also related that a servant of Sir Waller, bring- 
 ing a tankard o( ale into his study as be was smoking 
 his pipe, andreadini;, was so much alarmed at the 
 appearance of smoke, issuing out of his mouth, thai 
 he threw the ale into his face, and ran down to alarm 
 the family, crying out that his master was on fire. 
 
 King .laiiies had so rffincd a taste, that be not only 
 held tins Indian weed in great abhorrence himself, but 
 endeavored, by proclamations and otherwise, to pre- 
 vent the useof it among his subjects. Hut all his zeal 
 and authority could not suppress it. Since his time 
 it has become an im{)ortant article of commerce, by 
 which individuals in Europe and America, as well as 
 colonies and nations, have risen to great opulence. 
 
 JOHN DE FUCA. 
 
 John De Fuci— .A ti;uivn of Grerce— An accounlnf lii-t adven- 
 lures ami di-cnverurt t'ivi'ii l)y liiinsifll'--Lc)i:ke emkuvurs lo 
 l)rr)curi; Di! Fui:n utnminidJ'ii'n.— llt-niHrks. 
 
 WuE.N the existence of a western continent was 
 known to the maritime nalionsof Europe, one great 
 
 *.\sa .sp.'riiiK-ii I'l'llir l;tiiL-iiiiL-i' ol tliiiKlim-, It'L the iiiulur 
 tiikuilh- I'lillownit.' i-xtracL rroiM I'lirrluitt. 
 
 " lie I'l. R. Kiim JatnesJ ib tii-ycini Cdiiiparhon a nirrn irniis- 
 cemli:iit, boy'>tiil all liis iireiU'cVcrtiTH, princvs nf ihU renliii ; 
 bc>uiiiJlUeiiti(;hborijig prhiccdul' Ilia own tiinu j beyund llie 
 
 iR, to find, through some omn- 
 ings which appeared in it, apaiisage to India andf.Md* 
 na. Fortius purpose several expensive and unsue- 
 cessful voyages were made ; ami every hint which 
 could throw any light on the subject was eagerly 
 sought and attended to by those who considered ila 
 importance. 
 
 John nK Fuca wnBnfireck, born in the island ol 
 CViihabmia, in the Adriatic gulf. He bad been em- 
 ployed in the service of Spain, in the West IndieH, ha 
 a mariner and pilot, above forty yearw. Having Ust 
 his fortune, amounting (as he said) to sixty thousand 
 ducats, when the Acapuico sliip was taken, by Capt. 
 Cavendish, an Englishman ; and being disappointed 
 ofthe recompense which he had expected from the 
 court nf Spain ; he returned in disgust to his native 
 country, by the way of Italy ; Ihut he nnght spend the 
 evening uf his life, in peace and poverty, among his 
 friends. 
 
 At Florence he met with John Douglas, an English- 
 man, and went with him to Venice. There, Douglai 
 •ntriKlnced him to Michael Lock, who had been Con- 
 sul of the Turkey comimny at.Meppo. and was then 
 occasionally resident in Venice. (A. D. IftDG.) 
 
 In conversation with Mr. Lock, De Fuca gave him 
 the following ncccnint of his adventures. 
 
 '' That he had been sent by the Viceroy of Me.^ieo, 
 as pilot of three small vessels, to discover the straits o( 
 Anian, on the western coast of America ; through 
 which, it was conjectured that a passage might bo 
 found, into some ofthe deep bays on the eastern side 
 ofthe continent. This voyage was frustrated, by the 
 misconduct ot the commander, and the mutiny of the 
 seamen. 
 
 " In 1502tIieVicrrny sent him again, with the com- 
 mand of a caravel aid a pinnace, on the same enter- 
 prise. IJetween the latitudes of d?*^ and 48^* N. ho 
 discovered an inlet, inf) which he enteretl and sailed 
 more than twenty days At the entrance was a great 
 headland, with an execeii'i'ig high itinnacle or spired 
 roek. like a pillar. M'ithin trie strait, the land stretch 
 ed N. W. ami N. E. and also E and S. E. It wan 
 much wider within, than at the entrance, and contain* 
 ed many islands The inhabitanls were elad in the 
 skins of beasts. The land appeared to be fertile like 
 that of \ew Spain, and was rich in gold and .••ilver. 
 
 "Supposing that he bad accomplished ihi intention 
 ofthe voyage and penetrated into the IS'ofih Sea ; but 
 not being strong enough to resist the force td' the nu- 
 merous savages, who appeared on the shores ; he re- 
 turned to Acapuico, before the expiration ofthe year.'' 
 
 Such was the account given by De Fuca ; and Mr. 
 I Lock was so impressed with the sincerity ofthe rela- 
 tion and the advantages wliirh his cimnlrymen nnght 
 derive from a knowledge of this strait, that he earnest- 
 ly urged him to enter into the service of l^ueen Fdiz- 
 abelh, and perfect the discovery. He succeeded so far, 
 as to olilain a promise from the ("ireek, though sixty 
 years old, that if the Queen would furnish him with 
 one ship, of forty tons, and a jannace, he would un- 
 dertake the voyage. He was the more easily |)ersna- 
 ded to this, by a hope that the tjueen would make him 
 sonic recompense for the loss of his fortune by Capt. 
 Cavendish. 
 
 Mr. Lock wrote (o tlie Lord Treasurer Ocil, Sir 
 Waller Raleigh and Mr. Ilakluyt, reqiiestingthal they 
 would forward the sebeme, ami that one hundred 
 pounds might be advanced to bring De Fnra to Eng- 
 land. The scheme was ajiproved, but the money was 
 nut advanced. Lock was so much engage<l in it, that 
 he would have sent him to England at his own expense, 
 but he was then endeavoring to recover at law, his 
 demands Inmi the Turkey company, and could not 
 disburse the money. The pilot therefore returned to 
 Cepbalonia ; and Lock kept up a correspondence 
 with him, till if)02, when he heani of his death. 
 
 Thouuh this account, preser\cd by I'nrcbas, bears 
 snflTicient marks of authenticity ; yet it has been re- 
 jected as fabulous for nearly two centuries; and ia 
 treated so even by the very candid Dr. Foster. Late 
 voyages however, have established the existence of 
 tlie strait ; and De Fuca is no longer to be considered 
 as an impustor ; though the gold and iilver in his ac- 
 count wero but conjectural. 
 
 The strait which now bears his name is formed 
 by land, which is supposed to be the continent of 
 .America on one side ; and by a very extensive clus- 
 ter of Islands on the other. Its southern entninco 
 
 i;iiliri'it <>r Mil)|ir(H (lii/.^li!il Willi ^u liilli'ti lillL'tilnr-;^ ; licyuiiil 
 (iiir victiiri'iiiH iJeliurali, imi in ft * nlein', Imi hi* i)L'arf is inttro 
 rvrrllciuttiiiii war, unit SiiU)int)[ iliuiiDuvid ; in ihb ulsuthul 
 he is, uiiU we cDJuy his prciieiit tiuiiihhie." 
 
KiOtJ RAJMirKS OF THE K A U I- Y T) I S C O V E H K RS. 
 
 1 fiml, throuuh Romr omn- 
 plII'H:)^** to iiRliit iiiul (*lii* 
 [il ex|HMiHivc nrul uniiue> 
 , ami pvrry hint which 
 he suhjfct WitB pnnerly 
 lioBC wlio ctinsidiTcd it4 
 
 :]l, born in tho iHlnntl ol 
 [Tiilf. Ho lind tH'pii em' 
 ill, in the West ImlieH, at* 
 )rty yriirH. Hiivin^ Ijttt 
 i> Hiiitt) toftixty thousand 
 diip Wild taken, by ('apt. 
 and lieinj; iliKa[)|)niMled 
 had rx|u'rted iVoni tho 
 in dJNjfUbt to hifl native 
 ; that ho nii<,'iit Kpend the 
 and jtoverly, uniung his 
 
 nhn I*nu(!la«. an En^Hsh- 
 Vcriit'e. There, Uoui^'laa 
 locit, who liad been dm- 
 L\t Atrppo, niul was then 
 ire. (A.l). IftOO.) 
 [.nek, ])e Fiieii yavo him 
 
 adventures. 
 
 ly the Viceroy of Mexiro, 
 t, to discover the Ktrail.s o| 
 8t of Anieriea ; through 
 hat a passni;e nii«;ht be 
 
 bayft on the eaKlcrn side 
 iye was frustrati-d, by the 
 ;r, and the nuiliny of the 
 
 L him a|Tain, with the com- 
 naee, on the same enter- 
 's of -l'*"^ and 4HO ^. ho 
 fh he entered and sailed 
 t the entranre was a «;reat 
 I hiijh pinnacle ur spired 
 ill' sirait. the bind st retch 
 *o K. and S. K. It \va« 
 I he entratiee. and eonlain- 
 ibiliuits were chid in the 
 ippcared to he fcrlib* like 
 rich in jjuhl and silver, 
 .jccnniplij^hetl till irileiilion 
 I int.ilheNnrlhSea ; but 
 resist the force id* the nu« 
 [ctl fin the shores ; he re- 
 le expiration of the year.'' 
 •n by l)e Fiiea : a?id Mr, 
 the sincerity of the rela- 
 .'h his countrymen might 
 his strait, that he earnest- 
 e service of C^ueeii Eliz- 
 Irv. He succeeded so far, 
 llie fireek, tlioiicih sixty 
 jwould furnish him with 
 pinnace, fie would un- 
 ilie more easily persna- 
 Cjneen would make him 
 of his fortune by C'apt. 
 
 jrd Treasurer (Veil, Sir 
 
 |uyt, rcipieslinj'that they 
 
 . and Ibat one hundred 
 
 brinjr IJe Fuca to Knj;- 
 
 juvctl, but (be ninney was 
 
 Iniucbeniiaiied in it, that 
 
 land at his uwn expense, 
 
 to recover at law, his 
 
 jmpany, and could not 
 
 |ot therefore returned to 
 
 up a correspondence 
 
 ■ard of his death. 
 
 ed by Purehas, bears 
 
 ; yet it bus been re- 
 
 iWo centuries ; and ia 
 
 iidid Dr. Foster. Late 
 
 |.,ihcd the existence of 
 
 lonyer to be considered 
 
 |ld and vitver in his ac* 
 
 his name is formed 
 1) be the continent of 
 la very extensive clus- 
 1 lis southern entrance 
 
 inrh liiiL'laur^^; U\un't\ 
 i>iic, lnii as pt-rirt' is iiiiiro 
 iDiiviit ; ill iliiH hIhu ttiul 
 ■line." 
 
 1 
 
 
 ;.!t 
 
 Ins in lut. 48' SO' N. lonR. 124 W. from firtciiwirh, 
 hnd i» ahoiit srvrti io;ij;ticH wiilci. On tlit! liirltuiiri) 
 mkIo, winch in coiiijiusi'd of iiiluruln, lli(> land in very 
 iiiiiiinliiiiinuH ; rjsiiii; aliniptly iii lii^li nnd sliarp peaka. 
 On till* srarlinard siilc, in a potiit ut' land li')'rniiiiiliii;r in a 
 rcniarkalily lull rork, calltd lliu pillar. W'ltlun Iht^ en* 
 Irancc. lliu pansagc yrows wider, cxU'ndini^ tti tlic .S. K., 
 N. and M. W. and m I'nII ul inlands. On the Iv and 
 N. 10. at a treat di-Hliince arc aucn tlin lops of irntnn- 
 lanis, fiupposi-'l to hv on tho conlnient ; tint tho bhips 
 tradiiijT lor furs havo not penctratt-'d far to the fast- 
 ward ; the M'a ultiTH being their prineipiil olijcct, and 
 the land fnn> of small eonnideration. For thia reanoii 
 the eaHtern lionndary of tho inland »ea is not yet fully 
 explored. 'J'he strait turns to the N. and N. W. en 
 coinpassini; a lari;e cluster of islands, among which is 
 situate Noolka ,Sotind, and conies into the I'acific 
 ocean again in latitude 51° 15', long. ISH' 40'. 'I'hisex- 
 treinily of the strait is railed its northern entrance, and 
 id wider than the southern. 
 
 Anuiher strait has been lately seen which is sup- 
 posed to lie that of Do ronlc, a .Spanish admiral, dis- 
 covered in 1640 ; tho existence of which has also been 
 treated as fabulous. The cluster of islands, called by 
 the llritish si'ainen, Queen Charlotte's, and by the 
 Americans, Washington's Islands, are in the very spot 
 where IJo I'ontc placed the .Archipelago of .**!. Lazarus. 
 The entranre of this strait has bcrr. visited by the 
 fur ships. It lies in lat f)i" '•i!>' and long lUl" W 
 
 These recent and well established facts may indiiro 
 US to treat the relations of foreign voyages with decent 
 respect. 'I'he circumnavigation of Africa by the ancient 
 I'henicians, was for several ages deemed fabulous by 
 the learned (irvcks and Uomaiis. Hut its credibility 
 was fully established by tin? I'ortuguesc discoveries in 
 Ihe fifteenth century. In like manner the discoveries 
 of iJc I'lica and Ue Foiite, which have long been stig- 
 matized by geographers as pretentleit^ and marked in 
 their maps as wiai;tiiaty, are now known to have been 
 founded in truth, though from the imperfection of in- 
 struincnls or the inaccuracy of historians, the degrees 
 and minutes of latitude and longitude were not pre- 
 cisely marked, ajid though some circumstances in their 
 accounts are but conjectural, rarther discoveries may 
 throw new light on the subject, and though, per- 
 haps, a N. W. passage by sea from the Atlantic into 
 the Pacific may not exist ; yet li.iys, rivers and lakes 
 are so frequent in tiiose northern regions of our ronti- 
 iieiit, that an inland navigation may be praclicahle. 
 
 It has been suggested that the coni|iany of Knglish 
 ni>'.Trhants who cnjny an exclusive trade to lIiuLson's 
 Bay have, from interested motives, concealed their 
 tnowledgo of its western extremities. Whether there 
 lie any just foundation for this censure, I do not pre- 
 'end to determine ; but a survey is now said to be 
 making, from which it is hojied, that tliis long contested 
 (uestion of a N. W. passage will receive a full solution. 
 
 B A R T 11 I, O .M E W G O S N O L D. 
 
 AmTlloLOMEw fiosNiiLD— Ills Vovniio to America— Ills ar- 
 rival III VirKiiiia— l)i'MTi|iliim of tlie .Sea-riiast— Visit of the. 
 Iliiliaiis— Al:»r,uur.i,.t'iil nt tlio Culiiiiy liy the Knglisli, 
 
 The unfortunate issue of Ualeigh's attempt to make 
 a seitlement in .\ineriia, togetln^r with the war with 
 Spain, which continued for several years, gave a check 
 to the spirit of colonizing. In the beginning of the 
 81 venleenth century it was revived by II.vbtiioi.o.mkw 
 Oox.NOLUan intrepid mariner in the west of Kngland. 
 At who.-e expense he undertook his voyage to the iiorih- 
 f rn part of Virginia does not appear '; but on the 2lilh 
 of .March IGOi, he sailed from Falmouth in Cornwall, 
 in a small bark with tlhrly-lwo men. Instead of going 
 I'V the way of the Canaries and the \\'est Indies, he 
 kr|it as far north as the winds would permit, and was 
 tho first Fnglishnian who came in a direct course to 
 this part of America. 
 
 On the 14lhof .May they made the land, and met 
 with a shallo|) of European' fabric, in which were eight 
 savages, one of whom was dressed in liiiropean clotlies, 
 from which they concluded that sninc unfortunate fish- 
 ermen of Biscay or Brittany had been wrecked on the 
 
 CCJSt. 
 
 Tho next day they had again sight of land, which 
 •ppeared liku an inland, by reason of a large sound 
 which lay between it and tho main. This sound they 
 called Shole llopo. Near this capo they look a great 
 number of cod, from which circumstance tlicy nameil 
 tho land Cape Cod. It is descrilied as a low sandy 
 ehoiB, in the lat. 48°. The captain went on shore anil 
 found tho sand very deep. \ young Indian, with plates 
 of copper hanging to his cars, and a bow and arrows in 
 
 3 
 
 his hand, came to him, and in a friendly manner otfered 
 his service. 
 
 ('n the inih they coasted the land sonthrrly, and at 
 the end of twelve leagues discovered a point with 
 breakers at a distance ; and in alicnipling lo double 
 it, ranie suddenly into shoal water To this point of 
 land they gave the name of Point Care; it is now 
 ealbd .Sandy I'oiiit, and fonns the south-eastern ex- 
 Ireniitv of the county of Barnstable, in Massachusetts, 
 
 Finding themsetves surrounded by sho.ils and break- 
 ers, they lay at anrhor till tlii^ hud examined the coast 
 and souiiilings m their boat ; during which time some 
 of the luitives made tliem a visit. One of thein had 
 a plate of eojiper over his breast, a foot in length and 
 half a foot in breadth ; the others had pendants of the 
 same metal at their ears ; they all had pipes of tobacco, 
 of which they were very fond. 
 
 In surveying the coast they discovered breakers lying 
 off a point of land, which they denominated fiilberl's 
 Point ; it is now called Point fiainmon, and forms tho 
 eastern side of the harbor of Ilyennes. 
 
 On tho lOlh they passed the breach of Gilbert's 
 Point, in four and five fu'homsof water, and anchored 
 a league or more to the westward of it. Several hum- 
 mocks and hills appeari d, which ot first were taken to 
 be islands ; these were tho high lands of Barnstable 
 and Varmouth. 
 
 To the westward of Gilbert's Point appeared an 
 opening, which Ciosnold imagined to havo a conmiii- 
 nication wilh the supposed sound which he had seen 
 westward of ( 'a|ie (;od ; he therefore gave it the same 
 name, .Shole Hope; but finding the water to be no 
 more than three fathoms deep, at the distance of a 
 league, ho did not attempt to enter il. From this open- 
 ing tho land tended to the south-west ; and in coasting 
 il, they came to an island, to which they gave the name 
 of Mitrthas Vinfi/itrtl. This island is described as 
 "distant eight leagues from .Shole Ijojie, five miles in 
 circuit, and uninhabited ; full of wood, vines, and 
 berries; here they saw deer and look abundance of cod." 
 
 From their station olV this island, where they rode in 
 eight fathoms, they sailed on tho '.;4lli, and d'lubled the 
 cape of another island, next to it which they called 
 Dover Clilf This course brought '.hem into a sound, 
 where they anchored for llie night, and the next morning 
 sent their boat to examine another cajio which lay be- 
 tween tliein and the main, from wliieh projected a iedge 
 of rocks a mile into the sea, but all above water, and 
 not dangerous. Having passed round lliem, they came 
 to anchor again in one of the finest sounds they had 
 ever seen ; and to which they gave tho name of (Jos- 
 noid's IIopo. On the northern side of it was the main ; 
 and on the southern, parallel to it, at the distance of 
 four leagues, was a largo island, which they called 
 Klizabeth, in honor of iheir (jueen. On this island 
 they determined to lake up their abode, ond pitched 
 upon a small woody islet in the middle of a fresh pond, 
 as a safe place to build their fort. ,\ littlo to the north- 
 ward of this large island l.iy a small one, half a mile in 
 compass, and full of cedars. This they called Hill's 
 Hap. On the opposite shore apjieared another similar 
 elevation lo which ihcy gave the name of I lap's Hill. 
 
 By this deserijilion of the coast, it is evident that the 
 sound into which Gosnold entered was Buzzard's Bay. 
 Tho island which he called Maltha's Vineyard, was not 
 that which now goes by that name, but a small island, 
 the easleriuost of those which are known by Ihe name 
 of Elizabeth's Islands. It is called by the Indians 
 Nenimissett ; its jirescnt circumferenco is aliout four 
 iiiile.s, but it has doubtless bi'en diminished since (.io.s- 
 nold's lime, by the force of the tides which set iino and 
 out of the bay with great rapidity, Its natural produc- 
 tions and phsisant situation answer well to his descrip- 
 tion ; and deer are freipienlly seen and hunted upon 
 il ; but none were ever known lo have been on the 
 great island, now called .Martha's Vineyard, which is 
 above twenty inih'.s in leiiglh, and was always full of 
 inhabitants. For what reason and at what' lime the 
 name was transferred from the onu to the other, I have 
 not yet learned. 
 
 'I'hc elitf named Dover is supposed to be the eastern 
 head of a small island which was called by the natives 
 Onky Tonky, and is now corrupted into Uncle Tinimv. 
 The rocky ledge is called Kaltlesnake Neck, llilf's 
 Hap consists now of two very small islands, called 
 Wickpeckels. There is every appearance that thesi! 
 were torinerly united, and tbero are now a few erd.irs 
 on them. Hap's Hill, on the opposite part of the main, 
 is a Kin.nll elevated island, of an oval form, near the 
 mouth of a river which passes through the towns of 
 Warehain ond Rochester. It is a conspicuous object 
 lo navigators. 
 
 17 
 
 'I'he island on w..ich (iosnuld and his conipanv took 
 up their abode, is now called by its Indian namo N»u» 
 shaiiii, and is Ihe propeity of th'' lloiinrable J.ift.K» 
 BowiioiN, of Boslon. to whom I am indebted for tlicso 
 remarks on (losnold's journal, which is extant at largo 
 in I'lirrhas'srollertions. 
 
 Near the southwest end of Naitshaun is a largo fresh 
 pond ; such an one as answers (iosnold's description, 
 excepting lliat there is no islet in the middle of it. The 
 shore is sandy ; but what revolution may havo taken 
 place within the space of almost two centuries past, wo 
 cannot say. 
 
 Whilst some of Gosnold's men labored in building a 
 fort and storehouse on the small island in the pond, and 
 a Hat boat lo go to it, he crossed the bay in his vessel 
 and discovered the mouths of two rivers ; one was that 
 near which lay Hap's Hill, and the other, that on the 
 shore of which the town of New Bedford is now built. 
 
 After five d.ays ab.seiice, (losnold returned to tho 
 island and was received by his people with great cero 
 nioiiy. on account of an Indian chief and fifty of his 
 men who were there on a visit, 'i'o this chief they 
 presented a straw hat and two knives; the hat he liitio 
 regarded, but the knives were highly valued. They 
 feasted these savages wilh fish and mustard, and di- 
 verted themiielves with the ell'ect of tho mustard oil 
 Iheir noses. One of thein stole a target but it was 
 restored. They did not ap|ieur to be inhabitants, but 
 occasional visitants at the islantl, for the sake of gather- 
 ing shell fish. Four of llieiii remained alter the others 
 were gone, and helped the English lo dig the rools of 
 sassalras, with wliieh, as well as the furs which they 
 bought of the Indians, the vessel was loaded. 
 
 After spending three weeks in preparing a store- 
 house, when they came to divide their provision, there 
 was not enough to victual the ship, and to subsist Iho 
 jilanters till the ship's return. Some jealousy ulsoaroso 
 about the inlenlions of those who were going back ; 
 and after five day's consultation t.hey determined lo giva 
 up their design of planting and return lo England. On 
 Ihe eighteenth of June they sailed ouiofthe hay through 
 the same passage by which lliey had entered it ; and on 
 the twenty-tli:rd of July lliey arrived at Exmoulh, in 
 the west of England. 
 
 Gosnold s intontion was to liavo remained wiih a 
 part of his men, and to Have sent (iilbert, the second in 
 coininaml, to England, for farther supplies ; but half of 
 so small a company would not have been a sutlicient 
 number to resisl the savages, had they been disposed 
 to attack them. 
 
 .\fter his return lo England he was indefatigablo m 
 bis endeavors lo forward the settling of a colony in 
 America, and was one of those who embarked in tho 
 next expedition to Virginia., where he had the rank ol 
 a counsellor, aud where he died in tho year 1607. 
 
 JOHN S. MIT H. 
 
 John Smith— Ilis travels and ailvcnturcs on tho Contlntiit 
 — He joins the Austrian army— His Encuiinter wilh tho 
 Tiirlis- Siiiitli is niailc Prisoner— He is sold as a slave- 
 Ills escape and return to Kiiglnnd- He inccts CJosiioId— 
 They sail to VirKiiiia—Dilliculties in llio company— Siiiilli is 
 taken itrisimer liy llie Indians— He is cuiuleiiined to death- 
 He is saved l>y PocAlui.NTAS, ilaULditer of the indian Cliiof 
 — His release- .ll?>s Uiscovenes— feiiiiUi is iiiada President 
 of VirHliita— U,s I- line aiiioiiir the Indians- His singular 
 Disciiilme— Ul- R. 'urn lo Eiii;land— His Voyage to North 
 Virginia— Ills i\ ninigs- His Death. 
 
 TiioL'uii the early jiart of Iho life of this extraordi- 
 nary man was sjient in foreign travels and advenluren 
 whieh have no reference lo America, yet the incident' 
 of that period so .ilrongly mark his character, and givo 
 such a tincture to bis subsripient actions, and are wuhal 
 so singular in themselves, that no reader (it is pre- 
 sumed) will censure the introduction of them hero as 
 impertinent. * 
 
 He was born at M'illoiighby, in Lincolnshire, in the 
 >ear l.WJ.* From Ihe first dawn of reason, ho dis- 
 covered a roving and romantic genius, and delighted in 
 extravagant and daring actions among his schoolfel- 
 lows. When about thirteen years of age, he sold his 
 books and satchel, ami his puerile trinkets, to raise 
 money, with a view to convey himself privately to sea ; 
 but the death of his father put a slo|i for the present lo 
 this attempt, and threw him intj the hands of guardians. 
 
 * This is detectwined hy an iiiscnplion annexed to his por- 
 trait on ills map of New England-" A:{al 37. Anno 1016.'' 
 
 Tliis portrait represents litiii clad in armour, and under U 
 are these verses : 
 
 " Such arc the lines that show thy face ; but thofcj 
 Tliat show thy i^race and glory briKliter t,ee; 
 
 Thy faire disrovi-nes and fowlo ovi-rtliruwes 
 Of salvai-cs iniirli eiviil/.eil by thee, 
 
 Uest sIkjw lliy spirit, and to It glory win, 
 tio thou ait brosao withgut, hut (olda witliin." 
 
I.'l 
 111 
 
 18 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORY. 
 
 'I ', 
 
 
 II iif: 
 
 
 who eiidoavorcd to check the ardor of his goniiiB by 
 conlinii:^ liiiii to a coinptin^ houno. Duin^ |)iit op- 
 nrenticc tc a iiunhaiit at lAnn, at ihc n^c of lifttTn, 
 ne at lu*t coricived hn\iVB thai hin iimstcr would ncnd 
 
 him to Hia 111 hiH Brrvioe, hnt this hon<! fiiihii^, he quitted 
 his inastLT, ar.d with only ti^ii hhilhii^a in hin pcckct, 
 cnti-rrd into tho tram of a yoiin^ iiubleirum who wiin 
 tiavctliii^ to l-'rarico. At Orlraiis lie was discharged 
 fruin hii atleiidaiico on I.o:;* l)i-rtii>, and had iiioiitjv 
 fjivfii him to ruiurii to IJi^'iand. With this money h« 
 visited I'arin, and proceeded to tho Low Countriefi, 
 where ho rnhslcd as a sfildier, and learned tlio rudi- 
 ments of war, a science peculiarly a^'reeuhle to his ar- 
 dent and active genius. Meeting with a Scots gentle- 
 man ahroad, lie was persuaded to pass into Scotland, 
 with the promise of hein^ Blrongly recommended to 
 Iving James ; but being hiitMed in this expectation, lie 
 returned to his native town, and finding no company 
 thcTO which suited his taste, he built a booth in a wood, 
 and betook himself to the Htudy of military history ajid 
 tactics, diverting himself at intervals with Iuh horse and 
 lance ; in which exercise he at length found a compa- 
 nion, an Italian gentleman, rider to tlie Karl of Lin- 
 coln, who drew him from his sylvan retirement to Tat- 
 Icrsa!. 
 
 Having recovered a part of the cstntc which hisfather 
 bad left liim, he put hiiiiMelfinto a better condition than 
 before, and set olf again on his travels, in the winter of 
 tho year IflUG, being then only seventeen years of age. 
 His tir»t stage was Klnnders, where meeting with a 
 rrciichinan who pretended to be heir to a nohlo family, 
 ho, with his three attendants, prevailed ujtun Smith to 
 go with them to France. In a dark niglit they arrived 
 at St. Vulery in Picardy, and, by the connivance of the 
 ship master, tho rrenchmen were carried ashore wii:i 
 the tpiiiks of our young traveller, whilst he was left on 
 board till the return of the boat. Jn the mean tune 
 they had conveyed the baggage out of his reach, and 
 were not to be found. A sailor on board, who knew 
 the villains, generously undertjjok to conduct him to 
 Mortaino where they lived, and supplied his wants till 
 tlieir arrival at llie place. Here he found their .'Viends, 
 from whom he could gain i\c recompense ; but the 
 report of his sutferiiigs induced several persons of dis- 
 tinction to invite him lo their houses. 
 
 Kagor to pursue his travels, and not caring to receive 
 favors which he was unable to requite, he left his new 
 friends, and went from port to port in search of a ship 
 of war. In one of these rambles, near Uinan, it was 
 his chance to meet one of the villains wlio had robbed 
 him. Without speaking a word, thoy both drew ; and 
 Smith having wounded and disarmed his antagonist, 
 obliged him to confess his guilt before a number of per- 
 sons who hud asKemhh'il on the occasion. 
 
 Satisfied Willi his victory, he retired to the seat of an 
 (^cquainlancc, the Karl of Plover, who had been brought 
 up m Kngland, and having received supplies from hiin, 
 he travelled along the French coast to Bayomie, and 
 from thence crossed over to Marseilk-a ; visiting and 
 otiscrving every thing in his way which liad any refer- 
 ence to naval or military architecture. 
 
 At Marseilles he embarked for Italy, in company 
 v^ilh a rabble of jnlgrims. The ship was forced by a 
 tempest into the liarbor of Toulon, and afterwards was 
 obliged by a contrary wind to anchor umler the little 
 tuilaiid of St. Mary, otf Nice, in Savoy. The bigotry of 
 tho pilgrims made thcin ahcrihc their ill fortune to the 
 presence of a heretic on I»oard. Thev devoutly cursed 
 Smith, and his Queen Klizabeth, and in a tit of pious 
 rage threw him into the sea. He swam to the island, 
 and the next day was taken on board a shiimf St. Malo 
 which had also put in theie for shelter. The master 
 of the ship, who wa-s well known to his noble friend, 
 the Karl of i'loyer, cnU'rtained him kindlv, and carried 
 him to Ah xandna in I'L'Vpt ; from thei.ce he coasted 
 the Levant ; and on his return had liic high satisfaction 
 of a tiaval cnL'aL'f'ineii'. wiih a Venetian ship, which 
 they look and ritUd of her rich cargo. Smith was set 
 on shore at Antilles, with a box of a tlKHisnnd chequins 
 (about two thousand dollars), bv tho help of whicli, he 
 made tb*: tour of Italy, crossed tho Adriatic and tra- 
 velled into Stiria, to the seal of Ferdmtind. Archduke 
 of Austria. Here he met with an Knglish and an Irish 
 Jeaiiit who introduced him to Lord KbcrsfiauKbt, Baron 
 Kizel, and other otficers of dislinction. and here he 
 found full scope for his genius ; for the Emperor being 
 then at war with the Turks, bo entered into his army 
 03 a volunteer. 
 
 He had communicated to Eberspaught a method of 
 conversing at a distance by signals made with torches, 
 whicli being aliirnalely shuvn and hidden a certain 
 njiubor of limeti, designated every letter of the alphd- 
 
 bet. He had hoou an opportunity of making the experi- 
 ment. Kberspaught being besieged by tlie Turkpt in 
 the strong town of Olimpach. was cut oil from nil in- 
 telligence and hone of succour from his friends. Smiih 
 proputted hi:t nieinud of communication lo Uaron Kixel, 
 who a['provi>d it, and allowed bun to put it in practice.* 
 Hr wa« conveyed by a guard to a luUwilbin view of 
 the town, and sudieieiitlv remote from the Turkish 
 cump. At the displav of the signal, Kberspaught knew 
 and answered it, and Smith conveyed to him this ijitel- 
 ligence, " Thursday night, I will charge on the East ; 
 al the alarm sally thou." The answer was, '* I will." 
 Just before tho attack, by Smith's advice, a great num- 
 ber of false tires were made on onother quarter, which 
 divided tho attention of tho enemy and gave advantage 
 to the a.Hsaitants ; wlio, being assisted by a sally from 
 the town, killed many of the Turks, drove others into 
 the river, and threw succours into tho place, which 
 obliged the enemy the next day to raise the siege. 
 'I"lii3 well conducted exploit, produced to our young 
 adventurer, the command of u company, consisting of 
 two hundred and hl'tv horsemen in the regiment of 
 Count Meldrick, a nobleman of Transylvania. 
 
 The regiment in which ho served biing engaged in 
 several hazardous rnlcrprises. Smith was foremost in 
 all dangers and distinguished himself both by his inge- 
 nuity and by his valor; and when Meldnek h;l't the 
 Imperial army, and passed into the service of his i>ative 
 prince, Smith followed him. 
 
 At the siege o( Regal, iho Ottomans derided the 
 slow approaciics of theTransylvanian armv, and sent a 
 challenge, purporting that tho Lord Turii >ha. to divi rt 
 the ladies, would fight any single capuii. of the (^'hri.s- 
 tian troops. The honor of ac4:eptiiig this challenge 
 being determined by lot, fell on Oaptain Smith ; who, 
 meeting his antagonist on horseback, within view of 
 the ladies on the battlements, at the sound of music 
 began tho encounter, and in a short time killed hiin, 
 and bore away his head in triumph to his general ttic 
 Lord Moy/.es. 
 
 Tiic death of the chief so irritated his friend Grualgo, 
 that he sent a jiarticular challenge to the conqueror, 
 who, meeting him with the same ceremonies, after a 
 smart combat took olT his head also. Smith then in 
 Ins turn sent a message into the town, informing the 
 ladies, ihafif they wished for more diversion, tluy 
 should be welcome to his liead. in case their third 
 champion could take it. This challenge was acce]iled 
 by Donamolgro, who unhorsed Smith and was near 
 gaining the victory. Uut remounting in a critical mo- 
 ment, he gave the Turk a stroke with his faulehion 
 which brought him to the ground, and his head was 
 added to the number. For these singular exploits he 
 was honored with a military jirocession, consisting of 
 six thousand men, three led liorses, and the Turks' 
 heads on the points of three lances. Witli this cere- 
 mony Smith was conducted to the pavillion of his ge- 
 neral, who, after embracing him, presented him witli a 
 horse richly furni.shed, a scymitar and belt worth three 
 hundred ducats, and a commission to be major in his 
 regiment The prince of Traiisylvanio, ufter the cap- 
 lure of the place, made him a present of his picture set 
 in gold, and a pension of three hundred ducats per 
 annum, and moreover granted him a coat of arms bear- 
 ing three Turks' heada in a shield. The jiatent was 
 admitted and recorded in the college of Heralds in 
 Kngland, by Sir Henry Scgar, garter-king-at-arms. 
 Smith was always proud of this distin»;uishiug honor, 
 and these arms arc accordingly blazoned in tlie frontis- 
 piece to his history, with this motto, 
 "Viiicere est vivere." 
 
 After this, the Transylvanian army was defeated by 
 a body of Turks and Tartars near Kolenton. and many 
 brave men were slain, among whom were nine English 
 and Scotch otTicers. who. after tho fashion of that day. 
 had entered into this service from a religious zeal to 
 drive the Turks out of ('hrislcndom, Smiili was 
 wounded in this battle and lay among tho dead. His 
 habit di.scovered him lo the victors as a person of con- 
 sequence : they used him well till his wounds were 
 healed, and then sold him to the Baslia llogal. who 
 sent htm as a present lo his mistress Tragaliigzanda 
 at Constantinople, accompanied with a message, as full 
 
 * The inetliod is thi.i: Fir.st, llirce torrlios are slunvii in a 
 hno e<iui-(lislaiit from earli otlipr, wliich art* nnswercil hy 
 three oliicm in die tame maimer: IhtMi Hie mosHaee lieint; 
 written as lirietly as possible, ami ttie alphatiet ilividt'il tiilo tM >i 
 
 fiaits, tliL* lutterK t'rum A to I. arc sii^iiuiitil liy htiuwiiit; ami 
 lilting CUP liiHit, as <pftcn ni llicrc are li-tters fnmi A to liiat 
 letter wlmii'you mean. The lellera fnim .M t'l / l.v two 
 lights m the same manner. Tlio eml of a won! is sitfniiifl 
 l>V .^h.iwih)? thrro lli?hl.s. Al every h Iter, tlie light staii<ls till 
 tho other party may wrilo it duwn aiid rtuwcr by hii sijiial, 
 whicIi is onu l\g\iu 
 
 ol vanity ns void of truth, that ho bad conquered in 
 battle a Uohenuan nobleman, and presented him to her 
 as a slave. 
 
 The present proved more occeptablo to tho lady than 
 her lord intended. She could speak Italian ; and 
 Smith, in that language, not only informed her jf hit 
 country and quality, but conversed with her in so pleaa* 
 ing a manner as to gain her aiVeetions. The conneiiou 
 proved so tender, that to secure him for herself and to 
 nrevent liis being ill used or sold again, she sent lum to 
 her brother, the Dasha of Nalbraitz, in the country ol 
 tho Cambrian Tartars, on the borders of the aca of 
 Asoph. Her preteiu y was, that he should there leani 
 tho manners and language as wet! as religion of tho 
 Tartars. IJy the terms in which she wrote to her bro- 
 ther, ho suspected her design, and resolved lo disa[i- 
 point her. Within an hour after Smith's arrival ho 
 was stripped ; his head and Ix^ard were shaven, an iron 
 collar was put about his neck ; he was clothed with a 
 coat of hair cloth, and driven lo Uluir among other 
 Christian slaves. He had now no hope of redemption, 
 but from the love of his mistress, who was at a great dis- 
 tance, and not likely to bo informed of his misfortune ; 
 the hopeless condition of his fcllow-alayca could not 
 alleviate hi.s despondency. 
 
 In the depth of his distress, an opporluni'y presented 
 for an escape, which lo a pi-rson of a less courageous 
 and adventurous spirit would have proved an aggravation 
 of misery. He was employed in threshing at a grange, 
 in a largo field about a league from the house of his 
 tyrant, who in his daily visits treated him with abusive 
 language, accompanied with blows and kicks. Thif 
 wa- iuore than Smith could bear, wherefore watching 
 an opportunity when no other person was present, ho 
 levelled a stroke at him with his threshing instrument, 
 which despatched him. Then biding his body in the 
 straw ai:d shutting the doors, he tilled a bag with grain, 
 mounted the Dasha's horse, and betaking himself lo tho 
 desert, wandered for two or three days, ignorant of tho 
 wav, and so fortunate as not to meet with a single per- 
 son who might give information of bis Ihglil. Al 
 length he came to a post erected in a cross road, by the 
 marks on which he found his way to Mu.*covy, ond in 
 sixteen days arrived al Exapob.s on the river Don, 
 where wa.s a Russian garrison, the commander of which 
 understanding he was a Christian, received him cour- 
 teously ; took olT his iron collar, and gave him letters 
 lo the other governors in that region. Thus he tra- 
 velled through part of Russia and Poland, till he got 
 back to his friends in Transylvania ; receiving presents 
 ill his way from many jiersons of distinction, amon^ 
 whom he particularlv mentions a charitable lady, Cal- 
 mata, being always proud of his connexion with tha«- 
 sex, and fond of acknowledging their favors. \i Leip- 
 sic he met with his colonel. Count Mcldrirk. .ind Sigis- 
 mund, prince of Tran.-^ylvania, who gave him 1500 
 ducats to repair his losses. Witli this money he was 
 enabled to travel through riermany, France, and Spain, 
 and having visited the kingdoms of Morocco, he returned 
 by sea to England ; having in his passage enjoyed tho 
 pleasure of another naval engagement. At his arrival 
 ill his native country he had a thou.sand ducats in his 
 purse, which, with tlie interest hn h.-d remaining in 
 Kngland, he devoted to seek adventures and make di.s- 
 coveries in Noktii Amkrici. 
 
 Rarlholomew Closnold, having conceived a favorable 
 idea of America, had made it his business on his return 
 to Kngland. to solicit assistance in prosecuting disco- 
 veries. Meeting with (-'aptain Smith, be readily entered 
 into bis views, the employment being exactly suited to 
 his enterprising genius. Having engaged Edward Ma- 
 ria Wingtield, a merchant, Robert Hunl, a clergyman, 
 and several others, they [irevailed upon a number of 
 noltlcmen, gentlemen, and merchants, to solicit a patent 
 fnun the crown, by which the adventurers lo Virginia 
 liccauie subject to legal direction, and had the supiwrl 
 mid encouragement of a wealthy and respectable cor- 
 poration ; which was usually styled the South Virginia 
 Ctuupany, or the London Company, in distinction from 
 tlie Plymouth Company, who superintended the atTairs 
 of Xorth Virginia. The date of their patent was April 
 m, IfiOl). and on the 19th of the following December, 
 three shijis. one of one hundred tons, another of forty, 
 ami one of twenty, fell down the river Thames for Vir- 
 ginia. The commander was ('hristopher Newport, an 
 experienced mariner. They had on board the necessary 
 persons and provisions for a colony ; and their orders 
 tor government were sealed in a box, which was not to 
 he opened till they should arrive in Virginia. 
 
 'ihe ships were kept in tho Downs by bad weathw 
 six weeks, and afterwards had a tempeatuoufe voyage. 
 They took tho old route by the Canary and Cuibbth) 
 
nine; n AiMiiKs of rii r: early discoverkus. 
 
 thai lio linil ciiiuiiu rtil m 
 I, ami prcKcntuJ lum lo hi'f 
 
 Qfiiiilntilo to llio Indy tliRii 
 cniilil b|>iMk Iiiiliun ; and 
 
 only itilociiioil lior jf hii 
 virmil Willi Iht in »0 |)lc»»- 
 ullWtions. 'I'lic connexion 
 cure liim fur herself and 10 
 ■ Hold aijain, slw "cut lum 10 
 Nnllirailz, in lliu country «( 
 tliii liordira of th« «ca of 
 , tlial he should there Icani 
 
 us well a» religion of tlio 
 which »he wrote to her bro- 
 ;ii, and resolved lo di»a|>- 
 iir after Sinitha arrival ho 
 
 heard were shaven, an iron 
 ck 1 he wait clothed with a 
 ivcn to labor among oilier 
 now no hope of redemption, 
 Iress, who was at a great din- 
 informed of his miBfortimo ; 
 his fcllovr-slaves could not 
 
 ss, an opportunity presented 
 iirson of a less courageous 
 d have proved an agyravalion 
 yed in threshing at a grange, 
 iguo from the house of his 
 ifs treated hiin with abiisivo 
 ilh blows and kicks. Thir 
 d bear, wherefore watching 
 tlier person was present, ho 
 ilh his threshing instrument, 
 'hen hiding his body in the 
 irs, he tilled a bag with grain, 
 \ and betaking himself to the 
 jr three days, ignorant of the 
 lol to meet wilh a single per- 
 ruiation of his Higiit At 
 ■rected in a cross road, by tho 
 his way to Miucovy, and in 
 Exapolis on the river Don, 
 ison, the cominander of which 
 ,'hristian, received him cour- 
 1 collar, anil gave him Idlers 
 that region. Thus he tra- 
 ussia and Poland, till be got 
 isvlvaiiia ; receiving presents 
 rsoiis of distinction, anion,} 
 nlioiis a charitable ladv. ('a;- 
 of his coiinenion wilh thm. 
 dging ihcir favors. At l.eip- 
 I, Count VIeldrii :k. nnd Sigis- 
 aiiia, will) gave him 1500 
 Will, this money he wai 
 icrinanv, Krancc, and Spain, 
 loins of Morocco, he returned 
 ill his passage enjoyed the 
 engagement. At his arrival 
 ,1 "i thousand ducats in his 
 |rri St he hi'd remaining in 
 k adventures and make dLs- 
 
 nving conceived a favorable 
 ^ It his business on his return 
 Islanco in prosecuting disco- 
 lain Smith, he readily entered 
 Inent being exactly suited to 
 llaving engaged Kdward Ma- 
 lltohcri Hunt, a clergyman, 
 Irevailcd upon a number of 
 Inerchaiits, to solicit a patent 
 [the adventurers lo Virginia 
 rection, and had the siip|)ort 
 fvealthy and respectable cor- 
 lly styled the South Virginia 
 [;onipany, in distinction from 
 llio superintended the affairs 
 late of their patent was April 
 lof the following December, 
 lidred tons, another of forty. 
 In the river Thames for Vir- 
 las Christopher Newport, an 
 ly had on board the necessary 
 1 a colony ; and their orders 
 J in a box, which was not to 
 Irrirc in Virginia. 
 1 tho Downs by bad weather 
 had a tempestuoub Toyago. 
 U tlie Canary and CaiibbuJ 
 
 I 
 
 i . 
 
 4 
 
 .?' 
 
 iKtamU, and UmI not make iiic entrance of f 'hoHiipcnko 
 Day till lliP 'Jflili of April, 1007. Krom tlio ln'ifiiiniM^j 
 of llicir t'lnlmrkaliori lliirc w,»n t jfMlmmy luiil ili.s«ct»- 
 non ariionjT liH'ro(ii|mtiy. Stiiith iiiid lltint wrrr t'ru'tulH, 
 Aiid liolli were t'livied and Miiftprrtrd by lliu othtTM. 
 Hunt wjs jiidicioiiH tiiu) patient ; lim ulIii.'itMCiMin'd hiin 
 froiii HiNiilt. Sinilh wan ardrnt and indiislnouK, rour- 
 (roiiK in hJN dcportinrnt, hut liliiTid in Inn Ijii^ua^o 
 On (tome Hii)^r^rHiiunt4 that he inti'ndcd to OHurp the 
 ((ovornnipnt, and that his conlrdiTatcH wt-ro dispcrtcd 
 anioni; tiic cuinpitni<'A ut each nliip, he wiis laadL' a pn- 
 ■oner from the tune ol' their Iraviiifr the ('anarieM, and 
 watt nnder confinenu'nt when they arrived lu tho f'he- 
 fiapeiiko. ^Vhl■n tho hox was opened, it wan found that 
 liartholoMicw (tottnojd, John Smith, I'Mward M. Winj;- 
 tietd, ('liriHtopher Newport, John Kiitclitr. Jo!m Martin, 
 atid (icofi^e Kendal were named to ho of tho coimeil ; 
 who woro to chouse a presuh-nt from amon^ thomnelven 
 for ono yoar and the ^overnment wan vested in them. 
 Matters of moment were to ho " examined hy a piry, 
 but determined by tho major part of tho coiuumI. in 
 which tho president had two voires." When the coun- 
 cil was sworn, Winyfield was chonen president, and n 
 declaration wast made of the reasons for which Smith 
 was not admitted and sworn anions 't><i others. 
 
 Seventeen days from their arrival were spent in 
 Hpckinj,' a proper phcc for their first plantation. The 
 southern [wmt of tlie hay was nnmed ('ape Menry, and 
 tho northern Cape Charles, in honor of tho two suns ol 
 Kinjjf James. To the first jjreat river which thev dis- 
 covered they (javc tho name of their sovereign ; and the 
 northern jroint of its entrance was called Point (com- 
 fort, on account of tho pood channel and anchora^je 
 wliich they found tliero. On tlie (lats they took plenty 
 of oysters, in some of which were pearls; and on the 
 plain they found lari,'o and ripe strawberries, which af- 
 forded them a delicious repast. 
 
 Havmjj mot with live of tho nativea, they invited them 
 to their town, Kccou^htan, where Hampton is now 
 built. Hero they were feasted with cakes mado of In- 
 dian corn, and regaled with tobacco and a dance. In re- 
 turn they presented tho natives heads and other tnnkets. 
 I'roceedmi.' up tho river, another conipatiy of liidiiiiiH 
 appeared in arms. Their chief, Apania'.iea. ho!ditij» in 
 ('tie hand hi;* Imw and arrow, and in the other a pi|ie ot" 
 loh.iero, demanded tlie cause of ihcir coniinif ; thev 
 inide siiTiiR of peace, and were ho-tpiiablv received. On 
 the 13th of May they pilciied upon a peninsula, wliere 
 the ships could ho in fix fathom water, moored to tin- 
 trees as the plane of thi*ir intended AettlemeiU. Here 
 ilicy were visited hy Paspiha. another Indian chief, who 
 Im in:; m;ule ucfpiainiod w:th their desitjn, otlered them 
 a-* luiich land as they wanted, and afterwards sent them 
 n deer for their entertainment. On this spot they 
 piN'licd their tents, and gave it the name of James- 
 town 
 
 Kvery man was now employed cither in diyginijand 
 phnlini; gardens, or maktni; nets, or in cuttin*; and riv- 
 iii'^' timber to reload the shi[m. The president at first 
 would admit of no inarlial exercise, nor allow any 
 fortilicalions to ho made, cxceplini; tlie bouyhs of 
 trees thrown to;,,'elher in the form of a half luoon. Cap- 
 lain Newport tiiok Smith nnd twenty more with him 
 to discover the head of James river. In six days they 
 arrived at the falls, and erectint; a cross, as they had at 
 Cape Henry, took possession of the country in the 
 name of Kinfj James. In this route tlicy visited Pow- 
 hatan, the principal Indian chief, or emperor. His 
 town consi.sied of twelve hou.ses, pleasantly situated on 
 a hill, belbrc which were three islands, a liillo below 
 the spot where Kichmond is now built. Captain Now- 
 port presented a hatchet to this prince, which he Rralc- 
 fully received ; and when some of bis Indians mur- 
 mured at tho cominir of the Kiiu'lish ainon;^' them, he 
 silenced them by .saying, "why should we be otteiuled ! 
 they hurt ns not, nor take any thini^^ by fone ; they 
 want only a little ground, which we can easily spare." 
 This ap])carance of friendship wa.s not much relied on. 
 when, at their return to Jamestown, lliev found that ihe 
 company bad been surprised at their work by a party of 
 Indims, who hid killed ono and wounded' seveiileen 
 others. A double-headed shot from ono of tho slups 
 had cut off a bough of a tree, wliich falliiif; amonij the 
 Indians, terrified and dispersed them. Th»i incident 
 obliged the President to alter the plan of tho fort, 
 which was now a triangular palisade with a lunette at 
 each angle, and five pieces of artillery were mounted 
 on the works, which were completed by the I5lh of 
 June. It was also found necessary to exercise the men 
 *jt arms, to mount guard and be vigilant ; for tho In- 
 diana would surprise and molest stragglers, whilst by 
 UuMT imwiior igility they would escape unhurt. 
 
 The «hipfl belli!; almost ready to return, it was 
 thought proper that some decision should ho had re- 
 specling the alleiiations against Smith, His accusers 
 allectetl conimi^seralion, and pri'tended lo reler bun to 
 the censure of ihe company ui K^^lalld, rather than to 
 expoNe htm to le^al prosecution which iniglit injure his 
 reputation or touch his hie. Smith, who knew both 
 their malice and their impotence, openly scorneil their 
 preiended pity and delied their re>ei)tmenl. Ho Imd 
 conducted hunself so nnexeepiionably in every employ- 
 ment which had been allotted lo him, that ho bad ren- 
 dered himself very popular; and his accusers bad by a 
 diderent conduct lost the atlertioiis and confidence of 
 tho people. Those who had been suborned to accuse 
 hiin acknowledged their fault, and discovered the secret 
 arts which had been practised against him. Ho de- 
 lamdf (1 a trial, and the istuo waa, that tho presulent 
 was adjudged to pay him two hundred poumU ; but 
 when his properly was seized in part ot this satisfaction, 
 Sinilh generously turned it into the common store for 
 the benetil of the colony. Such an action could not 
 but iiicrea>e his popularity. Many other ditl'iculties bad 
 arisen amoiif; lliein, which, bv the intluence of .Smith 
 and Iho exliortalion of Hunt, their chapbiin, were 
 hrouglit to a seemingly amicable eoncluMon. Smith 
 was admitted to his scat m the council, and on the next 
 Sunday thev cclehr.iled the c(miinimion. At the same 
 tnn.) the Indians came in, and voluntarily desired peace. 
 With the good report of these transactions Newport 
 sailed for Kn^hiiid, on the 'Z'M oi June, promising to 
 return in twenty week^ with fresh sujiplies. 
 
 The colony thus h'ft in Virguiiu consisted of one 
 hundred and four persons, in very ini.serable circum- 
 stances, especially on account of provisions, to wbicli 
 calamity their long voyage diil not a little contribute, 
 both as it consumed their slock, and deprived them of 
 tho opportunity of towing seasonably in the spring. 
 Whilst the snipd remained, they could barter with the 
 sailors for bread ; but after their departure, each man's 
 allowance was half a pint of damaged wheat and as 
 much hurley per day. The river, which at the llood 
 was salt, and at tho ebb was muddy, atl'orded them their 
 only drink ; it aI>o sn[)plied them wilh sturgeon and 
 shell-tish, This kind of food, with llieir continual labor 
 in tho heat of summer, and their Ircipient walchtngs by 
 night in all weathers, having only the bare ground to 
 lie on, with but ^llght co\eriiig, produced diseases 
 among them, whicli. by tho inoiiih of September, car- 
 ried olf tittv persons, uinong wiioni was (.'aptain (ios- 
 nold. Tho.se who remained were divided into liiree 
 watches, of whom, not more than five m each were 
 callable of duty at once. All this lime the president, 
 \\ iiigritld, who bad the key of tho stores, inonopolued 
 tho few refresiunents which remained, and was meditat- 
 ing to desert the plantation privately m the pinnace, 
 and remove to the west Indies, These things rendered 
 him so hateful to the rest, that they deposed lum, and 
 elected Ratcbli'o in his room : they also removed Kendal 
 from his place in the council ; so that by the middle of 
 Septemher, three members only were left. 
 
 Katclitb', being a man of no resolution nor activity, 
 committed the inanairement of a Hairs abroad lo Smitii, 
 in whom bis eonhdencu was not misplaced. At the 
 same time the Indians in their neighborliood brought m 
 a plentiful supply of such provisions as tliey had, which 
 revived their drooping spirits ; and Smith seeing the 
 necessity of exertion to secure themselves and jirovido 
 for the approaching winter, partly by his ammaiing 
 speeches, but more by his example, set them to work 
 in mowin<r and binding thatch, and in building and 
 coTcring houaes. In these exercises ho boru a large 
 share, and m a short lime got a sutliciency of bouses lo 
 make comfortable lodgings lor all the people excepting 
 himself. This being done, and the jirovisions which 
 liio nativch bad brought in being expended, he jiicked a 
 number of the best hands and embarked ni a shallop 
 which they had brought from England, lo search the 
 country for another supply. 
 
 The party which accompanied Smith in this ex- 
 cursion consisted of six men, well armed, but ill pro- 
 vided with clothing and other nece^^sarle5 What was 
 wanting in eqiiipnrent was to be supplied by reso- 
 lution and adoresa ; and Smith's genius was equal to 
 the attempt, They proceeded down the river to Ke- 
 coughtan, [Hampton] where the natives, knowing the 
 needy state of tho colony, treated them with contempt, 
 oti'ering an car of corn in exchange lor a musket or a 
 sword, and in like proportion for their .scant and tat- 
 tered garments. Finding that courtesy and gentle 
 treatment would not prevail, and that nothing was to 
 be expected in the way of barter, and moreover pro- 
 voked by their conlcinpt, Smith ordered bis boat lo be 
 
 IB 
 
 drawn on Hhoro nnd his men to fire at lliem. Tho bf- 
 frighted natives (led to tho woods, whiUl tho party 
 !4earched then: liouxes, in which they found plenty of 
 corn; but Smith did not permit his men to touch it, 
 expecting that the Indians would return and attack 
 them. They soon appeared, to the lunnbcr of itixty or 
 seventy, formed into a scjuare, carrying their idol okkk, 
 coTuposed of skms, stujted with m )ss, nnd adorned 
 with chains of copper, 'i'bey were armed wilh clubs 
 ami largeta, bows and arrows, and advanced singing 
 lo tho charge. Tho party received them with a vollev 
 of shot, whicii brouglit several of ihein to the grounj, 
 and their idol among them ; the rest tied again lo tho 
 woods, from whence they sent a deputation lo oH'or 
 peace and redeem their god. Sinitli, having in hia 
 handa ao valuable a pledge, was abb; to bring them lu 
 hig own terms ; ho stipulated that six of them should 
 come unarmed, and load his boat with corn, and on this 
 condition ho would bo their friend and give them 
 hatchets, beads and copper. 'I'bese slipulatious weio 
 faithfully ]ierformed on holh sides; and tho Indians, m 
 addition, presenled them w ilb venison, turkies and other 
 birds, and continued singing and dancing till their Ue- 
 partnre. 
 
 Tho success of this attempt encouraged him lo repeat 
 his excursions by land ami water ; m Ibo cour>o of 
 which he discovered several branches of James river, 
 and ]>articularly the (.'hickahamony, from who.se ferldo 
 banks lie bo|)ed to supply tho colony witli provision. 
 Hut industry abroad will not make a llounshing plvntd- 
 lion without economy at homo. What be had taken 
 pains and risked his life to provide, was carelessly 
 and wantonlessly expended ; the iratlic with the nativea 
 being under no regulation, each person made his own 
 bargain, and by outbidding each other, they taught the 
 Indians to sol a higher value on their commodities, and 
 to think themselves cheated when they did not all get 
 the same pricott. TIih bred a jealousy and sowed tho 
 seeds of a quarrel witli them, which tho colony were in 
 a poor condition to maintain, being at var:at«'e among 
 themselves. 
 
 'i'ho shallop being again fitted for a trading voyn(jo, 
 whilst Smith was abroad on ono of his usual ramblea, 
 and the people being discontented with tho indolfiico 
 of ILilcliHe, their President, and the long sickness of 
 Martin, Wingbeld and Kendal, who had been displaced, 
 took advantage of Smith's absence, and conspired with 
 i^ome nialeconlents lo run away with the vessel and go 
 to Kngland. Smith returned unexpectedly, and tho 
 plot was discovered. To prevent its execution, re- 
 course was had to arms, and Kendal was killed, Ano- 
 ther attempt of the (>ame kind was made by Kalchtro 
 himself, assisted by Archer ; but Sniitli loiimi means to 
 defeat this also. He delcrininod to kecj> possession of 
 the country, the value of which was daily rising in hts 
 estimation ; 4iot only as a soiircu of wealih to individual, 
 but as a grand national oliject ; and ho knew that great 
 undertakings could not be accomplished without labor 
 and perseverance. 
 
 As the autumn advanced, ihe waters were covered 
 with innumerable wild-fowl, which, witli the addition 
 of corn, beans and jmmpkins, jirocured from the Indians, 
 changed hunger into luxury, and abated tho rage for 
 abandoning the country. Smith bad been once up tho 
 river Chickabamony, but because ho had not penetrated 
 lo lis source, exceptions were taken to his conduct as 
 too dilatory. This iinpulation he determined to remove. 
 In hiB next voyage he went so high thai he was obliged 
 to cut the trees which bad fallen into the river, to make 
 his way through as far cs his boat could swim. He 
 tlien left her m a safe place, ordering his men not to 
 ipnl lier until his return ; tlien takin<r two of them, and 
 two Iiulians for guides, he proceeded in one of theii 
 canoes to the meadows at the river's head ; and Icar- 
 ing his two men with tho canoe, ho went with his In- 
 dun guides across tho meadows. A parly of 300 
 Indians below, had watched tlio moiions of the boat. 
 They first .surprised tlio straggling crew, and made ono 
 of iliem prisoner, from whom they learned that Smith 
 was above. They next found the Iwo men whom ho 
 bad left with l!»- canoe asleep by a tire, and killed them ; 
 then having discovered Snulh, ihey wounded hi.ii in 
 llie thigh with an arrow. Finding himself thus assault- 
 ed and wounded, he bound one of his Indian guides 
 with his garters to his left arm, and made use of him aj 
 a shield, whilst he despatched three of his enemies and 
 wounded some others. He was retreating lo his canoe, 
 when, regarding his enemies more than his footstep.i, 
 he suddenly plunged with his guide into an oo7y creek. 
 and stuck fast in the mud. The Indians, astonished a*. 
 his bravery, did not approach him nil, almost dead with 
 cold, ho threw away his arms, and begged ihcm to draw 
 
90 
 
 AM Kill CAN n I H TORY. 
 
 i i 
 
 ri! 
 
 Iilmoiil, vvliii'li lliry dill iiml led liiiii 111 llii' liri', wliirc 
 titM Mlitiri ntiniiiiuDii!! wrro lyiii;;. 'Tiim M^Iit iiilniu 
 niMtii'd liiiit wliut ho wan (u fXpiM-t. Iluirn; revived liy 
 t'leii ell;klinir llm beriuridied lltiilm, h« c.dli'il tor the 
 rl.iol, U|ieciiiikahOu^li,kiMU of I'ainiiiiiikrr, to wlioiit lit) 
 |il«n('iiteil hii ivury i-uii)[iu!ib nnd diitl. 'I'lie viliraliiiiiN 
 i>r ttiii needk', and tho tly under tlin nhm, nhieh lliey 
 could sen lnit not touch, atroriled ll.eni luiu'h niiiUMi' 
 iiient ; nnd Sniitli, huviiiK leuriied moiiio of tlieir l.iii 
 ^ua^n, partly liy means of tliat, and jiarily by mj^uh 
 enlcrtained thoni with a defl{'ri[>tu>ii of tho nutiiro and 
 iMi"* of the iuHtruinent; and ^avc theni cui'h a lecture 
 on till; Miotionfl of the heavens and eartli as amazed 
 them, and su.ipended for a tinu: Iho rxceulion of iheir 
 [Mirpose. ,\t length, curiosity hein^ saliatiMl, ihey fas- 
 tened him to a tree, nnd |)re|).ired to despatrh him with 
 their arrows. At tliis iii«tanl, Iho chief lioldiii!,' up Ihe 
 compass, which ho esteemed as a divinity, they laid 
 aside their arms, and fornnni; a military procession, led 
 him in triumph to their villaijc Drapajo. 'I'hn order of 
 their inarch was tlius: they ran;red themselves in ii 
 Bini^lo filu, tho kini( in the midst, hct'oru him wero home 
 tho arms taken from Smith, and his eompaniiiiis ; next 
 nfler tho kin^ caino the prisoner, held hy tlirec stout 
 (dvai^es, and on each side a tile of six. When lliey 
 »rrived at tho villajjo, the old men, women nnd ehildrni 
 enmo out lo rcceivo tliem; after some mainciivreji. 
 a-hich had tho appearance of rei^ularity, they formed 
 Ihemselvca round tho kinir and lii.t prisoner into a cir- 
 cle, dancinir and sin<;injr, adorned witli paint, furs and 
 feathers, brandisliinfj their rattles, wlneli were made of 
 Iho talcs of rattlesnakes. After three d.inees, tiiey dis- 
 porsed, and Smith was conducted to a loiii; hnl, (guarded 
 by forty men. 'I'hero ho was so plentifully feasted 
 with bread and venison, that h(. suspected their inten- 
 tion was to fatten and eat him. One of tho Indians, lo 
 whom Smith had formerly ^ivon beads, bron^dit him a 
 |;arnient of furs to defend him from thf cold. AnolluT, 
 wliosn son was then sick and <I>inir, attempted lo kill 
 him. but was provented hy tho yuard. .Suiiih heiiiir 
 conducted to the dyini; youth, told lliein that he had a 
 medicine at .laineslown which would cure linn, if tliey 
 'vonid let him fetch it ; but tlu-y had another de^ij/n, 
 s\hich was to surprise the place, and to make use of Inin 
 vj* ftsnido. To induce him to perform this service, they 
 I'lomised him his liberty, will) as much land and as 
 iiiiiny women as would content him. Smith nia;;nified 
 ho ditliculty and danger nf their attem|it, from the 
 ordnance, mines and other defences of the place, wlii<;h 
 cxceedin;;ly terrified them ; and lo convince Iheni of the 
 truth of wlnt ho told them, he wrote on a leaf of his 
 pocket-book an inventory of what ho wanted, with some 
 directions to tho people at the fort, how to atfri^ht the 
 messengers who went to deliver the letter. 'J'liey re- 
 turned in threo days, reporting the terror into which 
 they had been thrown ; and when they produced the 
 things for which ho had written, tho whole company 
 were astonished at the power of his divination by the 
 tpi'iiiim; leaf. 
 
 After this they carried him through several nations, 
 inhibiting tho banks of tho Polowmack ond Kapahanock, 
 nnd at length brought him to I'amaunkeo, where ihey 
 performod a strange ceremony, by which they intended 
 ti livino, whether his intention!, towards them were 
 friendly or liostile. The manner of it was this : earlv 
 in tho morning a groat tire was made in a long house, 
 lind a mat spread on each side, on one of which ho was 
 placed, and the guard retired. Preseiitlv, an Indian 
 priest, hideously painted, and dressed in furs and snake 
 skins, came skipping in, and after a variety of uncoutli 
 noises and gestures, drew a circle with meal round the 
 fire : then caino in threo mnro in the same frightful 
 dress, and after they had performed their dance, three 
 others. They all sat opposite to him in a line, the chief- 
 priest in tho midst. After singing a song, accompanied 
 with the music of their rattles, the chief-priest laid down 
 five grains of corn, and after a short spi.Mx'h. three more ; 
 this was repeated till tlie fire was encircled. Then 
 continuing tlie incantation, he laid sticks between the 
 divisions of tlie corn. The wholn day was spent in 
 these ceremonies, with fasting, and at night a feast was 
 prepared of the beast meals which they h«d. Tho same 
 tricks were repealed the two following d.iys. They li.ld 
 hliQ that the circle of meal represented their conn 
 tho circle of com the aca shore, and the s'icks his coun- 
 try ; thcv did not acquaint him, or ho has not aci|uainted 
 us, with tho result of the ojicrution, but he observed that 
 the gunpowder which they had taken from him, was laid 
 up among their corn, to be planted tho next spring. 
 
 After these ceremonies, they brought him to the em- 
 peror Powhatan, who received him in royal state, clolhed 
 m a robe of racoon skins, seated on a kind of throne, 
 
 i-levatml above Ihe lloor of a large hut. in tho midst of 
 I winch was a lire ; at each hand of the prnico sat two 
 ! beautiful girls, ins d.iiighters, and along each siilo of 
 the house, a row of his counsellors, painted and .idorned 
 wnh leathers and shells. At .Simlirs entrance a ureat 
 shout was in.iile. Tlie queen of .\paniatox brought him 
 water to w.ish his h.iiids, and ano'.licr served him with a 
 hunch of fealliers instead ol a towid. Having feasted 
 hnii after their manner, a long consultation was held, 
 which being ended, two large stones were brought in 
 on one of which his head was laid, and clubs weru 
 lifted up lo be.it out his brains. .At this critical inomeiit 
 Pocahontas, the king's favorite d.inghter, tiew lo him, 
 look his head in her arms, and laid her own upon it 
 Her tender eiitreatu's prevailed. The king consented 
 Ih.U Sinilh siioiild live, lo make hatchets lor him, and 
 orn.iments for her. 
 
 'i'wo il.ivs, after, Powhatan caused him to be brought 
 lo a distant huuse ; where, after another threatening, lie 
 coiifirincil his promise, and told liiin he should return to 
 ■ he tort, and send him two pieces ofcaiinon, and a grind' 
 stone ; for which he would give him the country of iU- 
 palioiisick, and for ever esteem him as his son. Twelve 
 guides accompanied him, and he arrived at Jamestown 
 liie next d.iy -According lo the stipulation, two guns 
 and a large grindstone were oll'ered llieiii ; Imt having 
 hi v.iin tried lo lift them, they were content to let tliein 
 remain in their place. .Smith, however, had the guns 
 loaded, and discharged a volley of stones at a tree co- 
 vered with icicles. The report and ellcct confoniided 
 them ; but being pacilled with a few toys, they returned, 
 carrying presents to I'owhatan and his daughter of such 
 things as gave them entire satisfaction. After this ad- 
 venture, tho young princess, i*ocahoiitas, freipieiitly 
 visited the pl.intation with iier alteiidaiils ; and the re- 
 freshments which she brought from lime to time proved 
 tho iiHMns of saving many lives, which otherwise would 
 have been lo.-*t. 
 
 ■Smith's return happened at another critical jnncturo. 
 The colony w.is divided into ]iarties, and the inalcon- 
 teiits were again prep;iring lo quit the country. His 
 presence a third tune, defe.ited the project ; in revenge 
 tor which they meditated to put him to death, under 
 pretence tint he had been the means of murdering Ihe 
 Iwo iiu'ii who went with him m the canoe ; but by a 
 [iroper application of valor and strength, he put his ac- 
 cusers under coiilinement, till an opporliiiiil\ presented 
 for sending them as [irisoners to liiiglanil. 
 
 Till! inisforlnnes and inismanagemunls r>l' this Vir- 
 ginian colony during the period liere related, seem to 
 havo originated partly in the tempers and qualilicatioiis 
 of the men who were appointed to command, and partly 
 in tho nature and circumstances of the adventure. 
 There could be no choice of men for the service but 
 among those who otlered themselves ; and these were 
 previously strangers to each other, as well as ditferenl 
 111 their education, qualities and habits. .Some of them 
 had been used lo the coium md of ships, and partook of 
 llie roughness of the elemiMit on which they were bred. 
 It is, perhaps, no great coinplinient to .Smith, to say 
 that ho was tho best qualilied of them for command ; 
 since the event prn.x.^ that none of them who survived 
 the tirst sickness, p.ad .!'0 confidence of the people in 
 any degree. It is •.crt. ;in ''lai his resolution prevented 
 tho ahandon;:ient of the [ 1 1 .-e the first year ; his enter- 
 prising spirit led 10 .tn vvploration of the country, and 
 acquainted them •.■:!! .is many advantages ; his capti- 
 vity produced .it. [n\c' jonrse with the savages ; unil the 
 supplies gained iiuui them, chielly hy means of his ad- 
 dress, kept the peoiilo alive till the second arrival of the 
 ships from England. Tho Virginians, Iherelbro, justly 
 regard hiin, if not as the father, yot as the saviour of 
 that infant plantation. 
 
 In the winter of 1607, Capt. Newport arrived from 
 England in Virginia. The oihcr ship, commanded hy 
 Capt. Nelson, which sailed at the same time, was diy- 
 ni'isled on the .American coast, and blown oil* to the 
 West Indies. The supplies sent by the company were 
 received in Virginia with the most cordial avidity ; hut 
 the general license given to the sailors, to trade with 
 die savages, proved detrimental to the planters, is it 
 raised the prices of their coininodities so high, that a 
 pound of copper would not purchase, what before could 
 iie bought for an ounce. .Newport himself was not 
 free from this spirit of profusion, so common to sea 
 faring men, which ho manifested liy sending presents 
 of various kinds to Powhatan, intending thereby lo 
 I give him an idea of the grandeur of the Knglish nation. 
 In a visit which he made to this prince, under the con- 
 1 duct of Smith, he was received and entertained with an 
 I equal snow of magnificence ; but in trading with tl 
 I savage chief, he found himself outwitted. I'owhatan, 
 
 in a lofly ilrain, spoke to Inni thus " li i.< iiul agreu- 
 able lu tliu greatness of such men as we are, lo iiadc 
 like common peoplu for Irilh s ; lay down tluiiiuie at 
 once, all your goods, and I will give you the full vahir 
 lor tlieiii." Smith perceived the snure, and wariitxl 
 .\'ew|iort of It ; but he, thinknig to onllitave llni sn- 
 age prince, displayed the whole of Ins store. Pnwliif 
 tan then set such a price on his corn, that not nioru 
 than four bushels could ho procured ; and the neces- 
 sary supplies could not have been h.id, if Smith's ge- 
 nius, ever ready at mvenlion, had not hit on un artilicp 
 which proved successful. He had secreted some In- 
 fies, nnd among llieii^ a parcel of hliir hrails, which, 
 seemingly m a careless vvav, he glanced in the eyes of 
 Powhatan. The buit caught bun ; nnd ho eamrslly 
 desired to jHirchase them. Smith, in his mm, raised 
 the value ol them, extolling Ihem as the most precious 
 jewels, resembling the color of the sky, and proper 
 only fiir the nobh'st sovereigns m tho universe. Pow- 
 hatan's imagination was all on fire ; ho made largn 
 olliirs. Smith insisted on more, and ut length sultert-d 
 hniiself to be persuaded lo take between two and three 
 hnndrtd bushels of corn for about two pounds of bliio 
 be.ids, nnd they palled in very good hiimonr, each one 
 being very much pleased with his bargain. In a siib- 
 Bcqiient visit lo (J|>ecaiikanough, King of Pamaniikee, 
 the company were entertained with tho same kind of 
 splendor and a similar bargain closed the lestivity ; by 
 winch meanw, the blue beads grew into such estiina- 
 tioii, that none but the princes and llieir families were 
 ubie to wear them. 
 
 Loaded with this acquisition, they returned lo James, 
 town ; where an unhappy lire liiiil consimied several of 
 their houses, with much of their provisions and furni- 
 ture. iMr. Hunt, the chuplain, lost his apparel and 
 lilirary in this cuiifiagration, and escaped Irom it with 
 only the clothes on his back. This iniaiortnno was 
 severely felt ; the ship staying in port fourteen weeks, 
 and reserving enough for the vo(vage home, so con- 
 tracted their slock of provisions, that before the winter 
 was gone, they were reduced lo great extremity, and 
 many of them died. The cause of the ship's detention 
 lor so long a time was this : In searching for fresh wa- 
 ter m the neighborhuod of Jamestown, they had dis- 
 covered in a rivulet some particles of a yellowish isiiig- 
 glass, which their sanguine imaginalions had refined 
 into gold dust. The zeal (or this precious matter was 
 so strong, that in digging, washing and packing i *.o 
 complele the lading of the sliiji, all other cares wen' 
 uhsorhed. This was a tedious interval to Capt. Smilh ; 
 his judgment condemned their fiilly, his patience v.as 
 exhausted, nnd his passion irritated, and the only re- 
 compense which he had for this long vexation, was the 
 pleasure of sending home Wingfield and Archer, when 
 the ship ilepartcd. 
 
 The other ship arrived in the spring, and notwilh 
 standing a long and imavoidahle detention in the West 
 Indies, jirought them a comfortable supply of provisions 
 They look advantage of the opening season, to re'":. Id 
 their houses and chapel, repair the palisades, and plant 
 corn for the ensuing summer, in all which works the 
 example and authority of Smith, were of eminent ser- 
 vice. Kvery man of nctlvity was fond of him, and 
 lho.se of a contrary disposition were afraid of him. It 
 was proposed that he should go into the country of the 
 .Munacans, beyond the falls of James river, that Ihey 
 might have some news of tho interior parts to senil 
 home to the company ; but a fray with the Indians de- 
 tained him at Jamestown, till the ship sailed for Kng- 
 land, laden chielly with cedar, but not without another 
 specimen of the yellow dust, of which Martin was so 
 fond, that ho took charge of the packages himself and 
 returned to England. An accession of above ono hun- 
 dred men, among whom were several goldsmiths and 
 refiners, had been made to tho colony by tho two last 
 ships, and a new member, Matthew Scrivener, was 
 added to the council. 
 
 Having finished the necessary business of tho season, 
 and despatched the ship, another voyage of discovery 
 was undertaken by Captain .Smith and fourteen others. 
 They went down the river in an open barge, Juno 111, 
 1608, in company with the ship, and having parted with 
 her at Capo Henry, they crossed the mouth of the bay, 
 and fell in with a cluster of islands without Capo Charles, 
 to which they gave tho iianio of Smith's isles, wliicli 
 Ihey still bear. Then re-entering the bay they lai,ded 
 on tho eastern neck, and wero kindly received by Aco- 
 mack, the prince of that peninsula, a part of which still 
 bears his name. From thence they coasted the eastern 
 shore of the bay, and landed sometimes on the iiiaiti. 
 and at other times on tho low islands, of which ihrv 
 found many, but iioiic lit for liabitation. They ^ro''ccde J 
 
Hinfi nAPUiEs or Tiir; i:aui,y Di.srovrtii'Rs. 
 
 •1 
 
 nil iliiiii " li In mil uttrrv 
 It iiii-ii iiii VM? urt>, lo Iruiio 
 IK ; l.iy ilinvii tlu'ii'iuio ill 
 will i;iui you lliu lull vituf 
 1(1 tlio niium, Biul wariiMl 
 nkiiiu lo oulliravi' lliii in- 
 lulii uT liiN alurti. I'nwlm- 
 iiii Iiii ciiru. tliiil not nioru 
 |iroi*iirril ; aiul llio ni't-cn- 
 ■ hftii had, if SiiiUh's fie- 
 I, hull lint lilt uii uii arlilii:o 
 llo hail mrrilcil soiuu In- 
 rciil ul litiir hrail-t, which, 
 
 I, hv ((laiicrd 111 the i'yi"i of 
 ;lil liiiii ; mill ho curiH'illy 
 
 Siiiitir, ill hin turn, raimil 
 ; tluMii us till' most |iti'i'ioiu 
 ir of tliii sky, ami |iru|iir 
 Hiiii III llio uiiivcrsii. I'ow- 
 II cm tiro ; ho iiuiilo lar^ii 
 iiori', mill at li'iiyth millerril 
 lako hilwcuii kwo oiiJ tlinc 
 r about two iiouiiils of liluo 
 cry K"'"' liiuiiour, each oiio 
 itli lii> luirKaiii. in u siili- 
 ouuli, KinjJ of I'aiimiiiikci-, 
 K'll with the Baiiic kiiiJ of 
 am oloBcJ the fentivity ; by 
 Jh grew into »ucli utiiiia- 
 laca ami tlii'ir fuiiulius wcrii 
 
 lion, ihcy rcluriicil to Janicii. 
 tiro had conminied seviTal of 
 if thi'ir proviHiona and fiinii- 
 iplain, lost hin ii|>{iarcl and 
 
 II, ami rKciipi'd from it with 
 ack. This inisiorluiio wan 
 ying in port foiirlccn wcikit, 
 
 the v(it,a(;c homo, so con- 
 
 isioin, Ihnl before the wmlir 
 
 iced to great extremity, and 
 
 cause of llio ship's dcleiition 
 
 I : 111 searching for fresh wa- 
 
 ;)f Jaineslowii, they had dis- 
 
 pariiclea of a yellowish isiiig- 
 
 iie iinagmatioiis had relined 
 
 for this precious mutter wa« 
 
 washing and packiiijj i 'o 
 
 .J »lii|i, all other cares wei>' 
 
 0118 iiilervul to Cajit. Smith i 
 
 their folly, his patience v.aii 
 
 irritated, and the only re- 
 
 this long vexation, was iho 
 
 injjlield and Archer, when 
 
 the spring, and notwiih 
 dalile detention in the West 
 lorlable supply of provisions 
 Djiening season, lo re'";.'.ii 
 [liiir the palisades, and plant 
 r, ill all which works iho 
 mitli, were of eminent ser- 
 ily was fond of him, and 
 ion were afraid of him. It 
 d go into the country of lliu 
 of James river, that they 
 llio interior parts lo send 
 a fray with the Indians de- 
 ■ the, ship sailed for Kng- 
 ar, but not withoiil another 
 St, of which .Martin was so 
 f the packages himself and 
 accession of above one hiiii- 
 ro several goldsinillia and 
 the colony by tlio two last 
 Matthew Scrivener, was 
 
 sar^ business of the season, 
 uiolber voyage of discovery 
 Smith and fourteen others, 
 in an open barge, Juno III, 
 ship, and having parted with 
 ossed the mouth of the bay, 
 ilands wilhoul Capo Charles, 
 line of Smith's Isles, which 
 nlering the bay they lai«ieJ 
 ere kindly received by Aco- 
 ninsula, a part of whieh slill 
 nee they coasted the eastern 
 ed somelhnes on the inniii. 
 I low islands, of which ihrv 
 lliabilatioii. They pro'Ccd.J 
 
 
 'i(p the liny to thp norlhwnrd mid rrtwuril ovrr lo t)i«< 
 
 wt-Hlcni hUorv. iUtwn wliicli tlicv rniiRUil lo llu* houtli- 
 ward, .iihI mi tin--* nuilr tlturiivi-rtil llif rnuiilli:* ot llic 
 jlttui riviiH, which l.ill into Ihf hav on tli.it wnlr Hue 
 in imrfH'i.Iar mtnulnl ninch of ihnir ..in niion. hri'aii>o 
 ol' II rnlihHh earth which thry foiiiui lluTc, iind trom lift 
 r«"«Miil"I.iiKT to holtviirnninrnitr, llicv l'hm' H iIh' imtiic 
 III' Mollis riviT, iuhI It M NO nunitil in all the tjirlv iMn|if* 
 ol' the foiintrv i hut n» the latlt r. U hciirn the Imhaii 
 tiuiiir l'iilap!«co ; (Ml llif nnrth hidr of whu-h in now the 
 t!oll^^*ll^lr town of liiiifimorr. 'I'hcv n.nhi! llnrty niHrs 
 n|) \\if rntovvniack, wuliniil %vviu\f iihV nihahitanN ; 
 htil tin nitrriiii,* n crn T i.Himl lln'inHclvrn !«urr()'iiulnl 
 |py tnihtintt who ihrciiii < •' ilirm. Nniith |iri-iiariil for 
 AM t'licmiiiKT ; liiit on TiiM!; u few u'uns, the Iiiih.uiH, 
 terriliei) lit the noise, nuulu (tiiin^ of peiu-e, iinil ex- 
 rh:iiii;e(i liosCint'S ( 'ne of the i'iMii|>,\ny wiis liy thin 
 liuMMH earned In the leihilalion of their linnee. and the 
 whul(^ wen* kiiidiv uhuI Thrv hiirned lli.it it wan hy 
 direclion of INiwhdtan tliiit thi^ liuhans wi're in arms, 
 H)i<l had attein|jled In xiirprise them ; Iron) thiH cin iim- 
 Unnco ihey were hd lo (»n>*|>ect liuit I'Dwhiilan had 
 teen iiifurmed of tlim e.xpeditioii, hv llie diNConlrnled 
 (mrt of llie ciilonv wliom Smith had o!ih!.M tl lo stuy Iti 
 tlie eoiniUy when ihev Wi)i!ld have de^eiled it. 
 
 It wan Simth'tt in\ariah1<> ennloiii, when he met with 
 tlie Indians, lo put on u hold fare, an if tliey appeared 
 de!*iroiiM ot pence to demand ihetr arms, ami Honm of 
 their children am ph dijeji of their snu-erity ; if they 
 coruphed, he considered litem an frieiid.s ; if not, a*- 
 fiieinieH, In the course of ihirt V0V'it;e, he collected 
 Bome fiiri*, and discovered some eolored carthw, which 
 the sav,iL;e!t used as pamis, hut found iiolhini^ of thn 
 imiieral kiml. At tlie mouth of llie Kappahaiiock, ihe 
 hoat t/roimded, and wlulst Ihey were wailmj^ for the 
 tide, ihev t nijiloyetl ihrmselves in slicking wilh their 
 Nworcls liie li^lieN which were left on llie tIalA. Smith 
 ImviriL' struck his »word into n stmirray, the \U\\ raised 
 iU tail, and with Hs sharp tiuUriled lliorn, woundeil 
 him in the nrni. This wound wa.s extremely painhil, 
 and he presenllv swelled lo lliat deuree, ihal they ex- 
 jiecUd limi lo die. and lie himself i^av ihei ' ordi.TM to 
 bury liim on a iieij.dihoritiii island. Hut the surgeon, 
 l)r Uussel, havinii prohed the woiinJ. hy liie help of 
 u cerlani oil, so aliased llie an<;iiisli and swetitn^r, that 
 .Smith wuH aide lo eit part of the (i.^ll for liis supper. 
 I'roiii Ihis oecurrencu. llie place was diMin;,niishi'd hy 
 the name of Slmjiray I'onit, which it sIiH hears. 
 
 On ihe iilsi of July, iliev returned to Jameslown. 
 llnem^. with Ihe colored earths which lliey had found, 
 dls^M iM'd llieir hoat and streamer?*, their oM companions 
 were' darriu'<l at llieir approach, wiiti Ihe apprehension 
 c'f an allaek from ihe Spniianls ; this was a Irick of 
 .Sniilli's lo friyliteii the old president, who had noted 
 on the |iuhlic stores, and was hiiiKlmL' a house in tti<^ 
 wood.s, tiiat he inttlht seclude himself li'om iho sickly, 
 (li«conlented, ipiarrel>'oine eoinpany. Oii Smith\s arri- 
 val, ihev sii,niilied their desire of mvestinii htm with llio 
 j:overnmt'nt Katcidl'e henit: deposed, it fell to him of 
 course ; and haviiii; recoinmeiiditl Scn\ener lo preside 
 in his absence, lie entered on am)lher \ova^e of dis- 
 covery, beinj; delermmeil to spurc no panis lor a full 
 exjiloralion of the country. 
 
 From Ihe "llh of .Inly to tiio 7lli of Septendur. 
 Willi twelve men in an o|ien barbie, he rauLMil lite Imv 
 of (/hesapeake, ns far northward as the falls ot .Susipie- 
 haunah, entertn<r all the rivers llial flow inlo the bay, 
 and examimnu; Iheir shores. In some places tlie na- 
 tive>f were friendly, and in others jealous. Their idea 
 (tf ihe Rtraiifje visitors, was, that they had eoiiie *' from 
 under the world lo lake tliiur world from them." 
 .Smitli's constant endeavor was lo preserve peace with 
 tlieni ; hut when ho could not obtain corn m the way 
 <tf irallic, he never scrupled lo use threats, and in some 
 cases violence, and by one or llie other method he pre- 
 vjiili'd so as to hrin-j; home u load of provisions for his 
 klisronteiiled companions, wlui wilhonl his ellbrts would 
 'lot have been able to live. Sickness and death were 
 wry tVe<|i)eiit, and the latest comers wtirc most atl'ect- 
 ('(I hy the disorders of the elimale. 
 
 Smith was now established in the preaidrncv. by the 
 election of tlie coun«:il find the rcipiest of the company; 
 but iho commission gave to a niujority of the council 
 liu* whole power. Newport, at his third arrival, 
 bnuight over two new nieinbcrs, and Katchlfe havinjj 
 fcli!l A seat, thoiiiih deposed from tlie presidency, Smith 
 waa obliged in some cases to comply with their opi- 
 UUII18, contrary to his own judgment, uii instauL-u of 
 winch will now be exhibited. 
 
 'V\w Virginia ('ompany in I^ndon, deceived by false 
 Ti'pcrtfl, and misled by their own sanguine imagina- 
 iione,hid roiiccived un expectation not oidy of tiridiug 
 
 preeionn inetaU in the rountry, hut of di«coveriiit.' ihr 
 Noulh Sea, fiom the luoun'.uiis at the head uf .biintM 
 n\<r; aiul it svas ihoii^hl, ihal the )ourney Ihilhcr, 
 niulit be peilomied in eiidit or ten day i'or llie 
 purpo-4e ot making this capital discovery, they put on 
 hoard .Vewport'rf ship, a bur^^e capable of being taken 
 lo pieces, and put lOi;ellier nijam at pleasure Thl;4 
 harije was to make a V)»v»j.'e lo the heail of the river, 
 then lo he earned iii pieces across the mounlauiH, and 
 lo deseeml the rivers which were juipposi d to run 
 w<'otw:ird lo Ihii South Sea. Tofanhute tliiH nlati, it 
 was neci ^'•arv to ifain the favor of l'o\shalan, llirtuij^b 
 whose country Ihe pas.-^age imist be maile ; and un 
 means of winning him, a royal present was brou;;ht 
 over, consisting of a basin and ewir, a bed and furnt- 
 ture, a chair of stale, a suit of ticarlet elothen, with n 
 cloak and a crovMi, all which were to be presented 
 to hini in due form; and ihe crown placed on hi.s 
 head, wilh as much nolcmnity as pos.iible To a per- 
 siMi who knew the country and its inhabitants so welt 
 118 Smith, this projec:t appeared chimerical, and the 
 meins wlierihy it was to be carried on, dangerous, 
 Willi a small fpriutitv of copper and a lew bead»i. he 
 eould lia\e kept I'owliatan m good humor, and math' 
 an advantau"' of it for the coIomv, whereas a profusion 
 of prefents he knew would but increase his pride and 
 insolence. The project of iravellniii over nnknown 
 mouhtams with men already weakened by sickness, 
 and worn out with fatigue, in a hot clmiaie, and in the 
 midst of enemies, who might easily cut ol! tlKir ntreat, 
 was too roinautic even for his sanguiiu^ andiuUenturoiis 
 spirit. Ills opiniim upon the matter cannot .m' rx- 
 >ressed in more pointed laniruaire, than he used in a 
 ,etler to tlie company. "If Ihe ipiarlered boat was 
 burned lo ashes, e/jr inifjht carry her '.n a bat;, but ns 
 he is, live hundred cannot, to a navigabh' place above 
 the falls." Ills dissent however was mellectual. and 
 when he found that the voice of the council was lor ex- 
 ecuting It, lie lent his assistance lo ellect as nuieh of it 
 as was praeticalile. 
 
 I'rrviously lo their setting out, he undertook, wilh 
 fmtr men oulv, lo carry notice to I'owhalan of the in- 
 tended prer^ent, and mvile him to come to Jamestown, 
 that he niiiiht receive it there, llavini.' travelled by 
 land twelve miles lo Werocoiiioco, oti I'ainiinky (\'ork) 
 river, where he expected to meet Powhatan, and not 
 linding him there, whilst a messenijer was despatched 
 thirty miles for liim ; his (laughter i'ocidiontas. enter- 
 tained Smith and his company with a dance, wliicli lor 
 its Hingnlarity. merits a particular descripligii. 
 
 In un open plain, a tire being made, tht) gentlemen 
 were seated by it. .Suddenly a noise was lieard in the 
 adjacent wood, which made tliem flv to their arms, and 
 seize on two or three old men, as bostayes for their 
 own security, imagining that they were betrayed, 
 rpon this the young iirmce.ss came rnnmng lo Smilh. 
 and passionately embracing him, oll'ered herstdf lo he 
 killed, if any harm should hapjien to hiin or bis compa- 
 ny. Her assurances, seconded by all the IndiaiiH pre- 
 sent, removed tiieir fears. The noise whicii had alarmed 
 them was made by thirty girls, who were preparing for 
 the intended ceremony. Jmmediately they made their 
 aiipearance, with no other covering than a girdle of 
 >>reen leaves and llieir skins painted, each one of a dif- 
 ferent color, Their leader had a pair ofbuck's horns 
 on her head, an otter's skin ns her girdle, and another 
 on one arm ; a bow and arrow in the other hard, and 
 a (pnvcrat her back. The rest of them had horns on 
 their heads. .tiuI a wooden sword or stall" in their hands. 
 With slioulitiu and singing they formed a ring round the 
 lire, and performed a cin-ular dance for about an hour, 
 after which they retired m the same order as they ha<I 
 advanced. 'I'hc danc-e was followed by a feast, at 
 which the savage nymphs were as eaunT wilh their 
 caresses as with their atieiidaiicc ; and this being ended, 
 Ihey conducted the gentlemen lo their lodging by ihe 
 light oi lire-brand:s. 
 
 The next day i'owliatan arrived, and Smilh delivered 
 the message Irom his father, Newport, (as he always 
 called liiiii) to diis ellect : "That he had brought Inm 
 from the King of Kngland, a royal present, and wi-ihed 
 to see him at Jamesiown, that he miglit deliver it to 
 him ; promising to assist hnn in prosecuting liis re- 
 venjic ngainsi the Monacans, whose country they 
 would penetrate even to the sea beyond the moun- 
 tains.'' To which the savage prince with etiunl snlt- 
 tiliy and Imiightine.ss, answeretl, " If vour king has sent 
 me a present, 1 also am a king, and am on my own 
 land. I will stay here eight days. Your father muat 
 come to me ; I will not po to him, nor to vour lort. 
 As for ihe Monacans, [ am alila to revenco myself. 
 If you have heard of salt water buyond tho mouttlaina. 
 
 fiiun anv of my pi ople, they havt dMoivetlyoii." Ulwn 
 
 with 11 stick he drew a plan of that region on tltH 
 U'l'imnd ; and after inanv eomplimenta tho cunleienco 
 ended. 
 
 The present being put on board the boalu, wan rar* 
 ried down .lames river and up the I'aiiiaunker, wlu«l 
 Newport, Willi t'I'ly men, went ncrois hv land and net 
 the boats, m whii'li he pa-<si'd the river, and lu-ld tliti 
 propoH((| interview. All things being preitnred loi tho 
 ceremony of coronation, Ihe present wiiii brought from 
 the hoat" ; the basin iM.d ewer were dcpomled, the bed 
 and I'li.iir wi ."e <<t I up. the scarlet suit and cloak wero 
 put oil, though not till Namuntac (an Indian youth 
 whom Newport had caniid lo KiiMJaud and brouf^ht 
 back ni.'ain), had assured Inm thai these hahihmenta 
 would do him no harm ; but thry had great ditliciilly in 
 persuailing him lo receive the crown, nor would ho 
 bend his knee, .jr mcline his head in the least degreu 
 .'Mter many nltempls, and wiMi actual pressing on hit 
 sii'.Mihlers. they al last iiiiidc- hnn stoop a htlle and put 
 It on. Instantly, a mgnal beitiL,' given, the men m tho 
 boats lired a volley, at which fhe monarch started with 
 horrtir, imagmin^ that a design was torining to de.stro) 
 htm in the summit of liis {.dory ; hut being a-^turcd that 
 tl was meant as a compliment, his fears subsided, and 
 in rt'lurn for the baubles of roy.Tlly reriuveil from Knij^ 
 James, he desire<l Newport to )iresent him his old fut 
 mantle and lieer-skin hhoes. which, m his esiimnlion, 
 were doiihtless a full e<)Uivaletit ; since all this linery 
 could not prevail on the W'lrv riiief to allow ttieni 
 
 L'uides h)r the discovery of llie thl'' 
 approve their design uf visiting it 
 Ihey returned to .lamc.itown, deteri 
 without bis assistance. 
 
 .Smith, who had no mind lo go (Ui 
 errand, tarried at Ihn fort with eii^lilv 
 the ship, wbilsl Newport with all the 
 
 liiilry, or tu 
 
 ippointed, 
 
 tu proceed 
 
 iiuitlesis 
 io reload 
 mil ono 
 hundred and twenty of the healthiot men. ' • i:an their 
 trnnsinontane tour of discovery. Tiiey piocevJcd in 
 their ho.its lo the falls at the head of the river ; from 
 thence they Iravelled up the conntrv- Iwo days and a 
 half, and discovered two towns of the Monacans, iho 
 iiihahitanlH of which seiined very inditb-reiit towards 
 them, and ii-'-ed them neither well nor ill. They took 
 one of their petty princes and letl hnn bound to guide 
 them. Having ])erformed this march, they prew wear- 
 ried and relumed, taking wilh them in their way back 
 certain portions of earth, in which their rehner pre- 
 tended that he had sien siijns of siUer. This was all 
 the success of their expedition; for the savages had 
 concealed their corn, and they could neither persuade 
 them lo sell it. nor find it lo take it by force. TliU-j 
 they returned to Jameslown. tired, disappointed, hun- 
 gry and sick, ami bad the additional mortification o( 
 being laughed al by Smith for their vain attempt. 
 
 The N'lrgima Company had not only a view to the 
 discovery of the .South Sea, but also to establish manu- 
 factures in their colony ; and for this purpose had sent 
 over a iinmber of workmen from Poland and (lermany, 
 who were skilhd in the miikin^ pot-ashes and glass, a4 
 i well as j)itch and tar. Ilail the country been full o( 
 ptople, well cultivated and provided with all the neces- 
 saries for carrying on these works, there mi^ihl havo 
 j been some prospect of advantaije ; but in a new region, 
 I llie principal objects are subsistence and defence ; 
 these will necessarily occupy the first ndventi.icrs to 
 the exdumon of all otliers. 1 lowever, Smith was of so 
 generous a disposilion, and so indefatiifablc in doing 
 what he apprehended lo be his duty, and in gratifving 
 his einph>yers, that as soon ns Newport returned from 
 his fruitless attempt to find the South Sea, be sut all who 
 were able to work, that he nuuhl, if possible, answer 
 the expeclation of the company. Those who wero 
 skilled m the manufactures, he left ender the care of iho 
 council, to carry on their works ; whilst he took ihirly 
 of liio most active with him, about live miles down th« 
 river, to cut timber, and make clapboards ; ihis being 
 ns he well knew, an employment ihe most certain o 
 success. Among these were several young yenllemen, 
 whose bands nol having been used lo labor, were bli*- 
 tered -.v the axes, and this occasioned tre<pieiil expres- 
 sions of inijiatience and profaneness. To punish Uiein, 
 Sinith caused ihe number" of every man's oaths lo bo 
 taken down daily, and at night, as many canns of watey 
 to bo poured inside his sleeve. This disciplmo was no 
 less singular than etlectual ; it so lessened the number 
 of oaths, that scarcely one was heard m a week, and 
 withal It made them perfectly good humored, and re- 
 conciled them to their labor. At his return to the fori, 
 he fuund, not only that business had been neglected, but 
 mucii provision consumed, and that it was necessary 
 for him to undertake another expedition for corn. Hu. 
 
AMERICAN HISTORY. 
 
 Hi 
 
 If I 
 
 I i 
 
 I "' i -1 
 
 !1 ■.;! 
 
 thcrcforo, went up tho Cliickahnnuny with tvM boats 
 
 and ci(;htren mm. atid liiuiiny the Imiians not in a 
 buri'.or for trudin;;, hut r.itlicr Kcortirtil and in&ulenl, he 
 lohl them tlial he had roinc not so tniirli for corn, as to 
 rcvtM!i;o Ills inipri^'nuieiit, .ind tlie inurdur of Win twu 
 men, some timolict'orc. rultiiiji his crew in a posture 
 of attack, thi> Indians fled, and {irr8cutly neitt niesAcn- 
 gerst to treat of peace ; fur tho ohtahiin^ wliich, he made 
 them f^ivc liim an hundred buHliels of corn, with o quiin' 
 tity oftish and fowls; and with this supply he kept tho 
 colony from starving, and preserved tho ship's provi- 
 sions for her voyaj^e to ilnghiiid. At her departure, 
 she carried such specimens as could he hud of tar, 
 pitch, turpentine, soap-aslies, chiphoards, and wuinscot ; 
 and at I^oint Comfort met with Scrivener, wlio liad 
 been up the Pamaunkee for corn, and had j^ot a (pian- 
 tily oi poconcSf a red root, used m dyini^ ; the^e being 
 taken on board. Captain Newport returned to Kntilaiid 
 the third time, leaving about two liundred persons m 
 Virginia. 
 
 The han'cst of 1608 had fallen short botli among the 
 new planters and tho natives; and the colony "i." in- 
 debted to tlie inventive genius and imlefatigahle perse- 
 verance of Smith for their subsistence during the suc- 
 ceeding winter. As long as the rivers were open, he 
 kept the boats continually going a-nong the natives for 
 such supplies as could he otilaiiied ; and he never would 
 return empty, if any thing were to be had by an ■ means 
 in Ills power. AViiilst abroad in these excursions, he 
 ind his men were obhged frequenlly to lodge in the 
 woods, when the ground was iiard frozen and covered 
 with snow ; and their mode of accommodating thiMu- 
 selves was, first to dig away the* snow and make a tire ; 
 when the ground was dried and wanned, tliey removed 
 the fire to one side, and s])rend their mats over the warm 
 ppot for tiu'ir bed, using another mat as a screen froir. 
 the wind ; when the ground iMJoIed, they shifted the fire 
 again ; by thus continually changing their position, (licy 
 kept themselves tolerably warm through many cold 
 nights ; and it was observed, that those who went on 
 this service and sulunilted to these hard'.ni|>s, were ro- 
 buU and healthy, whils; those who stayed at home were 
 ulways weak and sickly. 
 
 The supniies procured by trading Iving insniTicient, 
 and liimger very pressing, Smith ven'ureil on th'. daii- 
 g.'rous jiroject nf surprisnig i'owhat-.n, and c.r.ying olf 
 his "\hole stock of provisions, 'i'l \a Indian pruice had 
 form.'i a similar design respecting Smith ; and fjr the 
 purpos;* of betraying him, liad invited him to his seat, 
 
 firoinisin^. tint if he would send men to build lum a 
 louse after the Knglish mode, and givT him .some guna 
 and swords, copper and heads, he would load liis boat 
 with corn. Smith sent him tliree Dutcli carpenters, 
 who treacherously revealed to liiui the design which 
 Smith had formed. On his arrival with forty-six men, 
 he found tlie prince so much on his guard, that it was 
 impossible to execute his design. Having spent the 
 day ir. conversation, (in the course of which I'owhatan 
 had in vain endeavored to persuade Smith to lav aside 
 his anas, as being there in perfect security.) he retired 
 in the evening, and formed a design to surpris? .Smith 
 and liis people hi tlieir supper ; and had it not been for 
 the all'ectionatc friendshij) of Pocahontas, it wouhl pro- 
 bably have been ellected, This luniahle girl, at the 
 risk of her life, stole from ihe side of her father, and 
 passing in the dark through the woods, told Smith with 
 l*'ars in her eyes of the plot, and then as privately re- 
 ttuned. When the Indiiiis hrnutiiit in the supper 
 Smith obliged ihein to ta.st'' of every lii^ll ; his anus 
 were in readiness, and his men vigilant ; and ll.ouijli 
 there came divers sets of messengers, one after ano- 
 ther during the night, under jintence of frendly in- 
 quiries, they fi'iMid O.um so well |)repared, that notlnng 
 was attempted, and tiie parly returned in safety. 
 
 In a suliseipicnt visit to Opecancanough, by whom 
 be formerly was taken prisoner, this piince put on the 
 semhUncp of friendship, wlulsl his men lay m ainhush 
 With Iwwsand arrows. The trick beinj discovered by 
 one of Smith's party, and coioiiuinicated to liim, lie re' 
 solutrly sei/.ed the king by lii^ hair, and lioldinu'a pistol 
 to his breast, led iiim tremblmij lo the ambush, and there, 
 with a torrent of reproachful and menacin^r words, 
 obliged him to order ihuae vrry people, not only to lav 
 down their arms, but to load him with provisions. After 
 this, tbey made an (Attempt to tunrdi-r him in his sleep, 
 and tu poison him, but both faded of success. The 
 chief of I'aspiha meeting him alone in the woods, arnu <1 
 <>nly with a swurd, attempted to sliuot hiin. but he 
 closed with the ravage, and in the siru'jule botli fell 
 uito tie river ; where. afiiT liav n^ nanowl) escaped 
 dt'uwiiJig, Smith at last prevailed to ynpe him by the 
 tiirujit, und would have cut otl'his head, but lii<! entrea- 
 
 ties of tho poor victim prevailed on his humanity, he 
 led him prisoner to Jamestown. 
 
 This intrepid heliavior struck a dread into the -sa- 
 vages, and they heuan to believe what he had often told 
 them, that " his ( iod would protect him against all their 
 power, whilst he kept his proniisc ; which was to nrc- 
 Kervc peace with tliein as long as they should refrain 
 from hostilities, and continue to supply him with com." 
 An incident which occurred nhout the same time, con- 
 firmed their veneration for him. An Indian having 
 stolen a pistol from .Jamestown, two brothers, who 
 were known to be his companions, were seized, and one 
 was held as hostage fur llie other, who was to return in ' 
 tw( Ive hours with the pistol, or the prisoner was to be 
 hnii^ed. The weailier btnng cold, a charcoal fire was ; 
 kindled IP till- dungeon, which was very close, and the! 
 vapor had so suffocated the prisoner, that on the return 
 of his brother at the appointed time with the pistol, hi- 
 was taken out as dead. ']'he faithful savage lamented 
 Ills fate in the most thstressing aifonv. Smith, to con- 
 sole him. jiromised, if they would steal no more, that 
 he should be recovered. On the apjilication of sjmits 
 and vinegar, he showed signs of life, hut appeared de- 
 lirious ; this grieved the brother as much us his death. 
 .Smith undertook lo cure him of this also, on the repeti- 
 tion of tlie proiiMse to steal no more. Tlie delirium 
 being only the eli'ect of the spirits wiiich he had swal- 
 lowed, was remedied by a few hours sle((p ; and being 
 dismissed, with a preient of copper, they went away, 
 believing and reporting that Smith was able to bring the 
 dead to life. 'I'll*; etiect was, that not only many .stolen 
 things were recovered, and the thieves punished, hut 
 that pefice and friendly inlereour.se were prest^rved, and 
 corn brought in as long as they had any, whilst Simtli 
 remained in Virginia. 
 
 lie was eipially severe and resolute witli his own 
 men, and finding many of them inclining to be idle, 
 and this idleness in a great measure the c uise of iheir 
 frecpient sickness and death, lie made an order, " lliat 
 he who would not work sliould not eat, unless lie w(re 
 disabled by sickness ; and that every one who did not 
 Lnilher as much fouil in a day as he did himself', should 
 be hdiiislied." A reci'ut attempt having been made to 
 run away vvilb the boats, lie onli;red. that the next per- 
 son who should repeat this ofleiice. should be hanged. 
 IJy tirniness in the execution of these laws, and by the 
 concurrent force of Ins own I'xample, m l.dioring con- 
 linnally, and distributing his whole share of lluropean 
 provisions and refreshments to the siek, he kept the 
 colony in such order, that, thonyli many of tliem mur- 
 mured at his Ki verity, they all became very iiub's- 
 trious ; and withal so he.ilthy, that of two hundred per- 
 sons, there died that winter and the next spring no 
 moro than seven. In the space of three months, ihev 
 had maiie a cpmntity of tar. pitch, and pot-ashes ; liad 
 produced a sample of glass ; dug a well in the fort; 
 built twenty iiew houses; providtd nets and wiers for 
 tishing ; erected a block-house on the isthmus of James- 
 town ; another on Hog Island ; and had be<jnn a for- 
 tress on a eominanding eminence. As tlie sjirimj; came 
 on, they paid such attention to br^bandrv, as to liav(r 
 ihirty or forty acres i-hared and fit for planting ; and a 
 detachment had been sent lo the southward, to look hir 
 'he long .0:,*, colony of Sir Walter Kaleigh, but without 
 success. 
 
 Such was the slate of the Virginia colony when Cap- 
 tain Samuel Ari:al arri\ed on a tradnnr voyage, and 
 broiiizht letters from thi' company in Kni,dand. com- 
 plainMiL' of their disappointment, and hlumm^ Smith as 
 the cause of it. 'J'iu-y had conceived an ill opinion of 
 htm from the persons whom be had sent home, who re- 
 pre.senied him as arbiirarv and violent toward.-* liie colo- 
 nists, cruel to the savages, and liisposed to traverse the 
 views of the adveuturi:rs, who expected to grow rich 
 very suddenly. 
 
 'i'here was this disadvantage attendiiifr the business 
 of colorj/aiion m North America . that day. that the 
 only precctlents which could be hid were those of Ihe 
 Spaniards who had treated the natives with e.xtremo 
 cruelty, and amassed vast sniie. of gohl and silver 
 Whilst the llnglish adventurers detested the means by 
 which the Spaniards hail acquired their riches, ihey stdl 
 expected that the same kind of riches nu^ht be acipiired 
 by other means ; it was. therefore, thought politic to he 
 gentle in demeanor and lavish of presents towards the 
 natives, as an inducement lo them to discover the riches 
 of their cosntry. On these prinriplcH. the orders of 
 the \'irgini.i ('onipanv to iheir servants were fr.imed, 
 Uut e.t|ierienie bad taught IStnilh. thi- most discerning 
 and faithful of all wnom they bad etiiptoyed, that tlie 
 cuunir> f Virginia would not enrich the adventurers m 
 ih'j innc and innimer which they expected ; yet he was 
 
 far from abandoning it as worthless ; his aim was tho- 
 roughly to explore it ; and by exploring, he had dis- 
 covered what advantages might be derived from it ; to 
 produce which, time, patience, •■xixnsc, and labor, 
 were absolutely necessary. He had fairly represented 
 llu.se ideas to his employers ; he had spent three years 
 in their service, and from his own observations had 
 drawn and sent them a map of the country; ami ho 
 had conducted their alTairs as well as the nature of <ir- 
 cumstances woidd permit, He had had a disorderly, 
 factious, discontented, disap|)0inled, set of men to con- 
 trol, by the help of a few adherents ; in the .ace of the 
 native lords of the soil, furniidahle m their numbers and 
 knowledge of the country, versed in stratagem, tena- 
 cious of resentment, and jealous of strangers. Toeourl 
 tliem by presenls, was to acknowledge their Miperiority, 
 and inflate their pride and insolence. Though savages, 
 they were men and not children. 'J'hough destitute of 
 science, tliey were possessed nf reason, and a sufficient 
 degree of art. To know how to manage them, it was 
 neccssar)' to be personally acquainted with them ; and 
 it must be obvious, that a person who had resided se- 
 veral years among them, and had been a prisoner with 
 them, was a much belter judge of the proper methods 
 of treatim; them, than a company of gentlemen at 
 se'veral thousand miles distance, and who could know 
 them only by report. Smith had certainly the interest 
 of the plantation at heart, and by loilsoine experience, 
 had just learned to conduct it, when he found himself 
 so obnoxious to his employers, that a jilan was con- 
 certed to supersede him, and reinstate, with a shan; of 
 anihorily, those wlioin he had dismissed from the ser- 
 vice. 
 
 The Virginia Company had applied to the king to 
 recall their patent and grant another; in virtue of 
 which, they appcinted 'J'hoinas Lord de la Warre, 
 general. Sir Thomas (Jales, lieutenant-general ; Sir 
 (Jeorjfe Soiners, admiral ; Sir Thomas Dale, marshal ; 
 .Sir Kerdinando Waiman, general of horse; and Cop- 
 tain Nt^wporl, (tin* only one of them who bad seen tho 
 country) vice-amiial. The adventurers having, by 
 'he alteration of their j)alent, acipured a reinforcemrnt 
 lioth of dignity and pioperly, eipiipped nine ships ; m 
 which were embarked five hundred persons, men, 
 women, and children, dates, Soiners, and .Newport, 
 had each a commission, investing either of them who 
 might first arrive, with power to call in the ojil, and 
 set up the new, coinmi.>shi:i. The lleet sailed iVoin 
 Kngland in May, HJOO, and by some strange policy, the 
 three commanders were emburked m one ship. Thitt 
 fhip being separated from the others m a storm, wau 
 wrecked on the island of Hermnda ; another ftuiiidered 
 at sea; ami when the remairi'iig si'ven arrived in Vir- 
 ginia, two of which were commanded by HateliU'e and 
 .\rcher, they found themselves destitute ol authority ; 
 tliouiih some of them wtrv. lull enough of prejudico 
 against .Siuitli, who was then in command The ships 
 had been freatly shattered m tluur passage, much of 
 iheir provHioii was spoiled, many of their people were 
 sick ; and the season in winch tliey arrived was not the 
 most fa\orable to their recovery. A mutinous spint 
 soon broke out, and a scene of confusion ensued ; tho 
 new coiners wiuihl not obey Smith, because they siip- 
 jiosed his commission to lie supcr.'tded ; the new com- 
 mission was not arrivid, and it was uncertain wheiiier 
 tlu' sliii- which carried it would eviT he seen or heard 
 of S.hith would gladly have withdrawn and gone hack 
 to l-wi<<land. but bis honor was concerned in maiiiliiin- 
 ing his authority till be sliould be reiiiiliirly superseded, 
 and his spirit would not sutler him lo be train|)|ed on 
 by those; whom he despised. I pon due consid' ration, 
 lie determined lo inamlam his auihoriiy as f.ir as ho 
 was able ; w:iitm;r some proper opportunity !o r( tire. 
 souie ot the most insolent of the new conn rs " hu laid 
 l)y the heels.'* With the more moderate lie eonsi.ltnl 
 what ^vas best to be done ; and, as a s{>pnration srenud 
 to be Ihe best remedy, ami it had been in eunlempla- 
 tion to exleii'l ihe settlements, sonu' were indueid to 
 go up lothe I'alls, olln rs to Nanseiiiond. ami others lo 
 point < 'omfort. Snnth's yiar being almost expired, he 
 nth red to resign to Ma;tin. who bad been one oi' the 
 old council, but Martin would iioiacce|(t the command ; 
 he. tlierefbre, kept up the t'onn. and as much as he eojld 
 ol the power of goveriiment, till an acci<l"Ml. whi<-h had 
 nearly jiroved fatal to his life, obliged him to return to 
 Kngland. 
 
 (hi his relurn from the new plantation at th>^ Falh, 
 .'flee|>in^' Ity munt in Ins boat, a hai; of giinpow'Ur took 
 fire, and burnt him in a most terrible manner. Awiik- 
 mu in surprise, and finding himself wrapped in fiain '.», 
 he leaped mlo the vater. and was almost drowned, be* 
 fore his companions luuld recover him. At his ruturo 
 
DIOGKAPHIKS OF THE EARLY DISCOVERERS. 
 
 hloM ; his aim was tho- 
 
 y t'Xj'lorin^, he IukI dis- 
 ii lie (luriveii from it ; to 
 '.t. "iii'ijsc, and labor, 
 1c liatl lairly rrprescntnl 
 ho had spent ihri'n ycara 
 .H own ohsvrvntioiis had 
 jf the coiinlrv ; :inil ho 
 wull an lh<! naturo of (ir- 
 Ic had had a disorderly, 
 intrd, sol of men to con- 
 rents ; in thi; .ace of iho 
 ihU: in llu'ir nnnilicrs and 
 rhcd m slrata^cin, ti-na- 
 ,is of slran^^rra. Toronrl 
 >wlcd<^e llifir iiuiioriority, 
 ilcnco. Thonffh savaj^es, 
 ■n. 'J'lioujili d(;i«Htutc of 
 ^f reason, and a sullk'irnt 
 to inanaiTc thoin, it whs 
 jiiainti'd with thi-ni ; and 
 son who had rri*idcd so- 
 had heun a prisoner with 
 [Tc of the proper methods 
 mpany of j^{;ntU'rnrn at 
 cr, and who coiiU! know 
 had crrtainly tlic interest 
 I hy lodsome experience, 
 t, when tie fouml himself 
 TH, that a plan was eon- 
 reinstate, with a share of 
 1 dismissed from the scr- 
 
 i\ applied to tlic kintr to 
 it another; in virliio of 
 las Lord de hi W'arre, 
 
 , lieiitt'iiant-treneral ; Sir 
 ' Thomas Dale, niarshat ; 
 icral of liorso ; and Cap- 
 )f lliem who lia'l seen tlio 
 adventurers havinj;, hy 
 aeipunil a reinfuri-emfnt 
 e<(Mipp('d nine ships ; in 
 hundred persons, men, 
 s, Somers, and Newport, 
 >.stini» eiliier of thein who 
 ^>r to call HI the oid, and 
 'I'lie llei't sailed iVom 
 ome strange policy, the 
 irked m om: ship. 'I'hiu 
 ollirrs in a Ntorm, wau 
 ida ; another fouiitlered 
 seven arrived m \'ir- 
 iTided hy UatehtVo and 
 destitiMe ot authority ; 
 full enough of prejudiro 
 (uninand. 'J'he sliips 
 their passajie, much of 
 f their jieoplc were 
 ey arrived was not llm 
 A mutinous spirit 
 f rontiision ensued ; the 
 nth, hefitiise lliev sup- 
 rceded ; the new coin- 
 was uncertain wheiiier 
 r he seen i>r heard 
 iliiliii<vn and <iOiie haek 
 (uieerned in niamliHii- 
 iri»ularly siiperseilid, 
 :iu to he trauijiied on 
 lun due eiuisid' r.itiiui, 
 authority .is f.ir as lie 
 r opportunity lo retire. 
 ■ new conn rs " hu laui 
 moderate he consultnl 
 as a separation seemed 
 111 heen in e>Mitem{)l.i- 
 M)nu' were indueed to 
 isemond, aiul others to 
 Imum^' almost expired, he 
 ho had lieen one ot llif; 
 )t aeeept llie eommaud ; 
 )ind as much a^ he <'0.ild 
 in aciMd"Mt. which had 
 'tili;;ed liini to return to 
 
 plantation at th-i Falh, 
 Itail "f (.'uupovvder took 
 rrthle manmr, Awiik- 
 self wrapped in t1am ift, 
 'as alinoNt drowned, he- 
 ver him. At hi8 ruturo 
 
 any 
 
 ht 
 
 lo Jamestown, in this dislresRcd condition, Ralclillh 
 and Archer conspired to murder him in his hed ; but 
 the assassin whom iIh'V eiujiloyed, had not couraj^Mr to 
 lire a pistol. Smith's u!d sohlurs would liavu taken oil' 
 llieir head.,; hul lie liiouiiht it prudeiit to pass hy the 
 otlence, and take this opportunity, as there was no sur- 
 geon in the country, of returning to Kiif^land. As I'oon 
 as his intention was known, tlie council appointed Mr. 
 I'ercie to preside in his room, and detained the ship 
 tliree witks, till they could v/rite letters, and frame 
 poinplaiiits aKainat him. lie at leni^th saih-d for Eng- 
 land, about the hitter end of Sepleinher, IfiDO; much 
 re-iretted by his few friends, one of whom lias left this 
 character of him. " In all his proceedm^iM he made 
 iiisticp his first <,niide, and experience lus ^econil ; hat- 
 mi^ baseness, sloth, pride, and indignity, more than any 
 'lan*.'erd. lie never would allow more for himself than 
 for Ins soldiers ; and upon no danger would send tliem 
 where lie would not lead them himself. He would 
 never see us want what he had, or could hy any means 
 gel for us. He would r.itlier want than borrow; or 
 Btarve, than not [wy. He loved action more tlian 
 words ; and hated covetousness and fdsehuod worse 
 than death. His adventures were our lives; and his 
 loss our deaths."* 
 
 There needs no better testimony to the fnilh of this 
 cliaracter, llian what is related of ihe miserable colony 
 ufter he had <)uilted it. W'llhoiit governinvnl, without 
 prudwnco, careless, indolent and factious, they became 
 R prey to tlie insolence of the natives, to the diseases of 
 the climate and to famine. Within six months, their 
 munber was reduced from five hundred lo sixty ; and 
 when the three conuiiaiiders, who had been wrecked 
 on lienmida, arrived, KJK), wiih one hiindied and liliy 
 men in two small vessels, which they liad built oit of 
 the ruins of their sliip, and the cedars which grew on 
 the island ; they found the- remnant of the colony in 
 such a forlorn condition, that wiiliout hesitation, they 
 determined to abandon the country, and were sailing 
 down llie river, ^vhen they met a boat from the Lord 
 de le W'arre, who had come witii a fh'i-l to their relief. 
 I)y UU persuasion they resumed the plantation, and to 
 this fortunate incident may be ascribed the foil esta- 
 blishment of the colony of Virginia. 
 
 Such a genius as Snulh's ctnitd not remain idle. Ho 
 was well known in England, and tlie report of his valor 
 and hi>: spirit of adventure, pointed him out to a num- 
 ber of nu'rchants, who were engaged in the American 
 fusher)', as a proper person to make disooverics on the 
 coast of Nortli \ irgniia. In April, HiM, he sailed 
 Ir-Mii London with two ships, and arrived at the island 
 01 Mouidution in laiilude Vl i-'Z \ as it was (hen com- 
 puted, where in; built seven boats, 'i'he design of llie 
 vovdg(; was to lake wliales, !o examine a mine of gold, 
 iiiid another of copper, which were said to be th(;re ; 
 and if eilher. or liolii of these should fail, to make up 
 the cargo with lish and furs. The mines proved a fic- 
 tion, and by long chasing the whales to no purpose, 
 tliey lost the best scastni for lisliing ; hut whilst the 
 .■•eainen were engaged in these services, Smilh, in on" 
 of liis boats, with eight men, ranged the coast, east imd 
 west, from i'enobscot lo Cape Cod; barlering with 
 the nativss for heaver and other furs, and ii»:iknit: oh- 
 servatiun.; vm the shio-es, islands, harbors and bead 
 lands; which, at his relnrn io Eni^la;.:!, !;e VT'»"g!i' 
 into u map, and presenting it lo prince (.'harles, alii r- 
 wards the royal marlyr, with a re(pnst that he would 
 give the counliy a name, it was for the first tunc called 
 i\'fw En^laml. The prince also made several alter- 
 ntion«( in the names which Sinilh had given to psrtieu- 
 lar places. Eor instance, he had <'alled the naim? of 
 thai promontory, winch forms ihe eastern entrance of 
 Massachusetts bay, Tniuabig/anda ; after the name of 
 the 'i'urkisli ludy to wlioin he had been formerly a slave 
 at Conslanlir.ople ; and the three islands which lie otf 
 the Cape, tlie TurkM Head, in memory of hts victory 
 'iver the three Turkish champions, ni his TransvlTaman 
 .idventures. 'I'hr former, Charles, m filial respect to 
 his mother, called Cape Anne, which name it has ever 
 Rince relaiued ; the name of the islands has long since 
 neen lo.-t ; and another cluster to which he gave his 
 own nanie. Snulh's Isles, and which name the prince 
 did not nher, are now, and have for irore than a cen- 
 tury been called tlie Isles of Shoals ; hj that the numt 
 pointed murks of his discoveries on the coast of New 
 England, have, either by his own complaisance lo the 
 hon ol his sovereign, or hy htrce of lime luirl ai-eidents 
 hecome obsole;i'. When lit! sailed hir I'ln'tland tn »uie 
 .»f the ^h^ps, he le)i the oilier behind lo complete her 
 .adiiig, Willi order.-: lo sell die fish in Spain, 'i'he mas- 
 ter, 'i lioinas Hunt, decoyed Iwenly-hmr of llin natives 
 w» *joard. und sold them in Spam for slavci. T)'« 
 
 memory of this base Iraiisnclion was long preserved 
 among the Americans, and succeeding advciiturera suf- 
 ft:r(d on account of it. 
 
 At Smith's return to England he put in atriymonlh, 
 wher(>. relating Ins adventures, and eominunicatmg his 
 sentiinents to Sir ]'Vrdinandi> (iorgcs, he was intro- 
 duced lo the JMymouth Company of adventurers to 
 Norih Virginia, and engaged in their service. At 
 London he Was invited by the South Virginia (Jompany 
 10 return to dieir service ; but made nseof iiis engage- 
 ment with the iMynioi.th adventurers as an excuse for 
 declining their invitation. Erom this circumstance 
 it seems, that they had been v-utivinced of his for- 
 iiHT fidelity, notwithstanding llie letters and reports 
 which tlicy had formerly received to his disadvan- 
 taifc. 
 
 l)nring his stay in London, he had the very singu- 
 lar jdeasure of seeing his friend Pocahonias, the daugh- 
 ter of I'owliatan. Having been made a prisoner in 
 Virginia, slie was there married to Mr John Kobe, 
 and by him was bwught lo England. She was then 
 about twentv-lwo years of age ; her persiPii was grace- 
 ful and btr depcrtment gentle end pleasing. She had 
 been taught the I'^nglisli language and Uie Christain 
 religion, and baptized by the name of Itelieccj. Slie 
 had h-ard that .Smith was dead, and knew nothing to 
 the contrary, till she arrived in England. 
 
 'I'he fame of an Indian princess excited great curio- 
 sity in Loudon ; and Sinitli iiad the address to write a 
 handsome letter lo the tpiecn, selling forth tlie imrits 
 of his friend, and the eminenl services she had done to 
 him and the colony of Virgijiia. Slie was mirodiiced 
 by th(! Lady de la \\'arre ; the iiueeii and royal family 
 received her witli much toinplacency, and she proved 
 herself worthy of their notice and respect. At her lirst 
 interview with Smith she caileil lum lallier ; and l)e- 
 cause he did not immediately return the salutation and 
 call lier child she was so overc(une with griif. llial she 
 hid her face and woulil not speak for some inne. Siie 
 was ignorant of iho ridiculous alieclation whicli reigned 
 in the court of .lames ; whitli forbad Snulh assuming 
 ihe title of fatlier, to the daughtc'' of a king ; and when 
 informed of it slie despised it; passionately declaring, 
 that slie loved him us a f.ilher, aii-.l had treated hin as 
 such in her Oivn country, and would be his child wherever 
 she went. Tin- same pedantic atlection caused her 
 husband to 1)e looked upon as an olleiider, lor having, 
 lliini^h a subject, invaded tiie mysterious riglits ot 
 royalty in marrving above his rank. This marriage, 
 however, jiroved beiieliciai to tlie colony, as her lather 
 had ihereliy become a friend to tlicin, and when she 
 came Ut Englaml, he sent with liir I.ltainaeconiac, one 
 of Ills Irusty counsellors ; whom he ( iijoined to iiitjuire 
 for Smith, and tell him whether he was alive. Ano- 
 ther onler which he gave lum was, to bring hiin the 
 iinmh(rrol peoph; in EiigUnd ; accordingly, on his laml- 
 mg at I'lymoulh, tlu; obedient savage liegaii his ac- 
 count by cutting a notch on a long stick lor every per- 
 ron wlioni he saw ; hut soon grew tired of his einjiloy- 
 ment, and at his return lotd Eowhaton that they ex- 
 ceeded the number of leaves on t!ie trees, A third 
 command from his priiict! was, lo see the (i.id of Eng- 
 land, and the king, «pieen, and princes, of whom Smith 
 had tohl iini) so miicli ; aiul v.lu n he int I witb. S:;i:!h, 
 he desired to be mtrtidiiced lo tlwmo pevsuiiages. He 
 liai! before this si'cn llie kiiii;, but would \wi behev<' it ; 
 because the person whom they poieled out lo lum had 
 not ^iven bun any thing. '* Vuu gave I'owliatan," 
 said In; lo Smith, " a white dog. but your king has 
 give nu! noihmg." Mr. l\olte was jircpanng to re- 
 turn wilh his V ite to Virginia, when she was taken til 
 and died at < iravesend ; leaving an mfaiil son, Thomas 
 Kolfe, from whom are descended several families of 
 note in Virginia, who hold their lands by inheritance 
 from her. 
 
 Smith hi'J conceived such an idea of ihe value and 
 iin|»ortaiKV of Ihe American eonlineiil, that he was 
 hilly hen' on the business of plantation, rather than 
 tithing and trading for furs. In this lir agreed with 
 his friend Sir Eirdmaiido I Jorges, and the tew other 
 active members of ihe council of I'lymoulh, but it had 
 become an uupojiulir theine. One colony had heen 
 driven home Jrom Sagadahock by the severity of the 
 season und the deaths of their le.iders Men who were 
 ht for liie biisiiieHS were not easily to be oblaim^d, 
 those who had tormerly heen eni^aged were diacou- 
 raL'ed. and it reipurcd ijreat slrengtb ol nnnd as well as 
 liberality of purse, to set on litol ano'her expirimeiit 
 .\fter mucli trouble in endeiivermg lo unite persons of 
 (jpposite interi'^ts, and stimulate those whu hud sus- 
 lamed former Iossck to now all 'nipts, he obtained one 
 "dj".' '>f two hundred tons, and onolher of fifty, wilh 
 
 which he sadcd in 1015. Having proceeded about 
 one hundred and twenty leagues, they were separated 
 in a Btorm ; the ?Mialler one commanded by (.'apL 
 Thomas Hermer pursued her voyage ; hut Smilh hav- 
 ing lost his masts was obliged to put back under a jury- 
 mast to I'lymoulh. There he put his stores on board 
 a K'lnall tiark of sixty tons, and thirty men, of whom 
 sixteen were to assist him in beginning a new coKmy. 
 Meeting with an English pirate, his met» would havo 
 had hiin surrender ; but though lie Imd only four guns, 
 and the pirate thirly-six, he disdained to yield. On 
 speaking with hc>r, he found the commander and some 
 of the crt w to be his old shipmates, who had run away 
 with the sliij) from 'I'unis. and were in distress for pro- 
 visions ; they otl'ered to put themselves under his com- 
 niuiul, but he rejected tlie proposal and went on hia 
 voyage. Near the Western Islands he fell in with two 
 Erench pirates ; his men were again thrown into a 
 panic, and would have struck, but hn threatened to 
 lilow up the ship, if they would not tight ; and by firinj; 
 a few running shot, he escaped them also. After this 
 he was met hy four Erenc!i-mcn-of-war, who had orders 
 from llieir sovereign lo seizo pirates. He showed them 
 his commission under the great seal; but they perfi- 
 diously detained him whilst they Hiitlered bis ship tc 
 escape in the night, und return to I'lymoulh. They 
 knew his enterprising spirit, and were afraid of hi.s mak- 
 ing a settlement in New England, so near to their co- 
 lony of Acudm ; and they suspected, or at 'east pre- 
 tended to suspect, that he was the person who had 
 broken up their li.sbery at I'ort Koyal (which was really 
 ilone by Captain Argal) the year before. 
 
 When their cruise was (iiuslied, tiiey carried him to 
 Uochelle ; and notwitlislanding their promises to allow 
 him a share of the prr/es which they had taken whilst 
 he was wilh them, ihey kept him as a prisoner on 
 board a ship at anchor. Ihit a .storm arising, which 
 drove all the peo]iie below, he took the boat, with un 
 half pike for an oar, thinking lo maki- his eacape in tho 
 night. The current was so strong that he drifted lo 
 sea, and was near jierishing. ]}y the turn of the lido 
 he got ashore, on a marshy i.sland, where some fowlers 
 found him in the morning almost dead with eold anr. 
 hunger. He gave lliem his boat lo carry hiin to 
 Kochetle, wliere he learned thai the sliiji which had 
 taken him, wuli one of her prizes, which was very rich, 
 had been driven oi> shore m that storm, und lost, with 
 her captain and om- half of ihe men 
 
 Here he made his complaint lo the judge of tho 
 Adniirally, and produced such eviilencc in support ol 
 his allegations, that he was treated with fair words; 
 but It (lues not ajqiear that he got any recompense. 
 He met here and at Ih>urdeaux with many Iriendti, 
 both Erench and English, and at his return to Eng 
 land, published inn small ipiarto, an account of his two 
 last voyages, with the depi.siiions of the men whowern 
 in the ship when be was taken by the Erench 'i'o thia 
 hook iie pit nxed his map of New England ; and in it 
 gave a description of the country, with iu many advan- 
 tages, and the proper nielhods of rendi^ring it a valuablo 
 acipiisiiion to the English douiimon.s. \\'hen it wati 
 prmtetl, lie went all over ih.; west of England, giving 
 •.'opies of It lo all persons of note ; and endea ormg tu 
 I T( lie the iM)bihtv, gentry, and mcrchant», to eiigag'j 
 with e.iniesine^s in the luisme.ss of colonizing America, 
 lie obhiined tiom nianv of them fair promises, and was 
 eoiiipbitieiiled by tho I'tyinouth Company with the title 
 ol Admiral of iSew England. ]hit the former ill suc- 
 cess of some too Haiigume adventurers, had made n 
 deep impression, and a variety of cross incidents, batlled 
 ill his attempts. 
 
 However, his experience and advice were of emi- 
 nent service tootlurs. The open frankness and gene- 
 rosity {)f hts mind led him lo give all the encourage- 
 ment which he could to the busine!.H of fishing and 
 planiiiig in New England , foi which purpose, in IO'-i'.i, 
 hepubbsiied ubook. entitled, "New England's Tryals," 
 some extracts from which are ^ireserved by Eurdiua. 
 No man rejoicnl more than invself in the cst'blish- 
 iiieiit of the colonies of I'lymoulh und Ma; - dm 
 setts. 
 
 When llie news of tho massacro of the Virginian 
 planters by tho Indians, U)Ti, arrived in England, 
 Sinilh was all on fire lo go over to revemre ihe msett. 
 He made an oiler lo ihe coiniiany that if they would 
 allow him one hundred soldiers and thirty sailors, willi 
 the necessary provis ons ami efpiipments, he woul'l 
 range the country, keep the natives in awe, protect Uni 
 planters, and make discoveries, of the hilherlo un* 
 known parts of America ; and foi his own risk ami 
 pains woulil desire noihmg luit whut he would " pro- 
 ttuce from the proper labor of the savages. "' On tUiii 
 
^■HMHOMMn 
 
 ^ ' 
 
 i; 
 
 1 I 
 
 4 
 
 
 ■:l 
 
 
 I. 
 
 i i 
 
 ^ lit i: 
 
 24 
 
 AMERICAN inSTORY. 
 
 proposal tliti company wus divided, but tlio pusilla- 
 niinoiis and avnricioim parly prevailed ; and ^avo him 
 this uiiswiT, "that ihc charges would ht; too grra'. ; 
 that ihcir stock vvE^ riuuccd ; that the phintcrs ouj^lit 
 to dd'ciid themselves ; but, that if he would ^o at Ins 
 own expense, they would ijive him leave, provided he 
 wuu.d give theiii one-half of the pillage.''* Such un 
 answer could be icceived only ^vith contempt. 
 
 When the kin^ in W2'\, instituted a comiiiisMon for 
 the reformation of Virginia, .Smilli, by desire of the 
 commissioners, j:,ave iu a relation of his loriner |»rncecd- 
 inga in tlu; colony, and his opinion and advice resjiuct- 
 ing the proper methods ot renu^dying ihc defects in go- 
 vcrmneni, and carryinu on the plantation with a pros- 
 pect of success.* These wilh many oilier papers lie 
 coltec'ed and published in 1G27, in a Ihin folio, under 
 the I. tic of " 'J'he (Jeueral IliMory of Virginia, New 
 Knglaiid, and the Soiner Isles." The narrative part in 
 made up of journals and letters of lIio.se who were con- 
 cerned with him in the plantation, intermixed with his 
 own observations. His intimate friend, Mr. I^irchas, 
 had published most of thcin two years before in his 
 " Pdgrims." 
 
 In 1629, at the request of Sir Robert Cotton, he pub- 
 lished a history of the early part of his life, entitled, 
 "'I'he true Travels, Adventures and Observations of 
 Captain John Smilli." This work is preserved entire 
 in the second volume of Churcliiirs Collections, and 
 from it the former part of this account is compiled. In 
 the conclusion he made scino addition to the history of 
 Virginia, Uermuda, New Kngland, and the M'est In- 
 dies, respecting things which had come to his know- 
 ledge after the publication of his general history. He 
 stated the inhabitants of Virginia in l&ZS at five thou- 
 Band, and their cattle about the same number. Their 
 produce was chietly tobacco; but those few who at 
 tended to their gardens had all sorts of fruit and vege- 
 tables in great abundance and perfection, i'roni New 
 Kngland ihcv received salted tisb ; but of fresh tisli thei' 
 own rivers produced enough, besides an infmite <iuanli'v 
 of fowl ; as their woods did of deer and other ga.r.o. 
 They had two brew houses ; but they cultivated the 
 Indian corn in preference to the European grain. Tlieir 
 plantations were scattereil ; some of their liou.se.s were 
 palisaded; but they bad no fortilicatioiis nor ordnance 
 mounted. 
 
 Hrs account of New Kngland is, that the country bad 
 been represented by adventurers from the West of Kng- 
 land, IS rocky, barren, and desolate : but thiit since his 
 accoiui. of it had been published, tlie credit of it was so 
 raised, that forty or lil'ly sail 'venl thither annually on 
 fi.shing and tiading voyages. That noilung had i)eeu 
 done to any purpose m establishing a ptantation, till 
 " about an hundred Urownisis went to New IMvinouth ; 
 whose lunnorous ignorance caused thein to endure a , 
 wonderful deal of misery wiili iiitinite patience." j 
 
 He then recapituhitcs the history of his American ad- , 
 venture* in the following terms. " Now lo concludo ; 
 the travels and adventures of Captain .Smith ; liow tirst ; 
 he planted Virginia, and was set ashore with a hundred j 
 men in the wild woods ; how lie was taken prisoner by | 
 the savages, and by the King of I'amaunkv, tied to ai 
 tree to be shot to dealli ; led up anil down the eoiintry 
 to be .shown for a wonder; fatted as be tliought for a 
 tacrihce to their idol, before whom they conjured three 
 days, wilh strange dances and invocations ; then 
 brought before their Kinperor I'owiiatan, who com- 
 manded htm to be .slain ; how his daiightdr IWahontas 
 •aved his life, relumed him to .lames'own. relieved lum 
 and Ins fannshed compnnv, which was but eight and 
 thirty, lo possess those large doniinions ; bow he dis- 
 covered all (he several nations on the rivers falling into 
 the IJay of Chesapeake ; how he was slung inmost to 
 death by the poisonous tail of a ttsli called a stingray ; 
 how he was blown up with gunpowder and returned lo j 
 Kngland to be enred. 
 
 *' Also how be brought New Kngland to the subjec- 1 
 tion of (he kingdom of (Ireal Hrilam ; his tights withl 
 the pirates, left alom' among French ineu-nf-war, and j 
 hin sliip ran from bun ; his sea-lights for the Krench I 
 against the Spariianls ; their bad uH;ige of him; howl 
 in France, in a little Itoat, be escaped them; was adrift 
 all Ruc!i a stormy night at sea by hmiself. when ihirteen 
 French ships were spht or driven on shore by ihe isle 
 Hbee, the general tX'A most of his men drowned ; 
 when (Jod, to whom be nil h.-^iior and praise. brt)UL'ht 
 him safe on shore lo the admiration of all vvho escaped ; 
 
 • Affreealily to Snulli'ti aiivicti to tliesn cdiiiiuiBsuiiifis, 
 K\ng Charles I. at his ai-t'esMnn rtissnheil ilir rumpauv, tii 
 1020, anil rt'iUireil tlip colony umter (In* imtneiliate ihiei tu'n 
 of the rrowii, fi|i|)<>iMtinit Hie Koveriiiir aii<l I'tium-il, aiul ur<ter- 
 bltf i^t pateiUi and processes to i»suti m Ids own name. 
 
 I you may read at large in his general hi^to^y of Virginia, 
 ; the Somer islands, and New Kngland." 
 I This .■as proluhly his last publication, for he lived 
 ; but two years alter, liy a note in Josselyn's voyage, 
 I it appears that lie died in 1(331, at London, in tlie tilty- 
 ! second year of liis age. 
 
 I It would have given singular pleasure (o the com- 
 piler of these memoirs, if he could have learned from 
 ■ any credible testimony that Sinilh ever received any 
 recompense for his numerous services and sullerings, 
 The sense which he liad ol' this malUr, in I(>27, shall 
 be given m his own words. " I have spent tive years, 
 ' and more than tive hundred pounds, iu tlie service of 
 I \'irginia and New Kngland, and in neither of them 
 I have I one foot of laud, nor the very house I built, nor 
 I the ground 1 digged with my own hands; but 1 see 
 i those countries shared before nic by those who know 
 them only by my descriptions. 
 
 DE MONTS, POUTRINCOURT, 
 
 Avn 
 
 CHAMPLAIN. 
 
 Dk Monts— His Patent for Acadia— His F(irt at St. Croix— 
 Jle "luils Atiutia— I'uLTiuscoeRT— siA.Mt'KL i;hamii,ai.\— 
 Un s;iils up tiic St. I.awreiire— lUuld.s a I'lut at liuilicc— 
 Discovers Hie Lake— Surrenders Quebec lo the Kiiglusli— 
 Ills Deutti and Cliaraclcr. 
 
 Akt^k the discovery of Canada by Cartier, tho 
 French continued trading to that country for furs, and 
 tislung on llu; hanks of Newfoundland, C'aptr Hrelou, 
 and Acai'ia, where they found many excellent and con- 
 vtMiient harbors, among which Canseau wa.s early dis- 
 tinguished as a placo extremely suitable for the fishery. 
 One Snvalet. an old mariner, who tVeqneiUed lliat port, 
 had before lOOU made no less Uian forty-two voyages 
 to those parts. 
 
 Henry IV. King of France, perceived the advantages 
 which might arise to his kingdom iVom a faither explo- 
 ration of the nonliern parts of America ; and tlierelore 
 gave encouragement to tho^e who were desirous of 
 making adventures. In 1.598, the Manpiis de la 
 Uocbe obtained a commission of Kord-liei;tenani, and 
 undertook a voyage with a view to estahlisli a colony, 
 consisting of convicU taken out of the prisons, l\u^>' 
 pening in the course of his voyage lo fall in with the 
 isle of >)ablc, a low, sandy 'slaud, lying about tweiity- 
 tive leagues southward of ('anseau, he tiiere landed 
 forty of Ills miserable crew, to subsist on the cattle and 
 swine with which the place bad been slocked by the 
 Fortuguese, for the relief of shipwrecked seamen. The 
 rear-on given for choosing this forlorn plm'e for tlie dis- 
 embarkation of his colony, was, that they would he out 
 of all danger from the savages, till he should tind a 
 belter situation for thein on the continent, when he pro- 
 mised to return and take them oil'. Whether he ever 
 reached the continent is uncertain, hut he never again 
 saw the isle of ^Sabie. Heturning to Franco he en- 
 gaged in the wars, was made a prisoner by the iJuki; 
 of Merceur, and soon after died, 'i'he wretched exiles 
 subsisted on .•mcb things as the j)lace atlbrded, and 
 clothed themselves with the skins of seals. At the end 
 of seven years. King Henry, in compassion, sent a lisli- 
 erman to bring them home, 'J'welve only were then 
 alive. Tiie tlsherman, concealing from them the gene- 
 rous intention of their M)vereign, took all the skins 
 which they had collecti d as a recompense for his ser- 
 vices, some of which benig black foxes were of great 
 value. The king had them brought l)efore him in their 
 seal skin habits and icng beards. He jiardoned their 
 former crimes, and inaite each of tliem a jire.sent of lilty 
 crowns When ll i-y discovered the inud oi the li**li- 
 ermaii, they insiituU'd a process against hmi at law, 
 and recovered large damages; by means of which they 
 acquired so much proijcrty as lo enter mto the same 
 kind of tratlic. 
 
 The king also granted to Fontgrave de Chauvin, an 
 exclusive privilegi; ol trading at Tadotisac, the mouth 
 of tho river .Saguenay ; to which place he made two 
 voyages, and wa •irep.iriiig for a third when bo wus 
 prevented 1 y death. 
 
 The nexl voyager of any note was S^mckn Cuam- 
 Pi,Ai\, of llrouage ; a man of a nohle familv ; who, in 
 IBIKJ, sailed up the river of ('anada, as far as Cartier 
 hud gone in \*i'Ab. He made many inrpiiries of the 
 natives coiicernnig their country, its rivers, falls, lakes, 
 mounlains and mittrn. 'i'Uv result of liis ini|uirv was. 
 that a couiinunication was formed by me-ins of two 
 lakes, wiih the cimntry of the Iroipiois ti)warils the 
 south ; that towards the west there were more and 
 greater lakes of fresh water, lo om<- of wliieh lliev knew 
 no limits ; and that to the noitliAard there was an in- 
 land »ea of salt water. In the course of thi»« uiyage, 
 
 Champlain anchored at a place calhd tjuebec, which in 
 tho language of ihe country signihed a strait ; and this 
 was thought to be a proper siiualion for a fort and set- 
 tlement. He heard of no mines but one of copper, far 
 to the northward. With this informaliun he returned to 
 France, in the month of Septembrr. 
 
 On (he eighth of November m (he same year. King 
 Henry granted lo the Sieur De Monts, a gentleman ol 
 his bed-chamber, a patent, constituting him lientcLdiiV- 
 general of rdl the territory of UA.adia, from the for- 
 lielh lo the forty-sixth degree of north latitude, with 
 |>ower to subdiie the inhaliiiaiits and cor.vert them to 
 the Chris'.ian faith. 'Fins patent was published in all 
 tho niarilnne io\vt!r of Fri.iirx' ; and He Monts having 
 eipiipped Iwo vls^els, siiieJ lor his lu.w government 
 on the 7lh of .March, lCi04, lakmg with him the afore- 
 said Samuel Champlain lor a pilot. Monsieur He I'out- 
 rtneout, who had been for a long lime desirous to visit 
 America. 
 
 On the Gih of May, they arrived at a harbor on iho 
 southeast side of the peninsula of Acadia, where they 
 found one of their countryiian. Kossignol, trading with 
 the Indians without license. They seued his ship and 
 cargo; leaving him only the poor consolation of givmg 
 ! his name to the harbor where he was taken. 'I'he pro- 
 j visions found in his ship were a seasuiiable supply, and 
 I without them the enterprise must have been abandoned. 
 I 'J'his place IS now called Kiveiiiool. 
 j From I*ort Kossignol they coasted the penins\ila to 
 < the sonlhwest, and having doid)led Cape Sable, camo 
 lo anchor in the bay of St. Mary, where Auhry, a priest, 
 going ashore, was lost in ihe woods, and a I'rote^tanl wast 
 charged wiih having murderi-tl hnu, lueasiie ihey had 
 sonutimes had warm disjiulation on religious t>uhjecls. 
 I They waited for him several days, tiring guns and 
 [sounding irumjiets, but in vain; the no;se of the sea 
 was so great, tiiat no other siniiid could he heaid. 
 , Concluding that he was dead, they ipiitted ihe placo 
 at'ler sixtten d.ivs, iiiienilmg to examine that extensive 
 , bay on the west of their piinnsula, to which ihey gavo 
 ' llu> name of 1,a H.iye t raiiioi.se ; but which is no,v 
 j called the May ot Fundy. The priest was iifter\\arda 
 I found iilivi* but .ilnu>st hi.irved to death. 
 I On the easiirn sule ol tins bay ihey discovered a 
 'narrow strait, into which they enured, and soon lound 
 themselves III a sp.icious b.ison, environed with hills, 
 from which dehcendf d streams of lVe^h water; and be- 
 tween the hills ran a line nawgablu river, winch ihey 
 i-alled l.'lvjuilie. It was luuueicd with fer'.ile nie.i- 
 dows, and lull ot drlieale \\A\. I'oulrincourl, clianne*'. 
 Willi the beauty \yi the place, deiennined here to make 
 his residence, and having receivi-d a grant of tl from 
 He .Monts, gave it tlie name of Fort lvO)al [Antiii' 
 polls J 
 
 From Fort Uoyal. He Mtuits sailed farther into tho 
 threat bay. to visit a copper ninie. It was a high ruck, 
 on a promontory, between two bays. [Metiis j 'I'ho 
 cojiper, though nii.vi'tl with stone, was very pure, re- 
 semhliMi; lh.it cMllid Ko/ette copper. Among these 
 .stones they found chryslals. and a certain shining slono 
 I of a blue color. Specimens of ihchc sloiu's were sent 
 ' to the king. 
 
 j In farther rxamining the hav they came toa great 
 river, which they called St. .lohn's, full of islands, and 
 swarming with lish. I'[) this river they sailed lilty 
 .leagues, and were extremely delighted with the vast 
 ipiantity of grapes which grew on Us banks. Uy this 
 river they imagi.icd that a shortiT commmucation might 
 : be had with the Have de (.'l.aleur and the purl ol Ta- 
 i doiis.ic, than by the sea. 
 
 I From the river Si. John they coasted the bay south- 
 I westerly, till lliev came lo an island in the middle ot a 
 I river which Champlain hail previously explored. Fnul- 
 I iiig its situation sale and convenient. He Slonls re*4ulvo,| 
 I there lo b'-*dd a lort and pass the winter. 'I'o thu 
 island hr gave (he name ol St. Croix;* because that 
 
 I • This is .1 staiinii ol nmrh un[tortance. It has given ri-fl 
 
 to a c<>Mtri)\ersy ItIwciii tite llhiled KlalCH and llie Hriti^li 
 
 . )(ovi'nuiifiU. wtiirti i> not vet tennnciled. 1 »liall Itii^nliTu 
 
 ! uivc a ill seiii)iKiii ot thiH i>l;Ltid and iu sinroumiiii^ watt-iH, 
 
 ! from 11 Inui^latioii ot Mark hescarliotV liislor> oi ilu* voyauet 
 
 ol De .Moots, m wliirh he hiiiiself was ent>aK(-d, and thcietunt 
 
 had Keen the |>iace wincli he deserilK'S. 'I'tiis iruiihintioi) \s to 
 
 I \m loimd al )ai>:i' iti i.'hiirrhill's (.'ottectious, vuL viii. Tift), and 
 
 an Hliridtfiiu-iit ol it \\\ I'mvlias's IM>;iims, vol. v. Hiltl. 
 
 I " heiivim; St. JoliiiS river, tliey i-aine, lollowing the coait 
 
 < twenty luiiKues Iroiti that pliu e, to a ^n-ii\ rivfr, ulnctt n 
 
 l)rn|K ilv .Ta, [I. e. t-alt w.-iler] ulicre they loitilied tlienihrU e* 
 
 In :i iitlio l.^taiid Neatei< '" the midst ut llun rivtT. wliidi ttiu 
 
 Ki.id (limi |)'iun hnd heeii lo dlNrover and miw . .\n<l, -i-cint,' 
 
 11 sttoiiii (m natiiif, and or en.<«y defence und ktrintifi; br^idiii 
 
 llial ilie hennoti )>ecan In nlide nwny, and ihen-ioru it w.t^. in- 
 
 |iti\riiil lo providi' nt lod^iii^:, v\ iihoiit luiiiiuiK ''-ny fai'.i'L-r, 
 
 tlu'V resolved lo niiike their al»ode there. 
 
 " Uclure wu speak ot the sluji'n return to Pranrt^ t( Is mo94 
 
UIOG RAPII IK.S or THE EARLY D I S C O VK HT:US. 
 
 S6 
 
 D calh'd (jui'lu'c, winch in 
 igriiticd a strait ; am\ this 
 tuation for a lort and all- 
 ies but one ol copjicr, far 
 iiifunnulion he returned to 
 mnbrr. 
 
 T in the same year, King 
 )e Munt8, a gontlernaii o( 
 iistttutin|r hini heiitcLdn'.' 
 it L'A<tiilia, from the for- 
 :e of north latitude, wuh 
 Its and convert them to 
 tent was itiihhshed in alt 
 e ; and lie Moiils iiaving 
 lor his nt -.v guvi-rnmeiit 
 akiti^; with )nm the afore- 
 jiiloL. Monsieur De l*out- 
 ong lime desirous to visit 
 
 arrived at a Iiarlior on tho 
 ila of Acadia, where tlicy 
 I). KosMgiiol, tniding with 
 They srucd his ship and 
 loor consolation of giving 
 he was taken. 'I'he pro- 
 ^ a sea^onahlu .•iupiily. and 
 iiist liave been ubaiidoned. 
 
 •IjtOllI. 
 
 l,■oa^ll'd the peninsula to 
 ni.bled t'ape ISable, camo 
 ir\, where Anbry, a priest, 
 Duds, anda I'rotestanl way 
 t'd hiin, hi'ca.sne they liad 
 Iiun un reiigions suhjecls. 
 al days, tiring ynns and 
 in ; tlie noise of the sea 
 - sound cot'kl he iieaid. 
 id. thev fpiilted the pliico 
 In I'xainnie that extensive 
 iiMila, 10 which lliey gavo 
 L'oi^e ; but which is no,v 
 riie priest was aftcrwarda 
 (I to deatli. 
 
 Ins bay they discovered a 
 
 y entered, and soon hiund 
 
 un, iiiMruncd with lulls, 
 
 s of fie>b waler ; and In; 
 
 ab!t' river, which they 
 
 Muticd Willi fer'-ih- iite.i- 
 
 I'ouirtncourt, churini'*'. 
 
 b'Uriiuiicd iuTc to inako 
 
 ■civeil a gr.iiit of tl from 
 
 ; of Port lio)al [Antiii- 
 
 iH sailed farther into tho 
 It was a hiyb ruck, 
 bavs. [Mctiis J The 
 one, was ver) pure, re- 
 upper. Aniung thesn 
 id a reitain shining stoiui 
 the^e stones were sent 
 
 tlu\v rame to a great 
 
 hu's, full of islands, and 
 
 nvcr they saiiid htty 
 
 til lighted \vilh the vast 
 
 I its banks, lly thiii 
 
 (Uiinniuication nitghl 
 
 r and the port ot 'la- 
 
 y coasted the bay sonlli- 
 slaml in the nnddle of a 
 luuslv explon'd. Kind- 
 nent. DeMonlK resolve 1 
 the winter, 'i'o ihu 
 Croix:* because that 
 
 lanre. It has given ri;^ 
 t-ii StittOH ami lilt? hnlinli 
 iirituil. 1 hliall lluirtluro 
 i lis surniuuilmg wiitris, 
 t'.s lilslorv ">t tilt' vuyatfCH 
 IS i>iit:at!i:(t, and llicielotH 
 cs. 'I'tiis iianslatuMi \s to 
 
 tiections, vuL viii. 7U6. aiiJ 
 
 iKriMis, vi)l. V, laiVI. 
 ame, folUtwlrnj the roait 
 I a nrvnX river, wtinli i * 
 tlii'V h>iiiiii->l lhciiiM:lvc« 
 
 Lst uf tlitx nvL^r. wliKh ttiu 
 
 tUl \ \l\\ , All'I. V|'t'l!l« 
 
 > uml krr|)tnR ; bP!*idii>t 
 V, itii'l llifuloro II vviia Iw* 
 IkiuI lUuiiiiiK I'.ny far'.i'ur, 
 I 111' re. 
 olcraio rTat«t\ it it mcH 
 
 two leagues higher there were brooks which "canio 
 ^ cross-wise to fall withm this large braneli of ilic sea." 
 ' The winter proved severe, and the people sntl'ered 
 
 i/^ 80 much by the scurvy, that thnty-six of them died ; 
 ^ the remaining forty, who were all sick, lingered till the 
 Sp spring, (1605,) wlieii tliey recovered by means of the 
 ^^ fresh vcitetation. 'i'he remedy wliich Carlicr had found 
 % in Canada was here unknown. 
 
 rff? As soon as his men were recovered, De Monts re- 
 
 ;i^ solved to seek a comfortable station in a warmer cli- 
 
 ^ mate. Having victualled and armed lus pinnace, he 
 
 sailed along the coast to Nuroinbago. a name which had 
 
 ^'^ been given by some Kurojpean ailventurers to the Hay 
 
 of Penobscot ; trom llience he sailed to Kennebec, 
 
 \ Casco, .Suco, and finally came !»> Maieliarre, as Cape 
 
 ''\ Cod was then called liy the I-'rench. In some of (he 
 
 iS places which he had passed, the land was inviting , and 
 
 ^S particular notice was taken of the grapes ; but tho 
 
 „^ savages appeared numerous, \infriendly and thievish. 
 
 ^ Do Monts' coinp.iny being small, he pn ferred safety to 
 
 $i. pleasure, and r<"urned hr.-^t to St. Croix, and then to 
 
 J\ l*ort Koyal ; wliere he found Dnpuut. in a ship from 
 
 ji^ France, with fresh auppbes. and a reinforcement of 
 
 ^ forty men. The stores winch iiad been dejiosited at 
 
 V Kt. Croix wore removed across the bav, luit tlie Iniild- 
 
 ings were lett ulanding. Mew iiouses were erected al 
 
 the mouth of the river winch runs into llie basin of 
 
 ^ J'ort Iloyal ; there the stores and peo[»le were lodged ; 
 
 -"^ and De Slonts having put his alfairj in as good order 
 
 ^f as possdilo, in the montii of ^September embarked ior 
 
 France, leaving Unpont as Ins lieutenant, with Cliain- 
 
 ^i^ plain and I'hampdore to perfect the settlement, and ex- 
 
 f ' plore the country. 
 
 ^ During tlic next winter lliev were plentifully sup- 
 
 plied by the savages wjtli veinsou, and a great trade 
 was carried on for furs. Nulliini: is said of tiie scurvy ; 
 but they had short allowance of bread; not by reason 
 of any scarcitv of corn, tnil because tliey had no other 
 
 to tell yi)u, hi'W liarJ the isli« nt St. Crmx is to ;.e found out, 
 lo them that W(."-l* lu^vcr tluTc. Fur tht-n; :ui^ so many isles 
 and LTt'at hays tu yo liy Itiom St. .Inlm's] heloie oiu; he at it, 
 Ifiat I woniJer how one nui^hl ever [nerce so tar as to tuul it. 
 There aro thiee ur I'uiir iniiiintaiii.s, uriimeiit nhovc the 
 others, on tin; suies ; hut cii the north side, Iruin whence 
 * the river runneth down, tlicro is hut a sharp pointed om-, 
 t tthoiit two leagues distant. Tho woods of the inairdand are 
 fair and adintrablo IiikIi, and welt prown, as in like manner is 
 the ^rasB. Thero is nylit over attuinsi the island Iri;.';!! w alcr 
 Inioks. very [ilea.iant and nprccal<lo; wlieie divers of .Muns. 
 De Monts men did iheir husinuss, and huilded there crrtain 
 cahini. As for the nature of tlio ^touiuI, it is most excellent, 
 Kii't most ahinidaiitly Iruittul. Fur the said Mons. Dc Monts 
 hiviii)( caused there somn pieru of t;r<uind to lie tilted, and 
 llie same sowed with rye; lie was not alile to tarry for the 
 maturity thtTcof to reap it; and notwiihstaiiding tho gram 
 fallen hath grown and increased so wottdcrtully, that two 
 ye;irs alter, we re.ipcd and diil ualtier of it as fair, I'lu. and 
 weiglily as in Krance, «liich Ihe soil has Ihoiil-IiI forth wilii- 
 oiil any lilla^-e; and yet ;il tins present lltiuyj it doth con- 
 tmiie siill to iiniliiplv cvrrv >i ar. 
 
 '*The said iKland ronlaineth some half a league in circuit, 
 and at the eiiil of li, on Ilie sea sitte. there is ;i mount, or 
 fTHill hill, wlmli IS. as it were, a little isle, severed Uom the 
 other, where Moos, de Moiil.t his rannttii were placed. TUeio 
 is also ;t 1iti>(> <'liajipel,biult aHer the savai^o tasliiun. At the 
 fiiiit of Hlmii cliapppi there is such stoio of inuseles as is 
 wonderful, w)i:rh may be gailiercd al low water, hut they 
 are small. 
 
 "iNow let us prepare and (mist up s:iils. Monn, de Poii- 
 triucourt ina<ie !lie \uyat;e into these }iails, with some men 
 of |{uod sort, not lo winter lliere ; Iml as il were lo seek luit 
 his deal, and find out a land that xw.uhl like liini. Whieh he 
 having done, had no nt>ed to sojourne Iheru any lo]i>;er. So 
 then, the .ihips lu-mg leaily for the reluiii, he bhiniied him- 
 Relt, and th<ise of Ins eoinpanv in one ol them. 
 
 "Dtirim; the ftirrsaid iiavii;;\tioii, M.ms. de Monts hi- peo- 
 ple, did work ahont the fort; m liuli lie seated at the i n.' ,,i 
 tho island, oppiKsii,' lo the plare where he had lodjjed his 
 caiinon. Which was wiselv lonsidered. to the end to eom- 
 ni:md the river up and down. Hat thero w[is nn mconve- 
 nirrur; the n.uA i-ut did In- tow aid the north, and wiiliout 
 any shelter, hot id tlie trers ilut were on ihe isle slmrr, 
 which all about he commanded to be kept and not cut 
 down. 
 
 "'Die most urjient things being done, and hoarv .snow ' 
 f.Uhe beiiii; come, Ihat is to siiy winter, then they were 
 fiTi-eu lo keep withiii doors, and' to live every one at his 
 homo DnrniK whicli time, our men had three 8|iot'lal dis- 
 riiiniroditie.s m this island, want ol wood (for that whu'ti was 
 Ml iliti said isle was spent in buildings), lack of frush water, 
 and t* ? cmitimial walcli inai'.e I'V niciit, feartna some surpri.se 
 k'HM *.he snvaite? that had lodsed themselves at the foot of 
 r>:ii.t island, or nouin othei eiiemy. For Ihe male'lictton and 
 i.u:e of many Chnslians isjju.l., that one mu'^t take heed of 
 itn m iniich more than opTnttdels. When Duv had mod of 
 watei or wood, they were ciiislraineil to cii)^-^ o\er the 
 iiTcr, which is thrice as broad of every side as the river of 
 .S'lne." 
 
 liv a t'entlemon who resided sevpral vears in those parts, I 
 haie hern mfornied. that an island whirh answers to the de 
 niiplion lies in the eastern pari of the Uay of Pa.'<Kama<)U>)d- 
 dv; and Ihne tlie iiver Si. t'rolx was Bupponed lo Iw by tho 
 r-iiinnissioners who neijolniled the peace itt KSlt, wiio had 
 Mii.hel's map before them; but inn map of the coast of New 
 IliiKiand and Nova Scotia, published in London, 1TH7, Lv Ilo- 
 tw It Sayor, and said to be drawn bv r.ipi.Tm IhiUand, the 
 n.er St. C(uix la laid down at tho western part of lUc bav ; 
 tlic lireudlh •! wltich la at>uul su or seven leatjues. 
 
 mill to grind it than the hand-mill, whicli required hard 
 and coniiinial labor. The savages were so averse to 
 this exercise, that they preferred hunger to the lask of 
 grmding corn, though they were ollered half of it in 
 payment. >Six men only died in tho courao of this 
 winter. 
 
 In the spring of IfiOG, Dupont attempted to find 
 what De Monts had missed in the preceding year, a 
 more southerly settlement. His bark was twice forced 
 back with adverse winds : and the third time was driven 
 on rocks and bilged at the mouth of the port. The 
 men and stores were saved ; but the vessel was lost. 
 Tliesf! fruitless attempts jiroved very discouraging ; but 
 Dupont employed his people in building a bark and shal- 
 lop, that they migiit employ themselves in visiting the 
 ports, whither their countrymen resort to dry their tish, 
 till new supplies should arrive. 
 
 Do Monts and Pontrincoiirt were at that time in 
 France, preparing, amidst everv discouragement, for 
 another voyage. Cn the thirteenth of .May, they sailed 
 from Uochelle, in a ship of one hundred and fifty tons ; 
 and on the tiTili of July arrived at i*ort Koyal, in the ab- 
 sence of Dupont, who had left two men only to guard 
 the for'-. In a few days he arrived, having n\ct with 
 one of their boats which they had left at (>anseau, and 
 great was the joy on both sides at their meeting. 
 
 Poiitrincoi:rt now began his plantation ; and having 
 cleared a spot of ground, wilhin lifteen days iie sowed 
 Furopean corn and several sorts of garden vegetables. 
 Hut notwithstanding the beauty and fertility of I'ort 
 Uoval, De Monts liad still a desire to lind a better 
 place to the southward, lie therefore prevailed on I'on- 
 trincourt to make anolher voyage to Cape Malcbarre ; 
 and so earnest was be to have this matter accomplished, 
 that he would not wait till the next s|>ring, but prepared 
 a bark to go to tlie southward as soon as the ship w.iu 
 ready to sail. 
 
 Un tho 28th of .August, the ship and the bark both 
 sailed from Port Royal. In the ship, De Monts and 
 Dupont returned to France; whilst Fouirincourt, Cham- 
 plain. Cliampilore and others crossed the bay to Wt. 
 t'roix, and thence sailed along the coast, touching at 
 many harbors in tlieir way till they arrivcu in siglit of 
 the Cape, the olijcct of their voyage. lie ig entangled 
 among the slioils, their rudder was bro l'II and they 
 were oblioed to come to anclior, at the dis' iice of three 
 leagues from the land. The boat was tlien cut ashore to 
 find a harbor of fresh water; which by tl ■ information 
 of one of tiic natives was accomplished. Fifteen days 
 were sjient in this ])lacc ; during which lit e a cross was 
 creeled, and possession taken for the Kit * of France ; 
 as De Monts had done two years before it Kennebec. 
 When the bark was repaired and ready I i sail. Poutrin- 
 co'.irt took a walk into the country, w .ilst his people 
 were liakini; bread. In bis absence son ^ of the natives 
 visited his people and stole a hatchet. Two guns were 
 fired at tiieiu and ttiey tied. In his ret' rn he saw seve- 
 ral parties of the savages, male and emale, carrying 
 away their children and their corn, r ml hiding them- 
 selves as he and his company pa: .^ed. He was 
 alarmed at tins straiige appearance ; b it niucli more so, 
 wlieti early the next morning a sliowfr of arrows came 
 ('ying among his jn'ople, two of wlnn i were killed and 
 several others wounded. 'I'lie savages having taken 
 their revenge, lied ; and it was in vain to pursue them. 
 The dead were Iniried at the loot of tho cross; and 
 whilst llio funeral service was performing, the savages 
 were dancing and yelling m mock concert at a conve- 
 nient distance, but witlnii hearing. When the French 
 retired un board their bark, the savages took down the 
 cross, duo up the bodies and stripped them of their 
 grave clothes, which they carried otf in triumph. 
 
 This unhappy tpiarrel gave Poutrincourt a bad idea 
 of the natives. He attempted to pass farther round the 
 cape, but was prevented by contrary w itids. ai.d forced 
 back to the same harbor, where tlie savaoes ollering to 
 trrde, six or seven of them were seized and put to 
 death. 
 
 The next day another attempt was made to sail far- 
 ther ; but the wincl came against them. At the dis- 
 tance of six or seven leagues they discovered an island; 
 but the wind would not permit them to approach it ; 
 they Iherefore gave it the name of Douteuse, or Doubt- 
 ful. This was probably either Nantucket or Capa- 
 wock, now called Martha's Vineyard ; and if so, the 
 I contest with the Indians was on the south shore of 
 I (Tape (.'od, where are several harbors and streams of 
 I fresii water. To the lijrbor where he lay, he gave the 
 name of i*ort Foriunc. 
 
 It was now late in tli^ sea!>on and no prospeet ap- 
 peared of olttaining any better place for a settlement ; 
 besides, he had two wounded men whobc Uvet; were in 
 
 danger. He therefore determined to return, which he 
 did by the sliortesl and most direct course ; and after a 
 perilous voyage, in which the rudder was again broken, 
 and the bark narrowly escaped shipwreck, he arri\cd 
 at Port Koyal on the 14th of November. 
 
 The manner m which they spent the third winter was 
 social and festive. At the principal table, to which fif- 
 teen persons belonged, un order was established, by tho 
 name of L'order de bon temps. Every one took his 
 turn to be cati-rer and steward, for one day. durini» 
 which he wore the collar of 'he order and a napkin, and 
 earned a stall". After supper he resigned liis accoutre- 
 ments, with tho ceremony of drinking a cup of wine, l«i 
 the next in succc:)Sion. The advantage of this institu- 
 tion was, that each one was emulous to be prepared fur 
 his day, by previously hunting or tishing, or purcliasino 
 fish and game of the natives, who constantly resided 
 among them, and were extremely pleased with their 
 manners. 
 
 Four only died in this winter; and it is remarked 
 that these were *' sluggish and fretful." The winter 
 was mild and fair. On a Sunday in the middle of Ja- 
 nuary, after divine service, they " sported and Lad music 
 on the river ;" and the same month tiiey went two 
 leagues, to see their corn-fi'-'ld, and dined cheerfully in 
 the sun shine. 
 
 At the first opening of the. spring (1607) they began 
 lo prepare gardens ; the produce of which was extrei/.e- 
 ly grateful ; as were also the numberless lish which 
 came into the river. They also erected a water-mill, 
 which nut only saved them much hard labor at tho 
 hand-mill, but gave them more tune for hshmg. Tho 
 fish which they took were called herrings and pilchards ; 
 of which they pickled several hogsheads to bo scut 
 liome to France. 
 
 In April they began to build two barks, in which 
 they might visit the ports fretpiented by the tishermen, 
 and learn some news from their mother country, as 
 well as get siijiplies for their subsistence. Having no 
 pitch to pay tlie scams, they were obliged to cut pine 
 trees and burn them in kilns, by which means they ob- 
 tained a sudieiency. 
 
 On Ascension day a vessel arrived from France, don- 
 tired to bring supplies ; a large share of wliich, tho 
 crew had unotneronsly consumed during their voyage. 
 The letters brought by lliis vessel informed them that 
 the (ompany of mercbaiits, associated with De Monty, 
 was discouraged ; and that their ship was to be em- 
 ployed in the lishery at Canseau. The reason of thi? 
 proceeding was, that contrary to th^ king's edict, tho 
 Hollanders liad intruded themselves into their fur trade 
 in the river of Canada, having been conducted by li 
 treacherous Frenchman ; in eon.sequence of which tho 
 king had revoked the exclusive privilege which he had 
 given to De Monts for ten vears. The avarice of theso 
 Hollanders was so great, that they had opened tho 
 graves of th^ dead, and taken the beaver skins in which 
 the corpses had been buried. This outrage was so 
 higldy resented by the savages at Canseau, that they 
 killed the person who had sliown the places wliere tho 
 dead were laid. This news was e.\iremelv unwel- 
 come, as it portended the destruction of the colony. 
 
 Poutrincourt however was so well |i!eased with hn 
 situation, that he determined to return lo it, thougli 
 none but his own family should accomjiany him. llo 
 was very desirous to see the issue of his attempt at 
 agriculture, and therefore detiined tho vessel as lon^ 
 as he could, and employed his bark in small voyages 
 about the bay, to trade (or furs and gather specimens 
 of iron and copper to be transported to France. When 
 they were all ready lo sail, he tarried eleven davs Ion- 
 ger than the others, that he might carry homo the hrsl 
 fruits of his harvest Leaving the linitdinga and part 
 of the provision wiih the standing corn, as a present lo 
 the friendly natives, ho finally sailed from Port Roval, 
 on the 11th of August, and joined the other vessels at 
 ('anseau ; from wliich place he proceedetl to France, 
 where they arrived in the latter end of September. 
 
 Specimens of the wheat, rye barley, and oats went 
 shown the king; which, with other productions of 
 the countr)', annual and mineral, were so highly accepi- 
 able, that he renewed and confirmed to De Mouls tho 
 privilege of trading for beavers, that he miglit have it ill 
 his power to establish a colony In i onsoquencc ol 
 which the next spring several families were sent to re- 
 new the plantation, who found that the savages had 
 gathered several barrels of tlie corn which had been left 
 siaiuling ; and had reseivid one for their friends whom 
 they expected to return. 
 
 The revocation of the exclusive patent given to De 
 Monts, was lounded on complaints made by the mas- 
 ters of fi.Miing vessels, Uiat tho branch of comnicrce in 
 
M 
 
 jr -i 
 
 
 rf 
 
 h 
 
 /■'■I 
 
 
 96 
 
 which they were engaged would be ruined. When 
 this patent was restored, it was limited to one year ; 
 and on this condition, that he should make an estab- 
 lishment in the river St. Lawrence. Do Monts there- 
 fore quitted his connexion with Acadia, and the com- 
 pany of mcrcliants, with whom he had been connected, 
 fitted out two ships tor the port of Tadousac, m ItjU:^. 
 The fur trade was of very considerable value, and the 
 company made great profits ; but Uc Monts finding 
 their interests luirt by his connexion with them, with- 
 drew fiorii the association. 
 
 Poutruicourt resolving to prosecute his plantation at 
 Port lloyal, the grant of which liad been confirmed to 
 nim by the king, sent Biencourt, his son, to France, 
 (lliOS) for ft supply jf men and provisioi-.i. One con- 
 dition of the grunt was, that attempts should be made 
 to convert the natives to the Catholic faith, it was 
 therefore necessary tJ engage the assistance of some 
 ecclesiastics. The first who embraced the proiKisal 
 were the Jesuits, by whose zealous exertions a contri- 
 bution was soon made for the pur|>ose ; and two of 
 their ordert Uiard and Masse, embarked for the new 
 plantation. It was not long before u controversy arose 
 between them and tiie proprietor, who said " it was ins 
 part to ru/c them on earth, and theirs cnlv to fjindr 
 hiin 10 heaven." After his departure for France. Ins 
 soil IJiericourt, disdaining to be conlruled bv those 
 whom lie had invited to reside with him, threatened 
 them with corporeal punitlnnent, m return for tlieir 
 spiritual anathem,is. It became nccessar\' then that 
 they should separate. The Jesuits removed to Mount 
 Desart, where they planted gardens and entered on 
 the business of their mission, which thev contnuied till 
 1613 or IG14; when Sir Samuel Argal from Virginia 
 broke up the French settlements in Acadia. In the 
 encounter one of these Jesuits was killed and the 
 other was made prisor.er. Of the other Frenchman. 
 some disjtcrsed themselves in the woods and mixi-d 
 with the savages ; some went to the rivi-r St. Law- 
 rence and fitrengiliened tiie settlement which Cliam- 
 plain had made there ; and others returned to France. 
 
 Two advantages were expected to result from es- 
 tahlislnng a colony in the river St. Lawrence ; one 
 was an extension of the fur trade, and another was the 
 hope of penetattng westward, through the lakes, to tlio 
 racilic ocean, and tindiiig a nearer commuiiiciitum 
 with China. One of the vessels sent by the eomimny 
 of merchants, in 1008, to that river was commanded 
 toy Champlain. In his former voyase he had marked 
 the strait above the Wiu of Oileans, as a proper situa- 
 tion for a fort ; because the river was there contract! d 
 in its breadih, and the northern ahore was hiirh and 
 commanding, lie arrived there in the beginning of 
 .!uiy, and immediatelv began to clear the wood.*, to 
 butid houses, and prepare fields and gardens. Here he 
 spent the winter, and his conipaiiv sullered mu':li bv 
 Uie scurvy. The remcJy which Carlier had used, was 
 tot to be found, or the savages knew nothing of it. It 
 is supposed that the former inhabitants had been extir- 
 pated, and a new people held possession. 
 
 In the spring of ItiDl), Champlain, with two other 
 Frenchmen and a party of tlie natives, went up the 
 river, now called Sorel. and entered the lakes, which lie 
 toward the south, and communicate with the countrv 
 of the Iroquois. To the largest of these lakes Cham- 
 plain gave his own name, which it has ever since 'e- 
 lained. On the shore of another which lie called Lake 
 Sacrament, now Lake Ueorue. they were discovi-red 
 by a company of the Iroquois, with whom thev had a 
 skirmish. Champlain killed two of them with his mus- 
 ket. The scalps of fifty were taken and brought to 
 ynebcc in triumpli. 
 
 In the autumn. Champlain went to France. leaving 
 Capt. Fier-e to command ; and in ItilO he returned to 
 Quebec, to perh-ct the colony, of winch he may be -on- 
 tfidered as the founder. 
 
 After the death of Henry IV, he obtained of the 
 ijuecn KeuFcnt. a eommission as lieutenant of New 
 France, with very extensive powers. 'I'his commission 
 was confirmed by Lewis XIII; and Champlain was 
 continued in the government of Canada. 
 
 The religious controversies, which prevailed in 
 France, augmented the nundjer of colonists. A set- 
 tlement was made at Trois Hivipres, and a brij*( trade 
 WdS ca. Tied on at Tadousac. In 1G2U, Quebr jegan 
 to assume the fac? of a city, and the fortress abb re- 
 built with stone ; but the people were divided in their 
 religions prmeiples, and tiie Iluizonot partv prevailed. 
 
 In tins divided state. (Iti-J'J) llie culonv was attaeked 
 by an armament from LnL'iaiid under the conduct of i 
 bir David Kirk. He sailed up the river St Lawrence, j 
 UKi a()pcareU huforo Quebec, wluch wua limn ttomisera- 1 
 
 AMERICAN HIS TOR'S. 
 
 bly supplied, that tliey had hut seven ounces of bread 
 to a man for a day. A squadron from I-'rance, witli 
 provision for tiieir relief, entered the river ; hut, after 
 some resistance, was taken Itv the Knglisli. This 
 disa[?pointmeiit increased the distress of the colony and 
 obliged Cliampiain to capitulate. He was carried to 
 France in an Kni.'iish ship ; and 'here found the mmds 
 of tiie people divided, with reuard to Canada ; some 
 thinking it not worth regaining, as it had cost tlie 
 irovernmeni va.-^t sums, without lu'ingmi: "nv return ; 
 others deeming tlie h>liiry and fur trade to be great 
 national objects, especially as tliey proved to l»u a nur- 
 sery for seamen. Tliese sentimeiiis, supported by tlie 
 solicitation of (!'liamp!am. prevjiUd ; and hy the treaty 
 of .St. Germaiiry, in \G'.VZ, Can.ula, Acadia and Cape 
 Urclon were restored to France. 
 
 The next year Champlain resumed Ins government, 
 and the company of New France were restored to their 
 former iiiihts and privileges. A large recruit of inhabi- 
 tants, with a competent supply of Jesnit.s, arrived from 
 France ; and with some didiculty a mission was c.stab- 
 lislied among tiie Ilurons ; and a seminary of the order 
 was heiiun at t^iiehec. In tlie mul.^l of lliis prosperity 
 Ciiamptain dud, in the mouth of Hecemher, It>3r> ; and 
 was succeeded the next vear hy l)e Montmagnv. 
 
 Cli rnplain is characterized as a man of good sense, 
 stroiiu penetration and upright views ; volatile, active. 
 enitTjirisi^g, firm and valiant. He aided the Hurons 
 in llit-ir wars with the Iroquois, and personally engaged 
 in iheiv bLtlies; m one of winch he was wounded. 
 His zeal lv»r t!ie |)ropagation of tiie Catholic reiit;ion 
 was so <;reat tliai it was a common saving witli hiiii, 
 that "the salvation of one soul was of more value than 
 tiie conquest of an emjiire." 
 
 FERDINANDO GORGES, 
 
 isn 
 
 JOHN MASON. 
 
 FERniJiAsno OonoEs— Ills pprsrvoranrc— His <lpfenre tx-forft 
 tlif t.fiiiiiiK'iis— His i-oinj.laint a^lln'*t tliu DiiU'li—llis ev- 
 ln'iise and liiss— Hh triisfurtimt's luivi liratli— Jull.s .Ma>o.s 
 — iri coniiet'tcil wnli Gorstes— His planlatnin at l'i>cala.iua — 
 His itnai fxpense ami loss — M;iss;n'liii-i('tts ('uloiiy esia- 
 tilisl'i-a— In<it'pernlenry of the Colnny siispectuii— Pruvmee 
 ui Maine— Its plan of Kovornnn-nt— I'lolecleii by Mas^aelm- 
 sells— I'urilia.sL'il ()>■ .Massai'liusclts. 
 
 Wk know nolhini; concerning Gorges in the early 
 part of his life. The tirst account wu liave of liim. is 
 tlie discover)' which he made of a plot winch the Karl of 
 Fsse.T had laid to overthrow lite aovernmeiit of Queen 
 Kli/abeth. the tragical issue of wiiieh is too well Known 
 to be here repeated. (iorge<;, who had been privy to 
 the conspiracy at first, cominu'iiraled ins kiuwledije 
 of It to Sir Waller Raleigh, tus intimate friend, but tlie 
 enemy and rival of Kssex. 
 
 Tiicrc was not only an intimacy between Raleigh 
 and (lorjjes. but a similantv in their genius and einplov- 
 :ne?it ; both were formed for intriiiue and adventure ; 
 botii were indefatigable in the prosecution of tlieir san- 
 guine projects ; and l>oth were naval commanders. 
 
 Huring the war with Spain, winch occupied tlie last 
 years of Queen Kli/abetii, Gorges, witii other adven- 
 turous sjjiriis, toiiml full employment iii the navy of 
 their mistress. Wiien the peace, whieli her successor. 
 James I. made in 161) I, jiut an end to liieir iiopes of 
 lioiior and fortune by military enterprises. Sir Ferdi- 
 iiando was appointeil Governor of FIvmouth, in Heviui- 
 shire. 'i"his circumstance, by whicii tiio spirit of ad- 
 venture might seem to have tieen repressed, proved 
 the occasion of its iireakinj: out .villi fresli ardor, 
 though in a jiaeific and mercantile form, comiieted 
 with the raije for ftireign disi-overies, whieli after some 
 internijitiun, had atrain seized liie Fnglish nation. 
 
 Lorii Arundel, of Wardour. had ein|>loyed a Captain 
 Weymouth in search of a noriliwest pa^sage to India. 
 Tins nav. gator having mistaken his course, fell in with 
 a river on the coast of America, wiiicli. by his descri))- 
 tion, must have been either Kennebec, or I'enobscot. 
 From thence he brouglit to Knjjland. five of the natives, 
 and arrived in tlm moritii of July. IfiO."), in the hariior 
 of Plymouth, where (loriies commanded, who im- 
 mediately look three M them into his family. Their 
 names were Mantda, Sketwarroes and Tasquantum ; 
 tliey were all of one lantruanc. though not of tiic same 
 tribe. This accident proved tlie occasion, under (iod's 
 providence, of preparing the way for a more perfect dis- 
 eovery than had yet been made of this part of North 
 America. 
 
 Haviuir gained tlie aTecimns of lliese savaijes bv 
 kind treatnuiit, he fonii I tiieiii very do* ite and intelli- 
 gent ; and from tiiem he icarned by inquiry, many par- 
 tinilars cone- ning their country, its riverf, harbors. 
 islands, fish a.t. other aainiaits ; ihc imtnbcrs, di^po- 
 
 Isition, manners and customp of the nativi^s; thoir 
 1 government, alhances, enemies, force and metliods of 
 i war. The result of iheto inquiries served to feed a 
 j saitguino hope of indnlgnig his genius and advaucuig 
 ; his fortuiiu by a mure thorough discovery of the :ouii* 
 
 i ^'y- . 
 
 I His chief associate in lliis plan of discovery, wo? 
 Sir John Fopiiam, Lord Chief Justice of tlie King's 
 Reiieli, who, by his acquaint anro with divers noblemer^ 
 and by tiieir interesl at court, obtained from King 
 James a patent for making eetileinents in America 
 which was now divided into two districts, and called 
 North and South ^'Irglllla. Tiie latter of these districts 
 was put under tlie eare of certain noblemen, knightfl, 
 and gentlemen wlio were styU-d the London Company ; 
 ttic lormer under iho direction of otliers in Un^ioh 
 Exeter and Plymouth, who were called t!ie Plymouth 
 Company, because their meetings were usually held 
 tiiere. 
 
 Uy the joint efforts of tins company, of which Po|>- 
 liam and Gorges were two of the most enteqirism;^ 
 members, a ship, eommaniled by Henry Chalung, was 
 lilted out, and sailed m Auiiiisi, lUOO, for llie discovery 
 of the country from wlneh tiie savages liad been 
 brought, and i«o of ihem were pni on board. Thn 
 orders given to tlie master wire lo keep in as lugh a 
 latitude as (.'ape lJr( Ion till lie sliuuld discover the 
 main land, and liien to range tlic coa^-t soutliward till 
 lie should find the placr from wlneh the natives had 
 been taken. Instead of oIisLT\mg llie>e orders, the 
 captain lalling sick on tlie pass.igi', madi- a soiitiieru 
 course, and first arrived at the l^land of I'urtu Uico, 
 where he lamed some tune lor llie recovery of hi:« 
 iieallli; Irom tiience. eonniig northwardlv, lie fell in 
 w:th a Spanish fieet from the Hawiimah, by whom the 
 siiip was seized and carried to Sp.nn. 
 
 Captain Prynne, in aiiuiinr ship whicli sailed from 
 Uristol, with orders lo lind Clialuiig, and join with him 
 111 a survey o( the coast, had better success ; fo' tlioegh 
 he iailtd ot meeting Ins consort, yi-t he carrieil iiome .1 
 particular account of the coasts, rivers, and harbors, 
 with otiier iiifurinalion relative lo liie counlry, winch 
 made ko deep an impression on tlie mmds of tiie eom- 
 pany, as lo streiigtlien tlieir resolution of prosecuting 
 their enterprise. 
 
 It was dt'termined to send over a lari:e mimber of 
 people suthcunt to be;:in a colony. For tins purposu 
 <.uorge I*opiiam wis aiipnmled president ; Ualcigh 
 Gilbert, admiral ; Edward Harloii, master of ordnance ; 
 Robert Davis, serjcant-major : Elis Rest, marshal; 
 Mr. Seamen, secretary ; James Davies. commander of 
 tlie fort; (ioine Carew, searelur. All liie*e were to 
 be of the council ; and besides these, the colonv con- 
 sisted of OMc hundred men. \\lio were sivled planters. 
 They sailed t'roin Fiymoutii in two ships. May 111, llitj?, 
 and iiaviiig filien m wilh tlie island of Monaiiigon, Au- 
 gust 11, landed at the mouth of Sagadahoek. or Kenne- 
 bec river, on a peninsula, wiiere lliev erected a store- 
 i house, and haviiii; foriilied it as well as tin ir circum- 
 stances would admit, gave it tiie name of Fort St. 
 George. 
 
 By nteans of two natives whom they brouglit with 
 them to England, viz, Sketwarroes. sent hy Ciorires, 
 and Uehainida. by Popham. thiy found a eordial wel- 
 come ainonu llie Imluins. their saclu-ms oll'ermg lo con- 
 duct and mlnuluce iliem to the Ua.siiaba, or great chief, 
 wliose residence was at Penobseot, and to whom, it 
 was expected, that all strangers should make their ad- 
 dress.* 
 
 Tlie president, bavinu received several invitations, 
 was preparing to comply with tlieir request, and had 
 advanced some leagues on his wav, but contrary winda 
 and had wealiier oliliged him to return, to the great 
 grief of tiie sachems, who were to liave attended lum. 
 'I'he Hasiiaba hearing of their disappointment, sent 
 his son to visit the president, and settle a trade for 
 furs. 
 
 The ships departed for England in December, leav- 
 ing behind them only 45 persons of the new colony- 
 The season was too far advanced before their arrival 
 to Oegin planting for that year, if tiiero had been irround 
 prepared for tillage. 'I'hey bad to subsist on the pro- 
 visions which they had brought from England, and the 
 fish and game which the country alforded. The seve- 
 rity ol an American winter was new to them ; a.-d 
 
 • Tlie Ha.Hhal>a of Puiiulisi-ot w>\n a pruiee snpi^riur in rank 
 til the saclicins of the !:evfral triiMB. All tlic sichcms west 
 w:inl as far as Naumket'ir (.Saleml, arkinnvk-ili't'il .ti'liiei'tina 
 to turn. Hi' is ff i'i'''itlV 'nentiinieJ ui tin* ai-ouiits'of tho 
 first voyaaes to .N'mv Eiiihiii-I; liul was kiliert hv llie Tarra- 
 li'iit's in ItllS, ttcfort! ariy cirectunl ifttliMruMil was in.iile in 
 tho coiiiury. Wo havo no accuiint oi any oUkt IiuImii ih'ief 
 in tticiic aoilhcrn t- ** uf Aiiioricu, wluiu authuriiy wab v) 
 
 C J *.#»«* 7-1 
 
lUOORAPIIIES OF THE KAKLY DISCOVERERS. 
 
 87 
 
 the nativts; ilwii 
 rco anii metliods of 
 ics served to lued a 
 I'lUUii uiid advancih^ 
 covery uf ttie :oim- 
 
 u of discovprv, waa 
 ustu'u of the kinir'a 
 ith divers llubleInt:r^ 
 )lttained from King 
 t'liu'iits iti America 
 I distncls, and called 
 Iter of lliese diAlricts 
 ri iiubli-iiien. kiki«:ltt^ 
 ic Luiidoii Cuii)|i.iiiy ; 
 >f otliera in ilrisiol, 
 caili-d the JMynioutb 
 s v\eru usually Iield 
 
 pany, of whiih ro|>- 
 iiu most eiitiii»n3iii^ 
 Henry Clialoiit,s was 
 jOO, fur llicilisco^L-ry 
 : savaj^es liad been 
 pul on hoard. Thn 
 > to keep m as hi^h a 
 
 should discover the 
 L' ('11:1^1 southward idl 
 iir-h the natiVLd had 
 n-,' lJu>e orders, the 
 .i;^r, niutli- a soiilhern 
 :>l.nid of I'orto liuo, 
 
 llie recovery of hl:« 
 irthwardly, he fell m 
 \aiiiiah, hy whom the 
 lani. 
 
 1)1 wiiich sailed from 
 ii<;, and join wiih luin 
 ■r success : fo" tlioeyh 
 yet ho carried hu:ne a 
 i, rivers, and liart>ortt, 
 lo the couniry, which 
 he minds of the cnni- 
 ihitioii o{ prosecuting 
 
 )ver a larize numher o( 
 |nv. For this purposo 
 president ; Italeiijh 
 , master of ordnance ; 
 Khs IJesl, marshal; 
 )dvies. eoininaiidt;r of 
 All ihej-e were to 
 hese. the rulony con- 
 were St vied planters, 
 ships. MavlM.lBOT. 
 d of Monalii^'on, Au- 
 .j'jadahock. or Keime- 
 lliev erected a storo- 
 wt'U as tlu ir circinn- 
 iiame ol Kurt Kt. 
 
 )m thcv hronjilit with 
 ?s. sent hv tJttrirei, 
 ound u cordial wel- 
 henis olfenni; lo con- 
 ishalta, or irrcal chief, 
 -ol, and to whom, it 
 liould makr their ad- 
 
 several invitations, 
 leir reipiest, and hatl 
 [•, but contrary winds 
 return, to the great 
 I have attended hiin. 
 lli.*>appointnient, sent 
 lid settle a trade foi 
 
 |l in December, leav- 
 i of the new cohmy. 
 |d before their arrival 
 ero had liecii ground 
 fiuhsist on the pro- 
 Im Kni;Und, and the 
 ■ forded. 'I'lie seve- 
 |new to them ; a..d 
 
 iicf Kri(if'rinr m rank 
 
 I tlic sru-hcins wt'si 
 
 DWieUte-t sfl'iectnm 
 
 liic a<v<.ii!its'<»r 1l\o 
 
 4 kili.'"l Ipv Hie T.irra- 
 
 Ili'inciU \\:i!t itiaile in 
 
 Dtlii^r IrxlUn chief 
 
 1 authotily w.i« v) 
 
 S 
 
 lliough it was observed that the same winier was un- 
 
 comnionlv severe in En>;land, yet that nrcunistance 
 being unknown could not alleviate their distress. Hy 
 sonic accident tluir storehouse took hre, and was con- 
 Buined with the greater part of their piovisions. in the 
 middle of the winter; and in the sprinfi of 10H8, tliey 
 had the additional misfortimc to lose their president. 
 (Japtain I'opham. liy death. The ship which their 
 friends in Kngland by their umted exertions sent over 
 with supplies, arrived a few days after with the me- 
 lancholy news of the death of Sir John Pophani, winch 
 happened wlule she lay waiting forawind at IMyniouth. 
 The command of the colony now devoKcd on (Gilbert, 
 out the next ship brouuht an account of the tleaih of 
 his brother. Sir John (iilberl, which obliged him to re- 
 turn to Kngland, lo take care of the estate to which he 
 succeeded. Tlicoe repealed misfortnnr.s and disap- 
 IK)imments, oiH'rating with the. disgust which the new- 
 colonists had taken to the climate and soil, determined 
 them to quit the place. Accordin-^'ly. havmg enit'arked 
 with their president, they returned to Kngland, carrying 
 With them, as the fruit of their labor, a small ves.sel. 
 which they had bmll during their resideiMre here, and 
 thus the first colonv which was attempted in >iew Eng- 
 land, began and ended in one year. 
 
 The country was now branded as intolerably cold, 
 and the body of the adventurers relinquislied the de- 
 bign. iSir Francis I'opham, indeed, employed a ship 
 for some ."succeeding years in the lishmg and fur trade ; 
 but he, at length became content with his losj-es, and 
 none of this company but Sir Kerdinando (iorgcs, had 
 the resolution to surmount all discouragements Tiiough 
 he sincerely lamented the loss uf his worthy friend, the 
 Chief Justice, who had zealouslv joineil him in these 
 hitherto t'ruillcss, luit e.Tpensive, labors; yet, '* as to 
 tiie coldness of the chine (.lie says,) he had loo much 
 experience in the world tobe IriL'htod with such a blast, 
 as knowing many great kiiigdnms and large territories 
 more nortiieilv .tcated, and by many deijiees <.'oIder. 
 were plentifullv inhabited, and <livers of ihein stored 
 with no better commodities liiun these parts utford, if 
 l.ke industry, art and labor be used." 
 
 Such persevering ardor in the face of so many dis- 
 cauragenients, nuist bo allowed to discover a mind 
 formed for enterjirise, and fully persuaded of the prac- 
 licabihty of the undertaking. 
 
 When he found that he could not be seconded in his 
 attempts for a thorough discovery of the country by 
 oilier.^, he determined to carry it on by himself; and 
 for this jniriose he purchased a ship, and engaged with 
 a master and crew to go to the coast of New England 
 for the purpose of fishing and tratlic, the only induce- 
 ment which seafaring people could have to undertake 
 Buch a voyage. On board this ship he put Ukhakh 
 ViNKs, and several others of nis own servants, in 
 whom he placed the fullest contidence, and whom he 
 hired al a great expense to stay m the country over the 
 winter, ami pursue the discovery of it. These persons 
 having left the ship's company to follow their usual oc- 
 cupation on the coast, travelled in'o the land, and meet- 
 ing with the savages who had before returned to Ame- 
 rica, hy their assistance became acipiainled with such 
 particulars as (Inrges wished to know. 
 
 Mr. \ines and Ins companions were received bv the 
 Indians with great Imspiiality, though their residcnct^ 
 among them was rendered hazardous, both hy a war 
 which raged among ihem, and liy a pestilence which 
 accompanied or succeeded it. 
 
 This war and pesiileiu-e are freqiientlv spoken of bv 
 die historians of New Kiiudaiid as remarkable events 
 in the course of IVovidmce, whu-h prepared the wav 
 tor the establislinieiit of an European colonv. Con- 
 cerning the war, we know nothing more than this, that 
 it was liegiin by the Tarratenes, u nation who resided 
 eastward of Peiiobscot. These formidable people sur- 
 prised the IJashaba. or chief sachem, al his head quar- 
 Icrs. andiiestruyed him with all Ins family ; upon which 
 Qp the other sachems who were subordinate to lum. 
 quarrelled Hinong themselves for the sovereignty ; and 
 m these dissensions many of them as well as of their 
 unhappy people perished. Ofwliat particular kind the 
 pestilence was. we have no certain* information ; but 
 It seems to have been adisorderi^ecuhar lo the Indians, 
 for Mr. Vmea and his companions, who were inliinatelv 
 conversant with them, and frequently lodged in then 
 wigwams, were not in the least degree allected by it, 
 though It swept etr the Iiiihans al such a prodigious 
 rate, 'hat the living were not aide to biirv the dead. 
 
 * Mr. (.1 .uKui savs, tltat " he liuil ttistooursed wiili itoiiie old 
 ll>dianH wlv were tlu;n yt-uths, whntol.l hun, tlial tlir hixln's 
 of the sick were at! over eicccdnu; yellow, (which they fk- 
 Knl»eil hyimintniKto a yelluw garment,) bolli before the v 
 
 and their bones were found a* reral years after lying 
 al)out the Milages where they had resided Theextenl 
 of this pestilence was between I'enobscot in ih.t CuSt, 
 and Narraganset m the west, 'Ihese two tribes es- 
 caped, while the intermediate people were wasted and 
 destroyed. 
 
 The information which Vines obtained for Sir Fer- 
 dinando, thoi gh satisfactory in one view, produced no 
 real advantage proportionate to llie expense. Whilst 
 lie was debberatmg by what means he should farther 
 prosecute his plan of colonization, Captain Henry Ilar- 
 ley, who had been ono of the unfortunate adventurers 
 toSagadahock, came to him, bringing a native of the 
 Island Cajiawock, now called Martha's Vineyard, who 
 had been treacherously taken from his owi, country by 
 one of the fishing ships and shown in London as a ^ight. 
 (iorgcs received this savage, whose name was Epenow, 
 with great pleasure ; .ind about the same time reco- 
 vered Assacumet, one of those who had been sent in 
 the unfortunate voyage of Captain t'halong. These 
 two Indians at tirst scarcely understood each other; 
 but when they had grown better acquainted, Assacumet 
 informed his old maater of what ho had learned from 
 Epenow concerning his country. This artful fellow 
 had invented a story of a mine of gvld in his nalivo 
 island, wiiich he supposed would induce some adven- 
 turer to employ linn as a pilot, by which means he 
 hoped to get home, and ho was not disa])pointed in his 
 e.\[jectation. 
 
 Ciorges had engaged the Earl of Southampton, then 
 commander of the Isle of \\'ight, to advance one hun- 
 dred pounds, and Captain Hobson anotherhundred, and 
 also to go on the discovery. M'lth this assistance, 
 Harley .'tailed in June, 161-4, carrying with lum several 
 land soldiers and the two before mentioned Indians, 
 with a third named Wanape, who had been sent lo 
 Gorges trom the Isle of Wight. On the arrival of the 
 ship, she was soon piloted lo the island of Capawock, 
 and lo the harbor where Epenow was to perforin bin 
 promise. Tlie [>rinci[ial inhabitants of the place, with 
 some of his own kinsmen, came on board, with whom 
 he held A conference, and contrived his escape. They 
 departed, promising to return the next day witli lurs 
 for trallic. Epenow )iad pretended that if it were 
 known that ho had discovered the secrets of his coun- 
 try, his life would be in danger ; but the company were 
 careful to watch him ; audio prevent his escajio, had 
 drcs>ed him m long clothes, which could easily be laid 
 hohl ut", if there should be occasion. His friends ap- 
 peared the next morning in twenty canoes, and lying 
 at a distance, the cajitam called them to come on board, 
 which they declining, Ej)enow was ordered to renew 
 the invitation. He, mounting the forecastle, hailed 
 them as he was directed, and at the same instant, 
 though one held him by the coat, yet being strong and 
 heavy, he jumped into tiic water. His couutrvinen 
 then advanced to receive him. and sent a ^h()wcr of 
 arrows into tiie ship, which so disconcerted the crew, 
 that the prisoner completely elfecled his escape. Thus 
 the golden dream vanished, and the ship returned with- 
 out having performed any services adequate lo the ex- 
 pense of her etpiipinent. 
 
 'I'lie I'lyinouth Company were much discouraged by 
 the ill success of this adventure ; but the spirit of eu\';- 
 lation bitween them and the London Company proved 
 very serviceable to the cause m which ihty were jomilv 
 engaged. For ihese having sent out four ships under 
 the command of Michael Cooper, to South Virginia. 
 January. 1615, and I'aptam John Smith, who hiid been 
 employed by thai eompany, having returned to Eng- 
 land, and engaged wnh the company at I'lymonth, 
 their hopes revived. Sir Ferdinand) GorgCi", m co.i- 
 eert with Dr. SiithlfL, Dean of E.xcltr, and sever&l 
 others, equipped two vessels, one of two hundred, the 
 other of lifty tons, on hoard of which (besides the com- 
 pliment of seamen) were sixteen men who were destuied 
 to begin a colony in New England. March, Hilo, when 
 they nad scUed one hundred and twenty leagues, the 
 I large ship had lost her masts, and sprung a leak ; which 
 obliged them to pul back under jury masts lo IMy- 
 . mouth From thence Smith sailed agdln. (June 21) in a 
 j bark of sixty tons.carrymg the same sixteer men ; but 
 I on tins secon.i voyage, was taken by four French men- 
 I of-war. and carried lo France. The vessel ot tifty tons, 
 which had been separated from him pursued her vovage, 
 and returned in safety ; but the main design of the voy- 
 age, which was loelfecta settlement was frustrated. 
 
 The same year (October) Sir Richard Hawkins, by 
 authority of the Plymouth (.'onqiaiiy, ol which he was 
 president for that year, visited liie coast of New Eng- 
 land, lo try what services he could do them in searehtng 
 Ihc country, and its cominodilics ; but on his arrval, 
 
 finding the natives engaged in war, ho passed alonf? tho 
 coast to Virginia, and from thence returned to Engla.nd, 
 by the way of Spain, where he disposed of the fish, 
 which he had taken in the voyage. 
 
 After this, ships were senl every season by the I.40n- 
 don and I'lymouth Companies on voyages of profit; 
 their fish and furs came to a good market in Europe, 
 but all the attempts which were made to colonize North 
 Virginia, by some unforeseen acfi'.'iints failed of suo- 
 cess. Ciorges, however, had his mind sldl invariably 
 bent on his onguial plan, and every iticident which 
 seemed to favor his views, was eagerly improved f-r 
 that jmrpose. Reing possessed of the journals and hi- 
 ters of the several voyagers, and of all tlie informalio 1 
 which could be had, and being always at haiid lo alt* i.d 
 tho meetings of the company, ho conirived to ktt ,) 
 alive their liopes, and was the prime mover 111 all their 
 tratisaclions. 
 
 About this time, Captain Thomas Uernicr, who .i 
 been emjiloyed in the American fishery, and had en- 
 tered fully into ihe same views, olfered his servieec to 
 assist in prosecuting the discovery of the country. He 
 was at Newfoundland, anddorgis prevailed on the 
 company to send Captain Edward Rocraft, m a ship, to 
 New England, with orders to wait there till ho should 
 be joined by Dermer. Rocraft, on his arrival, met with 
 a French interloper, which he seized, and then sailed 
 with his prize to South Virginia. In the mean time 
 Demur went to England, and having conferred wiih 
 fiorges and the company on the intended discovery, 
 went out in a ship which Ciorges himself owned, ho^h" 
 ing to meet with Rocrat't, but was much perplexec* 3ft 
 not findmg hun. 
 
 Having ranged and examined every part of the coast, 
 and ni'idu many useful observations, which he tr?n3- 
 initted to Ciorges, he shaped ins course for Virginia,* 
 where Rocrafl had been killed 111 a quarrel, and his bark, 
 sunk. Dernier being thus disappointed of his consort, 
 and of ins e.vjieeted supplies, returned to the north- 
 ward. At the i.-iland of Capawock, he met with Epe- 
 now, who knowing hun to be employed by Ciorge.i, 
 and suspecting that his errand was to bring hun back to 
 England, conspired with his countrymen, to s.eize Inin 
 and his companions, several of whom were killed in tho 
 fray, Dermer defended himself with his sword, and et - 
 capi'd, though not without fourteen wounds, which 
 obliged him to go again lo Virginia where he dieil. 
 The loss of this wortliy man was the most discouni^; 
 ing circumstance which (iorges had met with, aa f:o 
 himself ex[>resses it, "made him almost resolve never 
 to intermeddle again in any of these courses," Rut ho 
 had m fact so deeply engaged in them, and had so 
 many persons engaged with him. that he could not re- 
 treat with honor, whilst any hope of success remained. 
 Soon after tins, a prospect began to open from a quar- 
 ter wlu're it was lea.'^t expected. 
 
 The patent of |fiU7, wliich divided Virginia into twa 
 colonies, exjiressly provided that neither comiiany should 
 begin any [ilantaiion wiihin one hundred miles of the 
 other, ijy this interdiction the middle region of North 
 America was neglected, and u bait was laid to altr-ict 
 the atienlioi. of I'oreigners. 
 
 The adventurers to South Virginia had prohibited all 
 who were not free of their comjiai ^ from planting or 
 trading within their limits; tho nortiiern company bad 
 made no such regulations ; by this means it happened 
 that the South \'irgin a sliips could fish on the northern 
 coast, whilst the oilier company were excluded from ail 
 the privileges in the southern parts. The South \'ir- 
 giiuans had also made other regulations 111 the manage- 
 ment ol" their business, which the nortiiern company 
 were desirous to imilatc. They thought iho most 
 eti'eclual way to do this, was to procure an exclusive 
 patent. With this view, Ciorges, ever active to pro- 
 mote the interest which he had espoused, solicited oi 
 the crown a new charter, which, by the intere-il of Jus 
 friends m court, was alter some delay obtained, liy 
 this instrument, forty noblemen, knights and gentlemen, 
 were incorporated by the style of "the council esi.i- 
 blished at Flymouth, in the county M Devon, for tho 
 plaiiling, ruling and governing of New England a\ 
 America." The date of the charter was November ;t, 
 IfiiiO. Tho territory subject to their jurisdietion was 
 from the 40th lo the 4Hth degree of north latitude, and 
 from sea lo sea. This cluilens the fbundalioii of all 
 the granln which were made of tlic country uf New 
 England. 
 
 Uefore this division was made, a number of .OutJhep, 
 wiio were styled i'uritanx, on account ol their seekiig 
 
 • It is saiii thai he wis the first who passed the wholo ox 
 tent or I.niiL' Iilimd Soiii.d, and di!«cu\trf^ that it wus nut 
 connected with tho (oiiiiitent. Tliiif waii m IG1\), 
 
,! ■'■: 
 
 38 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORY. 
 
 'ilil 
 
 A farther reformation of the Church of Englant!, whu:li 
 tlicy could nut obtain, and who had retired tuto llutlund 
 to avoid the severity of the penal laws against dissen- 
 tcrs, mcdilatcd a removal to America. TJie Dutch 
 ■Acre fond of retaining them as their »uhject», and made 
 ihem large otters, if tTitjy would settle in some of thoir 
 transmarine territories ; but they chose rather to re&ide 
 iti the dominions of their native prince, if they could 
 have liberty of conscience. 'I'hey had, by their agents 
 negotiated with the Mouth Virgiina ("oinpany, and ob- 
 tained a permission to transport themselves to America, 
 withm their limits ; but as to librrly of conBcience. 
 (hough they could obtain no indulgence from the crown 
 under hand and seal, yet tt was dechired, that " the 
 king would connive at them, i)rovided tliey behaved 
 peaceably." As this was all llie favor which the spirit 
 of the linic would allow, iliey determined to cast them- 
 selves on the care of Divine I'rovidence, and venture 
 to America. After several disasters, ihey arrived at 
 Cape Cod in the i*Zd degree of north latttiule, a place 
 remote from llie olijecl of their intention, which was 
 Hudson's river. The Dutch had their eye on that place, 
 and bribed theirpilot iiot to carry them ihiiher. It was 
 late in the season when they orrived ; their permission 
 from the Virginia Company was of no use here ; t id 
 having neither authority nor form of government, they 
 were obliged for the sake of order, before they disem- 
 barked, to form themselves into a body politic, by a \* rt- , 
 ten inslrnment. This was the beginning of the colony 
 of New IMymouth ; and tliis event hapinned (Nov. II , 
 1020) a few days after King James iiaU s\ , ! ih. 
 patent for incorporating the council. The.sr ■•.'•en" 
 stances aerv-ed the interest of both, though then wholly 
 unknown to each other. The council, being informed 
 of the establishment of a colony within \h>'' bmits, 
 were fond of taking them into their protechu. ,iid liif 
 'jolony were equally desirous of reeciving tliLi proitc 
 tion as far as to obtain a grant of territory. An agent 
 being despatched by the colony to England, Sir F. 
 Gorges interested himself in the alVair, and a grant was 
 acc(trdingly made (l(W3) to Jolin J'iercc, in trust for 
 the colony. This was their lirst patent ; they alier- 
 waris (1629) had another made to W'lUiam iJradtord 
 and his associates. 
 
 One end which the council had in view, was. to ]ire- 
 vent the access of unauthorised adventurers to the coast 
 ^f New England. The crews of their tslups, m their 
 intercourse with the natives, being far from any estii- 
 biished government, were guilty of great licentious- 
 ness. Besides drunkenness and d(^baufhery, some 
 fi;-grant enormities had been committed, which not only 
 injured the reputation of Europeans, but encouraged 
 nativts to acts of hostility. To remedy these evils 
 the council thought proper to appoint an ollicer to exer- 
 cise government on the coast. 'l"he first person who 
 was sent m tins character, was (,'aptaiii Francis West, 
 vho tindiiig the tishermen too licentious and robust to be 
 controlled by him, soon gave up this inetUctual com- 
 mand. 'J'liey next appointed Captain Hubert Corges, 
 a son of Sir Ferdinaudo. He was like his father, of 
 on active and enter[irismg genius, and had newly re- 
 turned from the Venetian war. He olilained of tlie 
 council a patent tor a tract of land on the nurilieastern 
 Bide of Massachusetts li.ty, containing tiiirty miles in 
 length and ten in breadth, and by the mlluence of iiis 
 father, and of his kinsman I,ortl Edward VJorgcs, he 
 was despatched uitli a commirsion to be " Meulenani- 
 geiieral and (ioverimrof New England." Thev a[)- 
 poiuted for his council the aforesaid West, with (Chris- 
 topher Eevet, and ihe Ciovernor of New Plymoutli (or 
 the tune being, (lorges came to Flymouih in UJ'j;j, 
 jKibhiihed his comnusson, and made some elfurts to 
 *'Xecute it. He brought over with liiin as a ejiiiphun 
 William .\lorrell. un Ej>iscopal clergyman. This was 
 the first essay for the establishment of a general go- 
 vernment in New England, and .Morrell was to have 
 superintendence in ecclesiastical, as tJurges had In civd 
 ntlairs ; but he made no use of his coinnuasion at 
 Plymouth ; and only nieiitioneil it in his conversatiun 
 about the time of his diparture.* This general uo- 
 vcrnmenfwus a darling object with the Council of Ply- 
 mouth, but was mucli dreaded liy l!ie planters of New 
 Knglatid ; liowever all the attempts which were nuule 
 to carry it into execution failed of success. (Jorges, 
 alter about a year's residence in the country, and hold- 
 ing one court at l*lyinourli, upon a Mr. Weston w!io 
 hud begun a planta'.ion at Wessagussel, (Wevmouih) 
 whiTe <M)rm's h imself intend* d ii settlement, was ru- 
 
 * I'liis Murrctl ;i|i)WiLrs tu have liceii a ililii;ont irif iiriT itiln 
 the Ktate ami ciri'uiiiiitaMces uf the countrv, \t<* natural [im- 
 Uuclums ,-\nil u>lvaiitaKL-s, the iimiiiiurH, cu.stoins, miJ tfovurn- 
 liientoftlie nativci :thc result ufhis olistTviitiuiiN hu wniugtit 
 into a (lucin, wtiich ho jirintcd haUi m I.alui and Kiigli ih. 
 
 culled to England, the nupplics which he expected to 
 have received having failed. Thm failure wus ownig 
 to one of those cross acctdenti) which continually befell 
 the Conned of J'lymouth. Tlunigh the ereciion of 
 (his board was reallv beiielinal to the nation, and gave 
 a projier direction to the sjurit of colonizing, yet they 
 hai! ^i,rug<;le witli the ojiposing uilcrests of various 
 sorts of pen-iuns. 
 
 The (.'otnpany of South Virginia, and indeed tlie 
 mercantile interest in general, hnding tiiem.selves ex- 
 cluded from the privilege of tishiug and trallic, com- 
 plained of this institution as u monopoly. The ''•am- 
 nions of England were growing jealous of the royal 
 prerogative; and wishing to restrain it ; the granting 
 charters of incorpiiralion wnh cvchistve advaniaires ot 
 commerce was deemed a usurpation on the rigiils of 
 tlie peojile. Cumplumt^ were lirst made to the king 
 in cuuncil ; but no disposition appeared there to coun- 
 tenance them. It happened however, that a parliament 
 waa culled for some oilier purpo.ses (February 1G21) 
 in which Sir Edward Cook was chosen speaker ot the 
 Commons. He was well known us an advocate for 
 the liberties of the people, and an enemy lo projectors, 
 'i'ho king was at first in a good humor with his par- 
 liament, and advantage was taken of a dunand for sub- 
 sidies to briiig m a bill against moiiupohci. 
 
 'i'ho House being resolved into a committee. Sir 
 
 Ferdinando Ciorges was culled to the bar, where the 
 
 s;)eaker informed liim, that tlie patent granted to the 
 
 ouncil of Plymouth was complained of as a grievance ; 
 
 ander color of planting a colony, they were pursu- 
 
 ^ private gains ; ihat though they res|iected him as a 
 
 person of worth and honor, yet the public interest was 
 
 to be regarded before all personal considerations ; and 
 
 therefore they required that the patent be delivered to 
 
 'he Hoi-^ ! Corges answered, that lie was but one of 
 
 -' con, •.;. ..ill nor in rank and abilities to many 
 I'ltier.^ ; iha*. bt: had no power to deliver it, without 
 their consent, neither ui fact, was it in his custody. 
 Ueiiig asked where it was, he said, it was for aught he 
 knew, still remaining in the crown-ollice, where it had 
 been b-fi for the amendment of some errors. As to 
 the general charge he answered ; that he knew not 
 how It could be a public grievance; since it had been 
 undertaken for the advancement of religion, the en- 
 largement of the bounds uf the nation, the iiicrease of 
 trade, and the emjiloymeiit of many thousands of peo- 
 ple , that It could not be a momipuli/ ; for though a lew 
 only were interested in the business, it was because 
 many could not lie induced to adventure where their 
 losses at lirst were sure, and thmr gains uncertain ; 
 and, indeed, so much los.s had been sustained, that 
 must of the adventurers themselves were weary ; that 
 as to the prolit arising from the lishery il was never in- 
 tended to be converted to private use, as might apjjcar 
 by the oilers which they had made to all the maritime 
 cities m the West of England ; that the grant of exclu- 
 sive privileges made by the crown, was intended to 
 regulate and settle plantations, by the profits arising 
 from tlie trade, and was in ellect no more than many 
 gentlemen and lords of manors in England enjoyed 
 without ollenee. He added, that he was glad of an 
 opportunity for such a parliamentary iiujuiry, and if 
 they would lake upon themselves the business of colo- 
 nization, he and Ins associates would be their humble 
 servants as far as lay in iheir power, without any retro- 
 sjM'Ct to the vast expense which they U.id already in- 
 curred in discovering and taking possession of the 
 country, aiul bringing matters to their then present 
 situation. He aL-o desired, that if any thing furtiier 
 was to tie inijuired into, it might be given lum in detail 
 with idierty of answering by his counsel. 
 
 A cominiltee was appointed lo examine the patent 
 and make oliicctions ; which wure delivered to Corges ; 
 accompanied with a declaration from the speaker that 
 he ouiilit U> look upon this as a luMir. Ciorges having 
 acknowledged the lavor, employid counsel to draw n|> 
 answers to the objections. His counsel were Mr. 
 (afterwards Lord) Finch, and Mr. Callriip, afterwards 
 aitornev-geiieral lo the court of Wards. 'I'hough in 
 causes where the crown and piirhament are conccriied 
 as parties, counsel are often alraid ot wading deepei 
 than they can salely return ; yet Gorges was salistied 
 with the conduct of his counsel, who fully answered the 
 objections, both in pomt of law and justice; thenc 
 answers being read, the House asked what further he 
 had to sav. upon which he added some observations in 
 poini of poll* ) tj the lo"owing ellect : 
 
 Tiial the adventurers had been at great cost and 
 pains to enlarije the king*.s donnnions j to employ many 
 seamen, haiidicrafisinen. and laborers; lo settle a ilou- 
 riblimg plantation, and advance religion in these savage 
 
 countries ; matters of liie highest consctpiencc lo the 
 nation, and fur exceeding all ihe advantage which co'dd 
 be expected from a simple course of li«hing, winch 
 must soon have been given over, (or that so valuabtr a 
 country could not long reniain uiiposfteased either by 
 the French, Spaiuarils, or Dutch ; so that if l)ie plan';*- 
 tioiis Wi're tj be given up, the fishery niuft'. ineviiubty 
 bo lost, and the honor, us well a.-< mirrest of the nation, 
 greatly sulfer ; that the mi.-'ehief already done by llio 
 
 I persons who were foremost in their complaints was in 
 
 'j|eral)le ; fur in their disorjeily intercourse wilh 
 
 I I le savage:i, they hud l>een gmlty i)\' the i.'re:;;i-sl i-x- 
 { cesses uf debamhery and knavery. ;kuii ni addition 
 
 to all these immeralitics, ihcy hud furnished liiem 
 witii arms and ammunition ; by which they were ena- 
 bled lu destroy the peaceable lishermen, and had 
 become, formidable enemres to the planters. 
 
 He lurther added, that he had, m zeal for the intpr^ 
 est of Ins country, deeply engaged his own estate, and 
 sent one uf his sons to tlie American coast, besides en- 
 couraging many of his friends lo go iluther ; this ho 
 hoped would be an apology for his earnestness m thif) 
 plea, r.s if he had shown less warm!!:. •( might have- 
 been construed into negligence and ingrautuile. 
 
 Thesi! pleas however earnesi and rational, were to nu 
 purpose. 'I'lie I'arhainenl presented to the king the 
 grievances of the nation, and the patent lor New Eng- 
 land was the tirst on ihe list, tuirges, however, had 
 taken caie that the king should be pre\ lously uctpiamted 
 with the ubjeclions and answers ; and .lame* was so 
 jealous of the prerogative, that iliough he yavo t.-> as- 
 sent to a declaratory act against momi|.'ohes in gfiiera!, 
 yet he would not recall the patent. However, m defer- 
 ence to the voice of the nation, the council thought tit 
 to susjieud their operations. This proved for a wbie, 
 discouraging to the spirit uf adventure, and occasioned 
 li:e recalling Uobert liorges from lus government. 
 
 Jjut lln^ Parliament having proceeded wirh iii'>re free- 
 dnm and lioldness in their complaints than sui'.ed l!:f> 
 feelings of James, he dissolved them in nasic, 'jelor-i 
 they could proi-ced to measures fur remedying the dist- 
 orders in chiwch and vtate, winch had been the subject 
 of complaint ; and some of the mure liberal speakers 
 were comimtled to prison. 'Phis served lo damp the 
 spirit of reformation, and jirepared ttie way fur another 
 colony of emigrants lo New England. 
 
 About the same tune, the French ambassador jiut m 
 a claim in behalf of his court to these lerritories, to 
 w!iich Corges was summoned to answer before the kin^ 
 and council, which he did in ko ample and convincing a 
 manner, that the claim was for that time silenced. 
 Gorges then, in the name oi the Council of Plymoulli, 
 complained of the Dutch, as intruders on ttic English 
 possessions in America, by making a selllement or. 
 Hudson s river. 'J'o this the States made answer, that 
 if any such things had been dune it was without their 
 order, as they had only erected a company for ihe West 
 Indies. This answer made the council resolve to 
 prosecute their business and remove their intruders. 
 
 Hitherto Gorges appears in the light oi a zealous, in- 
 defatigable and unsuccessful adventurer ; but neither 
 his latiors, expense, nor ill success were yet come to a 
 conclusion. 
 
 To entertain a just view of Sir Ferdinando (Jorgea, 
 wo must consider him both as a member ol the Conned 
 of I'lyinoulh, pursuing the general mleresl of American 
 plantations ; and at the same time as an udveiiUirer 
 undertaking a selllement ot his own in a purlicutar purl 
 of the ternlory which was sul>jeci to the jurisdiction oi 
 the council. H.;viiig hirmed an iiitiiuacv with Captain 
 John Ma.von, governor of Portsmouth, in the county ol 
 Hants, who was also a member ot the cuuncil ; and 
 having (Ui2'-i; jointly with him procured from the coim- 
 cil a grant ot a largo extent oi cuniitrv, winch they 
 called Eaco'iia, extending from the river Merrimack to 
 S.igadabock. and from the ocean to the lakes and rivei 
 of Canada, they indulged sanguine exprclatiuns of tuc- 
 cess, l-'rum the accounts given ol the country by somf 
 romantic travellers, they had conceived an idea of it aa 
 a kind of lerrestial paradiM*. iiot only caj>u/>lf of pm 
 ductng all the necessaries and conveniences of life but 
 as alreuiy richly furnished by tlie bountitui hand of na* 
 turc. 'J'he air was said to be pure and salubrious ; the 
 ce.witry pleasant and delighllul, full of goodly fore.<tta 
 fair valleys, and fertile plains; aboumling in vines 
 ciiesnuls, walnuts, and manv other sorts of fruit ; thi* 
 rivers shned wnh hsh and environed wiih gooilly mea 
 dows full of timber trees. In the great lake (Fake 
 ('hamptain) it was saul were four islands, full ol pliu 
 yant woods and meadows, having great store of stags, 
 sallow deer, t Iks, rothucks, beavers and other game ; 
 and thcRo islands were supposed to be coiumodiuusty 
 
 J (I. ill 
 
niOfiRAPIIIKS OF Til r: KAKLV D I S C O V E R E (IS. 
 
 [Mpicnce to tho 
 i4t' which cf'ild 
 lixhiii^'. wiitch 
 L »u vahiultU' a 
 ,si>J eiihiT l»y 
 t li iltc |(luM';>- 
 uist iiu'viiaiily 
 t ut tht' itiitiou, 
 y lionu hy llio 
 |)l'auitc< \vu8 in 
 t-rcourse will; 
 lu i:rt*:iU'sl rx- 
 iii :<! iitUl;tii):i 
 iirtu»hi'(t iht'iU 
 Lhcy wi-ri' iii.i- 
 DCh, uihI hud 
 •rs. 
 
 lur tho mter- 
 wit et^lalo, and 
 
 ISt, bi'i-uJt'S tMl- 
 
 liiihi-r ; lliis Uo 
 
 ii:stnL-ss II) thiQ 
 
 .( tiu^'lit havc 
 
 AlltlUtU. 
 
 iml, were to nu 
 ) ihc kmg the 
 tur Ni'w I'-iig- 
 , howcviT, iiiui 
 ,i!<ly ucnuuinled 
 [ .)aiiu'« was so 
 \iv yave tf as- 
 jlii's 111 yfiin'ra'-, 
 M'vrr, 111 defcr- 
 iK'il ihoii^'ht tit 
 id lor ii wiait', 
 and iM-i-asioiu:d 
 ivcrniiu'ist. 
 wi'h mori' irrt'- 
 tl-aii svr.H'd i\:v 
 111 imj-lo, I't'lrtr.i 
 ntlymt;; ihc d!i*- 
 
 t'l'U tilt' 8Vll)JfCt 
 
 hiu'ral t;[>oakfrs 
 t'd tu dain|> thu 
 way lor another 
 
 [liassador put in 
 
 it'rntones, to 
 
 u'fori; iht* kinj; 
 
 1 (-unviticiii^ a 
 
 inie silcncfd. 
 
 o\ I'lyiitouih, 
 
 1 tuc Kiif^hsh 
 
 geuk'iiieiil or. 
 
 :• auswiT, that 
 
 wilhoiil Iht-ir 
 
 for iliu Wtst 
 
 d rt'solvu to 
 
 ir iitlnidcr^. 
 
 a ZL-aluiis, in- 
 
 ; but iieuht'l 
 
 yet conic to & 
 
 iindo (iorjiea, 
 il iho Conned 
 
 ol AnuTican 
 n advcnlurul 
 [Dirlicular {mrt 
 risdii-lion ot 
 y wilh Captain 
 tliii county ol 
 couiicd ; and 
 Ironi thi- conn- 
 V. winch they 
 Mcmiiiat^k to 
 iikt'M and rivi?i 
 tutiuni^ M' fiic- 
 ur.lry liy M)iiif 
 A\ id*';i of It a.i 
 tij'til'U' ill" ppt 
 CCS of hfu hnl 
 nl hand of im- 
 iihihnous ; tlir 
 ^roodly forcsla 
 nig in vini's 
 
 of fruit ; thi* 
 h ^oo<lly nica 
 
 t lake (laiktf 
 fidl ot pici 
 
 torn of sta^H, 
 
 other gtiinc ; 
 
 ominouioubly 
 
 situated for hahjtiition and trallir, in tho midst of a fine 
 lake, ahoundin^ with the most dchcair iish. This lake 
 wan tlioiijiht to he less than IDD miles distant from tlic 
 hca coast ; and iherc was some hccret expeclation tliat 
 mim\s ami prcnons stones would he the reward of their 
 patient ami diligent attention to tlie liusinettH of diisco- 
 very. Huch were llie chiirms of I.aeonia ! 
 
 It hii9 heen heforc oli.served that tiorj^en liad sent 
 over Itichard N'ines. wiih some others, on a discovery, 
 to prepare the way (or a colony. 'I'lie [ilace which Vines 
 (iitthed uj>on Hits at the month of the river Saco. 
 Some years afiir, aiujther sdilcnient was nindu on tlie 
 river of Af^amenticus hy Francis Norton, whom (Jorjies 
 scut over with a iiumhir of other people, having pro- 
 cured for them a patent of I", 000 acres on the east side 
 of the nvcr, and lii.OOO more on the west side ; bis son, 
 Ferdimirylo ( ioryes hein;; named as one of the grantees; 
 tins was the bej;innini» of the town of York. Norton 
 was a hcatciiant-colonel. and had riised lumsclf to that 
 ri'uk from a eoinmon soldier by his own merit. In this 
 company werc^ several artiticurs, who were employed in 
 buildinj; saw-imlls. and they wcp^ suppled with eattlc 
 and other necessaries tor the busines.-i of ^eltiiii^ lumber 
 
 Ahout the aanio time (viz. 1G«3) a settlement was 
 be<run at tho river Piscataqna by ('aptain Mason and 
 several othtF merchants, amontj whom (forces bad a 
 share. 'J'ho principal desi^'n of these settlements was 
 to establish a jiermanent fishery, to make salt, to trudo 
 with tho natives, and to prepare lumber for exportation. 
 Ajirieulture was hut a secondary object, tlion<fh in 
 rtyelf the tnie source of all opulence and all subsis- 
 tence. 
 
 These attempts proved very expensive and yielded 
 no adeipmte returns. The associates were discouraged, 
 mid droppetl otVone after anoiher, till none liut (lorges 
 and Mason remained. Muciv piitience was necessary, 
 but in ibis case it could be grounded only on enthusi- 
 asHi. It wau not possible in the nature ot* things tliat 
 their interest slioulil be advanced by tlie manner in 
 which they conducted iheir business. Their colonists 
 "came over either as tenants or a.s hired servnnts. 'I'he 
 produce of the plantation could not pay tlieir wages, 
 9nd ihev ?oon hecame their own misters. Tho charire 
 af making a settlement in such a wilderness wa« niori^ 
 than the value ol the lauds when liie improvements were 
 made ; overseers were appointed, luit they eouhl not 
 hold the tenants under coniniand, nor prevent their 
 changing places on every discontent. Tlie proprietors 
 themselves never came in person to superiutt ml their 
 intere.'.ts, and no regular government was established to 
 jiunish olVenders or ju'csecve order. For these reasons, 
 though ( iorijcs and Mason exp-^nded from lirst to last 
 more than twenty thousand pounds each, vet tiny only 
 opened the way i'or others to follow, and the money was 
 lost to them and their posicriiy. 
 
 Whilst their privato interest was thus sinking in 
 America, the reputationof the council of which they were 
 nuMubers lay under such disadvantage in Kngland as 
 tended to endaiiiier their political existence. As they 
 h;id l)een incorporated for the ptirpose not merely of 
 granting lands, hut of making actual plantations in 
 America, they were fond of encouraging nil attempts 
 from whatever <]uartcr, which might realize their views 
 and exptctalions. 
 
 'i"he ecclesiastical government at this time allowed 
 no liberty to scrupulous consciences ; for winch rea- 
 son, many who had luthrrto heen peaceable members 
 of the national churcli, and wislnd to continue such, 
 finding that no mdulLjencc could be gr.mted, turned 
 their thoughts towards America, where some of iheir 
 brethren hid alre;idy made a settlement, 'i'hev (irst 
 purchased of the Council of Flyinouth a larire territory, 
 and afterward obtained of the crown a charter, by which 
 they were constituted a body politic witliin the reibn. 
 In .lune, Ui;JO. they broiiiFlit'iheir charier to Aineriea, 
 and began the colony of M'lssarfiusrtfs. Tliis proveil 
 an etrectual settlement, and the rea.-ions which rendered 
 It so were the zeal and anhir wliich animated tiieir cx- 
 iTtions ; the wealth which they possessed, and which 
 they convened into materials for a new plantation ; 
 bnt princip^'llv the prr.snicc of the adventurers ihcni- 
 eelvcs on the sjiu: where their fortunes were to bn ex- 
 pended and their zca' exerted. The diHcrence between 
 a man's doing busint ss hy himself and by his suhsll- 
 ttitea, was never more f..:'-Iv exem])lified than in tho 
 conduct of the Massachusetts planters, compared with 
 tJiat of Sir Ferdmando ( iorges ; what the one had i 
 been lahoring for ahove twenty years without uny suc- 
 cess, was realized by the others in two or three years ; 
 in five, they were so far advanced as to bo able to send 
 out a colony from tiiemsi'lvcs to hr-giii another at (.'on- 
 iiecticut ; and in less than icn, they founded an uni- 
 
 vcrsitv which has ever since produced an uninterruiilcd 
 succcs^aion of serviceable men in church and state. 
 
 The great iiinnher of people who Hocked to this new 
 plantation, raised an ahirin in Kngland. As they bad 
 manifested tlwir discontent, wilh the ecclesiastical 
 government, it was suspected that tl»ey aimed at tn- 
 dfpt:tuhnn\ ami would throw otl' ilinr allegiance to the 
 crown. This je.dousy was so strong, that a royal 
 order was maile to restrain any from coming hither 
 who should not first take the oalli of allegiance and 
 supremacy, and obtain a license for lhe:r removal. 
 
 To refute this jealous cavil against the planters of 
 New Kngland, we need only to observe, thai at the 
 time when they began their settlement, and lor maiiy 
 years after, the lands which they occupied were ob- 
 jects of envy both to the Dutch and French. The 
 Dutch ciainu-l from Hudson, as far as (.'nnnecticut 
 river, where li."y had erected a trading house, 'i'he 
 French claimed all the lands of New Kngland ; and 
 the governor of Fort Royal, win n he wrote lo liovernor 
 Winthiop, directed his letters to him os i:t/nrnur of 
 (he EniiJish at liustun in Aioilia. Il-id the New Kng- 
 land jilaiiters thrown oil' their subjection to the crown 
 of Kngland they must have become a prey to one or 
 tho other of these rival powers Of this Iliey were 
 well aware, and if they hud entertained any idea of in- 
 dejiendency, which tlu'y certainly did iiot {utir did thar 
 snrcc.ssorA- till drum lo tt by lirnain hnstlj) it would 
 have been the most impolitic thing in tho world to liave 
 avowed it, in the presence of neighbors with whom 
 they did not wish to be connected. 
 
 This lealousy, however groundless, had an influence 
 on tile public councds of the nation, as well as on tlie 
 sentiments of individuals, and contributed to increase 
 the prejudice which had been formed against all who 
 were concerned in the colonization of New Kngland. 
 The merchants still considered the Council of Plv- 
 nioulh, as monopolizing a lucrative branch of trade. 
 The South Virgima Company disrelished their exclu- 
 sive charter, and spared no pains to get il revoktd. 
 'i'he jiopular party m the (,'oiiimoiis re^^arded lliem as 
 supporters of the [irerogative, and under the roy.il 
 inllnenee. 'l"he high church party were incensed 
 atrainst them as enemies of prelacy, because they had 
 favored the settlement of the I*uritans williin Iheir ter- 
 ritory; and the king himself siisjM'ctcd that the colo- 
 nil's in New Kngland bad too much liberly to consist 
 with his notions of governnuMit. Corges was looked 
 ! upon a.-* the autimr of all thu mischief; and beini: pub- 
 licly called upon, declared, *' that thuuLdi he had ear- 
 nest. y songlil the interest of the plantations, yet he 
 could not answer for the evils which had happened by 
 them." It was extrcuiely mortifying lo htm to tind 
 that after all his exertions and expenses ni the service 
 of the nation, he had become a very unpopular charac- 
 ter, and had enemies on all sides. 
 
 To remedy t.'iese difliculties, lie projected the resig- 
 nation of the charter to the crown ; and the division of 
 the territory into twelve lordshijis, to be united under 
 one general governor. As the charter of .Massaehn- 
 setts stood in the way of tins project, he, in conjunc- 
 tion wUh Mason, pctiiioned the crown for a revocaCun 
 I of it. This brouifht on him the ill will of those colo- 
 I nists also, who from that lime regarded him and Mason 
 ; as ih<:ir enemies. Bt tore the councti surrendcreil their 
 charter, they made iirants to some of their own nunn- 
 hers, of twelvu districts, from Maryland to St. Croix, 
 among whii'h the district froin Fiscat;iipia to Saga- 
 dahock, extending one hundred and twenty miles 
 northward into the country, was a."!signcd to Corgcs. 
 In June. Hi:ir>. the conned resigned their charter, and 
 petitioned the king and the lords of (he pnvy council 
 for a conlirmalio!! of the several proprietary grants, 
 and the establishment of a general governmenl. .Sir 
 Ferdinando Gorges, then three score years of age, was 
 ihe person nominated lo be the general governor. 
 Ahout this time. Mason, one of the principal actors in 
 this utlair, was removed bv deaih ; and a ship, which 
 was inlended for the service of the new government, 
 fell and broke in launching. A yjo uuirrnnlo was 
 issued against the Massachusetts charter, but the pro- 
 ceedings upon it were delayed, and never completed. 
 An order of the king In council, was also issued in 
 1G37, for the establishment of the uencral goveinment, 
 and (iorges was therein appointed governor ; but the 
 troubles in Scotland and Kngland, at this lime grew 
 very serious and put a check to the business. Soon 
 after. Archbishop l/.iud and some other lords of coun- 
 cil, who were zealous m the alKiir, lost their authority, 
 and tlie whole project ''aino to nothing. 
 
 (Iorges, however, obtained of thu crown in 1039, it 
 con.iruution of his own grant, which Wds styled tho 
 
 I Vrovuicc of Mninr^ and of which be was made I/OrJ 
 I Palatine with llio same powers and privdrges as the 
 Bishop of Durham in the County Palatine of Durham. 
 i In virtue of these powers, he constituted a govcmmenC 
 '■ within his said province, and incorporated tho planta- 
 tion at Agamenticus into a city, hy the name of Uur- 
 ' plana, of which his cousin, Thomas CJorgos, was miyor, 
 . who resided there about two years, and then rctunicd 
 lo Kngland. The conned for tho administration of 
 govermnent were Sir 'I'boinas Josstlyn, Knight, Rich- 
 ard Vines, (Steward,) Fiancis Chamnernoon (a nephew 
 lotJorges,) Henry Josselyn, Richard Boniton, William 
 Hooke, and Edward Godfrey. 
 
 'I'he plan which ho formed for the government of his 
 province was this : It was to be divided into eight 
 counties, andvhese into dix'ecn hundreds, the hundreds 
 were to be .Mibdivided into paridbes and tylhings, as 
 the people should increase. In the absence of the pro- 
 prietor a lieutenant was to preside. A chancellor was 
 constituted for the decision ofcivd causes ; a ireaaurer 
 to receive l!ie rjvenue, a marshal for managing tho 
 militia, and a marskd's court, for criminal mailers; an 
 admiral, and admiral's court, for inarilimc causes ; a 
 mailer of ordnancu and a secretary. These otVicers 
 were lo he a standing council. Kight deputies were 
 to be elected, one from each county, by the inbabitants, 
 to stt in the same council ; and ali matters of moment 
 were lo be determined hy the lieutenant with advice ol 
 the majority. This council were to ap(ioiiit justices, to 
 give hccn.ses for the sale of lands subject to a rent o\ 
 four pence or sixpence per acre. When any law vvis 
 to he enacted or repe.-.Icd, or public money to bd 
 raised, they were lo call on the counties to elect each 
 twodepulies, '* lo join with tl«' council in t!ic jierftinn- 
 ance of the service ;'* but nothing is said of their voiiiig 
 as a separate house. One lieutenant and ghl justices 
 were allowed to each county; two head n^'istables lo 
 every hundred ; one constalde and four lythingmen to 
 every jiarish ; and in conformity to the inslilulioiis ol 
 Kiiiij Alfred, each tythingman was lo give an account 
 of ilic deiiH'anor of the tamilies v.ithin his tytluiig to 
 llx' constable of the parish, who was to render the same 
 to the head const.ible.s of t!ie hundred, and they to the 
 lieutenant and justices of the county ; who were to 
 take coijnizance of all inisderncanors ; ami from ihein 
 an appeal might he made to the proprietor's lieutenant 
 and council. 
 
 Forms of government, and plans of soltlemcnt, arc 
 much more easily drawn on pajter, than carried into 
 execution. Few people couhl be induced to become 
 leiianla in (lie ni'i^hhorliood of such a colony as Mas* 
 siichusetts. where all wcrt; freeholders. No provision 
 was made for public insiitnlions ; schools were un- 
 known, and they had no nnm.-^ters, till in pity to their 
 deploiahle stale, two went thither from Boston on a 
 voluntary mission, and were well received by them. 
 The city of (iori;eaiia, though a lofty name, was in fact 
 hut an inconsiderable village ; and there were only a 
 few houses in Sfune of Ihe best places for navigation. 
 The people were w;thoiit order and morals, and it was 
 said of some of ihem, that " tliev had as many shares 
 in a tmnoin, as they had in a lishing boat." Gorges 
 himself complained of the prodig.ibty of his servants, 
 a-id had very little contideiuM; in his own sons, for 
 wliiise au'graiulizemerit he had !nen laboring to estab- 
 lish a fonnilation. He had indeed erected sow-mills 
 and corn-mi'ls. and had received some acknowledgment 
 in the way of rents, but lamented, that he had not 
 re,i|ied the " happy success of those who are their own 
 sieward-j, and the disposers of their own atl'airs." 
 
 How long (iorges continued in his ollice as Gover- 
 nor of IMyinonlh, does not appear trom any inalcriaU 
 within my reach In Ifi'i-). he commanded a ship of 
 war in a sijnadron under the Duke of Buekintrliam, 
 which was sent lo the a.s.-.ista"ce of France, under pre- 
 tence of being einploveil agimst the Genoese. Bui a 
 suspicion having ari>en that they were destined to assist 
 Louis against his Proieslant subjects at Rochelle, as 
 soon as thry were arrived at Diejipe, and found ihat 
 ihey had been deceived. Gorges was the tirst lo break 
 his orders and return with bis ship to Kngland. The 
 others followed his example, and iheirzeal for the Pro- 
 testant religion was much applauded. 
 
 When the civil dissensions in Kngland broke out 
 into a war, (.iorges took the royal side ; and though 
 then far advanced in years, engaged personally in the 
 service of the crown. lie was :u Pr.ncc Rupert's army 
 at the sieuMi of Bristol, in WyV.i : and when that cily 
 was retaken in 1(315 by the Parliament's forces, .he w«;i 
 plundered and imprisoned. His political principloa 
 rendiTed him obno.vious lo the ruling powers, and when 
 il wau necessary for him to appear before the coiniius- 
 
m. 
 
 80 
 
 aionors for foreign plantations^ he was severely frowned 
 upon and conaci|uciitly diMcouraj^cd. 
 
 The time of Ins dt-ulli iii uncertain ; ho is spoken of 
 in thu records of the povincu of Muino as demi in June, 
 ld47. Upon his decease, his estate fell to his eldest 
 BOn* John Gorges, who, whether discouraged by his fa- 
 ther's ill success, or incapucit.ited by the seventy uf 
 the times, took no care of the province, nor do we find 
 ttny thing memorable conceriiiii^ him. Most of the 
 commissioners who had been appointed to govern the 
 province deserted it ; and the remaining inhubitants, in 
 164U. were obliged to conibiiH! for llieir own security. 
 In 1651 thry petitioned the Council of State, that they 
 might be considered as part of the Commonwealth of 
 England. The next year, upon the re<piest of a great 
 part of the inhabitants, tho colony of Massachusetts, 
 took them under their protcetion, being supposed to be 
 within tho limits of their charter; some opposition was 
 made to this step, but the majority submitted or ac- 
 quiesced ; and considering the ditliculties of the times, 
 and the unsettled stote of affairs io England, this was 
 the best expedient for their security. 
 
 On the death of John (Jorge*, the propriety de- 
 scended to his son, Ferdinando Gorges, of Westmin- 
 ster, wlio seems to have been a man of information 
 and activity. Ho printed a description of New Eng- 
 land in 1653, to whieii he annexed a narrative written 
 by his grandfather ; from which this account is chiefly 
 compiled ; but another piece which in some editions is 
 tacked to these, entitled, "Wonder working Provi- 
 dences," was unfairly aseriVed to Sir Ferdinando 
 Gorges, though written by a Mr. Johnson, of Woburn, 
 in New England. 
 
 On the restoration of King Charles II. Gorges pe- 
 titioned the crown, complaining of the Massachusetts 
 colony for usurping the government of Maine, and ex- 
 tending the boundary Imes. In lOfil commissioners 
 were sent to America, who finding the people in the 
 province of Maine divided in their opinions with respect 
 to matters of government, appointed justices in the 
 king's name to govern tliein ; and about the same time 
 the proprietor nominated thirteen commisaioners, and 
 prepared a set of instructions, which were entered on 
 the records cf the province. But upon the departure 
 of the royal comnnssioners, the colony resumed its ju- 
 risdiction over liiem. These two sources of govern- 
 ment kept alive two parties, each of whom were always 
 ready to complain of the other and justify tliem.>'elves. 
 
 An hiquiry into (he conduct of MassaclmKUts had 
 bfccn instituted in England, and tlic colony wcs ordered 
 to send over agents to answer the complaints of 
 Gorges, and Mason, the proprietor of New Hampshire. 
 who bad jointly proposed to sell their property to the 
 crown, to make a government for the Duke of Mon- 
 mouth. This proposal not being accepted, the colony 
 themselves took the hint, and thought the most etbc- 
 tuttl way of pilencing the complaint would be to make 
 u puirhaje. 'I'he circumstances of the province of 
 Maine were such as to favor their views. The Indians 
 had invaded it ; most of the settlements were destroyed 
 or deser'ed, and the whole country was in trouble ; the 
 colony bad afforded them all the assistance which was 
 in their power, and they had no help from any otiu r 
 guaiter. In the height of this calamity, John I'shcr, 
 Esq , was employed to negotiate with "Six. fJorgis for 
 the purchase of the whole lernlory, which was ell'ected 
 in the year 1677. The sum o{ lirclrr hundred n ml fifty 
 pounds sterling was paid for it, and it has ever since 
 been a part of Massacbusetls, It is now foniied into 
 two counties, York and Cumberland ; but ihe Di.strut 
 of Maine, as estaiilished by the laws of the rinled 
 States, comprehends also tlic counties of Lincoln, 
 "WaBbinglon, and Hancock; extending from Piscala- 
 qua to St. (^roix ; a territory Inrgc enough when fully 
 peopled, to be formed into a dislnict State.* 
 
 AMERICAN n IS TORY. 
 
 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 ItlifRv ITuoso?!— Hr Rails on a voy.ipe uf discnvprr— nrrivrs 
 ■tSanil> Himk— Tlie tirsi atttitnpt to sail up the river rnntle 
 hy him— Iliisiility of the hhIivi.s— ||u lelums tu EuKlaml— 
 lie again sails — Mutiny— Iluiison's misfortunes. 
 
 Notwithstanding tlie fruitless attempts which had 
 Dcen made to find a passage to India by the north, the 
 idea was not given up ; but it wos supposed, that un- 
 der the direction of some prudent, resolute and expe- 
 rienced commander, the object might yet be attained. 
 A society of wealthy and sanguine adventurers in 
 England, believed the practicaluliiy of the passage ; and 
 with a resolution and liheralitv almost unexampled, 
 raised the money to carry on this expensive nndcrtak 
 
 * Now State of Maini 
 
 ing. They gave the command of the expedition to 
 Hknrv IlensoN, a f.eamen of enlarged views and long 
 experience; in whose knowleilge and intrepidity tliey 
 could safely confide; and whose enterprising spinl 
 was exceeded by none, and equalled by few of hia con- 
 temporaries. 
 
 When the ship which they had t'c»'.'i.ej for the voy- 
 age was ready, llud.son willi his crew, according lo tiie 
 custom of seamen in that day, went to eluuch, in Ajml 
 Id, 1607, and there partook of the Lord's Sujiper. On 
 the 1st of May he sailed from (iraveseml; and on the 
 Slst of June discovered land, in hit. K) \ on the eastern 
 coast of (ireeidand, which ho called llohi with Hope. 
 
 His design was to explore the whole coast of (ireen- 
 land, which he supposed to be an island, aixl, if possi- 
 ble, to pass rouiui it, or else directly under the pole, 
 llut havmg sailed as far as the lat. of 82\ he found llic 
 sea obstructed by impenetrable ice, and was obliged to 
 return to England, where ho arrived on the 15th of 
 Sejitemher. 
 
 IJy this voyage more of the eastern coast of Green- 
 land was explored than had ever before been known ; 
 and the island, afterward called Spitzbergeri, was first 
 discovered. It also opened the way to the Knglish, 
 and after them to the Dutch, to prosecute the whale 
 fishery in those northern seas. 
 
 The next year the same company of adventurers re- 
 solved to iiLike another attempt, and sent Hudson again 
 to find a passage to the norllieast. He sailed on (lie 
 2'^d of August, 1603. The highest latitude to which 
 he advanced in tliis voyage, was Hi 'MY. After having 
 made several attempts to pass between Spilzhergen 
 and Nova Zendda, which he found impracticable, the 
 season was so far spent, and the winds so contrary, 
 that he h;id not time to try the strait of Wavgats, nor 
 Lumley's Inlet ; and therefore tliouglit it hts "duty to 
 save victual, wages, and tackle, by a speedy return." 
 He arrived at Gravesend on the SOth of August.* 
 
 After his return from his second vovai,'L' he went 
 over lo Holland, and entered into tlie service of the 
 Dutch. Their Kast India Company filled out a sliip 
 for discovery, and jiul lum into tiie coiuniandt He 
 sailed from Amsterdam on the "rilh of .Marcli, 1609. t 
 
 Tile liighest l.ititiule which he made in this voyage 
 was 61'^ 46' ; where he found the sea in the neighbor- 
 hood of Nova Zeudila so tilled wilh ice, ami covered 
 with fogs, that it was impossible to pass the strait of 
 Wayiials to the easiwanl. He therefore larked and 
 steered westerly, toward (Ireeriland ; intending to fall 
 in with Hubs Island, winch had been 5i'( n by one of 
 Krolushcr's ships in ir)?8 ; hut when he came mto the 
 latitude where it was laid down, lie couhl not find it. 
 
 He ihen steered south-westerly ; p;issed ihe banks 
 of Newfoundland among the French shijis which were 
 fishing, without speaking with any of ihem ; and sailed 
 along the coast of America. In this route he disco- 
 vered Cape Cod and landed there ; then pursued bis 
 course to the south and west ; making rennrks on the 
 soundings and currents, iill he came lo llie entrance of 
 Chesapeake IJay. Here he plied otT and on for several 
 days, and then turned agiim to the northward. 
 
 In bis return along the roast, on the 28lh of Augn.«-l, 
 he discovered the iireal bay. now called Delaware, in 
 the latitude of 3'J° .V. In iliis bay lie exannned the 
 sounding.s and currents, and ihe appearance of Uie land ; 
 but did not go on shore. 
 
 rroin tins bay, passing along a low marshy coast 
 skirted with broken islands, on the iJd .September he 
 saw high lull.s to the northward ; which I suppose were 
 the Neversinks in New .lersey. 
 
 On the -Ith of September, he came to nn anchor in 
 "a very good harbor" in the latitude 40^ 30', which is 
 the bay within Sandy Hook. On the 6th, the boat was ■ 
 sent to Kurvey what n|)peared to be thu intMithofa' 
 river, distant lour leagues. This was the slr.iit called 
 tlu^ Narrows, between Long Island and Staten l^land ; 
 here was a good de|illi of water; and witlun was a 
 
 • III ilif journal ot tins vuviiv-e, written liy Iluilsitn Inniself, 
 is tlir fnllowin« remark. *• June 15, lat. 75" *'. This tnctrninB 
 one of oni ecim|iniiy lonkint: ovcrlinnrd saw a inerinaiit, anil 
 catlmt; up .some o\ Hit' ci)ni|>«itiy tu si^ulier, uneniore came up, 
 ami liy tluii time hlie wascl<isetn Iho slii|i's aule, look my ear- 
 nestly on the men. A little afier a sea came ami overtunie<) 
 iier. Frniii ttie naval upwartl her back and Itrea.sts wero tike 
 a woman, (as they say that saw her,) hfrhoily as Iiik as ono 
 of U'i ; her Hkin very \\tiite, an<l lone hnir hanging down he- 
 hind, of color lilack. In her gmng down they saw her tail, 
 whuh WHS like Ihe tail of a [mrpoise, and jipeikled liko a 
 mackerel. Their names that saw her wert- Thumaj llilles, 
 ami HiihiTt Ilaviior.— Purclias, iv. 5*.^. 
 
 1 This IS (>aid nn the autlmnty of Dr. Foster. The jonnial 
 s;t>s iiitilimir oiil. It was wriiten hy Kohert .fuel his male. 
 
 i Srmtti iri Ins history of New York, foUowint,' Oldmixon 
 and uthi^r s<-rond hand Hiilninitios, ptaci^s this voyage in HWh. 
 Ilul Hstlic jtmrnais of Iftidnon's four voyages are extant in 
 Punhas, I liiku uil dates fioui Iticni. 
 
 large oncnini;, and a narrow river, to the west ; tho 
 channel between Uergrii Neck and Staten Ifiland. Ao 
 the boat was returning, it was attacked by some of tho 
 nativci in two canoes. One man, John (.'olman, waa 
 killed ; he was bnru-d on a point of land, which, from 
 that circumshince, wan called (.'ohimn's point. It is 
 protiabty Sandy Hook, williin which the ship lay. 
 
 On the Uth, lliey saded through tho Narrows, and 
 found a " good harbor secure from all wuichi." Tbi» 
 next day. they turned against a N. \V. wind, into thb 
 mouth uf ihe river, wh.ch bears Hudson's name ; and 
 came lo anchor two leQuues wiihin il. On these two 
 days, they were visited by the natives, who brought 
 corn, beans, oysters and tobacco, 'i'hey bud pipes o( 
 copper, in which they smoked; and earthen pots, in 
 which they drc-^sed their meal. Hudson would not 
 Butler ihem to stay on board by night. 
 
 From the 12lh lo the t'Jih September, he saiird up 
 tho river ; which be found about a mile wide and of a 
 good depth, abounding with fish, among which were 
 "great store of salmons." As he advanced, the laiid 
 on both sides was high, till it came very mountainous. 
 This "high land had many jtoinls, the channel was nar* 
 row, and there were many eddy vvinrls.'* 
 
 From a careful enumeration of the computed dis- 
 tances, in each day's run, as set down in the journal, it 
 appears that Hudson sailed fifty three leagues. To thii 
 distance, the river was navigable for the ship ; the 
 boat went up eight or ten leagues farther ; but found 
 the bottom irregular, and the depth not more than seven 
 feet. It is evident therefore that he penetrated this 
 rivei'. as far as where ihe tity of Albany now stands. 
 
 The farther he went up the river, the more friendly 
 and hospitable the natives apjicared, They ^ms'c him 
 flknis in exchange for knives and olber trifles. But as 
 be came down, lielow the mounlains, the savages were 
 thievish and troublesome, which occasioned fmjuent 
 ipiarrels, in which eight or nine of them were killed. 
 The land on the eastern side of thu river near its mouth, 
 was called Mamihata. 
 
 On the 4th of October ho came out of the river; 
 and without anchoring in the bay, stood out to sea ; and 
 steerinjj directly for Kurope. on the 7ih November ar- 
 rived '• in the range of Dartmouth m Devonshire." 
 Here the journal ends. 
 
 The discoveries made by Hudson in tins remarkable 
 voyage, were of great mercantile consei|uence to his 
 eiufiloyers. It has been said, thai be " sold the coun- 
 try, or rather his rigiil to ii. to the Dutch." This bow- 
 ever is (piestionahle. The .'•ovrreions of Kngland and 
 I'ranee laid equal claim to the counlrv, and it is a mat- 
 ter which requires some discussion, whether the Hol- 
 landers were, at that time, so far admitted into the 
 community of nations, os to derive rights wliich would 
 be acknowh'diretl bv the other !'!uropean powers. How- 
 ever, whilst they were strugifling lor existence among 
 the nations, they were growing rich by tJieir mercantile 
 adventures; and this capit.d discovery, made at their 
 exjiense, was a source of no small advantage to them. 
 Tliey had, for siune time before, cast an eve on tho fur 
 trade; and had evf^n bribed some Krenchmen to admit 
 them into the traflic at Acadia and St. Lawrence. Tho 
 discovery of Hudson's river gave them, at once, an en- 
 trance of a!>ove fifty leagues into the heart of the Ame- 
 rican continent ; in a situa^^n where llie best furs 
 couhl be procured wilhout atn^interruption from eilhei 
 the Lreiich or the Knglish. The place indeed lay withii: 
 the claim of bolh ihese nations ; Acadia extended from 
 the latitude of 40' to 48 ' ; and Virginia from 34" to 
 4r>'^ ; but the French had made several fruitlccs at- 
 tempts lo ]iass southward of Cape Cod ; and bad but 
 just began iheir plantations at Acadia and 8l Lawrence. 
 The Knohsh had made some efl'oris to eslaldish colo- 
 nies \n Virginia, one of which was struiTgling for exist- 
 ence, and others had failed, both in the soMibern and 
 northern division. Uesides, King James, bv a stroke 
 of policy prruhar to hivisf!/, in dividing Virginia be- 
 tween tho North and South Companies, \im\ iutt-rlnrkai 
 each patent with the other ; and at Ihe same time in- 
 ffrdictat the patentees from planting witbm one hundreil 
 mdes of each olher. 'i'his uncertainly, concurrino with 
 other causes, kept the adventurers at such a distance, 
 that the intermediate country, by far the most valuable, 
 lay exjiosed to the intrusion of foreigners ; none oi 
 whom knew better than the Dutch, how to avad them- 
 selves of ihe ignorance or inattention of their neighbors 
 in pursuit of gain. 
 
 Uut whether it can at this time be determined or iiOt 
 hy what means the Hollanders acquired a title to the 
 eoimirv ; certain it is, that they understood and pur- 
 sued tlie advantage which this discovery opened to 
 them SViih n four years, a fort and trading-houho 
 
BIOOnAPIIIES OF THE EARLY niSCOVEKERS 
 
 01 
 
 to tlio wrst ; Uio 
 iliitnii Uliini]. Ao 
 rd by wjinu ol the 
 olin (.'oliiiiin, was 
 larul, which, frotti 
 ail's point. It is 
 th(! shi|i lay. 
 tho Narrows, and 
 hII win(hi." 'Ih^ 
 W. wind, into thft 
 Isoirn niinfi ; anJ 
 ( >ri ihcsr two 
 vofl, who hrought 
 They hud iiipes of 
 I rartlicn pot?, in 
 Indson would not 
 t. 
 
 nhcr, lie sailrd up 
 nte wido niid of a 
 rionjj which were 
 Ivuiiccd, thu hiiid 
 cry mountainous, 
 i-haiinol was nar* 
 
 ho computed din- 
 n in the jonrnnl, it 
 U'ayues. To thu 
 for the ship ; tho 
 irthiT ; hut I'ouiid 
 )t more (hon seven 
 he penetrated this 
 any now stands. 
 
 the more friendly 
 'J'hey t^vc hna 
 er trifles. But as 
 , the savages were 
 casioned frequent 
 
 them were killed. 
 vvr near its mouth, 
 
 out of tho river ; 
 
 nd out to sea ; and 
 7lli November ar- 
 1 m Devonshire.'* 
 
 in this remarkable 
 bnse(|uencc to his 
 le " sold the roun- 
 iitcli.*' This how- 
 iis of Kn;.'laiid and 
 ry, and it iH a mat- 
 wlieiliiT the Ho!" 
 admitied into the 
 if^lits whirh would 
 ean powers. IIow- 
 • existence amonfr 
 tiy llieir mercantile 
 •ry. made at their 
 idvantane to them. 
 t an eye on tho fur 
 renchmen to admit 
 !l. Lawrence. 'I'ho 
 'in, al mice, an cn- 
 hearl of the Arne- 
 lere the best fiira 
 ruption from either 
 e indeed lay within 
 idia extended from 
 ■ginia from S-t'^ to 
 L'veral frnitlecs al- 
 O'od ; and lind but 
 and ISt Lawrence. 
 I to estatilish colo- 
 iruii^lini^ for exist- 
 1 the snnihern and 
 'allies, bv a stroke 
 ■idmi; Virginia be- 
 ics, had nitnlorkal 
 the same time nt- 
 ^vilhin one hundred 
 :y. coiicnrrmy; willi 
 it Huch a distance, 
 the most valuable, 
 reifiners ; none of 
 liow to avail them- 
 of their neighbors 
 
 Wire erected on the ipnl where .Ml my is now Ixiilt ; 
 and another fort on the S. \V. ['iniit of ihc isKmd, 
 wttcre the city of New Vork now stands, bv a company 
 Ol' merrhanls who had procun d from the Stitcs- 
 general a patent for an exclusive trade to Hudson's 
 river, 
 
 'I'lie tran.sactions between Hudson and his ])utcb 
 cmpJoyerH are not Biatcd in tiie accounts of his voy- 
 ages. J)r. Foster ways ihnt lie olUred (o undiTtake 
 anollier voyage in their service, but lli:it tliey dcclinul 
 •t, upon which be returned to Kn^land ; and a^Min en- 
 tered into the service of tiie cumpany, who had liefore 
 enmloyed him, 
 
 The former attempts for a northern passage havin;^ 
 been made m very liiiih latitudes, it was now deter- 
 mined, to .'-(ek for one, by passnij^ to the westward of 
 tireenliind. and examimni; the inlets of the .American 
 eontment. l''or tins purpose a ^hip was tilted out, and 
 tho conunand was ^iven to HihUou ; but imlia])[pily, 
 Ijie company insisted that he sliould take with liim as 
 an assistant, one ( 'oiburne, a very able and e\pe- 
 ni'ncedse.iinati Their unreal conlidcnce m ('olli-irne's 
 skill excited Hudson's envy; and after the ship hud 
 talleii down the river, he put lum on board u ))ink, 
 Imund up to I^ondon. with a letter to tlie owners, con- 
 tainmjjltiie reasonsof his conduct ; und then proceeded 
 on hiM voya;^Tc, [April 23, IGIO] This rash step 
 gave the crew an example of disobediente, which was 
 so severely retaliated on himself, us to prove the cause 
 of his ruin. 
 
 He wont round the north of Scotland, through the 
 Orkney and Karo islands, and on (be I lib of .May 
 made ihc eastern par^ of Iceland. Siiiliii!^ aloji^ its 
 southern f^hnre, in si<r|it of the volcanic moimtuin 
 Hecia, he put into a harbor in the western part of tlie 
 island ; where he met with a friendly reception from 
 the iiihabitanls ; but found threat dissensions amou'r 
 his crew, which lie could not appease without inucli 
 diiriciiliy. 
 
 Having doubled the southern promontory of flreen- 
 land, he steered N. \V. for the American conlinent. 
 In this passa*je he was so rntan'.;led with lloulin^r ice, 
 that he almost dc.-pured of ^ct'ini; cb'ar. JJut at 
 length with much labor and peril, he forced bis way 
 tbrouiih the strait and into the bay which bears bis nume. 
 'J'he fariher he advanced, the greater were the inurnuir- 
 ings among his mm. He removed bis mate and boat- 
 swain and put inhers in their places. This disci- 
 pline not only rendered him more unjiopular, but in- 
 flamed tho displaced otticcrs with bitter icsentment 
 against him. 
 
 Tho whole summer having been spent in examining 
 the eastern and southern extremities of the deep and 
 extensive hay which he had discovered ; in October it 
 was too late to return ; the discovery was yet incom- 
 plete, and be was loth to leave it. He had taken but 
 half a year's provision from Kniiland. It was there- 
 fore necessary to husband what was left, and jirocure 
 more by hunting ; which was done in great plenty, Ity 
 reason of the numerous llijihis of fowl which succeed- 
 ed each other through the winter. 
 
 In November the ship was frozen up- Soon after 
 the gunner died, and a controversy took place about 
 dividing his clothes. Hudson was partial to Henry 
 Green, a young man of a debauched ehiiracicr, wliorn 
 he had taken on board; and whose name was not on 
 the ship's books. This young man unijenerouslv took 
 part with the discontented, and lost Hudson's favor. 
 
 'I'hey bad to strugijie with a severe winter, and bad 
 accommodations, which produced scorbutic and rheu- 
 matic complaints, 'i'hese were relieved by a decoc- 
 tion of the buds of a tree tilled with a balsamic juice ; 
 the liquor was drank, and the buds applied to the 
 swelled joints, 'i'his is supjiosed to have been the 
 Vopuhix liuLsamifem. 
 
 \Vhen the spring came on, the birds disappeared, 
 and their provisions fril short. To still the clamor 
 among the discontented, Hudson injudiciously divided 
 the remaining stores, into equal shares, and gave each 
 man his portion; which some devoured at once and 
 others preserved. 
 
 The ship being afloat, he began to sail toward the 
 N. W. to pursue the object of his voyage ; when, 
 (June 21. 1611) a conspiracy which had been some- 
 time in fermentation, broke out into open mutiny. 
 The displaced mate and boatswain, accompanied hy 
 tho infamous Circen and others rose and took com- 
 mand of the ship. They put Hudson, his son, the car- 
 penter, the mathematician , and live others, most of 
 whom were sick and lame, into the sliallop ; with a 
 small quantity of meal, one gun and ammunition, two 
 or three spears and an iron po* ; and then '.vUb tho 
 
 most savage inhumanity turned them adrift. This is 
 the last account ol Hudson. Whether he, with liis 
 unhappy companions, pmshed by the sea, by famine, or 
 
 by tne .savages, is unknown. 
 
 The conspirators put the ship aliout to the eastward 
 ami hasted to get out of the buy. Near Capo Higges, 
 lliey met with sf vcn rar.oes of llie savages, by whom 
 they were uttaekid. The perlltbous Cireen was killed, 
 ami three others wounded, of whom two died in a few 
 days. The miseriible remnant pursued their course 
 homeward, and sidl'ercd niiirli by famine; but at length 
 arrived m Ireland, and t'roin thence got to Mngland. 
 
 This account of the tinlortunate end of Hudson and 
 tho returnof the ship, is taken from a narrative written 
 hy Abacuc Pricket, whom the miitinetTs [(reserved, in 
 hope that by his connexion with Sir Dudley HiL'gt's, 
 one of thu owners, they should obtain their pardon. 
 
 The most asionishing circumstance in this horrid 
 Oct of cruelty, is the oath liy which the conspirators 
 bound tlit'iiisflves to execute their plot ; ibe lorm ol 
 it IS ]ireserved by I'rickrt, and is m tluse wcuils. 
 
 " V»)u shall swiar truth, tutioii, your prince and 
 country ; you shall do noihmg hut to the glory of (Jon ; 
 und the uooil ot the action m hand, and harm to no 
 man." It is to lie hoped, that the absurdity, hypocrisy, 
 and blasphemy of this irausaction will ever bo unpur- 
 rallelled in the history of human depravity ! 
 
 were to bo holden during life. This may seem A 
 strange wuy of appointing ollices in a new colony, eo- 
 pecially when the charter gave the council power lo re- 
 voke and discharge them. Hut it is prottalilo tha* hcso 
 gentlemen had friends in the company who wheie per- 
 sons of wealth ami intluencc, and who thought tho 
 ollices not worthy o*" *!ieir acceptance, unU ta Lbey 
 could hold them long enough to make their fortuncv. 
 The I'xampte of Columbus might have served as u pre- 
 cedent, who had tlie otlice of admiral of the West In- 
 dies, not only for hfc, but as an inheritance to his pos- 
 terity. 
 
 INTUUDUCTION. 
 
 Thk beginning of tho colony of Virginia has been 
 relalidinlhe life of Captain John Smith; to whose 
 ingenuity, prudence, piilteiice, activity, industry and 
 resi(lution, its subsistence during the lir.st three years is 
 principally to be aserihed. It vsoiild have been either 
 di'sertf d by the people, or destroyed by the tiatives, 
 hud he not encouraged the former hy !us unremitted 
 exertions, and struck an awe into the latter by his mi- 
 litary address and intrepidity. 
 
 The \iewsof the adventurers in Kngland were in- 
 tent on present gain ; and iheir strict ortlers were to 
 jireserve peace with the natives Neither of tlieye 
 could be realized. Cullivat;oii is the first (jhject in all 
 I iit'W plantation.-) ; this requires time and industry ; and 
 till the wants of tlie people could he supplied by their 
 I OAti labor, it was necessary to luive some de[ieiiJeiice 
 on the natives for such provisions as llu'V could spare 
 from their own consuni|)tioii : and when the supply 
 could not bo obtained hy fair bargain, it was thought 
 necessary to use stratagem or force. Those who were 
 on the spot were the bi;st judges of the time and occa- 
 ' sion of using those means ; but they were not permitted 
 to judge tor themselves. 'I'he comj^any of adventuri'rs 
 undertook to prescribe rules, to insist on a rigorous ex- 
 ecution )»f tiiem, and to form various projects which 
 could never l»e carried into cll'ect. In short, they ex- 
 pected more from their colony than it was possible for 
 It to j>ro(luce in so short a time, with such people as 
 they sent to reside there, and in the face of so many 
 dangers and dillicultics, which were continually pre- 
 sented to them. 
 
 .\fter the arrival of Captain Newport in Kngland 
 from his thud voyage, the Coinjiany of South \'irginia. 
 disappoint(^d and vexiul at the small returns which the 
 ships Iwonght home, delerniined on a change of system, 
 they solicited and obtained of the crown a new charter 
 (.May 2;J, KJO'J), and timk into the company a much 
 greater number of ad* iiuurers than lietbre. Not less 
 than six humired aiul tifiy-seven names of persons are 
 inserted in the charier, in;i!iy of whom were noblemen, 
 and gentlemen of forliiue, und iner».-li.ii!'-« ; besides 
 hlty-six mcorporati'd eonipames of mechanics in the 
 city of Loiuhm ; und room was left for tiie admission 
 of more. The government at home was \ested in a 
 council of hi'ty-two iicrsons, named in the charier; at 
 the head of which was Sir Thomas Snntli, the formei 
 treasurer; and all vacancies which might happen mthe 
 council, were to he filled by the vote of a majority of 
 tho conqiany legally a-ssembled. This council in Kng- j 
 land had the power of appointing governors and other 
 otiieers to resid*rin A'lrgmia, and of mai;mg laws and 
 giving instructions for the government of the colony. 
 In consequence of this power, the treasurer und coun- 
 cil constituted the following otHcers: 
 
 Sir Thomas West, Lord Delaware, Captain-general; 
 .Sir Thomas Gates, Lientenant-general ; Sir tieorgo 
 i Somers, Admiral ; Captain t^liristopber Newport, 
 I Vice-Adiniral ; Sir Tliomas Dale, Higli Marshall ; and 
 ' Sir Ferdinando Wainman, Licneral of Horse. 
 I Several other gentlemen, whose names are not men- 
 , tioi'.ed, were appomted to other ollices, alt of which 
 
 SIR THOMAS SMITH. 
 
 Sill TnoMAH Smith— He is cabinniiated— Decree of Chancery 
 
 ill Ins liiviir— III- resijnw Ins ollicc n| Treasurer nf llic Vir- 
 ginia Ciiinpaiiy— T\^o tliousniiil iiircH of I.aiitl Kritiiled to 
 tiiin ill Viiffinm— Sir Kilv\ui Saiiilyi*, Treasurer ot tlie Vlr 
 LMii::i (.'(iinjiany— l.oiicni's— Siii>|i|ii'H olitiuiifU by tlioiii foi 
 Virijiiiia— Ti-nai'ii'UMHss of Kuiy Jumea. 
 
 A I.I. which is known with certainty of this gentleman 
 is, that he w.is a Lundiui men-haul, of great wealth and 
 nilluence, CJovernor of the Last India and Muscovy 
 Companies, and of the company associated for the dis- 
 covery of a northwest passage ; that he had beer, sent 
 (1004) ambassador from King James to the Kmperoi: 
 of Russia ; ttiat he was one of the assignees of Sir 
 Walter Kaleigh's patent, and thus became interested iii 
 the colony of Virginia. He had been treasurer of the 
 com[)any under their first charter, and presided in all 
 the meetings of the council aiitl of the company in En- 
 gland ; but he never came to .America. 
 
 It is unforliinaie lor the memory of Sir Thomas 
 Smith, that both the company and colony of South 
 \'iri;iiua were distracted by a malevolent parly spirit ; 
 and that he was eiiually an object of reproach on the 
 on ! band and of panegyric on tlie other. 'J'o decide on 
 the inn', or dement of his character, at this distancu 
 of tt in .ould perhaps require more evidence than can 
 he p. 1(<< M'd ; hut candor is due to the dead as well at 
 to tlu living. 
 
 Ilf was a wnrm friend of Captain .Tohn Smith, who, 
 in his account of \'iri;iii:a, speaks of liiai with respect, 
 as a diligent and careful over>»eer, espenally in sending 
 supplies to the colony during Ins n-sidence there ; and 
 lifter his return to Ln^land, he dejiended on Sir 
 Thomas and tho council for those ac'-ounts rf the co- 
 lony wfiirb he bus inserted i'l his history, subsequent to 
 that period. 
 
 In a dedication prefixed to a narrative of the 8hi|>- 
 wrer k of Sir (icorgc Somers on the Island of Ilcnnuda, 
 Sir Thomas is comiilimented in the following manner ; 
 "Worthy sir, if other men were iike you, if all as able 
 us you are were as willing, we should see a lUuirishing 
 Christian church and connnonwealtb in Virginia. Uiit 
 let this be your consolation, there is one that is moio 
 able and willing than you, even the Ciod of heaven and 
 earth. And know furth<T, for your comfort, that though 
 the burden be on you and a few more, yet are there 
 main honorable and worthy men of all sorts who will 
 never shrink troin you. do on, therefore, with courage 
 and constancy ; and he assureil, that though by you[ 
 honoralile embassages and employments, and by your 
 charitable and virtuous courses you have gamed a 
 worthy reputation in this world, yet nothing that you 
 ever did or sutlV'red, more honors you in the eyes of all 
 that are godly-wise, than your faithful and unwearied 
 prosecution, your continual and comfortable assistance 
 of tii.ise foreign plantations." 
 
 Rut though flattered and complimented by his ad- 
 mirers, yet he bad enemies both among the company in 
 Kn^Lind and the colonists in \'irginia, IJv some of liis 
 a.ssocialfs he was accused of favoring the growth of to- 
 bacco in the ciilony. to the neglect of other siaple eoin- 
 imidities whirli the coimtry was eipially capable of pro- 
 ducing. It was also alN'ged. that instead of a body of 
 laws agreeable to the Knglish constitution, a b(M)k had 
 been printed and dedicated to lum, and sent to Virginia 
 by bis own authtinty, and without the order or consent 
 of the company, containing " laws written in blood;" 
 winch, though they might serve for a lime of war, lieing 
 mostly translated from the marshal law of the llmtcd 
 Netherlands, yet were destructive of the liberties of 
 Knglish subjects, and contrary to the express ictter of 
 the royal charter. Lor this reason many people in Eng- 
 land were deterred from emigrating to Virginia, and 
 many persons in the colony were unjustly put to <'calh. 
 
 In the colony, the clamor against him wa.' still 
 louder. It was there said, that he had been mo;jt scan- 
 dalously negligent, if not corrupt, in the matter of sup- 
 plies ; that in a certain period called the " starving 
 time," the allowance for a man was only eight ouncoi 
 
83 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORY. 
 
 ' < 
 
 of meal atxl :i half pini uf \wnsc ]w.i (lay. ntiil llmt nei- 
 ther of tliciii were til to be I'iitcii ; lliut ruiiiiiic <ilili)(('(l 
 many of tho (tcoj)k^ lo lly to tlir Kuvayi's for rcluif, wlio 
 bciiit; retaken were put to death for th'tttrtum; tlia* 
 others were reihiecd to ihu iieeessity of steuhiig, whicli 
 by his satipuiiiaiy laws whh |)Uiiish('il wilii extreme 
 rignr; that the xiek and iiifirjii, nl:o were iiiiahit tu 
 work, were denied the allowanee, and famished for 
 want ; that noriie tit these extre-inities dug holes in the 
 c^rlh, and hid ihejiiselves till they petinhed ; that the 
 ncarcity was " so lamentable," that they were eon- 
 strained 10 cut dogs, eats, snakes, and even human 
 corpses ; that one man killed his wife, and put lier tiesh 
 in piekle, for which he was burnt to death These ca- 
 lainilies were by the colonists so strongly and point- 
 edly laid lo the charge of the treasurer, that when they 
 had found a mare wliieh had been killed by the Indians, 
 and were boiling her llesli for food, they wished .S:r 
 Thomas was in the same kettle. A list of these grie- 
 vancea was presented to King James ; and in the con- 
 clusion of tiio petition, they begged his mojesty, that 
 " rathrr than be reduced to live under the like govcrn- 
 inciii again, ho would send over commissioners to hang 
 th«ra." 
 
 In answer to these accusations, it was said, that the 
 original ground of all those calamities was the unfortu- 
 nate shipwreck of a vessel loaded with supplies, on the 
 Island of Uermiida. This happened at a time when 
 Captain John Smith was disabled and obliged to quit 
 the colony, which had been supported in a great mea- 
 sure by his exertions. Another source of the mischief 
 wfts the indolence of the colonists themselves ; who 
 regarded only the jiresent moment, and took no care 
 for the future. This indolence was so great, that thejr 
 would eat their fish raw rather than go to a small dis- 
 tance from the water for wood to dress it. When there 
 was a plenty of sturgeon in the river, they would not 
 take any more limn to sen'e their present necessity, 
 though they knew the season was approaching when 
 these fish return to the sea ; nor did they take caic to 
 preserve their nets, but sufiered them to perish for wcut 
 of drying and mending. Another cause was the dis- 
 honesty of those who were employed in procuring cor:i 
 from the natives ; for having accomplished their object, 
 they went to sea, and turned pirates ; some of llicia 
 united with other pirates, and those wlio got home to 
 England, prot' i-d that they were obliged to (piit Vir- 
 ginia for fear of starving. Besides, it was said that 
 when sinps arrived with provision, it was embezzled 
 by the mariners, and the articles intended for Iraflic 
 wilh the Indians, were iirivalely given away or sold for 
 B trille ; and some of the people venturing too far into 
 their villages were surprised and killed. 
 
 The story of the man eating his dead wife was pro- 
 pagated in England by some of the deserters ; but when 
 It was examined afterwards by Sir Thomas Gates, it 
 proved to be no more than this. One of the colonists 
 who hated his wife, secretly killed her : then, to con- 
 ceal the murder cut her body in pieces, and hid them 
 in dilferent iiarts of the house. \Vlien the woman was 
 missed, the man was suspected ; his house was search- 
 ed, and the pieces were found. 'J'o excuse his guilt, 
 h" pleaded that his wife died of hunger, and that he 
 dally fed on her remains. His house was again search- 
 ed, and other food was found ; on wiiicli ho was ar- 
 raigned, confessed the murder, and was put to death ; 
 being burned, according to law. 
 
 Though calumniated both in England and America, 
 Sir Thomas Smith did not want advocates ; ami his 
 character for integrity was so well estdt)lisiied in Eng- 
 land, that when some of the company who had refused 
 to advance their quotas, pleaded his negligence and 
 avarice in their excuse, the Court of Chancery, before 
 whom the atl'uir was carried, gave a decree against 
 tbcm, and they were compelled to pay the sutna which 
 Ihey had subscribed. 
 
 'llie charges against him were equally levelled against 
 the council and company ; and by their order a decla- 
 ration was published, in which the misfortunes of the 
 colony are thus summarily represented. " Cast up the 
 reckoning together, want of government, store of idle- 
 ness, their expectations frustrated by the traitors, their 
 market spoiled by the mariners, their nets broken, the 
 deer chased, their boats lost, their hogs killed, their 
 trade with the Indians forbidden, some of their men 
 lied, some murdered, and most by drinking the brackish 
 water of James Eort, weakened and endangered; 
 famine and sickness by all these means increased. Here 
 at home the monier came in so slowly, that the Lord 
 Delaware could not be despatched till the colony was 
 ivorn and .spent with diniculties. Above all, having 
 iipither ruler nor preacher, they feared neither God nor 
 
 man wliii h provoked the Lord, and pulled down his 
 jiKlgmenis upon tliem." 
 
 .Sir Thomas Smith continued in his ofl'icc of treasurer 
 till 1U1!(; when the prejudice against biin became so 
 strong, that by the interest of the Earl of Warwick, 
 who baled him, his remnval was in contemplation. .\t 
 the sai.'ie lime, Sir Tliom.is, being advanced in years 
 and inlirmitiea, having grown rich, and having a siilli- 
 cieiicy of business as governor of the lOast India Com- 
 pany, thought it prudent to retire from on ollice of so 
 great a responsibility, attended will, so much truubhi 
 and so little advantage ; and accordingly sent in bis re- 
 signation to the Council of Virginia. Ilis friends would 
 have dissuaded him from this measure ; but he v.as in- 
 llexible. Sir Edwin Sandys was elected his successor ; 
 a gentleman of good understanding, and great appli- 
 cation to bitsitiess. At his motion, a gratuity of 3,UUU 
 acres of laud in Virginia was grunted to .Sir Thomas. 
 Ho had been in oltico upwards ol twelve years, in 
 which lime the expenses of the plantation had amounted 
 to 8I),0UU/. ; and though he hud derbied that he left 
 4,000/. for his successor to begin with, yet it wos found 
 on examination, that the company was in debt lo a 
 greater amount than that sum. 
 
 Several ways were used for the raising of supplies 
 to carry on the colonization of Virginia. One was by 
 the subscriptions of the members of the company ; ano- 
 ther was by the voluntary donations of other people ; 
 and a third was by lotteries. Suhscriptions, if not vo- 
 luntarily paid were recoverable by law ; but this me- 
 thod was tedious ond expensive. Uonations were pre- 
 carious, and though liberal and well intended, yet they 
 sometimes consisted only of books and furniiure for 
 churches and colleges, and appropriations lor tlic edu- 
 cation of Indian clnldren. Lotteries were before tins 
 time unknown in England ; but so great wa.? the rage 
 for this mode of raising money, that within the space of 
 six years the sum of 20,000/. was brought into the trea- 
 sury. This was " the real unil substantial food with 
 which Virginia was nourished." The authority on 
 which the lotteries were grounded was the charter of 
 King James (1600), and so tenacious was this munarch 
 (d'his prerogative, that in a sub-sequent proclamation he 
 vainly interdicted the " .v/if«</«i;- against thu Virginian 
 liOttery." Vet when the. House of Conmions (1021) 
 began lo call in (jue-stion some of the supposed rights 
 of royalty, these lotteries and the proi'laniation which 
 enforced ihein were complained of and jiresented 
 among the grievances of the iiaiion. Dii that occasion 
 an apology was made by the king's triends, ''that he 
 never /(/■((/ the lotteries, but f^tirr irui/lu thnn, because 
 he was told that Virginia, could not subsist without 
 them ;" and when the (.lummnn.s insisted on their com- 
 plaint, the moiiarch revoked tlie license by an order of 
 council ; in conseipience of which the treasury of the 
 company was almost without resources. 
 
 THOMAS LOUD DELAWARE, SIR THOMAS 
 GATES, SIR GEORGE SOMEUS, CAl'TAIN 
 CHRISTOI'HER NEWl'ORT, SIR THOMAS 
 DALE, SIR EERDINANUO WAINMAX. 
 
 LonD Delaware — arivesin Virijinia — He builds two forts on 
 James river— lie leaves Vlii,Miii!i— arrives at llio Western 
 Island.s— Uaiiiel (lookiii sellles in Virginia— lie removes to 
 New Eiijjiainl- Sin Thomas Oalk, Uuveriior of Virginia — 
 Ills eiieritelic |)roceeiliiii;s— His ctiaractcr as Governor — 
 SiH TiicMAs Cates — Ills arrival in Virginia as Uovc-iior — 
 His return lo EiigiaiiU— Sir (.iEonuK Hu.meks, Admiral of 
 Virginia— DisptUe Willi Gates abuiit rani.- He is wrecked 
 on Ucrimida Island— He arrives in Virgtnm — His dealti, 
 hiu'ial, and moliilineiit — (lliristonlicr New|i<irt, commander 
 in Hie Navy of yueen Eliz.ibelil— New York lirst sculetl— 
 Sir Fci'DI.sandu VVai.nman— His airival in Virginia— His 
 death— Dealli of Lord Delaware. 
 
 The history of these persons is so blended, that a 
 separate account of each cannot be written from any 
 materials in my |)ossession. 'J'heir cliaractcrs, how- 
 ever, may be distinguished in a few words, before I 
 proceed to the history if llieir united transactions in the 
 Ginjilovmcnl of the company and colony of Virginia. 
 
 liOrd Um.AWARE is said to have been a worthy peer 
 of an ancient family ; a man of lino parts and of u ge- 
 nerous disposli ion ; who look much i^iiis, and was at 
 D great expense to establish the colony, in the service of 
 wnlch he suffered much in his health, and finally died 
 at sea (IGIS,) in his second voyage to America, in or 
 near ihe moulh of the bay which bears bis name. 
 
 Sir Thomas Gatks was probably a land officer, 
 between him and .Sir George Somers, there was not 
 that cordial harmony which is always desirable between 
 men who are cgaged in the same business. Except- 
 ing this, no'.hing is said to his disadvantage. 
 
 t-ii Geouui: SoiiKBs was a goiitlomnu of rank and 
 
 forlnne, of approved fidelity and indelatigable industry •, 
 an eicilh 111 sea commander, having been employed in 
 the navy of Ijiieen Eli/abeib, and having distmguishod 
 himself I'l several actions against the Spaniards in the 
 West Indies. At the limn of his appointment to b>i 
 ,\(liiiiral of \'irginia, he was above sixty years of ago. 
 Ilia seal ill rarliainenl was vaciited by his acceplnncc 
 of a colonial conimis-ion. Ii. died in the service ol 
 the colony (IlilO) at Uermuda, highly esteemed and 
 greatly regretted. 
 
 CiiKisrni'itKK \KwpoKTwasa mariner of ability and 
 experience in the American seas. He hud been a 
 comniaiuler in the navy of IHizalu th, and, in 1.VJ.5, had 
 (oiidiicied an expedition'against the Spaniards in the 
 West Indies, where, with three or four ships, he plun- 
 dered and burned some towii.s, and took several prizes, 
 with a considerahle booty. He was u vain, empty, con- 
 ceiled man, and very fonil of parade. Uy Ino ad- 
 vantage of going to and fro, be gained the confidciico 
 of the council and company in England ; and whatever 
 he proposed was adopted by tliem. Some trulls of his 
 haracter have been given in the Ufe of Captain John 
 Smith. Ill 1051 ho imported fifty men, and seated 
 them on a plantation, which he called Newport's Ncwa. 
 Daniel (I'tiiikiii came wilh a cargo of cattle from Ire- 
 land, ond setlled first on this plantation. Ho after- 
 wards removed lo New England. 
 
 .SiK i'lioMAS Uai.k is said to have been a gentleman 
 of much honor, wisdom and experience. To him was 
 entrusted the execution of the laws sent over by Sir 
 Thomas .Smith ; which, lliongh perhaps necessary at 
 that time, (IBll) when so many turbulent and refrac- 
 tory persons were to be governed, yet were subversive 
 of that freedom which Englishmen claimed o» their 
 birlhrighl, and gave loo much power into the hands o( 
 a goiernor. 'Itiongh his adminislration was marked 
 with rigor and severity, yet ho did much towards ad- 
 vancing the settlements. On a high neck of land in 
 James river, named Varina, he buiit a town vviiich ho 
 called Henrico, in honor of Prince Henry, the remains 
 of which were visible when Mr. Stith wrote his history 
 (IMfi.) On the 0|iposite side of ihe river ho made a 
 pi intaiion on lands, from which he expelled tho In- 
 dians, and called it New Dermuda. He staid in Vir- 
 ginia about five years, and returned to England (1610) 
 a'.ter which there is no farlher ucconnt of him. 
 
 Of Siu I'Kiiiii.VAMio Wainman, iiothini' is said but 
 thai he died soon after his arrival in Virginia with 
 (,ord Delaware, in the summer of 1010. 
 
 When the new charter of Virginia was obtained, the 
 council and company immediately eipiippcd a lleet, 
 10 carry sup|ilies of men and women, with provisions 
 and oilier necessaries to the colony. The lleet con- 
 lisled of seven ships, in each of which, beside tho ca|i- 
 lain, went one or more of the counsellors or other 
 (illicers of the colony ; and though there was a dispute 
 about rank between two oliicers, Somers and Gates, 
 they were placed in one sliip with Newport, the third 
 in command. The Governor-general, Lord Delaware, 
 dil not sail with this ffect ; but waited till the next 
 ye.ir, to go with a further supply. The names of tho 
 ships and their coiiiinaiiders were as follows : 
 
 'file .Sea-Advenlure, Admiral Sir George Somers, 
 with Sir 'I'honms CJates, and Cantain Christopher New- 
 port ; the Diamond, Captain RadcliU'e and Captain 
 King ; the Falcon, Captain Martin and Master Nelson j 
 the blessing, Gabriel Archer and Captain Adams; the 
 Unity, Captain VV'ocd ond Ma.stcr I'ctt ; the Lion, 
 Captain \V(!bb ; the Swallow, Captain Moono and 
 .Master .Somers. 
 
 The ficet was attended by two smaller vessels, ono 
 of whicii was a ketch, commanded by Matthew Eitch, 
 the other a pinnace, in which went Captain Davics and 
 .Master Davios. 
 
 This fleet sailed from Plymouth on the second day 
 of June, IGO'J. Though their orders were not to go 
 by the old route of the Canaries, and the West Indies, 
 but to steer directly for Virginia, yet they went as far 
 southward as the twenty-sixth degree of latitude ; 
 where the heat was so excessive, that many of the peo- 
 ple were taken with cidcntures. In two ships, thirty- 
 two persons died ; others sulfered severely, and one 
 vessel only wos free from sickness. 
 
 Tho whole fleet ke|)t company till tho twenty-fourth 
 of July, when they sii])posed themselves to bo within 
 eight days sail of Virginia, stretching to tho northwest, 
 and crossing the Gulf Stream. On that day, began a 
 violent tempest from the northeast, accompanied wilh 
 a horrid darkness, which continued forty-four hoers. 
 In this gale the fleet was scattered. The Adinimi'a 
 ship, on board of which was the commission for the 
 new government, with tho three principal otlicrrs, v/as 
 
DIOnHAPinr.S OF TIIK KARI.y DISCOVERERS. 
 
 3:1 
 
 ariiHT of aliility and 
 lU) had t>ten a 
 fi, uml, ill 151*5, had 
 lu S|tuiHuriU 111 iho 
 four H)ii[m, he |i)uii- 
 took Bevtral prize*, 
 i u Viiin, <;iii]ilv,''(i>i- 
 jrade, IJy the ad- 
 iiiied the conlidcnco 
 hind ; and whalevcr 
 Some irtiitB of hin 
 life of Cii)ttain John 
 ,y men, and seated 
 jd Ncwport'fl News. 
 ) of calllf from Ire- 
 inlaliun. llo after- 
 
 ko heen n jicritlemnii 
 ience. To liiin was 
 wa sent over by Sir 
 iiThnps nece»sury at 
 nrhulent and refrac- 
 yct were auhversivo 
 .'11 claimed at> their 
 ■er into tlio hands ol 
 Iration was marked 
 lU much towards ad- 
 hiyh neck of land in 
 Liiit a town wiiich ho 
 Henry, the remains 
 titli wrote his history 
 the river ho mailc a 
 he expelled tho In- 
 i;i. He alaid in Vir- 
 MltoKngliind(161U) 
 Qunt of hini. 
 , nothini; is said but 
 vi\\ m Virginia with 
 HUO. 
 
 11a was ohtainrd, the 
 
 ly etpiippcd a lleet, 
 
 men, with provitsione 
 
 ony. The lleet con- 
 
 hich, beside the ca|>- 
 
 cour.sellors or other 
 
 there was a dispute 
 
 .Somcrs and Ciales, 
 
 \\ Newport, the third 
 
 ral, Lord Delaware, 
 
 waited till the next 
 
 The names of the 
 
 i follows : 
 
 Sir (ieorge Sonicra, 
 
 lin ( 'hriiitooht'r Ncw- 
 
 idclilVe and Captain 
 
 and Master Nelson ; 
 
 Captain Adams ; the 
 
 tcr l*ctt ; the liion, 
 
 yaptain Moono and 
 
 smaller vessels, one 
 I by Matthew Fitch, 
 : Captain Davics and 
 
 h on the second day 
 irdtTS were not to go 
 and the West Indies, 
 yet they went au far 
 degree of latitude ; 
 that many of the peo- 
 In two ships, thirty- 
 severely, and one 
 
 till tho twenty-fourth 
 mselves to bo within 
 ng to tho northwest, 
 }n that day, began a 
 t, accompanied with 
 led forty-four hoirs, 
 ed. The Admirori 
 3 commission for tbo 
 rincipal otUcriBi v/as 
 
 Tn'erkcd on ti'e island nf nnrniuda. The ketch foun- 
 dered at eel, Tlie rem.iindrr, much diiinai,'(<l and dis« 
 trcHsril, iirnvt'd our tiller auolher m Jiiincs river, alioiit 
 tno iii:tUI:c (jf AujTunl 
 
 'i'l.r pru\)Moii-i brniiL'lit by ihrse ships were in^uin- 
 cici.t ftir l!i»' cdliniy iitid llie piisfcnyers. Tills dcti- 
 rionc.v proved virv dctniurnMl, and oc(-;i:siiMird the 
 lliif<n'ie» and rrprojcliPs whirb h.ive been tilrrad.' mni- 
 lUMii'd. The spii'-c (if It-n mniitli?* from Augii-t, HIUl), 
 to the arrival ut Lord Url.iwiire, in jiiin', ItilO, w.i.h 
 ki-.ownm Virginia fur many years after, by tbr mime of 
 •' tlie Ktarvini; timi' " IJul the waul of provi^iuii was 
 not tlie only deficiency ; there was a total want of prin- 
 ciple and of order. 
 
 (if the cuiiipany wlio arrived at this time, the follow- 
 mg de!icri|ilioii H given by a native Virginian. "A 
 great piirt ot ihem consmtcd of unruly ti|mrks, packed 
 oil", 'ly ihcir fricndiH. to escape a worse destiny at borne 
 The ri it wen; ihn (ly made np of pour nchlltMiifn, bio- 
 ktn tradcMiM'ii, ra)\e> iind liiierlines, footmen, and such 
 olliers as werr much fitter lo rum a cominnnweatth than 
 to help to raise or maiiilaiii one. This lewd comiiaiiy 
 were led by (heir Heditioiis ciiptains into many niisciiieU 
 ftiul extraviiiiancicH. They assumed tlu! power of dis- 
 iWHinir ol the goveriimciil ; and conferred it Kome- 
 liiiU's on one and soiiielimcs on another. 'I'o-day the 
 old commis.^ion must rule, lo-morrow the new, and the 
 next dav neither. All wan anarchy and di.straction.'* 
 
 Such being ilie cli.iracter of the people, there could 
 r.ot have been any great hope of success, if the whole 
 fleet bail arrived in siilcty. 
 
 Tlie adimral's sliip had 011 lioard a great quantity of 
 provision. She wa;* separated from tiie Heet in tho 
 Htorin, iiiid spraii*; u Iciil; at sea, so that with constant 
 l»mnpmg and bailni;;, they could scarcely keep her 
 (jbove water for tlirre days and tour niglits ; during 
 which time Sir (ieorge Somcrs did not once have the 
 quarter-deck. Tin? crivv, worn out with fatigue and 
 despairing of life, broached the strong !i(jUors, and took 
 leave of each other with an ineiiriatini; draught, till 
 many oi ihem IVII asleep. In tiiis ilrcadful extremity. 
 Sir (leoige dis.-overed land ; the news of which awoke 
 ond revived then, and every man cxericd himself to do 
 his duty. At length the sliip struck gruuiid m auch a 
 position hetwien two rocks, ul the distance of half a 
 rnile from llie slinre. iliii liie people and a great part of 
 the cargo were safely landed. 
 
 Tlie liermuda UUiids were uninhabited, and had the 
 vepuiation of being eni'haiited. ' Hut when the people 
 were on shore they found tin? air pure and salnhrious, 
 imd fruits of various kinds growing in hL-ciiriant plenty 
 nnd perfection. The shun; was covered with tortoises, 
 the sea ahoimded with fish, and in the woods thev 
 found wild hogs, which it is supposed had eseaiied 
 from some vessel wrecked on tiie islanii. 
 
 Here they reinJiiied luno months. The two senior 
 officers lived a[.'art, and each, with tlie assistance of 
 the men. built a vessel of the cellars which grew on 
 the island, and the iron and corda^'e saved from the 
 wrerk. Sir (Ji-or-je Somcrs labored with his own 
 hands every day till his vessel was completed Une 
 of lliese vessels was called the Patience, the other tlie 
 Deliverance. 
 
 It [% remarked, that during their abode on tliis 
 island, tliey bad morning and rvenin:,' pravers daily ; 
 divine service was perfurmed and tuo .si nnons were 
 preached every Lord's day, by liieir chaplain, Mr. 
 ijiicke. One marriage was eehhrated. and two chil- 
 dren were burn and Iviplized. Five of the company 
 died, one of whoin was murdered. The niiirdcrir was 
 put under conrmeinetit, hnt escaped, and hid himself 
 amoii!,' the wood.- and rocks, with anullier utleiuUr, till 
 the dfjKirture of tiie company, when tliev wre Icit 
 behind. Many of the jicople were so well pleased with 
 the place, that tiiey were with dilliculiy prevailed on lo 
 quit these pleasant i.-lands. 
 
 'i'hi? lower seams of the ves'-'el were calked vvl'h the 
 remains of the useless eabh;s, riul a small ipiantity of 
 tar saved from the wreck. 'I'he up[icr seat.'s were 
 secured with lime made of calcined sioiies and shells, 
 slaked with frctih water and softened with tho oii of 
 torto'scs. This cement soon became dry and (inn. 
 'lite wild hogs served for sea-stores, being preserved 
 with salt, crystallized on tho rocks. 
 
 On tho tenth of May, IfilO, tlie company, consistinir 
 of one hundred and twenty persons, embarked, and 
 
 after enroiintering some diflieulty among the rocks, 
 the next d.iv •.'ot ch-ar of the land, and sbipeil llieir 
 course fur Virjiinni; where they iirrived on the twei.'y 
 lirst. at I'oinl Comfort, and two days jttter at .l.imes- 
 town. The eolonv, redm-ed lo si.xty pciHona, in a 
 Bickly, mutinous and siarving condttiiui, gave them a | 
 moiirntnl wctroiiie. 'i'he new governor, Sir Thomas 
 (JatcH, caused the bell to he rimi*. ui.d Mirnmoned the 
 whole couipanv to the church; where, afti-r an atlec- 
 lionatc prayer by Mr. Ilucke, the new couuiiission was 
 re. id and the former president, Mr. Percy, then scarcely 
 able to stand, delivered up tho old patent, willi hia 
 cmnmission. 
 
 On a .'•Iricl eiamination, it was found that tlie pro- 
 visions brought by tlu^ two ptnnaces, would serve the 
 people not more than sixteen days, ami that what lliey 
 h.id in the town would be spent m ten. It beina| Aeed 
 time, the Indians bad no corn to spari', and tliey were 
 so hostile that no treaty cnidd be holdeu with them. 
 Tlie sturueon had not yet come into the river, and 
 iiiany of the nets were useless. No hope reinaimd of 
 prcservnm Mie colony ; and after mature dclihenition, 
 it was doiormmed to abandon the country. The 
 nearest place where any relief could be obtained was 
 Newfoundland ; thilher tlwy proposed to sail, and there 
 they expected to meet the fishing vessel.-* from Lnu- 
 laiid, on board of which the people might lie di>tri!uited 
 and get passages home, when the season of tishing 
 should be couiplcled. 
 
 Having taken this resolution, and buried their ord- 
 nance ut the gate of the fort, on the seventh of June, 
 at beat of drum, the whole company embarked m four 
 pinnices. It was with dilliciilty that some of the peo- 
 ple were restrained from setting fire to the town ; but 
 the governor, with a select co;np:iny. rcuiained on 
 shore till tiie others had embarked, and ho was the last 
 that stejiped into the boat. About noon tiiey came to 
 sail, and fell down with the ebb. tliat evening, to Hog 
 Island, 'i'he next morning's ti^le brought tliem to 
 Mulberry Island Point ; where. lyiTur at anchor, they 
 discovered a boat coming up the river with the llood. 
 In an hour's limo the boat came nloni: side tiie gover- 
 nor's [liimace, and |iroved to be an express from the 
 Jjord Delaware, who had arrived, with three ship.s and 
 a snp))ly of provision, two davs helbre. al Point Coin- 
 tort ; where the captain of the fort had informed linn 
 of the intended evitoiintiou ; and bis lordship imiiie- 
 diately despatched his skiff vvilh h'lters liy t>aplam 
 Kdward Unwster. to prevent their departuie. On re- 
 ceiving these letters, the governor ordered the anchors 
 to be weighed, and thu wind, being easterly, brought 
 them back in tlio night, to their old quarters ut James- 
 town. 
 
 On the Lord's day, Juno 10, tho ships name to an- 
 chor before the town. As soon as Lord Delaware 
 came oii shore, he fell down on hi^ knees, and con- 
 tinued some tmie in silent devotion. He then went lo 
 church, and al'ter service, his commission was read, 
 which coiisliluled him "governor and captaiu-general 
 during his life, of the colony and pbintaiion of Vir- 
 Uini.i." Sir Thomas (lales debvereU up his coinmis- 
 Slim iiiid the colony seal. On this occiision. Lord 
 Delaware made a pui)bu address to the people, blaming 
 them for their former idleness and misconduct, and ex- 
 horting ihcm to a contrary behavior, lest he should he 
 obliged to dr.iw the .sword of justice against di'lin- 
 tpu-nts, and cul them oil"; adding, that he had rather 
 spill his own blood lo protr t tl"->m from injuries. 
 
 Having displaced sn. i lu • as bad abused tlietr 
 power, and appointed ,.. i- r 'icrsons 10 oHice, he 
 assiL'iied to every man bis [.ortion of labor, according 
 lo Ins capacily ; among which the culture of riur.s was 
 not forgotten ; some Prenchmen having been imported 
 for tlii^ piir|.o.>c. There had been no division of the 
 
 • " Whereas it is rcporteci tliat ilns l-niilutHormndas. wuli 
 tl)(> istaiiils abuut U, are oncliaaleil »iiil kepi l)y t-vii iin-i u irke<l 
 BluriU ; It is a most lain ami false re;iort. God i;rant Itim «e 
 have brrmyhf no wickcU spirits with ui, or i.hm theie <-iniir 
 rwiu- uliLT lis; tin- we iDiitnl nntlnn- ineiu vmil as ourselves." 
 fJu'.^iaiVs NowH fioiii Uormudd, lOKi 
 
 lands, hnt all was common property ; and the colony 
 was considered as one great tamiiy. fed daily out of 
 llu' public sto.e. Their employments were under tho 
 direction of the government, and tiie produce of their 
 labors was brought mto thu common slock. 'Plie In- 
 dians were so troublesome, that it wonld not liave been 
 prudent for thu people to disperse, till they should be 
 bell(!r able to defend themselves, or till the savages 
 should be more friendly. They were therefore lodged 
 wiihin the forttficalions of Jamestown ; their working 
 and fishing parties, when abroad, were well armed o'r 
 guarded ; their situation was hazardous ; and the pros- 
 pect of improvement, eousideriiig the character of the 
 majority, was not very flattering. "The most houo.^t 
 and industrious wonld scarcely take so much p:i:ti> in 
 a week, as they would have done for Iheinsclves in a 
 day ; piesnmiiiif that liownver tho harvest jiruspered, 
 the general atore imisl numlaiii ihem : by winch incaiw 
 
 they reaped not so much corn ftoin the tabors of thirty 
 men, n.-t three men could liave produced, on iheir own 
 
 lauds" 
 
 No dependence could ho placed on any supply of 
 provisions from this mode of cYerlion I'tie stores 
 hroui'bt over in Ihe tleel im|fhl have kepi tiiem alive, 
 with prudent maiia'^eineiit, for tlii' i:i<ater part of u 
 year; but within that tune it would he necessaiy to 
 provide more. The ilennuda Nhinds wiro ftitl of 
 iiogs, and Sir (ieorge Somcrs offered to go thither wilh 
 a pa- y to kill uiul salt tiu-ni. This oiler wi<h readily 
 accepted, and hi; einliarked in liis own cedar vessel of 
 thirty tons, uccoiniianied by Captain Samuel Argal, in 
 anolher. 
 
 They sailed togetlier, till by contrary winds ihey 
 were driven among ihe hhuals of Nanlm-ket and ('ape 
 ("ud; whence Ar^'al found his way hacli to Virgima, 
 and was desjiatehed to the Polow mack tor corn, 'ibere 
 he found Henry Sjielmau, an Knglisli youth, who bad 
 been preserved from the fury of Powhatan, by hit 
 daughter Pocahontas, liy Ins assl^tancl• Argal pro- 
 cured a supply of corn, which he carried to Jamestown, 
 
 Sir LJeorge Soniers. aller long striii.'tiling with con- 
 trary winds, was driven lo the northeastern shore uf 
 America; where he relre.>hed his men, then pursued 
 ihe mam ol>jeet of his voyage, and arrived safely at 
 Uerinuda There he began to collect the swme. and 
 prepare their flesh for food; but the laligues to which 
 he had been exposed by sea and land, proud loo sevens 
 tor his advanced age, and he sunk umlcr the burden. 
 Pinding his time short, be made a proper disposiiion of 
 hi.s estate, and charged his ncjiliew. .Matthew Somcra, 
 who commanded under lum, lo return with the provi- 
 sion to Virginia, liut tiiu love of his native country 
 prevailed. Havmi,^ lunied the entrails ai IJermmla, bu 
 c;trried the corpse of Ins uncle to Kiigland. and dc|»osi- 
 ted It ut Wlutcliurcb in I>orscishire. A monument 
 was afterwards erected at IJeriniid.i (o the memory of 
 this excellent man * The town ol St. (ieorge wua 
 named for lum, and ihe i>laiKN were called Soiner Is- 
 lands. Tiie return of this vessel gave the lirst account 
 m Ln^Iand of the discovery of ttio>e islands. 
 
 Viri/inia. thus left destitute of ?.o able inul virtuous a 
 friend, was soon ali'-r deprived of the pn .^eiice of its 
 (iovernor, Lord Delaware. Having buili two forts at 
 llie inoiilh of Jami's river, and another at the falls; 
 and having renflercd Ins yovermeiil re-peetablc in tho 
 View both of the Ilu^di-.h and Indians, he found his 
 health so much inij)aired. that he wa.- oliliged m nine 
 months to (|uii the country, inlendm^ to go to Nevia 
 for the benelil of the ■.variu baths. liv contrary winds 
 he was forced to the We.-itrn Islands, where he ob- 
 tained great relief from Ihe fresh fruits of the country ; 
 but he was advised not in hazard himself again in Vir- 
 triiiia, till his health should be more perfectly restored, 
 by a voyage to Kngland. Sir Thomas Dalo and Sir 
 Thomas tiales having previously gone at dillerenl 
 times to Lii;:Iand. the government was again left in the 
 lijiids oi Mr Percy; a gentiemaii of a noble family 
 anil a good heart, but of very moderate abilities. 
 
 At the time of Lord Uelaware's departure (March 
 2S. Hill) the colony consisted uf above two hundred 
 people, most of whom were in <iot>d health and well 
 pro\ided ; but when Sir Tho . i Dale arrived, in less 
 than two months, (.May 10,) with three ships, bringing 
 an addition of three hundred people, l;o found the old 
 colom.>ts again ndapsin^ into the former state of indo- 
 lem-u and penury. Depending on the puldic storo, 
 they liad ncgleiMed planting, and were aimising them- 
 selves with howling and other diversions in the streets 
 of .lameslown. Nothing hnt the presence of a spirited 
 governor, and a severe exciution of his orders, could 
 luihicu these people to lalior. The severities exer- 
 cised upon them were sm-h as could not bo warranted 
 by the laws of Kngland. The consequences were dit»- 
 
 * Tliis monument vvns eiecttnl al)init ten vrar.s afier his 
 'le.ilh liy IViiilli;:uiel llutler, tlien ^-ovi ruor '»t' Hcnnuil a, "f 
 wlmii the fullowiinf accrxmi is j-iven liy Capluiii Siinili, m lus 
 lii>liity at Virgiiiiii juul the Smuer Islauils, p. I'.Cl. 
 
 " FmUiriL; accnlt'iitaHy a littk; cross ererteil 111 a hye pl.iro 
 :nn<ini; manylmslirs, an.i unitcrstniitliin; tliat tiuru was Imned 
 'tie heait ami i-iiUmiIs u( Sir (ieorge Somtr.-^, he re.solvf.'d lu 
 Icive a hi'tli^r mi.iiiory to st> w<,rihy 11 so]. her. So liiulinij i\ 
 ;,'rcat ui:irt)h,- sioiu', l)roiii:l!t out ui' hn^laiul, he caiiseil it by 
 iiiasoiis lo bo \vroui;lit liamlsoiiicly .iml liiut over the place, 
 winch liu environed with a sq'iare wall of liown stone, tomb 
 like ; whereon hu caused to be engraved this epitaph ho tia*! 
 composed. 
 
 *' III ilio year sixteen liunfircd and eleven, 
 
 N'tl)ie 8ir (ieori^e Soniers wont ticiice lo heaven; 
 
 Whose well Irit-d worth iliat tield him .still tMUploy'd( 
 
 Gave him Ihe fiiiow ledyo of the world so wide. 
 
 lb nco 'twas by lleaeeiVs decree, tliat to llu.t place, 
 
 lie lirouiiht new i;uc 4s and name, to nuilual gmcu; 
 
 At ia.st tus itouland body being to part, 
 
 lie heru buiiuuulhcd liii- tintja!ilii uud tus bo.iit " 
 
^mtmsB 
 
 1 
 
 AM r: lUC A N !l I STOH V. 
 
 contfht Mvi inaurrcction in tomr, nml itervile ui'<|iii- 
 i-»crni>o ill pthifm. Sir 't'hoiimft Duir wan ifitTtncd ;im 
 ti mun ^^'*ll rii^ht Rafrty he e^lru^t('{l \\\\\\ ]nt,\vT\ hit 
 tlu* Iiu.T 1- .»h: \4 liu mivn'ricii, iiriil liit n^/nnnii .ul 
 iniui^trnti'Mt ol tlirn', v t-ro tlio Hiibjti'i ut liiilt-r rciiiuii' 
 fi^nnwoand roin|il» .u 
 
 'iVi i^vci).ti.t>rM in MiiifUiul wiro still in a utato of 
 (limtp^iritmtMt ; urid whrri Sir 'rtuiinaM (latrn i,rriveil 
 without hrin^inu any n-tiirii!* ii(li'<{Ujir lo llirir i-i[i(i'hi- 
 tiuiii, the t-ouiu-il (-iitcrri) into ti Ni'rioii<i di IiIm-uIiimi 
 whcthiT to proct'cct Ml ihtir advcniurr or alMiidun the 
 •(iteifiriHC. Lord llcUwiirc'H arnvul in Kn;:l<iiid ntst it 
 dccjHir tjloom on tht< inrluncholy pro'xjicct iltit tltr 
 repreicrtluiiuiiA uf llien* ^rnilfinrn, dLluiTcd in coiiiilmI 
 ind conlinncd hy Udlh, nrrvt-d lo krcp u|) liii ir Hpintn. 
 nnd iiiduco iIumii slill to tcnrw tluir cit-rtiom. 
 
 The 8Ul»»lttiir4! ol' Uii'Hr rt'lirt'srntiitintii vv.ih, tli.il 
 the coiiiitry vviti rich in it«i'lt', hut lli.a tiiiir aiid in- 
 dustry Arru lu'ct'SHtiry lo rn.ikc it« wfulih prolitauh! lo 
 tht> ailvi'Mtiircr!) ; that it yit-ldtd iilMindancr oT valiialilo 
 woodd, us oak, wahnit, imh, tufHalriiN, iimiMm rry trrcs 
 fur iiiik worniH, hvc oak, rt-dar and llr I'ur hhi]ipiM<{, and 
 that on the l>ank» of the l*i)ro\vin;H'k (hrrr witc trets 
 Iirjfe I'lioiii^h lor mast« ; that it prodiui-d a i*|H'i"i('!» ot 
 wild hemp tor curda.;*', |pino:§ which ynhlcil lar, and a 
 V).at (jiiaiititv ol iron uru ; tu'^tidcM If.id, antiniony, and 
 othur inincr.il.o, and st'vrral kindn ol' colored eartlii* ; 
 tliat in ihr wuodn were lomid varioii!t haUani!* and 
 other Miidicinal dfii:^!*, witli an uiHiH'ntif ipianlity of 
 inyrlle-hcrricH lor wax; that the fori'sta and rivers liar- 
 tiored ht'aviT.H, oners, luxes and deer, whoso skiii-* 
 were vaUiahle artieles ol' coiiuneree ; ih^t stur;,'eon 
 mijjht ho taken in tlio ijreate«t pU'iity in live nohjt! 
 rivers ; and that without liie hav. to the northward, wjs 
 un ox elleii*. liifhiii:; bank lor end of tlie be^t qnahty i 
 that 'he i*oil was la^urahie to the rnltivdlioii of viiil-j. 
 Pii^Bl eaiies. oraM^e.s, Icinoii-^, ahnoiid:i and nee ; that 
 the winters were no mild tliit cattle eonld ^c>t their food 
 nbroad, and that HWine euuld he failed on wiltl fiuitM ; 
 that tilt! Indian corn yielded a iiio.si hixunant harvest; 
 und in a ^vord, that it wis "one uf the i^oodhest conn- 
 trii'ti (r.ivs I'lircha.o), proniinin^ .18 rich entrails aa any 
 kin^dum oi the earlli, to which the sun its no nearer a 
 a iieij^iilHir." 
 
 iA>rd Delaware further n^^ured them, timt nolwilh- 
 standintr iUa til !itale uf Ins health, lie was so far from 
 dhrinkiiiLi or j^ivni^,' over the enierprise, that he was 
 willmg to lay all he was worth 011 iis success, and to 
 ri'luni *,o V'iri::nia wiiii all cunvi 'iient expedition. 
 
 Sir riiomas (iatcs was aijain sent out wiih six >hips, 
 throe hundred men, one hundn-d calile, two hundreil 
 ewtne, and lar'.M* sii|«,.li(s of t-very kind. He arrived in 
 tike beirinmnLt o\' Aii;jusl. HU I, aiul received the coin- 
 tiiand Iroin Sir Thoinaa Uale, who retired to N'arnia and 
 eniploytd hitiiself in ereciin;^ a town, Henrico, and 
 lUiprovini^ his plantation at \ew HeruiU'la 
 
 111 the hcumnini,' of the next year (Ifil'J), Captain 
 Atgal, who had earned lioiiie Lord lAlavvaro, came 
 again to Vir;.'iMia wiUi two ah.ps. and was ag.iin sent lo 
 the l*olo\vm:iek lor corn ; of which he procured four- 
 teen hundred luishels. 'I'liere lie entered into an ac- 
 quaintance with Jjpazaws. the •■acheni, an oUl friend uf 
 Captain Smi:h. :Uid of ail ihe Kiiu'hsh who had come to 
 America, lit his icmiury I'uc.ilionlas, the daui,'hter 
 of i'owhalan, was conctalid. 'I'lie reason of her (juit- 
 ting the dominioii of her lather is unknown. Certain il 
 is, that he had tpcen in a slate of hostility with the 
 colcnv ever sinco the departure of Smith ; nnd that the 
 ffcijueni depredations and murders commuted hy the 
 Indians on the lOiiijlish, wire in (he highest dei;ree 
 painful to this temler-heaited pruiccss, Arj^al con- 
 trived a plan to iiv.i her mio lus possession. He 
 bargained with Japazaws to hrinii her on hoard the ship 
 under pretence of a viMt in companv with his own wife ; 
 then dismissing the sachem and his wife with the pro- 
 nuoed reward, he carried I'ocahontns to Jamestown. 
 Nhhcre f\w had not been since Captain Smith had left 
 tUf colony. 
 
 A messa^'e was sent lo Powhatan to infonn him 
 that his d.iUL'hter was in their hands, and that she mii,'ht 
 bv resiorud to liim, on coudiiion ihat he would deliver 
 up all the iMi<;lish whom he lield as captives, with alt 
 tlie arms, tools, and utensils winch llie Indians had 
 t^iolcn, and furnish the colony with a lar;:e (jujiiiily of 
 corn. This proposal tnrew him into much perplexity ; 
 for thouf^h he loved his daughter, he was loth to t^ive so 
 Jiuch for her redemption. After three months lie sent 
 back seven of the captives, with three unserviceable 
 lui'.skets, an axe, a saw, and one canoe, loaded with 
 com He also sent word, that when iliey should de- 
 i!M*r his daui,'liter, he wouKl send ihem hve hundred 
 Uiahuls uf com, and inaku full 6ati&fucliou for all past 
 
 injuries No reliance eould he idnerd on luch a pro- 
 mise. 'II10 negotiation wa« lirukeii, aud th<- kin^ Mas 
 o'leiided, The n< \( i»prinj;(HH;*) another aiieinpt was 
 lo.ide, uceonuiaiiiid wit'i Ihrealeiiin^ on the part of llie 
 IjiL'hnh; and '«tral.i„t< im un lite p.irl u\' the Indiani. 
 riun proved ((piallv ineTcLlual M ti ii^jtli il was uii- 
 nonneed lo J'owhatun, that .lolin Uulle, nil Ln^hnli 
 L;eiittrmfin, w.is 111 love with I'ucahonhis, and had ob- 
 tained Iter coii^enlt and lite lieeuite of the governor lo 
 n.arry her. 'I'lit^ princi' was sulteried by lliis intelli- 
 ;;rrice, nnd sent t}tie of I.im e hit Is lo utieiid the nuptial 
 nolemnily Alter this event I'owhataii wa^ Ineiidly 
 ti> (he eolonv as lon^ as lie lived , and a free trade waa | 
 earneit 011 belweeii them and his people 
 
 The \iiul which this t.idv made lo Ln^lnnd with her 
 ' h'.'.'liand, and her death, wlmli h.ippened there in the 
 tdooin of her youth, have been nlaied in llie life ol 
 Cdplain Smilli It is there observed, ihat " aevcral 
 families of note in Virginia are descended fnim her." 
 'I'he descent is thus tract d by Mr. Slilh ; licr son, 
 Thomas Uolfe, was idiie.iled in Kn>;land, and came 
 over lo Virj^unm, where he became a man of lurlune 
 and distinction, and inherited a lar^e tract of land which 
 had been the properiv of his grandfather, I'owlmtan. 
 He left an only dauu'hler, who was married to Colonel 
 Uohert itollni;; His ^on, M:)jor Juiin Iltdll1v^^ was 
 lather to Colonel John Ihdlin^'. wliose live daui^hters 
 v\i-re married lo Colonel Kichard Uaiidolpb, Colonel 
 Jttlin riemniLr. Hr. William ((.ly, Mr. Thomas Kl- 
 dndi^e, and Mr James Murray. 8uch was the stale oi 
 the family in 1717. 
 
 Tlie reconciliation between Powhatan and the i'ii;»- 
 lisb awakened the bars of iho Indians of Chickaho- 
 mony. a loriuidable and free people. They were go- 
 verned hy an ussembtv of iheir elders, or wise men, 
 who also bote Ihe eharacti-r of priests, They haled 
 Powhatan as a ivrani, and were alwa^ s jealous of his 
 desi<ri| 10 subject them. Ttiev had taken advantai^e of 
 (he dissension between bim and the l-ni;ltsh to assert 
 iheir liberty ; but on the reconciliation, they apprehend- 
 ed that he uii^'bt make U'<e of llie friendship ol the co- 
 lony 10 reduce them under his yoke. Tu prevent this, 
 they' sent a depiitat on [o Sir Thomas D.de, lo excuse 
 their fonaer ill-conduct, and submil theuiseUes to the 
 Lni^lish yovernmeni. Sir Thomas was pleased with 
 the olfer. and oil a day apiiointed went with (Japlain 
 Arijal and liltv men lo tii( ir viiUi:e, where a peace was 
 concluded on the lollowirif; cundilions, 
 
 I. 'J'liat tiiey should birever be called [Tossentessas] 
 New Lrii,disliincn, and be true aubjects of King James 
 and his deputies. 
 
 •J Tliat they should neither kill nor destroy any of 
 till' Ln^lish nor their stray cattle, but hniiL^ them homo. 
 
 :). That they should alw.iys be ready to funiish the 
 Ln^Hish with three hundred men against the Spaniards 
 or any other enemy. 
 
 4. That liiey should not enter any of the I Jiybsli 
 settlements without previously sending m word that 
 they were New Knubshmen. 
 
 o. That ovcy bow-man .it hjrvest should bring into 
 the store two measures [two one-half bushels] of corn, 
 as a tribute, for which he suould receive a iu'cbet. 
 
 6. 'i'hat ei^ht elders or chiefs should see alt this 
 performed, or receivt; punishment themselves ; and that 
 for their lidelity. eacli one should receive a red coat, a 
 copper chum, and a picture ol King James, aiic', should 
 be uccountt'd ins noblemen. 
 
 Thouiih this transaction passed whilst Sir Thomas 
 tiates was ul the head of the government, and rcsidinii 
 wilhm the colony, yet noiliin^ i-* Mid o\ lus usseiitui;^ 
 to It, or giving any orders about it. Dak* appears to 
 have been the most active and enterprising oian ; and 
 on Cates's return to Kiigland in the spring of IGll, 
 the chief command devolved on him. 
 
 The experience of live years bad now convinced all 
 thinkinu men among the English, that the colony would 
 never thrive whilst their lands were held 111 common, 
 and the people were maintained i>ut of the public 
 stores. In such a case there is no spur to exertion ; 
 the industnous person .ind the drone fare alike, and the 
 tormer has no inducement lo work for the latter. The 
 time prescribed in *he king's instructions for their tra- 
 ding in a common stock, and bnnuniir all tho fruits ot 
 llieir labor into a common store, was expired. An ah 
 teration was then contemplated, but the first measure 
 adopted did not iniicli mend the matter. Three acres 
 only vvere allotted lo each man, as a farm, on which he 
 was to work eleven montli.i for the store, and one 
 j month for himself ; and to receive bis projjortion out of 
 j the common stork, 'I'husc who w^re employed on Sir 
 i I'homas Dale's plantation Had better tenns. One 
 ; month's labor only was rcijuu-cd. mid they were oj:- 
 
 fiirthrr 
 
 I and for thia cierriN 
 .fi' 
 
 empted from all •iiii,ii'i >«■*■•«■ «■«■ iu« mm- v.vhj- 
 
 lion, thty paid a yearly trihuM of ihfcu luirreU and e 
 hall ot corn to the piiblie store 'I'huse larnot v\i-re n>l 
 Ik Id by a temne ol common »o(^MtZe, whieh carries \\,\\\ 
 It irtedom and pruptiiy, but men ly by leoaniy at 
 will, wliicu piudui-e^ depciidi nee II is, hjwt<ver, ui>- 
 tttrvid. thai litis small I ncoiiragi'inent ^uve kuintt pru- 
 dent (onlent, and tho fear uf cuiiiing lu tvaii; gradually 
 disappeared 
 
 .\buul two y<^ars after (1616), a inetliod cf u anting' 
 lands in In (holds, and m htt^ ol litiy ticrts, \*4Hiiiir<»' 
 il into \ IT;; una I iiiA tnimiity was ailowfd in 
 
 ipiannty of land 
 of allotting a sip 
 t rated ; and llic 
 distncts was t 
 po^s^*ssed ot iiniiK. 
 
 dm < (| iinu ( ii;^iii<it i iiit t|iiiiiiiiv \Mtt uiiu^n'ii >\' 
 
 each perKim who came to ruMde, or bruu|'hl oUittrs 'n 
 reNide thi re. The desiirn of it wan to encouruge ciui- 
 griitKHi Uesides this, there wire two luher tiielliod'i 
 of grantiii)^ land ' 'ne was a grant ol nunt. Wim, 
 any ]iersun had -' bent lit, or dune a sir 'tee to 
 
 tiiu colony, It tid Ity u grant of land which 
 
 could iiui excels -^ iliousand acres 'I'he other wm 
 called the adventure of the puiAf. K\ery perboii who 
 paid twel\i! guineas mio the company's lieasury wr.i 
 entitled to one hundrid acres. 
 
 After some lime, this li!Mrly of lakini; grants wes 
 abused; partly by llie ici urmce and knavery of sur 
 veynt'^. whoollen gave ur.Hiyhts of land without ever 
 actually surveying them, bul describing,' ihein by liiiu 
 r.tt tioundaries, andallowiiii* lari^e meas<>re ; and partly 
 by the iudid;;ence of courts, in a lavish adinitlrtnco ul 
 ciaiins. When a inaslerof a ship cmie mio court, anl 
 in.ide oath that he had ini[>"'ed himself with to iiia .y 
 seamen ami passengers, an uider was issued grunlui^ 
 him as many rights uf hlty nrres ; and Ihe clerk had a 
 fee for each rii:ht The seamen at anothir court would 
 make o.ilh, thai they had advenlured themselves to 
 iiian^ limes iiilo theeounlry, and would obtain an order 
 for as many rii^hls, tiitii\i tjuotux. 'I'lie planter wnu 
 I'roiiirht the imported servants would do tho same, aud 
 prm-ure an order for a> nianv times liliy ncns. 'I heno 
 nranis, after bein:^ described by tlie survi'vors in lliu 
 above vague and carele.ss manner, were sold at a sitiall 
 pnce ; and whoever was al>h> to purchase any conai- 
 derable number of them, became entitled to " ' ■' 
 
 ucli means the on^inal mlentioti 
 
 old to each emi;irant w.f bu-- 
 
 a of llie country 111 con\eiue:it 
 
 Land ^'peculators hecaui') 
 
 .acts, too lar;^e for cultivalion ; 
 
 I — ' — r--- -- -■• 1 
 
 and the mhahitants were ^callcred over a great extent 
 of territory in remote and hazardous situations. Tho 
 ill elVects of this disptrsion were, insecurity from ihu 
 savages ; a habit ol induUnce , dii imperfect mode of 
 cultivalion; the intn>duclion of convicts from Eng- 
 land, and of slaves Iroin Africa. 
 
 The same year (lOlli), Sir rheinas Dale returned to 
 Eriiiland, carrvinij with him i*ocahomas. the wife of .Mr. 
 Uolfe, and several other Indians. The motive of his 
 return was (0 visit his family and settle his private 
 allairs, after having spent live or six years m the service 
 of the colony. Ho is eharaclen/edasan active, faithful 
 ^overiicr. very carctui to provide supplies of corn, rather 
 by planting than by purchase. So much had these sn[> 
 plies incieased under his direction, that the colony was 
 able to Itnd to the Indian princes several l\uiidred 
 bushels of corn, and lake mor/^iiirrs of llieir laud in 
 payment. He would allow no tobacco to be planted till 
 a sulliciency of seed-torn was m the ground. He waa 
 also vt TV assiduous ill raiiLung and explonnu tho country, 
 and became exlremely deli;;nied witti its pleasant diA 
 fertile appear.iiii'o. He had so iw^U ~ ' '" 
 
 opinion oi It, 
 
 itJlUli: >i]i[ii'^ii.irii K. Ill' luiu MJ iii|^ii ail uj'iniuii ui il, 
 
 thai lie decjart d it espial lo the liesl jiarls o\ Lurope. if it 
 were culiivalt:d and inhabited by an iniiustiuoud people.* 
 
 SIR SA.MUEL AH GAL, 
 
 AND 
 
 SIR GEORdE YEARDLEY. 
 
 Saml'EL ARnAt'-Kxpcdition to ttio Nurihern part of Virgini t 
 Ali.ti'ks iliu i^tu 11. at Mount Oesurt— Takes Possession uf 
 llieir F'»rl--Takes ajui di-strcys Horl Itnyal— lln t;onferenro 
 with Hienrourt— Vi.sitsihe Duirli at IluUson's river— Duicli 
 littvunior surretiiJLMS ti> Inin— His Vuy&gG tu EiiK'aiiii — A[>- 
 iiuiiiiuJ DcinUy-yoviinior of Vin;uiia—ArriVL'» in Virgmu— 
 IteviVfS ilisti|ilme— Uecuiiits niliuiil by tiih nnor— t^liargeii 
 Willi }}eeulation— He is Mipcrscded— Uscniits by aid «f ti.t* 
 Kiirl ot Warwick— Commands a ship against the AlvemifS 
 — Kiu^litedliy King James— His characltT—ttEOBcfE YkaRH* 
 LEV, h'u\'ernur ul Vir^iiua— Eucuura^us tho ciiUivalion of 
 'i'l.liacco— Allacks the Chickaliouinny Indians— Superseded 
 hyAr^al— Ai>i«»inled<-Iovt'nior-("»eneral of Virgiiua— Uesujus 
 — lUsumes Uvu Go\L-r:iinenl--lIis Death. 
 
 We have no account of ('aptam Aruai. before tho 
 year 16UU, wlieii he came to \'irtnnta to lisb for ntiir- 
 
 • Since tht lorcgimii,' >liefls werv [Tiiiled, I have loiiud tho 
 roUowint; brief accuiiiil oi Sir luoi^^u botntis, 111 (uiluiS 
 Wuiltuesof England, p. '^-i 
 
 '* t;tiorKO Suniuiii, Kni^Ut, was l;urn u cr ueu Lviou. lu 
 
re ; and for thit Pienrfk. 
 » ul* ilirrt) Imrrctii aTj'l b 
 ilifsti l,trtii'« \svtv 11 >i 
 iH-am', wlwli Citrru'" wuh 
 I tiitTi ly l>y li'iuiiiy at 
 
 HT ll IH, t|J\Nt-VlT, ol>. 
 
 i;t im-nl ^javi' koiiio pru- 
 
 d), a muihodcf ifanttn^ 
 ol litty iirrtit, x***** iiiir >• 
 |iiiniily ^>ll!t ailii^M'tt lo 
 lit*, or lMuiij;iit oUiorn 'o 
 t wu.t to i'iKUiint;{t9 vnii- 
 W't'Ti' lv\u uilii'r iiit'lltudi 
 I ^r.iiil ol '/!( ni: \\ iifi, 
 K lit, or duiu! u -ttT'K'L' to 
 y n i^mrit ul l.uiJ \\liati 
 J aiTCf* The o'.licr wrj 
 r»e. K\try |ierMin who 
 tompdiiy'a liiainiry vh-a 
 
 ty of l;ik!iiu' n^"*"** ^'" 
 iK'u aiul kiiaviry ul' iiir 
 \i\n ol" 1.111(1 wiitioul t!ver 
 ili'-^rrilMii^ ilniii Ity lialii- 
 ir;^i' riit'ioi.rt- ; utid iidrily 
 III a hnisli ;i(lrniiunco of 
 t)lii|i c.Mitn inlu cuurttaiij 
 (1 liiriiKcIf with »o iiiu'ty 
 tlur w.i:4 issued ^rrutiuii^ 
 ri'S ; anil ihu rli.-rk had a 
 CI) at riitoihi-r court would 
 Iveritiircd thetnsflvi-!* lo 
 Did would util.iiii jti ortk-r 
 [>tn.i. 'luv planter who 
 would do the* Haiiu*. and 
 lui;eM litty tieres. 'Ilieao 
 hy thu Hurveyof.H in iIib 
 llier, WlTU Kuld at a HlttiUl 
 
 10 imrelia.HL' iiiiy (.-uiiai- 
 raino fnlitUd to a vasi 
 :,\u» (he original iiilt-ntioii 
 ) each cini^^r.iiil w.i* iVu-** 
 llio eo.iniry m eiui\ei'ic:u 
 ,aiid ."peculalors htoaini) 
 |tuo hirjio ior cultivaiiori; 
 llrred over a threat rxirnt 
 
 :drdi)U4 Kilualiuna. '1 ho 
 err, insecurity iVoin iho 
 , an iiiiperlect ir.odo of 
 of eoiivieta from t^ng- 
 
 rheiiias Dalo relumed tu 
 
 icahoritas, the wife of Mr. 
 
 ins. The motive of hia 
 
 and >t-itlu his pnvalo 
 
 )r f-ix years in the scrvico 
 
 i/ed as iiu ueiive, failtifu! 
 
 le supplies of cor;., r.iil.nr 
 
 So much iiad these ri'ip- 
 
 lion, that the colony wu* 
 
 irmei's several hundred 
 
 'iiii^rs of tlieir land m 
 
 toi>.iceo to he planted till 
 
 u the ground lie was 
 
 .id explornii{ the coiiniry, 
 
 -d wilti lis pleasant ar.d 
 
 hi<^li an upnnon of it, 
 
 hesl parts of i^iirojie, if it 
 
 an iiuiuxtnous [ivoiAo.* 
 
 AUdAL, 
 
 E A R D h K Y . 
 
 Norilirrn part of Vlrgtni* 
 iiiri— Talvcs I'Dssett^ion <>f 
 «rl Ittiyal— llii l^oiiferenro 
 
 11 :it UuiUim'srivtr— -Uuicli 
 1-. VuyaiiL' t(» Kiijj'aiiii — 1\\>- 
 ;uua— ArriVf* lii Virgnua— 
 liuui hy Iii!i riKor— i.'hafgrj 
 Ifil— liscaiits ljy aid "f ii.t 
 . ship nifiuiiSt the Aker)iu>!< 
 riaraeler— tiK->RUE YBiHit- 
 uura^es tho ciiltivalion oi 
 imiiy luiiiaiis— Siipcrsetlrl 
 jiii-r'al ot Virginia— Kesigii> 
 IS Dealh. 
 
 ptJiii Aroai- licforc iK-T 
 ir^inia to I'lsh for Htur- 
 
 r-'iTinUii], 1 liavp toun-i thfl 
 
 :OiyU S'JIlltJlS, 111 fUilttli 
 
 burn u or ueu L>iau, \u 
 
 inofiltAMUKS OF THE EAUrt DTiCOVlRERS. 
 
 fTfon vn\ trn.'r w'tli fSo colony. Thi» trtdt* wi« then 
 
 firohihiled hui tvif,' n kn.-^'uiiu of Mt TImmu.ii Sh.hIj, 
 ilx vovHU''' \*'i"» "'inMive.J ai, uriil l!it' [ rov.Rioii"* a >d 
 wine wliieli he h.o.'L.dil w»!rt a wi !i-t);i.c p lie! to the 
 roloMV. He wti* lht»rii whio \he p'nii'urd tint, es- 
 ctiped from the iet.ipf«l. arr.*«-d wilhoui their < oniuian- 
 def* ; and he roiilHMM-d (o riia'i** voyai»e!* in the a< r- 
 viee of Ih" ( olutiv. and for hi* iwn advantni.'e. till lie 
 waa nude deputy-'' verr. or, uf.il.T I. ird Delaware. 
 
 'n.e prit!i'ip,i| ('X((toit It) which h*' waa eii^ai,'ed, was 
 an rTpi.fiiiirMi to tlie nor'hern (urt ef Viri'mi.i ' Sir 
 lluHnaH It.ile, havKiL' rrreived some mr'niiatioh of the 
 iiiini'uon (ll (he l-'re:ic-h and Hnteh witliuUhe chi.l.-rrd 
 
 t i*. however, thut it made wav for a nifcnf, wht.-h [ Iit'id, and midu a dfpp tmprraainn lo Y.'tx diaalvantii^Di, 
 
 tain t 
 
 Kmg .faiiK H iravi' to Sir \V liuni Aletiinder. in lfl*Jl. 
 l>v will' h he i.'ranied him Ihe whalv ii rrilorv of Aeadia. 
 hv the name of Xovii Scotia i andycl tlii) l''rt;nch con- 
 tiieu'il their oecnpicy 
 
 Hn liiM relnrn UnvanU Viru'iiiii, with his prizea, Af- 
 I'al visiii d ihe 'Settlement which the hiileh h ul made iit 
 
 oil the mii'hN »I hi-' '"'•T Irnid ■ iJe-idert u >(r...t 
 UUiiihir u' uron^:" U> particular ptraoti*. ht* wt» 
 char 1 d wilh roiiverdn;.' to his tmn UBe, what nMuainH'l 
 of th«* ptd'll'* slorea; with depred \iunand wimte 'it No 
 rc''eni(i'« uf tho ('oiiip;(nv ; und with ninnv otVei;*. '- li 
 Iiialter* of "tHt(» and i;.>vr'jment .M t".r:.i ihe ef.in;'any 
 
 lludson'a iiver. near Oir upot wheru Alhanv i" now Mvrre no alarined, n« to ttimk of an appliral. ii to tito 
 limit, and ilemanded po»«e'*-ioii ; iillei;mi.' thai llnd-oii | crown lUr ndres- . hut on further ecnisideralu'ii, (hey 
 I'cinu' 'in Ijiijlithsuhjeel. '.onuh in tin «etM'*e o| ||n|< 
 land, etiuM not nlimale the ImuUwhieh he had iltsco 
 
 red, wliii-h weroelaitned 1>V the erown of Uniilaml. 
 I granted hy charU r to the compuny ol \ ir^'inia 
 
 iiinits of VirL,'inia. her.r Arijai, ostenHinly on a Iradiuy I The iJuteh L'"^»'''iior, Iluulriek. Christiirns, hrini» 
 
 and ti'hiru voviit'f to ihe imrlhwirti ; hot with onlc 
 to seek for. and d't|OsseM intruders. No Hccount of 
 this force is in. niioned hy any writer. Ila^in^ vij*iI( 1 
 •evt'fal (latls ol die ( oart of North Vir){iiua. and uti 
 tamed ihe he-t i.)lorn.ilRiu in his power, he arrived a' 
 the island now culled Mount Desarl, in the TJiHtrirt of 
 Miime ; wher'. two Jciails. who Ji.id heet) expelled from 
 Poit lloyal. hv the ^oteriior. Ilieneourt, for their inso- 
 lence, had made ii plunl ai<Mi, and huill a fort. A 
 Krench ship and hark were then Isni;,' m tlm harbor 
 Mo-tl of the people were dispersed, at their various em- 
 plovments, and were unprepared to rei eivc an en(fniy. 
 An.'al at once ottieked the vessels witli inuaqnetry. 
 und nude an easy ro(n|ne.*l of iheni. One of the Je- 
 Htlils wus killed in allem] tinj,' to level oiii; of the ship's 
 guna auainsL the assadan's. Ar^al (hen landed, and 
 •umtnoned the lort. The lotninander re-picHted limo 
 foreonsullation. hu! it was denied ; on wlurli llic t^'ar- 
 riaon ahanduned llie fort, and, hv a private passaije, es- 
 caped to tli'j woihU. Ari.Ml took pos-tessinn in the 
 naiiie of Ihe crown of KuLdaml. and ihc next day the 
 people came in, and surrendered tliemselves, and their 
 coininissioii, or patent. Wv. treated them wiih polite- 
 ncs.i, jjivniL,' them leave to \tn either to France, in iho 
 fiahmii vessels, which resorted lo the coast, or with him 
 to Virj,Mnia. 
 
 The other Jcauit, Father Hiard, clad of an opportu- 
 nity to he revenjied on Hienconrt, yave information of 
 his selllemenl at I*ort Uoval, and olVered to pilot the 
 veasel thither. Ari,Ml sailed across the IJay ot Knndy. 
 und, entering; the harbor, landed forty men, A j/nn 
 was fired from the fort, as a sii^mal to tho people aboard; 
 but Ari^al advanced with such rapidity, that he found 
 the fort aliandoned, and took possession He flien 
 Milfd up the river with his boats; where he view-ed 
 ihetr fields, their barns and null ; the^e he snared ; but 
 Ht hia return he de^trovcd tho fort, and defaced the 
 Krma of the Kinu of l-'rance. 
 
 Ilieneourt vvaa at tliis tune snrvevina tlie country at 
 a distance; but was railed liome suddenly, and reipiested 
 a conference with the Kniihsli conunander. Tliey met 
 in a meadow, with a few of their followers. After an 
 inetfectual assertion of n^fhts, etpially claimed hy both, 
 liicncourt propos(d, if he could o!)lam a protection 
 from the Crown of Knirlatid, atid L'ct the obnoxious Je- 
 ■i)it mU) his possession. todiviJe the fur tra(b\ and dis- 
 close the mines of the country ; but Arj^al refused to 
 ntukc any treaty, alleL'itiL' that his orders wire only to 
 iispossess him ; and threaienin^'. if he should I'md hiin 
 there aijain, to use 'lim as an enemy. Whil-^l ihey were 
 in conference, one ai thu natives came up to them, and 
 in brt-icen Krcnch, with !".iii.ihle iie.stures, endeavored 
 to tr.'^diate a peace ; wond(riui» thai persons, who seem- 
 pd lo liiin, lo be of one nat;on, yliould make war on 
 each other, 'i'iiia allectit:i; iiicident served lo put them 
 both into txood humor. 
 
 Aa i: was a tune of [leace between the twx crowns. 
 Oic only (iretexl for this e\pedilion, was the intrubinn o\' 
 the French into limits claimed by tlie Knirlish, m virtue 
 <if prior discovery This mode of dispossessin^r them 
 lid :i been censured, as "coiiirarv lo the l,aw of Na- 
 U IIS, because inconsistent with their peace." ll was, 
 
 t'l make any nsistance, ipiieilv submiHed hilici'll 
 and his colony to the f'rown of t'inijlatid. and was per- 
 mitted lo nunain tiiere. Hut mi the arriv.ilofa rein- 
 forcei.ient the nckl veir, ihcy bmll auo'her fort, on the 
 soiilh end of (he island Manhaltan, wiu-re the city of 
 New York now sl.md:*, and held the eouniry for inauv 
 years, under a ^riinl iri. <i the iJiatcs-general, by th* 
 name of New Nitlirrlands 
 
 The III xl spriiu,' (Kill) Ar;.'iil went to Knuland, and 
 two years after. Sir Thomas Dale followed hnn. leaving: 
 tie.ir<.'e Veardley lo noveru the coioii\ m bis absence 
 It had been a yrand ohjeei with Dal'i to d'^cournu'- 'he 
 planting of tobacco ; but his 8Ucees.*.or. in compli.: ice 
 with tho humor of the people, itululired them in cilti- 
 vatuiif It, in preferen''o lo corn. When the colony was 
 in want of bread, Veardley sent to Ihe Indians of Cine k- 
 uhoinonv for tlieir tnlmle, as promised by i'k^ treaty 
 m.ide with Dale. They answered, that they had paid 
 his mastiT ; but that liny had no orders, nor any iiu-li- 
 nation to obey him. Veardley drew out one h'lndred 
 of his best men. and went ai.'aiti«l them Thev reeeived 
 him in a warlike posture ; and after niucli threatenin;,' 
 on both sides, Veardley ordered his men (o lire 
 Twelve of the nalivea were killed, auil as many were 
 r ■In prisoners, of whom two were KIders of .Senator- 
 : >ir llieir ransom, one hundred bushels of corn were 
 |).ii{|, in addilion to tlie tribute. Three lioats were 
 loaded for .lainestown, one of which was overset in the 
 pas.sa^^e. and eleven men, with her whole cari.'o, were 
 Inst. 'I'lie natives were so awed by this chastisement, 
 that they supplied the colony v/iCu auch provisions as 
 thev could spare from iheir own slock, or procure bv 
 buntiiii; ; and bcinj; thus supplied, the coloihsta ^ave 
 theniJ^elves cbietly to the planting of tobacco. 
 
 In lfil7, (Captain Arijal was appointed depnty-flo- 
 vernor of the colony under Lord Delaware, and admir.il 
 of the adjacent seas. When he arrived, in May, he 
 found the jialisades broken, the church fallen down, und 
 the well of fresh water apoiied ; but the market-sipiare 
 and the streets of Jainestow n were planted with tobacco, 
 and the people were disperst (I, wherever they could 
 lind room to culliTate that precious wec'I; the value ul 
 wliK'li was supposed to be much 'iiiLmiented by a new 
 mode of euro, dryini,* it on lines, rather than fermentinL' 
 it in heaps. The author of tins discovery was a Mr 
 Lambert ; and the clfect of it v\as a yreat demand 
 from FnLdand for hnes, which afterwards became a 
 cajiital article of tralfic. 
 
 To counteract the ill elTecla of Veardley'a indiil- 
 getice, Ar^'al revived the severe discipline which was 
 irrounded on the martial laws, framed liy his patr-Jii, Sir 
 'I'homay Smith ; a apecimen of which may bo feeii in 
 the followmi; edicts. He fixed the advance on *n^v\)> 
 imported from Knylaiid, at twenty-live per cent, and ihf 
 price of tobacco at three shilliiiLrc Jier pound ; the pe- 
 nalty for iransifressintr tins re»rulaiion was three years 
 slavery. No person was allowed lo fire a ;rnn. except 
 in hi.s own defence, ajiainst aneneinv. till a new suniilv 
 of aimnunition should arrive ; on penalty of one \e,i'r"s 
 slavery. Absence from church on Sundays and holi- 
 days, was punished by laynit; the otlender neck and 
 
 wrote a lel'cr of reprenension tt> hnn, and anothT of 
 complaint t«> Lord Delaware, whom they «:ippesed to 
 be al thch< u] id' llie et>totiv, reipiesliiiu iliat Ar^al tni^ht 
 be aent lo Kn^land, (o answer the ehar^rpa (aid aguiiiM 
 hnn 
 
 lloth these letters fell into Artfal'a hnn la. Ccnirinc.ed 
 that lits time was short, lie deie'inii'rd to nul"? (ha 
 most of It for his own interest. Havin^MissumMl llio 
 car( of biN liMd?<)iip's estate m Virginia, he ciut.rrted 
 the labor o\ the leiiauls, and the produce of the land tJ 
 hi.s own use. Hut llilward llrewster, who had been 
 ajipomied ovt rsetr of the planiatiou, by hi** lordshni't* 
 orders before his d'alh, endeavored to withdraw them 
 from Ar^^al's servici-, and eniploy tin in lor the benefit 
 of llie estate. Wlim he thre.itcned one who refua*'d 
 loo...y hill), the fellow made his complaint lo th»» 
 ^0 criior; Mrewst( r was arrested, tried by a court- 
 mar, d, and s'Milenced in death, in conscpieiice of ihe 
 afort aj ' ,.v of Sr 'I'huinas Smith- .Sensible of the 
 extreme :.( .enly of tlie.se l.ivvs, lln^ court whicb hud 
 })Uss(h1 the Renleiice, accompaiiied by the cleryy, went 
 in a body to the pivernor, to intercede for Hriwster'i 
 life, which, with mnch didicully iliey obtained, on thil 
 condition, th.it he hliould ipiit Virt;mia, ne.-er inoro 10 
 return ; und should |.nve his oath, thai be would, neither 
 m Kn^laiMl, nor cl-ewhere, say or do ciuy thmj: lo tliu 
 dishonor of the governor. tJn his ^omj.' to Fn^land, ho 
 was advised tt) appeil to tlie coinpaiiv ; and Ihe prose- 
 cution of this appial. added to ihi' odium v.hie|i At^sxl 
 itrt.l incurred, deiermiiiiil ihein to send over a new ^o- 
 v-jrtior, to examine lltu coinptairts und accusations on 
 the spot 
 
 The pi'Tson ci osen tc txecate tUia rommission. wua 
 Veardh'v, bis rp al, who, on thisocc.isioo, was knii,'liied, 
 and appoint- u i,'overiior-^'eneial of ihe colony, wliere bo 
 arrived in the >prm:| of HllO 
 
 'i'he Karl of Warwick, who was Ari^al's friend and 
 partner in trade, had tak* n can lo t,'ive hnn inlorma- 
 tion of what wasdoiii;^', and to dcspateh a a-nali veasci, 
 which arrived before the new ^'overnur, and curried oil 
 Ar^rd with all his elfecis Uv tins in.ina-uvre, and by 
 virtue of his partnerslnp with the earl, he nut only es- 
 caped th" •"•ended examination in Vir;.'inia, but secured 
 the j;reater part of his projieriy, and defrauded llio 
 company of that restitution which they had a rij^ht to 
 ex nee I. 
 
 The character of Captain Ar^al. like that of most 
 who were conccrin'd m the colonization and govern- 
 ment of Virnjima, is dilferently drawn. {)n the oii« 
 hand, he is s|K)ken of as a j^ood mariner, a civil jrentlo- 
 inan, a man of public spirit, active, industrious, and 
 careful to provide tor tin? people, and keep them con- 
 ptanlly einjiloyed. On \\n'. oilier hand, he is described 
 aa nej^'lim-nl of the public business, seeking only hi^ 
 own inlerest, rapacious, passionate, arbitrary, and eruol ; 
 puahini,' his unrighteous ^ains by all means of exlorliou 
 and oppression. Mr. .Stiih, who, from the best infor- 
 mation which he could obtain, at ih>: distar.ce of inortt 
 than a ctnliiry, t)y searchiiijj! the public records of »hn 
 colony, und the journaU of the company, pronounce'* 
 him '• a man of j^ood sense, of j^real industry and re»!>- 
 lution.*' and says, that "when the company warned 
 him peremptorily, lo exhibit his arc<^inis, and iniLko 
 answer lo such thtn;js as they had charj^ed ajxamsi hnn, 
 he so foiled and perplexed all their proceedm;js, ani 
 pave iliem so much trouble und aniioyance, ttial they 
 wt.re never able to bring him to any accounl or punufH 
 inent.'* 
 
 Nothing more is known of him, but that after quit- 
 ting Viririiiia, he was employed m 1020, to command a 
 ship of war, in an expedition airainst the Al|^erine6 ; and 
 that in 16*^3, ho was knighted by Kmt,,' .lames. 
 
 Abon*. the same time that Lord Dctavvare died at sea, 
 the great Indian prince Powhatan, died at his seat in 
 
 heels, for one whole night, or bv one week's slavery ; 
 lowever. agreeable to the powers granted in the char- i the second olfence, by one mon'h's ; and the third by 
 lei of 1609 : and even the seizure of the French ves- one year's slavery. Private trade with the savages, 
 sela, on board of which was a iar^e quantity of pro- j or teaching them to uso the anns, was punishable" by 
 vision, clothing, furniture, and trading goods, was also | death. 
 
 warranted liy the same charter. There is no evidence 'I'hese and simdar laws were executed with such 
 that ibis transaction was eiilier ajiproved by the Court I rigor, as to render the deputy-governor odious to the 
 of England, or resented by the Crown of France ; eer- ! colony. They had entertained a hope of deliverance. 
 
 _ _ by the expected arrival of Lord Delaware, who sailed j Virginia, (April, 1618)* He was a person of excel 
 
 DorBPtshirc. He was a lamb npon land, and a linn at sea. ff^rn England for Virninia (April, 1618) in a largesliip, I leu natural talents, penelralingund crafty, and a corn- 
 So paiient on siH.re, that few cmiid aneer him; and on enter- containing two hundred people. After touching at the' nlele master of all the arts of sava(re policy ; but loially 
 
 ing aship as ifhe haa assmncd a new nature, so p.i.tsionato Wpslern IsliruU a sii^.-n««ni. nf rr>nir-.r» ..iMJa -,,,1 ' i •■ . .i . a "^ . ii 
 
 that few cimld please him. Whitchurch, where his cornso ;^ f^^^n islands, a succession ot contrary winds, nnd void ot truth, justice, and magnanimity, llcwassuc- 
 
 bad weather protracted the vovage for sixteen weeks, cecrlcd bv ins second brother ( Ipiichafian ; who, being 
 
 during which lime, many of the jicople fell sick, and docrepid and inactive, was snou o'.s.-iir<-d by thr sup«- 
 
 nbont thirty died, among whom was Loid Delaware. — ' 
 
 'riii* f o ll ii.ivva »i-w bn,-»„-i, (;,..:» .,« v.-.,;..;... i..,» ti.« * Tin* sjune year is iil:^o nicinoralile for the d *aih of Sir 
 
 llus alal news was known brst m \irgmia; but the w,a,cr Kiileit-h; who may t>e c uisiCcrcd aa the foundfi of 
 
 report ot Argal s mjurioua conduct had gono to Lng- tlui culunvut Vir^in'i. 
 
 corpso 
 was dcpositoU, is distant Ihree miles from Lyme. 
 
 • Ihe tmieof lliit V(»v;ii;c is not accurately iiiLMitionnd ; hut 
 ft\jm lonipanm; several d.ites and transactions, I thiuk (with 
 Mr. f'nnc(')ihal ii mu-;t hive been m tho suininer of 1013. 
 Ccrtajily it was hefdro Arjral was made d e put v-iro vernor, in 
 UiP tlwuKb soir* wmbr** httvu pUcnd ii after that poiioJ. 
 
8ft 
 
 AMKRICAN IIISTOUy. 
 
 liiii^'.i 
 
 ■i i 
 
 nor abilities and ambition of his younger brother Ope- 
 charuanougli. Hoth ol' thoin rciifwcd ar.d i-oiitirnu-d 
 the pwicf which I'owhjtan \\m\ in-uif witli ihc colony ; 
 OpcL'ham-anou^h (iiuilly I'lijirossrd Uu- wliolo powrr ot 
 govcriiincnt ; lor llir iiiduns do not so iniu'lt rt'«.Mrd i!iu 
 order of siicccAsioii, as hrilhaiu:y of tdlcnts, and intre- 
 pidity of mind 111 their chit Is. 
 
 To ingratiate themst'lves with the prince nnd attach 
 him more elo&cty to their interest, tlie colony built a 
 house for hiin, alter the Knglish nwde. With tins, he 
 was sc much pleased, that ht* kept (he keys roiitintuliy 
 ill his hands, opening and shutting the door» many tunes 
 ill a day and ^huwin^ the inachiner)' of ilie locks, to Ins 
 own people and 8traii»;ers. In return ur this tavur, lie 
 gave hbcrty to the Kiijt1i>1i to seal liien.>elves at any 
 place on the shores of the n\ers, where the luitive? had 
 no villajics. and entered into a Inrllicr treaty with ihcin 
 for the discovery ol nnnes and for inniiial friendship and 
 defence. This treaty was at the re.pieal ol Opcclun- 
 canon<;h cngra\eh on a brass plate, and Jastened to one 
 of the lar<;est oaks, liiat it nn^hl be always in vievs, .tiid 
 held in perpetual reinembrincc. 
 
 Ycurdley, bemjj: rid ot the iron'. Ir of calling Argal to 
 ftccoiinl, applied hiinM'lf to tiie bu''ine.*s of his jjovcrn- 
 ment. Tlie lirsl tlniij: he dd w.'s lo aild six new :nem- 
 bera to tho council, Trancis West. .Nathaniel I'owel, 
 John Pory, John Kalfe, William Wickliam. and Saiii- 
 utl Maycoek. The iiv V was to p.ihlisli his intention lo 
 call a Oeneral Assembly, the privileires .uid powers of 
 winch were deiined ni Ins eoninnssioa. He also L'raii'.ed 
 to the oldest planteis a discharge from Ml sers ice to llie , 
 colony, but such as was \oluntaiy, or obligatory by the I 
 laws and customs of nations ; w ttit a coiitinnatiun of ; 
 hli their estates, real and persunal, to be liolden in tliu I 
 same nuMiier as by Kn::!l^n subjects, finding a great 
 tiarcity of corn, lie iikule some iunends lor his lormer 
 error bv p'roinoling tlio cnliuation o( it. The llrst year 
 of his adiinni>tration ^11)19) was remarkable for very 
 great crops of wheat and Indian corn, and lor a great 
 mortality o( the people; not less ihaii dOO of whom 
 died. 
 
 in tho montii oi July of tins year, liio first (icncral 
 Assembly of liie colony ol Virginia met at Jamestown.* 
 The d :'Jtiis were eiiosen Iw tue town.ilnps or boroughs, 
 no tounties henii.' at that tune formed. From this eir- 
 cun.£*ance the lower liousi* of Asseinl'ly was always 
 afterwau!sialled tlie House of Huriiess. till l!ie revolu- 
 lioii m 1^ ~i6. In ilns a^senlt>ly. the governor, council 
 find burgesses flat m one ho^l^e. and juinlly " debated 
 ail matters, thought expedient lor the good of the 
 colony.*' The laws then cn.u'ted were of rlie nature 
 of local regulations, and were transnnittd to Kngland 
 for the approhaiion of ilie ireasuier and company. It 
 iff said that tiicy were judiciously drawn up ; but no 
 vestige ot them now remains. 
 
 Thus, at llie expiration oi twelve years from their 
 selllcineiH, liie Virginians tirsl en|uyed the privilege oi 
 o colonial legislature, m winch they were repre-iiited 
 by peraons ol llicir own election. Tliey received as a 
 favor, wliji they might have claimed as a right ; and 
 with minus depr* sm d by the arbitrary syatem under 
 v\hLch they had been held, tlunkeU llie company for (his 
 favor, and lux'^Jcd lliem to reduce a compeiuluim, with 
 his mujesty's apprithation, the laws i)l Kiitiland suilaltlu 
 for Virginia , giving tins as a rca^oll. that it was not fit 
 for subjects to be governed by .ii.y laws, but those 
 which received an auilionly fioiu tlieir -nvereign. 
 
 It seems to lu've ben a j^enei.d sentiuu-nt among 
 itiese eoicnists, not to make Virginia the place ot ilicir 
 permauent residen-,'''. but a'ter luuing 'tc.juireU a tur- 
 tiuw b) plaiiUng and trad:', to return to Kngland Kor 
 llus reai>oii, mosi I'l tiiein were destitutu ol lainilies, 
 lutd had no natural altachment to <'>•' country To 
 remedy tins material ilefect, .Sir Kdwm Sand\s t!iu 
 ntw treasurer, proposed to the compinv to send over a 
 freight ol >oiing wo.nen, to make wives lor the planters. 
 This iiroposai with se\eral others i.i.ido bv that emi- 
 nent stati^smaa, was received wilh universal applause , 
 find ttu: success answered their eipietions Ninety 
 trirU, "\oungand uncorrnpt." wert: sent o\er at one 
 lime llO'Jit), and sixty more. " iuiuUoine and well 
 rtcominended" at anotiicr (,l('.'.*l.) liiese were soon 
 bitssod with the ot'ject ol their w■l^he8. The price of 
 a wii«, At first, was one linndred and twenty pomids ol 
 toUico, tut as tho nnmher Ueaine scarce, the price 
 WM» increased to one huiulred and fiftv pounds, the \aluu 
 of waich in inonev was three shdhn^s per |K>und. l)v a 
 KubictjUent a-'t of assembly, it was ordained, that "the 
 
 • Deveilpv (p. 35) says tiiat the tu--t Asm mtily w.i> iil'ril 
 (n Ib'JO. Hill Stilti. w))» )i.itl llKMC iirciu.it('>> fttvitelipti Mm 
 
 rreohl*, says Uial thv iiisl »ms in Itllti antl'iliu .N«euiiil lit 
 
 ' price of a wife shouM have the precedence of all olhor | 
 i debts of recovery and payLicnl. because, of all kiiuls * 
 ' ol iiK rcbaiidise. this w.ts the most desirable." 
 i To tins ."ahitary project of the conij any, Ktnu James 
 [was pU-ased to .idd anotbe^ which he signified lo the j 
 ■ treasurer bv a letter, crmiiui'iihiiir them to send to Vir- 
 gima one hundred dissolute persons, coiniettd ofj 
 crinirs. who should be deluered to them by ihe kniglil- , 
 marshal. The season oi the year (.November) was un- 
 favorable for traiisport.ition : but so peremptory was! 
 the king's cunnnand, and so submissive the temper of the I 
 I company, that thev became bound for the sn[lsl^tence j 
 I of ibeso wTctehes till they could sa.!, which was not j 
 till I'ebrnary The expense of this e.piipment was-lOOl>/. I 
 On this iransaction, .Mr yiitli, who takes every oi>-, 
 I portumty to evpose the weak and arbitrary government 
 of Knii; Jann s. make-* t!ie following remarks. " Those ! 
 who know wiili how luuh a band this king carried it e\en ' 
 with his parliaments, will not be t-uiprised to find liun ' 
 thus nnmcrcilully insult i\ private company, and load I 
 them against all law, with the maintenance and extra- 1 
 ordinary expense of transporting such persons as he 
 thouiiht proper to banish. And [ cannot but remark, 
 how earlv that custom arose of transporting loose and 
 d.^solute persons to \'iri:iiua, as a place of punisliineiil 
 and dtsi.'racc; which liiouLih originally designed for 
 the advancement and increase of the colony, yet has 
 cerlaiidy provid a great lundrance to its yiowth. Forj 
 It hath laid one of the ilnest countries m .\nu rica un- \ 
 iler the unjust seaiid.il of lieiiii; another Siberia, tit only ! 
 for the reception of malefactors, and the vilest of the| 
 people. So that few have been induced willingly to I 
 transport themselves to such a place; and our younger ■ 
 si>iers. the northern colonies, have accordingly prohted 1 
 thertby. For liiis is one cause that they have out- 
 slripped us so much m the mimber oi their inhabitants. , 
 and m the goodness and fre^piency of their towns and! 
 cities." 
 
 In the same year (UV^O) the merchandise of human 
 llrsh, wa> furlluT augmented, by the mlrodueiion oi 
 ne^Toes from .\fr;ca A Uuu h slop brought twenty oi 
 them for sale; and liu' Viriiinian>, who had but just 
 emeri^ed Iioin a state oi vassalage themselves, began 
 to be the o'.vners and ;naslers ot slaves. 
 
 "File principal eoMmodiiy produced in Virginia be- 
 sides corn, was tobacco , an .irticle of luxury much in 
 demand in tiie north of Fiiiope. (Ircat bad been tiie 
 dilHeulties attending: this inule. [tartly liom the jealousy 
 of the .*<pam.)nls, who cultuated it in iheir Americm 
 colonies ; parilv from the obsctpnonsness of James lo 
 liiat nation, and partly from his own s.pieaimsh aver- 
 sion lo lol'acco. a:rai:i.-<: the use ot which, m his princely j 
 wi>doin. he had written a book * j 
 
 'Ino \ irunnu Coiniuny tliemselves were opposed lo 
 Its euiiixuiion, and ii.kbly admitted various projects 
 for encour-iiiinj; othc ; roducttons, oi more immediate 
 \!se and beiu it lo mankind .\s ihe coaiilry uaturaiiy 
 Melded ninUierrv trees and vines, it was thought that 
 silk and wnie mi;iht be maimfacturtd to advantage. 
 To facililate these projects. CLTgs of the silk-worm were 
 procured from the south Tii countries of F.iirope ; books 
 on tlie subject were ir.'nslated Irom loreign bioiiuages ; 
 persons skdleil in the management of silk-wornis ai.d ■ 
 the c.'ltivaliuii of viucs were engaged ; and to crown 
 all, a royal orih r from King James, t ndo.-'ed m a tetter 
 from the treasurer and council, was sent over lo Vir- 
 unua, willihii:!i expect.itions of success F*iit no e.x- , 
 ertions nor authority could prex.ul. to make tlie cultiva- 
 tion ot tobacco yield to that of silk and wmo: and 
 nfler the trade ol the colonv was laid open and tlie 
 Dutch bad lice access to their ports, the growth ofi 
 tobacm received sncii encoi.rageinent, as to become 
 the grand staple of the colony. 
 
 .\t this tunc, the comiiaiiv m Knu'land was divided 
 into two pariici ; the K irl of Warwick wan at the lie.id 
 of one, and the Karl of Souihampton of ihe oilier 
 The former was the leasl m number, hut had the ea'-l 
 ,Lud support of the king; and (heir vir\ilenco wasj 
 directed airain-d Vea.dlev, who hatl intercepted a I 
 packet fruiM his own .MC'-;ary, Fory. conlami'ig the | 
 proofs of Arnai's misconduct, which had been prepared [ 
 to be used ngainst hnn at his trial ; but which the | 
 secretary had been iiribed to convey to bis close Irieml . 
 the l'!arl of Warwick The go\ermir. heim; a man ol , 
 a imld and gentle temper, was so overcome with the' 
 opjiOMtion and menace- x,'i '.lie faction, which were 
 puhbclv known in the colony, that his authority wasi 
 
 weakened, his spirits dejected, and his health impairwi 
 to that de ,ee that he became unfit for business, 8M(J 
 retjuestet. a ilisnnssion fiom the cri's of t;i)vpinnu"nt. 
 His commission expired in NoM-tebcr. ll»,l, but ho 
 continued in the eolonv. was a member of the c jvincil, 
 and enjoyed tlie respect and esteem ot ihe people, 
 
 Uuring this short admin ^iratton, many new :ii;t«C' 
 inents were made on .Lnno, and York rivers, and l.jo 
 planters l>eiiig snppliid with wives and servimis beg''.ii 
 to think ihiinseKes at home, and to take pleasure in 
 cultivaimg their lands ; hut the,- neglected to proviilo 
 for their derence. placing toti ^^eat eonlidence in thn 
 continuance of that •trainpnilitv which they had lotii; 
 enjoyed by their *reaty with the Indians. 
 
 * Tins I'rtoK Is eiititb'il *' A ('inmlerlilast to Tulmcco," ami 
 Ih |trmtea in a I'olin volume ol' thv wxrk.t »l Knut James. In 
 tins luriiMis ivmk. lit' c.>iiij„ui'* the sm.ike «»t l"t«iicco i<> llie 
 sniokn <>r lilt' l<<itti>iult'<-<< I'lt , nn>l A.iyi it lu only |iiopcr to 
 resale tlio d'-vu sfiiT Uttm'-r. 
 
 SIR FU ANrlS W V AT, 
 
 Sir FR.VNCIS WvAT—Succeoils Yennilev In llio jiovernineni 
 cl V iiiiiiiia— Dcctuvcii h\ \hv bi(tl:mchlel.>i— Ma'ssacre ottlie 
 ei>U'iiisi.-i-ntM>[';n>scs ihc change oiuitvernincul atteiiUJleJ 
 I'V the (.'rtiwii—Hf returns tn Irclaml. 
 
 WiiKN Sir fleorge Veardley requested a dismission 
 from the burden of tjovernnient. Ihe Karl of Southimjf- 
 toii recommended to ibc rompanv Sir Fiancis Wvat, 
 as ins successor. He was a vouiii; ^rentleman of a 
 good familv, in Ireland, who. on .iccount of his edm i- 
 lion, fortune and in!e::nlv. was every w.iy eipial to the 
 place, and was accordmglv ciioscn. 
 
 He received from the company a .<et of instriietinns, 
 which Wi re intended to be a permanent directory for 
 the 'governor and conned of tlit- ct>lony. In these it 
 wiis recommended to them, \o provide for the service 
 of (Jod. accitrdint: to the form ami disetphne of ihe 
 I'imrch oi Knuland ; to ailmimster pislice according '0 
 llie laws of I'n^land ; to protect the nalivi'S, and culti- 
 vate peicewnh them; to educate their cIuKiren ; ii'.i 
 to endeavor their civiu/.ation and conversion ; totncou- 
 raije industry ; to suppress gaming, intemperance, and 
 excess in apparel ; to give no olVcnce lo any other 
 prince, stale, or people ; to harbor n.i pirate*; to bmM 
 fortilic.iiK.ns : to cnltiva'c corn, wine, and silk ; to 
 search for minerals, dves, gums, medical drugs; and 
 to "draw oil" the people from the excessive planting ol 
 tobacco " 
 
 Immediately on Wy;it"s arrival. ((October. KVMi !iO 
 sent a special message to Opilchapaii and l>pechancit- 
 noii^h. bv Mr. licorge Thorpe, a iietiileinnn of note lU 
 the colonv. and a i:n at ftieiul lo the Indian*, to con- 
 lirm the former treaties of 'peace and Irieiid.»!iip Thct 
 both expressed great satisfu-tion at tiie arrival of l!<o 
 new governor ; and Mr Thorpe im.igined tli.tt heeou.j 
 perceive an uncommon dcL'ree of rt hixious sensibd ty 
 in t)|iecl;aiuMnoii:;h Tiiat ;»rlfnl chief so tar imposed 
 on tb.e crednlilv of this good gentleman, as to persuade 
 him that he acknowledged liis own reiii^ion to be wrong; 
 that he desired to !te instructed in the t'lni.-'tian doc- 
 trine, and that lie wished tor a more friendly and fami- 
 liar intercourse with the Ijujlish. He also confirmed « 
 t'oriinr |)romi:'e of .'endim: ■> guide lo show them ."Omo 
 mines above the falls Hut all these pretences serv^nl 
 onlv to conee.d a design wliuh be bad long meditated, 
 to tle-itrov the wiuile Kn^b*<h colony. 
 
 The pe.u-e wh'i h had ^nb.■.|^ll•d .-^mce the marriage of 
 Focanoiita'* had lulled the Knglish mto secuntv. ami 
 disposed them lo extend their plantations along the 
 banks of the rivers, as far as the Fotowmack. in silua- 
 lions too remote Iroin each otlier. Their bouses were 
 open and tree lo tiie nilives, w!io lu'canie acipiainfed 
 with their manner oi li\in<_' their hours of ealme. o( 
 laltor and repo-ic. the use of their arms and tools, and 
 frt'pieiUlv Itiirrowed their boats, t'nrllic convenience of 
 tislnn;X '"id I'owlmg, and to pa.*s the rivirs. This faini- 
 liaritv was plea.Ami; to the Kn<;lish. a.* it indicaled a 
 spirit of moderation, winch had Invn always recom- 
 mei.di'd by llie conipany in Fnirland to Iht ,...*. iters; 
 and. as it atl'oitletl a f ivonbie svmplom of t!ie civil,/.a- 
 tion Old eonversum of the natives ; but, by them, oi 
 then leaders, it was designed lo conceal the most sail- 
 gninarv nitenlions 
 
 In .ii' spnni» of the next year, (Ifi'J'i) b opportumtv 
 ollered to throw olV the mask of friend-lnp, uid kmdle 
 their seerel emmtv into a bla/e Among the natives 
 who freiptenily visited the Knglish, was a tall, hand- 
 some, vonnj chief, renowned lo courai^e and suc:e.st» 
 m war. and exces<ivi Iv loud ot f.iierv in diess. Hi:> 
 Indian name was Nemat.inow ; but by the Knyhsh ha 
 was ealleil Jack ol the Feaiher t'oiniriiT lo the sttao 
 of one Mortrjii, he there viewi'd several toys and orna* 
 ineiits, vvbicli were \erv agreeable lo the Inilian tasle , 
 and per-* muled M>>rL'an lo xw^t*- I hem to IVnminky, 
 where be assured hiin i f an .ulvaiiML; -^ trallb' Mov- 
 gbit eorseined tu go wiih liim , hul v as niu'duud bv 
 the way. 
 
 \ '^ 
 
(1, niul hi^ hp;tlth impairtxl 
 n' iiiiiii itir ImsiiusB, and 
 
 lllO i-.Tt'S Ol" U'HT Mimi.Tlt. 
 
 .NoM'irbcr. 10'^ I, lull ha 
 a incinl'Pr of iho c Jiincil, 
 I'slorm ol lilt' I'toiilt'. 
 ^tralioii. iii.Tny new init'tf* 
 iiiid York rivrrs. iiikI I.iu 
 wives ami .-rrvams tu'jt'Ln 
 , ami to liiko I'liMsiuc in 
 iht'. lU'i^K'rtiil lo proviilo 
 to LiriMl roniitU'iirt' in tii»* 
 Ihty wliicli llu'V had long 
 the Indians. 
 
 IS WYAT. 
 
 VoirilU'v ill the povemmeni 
 iiili;in oliU'ts— Mii'isaiTe ciflhe 
 .n^f III litivc nunc tit uticmpted 
 IrclaiKl. 
 
 ev rriincstn! n dismission 
 ■lit. the K.irt of Southinij)- 
 iiipaiiy Sir Kiaiuns Wvat, 
 11 vi>iin^ ;;t'iitl('nmn of a 
 , on .uTooiiI of his cdm .*• 
 Lis t'vrry way 04ual to the 
 losrn. 
 
 |i>itiv a .«('t of ins(nicii:5ns, 
 \ |urm.im'ii( dirt'iMory for 
 f the i'oh)iiy. In llicso it 
 In provi'It' for the orrvico 
 >nn aiui dtsoiphiio o{ the 
 inisttT inslit'o iu'fordm^ ^0 
 it'cl tilt' iKiiivti*. and fuUi- 
 liioalt^ tiinr fliiMrrn; ivvS 
 aiiil convtTsioii ; tot'iifou- 
 .Mmnij, inti'inpt'raiK'o, and 
 • no oitciifir to any othor 
 i.ulior n.i [inati's; lo ItiiiM 
 L'orn, \\nu\ a'ld ^ilk ; lo 
 [•iiiis, mi'dual dnij^s ; and 
 n tlic oxccssivf planting ol 
 
 irriviU, ((VtoluT, UVil: ho 
 
 piit'hapun and Opi-chiuiru* 
 
 \M\ a <^t iitlcinnn of note in 
 
 <d to t!it' Indians, to con* 
 
 ai'o and lrn'iid.«hip. They 
 
 I'lion at tilt' arrival of ihd 
 
 ■ nna<:iiu>d itiat iirrouid 
 
 of rt liuious sfiisdul ly 
 
 nfnl rhti'f M> far iinposod 
 
 [I'lith'inan, as to pyrsnade 
 
 iwn ri'iiL'ion to hv wroni^j; 
 
 I'll in Mic ("hiio«lian dt)c- 
 
 a inorr fricndlv ant! f.um- 
 
 ih lie al^ocoiitiruu'd a 
 
 i.'uidt' lo >how vhciii .-i>iiio 
 
 11 thfsr pfflt'iiffs seTYt-d 
 
 I hi' had loiii; nit'dilaU'd, 
 
 I'll'.OllV 
 
 It'll .-.nu'L' tlic niarria^io ol 
 iiiLihsh inlo (ici'unlv. and 
 plantations aluti^ llii^ 
 ht> roiowioack, m tntiia- 
 ;tT, Thi'ir huu!*t's wtTH 
 v\ho tu'caini' ai'ipiainUsl 
 iheir hours of tMlinir. of 
 tlit-ir linn!) and tt>ols, and 
 its, for liic oi»nvt'iinMU'e of 
 H ilii' ri^trs This faini- 
 iL'li>h, a.t il indicated ii 
 i.td Ix'on always rt'i'oin- 
 '.iiiilaiid to tin j..>..iU'r.-» ; 
 ivnipiom of t!u' ri\il>/.a- 
 lalivt's ; hill, hv llifin, or 
 to i-inu'oat the most .san- 
 
 ar. (tfi'^:!) b opportinnlv 
 
 of fnrnti-liip. nui knidi*' 
 
 Ainony tilt' naltw ■; 
 
 .ni.'h'«h, was a tall, Iwiui- 
 
 U\ I'onraj,'!' bihI sue ;('■'■ 
 
 of tiTit'rv in dit'sn. IIm 
 
 ; hut hy llu- Knjili^h h' 
 
 ( 'onnnir to thii st. i-' 
 
 d srvfral tovc and on-.i- 
 
 iMr to ihi' Indian l.isl-' , 
 
 ■IT'- ihtiii to l\iinunk\, 
 
 Kaii'.w - ualHi- Mot- 
 
 , hilt V ati itiu>duiid b. 
 
 niOOKAMIIKS OF THE EARLY DISCOVKKERS. 
 
 tn a (vw days, Neniatanow came airain to the store, 
 with Mor^jun's oaji on hia ht'ad ; and hfiini intrrro^atrd 
 by two sunn lads, who tiltrndcd lliorc. wliat was hfcoini- 
 of their master, ho ansv.ert'd thai he was dead. The 
 bovs sei/eii luin, and eiidcavorrd to eiirrv liiiii hefore ,\ 
 niu^i?la;(i' ; hut his violent resistance, and the insoU'nee 
 of his (i:;^:^!!.^', so provoked them, iliai thev shot hiiii. 
 The woniul proved niorlal ; and when ilyiii;*. lie tar- 
 
 corpsp was inan>;lcd and abused, in a manner too shock- 
 ini: lo he relaiiMl. 
 
 One elli el of tiiin mnssaere was ihr rnni of the iron- 
 works, at rallini; Creek, where the deslruetion was ^o 
 cori.p'.iie. thai, ol twenly-toMf eeople. only a hoy and 
 u'irl escaped hv h:din>: tlniiiM Ives, 'i'he siipennU ndaiil 
 of ihis work had diseofeictl :i vein of hat', ore. whieh 
 ht^ kept to himself ; hu; made use of it. to .-ii[>ply hiin- 
 
 nest!y requested of llie hoys, ihat the maniitr of his self and !iis friends with shot. The knowledL'c of lliii 
 death nneiii he concealed from his eonntrvmen, and that was lost hv his death tor many years It was aijain 
 he inif^hl he privately buried aniona ihe Kn^hsli. found hy Colonel lived, and d;iam lost. The place 
 
 As soon as litis transaction was known. Upechanca- ; was a lliird tune found hv .lohn Chiswell ; and ihe mine 
 noiiiili demaiiiled satislaclion ; hut henis^ answered that - is now. or has heen lalelv. wroiiiitit to aiKanla^e. 
 the retaliation was just, he formed a plan for a |,'eneral ; AiMtllier consequence of this fatal event, was an t>r- 
 mass.iere o\ the Imil'IisIi, and appointed Tridav, tlie ' der of the o;overnnien'. to draw lo;;ellier the remnant of 
 twenly-secitiu! day of March, lor lis execution ; hut he | the people into a narrow eotnpass ( If eighty planta- 
 dissemlded his resenlmenl to the last moment. I'artiej I lions, alt were ahandoncd hut six. which lay coiitii,nions. 
 of Indi'ins were disirihuted ihrouijh the colony, to ai- I at tliu lower part of James ri\er * The owners or 
 tack every plantaiion, at llie same hour of the day. j overseers of three or four oiliers refused lo oht^v tho 
 
 order, itiid entrenchod themselves, mounting cannon for 
 
 when tlio men should he abroad and at work. <.hi tli 
 iveiimi; hefore. and on ihe morniin^ of that fatal day. 
 the Indians came as nsual lo Ihe houses of the Kn^lish, 
 hriiii,Miii| j^.-'ue and lish to sell, and sat down with them 
 o) Itfi'.ikla.'t. So 1,'eneral was the coiiibination. and ^o 
 deep Ihe plot, that about one hour hetore noon, lliey fell 
 on the people in liie helds and houses ; and. with llieir 
 
 iheir defence. 1 
 
 'I'iie nevt ellecl was a ferocious war. The Indians 
 were hunt) d like beasts o( prey, and as many as could 
 he found were destroyed liut as they were very expert 
 III hidiiij; themselves anil escapiny llie pursuit, the Iln;;- 
 hsh reM)lvtd to ilissemble with theiu in iheir own w.i\ 
 n tools and wt'ajvons. killed indiserimnmiely. per>oiis ' To tins they were turlher impelled by ihe fear of fainnur 
 
 ot all ai:es. sexes and characters ; mlnimanly niaii<ilmfj 
 their dead bodies, anil triumphing over iheni, wtih all 
 tliP exprestiiniis of frantic jov. 
 
 \\ here uiiv re>i>iance was made it was jjonerallv suc- 
 cesslul. Se\'.Tal houses were delended. and some few 
 of the assailanis slam One of Capt.un Smitli'> old 
 bohiiers. ,\<Mhaniel (.'ausie, thoii»;h wounded, spht the 
 
 As seed-tiinc came on, liolh suits ihou^'ht it necessary 
 lo relax iheir hostile operations and attend lo the busi- 
 ness of planliuj.' Teace w is then ollered bv llu.' Knj;- 
 hsh, and acepicd by the Iiuhans; Iml when the com 
 be^mi to \iw\\, the llnuhsh suiUlenlv attackeil l!ie In- 
 dians in their lields, kilhd many of iheni. and dotroy- 
 ed tlitir corn. The suuimer was such a scene of con- 
 
 eknll ol an Iiuliau. ami put his whole parly to :li^hl. j fusiou that a snlliciency o( food could not bo obtained, 
 Several o:hci parius were dispersed by the llrniij of a t and the pt ople were reduced to ;;re.il sirail>. 
 unij^le i:un. or hy ihe presi ntnig of a gun, even m the I The nnrelentin<i severitv with which this war was 
 hand of a woman. | pro^eculi d by the \ iriiinians ju'aiiist llie Indians, trans- 
 
 Jai.iestown was preserved by the fidelity of Chanco, j miileil mulnal al horrence lo ine posterity of buiti ; ami 
 b youiii; Indian co-nerl, who b\ed with Kichard IVce, ' pnvurcd to the lormer the name of •■ the loiij,- knile." 
 Hhd w.L, ire.ited hy h.m as a son. The brother of tins by which they are sliil dislin;ju'.shed in the huro^lvphir 
 Indian e.'.nie to he wifli him, the nichl heftue the mas- t laiiBiiaije of ihe natives, 
 
 Bflcre, and revealed lo hiiu itie pK'i. nr^mf,' luni to kill ! TliouL'h a iieneral permission of resider.ce had been 
 Lis master, as he mtiiuled lo do by lus t)wii. As soon ■ «:iven hy I'owliaian. and his successors, lo ihe coUv 
 us he was i:one in ilie mornnii:, CImnco jjave nonce of nists ; yel they raiher alVected to consider the country 
 what was miended. to ins master; who. havmn second ' as acquired bv discovery or conquest ; and both these 
 his own hou>e. L'ave the alarm lo his neij-hhor-s and sent uleas were much favored bv the Kuviiish cour: : The 
 nn express to .hmiestown. eivili/ation o( the natives wa?. a verv desirable object ; 
 
 i'hiee huiuh-ed and forty-nine people* fell at tins but those who knew them best, ihou^-bl that thev could 
 m.. -il inasvicre; of which iiumher. su were members , not be civilized till they were fir>l subdued, 'or nil 
 Of tin council. None oi these were more hunenltd I tiieir jiriests were destroyed 
 
 It IS certain tiiat manv pious and charitable persons 
 
 llian Mr (ieoriie Thorpe This penlleman was one of 
 tliP best friends of (he Indians, and had been earnolK 
 concerned in the business of ins:ruct;iij,' and e\an«:e- 
 li/ins: ihcm He had letl a handMnno estate, aiuraii 
 honorable employinenl m Kimland. and was ujipointed 
 
 in Knj;land were very warmly inieiesied m iheir con 
 ver.sioii. Money and books, church plate and olhi-r 
 furniture were liberally contributed. A eoUege was in 
 
 . ,,- -a fair way of beu'i: founded ; to the siqiport of which 
 
 Chiet manager t)l a plantation and a seminary, designed lamU were aiiprojirialed and brought into a stateof cul- 
 forlhe maintenance and education ol vouni- Indians, in ■ tivalion. Some few instances of the mlluence of 
 Vir^nua He had luen remarkably kiiul and f;enero.is ' pel principles on the s.iyai:e mind, parti 
 lotliem: and n wa- l>y bis exertiun, liial the house was honlas and Clianeo. eave san;:iiine 1; 
 buili Ml which llpe-hancanmi;.!, look so nnicli pleasure, and even tiie mass.icre did no[''abale tin" ardor of thai 
 Jusi hel.-re his death, he was vNarned of his dani;er. bv hope, m the nnnd.* oi those wlio had mduh'ed it. The 
 one ol hi^ s,T\ants. who nnmeilMlelv made his escape ; I experience of almosl two centuries has not exltmnnsh- 
 but Mr Ihorpe wmild not believe ihal ihcy mlcmled ' ed it; and. iatwever d 
 hiin any harm, and thus fell a viciim to their lurv- llui I for ihc 
 
 os- 
 
 uKirly I'oca- 
 
 U)pe of suceess 
 
 , from Taj*- 
 
 * Till' nenilMT sl.tiii nl the several iilantalii'ns 
 taiii SiMiili's hiM.TV. p. Hit. 
 
 Al Ca!>tani J«liii Hnklev's plarUatKin, st>ated nl tUe FaUiiiff 
 t reck, MVty-six nules hoiii Jume-*citv. Imuselt' iUKl Iweiiiv- 
 one iiihers : at Mifiler Tlunnas Slu-rlieUl's i.|;uiuti.>n iline 
 iniie.-'nem Ihe Kallim; Creek, hnnsoit niul twelve ethers- at 
 Ileiiruo Ulniuls. tun nnlejt Iroin Slir!litKl\ phiutalion mi ■ 
 flaiiiot the collo^e |>e..[.le, Hveiitv mile.-i inun Ilenruo, -se* 
 vorileen; al Cuurles e;:> , an.l ..iCtpUiui Stnith'.< nu-ii, Tn e ' 
 kt tlie neit a h>>iniiiK planljtti.in, pu-ht ; »t Wiihu^i Kaiat's 
 hoiix'. ten ; nl Hncklev llnmhetl. ^iM^ ;i;.,t-!, ii..:ii I'hiirle* 
 ciiy. Ma>ter Ceorue Ttinn'. :i,iii ten more; al Wcsuuer ii 
 mite from Htnk!. v. two ; iii \U»\vt John We^f.i nl.iiu.r i*.n 
 two; ;ii r.ii.tain Nathaniel \Ve»i*s plantati.»n, iwo; al llu 
 
 lirtl Ott,'(i*s house, hmmelf .ind six inure : at I 'futtniiii « ,ti 
 
 •J.hi.'s i.iautati.m. iwclve ; al Mailer Ow7t> NUcVr'^ . .* ' T'*^ "'* P'="»»»""»* 'V **''"'' **'^ R»venm,ent or^lortsl Ihe 
 heuM-l/ ;,ni ihr..,. Hi..rp; at MarimN ll.mUr..'l.?., ..'!!!!* : ^-''^tMo retire, vvere.^SI„rlev Mnn.liv.i, Fh.weula Ilumlred. 
 
 irai^int; ihe prosp»ct, it is besl 
 cause of virtue thai it never should be abandon- 
 I ed. There may be some fruit, wiueli thouL'h not splen- 
 . did nor extensive, yt t may correspond with the ye.iuis 
 i of a reliL'ion, which is compared by Us author, to 
 ; "leaven hid m the meal '* The power of cvanijeheal 
 irulh on llie human nmul, inu.-*i not be consuIer"d as 
 , void ol reahiy. because not expo.Ti! ',o put'iic ohscrva- 
 I lion 
 
 I When llie news of ihe massacre was carried lo Kn^j- 
 I land, ihe governor and colony were consub-rt J as sub- 
 jects of blame, liy tho^e \t rv persons who lud aiwavs 
 enjoined them lo treat the Indians with imhlncNS 
 
 at MarimN lluti.lre.l. 
 ti'-m James cilv, ftoventv-lhree ; at anotluT elu 
 l-Mnat.l H-mit'tt plantaiiiMi, littv; at Master WaierVium 
 liimM>:f iin.l tour inme ; at .\|*-tMntiiek's nver. at M.i 
 * I'l.miRtioii.ti ' ■ ' ■' ■■ ■ 
 
 I riuii»e, ,y 
 
 n miit!( Jiinn"»Iow II. r.-otjnlm, Ki.ntot;in, Souili.^im.i.in 
 
 t Tho- '■• - ' - ' -' 
 
 persons who reiusea to itlwy ihe order, wrro Mr. 
 
 _ K.lwa'..! Hi;;, al KluaU'lh cilv ; Mr. Samuel Jonlan, at Ji>r- 
 
 "^f' : .lan's Point; Mr. Danul U.uikin, ni New|vrl News; Mrs 
 
 N.. 
 
 rirt'd 
 
 He'uv S;,ilii.uiiS h. 
 
 la NUst»r Thom*j> I 
 
 <•, twi'; mKn*;i;n Sji 
 ■> h.ui«if,lT M 
 
 fiMiiU on nirthrr !«eireh. Tin 
 has hi eii ac-piire,! altofieilifr bjr 
 
 Mvi four men*. The » hole nuinter, Uuve hiiiir^Md furtJ P""''=^^'* '"«^*' '" » >''. '""*» uiu xcppUoimhte hum " A mom 
 nliu\ * nunurwiana furl), partuuhir aecomU ol Hip ewiiesi pmchMi* i« drMraMe, ape- 
 
 1 0f'.^i\% tUe datt'i the estcnl arU the com^naation. 
 
 87 
 
 However, ships wero dpspatched with a supply of pn>' 
 visions, to winch thp corporation of London as well m 
 several persons of fortune lartjeiy eonirduiled. The 
 kinij It nl them twenty barreU ol po\\der. ."^r.d a quanlilv 
 of itiustrrn ftil'U arms from the teofr, and pifniisei 
 to levy four hundred soldIt■r.^. m llu' several connties o( 
 Kn^land. for their proteciuui . but lhoui.'h treqmnity M- 
 heiieil by ilie compaiiv m Kn^laiul. anil tne colony ! 
 Viri>inia, in- never could be induced lo fulltl this promiso 
 The cal. mities whieh had befallen the colony, ani. 
 the di>>e...-'ions which h.id agitated the eompany, be- 
 came such li>pics of complaint, and were so represented 
 (o the km;; and his jirivv council, that a eominission 
 was issued, under the |;re at seal, lo Sir Willum ^ a, 
 S;r Nicliolas rortescue. Sir I'rancis (loflon. Sir Kich- 
 ard Siiiton. Sir William I'ltt. Sir Henry llouehier. and 
 Sir Henry Sjubnan. or anv four ot ihein. lo niqniro 
 intt> all matters rpspeciing Vir-inia, from llie begmmiig 
 of Its setllement. 
 
 To enable them lo carry on this inquiry, all the 
 books aiitl papers of the eoinp.my wi le onlereii into the 
 cu. 'tody of tlic comuus>auu rs ; iheir di [luty-lreasuior 
 was arrested and conhned ; and all lelters which should 
 arrive from the colony, were, by the kitiij's eoinmand, 
 to be intercepted. Tins was a very discouraijnio intro- 
 duction lo the business, and plainly sho,vt-d not only 
 the arbitrary disposition of the kny ; but ihe lu.ii 
 which wouM be ^'iven to ihe inquiry. On the arrival 
 of a ship from Virijiuia. her packets werp seized, and 
 laiil before the privv council. 
 
 The transactions of litese commissioners were alwaya 
 kept concealed ; but the result of them was made 
 known by an order of Council, ((Vtobtr. \Ci'i-i) which 
 set lorth. "Th.il his maje-*ty bavmi: taken into hi'* 
 princely cou'^idcralion the di>tressrd state of \'iri^ima, 
 occasionttl by the ill oov eminent of the company, had 
 resolved by anew charter. loap|Oint a jiovernor and 
 Iwelve assistants to reside in lhi<il.md ; and a j;over- 
 11'-. with, twelve a>si»lanls to ft ^idc m N'lr^'ima ; tho 
 former to be immmated by his majesty in council ; ih-i 
 latter to be nomin.ileil bv the L'overnor atul u.xsislanta 
 in KnL'Iand. and to he approved by the kiin; m council ', 
 and that all proceedni^is should be subject to the royal 
 direction " The company was ordered lo assen:o|e anj 
 resolve whether they would submit, atid resi^'n their 
 charter ; and in default of such submission. Ihe king 
 sininlied hi> delermmalion to proi-eed for reealhnj; their 
 charter, in such manner as lo liim should seem nipet. 
 
 This arbitrary mandate so astonished the company, 
 that when they met. it was read over three times, as il 
 ihey had di>lrusted their own ears. Then a long 
 silence pusucil ; and when tht> (p:estion was called for, 
 twenty six only voted for a surrender, and one hundred 
 and twelve dechiretl ao.iinsl il. 
 
 These pnu'eediiiiis ^.wv such an alarm to all wIk> 
 were concerned in the planlatum or trade ol the colony, 
 that some ships which were preitarmj; lo rt.ol were slop 
 ped ; but the koi;: ordcrid tliein to procted ; declaring 
 that tiie ehaiijie ot ^'overameiil would injure no nun'e 
 jiroperty. At the same tiiiio he lhoui:hl ii proper to 
 appoint eoinmisMoners to ^o to \'iri;mia. and inuuir* 
 
 I into the stale of the colony. These were Sir Johli 
 
 ; Harvey, afterwards ^.'overnor. John Porv, who had been 
 sicrctaiy, Abraham I'erey. .Sinuiel Matliiews. and John 
 JetVerson. The suhjccls of llieir mquirv were " How 
 many planlalions there lu' ; winch of them be tuiblic 
 and winch private ; what (leople. men. women and chil- 
 dren, there be in each plantation ; what lortitiealions, or 
 
 I wliat place is besl to be fortno d ; what hou>es and how 
 
 : iuanv ; vvhat calile, arms, ammunition ami ordnance ; 
 
 I whal boats and bir^'es ; what bridu'es aiwl puhbc worka ; 
 
 ' how the cohmy :;landelh in re>pecl of the sava^jea ; what 
 hopes may be truly eonceive^l of the planla'ion and ill* 
 means toattnm these hopes " Tin- pivernor and coun 
 cil oi Vir^imi were ordered to atlonl itieirUst assiat- 
 ame to the coimnisMoners ; but nc copy oi their 
 
 ; llistruelions was delivered to thein. 
 
 After the d* parturc of the tv.ininisf>ioiierB, a wr.t of 
 
 I Quo Wurtunto was issued by tlie court of Knii^'s Hencb 
 
 I ujianist the company (November 10. UVj:l> mid ii|K>n 
 the represenla;u)n of the attorney-j.»eueral that no do- 
 tencf coidd be made hy ihe company witlioul their bt^aka 
 and th^ir deputy treasurer, the latter was lilierated and 
 the hmner were reslortd. 'I'he re ilebvery of lliem to 
 the privv council was protracted, till the clerka of liio 
 
 company had taken copies of thetn • 
 
 • Theip copies were <k|H)siinil In *he haiidi of the Earl rf 
 Sonihnmploii. antl nt^er his ilpath. winch b^pix^iu J in Ifi94, 
 .lesci'ntle.l lo his son. Atler h"*.n-.ith mltwr. thrv wi le mi''. 
 rhasMuf Ins rxeeutom lor sixtv «i.nir:is, hv r.«l Hvnl, e( 
 Vir((niiiv, then m Knslxml. Frnm ihrsr r,.piai, an<l tt>im Ihfl 
 I rfctirds of thr rolonv, Mr. Stith rompilfd the lliitor oi Vl^ 
 I giiuii, which ektcnJt no riulhrrlhau tlia yvu lOM 
 
I f 
 
 J n - 
 
 83 
 
 In the beginning of 1624 the conunissionors arrived 
 in Virginia, ami ailctuT.tl Assembly was called, not at 
 Ihoir rf'iiiesl ; lor tlicy ke[)t all llieir dc.-igns as set-ret 
 a« {tosMlile. iiiit iioiwitlistanding all the precautions 
 which had been taken, to prevent the colony from gel- 
 ting any knowledge of liic proceednigs in Kuglaiid, 
 they wi-re by tliin time, well inlornicd of the whole, and 
 hud co|iies of several paperii which liad been exhibited 
 agiiiist liit-rn. 
 
 The A^senibly./vhich met on the Mth of l''ebruary 
 drew lip .iiiswers to what had been allege!, in a spirited 
 and masterly style ; and appointed John Porciitis, one 
 of ilio council, to uo to Miigland as their agent, to soli- 
 cit the cause of tlic culoiiv- 'I'liid gentleman unbajrpity 
 died on hi!> passage ; but their petition to the king and 
 Uieir address to llio privy council were delivered, 
 which they requested that in ease of a ehangi? of the 
 (government they might not again fall into the power of 
 Sir Tlioiiuis Sinith, ur Ins conlidants ; that the gover 
 nors sent over \o Ik m miiiht not have libsolutc avillio- 
 ritv, but be reslr.iined to uci !>v advice of council ; and 
 above idl. lliat tliey miglil '• have the liberty of iieiieral 
 Assenibiies. than wliich nniliiug could more conduce to 
 the pu)>itc vaiisfdction and utility.'* Tliey com|iIaincd 
 that the short continuance of their governors had heei; 
 very disadviintiigeoua. " 'I'lie first year they wt re r.iw 
 and inexperienced, and generally in ill health, througli a 
 change of chmato. The secoiul, lliey begun to under- 
 stand somelliing of the alV.iirii of the colony ; and the 
 third, they were prepariiii; to return.'' 
 
 'i'o the honor ofiJovcrnor W'yat, it is observed, that 
 he wiMi very active, and joined most cordially in prepar- 
 ing these petitions; and was very far from desiring 
 absolute and inordinate power, either in himself or in 
 future governors. 
 
 Tlie Asicmhlv was very unanimous in their proceed- 
 ings, and intended, likft tlie commissions, to keep 
 them secret, llut Pory. who hud long been versed 
 the arts of corruption, fuiind means to obtain copies of 
 h11 their acts. Milward .Sharpies, cli^k of the council, 
 was afterwards convicted of bribery and breach of trust, 
 (or which he was sentenced to the pillory, and lost one 
 of his rar». 
 
 'J"he comiaissioncrs, linditii: that things wore going in 
 the Assembly conlmry to their wishes, resolved to open 
 some of tiicir powers with a view to intimidate them ; 
 und then endeavored to draw them into an explicit sub- 
 mission to the revocation of their charter. JJiit the 
 Assembly had tiie wisdom and tirmness to evade the 
 J)ropo^a!.by reijuestinir to see the whole extent of their 
 commission. 'I"his heing denied, ihey answered, that 
 when the surretuler of tiicir charter should be demanded 
 by authority, it would he time eiioui;li to make a reply. 
 
 The laws enacted by tliis Assemnly are the oldest 
 which are to be found in tlie records of the colony. 
 They contain many wise a?id good provisions. One of 
 them is etiuivaleiit to a It. II i>/ liiirht.t, detining llie 
 powers of the (uivernnr. Council, and Assembly; and 
 the privileges of the people, witli regard to (axes, bur- 
 dens and personal services.* Tlio twenty-second of 
 March, the day of the massacre, was ordered lo be 
 aoItMunized as a day of devotion. 
 
 Whilst lli"s<' thioiis w( re doing in the colonv, its 
 encmie* in Kngland were cndeiivoring, by means of 
 some persons who had returned from Virginia, lo injure 
 the cliaracler of tlie novernor ; but he was sullicieuilv 
 vindicated, by the tL^-tiinony of other persons, who a.s- 
 acrted. on their ov\n kiioi.\le<lL.'t'. the uprightness of liis 
 procecdiii<rii, and det lared upon their honor ai.d con- 
 fcienccj that tljcy esteemed lum )ust and sincere, free 
 from all corruj.iion and private views. As he liad re- 
 quested leave to (juil lln- i;overnnient at the expiration 
 of bis commission, the coin])any took uj) thn matter; 
 ami when Sir Sarnuel Arual was nominated as a candi- 
 date in competition with him, there appeared but right 
 votes iu his favor, and iixty-niiia for the continuance 
 of Wyat. 
 
 The Parhament assembled in February, 1021, and 
 tlw company finding themwlvca loo weak to resist the 
 cncroaihments of a prince, who had eii;;rossrd almost 
 the whoL-! power of the State, apitlied '.o the House of 
 Commons for proleciion. The king was highly of- 
 fended at this attempt, and sent a prohihitory letter to iho 
 
 * At titik tiiii*' »t*irn wern scarce r.tid much in reijueKf, 
 aod It was < :'ii.if't.>ii t'>* ,1 wumaiitu Lutuic^t hcrscil with 
 Ji.ote ihiii QiiL* niku at a lime; by witicti incani final unuajsi- 
 f^OM, arose leUveeri private pcrsiuis.aiui much lroul>l6 to tho 
 Foveriunont. It was tlu'rofrirn ordiTcil, " That eiery niimi- 
 .t"i should ifivo notice in li'.s.cliurcti.ttiat wliat mwi ur wo> 
 iit.tn su^ivcr ^houul use any ><.>ril ur speech, leiuUux tu « 
 runtiact nf iriarriago la two Ke.vcrit. pertions iii om- tiuie* al- 
 thou^li not (irpciYP and IrK^li sliuuM either uiuturKo tMrpo- 
 r»ii> pUMisluniT.t, urnay a fine, ucoriima to tU« (luahty w Um 
 «Ander "M^lith. S8B i 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORV. 
 
 speaker, which was no sooner read, than the conipa- ] 
 nv'a petition was ordered to be withdrawn. 
 
 However singular tins inteiUrence on the one hand, 
 and compliance on llie oilier may now appear, it was 
 Usual at that time for the king to impose his mandates, 
 and for the Connnons, who knew not the e.ttet.l of 
 their own rij'hts, to otiey ; thonf^h not without the ai.; 
 madversioMs of the most intelligent and zealous mem- 
 bers. The royal prerogative was held inviolably sa- 
 cred, till the indiscretions of a subscpient reign reduced 
 it to an ohject of contemjit. In this instance, tliu 
 Commons, however passive m iheir submission to the 
 crown, yet showed their regard to the interest of the 
 complainants as well as of llie nation, by petitioning iho 
 king that no tobacco should be imported, but of tlio 
 growth of the colonies. To this James consented, und 
 ft proclamation was issued accordingly. 
 
 The commissioners, on their return from Virginia, 
 reported to the king, " that the people sent to inhabit 
 there were most of them, by sickness, faminn and mas- 
 sacre of ihc .savages, dead ; thai those who were liv- 
 itiLT were in necessity and want, and in continual danger 
 from the savages ; but that the country itself appeared 
 to be fruitful, and to lliose who had resided there 
 some lime, healthy ; ihal if industry were used, it 
 would produce duers staple commodities, tlioui:!! for 
 sixteen years past, it liad vielded few or none ; that this 
 neiileet must fall on the governors and cunip;i'iy, who 
 had power to direct tlie plantations ; that the said [daii- 
 tations were of great iinporiaiicc, and would remain a 
 lastinu monument to posterity of his i;iaje-^ty's most 
 gracious and liappv ituvi'rmuoni. if the same were pro>e- 
 culed to tiiosucnds for which they v. ere first Uh;lenaken; 
 that if the piovis.oiis and inslni-.-tions of the fir^t char- 
 ter (UltUi) had been pursued, much better etVcct had 
 been [iroduced than by the alteration thirenf into so 
 ptipulav a course, and among so nuny hands a.t il then 
 was, which caused much confusion and ^.ontention." 
 
 On this report, ilir kini;. by a pnn-lamaiion. (.bdy 
 1.")) .-^uppn ssed the meetings of tiie company ; and. till 
 a more pcrfecl sculement could he m,ide, orJcreii a 
 |>rivy council to sit every Thursday, at tho house of Sir 
 'I'liomas .Smith for conducling the atfairs of the colony. 
 Soon after, viz, in Trinity term, the Quo Wannnto 
 was hrouu'lit to trial, m the courl of kniLi's Ivricli ; 
 pidgmeiit was brought against tne company, anu the 
 charter was vacated. 
 
 This was tlie end of the Virginia Company, one of 
 the most luiltlic spirited societies which had ever been 
 enirai;ed in such an underlakn \i. Mr. Stith, who h id 
 searched all tlieir records and papers, concludes his 
 Instory by observing that tliey were "geiHletiien of 
 very nohle. clear, and disinterested views, wiltuii: to 
 spend much of tiieir time and money, and did actually 
 expend more tlian 100,000/. of their own fortunes, 
 wiiliout any pro.^peci of present ga.n or relrihulion, iu 
 advancing an enterprise which they conceived to be of 
 very gnat conseiiueui'C to their country." 
 
 No sooner was the company dissolved, than James 
 issued a new eonimission (.\ui.'usi 2(1; for the irovern- 
 meiit of the colony, lii it. tin: history of the plantation 
 was liricliy recitt .1, Sir Fianci.i Wyat was co!Hinued 
 governor, with eleten assistants or counsellors, Francis 
 \Vest, ,Sir (leoriio Veardlev, (leoriju Sandys, Ito^i i 
 Smith. Halpli Hamor, wiui litd been of the forim r 
 council, with the adililion of John .Martin. .lohn llai- 
 v< v, Samuel Matthews. Aluaham Teicy, I.saac Madi- 
 son, and William < 'lav borne, 'I'he <.'overiior and coui- 
 cil were appou'M-d duniii; the kind's pleasure, with 
 auihority to rule the ciilony, and pimi--h odi'iiders. as 
 fully a? any j,'oveinor and council inii»lit have done. 
 \o asseiiiitly w.is mentioned or allowed, liecanse the 
 king supposed, agreeable to the report of the commis- 
 sioners, that "so populir a course"* was one cause of 
 the late calamities ; and he lutttd the exislenee of such 
 a body withm any part of his dominions, especially 
 when they were disposed to inquire into their own 
 rii»hts, and redress the »>rieyances of the people. 
 
 v\fter the deatli of .lames, which happened on the 
 7th of March, 'ti'J.'i, ins son and successor, riiarlct. 
 issued a proclamation, expressing ins resolutioii, that 
 the colony and government of Virginia should depemi 
 immediately o\\ himself, without ihe intervention of 
 any commercial company. He also followetl the ex- 
 ample of iiift tatht r, m niakina no meniion of a repre- 
 sentative aaacmbly, iu any of bis aubsequcnt cornmis- 
 si*)na. 
 
 (iovernor Wyat, on tho death of bin father. Si 
 (inorge Wyat, liaving returned to Ireland, the govern- 
 ment of Viriiinia bdl again into the hands of.'* r liror je 
 Veardley. Hut, his death iiappeumg wilhUi tlie year 
 lUSti, iie yi^ mieeeeUeU by ttu John Harvo^ 
 
 nARTIIOLOMEW OOSXOI.D* MAUTIN I'RINd, BAR* 
 TIIOl.OMF-W GIMIKHT, CKOIIOE WKV.MOl'TII 
 
 lUnTiioLoMEw GosMu.ti— HiH voyauc In Viiiiinia— liiscovcn 
 (.'ape Coit— Ilifi unii\ic\v and trailic wiili tlin ll.|Ilve.^ — 
 SaiU for Kiiuland— Acri>mpaiii>'s Jo^m Smuh (j V.r>?mia— 
 Ills iieath— Martin I'rino— Sails tiir Nnrlli Virt,*'iaa- i)i^- 
 covers Fox Isli.iids— KliliTs .Massachusvlis t ay ■ In'trvuvT 
 with lh(! nativi's — liilurns to Kru land— Ills st'cnml Voyat;!- 
 — Haktuulomhw {;ii,nf.HT— His voya;;o U) Viryinia— fie '..s 
 kilit-d liyihe iiaiives—CEomiK WkYMouiit— Sajis for Amo- 
 rica— Discovers (iritn;r"s l.-hiiids und reiiiecost llartwr •• 
 Kidnaps boiiie oi' ttic natives. 
 
 The voyages made to America, by these navigators, 
 in (he beginning of the sevenieenth century, may bo 
 considered as the leading steps to tlie colom/.ntion of 
 New Kngland. K.xcepting tho fishery at Newfound- 
 land, the Kurojieans were at that time in actual posses- 
 sion of no part of North America ; thoigh the Knolish 
 claimed a right to the whole, by virtue of prior dis- 
 covery. The attempts which Ualei^ih had made, to 
 colonize the southern part of the territory, callei' Vir- 
 ^dnia, had failed ; but he and his ussociales enjoyed an 
 exclusive patent from tli? Crown of Ktiglaml. for the 
 whole coast ; and these adventurers olilamed a license, 
 under tliis authority, to make their voyages and settle- 
 ments. 
 
 )3abtii tf OosNot-D was an active, intrepid, 
 
 and expei .d mariner, in the west of Kuiihind. lie 
 had sailed i one of the ships employed iiy J^aleigli. to 
 Virginia; niid was convinced that there must be a 
 shor.er and safer way, ac^o:^s tlio .\tlaritic, than the 
 usual route, by the Can.iries and the West India Is- 
 lands. At whose expense lie undertook !iis vova"e to 
 the ntxthcrn part of N'lrt'mia. does i.oi appear; but 
 that il was with the approhation of Sir Waller Ualcigli 
 and his a.ssociates, is evident from an account of the 
 vovaoe whi'-h was presented to him. 
 
 On the '^Oih of .March. UiO*2. Cosnold sailed from 
 Fabnnuth. in a small bark, the tonnage of winch is not 
 mentioned, carryiiiu liurtv-tvvo persons, of whom ci;:ht 
 were mariners f T!ie tlesign of the \ovago was to iiitd 
 a direct and short course to Viri.'ima ; and. upon the 
 discoviry of a jiroper seat for a jilantalion, twelve of the 
 company were to return to Kn^laud, and twenty to re- 
 main 111 America; liU further assistance and suppheti 
 could lie sent lo them. 
 
 Thi lormer part of this design was accomplished, as 
 far as the wimls ami other circumstances would permit. 
 'I'hey went no f.u'ther southward, than the :l7th degree 
 of latitude, within s.uhi of St Mary, cue o\ tiie West en) 
 Inlands. In the -Uiil decree tliev appro.iched the con- 
 tiiient of .\merica, wluch they first discovered on ti'i" 
 Mth of May, after a pa^saoc of seven weeks. Tht» 
 wt'akncss ol their bark, and iheir louoraiice of the route, 
 i.iade ti.eiii carry but little ^all ; or ihey might have 
 arrived suine davs sooner Tlu'V judjU'd that they had 
 shiirteued the <iistance .^OO leagues. 
 
 Jt IS not easy to deterimne, from the journ.il, what 
 part of the coast tiiev first saw. Ohiinixon says it 
 was the north side of M.issacbiisetts IJ.iy. 'I'he de- 
 senplion iu the journal does, iu somi' respects, aiiree 
 w;tli the coast, extending from t'ape Ann to Marhle- 
 head, or to the roekv pomt of Nahant. 
 
 Krom a roek, whicii they c.ilhil .S'./mgr Hmk, a 
 shallop (i| lluropean fabric came oil to them; in vvliuh 
 were ei^jht savages ; uvo ;>r three oi whom were dressed 
 in IjittPiiean hal-its. I'rom iliese cin-umstance.*. they 
 coiH-luded thai some tishin^ vessel of Miseay had been 
 there, and th.it the erew were destroyed hv the natives. 
 These people, by stons, mvited them tosiav, but "the 
 h.irlior beirii; naiigbt, ami doubling the wc.ither," ihey 
 did not ihiiik jiroper (o acceot the nivilatioii. 
 
 In the ui>rht eIk v siood to tlie soutlnvard. and tho 
 next morninir, t'outui thiMuselvi-s "einhaved v\i(h a 
 luiuhiy he.ulland," which at lirst appeared "like an 
 islaml. by reason of a lar«:e sound, wluch lav belwD-ii 
 It and the mail " Wiilun a b>a<;ue of this land, they 
 came to anchor in fifteen fathoms, and look a verv 
 
 * Tim accnimi »<l ilnsnnld'g vovuku and tli.^e.pverv, im ti.o 
 first vidume nl llm work, is so cnoni-uus, tiotii die initiii- 
 loriDutiMU wtiii'h I had received, that I thoiiiiitt it Ih".! to 
 write the whiije nl" it aru'w. Ttiu iDriuer ntislakes a-'c hei** 
 nirrected, partly from the best inrnriMulioii vvlitcli i enuld nih- 
 tain, uHcr Iho most aNsuluoii.4 ini)Uiry ; h-.it priiicipaUy Iroin 
 my own (•hMT.aiioiis mil tie .•'(Mit ; i naipititid Willi the jnunial 
 ot tho vii>a»;i', inure crilUHUy esamiiied thnn betore. 
 
 t The iiuincs of ttio pei.siMis vvho vveiil lli ttilM vnyaie. as 
 f.ir ns I can culU'ct tlieiii, areas luiltiws : Ilirttu'liiiiuv Cios- 
 iiti|<l,cotninaiid<>r : Oarlluitouiew liillxul, secitnd dDh < r; JoI.d 
 AnKui; Itr.hert SalttTiie -hi} Went nitutii tin- licit \i'ii \\n|| 
 FriiiK— he was iiterwants a (icttfyn>mi; Wilhaut .siriM-te; 
 (lalii'icl Archer, Kenileinait uu<t j-'UiiialiAl-ho tiherv hO'* 
 Wtiit In Vuijliiia— Archer's llnpe.ni ai WiiliHOUit-nri!.!-' nain-'d 
 li'iMi luiil ; Jatiit's IluHior— 111- Willie ;io ai'ciiuiil id Ihe vnyajo 
 till predfnied It lo Sir Wallfr Kalei«h ; Joini HiiericT, o 
 
 tlu) «ti< i; Tucker (ruiti vhtiutu tliu stUM&l callcil 
 
 Tuckcr'H rerror la nam«d 
 
lAUTIN I'niN(J, DAR* 
 IIUJE \Vi:VMorTII 
 
 aetn Viiiiinia— Piscovcn 
 ■;ifiic witii tho K.iiivort— 
 
 Jvihn Sitiiil) fL. V.rKiiiifi— 
 » for Nttrlh Virti'ua- I)j^• 
 aclmsi'tttt i-ay ■ In'ervuw 
 :land— llis necnmi Voya^jf 
 vo\;i;;o lo Viry:nia— lie !h 
 fcVMuuiH— Slijis for Am*w 
 
 and reiUfCusl llnrtmr - 
 
 ca, by ihcse navi^Tor!*, 
 Irenlh ccrilnry. imy bo 
 % lo the colotiizntiun of 
 ! fishery at Newfound- 
 '. time in actual poijses- 
 :a ; thoi'^b ihe Knolish 
 
 by virtue of prior ('.i8- 
 
 Uulriob bud inadf , to 
 lie territory, Citllei" Vir- 
 s asKOcii'.tfs enjoyi'd an 
 >wii of Knjjlaiid, for the 
 ircrs obtiiincd a tu-cnse, 
 loir voyages and senio- 
 rs an active, intrepid, 
 
 west of Kn<,diind. lie 
 inploycd by Italri^'b, lo 
 
 (hat there must lie a 
 
 tlie Allatitic. than iho 
 iind l!ic West Imli.i N- 
 iridertook !iis voyiij^e to 
 diKs hot appear ; but 
 
 of Sir Waller Ualei^'h 
 from an account of the 
 bun. 
 
 i, (losnold SdiU'd from 
 onnaifc of wjncli is not 
 u-rsons, of whom ri;;!it 
 ' the voyji^re was lo litid 
 
 iri,rniia ; and, upon tho 
 (huitation, twelve of the 
 land, and Iweritv to re- 
 assistance and supphed 
 
 1 was acronipbshed. as 
 iisf.irHTs womUI jjerunt. 
 I. than the ;i7Ui de^jrup 
 irycneni tne VVesten) 
 appro.ielird the con- 
 st discdverrd on ti"-.' 
 tf seven weeks. Tbi» 
 noranre of the routr, 
 i or tbiy nnoht have 
 jud;!ed liiat they had 
 
 BIOC: R AIMMKb OF TIIR EAUT-V DISCOVERERS. 
 
 "ntni Ihe jourrial, what 
 
 iJhlinixon savs it 
 
 isriis iJ.iy. The de- 
 
 oiiM' respects, uijree 
 
 'a|ir Ann to Marhle- 
 
 lanl. 
 
 Ilnl .S'./rcJiT hoiK; ii 
 If t(i (iiein ; in which 
 o( whom \\( re dressed 
 ciri'tiuislaner.i, ibey 
 I of Hisfiiv liaii lieen 
 niyed hv the nati\es. 
 m to >iav, hut *• lite 
 r the weather," they 
 mvitaiion 
 
 suiith\\ard. and tho 
 " eiii!i,i\rd with a 
 appeared •* bki; an 
 whicli lav between 
 le of this land, ihcv 
 US, and look a very 
 
 aii.l (li.iioi'erv, in ti.t; 
 irxiiTt, hoiii lite uutMi- 
 1 I tUiin^Ilt It Urst to 
 111 r iinsiaket a-^e tiei*" 
 ili>iit \yIiii-|i i I'liuM nt>- 
 ' i litit |iniic-it>all>- lioMi 
 piiiuj uilh liiejoiitiial 
 <1 Iltuii bei'ore. 
 eiU ih tlUH \ovat e, ii!i 
 ihrtliKloiiii'V iWi>< 
 e,i.n.l».'iM.i ; J,. ha 
 Mn! hi'Xl sen VMlh 
 , WUIiaid sirct-ie; 
 .»l I'f tuU'r.v.iiiH 
 .Viiliamsiiiri;,!,'' ii:irii-'ii 
 ijiiiit nl the voyitno 
 fiU i Jolin HriertLT, >t 
 ooi tity sluMil called 
 
 ■ ;x 
 
 c:tat quantity of cod. From lliis circumstance, the 
 ftimi was named Cape Ci'd. It is described as a low 
 t:indy shore, but without danircr. and Iviml.' "i the lati- 
 tude of 4;;". (.apt. (iosnold with Mr. JJrierton ami 
 three men, went to it and found the shore bohi and the 
 band very deep. A youni; Indian, with copper pen- 
 daiiis in h:s ears, a bow m his hand, and ariov\s at his 
 back, came to th' m, and in a fiieiidly manner oll't-red 
 his service ; but. as they were m liasie lo return to the 
 ehip. ihey had little conference with bun. 
 
 Un the Ifiih, they sailed by the shore southerly ; and, 
 at lilt end of twelve lea<.nies, saw a point of land, with 
 breakers al a distance. In attenii)tinj: to double this 
 point, tlieycame sn.hleidy into sjioal water ; from which 
 itiey exlncated ihemseKes by standmo otV to sea. 'I'bis 
 poiiit they named I'uttil Cure, and the breakers. 
 Tutlcr's Tirror. from the per>oii who fir>t di.«covered 
 the danijer. In the niolit they l>ore up towards the land, 
 imd c-aine to anchor m eitrht fatlioms The next day, 
 (17lh) seeiiiii many breakers about them, and the wea- 
 ther bein^r toul, they lay at anchor. 
 
 On the ISlh. the weatlier henij: clear, they sent their 
 boat 'o sound a beach, which lay od' another pumt. to 
 whv'Ii they gave the name of itilUrl's I'otnf. The 
 phip remained at anchor the whole of this day ; and 
 flomt' of the natives came from the sliore m tlieir canoes 
 to visit them. These jieopic were dressed m skms, and 
 furnished with jiipes and tobacco ; one of tliem bad a 
 breasl-plalc of copper, 'i'hey appeared more timorous 
 tlian liiosc of Savaiie Uock, but were very ib.cvisii. 
 
 Wiien the people in the boat returned from soundintf, 
 lliey reported a depth c*' water from four to seven fa- 
 thoms, over the breach ; whn h the slup passed Ihe m'xt 
 day, (I'Jlh) and came lo anchor ajjani aliove a leaune 
 btvond it. Here they remained two days surrounded 
 by scools of lish and th)cks of aijuali-- birds. To the 
 northward of W(>t. they saw severjl hiiinmocks, which 
 they ima;;iiud were disti'iet i>Iaiids; but when tliey 
 bailed lowaids iliem, (on the *lst) they found tliein lo 
 be »mall lulls witinti the land They discoverini also 
 BO o|a iiin^', into which lliey end''avored to enter, snp- 
 posiiii; It lo be the .-oulhern extremity of tiie s.mnd be- 
 tween Cipe Cod and the mam lanrt. Dul on 4'Xanmia- 
 tion the water pioMn^' very shoal, they called it Siwai 
 Iliifi'\ and proceeded lo the westward. The coast was 
 full of people, who ran aloii:,' the sliorc, accompanying' 
 the ship as she sailed ; and many smokes appeared 
 A'llhii) the lamb 
 
 In coasinii; :iloii<: to the westward, lliey discovered 
 iiXi island, on which ihe next dav {'2'i) tliev landed. The 
 dcscriplion of it in the journal is lliis : " A dismhabiKd 
 island ; from Shoal Hope it is ett'lit leaijnes ; m ca- 
 cuit It is hve miles, and hatli forty-one dei:rees and one 
 ijuarter of latiludc. 'I'he place mo<t phasaut ; for we 
 found it full of wood, rincn, ^oosebt rrv bu.vhes, l-.uil- 
 bernes, raspices, e;:lanliiie [sweei-bnar,] *.Vc. Here 
 wehadcraiKs, h»'rns, shoulers, o^eise. and divers oilier 
 birds ; wludi there, at that liinv. upon the ehtls. beinj; 
 Bandy with some rocky si<mcs. did breed and had youn;.', 
 In this jitace we saw deer. Here we rode in einhl 
 falhoms, near the shore ; where we took ^reat store ol 
 cod, as before al (,'ape Cod, but much luth'r. This 
 island is sound, and bath no danger about it."' They 
 gave it ;he name ui Miirlfui\^ Viii'i^niil, from the great 
 number of vines which thev foinni on il. 
 
 From this island, tiny passed (on the a4lh) round a 
 very hi^h and cbstmi:m>hed promontory; lo wlueli they 
 gave the name of Durrr i'bff'^ ""^^ came to anchor " in 
 u fair sound, where lliey rode all ni^iht." 
 
 Between them and the main, which was then in si^ht, 
 lay a " led<;e of rocks, extendinu' " "ide into tiie sea 
 but all abo\e water, and wiihout danjier " Thev went 
 round the wesiern extremity of this b-dije, and came to 
 in ei^hl latlionis of water, a .piarter of a mih' from 'be 
 Rhore. in one il the stateliest sounds that ever ihi'v had 
 seen." This they ealird Hoxmhl's Hup'-. 'I'he north 
 Bide of it was ihe nmni laiiil strelchmo casl and west. 
 distant four leagues from the island, wliere they came 
 to iinchor, to which they gave the name of Klnahclh^ 
 in honor of Iheir "pii'en 
 
 On the MSth of May, lliry held a council. re<:peelmL' 
 the |il.ice of their dhoiie. whtch they determined to be 
 "111 the west purl oi Fli/.abeth Uhiiid. the north-east 
 part rumini<r out of ihetr ken " The island is thus 
 described. "In the wexlern side, it adinilteih some 
 creeks or sandy coves, so yirdtd. as the water m 
 some places niectell. ; lo whieli the Indians from the 
 main, do offii risorl for li<hm^T crab-*, 'I'hcre is ei^'hl 
 falliinn very near the shore, and the lautnde is -U ' lit'. 
 The breadth of the island from sound t<» stmnd. in the 
 western part, m not pais:n;r a mile, at most ; altogcllier 
 ui4>euple<i hikI diBiiiimbilcd. 
 
 " It is overjirown with wood and rubbish. The 
 wood.^i are oak. a5h, beech walnnt, witch-hazel, sqssa- 
 fr.iie and '-edars, with divers others of unknown names. 
 The rubbi^h is wild-peas, younii sassal'ra^e, cherry 
 trees, vines, eelanline (or sweetbriar), jjoosebcrry 
 bnslies hawthorn, honeysuckles, with others oi the like 
 ipialitv. The herb:^ and roots are strawberries, rasps, 
 ground lUits, alexaiuler, surrin, tap*iv, cVo. uiihoiit 
 count. '1 ouchini: the iVrtihly of ihe sou, by onrown 
 experience, we found il to be excellent; for. sowini.^ 
 80mc Kn(;lish pulse, it sprouted out in one forliii;;hl 
 almost half a Tool. 
 
 *• In this islai.d is a pond of fresh water, in circuit 
 two miles ; on one side not distant from the sea thirty 
 yards. In the centie of it is a rocky islet, containing; 
 near an acre of ^rom d. full of wood and rubbit^h, on 
 which we beiiaii our fort and place of ubode, and made 
 a punt or tlat-bottomed boat lo pass lo and fro over 
 the fresh water. 
 
 " On the jiorlh side, near adjoinint: In K!i.'.;ibcl!i, is 
 an islet, ni compass half a n-ile. full of cedars, by me 
 called ihU's lltip ; to tlie noi'bward of which, ni the 
 middle of ail openitii; on the m liii, appeared another 
 hkeit, which 1 caUed llrpsliU:' When Caplain 
 (losnold with divers of the compaii ■ "went in the .shal- 
 lop towards Hill's Hap, to view it and the sandy cove. 
 tliey fou'id a bark canoe, which the Iiilians had<pntted 
 for f( ar : tliem. This they took and I rouijht to Kn*;- 
 land. Il is not *aid that they made any acknowledg- 
 ment or recompense for it. 
 
 Ib'fore I proceed in tiic account of CJosi. old's tran- 
 s;tctions. it is necessary to make some remar'vs on tlie 
 precedinu' detail, which is either abridtrcd or txlracteU 
 Iroin the journal written by Gabriel Archer. This 
 journal contains some inaccuracies, which may I e cor- 
 rect! d bv (artfully com)tarin^r its .>everal parfs, and by 
 actual observations of the places describerl. I ,iave 
 taken much pains to obtain niformatiou, by coiisultini; 
 the best maps, and conversing! or eorresiiondiiif^ with 
 pilots and other persons, liul tor niv ^'reater t-atisfac- 
 tioii. I have vi>ited the iAland on which (.tosnold limit 
 his house and fori, 'he ruins of which are still visible, 
 thouLih at the distance of nearly two centuries. 
 
 That Oosnold'a Cape Cod is the promontory which 
 now bears that name, is evident fro'ii his description. 
 The point which he denominated ('are. at the distance 
 of twi'Ive lea;:iies souihw-.ird of Cajiu Cod, agrees very 
 well with Malebarre. or Sandv Point, the south-eastern 
 exireiuilv of the county of U.irnstable. Tiie shoal 
 water and breach, which lie called 'J'iuLcr*n Tfnor, 
 correspond with the shoal and breakers commonly 
 called the I'ollock Hip, which extends lo the sonlh- 
 east of this remarkable point. 
 
 To avoid ^l!:^ dan^^er. it bcinix late in the dav, he 
 •^'.DoA >o far out Jc^ sea, as to oyersboot t!ie ea.->tern en- 
 trance of what i- now called the N'meyard sound The 
 land which he made in llie niijlit was a white clitT on 
 the eastern coast of Nantucket, now called Nankot 
 Head. The breach which lay oil' (Jilberl's I\iiiit. I 
 take to be at the IJass Kip and the Pollock Kip, with 
 the cross riplinos wliirli extend from the south-east ex- 
 tremity of that island Over these nphn^s there is a 
 depth of water, from four to neveii fathoms, accordintj 
 to a late maj)of Nantucket, published by Peleo Cotl'm, 
 Wi't] , and others That (JosnoUl did not enter the 
 \ iney.ird Suund, Imt ovcr.-!;ol it in the ni^'hl, isdemon- 
 fltratetl by comparing his journal with lliat of Marim 
 PriUL'. Ihe next year; a pas>ai.'e from which shall be 
 cileii 111 Its proper jdace, 
 
 'i'he larL'e opemnir whtch he saw. I'.nt did not enter, 
 and lo winch he ^ave the name of Shoal Hope, ajirees 
 \erv well with the o]ien shore, to the '.vcalward of the 
 little island of Miiskeiiet. 
 
 The island which he called Marltia » Vineyard, now 
 bears the name of No-Man's Land. 'I'his is clear from 
 his account of its.<i/,e, five miles in eircinl ; its distance 
 from Shod Hoj'e, eiMlil Icaoucs. and from Ilb/alMlb 
 Island, five leatiucs ; the sabtv of approaching' it on all 
 Sides ; and the small, but excellent cod, whii-b are 
 alway.* taken near it m the sprmir monlhs. The only 
 material objection is, that lie found deer upon the island ; 
 bill ihis 11 removed by comparing his accoimi with tlie 
 journal of Marlm PrmL^ who the next year, found di-er 
 III abundance on thelartze ishmd, now called the Vine- 
 yard. I have had ereddile lestmi(»uy, thai deer iiave 
 been seen swimnimti across the Vineyard Sound, when 
 pursued bv huntirs. 'I'bis istland v\us a sopientered 
 spot, where iho-edeer who tooK refni;'' uimn it, would 
 probably remam umbslurtied and multiply.* 
 
 The lofty promontory to which he gave llic name of 
 Dorrr Clijl, is (lay Head ; an object too singular and 
 entertaining to pass unobRcrved, and far superior in 
 magnitude to ar./ other chlf on any of these islands. 
 The " f.iir somid"' into which be entered after doubling 
 this cliti', IS the western extreimly of ihi^ \'iiieyard 
 Sound ; and his anchoring place was probably in or 
 near Menenisha Uight. 
 
 For what reason, and at what time, the name of Mar- 
 tha's Vineyad was transferred from ihe small island so 
 called by (iosnold, to the large island which now bear-* 
 it, are questions which remain in obscurity. That 
 (.losiiold at hrst took the southern side of this large 
 island to be the mam, is evident. AVhen he doubled 
 the elitVat Us western end, he knew it to be an island ; 
 but gave no name to any part of it, extrept the ClitV.* 
 
 "The ledge of rocks extending a ni.Ie into the sea," 
 between his anchoring ground and the man, is that ro- 
 markable ledge, distinguished by i!ie name of the Sow 
 and Vi'jA. The "stately sound" 'vhicli he entered, 
 after jiassing round the.sc rock.<, is tiic mouth of Uuz- 
 zard's liay ; and the Island lUizul'tth, is the western- 
 most of the islands which now go by the name of Eli* 
 zubelh's Islands. Its Indian name is Cuttyhunk, n 
 contraction of Poo-cut-oli-hunk-nn-nnh, which signittes 
 a thing that lies out of the water. The names of tho 
 others are Nashawena, Pasipie, Naushon, Nenimisset, 
 and Peniipiesc, besides some of less note. 
 
 In this island, at the west end, on the north side, is 
 a pond of fresh water, three (piariers ot a mile in length, 
 and of uneipial breadth ; but if measured in all Us sinu* 
 usities, would amount to two milch m circuit. In the 
 middle of its breadth, near the west end. ' a "rocky 
 i:?let, containing near an acre of ground." 
 
 To this spot I went, on the 2(hh dav of June, 1797, 
 in company vviih several geiillemen.t vvho.se curiosity 
 and obli<,nng kindness induced them lo accompany mu. 
 The proicclmg haml of Nature has reserved ilus favor- 
 ite spot to herself. Its ferlihty and its produetums nro 
 exactly the same as in (iosiiold's time, excepting tho 
 wood, of which there is none. Kvery species of what 
 lie calls " rubbish, *' with strawberries, peas, tansy, and 
 other fruits and herbs, appear in rich abundance, un- 
 molested by any animal but aipiatie lurds. We had ihe 
 supreme satisfaction to lind the cellar of Oosnold's 
 storehouse: tSe stones of which were evidently taken 
 Irom the neigii!)orMi;: beach; the rocks of the islet be- 
 ing less moveable, and Iviiil' hi ledi^es. 
 
 The whole island of Cuttyhunk has been for many 
 years slrijiped of its wooil ; liul I was informed !>y Mr. 
 (ireenill, an old residi'ut !*ariiter. Itiat tiie trees which 
 fornuTiv grew on it, were such as are described m 
 liosnold's Journal. The soil is a very tine garden 
 mould, from the bottom of the vallics lo the top ot tno 
 lulls, and atlijrds rich patiture. 
 
 The length of the island is rather more than two 
 miles, and its breadth about one mile The beach be- 
 tween the jiond and ihe sea is twenty-seven yards wide. 
 It IS so high and linn a barrier, tliat he sea never tlowa 
 into the jiond, hut when agitated by a 'loleiit gale from 
 the norlh-wost. Tiic pond is deep in :he middle. It 
 has no visible outlet. Its lish are perch eds and tur 
 lies; and it is liequented by B<)uatic l)i;ds, both wild 
 and domestic. 
 
 ( hi Ihe norih sido of the island, connected with it by 
 a beach, m an elevatioii, the Indian name of which is 
 (.'opicnt. Kither this hill, or the little island lA' Peni- 
 'piese, winch lies a mib- to the northward, is the place 
 which (iosnold called //)//>■ Hap. IJetween (."opicut 
 and Cuttyhunk is a circular sandy cove, wiih a narrow 
 entrance. Hap's Hill, on the opjiosiie Rhore of the 
 
 • Tlie rcilliiwjM-.' !(ifoiiii:itioii wm given In mv by Bcnia;nln 
 Bass'-it, Hs,! lit niihrnik. 
 *' About Utu yvAi 17'^ the lut deer v/u Men ot tho 
 
 ViiicyartI ami shot at. Tlic hums nf tlicse aiiunals havo 
 tpccii ploiiirUcil ii|> several times on the west rn>l oithc Island 
 Il eiH> liccr could swim ucro.'j.i Vnieyaid Simnd, viliy not 
 more .' No-Man's band is tmir niiles iiom tliu Vimvaui, .".:"* 
 It tlie deer could cross the Sound " miles, wliy not iiom llio 
 Vineyard to No-Man's luiid f" 
 
 ■ Tho reader will i^ive the following ctiiijccture as much 
 weiuht as it desiM ve^ : 
 
 The lame i:ilaiid is iieiiuenilv railed Maitui> Vmevard, es 
 liecmllv li> lhcoldwMUi>. Tins !« connmin!? supjMiM-d to 
 he a ihisiiiko, lint why? l'ai>iam l'nti;:'s t iiiistuin nainu 
 was Martin, and llii^ island Ims n.i ^ooit a rj-.'lit tothf iiptdU 
 Iton ut Vuieyuid us ihe other, licini{ eijuall) productive o( 
 vines, The naiiirs Martha and Martm ait- caMh lonitmuded, 
 and ns one iKlaml oidy wan sui^iioird to lio di'Munaied Im 
 Tlic Vme>nr<), Il was natiiralto ku" n to the pri met. Tuj 
 Uh-ier t>Pi;amu diEreij.irdcd.and no', i "'i ; inhdit.'UiM i.t:tiiiieil 
 Iw Hny,l< Was Hiipi'Obed to lieloti;; lit Mj Man a -l whs r.il.cd 
 NoMai^'n baud. In an old Itutch uiap, fviani, ii. Uf.i.\*» 
 lii>io'^V of Aineiica, p. lOH, the nanir ot .M.nlhaV "'uifvjnt i« 
 ifivoii to s Hnial) island Iviiitt so-ithwiiid ut Kh/atM'i I'.vi , md 
 >!ie name of Tenet is uivcii to the larwi' island, wincn m nt*:^ 
 called Ttic Viiu'>aiil. Tin- sitiiaiion ol the Kiniill island agr*-iNi 
 with llmt nf No-Man'-- Land. 
 
 t N(nih WeliMei, K»e, rj,' Nfw Yeik: Captiiiii T^linw^. 
 Mr. John tipuuncr, Mr. Alter, & pilot of New Ikidlurd 
 
'' l-f: 
 
 40 
 
 main, tlistant four leagues, is a round elevation, on a 
 p>')int of l^ti'J, near the l)iitii|)l;n Uoi'ks, tit-twteii the 
 rivers oi Aj»ooiu':anst't anil I'ascaniun.sel, in the towi.- 
 tihip ot iVir.'iiiuiaii. 
 
 rruMi the south sido of C'liUyliinik, the promontury 
 v( li.iv inad, wiiich (losnoid f.ilkd l)o\ir Chtl", and 
 iUv. l^!.l!ld winch lie iMimtd M.irtha's \ nu-viirtl. i;c ni 
 full \u\\, and iipprar lo ;;ri'at advanlagi'. Moutlur 
 oh|ecls. ui liial i(;:iuM, lu'ar any n^si-n»htani'c to Uicin, 
 or to (hp Ji'si'iipiioii j;iven of thtin : nor is iliert' a kd;;e 
 of roi'k:* projecung froiu any other inland a nule niio 
 ihv sta. 
 
 Wl) !it (iahrif! Archer, and a party, generally con- 
 fietnij^ of ten, hihortd ni cUarnit* the "rocky islet"' of 
 wood, and hnildni^ a titore-hout>c and fort, (.'aplau) 
 Gosnold and tlio ivM of the company were eni[)loyed 
 either ni making discoveries, or li>lnng, or collecting 
 fcassafras. On ilie Hist of May, he went lo l!u! inani 
 land, on tlie shore of which he was met by a company 
 of the natives, "men, women, and children, wlio, wm!i 
 nil courteous kindra^s, eiitirtauicd Inm, giving hnn 
 &kins of wild beasts, tobacco, turtles, hemp, arlihcial 
 strings, colored, [wampum,] and such like tlnngs aii 
 they had about liiem," The stately izroves, llowery 
 meadows, and running brooks, ullbrded dcligliMul cn- 
 lertainment to tiie advemurers. Tiie principal disco- 
 very which tlicy made, was of two good harbors ; one 
 of which I take to bo A|iooneganset, and llie oilier J'as- 
 camaiiMet, between which hcs the round hill, which 
 tlicy called Hap's Uill. 'I'liey observed the coast to 
 extend five k-aguos further to the soutli-west, as it 
 does, lo Seeonnet Point. As tliey spent but one day 
 in till!) excursion, tiiey did not fully exfilore the main, 
 though from what they observed, the laud being bro- 
 ken, and the shore rocky, they were convinced of the 
 existenci; of otlser iiarbors on lliat coast. 
 
 On tlie 5th uf June, an Indian chief and fitly men, 
 armed wah bows and arrows, lauded on the islur.d. 
 Arclier and bis nun lift liieir work, and met them on 
 the beach. After mutual salutations, they sat down, 
 and began a tratlic, exchanging sucii things as tliey had, 
 to mutual satisfaction. The ship then lay at anclior, a 
 league olf. Uosnold seeing the Indians approach the 
 isiand. came on sliorc wall twelve men, and was re- 
 ceived by Archer's party, with nublary ceremony, as 
 their commander. The captani gave the chief a straw- 
 hat and two knives. Tiie former he little regarded; 
 the latter he received with great adnuration. 
 
 In a subse<pient visit, ihev became lutter acquaint- 
 ed, and l:ad a larger trade for furs. At dinner, they 
 entertained the savam s wah U>\\ and mustard, and 
 ga-c them beer to drmk. The i Ib-ct of the nnistard 
 on the nose.-t of the Indians atforded them much diver- 
 sion. One of them stole a target, and conveyed it on 
 hoard his canoe ; when it was demanded of tiie cliiet", 
 U was mnuediateiy restored. No demand was made 
 of the birch canoe, whieh (iosnnld had a few davs be- 
 fore taken from the Indians. Wlieu the Lliief and ins 
 retinue took their have, tour or live of the Indians 
 staid and helped the adv<'nlui( rs to dig tiie roots of 
 sassafra.s, willi wiiieh, as well as furs and other produc- 
 tions of the couuiiy, tiie ship was loaded for her home- 
 ward voyage. Having performed tiiis service, tlie In- 
 dia'_s were invited on hoard the ship, but they declined 
 the invitation, and returned to the mam. Tins island 
 had no h\ed nih.ibitants ; the natives uf the opposite 
 •liore l're<piently visled it, t")r tlie purpose of gathering 
 Bhell-lish, wall which its erieks aiul coves al)ounded. 
 
 All these Indians had ornaments of copper. When 
 the adM nliirers asked them, by signs, whence they ob- 
 tained this ineta!, one of llieni made answer, bv digging 
 tt hole m thi' ground, arJ pointing lo the iiiain ; from 
 whicli circumslance it was understood that llie adjacent 
 country conlumed mines oi cop|ier. In the course of 
 almost two eenlnries, no copper has been there dis- 
 covered ; th'High iron, a mucli mure useful metal, 
 wholly unknown to the nalive.s, is found in gre.il 
 plenty. The .piestion, whence did they obtain copper! 
 lA yet without an answer. 
 
 'I'hree weeks wore spent in clearing the islet, dig- 
 ging ami stoning a cellar, building a lioiisr. fortifying it 
 witli palhsades, and covering it with si . e, winch then 
 grew 111 great plenty on the sides ol noud. iJuniig 
 this time, a survey was made of ti.eir provimuni. 
 After reserving enough to victual twelve men, who 
 were to go home in ihe bark, no iiion; cuuUl be left 
 with thfi reniammg twenty than would gulHce them for 
 aU weeks; and the ship could not return till the end 
 of the next autumn. Thiii was a very discouraging 
 circumstdiice. 
 
 _A jealousy also arose respecting the profitu of the 
 ahipt's lading \ those who slaid bchmd cUimnig a «baic, 
 
 AMKUIC AiN II ISTUU V. 
 
 ns well aa those \%ho snonid return to Knglnnd. W'hiUt I plenty, and esteemed better than those uanally taken at 
 these subjects were m deliaie, a single Indian came on i ISewfouiidiand. 
 
 board, from wliu.-^e apjiareitlly grave and holier depoit- j Having passed all the islands, tliey ''anired the coaet 
 ment ihev suspecit d him to have been sent as a spy. j to the south-wi st, and entered four inh is, which are 
 In a few days after the eliip went to Hill's Ilaji, out of j thus described : "The most easterly was barred at 
 si^ht of tiie fort, lo take in a load of cedar, and was the mouth ; but having pasoeil over the bar, we lan up 
 there detained so much longer than ihey expected, thai it for li\e inile.s, and lor a certain s|i!ice found very 
 the party at llie fort had e.\peuilcd their pn>Vi.-.i(m. good depth. Coiunig out .i«,Mm. as we sailed sO'itn- 
 I'our of them went m search of ^hel!-li^h, ami divided , west, we liijliled on two other inlets, which we loun 1 
 ihemselves, two and two. goinir diilcrent ways. One i to pierce not Jar mto the land. Die fourili and most 
 of tlie.se small parties was suddenly attacked by four westerly was the bt.*t, whicli wo lowed up ten oi 
 Ind.ans in a canoe, \\lio wounded one of iheni in ihe twelve in Vs. In ail these places we toinid no [iccple, 
 arm with an arrow. His coiupaiuon .seized the canoe, j Imt signs of tirea, where llft-y had been. Howhe.", we 
 
 and rut their bow-strings on winch they tkd. It benig 
 late in the day, and the weather stormy, this couple 
 were obliged to pass the night in the woods, and did 
 not reach the fort till the next day. The whoi" nany 
 subsisted <m shell-fish, ground nuts, and herbs, tid ttiO 
 .^hip eaiue and took them on board. A nrti* .jmiuUa- 
 tion was tlien hulden. Those who !;ad oeeu tnUf-t 
 resohite to remain, were disconra^td: and the unani- 
 iiious \oice was in favor of relmnii;;! *■.. t!ivd»;iid. 
 
 On the 17tli of June they doubled iho mcKy »df,f'of 
 Khzaheth, passed by Dover t'litr. sailed i»i V.w Island 
 which lliey had called Marthas Vineyard, ami I'u'.ployed 
 tiiemselves in taking young geese, cranes, and herns. 
 'I'lie next day ihey set sail for Kngland ; and, after a 
 pleasant passage of live weeks, arrived at Kxmouth, in 
 Devonshire. 
 
 Tiius failed the first attempt lo plant a colony in 
 North \'irgima ; the causes of whiciuiru obvious. The 
 loss of Sir Walter Raleigii's Company, in South \'ir- 
 <^inia. was then recent in memory, and the same causes 
 iiii^ht have operated here lo pioduce the .<ame elfect. 
 Twenty men, situated on an i>lanit, surrouiided by 
 other islands and the mam, and bnni>lied witli six 
 weeks provisions onlv, could not maintam possession ol 
 a lerriiory to which they had lu) right against the force 
 of Its native proprietors. Tlicy might easily have been 
 cut otl". when >ei Iving food abroad, or their fort might 
 have been inve^r^d. and tlicy must ha\e surrendered at 
 discretion, or iiave been starved to deaih. bad no direct 
 assault hi-en niade upon them The prudence of their 
 retreat is nriipiestionable to any person who considers 
 their hazardous situation. 
 
 During this voyage, and especially whilst on shore, 
 the whole company enjoyed remarkably good health, 
 riuy were hiiihly pleased with the salubrity, fertility, 
 and apparent advantages ol the country. Oosnoid was 
 so enthusiastic an admirer of it, th:it he was indefati- 
 gable in his endeavors to ibrward the settlement ol a 
 colony in eoujnnction with ('apta'n John Smith. With 
 hnu. in I(»07. he eiub.irked m tlio e.\|tedition to South 
 \'ir<jmia, where \w had the rank of a counsellor. Soon 
 alter his arrival, by excessive fatigue in llie extremity 
 of the suimuer heat, be fell a s.icriliee. willi lifty others 
 to the insaluhrilv of tliil ehmate, and the sca.ity mea- 
 sure and bad quality of the provisions with winch that 
 unfortunate colony was furnished. 
 
 'I'lie iliscovery made by (losnoid. and especially the 
 shortness of the time in wlitcii his voyage was ner- 
 formed, iniluced liichard llaclduyt. then IVebetidary 
 of St. Aurustine's Church in iJri^tol, to use Ins inlhi- 
 ence With the major, ahUrmen, and merchants of that 
 o[)ulcnt. mercantile city, lo prosecute the discovery ot 
 the nonhern parts of \'ir','iuia. 'I'he tirst sU'p was to 
 obtain jii'rniission of llalet^h and ius a>>M>ciates. 'I'his 
 was undertaken and aecoinpli>hed by llackluyt. in con- 
 junction of John .\Mgel and liohert Salierne, bolh of 
 whom had been with (tosnold to .\merica. 'J'he next 
 was to cipiip twj vcf sels ; one a ship of lilty tons, 
 ealh li the Speedwell, carryiiii; thirty men : the other a 
 
 bark of twenty-MX toiift, called ihe Di.'Coverer, carrvmg dav and niglil. whilst others were employed in collect- 
 thirteen men. The eonmiaiider of the ship was Martin , 
 I'ring, and his mate, l!dmund Jones. The bark was 
 
 leheld very goodly groves and wood.-*, and sundry sort.H 
 of beasts. IJiit meeting with no stiMsa/iUft, we h'fl 
 these places, with all the al'oresaid islands, shaping our 
 course for Sava^^e Jiuck, discovered the year helore by 
 Captain Oosnold.'' 
 
 Trom this description, I conclude, that after they had 
 passed Iho islands as far weslwaid as Caseo liay, the 
 eastermost of the four inlets which tliey entered was 
 Ihe mouth of the river Saco. The two ne.xl were Ken- 
 uchimk and Vork rivers; the wesieimost, and the 
 best, was the river Piscataipia. 'l"he reason of ttieir 
 tiiidmg no people, was that the natives were at that ;i ii* 
 son (June) lishing at the falls of the rivers; an i lt:e 
 vestiges of lires marked the places at or near tiie 
 moulhs of the rivers, where they had resided and tal en 
 fish in the earlier months of liie .-^prinu'. In steering 
 tor Sttnii'C Hni/:, they must have doubled Cape Ann, 
 which lironght them mto the b.iy of Massachusetts, on 
 the northern shore of which, I suppose Savage liock lo 
 ho situated. 
 
 It seems that one principal object of their voyngf 
 was to collect sassafras, winch was esteemed a htghl) 
 medicinal vegetable. In ^cvtral p-arts of these jour 
 nals, and in other hooks of itie came H-te, it is celebri 
 ted as a sovereign ret iL-dy iw th. plague, the venereal 
 disease, tiic stone, ^;l.r■lngurv r.nd otluu maladies. One 
 of tiosnolds men had been eurr.d by it, ;:; tweUe hourd 
 of a surfeit, orcasiujed by eiirmg greeddy vf the bel- 
 lies of dog-lish. whii-h is called a •■dct'r;oii» meat." 
 
 'i'he journal then pioeeeils : '• Ooing on the main at 
 Savage Kock, we fonnj people, with whom he had no 
 long conversation, because Iteie also wi oonld tind no 
 sassafras. Departm.^ lienco, .\e bare into thai i^nal 
 ^u!f H'hu'h Ciijit. do-tno/d tWiishut the year bctore ; 
 coasting and tindmg pt:^p!f on 'Itc north side thereof. 
 Not yet salistied in our e.xptiee.iiion, we k-ft them and 
 sailetl over, and came to anchor on I v 5 Mith suit, iu 
 tin; lalilnde of forty one degress and odi^ mmut'o; 
 where we went on land, in a certain hay, wliicli wao 
 called \\liifsi'/i Ha'j, by the name of ihe worshipful mas- 
 ter, John \\'hilson, tiien mayor of the eily uf Iliialol, 
 and one of the chief adventurers. Findmg a pleasant 
 hill adjoining, we called it Mnimt Ahiuuil/i^ for master 
 Robert AMwortirs sake, a chief fnrMierer of the voy- 
 aixe. as well with his purse as with his travel. Hero we 
 lud Bulhcient -piantity of aaai'afras." 
 
 In another part o\' ihid jonrtial, Whitson Hay is thus 
 described: " At the .Tntr.tiiee of this excellent haveii» 
 we found Iwenty fathoms uf w.itir, and lode at our ease 
 in se\en fithoms, being l;md-U>ckcd; tin- haviui winding 
 It) compass like the shell of a snail ; and it is m latitude 
 of hirty-one degrees and twenty minutes. We also ob- 
 served that we could tind no sassafras but in sandy 
 ground '* 
 
 Though tills company had no design to inako u set- 
 tlenHiit in America, yet eon«idermg that the place 
 wheie they found it convenient to re.-*ide, was full oi 
 inhabitants, they built a temporary hul, and eiicloseil it 
 With a barricade, in which they kept conslant guard by 
 
 * The lolltiwinir note is Iroiii Vvivn Cutliii. Emj. "Tlif 
 
 haven here ili'scill)e.l itmst haveltcfii IhutiU Kiinartovvn. No 
 
 otticr couUl w nil jiro|iniiy lit* rii)rcsenu;ii as wnnlin-j ni laiiJ- 
 
 IdcliCil, as is truly lliu hiiibur uf lAlgartown, generally callt J 
 
 OSiltnvvn." 
 
 To tins 1 Rulijuiu nn cittrnct of a letter from tho Hi'v 
 
 I .1i>se|ih Thtixtar, iinmslor ui ICiliiartown, datpH Nov. 15, 17^17 
 
 I " II 1^ eviili'iit li> me, »ihI nlhers l>titef aciiuauiled llinii I 
 
 am, with whom 1 have consiillnl, that PrihK, as sM-m n-* hi- 
 
 \ j)HS'*e(l Iho sniHly |Mnnl of Mnrniiiioy [Malcharl, I'ore lo ilin 
 
 I wi'stwaril, and catiie throiuih what Is calleit llutlet's Hole' 
 
 ommanded by Wiiliam Ilruwne, whose male was 
 Samuel Kirkland, Salterne wa.s the principal agtiit, 
 or supercar;;o ; ind was hirnished Willi various kinds 
 of cloilimir, hard vare, and trinkets, to trade wilit the 
 natives. The ves.sels were victnalleil for eight months, 
 and sailed on the 10th of .\pril, 1G03, a few duya after 
 the death of tjiieen Khzaheih. 
 
 They went so fdf to the southwanl, as to be within ' that ho kept t)i« North channel, ttU ho got ns liir as KaJ 
 siohi of Ihe Azores ; an<l in the beL'mnini; of June, fell ;"•""". «"'> »'"'» >'" '""''» ^'"^""'^ "^^r into nidmw,. hari 
 m With the American coa»ii, between the -Uld and -tllh 
 
 degrees of latitude, among those numerous islands which 
 cover the district of .Maine. One of these they 
 named Kox Island, ftom some of that spccii's id animal 
 which lIu'V saw upon it. Among these islands, in the 
 mouth ul I'enobsc(»l Itay, ihev found good aiichorago 
 and tislnng The land bemg rocky, ihev judged it 
 proper for the drying of cod, which tliev look in great ^ oi'^iiiruk'' 
 
 h corrPS|npiiils m I'vcry rcspoct tu his ilcMTiptiori. t* icppt 
 111 tho tlepth of water at the ontrance of the hailnir, tht'ie aM 
 now hul hiurteen fatlHinin ; in the harbor there ainscvt.;! 
 atitl a half. I would migKcst an idea, whcttn^r thero i» now 
 the same dritth of watirnt Iho entrance as In 1603* It Is 
 certain that tlie shonU shin, and that (!ape Poge, ^^')thln tbn 
 iiieiuory of man, has hoeii wn.ihed Inln tho sea thirty or Oirtv 
 rttds. From this circuuistani e, the dillcrinci' in Ihe depth o! 
 water limy ho easily arcoini'od for. "There are sevrr*. 
 ploaaant hills adjoirung lo thu harbor, and to this day plenty 
 
BIOnRAPITIES OF THE EARLY DI8C0VEREUR 
 
 4t 
 
 mn those unually taken at 
 
 Is. tilt V raiim'd the coael 
 1 lour milts, \vliii:li arw 
 
 casicrly was lurrt-tl .tt 
 1 uvtr lilt' liar, wu uin up 
 frrlain nji'ici" louful vt-ry 
 \\n. as v\(' s.iilnl stt'ith- 
 
 niU'ts, wliicli \M' loiiiil 
 'VUv four;!i iuitl must 
 I \vu lowttl up ten or 
 ice8 \v« romul no picjiK', 
 Ihul lnHii. How lit-;', wu 
 I wuoil.-*, ami MiiiJry horla 
 til no Mi.s.v(i/ru.v, wc It'll 
 ■said islands, slupin^ our 
 jvert'd lliu year bcloro by 
 
 iclndc, that aftnr they liml 
 slwuiJ a» t^'asco liay, llie 
 s which Lliey cnU-rctl was 
 Th'-' two mxl wtTi- Kt'ii- 
 lie w cstc'i ii'.nst, and tim 
 a. 'I'lic riMMin vl llu'ir 
 1} natives wt-rc at that =< ii- 
 s ol the ri\erd ; ani li:e 
 e places at or near tiie 
 ley had lestded and t.iki'ii 
 ihe s|)l■m•,^ In ^leerlllg 
 have doiiliied C'a|'e Ann, 
 hay ol' Mas^achu^etls, on 
 i aupiiose Savaj^e Uock to 
 
 1 object of their voyagt 
 Ii was esteemed u lu«'hlj 
 [■ml parlrt ol" these jour- 
 i- j-aitit' "^r-te, it is etlihn 
 ■• till iila^ue. ihu venereal 
 i-jid olhi:i uudadies. Duo 
 lirrd by it,::: ».wei^i! hoiira 
 tin<; 4:ri>cdily ^~f the bel- 
 d 14 "ilctTrioti* meat." 
 ; " Ijoimjx o'i the main at 
 le, with wlmm ho had no 
 ■re also ui. ooiild tind no 
 AC liare into ifiat i^riat 
 Oi')xhi>t the year briorc ; 
 1 I lie north side thereof. 
 I'.iiion, we 'el't theiu and 
 lor on I e J nith side, iu 
 ss and odu mmui'd; 
 eriain Itay, wlneU waa 
 )f Uii: wurshiplnl nias- 
 of the cily ul llristol, 
 Kmdmi,' a pleasant 
 nf Alduint/if for master 
 fur:herer of the voy- 
 th his iravel. Here we 
 ifraa." 
 
 al, Whitson U^y h thus 
 
 ihis exctlleiU haven, 
 
 tir, and uide at oi.r ease 
 
 ckeii; ihi- liaveii winihii^ 
 
 id ; and it is in latitude 
 
 ty niimites. W'c aUo uh- 
 
 sa^^afras biil in sandy 
 
 . desifrn to make a set- 
 -ideriii;^ that the plaeu 
 III to reside, was full oi 
 ..iiv hut, and encjuseil il 
 kept constant ynard by 
 ere employed in coilecl- 
 
 leen Ihalot K«li!:irl"'%vn. N«> 
 I'sriiltd u*. wtuilu>'.{ or UnU- 
 Algarlowii, [jtiKTjU> call' tl 
 
 of a letter frnm tlio Il"'v 
 rtnwii. tlale-i N<iv. Ii, t7'.l7 
 x lit'tter :ic<|uauit('il ttnii I 
 I, thai PntiK, as sMun n^ In 
 mi>V [Mjik-barl. l>ore in llitt 
 at Ucallctl imtlei's llt)l<S 
 till ho gat as lar as I-'al 
 over into oiiltuwn h;it(K.i, 
 I to his licMTiitlinn. except 
 ice nf thti hailMir, ihetti aM 
 he harbor Ihore amntsviu 
 idea, whether there n now 
 entnimeasin liM)3t It Irt 
 that tape IMge, wiihm thn 
 hitn the sea thirtv or fortt 
 in .liHerfnceinthe -Ici'ih tiT 
 for. "There are se vera, 
 ■bor. and to this day jilenly 
 
 inc sassafras in the woods. The Indians frequently 
 visiled ihcm in parlies, of various numhers, from icii 
 10 a huinlrtd. The) were used kindly, bad innkct.- 
 pre&tiili-d lo them, and were hd vMlh Kn^^lisii ptiUi^ , 
 their own Im.d he nj; ctiM'tiy li^h. 'I'hty wert- adonini 
 wilii pliiles of cupper ; ti.» ir bows, arrows and ipiiver;' 
 were vt ry iieailv nuJ*i ; and their hu'chen canoes wi-re 
 criisl.hu das tireat Lunusilies, one ol which, of sevcu- 
 !ecn leet m icti^ih and four in breadth, was carried 
 home lu Ilrisul, us a specimen of their ni^enmiy. 
 W'iiei'.c: ji was bought or stolen from llicin is uncer- 
 taui. 
 
 ■*^. The natives were excessively fond nf imisic, and 
 
 ^4 would daiu't! in a rin;i loiind an Kiii,'hsh youth, who 
 
 it' played on an nislriunetil called a ^itterne. lint ihey 
 
 were ureallv ternhed at the barking' oi' two Kn;fh>h 
 maslill's, which alwavs kept tiieni al h distunce, wticii 
 iIh' people were lireil ol their company. 
 
 Thcf^'rowtlio! tiie jilace eonsiaied of sassafras, r/Hta, 
 cedar, oak. a-^h. beech, hircli, cherry, hazel, walnut, 
 maple, hullv and wild plum. The land ammali^ win' 
 stags and hillow di er ui ahundaiice, hears, wolves, loxes, 
 hisernes,* poieupiiies, and do^s with siiurt noses. "t 
 The waters and shores abomuird with hsh and shell- 
 fish of \anous kinds, and aiinalic buds in ;:real plenly. 
 
 Dv the end ot July ihev liad loaded their bark with 
 sassafras, and sent her to Kn^land. After which they 
 made as much tlespateh as possible in ladin;; their ship, 
 the deparlure of wiiich was accelerated by the follow- 
 ing nieulrnt. 
 
 Tlie Indians bad hitherto been on friendly terms 
 with the atlveiititrers ; but seeing their number lesseneil 
 and one of their vessels gone, and those who remained 
 dispersed at iheir sever.il employments, ihiy (muk' one 
 dav. about noon, to the nuinher of one iiundn d and 
 lortv. aruud wilii bows and arrows, to the harricado, 
 wliere lour men were on guard with their muskets. 
 The fndians called to them to eoine out, which they 
 refused, and stood on their defence. Captain I'ring, 
 with two lut'u oiilv wtreon board the ship; as soon as 
 he perceived the danger, he secured the siiip as well as 
 he could. and tired one ol Ins great guns, as a signal lo the 
 laborers in the woods, who were reposing after their 
 fatigue, depending mi the masUlls lor protection. The 
 dogs hearing iht; gun. awoke their masters, who, then 
 bearing a second gun. took to ihiir arms, and came to 
 the relief of the gu.ird. At the sight of the men and 
 dogs, the Indians de>isird from ihcir purpose, and 
 sileetmg V) turn the whole into a jest, went oil laugh- 
 ing wilhciiliiiy da-nage on either side. 
 
 In a few days afler, they set tire to the woods where 
 the sassafras grew, ti) the extent of a mile. Thei'.e 
 lllanning circumslances deti rinincd I'ring to retire. 
 After llie people hail embarked, antl were weighing 
 the anchors, a lamer nuinher than ever thev hul seen, 
 ibout two hundred, came down to llu- shore, and some 
 in their cr.noes canu' otl to tiie ship, appanntly lo iii- 
 vile the adventurers to a Ioiilmt continuance. It was 
 not easy to believe liie mviiation frieiidlv. nor itriident 
 to accept It. They therefore came to sail, it being tiie 
 Otb of August. After a passage of live weeks, bv the 
 route ot th(' Azores, they came into soundings ; and on 
 the 2d of Oeloht r arrivtd at King Uoad, below IJris- 
 lol. where the bark h.ul arrived about a forlmght before 
 them. 'i'iiis whole voyage was completed m six 
 months. Its objects we.;.' lo make discoveries, and to 
 collect furs and sassafras. No instance of aggression 
 on the ptrt of the atlventurers is mentioned, nor on the 
 part of li.e natives, till alter the sailinu <>f the bark. 
 
 At tie same time that Martin Priiig was emploved 
 in his voyige, Uvktmoi-omhw (Iii.nKKr went on a far- 
 U)erdi-co\ery to ihe southern pari of Viruima, haviriii 
 it also m view to look for the lost colonv of Sir U'alle'r 
 Raletfh. lie sailed from I'lyinonth. .May 10, 1(U>:». 
 in the bark Ulizahelh. of hfty tons, and went by the way 
 cf iMadeira to the West Indies, where he louched at 
 
 *"Luserno, I.ucem, a henst rn;:ir the Imuu-ss nt a woll 
 of cclorliL'twecn red and hrowii, soitiellniiftmayted hke a cat. 
 and minnled wiili ttUck spots; hred in Mu.scuvy, and is a rh lI 
 fiirr*'."— [Viiie M'-., shell in verhiiui I'lirre. 
 
 Could thiB -..11111:11 hu theracooriT Jositelyii gives the name 
 of liiseriiu to the wild cat. 
 
 t As Iht] existence of thi« species of nnimal has beeji 
 
 drnitited, I nnisl remark, that it u several luiies nicnti. I 
 
 by the earhfHl ndve(iliuer«, and twiee ni Piiiik's .lournnl. 
 J.i?stl\fi, who WAS n naturalist, and resided stveral \ears in 
 ih.-i';i.siern imrts of New Kngland, Kives tin- in i-ouiit of it : 
 
 ' I know ot (Hit one kind of heast in New rnnliind prodnred 
 hy t")uivocalKeneratiiin, and that is the Indian iIok, heif.iiien 
 belwtcn a wolf and a fox, or lictwion a h'x and a wolf ; 
 which they made use of, tanilng them and ImngiiiK »hetn iii> 
 to hunt with; hnt since the KukIInIi caino lunoint tlietn, thev 
 haveguttnn store of onrdojm, which lliey hriMR up and krpp 
 In M much suhjection ba thty do thuir wl'ts."— {JoiBelyirs 
 rojiUjo* ib tho N E p. M 
 
 several of the islands, taking in ligum-vitie, tortoises, 
 and loliaeco 
 
 thi the (ill) of Jidy lie ipiillfd the i.-liiids. and steer- 
 ed tor \ iriiini.i. In lour ilays he got mio the tiulf 
 .Stream, and was bccalmtd live davs. ,\lter which the 
 wind sprang up. and <>n the '^(hh he saw land in ihe 
 ■lOth deoree of latitude. His object was to fetch the 
 mouth of fliesapeake JJ.iy , but the wind being ;ulvtr>e, 
 afler beating agaiiisl it hu' several da\s. the neces.-,Hy 
 of wood and water ohhgeil them to come to anchor 
 ahoul a mile from the sliore, where there was an ap- 
 pearance of the entrance of a river. 
 
 (hi Friday, the UUlli of .Iiilv. t'aptain (ulbert accom- 
 panied by I'lunuas Uariner, u gentleman of llernuid'a 
 Inn. Jiicliard I.larrison, male, Henry Kenton, surgeon, 
 and Derrick, a Dutciiman, went on shore, leaving two 
 hoys 10 keep the boat. Immediately after ihey had 
 entered the wood, the savages attacked, pursued and 
 killed every one of them; two of them Icll in sioht 
 o\' the ho\s, w!io bad much dilliculty lo jirevcnt the In- 
 dians from hauling the boat on shore. 
 
 Wall liea\y hearts ihey got back to llic ship ; wbc^e 
 crew, reduced to eleven, iiicl ^ding ihe boys, durst not 
 make any further atienipt ; but steered for ihe Western 
 l.-l,iiids; after passing ihein, they arnvid in the river 
 Th. lilies, alioiit the end of .Sejdeiulier. when the cily 
 of London was "most grievously infected with the 
 riagiie." 
 
 Afler the peace which King James made with Spain 
 in l(iU4, when the passion for the discovery of a norih- 
 west passage was in full vigor, a ship was sent from 
 Ilnglaiid by the Karl of Southampton and Lord Arun- 
 del of Wardor, with a view to this object. Tbt* com- 
 mander of the shij) was (icorge Wevmouth. lie sail- 
 ed from the Downs on the last day of March. KJO.'i, and 
 camti ill .sight of the Aiiiencau coast on the l^ih ot 
 May, in the latitude of -U de-irees 31) minutes. 
 
 Jjcing there entangled among shoals and breakers, he 
 quitted this land, and al the distance of lifty leagues, dis- 
 covered several islands, to one of which he gavo- the 
 name of .SV. O'rcii^t-. Wiihiii three leagues of this 
 island he came into a liarhor. which he called l\nficnsf 
 harbor; and saihd up a noble river, lo which it does 
 not appear that he gave any name, nor docs he mention 
 any name by which it was Cflled by the natives. 
 
 The conjectures "f liistorians renpecting this river 
 have been various. Oldmix.^ii supiwses it lo have 
 Iteen James river m Virgjuia, whilst Ijeverly, who aims 
 lo correct him, aliinns it lo have been Iludsoirs river 
 ill New York Neither of them could have made these 
 mistakes, if ihey had read the original account in i'ur- 
 ehas with any atteiilion. In Smilh*'i history of \irginia 
 an abridgment of ihu voyage is given, hut in so 
 slight and indt tinitc a manner as lo alionl no satisfac- 
 tion respecting the situation of tiie river, whether il 
 were nortliwarti or touihward from ill.* land hrsl ditco- 
 vereti. 
 
 To ascertain liiis matter I have carefully examined 
 Weymouth's journal acd compared it with the best 
 maps; but lor more perfect saiisfaciion, I gave an ali- 
 siract ol the voyage wi;h a number of ipieries to ('apt. 
 John loslei- Willuims, an experienced manner and 
 commander of the Uevenne Cutter, belonging to this 
 port ; who has very obligino|y communu lU u 10 .i.. h..-, 
 observations made in a latu cruizo. Uolh of these 
 papers are here subjoined. 
 
 "Ahstrart of the Wnja'jc of Cipfaiii drnnrc Wcy- 
 viniilh to Ifu: Const of Amcrwa, from the pnntrd 
 Jouinul, ijltinl tn Purchases i^/^rnrnj, putt iv. 
 pii!!i: ifi.VJ. 
 
 A. 1). iHl).^), Munh 3! —-Captain George Wey- 
 mouth sailed from llngland in the Archangel, for the 
 northern part of Virizmia, as the whole coast of North 
 America was then called. 
 
 Mill/ \:\ —Arrived in sonmlings— IfiO f.ithoms. 
 
 I'l "-In live or six leagues di-itanee shoaled the water 
 from one hundred to five fathoms, s.iw from the mast- 
 head a ivhitiy/i .Sitiuh/ ,l.-lf\ N N. W. Vt leagues: many 
 breaches nearer the l.iml ; the grouml foul, and depth 
 varying from six to lifit i-n fathoms Turted from the 
 land. I.alitude M degrees 30 minutes. 
 
 15—Wmd belwt-en W. S. W. and S. S W. In 
 want of wood and water, land much desired, and 
 therefore sought for it whin- the mud icmld Ust siitjtr 
 u». 
 
 QuKRV 1.— As the wind then blew, must not the 
 course be to the north and east f 
 
 10 — -In almost ffti/ leagues run, found no land ; 
 the eharls being eironeons. 
 
 17— Saw land wliiih bore N. N. E. a great gale of 
 
 wintl and tin; sei high. Stood off till two m the morn- 
 ing ; then stooil in again. At e ght. A M saw biiid 
 aoiiiii bearmt: N. E II appeared a mean hii^h lii.*:,! e- 
 im: as wf allerwards found it an i.\!iihil of no '/lenl 
 compass, Al>out noon came lo alienor o;i tiie north 
 side m torty l.ilhoms, about a league htnn olioro. 
 Named the island .SV. (;,t,ii',\ 
 
 t^li Kiiv "i — Could this i>laiid be Sri'inn or Mouhc- 
 i.M» ! or if neither, wliat !^^llld was it ' 
 
 Whilsl Wi' weie on sliore on the i>Iaiid our men on 
 lioard caught thirty large cod and haildock. I'roni 
 hence wt' tliseerned many i.shinds, and the main land 
 enteiidintf from W .S W. to K. N. W. A grea' way 
 up mill the mam, as il then seemed, we diseerned niy 
 hi^h mounfiiitts ; tliouoh the main si-emetl but low 
 land. The mountains bore N. N. K. from us. 
 
 tJi'Kiiv ;J— What mounlains v.ere these! 
 
 1! . — IJeing Whitsundiii/. weighed anchor at twelve 
 o'c! '•'. and caiiu' along to the oilier islands more ad- 
 joining •■ the main, and in //w roiui dmrdi/ 10 fhr 
 lUoitiili US, ai-^Mt lliitf le.igiies from tiie lirst island 
 found a s.m- harbo,, iteh-nded Irtun all winds, m an ex- 
 celliMit tleplh of wait r It r^hips of auv burthen in six, 
 seven, eight, nine, ten fathoms, ujion a elav oo/i-. very 
 louizli, win re is g()oil mooring even on the rt>cks, by 
 the elill side. Named it Pciiliciwi lurlmr. 
 
 t,Jn;uv 4. — Do these marks agree wiih Sagadaluck 
 or Mnscpieto h.irbor or St. tJeurgt'^ jsiuiid ; or if not 
 with what harlK)r tlo lhe> ai.'ree ! 
 
 »0, — Went ashore, hnmd water issuing from spring!* 
 down the rocky el ills, anil ting pits to reerive il. 
 round, at no great tleplh, clay, bhie, reil and white. 
 (Jood lobsters, rock-iish, plaise, and lumps. With two 
 or three hooks caught coti ami haildock enough lor 'ho 
 shi|i's company three davs. 
 
 * 1 — The captain, wiih 14 men armed, mardied 
 tliroiiL'b two of iht; islands, one o\ which we guessed to 
 be four or live miles in compass, and one broail .Vlnm- 
 dance of oreai muscles, some of which contained peaili*. 
 One h.ul \\ pearls in it. 
 
 30. — The captain with 13 men de|iaited in ihe shal- 
 lop, leaving the .s!up in harbor. 
 
 31. — The shallop returned, having discovered a great 
 rtrrr trendmg far up into the mam. 
 
 tJi'KUV 5. — What river was this ! 
 
 Jiinr 1. — Indians came and traded with us. I'oinl 
 ing 10 one part of the main, eastward, thev signilied (0 
 us that the liufihabc, their king, bad jdenty of furs, and 
 mucli tobacco. 
 
 N. U — Here Weymouth kidnapped tivo of the na- 
 tives. 
 
 11. — I'assed up into the river with our ship about '^6 
 miles. 
 
 ObscrviUiom by the Author of the I'cyd^v, James 
 Rosier. 
 
 "Tiie lirst and chief thing reijuired for a plintahon 
 is a hold coast, and a fair laud lo fall in wilti. The 
 next IS a sale harbor for ships to ride m. 
 
 "Tlie first IS a special attribute of ihis shore, being 
 free from sands or danixerous rocks, in a eontinual 
 guild ilepth. with a must excellent tand-lall as ean bo 
 des':ed. whieh is the lirst island, named St. diuim'. 
 
 *' I'or the second, here are more ^ood h,iri>i)rs foi 
 ships of ■»ll burthens than all Kngl.ind can alhud 'I'ho 
 river, as .1 runneth up inlo the mam very nigh foity 
 miles, towards tho dniit Mountains, beareth m ureaillh 
 a mile, siimetimes llirce-fourths. and a half a mile is 
 ihe narrowest, where von shall never ha\e less than 
 four or tive fathoms, hard by the shore ; but six. seven, 
 ei_'h', rune, ten at low water. On both sides, every 
 
 If mile, very gallant eovis. some able to cont.hii ah 
 
 I 
 
 most one hundred sail of ships ; the grouml is 
 eclleut soft oozi'. with tough clay for anchor hi)ld . and 
 ships may lie without anchor, only mooiei to the shore 
 with a hawser. 
 
 " It lloweih fifiien or eighteen feet ot '.ligb water. 
 
 " Here are made by nature, most excellenl place* 
 3S docks to i:rave and careen ships of all biulheiis. f.e- 
 cure from all wimls. 
 
 " Tl^e river vieldeth plenty of eal.rion. and othei 
 fishes of great bigness. 
 
 "The Iiordering land is m*08t rich, trending all alo-ig 
 
 on boili sides, in an etpuil plain, nerlnr inuitntamoua 
 
 1 nor rocky, but verged with a green border ol g^a^^.•i ; 
 
 1 which may be matle good feeding ground, being |i'.-nti- 
 
 Inl hke liii> ontwanl islands, with fre^ih waif r, wlucli 
 
 fitreanielb tlovvn in manv places. 
 
 " .\s w«^ pas«t d wilh a i_'enlle wind, in our whin, e.i 
 this tiver. any man mav t.-oiicei\e wilh what a biiiraiitn 
 we all consented ni joy ; many who had iHvn Lr.i- 
 vfllcrs in sundry countries, and in the nuii4 famous n» 
 
tTTT 
 
 42 
 
 AMERICAN HISTOUy. 
 
 
 } im 
 
 vers. hfliniuHl ihom not cninpar.tlile to this. I will not 
 prefer It brl'orr our rivrr of Thames, hrrau'-r it is 
 Enghind's richest trt'iiMirt' ; hut we did all wish those 
 exccllciU tmrhurs, ^uod drpllis, continual convcniimt 
 breadth, and snmll-tule-gatfs, to i)C as well therein, for 
 our cnniitry's *:ood, a.s we found tlu-ni here : ilicn I 
 would Iwldly atlirin it to he the most rich, heaviiiful, 
 IdT^o, M-'cure harhonnjr river that the world utiordeth " 
 114. — " Our captjiii manned /us ahalhip with sevrn- 
 teen men, and run up to the ctnlde of the rivrr, wli' '<- 
 we landed, leaving six to keep the shallop. Ten ol 
 uith our shot, and some armed, with a boy to carrv 
 |K>wd('r and match, marched u|) the countr)', toirards the 
 mounltuns, which wu descrilwd at our first fallm^j; in 
 with the land, and werr continually in our view. To 
 some of them the river hroiight lis so near, as we judjx- 
 cd ourselves, when wo landed, to he within a league o( 
 them; hut we found them i.ot, having marched well 
 ni<;h four miles, and passed three ^^real hills. \\'herc- 
 fore, because the weailier was hot. and our men in 
 tlieir armor, not able to travel far and return to our 
 Diiinaee at nij;;iit, we resolved not to travel further. 
 
 ** We m) sooner came a hoard o-.ir pinnace, return- 
 ing down towards our ship, l)ut we espied a canoe com- 
 ing from the farther part of the coildf of the nrf r, cnsf- 
 vard. In it were three Indians, one of whom wo had 
 before seen, and his coiniiijT wa:i very earnestly to im- 
 portune us to let one of our men ^o with them to the 
 Iia.r' >., and tlien the nejit morning he would come to 
 our ship with furs and tobacco.*' 
 
 N. 1) — They did not accept the invitation, because 
 they suspected danger from the savages, havin<^ de- 
 tained five of their people on board to be earned to 
 Kiiijlanil. 
 
 13. — ** Ry two o'clock in the mornintr, •.akinj; ad- 
 vantaije uf the tide, we went in om pinnnce up to that 
 part of the river \\hi('h Ireiideth tnwt into the mam. 
 and we carried tt rm.ss to erect at that point, (u thini» 
 nc^er omitted hy any Christian travellers.) Into that 
 river, we rmrnl by estimation, twenty miles. 
 
 " Wliat protit or pleasure is descriiiad in the former 
 part of the ri\er. is wliullv dt.iihltd m this ; for the 
 breadlli and deptli is such, that a sliip, drawing seven- 
 teen or eighteen leit of water, nnt.'ht have jiatisi d as 
 fiiT as ue went wiih our .shallrp, and niueh firtln r, be- 
 cause we left it in so tfood depth. From the place of 
 Cwr ship's ridiULj in the liarhor, at the entrance inio the 
 Sound, to the larthest point we were in this river, hy 
 our e.^tiiiialion, was nt)t m.ich less than thrnscorc miles. 
 [That is, as ! undersland it, Irorn IViilecost harbor 
 Ihey went in t\e ahip forty miles, to tlie codde of tlie 
 rivrr ; .".nd thence m the shalloj), or pmnace, twenty 
 Ujh's on the we-l branch J 
 
 Ql'khv (> ■ — What is meant hy coddc 7 It appear* to 
 be an oUI word 
 
 " We were so pleased with lliis river, and so loiii to 
 I'orsake it, ihat we would have continued there wil- 
 bnjily for two davs. having ordy bread and cheese to 
 eat. iliit tlie tide not siiller:nu' it. we came down with 
 the ehb Wecoiicei\ed thai llie river ran very far into 
 the land, for wc passed ^lx or seven miles ultoiicther 
 frcxk u-iit,-, (whereof wo all drank) forced up hy the 
 flowmii of the salt water. 
 
 14 — We warped our shifi down to the river's 
 mouth, and there eaine lo ;inchor 
 
 15. — Weii,'!ied aneluir, and with a breeze from tlie 
 land, canie lo our watering place, in INiilecost harbor, 
 end 6lled our cask 
 
 " Our captain upon a rock in the midst of Inis har- 
 bor, made his ob,-ervatiori liv tlie sun, of the heiL^ht, 
 latitude, aii<l variation, exactly, njioii all his instru- 
 ments, vii astrolabe, seinispliere rint;. ami cross-stalf. 
 and an excellent variation compa.ss. ' 'lu- latitude he 
 found l:ldeL»reos ilO imnutes, north ; tK? variation, 11 
 de*;ree.-* Id imnules. west " 
 
 N. n.— -In tins latitude no part of the American 
 coast lies, except Cape Porptiise where is only a boat 
 harbor. The rivers nearest to it are on th' south, 
 Kennebiink. a .ide river of no yreat extent, terinmatmir 
 in a brook ; atul on the north. Sacu. tiie navigation of 
 wlueli IS olistructed by a bar at its mouth, and by a 
 lall Hi the distance of six or seven miles t'roin the sea 
 Neitlier of these cmld he the ri\er descrilxd m Wev- 
 moutlrs Journ, i. Ilis ohservalior of the latitude, or 
 the |)rinled arco uit of it, must hav u'en erroneous. 
 
 1I_''" Captain \\ illiams will be !^. obliging as to jmt 
 down his leiii.irjis on the above ab>tract m writing, for 
 (bouse ol i;»s humble servant, 
 
 Bithton^ Ant;. 4. 17^*7. .Tkkkmy Ubi.knap." 
 
 Captain \Villiam\i Ansirn; 
 **The first land Captain Wevmoiith saw, a whitish 
 GttlKly cliil M N. W iii leagues, must liavo been 
 
 I Sankolv Head [Nantucket.] With the wind at W. S. 
 \\ . and S. iS. W. lie could have fetched into ibis bay, 
 [Hoston] and must hjm> seen Capo Cud, had the wca- 
 ther been clear. ^Mf^ 
 
 The land he saCv oi» the 17lh. I think mu.^t he the 
 island Moiihe,' . as no oilier island answers the de- 
 scription In ,..v last cruise to the eastward, I sound- 
 ed, and had thirty tatlioms, about one league lo the 
 northward of tlu; island. The many islands he saw, 
 and the main land, extending from W. S. W. to 10 X. 
 Iv aiiTcc with that i-hore ; the mountains he saw hear- 
 ing N. N. K were IVnohscol Hills or Mountanus ; for 
 from tlie place where ! suppose the ship lay at anchor, 
 the above mountains bear N. N. K. 
 
 The harbor where he lay with his ship, and named 
 Pentecost harbor, is, T suppose, what is now called 
 fjror^c'x Ixland Ilurhnr, winch bears north from Mon- 
 hegan, about two leagues ; winch harLior and islands 
 agree with his descriptions, I thnik. tolerable well, and 
 tlie name, (icori^c'x hlandx, serves lo conlirin it. 
 
 When the captain went in his boat and discovered a 
 great river trendmg hr up into the mam, I suppose he 
 went as far as Two Uu.sh Island, about three or lour 
 leagues from the ship, from thence he could discover 
 Penobscot hay. 
 
 Distance from the ship to Two Dush Island is about 
 ton miles ; from Two Bush Ishmd to Owl's Head, rune 
 miles ; from Owl's Head to the north end of l.ong 
 Island, twenty-seven miles ; from the iiortii end ol 
 Long Island to Okl Port Pownal. six miles ; and from 
 the Old Fort to the head of liie tide, or falls, in Penob- 
 scot river, thirty miles; whole number, eighty-two 
 miles. 
 
 I suppo-^e M^ went with his ship, round Two Hush 
 Island, and then sailed n]> to the weslwaril of Long 
 Island, sup]>osing hmiself lo be then m the river; the 
 mouniains on llu; main to the we>tward exlendmg near 
 as hi^li u|. as Urllast 1 ay. I think it probiltie thai he 
 anchored wttli Ins ship oil' the point which is now i 
 called the Old Fort Point. | 
 
 The eodde of the river, where he went w ith his shal- , 
 lop, and marclu'd up in the country, toward the moun- 
 tains. I ihink must be Ltellast bay.' 
 
 The eanoe that came Iroin the farther part of the 
 codde of the ri\er. eastward, with Indians, I think it | 
 prohahle, came from IJagaduce. j 
 
 The worti coddr is not common; hut I haveori(:i| 
 heard it: as, " up in the codde o( the hay," meaning 
 the bottom of the h.iy. I suppose what he calls "the 
 codde of the river," is a bay lu ilic river. 
 
 The lalilmle of St. Cieoriic's Island harbor, accord- 
 ing to Holland's map, is forty-three degrees forty-eight 
 mmu'es, whicii is nine leag'ies more north than the oh- 
 servat.on made by Caj)tain We\ mouth. 
 
 lioxlim. October 1, 1797. 
 
 Sir, — I made the foregoing remarks, while on my 
 last eruiz.e to tiie eastward. If any tartlier inrorination 
 is necessary, that is m my power to give, you may com- 
 mand me. 
 
 I am, with respect, Sir, you obedient bumble ser- 
 vant. Jons FOSTKK WlLl.HMS. 
 
 Kkv. Dr. Dki.knap- 
 
 Weymouth's voyage is memorable, only for the dis- 
 covery ol Penobscot river, and for the decoying ol live 
 of the natives on board his .'^Inp. whom lie earned to 
 LiiLdand 'Phree of them were taken iiito the lamily 
 of .Sir Ferdniando (Jorges, then 'Mivernor of Plvmouth, 
 in Hevonsliire. The information \vhich he tramefl from 
 them. coridSiorated bv Martin Priiiix. ofl'iistol. who 
 inaile a second vovige m KiOrt. (ami prosecuted the I 
 discovery of the rivers m ihe District of . Maine) pre-' 
 pared the way for the attempt of Sir .lohn Pophatn and 
 others to establish a colonv at Sai^'ulahock. in HiO? ; 
 an account of which aitPinpl, and its failure, is already 
 given in the life of Sir Ferdmaiulo (lorges. 
 
 In the early accounts of this country wo fmd the 
 names of Mnroshrn and yoinm/ifija. .Niavoslien was 
 a name lor the whole Uistrict of .Maine, containing nine 
 or tell rivers ; the westenmiost o' which was Sbawako- 
 tock, (written by the French ('houakoet and by the 
 l']iiifli>*h, Saco ) The easternmost was Quibecpiesson, 
 which I take to be (aetward of Pi-nobscot, but cannot 
 sav hv wh:it name it is now called. Noruinbega was 
 a part of the s;tme district, eompreheiiding )'eiiobsi:ot 
 bay and river; but Us eastern and western tunitu are i 
 not described. | 
 
 It IS j:1so to be noted that the river Penobscot was 
 sometimes called Pema<piid, thou<Tb this latter name is | 
 now re>tricied to a point or neck of land which lies 
 about siX leagues to the westward. Penobscot !• j 
 culled hy ihe French, Penta^ott. | 
 
 This confusion of names occasions no small per 
 (lexily to inquirers into .the geography and early his- 
 tcry of this country. 
 
 JOHN HO BIN SON. 
 
 JoHS noDiNsnx— n.s Ilirth ami c'lluration— Minister of s 
 C*itMi;rcj,'ali(iii of Dissenters — IIih C itmret^iitioti I'erseriitel 
 — Iteifinves with his rhiircli tti Aiiisicrdam— llisilispulation 
 Willi Kinsenj.jri!*— Ills (liuiTli eonieirMiiftten n Reiuoval— 
 Api'lv to I 111' V rKium t;«iiriiiHiiy— Preaches lo tlieiii prcviou* 
 to ileiiiiniil— Uii ailectuHiite itavo of those who einhai'kuJ 
 for Auienca-Mis Death, Cliaraeler, ami Posterity 
 
 TiiK (irst elfeclual settlements of the Kuglish in New 
 Kngland were made hy those, who, after the reformu- 
 tion. dis>:en»ed from th establishment of the Kpiscopul 
 Church, who sull'ered on account of their dissent, and 
 sought an asyhnn from their huirerings. I'liiforinity 
 was insisted on with such rigor, as disgusted many 
 conscientious mniisters and people of the Church of 
 Kngland, and eaused that separation which has ever 
 since subsisted 'I'hose who could not conform to thu 
 estahlislmieiit, hut wisheil h)r a im>re complete reforma- 
 tion, were at lirst dist.ngui>hed hy the name of i'Kri- 
 tans ; and among these the most rigid were the 
 Itnnniiftts, so called from Holiert Drown, " a fiery 
 young clergyman." who, in i.'")HO. headed a zealous 
 parly, and was vehement for a total ^eparalion. Hut 
 Ilis zeal, however violent, was void of coiisislency ; for, 
 in his advanced years, he (OMlorined to the church ; 
 whilst others, who more deliberately withdrew, retained 
 their sejiaratiou, though they became more candid and 
 moderate in their principles Of these pe.iple a con- 
 greijation was tormed. alioiit the year 1602, near the 
 c))nliues of the comities of York, Nollingliam, and 
 Lnieoln ; who chose tor their ministers, Uichard Clif- 
 ton and John Kohm:>on. 
 
 Mr Kohinsun was horn in the year IS?*!, but tho 
 place of his birth is unknown. He was proliably edu 
 cited in the I'mversity of Cambrulge ; and he is said 
 to have been " a man of a learned, polished, and modest 
 .•spirit ; pious and studious of the iriith ; largely .icccm- 
 plished with gifts and (]ualilicatioiis suit ible lo be a 
 shepluTd over lilts flock of Ciirist" llefore ilis election 
 to this oliiee, he had a beneliee. near Varmoiith, in 
 Norfolk, where his friends Wi'r<' frequenlly molested Ity 
 the hishop'j ollicers. aad some were almost ruined by 
 prosecutions in the ecclesui.-lical courts. 
 
 The reigning prmce. at tliat tune, was James L (ban 
 whom, a more eonteniptible char.ii-ler never sat on the 
 British throne. L'ducated in the principt<'s of Preshvic 
 nanism, in Scotland, he for<jottliem all on his ad\anco- 
 meiit lo the throne of the ihree kingdoms. FlaltereJ 
 iiy the bishops he gave all ei-cbsiastical power inlc 
 their hands, and entrusted svce[ 'laiiU with the niaiiaire- 
 ineiit of the Stale; whilst he ii-doleiilly resigmd him- 
 self to literary and sensual induli^cricies ; in the forinei 
 of which he was a pedant ■ ui the latter an ejucure. 
 The prosecution of the Puritans was conducted witl* 
 unrelentmg severity in the fiu"nu r part uf his reign, 
 when Baiicrol'l wa« .\rchhi.shoji ol' ( 'aiilerhnrv. Abbot, 
 who succeeded him was I'.ivoraMe to ihem ; but when 
 Laud came into power, they were treated with every 
 mark of insult and cruelty. 
 
 Kohinson's congregation did not escajie persecution 
 by M-paralmg from thi' t stahli>hmenl and lorming an 
 independent church. Still exposed to tiie penalties ol 
 the ecclesiastical law, they were extremely harrassed ; 
 some were thrown mto prison, some were conlined to 
 their owii house.-. ; others wert; oblined to b ave tht ir 
 larms .-nid suspend their usual occupations. Such was 
 their distress and perplexity, that an emigration to some 
 foreign counlrv seemed the only means of saictv. 
 Their first views were ihrected to Holland, wliere the 
 spirit o( commerce had dictated a trie toleration ol 
 religious opinions; a blessinir, which neilher the wis- 
 dom of pohiicians. nor the charily of clerovnien ha] 
 adniittcd into any other of the Luropean Stales. Bu', 
 tlie ports ol llietr own coiiiitrv were "hut against thein. 
 they could get away only hy «eekini; concealment and 
 giving extravagant rates lor their passages and fees to 
 ihe manners. 
 
 In the autumn of IHOfi, a comjianv of these lifssen 
 ters, hired a ship at Boston in Lincolnshire lo carrv 
 ihcm to Holland. 'I'he uiasler promised to he ready 
 at n certain hour of the dav, to lake them on hoard, 
 with their families and etfects. 'I'hev assembled at tho 
 place ; but he disappointed them. Afterwards he came 
 m the night ; nnd when they were embarked, betrayed 
 them mto the hambi of searchers, and other ofl'icers , 
 who, having rohlied them of money, books nnd other 
 articles, and treated t^:e women with indecency, cyi- 
 ried them bark into the town, aiul czpo:ird thein ds ■ 
 
BIOGRAPHIES OF THE EARLY DISCOVERERS. 
 
 43 
 
 Lasions no Kinnll l>i'f 
 ^oyrapliv and rnrly his- 
 
 N S N. 
 
 Miirntioti— MiltistPr of ■ 
 *: 'iijirt'tiiiliitii I'erHenilol 
 isilcroani— Hit dispulalion 
 itrinplAlt'^ n Ki'tnovrvl— 
 'leariipt lo Hieiri previous 
 ,e It' tlutst! who riiibai'koJ 
 IT, ami INp.sIenly 
 
 J of Ihc Kntjlish in New 
 wlio, al'lcr llic ri'forniu- 
 lunenl of the K|>i»co|ral 
 It nf tlirir dissent, and 
 sulli'rini!». rniform'.ly 
 :or, as* ilis^iisU'd many 
 •ople of llic (.'linrch of 
 iralion which has i-vci 
 iMiUI iiol roiiforni to ihi) 
 
 niiri' i-omiploto rcfornia- 
 I liy the name of i'liri- 
 most rii;Kl were Iho 
 iluit l!ro«n, " a fiery 
 i'lSO. hcailiil a zcah>ui 
 
 total si'paralion. lint 
 oil! of conwistfncy ; for, 
 iformcil lo the churi-li ; 
 ati'ly withdrew, retained 
 reaiiie more cunilul and 
 Of these |ie.)ple a cori- 
 le year KiO'J, near the 
 I'ork, Nullliiilltdin, and 
 ministers, Richard Chf- 
 
 the year 1070, but tha 
 lie was proliahly rdu 
 iihridfie ; and lie is said 
 led. pohshed. and inodcBt 
 le iriitli ; laruely .iceom- 
 rations sun iMe to he a 
 St" licfcre his ehrtion 
 lice, near Varmoiiih. in 
 e freijuently molested hy 
 were almost mined hy 
 al courts. 
 
 |tline. was James 1. tliar. 
 
 ler never sat on the 
 
 principles of I'reshyle- 
 
 liem all on his ad\aiico- 
 
 kliifidoms. KlatleieJ 
 
 chslustieill power llltc 
 
 'lanls with the niali.iL'e- 
 
 rhilenlly resiiimd hiin- 
 
 :( iicies ; 111 the forinei 
 
 the hitter an epicure. 
 
 ; was conducted will* 
 
 ler p.irt uf Ins rei^'ii, 
 
 of Canierhiiry. Ahhot. 
 
 lie to them ; hut when 
 
 lere treated with every 
 
 not escajie persecution 
 r-hiiienf and forinilii; an 
 id lo the pi'lialtles ol 
 exlremi-ly harrassed ; 
 some were cmilini d tc 
 ihhned to leave their 
 ■cup.itions. Such w.is 
 an emigration lo some 
 ilv means of SiliCtv. 
 o llollanil, w'.lere the 
 d .1 free toleration ol 
 winch lUTilic r the wis- 
 intv of eleru'Vinen lu i 
 Inropean States Ihi'. 
 re shut against llieiii 
 •kiiii; eoncealment and 
 passaires and lees to 
 
 nijianv of these drsscn 
 l,iiieolnsliire to earrv 
 promised lo he reaily 
 > take tliein on hoard, 
 'lliev assemhled at the 
 Alterv>ards he came 
 :>rc emharked, helrayed 
 rs, and otiier otlicers , 
 niiev, hooks and other 
 n with iiidereiicy, cai- 
 lul cipo'jH ikeju dK • 
 
 if 
 
 "i 
 
 lauiihing »[ectn(lo lo ihe iiuiltitudo. Thry wrru ar- 
 raigneti before tlic iim^'i^lnU's, vvlio uscii iln-rii wiili 
 civility; I'ut cimlii miL n jMst ilicm, wiilumt iiii otiliT 
 1)1 the kini,min! <-oiinril. Ti'l lliis iirrivrd, llu y .siHii-Tcd 
 a nioiiili'p' iiii|'ri!-'.)iimiMl; scuii wi-ro IjoumluvtT lo iliu 
 tiisizi's, ami llic oiiicrs wrrt- rrlca.sfd. 
 
 The iicxi >iiriti^ ^ItU'H; ilit-y iriadt; another atlrm|)t, 
 Biid lured a Itiileli \es^el, tiieii hin^ in the liarhor. to 
 taKc tiieiii nn hoard. Tiu' plaee a^Teed on \\a;< an un- 
 fntpiented euniinon, hetwteii Hull and tirnnshy, re- 
 moie liotii any houses. 'I'lie women and children, with 
 the !tai:ixai.'e were .sent down llie river in a small hark, 
 arnl tlie^mer: agreed lo meet ihini hy land ; hut they 
 catiif to the plaee a day hetore the slop urnved. 'i'lic 
 wale: heuii,' roiiL'h. and the women Miek, tliey prevailed 
 on liie pilot ol" liu! I'ark to p;it into a small creek, where 
 they lay a^^iomid. when tlie UutL-hinan eame and took 
 one hout load ol the men on hoard. IJelore lie could 
 BCiid lor the olhiis. a company ol" armed men appeared 
 oiihurselMck , whicli so Irijihiened him, that he weighed 
 aniiior. und, the wind hem;! lair, put to sea. Some of 
 the men wlio wero hit hehiiid, made their escape; 
 others, who went lo Uu: a?'Sl.^lance of the women, were 
 with them apprehendeil. tiid carried from one justice 
 of the peace to another ; hut the justices, not know in;.' 
 what u> do Willi so many helpless and uislrcsaed per- 
 sons, disims.^eil Iheni llaviiij; sold their houses, cit- 
 tle and furmlnre. ihey had no homes to which they 
 could retire, ami were then fore cast on the chanty oi 
 their Iriends. Tho-x' who were hurried to sea without 
 tlu'ir families, and il"sU!ute evenof a change of cloihcs, 
 endured a ternhte storm, m which iiciihei bUn, inoon. 
 nor stars iippeani! lor seven day«. This itorm drove 
 Uiem far to the iiorthw.ud. and they very narrowly es- 
 caped foiindeiiiij.'. Alter foi.Tleen iliys thev arrived al 
 Amsterdam, where llie pen))lc were surprised at their 
 deliverance ; tlie leinpi'st having' heen very severe, and 
 muelidiima^e having' hteit siislamed, hoth at sea, and 
 hi the harliors of thectnitment. 
 
 This f<)rh)rn companv of emii;ranls were soon after 
 joinid hy their wives iind tamihcs. The remaindtr of 
 Ihcdiurch went over, in tlie following summer; Mr. 
 Kohms )n, witii a lew others, remained to l;i-'p the 
 weakest, till they were all enihaiked. 
 
 At .\iiisierdam, they found a congregation of their 
 couiilr\men. will) had the same religious views, and 
 had emigrated tielore them. Their minister ^Wiis John 
 Smith, a man of good ah-littcs, and a populi^r preacher. 
 but unsteady in his opinions.* These p'jople fell into 
 controversy, and were soon scattered, fearing thai 
 the ndectioti might spread, Kohinsou proftosed to his 
 church a luriher removal ; to which, though much to 
 their disadvaiilaiie, m a temporal view, itiey consented ; 
 and after one year sp-nl at Amsterdam, they removed 
 to heyden, where they cotitinued elevin yars. DuriHii 
 this time, their luiinher so increased, liy freipietit eim- 
 f^ruiious from Knghind. that they haj m llie church 
 three hundred communicants. 
 
 At Lexiieii, they enjoyed much harmony among 
 themselves, t and a friendly intercourse with the l*ulch ; 
 who, ohservni',' their dtli'jence and hih'lity in tiieir husi- 
 tiess, enterlanied so grciit a respect lor them, that the 
 magisiratf.s of the cily (UilU), m the seal of justice, 
 havm<x occasion to censnie somu of the French I'ro- 
 trslants, who had a cliun-h thi-re, made ihis puhlic de- 
 claration. "These Ijiiih^h have lived i;niong us ten 
 years, and vet we nevir Ind any suit or itccusation 
 ■gainst anv of them ; Imt your tpiarrcls an- continual '* 
 
 'I'he year (UiO'J) in vhich Mr. Itohinson went to 
 Ijeydeii, was ninarkah'.- lor the death of .lacohns Ar- 
 ininiiis, one of the D'.imty i'roles>ors ol the I'niversity 
 of that city IJetw' eii Ins successor, Kpiscopms. anil 
 the other tlieologi* al professor. Polyander, there was 
 much opposif.on ; ihi; Jormer teaching the doctrine of 
 Arminms, and the other that of Calvm The contro- 
 
 * Mr. Ntiul says, that 7iu retiiied uu the princitile.4 ui itie 
 Drowiasts, auil at last doclurcd li>r ttiu Itaiitiats ; thai Im h>it 
 Ainsterdain, ami seltleii with a party ml.fTiien ;w here, htuij; 
 at alos!4 for apnijicr aiiriiiuistraiiiroriJHiiti.stn, he liritt |ili)iii:i->t 
 tUnisr^lf, and thuu |H>rfi>niiiMl Ihc crreuiony on uthcrit ; wliit-ti 
 gained liiiii the name ol Se-baplibl. Alter llius he eiril'raeeil 
 the |>ririt'i|>le9 ol Aniiinius, and puhliiihuil a houk, wliicli Ito- 
 biiiHon answored in Kill : >iut ^uuth iuoii ufier dtud, aitd his 
 con^-rrjiiniim was di-Milvr<l. 
 
 t i;oi iiii.tr Huuiiiiis.m (I [irt'sume throuuli inatteiili.tn) 
 h;is iiii-i.'i'ri'^<'!iti-l llvis iiiaHer,(vol. 11.401) bv sayiiiir, " lh;it 
 Jn the l«.lvf vi-iirs ol Iheir rt'sideru-u in ilollaiul, they liad 
 foiitiMilioii uMiitng theiiiselvex, tlividi'd, and l>er:tiiU! Uvo 
 clitiuiics." The two chunhes .»f Situtli and UotnnsMii siili- 
 iisti-d tlistmclh and iitirnimecti'dly heloru they nuitli-il llii-,*- 
 laiid li uai to avoid coutpiitioii that tlie Utter reiii(i\e>i 
 from AiiiRterdioii, wlicrc the finiifr lell to puces. Not the 
 luast ovi.leiicc ol i-niiteiili.ni, lu llie ehurrh ot l.cydeu, ap- 
 ppfl'4 iiiaiiy uf oar lirst histuri.ius ; out therms the Oiliest 
 f«iii*!mjny of the roatr.^iy in all ot thrin. iNo division look 
 pifii^}, till the ctniKraliun of part of tlioui to Aiaerica, when the 
 uiuiuNt barmony and low ware maniretteU on thoocctt»ton. 
 
 vrrsy was so hittrr, that the disciples of the one would 
 scarcely heartln leetnre- ol the oilier. Kohm^on. thouoh 
 he preached i.'ruistanllv three limes m llie week, ami was 
 much engiged in wn'.mg, attended llic discourses of 
 each; U'ld hecaine master of the arounienls on hoth 
 sides of ihe controverted questions. Kemg fully per- 
 suaded of the truih of the * alvnuan sysiein. and openly 
 preaching it. his /eal and alulilies rendered him lorini- 
 dahle to the Amiinians ; which induced Kpiscopms lo 
 puhlish se\eral theses, und engage lo defend them 
 against all opposers. 
 
 Men of eiju.d ahilities and learning, but of diircreiit 
 Bentiments, are not c.isily induced to submission ; es- 
 pecially in a country where ojcnion is not feltered and 
 restrained hy the ruling power. I'olyander. aided hy 
 the ininislers of iho city, reipicstcd Kohmwon lo accept 
 the rhallenge. Though his vanity was llattered hy the 
 request, yet being a stvungcr, lie modestly declined ihu 
 omhat. Ilel their jiressmg imjiortunity |»revailtd over 
 his reluctance; and judoing "- to he his du'y he, on a 
 set day, held a pnhlic disp .ation with ihe Armmiun 
 professor, m presence of a very numerous assembly. 
 
 It IS usual, on smh occasions, for ihe parlizans on 
 hoth sides to claim the victory lor their respeclive 
 champ-iona. Whether it w\ re so, at tics time, cannot 
 he determined, as we have no account of the coMlro- 
 versy from the Arminian party. CJovcrnor iJradford, 
 who was a memlM'r of Kohitiaon's cuiinh. and proba- 
 bly present at llic disputation, gives this account oi it ; 
 " lie t<o defended Ihe irulh, and foiled the opposer, as 
 lo put him to an apparent nonplus in this great and 
 piihhc audn'nce. The same he did a second and a 
 third lime, upon the like occasions ; which, as it caused 
 inaiiv lo give praise lo (iod. that the trutli had so fa- 
 mous a vietorv, so it procured loi Mr Uobm.son much 
 respret anil honor from these liarned men and others,'' 
 
 When llohinsoii first went to Holland, he was one 
 of ihe most rigid separatists from the t/hurch of ling- 
 land, lie had written in defence of the separalion, m 
 answer to Dr. William Amts,* whose name, in the pe- 
 tulance of his wit, he had changed lo Amiss. Alter 
 his removal lo Holland, he met with Dr. Ames and 
 Mr. Kohcrl I'urker. an eminent divine of Wiltshire, 
 v,\,2 had heen obliged to liy ihither from the terrors of 
 the High roimm.ssion Courl, under the direction of 
 .\rchhishop Mancrofl. In u free conversation with thew 
 g( nllemen. Kohii'son was convinced of his mistake, 
 submitted to ihe repioof of Dr. Ames, and became, 
 ever alter, more moderate in his Bcnliments respeclirg 
 separation. In a hook which ho published, (UHO) he 
 allov\cd and defended the lawfulness of communicating 
 with the (Jhurcii of Kngland, "m l!ie woni and prayer," 
 that is, in the extempore prayer, before the sermon, 
 though not in t'.te use of the liturgy, nor in the mdiscri- 
 imnaie admission lo ihr sacraments Vet he would 
 allow the pious incmh<'rs of the ( 'hurch ol Knglaud. and 
 of all the Jiefonned churches to communicaie wilh his 
 church ; declaring tint he separated from no church ; 
 hut from the corruptiotis of all ehurches. This book 
 gained him ihe title of Seini-separalist, and was so of- 
 tensive lo the rioid Hrownisis of Amsit-rd.im, thai they 
 would scarcely hold coimnumon with the (.'hurch ol 
 l.tydcn. These weri> called liohiusonians and Inde- 
 pendents; hut the name by which they di-'-tinguislied 
 themselves, was. a ('on^reo.iiioiul Church. 
 
 'i'lieir uraiid priiH'iple was the same wliich was after- 
 wards held and delemh'd hy ('lullingworlh and lloadley. 
 that Ihe Scriptures, given by inspiration, couiain the 
 tnie n-hoiou ; that every man has a right to uidge for 
 himself of iheir ine.imng ; to try all doctrines Iiy ihtiu, 
 and to worship ( ioil according lo the du l.iles of his own 
 enlightened conscience. They admitted, for irudi. 
 the doclrmal arlicles ofthe Church of KnoUnil. as well 
 as of ihe K' lorineil churt'hes m |-'ra?ice. < Ji'iieva, Swit- 
 zerland, and ihe riiiied Provinces; allovMiig all then 
 members In e coinniunion. and diireting Irom them 
 only in mailers of an ccchsiaslu'.il i,a:i.re. Kespecl- 
 mg these, they held, (I,) That no c hurch ou^ht m con- 
 
 * hr. Ames w;u cduciilcd ul l.'itirihrid:;e, iiirit i Uu- l.toimis 
 Perkins, and heeaine IVIlow ulChiiNt's rului-i-. lit ItiiKl lit- 
 |{a\o odciue to llic mutii-miMi 'd llie ltii\ ri-it\ , l>v j Timi li- 
 inn ■itsatiist cards and due ; ;io>t to .uoi.l ^irosii tiltoii l>it iMti- 
 Ci.iiloimily, llfd to Htdliiid. He lirsl si'Ul.-d ;il thu Ihiiine, 
 whence hf was iiivucd liy iho Slatts ol Frnsiuid I.) the 
 ch;iir of Theolnyical ProiVaver nt Fiam-ki r. wuich ]\v hilt il 
 Willi it'pulalioii irir Uvclvf joars, Ur wa-. .in .iU\v lontin- 
 vcisial wntrr; his stvic was coiuisc .'ui>l his ai>iuui('Mts 
 arulf. He w rol.- .■*.\t-i;tl ti.all.^es ag unsl Uie AiiiuiuaiH, 
 tieside* his laiiioiis .Metiull.i Thcolo^ia. lit* iitterwards le- 
 moved t(( Uiitt. rdaiii; l,«.il Ihe air ni Holland m-l ai:iermt; 
 with Itis eoiisiiuiliou, he drtcrnmied to eonio tii Nuw Hiii;- 
 laiid. Ti.i.s was prevtiiti',1 by hi^ di::uh,m l(>;iJ. lli.t wiUow 
 aiitl family afterwards r:iiiu; ovrr, ainl his i>.>sit'ritv li:i\i- liren 
 rrspectahle evt-r smre, His valualdc lihraiy hecamu Ihu pio- 
 uorly of ilarvard CoHQge, where it was cunsuiiiud by lire ui 
 
 sist of more members than can conventcntlv meet to* 
 
 oether for worship ami discipline. ("Z ) 'i'hat every 
 church of Christ is to consist only of such as appear ti> 
 believe in and obey him. (3.) 'I'hat any eompelenl 
 number of such iiave a right, when conscience olihgcfl 
 iliein. lo form ihemselves into a distinct churi-h (4.) 
 'I'l at this irici)rporation is, hy soiee conlract or covo- 
 iiaiii, expn-ssed or implied, (fi ) That hi nig thus incor- 
 porated, thev have a rioht to choose their own otllcerfl. 
 ((>.) That these ollicers are t^tntoix, or teaching Kldern, 
 iiuliniS F.Ultrs and Ihaiunn (r) That eiders being 
 chosen or ordained have no power to rule the church 
 but by consent of the brethren. (H.) That all eiflVrs u.'id 
 all churches are eipial in respect ot jiowers and pri- 
 vileges. (U.) ''Villi respect lo ordinances. Ihey held 
 that I'lifitixm IS to he administered lo visibh^ believers 
 and ihetr infant children ; hut ihey admitted only thu 
 children nf communicants lo baprism. Thai the 
 liOrd's Slipper is lo he received silling at ihe ulile ; 
 whilst they were m llolhuid. they received it every 
 Lord's Day. That ecclesiastical censures vsere wholly 
 spiritual, and not lo hv accompanied with temporal 
 peiiallies. (10 ) Thev admitted no holy days hut the 
 Cliristtan Sabbath, thouoh iluv had occasionally days of 
 fa:.tiug anil thanksoivuig. Ami, finally, they renounced 
 all rioiii of human invention or mtposition in religious 
 matters. 
 
 Having enjoyed iheir liberty in Holland eight or nine 
 vears. in which lime they hiid become ncijuainted with 
 the counlrv and the maimers of its inlubitanls, they 
 heizan lo think of another removal ( HUT). The reasons 
 of which, were ihese. (I.) .Most of them had lucn 
 bred to ihe business of hushandry in Kngland ; but in 
 Holland. lliev were obliged to learn mechanical trades, 
 and use various inelhiuls for their subsistence, which 
 were not so agreeable to I hem as cultivation. (3 ) The 
 laiiL'uage. manners and habits of the Dutch were not 
 rendered pleasing by familiarity ; and, in purtie'.iiar, 
 the loose and careless manner in \%liich the Sablialli 
 was rei^arded m Holland, gave them ureal oU'ence. 
 (3.) The clmiate was unfavorable to tlu-ir health ; many 
 ol them w<>re in the decline ol hie ; their clnldicn, o|)- 
 pressed with labor and disease, became mlinn. and tho 
 vigor ol nature seemed to abate at an early age. 
 (4.) The licentiousness in which youth was indulged, 
 was a pe.'iucious example to iheir cbihlrcn ; some ot 
 whom became s.ulors, others soldier.^, and inanv were 
 dissolute in llieir morals ; nor conlil their parents re- 
 strain ihem. without givini; oti'ence apid incurring re- 
 pn)ach. These coiisidirations ationled them tho 
 melancholy prosjiecl. ihal iheir pctstcnty wtJ.ilil. m lime, 
 become so mi.xed with liie Dutch, as to lose their ii - 
 terest in the Knoli-'h nalnui. lowhich thev had a natural 
 and strong attiuninenl. {d ) They obscrvi'd, also, that 
 many other Knohsh people, who had i;one to Holland, 
 sullered in their health and substance; and either re- 
 turned home to hear the ineonvimieiicies from which 
 they had (led. or were reduced to po\eny abnwul. For 
 these reasons, they concluded that Holland was not a 
 counlrv m which they could hope for a permanent and 
 agreeaole residence. 
 
 The (]uesiion then was. to what part of tho world 
 sboiihl they remove, where they miohi expect freedom 
 from the hiirdi'iis under which ihey ha<l formerly gr4)aned. 
 and the blessings of civd and religious libtrty, which 
 thev had lati Iv enjoyed. 
 
 Tho Dutch merchanls being apprised uf their discoii- 
 le.it, made them large oilers, if lliey would o'* to some 
 I of iheir foreign plantations ; but iheir at!a>-hmeut lo iho 
 ' Knolish nation and irovernment was iiiMncihlc Sir 
 Waller Ualeioh had. about this tiini'. raised tho lame of 
 (iuui'u. a rich and ferule country of America, between 
 the tropics, blcssed with a perpetual sprmg. and pro- 
 i duclive ol every thing which cmihl satisfy the w.intsof 
 I man. with lntle l.ibor. To this counlrv, the views ci 
 I some ot the mosl sanguine were directed ; hut consi- 
 derm;,' that m suih warm climates, diseases were gene- 
 rated, which often proved fatal to Kun>pean coiisiitu- 
 Itons, and that iheir nearest neighbors would be the 
 .Spamards, who, lliouoh they bad not actuallv i)ceupied 
 ihe country, yet clanned it as their own, ami might 
 easily dispossess them, as they had the Tri'iich ol 
 rh)rida : the m.ijor part disapprovi'd of this proposal 
 
 They then turned their thoughts lowanU that part of 
 America, coin| reheiuled under the general name of 
 Virginia. Then', if they should join the colony already 
 eslabbshed. they must subinil to Ihe i,'0\erimi"nt ot 
 the ('hurch of Kngland. If they shoiiM allein; l a now 
 plantation, the hornirs of a wilderness, and the erneltit'*: 
 of Its Kavage inhabitants were prcseiiUil lo their vit'w. 
 It was answered, that liie Dutch had begun to pUnt 
 witiiin tbcdo Itiiut^ aud wore untnok'btud ; thnt ail 
 
44 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORY. 
 
 ■ ' 
 
 proat umlortnkJiKrn wnrr at'endoU with diHiniltrcs: Init 
 
 L*ial tin' iin««iMrl nC il.iiicrcr tliti not rcmirr ihc niter- 1 
 pMHi' tli'>) ( tall' ; iliiil, hlionltt iliry itMiiiiin in IlcIliiMt, j 
 iIh'V «»''» i.iti In (■ Iroiii il.iiii_'tT. ii« H iriict' littwctn ilio 
 liiiiifd l*rovitii-t'!t iiiiil S|)niri, vxhu-li litid Mil)M>u-(( 1*^ 
 yrurK, whu iii-iirlv ('X| ircd. and ])r('|tiiriiiii>ri>« wire miik- 
 inu lo r< iit-v\ ihij war, (liiit llir S{>,irii.iiils, il Mi('<'r>shil 
 initjtu I'lovr )i^ rriii'l .is the "iivitjifs ; iinil that lilirrlv, 
 liDlli i-ivil ithil nli<.'ious, was nltui:rllnT [trrcarinii!* 
 lit Miiropf Tiu'sc runsiili-ratitins (IcM-riiiint'd lliiir 
 vu-wn luwiirtU tho iMiirih.ilMiKl part of .Norilt Anu-rtt-a, 
 i.'!airiii-(l liv llicir iialivc |irnirt', an part ot Iiin dunii- 
 ntniiti ; and their hi»pe wum, that h) ('ini<:ratni<T hiiher, 
 they ini^hl itiake whv lor the priipaijatioii ol' the Clins- 
 tian rrh^ioi) in u lieuihen land, lhou^rn(to uhv tiieirown 
 plirase) " they t*htiuM he but as «teppincr-stoiies lo 
 othim," wlio ini^ht ronie after them. 
 
 'i'h*^o thniuR were lirst dehaied in private, nnd iiOer- 
 wartU proposid to the whoh- et»n;_'rt'i;atit)n, who, after 
 in-iture dehlM-ralinn, and a devum address to Heaven, 
 deterniined to rniikc upplieadon to the Virt;ini;i Coni- 
 piuiy Ml [.ondon, nnd to niipMre whether Kni>; Jiniies 
 would /,' raft/ llieni hherly ol eouMienee iii his American 
 dumiiiions. John Carver and Uohert rushnian were 
 nppomied their agents on iIuk oeeasion, an<l lettt-rs 
 were written liy Mr Kohnison, and Mr Ikewslcr, tlieir 
 riihn<; eUler, in tlie name of th<' eoiiyrei.'ation, to Sir 
 Kdwin Sandys and Sir John M'orstenhohne, two prin- 
 cipal nieniliers ot the ViryMim Company. 
 
 Ill those letters they reeoriimcnded themselves as pro- 
 per persons lor rnii^ration. lieeause ihey were, *■ wean- 
 ed from the delieale milk of their own eomitry, and so 
 inured to ihe ditlicnhies of a slruiiL^e land, that no t^iu,\\\ 
 tliinyH would discourajie ihein, or nuke theinwi>h to 
 rrlurn liome ; that lliey hiid nrcpiired liahi'.j* of tnijiii- 
 liiy. indu.-'try. imd srlf-deiual ; and were united in a su- 
 lemn covenant, hv whieh they wen' hound to seek '.he 
 welfan', of Ihe whole eoniptiiy. and of every iiitiividual 
 person " 'riiev al>o ^avt- a sueeinet and candid ac- 
 count of iheir n'li^ioiis principles and practices, lor the 
 iiiforinalion of tiie km^ and Ins council. 
 
 The anj'wcr which they received Wii? as favorable as 
 ihev could expect. The Virginia Company prorniiicd 
 them as ample privilei^es us were in their power lo 
 jjnnt. It was tluMii,'ht prudent not to dcli\cr their let- 
 ter lo the kini; and council ; hut application was made 
 to Sir llohcrt Norton. Secretarv of .State, who em- 
 ployed his jiiiiTesi Willi Arehhisliop Ahliot ; and (>v 
 Itiean^ ot his mediation, the kin^ proini>ed to conniM> at 
 their rchi^ious practh-es ; hnt hi- denied ihcni toleration 
 under the ^rtdl seal. With an answer, and some 
 private eiuoiiraycment, the Dgfiils returned to IIol- 
 htud. 
 
 It was impossihle for them lo transport themselves 
 lo America without assi^ianee from the men'liant ad- 
 venturers in l-!n;.dand. Fnrtiicr ajjency and a'^reeiuents 
 Wire necessary. The dissension.^ of the \'iri:in!a Coiii- 
 piiiiy wen- tedious and violent ; and it was nut till alter 
 two whole ye:irs, that all tlse nt eessary provisions and 
 arrani,'enients corld lie made for iheir \ova^c. 
 
 In the lnninnuiL' of Ki'JtI. ilicv kept a solemn day of 
 
 frayer, wlun Mr. Iv()hin>nn delucred a discourse from 
 .Satnuel. xxii!. :j. 4 ; in winch he endca\ond to re- 
 move liieir doubts, and conllrm their resululioiis It 
 had been previously di-lcrniined, that a part of them 
 ehould ^o lo America, and pn-pan- the wav for the 
 othirs ; and that if the major part should cont ht to 
 po, the pasior should ^o with them; oiherwi.-e he 
 ehould remain in Holland. It was found one.xainina- 
 tioii, that thoujih a iiiajor part was williiii; to ijo. vet 
 tliey could not all i^cl ready in season ; therelbre, the 
 pealer number be-tim)bl!<:rd to ,itay. they reipiired Mr 
 Kohnison to stay -oih ihem. Mr. Brewster, the nilinji 
 older, was B|ipointed to po wilii the minonty, who were 
 " lo be an altsolule cbureli of ihem.'^elvef, as will as 
 those thai should stav ; with llns provi.-o, that, as aiiv 
 should po over ur n'turn. they should be n'putrd as 
 members, witliout farther dismission or testimonial. 
 The others were In follow as sonn as possible. 
 
 In Jidy. they kept another dav of praver, when Mr. 
 Robinson preaciied to them Inmi Kzra viii. 'Jl, and con- 
 cluded his discourse witli an e.siioriatiou. whieh breathes 
 a noble spirit of Christian liberty, and pives a jvisl idea 
 of the sentiments of this excellent divine whose charity 
 was the more ronspicuous, hicause of iiis former nar- 
 row priiici|ib's, and the pencral bipotry of the Reformed 
 ministers and churih* >■ of that dav. 
 
 " Brethren, (said he.) we are now (juiekly to part 
 fro.n oiie another, and whellur I may ever li\e to see 
 vour hcv on earth any more, the (iod of Heaven onlv 
 liiiows ; but whether the Lord hath appointed that ot 
 Kot, I charge you boforo God and his blessed angels, 
 
 that you follow me no farther than you have seen me I 
 follow Ihe Lord ,le.<<iis <')irist. 
 
 ■■ IftJud n'\e,dan\ iIimil' to yon by any other instru- 
 ment of liis. \fv a.s readv lo receive it, an ever von were 
 to receive any triiili by my ministiy ; lor I am vcnly 
 persiiadt d---| am very coi.lidMH. that the I.onl has more 
 Iruih \et to break lorlb out Ot his huly word. Tor my 
 part, i caiitiiit :^i;llictenllv bewail the eoixhtiOM ot the 
 Uelormed churihes. who arv come to a | eruii! in re- 
 hpion. and will fo, at pn'^ent, no farther than the in- 
 slrumenls of iheir retoriuatuin. The l.utheraii.s can- 
 not be drawn lo po lie\<Mid what I.ulher said : whiilextr 
 ;f<rt of hi^ will our pood (iod has revealed i.nto Calviii, 
 tliey will rather die than embrace it. And the Calvm- 
 ists, you fee, stirk fast where they were left, by tliat 
 i>reat man o\ (lOil. who vet saw not all thinps. 
 
 " 'i'his IS a misery much lo be hniM ntcd ; f<jr thouph 
 they wtTc biirmnp and sliiiiinp lipiits in iheir limes, yet 
 they pmrtralni iii>l into tlie whole counsel of (Iod ; liut 
 wrre ihey now livitip, would be as willmp to embrace 
 farther liphl, as that whieli they first received- I be- 
 seech you, rcmeniher, it is an arluMe ol your church 
 covenant, * tliat you be ready lo receive whatever Iruih 
 sliall be made known to you, from the written word of 
 don.' itcmemher that, and every otiicr article of 
 your sacred covenant. Ibil 1 must, herewiihal, e.\hor) 
 you lo take hetd wiiat you receive us truth. Kxamiiie 
 It, consider it, and compare it with other scripiurt s of 
 trnlh befbn' you receivf; il ; for it is not possible tliat 
 the ('brisinii world tilionld come so lately out of Hiich 
 thick anli-Christiaii darkness, and liiat pertectiun ot 
 knowledpe shoiihl break forth at once. 
 
 *' 1 must also advise you to abandon, avoid, and 
 shake oil" the name of Iiit>wni.\tx. It is a mere nick- 
 name ; aiid a brand for the makinp rrlipion, and the 
 prof*t.''sors of tt. otiious lo the (.'hrislian world." 
 
 Havinp said this, wilh some other ihmps relatinp to 
 their private condml. he devoutly coiimiiticd ti.em to 
 the care and proUctioti ot Divine rrovtdeiice. 
 
 (In ihe 'Jlst ol July, the inteniled pas>eiiprrs quilted 
 I-eydcn, to embark al Delf'lluiven, lo which place tliey 
 were accoinpi'iiied by many of lluir brethren and 
 friends, si ver.il of whom had come from Amsterdam to 
 lake their le.ive of them. 'I'lie evcnmp was spent, till 
 very huc, m Irundly conversation ; and liie next morn- 
 mp, the wind hemp fair, they went on board ; where 
 Mr. Kobinsoii, on his knees, m a most ardent and allec- 
 lionate praytr, apam comimtted them to their divmc 
 I*rotcetor. and with many tears they parted. 
 
 After iheir arrival in New Knpland, he kept up a 
 friendly correspondence with them ; and when any of 
 them went to liurope. they were received by luni with 
 the most cordial welcome, The ditiicullies which then 
 attended a voyapc ucros.s the Allanlic, the expense ol 
 an eipiipmenl lor a new colony, and the hardships 
 necessarilv incident lo a plantalion in a distant wilder- 
 iiest*. proved a burden almost too preat fur those who 
 came over. They had a hard stnippb- to support them- 
 selves here, and pay ihe debts which they had coii- 
 iracted m Kiiiilaiid ; whilst those who remained m 
 Holland, wen- in pener.d loo poor to t>ear the expense 
 of a removal to America, without the help of their 
 hrelhrcii who had come before them, Tlii-se tbmps 
 [prevented Mr. Uu!uns-on from pratilyinp his earnest 
 desire to visit his American brethren, and their eipially 
 ardent wish to see him, till he was removed by death 
 to a better counlrv.* 
 
 He continued with ins church at liCyden, in pood 
 health, nnd with a (air prosjiect of living to a more ad- 
 vanced ape, till Saturday, the 22d of Kebruary, n>25. 
 when he was seized with an inwanl apue ; which, how- 
 ever distressinp, did not prevent his preachinp twice on 
 the next d:iy Throuph the followinp week his disor- 
 der increased in malipnitv, and on .Satiir-Iay, March 1, 
 put ail end to Ins valuable life; m the fillieth year of 
 his ape, and in the height of his reputation and useful- 
 ness. 
 
 Mr. Robinson was a man of a good genius, quick 
 penetration, readv wit, preat modesty, mtegrity and 
 candor. His classic literature and acuteness in dispu- 
 tation were acknowledged by hia adversanes, Ills 
 manners were ea.sy, courteous and ohlimntif. His 
 preachinp was instructive and aU'eclmg. i'liongh m 
 ins younger years be was rigid in his separation from 
 
 • Mortiiii, ill his Meruorml (p. (Ml) says, lliat "liis and tlieir 
 Bilver-taru-s lia<i U>uu Ivcu plottitif; Itovv tticy niK^lit himfor ins 
 cnininy in New i;ii;;laiiJ." Unlriijtisiiti (vol. II. p. 454) says, 
 " hii was prevt'titcil l-y lii-iti'i'i-miincnls from tliCM- in Kni;- 
 liUiU, W'lin iHicicrl'xth to provide lot- Uie passage ul linii and 
 Ills Congietjatioii." Wln'ilni tlicsf^ di.H»iijHniittiii'nis wi-re 
 (lesiKiiett or tmavonlatili-. caiaiDl now lif JeUrnniicd. (';mdor 
 would lead us lo suppose Hie tniter. But tlio furincr KUppo* 
 siUon u witluii Uiv liinilu uf cnUiUlity. 
 
 the Mpifcopal Chtireii, by whoso go^ oriiora he and hiti 
 Irtends were in-ated wiih iinrelentmo seventy, yet 
 
 when convinced of hi- i nor, ia- o|n niy acknowIe(l^;eil 
 tt, and by exjiern ecr and itmversiiiion wilh oood in> n, 
 he 1<( i-aitie motlerale and charitable, without aliating tiis 
 ze.il tor sfricl and real relipion. Il is always a sign of 
 a pond heart, when a man becomes mihl and candid us 
 he pniws mi years This was eminenlly true of Mr. 
 Itolnnsiui, lie learned to esteem all good men of 
 evtry religiuiis persuasion, and charged ins (lock to 
 inamtam the like candid and benevolent conduct. Hia 
 sentnuenis respecting llie Kt^tormerM as exprudsed m 
 his valedictory discoiirsf, will entail immorlul honur to 
 ins memory ; rvtdeticing ins accurate discernmenl, his 
 mtli'xiide honesty, and his lervrnt zeal for truth and a 
 pood conscience. He was also possessed m an eini- 
 Hint degree of tiie talent of peace-niakmp, and wua 
 happy in composing dilbreiices among neighliors and 
 III tamiliea ; so (h>it peace and iinily were preserved m 
 ills congrepation. It is said llnit "such wim the reci- 
 procal love and respect between Inin and his tlock, tlial 
 It migiil be f.aid of Ihem as it wus said of tlie Kmperor 
 Marcus Anrelius and Ihe people of Koine, limt il was 
 iiard to judge, whelher lie delighted more in iiaving 
 such a people, or tiiey m iiaving Mich a pastor." be- 
 sides his smgtilar aluhties in moral and theological 
 multers, iie wus very discernnig and prudent in civil 
 allairs, and aide to givf tliem pood ailvice in regard to 
 their secular and pohiical eonthict. He wastiighly es- 
 teemed, not only i)y bis own Hock, hot by th<r magistracy 
 and clergy of I.eyderi, who pave him the u.-e of one of 
 their churches, in tiie clianeel of which he was buried 
 Mr. rrinee, vviio visited that city m 1714, says that tho 
 most aiictenl people then living told bun from their 
 parents, tiiat llie whole ciiy and nmversitv regarded him 
 us a great and pood man, wliose deuth ihey sincerely 
 lamented ; and that liiey honored his funeral with thuir 
 presence, 
 
 This event proved the dissolution of ihe church over 
 which lie hud presided u*. l.eyden. Some of them re- 
 moved to Amsterduin, some lo other parts of liie 
 >ieliierlands, and others came to New lliiglaiid, among 
 v\hom were Ins witlovv and cliildrcn His sun Isaac 
 hvid to the ape of ninety, and left male posterity m liiH 
 county of liarnsluhle. 
 
 JOHN t: ARVKR. 
 
 John CARVKH—Apiwillted auriit liy tlie Kii;;liHn settlers at 
 |,oydeii— Siiptjiiilendii llio eniii|)iiii ills Inr einii-ralinn- 
 (.'liose-n tJoveriior "I tiie Coiiipiui) - .Makes an excursion 
 ht'iii ( :ipe CoJ lo look hir a liaiijur Skiiiiii>>l) w iHi ttic liu- 
 livrs— Lands on "luik's l:.laii.i .Makis a .•.eUlei.,eiil at 
 I'h iiionlli — lli-i s|( ktii'>s aiKi ti . o\ei>— Ills iiiti r\ lew vvittl 
 Massasstil -lli> OeuIJM li.iiai u i.aiia ptisUlil} —ills swurd 
 111 tlie cat.'llieliJi llie ili^toiuai .Vniel). 
 
 \Vk have no parltculars of the life of Mr. Carver, 
 previous to Ins appuitilmcnt as one ol the agents ol lliu 
 Knghsh Cunpn'palional Churchill l.eyden. At that 
 time he- was in high esl< cm, as a grave, pious, piudent, 
 judicious man, and sustained the oliice ol a deacon. 
 In llie letters wnlleii by Sir Kdvvin Sandys, oi the 
 Vironiia (.'ompaiiy. to Sir, Kotiinson, ihe apeiits are 
 saul 10 have *' carrud iheniselves vMtli good iliscretion." 
 
 The business of the agency was long delayed by Uio 
 disconlen's and factioiis in liie company of Virginia, 
 hv the removal o( their former treasurer. Sir Thomas 
 Smith, and lite enmity between iiiin and Sir Ldvvin 
 Sandys, his successor. At length, a patent was oit- 
 taiiied, under llie company's seal : but by the advice of 
 some friends, it was lukeii m the nuiiie ol John W m- 
 cob, a religions genllenian, belonpmg to the tamily of 
 the Countess of liincoln. who intended to accompany 
 the adventurers to America, 'i'his patent and the pro- 
 posals of Thomas Weston of London, mercliunt, and 
 other persons, who appeared friendly lo tlie design, 
 were carried to l.eyden, in tlie autumn of ItilU, lor 
 the eonsideration of the people. Al the same liine 
 liiere was a plan forimng for a new eoiit.cil in the we*! 
 of Knpland, to superintend the plaii'al!oii and lishery ol 
 Norlh Virginia, the name of which was changed lo 
 New Kngland. 'i'o this expected eslabbsiiiueni, W'ea 
 Ion, and the otiier .nercliants liegaii to iiiclme, chiefly 
 from the liope of present gam liy the lishery. Tlui 
 caused some embarrassment, and a variety of opinions 
 but considenng thai the council lor -New Kngland waa 
 not ye: incorporated, and tliat if they should woit lor 
 that event, they might be detained another year, belcre 
 which tiino the war between the Dutch and ihe Spa- 
 niards might be renewed, ihe majority concluded ic 
 take the patent which bad been obtained from the Cunt 
 puny of South \ irginia, ami emigrate lo some piate 
 oear Hudson's nver wluch was wiiUiu their territory 
 
DioanAniiEs of the early discovereks. 
 
 40 
 
 ^n'rrnori he and hiu 
 •lititum si'vi'tiiVi yet 
 
 !4iini>ti Willi ;><inii iiKii, 
 If, wiilioul utiuliti^ hiti 
 
 1 1 IS alwiivH It Kigii of 
 \v» liiild iitid i-aii(lid us 
 tiiiiiifMily inie ot Mr. 
 till ull ^oud men uf 
 
 I'liiir^i'd Ins Duck to 
 ii'VuliiiL coiiducl. Uis 
 iniuTN us i'X|irudHt>d in 
 U»d iiiiinortul honor lu 
 !tirato diHCt'rniiii'nt, his 
 It zriil lor truth und a 
 
 )ioMst'HMi>d 111 un enii* 
 cact'-imikint;, and was 
 
 Hiiioiin iift^lihorH und 
 iiiily \\»rc [iri'M-rvid in 
 it "Mich wus llii: rrci- 
 ihini und lit;* tUuk, that 
 lis said ol the l'jn|K'ror 
 [■ ot l\uiiic, llml It was 
 li(*hii'd nioru in having 
 ij MU'h ii |nisinr." Ui'- 
 
 ninrul und iheolo^ical 
 ig and prudi-nt m civil 
 oud udvice in rf},'ard to 
 u-t. Ill' wasin^hly es- 
 ■k, Inithy ilu' inagtslracy 
 i- hini till' n^c ol one of 
 (1 which hu wus buried 
 ly in 17 U, says tliut iho 
 MtT luld hnn from their 
 univtTMty rcnurUt'd him 
 ISO druth they s^niccrt'ly 
 cd his tuiicral wilh their 
 
 nlion of tlie ciuirch over 
 Icn. Sonic of llicia rc- 
 to other pailH of the 
 to New Kn^ilaiid, anioiig 
 iildrcn UiN ^on Isuac 
 left male iiu»terity mthn 
 
 R \ K R. 
 
 I,y \hv V.wU^n sflllcra at 
 
 lniiLiit> I'T eiiii^raliDii- 
 
 |.iui) - Makis an ixiursion 
 
 ij.ir -Skiniiii.il \\iHi till' "U- 
 
 M.itv.s a Mtlli-ii.tiil at 
 
 ,t i\— lll.s lutcrvifw with 
 
 aiKi iiDsU-iily—JIia sword 
 
 ilio life of Mr. Carver, 
 
 one of the u*;;* ills ot the 
 ii 111 l.isden At llml 
 a wravc, pious, |nudeiit, 
 tlie otlii-e ol a deacon. 
 Kdwiii Sandys, of the 
 utiinson, tlie a^ienls arc 
 •N witn oooddiMTction." 
 was lon;f delayed liy Uio 
 conijiany of Viri^niia, 
 treasurer'. Sir 'riionia» 
 ■II iuin and Sir Lidwm 
 iii-th, a [latent was ol)- 
 af : lull hy the advice of 
 the naiiie ol John W in- 
 oiit;n>^' 'i* *'"- tJi^i'v "' 
 inruiided to aLCuinpaiiy 
 I'his patent and tlic pro- 
 l.diidoii, inereliaiit, and 
 Irieiidly to the dcsijih, 
 autumn of ItilU, lor 
 lie. At the same lime 
 new coui.cil in tlie we**! 
 plaii'alion and tishery ol 
 wiuth was chan*,'ed to 
 led csluhlisiumMil, WcH 
 lieguii to incline, chielly 
 _ by the tishery. 'I'lm 
 id a variety of opinions 
 1 tor New Kngland waa 
 if they should wait lor 
 lied another year, hefcre 
 iiii Uutrh und llie ^^p.l- 
 niajorily concluded tc 
 ohuined' from the t^om 
 migrate to some piate 
 wiilun their territory 
 
 The liCKl uprin^, (1650) WeHton himself went over 
 (0 lii'vden, where the people entered into articles of 
 ftgreemeiit wMh linn, huth lor shipping und money, to 
 assist ni llieir iiansjioriatiun. (.'arver and (.'urhmiin 
 were Hi:.i;ii ^ent to London. I') receivo ihe money und 
 provide fur the \oyage, \\ hen thry came there, tliey 
 louiid the other merchants so very ptiinrious and >evere, 
 that tiiey were obliged (u consent to some alteration m 
 the articles ; which though not reli.'^tied hy their eon- 
 stiMieiils, yilwi-re so slrongly insisted on, that without 
 tlieni, ihewliole advcniurt! must have licen frustrated. 
 
 'I'lie articles, wilh their amendments, were these. 
 '*(1.) 'I'lie advt'Ulurers and planters do agree, that 
 every person that goeth, being sixteen year old and 
 upw:ird, be rated at ten pounils ; antl that ten pounds 
 be accouiit(d a hiiiijle share. {'Z.) That he that goelb 
 in p»'rsoM, and lurni^helh hnnsell out with ten [iduimIs, 
 either m money or otlier pnivisioiis, bo uccoiinled as 
 having twcnlv pounds in stock, :intl in the div ision sliall 
 r'vi'ive u double share. (IJ.) 'I'iie persons transported 
 und the ammiurcrs ^haU continue their joint stock and 
 parliiersliip, the space of .srctu ynusy except some un- 
 expect.-d imjtediincnts do cause tin; whole company to 
 agree otherwise ; duniig which time ull prolits und 
 benehts that aro irotti n hy trade, tratlic, trucking, work- 
 ing, fi>hmg, or any oilier means, of any otlier pe^^on or 
 persons, .sball reniain slitl in the common stock, until 
 the division. (4) That at iheir coming Micre, they 
 shall choose out such a miinbcr of persons, us may 
 furnish ihfMr ships and boats, for ^l^llntg upon the sea ; 
 employiiig the rest, in their several I'aculues, upon the 
 land : as Imtlding houses, tilling and planting the 
 groinid, and making such commuilitles as shall be most 
 useful for the colony. (.^.) That at the end of the 
 seven yoiirs, the capital ami profits, viz. the houses, 
 lands, goods and chaitels bt- eipially divided among the 
 adventurers ; if any debt or deiriment concerning this 
 
 adventure' (ti ) Whosoever cometh to the colony 
 
 hereafter, or pnttcth any thing into the stock, shall, at 
 the end of ihe .seven years be allowed proportionally 10 
 the time of Ins so doing. (7.) He lliat shall carry Ins 
 wife, or children, or servants, shall ho allowed for 
 every person, now aged sixteen years, and upwards n 
 eiiigie share in the division ; or if be provide them lie- 
 ees.saries, a double sliaro , or if they he between ten 
 years old and sixlecu, then two of them to be reckoned 
 for a [icrson, both in transportation und division. 
 (8.) 'I'liat such chihlren as now go, and are under ten 
 years of ago, have no oilier sliare in the division, than 
 fifty acres nfnninanured land. (0 ) That such persons 
 as die before the seven years he ox|»ired, their execu- 
 tors to have llieir parts or shares, at the division; |.ro- 
 portionally to the lime of their life in the colony. 
 (10) That all such persons as are of the colony, are 
 to have meat, drink and apparel out oi the common 
 etock and gooils of the said colony." 
 
 The ditlerencc between the articles as first agreed 
 on. and as tinally concluded, lay in these two |ioints 
 (1) In the former. It was provided that '* the houses 
 and lands improved, especially gardens and home- 
 fields, shoiihl remain nnt!i\ided wholly to the planters 
 at the end of the mvcii years ; ' but, in the latter, the 
 houses and laiuls were to be eipiallv dividid. (2.) In 
 the formi'r. llie plaiilirs wi re "allowed two days in 
 tiie week, for tlinr own private employment, for the 
 comfort of tlienisilves and families, esjiecially such as 
 had them to lake care for," In the latter, this article 
 was wholly oimited. 
 
 On these hard conditions, and with this small en- 
 couragement, the pilifnms of Keyden, sopportM by a 
 pious contidence in the Supreme l)ispo.'*er of ull things, 
 and animated by a fortitude, resulting from the steady 
 principles of the religion which they professed, deter- 
 mined to cast themselves on the care of Divine Provi- 
 dencc, and eniburk for .Vmcrica. 
 
 With the proceeds ol their own estates, put into a 
 common stock, unrl the assistance of the merchants, lo 
 whom they had mortgaged their labor and trade for 
 Beven ytMirs, two vessels were provided. One in Hol- 
 land, of sixty tons, called ihe Speedwell, commanded 
 hy a Captain Ueynolds, which was intended to Iraiis- 
 fiort tome of them lo America, and there to remain in 
 their service, one year, for tishing and other uses. 
 Another of one hundred and eighty tons, called the 
 May-fiower, was chartered by Mr. Oushman in London, 
 and sent round to Southampton in Hampshire, whither 
 Mr. ('arver went to sunerintend her equipment. This 
 vessel was commanded by a Captain Jones, und after 
 discharging her passengers in America, was lo return 
 U> Englan d. Seven hundred ponnils ster\:nir were ex- 
 
 • Here Bonietliing soeni* lo lie wanting which cannot now 
 
 be iii^>U0j 
 
 perided in ptovisions and stores, and other necessary 
 
 prepuralioiiK ; and the value of (lie trading \cntuie 
 v\liicli tliey carrii d was .'tcwnlitm bundrt d pounds 
 Mr. W'esttm came Ironi London lo Suutiiampion, to 
 see them dispatched, 'llie SpeedwtU, wilbtbepas- 
 .lengtrs having arrived llnre trmn Leydiii. and the 
 necesfi'iry olliciTs being cbo.'iii lo govtrn the pi:oi)le 
 and lake cure of the provisions and .stores on tlu^ \oy- 
 age ; both shijis, carrying one liui.ihed and Iwt-nty pas- 
 sengers, sailed from Soulliumplon on the lillh day m^ 
 August. Iti-JO, 
 
 They h.id nut sailed many leagues, down the channel, 
 before Reyiiuhls, master t)l the Speedwell, compbinud 
 that his ves-^cl was too leaky lo proceid. Ihilli ships 
 then put in at iJarlmoutli, wheie the Speedwell was 
 searched and repaired; and the workmen judged her 
 sullicieiit lor the vo)age. On the twciity-lirsl of .\u- 
 giisl, ibey put to sea again ; and, ba\ ing sailed in cmiii- 
 paiiy aboiil one hundred leagues, Reynolds renewed 
 Ins coini)luinls agam.si his ship ; declaring, that by con- 
 slant pumping he could scarcely keep her above water ; 
 on which, both ships again put back lo i'lymonth. 
 Anolber search was made, and no defect a|>p<'ariiig, tlie 
 leaky condiiion of the shiji was judged to be owing to 
 her general weakness, and she was pronounced unlit 
 tor the voyage. About twenty of the pjhfteiigers v^tnt 
 on shore. 'I'lio olbcrs, with ilieir provisions, were re- 
 ceived on board the May-tlower; and, on the sixth of 
 Seplember, the company, consisting of one huiulred 
 and one pas.seiigers, (besides the sluji's otlicers and 
 crew ) took llieir List leave of llnglaiid, having consumed 
 a whole nionlh in these vexalioiis and expeiisivu det.iys. 
 
 The true causes of llie>e misadventures did not then 
 appear. One was. that the S[ieedwell was overmasted , 
 which error being .••emedied, the vessel allerwurds made 
 several safe and protilable \oyages. Rut llie principal 
 cause was ihe deceit of the inusler and crew ; wlio liav- 
 iiig engaged to remain a whole year in the service ol 
 the colony, and a|ipreheiidiiig hard fare in thai employ- 
 ment, were glad oi such an excuse lo nd thtinstUes 
 of the bargain. 
 
 The May-dower, Jones, proceeded with fair winds 
 m the tdriner part of her voyage; and then met with 
 bad weather and contrary winds, so that tor several 
 days no sail could be carried The ship labored so 
 much in the sea, thit one of the mam beaiub sprung, 
 which renewed the tears and diAtress ol ibe passengers. 
 They bad then made about oitt-half ol their voyage, 
 and ihe chief of the company he^jii a con.suliution wiiii 
 the commander of the ship, whelher it were belter to 
 proceed or to return. Rut one of the passengers hav- 
 ing on board a large iron ^crew, it was applied to the 
 beam, and lorced it into \\.^ place, 'i'his succohdIuI 
 etl'ort delermnied them to proceed. 
 
 No other particulars of itiis long and tedious voyage 
 are preserved ; but lliat the ship being leaky, and the 
 people close atowed, were continually wet; that one 
 young man, a servant of Samuel rulhr, died at sea; 
 und that one child was born, and called Occanus ; he 
 was son of Slephen Hopkins. 
 
 On the ninth of November, at break of day. they 
 made land, which proved to be the while sandy ciilKs of 
 Cape (Jod. This Undlall beuig lurlher northward tlian 
 they intended, they immediately put about the ship to 
 the southward ; and, betore noon, found tiiemselves 
 among shoals und breakers.* Had they pursued iheir 
 southern course, as the weather was line, they might, 
 in a few hours more, have found an opening, and passed 
 safely to the westward, agreeably to liieir t)riginal de- 
 sign, which was lo go to Hudson's river. Rut liaving 
 been so long at sea, the sight of any land was welcome 
 10 women and children ; the new danger was formida- 
 ble ; und the eagerness of tho passengers to be set on 
 shore was irresistible. These circumstances, coincid- 
 ing with the secret views of the niastiT, who had been 
 promised a reward by some agents of the Dutch West 
 India Company, if he would not carry them to Hudson's 
 river, induced him to put about to the northward. 
 Refore night, tho ship was clear of the danger. The 
 next day they doubled the northern extremity of the 
 ('ape. (Racc-I'omt) and, a storm coming on, the ship 
 was brought to anchor in (.'ape ('od harbor, where she 
 by nerfectly secure from winds and shoals. 
 
 'I his harbor, being m the forty-second degree of north 
 latitude, was without the territory of the iSouth Virginia 
 ('ompany. The charter which these emigrants had 
 received from ihem, of course became useless. 
 Some symptoms of faction, at the sumo time, appearing 
 
 I among tlio servunti. who had been received on binirJ 
 
 , in LMi;l.ind. purporting that when on i-hore they hho;ilU 
 
 I be miller no ^.'ovrrmnenl. and that nix' man would Its 
 
 U(4 good as unolher, it was thought propel, by 'iie tnoK*. 
 
 I judicious p<T.soiis, to have rettoiirse lo niitmal 'aw; 
 
 ; ami thai, before disenibarkati'jM. they should enter ?'ito 
 
 an association, aud combii.e lhi-ri.,i( Ues in a pohl ..'tl 
 
 body, to be governed by 'h*. iratoutv 'i'o il»- tney 
 
 consented ; . nd, alter s'*(fTii' piavt r and thrinkaj^ viiij/, 
 
 a writien instrimient rK'ji)'^ di iwn, tlmv rtukicnbed it 
 
 Willi their own hands, »rd, i'' a i'niiniiiinii'4 vot;'. eliufeV 
 
 John Carver their gnvernoi for o •»• y« nr. 
 
 The mstrnmeiil wjs conceived in tlie'O teinii •' In 
 the name of Cod, aiurn. We wluisr namet* are Piiduri 
 written, the loyal sui^jiols of our d'iMd smijreign lAtrd** 
 King James, by the grjce of liod. of fin-r.r. ItriCnn 
 France and Ireland, i*j'.g, Defender of ll.e i I'dii, tVc. 
 having iinde'taken fov the gloiv of Ood, und :lie ad- 
 vancement of the ('i;;i->rijn t.inh, a.'d bonot' of out 
 King and country, a v(.yii:„'e lo plant Uie 'unI colony m 
 the northern parts of VM^nua, do, I'V ih'se presents 
 solemnlv and inutuallv, in tiu. j're»eiice of <iOi) and of 
 one another, covenant and cotitbini; ourselvis togelher 
 mio a civi! body politic, fur our belter ordermg and 
 preservation, and tiirllHriince of llii> ends aforesaid ; 
 and. by virtue hereof, to eii'ict, eonsiilute and traino 
 such just .iiid eipial laws and ordinances, acis, euii^li- 
 tiiMons and otVices, from tune lo Innc, as sh.dl be thou<iht 
 tno.>t meet and 4'oiivenienl lor the eeneral good of ttie 
 coloMV, unto which we promi.'<>e all due subjection and 
 obedii-nce. In wiliief<s whereof, we have hereunto sub- 
 scribed our naiiK^s, at Cape (-od, the e|ey(riilh day of 
 .November, in the year of the reit'ii of our sovireigrt 
 Lord, Kmg James of KuL'hind, I'rancc^ ami Ireland, ihe 
 eiLHiteenth. and of Scotland the fdly fourth. Anno 
 donnni KiiiO."* 
 
 Oo\ernnient being thus regularly established on a 
 trul) n publican principle, sixteen aimed men were sent 
 on shore, as noon as the weather would pennil. to letch 
 wootl and make discoveries. They reiiirned at niglil 
 wilij a boat load of jumper wood ; and made report, 
 " that they found the land to be a narrow neck ; having 
 the harbor on the one side, and the tice.in im the other; 
 thai the ground consisted of .sand-hills, like the Oowiit 
 in Holland; iliiit m some places the .sod was Mack 
 earlb, " a spit's depth ;" that the trees were oak, pi;ie, 
 sassafras, junijier, birch, holly, ash, and walnut; that 
 the forest was open and wtliioiit underwooil; that no 
 inliabilanis, bouses, nor fresh water were to he seen.'' 
 This ace(nint was as much as could be collected ir 
 one Saturday's afiernoon. The next day they rested. 
 \\'hilst they lay m this harbor, which was the space 
 of tive weeks, liiey saw great ilocks of sea-fowl arui 
 whales, every dav playing about tliim. The mastt.f 
 and mate, who bad been actpiainted with the lishiry, in 
 ihu northern seas of I'iuro|>e, sup[to.sed that Ihey miuht, 
 in th.it tune, havu made oil, to the value of three or four 
 thousand pounds. It was too late m the sea.son tor cod. 
 and, indeed, they caught none but small lish, near the 
 shore, and shell-lish. The margin ol tin; se.i was sc 
 shallow, that they were oldiged to w-ide aslntr*' ; and 
 the weather being severe, many of them took colds and 
 coughs, which, in the course of the winter, proved 
 'iiortal. 
 
 * The names of tic sutjscribcrs are placed in the following 
 order liy Secretary Morton ; hnl Mr. I'rince, with Ins iiMial 
 aciMiraL-y, bus coni(>are(l tho lisl wiili Oovornor Bradtord's 
 MS History, and addttd their titles, and (ho nuinl)er of each 
 one's fainily whicli canio over at this tune ; (iliservin^ tliat 
 some left tlie whole, and others part of their families, either 
 111 Kiii^'land or Holland, who came ovor afterward.-^. Ilu hot 
 also heuii so curious as to note those who broucht their wives, 
 inarkeil with a (t), and those who died before tlie end of next 
 March, tlistinumshed by an asterisin (*). 
 
 * Thi'-Hp shnaUlie otlthc soulh-enst exlrcinityof the cape, 
 which was called by Ih.Miolu, Point Cure, by Hit- Dutch und 
 Ftenrli, Malebarrc, and is now kuuwa by lUe naineuf Sandy 
 roiut 
 
 .Mr. JnlmOar- fr,t 
 Mr. WiUiain lira i ford, t 9 
 .Mr. I'Mward Wmslow.t 5 
 Mr. William !Jrew>ter,t 6 
 Mr. Isaac Allerton,t 6 
 
 r;iptairi .Mhus Siandish,t 3 
 John .Mden, 1 
 
 Mr. Sainuf I Fuller, 2 
 
 *Mr. t'liristoi.lier M.irtin,t 4 
 •.Mr. Wiliiam Midlms.f a 
 *Mr. William Wluie.t 5 
 
 [besides a son born in Capo 
 
 i'od harbor, and named 
 
 Peri'trrine.] 
 
 Mr. Rnhard Warren. 1 
 
 Jolm Howlaiid, [of Carver's 
 
 fainilv.l 
 
 r.ilber't Winslow, 1 
 
 *Ediinnul Margcsor 1 
 
 Peter lirown, 1 
 
 •Richard Untteriiii^ii 1 
 
 r.i-nrijc Sotde, [of Edward 
 
 Winslow'h family-] 
 ♦Richard Clarke, 1 
 
 Kicliard Oardmer, I 
 
 Of whom were subscribcr»t 41 
 
 Mr. SlPiihen no|ikins,f" 
 
 *Kdward Tilly, t 
 
 *JolniTi::,,i 
 
 Franrt.s Cook, 
 
 •Thomas Un»er^, 
 
 •Thoitiiw Tinker,1 
 
 'John Ki(lf;dalo,t 
 
 •Edward Fuller.t 
 
 •John Turner, 
 
 Francis Ealnn.t 
 
 •J'lrncs Chillon,! 
 
 •John Crackston, 
 
 Jolin llillintfton,*- 
 
 '.Moses Fletcher, 
 
 •John Oooihnan, 
 
 •Di'ijory Priest, 
 
 •Thoma-s Williams, 
 
 •John Allertou, 
 
 'Thoma!> English, ] 
 
 Edward Dotey, E<lwarJ 
 
 I.iMstrr, [iKtih uf Stophert 
 
 Ilopkin's faiiuly ] 
 
 Total persons. 
 
 lUI 
 
m^ 
 
 ':i:l 
 
 J i'i' 
 
 il 
 
 •ij 
 
 46 
 
 On Monday, the ihirlt'cnth of Novciiibfir, the woiiirn 
 went a.shitri', \\m\vr a ^'imrd, tn w-inh (lifir riorhcn ; nnd 
 Uio men were iiiipatii'iit lur ii I'lirtluT dixruviTy 1 lie 
 ehallop, whi'.:l) Imtl Im cm t'lit down and Hlov.cd IicIvmm'ii 
 decks, n«'i.-d('d rt'ijuinri;.', in wlm-li Hi-vtriU'rii dayn wire 
 Cinpluycd. Wliilnt iUm wan duiii<^r, Ihry prupu^t'd dial 
 excursiuns nii^lii Uv made c}n tout. Miieti eaulioii was 
 ncee.iHary in an cnti-rprihu ot tliifi kind, in a new nnd 
 SAva^e cuiiiitry. Ailer conBultattoii und proparatMiii, 
 ■ixteeh men were o<pn| ')ed w.ili nuiKkct and niiiiiiuni- 
 tiun, Bword and corslet, under tho roinmund of ('uptain 
 Miles Standish, vvlio hod Willmin Uriidfdrd, Stephen 
 Hopkins and Kdwurd Tilly for liin t'ouncil of War. 
 Afier many intttruclions (jiven, they were rather per- 
 niuied tlian ordered tu ^ro, and tlio time of their ab- 
 Benre wiih hunted lu two dayti. 
 
 When ihey h.id iniveNed one mih*. hy the shore, they 
 saw live or six of the natives, who, on »i};hl of them, 
 fled 'ri>ey attempted to pursue ; and, liifhlinfj on 
 their traek, followed them till ni^ht ; but the ihiekets 
 throivjjh wliieli they had lo pass, the weijiht of their ar- 
 uior, and their deluhiy, ufier a loni; voya(>r, made them 
 an une'piat niali-h, m point of truvellm^, to these nim- 
 ble aons of nature Tliey rented, at len<;th, liy a oprinir, 
 whieh adurded them tlio lirHt refrehhtng drauglit ot 
 American water. 
 
 Tlif diHciiveries made in this nitirch were few, but 
 novel and ainusm<r. In one phice (hey found a deer- 
 trap, made i)y the bendmy of a yontii; tree lo the earth, 
 with a nooHt; under •iround, covered with aeorns. Mr. 
 Uradford's loot was raujflit in the trap, from which his 
 coinpamotis disentiaged him, nnd lliey were all enter- 
 tained wiih the iMiienuity of the device. In another 
 plaee they came tc an Indian huryio^-irround ; and, in 
 one of the (irave^. tticy found a mortar, an earthen pot, 
 a bow and arrows, and oihiT implumcnt?*, nil which thev 
 very earcrully replaeed ; heeau.se they would not he 
 gmhy of violatiiii,' the repof»itorio» of tho dead. IJul 
 v^lien they found a cellar. eanTuilv Inud with hark and 
 covered with a lieap oi sand, m wiiirh about four bush- 
 els of seed-corn ui ears were wdl seonred. after reason- 
 ini( on tiie niorahlv of the action, thev took as much of 
 the corn iis they could carry, mtendiiiir. when they 
 •hould tirid the owners, to [lay tlumi to their satisfac- 
 tion. On the third day tlicv arrived, weary and wel- 
 come, where the ship lay, and delivered iheir corn into 
 the coniinon store, 'i'ht! company resolved to keep it 
 *br sted, and to pav the natives the full value, vshen 
 they shoidd have op|K)rtuiiity- 
 
 \Vhen tho shallop was repaired and ringed, twenty- 
 lour of the company ventured on a second excursion lo 
 t^ie same place, lo make a further di.Hcovery ; bavin;; 
 Captain Jones for their cominatider, with ten of his 
 seamen and the ship's lonij-boat. The wind beiii-r 
 hi^h, und the sea rou<rh, the shallop came to anchor 
 under ti.e land, whilst part of tiie company waded on 
 shore from the ioiii^-hoat, and travelled, as they sup- 
 posed, •^\K or :*evcu miles, hivini; directed the shallop 
 lo follow ttiem the next riiomin;;, 'I'he weather was 
 very cold, with snow, and tin; people, liavini; no shelter, 
 took such cohls as atierwards proved fatal to many. 
 
 iiefore noon the next day (ho shaliojj took them on 
 board, and sailed to ihr place whtcli they denominated 
 Cold iliirf'iir.* I-'tndnii.' it not navi<,'able for iihips, and 
 consequently not prnprr hir their rcMdencu, afler shoot- 
 ing some ^'ecse and ducks, whieli thev devoured with 
 " soldier's stomachs," they went in search of seed-corn. 
 The yronnd was frozen and covered with snow ; but 
 the cell..rs were ktiown bv hi-aps of sand ; and the fro- 
 zen earth was pcneirated with their swords, till tliey 
 gathered corn to tin.- amount of (en bushels. 1 uis for- 
 tunate supply, with a ipnntity of beans preserved m 
 the same manner, they took on the same condition as 
 before ; and, ii is remarked by (iovernor liradforu, that 
 in six monlh.H after, ijit'v paul ttie owners lo their entire 
 ea'.isfaciion. The ac(pn>ilion of this corn, they al- 
 ways regarded as a particular favor of Divine Provi- 
 dence, without which the cojony could not have sub- 
 sisted. 
 
 Captain Jonea in the shallop wp?it back to the ship 
 with the corn and fifteen of the weakest of the people ; 
 intendm!; lo send maltocks and spades the next ihy. 
 
 • Mr. I'rim'p eon)ectiir' stUis |)larctn have hcfii Harnst.inie 
 harljor, (p. 74). Rut n*-iMH.r the Ihiiu nor (hstnnaiean auieo 
 with this c'tnjerlure. Harnslalile is more than fitty niiti-s from 
 C'aiH' Co.! hiirlMir hy lam! ; a 'iistanro which tlioy ciul.i not 
 have iravcllfd anil hack n^ain U» three short days of NoviMiilier. 
 1 rather think, after in<|ujry nf & Ri-ntlnman woil acqnainttM 
 with C.ipe i'»u\, that Coh! Krnhor is tlie moutli of P,if>m<;t 
 Creek, hetwperiTriirn ami \V"!tlt.(.t ; luui tliBtlnscriptinn (,'iVHn 
 in Muurt's Tli'latinn rorrfsjH'iil-* wiili this tJea. Faomut is n 
 tide harl>'»r t<>r Imats, ilistiiitl Sr-tuiicii three nnUfnur loanucs 
 (torn tim harh.ir (>i r;i|.p <'ivl.— Suo (;ulluctiuna of Historical 
 b«:i*iv for 171*1 Vol. HI. p. (ye 
 
 AMERICAN HISTOUY. 
 
 The eighteen who remained, marched, an they sup 
 
 posed, live or six mi|o» into the v. oods, and refurntn;/ 
 aiiotiier way, discovtred a mound of c.irlh. in vMiieli 
 lliey lioprd to lind more corn On openinir it, iiothini; 
 appeared but the »kull of a man, preserved in red earth, 
 the ski'h'ton of an infant, and such arms, nteiisiU and 
 ornaments, as arc usually deposited in Indian graves. 
 .Not lar distant were lv\o deserted wiy warns, with llieir 
 lurnitnre and some venison, so ill preserved (hat men 
 soldier's stomachs could not reli.ih it. On theairival of 
 the hhullop, tliey returned to the ship, tlio lirst of De- 
 cember. Duruijr their absence, the wife of William 
 While had been delivered of a son, who, from the eir- 
 cunistanees of Ins birth, was named Peregrine.* 
 
 At this lime they held a consultation respectin<r their 
 future settlement. ISonie thought that Cold Harbor 
 ini;;ht be a proper place, because, thougli not deep 
 enough for ships, it might be convenient tor boats, and 
 because a valuable (ishery lor whales ami cod might be 
 carried on there. The land was partly cleared of wood 
 and good for corn, as appeared from llie seed. It was 
 also likely to be healthful and defensible. I)nt the prin- 
 cipal reat^ons were, that the winter was so far advanced 
 as lo prevent coasting and discovery, withonl dangi-r 
 of losing men and boats ; that ihe winds were variable, 
 and the storms sudden and violent , that li^' cold and 
 wet lodgings the people were much atlected with 
 coughs, which, if they should not soon obtain shelter 
 would prove n rial ; that provision"' were daily consum- 
 ing and the ship must reserve »iillicient lor her home- 
 ward voyage, whatever l)ecanie of the colony. 
 
 Others thought it best to go to a place called Aga- 
 wam. twenty leagues norlhward, where they had heard 
 of an excellent harbor, good tish ig, and a better sod 
 for planting. To tins ii was answered, that there might 
 possibly bo as good u }dacc, nearer to them. Kohert 
 (lopjHii, their pilot, who had been here before, assured 
 them, that he knew of a good harbor and a navigable 
 riv( r, not more than eight leagues across the bay to 
 the westward. Upon the whole, they r4'solved to send 
 the shallop round the shore of the bay on discovery, but 
 not beyond the liarbor of which Coppin had informed 
 them. 
 
 On Wednesday, the sixth of December, Governor 
 Carver, with nine of the principal men, well armed, and 
 the same number of seamen, of which (.'oppin was one, 
 went out in the shallop. The weather was so cold, 
 that the spray of the sea froze on their coats, till they 
 were cased with ice, *' like coats of iron '' They sailed 
 by the eastern shore of the bay, as tlu;y judged, six or 
 seven leagues, without finding any river or creek. At 
 length ihey saw "a tongue of land, t being (hit oil' from 
 the shore, with a sandy point ; they bore up to gam the 
 point, and found there a fair income, or road of a bay, 
 being a league over at the narrowest, and two or three 
 in length ; but ihey madt- right over to ilie land beture 
 them.'' An they came near the shore, they saw ten or 
 twelve Indians eulling up a grampus, who, in sight of 
 ihem, ran a*" ay, carrying pieces of the tish which tliey 
 had cut. They landed at a distance of a league or 
 more from the grampus, with great dilllcully, on ac- 
 coutu*^of the flat sands. Here they budt a barricade, 
 and placing sentiiiids, lay down to rest. 
 
 The next morning, Thursday, December 7tli, they 
 divided themselves into two parties ; eight m the shal- 
 lop, and the rest on shore, to make lurther discovery of 
 this place, which lliey found to be *' a bay without 
 either river or cfi'ck couimg into it." They gave it the 
 naine of (irampn.s liitij, because ihey saw many fish of 
 that species. 'Ihey tracked the Indians on the sand, and 
 found d path into the woods, which ihey followed a great 
 way, till they caim^ lo old corn tields and a spacious 
 buryiiiiX-grouiid, inclosed with pales. They ranged the 
 wood till the closij of the day. and ihen eame down to 
 the shore to mwl the shallop which they had not seen 
 since the morning. At high waler she put mtoa creek ; 
 and, SIX men being left on board, two came on siiore 
 and lodged with iheir companions, under cover of a 
 barricade and a guard. 
 
 On Priday, December 3th, they rose at tivo in the 
 
 • The fdll'iwiiv.,' .iccouiit of him is extrarlcti from tlio Bos- 
 ton Newjili'tlur ill July 31, (Till, ht-iii^' the tittcLMiIh iinmher of 
 the first lie w.HpjipHr pi-iiited in New Emilantl. — " Muishtiehl, 
 July '.12: Captain rcio^riiiR White, uf this town, aKeitclt{Iily- 
 tlircu years ami ^\%\\i months, ilietl hero the 'iMVx instant. lie 
 w:is vigorous and nf a coinoly as[tcct, to the last; wu.<4 tho 
 .S'lii of WiUiani White, and Susanna Ills wilu, horn on Uiiu'd 
 tht! .M;iy-Iluwer, Captain Junes, coinmandLT, in Capu t^od 
 harbor, Novcinl.<er, 16*.}U, the first En;i;liKhnian burn in New 
 En^'laiid. Although lie was in thn furnicr part of his life l>x- 
 lravai.';int, yet ho wai much relunned in his last yuars, and 
 Uioii liopL'fully.'* 
 
 t Tlii.i " toll^uo of land" is Billingsgato Point, t!ie western 
 shoi o of WellK-el harbor. 
 
 niorninf;, to be ready to go on board at high water. Al 
 the da .Ml of day thev were surprised with the w»r*i:rv 
 of (he natives, and a ilight of arrows They mimedialeiy 
 hci/.cd tlie;r arms, and on the lirst discharge ot inii.sketry 
 all the li.tliaiis lied, hut one stout man, whosiood ihrco 
 shots behind a tree, und Ihen retired, as they 8up|)osud 
 woiinded They took up eighteen arrows, hc.ided eilhel 
 Willi brass, deers' horns, or Inids' claws, winch ihey sent 
 as a present to their friends in Mnglaiid 'I'his unweleoino 
 reception, and the shoal water of the place,* deternimed 
 them to seek further They sailed along the shore as 
 near as tho extensive shoals wutdd permit, but saw no 
 harbor. The weather began tt> look ihreali ning, and 
 L'oppin assured them that they might reach the iiarbor, 
 of which he had some knowledge, before night. Tho 
 wind being soiith-easterly they put themselves before it.f 
 After s.Mne hours it began to rain ; (he storm increusinkf, 
 (heir rudder broke, their mast sprung, und their sails 
 lell overboard. In this piteous plight, steering witli 
 two oars, the wind and the flood tide earned them into 
 a cove full of breakers, and it tn 'un dark they weru 
 in danger uf being driven on shore. 'I ne pilot confessed 
 that he knew not the place ; but a stout .seaman, who 
 was steering, called to the rowers to put about and row 
 hard. This etlbrt happily brought them out of the cove, 
 into a fair sound, and under a point of land, where they 
 came safely to anchor. They were divided m then 
 opinions about goipg on shore ; but about midnight, 
 the wind fhiftmg to the north-west ; the j-everity of tho 
 cold made a lire necessary They therefore got on 
 shore, and with some dilficulty kindled a lire, and rested 
 in safety. 
 
 In the morning they found themselves on a small 
 uninhabited i-dand, within the entrance of a spacious 
 bay.t Mere they stud all the next day (Saliirdayi 
 drying their clothes, cleaning their arms, and rep.nring, 
 as well as they could, their shallop. The following 
 diy, being the (Christian Sabhath, they r* sled. 
 
 On Monday, Deci'inber Ilth, lIu'V surveyed arj 
 sounded the bay, which ts described to be " m the shape 
 of a tish hook ; a good harbor lor ship|">'.i^, larger ih.ui 
 that of I'ape Cod ; conlaining two small i«lflnils with- 
 out mhabilants ; innumerable store of fowls, diflereiu 
 sorts of lish, besides shell-lish in abundance. As they 
 marched into the land.<} they found corn fields and 
 brooks, add a very good situation lor building." With 
 this joyful news they returned to the com)>any ; and 
 on the 16th of December the ship came to anchor m 
 tin' harbor, with all the passengers, except four, who 
 died at Cape Cod 
 
 Having surveyed the land, as well as the sesson 
 would permit in three days ; they pitched uiion a high 
 ground on the southwest side of the bay, which was 
 cleared of wood, and liad formerly been [ilanted. I'n- 
 der the south side of it, was '• a very sweet brook in 
 the entrance of which the shallop and boats could be 
 secured, and many delicate s|)nni,'s ol iis good water au 
 could be drank." On tiie opposite side of the brook 
 was a cleared field, nnd beyond it a commanding emi- 
 nence, on which they intended to lay a plallorin, and 
 mount their eannon. 
 
 Tliey went immediate ly to work, laying out house- 
 lots, and a street ; felling, sawing, rivinn and carrying 
 timber ; and before the end of December, though much 
 interrupted by stormy weather, by tlie death of two, 
 and the sicknes.s of many of their number, ihey had 
 erected a storehouse, with a thalclml roof, in which 
 their goods were deposited under a guard. Two rows 
 of houses were begun, and us fast as lliey eouhl be co- 
 vered, the people, who w<'re classed inio nin ' n fami- 
 lies, came ashore, and lodged in ihein. On Lord's 
 d.iy, the ;Hst of December, they alieiuh-d divme ser- 
 vice, for the first time on shore, and named the phice 
 Pi,VMO''TH ; partly because tins harbor was so c.dled 
 in ("apiain Smith's m.ip. published three or four years 
 before, and partly in remembrance ot ihe very kind and 
 
 * M-irton Siiys, " This is tlioui;lil to ho a placd railed Naiii- 
 skeket." A crurk which now hears tho name «>f Skakii, lies 
 between Easiham and Harwich; distant at)out thit-e or luur 
 miles wcstwjud iroiti Naiisct; the seat of a inhe of Indians 
 who (ai they ulterwitrd.« learned) made this attaek. 
 
 t The dislaiiee directly across iho hay from Skakit is almut 
 twelve leagues ; in Prince's Annals \i is said '.hey sailed itfLeen 
 luagucs. 
 
 t This island has ever sinro ht>mc the name of (MarK s 
 [shtiid, Irum the mate id'llie ship, the first man who sieppud 
 on hliore. The rove wherethey wi-re indanKor, he.sbetwc4'n 
 tln^ Cuniel Head, and Sagui.sh Point, at the entrance ol Ply- 
 iniaith llay. 
 
 ^ The ft'ck (tn which thoy lirst stepped ashor*^, at hinh 
 water is now enclosed with a wharf. The upper part ol it 
 has been .separatoil from the lower p.ot, and drawn iiitu tt.n 
 piild'c S'pia.-a of the town id' l'l\inouth, wlu're it m din- 
 tm^nislied bv the name of The roieiather'.* U.M-k. Tlie aad 
 of liecembrr ((j«oi^iim style) Is regarded by tho poopi'j of 
 HlymoulUoaafustivil. 
 
niOORAPIItEH OF THH EARLY DISCOVEKTRS. 
 
 47 
 
 rU at l.igh water. Al 
 icd witli tlui w»r-cry 
 
 * Thiy iiiirnr*!;aU'iy 
 iML-hurye ol mu-iki'trv 
 h.ii), who Aiiiud ihrco 
 (il, as llit-y 8ii]>|ioHOtl 
 irrouM, liiM<lt-(| cillicl 
 laws. \vliii-!i lUfV it'lit 
 mil 'I'hiMiuiwL'L'Oino 
 \v \>]avv,,* (It'UTriiiiiud 
 ;'(l alori^ llie Bliorc ai 
 (I [H-rinit, hut Niiw iiu 
 )ok tltrt'iitt iiiii^, und 
 fflit reach the iiarhur, 
 ', licfore night. 'I'hn 
 tli('insclvr!»hifur(! it.f 
 
 rung, uiu) thi-ir sails 
 [ihght, steiTirig willi 
 ulu curricii tlii'iu into 
 1 Mio d.irk ihry wero 
 . '1 iir |)ilol cuut'l3^n(!d 
 n stout Mranmii, who 
 to |iut uliout and row 
 
 tliciuout ol" thfcove, 
 It of land, whcrr they 
 wrv divided ni then 
 
 but al>out nudiiight, 
 It ; tlic r-tnenly ot iho 
 hey therefore got on 
 idlciia lire, and rested 
 
 eniselves on a fimatl 
 iitiaiiee of a sjiacioufl 
 
 next ilay (Sauirilay) 
 irarnis. and reiiairni;^, 
 ino[r 'I'he lollowuig 
 
 they P sleti. 
 , tliey surveyed nni 
 •li K» he " Ml tlieMiape 
 
 • hhipi-'Mg, larger than 
 ko small I'lBiidnwith- 
 ire of fowls, dilhreii. 
 ahiniilanee. As liiey 
 ouitd eorn lields and 
 
 for huildmg." With 
 |0 the coin|iany ; and 
 ]i eain(^ to arrhor ni 
 Ts, except four, who 
 
 oil as the BOBson 
 
 iu-hed upon a high 
 
 liav, which was 
 
 Hell planted. I'n- 
 
 ry sweet hrook in 
 
 intl boats could be 
 
 of as nutul water aa 
 
 .i(b' of the brook 
 
 oinniandnig enii' 
 
 a platform, and 
 
 laving out liousc- 
 rivnv^ and carrying 
 aibt r. tiiou;^h much 
 the ilealh of two, 
 iiiimhi-i, they had 
 ;t rl louf, in winch 
 ijitard. Two rows 
 s ilu y < oulil be eo- 
 nio nin ' n fami- 
 ihein. I'll l-ord'H 
 lUMiiled ilivnic sv.y- 
 
 nd naiiHil the place 
 rlior was so imIU'iI 
 tlirce or four years 
 
 ol llic very kiml and 
 
 lit" a plac(> calU-a Nani- 
 iu nariit: ..f Skakit, lies 
 lilt iihimt ihne nr luiir 
 
 I ol a Inliti ol liulians 
 
 ! this attack. 
 
 ly frinn Skiikit is about 
 
 ttaia Uifyxiuldl liritiin 
 
 tlio njune (»f ('larKS 
 lirst man who steiipcd 
 iiKianKor, lit'S belwcrn 
 it Uio ontrance ol I'lv 
 
 pj»pt:ti nshoro, at hiRli 
 Tlie upjier part ol it 
 I, aii'l ilrawn mti» ll.« 
 iiulli, wlH're it l* di'** 
 l^lu•l^^ liock. The 22() 
 rtied ijy Hiti poupl-J of 
 
 frlomlly Ircatinent which they h.'i received from the 
 inliftbitanis of I'lyniouth, the last port of their native 
 country (rem \Oi.rh ihey sailed. 
 
 At ihik time some of llie people h)dgcd on short*, 
 ami others on board the «hip. which lay at the disMnco 
 of a mile ami a hall (mm 'he town ; and when the tide 
 was out, ibtru could be no connnunication between 
 thini. On tin- I lilt of Januarv. -very early ni the 
 morning, as IJovernor Carver and Mr. Uradfurd lay 
 Hick in hril at the slorelioiisc, the thatched roof, by 
 means of a upark, caught on iVe, and was soon eon- 
 Bumed ; but l>y (lie Iiimly a.^sistance of the people on 
 filiore, iho lower part of the building was preservdi. 
 Hero were deposited tlieir wliob> stock of aminumlion, 
 and several loaded guns ; but happily the tire did nol 
 reach iliein. The lire was seen by the people on bo.iril 
 the ship, who could not come on shore till an hour at- 
 tervvards. They were greatly alarmed at the appear- 
 ance, because two men. wlio had stroUed inio the 
 woods, wire missini;, and liioy were a)tprehcnsive ihal 
 the Indians bad made an attack on the place. In tiie 
 evening ihe strollers found their way home, almost 
 dead wall hunger, faligue and cuM. 
 
 The bad wealher and severe bardshipH to which this 
 i^omnany were exposed, in a elimato much more rigor- 
 ous (iian any to which lliey liad ever been aecn.*lomed, 
 wiih the scorbutic liahifs coniracted in their voyage, 
 and by living so long on shipboard, e.nised a great 
 mortality ainnng ihcrn in the wmier. ilefore the month 
 of April, nearly one half* of ihem died. At some 
 times, the nmniirr of the sick was so great, that not 
 more than st\ or seven were ("it tor duty, and these were 
 tiliiiost w bully employcii m attendmg the sick. The 
 t'bip*s company was in the same situation ; and Cap- 
 twin Jones, though earnestly desirous to get away, 
 *^s obliged to stay till A|>rd, having lost one half of his 
 men. 
 
 I3y the beginning of March, ibe governor was so far 
 rcco.ered cf Ins lirsl illness, ihat he was ablu to walk 
 three mile.^, lo v. sit a largi? pond wli.,!h Francis Uil- 
 Ini.;loii had discovered from llie top of a tree on a hill. 
 A', first it was supposed to be jiart ol' the ocean ; but 
 It eroved to be the head water of the brook which runs 
 by (lift town. It has ever since borne the name of the 
 ii.v( il::M?ovefcr, which would otherwise have been for- 
 
 Hi'hcrio tliey had not seen any of the natives at this 
 late. The mortal pestilence winch raged thro.igh the 
 coui.lry, four years before, had almost dcpupiilaled it. 
 One remarkable circumstance attending this pestilencs 
 was nol known till alter Ibis selllement was made. A 
 Kreiicli shiji had been wrecked on (..'ape (,'od. Tie 
 n en were saved, and the proMsuins and gooils. Ttie 
 n.H.vcs kept ibcir eye on tliem till they lound an op- 
 por'uruty to kill all bill three or four, ami divide iheir 
 C'^ods. 'I'iiu captives were sent from one tribe to ano- 
 iher, as slaves. Uno of them learned so much of their 
 language, OB to tell them that "(lod was angry with 
 them for their cruelly, and wonid destroy tlieni, and 
 ?ive their counlry to another people." They answered 
 that "they were loo many for (Jod to kill" He re- 
 plied, that "if they were t'verso many, (iodhad many 
 ways to kill them of which they were (hen ignorant." 
 When the pestilence came amonir them, (a new disease, 
 probably the vrllow fever.) thev remembered the 
 Frenciiman's words; and when the I'lymoiilli srtllers 
 arrived at t 'ap t^'od, tbcr lew survivor.-^ miairiind Ihat 
 the other part of bis prediction would soon be accoin- 
 |(hshed. .Soon after their ariival. the Indian priests or 
 powows coiivtiicd, and perlbrmcd their incantations m 
 a dark swamp ihree days successively, with a view to 
 curse and destroy the newcomers. Had they known 
 the mortality winch raijed among iliem. they would 
 doubtless have rejoiced m the success of thciV endea- 
 vors, and might very easily have taken advantage of 
 their weaknesM to exterminate them Hut none of 
 them were seen till after the sickness had abated ; 
 though some tools, wliicli bad been left in the woods, 
 were missing, which ihey had stolen in the maht, 
 
 On the sixteenth of Vlarch, when the spring was so 
 faradv.inced as lo invite them lo make their gardens, a 
 savage came boldly into the place alone, walked through 
 the street lo the rende/vous or storehouse, and pro- 
 nounced tiie words WHconu- Enir(ushmfu ! his name 
 was Samoset ; Iiebelonaed to a place distant live days 
 
 *Tlie exact bul ut mortality un cnllucteil by Mr. Prince 
 's follows ■ 
 
 in Ut'cum'wT, 6 
 In January, 8 
 In Ffliniary, 17 
 'ii Match, 13 
 
 Total. 44 
 
 Of tliesc, 
 
 HIlU 
 
 l.i 
 
 21 wore suliscrilHTs h. 
 
 (he nvil OMiipait. 
 23 were womi-n. iliil- 
 
 (Iroii and sl'i vaiils. 
 
 44 
 
 I journey to the eastward, and had learned of the t'lshcr- 
 
 ' men to speak broker) KnL•lt^h. 
 
 lie w.is riTciscd with kindnev« and hospitality, and 
 he informed them, "that by tlu' lale pfstih-iit'e, and a 
 ferocious war. the number of Im count rymi n hid lu( n 
 so diinuiisli( il, that not more than unu in twenty re- 
 mained ; that the sjiot where they vvero now sealed 
 was called Patnksrt, and (IioiimIi formerly )>opij|ous, 
 vet everv bunian being m it li id died ol" the potileiice." 
 This account waseonlirmed by the extent ol llie lields, 
 tlie number of graves, and the reinnaitts of tkulotoiiH 
 Ivini; on the ground. 
 
 Tlie account winch he gave of biinself, was, " lliat 
 he had been absent from home eiglil moons, part ol 
 lit!' lime among the .Nausets, llirir nearest neighbors a' 
 the southeast, who were about one hundred sirom,', iml 
 more lately among the W'ompaneags at Ibe westward, 
 who wire about .sixty ; that he hud heard of the attack 
 made on them by Ihe Xansets at Nainskekct ; that 
 i.hese people were full of lesenlnieiit a^amst the Hiiro- 
 praiis, oit act^otinl of tlii^ perfidy ol lliinl, muster of an 
 Knglish ves.sel, who had some years before llu; pesti- 
 lence <leroyetl some of the natives, ^iweiily from I'atiik- 
 set and s<;v(mi from Nauset) on huard his siiip, and sold 
 them abroad as slaves ; that they had killed three l^n^- 
 lislt lishernien, besides the rrenchmen aforemeiitionrd 
 in revenge for ibi^j altVont. He al>o gave mlorniatnui 
 ol tin; lost tools, and promised lo see them resloretl ; 
 and llial he would hrini' the natives to trade with tbein." 
 
 .Samoset being dismissed with a present, nturned 
 the next day with ti\e more of llnr natives, hringing 
 the stolen tools, ami a few skins for trade. 'Ibey were 
 dismissed with a rcipiest lo bring more, wliieh they pro- 
 mised in a few days. Samoset feigned Inmseif sick, 
 and remaim d ; but as bis eompanions did nut return at 
 the lime, be was sent lo impure the reason. 
 
 On the '22ud he returned, in ciimpany with S^pianlo 
 or Siinanliim, a native of Patukscl, ainj the otilv ime 
 then living. Ho was one of llio twenty wboiu Hunt 
 had carried away ; he bad been sold m Spam, had lived 
 Ml London wilh John Slany Merchant, Trea.surer of ihe 
 Newfounilland Uompany ; had learned the Kngli.>h 
 language, and came back to his native country with the 
 nsliermen. These two persons were depuled by the 
 sachem of the W'ompuneags, Ma-snns-o-tl,* whose re- 
 sidence was at Sowums or Fokanoket. on the Narra- 
 Lian.iet Day, to announce Ins coming, and bring some 
 skins as a present. In about an hour, the sacliem, 
 with his brother (^U(i-{ti--f/ui-mih, and his whole force of 
 sixty men, appeared on the bill over against them. 
 JSrpianturn was sent to know his pleasure, and returned 
 with the sachem's request, that one oi the company 
 should come to luin. i'Jdward Winslow iinmcdialely 
 went alone, carrying a present m bis hand, with the go- 
 vernor .s compliments, desiring to see the saeliem, and 
 enter on a friendly treaty. Ma>assoit left Winslow m 
 the custody of hi.s brother, to whom another present was 
 made, and lakmi.' twenty of bis men, unarnn il, descend- 
 ed the lull towards the brook, over which lav a log bridge, 
 (.'aptam Miles Siandish, at the head ol six men, im-t 
 him at the brook, and escorteil bim and lii^ tram lo one 
 of the best bouses, where three or four ciislnoits were 
 placed on a green ru(T, spread over the (loor. 'I'lie 
 L'ovoriior came ni. preceedeii by a drum and lrum|iei. 
 the sound of which greatly deligbted lite Indians. 
 -Viler mutual salutaiions. he entered mlo conversation 
 with i\ic sachem, which i.ssued in a treaty. The arti- 
 cles were, "(i ) 'i'liat neither he nor lii.s should injure 
 any of onr'.H. (a ) That if they did. he sliould send the 
 otlender. that trc might puni.sii hint. (:»,) 'I'hat if our 
 tools were taken away, he should restore them. (4.) 
 Thai if atiy itnjitsflij warred againsl linn, we would aid 
 bint; and if any warred against us, hi; should aid us. 
 t-'i ) 'I'bat he should cerlily bis neiglibor eonledcrales 
 of this, that they might nol wrong us. but be comprised 
 in the conditions of peace, {it.) * .lat when tlieir men 
 came to us, they should leave '.neir bows and arrows 
 behind them ; as we should Uv.ve our pieces when we 
 came lo them. (7) That ic doing thus. King James 
 would esteem hiin as bis fri.'iid and ally." 
 
 'I'he conference being e.ided, and the company hav- 
 ing Deen entertained wtdt such retVesiiments as the 
 jilace atlorded, the .sa'-licn returned to his camp. This 
 treaty, the work of one ijay, bemo honestly intended on 
 both sides, was kept uiin lidelity as long as Masassoil 
 lived, but was afterward broken by I'hibp, his successor. 
 
 The next day Masassoit sent for some of the Knglish 
 lo visit h im. Captain Siundi.sh and Isaac Allerion 
 
 * Mr. I'mu-e says thai M;i.sass-o-lt is a word of four syl- 
 laliles, uiitl was .su proiiounccU hy the ancient people of Ply- 
 in. mUIi. This rt-Miark is eimiiniie.i tty tho nnuiiier m wliu'h 
 It IS spelled in sumo parls of Mr. Wnwlow"^ Naniilivu, Ma- 
 5us-u-wat. 
 
 went, were kindly received, and treated wilh ground* 
 
 nnl.s and tobacco 
 
 The saclifin then returned to his brad-ipiarten*. dia- 
 tani iiiioiii I'uriv nules ; Iml .Sipianinm and SamoHet ru- 
 niaii:* (1 at I'Imhoihii. and msirui't<d ihe people Ikiw in 
 plain their corn, and dres.s it Willi berrings, ul winch ar> 
 mimeiiM; (piaiitily came tnio the bruoki*. The giuimd 
 winch ihey plaiiltd with eutii was twenty acre.^. Ihey 
 sowed SIX ac es vmIIi barlev and peas; tne lormei 
 yiehled an indilb rent crop ; b ' the latter wete parched 
 with tile beat, and came lo ti<> ^uig. 
 
 Whilst they were engaged m his labor, lu which all 
 were alike einploved. on tiiii .'Jiii 
 which the ship ^<alled lor lin ia 
 came out ol the lield. ut noon, ' 
 bis head, caused by the beat ol 
 prived him o\ bis senses, and in 
 us llie. to ibe great yriel ol 
 
 of April (tlie day on 
 ul) (io\er(jur I 'arver 
 iiplaining ol a pain in 
 ;ie sun. U soon d"* 
 I lew da\ > put an end 
 tills inlaiii pianuitioii. 
 
 He was Imrieil willi all the honors wliichCuuld be 
 shown to Ibe nieiiiory ol a )joo<l ni.ui by a ^rntelnl peo- 
 ple. 'I be men wiri- iiiuK r arms, lud Ined several vol* 
 lies over bis grave His atlceiiiHi.tle wilt, overcome 
 with bf r loss. siirviU'd him but si.\ weeks. 
 
 Mr. ('ar\er is represented as a man of great prudence, 
 inle^rity. and linuness ol mnid He bad a gi- 1 e ! '!o 
 in Kiigtand, which he sptnt in the emigration lo Hol- 
 land and .\iiieri( .1. ile was one of uie loremuMt in iie- 
 tion, and bore a lar^e share of >ntlerMi::s in the service 
 of the colony, who coiilided m hmi as ilieir friend and 
 latlur I'u ly, humility, and benevolence, were emi- 
 nent trails 1(1 his charatter ; and it is particularly re- 
 marked, that m till' tune of general sickness, wjiicii be- 
 tel the colony, and with which he was ati<LVied, alter he 
 had liiniseK reeovered, he was assiduous m attending 
 the .-.ick, and performing the most bumilialiiig servicer 
 for tnein. wilhoul any distmclion of persons or charac 
 lers 
 
 t)ne of his grandsons lived to ihe age of one huiHlred 
 and U\o years; and about the middle of the present 
 century (I7r)r>) he. his son, grandson, and ;jreai grand- 
 son, were all, at the same time, at \M>ik m the sanm 
 (ield. whilst an infant of the iKth generalioii was wiihiti 
 the bouse, ut .Marshtield. 
 
 '1 be meinory of ( iovcrnor Carver is still held in e»- 
 leein ; a ship belonging to I'lymonlh noiv bears bin 
 name ; and Iiis broadsword is deposited, as a eunosity, 
 in the cabinet of the Historical Society, at iiostou 
 
 WILLI AM BU AD FORD. 
 
 WiLLu.M IlKAnKoHD— His Hiflli aiiil K'lmation— RpinaTrs lo 
 Ain.-terilaiii - A< • iMii|iaiiies Uil* Atl\' iitun.T8 to New Enij- 
 lan-l— Ills Wiiu Un'wiieU— t,:hosen itovi-riior of New Piv 
 numtli— ('(itispiracy ul iho Indians— H'."iiJtipu .Mea.^ures of 
 1)*I« lire — Surrenders the ruleiiL lo the Colony - lli<> Ueattl 
 and Uliarai:lLT— ills Uesccndaiili, 
 
 \\'ii.M\.M Uic.\nF0Kn was born in 1588, at .\nsier- 
 
 held, an obscure village in the .North of Kngland Hia 
 parents dymi; when be was vouriLi, he was educated, 
 lirst by his grand-parents, and alierwards by his uii< rj, 
 in the jiractiee of a-ricullure. \i\i patt rnal mbeiiianco 
 was considerable ; but he had no oilier learnmg but 
 iucb ;is uenerally falls to the share oi itie children of 
 linsbandrneii 
 
 At twelve years of age, his mind became seriously 
 iinpn s;.).d by divme truth, in readin«r the Scriptures ; 
 and a- he increased m years, a njtive brmness enabled 
 him to vindicate b > t'iiinions against opposition, Uenig 
 stiLimati/ed as a Si paralist. be was obliged to hear the 
 frowns of his relatives, and the scolVot his neighbors ; 
 but nothing could divert or mtimulale him from altpud- 
 mg on the ministry of Mr. Uichard ('lifton, and con- 
 neetino himself willi the church over which be and Mr 
 Itohnison presided. 
 
 \\ lien be was eighteen years old. he [oiiied in their 
 attempt lo no over to Holland, and was one of ibe 
 seven who were imprisoned at Uosion, m Linc'dnsdire, 
 as IS olready related in the life of Uohinson , but ho 
 was soon liberated on account of his youth. He was 
 also one of those who, ihe next year, (led from Grimsby 
 Uoinmon, when part of the company went lo sea, and 
 [mrt were taken by the pursuivants. 
 
 After some lime, he went over to Zealand, through 
 various ditheulties ; and was no sooner set on shore, 
 than a malicious passenger in the same vessel, accused 
 him before the Dutch magistrates, as a fugitive (roin 
 Kngland. Hut when they undt r^iuod the cause of his 
 emigration, they gave hiin protection, and permission 
 to join bis brethren at Amsterdam. 
 
 it being impossible lor him to prosecute agnfulture 
 in Holland, he was obliged to belake himself lo aoiiio 
 other business ; and being then under age, he put hiiii- 
 <elf as du apprtJiUice lo a French Wotcbtant, who 
 

 II I 
 
 > ■ 
 
 
 ! \ 
 
 49 
 
 Uu^^ht litin ll j an of mlkMlviiiK As rodu im lip ui- 
 tiiM,4 1| liir V' -irH of iii.iiilioiiit. he Mild \\ * |)ii1i'r?i.il I'tiiUr 
 111 Kii;;l:tNti, iinil cnlrrctl on u coiiutiuivul lil'r, in vsIim'Ii 
 Ki' w,i« iii>i vtTv i»urci-!*-«tiil 
 
 Wlii'ii llir ('linnli of l.cvdcrt cunl('rn|tta'r<l n rr- 
 inov.il to AiiiiTiru. MriuHonI zi.iIouhIv riiuMiiitl iii llii- 
 uiut rlit^iiii!. 'IIkI <'iiini' \\\\\\ lltc llri*! coiii|Mnv. in l<i«0, 
 tu ('i\|i> Cod WliiUi the t^\\\\\ liv in lluil hiirhor, \\v 
 wiiM t)ll^ nl ihr lorniitiKt in (lif scvrr.il li.i/iirdoiit ut- 
 tLMi)|ils It: lit'd 11 |)r>>|ii'r |iliiri' lor llir t«iMt ol tlic colony 
 111 oiK of wliti-h, III, \sttli oiliiTH of llii> ]irn)(-i|Mil |K'|-- 
 vons. ri;trri vvly t t4(M|)rd (l<(i dcHtnirhon uhioti ihriMt- 
 encd (Ih-ii (tlMlIoii On liis rrturn from iIiim rxciirNion 
 to llip .<>hi[) Willi llif joyful iii'WM of li;i\iii^ roiiml on 
 Imrlior. mul a jiIjit for Hi'tilnm-nt, In- li.id the inorlili- 
 C'ttuii) lo hiar ili it, dtinii'^ \\\^ aliMiirr, lim \s\iv had 
 i>'-iidriil.dlv fiillt-n inlo ihr >v.\, and was drowned 
 
 Afiir llir fuildt-nd) .illi i>f <to\rrnor CarviT, tin' nifaiit 
 colony i'awt tluir CM'M on lir.niford to Mircci d Inni ; 
 lint hrnii; iit lli.il Inur so vi ry ill, tli.il Iiih lilr w.ih (ji-- 
 Ppaircd of, tlicy wiiili'tl for lut« riTovt rv. and iiuri ni- 
 vi'Htt'd lum witli llir rniinniind He vva^ in the tliirty- 
 lliird ytar uf Iiih a^c ; Iuk vvimIoid, |iu'ty, foriilndc, mid 
 git-nliiCM of lii'art, wcrr fO ron^(iUMioii» n.n lo merit llie 
 biieiTe C'Hirein of llie [no|,li' Carver had heen alone 
 m I'Onnn.Mid. Thcv eonlidt d in Ins prndenee, lh,it he 
 wo \\i\ not adventure on any m.iKer of inonient wiihout 
 t!,i! eonsifi' of the jpeople. (tr the udvtcr of tlio wmest. 
 To iJradtoid lliey a|pi»oiritcd an a^sl»lanl, Isaac Aller- 
 lon, not lurause lliey had not iIm; same contidenre in 
 h'm, hut piirlly for (he Hake of re^ndanty, and p.irllv on 
 ateount of hts )prei'arionH lieahh. Tiny iijipointid hut 
 o:.e, heeausr (liev were "O miueed in nmnher, that to 
 \\A\v: made a ijreati r disproportion helweeii rulers and 
 people would have hren nhsurd ; and they knew ihal 
 It would iilwavs he in their power to iiieruasu the rnuii' 
 her at tl.eir pleisure. Tin ir vtduntary comlunation 
 wa;* desii^ned only as a ti mporary expidient, till itiey 
 vlimiji! uhiain a cliurler under tliu uulhoniy uf their Nuve- 
 riMpi. 
 
 One of the firit acts of Ur-idford'a adininitttnilion, 
 WUH, hy tho iidvieo of the eoinpiiny, In send Kdward 
 Wm^low* and Stephen Hopkins to Masassoil, wilh 
 S'pianto for llieir ijuiiit'. Thu de-ti^in of lliis ernhassy 
 was lo explore llio rounlry, to eontirin iho league, to 
 learn the situation and >lrinifili of liieir new frienil, to 
 carry some presents, lo apuloi:i/.i! for some misheliavior. 
 to re;,'uUtc the iiitereour>e hitween tlieui and l.'iir In- 
 dians, und lo procure seed-cuni lor the next planlini; 
 f»uson. 
 
 Tlieso yrntlenicn found liio ^nchein at Pokanoket,* 
 ahout forty miles from IMvmouth. They delivered llie 
 pro-'enlw, renewed the fMeniUlii|), and ita'islied iheiii- 
 iclvfis respei'tmji the Hiren;flli ot the iiatnes, v^hieh (hd 
 not appear lornndahle. nor was the enlerlamnient wlueli 
 they rei'fived either liheral or sph-nditl. Tlie marks of i 
 dusolat"j;i and dealli. liv reason of the prstdciiee. were j 
 very conspiei.oiis. in all ihe eountry thioui.di whteh they 
 pasM'd , 4iiit lliey wrru informed that the Narrai:aii«els, 
 who reiiid^ on the weslern shore of llie h.iy of tliiit | 
 name, wrte very iiimieron:^, and that ihc pestdeiiou had I 
 not reached ihcni. j 
 
 After the return of this rmhassy. nnolher was Rent 
 t(i Nt.-ji*, Vi recover a i'ov who had stra^ijled from 
 rivmuutli. and h-id Oe*"!! taken up hy some of the In- | 
 dians of that place. They were so fortunate as lo re- i 
 cover the hov. and to neiku pe.iif wi'h Asp.riet ihe i 
 8R''hi:ii, when thev p;iid h)r ihe f<»-i-d-corn wlinli '.hey | 
 hud tak-^n out of the ground at I'aomet, in llie preet d- . 
 111^ uutuniii Dnnni; this expedition an old VNOinaii. | 
 \\lio had never heloic seen any while people, hurst inlo] 
 lears of i/rief iud rane at the .-ijihl of them. She had 
 lost three sons hv tin: periidv of Thomas Hunt, wlii> 
 dt-i-oved them, with oilier;*, on hoard Ins ship, and sold, 
 lluin lor slave.-*. ISipianto. who u,!.-. pre>ent, told her j 
 that lie had hei>n carried uwav at llie same time; that 
 Hunt was a liad man -, that his eountrvmeti di>appro\ed 
 hjs conduct, and thut ihe l!iii:hsli at riyinoulli would 
 tint oiler them any injury. 'I'his declaration, aceoin- 
 panied hy a ttniall present, appeased her ant;er, though 
 it was impo-silde lo remove ilio (luso of her tzriei*. 
 
 It \v..s kirtiinate fur the colonv that they had secured 
 Ihc fneiKUIitp of Masassoit ; f,)r his inthience was found 
 to ho very extensive. He was rcjarded and rnve- 
 fenced by all Che natives, from the bay of Narra^ansct 
 
 • Tins wa^ a Kencrul nnmc for the nortliom sli'irc of tlic 
 Nnrrai;nnHi'i Bay, lipiwren I'rnviihTiro and Taunton rivers, 
 anil rnin(irclit'iitlirii: tiii- present t(M\n.'iliii<Hof Hristol, Warren, 
 i.iil l);irrMii:tn[i, ni the Slate uf ltli(»(li> |sl:ui>l, ami Svvan7.i'y 
 fo Massaiiiusi'Us. lis norllRrn extent U nnknmvn. Tlir 
 nimrip;il si'fitn uf tlif narhcin were at Suwanis anil Kikeintut. 
 lilt; lornii r is a nnk of lami Inrnieil l)V the eoniiitciKe ut 
 Iwiiiiikcluji aii'l I'aliiK.r'i nvtrni tliulatlir iv Moiuii lli.ne 
 
 AMKRICAN HISTORY. 
 
 'u that uf MaKHiichuti't'«< 'I'hou^h aome of tho (xitty 
 Hirlirtn* ^^e^e di'-iniani lo he jcalo".-* id the new i'.> 
 loiiy, ,ind lo disliirli Itn pi ace, yet thei. mutii.d cmme ' 
 lion Willi Ma<*a>-4oii piovid ihe means ol lis presirva- 
 tion . UN a pniol uf winch, rune ot the sachems volun- 
 tarily came lo I'lvmoutli, and huhtrnheit an in»iruiituiit 
 of HiiliinisNiim in ilm lollowin^ terms, vi/.. 
 
 " Scptt'inher U), Ann«> Donuui 1(I'.^1. Know all 
 nn II hy ihe^^e presents, that we, whose names ate un- 
 derwnilen. do neknowled;^e ourselves lo he llie loyal 
 hiihp-ct> ol \\\\\;i .lames, kin^ of (ireal lirilam Kraiice, 
 and Ireland, l)''"idrr uf tho lailli. Ac. In wilneNH 
 whereof, ami an a testimoniMJ of llie same, we have 
 Huhscrihed our names, or inarkn, ta lollowelh : 
 Oliipiamehud, Naiiawahiint, Quiidi ipiiiia, 
 Cawnacome, Caiinlmtunt, Hntl.uiioiden, 
 Ohbutinna, Clnkalabiik, A|)annow." 
 
 Hohainak. another of iheac xuhordmatu chiefs, came 
 niid look up Ins residence at I'lynioulli. where he 
 continued as a laillilnl ^utde and interpretrr us lon^* as 
 he lived, 'ihe Indtaiis ol llie island of C'apuwoek. 
 wliicli li'id how ohtained the name ol MartlLi'M or Mur- 
 Im's \ ineyard. also sent iiK'sseriijers ot iieaee. 
 
 Having; heard much uf the Itay of NtassacliURettfi, 
 lioili from the Indians und the Kii^li^li tislierrnen, Uo* 
 vernor Itiadlord appointed ten imii, wilh S.pianto, and 
 two other Indians, lo visit ihe place, •ind trade wilh 
 the natives. 0\\ the 18t)i of .SepteinlM r, ihey sailed 
 111 a nlullop, and the next day got to the botiom uf the 
 iiay. where they landed under a chll',' and wire kindly 
 received hy Uhhalmewa, tin' Hjchein who had (*uli- 
 scrihed the siihinissioii at riynunilh a tew days heloie. 
 He renewed hm submission, and received a promise uf 
 assistance and defence against thu Npiavv Sachem of 
 Mas^acliui»( Us, and oilier eufmies. 
 
 The appi-arnncc of this bay was p|ea8in<.r They «aw 
 the inoullis uf Iwu rivers which emptied into it The 
 islands Were cleared of wood, and had bieii planted ; 
 bnt most of the people who had inlialuled lliem either 
 \r ere i\vA\.\, oi ti.t.l lenioviil. Those' who reuiunn-d 
 were i-untiiniallv m fe.ir oi the Tarratenes, \» hu fre- 
 ipienlly came Ironi the eastward m a honlile manner, 
 und robbed them of their corn. Jn one of these pre- 
 datory invasions. Manepashainet, a sachem, had bet n 
 slam ; his hudy lay buried nniler a fianie, surnumded 
 hv an intrenehineiit ami palis.ide. \ monument on the 
 toji of fi hill desiL'naletl the place where he was killed 
 Ha\iiiL^ explored the bay, and collected some !>« .i\er, 
 the shallop returned to I'lvmoutli. and brouoht so ;:oo»l 
 a report of llii^ placi', that iht people wishid thi'V had 
 been sealed there Dot having planted corn and built 
 huts at IMymoiitli, iind being there in security from the 
 n.itives, they ji.dirid the motives for continuance lo he 
 stronger than Uix removal. Many ot tin ir postt rity 
 having judged otherwise. 
 
 In November, a ship arrived from Knyland. with lliir- 
 ty-live passengers, to augmenl the colony, rnhappily 
 they were so short ot provision, that ihe people of I'ly- 
 inouth were ohtiged to victual the »lnp home, atid then 
 put thiinselveH and the tn'W comers to liall allowance. 
 ilefore the next spring, (lOii'J) the colony iiegaii to fetl 
 the rigor of famine. In the height of this di>trr>'>. 
 llie governor received Ironi Canomcus. .Sachem ol 
 Narragaiisel. a threatening message, in the embhinatic 
 style of ihe ancienl JScythiarn) ; a bundle ol arrows, 
 humid with the ^kin of a serpent. 'J'lie governor seiii 
 an answer in the same style, the skin of the serpent Idl- 
 ed wall powder and ball. The Narragansi is. alraid of 
 Its contents, sent it baei; unoiieiied \ and here tlu: cor- 
 respondence ended. 
 
 It was now judged proiicr to fortify the town. Ae- 
 ( ordingly it was sunonndeil with a stuckade- and four 
 llaiikarts ; a guard was kejit by day ami night, the com- 
 pany being divided into lour S'luadrons. A st led 
 iiiiinber were appoinf.(>d, in c.ise of accidental lire, lo 
 mount guard with their backs lo the (ire, to prev<nt a 
 surprise from the Indians. W'ltlnn the stockade was 
 enclosed the to|) ut the hill, uinh-r which llie lown was 
 built, and a sulticiency of hind for a garden to each 
 famiiv. The works were begun in February and lin- 
 ished m March 
 
 At this lime the famine was very severe. F *h and 
 spring waters were the only piovision on which the oeo- 
 
 1 pit subsisted 'I'lie want of brr.id n dueed llieir Ih-rili ; 
 
 ; yet, they had so iiineli health and spirit, Ihat. on liear- 
 
 . ing of the massacre in Virginia, ihey erected an addi- 
 tional fort on the top of the hill, wiih a IhiL roof, on 
 
 I which the giina wi ru mounted ; llie lower story served 
 tliem for u place of wtir.^hip. ISixty acres of ground 
 were planted wilh corn ; aiid their gardens were sown 
 
 1 * Suj.p'ised lo Uu Cdpp'i IliU in tho luwn of Bo.^toi). 
 
 wilh (lie needs of other esculent vegimbk'i, in tfft'tl 
 plenty. 
 
 Ihe nrii\al of two ships wiiii a new colo'iy, i*rnt out 
 hy 'i'hoMM'i Weston, hut witlumi proMsion*, wun an 
 udihtionid mi.shtrtune tSonm ut Ihe^e people hclng 
 9ick, were lodged in the Ixispilal at I'lv mouth lill they 
 vviie so far ri'covered an lo join their compiunoiiH, 
 who heated lliemM'lveii at WessagnMHel. aineu culU'il 
 Weymouth, 
 
 The hrsi niipplv of provisions wwn ubtumed from ttiit 
 lishing vessels , of which Ihirlytive i ame this spring, 
 Iroin linglantl to the coast. In Angiisl, two stnpN ar- 
 rived with tr.iding goods . which the platilers bought ut 
 a great disadvantage, giving beav^i-r in exchange The 
 nuimner being tlrv. and the harvest short, ii becamu 
 necessary lo make excursnms amoM;r ihe iiativis, l>i 
 procure corn and Ixatis. with ihe t'omU piirchasid Ironi 
 the ships. <iu\ernor llriidtord underiouk thn Ncrvuf*, 
 having S<pianlo fur liis guide and iiiiermeler ; who vvaa 
 lakeri iM un 'lie jiassaue, a\n\ died at Slanoinuik lie- 
 fore his death, lie n <piested the i^overnor to pray for 
 him, " thai he inighl go to the Kiighshman'H ( iud." 
 
 in these excursions, Mr. Hraillord was treated by 
 the natives wilh great respect ; and the trade was con- 
 ducted, on btilli parts, witlijiisltce and eunlidence. At 
 Nauoet, the shallop being siraiided. it VKas nei es:-arv lo 
 [Mit the corn, which had hi en purchased, in Mack und 
 leave ii coverinl with inals and sedge, iri the care of tho 
 Indians, whiUt t^c governor and his party euine home, 
 liltv miles on ioo. It remained there lioin November 
 to .tamiarv ; and when .inothiT sliallop \s\\> seni, il wan 
 tumid m perfect ttafely, und *he stranded sliallop waa 
 covered. 
 
 .\t NumnNket, [Middtehorongh] an inliind place, lid 
 bought anoihi r ipiantitv, which was hrou^i.t home, 
 partly hy the |)eople ol the colonv, and partly hv ihe 
 Indian women ; tin ir men (IimI. lining lo bear hiinlens. 
 
 At Manomel, [S.indwnhJ he h.irgaineil lor more, 
 which he was obliged to leave till March, when i.'up- 
 tain Standish went and htched it home, the Indian 
 women hrin>'iMg il down to the shallop. The whole 
 Ipiantitv thus purchased, amounted to twenty-eight 
 iiogsheud^ ot Corn and beans; ul which Weston's pew- 
 ph? had a share, as they had )oined in the purchase. 
 
 In the "«nrtng [Ui-lij iln- governor rect i\ed a mes- 
 sage Ironi .\!a>.i>soil that he was sick ; un which ucca- 
 sion It IS usual lor all the Iriend.-i uf tho Iniliatis tu vixit 
 them, or send them presents, Mr. \S inslow auiiin 
 went lo vifil till' sai'hein, aecompanied hy .Mr Joi.n 
 llamden,* und lliey had Hohainak lor liieir giiule und 
 interpreter. The visit was very cunsulalory to their 
 ^Ick Ineiul, anil the more so, as Winslow carried lum 
 >oine cordials, and made hiiii broth after tlie linuhsh 
 mode, which eonlribnlt d lo his ri eovi rv In reiiirn 
 lor this Irieiidlv attention, Masassoit conunumcaied lu 
 Ilobainik intelligence ol a daiiL'eroua conspiracy then 
 m ui^itation among the Indians winch he had be« u soli- 
 cited to jmn lis object was nothing Ii^-s than the total 
 extirpation of the English, and it v\a> occasioned by 
 the imprudent conduct of WeLiion's people in the Iiay 
 ol .Massachusetts. 'J'he Indians had il in conteinpla- 
 lioii lo make Ihem the first Mcinns. ami then to tall on 
 the people of I'U mouth. .M.i^^assoil'.s advite was llii". 
 the Knghsh shouhl sei/e und jiut lo death the chief coi> 
 spirators, whom he named ; .ind said ihat this wniil;! 
 pnxeni the execution of tlieplut. llubainak coinni'i 
 nicali d this secret to Winsiow as they were returning • 
 and i' wa.s reported in ihe |ju. "Mir 
 
 ill! ihts .ilariniriL' ^asion : " coin;: ;inv were 
 
 nsHembleil ' rour' d the news wa^ irtiparli o to tin iii. 
 .■Surh ua- ience in the governor, that they 
 
 mi.L ' sted hini, with .\lh '"n. bus assislant, 
 
 to I best ineuMiires for safety. 'I'hu 
 
 resi ' strengthen the lorlih is, lo he vigi- 
 
 lani '.und lo sitHJ suehaloueto ihu Iiay n.*^ 
 
 Mas.s.x ''>. under • iptain Klaiiilisli, us he should 
 
 judge suiin.M.l lo ' .i.ili the eoiispirucy. An Indian 
 who had come into •■ town was suspected as a spy, 
 and contined in iri: - Siandish with eight chosen 
 men, aiitt the failliliii Ibihaiuak, went in tin- iiiillop ti 
 W'estmrs plantation, having goods as usual lo tridc 
 witli the Indians. Here he met the persons who li.io 
 been named us conspirators, who persimallv m-'Uited 
 
 * In Wiii.'-U'\v\ Jinirnal, >lr. II iniiieii is saUl lo he " ;i «en 
 tleinaii lit Ldh^iiMi, who ilien v mtercil wiili us, and d^'irrd 
 much III see ttic couiiUy." I ^u,'|ll)^^! l|ii.i to he tin *amfl 
 person wlio <h^liijgui>heil liiiM.srii h^ hi> i.[)|HtMiuui to (he ll- 
 Wy^wX and arhilr.ii> detiiaiid', ni Kiii>; (liniU '^ I. He h:i>i |'i«' 
 vnHialy ilUTj einliarkr.l i.»r N, w l.n^lan.l vvilli Uiivei K'v 
 well. Sir Aithiir Ihisifiu ainl other-; hut Iliey vverf ( 
 vented Iriun lutiilii:; li> the kui'.;'a " pnx hinialioi' a^%^.. 
 ilisimlfrly Iran.spoitiiii; h;s rn:*ji ^ly's fuhiiM's to ine plae: 
 I mils III Aim rica." llaimie'i w;<«, liuriiiii I5W, ft.id \\t» '.\\k--\\. 
 )t]ais (lid al tU» Unw of lua biting ac IMyim-uth. in IftSO 
 
 i 
 
nioonAruiKs of tin: kaui.v r»is(M)VKiM'us. 
 
 4W 
 
 glHlblvi. in iirrat 
 
 V rolony. nfnt i>ul 
 roMNioh*, wuft un 
 
 I «n |ii'ii|'lf Itrinir 
 riMiiuuili nil ilti-y 
 lu'ir i'tiiii|Miii'iiiH, 
 
 IMCti ■llll'U ClllM 
 
 olitiiim-il Irom \\w 
 I .iriic llii-^ ►pllll^N 
 ;iml, Irto f*lu)'n at- 
 |ihiiil('rHlu)ii^)<t ut 
 
 II i\i-li;in;^r 'I'lio 
 [ hlinrl. II hcc.niiu 
 ii>r lilt' nalivi It, t>i 
 iiU piin-liasdl Imtii 
 ■rinuk till-* Mr\uP, 
 •rnu'lcr ; who "«« 
 
 \|,iiiniiiuik H(!* 
 vi'iiiDr U) [inty lor 
 
 ml \\as trc.ilcd liy 
 lilt' triitirwiiH con- 
 ml iiHirnlt'ncf. Al 
 It vviiH iir( cHLiiry to 
 i,i»<t'il, in hiiirk anil 
 I', in (111- ran- of llie 
 t iiurty cuinc lioino, 
 iTc liiMii Novi'nilii'r 
 lop v\ii> milt. It was 
 ramli'il i-lwtUop wiis 
 
 miinliinii uUcc, ho 
 
 vus hrouiii.t iioiiif, 
 . HMtl partlv bv iii*» 
 iijr t.i I'rar Imnii'ii"*. 
 Mi^ainril Inr iiiori-, 
 Miirch, \vlK-n i-u\i- 
 : lioinr, tliu huliitti 
 liallo|i. 'rill' wliolo 
 n\ ti) lwiiilyi'i^!li* 
 iliiih \N I >ion"N piHV 
 11) till' |aiTi-|ia>t' 
 lor nrtixnl u inc»- 
 u'k ; nil wlin'ii occa- 
 t Ilir Imliali^* to VMil 
 Mr. W inslow nuttin 
 |,.,nu»l I'v Mr J.M'.n 
 tiir tli( ir ti\m\v. uml 
 cunsulalory to liifir 
 It-low lanu'U liiii» 
 alur the Knnli>l. 
 ()\i i\ In ninrii 
 lit i-iiinmiinir,iiiil tO 
 (HIS fon>|iirat V tln*n 
 li luhail l.i.n s».li- 
 \v>i< than thriotul 
 \\.i> (n■«•a^ionl't^ Ity 
 j,(i>|'lr in tin- Hay 
 Ii;itl It Ml t i>iit(;iii|»la- 
 I. anil then to tall on 
 niL'ti ailvKC Will* llu". 
 (Iralli the riml cor.- 
 iillll ili.il lliis wotil.l 
 Hohainak roinmu 
 they werert'turning * 
 
 ■ coinf iiiy win 
 
 itn|mrlt ^■i lo tlii'iu. 
 
 j(u\trnor, llinl ihcy 
 
 "'Ml. hisussistaiil, 
 
 - siiicty. 'I'ho 
 
 It, to ho vigi- 
 
 ,, 10 th*: Uiiy 0/ 
 
 .amiisli, ut« he wliould 
 
 v|»ir.M-y. An Indian 
 
 Misprt'ti <l an a spy, 
 
 Willi t'lulit chosen 
 
 ;cnt III llic Miallop VJ 
 
 lis as iiMiul lo mdc 
 
 ic persons who haa 
 
 pcrsoiiallv in-'Ultcd 
 
 ■II IS sa:ii tiiliti " :i «'■" 
 
 tl witli us, unit lU-^irrd 
 
 I! tins lo I.L- tl>t i.aiiio 
 
 Iil> n|i|i(>Mlinii to ilie U> 
 
 rimilin I. Il<- liMi pro 
 
 :laii.l Willi uim 1 Cioix: 
 
 ; iiui liny wort* jT 
 
 jinii laniatioif Agtin- 
 
 jljiiT's to tne pltnl^ 
 
 in 15W. ".Ill wafl •.«(■■■»••: 
 
 ri>!uti:tli. Ill IP30 
 
 mil) llirralciint liiiii A ipnirrrl rimnrtl. in whirh M'vrit 
 of ih" Indi.ino wi-n- killi-d 'I'hr ollii'f* wi>rt< ho Nlnii'k 
 will) terror, thai Ihev t'or>«<iiik Iheir tnnnn'N aiiil rclreitl- 
 vt\ to the ttwiiinpH, where many of Ihent itied with .'old 
 .iiiii himu'cr ; the Knrviv<>r>4 would h.tve utied fur peace, 
 Iml were afraid lo l'o tn I'lynmiith \\'c»|oir« pioptc 
 were no appreheiiHi\e of ihe coii<4i'ipieneeM of lliJM af 
 lair, dial Ihey nnilli'd the plantation , and the people 
 of I'lynioiilh, wlio ntlered tlii'in proleetion, which they 
 would iiol acci'pt, were ^lail to he rid ol' Mich troiihle- 
 Btitne iiei^hhofH 
 
 'riiiin. hy ihe Mpirileil conduct of 11 I)andfnl of hrave 
 men, ill eonforniity lo ihi* advice of Ihe friendly mii- 
 rlieiii, the whole coiiNpiracy waHaniiiliilated lint when 
 Ihe report of Ihit* Iraiifactioti wuh ciirini'd to (heir hre- 
 threi) in Holland, Mr Uohirntoii, in Iiih nc\i Iciirr lo 
 the governor, latiietited with ^reat concern and teii- 
 dernefiH, *' () lh,il vou had cnnwrtedHoiiK*, heloro you 
 had killed any !" ' 
 
 The scarciiy which ihey h.id hilhrrlo experienced 
 wa<4 partly owin<> lo the increaMC of ihcir niimherM, and 
 the HcaiiiineiiH of their Hiipplies from Europe; hiil 
 principally to their mode of lihoriii^ in eoninion. anil 
 pnttinjf Ihe frnit of their labor into the piilitic store ; an 
 error, which had the name elVect here, as in Virginia. 
 To remedy tlnnrvil, aK far a* wan conHihtent with their 
 entra<reineiilH, it wai4 agreed in the Npriii^' of \Vi'Z'<i that 
 every f.uuily tthould plant for ihciiiHelvei'-, 1111 Hiieh 
 ;;round an HhoiiM he aNHihrned lo Iheiii hy lot, williont 
 any diviMioii tor inheritance; and that in the lime of 
 harvcHt a competent purlioii Hhould he hroiiirhl into 
 the common nlore, for the mainteiiame of the piihlie 
 otl'ieerH, tmhermcn and Hiieh other perform an could not 
 be eiiiploved in ai,'riculliire. TIun reunlalion (,'a\e u 
 HpTiii); tt* industry ; the winncn and chililreii cheerlulty 
 went to work with the men in the licld.t, and much 
 more corn w.ik planted ihancvcr before. Having hut 
 one boat, the men were ihviiled into particH of mx or 
 Reven, who took their liiriiN to cat' h iImIi ; the Nliorc 
 Hllorded them nhell lisb, and ifroiind ntiU nerved them 
 for bread. When any deer wan killed Ihe llchb was 
 divided amoiii; the whole colony Water fowl came 
 in plenty at the proper Heason. but the want of ho.blH 
 nrevenleil them from hein<> taken in i^real nnmhers. 
 riius Ihey HnbrtiKted, lhron<^di the third siiinmcr. in the 
 latter end of which two vcshcIs .irrived with nixly pas- 
 Mentreri* The barvi'^l was plcntihil . ami alter llii?» 
 Innethey had no ^reneral want of food, heeause ibey 
 
 had learned lo di'| d on their own exertiiintt, rather 
 
 than on foreiifn supplicf*. 
 
 The eonibination wliich they made. before their Innd- 
 \nii at CapeCod, war. ibe tirt^l toundalion of their uo* 
 veinment ; bnl, as they were driven lo this expeilienl bv 
 nrcesftity, it waH intemled to.suliMst no loni/er than till 
 they eoiild obtain IcL'al aiilbority from their sovereign. 
 Ah Hoon i\n Ihey knew of ihe CHlablisluurnt of the ( 'oun* 
 cil id' New Knulaml. they applied for a patent ; which 
 wax taken in ihe name ot John I'ein'c, in trust forlbr 
 colony. When he saw that they were well .seiited, and 
 that there vvaH a proripeel ol' micccsh to their unilcrtak* 
 iiiiT, |it> vvent, without their know leito;e. hut in their 
 naiiie, and solicited iheeouncil tor another patent, of 
 greater extent ; intendmir to keep it lu himself, and 
 allow them no more than be pleased, liobliiu' ibein as 
 liis tenants, to sue and be sued al bis courts. In pur- 
 HU^iiee of this desi>,'n, bavin*; obtained the pateiil, he 
 hoiiirlit a ship, which be iiained the Para^'oti , loaded 
 Iier with 1,'oods. took on boanl tip'vanls of sixty passen- 
 gers, and sailed fn-ni Ijondon, for Ihe colonv of New 
 I'lynioutb. In the Downs, lie was overtaken bv a lein 
 pest, which so daniai.'ed the ship, that he was obliirnl 
 to put her into doek ; where she lav seven weeks, and 
 her repairs cost him one hundred poniids. In Ib'cem- 
 her, Hi'J'.*, lie sailed a second tinit' haviiii: mi board one 
 liiltulred anil nine persons , liiil a series of tempestnons 
 weather which continued toiirlirn davs, disabled his 
 thip. and forced him back lo I'ortsmonth. These re- 
 pealed disappoint menls proved so diM-onrauIni,' to him, 
 that he was easily prevailed upon by the Company of 
 Adventurers lo assi;,ni his pali-nt to them for live hun- 
 dred pounds. The passengers came over in other sliips 
 
 In Iti'^'J, another patent of lar<;er exieni was solieitet) 
 hy Isaac Allerton, and taken out in the name of " Wil- 
 li un Dradford, his heirs. assoc!i.ites.and assiirns." This 
 patcnl confirmed their title (as far a:s tho Crown of 
 Kn^land could conlirni it) to a tract of land bounded 
 on the ca»'t ami south hy the Ailanlic Ocean, and bv 
 lines drawn west friaii the rivulet of Conohasset, and 
 north fn>in the river of N.irraiianset. which lines meei 
 in a poini, coniprehendin;; all the coimlry lalicd I'o- 
 kunukel. To this tract ihey supposed ihev bad a prior 
 tUlt from thu depopulation uf a great p.irtuf ithy a I 
 
 o 
 
 pe*lilenee, from ihe yih of Maoasnoil, his volunl.irv 
 (•ubieeiioii lo iheCrowni'f Knidaiid, and bin Ilimiil' 
 l.iketi proleelion of llieni. In !i declaration pnhbshi'd 
 by Ihem in HkIII, ihev asHerted iheir "lawt'iil rii;bt in 
 respeet of vatimcy, ilonalion.aiid purchase of Ibe 11,1- 
 li\ CM, "which.! i>!,rel her with I heir patent from ihe crown, 
 lliniii^h I he Conned of New Kn^land "formcii Ihe war 
 ranlable i/roiind and lonndalion of ibeir Kovernnient, of ^ 
 niiikiii:; laws and dlNpoHini; id lands "■ | 
 
 In Ibe same patent was irranted a larifc tract liorder- \ 
 iiii; on the river Kenneheek, where they had earned on \ 
 a trallic with Ihe iiativeit for furs, as ihey diil also al 
 Connecticut river.which was not eipially beneficial, he- 
 i.innelhere they bad the Diilch for rivals. The Inr 
 trade was found lo be niiirh more ailvaiita*>eoiiN than 
 ibe tisliery. .Sometimes ibey excb.ih^cd corn of their 
 own tfrowth, for hirs ; but Knropeaii coarse cloths, 
 hardware, and ornamenlH, were ^outl article! of Irnde 
 when they could coininaiid Iheni. 
 
 The Company in lln^land, with which they were 
 connecled, tint not supply tbein in plenty. Itosses 
 were snslaini'd by sea ; the relnrns were not adeonale 
 to their expeelalions ; Ihev became diHci)nriii.'ed ; llirew 
 many relleetioiis on the pi. inters, and finally rehised 
 Ihivn any farther supplies; but hIiM demnnded thedehl 
 due from them, aiidwtaild not permit them lo coniieel 
 themselves in trade wilh any tither personH. The 
 plantets complained lo the Council of New Knulaiid, 
 lait obtained no redress Alter the expiration id' the 
 seven years (IIW*^) h>r which ilie contract was made, 
 eii^dit of the principal jiersoiis in (he colony, with four 
 of their friends in l.ondoiif became bound for the ba- 
 lance; and from that time to<ik the whole trade nito 
 llieir own hands. These wt>re obliged to tiike up iiio- 
 m'V al an exorbitant interest, and to iro deeply into 
 trade ut Ki'imeheek. I'emibscot, and Connecticut ; by 
 which means, and their own i;rcat industry and econo- 
 my, they were enahleil to dischari^e the debt, and pay 
 for Ihe Iransportalion of thirty live families of Iheir 
 friends from I.eyilen, who arrived in Hi.U. 
 
 The patent had been taken in the name of Mr. llrait- 
 ford, in trnsi lor ihe colony ; and ibe event proved that 
 Ibeir contldeiice was not misplaced. When the num- 
 ber ot' people was increased, and new townships were 
 erecteil. the (ieneral ('ourt. in 10 10, reipiesli'd that he 
 would surrender Ibe patent into their hands To this 
 be readily consented; and hy a wriilen inslruineiil, 
 niiib r his band and seal, surrendered it lo them ; re- 
 servinir for himself no in<ne than his proportion, hy 
 previous ai^riTmenl This was done in open conri, 
 and ihe patent was immediately re-delivered into bis 
 custodv. 
 
 I Wliilsl they were few in nnniher, the whtde body of 
 associates or freemen asiieinbled fir leijislalive, exe- 
 eiilive and Judicial business. In H>:M, the governor 
 and assistants were constitiiled a Judicial Court, and 
 aflerwanl, the Supreme Judiciary. IVlly otlencrs, 
 and actions of debt. trespass and daina^i-, not excecd- 
 in<; forty shillings, were tried hy the selectmen of each 
 lowii, with hiicrty of appeal hi the next Court of As- 
 sirttaiilB. The tirst Assembly of Krprc'-entatives was 
 held in [(i'M), when two depniies were sent from each 
 town, and lour fnun rivmouth. In UM!) l*lyinouth 
 was restricted to the same iimnber wilh the other 
 towns, These deimties were chosen by Ihe freemen ; 
 and none were ailmillcd to Ibe privileye of freemen^ 
 but such as were twenty-one years of a;'e. of sober 
 anil peaceable conversation, orthodox in the funda- 
 loenlals of reli^rion, and possessed of twenty pounds 
 rateable estate 
 
 Hy the fornuT paleiit. the C^olony of Plymonlh was 
 empowered to "enact such laws as should most lu-lit 
 a stale in its nonaije. not rejceiimr. or omiltinir In oh- 
 serve such of the laws of iheir n.ilivc country, as would 
 combiee to their ;.'ooil." In the ^econd p.ileiit, the 
 power iif:io.'ernmi'nt was yrantcd to William Hrad- 
 lord and bis associates, in the lolhuvin"; terms. " To 
 
 • 111 lti:t!». lilliT III.' (I'l-iiiliiiilinn nlilii. V, .1 w rr, Ma>ii>rt- 
 
 ;l,\\|in ltHilllli'lir||,oiL''.l Ills liinin'(i.\V....-;ini..iiifli,tirMi|.'||| 
 
 - - M iiiiin. (.1 ri>iii,,iii|i. jiinl ili'MU'.l 1)1:1 tin* l«ai!tii' 
 
 liii-li lir hiul loi-.iiiily iiiii.lL-, iiiiulii ttf r.'ncrt.'.l nml invi.i. 
 
 tile. Tin! sarlicm ami liis h>iii v,.|iiiii;inly )ii- js.-il, "for 
 
 i'liisehT.-< ami lli.-ii- (.lurr.-^sois, ilint 1I1.7 vvoiil.l iiol iift-.l- 
 s.-*ly nor ni'u-ily r.it-i' joiv i|iiitrri-ls m- il<> miy wroin; 
 ndnT iiaiis ,^ 1,1 i'i"s,.ki- llinn id w.,i- jmaiiifit lln- imIumv : nml 
 ill iht-y wmiUt mx eivr. ye I ..r rmivcv aiiv uC tlit'ir" him). 
 
 llllniyMl- |M>-.si'S--l..ll.^ WllllUVlT. tt) ailV lH'|-<M(i „r pi'lf-l'IIS 
 
 liMiii.-'..rvt>r, vsitliiMit III.' iniviiy or ci'ilsria ol iln* L'"vriii- 
 I'l'i •>! riyiiiMiitt), oilif r thiiM in .4iii-h ii-^ ihi' siiiil L'ovt-in 
 i-ia slii'iihl S'Mul or np|).'iiii. Tin- wtinlu cmiii ili>! lln-ii 
 Illy Hint rniitUin llu! iill.f.Maiil li-iiL-uc, niul |-i-oiiii.«i. m 
 I' !«aiil WiMi-.oii'-i|iieii, lii:^ hou and hiirr.'-j^nr.-i. t|i;it iIh'v 
 ml.l il. fnul iht-iM iii;ujhsi III) .^nrh tix itmnM nvjiHiIy ri;"' 
 n'iiHiiiBt thrill, lu wrt'Mj; ur uppurip ilu-iii."- l,Munuii'i< Me 
 mial. 
 
 frame and inaki' orders, ordinances and connlitutiont*, 
 ar. well tor the heller uovi-rnineiil ol llieir alhiirs here, 
 (III I'inul'ind) and Ibe rreeiviii;.r or iidmiltni^ ariy lo his 
 or Iheir socirly ; as also for Ihe heller ir'<^ernmenl of 
 Ins or Iheir peoptr, at sea, in uoiii:.* thither, or relnrn* 
 inu from thence ; and the same lo Uv put in execution. 
 by such olVicers and minislers as be or Ihey shall au- 
 thorise and depute ; providcil, that Ihe said lawsheiiot 
 repu^naiil to the laws of lin^land, or the frame of go- 
 vernment bv the Hind president and council hereaOer 
 lo he esiablishcd ' 
 
 At that lime, ;• fieneral ifovernmenl over ihe whoKi 
 territory of New Knjjliind, waa a f vorile ohjeel with 
 the coiiiuit, whi<-h tininled these pateiils ; but aOer 
 several altempts, it finally miscarried, lo the no mnall 
 joy of Ihe planterN, who were then at liberty lo govern 
 themselves 
 
 In the fornintion of the Uwh of New iMymonth, re* 
 i;ard was had, *'nrimi)rilv and principally, lo ibe ancient 
 platform of (iod'ti law.' For, lliou^b some purls of 
 that svhiem were peculiar lo Ihe circnmslunecN of iho 
 son's of Jacob, yrl "the whole bein^ uronmlcd on Iho 
 principles of moral eipiily, ' it was tlie opinion of our 
 first planters, not al IMymnutli only, hut in Massachu* 
 setts, New Haven, and (*oiineclicut, that " nil ineiir 
 especially Christians, oiiuht to have an eye to it, in Ihii 
 fraininj; of their political constitutions.'' A secondnry 
 regard was had to the liberties uranted to ihem hy 
 Iheir sovereijiii, and Ihe laws of Kn^land, which (hey 
 siijiposed " any impartial person ini^bt discern, in the 
 perusal of the book of the laws of the colony.'' 
 
 Al lirsl they had some doubt concerning Ibeir rii;li( 
 of punishing capital crimes. A murder w Inch happeiieil 
 in 10:10, made it necessary to decide Ibis queKtion. Il 
 was decided hy the div ine ta\y niraiiisl sheddini! human 
 blood, which was deemed indispensable. In 11)3(1, their 
 code of lavvtt was revised, and capital crimed were 
 enuineratcd and defined. In lli'il.it was a^ain re- 
 vised, and the next year printed, with Ibis lille, " Tho 
 llook of the (ieneral laws of tie Inbabitanis of tho 
 jurisdiction of New IMyinonlh ;''* a title very siinilur 
 lo the codes of Massachusetts and Conneclicnt, which 
 were printed at the same lime by Samuel (ireeii, at 
 C.imhrid:.'e. 
 
 Till' piety, wisdom, and inleurity (d* Mr. IJradford, 
 were siK-b prominent leatures in bis cbaraclcr, that ho 
 was ammally chosen tiovernor as lon^ as he lived, ex- 
 cepting llir.-e years, when Mr. \\ iiislow, and two, 
 when .\lr. Trince, wi-re chosen; and even then, Mr. 
 Ilradfonl was the first in the IiaI o| assislants, winch 
 nave him the rank of deputy-governor. In lO'i-l, they 
 chose hve assistants, and in KiHlt, seven ; the yovenmr 
 baviuij a double vote. These aiiuineiilalionH were made 
 at the earnest rcipiesl id' Mr. llradford, who strongly 
 ri'commeiiiled a rolalion in Ihe election of a governor 
 hut could not obtain il for more ihan five years in thirty 
 five ; and never for more than two years in succession. 
 Hi.s arj:nmenl was, "thai if it were an honor or he- 
 nelil, olbers beside himself should partake of it ; if it 
 were a burthen, othiTs beside himself slioiihl help to 
 hear it " Nolwithslaiidini; Ihe reasonableness ami 
 equily of his plea, Ihe | eople bad a slroiii; attachment 
 lo him, and confideni'c in him, that thi-y could not \to 
 persuaded lo leave him out of the government. 
 
 For the last Iwche years of bis life, be was nnnii- 
 ally chosen wilhonl ilitt rmplion, and served in the of- 
 fice of ^rovernor. His health conliniied j;oihI till the au- 
 tumn of I.').')!!, when it be<raTi lo decline; and as the 
 next spriiiu* advanced, he became weaker, but felt iiol 
 any aeule illuesHtill the iM-uinnini; of May. 
 
 After a disiressin<r ilay, his mind was, in I lie follow- 
 Mil.' ni<>hl, so elevated with the idea of futuritx, that ho 
 said to his friends in the inorniii;;. "(lod has trivetinie 
 a pled^re of my happiness in aiiolber world, and tliR 
 tiri^t fruits of eternal t.dory." The next day, heinu tiin 
 !*tli of .May, Ill'u, be was removed from this wurld hy 
 death, in the sixly-iiinth yeur uf his ajre, lo the iiii- 
 
 • (il-Vtrilor lllllt l)lllri>i|i, Witll llllliri-n|l|,|,t|>l|- (MrcIcSSHfM:*, 
 
 ll.i-. iMMilc.l, (V..I. II. Ili.-l) Ili,itilii> i,i-v,T r-l,il.li^lif.l iiMV ilJH. 
 til. CI ciHle .ir l'..ily I.I luAs ■" LTi'iiniliiii: (ii^ i^^-ellnIu i.n a' piic 
 ^aiM' III Hill<l<,o.l's Ms hi-ltiry. win. li liii|ill<'s tin slicll 
 lliiiii.'. TlltM|ii..l,iiinii, ini|iirlirtlv invfiihy Hurliiiisun, is cur- 
 rtTilv as r..||.)WH, (p. M ) 
 
 " 1'Iir Ihws (lir-y ii.tcii.tr.l lo lie L'l.vrnii.I l>y vvcif llir l.iWi 
 iifKliL-lanil : llii- ttliH-li llii'y wrii' Willlliu' U> Ih* siitiirrl (n, 
 llii'ULZIi ill a tur.'iL'ii hoHl ; an.l have simi- ilial liiiii-. r>>tilniiii-i| 
 ill lliat iniihl l<>rilu> L'enrral, uililiatr ntilv smiii' paiiit iil<ii' iioira- 
 
 ripal Inw.- (ililirji- ..vvii, in mnli lasrt' wlnir ll <>iMin>'l: law* 
 
 niuUhiiiin's itl KiiL-laiiil ..-itlil n. i well rr.nli. r.r nilor.l ili.-ii 
 lirl;i in i-ita-i'L't'iii .li|lii-iiltjf.-< i.l tlif plii('i> ; p.'<>ihlv i.ii llit- r<aiiif 
 irrmiiiil lluit raniviiiH s<.iiu'liiiu>s inlvi-^i'il lii- 'ik-il-IiIioi-s •! 
 ("apim ii'-i I.I riiMliin- lliiir odl |||;(■Ji•^^ral<■■'. l-M llicy khiM 
 urrei* (HI liTller l.> pla.'i- in llirir ro.ini. Hn .lu) i\\rnf k'lin.>M> in 
 iiliiJe hy iht< lawtt uf F.iiuluuih till thty cuuM Iw piuvitlt-tl ufbu- 
 ler " 
 
50 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORY. 
 
 inenso loss nnJ i;ric'f of the pfHtple, not only in Ply- 
 mouth, hut the npiiihhoriiiij ciilnnim ; linir* of vvhich 
 he livril to Hi'p rsIiihliMhrd, licsiile thiitof whit'li he \v;is 
 ono oftho principal fouiiih'rs. 
 
 In addition to whnt hixr^ born fl.iid ofMr. Hntlford s 
 chnrnrtrr, it may be obKorvrd. that he was a KcnsilHe 
 man, of a ntrong mind, a sound jiid(;nient, and a ^^cxkI 
 memory. Thou^^h not favored witha hMriu'd cihicaiioii. 
 he was miirh iuclinrd to Rtiuly and wrilint;. Thej 
 French and iJuIch lanj^uafjes wrre familiar to him, a'ld i 
 he attained a conniderublf knowledirc nf the Latin and ; 
 (iriTk ; Imt he more assiduously studied llie Hebrew, 
 berause he saiil. that *' he woubt see with his own eves 
 the ancient oracles of (iod, in their nalivc beauty." 
 
 He had read much of history and pbilosopby, but 
 theology was his favorite Hludy. He was able lo ma- 
 natee the polemic part of it with nnich de\(eritv ; and. 
 was particularly viffilant against the sectaries whicli! 
 infested the colonies; though by no means severe orj 
 intolerant, as louj^r as they conliiuied peaceable ; wish-' 
 in<; rather to foil tlieni l>y ari;unient, and guard the 
 people against receiving their tenets, than to suppress 
 them by violence, or cut them otVby the HWnrd of ma- 
 gistracy. Mr. Hubbard's eharaclrr of him is. that he 
 was a *' person of great gravity and prudence, of sober 
 principles, and fornnoof that persuasion, (BrovvniKts,) 
 very pliable, gentle, and eondcsceuding.'' 
 
 He wrote a history of Plymouth people and colony, 
 beginning with the tirst formation of the church, in 
 Ifit)3, aii'I ending in Ifilfi. It was contained in a folio 
 Volume of 270 pages. Morton's Memorial is an abridg- 
 ment of it. I'fince r.nil Hiitchir)son hac cbe ua of it, 
 and the manuscript was carclully deposued with Mr. 
 Prince's valuable collection of papers, in the library of 
 the Old South church in Boston, which fell a sacrifice 
 to iheunprincipted fury of the British army n the year 
 1775. since which time it has not brim seen. He also 
 had a large bodk of copies of letters relative lo the af-j 
 fairs of the colony, a fragtuem of which was. a few i 
 years ago, recovered by accident. t and published by! 
 the Historical Sm'icty- To the fragment is subjoim-d , 
 another, being a ''descriptive and historical accmint of 
 Nevv-Knglanil,*' in verse; which !f it be not graced 
 wiih the charms iif jioelry, yet is a just and iiifccting! 
 iiarrat'v * intermixed with piousand useful n lie lions, ; 
 Besitles these, he wrote, as Dr. Mather says, ** some; 
 siguilicani things, for the confutation of the errors of | 
 tbe limes ; by which it appears, tliat he was a person i 
 of a good temper, and free from that rigid spirit of »e i 
 pRration, which broke the Separatists to pieces." 
 
 In his oliire of chief nia:;islrate, he was prudent, 
 temperate anil firm. He would suller no person to 
 trample on the laws, or disturb tbe peace of the colony. 
 During his administration there were frequent acces- 
 sions of new inhabitants , sonu^of whom werv at first 
 refractory ; hut his wisdom and fortitude obliged them 
 to pay a decent respect to the laws and customs of the 
 country. One particular iristance is preserved. A 
 company of young men, newly arrived, were very un- 
 willing to comply with tbe governor's order for working 
 on the puHic account. On a f -hristmas day, they ex 
 cusrd themselves, under pretence that it was against 
 their conscience to work. The governor gave them no 
 ether answer than, that he wmild let them alone, till 
 th.'y sbonlii be better informed. In the course of the 
 day, be found them at play in (be streets, ?nd com 
 mandingtbeinstniments of their game tohe taken fnmi 
 Ibcin. he told them, that it was against his conscience 
 to suffer them to play, whilst others were at work ; and 
 that if they bad any religious regard to the day, 
 they should show it, in the exercise of devotion at 
 borne. This gentle reproof had the de.xired effect, am! 
 prevented a repetition of such disorders. 
 
 His conduct toward int'-iiders and filse tneuils was 
 equally moderate, but linn and ilecisive. Jnbii Lyford 
 had imposed bitnself upon the toloriy asamiiilster, Imv 
 ing recommended by soin.' »f the adventurnrs. At 
 tirsl his hehavi,)r was plausilie.aud he wastrrateil with 
 respect ; but it was not long, before he beg,tn, in con- 
 cert with .fobn tHdham, lo excite a faction The go- 
 vernor watched iheni ; and when a ship wasabout sail- 
 ing for Kuglaud, il wasobserved (bat lAlonl was very 
 busy in writing letter.^, of which he put a great number 
 on hoanl. The governor in a boat followed the ship 
 to sea. and by favor ()f the muster, who was a friend 
 tothecolony, exaiiiinedihe tetters, xouie of which be in- 
 tercepted, and concealed. Lyford and Oldham were 
 
 • Th^^o fmir r'tii'iilnH wiTn M(i)i.->,ii'.haicuA, ('iMnii-ctiruii 
 NfW'HavHH. iiMi) Klinili' iNlaiitl. 
 
 f II w;is nrritliMir;ii;y -pen in i irnH-prN Hlmn "• " •.li;*.;\, I^'o- 
 va Srnflii. Iiy Jiim«'4 t^larkt', Kiij ii ri.rrt'-'|i'iinliii7 niftiiitur »it' 
 (be H'suirical 8<>ar(jr, and by liini traiiHinltluil «i ll(>i>ti)n. 
 
 at first uiitler much apprehension, but as nothing tran 
 spireil, (hey coneludeil that tbe governor had only gone 
 on hoard to carry his own letters; and felt themselves 
 secure. 
 
 In one of the intercepted letters, T,yford had written 
 lo bis friends, lliedi.-iconlented part of (he adventurers. 
 that be and Oldham inlcnded a reformation in Cliurch 
 and Sta(e. Accordingly ibey began lo institute a sepa- 
 rate church; and when Oldham was summoned to take 
 his turn at a military walcb, he not only refused com- 
 pliance, but abused (*aptain Slandish, and drew his 
 knife upon him For this he was imprisoned; and 
 both he and Lyford were brought to trial, before (be 
 wh-ile company. Their behavior was insolent and ob- 
 stinate. Till- governor to(ik pains in c<uivince (hem of 
 their folly, but in vain. Tin- letit^rs were then pro- 
 (luced ; their adheren(s were confounded ; and the evi- 
 dence of their factious and disorderly conduct being 
 satisfactory, (hey were condemiu'd, and ordereil to U' 
 l)antsbe<l from (he plantadon. Lyford was allowed six 
 months for probation; hut his pretences proved hypo- 
 critical, and be w,as obliged lo depart. After several 
 removals bodied in Virginia Oldham having returned 
 afler hanishme'it. his second expulsion was conducted 
 in this singular .nanner. '* A guard of musketeers was 
 appointed, throiigb which he was obliged (o pass; every 
 one was ordered to give him a blow i-ulhe hinder parts 
 with the butt eiul of Ins musket ; then he was conveyed 
 t«t the water side, where a boat was ready to carry him 
 away, with tliis farewell, eoandmrnil i/nur manners *' 
 Thi% discipline bad a good effect on him; he made his 
 suhiuissior;, and was allowed to come and go on tra- 
 ding vOyages. In one of these, he was killeil by (he 
 Pequod Indians, which proved the occasion of a war 
 with that nation. 
 
 Mr. Bradfonl had one s(m by his first wife ; an I by 
 his second, Alice Southworth, whom he married in 
 lrt*J3, he had two sons and a daughter- His son Wil- 
 liam, born in Hi'JI, was deputy giuernor of the ci>lony 
 after his lather's death, and lived to tbe age of 80 : as 
 appears by his grave stone in Plymouth cburch yard. 
 One of his grandsouh, and two ot lis great grandsons 
 were ounsellors of .Massachusetts. Several other of 
 his descendants have lioriu' respectable characters, and 
 have been placeil in stations of honor and usefulness. 
 One of them, William Bradford, has been ib'puty go- 
 vernor of tl'.e Stale of Rhode Island, and a Senator in 
 the CongP'ss of the I'nited States. Two tillicrs. Allien 
 Bradford, and (lamaliel Bradford are membera of the 
 Historical Society. 
 
 W I L L I A M U li K W S T E R . 
 
 William HH^;wsTrH.- llin Ktlm-fiiioti— Knlcrn ihi- sr-virmf 
 
 l>.iTis..ii^lI r.'.l l.y liii- Slat."* nf rt..ll.iii.l- Ui-inovP't C 
 
 lI<il|;ithU HriH una Pniaini? Oilici- — Hi'riftiei ht Aiiu-rica 
 — OtliriiiltM an a Prciirlipr— If i.t ifrnlli;ni(l cli.iriU'h'r. 
 
 TuK place of this gentleman's birth is unknown — 
 The time of it was A D. l.MiO. He received his edu- 
 caliitn at the University of (>a<nhridge. where he be- 
 came 8»riously impressed with the Iri'.th of religion, 
 wtuch had its genuine influence on his character, 
 through his whole life. 
 
 After leaving the rniversity. he entercil into the ser 
 vice of William Daviso!..a courtierofi^ueen Kli7.abelh, 
 and her ambassador in Scotland and in Hull lud ; who 
 found him so capable and faithful, (hat he reposed (he 
 utmost conlVlence in biin. He esteemed him as a si)n. 
 and conversed with him in private, both on religious 
 and political subjects, with the greatest familiarity ; 
 anil when any thing occurred which reipiired sirresy, 
 Brewster was his confidential (riciiil. 
 
 When the t^iieen entered into a league with the 
 Kniled Provinces. {I.'i'^l) and received possession of 
 several towns and forts, as sei'urity for her expeum's in 
 defending their 'ibertics ; Davison, who net'ocialed the 
 matter, entrusted Brewslcr wi'li the keys rd' Flushing, 
 one itf those caiilionary towns ; and tbe Slates ot Hol- 
 liMid were so seiiKible of his merit, as to present him 
 wilhllie ornament of a gobleii chain. 
 
 He returned as ambassailor to Kngland, and eonti- 
 u ".I in bis service, till Davison, having incurred ihe 
 hypoeriiical displeasure of bis arbitrary uiiHiress, was 
 ..prisoMi-d, fried, ^ind ruiiird. D.ivison is said lo 
 have been ;; man of abilities and integritv. but easy to 
 be imposed np'iu, and for (hat *ery reason was made 
 Secretary m Stale, Whc;. ^"ary. the unfortunate 
 iCiiieen of Scotland, had been 'ried and condcnueil, 
 ;and the parliament of Fnglaml h.id pe'ilioued their ho- 
 verrign f»r berexecut'on. F.li/.ibe^b jrivately ..nh red 
 I Davisonlndraw .. .' .h-warraul,wl'rh she M»_-""il m-; 
 sent biiii with it (o the chancellor to ii.ive the great 
 jhcal annexed Haviufr perfori'ied (his duty, »he ^rv- 
 
 (ended to blame him for his precipitancy- Davison ac 
 qiiaintetl Ihe council with tbe whole transaction ; they 
 knew the queen's real sentiments, and persuadei) him 
 to send Ihe warrant to the Karls of Kent and Shrews- 
 bury, promising to justify his conduct, and take tht* 
 blame on themselves. These earls altended the e\. 
 eculiiHi of Mary ; but, when Flizabelh lieard of '.* she 
 alfected surprise and indignation ; threw aU tb" blanio 
 <>n the imim'ent secretary, and couiniit(e<l him to tht* 
 tower; where be hecr.me the subject of raillery from 
 (hose very counsellors who ! ' I promised lo counte- 
 nance and protect him. He was tried in the star cham- 
 ber, and lined ten thousand pound, which being rigor- 
 ously levied upon him, reduced liiin topuveiiy.* 
 
 During these misfortunes, Brewster faithfully ad 
 hered to him, and gave him all the assistance of which 
 he was capable. When he could no longer serve him> 
 he retired into the north of Kngland, among his ^6 
 friends, and was wry higldy esteemed by those who 
 were most exemplary for religion. Being posKes.ie<l 
 of a handsome properly, and having some influence, 
 he made use of both in promoting the cause of religi- 
 <m, and prm-uring persons of goinl character, to gervi* 
 in Ihe office of ministers to the parishes in his neigh- 
 iHirbotxI. 
 
 By degrees he became disgusted with the impositinnii 
 of the pretalieal party, and their severity toward men 
 of a MKMlerate and pdaceahle rlispositiim. This U\\ 
 him lo inquire critically into the nature of ecclesiasti- 
 cal authority ; and having discovered much corruption 
 in (he constitution, forms, ceremonies, anildisciplineof 
 the Kstablished Church, he thought it hisduty to with- 
 dra;^ fniin its communiun, and join with others of thu 
 same si -uiments intbe institution of a separate church; 
 of which the aged Mr. Clifton and (he younger Mr. 
 Robinson were appointed pastors. The newly formed 
 society met, on Ihe Lords days, at Mr. Brewster's 
 house; where they were entertained at his expense, 
 with much affection and respect, as long as they coulj 
 assemble without opposition from their adversaries. 
 
 But when tbe resentment of their hierarchy, height- 
 eneil by the countenance and authority of .tames, the 
 successor of Klizabeth, obliged him to seek refuge in 
 a foreign country ; Brewsti-r was the most forward to 
 assist them in their removal. He was one of those who 
 went on board of a vessel, in the night at Boston in 
 Lincolnshire, ^is already related in the life of Robin- 
 son ;) and iM'ing apprehended by the magistrates, ho 
 was the grealest suiferer, because he had the mo^t 
 pro|>erty. When liberated from confinement, he first 
 assisted (he weak and poor of Ihe society in their em- 
 barkation, and then followed (hem to Holland 
 
 His family was large, and h'sdependenlbnuineMUs; 
 his education ami mode of living were not suited to a 
 mechanical or mercantile life, and he could not prac- 
 tice agricullure in a commercial city, Tbe bardshipn 
 which be suffered in consequence of this removal wi re 
 grievous and depressing ; but when Ins finances were 
 exhausted, he bad a resource in his learning :nid abili- 
 ties. In lieyden he found employment as a tutor ; the , 
 youth of the ity and university came to htm for in- 
 k( ruction in the Kuglish tongue ; and by means uf the 
 I^alin, which was common lo Ixith, and a grammar oi 
 bis own coiiRtruction. Ihey loon acquired a knowledge 
 of the Knglish language. By the help of some friends, 
 be also set up a printing ofKce, and was instrumental 
 in publishing several books against the hierarchy, 
 which could not obtain a license in Fitgland. 
 
 His npulation was so high in the cburch ol whicli 
 he was a member, that they chuse him a ruling elder, 
 and confnlcd in his wisdom, experience and inlegrily, 
 to assist in conducting (heir temiioral as well as eccle- 
 siastical cmicerns, particularly their removal lo Ame- 
 rica Willi the minority nf the church he came over, 
 and siilfend all the hardships atlending their setlb- 
 incut in this wilderness. He partook htbennif la- 
 hijr, hunger and watching; his bible and i<- ^ arms were 
 equally familiar to him ; and he was a!wa\ eady f-r 
 any duty or sulfering to which he was called. 
 
 For BiHiie time alter their arrival, Ihey were detti- 
 jtute of a leaching elder ; expecting and hoping tli >t 
 Mr, Robinson, w iih the remainder of lh\i ehurch, wont) 
 follow them to America. Brewster frequently ofticia 
 led as a preacher, but he never couM be persnadeil l-' 
 administer the sacraments, or take on him the pasloral 
 olfite ; though it IumI U'Cii stipulated U'fore his di' 
 purture from HollHnd.that " those who first went fehould 
 
 ' For II iMitirutHrurcmnt nf DHvi*iti,anil a lull vt;..lir!Ui' • 
 
 ,a IiIt'.h'I"! I, tbiTimti-r Is rett*rn'tlltitlie ttlili vnlimu' nl lUo 
 
 in|ilti.i Lntruiirii, |iulilir*he<t livttiolain Ifiiriit-tl hidI cnhtliJ 
 
 uf. K'pim. where liie elijiaciei-of Kliiob»*ili ki ilrawn It. e 
 
 (>iU|K'r c'l! <i»i p- I— t<t- 
 
 
inpy. I)avi«m ac 
 jlriiiiHiiclicm ; th'j 
 mil pcrsuaili'il liiin 
 Ki'iil anil Shrews, 
 iliii-l, and tuki- llix 
 » alti-iulcil tlir i'\- 
 ipth lii-aril of '■' «li« 
 lliri'w tiU Ihi- liliin\o 
 iimillpil him I" lh» 
 ■ct of raillery from 
 romiseil to counln- 
 pil in the star chain- 
 , wliich lieing rigor 
 II lo poveiiy* 
 »Bler faithfully aJ 
 aniiislance of which 
 lo longer serve him 
 mil, amons hi" JJ 
 I'lneil hy those who 
 lJein!» |ioBBe».MMl 
 (ins some infliienon, 
 {\\r. cause of reli;,'i- 
 1 charncler, to servo 
 Irishes in his neigli- 
 
 wilhlhe impositinnii 
 severity towanl men 
 «|io8ilion. This li^l 
 nature of ecclesiatrli- 
 ?reil nmcli corruiitiim 
 nies, anililisei|ilineiif 
 htil his iluty to with- 
 in with others of Iho 
 of a separate church; 
 Mill the yoiiujier Mr. 
 s. The newly formeil 
 8, at Mr. Urewslers 
 lineil at his expense, 
 as long as they eiiulJ 
 m iheirTiilversaries. 
 lieir hierarchy, height- 
 Ihority of James, tlio 
 linii tii seek refuge in 
 IS the most forwaril In 
 . was one of those who 
 he night at Boston in 
 il in the life of Kohin- 
 iv the iiiagi»lrales, l\o 
 [use he hail the inosl 
 conrmemeiil, he first 
 society in their em- 
 'in to llollanil 
 lepenilents numerous; 
 were not suiteil to a 
 iiul he eoiilil not prae- 
 cily. The liarilahipii 
 , oi" this removal wcro 
 hen his liuances wero 
 his learning :""' ahili- 
 ivmeiit as a tutor ; the , 
 came to him for in- 
 „iiil liv means of llm 
 ith, aiid'a grammar ol 
 acpiireil a knowleiU'ii 
 help of some frienils, 
 anil was instruinenlal 
 gainst the hierarchy, 
 ill [■'.uglanil. 
 ihc church ol wind' 
 , him a ruling elder, 
 .■riciicc and inlegrily, 
 loral as well as ecclc 
 leir removal lo Amo- 
 .hiirch he came over, 
 atteiiiling llu'ir seillc- 
 irlook lilheinof la- 
 liWeaud ;>.' arms were 
 . was alwav eady f.ir 
 he was called, 
 ■riial, lliey were ilesti- 
 ■ling and hoping thit 
 ■r of the church, would 
 sler freipiently oflicia- 
 could he persuaded Ic 
 „keon himthepastorid 
 lipulaled Ix'fore his de- 
 e who first went should 
 
 i«,ii.nno 11 MM '"■■ - 
 
 I t.i ihr mill v„luine "I III'' 
 ,,, |,„„ |,.,.ri,.,l simI c..i."J 
 f Klrli>b''ll> Is lira*" I" "- 
 
 niOGRAPniES OF THK EAULY DIS COVE REUS. 
 
 51 
 
 bean abaiilnte church of themselves, as well n» those 
 
 who slaid ;" iiiiil it was one of their principles, that 
 the hrelhren who elected, had the power of ordaining 
 to olfice. 
 
 The reason of his refusal was his extreme dilTidcnco ; 
 tiding unwiNng to assume any other ollice in tho 
 chiin:li than that with which he had been invested hy 
 the whole lioily This plea might have some force ilu- 
 ling Koliiiison s life, tiy whose ailvici tie had been pre- 
 vailed upon lo accept the ollice of riili. g elder; hut al\er 
 his ilealli there was less reason for it, and his decli- 
 ning to olViciatc » as really productive of very disagree- 
 able elli'cis 
 
 A spirit of faction and division was excited in th.' 
 cbiirrli. partly by persons of diirerent sentiments an I 
 cliaraclers. who caiiie over from England, and parti, 
 by uneasy and asKtiniiilg brethren among themselves. 
 Niii'h WHS Ihc notoriety and melancholy appear.ince 
 of llii'se divisions. Ihiit llielr friends in l-)iii;land seri- 
 ously adinoiiiHlit'd llii'in. and rei'ommeuiled lo them 
 " to Id their practice in Ihe cluircb be complete and 
 full; to perinit all who fearetl (iiid. to join them- 
 selves i.o them williiiul delay ; and to let al! divine or- 
 liiiiances be used completely '.n lli,i ctiiirch, without 
 longer wailing upon unei'rtaiiiUcs, or keeping a gap 
 open for opposites. * 
 
 With this salutary advice they did not comply ; and 
 one great nhstat'lc lo ibeir coiiipliaiice was the liberty 
 of " prophesying.' which was allowed not only to the 
 elders, but lo such private mcmliers as were " gill'-il " 
 In Kobiiison H apologv,* this princi|.|i. is ev plained in a 
 very cautious uniiner; the exercise of the yif^ wa> 
 subject to the iuilginent of the iiiiiiisli'r ; and whiUi 
 they were under luHsupcriiileiiilciice.tbeirprophesyiiigs 
 were coiiihicled with tulerahle ri'uularily ; lull when 
 they came to practice on this principle where Ibey had 
 not thai advantage. Ilie coiiscpicnce was prejudicial to 
 the esiiihtislimeni of any reiiiilar iiiinistry among them. 
 *' The preachinents of tho gitted brclhren prtHliiccd 
 those discourageinenls, lo the miiiislers. that almost 
 all let\ the colony, apprelicnding themselves driven 
 away hy the iic;ilcct and couteinpl. with which the 
 pi'.tple oil Ibis occasi'Hi treated Ihcm.' 'I'liis practice 
 was luii allowed in any other church in New England, 
 OKcepi that of I'lynioiith. 
 
 Mesiile Ihe liberty of prophesying, and piihlic con- 
 ference, llii're were several inlicr pccnliarilies in their 
 praelice, which they learned from the IJrownisIs, and 
 in which ihey dilleretl from many of Iho Keformed 
 cliurclies. They adiiiittcil none to their communion 
 without cilbiT a wiiiM. .:: r—.i i- I ■-,';.>.. ,.1' ibeir 
 f.iith and rcli<.rii'Us cKpcriences, delivered before the 
 wh'ileelili:''b, ivilli libcrly lor every one lo ask ipii'S- 
 liotis till Ibey were satistied. They practi.^cd orilina- 
 lioi. by the hands iif the hrelhren. They disused Ibe 
 l,orr.s prayer ami ihe public rcailiiiLrof the Scriptures. 
 Till ,' did not allow the reading of the psalm before 
 ping iig. till, in compassion to a brother who could not 
 read, tllev perinillcd one nf the elders or deacons lo 
 
 read it line by line, aller it had I ii previously ex- 
 
 j pounded by llie ininister They aihnilted no children 
 f to baptism, unless one. at least of Ihc parents, were 
 
 tin full cm union with Ibe church ; and they account' 
 
 fed all hapliied cliildreii proper subjects iif ccilcsiasli- 
 I cnl 'liscipliue Whilst iu Holland, Ilicy had Ihe Lord's 
 8np,M'r every Sahhalh ; hut when ihey came lo Ame- 
 rica, they omiiied il till they coiiM iibiain a niiiiisler. 
 • nil (ben had it monlbly Mo.st of these praiiiccs 
 were eonliniieil for iiiiiny year;-, and some are vc' -m 
 111 -ed lo, ihoiign iiihers have been griidually laid aside 
 
 • " Wr l.'iiiii fn.iM i>M. ApiuMi! rniil. (I C.r. »iv. 3) lli.il lin 
 
 wh" pmplM.i.'ih. sp.'iiliiili 1.1 Mii'ii eililli'aii nml ''xlinnnlii'ii, 
 
 SMil r.iiiit,,rl : wliicli h, |„Tr..riii I'oiivi'iiii'nilv, rt'iiii'i wiiliimli,' 
 
 CiiillttH'.^ <■! hill ;i ),-iv (,r Mil' lililllitiKlt'. Imiily livn iT lliri't' in 
 
 •ii'li "I'liir rliiinli.'s. T Iiiiii; |,rii|ilw'rv. id ivi. llnnk llie 
 
 Jiiiiii! llinl 111,' Sv I c.r Kiiiliili'ii (1.571) hiiili il,.,r 1 in llii"..' 
 
 Wonts :> l.i'l tlie eriliTiit' prnplliTV li,> olHtTVi'it tlfOTilim; In 
 I'.-lilfsin.Miimimi. Inin llii' li'll.>\v-'lii|r nl' llii,< work, ai,' In In- 
 Uiltllilli',1. nm ,11, ly llii iiiiiii-i.Ts, hnl III,' ir.u'litTS. t'litrr". 
 
 sii'l il'"« 1'' .veil, evmi nl' il nliMiiiie. wlin nrfi wUliiiL' 
 
 In rniiliT llirir l-il'l. rn'i'il.'il ,.r II...I, In llle I'nmilinli lilililv 
 of III,' rtinrc 11 ; Imt mi ii.i lli.'V flr"! lie Bjlnwi'il. Iiy llie jililc. 
 nici'l nf Ihu llltliisU'lH (lliil nlliiTH "— IKnliihinit's AlMilnjY, 
 Cliiij'. viii. 
 
 Il,iv,'riinr WIntlirnp. anil .Mr. Wil^nn, inlnMpr if Ilolmi, 
 nill'li' ft vmll In IMvillniilli, in Oi'tnlMT, td.fj. iiiiit kr]a Sail. 
 
 tiHili ihnre Til,' riiljnwiiii; iH-nniiiit nf llm n<lcriionii I'xeirisc 
 
 Is (iri'.'Orrcil n Wlnllimp's J.iurrn). p. 4 1. 
 "Iiillii-nfti'rnnnn. Mr. Kniji'r Wllliniiia, nrrnrilhiil In ilirlr 
 I cilKlnui.pmimiin,!,',! n nuiMmn, in wlili-h llis paMnr,Mr. Sniilli, 
 
 I spiike lirlellv 1 II Mr. Williaiii» nmiiln'iinl ; nml ader hiiii 
 
 I ItiB pl.l^f I nri'WMT] tlii'ti iw.i nr thTPf iiinri' nf ihe rniiirreirii. 
 I (Inn. ThPii Ills ol.liir ilesiri'il llio enviTimr nl' Miisanrhuai'lls 
 tsii.l Mr. Wil.nn (n iipi'ok In il, wlilili Ihi'v iliil. Whi'li |l|is 
 Iws-i'it.i.'il, Ihe ilencnii. Mr. Flitter, piil lti» miiBrcif.itinti In 
 Imhiil .I'lln'iiilnly nl c'niiinlinlinii ; ilpn.i wliii'h lli« i[..vi'rnnr 
 Isilil si' Ihu roi ivc'iil ilniTii m ilii iliacill.'i aiisl, and hill iiilii 
 
 lUie bat,, sail llicu reluriicU.'' 
 
 The Church of riymouth had no muiihir minister till 
 four years nfler the tt"alli of Mr Kobinsun. and nine 
 years oiler their coiui ig lo America. In Higi), Ihey 
 settled Ralph Smith, .vlio continued with llieiii about 
 five years, and then ri signed. He is said to have been 
 a mall of " low gills,'' .iiid was assisted three years by 
 Roger Williams, of" liijghl accomphshnients. but oi'- 
 fensive errors.'' In Itiilli, Ihey hadJobii Rcyiicr, " an 
 able and gislly man, of a meek and liiiinble spirit, sound 
 in the truth, and unreproveable in his life and conver- 
 sation. He conlinued with them till Iti.'il, when he 
 removed to Dover, in New Hampshire, where he speul 
 the reina' tiller of his life. 
 
 During his minislry at IMymnulh, elder llrewsler. 
 having enjoyed a healthy old aire. died on the sixleentli 
 of .'Xpril, Hi 1 1, being then in the eighty fourth year of 
 his age. He was able lo colllinue his ecclesiastical 
 functions, and his lielil labor, till within a few days of 
 his death, and was conliiicil to bis bed hnl one day. 
 
 He had been remarkably leinperate. Ihrou^'li his 
 wliole life, having drink no tiipn.r but water.lil] witbii 
 the last live or six years. For many moiiths inneiher 
 he had. Ilirongh necessity, lived wilhoiit bread, having 
 nothing hut lisli lor his sustenance. and soiiieliines was 
 destilule of that. \'el. being of a pliant and clcerful 
 temper, lie easily aecommodaled himself to bis circnii. 
 stances. When nulhingbul oysters or clams iveresel 
 on bis table, be would ui\e thanks, wiih his laiuily, 
 that they could "suck of the abundance of the seas, 
 and of the treasures hid in the sand." 
 
 He VMS a man of eminent piety and devotion ; not 
 prolix, but full and coinpretieiisive in his public pray- 
 ers ; esleenii.ig it his duty, lo sirciiglhen and eiicou- 
 rai'c the ilcvntiuii ot' others, rallier than to weaTy them 
 Willi long pcrtormances. (hi days of fasting and liu- 
 inilialion. be was more copious, but ci^oal.v fervent. 
 .\s an instance, if Ibis, it is uhsencd, that i.i WS.i. a 
 ilrougbt of six weeks having succeeded Ibe planting 
 sea.^on, in July a il.iy was set apart f'lr I'.istiiin iiint 
 pra\cr- 'I'lie iii<iriiilig was dear and hot. as usual, 
 but alier n^^/it Aoiii.v employed in religious exercises, 
 the weather chaugeil, and bel'ore Ibe next tnomilin. a 
 ■icutle rain came on. which conlinued. with iutermis- 
 sioiis of lair and warm wealber. fourteen days, by 
 w'liich the langnishiiig corn revived, 'i'lie iieighb'ir- 
 iilg Indians observed the change, and said that " the 
 Knglisbnian's (nid was a goml tiod." 
 
 In his public ili.si'ourses, Mr. Brewster was verv 
 clear and tlistingiiisliing. as well as patbetii- ; aililrcss- 
 iiig himself first to the underslaialiiig, and (hen to the 
 alti'ciiiiits ot' his audience : i-<>iiviiieiiigaiid persuading 
 ihcm ofihc superior exci'll.iny i.ftriie religion. .Such 
 a kind ■.!' teaching, was well I'dapted, and in many iii- 
 slancen ci'li'cln.il. lo the real iiistruclion and beneliiof 
 bif hearers. What a pity that such a man lonlil not 
 have bieii |iersinili'il to take on him the pastoral ollice I 
 
 111 his pruali coiiversalioii. he was social, pleasant, 
 and iiiolli'iisive ; yet when occasion reiiuireil. be exer- 
 cised that fortitude which true virtue inspires, bul 
 mixed with such Icnderness, (hat his reproofs gave no 
 oll'eiice. 
 
 Ills conipassiun (owards (hedislressed wasnn emi. 
 iieiit trail in his character ; and if Ibey were siiU'criug 
 for conscience sake, he jiidgcil them, nj all olhcrs, most 
 ill-serving uf pity and relief iNoibing was mure dis- 
 gusting lo him than vanity and liy|iocrisy. 
 
 in !lie govcrnnienlof (he chiircb, he was careful In 
 preserve nriii-r am] purity, and lo suppress coiiteiition. 
 Ila,' Ills diHidciice p.-riiiilled him lo exercise the pas- 
 toral ilhce. be w.iiiid have had more iiilluencc, and 
 kept iniruders al a proper distance. 
 
 !!;■ 'v ,« nwiirr 111 a very considerable library. |iart of 
 which was l.iht, when Ibe vessel in which liee'iiibirked 
 was plundered at li.isi.m in liincoliislurc. Alter bis 
 death, his rcmaiiiiiig bunks were valued at r.irly-lhree 
 pounds, in silver, as appears hy (he colony records, 
 of ihnii is preserved. 
 
 where a calalo 
 
 ROUEUI' (;IJ.SIIMAN. 
 
 nnmciiT dlaUMts— Knili.irk.a fnr AiiVTira— 11,'iiiriK in Kiii'- 
 
 liiii.l— .\rrivea nl rtviiintilli— Dplivi-r.i n Ui-i r-.t' en Sric 
 
 i.iiU'—Hnlla Inr Klulilliil— Tukei, l,y llie Iri'licll -Ins Ouulli 
 mill cliuracli-r. 
 
 HoniciiT CisiiMAM H-iis n distinguished character 
 among that collection of worthies who ipiilted England 
 on Hceount of (heir religious dilliciiliies, and settled 
 with Mr. John Robinson, their pastor, in (he city of 
 Iicyden. I'ropoHinjT anenvarils a leiimval (o .\incrica, 
 in (he year 11117, Mr Cnsliinaii. and .Mr loliii Carver, 
 
 (allerward Ihe firsl governor of New I'lynmuth) wow 
 sen( over (o Knjiland, as their aneiils. lo agree w ilh tho 
 \'irginia (.''ompany for a seltleinent, and lo obtain, if 
 piMKible, a grant of liberty of eonscience ill (heir in- 
 tended plantation, from King James. 
 
 Kroni this negotiation, though conducted on (heir 
 par( with great diseretion and ability, iliey returned un- 
 successful lo I.eydcn, in May. IfilH, They met with 
 nodiHicnlly indeed from the Viruiiiia Company, who 
 were willing lo grant them nniricicnt territory, with as 
 ample privileges as (hey coidd beslow : liu( Ihc prag- 
 matical James, lb'' -J reteniled vicegerent ol (he Dei(y, 
 refused lo grant llieni that liberty in religious matters, 
 which was (heir principal object. This persevering 
 people d (eriiiined lo transport tlieinselvealo this coun- 
 try, relying upon James' promise that he would rntitiirt 
 il, ^Iioiigh not expressly tnhuilr them ; and Mr. t'lish- 
 iinin was again despatched (o Eniiland in Fehruary, 
 IlilO, with .Mr. William llradford. (o a!;ree with ihn 
 Virginia Company on (he (criiis of their removal and 
 sclth'inent. 
 
 After much diiriculty and delay, ihey nhtained a 
 patent in (he September following ; u|Mtn which, part 
 of (be church a( Leydeii. widi (heir elder. Mr. Brew- 
 St'-,, determined lo transport Ihemselves as soon as 
 possible. Mr. t*usliinaii was one of Ihe ii gents in Eng- 
 land lo priH'iire money. slii)ipiiig and other necessaries 
 for Ihe voyage, and embarked wilh them at Sonth- 
 baniplon, August ,'illi, lO'.O. But Ihe ship, in which 
 be sailed, proving leaky, and after twice pulling into 
 [lort to repair, being condeimied as unfit lo perliirm tliu 
 voyage. Air. Cushnuni with his family, and a miniher 
 of nlhers. were obliged. Iliongh rcluclanlly, lo rcliii- 
 quisli the voyage for that time, and return lo Loiiilon. 
 'i'hose in the other ship proceeded and made their set- 
 dement at IMyinoiilh in Deceinher. ll)*0. where Mr. 
 fJushinan also arrived in Ihe ship Forliine from London 
 on (he lOtli of November, IG^I, hut tiaik passage iu 
 the same ship back again, pursuant to the directions oi 
 the niercliaiit adventurers in l>oiidon, (who fitted nut 
 the ship, and by whose assistance the first settlers wrr« 
 traiisp ''.'d) lo give I hem an acciiiiiit of the plantation. 
 He sailed from I'lymoiilh Decenilier llllli, 1621 ; siij 
 arriving on the enas! of England, Ihe ship, with a cargo 
 valued at X.'iOO .ilerling. was taken by Ihe French. 
 Mr. Ciishniaii. with the crew, was carried into France; 
 but arrived in l,oiiiloii in Ihe February following. 
 Ihiriiig his short residence al Plymoulh, though a iiiero 
 lay cliaraclcr. he delivered a discourse on Ihe sin and 
 daiioerofself love, which was printed in l.onilon(lfi'22) 
 and afterw-ard. re printed in Boston, (I7*M) and again 
 al I'lymoiilh. (I/S.'i ) .And though his name is not 
 pretixed to either of the two former editions, vet un- 
 qui'slioiiable tradition renders it certain that he was Iho 
 author, and even triiiisniils lo iis a knowledge of tho 
 spill where il was delivered. Mr Cushmnn, though ho 
 I'onslaiilly corresponded w ith his friends here, and was 
 very serviceable lo llicir inleresl in I.ondoii, never re- 
 turned to Ihe coiinlry again ; but. whilst preparing for 
 it, was removed lo a belter, in the year liillO. Tho 
 news of his death, and Mr Uobinson's. arrived al tho 
 same lime, al IMyinouth. by Captain 'Slandish, and 
 seems lo have been cipially lainenled by their bereaved 
 and siitrering friends there. He was zealously en- 
 nageil ill the prosperity of Ihe plaiitalion, a man of 
 activity and enterprise, well versed in hiisincss, re- 
 spectable in point of iiilclleelual abilities, well aceom- 
 plisocd in scri|itural knowledge, an unalTected profes- 
 sor, and .1 steady sincere pracliser of religion. T'ho 
 
 rn of till' above iiieiilioned discourse was lo lieep 
 
 • Tina nn-Miii,i ,i| Mr. I'lHlniiiiii iv.ia piihjisind |i, jtsj, nl 
 Plyil|.;nlll. lia ur, Apiii-li.lix l„ ill,, lliir.l i | |,ij UiscaursD 
 
 on 9c'U Lnvu, h WIS wrlut'n by Julm Uaii.-i, K.^>i. 
 
 lie 
 
 ii|itlial (low of public spirit, which, perhaps, began then 
 lo iibale. bill which was Ihoiiiihl necessary fiir their 
 pri'servalion and sciiirily The policy of that eiiliro 
 
 1 miiiiity of inleresls which our fathers established, 
 
 and w liicli this scrniim was designed to preserve, is, 
 iieverlhelcHs, justly ipiestioiiidile. The love of sepuraUi 
 |'ro|«'rly, for L'ood and wise purposes, is strongly iiii- 
 planted in the heart of man. So far from being nn. 
 f.ivorahlc lo a reasonable generosily and public spirit, 
 il better eiinbbs us In display them, and is not less con- 
 sistent with the preeepis of Scripture, righlly under- 
 stood, than with ihediclales of reason. This is evi- 
 leiiced hy the siihsequenl conduct of this very peo. 
 pie. Inlheyear l(i'.':t de| ;r(ing n li((lc from their firsl 
 system, they agreed that every family should plant 
 for lliemselyes ; bringing in a compelenl portion at 
 harvest, for (he maintenance of pnlilic oft'cers, fisher 
 men, Ac and in all other things lo go on in (lie ,. •!. . 
 rill ira:/, (as (hey leriii i() as before ; for (his purpii.i<i 
 Ihiy assigned lo every family a parcel of hind, for u 
 year only, in propntlioii In Iheir number Eyeii this 
 temiiorary division, as Ciovornor llradford.in his iiiunu 
 
m 
 
 ! ■ *i;^ 
 
 52 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORY. 
 
 at'ript history, observes, "has a very good cflVct; miikpsltojTpthor to lift some \vi'i<rlity pifCP of titiiher, or ] daily oat and consume one nuothcr, through their onv 
 all industrious ; ^'vcs content ; even the women and vcnhuI, if one stanil Htill and do not lilt, shall i..it the I ulaliohH, ways and contentions ; be yon, therefore 
 
 rest he weakened am! di^lieartened ! Will not a few I ashamed of it, ami win them to peace, both with your- 
 idle drones spoil the whole stock of luhorioua bees !j selves, and with one another, by your peaceable ojtnm- 
 So one idle belly, one murnmrer, one coinplainer, one ! ples.which will preueh louder to lfTni,than if you could 
 self-lover, will weaken and dishearten a whule colony, i cry in their barbarous lanyuajje ; so also shall yuu be 
 Great matters have been brought to pass, where men | an encmirajjement to many uf your Christien friends, 
 have cheerfully, as with one heart, band and shoulder, lin your native country, to come to you, when they hen r 
 gone about it, both in wars.buildinus and plantations ; j of your peace, love and kindness. Hut, above all, it 
 but where every man seeks himself^ all cunieth to no- 1 shall go well with your souls, when thatOod of |>eaco 
 
 children now go into the field to work, and much more 
 corn is planted than ever.'' In the spiing of the year 
 1G34, the people being still uneasy, one acre uf land 
 was given to each, in fee-simple ; )iomorc to be ptrrn, 
 till the expiration of the seven years. In the year 1(327, 
 when they purchased the interest of the adventurers in 
 Kngland, in the plantation, there was a division and 
 allotment of almost all their property, real and ncr' 
 ■onal ; twenty acres of tillage land to each, besules 
 what they held before ; the me<idows and the trade 
 only, remaining in common, 
 
 TliUB it is observable, how men, in spite of their 
 principles, are naturally led into that modeof comlncl, 
 which truth and utility, ever coinciilent, point out. 
 Our fathers deserve the highest commendation for pro. 
 secuting, at the hazard of life and fortune, that reforma- 
 tion in religion, which the Church of England left im- 
 perfect : taking for this purjwse, the Sacred Scrip 
 lures, as their only guide, they travelled in the path of 
 truth, and appealed to a most noble and unerring stan- 
 dard ; but when from their reverence to this divine 
 authority, in matters of religion, they were inclined I 
 esteem it the only guide, in all the affairs of life, and 
 attempted to regulate their civil polity upon church 
 ideas, they erred, and involved themselves in innume 
 ruble diirtcullies. 
 
 The end of civil society is the security of the tempo- 
 ral liberty and prosperity of man, not all the happiness 
 and perfection which he is capable of attaining, for 
 which other means arc appointed. Had not uur fa- 
 thers placed themselves upon such a fimting, with re- 
 spect to property, as was repugnant to the nature of 
 man, and not warranted by the true end of civil uo- 
 ciety, there would probably have been no just ground of 
 complaint of a want of real and reasonable public spi- 
 rit \ and the necesnity of the exhortation and reproof, 
 contained in Mr. Cushman's discourse, would have 
 been superseded. Their zeal, their enterprise, and 
 their unconunon vutVerings in the prosecution of their 
 nntuous undertaking, reudt'. it morally certain, that 
 they would have ever cheerfully performed their duty 
 in this respect. Their contemporaries miglit censure 
 lliem ftir what they did no,', hut their powlerity mnst 
 ever admire and revere them for what tliey did exhibit. 
 Afier the death of Mr. Cuahman. his family came 
 ever to \ew Knglautl. His son. 'I'homas ('Usbman, 
 succeeded Mr. Brewster, as rnlingelder of the (,'hun'b 
 of riymoulh, being ordained to that otiice in llVtU 
 He wa.s a man ofgooil gifts, and fretpiently assisted in 
 carrying on the puhlic worship.preaehing ami eateebiz- 
 ing For it was one of the prolessed principles of that 
 church, in its first formiilion. 'Moebiiose none (or go- 
 verning elders, hut suih as were able to teach " He 
 continued in this oHiee till he died, in Iti'JI, in the 
 tigbty fourth year of his age. 
 
 The above mentioned discourse of Mr Roi*?rt Cusli- 
 maii, it) 16*1, may he considered as a specimen of the 
 *' prophesyings" of tlie brethren. The iKTasinn was 
 singular; the exhortations ami reproofs are not less 
 fto ; hut were adajited to the then state of stx-iety. 
 Some specimens may not lie disagreeable, and are 
 therefore here inserted. 
 
 " Now, ItrelhnMi, I pray you remember yourselves, 
 and know that you are not in a retired mouastical 
 ctiurse. but have given your nanu-s and promises one to 
 another, and covenanteil here to cleave together in the 
 ».er\ire uf (iod and the king. What then nnist you do ' 
 May you live as retired herniils, and look aftt-r nobodv' 
 N;iy. you nnist seek still the wealth of i»ne another; 
 and inquire, as David, how liveth such a man ' how is 
 he elad ' how is he fed ! He is my hrother. and my 
 associate. Wi- ventured our lives together heri', and 
 had a hard hrnnt of it ; and we are in league together. 
 Is his laliorhanler than mine ' surely I will rane him. 
 H.ith he no bed to lie on ' I have two ; I'll leiiil him 
 one. Halh be no ajiparel ' I have two suits. [ II give 
 him one nf lh«-m Kais he euarse fare, bread and wa 
 ler' and have I better I surely W" will part stakes 
 He is as go.wl a man as I. and we are bound each to 
 other; so that his wauls ums\ be my wants, his yi- 
 rows my sorrows. Iiis siekness my siekness. and his 
 wilf»re my welf.ire ; for I am as hi- is Such a swi-et 
 FVinpalhy wi-re e\cellent, coiufnrt.ible, yea, heavenly. 
 luid is (he only maker and conserver of churches anil 
 i*ommonweallli!«. 
 
 " It wonderfully encoiiragetb men in their dot 
 
 thing. 
 
 " The country is yet raw, the laiul untilled ; the ci 
 ties not builded ; the cattle not settled. We are com- 
 
 and unity shall come to visit you with ileatb, as ho 
 hath done many of your assm-iates, you being found 
 of him, not in murmurings, diseontent. and jars, hut 
 
 passed about with a helpless and idle people.ihe natives i in brotherly love, and peace, may be translated from 
 
 of the country, which cannot, in any comely or com 
 fortable marnier, help themselves ; much less us. We 
 also have been very chargeable to many of our loving 
 fiiends which helped us hither, and now again supplied 
 us. So that before we think <d' gathering riches, we 
 must even in conscience think ofrequiting their charge, 
 love, and labor; and curses he on that profit and gain 
 which aimeth not at this. Besides, how many of our 
 dear friends did here die at our first entrance I ntany of 
 them, no doubt, for want of good hHlging, shelter, and 
 comfortable things; and many more may go after them 
 ijuickly, if care be not taken. Isthis then, a tune for 
 men to begin to seek themselves ! Paul sailh, thai 
 men in the last days shall he lovers of themselves {'i 
 rim. iii. 3 ;) but it "'s here yet but the first days, and, 
 as it were, the dawning of this new world. U is now 
 therefore no time for men to look to get riches, brave 
 clothes, dainty fare ; but to look to present necessities. 
 It is now iiotinu< to pamper the tlesb, live at ease, 
 ^iuatch, catch, scrape, and hoard up ; hut rather to 
 open the doors, the chests, and vessels, and say, bro- 
 ther, neighbor, friend, what want ye / any thing that I 
 have ! make bold with it ; it is yours to command, to 
 do you good, to comfort and cherish you ; and glad 1 
 am that I have it for you. 
 
 •' Let there be no prmligal sim to come forth and 
 say, give me the portion of laiid.s ami gi>ods that ap- 
 pertaineth to me. and let me shift tiir myself It is 
 yet too soon to put men to their shifts; Isnul wns 
 seven years in Canaan, before the land was divided 
 unto tribes, much longer before it was diviiled unto 
 families; and why wouldest thou have thy particular 
 portion, but because thou thiiikent to live beller than 
 Ibv neij;hhor, and Rcornesl to live so nu'anly as he ' 
 but who, I pray thee, brought this particularizing first 
 into the world f Did not Sa.an who was not content 
 to keep that etpial state with his fellows, but would 
 set his throne above the stars ! Did not be also entice 
 man to despise hin qi nnal felicity and hajtpiness. and 
 go try ;ifn/K*;(/(i»- knowledge of good ami evil I Molbing 
 in this worlil doth more resemble heavenly happiness. 
 than for men to live as one, being of one heart, and 
 one suul ; neither any thing more resembles hellisb 
 horror, than for every man to shift for himself, for if 
 it he a gomi mind aiul practice, thus to atlect particu 
 hirs,mir(^ and /hinr, then it should be best also for Ood 
 to provide one heaven for thee, and another for thy 
 neighbor. 
 
 " Of'jfrhon. But some will say. If all men will do 
 their endeavors, as I do, I could he ciPtilent with ibis 
 generality ; but many are idle and slothhil.and eat up 
 other's lalutrs. and therefore it is best to part, and then 
 every man may do his pleasure. 
 
 " If others he idle and thou diligent, thy fellowship, 
 provocation, and example. may well help to cure I hat ina- 
 tridy in them, being together ; but being asunde'', shall 
 I hey not be more idle, and shall not gentry aiul beg- 
 gary be quickly the glorious ensigns of your rommon- 
 wealth ! 
 
 " Be not too hasty to say men are idle ami ftlothl'iil. 
 .Ml nuMi have not sirength, skill, f.icully, spirit, and 
 courage lo work alike. It is thy uliiry and credit, thai 
 Ihou eaiisl do sti well, and his shame and reproach, 
 that he can do iu> bitter; and are not these suflicient 
 rewards to you both ? 
 
 " If any be idle apparetillv* you have n biw and go- 
 vernors to execute the same, and to follow that rule of 
 the apostle, to keep hack ihi'ir bread, ami let them not 
 eat ; go not iherefnri' whispering, to charge men with 
 idleness; but goto the governor and prove them idle 
 and Ihou shatt see ibeiii have ibeir deserts 
 
 "There is no grief so tedious as a churlisli compnn- 
 hui. Bear ve one another s burdens, and be not a bur- 
 
 this wandering wilderness, unto that joyful andheuv 
 enly Canaan." Anu>n. 
 
 EDWARD WIN SLOW. 
 
 Edward Wissldw -1Ii.h Hirth ami Kilueiition— Travcl.i nu 
 ilif ContitH'tit— llf'iimves to Aau-riru— Hm vi^it to Mnsai-- 
 scU— Relurns to KimKind — Sails axain fi»r riymoulli— Sent 
 as Aueiii lo Kntiliiiiii— ('iiiiirniltetl to the Fleet I'rwun— 
 Heli'a.sfil— Returns to New I-'iihI.iiuI uiiii rlmsen (joveriior 
 — ("heseii Cnmnil.'^siniier of the I'liiled CoUuiics—Serit liy 
 ('rotnwcll sf^aiiist [he Sgiiitiianls-Dies on ttie passage to 
 Jamaica — Account uf Um Dc.iceiulaiits. 
 
 Tills eminently useful perscui was the eldest son of 
 a gentleman of the same name, of Droitwich. in Wor- 
 cestershire, where he was born in LMM. Of his edu- 
 cation and first appearance in life we have no km)W- 
 ledge. In the course of his travels on the continent of 
 Kur(q>e, he became acquainted with Mr. Robinson and 
 the church under bis pastoral care at Leyden. where ho 
 settled and married. Ttitbis cburcli he joined himself, 
 md with them he conlimied till their removal to Ame- 
 rica. 11" came hither with the first company, and bis 
 name is the third in the list of ihose who subscribed the 
 covenant of incorporation, before their disembarkation 
 at (*ape Cod. His family then consisted <1f his wifu 
 and three other persons He was one of the comjiany 
 v',ho coasted the bay of Cape ('od, and discovered the 
 harbor of Plymouth ; an<l when the Sachem Masassoit 
 c.uue to %isit the strangers, be offered liimself as j 
 hostage, whilst a conference was held and a treaty 
 was niaile with the savage prince. 
 
 Ilis wife <lied soon after hi.s airival ; atul in the fol- 
 low ing spring, he married Susanna, the widow of Wil- 
 liam White, and mother of I*eret:riiM', the first Kiigli».b 
 <-bild born in New Kngland. This was the ftrM mar- 
 riage solemnized in the colony ; (May VZ, Ib'JI ) 
 
 In .Inne. he went incompanv with Stepl:< n llopkiiu 
 to vihit Sachem Masassoit at I'okanoket. The design 
 of this visit is related in Bradford s life. The particu- 
 lar circumstances of it may properly be detailed here, 
 in the very words nt Wiiislow h origiruil narrative. 
 
 " We set forwanl. the lOih of June, ahoul nine in 
 the morning ; our gui»b' [Tis(piantuinJ resolving that 
 night to rest at Namasket.a town under MasasMiit.aiid 
 conceived by us to he very ne;ir, because the inbabil- 
 ants flocked so thick, on every blight oceabion among 
 us; hut we tivnnd it to be til'teeii Kiiglisb miles. On 
 the way, we found ten or twelve men. women and elul- 
 dren, which had pestered us till we were weary ot 
 them ; perceiving that (as the manner of them all is) 
 where vietuaU is easiest to be got, there they live, c-- 
 pecially in the summer; by reason whereof, our bay 
 afttirding many lob.-der.'*, they resort every spring liile 
 t hither, and now returned with ns to Namaskel. 
 Thither we came about three in the afternoon ; the in- 
 haliitantsenterluiniitg us, with Joy, in the hest manner 
 they could, giving us a kimi of bread, called by them 
 Maziuin, and the spawn of shad, which then they uot 
 in abundance ; insomuch as they gave ns spotins lo 
 eat them- vvilh these lliey boiled musty aeorns, 
 but of the shad we ate heartily. They desired one of 
 our men to shoot atacntw, complaining whatilanmue 
 ihey sustained in their corn by them ; who shootinj^ 
 ami killing, ihry much admired it, as other shots on 
 other occasions. 
 
 " After this Tisqnantiim told us, we should hardly 
 in ime day reach Bakaiiokiek, moving us to gu eight 
 miles farther,where we should find more store and bel- 
 ter victuals. Being willing to hasten our journey, we 
 went, and came thither at selting-snn ; where we found 
 many of the men of Namasket fishing at a wars 
 which Ihey had made on a river, wliich bebuiged t>> 
 them, where they caught abundance of bass, These 
 welciuned us also, gave us of their fish, and we thciii 
 ifour victuals, not doubling hut weshould have enouj'h 
 
 dt>n one lo another. Avonl all factions, frowardiiess, 
 wfien they see the burtluMi eipially borne; hut when singularity, and wilbilrawings, and cleave fast to ihe wherever we came Thire we bHiged in (he open 
 HOiiw withdraw themselves, iuid retire to thi-ir own par- Lord, and one lo another, continually ; so shall yon be -fields ; fiir hoiihes they liad none, though ihev spihl 
 lU'ular ease, pleasure or profit, what heart can men a notable precedent to ihese poor healhens.whohe eyes the mostof llu* suininer there Tin* head of lliis ri^r 
 have to 1^0 on in thoir business ' When men are coim\ are upon you, and who very brutisbly and cruelly <to|ii! reportid lo he not far from the place of our abudc , 
 
BIOOKAPHIES OF THE EARLY DISCOVERERS. 
 
 W 
 
 SLOW. 
 
 ihu-Hiion— Trnvcls on 
 a_||iti vti«it til MnKAf^- 
 iri fi»r riyiiiouth— Sent 
 to the Flcc'l rnson— 
 I uiiti clmsen GovtTiior 
 rd t'ulomcs— Strit I'y 
 hos on the paHsagu to 
 Its. 
 
 vas tho rUlfHtPon ol 
 ■ Uroitwich. in Wor- 
 I ITiIH, Of liis c'Ju- 
 vp have no know- 
 ft on tho continent ol 
 ill Mr KobiiiKon anJ 
 !»l lipyticn. whero ho 
 rhhc joinrti himself, 
 lu'ir removal to Anie- 
 ■8t rnnipany. ami Ms 
 if who snlini'riht'il thi' 
 tlirir ilismilurkalion 
 'onKihlrd (If his wit'u 
 i oru' of the nnnpany 
 il, and iliKCovcrnl tlio 
 \\c Sju'hiMn Masassoit 
 oM'crrd himself an a 
 s lieM anil a lrt';\t> 
 
 irival ; antl in the ful- 
 iia. the willow of Wil- 
 rrine.lhe first Kn(,'li».b 
 liin was the tirM mur- 
 (May Vi, KlMi ) 
 vit)) Steph« ti IIoi)kini 
 iiiioki't. 'I'liP (lesii^n 
 li s life. The parlieu- 
 lerlv he detailril here, 
 
 irii»inal narralive. 
 f Jiint'. about nine in 
 iitnnij ri'solvinj; tluit 
 t under Mi>Ka(:hoil.and 
 •, hecause the iiihahu- 
 ,li<>lit (K-ea^iou amoni; 
 1 Knnlihh milrs. On 
 men. women and chd- 
 ill we were weary ol 
 lanner of llieni all is) 
 )t, there they live, c- 
 ition whereof, our hay 
 snrt every i^printr lido 
 ith UK to Namatiket, 
 the allernoon ; the in* 
 DV, in the hofft manner 
 liread, ealled hy them 
 I, which then they ijot 
 ev yave uk Kpoons to 
 hoiled muHty nronii, 
 TItey desired one o( 
 plaining wliat danm^n 
 
 them : who Rhootin){ 
 I it, as other shoti) i>n 
 
 I ufl. wo should hardly 
 moving; uh to ^o eiuht 
 ind more store and hel* 
 lawten ourjnurnoy. wo 
 ;-nun ; where wo ilnniJ 
 et fiHhin^ at a wara 
 
 er, wliith hehniped io 
 lanee of hass. TIiokc 
 heir fihh, and wo thein 
 weithould liavecnout'll 
 v liHlyed in (he <ipen 
 tne. ihoujih ihey hpeiil 
 
 The head of lliin rivt-r 
 ho plaeo of our it built- ; 
 
 Uiton it are and liavi- heen many ItiwiiK. it hciny 
 
 ' The next day heini; Thursday, 
 
 man 
 
 1(1)0(1 
 
 fouj^lh. The trround is very jjood on iioth «idc.-4. il he- 'ehem?* »tr petty yovrrntirscanie to see us, and many of 
 .'nj, for the mn.sl p.irt LJeared. Thimsafulsnf mrnhavo their men also. They went to their nianruT of ^amou 
 
 l.ved there, wlncli died in a yn-al plague, not I'lnif 
 sinre ; and pity il was ;'" " is lo see ho many yoodly 
 fields and so well tfouto'V \<ithout men to dresH the 
 
 llir skin.-i ;>.nil knives. W'v ohallengod them to shoot 
 for skins, hut they durst nut ; (nily they doHirod to see 
 one (d'us shoot at a mark ; who shooting with hail-bhot, 
 ihi'V vvondereil tit see the mark so full of holes. 
 
 y of their sa lahovethroo miles from Mattapnysl," his dwelling placa 
 
 ~' ' ' — '^ Althonirh ho wore hut a hollow hearted friend to uh. I 
 
 thought no time so tit as this to outer into more friendly 
 terms wilh him, and iho rest of the sarhems thert'- 
 ahouts ; hopin<r, lhrou<;hih" hlessin;; of (lod, it would 
 lie a means in that nnsellled stale, to settle their atl'oc- 
 tionstowardsus; and though it were somewliat danger- 
 
 same. 
 
 " Thene\ nio';,in<( wo !»rako our fa si. and took ouri " Ahoul one o cloek, Masassoii hroui^ht two fi.ihes ,ons, in respeet of our personal safely, yet osleemin;^ it 
 leave and departed ; hrii-^r then aeeompanied with six i thai ho had shot ; I hey were like hream.hnt threi' times | Iho host means, leaving the event to<MHl in his merry, 
 6iva::es- Havin;r i; .10 ahoul six miles hy the river's so hi;:, and heller meat. [I'ruhahly the fish called Ta- 1 resolved to put it in praelice. if Mr. llamdon ami 
 
 lloliamock durst ntlompt It with mo, whom I I'uuiiil 
 willitiij. So wp went toward Mattapuyst. 
 
 "In the way, liohamoek nnnifestin^ ^ tronhleil 
 spirit, hrako forth into these speoehew. AVfH uu ..a.\n 
 
 fcide, at a kno" .1 shoal place, it hein^' low water, thoy i tang ] 'I'hese hein^r hoiled, there wore at least forty, 
 spake to .s lo put oH'onr hreeclies, for we must wade' thai lookeil for a share in them ; the most eat of tliom. 
 throii^n. Here let me not f »r;:et the valor and ('oura;:e| This meal only, we had in two ni<;hls and a day ; and 
 of some of the savai^es, on the opposite side of the had not one of us hrou:;lit a parlridjxe, wo had taken 
 
 liver; for theie were rrn.ainin;r ah\e oidy (wo men, our journey fasting. Very imporlunale he was with .S'f/i'(/»jM.T, ^r- " My i.iving Saehem ! many have I 
 lioth a::ed. TIicm' Iwii. spyini; a eoinpany of men en- 1 us to stay with him longer ; hut we desired to koep.known hut never any like ihee !" 'I'hen lurnini; to 
 terini- the river, ran \ery swillly, and low in the grass, the sahhalh at home and li-ari'd we siiould he light- nie, ho said, whilst I lived. I should never see his like 
 to meet us at the hank ; where, wilh shrill \i)iees, anil j headed for want of sleej*; for what with had Imtging. ' aniiing the Indians. He was no liar, he was not 
 jjreal courage. slandin<;, eharifed upon us with llioirj harharous siniiini;. (for they use to siiiii themselvpH to jhloody and cruel like other Indians; in anger and jias- 
 hows, they demanled what we were, suppoj^ina us to' sleeps liee and Ih'as within doors, and muskeloes with- sion he was soon reclaimed ; easy to be reeonciled to- 
 he enemies, and thinking to take adviiut.tge of us in out, we coutil iiardly sleep, all the time of our being ' ward such as liad olVended him ; ruled hy reason, in 
 the water : hut seping we were frienil-j. they welcoin- there ; and we mueh feared that if weshouhi slay any Isueh measuroas he wonlil not scorn the advice of nioan 
 ed us with such food as ibey h.iJ , and we hcstowed a long'T.we should nut he able to recover home for want 'men ; and that he governed his men hptler wilh lew 
 small hrarelet of heads on ihein. Thus far, we are of sirength. |strokes than others did with many ; truly loving whern 
 
 sure, the title ehhs and lltiws. | " On Friday mornin^r.heforo sun-risinij, we took our; he loved ; yea. ho feared wo liad not a failhhil friend 
 
 in refreshi ,! onrsidves, we pro- [ leave and departed. Masassoit hein;:holh grieved atid 
 y. the wcaiher heiiii; very hot ; ! aslianieil. that he could n(H hetler pnterlain us. He- 
 I, that a man conki! taining TisipianUim to send from place topla'-e.to pro- 
 e a sprinii :i' hand lojcure truck for us, he appointed another [LMiideJ Toka- 
 
 " Haviii<r here a; 
 peeded on our joun 
 yet the country so well waten 
 scarce he dry. hut he sliould ha 
 
 cool his thirst, beside small ri\ers in alinndance. Tliei mahainon in his place, whom we t'ound faithful before 
 savages will not willingly drink hul at a sprinn-head. , ami after upon all occasions." 
 
 When wo came lo any small brook, where no briiliici This narralive gives usa jnsl idea of the hospitality 
 was, two of thein desired lo carry n^ ihroiiirh of their and poverty of the Indians. They gladly entertain 
 own accord ; alsd fc'tring we were or would be weary, i slrani,'ers with the best they can afford; hut it is 
 
 they ittrered to carry oiir pi s, [iruns ;] also, if we] familiar to them to endure long abslinence. Those 
 
 would lay olVany of our clothes, we should have them ! who visit them nnist be ciuitent to fare as they tlo, or 
 carrieil ; and as the one td' them had found more spe-' carry their own provisions and share il with them, 
 cial kindness tnHii one of I lie messi'iii^ers. and the | .\!r. Winslow s next excursitiu was bv sea to Mona- 
 
 Icfl among tho Indians, showinghow oHcn he rest rained 
 their malice. He continued a bing s])eech, wilh such 
 signs of lamentation and unfeigned sorrow, as would 
 have m.idc the hardest heart relent. 
 
 '* At leni;lh we came to Mattapuyst, and went totho 
 sachem's place; Conhutant was not at bono', hut at 
 PoUaiiokick. five or six miles off. The stpiaw sachrm 
 gave us friendly entertaiinnent. Here we inquiroj 
 a^ain concerning Massassowat; Iheylhought him dead; 
 hut knew no certainty. Whereupon I liireil unci » go 
 with all exhibition to Pokanokick.that we might know 
 the certainty thereof.and withal loanpiaint (vonbutant 
 with our being there. About half an hour before sun- 
 
 other savage from tlie other, so they showed their Ihi^on, an island near the mouth of Penobscot IJay, ttt se'ting the messenger returned, and told us that he wan 
 l!iankfnlne:is accordiri-ily in alVording lis all help and ' procure a supply of bread from ihe f'lshini; vossels,whu • not yet dead, though there was no hope that we should 
 furlhcranre in the journey. j resorted lo the cisti-rn c »ast in t!ie spring of l<):^2. lind him Ii\inir. I'pon this, we were much revivid, 
 
 *' As we passed aloii<r. .ve oh-^ervcd that lliero were This supply, llioui^h not large, was freely ;:i\en to the and set forwanl with all speed. thoui;h it was late wilh- 
 few places by the rivrr. but had been inhabited ; by ' sulleriiii; colony ; and beiuif prmlently managed in the in niijhtwhen we got llnther. About twt> o'clock, that 
 reason whereof, mm-h L'round was I'lear save of weeds ilihtiihulioii. amonntt'd to one ipiarter of a pound for afternoon, the iJutchmau had departed, so that, in that 
 which »:rew liii;licr than our heads. There is imieh each person, till the next harvest IJy means of this respect, our jonrnev was frustrate. 
 go.Mi timber, oak, wahnit, fir, beech, and exceeding excursion, the people of I*lyinoulh became acipiaintcit j *• When we came thilher,we found the house so full 
 great cliesnut trees, j wilh the eastern coast ; of which knowledge they aller- of men. as we could scarce get in, though they used 
 
 " Afterwani we came to a town of Masassoifs, | wards availed themselves, for a hcnelicial tralUc with their best diliL'ence to make wav for us. 'i'hey were 
 where we e.it oysters, and other lish. From thence tho natives j in the midst of their charms for him. making such a 
 
 wi 'vcnt to INu'kanokiek. but Masassoit was n'lt all In the spririu of the year IGSIl, Mr. Winslow made , hellish noise, as distempered us that were well, and 
 hoi, There we staid, he being sent for. When 'a second M.>il tothe sachem, on account of his sick- 1 therefore unlike lo ease him that was sick. About him 
 newb ;as brouL'hl of his comini;. our n'lido, Tisipian* ! ness; the particular circumstances of which are thus' were six or eight women, who chafed his arms and legs 
 turn, retpio.sted llial at our meetiiii?. we woul*! dis- ! given in his uw n words. I to keep heat in him. When they bail made an pnd ot 
 
 charge our pieces One of us goiiii; to chirge ids' " .News came to Plymonlh that Massnssowat* was I their charming, one told him that his friends the Eng- 
 piece, liie women and children, through fear ran iiway like to die, and tha' at the same time there was a Dutch 'lish were come to see him. Ha\ing his understanding 
 and could not he paeitied till he laid it ditw n a^ain ; ; ship ilriven so bijih on the shore, before his dwclliiii.'. ! h't^. though his sinht w holly gone, he asked w ho was 
 who afterward were bi'tter informed liy lair interpreter by stress of weallier, that till the tiiles increased, she come ! they told Inm Wmxticu- ;) lor they cannot pro- 
 
 '• Masassoit beiiii: eoine. wi- di>charL'ed tuir pieces ' could not begot otf. Now it being a commendable j nonnco the letter li but ordinarily N in place of it;) 
 and saluted him. who. alter thrir manner, kindly web j manner of the Inilians. when any, esiiecially of note, | he desired to speak with ine. VVhen I came toliim 
 coined us, and took us into hi.s house, and set us lown ;are dangerously sick, for all that'profess friendship to and they told him of it, ho put forth his hand to ino, 
 by him, where, haviu«| ilolivered our messaire ai-.d pre- i them to visit them in their exlrcmily ; therefore it was| which I look ; then be said twice.lhough very inward- 
 seiilH, and bavint; put the coat on bis back, ami the ' thouijht meel. that as we hail eveV professed friend-ily, *kfiii, \V ins tunc f art thou Winslow! I an- 
 chain about his neck, he was not a little y I to be- ship,so we shoul.l now maintain the same.by olwerving ] snored ' uhhr,' that is. 'ves.' Then he doubled these 
 liold InmseK; and his men also to see th "g -.o ' ihi.s their laiulable custom; and the rither, because words. 'Mafia iirrji iromknnrt wnnrn Wmstwir V 
 
 bravely attired. we desired to have some conference with the Dutch, | that is to sav, ' O Win«low, I shall never see ihen 
 
 " tor answer to our messaL'C. be tnid us v.e were not knowing when we shouhl have so tit an opp.irlu- 1 aijain !' Then I called Hobamock, and desired him to 
 
 ■come ; and he w.tuid jrla.Ily conlinue Hut peace nily lell Masassoit. that the g.ivernor hearing of his sick- 
 
 and Iriendshtp which was betwi-en hnn and us; and, "To that end, myself having formerly been tliore, ness.was sorry fV-rthe same ; and thoiii:h.by reason o| 
 bir Ins men, Ihey should nr> more poter us. as they ' and undi'rslanding in some measure the Dutch tonyne, | many businesses, he could lif^t himself cine, vet he 
 had dom*; also ilial he wo<ild si'u.l to Paomet. and. the t.'overnor [ Mradb.rd | a^ain laid this syr\ice .m mv- 1 bail sent me. with such things for him as be thouiiht 
 lu'li) us to see.I-corn, according to our re.piest. ] self, ami lilted uie with some cor.hal.s lo .idminisler tolmost likely to do him go.id in Ibis extremity; and 
 
 "Tins hetiiijdonp. Ins men gathered near to him. to him ; having one Mr. .lohn IJanalen, a gentleman of whereof if' he pleased to lake, I wouM prescnllv .'i\e 
 wl Mil hetiirMedbnnsell and made a ijrcal speech: the hond.ui. who then winierctl with us.aml de>ired much ; him ; which lie desired ; and, havintr a eonbrl'ion of 
 meaning whereof (as far as we could learn) was. that to see tlie couutrv, for my comfort, ami Ib-bamock b.rlinanv comfortable conserves, on the point <d' my knife. 
 h»^wa« conmianderof the country, and Ihat the people our iruide. So we set forwanl, and b.d-e.| the first'! ira've him some.which I could scarce uel throu-h Ioh 
 should hnn,' their skins lo us He named at least night at Namaskat, where we had friendly entertain 'teeth ; when it was dissolved in his mouth, he sWab 
 llnrly places: and their answer was confirming and imiil ' lowed the juice of it, whereat those that were abmit 
 
 Wele 
 
 tipphiudiu<; what he said 
 
 "lie then liijhtod tobacco for us. and fell to dis- 
 coursing of Kn<rland and of the kini.'. marvelliui: lhat 
 he Cfutld li\e with Hit a wifi 
 
 The next day, about 1 
 
 lock, we came to a him were inmh rejoiced, saying he had not swatloweil 
 
 ferry in ronbatantst country, where, upon discharge any thing in two days before. Then I <b'sire<l to 
 
 )l my piece. di\er« Indians came It) us. from a house ' his mouth, which was oxcooilingly furred, and hiu 
 •^'*"* '"* talked of the ^ mtt lar otl" They inM us that Massassowat wasilead, , toiiL'tie swelleil in such a manner.thal il was not possi- 
 trenchimMi; biddni^Mis not to suffer them to ecmie to and that day biirie.l; and that Ihe Dutch w. add be gone hie for h.m to eat such meat as they had. Then I 
 Narrowhiiranset ; tor It was Kinir Jarness country, before we couM get tlnlhi-r. having hove olf their ship, washed his month. and scraped his tongue; after which 
 and he wasKmir .lames's man. It grew late, hut hoialrea.ly. This news struck us blank ; but espeeiallv I gavehim inoreof iheconfeetion.which ho swahowitl 
 ofh-redus no victuals; lor indeed he bad not any. be- I MolMinock, who desired me to return wilh all specil .with imire readiness 'I'hen he desired lo drink; 1 
 ifig so newly o>mp homo. So we desired lo g.i to rest j I toM him I would first think of il. considering now, | dissolved some of it in water, ami g 
 He laid us on the be^l with himself and his wife, they that he being dead, Cmibatant, or <'orbitaut, was the ami withhi half an hourlhis wn-ught a great 
 at Ihe one en.b and wo at the .►ther ; it bi-ing only most likely in succeed him, and lhat we wore not in him. and presently alier his sight bp.-an I.. - me to 
 
 planks laid a foot from the ground, and a ihi.i mat j 7~\.r~ , »""»• '^^en I Kiivo'him mure, and told" him cf u miii. 
 
 upon thi'in I wo more of his chtet men. lor want ot ''"'^ " isfpelt in Wmslow's nnrrntivn. 
 
 room, presspd by and umm us; no lhat wo were worBDi™/.]''\""'"" '* "I'-It '"''.itiinl, roi.i.aiant, nml ronhutiuit, 
 m<....: . I ../»...■. I ■ .1 r • This i.Tiv i!i mdml.ly I u; waiiut w uc 1 is now ca cil S uJo'» 
 
 (Vt-unt'd of our l*lginj{, tliuii of our journey. | Fi.rr>, m Swan/ey. 
 
 ve liim thereof; 
 Iteration 
 
 • .\ nerk of \n \ llio township of 8wunze>, cummonl) 
 I (mtiuiuiccJ Muitu, ,stt. 
 
S4 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORY. 
 
 mm 
 mm 
 II 
 
 m 
 
 m m 
 
 nap \v(> had hy i\\v way, in lirpiikiii<; u'loitlo of drink, 
 which tlto ifovrrnor iiIho 8ont him, Hiiyini;, il' \\v wtmhl 
 Kond any ol* liis niiMi to IMyinosMh, 1 would send lor 
 niuro of thn same ; ulso for i-hirki'iiH, to niakf hini 
 broth, and for uthor things whii-h I know wore unod for 
 him, and would stay the rotiirn of tho nu'i>E>on<;t'r. 
 This he t.)ok niarvolhms kindly, and appointed Homo 
 who wore roady to ^o hy two oV-lm'k in the mornini;. 
 againHl which linio I made ready a Irttcr.doclarin;; our 
 ffood SUCC0H8. ind doMring siit-h things as were proper. 
 He reqoeiilod mo that I would the next day take my 
 piece, and kill him fiome fowl, and make him »uoh pot- 
 tage as ho had eaten at Plymouth, v ''ich I prouiibod ; 
 but hiu Htomach coming to him, I i.i,ist iieetis make 
 Aim some without fowl, before I went abroad. I 
 caused a woman to hruiho Rome ccrn anj take the 
 flour from it, and set the lirokon corn in a pipkin, (tor 
 ihey have earlhrn pots of all sizes.) When the day 
 broke, wo went out to seek herbs, (il beini; (ho middle 
 of March) but could not lind any but Htrawborry leaves, 
 iif which I leathered a handful and jmt inio the same, 
 nnd hooau^o I had nothing to reli^^h it, I wont fortli 
 a^ain and pulled up a sasMtfns root, and sliced a piecu 
 and boiled it. till il had a jrood polish. Of this bioth I 
 ^.ivo him a pint, which he drank and liked it well ; aHor 
 th)!i iiis sitflit mended, and he look some ro»t. That 
 inornin;» he caused me to spend in jji'in*,' amony the 
 sick in the town, re ,uestin<; me to waish ihetr months, 
 and ^ive them some of the same I ^nw. him. 'I'his 
 pains 1 look willingly, though it were nmch offensive 
 to me. 
 
 " When the messenjjers were retumcil, finding his 
 Btomacb come to him, he would not have the chickens 
 killed, but kept them for breed, A'eilhenlursl we yivo 
 him anv pbvsic, because he was so much altered, not 
 Joubtini; of his recovery if he wore careful. Upon his 
 rocovorv he brake forth into these speeehcK : ' Aow I 
 nee the Kuijlish are my friends, atui love me; whilst I 
 live. I will never fori^et lliis kindness iboy have showed 
 mo ' .\t our cominy away, he called HobumiK-k to 
 hitn, and privately t<dil him of a plot uf the Massaehu- 
 sottd ajrainst Wesloirs colony, and so ajrainst us. l)ut 
 he wtiuld neither join therein, nor yive way to any of 
 his. With this ho ch.ir<red him to aequr.int mo, hy the 
 wav, that I iniijht inform the j^overnor. lioin^ tilted 
 for our return, wo took leave of him, who returned 
 many thanks to our y:ovcrtior, and also to ourselves, for 
 our labor alal love ; the like did alt that were about 
 him. So we departed." 
 
 In the autumn of the same year. Mr Winslow went 
 to Kn<.'land as aL'otit to the colony, to yive anacenuni 
 of their pror;'edin«:s to the adveiitun-rs, and prm-ure 
 such thitiiis as Here neeess;iry. Whilst be was in Kni:- 
 land. be publislieil a narrative of the ^■otIIemenl and 
 rane»aetions i>f tbeeulony at i 'I v mouth, under ! his title, 
 ** (tuod news from New Krifrjand, or a rol.ilioii o| 
 things remarkable in that plantation, by K. Wins- 
 htw." 
 This narrative is nbridwrd in Purciias's Pilgrims, and 
 has been of !ireat service to all tiiicceetlmg hisinriaiiR. 
 To it. he subjoined an account of tlu' manners and 
 customs, the relti^ious opinion.) and ceremonies of the 
 Indian natives ; which, beiniran origmal work and tiuw 
 rarely tu be found, is ii)serle<lin the Appendix. 
 
 In the foUiiwini: spring {March \G'2\) Mr. Winslow 
 returned from Knglaiid, having been ab^eul no longer 
 thitri six months; brintiioL' a good sii|>ply of clothing 
 anil tither ni'cessarie^;. and. wh;it wns id" more \alue 
 tliaii anv other supply, threr heift'r.% ami one hull ; the 
 l'ir-<t neat cattle brouiihl into Now-Kngland. 
 
 The sameye;ir,lie wont again to Kiii»l:ind,where he 
 h;id an o[iportunity of correcting a nuNiake which had 
 been made in his liirmer voyaije. The adveidurerh. 
 had then, in the n^uiie ship w ith the cattle, sent over 
 J>ihn I.vford, a» a inini^'ter ; wh<i was soon suspecled 
 of being a person unlit for that olheo. When Mr. 
 Winslow went atrairi to Krii^l.tnd. ho imparled this sus- 
 picion ; and at a meeting of ihi> advcnlurers. it appo^ir 
 ed on exatnination tli.tt l.\fi;rd li.ul bei-n a minister in 
 Ireland ; wlure his condiicl hail bei>ti so bail as to 
 nhliire him to ipiil that kin<tdiim ; anil that the adveU' 
 turers had been imposed upon, by false testimony coiv 
 Torniu:; him. With this di*eo\rr;, Mr Winslow came 
 back to PIvm-Hith in Ut'J.^). and ftaind the o<Mirt sitting, 
 on the nlVair of Oldham, wh>) had returned, ivftor ha- 
 liisbment. The tmeeharaiiers id these impostors hiv 
 ini' t)ius iliscuvornd, they were both expelled I'roiii the 
 plantation 
 
 Al'oiii the same liin». (J'lvernor Hndford having 
 prevaded on the people of IMviiioulh I') i-lioosc ti\.' as 
 eistant.^, instead of one. Mr. W iiislow wiis lirAt eli'ctod 
 to this ollice ; in which he was coiitimied till llld't, 
 
 when hy the same inlbicnce, he was chosen governor,* 
 for one year. 
 
 Mr. Winslow was a man of great activity and re.<t>- 
 lution, and therefore well iiuahlicd to c.induct enter- 
 prizes for the bonetlt of the coloiiv. Me tVenuenily 
 wont to Penobscot, Konnebeck, a id dmnecticui ri- 
 vers, on trading vovngos, and rendered himself Us^clut 
 and agreeable to the people. 
 
 In Hi:).'), he undertook another agincy in Kngland 
 for the C(donios of Plymouth and Massa-'hiisetts ; part- 
 ly on tK'casion of the intrnsioiiH which wj-ro made on 
 the territory of New England, by the Fren;"h on tin 
 east, nnd by the Dutch on the west : and panly to.m 
 swer complaints, which had been made to t'.e u'o 
 vrrnmeiit against the Massachusetts (.'olony, hy Tlio- 
 miis Morton, who had been twice e.\p( lied lor his loi!-- 
 Iichavior. 
 
 At that time, the care of the colonic was connnii 
 ted to a number of bishops, lonls, and geiillcinen, 
 of whom .\rchbishop Laud was at the head. It was 
 also in contemplation to establish a general govern- 
 ment in America, which would have superseded the 
 charters of thocidonies. 
 
 Wiiislow's situation at that time, was critical, and 
 his treatment was severe. In his petition to the coni- 
 iiiispioners. be set forth the encroachments of the 
 l-'rench and Dutch, and praycil for "a special warrant 
 to the I'inglish ('olonies to defend themselves against 
 .ill foreign enemies" (Jovernor Winthrop ccn^ureil 
 this petition, vs " ill advised ; because such precedents 
 might endanger their liberties; timt they should do 
 notlnng. but by commission out of Kngland" 
 
 The petition, however, was favoralily received by 
 homeofthe Hoard. Winslow was heanl several times 
 in support of it, and pointed out a way in which the oli- 
 ject might have been attained without any charge to 
 the (.'rown. by furnishing some of the chief nu'ii td" the 
 colonies with autliorily, which they woulil exercise ai 
 tlieir own expense. and w about any public national dis- 
 turiiance. This proposal ciossed the design ot (ieorj;e 
 <-.nd Mason, whose aim was to establish a general no 
 vernment ; and the archhishop who was ciiu'aued in 
 their interest, put a check to Winslow 's jiropnsal, bv 
 questioning bij.t on Morton's accusation, for lii^own 
 pi rsonal comluci in America. The ollcnces alleged 
 against him were, that he, not bciiiL' in Imly orders. 
 hut a mere layman, had taught publicly in the church, 
 and had olliciated in the celebration of marriages. To 
 the fornier.WiiisIow answered, '■ that soini'times.vvlien 
 the church was de.".titnte of a minister, he had exeieis 
 ed his gift for the edilication of his brethren,' To the 
 latter, "that though he had olliciated as a magi.-^traie 
 in the soimmizing of marriai^c, yet be rejianied it only 
 as a civil contract ; that the jieoplc of Plymouth had 
 tor a long time heen destitute of a minister, and vxere 
 compelled by necessity to have recourse to the ina^'is- 
 trate in that solemnity ; that tins was not to them a no- 
 velty, having been accustomed to it in lloliaiid where 
 he himsrif had been married by a Dutch tiiagistrate. in 
 the stale house. ' l)n this honest coulession, tbo arch 
 bishop pronounced him gniliy of the crime o\ separa- 
 tion from the naliipiial cimrch, and prevailed on the 
 HoanI to coiLsent to his iinprivonim-nt. He was there- 
 fore comioilled to the Fleet pristin. where he lay con- 
 fined seventeen weeks IJnt after that time, on peti- 
 tivinini; tlie Hoard, be olttaineil release. 
 
 At lii.s return to New Mn/dand. the colony showed 
 him the highes'. degree of respect, by eboosirig him 
 ilieir governor for the sncieediiii: year (HllHi. ) In tins 
 otiico he conducted himsell greatly to their satisfaition. 
 In Pi-ll he was ai:ain honored with the same up- 
 poinimeitt, and in the intermediate years, was the first 
 on the list of matfistrates. 
 
 ; When the colonics of New Knglaml entered into a 
 eoiifcderation for their mutual dejl'iice, in UllU. Mr. 
 iW'inslow was chosen one of Iho coinniissionors lui be 
 half of IMvinouth, and was continued in that olVicetill 
 MlKi. when ho was solicited by the Colony of .Mi.-isa- 
 chuselts. to go again to l-!ni;l.tndtii aiiswet' to the com- 
 plaints of SaiiHiel (torton ami others, wl'.o had cbart'ed 
 jthem with religious intoloranee and perseeiilion The 
 , times being clmngeil, and the Puritans being in power. 
 
 • Ttir fnllowiitr iicfr frnm f!M\>Tti'tr \Viiillirn|t't JoumnI t^ 
 «..itli\ (>| nl.vrvalh.ii t " Mr. K.U\;inl \Viii>lnw wns rlins.-a 
 L-'ivenuT n| IHvtiuittih. Mr. Ilrfidlnril liavni!.' Ihtii KiMcmor 
 ttliniit tell [twei' e yi-iirs.] ainl now |.y |tri|>nrlanit\ nut oil." 
 I This MiiKulartiait lii llrtiilfor \'s cliiirietei, oi wUuh Hurt- \* 
 Iht'liilli'sl eviiloiire, sKirirtentlv invntiiliiies an iiiM:iiKtli>>ii 
 itl Mat' ItitiMnn. tlinl Wnixlrnv'n " i>iir|>lo\ ineiit iihrn id I'K- 
 irti'til II i-iiinpeniiiiii lirtvvecn nriitilnril ami linn lor llie 
 i:in< rnnr'n plm-e."! 
 Iliitcliiiifinn win nwovrrnor of n ilifTerpnt rlmrntnr' 
 t \\ iiillir»t>'t> Joiirtiul, 4:. Hutch. Hist. II. 4:);. 
 
 Mr. Winslow had great advanla<;e in this business, 
 from the credit .'md esteem which lie enjoyed with that 
 party. We have no account of tbo particulars of this 
 agency, hut only lit general, that *' by his prudent 
 management, he prevented any damage, and eleareij 
 the colony from any blame or dishonor." 
 
 One design of the confederation of tbo colonies, was 
 to promote tlie civilization of tlie Indians, and theircoii- 
 version to the ('hrislian religion. In this great un I 
 good work, Mr. Winslow was I'rom principle, very zea- 
 lously engaged. In England, he employed Ins interest 
 ".mi friendship with members o\' the Parliament, ant 
 other gentlemen of ipialily and fortune to erect a cor- 
 poration there for the prosecution of the design. For 
 this purpose, an act (d' Parliament ^vas passed (IB4!)) 
 im-otporating a siH'iety in Kngland " for propagating 
 the (fospel in New Kngland." The commissioners of 
 thernited Colonies were coustilutcd a Hoard of Cor- 
 respondents, and distributors of the money, which wa.i 
 supplied ill Kngland hy eharitahle donations from all 
 the cities, towns, and parishes in the kingdom. Uy 
 the influence and exertions of both these respectable 
 bodies.ministerswcro supported among the Indians of 
 New England : the Hibte and other books of piety wcro 
 translated into the Indian tongue, and printed for their 
 use ; and much pains wore taken by several worthy 
 mil isters, and ol her gentlemen loinstrncl the Indians, 
 and reJuee them to a civilized life. This society is 
 stilt in existence, and, till tbo revolulion in .America, 
 they kept up a HoanI of Correspondents at Hoslon. but 
 since that periinl it has been discoiitimied. Of this 
 corporation, at its first ehtablisbineiil, Mr W insl-.nv 
 was a very active and faithful mendier in Kngland ; 
 w here hi>« reputation was great, and his abilities highly 
 valued by the prevailing parly, who found him so much 
 employment there, and elsewhere, that tie never re- 
 turni'dto New Kngland. 
 
 When Oliver Cromwell (IG.'i^t) planned an expedi- 
 tion a<jainst ibe Spaniards in the West Indies, aiid 
 sent .\dminil Pemi and (leneral Venaldes to execute 
 il, he appointed three coiiimihsioners to siiperinle".;! 
 and direct tin ir opcralions : of Rhieb mniiler Vv ins- 
 low was ihe ibief; the other two wore Uicliard lloi- 
 drip. and Ktlward llla:.r<re. I'heir ohject was to attack 
 St. Domingo, the only ,tlaee of Blrength which the 
 Spaniards bad in liispaniola. 
 
 The coiiirn- iiders dis;igreod in their tempers and 
 views, and ihe control of the commissiouers was of tio 
 avail. The lioops, ill appointed and badly provided, 
 were l.inded at too great a distamo I'rom thiM'ity, and 
 losi their way in the woods Worn with huni>er ami 
 thirst, heat and fatigue, they wore routed by an incim- 
 siderabb' nuiiil er ot Spaniards; six hundred were killed^ 
 and the remnant k»ok refuge on boanl their vessels. 
 
 To compensate as far as possible fortius unfortunate 
 event, the ticet sailed tor .lamaica. which surrendered 
 without anv n ^istance. Hut Mr. Winslow, mIio par- 
 took of the chai^rin of the deltMt, did no) enjoy the plea- 
 sure of the villi ry In the passage between Hi.«panio- 
 l.i and .lamaira, the heat of the etimale threw Inm into 
 a fever , wliieb, operating \utli the dejection of hiir 
 minil. put an 1 lul to his lili- on the Mih of May, ir>.*)'>. 
 in the sixty lil^tyea^ of bis age. His hody was com- 
 mitted to the I'lop. with Ihe honors of war. forty-two 
 gnnn heiri:; lired by the fleet oil that iK'casion. 
 
 The lollowiiig well meant but inelegairf verses were 
 wrilten by one t'f the past-cngers on board the siuiiu 
 ship in which he died. 
 
 " The rj:;h1h nf Mav, \\ e.*t fnmi 'Spaiiiol.l shorT, 
 Coil liK'K iri in lis mir uraiiil ri)rniiiisM<taer, 
 \\ inslou l>\ ii.iiiie ; II 11 an 111 ciiieiesl iru."!, 
 Whose lile v% hs sMeel riiiil (-(iiiV(>rs.itriiii just ; 
 \\'h<>se pal Is niitl vMstlimi nn».i men •hd eicd; 
 All la)ii<ir te tiis |il:i< e, as ah imii leM." 
 
 Hefore his departure from Now-Kngland. Mr Woi*« 
 low bad made a settlement on a valuable trAel id'land 
 in Marshlield, to whieli he gave the name of Carswoll, 
 prohablv from a castle and seat id' that name in Staf- 
 fordshire. His Mtn, Josiali VN'inslow. was a inagistraltf 
 and ifovernor .d the co|oii\. and general of the New- 
 Knixland forces. in Ihe war with Ihe lmhans,called Phi- 
 lips war. He died in ItillO Isaac, the son nf Josiah 
 Winslow.siislamed the chief civil and mihiary ollices in 
 the cotinlv of Plymouth. atti>r its incorporation with 
 Mas-*aelmsotls ; and vvas President of tlie Provincial 
 Council He liied in llAH .lolui Winslow. the son 
 of Isaac. was a captain in ihe unfortunale expediiioii ti) 
 Ciilia in If 10. and allerward an otlicer in tli Hrilisti 
 seruee. and iiMJor-genoral in sovera. expeditions to 
 Kennebeck, .Xosa Scotia, iiiiil Crown Point He dietl 
 in 1771, aged ?l His son, Dr Isaac Winslow. is now 
 in possession of the fHiiiily citato at Marehlield. Hy 
 
 m 
 
in lliia lius'inoas, 
 •(•iijii)i't) with lliiil 
 ' |i:irlii'uhirHol'llii8 
 
 " liy \n-i (irudciit 
 
 iiiir." 
 
 illhocolonirs, whs 
 liaiiK.anil tlnMri'im- 
 lii iIiIh ^tciil an I 
 liriiiii|ili'. MTV zn- 
 i|il(ivi'cl his iiitiTi'st 
 u' I'urllaiiiiMit, nil I 
 uiio loori'it 11 fiir- 
 illlir ili'sinii K.ir 
 
 1 ■• liir iirH|iiii;aliii(,r 
 
 ' IMHIlMliKnit'IllTS Oi 
 
 I'll a liiiaril of ('or- 
 •miiiii'V, «liiili «ii' 
 iliii>atioiii> IriiMi all 
 llip kiiiHiloiii. By 
 li llii-Ki' rcsiH'Clalilo 
 icmi! tlir Iiuliaiis iif 
 
 liookKol pH'ly worn 
 [iiiil |prinli-il liirllicir 
 
 by si'vi'ral wnrlliy 
 iislnii't till' liiiliani, 
 H'. i'liia sdiiily in 
 
 illllinll III AllllTil'll, 
 
 ili'iitital llusliiii. lull 
 iiiiliiiiii'il. or tliiH 
 iii'iil, Mr WiiisKiw 
 iiilirr in Kn^laiiil ; 
 il his aliililii'B highly 
 I rniinil him Ml iiiiK'ii 
 1', that ho iiiMT ro- 
 
 plaiini'ii nil rsiu'iri- 
 !• \\ f si Inilii's, ami 
 Vinalili'S 111 cxiTlili' 
 ifT!* to sll|irriilti''^t 
 ihiili niniiliT Vv ins- 
 I wiTi' Uirharil lloi- 
 (il.jiTtw.is to allaik 
 stri'iigUi which lhi< 
 
 1 Iheir ti'iiiiiors iiiiil 
 liissinlMTS was tit" no 
 anil hailly |iro\iiliil, 
 re iVoiii ihiM'ily, and 
 irii wiih huii!;i'r ami 
 riuilril liy 1111 iiiroii- 
 hiiiiilrrcl win' killrJ, 
 r.anltlirir m'Ssi'Ih. 
 lor this iiiilnrtunal* 
 nhiili surrciuliTi'il 
 W insluw, «lio jiar- 
 not I'lijoy till' pii'a- 
 lii'lwi'i'ii Hiipanio- 
 iiiiatrlhri'W liiiii into 
 ihr ili'jiMtioii of his 
 Sill or May. Ifi'i'', 
 His liody was riiin- 
 it» ol war, lotly-two 
 al iKi'asion. 
 ilc'j!an4 vcrsri wero 
 oil hoatJ the muiHi 
 
 BIOGRAPHIES rtF THE KAIII.Y DISCOVERERS. 
 
 S5 
 
 S|)ni 
 
 ..1,1 5 
 
 i.irc, 
 
 I hsllru>l. 
 
 i:.,ii...ii j.m; 
 ... .Ii.l riri.ti 
 1 lill." 
 
 • i;ii!;laiiil. Mr Wo.4- 
 \alilahh'lrArli.('liii<l 
 hi' iiaiiii'ul'('ar»wrll. 
 il'lliat liallli' ill Slaf- 
 was a iiKi^islralf 
 
 mii.'ral ol Ihi- Ni'w- 
 ii. Imlians.iallril IMii- 
 ihi- son of Josiah 
 ami iiiililary oIliiTS ill 
 s iiif.ir|iora(i.iii with 
 cut of till' I'rovinrial 
 hii Wmsl.iw. the son 
 irliiiiali' i.\|ic.liiioiil.> 
 
 illiriT in ih llr.iisli 
 
 'viT.l. r\|.i'tlllloIl« I'* 
 rowii I'.iiiil II'' 'liril 
 iiaac \Viilslov\.i» now 
 
 u ut Marshlii'M. Uy 
 
 Scutiu, 
 
 mim:s standi sh. 
 
 Mii.K-* SrANDisn-A SoI.Iicr in Hip Nfttinlandu— K!nbnrl<;i 
 fi>r Atrirrirn— Comprls Coiliit.uit tn «ultrnlt — Wis rc'snlutit 
 rimi!"irl with tiic lii'li.-iii.-t— His Kippclition Id WfssiiL'iissi-t 
 ati'l Ciiiic Ann— Mr. Ui-'.^lmni's <HiM-iviitniin ri'l;ilini.' I" 
 hini— Mr. UMhiiisiin's l,»'II('r— StHlxllsh rrtnrris in riviiioiilli 
 — ExptMlitinn HRiiiiist Mtirton— His scUlcniriit at D.inliurv 
 Ili.1 lieiilli ami Di'sruTiitmit'i — Stitli'v Ueiiiurkii un «L-ii<lint; 
 <,'oiivict.s til \'irginia. 
 
 This intrr|iit1 sntdirr, the hrrn of Mrw Knj;laml, as 
 JohnSinith w;i.'*ot' Vir-.'iiiiii.Wim a native of I.aiirasliirp, 
 in the norlh of Kriulaml ; hut thr datn of Iiik Itirtli is 
 nol proscrvt'il. Dojicrininl from llii* youiii;pr hranrh 
 of a family of (listiiirtion.* ho was " heir apparent lo a 
 jrrrat cstalo of himl.s ami livir)<;», siirri'plliioiisly <)(>• 
 tainnl from him." which rompi'MiMl him to seek HubsiM- 
 tenro f<ir hini^^flf Thontih sirall in hlaliiro, he had an 
 uptive grniu<f, n saniruinc tcmptT, and a utronj; conali- 
 tutiiin. 'rh"t<t> ipialitirs h'd him to the profession of 
 arms; and Ihr Netherlands InMMii, in hin youlh, a the- 
 atre i)f war. he entered into the service of Queen KHza- 
 heth. in aid of the Dutch ; and aOer the truce, settled 
 with the l'!n<;lish refnijeeK at I.eyden. 
 
 When ihey meditated a P'moval to America, Stand- 
 i«h, thou^Th not a niemher of iheir church, wasthonirht 
 a prt>per peffson to accompany them. W'hetlier hejoiir'd 
 them at iheir ret|Mest or his own motion, rjoci; not ap- 
 |MMr ; hut he en^au'ed with zeal and resolution in their 
 enterprise, and etnharked with the first cunipany in 
 
 On iheir arrival at (^n(>e CcmI. he was appointed 
 connnander of the (trsi parly of sixiei'u men. who went 
 ashore on disenvery ; and wlieri they heijan thi'ir set- 
 tlement al i'lymi>uth. he was unanimously chosen 
 ctiptain. or chief military connnander. In scviTal in- 
 lorviews with I he natives he was the fnst to meet them, 
 and was i:''"*'r:dlv accompanied with a very small 
 nninher of tnen, seledrd hy himself. 
 
 Arter the leaijue was made with Masassoif, one nf 
 IiiH petty sachems, Corhitant. hecame discontented, and 
 was mcftitalin:! lo join with the Xarra^ansi-is aL'a'.nst 
 the Kn^'liMi. Standish. willi fonrteeti inen and a iruide, 
 went tr Cit' ilanl's place. (Swanzey) and surrounded 
 his house; hilt n>>t liniliriir him al home, thev inform- 
 ed his people ofiheir intenlion of ^Ie^lroyilI^ him. if he 
 khould persist in his rehelliin) ('orhitant, hearioL' of 
 his d,»in»er.made an acktiowledLMnent to Masassoit.and 
 rntrealed his niediaiion with the Koi^jish lor peace. 
 Jle was soon atU-r [.Si-pt. Kl, Hi*.;i ] adniitled with eiirht 
 other chiets, to suhscrihe an instrument of suhinitision 
 to the Knulish iiovernment. 
 
 In every hazardous enterprise, f apt. Standish was 
 reaily to put himsrlf f.remosi, whether the ohjccts were 
 discKviTV. tnillie, nr war . and Ihe pi-iiplr, animated hv 
 his example, ami cotiti<hni: in his hravrrv anil fnlclitv. 
 ihuu>.'hl themsrivcs vat'e under his cotnmand. 
 
 When the town it\' IMvmituih [M')',"^] was enclosed 
 ami fortillol. the defence of it was cnmmitted to the 
 raptain, who made the most jiitlicious disposition of 
 theirforce lie diviiled them into four sipiailroiis. ap 
 prtinlinijthose wimm he thouiihl most fit. to command ; 
 and onlercd every man, on any i-larm, tii repair to hi.s 
 respective station, and put fiimsejf under his propi*r of- 
 ficer. A select company was appointed, in casi' of 
 accidental fire, to uitiunt j;uard. w ilh their hacks lo the 
 fire, that lliry unuht preient the approach of an enemy 
 durinjr the conlI.t(;ration 
 
 • Al! which I hnve li,-en iihlo to collect relative to ihc 
 fannlvoi' .'<i,ii)<liHh, it Its to|!o\vs : 
 
 Iltiiiv Maiiiliih, a FrancH.iui. D. II. nf ('amlTiUe, llixhop 
 of St. Asnph. hetiTC the l(» forniation, w^ts a I'liiot lo I'ot)'rrv. 
 FalhML' .lovvn on hi* knee*, hefore Kiiiir Ih-nrv VMI. he |nMi. 
 Iiinipii hiinlcHMntiriiie llie relii!loii» esliihU^i'ineiit nfhis mees- 
 lor**. Tins prelnte die. I, A. II. Ii3i, nl a ver • ai'v^Mced nee. 
 
 J"hn ,'*tari(li>li, i.eiihew to Meniy, wrote al.. -.A an.xinat tiie 
 Iransliiion nt tlu* lnl>le inlo the Knirlfh hunt-uncp ; ami pre. 
 ■enteil ii to the Parlianient. He itiu>l in MbtS, m the rtirii) of 
 ijueeii Marv. 
 
 Sir Hirhar.l Slamijsh, of Whittle, near Cliarlev. In im 
 fcTi tinil-' n lead initii' was (ilscovere.l. not hnit,' I'elore IdW. 
 ari'l wr.iiKlit with comi iiucceitti. Neiir the waiiie place is a 
 ijuarry of Mill-stones. 
 
 Tlie villfiue nt SLinMiitli. nml a seat callert Stnivlnh-II.Tll. 
 are Hiiimtt near the river I)ou«l;is. ni l.am-asliire, lirtween 
 the tnwn^ f <"aarle\ nml Wiu-an. which are ahont fi nilles 
 dlitanl. \^ "nu is miles north of Warrinittnn, oa ihe ^ouiU- 
 ciUiilJeof tlu) cuuiity. See UmiiUuirs Ma^) uf Linctiature. 
 
 Heini; sent on a tradinjr voyai;e to Matachiest, fhe- 
 tween Uarntttahle and Yarmouth, Feh. HJii;)] a severe 
 storm came on, durinj» the first iiiLfht, hy which the har- 
 bor was filled with ice and I^iptain Standish with Ins 
 party was obliged to |odi;e in one of the huts of the 
 I savaijefl. They came tojrether in a conHiileral)le nuin- 
 UT.and inider the mask nf frieiidship.promised to tupply 
 him with corn. Standisli surtpectinjf. i>y tlieir number, 
 that their intention was hostile, would not permit his 
 men lo lie down all at once, hut ordered them to sleeii 
 and watch by turns. In the niornin<;. a discovery was 
 made that Komethinirs had been stolen from his shallop. 
 The captain immediately went with his whole force. 
 consistinir (if MIX men, surrounded Ihe house ot trie sa- 
 chem Ianou<rh, and ohti^ed him to find Ihe '*uef and 
 restore the stolen thintjs This resolute beliavmr struck 
 them with awe ; tlie trule went on peacealdy.and when 
 the liarbor was cleared tin shallop came oil' with a load 
 i)f corn, and arrived safely ,'t I'lymoulh. 
 
 This was the first guspicion of a conspi.-acy, wJiich 
 had for sometime been fonniui; amon<r the Indians. to 
 ilestroy the Krtiihsh. In the followini; month [March] 
 he had anolher specimen ni' their insitlerice at Mano- 
 met," whither hi; went to fetch home the corn which 
 (ioverrior Bradford had boujjht in the precedino au- 
 tuuni. The captain was not received with that welcome 
 which tiie tjovernor had cNperienced. Two Indians 
 from Mass.ichusetts were there, one of whom had an 
 iron dayiier, which he h.id irotlen from some of Wes- 
 ton's people at Wessai;usset. [Weymouth] and which 
 'le nave to Canaeurji, Ihe Sachem o( Mauinnet, hi the 
 view of Standish. The present was arcompani(sl\Wth 
 a speech, which the captain diti not then perfeclly iin- 
 lerstand, but ibe purport of it w as, '• That the Knolish 
 were too Nlroiii» for the Massachusetts Indians to al tack 
 without help fn>m the others ; because if they should 
 cut otfthe people in 'heir bay. yet they (eared that those 
 >f IMymoutli wnnld rcveniie their death. lie therefore 
 nvited the sachem lo j>iin with them, and destniy both 
 colonies. He maonificd his own slreni(th and courage, 
 and derided the Knropeans. liecause he bad seen them 
 die, cryini! and niiikint.' sour faces, like cbihlren.'' An 
 Indian of Paoinet was present, who had lornierly been 
 friendly, and now professed the same kindness, idlerini! 
 his personal service to ifct the corn on lioardthe shallop, 
 tbou;rh he had m vcrdone such work before; and invilino 
 the captain to lodoe in bis hut. as the weather was cold. 
 Standi*!) passed the nioht by Ins tire, but ibouoh earn- 
 estly pn'ssed ti» take his rest, kept himself contimially 
 in motion, and the next day, hy the help of the s<pjaWH, 
 out his corn on board, and relurned to Ulymouih. It 
 was at'lcrward discovered tliat this Indian intended to 
 kill him. if be had fallen asleep. 
 
 About the same time, hap|iened Mr. Winslow's visit 
 lo Masassoit in bis sickness, ami a fiill discovery of the 
 plot, which the Indians at .Massachusetts had contrived 
 lo destroy the Kni;lish. The prople whom Wi stoij had 
 sent to plant a colony at WessaL'usset, were set tlisor 
 derly antl imprudent, that the Indians were not t)nly 
 disuusted with them, hut despised them. These were 
 destined to be the tirst victims. Their overseer, John 
 Sanders. was iroue to Monhei.'an, to meet the fishermen, 
 at their coming to the cnast, and uet st>ine provisions. 
 Durino his absence, the Indians bail yrown more inso- 
 I( 'It than befori' ; and it was necessary that some force 
 sbtuiid be Hpnt Ibilher, as well tu protect Ihe foloiiy as 
 to crush Ihe conspiracy. Staiuhsh was the commander 
 j of the party ; arulas ihis was hisca|)ital exploit, it may 
 'iie ino.st satisfactory and erilerlaininy to L'ive Ibe ac- 
 count m[' it, as related hy Mr Wi:is!ow in fiis narrative. 
 j "The '::\A of March" [Itl'J;!] heino a yearly Cmrt 
 (lay. we came to this conclusion; that Captain Standish 
 should take as many men as he ihoiiobt sulllcient ti» 
 nutke bis party uoo.|. airaiiisl all the Indians it- Massa- 
 chusetts Hay; and hecanse it is imposhihle lo deal with 
 Ihcm in open detiance. but lo lake them in such traps 
 as ihey lay for others ; therefore tijal he should preti-nd 
 trade as at oilier times ; but tirst to oo to the Knolisb. 
 and accpiaint ihem with the plot and the end of his own 
 comiiio.tbal hv coinparinu il w it ht heir carriage l*»wards 
 them, he mioht belter judoe of the certainly of it, and 
 mtire (illy take opportunity to revenue the same , but 
 should forbear, if it were possdde, till siu'h lime as he 
 could make sun of Witluwamal. a bbuMly and hold 
 villain, whose head he had orders to bring with him. 
 
 rpon this, (*nplain Standish made choice ofpi^Itttht•n. 
 and would not take more, because lie would prevent 
 jealousy. On the next day. before he ?ouId [;o. caino 
 one* of Weston's rom|)any to us with a pack on hid 
 hack, whttinadea pitiful narration of their lamentabltf 
 and weak estate, and of the Indians' carriage; whoH© 
 boldness increased abundantly, insomuch as they woukl 
 take their victuals out ofiheir pots, and eat before their 
 faces; yea, if in any tbinir they sainsayetl them, they 
 were ready lo hold a knit'e al their hreastri. He said 
 that, to L'ive lliem content, ihey had handed onet of tho 
 company, who had stolen their corn, and yet they re- 
 Uarded it not ; that another of them had turned savago; 
 that their people had mostly forsaken the town, aiid 
 made their renilezvous where they ^ol their victuaU, 
 hesause they woitlil not take pains to hrinir it Hume ; 
 that they had sfild their clitthes for corn, ami were ready 
 lo perisji wiih huni^cr and celil. and that they werediH* 
 perseii into three companies, bavinij scarcely any pow- 
 der and shot. As ibis relation was orie\ous to us, bo 
 it iiave us j;-ntd encouraoemenl to proceed ; and tho 
 wind cominir fair the next day. March li'), Captaiii 
 Standish beiiit; now filled, set forth for .Massachusetld, 
 " The caj)tain beini; come to Massachusetts, went 
 first to the ship, but fiaind iiciilier man nor do;; there- 
 in. On the ilischar^e of a musket, the niaster and 
 some others showed ibemselves, who were on shuro 
 iralherini; ground nuts and other fixHi. Alter s;iliitu- 
 tiou, Cajilain Standish asked Ihem bow they durst no 
 leave the ship, and live in such security ! They an- 
 swered, like men senseless of their own mi.sery, that 
 they feared not the Indians, hut lived and sulfered them 
 lo ItHleo with them, not liavini; u sword nor a ^un, or 
 neetlitio the same. To which the captain replied, that 
 if there were no cause, he was ylad. liut upon tiirtber 
 inquiry, nnderstandin>; that tho-^e in w boin John San- 
 tlcrs hatl reposeil mo.-it conlidence were at the ptanlii- 
 tiou. thither he went and made known the Indians' pur- 
 po ,e, and the end of his own coming; ; and told tlicm 
 that if they durst not stay ihere. il was lb*' intention o( 
 the governor and people of Plymouth, to receive Ihttu 
 
 * Manoinet is the nante nf a i-reek or rivi?r which runs 
 through the town of S:in»lwich. into tlie upper part of lluz- 
 /.lint's n.iv. formerly calh>l Maiioniet R.iv. Hetwi-en this ami 
 •*iii*.sel Crrt'k, (into ulinh St.in'i*h went ami receiviul tilii 
 t'oriO i<i the pliire. wlmli. for mctrr tliiiii a rrriliirv, hiitt hi'etl 
 thouuhl of. »i p|o|HT t>i he cut lhroni;li. to toini a coiiunii- 
 iiitntion hv a iidvijtalilu caniij, from Baiiiiitublu Hay to Uuz- 
 zartl's Qay. 
 
 * His name was Phitiehns Pratt : nn IrHliaii followed him 
 
 to ktiUuiii, hat hv inisMiitf his wav, lie o^eapeil and t:<>t into 
 I'lvmtailh. Thi-^ inati u.is livna; iti IGTT. when Mr. niiM>:ird 
 wrote his lustorv- The Indiaii wh.i foltowi.d tiim w i nt lo 
 Mioionii-i, and oil his return- visited I'lyiiiuuth, whiTc ho 
 was put in iritns. 
 
 t Mr. Iluli'iard's ai-rouiit of this milter, ia as f-tljows. 
 "The c'onipnny. as some report, prttendeif, in 'vny o( !«ttii* 
 faction, tu punish hiin that (h<l the thciA ; hot (.i his s ad. 
 Iiaiiued a jMior decrepit oUl man, that was unirrvKiMl.ie tu 
 tlie coiiipnny, and hurileiisoiiie to keep alive : I'lns his tl.o 
 irround of the story, with which ihe merry centleinrin that 
 wrote the poem ciiUcd Hndihras, did in his poetical f:incy, 
 make ho much spurt. Ttie uitiahitaniH of I'lymoulh teil thu 
 story nuich itltierwise, as if the ptsrsnn han^red, wan leail/ 
 k'uilly of steiriinK,as «ere many of tin rest. Yrt, it i< j osai- 
 hh!, thai juiitice miKlit he executed, tint on hiin tint most 
 rlescrv(d It, hut on lam that could hest he S[)areil, of wtw 
 was mil likely to live lont, tl he had In en Ut alune." 
 
 The passive of Hudihras ahuve referrru to, i» m Pait a 
 canh) a, line -103, Ac. 
 
 '■ Til"' nire and dark the point appear, 
 
 Qiioili Hal|iii,ii may hold up and rUari 
 
 That sintu'rs maysii[i[.ly the pl.ice 
 
 (tf sulleniuf HHiniK. IS a plain oi^e. 
 
 Justice pivt's sentence munv tunes, 
 
 I hi one man for another's cram s. 
 
 Our hrethren nf Now Enithuid use, 
 
 » 'hoire riiah'.iirtors tn pxrti?«e. 
 
 And hanK tlie »ruiltlcs» in ihf ir st'a-1, 
 
 < M w hoiii the itilirches have li ss lu'L-d ; 
 
 As liiielv hap|H>ited. In a town. 
 
 There hv'd a Cohhier, and hut one. 
 
 Who out of doctrine, could cut use. 
 
 And mend men's llve^ an wt'll as Hhoeii. 
 
 This preiioimhroiher. havina slam 
 
 In tune of pen e, mi Indian. 
 
 Not out of mahct'. hut meie zoal 
 
 Decause he was an liil'nlel , 
 
 The iiin:l.tv Tottipotimoy 
 
 Neni to our c Idem an envoy. 
 
 t'ompiaininB sorely of 'he hreach 
 
 0\ h aiiue.hehl forth Iv hroihtr Patch, 
 
 Acainst theartuien in'orri 
 
 Heiween (Mtih chnrctie^i, Iiin iad nurt ; 
 
 Forwhiih he rrav'd the »»nii'T(, to rendtir 
 
 Into lii>. hiin.U, or hiinti th' oihnder. 
 
 Put thrv. mat art !v Imviuff welched, 
 
 'I'hey Imd no more hut liltn of the trtda | 
 
 A man that serv'dthcm. iii a douMo 
 
 Capiiritv. to tench .and cohhir, 
 
 ResoKMi„spiire him, Vet to do 
 
 The In-hrin II c»o MotMn,too, 
 Imparii.il tiiHtu-e, m his Hteiid<lld 
 IIhii^ mold \Vea\er, that was hrd-rid, 
 Then, wherehue mnv not you hp Kktpp'ti 
 And in your room Miulher whipp'd !" 
 
 Th« iUrr i* here m.^t ridlculomtly c,irt>aturfH ut a «1ti| 
 
 upon the etoirchfs ol New KuKlan-l. 1 do iMt flt.d that thd 
 pi opir nf Weston'- i lantaiiim had nnv rlnirih at .ill ; th.'y 
 wer'' a nf\ of tn-i.:, oiventurer*. Intent ordv nn f;iinmB t| 
 vuhcMtenrr, Mr. Nr:il Ka\it, that "he oN(iiir<ed a p^tenl 
 under pretrr.rc of pruiia|utiii); thu dii^i{>Uiio ol toe Church ti 
 EiurlanJ :n Anieriii. 
 
60 
 
 A M K R I O A N 11 1 S T O II Y . 
 
 \ ■■ :Vc 
 
 till tliPT couhi bo bellPT provided for. Those mon an- 1 tho raptiiin roliiriied to tlio plunlation ; wIuto ho re- 
 dworod that thov oouM oxpoct no holtor, and it vvns |(M*rd iho winncn and look nnl ihi'irlioavcrciMlfi tVoin 
 offiodn morcy ihiU thoy woro not killod boloro his ihcin, nor BUtTorod llio U'att. (llsLM>urtofiy lo bo ()tli'rfil 
 coming, dotiiriM;^th;it ho would noirlcct no opiiorttiiiily 
 to prm'ood ; horoupnn hp mivisod thcin to socrory and 
 to ordorono third ufthoir company that woro farlhost 
 otTto ooinc homo, and on pain ot'dcath to koop tliorOf 
 hiintielf allowing; thoin a pintof Indian corn, to a man, 
 fiir a day. though that was xparod out of our wt^d — 
 
 thoin 
 
 " Now wrro \Vo>;tnrr« poopio rosolvod (i» loavr the 
 lilantaliiin, and no tn Mnnho'ian. hnpini; tojrrt pasnairo 
 and roturn [to Kn<;land] wilhtho llshini; NliipN. Tho 
 oaplain (old thorn, that for hii* own pari, ho durst livo 
 ihoro with fowor mon than tliov wore ; vot sinoo thoy 
 
 The weather provinjj very wot and stormy, it was the' woro othorwiso mindod, aroordiri;j lo hi** ordors fiom 
 lunf^rr bflfure ho could do any thin^. ilho ijovornor and jMNtpJc »»f Plymouth, ho would hrlp 
 
 '* In the moanlimo an Indian came to him and' ihcm with corn, which ho ilid. hrurro |i-a\ii)<r hinisrll 
 brouj^ht tiomc furit, but rather to ^ot what bo could i more ttian brought thorn home Sonio of ihemdishknl 
 from Iho captain than to trade; and thougli tho captain . in ijii to Monbo«;an; and ilosiritii,' to ;,'<» with him to 
 carrioil tbintrs as smoothly nn ho coultl, yet at \\\a ro-| Plymimth, ho took them into the Khallop ; and Hoeini; 
 turn, the Indian reported that lio saw by his cyi'^ that ! tho other« sot sail, anil clear of Mansaclnisotls Hay, he 
 ho was ani;ry in his heart. and thoroforo boiran l«» siis- 'took leave and roliirtied to Plyinnuth, hriniiirii; tho bead 
 peot tliem!«elvc8 disoovoroil. Tins caused one IVfk- . of Wiltuwamal. wbirli was set up on the t'tirt.* 
 nout, who was a I'inese [ehief] boinij a man of a n<»la- 1 " 'I'his sod leu ai.d unoxpei-toil exoculiop, had so 
 ble spirit, tir come to HolianuH'k. [Standish's Indian terrilieil and amazoil tite other people who inteniled to 
 puido and interpreter] ami tell him that ho understood join with theMassachnsencks against us. that ihey for- 
 tho captain was come to kill himself and tlio rest ot sook tlieir houses, runnin<> to and fro like mon dis- 
 ihe «ava«jes tliero; ' Toll him. said he. we know it. hut tracted ; livini; in swamps, and other desert jdaces, 
 fo.ir him nut, neither will we shun him ; but let him and so hrouirht disease upon tbemsetves, whereof many 
 beifin when ho dare. he shall not take us at unawares.' are dead ; as (/anacuin, S.ichom of Manoinet ; Aspi- 
 Many times after, divers of them, severally or a few net. of Nauset ; and lanounh. of Manlacbiest. This 
 toiTOthe-r. came to the plantation, where they would sachem, flautm^h] in the midst of those distr.tclions, 
 whet and sharpen th.^ points of the r knives hofore his saiil, * the (Jod ol the Knulish was olVondod with them, 
 face, and use many other insuKinj; yoslures and and would destroy thoin in bis anner.' From one of 
 Bpeecbes. Amoni; llie rest, Witluwamat braijixoii of, ihose idaces. a boat was sent with presema to the 
 thoexcelleney of his knife, on the handle of which was| vcrnur, hopinrr thoreliy to work their peace ; but t. 
 pictured a woman's face *Ilut, sa"d be. I have another ^ boat was lost, and three (tf the people drowned ; onl\ 
 Rt home, whorewilh I have killetl holh French and one escaped, who loturiu'd ; so that none of then) 
 Rnirlish, and that bath a man's (n.'i* on it. and hy and !<lurst come amonir us." 
 
 by, these two must he marrifd.* Further bo said of. Tho Indian who had heen conlined nt Plymouth, on 
 that knife which he there had. lliiinain mimm, hin- h\n oxantinatioii. confessed the plot ; in which livo per- 
 miin iHifheiu mi»//(i r<./.f, that is lo v,\\y , h\( and hy r/ 1 sons were principally concerned, of whom two were 
 shimld sfc, hit and Ay it should raf, hut not fffKink. Also ' killed. Ho protested his own imioccnce, and his life 
 Pocksout hoin^a man of ifroator stature than the cap- ! was spared on condition that he would carry a mossaijo 
 tain, tolil him. ' thoui;li you are a trroat captain, yet [to his sachem. I >l>lakicst. domandi.ijr three of Weston's 
 you arc hut a little man ; ihouub I he no sachom. yet . mon, whom he held in custody. A woman returned 
 I am a manof ifroat strength and courage. ' These , with his answer, that the mon wore kilhl before tho 
 thinu;9 the captain observed, but for the present, bore mossatro arrived, for which ho was very so.-ry. 
 them with palieneo. 1 Thus ended Weston's plantation, within one year 
 
 '* On the next day, Boeinij he could not fjet many of after it he^an. He had heen otie of the adventurers lo 
 llieni toirethor at onoo, hut Pecksout and Witluwamat ■ Plymouth ; hut cpiittod them, und took a separate ]>a- 
 beinij together, with another man, and the brother of tent ; anil bis plantation was intended to rival that of 
 Witluwamat, a youlh of ei^^bleou, puttintr many tricks, Plymouth He did not coim* in person to America, tilt 
 on the weaker sort of mon, and haviiii; about as many t)f alter tho dispersion of his people, some iy( whom ho 
 his own mon in the same room, ihe captain jjavollio word found anHiiiif the eastern lishermen. and Irom them be 
 to his mon ; aixl thodottr hein<! fast shut, bebo<run him* , lirst hoard of the ruin of bis enlerpri/.e. In a storm, he 
 •elf with Pecksout, and snatchin*; the knife from his was cast away between the rivers of Pascalaipia ami 
 
 neck, afier much strUiTulinu killei! him therewith ; tho 
 rest killed Witluwaniat andtlio ollwr man ; the youlh 
 they look and hani;«'d- It is incredible bow many 
 wounds these men recrived, before they <lied. not mak- 
 in-; any fearful noise, but catcbinj; at their weapons, 
 and strivini^ to the last. HobamiH'k stoml by as a s[>oc- 
 tator, observin<; how our men demeaned themselves 
 
 Merrimack, and was robhi'd by tho natives of alt which 
 he had saved from the wreck. Havirit; borrowed a suit 
 of clothes from some of the people at Pascalaipia. ho 
 came lo Plymouth ; whore, in consideration of Ins ne- 
 cossily, ihc (government tent him two hundrei) weiybt 
 of heaver, with which he sailed to tho eastward, with 
 such of bis own people as woro disposed to accompany 
 
 in the action ; which beini; ended, ho, smilini;. brake i him. It is observed that he never repaid the debt but 
 .forth and said. ' V'estorday IVcksout bra«;i:e\l of hisi with enmity and reproach. 
 
 own stronijth and stature, and told yon lliat though i The next adventure in winch we fmd ('aptain Stan- 
 you were a ijreat captain, yet you were but a lirtle'dish eniraijed. was at Cape Ami. where tho fishcrmer. 
 MMU ; but, to day, I see you are big enough to lay him lof Ptyiiioulli bad in lCt'*\ erected a sla<;e, and a com- 
 on the iiroiind.' p!^")' from the west of Kn»jlaud in the followini,' year 
 
 "There beini; some women at the same time there, had taken possession of it. Staudisli was ordered from 
 (.\iptain Slandish tell tbein in the custody of Weston s j Plymouth with a party to retake it ; but nu-t a refusal, 
 people, at the town ; and sent word tt) another com- i The controversy srew w.imi.and hiiih vvonls passed on 
 jiany to kill those Indian ;uen that wore amonu them biUti .•(ides. IJut the priiilence of Kii;rer Cmiant. aijcnl 
 IMn'se killed I wo more ; bimscltwilb some of his own for the west counlrymr'n, ami of Mr. Pii'n'o. nias'er nt 
 nn'U, went to aiiotlier place and killed anollier ; but ' their ship. preveiited matters from coiniiii; to extremity, 
 throuilh the iu'i»lii;enee of one man. an Indian escaped. | The ship's crew lent lln-ir assistance in buildiuii ano- 
 who disciivert'd anil erossed iht'ir proceeiliu;;s. ' iher sta^^e, which the Plvinoulh fisbe'men accepted in 
 
 'iCaplain Staudisli took ime half of his mon wirh one lieu of the former, and thus peace and harmony were 
 or two of Weston'sand Hobamoek. still seekinn them, i restored. Mr Hubbard, who has preserveil the memo- 
 At leti<;th they espied a file of Imlians. making toward , ry of llns adair, reltectsou ('aptain Staiidish in the fol- 
 them ; and there bein^ a small advanta<;e in the ground ' lowiui; niainier : He had been bred a soldier in the low 
 by reas.)n of a hill, both coni|i;nni's strovi- for it. Cap :ei "'itries, and ne\cr enlori'd into the scho'd of t'lirist, 
 tain Standirili i/tit il. whereupon the Indians retreated, iu: John the Haplist ; or if ever he was ihcre. be bad 
 Rud took each man hi^ tree, leltini; tly their arrows 'for„'. t Ins lirst lessons, looifervioh-nce to no man, and 
 amain, especially at himself and lIoJMmock. Where- tto ;. . t with the cloak, rather than needleH.sly coninnd 
 Upon Hobamock east «.1V his coal, and chased them so ■ for the coat. thoui.'h taken away without order. A 
 fast, that cur people were ihit able lo bold way with j tittle cbiimiey issoun fired ; S'l was the Plymoutli caj)- 
 him. They could have but one certain mark, the arm j tain, a man of very small stature, yd of a very hot ami 
 and half tlie face of a Uiitable villain as lie ilroiv f his I angry temper. The tire of his passion, soon kindled, 
 bow) ,it Captain Slandish, who with another, both dis 
 
 .l4l 
 
 charjett at him anil brake his arm When-upon they 
 (led into a swamp; when they were in the thicket. 
 Ihey parlied bnt ^ol nothini^ but font lanu'ua-.'e .So 
 oureapt,iin d.iri-d the s.irhi'in to come out and fiidit 
 tike a mm, shi>wii)^ how bate and woman like he was. 
 
 •This may eicite in soni" (inruls an ohipetion to ttio Im- 
 rniiiily of oiir forefiitlicrs. Ttp^ rcasari Ji^-iiniu'il for il wa^. 
 Unit It initflit imive a terror to nthers. In iiKitttTK *ii w.ir 
 mill patilii- jiiftire lln'V n'lf^rrvfl ttif (■u»i'i>rMM itml law,-*. •,( 
 Mh' K-.iili'li iiaiinn. .\slatr its the \. ir IT-IT. tin- lir:i.ls ..l 
 'III' liifils. who w.TC r-iin-crririt in Ihc S.-itt" n-ticlhoti, »rrr 
 , . .. I I- 1 I » I .- I I ,1 I .. ^*"* "!' "^er Ti-m[iI'-Hir, ltii< most fn-riuL-iitcd uas^at[t• tic- 
 
 lU loiiguui^ It an hu did i but he relused and lied. So , iwotn LonJon uiiii W eaiiiuualor. 
 
 antl blow.) up into a flame by hot words, might easily 
 have consumed all, had it not been bfasoiiably 
 (piencliod " 
 
 When ihe news of the transaclions at Wessauusset 
 where Slaiulisit had kilted the Indians, was carried to 
 Flurope. Mr. Kobinsoii from Itcyderi wrolo lo the 
 ('hnrcli of Plymonlh, "to ctmsiih'r tho dis|>nsiiion of 
 their captain, wlio was of a wan.) temper. He bopid 
 the I<on) hail sent him among ibom tor good, if Iht-v 
 used him right; but hodoul>ted wliether there was not 
 wanting that leiulerrn-ss of the life of man, made after 
 f iih) s imago, which was nn>et : and he lboui;bt it 
 would have been happy ifthey had converted hoimo, 
 bolore they bad killed any." • 
 
 The brsl apolo<ry forCaplain .Staiulish is, that ns a 
 soldier he had boon aeciislnriied to diseiplinc and obo 
 dience : thai he considered himself as ltii> miUlarv set 
 vantoftho colony, and received his orders fron. thi 
 ijiivernor and people. Sedentary persons are not al- 
 ways the best jmlijos of a soldier's iiioril or leelinirs. — 
 Mon of his 4iwn profession will a Imire the courage of 
 Siaiiilish.bis prompliludo aiidilccision in ih(>exe( ution 
 of his orders, .\o)Uie has ebari.'eil him either with fai- 
 lure in ))oiiil of obedience or of wantonlv exceeding iTle 
 limits of his commission. If ihe arm of llrsh were ne- 
 cessary loeslablihh the ri^'hts and defend tho lives and 
 properly of colonitits in a new country, surrounded with 
 enemies and false friends, certainly sueb a man as 
 Slandish. with all his imperfeetions, will hold a high 
 rank among the worthies of Now-Kngland. Mr. 
 Prince does not scruple to rcekon him among those he- 
 roes of aniiipiily, *' who chose lo sniVer aftticlion with 
 he people of (iod ; who throu<;h taith sululurd kieg- 
 ms, wrou!>ht rightemisnoss, obtained promises, 
 ... )pod them«iuths of lions, wa.xed valiant in fiiihl. and 
 turned to tbirlit the armies of the aliens;'' and evni 
 Mr. Hubbaid.ifi anoilicr part td' his history, says that 
 (Viplain Siaiidi.sh '* was a jfriitlemari very expert in 
 military service; by whom HiO people were all willing 
 to be rtrdered in those concerns. He was likewise im- 
 provi'd [employed] to irotwl aceeptance ami success in 
 affairs of the ••reatest moment in that colonv. lo whoso 
 interest he continued linn and stedf.ist lo the last, and 
 always manai/ed bis trust with great integrity and 
 faithfulness.'' 
 
 Two ships which had come with supplies to the co- 
 lony iho same year (ICc^.)) returned in iheanlumn with 
 cartjoes of lish ami furs. In one of these .Slandish 
 embarked as ag"nt for ihe colony, and arrived safely in 
 Kiiiiland ; the other was eaplured liy a Turkish ship 
 ofwar, audthe loss of her valuable carjjo was a severe 
 blow to the colony. He arrived in a very unfortunate 
 lime : the plague rairing in London, earried off more 
 than forty thousand people in the space ni one year. 
 ( *ommi>rce was slagnat<-tl, the nierehants and meinber.i 
 of llie council of . Now-Kngland were dispersed and no 
 moeling could be hidden All which Captain Stanuisb 
 coulil do, was, by pri\ate conference, to prepare the 
 way for a composition Willi ibectmipany ofadvenlurem, 
 and hy the help of a lew friends, with ynal Inmble and 
 danger, to procure a small (piantity of goods tortheco- 
 tony, amountiiiir to loO/. which he took npattheevor- 
 bilanl interest ai M) percent. With ihts iiisntlicient 
 but welcome supply, he n'turned lo Plymonlh, in ihe 
 Isprinir of Ifi'^MJ; brintrinir the sorrowCul news uf ibo 
 ] death of Mr. Kobinsnn ami Mr CuNlmian, 
 j Several atlenipts were, abont Ibis lime, made to 
 ! form planlalions. wilbin the Hay of Massachusetts, at 
 ; Cajic Ann and Pascalaipia. Amonn these adventiir- 
 . ers was one Captain Wollaslon, *' a man ofeonhulera- 
 ble parts, and with him three or four more of soino 
 I eminence, who brouiiht over many servants ami much 
 jpntvisions." He piti-lii-d on the sonllimi sid»' of Iho 
 ' bay, at the head of the creek, and called an Hdjoining 
 'hill Mount Widlaslon, [tjuiney ] I hie of his company 
 was Thomas Morion, "a pellifoijiFer of Funuvals 
 jinn," who had sonu' j»ro|HTly *■!' his own, or of other 
 I mon committed to liim. After a short trial, WollaS' 
 ton, nctt liiidinir his expoclations realized, went to Vir> 
 ginia, with a great jiarl of ihe servants ; and being liet> 
 tor pleased with that country, sent for the rest to ctimo 
 lo bill). Morton thought this a proper opporltinily to 
 ' make himself bead of the company ; and, in a ilruiiken 
 frolic, persuadul ihem to depuse rilcher, the lieute- 
 nant, and set up for lif-ii/i/ and fipiulitu. 
 I Cnder this influence they soon iM'ciime lieentioiiKard 
 ilebaui'hed. Thi'y stild their gooils lo Ihe natives lor 
 furs, tauiiht ihem the use ot anus, and emploxed ihom 
 in liunlmg They in\iied and received liiL<ttives tro'ii 
 all the nei'^bborinj' Keltlemenls ; and tbu.i endangcn'd 
 . their safely. :ind oblitretl ihem lo nmletheir stn>rt^'lh ni 
 j o]ipu8itiuii to ihcni. Captain Endicutt|frum ^'auiukcag, 
 
 '/^i^' 
 
 f 
 
 I ■■ r'S 
 
DIOOUAPIIIKS OF THE EARLY DISCO VERERS. 
 
 67 
 
 iril.i, niiuht oaiiily 
 liiM'ii iii'h«iuialily 
 
 H ill Wl'SHiliinn-rl 
 i»?«. wiiH c.irricil to 
 (Ml wriiti' lit th»' 
 till" ili«|)"»ili"ii "( 
 
 llllilT. Ill' llll|'lll 
 
 liir irnoil. if tli'V 
 
 ihlT lIllTl' WlKtl.lt 
 
 il' infill, iiiiiilc afiiT 
 11(1 he Ihiiii^lit It 
 1 coiivcrti-il w>i<ii', 
 
 ivliiih in, tlint nil a 
 liiii'l|ililli' ami ()l>i' 
 iHllir' iiiiliiary bct 
 is DnliTu I'riMii till 
 HTsiinH art' nitt al- 
 iii'rit i>r ti'i'liiiiiH.— 
 iiirr llic riiiiraao <il 
 nil ill tlicrMcnlliiill 
 liiin lilliiT Willi liii- 
 Imily rxcei'ilina 'Tio 
 rniiirili'xli wen' lie- 
 Icli'iidtlie livi'Hand 
 Iry.rturriMimiril with 
 ilv HUi'li a man an 
 m', will liolil a liinh 
 ewK.TiS!laiiil Mr. 
 iiii aninii!! Iluiselie- 
 iill'cr allliclinn willi 
 lailli shIkIuiiI kirj,'- 
 iililaiiiod |iriiiiiim's, 
 valiant in tijilil. ami 
 I aliniH ;■' ami pvi'h 
 in hihlory. »ay» lliat 
 mail very cxpiTt in 
 ■plo wtTi' all willin;; 
 III' wasliki'wiM" im- 
 aiii'i' anil »licri'ss in 
 liat i-iil.Miy, liiwliiise 
 ill'acttii liicla»l, nnil 
 great iiiti'srily ami 
 
 Ih siipiilios tiitlipr.i- 
 
 il ill till' autiinin willi 
 
 II' 111' llii'sic Slaiiilinti 
 
 iilarrivi'il salflv in 
 
 lliv 
 
 I'lirkisli "liip 
 iriiii was a t.ovrie 
 very nnrnrliinalo 
 carrii'il iifl' mure 
 arc 111' mil' year, 
 lilts ami iiiriiilii'rn 
 ilihpi'rsril ami iiu 
 Captain Stamiisli 
 
 'III!', tu prepare 
 
 the 
 
 ipaliyiirailvelltlireril, 
 
 illi lireal iriiiilile ami 
 
 il'iiiiiiils liirllieeo- 
 
 iiik lip at llieexiir- 
 
 Villl lliis iiiiiiirieielil 
 
 riviiiiiiiili. ill 111'" 
 
 i«l'iil news of lli« 
 
 shiiian. 
 
 Ins lime, niaile to 
 ill Mai-.iailiil'-ells, .It 
 111 lliese ailvelltlir- 
 iiiali iife.iiiMilera- 
 Imir imire nf suniu 
 aervants ami iiiiieh 
 iiilliern aiile 111' III" 
 alleil an Hiljniniii'^ 
 )iieiil'lii»eiiiiipaiiy 
 iijier of Furnival 8 
 liin iiwii. ur iif oilier 
 »liiirt Irial, Wollas- 
 realizeil.went to \'ir* 
 aiils ; anil lieiii^ liet- 
 il lor till- rent loeunm 
 Jioper opportunity to 
 V ; ami, in a ilrniikon 
 ' I'ilelier, the lieute- 
 
 JlllllltU. 
 
 •eamelieenlioiiiini'.il 
 iiU to llie iialiveH Inr 
 
 ami eniployeil Ihem 
 .iivi'.l tuiiilives I'. nil 
 iii.l tliii, eiiilaiij;eri'il 
 lillellieir atreiialli ill 
 :ult,rruiu>'uumkiaft, 
 
 1^ 
 
 :t 
 
 made tlirni ii viitit, itiul travr iht'in n tirniill clink, hy 
 cutliiiir ilowii a Miiy|i<)l4>. wliuli ihcy liiut rrcctid .mn 
 CPtitriil point Mt ()issi|)ali(Hi amt p\lriiviii;iiiii'u ; luil it 
 wa* nsiTvod fi»r <^i|it.iin Stamlisli to break tip their 
 inlaniotixriimhiiialloti. AUer rrpt'alci) iVii'iully ailriioni- 
 lioM«. wliirli wt'M' limri'ifanlrtl. atllir rniucsl and j-mit 
 oxiM'nRC* of thf'ftcatti'ri'd plaiitorii. and b\ order ul the 
 Uovcrmnrrit nl IMyiiiouth.he went to Mount Wolhinton. 
 and (tuininoni'd Mnrtori toMiirrernh'r Morton prepared 
 for hi>4 delenee, armed hin adhfreiits. heated I hem with 
 liquor, and answered Standinh with ahnnive laniriiaue, 
 Uiil, when lie .stepped out orhi>4 door, to take aim at 
 \ii>> antui'oui.'it, the r.iplain ^ei/ed liiri ntusk(^t wilh one 
 hand and hi» eoNar vvilli the nllier. and made hun pri- 
 ■oiuT Till' olherwipuelly Mulmiilled .Nohhiod was shed 
 ii.ra iiHu tired. They were iill emidueted to Plymoulli, 
 and then «ehl to Mmrland ; where Morton wa« treateil 
 with lenH Meverity than he de-served, and waHperuulled 
 to return ami i!isturh the settiiMneiits, tdl thee^tahhsh- 
 mefit of the MasHiiehusettrt eol-my when he retired lo 
 l*iseatai|ua. and there ended hiKdayit. 
 
 Alter this eiHMUuter. whieh hajipi'iied in 10^8. we 
 have no partirular areonnt nt t'.iplain Slandish- He 
 in not mentioned in the atrount of the l'e<|U<)t war, in 
 ltj.J7. He was ehoseii one of (he laa^.sIrateM or assist- 
 unts of Hlymoiith .Jotoiiy as lon^ as he lived. As he 
 advanred in years, he wa** nmeh alllieted with the st(me 
 and the straui^ury ; he Uiod in l().')li, hein<r then very 
 old, at Uuxhnry, near INymouth ; where he had a tract 
 of land, whieh to this day is known by the name of 
 Capt. tin's Hill- 
 He had r)ue fion. Alexander, who died in Uuxbury. 
 Thi' late I)' Wheeloek, founder of Dartmouth Colleye, 
 and Mr. Kifklata.', Missionary to tlie Iiulians, were de 
 heeutled IVoui him. One of his ^nindsouKWaM in pos- 
 Hcssiori of his roat uf mail, whieh is now supposed to 
 he h)Ht ; but hi.-f sword is preserved in the ('abniet of 
 the Hislorieal >oiMety, of which one of hisdeseendants. 
 John Thornton Kirklaml, is a ineiiil>er. His name is 
 Mill venerated, and tlie niereli.i'ils of l^lynioittli and 
 Uoston have named their ships alter him. His poste- 
 rity chietly reside in several towmt of the county of 
 Plymouth. 
 
 JOH\ WINTHKOP, 
 
 riUBT OOVKRNOR OK MA8S.\(HL'SKTTS. 
 
 Ji'iIiT WiMTiiBop— Hisiiirth ami nnrestry— FirsKiovenmr of 
 X\,« CuloiiieH— His l-'luirarler— Kt.'iiiimallMiiof Ins acccuml-s 
 nn«l lioiiiir:iltln re*oilt— IIih liiniulilv, tiriurioss, nml (li-ii- 
 siiiti— His ililliriiUies wnli M'-s. Iliilclinisnii hiiiI Iut ful- 
 JoWLTs -Hn rirm ami cnrrert eoiitiiirt Willi ttie Cliurcli at 
 U>**oii -His iijmiiMiis (.r Hciiuiiraiy, MaKistnicy i(ti>l Li- 
 bert)— Hii [trniiiiJiry i'iiiliarra-«siiii;iit.'i iml atlliclKms -Mis 
 death -I'resrrviitiiin i»f Ins piettiru ui the Svnato Clidintjer 
 of MaiMiclmsults — Hut jxtitienty. 
 
 This worthy ::entlrrn;m wasdesceniled from afamilv 
 
 n'niarkabje for its attachment tn the refunned reh<rion, 
 from the earliest period of the Iteforinaiiou. His<,rrand< 
 faUier. Adam Wimhrop. was an eminent lawyer and 
 lover of the (iospel, in the reiijn of Henrv VIH. ami 
 brother to a menioraltle friend of the Heformation. in 
 the rei-rn of Mary I in whose hamU the Martyr Phil- 
 pot let\ hi.-f jiaper. wliieh make ;i cousiderahh' part id" 
 the History ofthcMartyrs His father, AdamWinthrop. 
 wai a ixetilh'inan of the same prdessinn and ehararli>r. 
 (itivernor Wintbrop was b(»rn at the f.unilv seat at 
 (■niton, in SniVolk, June 12. 1 5S7, and was breil to the 
 law. tht)U:fh he had a stmni; tnehuation to l!ii>o|<><ric;il 
 studies. At the ai;e <tf ei-rhieeri he was math- a justice 
 of the peace, and his virtues tiecarne conspicuous. H,. 
 was exemplary in his professi.m as an uprii.dil and im- 
 pftMial mairistrate. and in bis private character as ii 
 elirislii'.n He had wisdom to tli>.cerri, and torlitude |.i 
 ili> ri^rht 111 the exe<-ution id' bis utiiee ; and as a yentle 
 man, was remarkalde t'--, hberality and hospitality 
 These ipmhties remlereil 'lini dear to men of sobrietv 
 and reh<rion, and lilted him to enj^'aije in tbeirreat anil 
 ditlicult work of foundiiiL' a colony. 
 
 When the desi:.ni of setllini; a cojony iu \ewKni»land 
 washy some eminent |M'r:i.»ns undertaken, this m'liUe- 
 n»iin was, by the consent of all, chosen lor ibeirFeader. 
 Having converted a hue estate of six ur seven hundred 
 
 • Frum (lie hill nf i-speime. mm.I ti» the CiMincil M New 
 Ciik'l;iiut, may he Keen thu imiiiher anU altliily ul' lliu plaiita- 
 
 uoiis III uvm. 
 
 PIviiiuiith roiitnhuteil 91. p) 
 
 NauntkeuK- (>ialt>iii) ■> |ii 
 
 l*)fieiita<)iiack, [Miiioirit t'tiin|)any] 3 |0 
 
 Mr. Jiiiriey mill UiirNlcin, 1 
 
 N:|llt;LM-nt, { ]0 
 
 Mr. T!i'uiiHi>ii. tSi|iiaiitiim nerkl 15 
 
 M(. Ithi<-kst»n, tll.i:«t>.n) 13 
 
 Ml Ktlwaril UiKun, [Uuvpr] 1 
 
 «~7 
 
 I poinuls sterlin'f per annum into money, be embarked 
 I for New Dni^tanil, in the forty llnril year of his ai;e ami 
 arrivetl at Salem wilh the Massachusetts charier. June 
 l*i, ll).)(). Within live days, he, willi stuneof the prin- 
 cipal persons of the enlonv travelled ihroui^h tlie woods 
 twenty miles, to hiok out a convenient situation for a 
 town, in some part of the May of Massacbuselts. ^ome 
 of them built (heir huts 011 the north side of ('liarles' 
 river, [rbarleHtown] hut the uovemor, and most id' the 
 asNislants pitchetl upon the peninsula of S/mirtifiit and 
 lived there the firnt winter, iiiteuilin:.r in thi' spriim Iu 
 build a fortitied town, but uuih-lermined as to its silua* 
 tiHii. On the sixth of Hecember, Ibey resolved to for- 
 tifv the isthmus of that |H-ninKula ; but cbanu'inif their 
 uunds before the month expired, they agreed upon a 
 place about three miles above ('bartcflown, whieh Ihey 
 called lirst Newtown, and afterwanU<'aniIiridi.'e, where 
 (hey enifai.'1'd to build bouses the eiisuinir sprini;. 'J"he 
 rest nf llie winter they sullered tniicli by the bcverily 
 of the sea.son, and were obliL'rd to live upon acorns, 
 i^roiindnuts, and shell fihb One td' the poorer sort 
 cominir to the •Governor to complain, w.is told llial the 
 last batch was in the oven, Iiut of this he had his share. 
 They hail appointed the 2'Jd td'Kehruary for a fast , but 
 hetiire it eaine, a ship arrived w illi provisions, and they 
 turned it into a d.iy of thaiiksirivin^. 
 
 In the Hprin<T of 11)1)1, in pursuance of the intended 
 plan, the trovernor set up the frame of an bouse at 
 Newtown ; the deputy (rovcrnor also built one, and re- 
 moved liitt family. About this time Cbieketavvhu, the 
 chief of (be Indians in that nei^rhbourlniiKl. made a visit 
 lo the jfovernor, \vi(h hitrh professions of frieiulslup 
 The app'-eliensi(ui of danger from the Indian.s abated, 
 and theHcheme of a fortilied town was |fradually laid 
 aside; though if it had been retaineit. the peninsuta 
 would have been a situation far preferalile lo Newtown. 
 The governor lo.ik down his frame and removeil it to 
 .Shawmut, which was finally determined upon fur the 
 metropolis, and named IJoslon. 
 
 'I"he three fottowini; years he was coniinued, by an- 
 nual election, at the head of the iiovernment, for which 
 utiice he wasemineiitty (piabfied, and in which he shone 
 wilh a lustre, which would have done him honor in a lar- 
 trer sphere and a more elevated situation. He was the 
 father, as well as the ^o\eriior, of an inlaiit plaiilaliim. 
 His lime, his study, bis exertions, hi.H inlluence and his 
 interest were all einployeil in the public service. His 
 wisdom, patience ami iiia<rnaiiimity were eon-picuous 
 in the most severe trials, and his exemplary behaviour 
 as a chrisi an ad. led a splendor to all his rare qualilica- 
 tions. Ht^ naintained tbediyiiity of a i»overnor with the 
 obli;.'ini; roiule.scension of a (rendeinan, and was so de- 
 servedly respected and beloved, that when Archbishop 
 laud, hearkeninirto some calumnies raised at;aiiii>t the 
 country on aceounl of iheir Puritan principles, sum- 
 moiietl one Mr (.-'leaves Itefore Kini» (.'harlcs I in liupes 
 of i/ettinjj some accusation aeainst the yovernor, he 
 yave such an account of bis iautlable deportiiHuit in his 
 Htatiun, and withal of the devotion w ilh which prayers 
 were made, both in private and public, for the kin;r. 
 that (Miarles expressed Ins eoni-ern, that so worlliv a 
 person as Mr. Winthrop bhonld lu' no better accomo- 
 dated than in an American wilderne^K. 
 
 He was an example to the people d.'that fru:;atitv, 
 decency ami temperance which were necessary in their 
 ( ireiiinstanees. and evin denied himself many of the 
 elejjaiieies and superlluiliesof life, which his rank, and 
 fortune ijave him a just title to enjoy, both that he mi^bt 
 set them a proper example, and be the belter enabled 
 to exercise that liberality in which be delii:!ited, even, 
 in the end, to the actual impoverishinent of himself and 
 bis family. He would often s<'iid bis servants .ui some 
 errand, at meal times, to the houses of his neiL'hliors, 
 lo see how ibey were proviileil wilh fo(»d ; and if there 
 was a detieiency, would sujipl, them from his own ta- 
 ble. 'I'lie billowiiitr siiiyular instance of his charity, 
 mixed with humor, will yive us an idea of the man. 
 In a very severe winter, when wood beiraii lo he scarce 
 in Boston, be received private inlormation, thai a 
 neighbor was wont lo help biinself from the pile at his 
 door. ** Ooi'M he," naid the ^ove^nor, '* ea!l bini to 
 me, and I will take a course with him that shall cure 
 him of stealinij '' The man appeared, and the ijover- 
 nor addresHed him thus. *• Kriend it is a cold winter, 
 and I hcHF you are meanly provided with woihI, you 
 are welcome tohelpyimrHelf at my pile till the winter 
 in over " And then merrily asked his friend whether 
 he had not put a stop to the man s stealinur ! 
 
 In llie adininistrati.m of justice, he was for temper- 
 iiiiT the severity of law wi'h thi exeicise of mercy. 
 He judiied that in the infancy u*' n plantation, justice 
 should be admini&ttn d with iiioro lonity than in a sot- 
 
 tied stale. Hut wheuolner^'enllempn nl h'ariiinf^rfnd 
 inlluence had taken dtleiice at bis lenity, and adopted 
 an iipiiii<m that a stricter discipline was necessary, he 
 Hubmittcd to their jiidi^ment, and strictly iidhereil to 
 the proposals which were made to support tlu* dij/nity 
 of iro\erniiient,by an appearance of union and finnness, 
 and a concealment of dilVereiiceH and dihric'iitioiifl 
 amori^ the public idl'ieerri. 
 
 His delicacy was so ^reat. that, though he couM not 
 without incivility iliM-line aceeptin;r ^ratuilieii from ili- 
 vers low IIS, ns well a* particular peraoiiH, for bis iiubln: 
 HiTvieett, yet betook occasion ilia public s|>eeeh, at 
 bis Ihird election to declare, that " he recei\ej llieiii 
 wilh a Iremhlin^ liami in rejrartl of (lod s wurd, ami U\* 
 own infirmity, ' and desired them, that for the fuliire 
 they would not be ollendcd, if he should wholly refukO 
 such presents. 
 
 In the year 10:11, and the two years followini;, hfl 
 was left out of the nia<iislracy. 'I houi^h hisconducl, 
 from hi.- tirst eiii.'ai'in^ in the service of the rolony, had 
 heeii irreproachable, yet the erny of some, raised a 
 suspicion of bis falelity, and ]:<>^<' him a small taste of 
 what, in nihcr popular uo\eriuiient», their erealest be- 
 nefactors have bad a lar<;e share of An ini|uiry hav- 
 iiii; been made of bis receipts and disbursements td'llio 
 public moneys, durini; bih past administration, though 
 it was eimducted in a maiiiier too harsh for his delicate 
 Rensihiliiy, yet he patiently submitted to the examiiiii' 
 lion of bis accoiirts, which ended to bis honor, rpoii 
 which occasion he made a declaration whit h he cim- 
 eluded in these wonls ; — '* In the thiiitri* which I olfer, 
 I rider myself to the wisdom ami justice of the Court, 
 with this protestation, that it repentetb me not of my 
 cost and labor bestowed in the ser\iee of this (*t>m- 
 inonwealtb ; but I do heartily bless tlie liortl our Gixl, 
 that be has been pleased to honor me so far as tn call 
 ;or any thiiii; be bath bestoweil upim me, fur the ser- 
 vice at' his cimrch and people here ; ttie prosprrlty 
 whereof, and his gracious acceptance, shall bo an 
 abuutlant recompense to me " 
 
 The same rare humility and s'eaily eipjntity of mind, 
 were conspicti'ii:s in his behavior, when ;i pretence wa.i 
 raised to ^et him h'ft out of the Lriivernnu'nt, lest by 
 the too freipii'iit choice td' one man, the oH'ice tihoul I 
 cease to he elective, and seem to be his by preseriptitm. 
 This pretence was advanced even in the election tter- 
 nions ; and when he was in fact reduced to a hmer 
 station in the ;;o\erninent, he emleavtmretl to serve Ihi^ 
 people as faithfully as in the hiijbest, nor would h** suf- 
 ier any notice to be taken td some unilue inelhmis, 
 which were usetl to have him left out of the clioiee. 
 An insUiice of this rare temper, and the happy fruit 
 of it, deserves remembrance There was a time when 
 he received a very anyry letter from a member td the 
 t'oiirt. which havinjj read, he ihdivered back to the 
 messeiieer with this answ er '■ I am not w illin;» tt) keep 
 by me such a matter of provocation." Miortlv atier, 
 the writer of this letter was ctimpelled by llii scarcity 
 of provision, lo tiv\u\ to buy one td' the jioveriiors cat- 
 tle : he bemieil Irim to accept it as a t.'il't, in token nf 
 his iTooil will. On which the i.!eiilleman came lo him 
 with tliii acknowledi.nneiil '• Sir, your overcomin^^ 
 yourself, hath overcome me." 
 
 Uut tlioneli eontlcM'emhii;; and (.'cntle on every tx-ca- 
 kion of personal ill Ireatment, yet where the honor of 
 irovernnient or reli;;iou, and tlie interest of the peo|ilu 
 werecoiiciTued.lie was e.pially firm aiitl intrepid, slaiul- 
 ino foremnsl in oppo^ition to those whom he juil^ed to 
 be really public enemies. tboiiiih in tbedisyuise of warm 
 and /.ealous tViemls Of this number v\as the famous 
 A.NSA HtT'HiN>ov, a woman of a niaRculine undei- 
 htandin<r anil consuinmale art. who held priiate lectures 
 to the women at her house, in which she advanced these 
 tlnelrines, viz. *' That the Holy (ihost dwells jiirsoniilly 
 in a jiistifietl person, a ml that sa net ilicat ion tloes not cvi- 
 tlenee jusliiication." Those who heltt with her wero 
 saiil to be " iintler a covenant id" yrace." and those wh.' 
 opposed her" under a covenant of works. ' Intothosn 
 twrt denominations the whi-le eobuiy he>«an to Im- tli\i- 
 tletl Her adherents prevailed in ir>:t(i, to choose for 
 itovernor, Hknuv Vvnk.* a younm.'cntlenian of annp- 
 parently yrave and serious tleportmenl, wlm bad just 
 arrived from Kiiirland, and who pai I i:reat allention to 
 this woman, and seeniet) zealously attached lo her dis- 
 
 •Tlii» t'eriton. .so well known RnerwarUs tn England, is 
 ' thus cliaiai-ten/i'il hy |,ortl (.'larentlnii : 
 
 I " A man i.f ure.u imtMritl ((arts anti nf vrrv prnfoimd ths- 
 ; siiiiiiiatiiiii.oi .i ',iitrkr()nr.-j-tion am) r'ailv, sliar|.aiKl ^tiuhty 
 >\()n ssi'iri. \W had nn niiiisiiitl aspect, a vulium < Ian it urn 
 
 I thai t)loiii;)i I lan < oiittl ninkc n t:ltl-^s nf w hat he inltMiilefl, 
 
 ,y('l niadf- mrn thmk lucte was stuiitihiiiK 111 him extraor 
 ftmarv, atvl Ins whnle lile nia-h- l"<>iI that inmk'iiiathin 
 .Tht-rc niL-'i no more he ii.*i.l of hm ulnliiy, ihiwi iliut hu m&s 
 
SB 
 
 AM E It r*: AN lUSTOUV 
 
 tinguUhhi}; tenrU. Winlhrop, thi'ii ilriHity ynvminr, 
 luit only tliirrrod in Kcntimoiit, Imt anw the pcrnii-iotiM 
 inllunnco of ihis conlrovprftV wilh rrynH. luul frarnl. 
 thnt if it wercHuniTt'tl toitrrvatl, it wiiiild niilaii^rrr tlio 
 existence uftlio colony. In the hciUordir rontrovtr- 
 «y, Wheelwright, fi zeatcniM KiTtnriaii. prrarhnl a Hcr- 
 mon, which not only cnrricil theHc pointH to ihi-ir iitinoxt 
 leni(th,lMit contained Home exjircNHioMH which the ( 'ourt 
 laiiThuld of an tendinff to sedition, for which he wax 
 cxnminett ; but a more full iiupiiry waft deferred for that 
 time. Some warm brethren of lloKton pcliliotieil the 
 Court in Wheelwrijjht's favor, rcllcclinir on ihcir pro- 
 ceetlingfi, which raided hucIi a rcNrntnicnt in thct'onrl 
 njfainut the town that a rnotinn was made for Ihe next 
 viectiontolw inadeat(*amhrid^e. Vane, the jtrovrmor. 
 havinj? no negative vt>ice,coiild oidy kIiow hiiidiHhkeby 
 refuKin^ to put the question Winlhrop, the deputy 
 governor, declined it, aw bein<r ao inhahitant of IIckIou ; 
 the qucHtion wan then put by Kndicot of Suleni, and 
 carried for the removal. 
 
 At the opening of •he election. (May !7, Wt'M) a pe- 
 tition waaai^ain presented by many inl)al)itantH of Huh 
 ton, which Vane would have read previous to the 
 choice. Winthrop, who clearly saw that Ihiti wai* 
 a contrivance to throw all inli> coiifuNion, and t4|>end 
 tbo day in debate, that the election niiiiht be prevented 
 for that time, ojtpoHed the readin^r of (be petition until 
 the election Hhould be over Vane and Win parly were 
 ■trenuouH, but Winthrop called to the people to diviile, 
 and the majority appe.ircil for the election. Vane Hiill 
 refused, till Winthrop Haid he woulil proceed without 
 him, whicli obliged him to oubmit. 'I'be cb'clion wan 
 carried in favor i>f Winthrop ami hifi friemlii. The xer- 
 jeanti who had waited on Vane to the place of election, 
 threw down their balberdn, and refu^ied to attend the 
 newly elected governor; betook no other notice tifthe 
 nirront.lhan to order his own Kcrvants tobeartbetn be- 
 fore him, and when the people expreNAcil their reNciit 
 ment, he liegged them to overlook the matter. 
 
 The town of Hofiton being generally in favor of the 
 new opinions, (he governor grew unpopular there, and 
 a law wliich watt paKHed this year of his restoration to 
 ollice. increased their dislike. Many persons who were 
 supported to favor those opinitm.*), were expected from 
 England, to prevent whose ttettlement in ihecimntry, 
 the Court laid a penalty im all who should entertain anv 
 strangers, or allow (hem the use of any house, or lot, 
 above three weeks, without liberty first granted. This 
 tteveie order was so ill received in Itoston, that on the 
 governors return from the Court of CambridL'e, they 
 all refused to go out to meet him. or to show him any 
 token of resjiect. Tlie other towns on this m-casion 
 increased their respect towards him, and the same sum- 
 mer, in a journey to Ipswich, he was guarded from 
 town to town with more ceremony than he desired. 
 
 The same year a synod was called to determine on 
 the controverted poinlH, in which assembly Winthrop, 
 though he did not preside, yet as the head of the civil 
 magistracy, was obliged ollen to interpose his authority, 
 which he (lid with wisdom and gravity, silencing pas- 
 sionate and impertinent speakers, desiring that the di- 
 vine or.iclei might be alloweil to express their own 
 meaning, and be appealed to for the decisitui of the 
 controversy; and when be saw heat and passion prevail 
 in the assembly, he wouM .uljourn it.that tinu' might he 
 allowed for co^^l consifleralion, by which prudent man- 
 agement, the synorl came to an amicable agreement in 
 condemning the errors of the day. Hut the work was 
 not wholly done, until the erroneous persons were 
 banished the colony. This net of severity the ('ourt 
 thought necessary for the peace of the ('ommon wealth. 
 Toleration had nt)t then been introduced into anv nf 
 the Protf'Rtaht countries, an<l even the wisest ami Ih-si 
 men were afraid of it as the jiarent of all error and 
 miscltief. 
 
 Some of the zealous opinionists in the church of 
 Boston, would have bad i be elders proceed airainstlbe 
 governor in the way (4'erclesiastical discipline, for his 
 uclivity in procuring tbesentenceof banishment on their 
 brethren. I'pon this occasion in a well jmlged speech 
 to the congregaliim, he told them that " though in his 
 private capacity, it was his duly to submit to the cen- 
 sure of bis brethren, yet he was not amenable to them 
 tor his conduct as a magistrate, even thoui^h it were 
 unjust. That in the present ease, he Jiad acted accord- 
 ing to his conscience and bis oath, and hi/ thr tuhur of 
 tfte tf/Jr* of :hr rhiirrh, and was fully satisfied that it 
 would ni>t haye been consislcnt with the public pence 
 to have done othcrwiiie." These reasons satisfied the 
 
 cbosen lo m/en a\\\ di*reive a whnio nalmti (ilm Kcntsj 
 -A'liicli wai iliuuglit to cxrt*l 111 i-raft ami cunauitf wliU'li I 
 iid Willi 1 uolalilu pn-gitaiicy atid dextority." 
 
 uneasy brethren, an<l his general condescending ami 
 obliging deportment, so restored him to their allectioris, 
 that he was held in greater esteem than be lore ; as a 
 proof i>f this, upon mcasion (da loss \* Inch be bad 
 sustained in his leniporal estate, they ni.tde him a pre* 
 sent, amoiniting to hcveral humlreil pounds. 
 
 A warm dispute having arisen in the (icncral Court 
 concerning the negative voice of the I'pper House, the 
 goverih)rpublishcd his sent iinenis in wriliiig, some pas- 
 sages (d' which iiivinu great olfence, be took i«'casi(m 
 
 at the next i 'ting of Ihe Court in a public speech to 
 
 tell tbeni " that as to ihe tmttfn of his writnig. it was 
 according to his jiidumeni, which was not iit bis own 
 dispoAal, and that having examined il by the rules of 
 reason, reli<.'ion. and cusloin, he saw no cause to re- 
 tract it ; but as for the m'lniui, which was wludly bis 
 own, he was ready to acknowledge whatever was 
 bhuneable. lie said, that what he wrote was on gnat 
 prov(H'atlon, and lo vindic;>le himself and others from 
 nigust aspersions, yet he ought not lo have allowed a 
 distemper of spirit, nor to have been so free with the 
 repulalion of his brethren ; that he might have main* 
 tainedhis(Muse without casting any relleclionon them, 
 aitd that he perceived an unbec(»nrmg pride and arro- 
 ganey in sonie of his exprcssiims, for which be desired 
 forgiveness of (iod and man I" Hy ibis condescending 
 spirit, be greatly endeared himself to his friends, and 
 bis enemies were ashamed of I heir o|t))osition. 
 
 He had nut so high an opinion of a (/cmmfa/ird/ go- 
 vernment as some other gentlenuMi u\' e(pial wisdom 
 and goisbiess ; hut plainly perceived a danger in refer- 
 ring maltera of counsel and judicature to the biKly of 
 the people ; and when those who had removed to (/(m- 
 nccticiit, were about fornnng their goveriunent, be 
 warned them of this danger in a friendly and faithful 
 letter, wherein are these renirt.'kable words: •*The 
 best part of a conunuiiily is always Ihe /r^jf and of 
 that best part the wiser is still dsn ; wherefore the old 
 canon was, choose ye out judges, and thou tihalt bring 
 the matter before the judge." 
 
 In Hitri, when be was deputy governor, a great dis- 
 turbance was raised by sonic pttilloncrs from Hing- 
 ham, who complained that Ihe fundamental laws of 
 Kngland were not owm-d in the colony as ihe basis of 
 goveriunent ; that civil privileges were denied to meiit 
 n>erely for not being members of the churches ; and 
 they could not enjoy divine ordinances because they 
 belonged to the Church of Hngland. With these com- 
 plaints, they petitioned for liberty of c(mseience ; or, 
 if that could not be granted, for freedom from taxes 
 ami military services ; the petition concluded with a 
 menace, that in case of a refusal, complaint would be 
 bad to the {'arlianuMit id' Kngland. This pelili(m gave 
 much offence, and the pclilioners were cited lo Court, 
 and lined as '* movers to sedition.'' Winthrop was 
 active in their prosecution ; but a party in the Mouse of 
 Deputies was sostnmg in their favor us to carry a vote, 
 reiiuiring him to answer for his c(m(luct in public; the 
 result of which was, that he was honorably acquitted. 
 Then resuming his seat, he tm>k that opportunity |>ub< 
 licly lo declare his sent imenls on the (pieslions concern- 
 ing the authority of the magistracy, and the liberty of 
 the people. '• Yini have called us," said he, to oHice, 
 but being called, we have our authority from <f od, it is 
 the ordinance of (ttsl, and halh the image of (.uhI 
 stamped on it ; and the contempt of it hath been vin- 
 dicated by(io(l wilh terrible examples of his %engeance. 
 When you choose magistrates, you take them from 
 among yourselves, men subjtK't to the like passiims 
 with yimrselves. Ify(m see our infinnities, rellect on 
 your own, and y(m will not be so severe on ours. The 
 covenant iK-twcen us and you is. that we shall g(Wern 
 ycm and judge your causes according to the laws of 
 (lod^ and our best skill. As for our skill, you must 
 run the hazard fi it ; and if there be an error, not in 
 the will, but the skill, it becomes you to bear it. Nor 
 would I have y(m mistake in the point of your lil>erty. 
 There is a liberty of corrupt nature, which is inconsis- 
 tent with authority, impatient of restraint, the grand 
 enemy of truth and peace, and all the ordinances of 
 God are bent against it. Hut there is a civil, moral, 
 federal liberty, which is the proper end and object of 
 authority, a liberty for that only which isjirsTanduoon. 
 VoT this liberty you are to stand wilh y(mr lives ; and 
 whatever crosses il, is not autborily, but a distemper 
 thereof. This liberty is maintained in a way of sub- 
 jection to nulhority, and the authority set over you will 
 in all administrations for y(air good, be quietly sub- 
 mitted to by all but such as have a disposition li» shake 
 
 olVthe yoke, and lose iheir liheity by murmuring at tho 
 honor and power of iiuthorilv. ' 
 
 'I Ins kind i>f argument was fre(pienlly urued by tho 
 falbers of iS'ew Kngland in jusiilM-alion id' Iheir severity 
 toward those who disMMitcd Irom iIicm They main- 
 tained that all men had liberty to do ni,'/f/, hut no IiIht* 
 ly lo do wronir However true this principle nuiy be in 
 point of inoralily« yel in matters (d' opinion, in modes ot 
 faith, worship, and ecclesiastic, d order, ihe (piestion \.\ 
 who shall he the judge of rif^bl anri wrong ' audit is too 
 evident fi.un their conduct, that they sup|Hmed tho 
 power of judging to be in those who were vested with 
 anlliority ; a principle dcslriiclive of lihcrty ol con- 
 science, aiidlhe right of privatejud:.'meiit, and big with 
 all the horrors of persecution The exercise ol such 
 anlliority they condemned in the high church parly, who 
 bad oppressed Ihein in Kngland; and yel, such is thii 
 frailty of human nature, they held the same priiicijdcM, 
 and pnicliscd the same oppressions on those who dis- 
 sented from them. Winlhrop. hebire he lel\ Kngland* 
 was of more Catholic spirit than some of Ins brethren ; 
 alter be had come to America, he b-ll in with the 
 reigning principle of intolerancy, which abnosi all the 
 Kelitrmers unhappily retained as a reliel ol the persi'cu- 
 ling church, from which they had separated ; hut iisbfl 
 advanced in life, he resumed his former moderation ; 
 and in llie time of Ins last sickness, w hen Dudley, tbo 
 dcputy-gtwcrnor pressed biin lo sign an order bir the 
 banishment of a person who was tlccined hetcnHlox, 
 be refused, saying, that " he had done loo much of 
 that work already.'* 
 
 Having devoted the greatest part of bis interest to 
 the service of the public, and sulVering many losses by 
 accidents, and by b>aving the nuinagement of his pri- 
 vate alliiirs lo unfaithful servants, whilst bis whole 
 lime and iiltenlion were emphiycd in the public busi- 
 ness^ bis forlune was so much impaired, that some 
 years hpfore his death, be was obliged lo sell the most 
 of his estate for the payntent of an aceuinulaled debt. 
 He also met wilh much allliction in bis family, h.iving 
 buried three wives and six children. These tronhles* 
 joined lo the oppositio'. and ill treatment wliich he 
 , frequently met wilh from '«.me of the people, so preyed 
 upon his nature, already much worn by ihe toils ami 
 hardships of plantinga cidony in a wilderness, thai he 
 )ierccived a decay of bis facullies seven years beforo 
 lie reached his grand diinateric and oHen spoke of bis 
 approaching dissolution, with a calm re^ignalion to the 
 will of Heaven. At length, when he had entered ibti 
 sixty- third year nf bis age, a fever (wcasioned by a cold. 
 aOer one month's conbncnienl. put an end lo his lite 
 (Ui the *iCtl\\ of March. Hill). 
 
 The island culled (lovcrnor's Island, in the harbor 
 of Itoston, was granted lit him, and still remains in the 
 possessi(m of his descendants. His picture is preservinl 
 in the senatechandicr. with those of oilier ancient 
 governors. I'be bouse in ^^bicb be lived, remained till 
 177.'), when, wilh many other oU\ womlcn buihlings, it 
 wan pulled down by the Hrilish troops bir fuel. Ho 
 kept an exact journal ol the occurrences and transtic- 
 tions in the colony during his resi(b>nee in it. Tiiis 
 journal was of great service to several historians, par- 
 ticularly Hubbard, Mather, and Prince. It is siill in 
 possession oflbe ('oiuieclic.it bra tub of his family, and 
 was published at Hartliird in l7Ut). It alVonls a more 
 exact and circumstantial detail of events within that 
 peri(Hl, than any compilation which has heen or can be 
 made from it ; the principles and cimduct ol this truly 
 great and good man, therein appear in the light w Inch 
 he himself viewed Ihcin ; wliile his abilities b>r Ibe ar- 
 duous ntatiim which be held, the dillicutlies which he 
 bad to encounter., and bis fidelity in business, are dis- 
 played wilh that truth and justice in which ibey ouf,rhi 
 to appear. 
 
 He had five sons living at bis decease, all of whom, 
 notwithstanding the reductitm ol bis fortune, aopiired 
 and possessed large property, and were persons of emi- 
 nence Many of his posterity have borne respectablo 
 characters, and filled some uf the principal jilaccs ol 
 trust and usefulness. 
 
 * It iiiu^t l)n (ibtirrved, that the Mosair Invv v,aK at thnt 
 tiino riiii-iilereil ns the ({rnernl stantlnrd, and m>JBt uf tho 
 ' laws ot theciiurilry were lounded ^n it. 
 
 JOHN WINTHUOP, F. R. S. 
 
 OOVBRNOR OP CONNKCTK UT. 
 
 John Winthrop, (loventnr of ripnnertirut—iris hirlh srwl 
 e'locntinfi— Ills reiintVftl to New KiiijlJO"!— OMains ii Chiir- 
 tcr Iiici)r|i(iriitini{ t.'onnertieui niul New MiVen tloverit tr 
 of llie i-t.l.iiiy ».f t'dimeiluul— Kk'iitil *'illow ul lliO 
 Rujal Socic-ly— Ills dialh. 
 
 John* WiNTURor, eblest Fon of Coverni r Winlbn»p, 
 by bis first witip, was born at (Jrolon, in Siilfolk, Feb. 
 12, 10U5. His line genius was much improved byu 
 
nionuAPiiiKH ov the kaui.y dis(;o vkuers. 
 
 iiurniuring atihu 
 
 r his iiilrrPHl to 
 
 I Minny Idkm'n by 
 innil ut' liiH pri- 
 rliilvt Ink wliolu 
 tlir |iul>lic hiiKJ- 
 irrd. Ihiil tioiiio 
 
 to Kcll llll> IlldSt 
 
 f-innuliili-d (h'bl. 
 ft riiitiily. Ii.iviiijj 
 'riicKc Irotililt-K, 
 iiinit uliirh lin 
 H'oplr, Kii pri'Vi'd 
 liy tilt' Itiiirt tiiul 
 (IrnirKs, that hr 
 L*'ii yi jirB lirCuro 
 \rn f>|Hiko nl' hih 
 ■sijriiiilioii Id ihc 
 li;ul ciitrri'it i\w 
 Kiiiiird by a cold, 
 
 II cud to liiti lil'o 
 
 (1, in llio harbor 
 II rcinaiitN in the 
 lure iH prrscrvi'il 
 r oiIht ancient 
 rd, remained till 
 lien buildings, it 
 IH liir I'ncl. Ho 
 'cs and iTansiiC- 
 iicc ill it. 'J'iiU 
 
 liiHiorianH, par* 
 0. It iti Mill in 
 t'tiit; I'aniily, and 
 I allnrilH a inoro 
 ■niH within IImI 
 t* been iircan b« 
 net 1)1 this truly 
 
 the li^ht which 
 iliticN lor till* ar- 
 •ullies which ho 
 iiNiiu'Ks, are dis* 
 hichthey ou^dit 
 
 e, nil of whom, 
 >rtunr. acipiired 
 pernoMK nt eint- 
 trne rohprctahlo 
 iioipat placcH oi 
 
 lil>friil f^diimtion, in thn uiiivrriiitieiiof (*anibridt;e, and 
 Dublin, und hy travollinj; lIinai^hnioKt ofthe Lunpo* 
 an kinudonifi. iih Ur aa 'I'nrkey. He came fo New 
 En^liiiid with bin tather'N taniily, Nov. 'I, iii'M ; and 
 tbouyh not above twentynix ytarH (d'a)rr, wim I7 the 
 nnaniinouM choicr of the freemen, .'ip|u)inted a tru^'b-' 
 Irate ofthe colony, of which liiH father watt ^ovtmut. , 
 Hn rendered niayy Hcrvicea to the country, both at hoinn 
 nnd abroad, particularly in the year ItKll, when reltirn- 
 inn to Knuland, he wan by the wtreitM of weather, f-tr- 
 red into Ireland ; where nieetin*; with many inlb.en- 
 tial perHoiiH at the houHe of Sir Jtihn (MoHworlhy, he 
 had an opportunity to promote the interest of the co- 
 lony, by their nieatiH. 
 
 i'lie next year he came b.i<-k fo New Ktiirland, with 
 pnwers front the l.onltt >ay anil Drooke, to ttcttle a 
 pliiiil:ilioo on t'onneelicut ri>er. Hut tindin^r that koiuc 
 worlliv pcrNiuiH from MaHsa< huncttii h,id alri'ady ri'* 
 niiivni, and otbern were about ^-emovinu toinake a m-t- 
 llemeut on that river at Hartf^id and VVetherKlield, he 
 j;ave them no distnrlmnee ; hut I avin^ made an aini- 
 cattlu H^reeuieiil with them, built a li>rt at the month 
 ofthe river, and furniMhed it with artillery ami HtorcM 
 which had been Kent over, and be^an a town tliere, 
 which, from the two IioriU who had a principal share 
 in the undertakin;;, waH called Sayhrook. Thiti fort 
 kept tlie IndiaiiH In awp and proved a Mecnrity to the 
 planlerH on the river 
 
 When I hey had funned thentHclvrtt into a body politic 
 tbev honoured biin with an election to tlio ma^iKtracy, 
 and aflerwanl chose him yovcrnnr of the eobttiy At 
 the restoration of Kiiii; (MiarlcH II. he umlertook a toy- 
 aire to Kn<rland, on the behalf of tiM* p4>ople both of 
 ('ounectimt and New Haven ; and, by bin jirudent ad- 
 dress, obtained from the kin;r a charter. incorporaliu{,r 
 both colioiieM into one, with a ^rant of privite^rcH, and 
 powerH (»f ;;overiunent. NUperiortoany plantation which 
 had been settled in America. iJurinjr this ne<rotiation, 
 at a privati- conference with the kinir, he prem'iited bin 
 ni.ijcHly Willi a riii;r, which Kini; (Miarlcs 1/had ^iveu 
 ti. bin ifraiidfalber, 'I'liis presi-nt renderi'il bim very 
 uceeptiiMi' to the kin;(, and greatly f.tiilitaled the bu«i- 
 IICHM. i ■ people, at Iuh return, expreosed their yra- 
 lilude to loin by electing bim tti the othre of governor, 
 for fourteen yearH lo<ri\Jber, till Iuh death. 
 
 Mr. Wiiithrop'H trenins led him to pbitoHopliiral in- 
 qniricrt, and bii* t>pptirlunitie.s forctniverNin^ with learn- 
 ed men abroad, furnished him with a rich variety of 
 knuwled<re, particularly ofthe mineral kin^rdiHii ; and 
 there are some valuable comnmnicatitms oi' bis in the 
 
 ithilosopliical transartiotiH, which procurcil bim the 
 loiior of bein<r eleclcd a Kellow id' the Koyal Sucicty. 
 Hi> had also much skill in the art ipf physic ; and i^t-ne 
 ron>>ly distributed many valuiible medicines anionir ibc 
 neopb', who constantly applied to him whenever they 
 had need, and were treated with a kiudnesH that did 
 honor to their l>enefactor. 
 
 HIk many valuable ipialities as a gcntlemnn, a chris- 
 tian, a philosopher, and a public ruler, priH-ured him 
 the univcr.al respect td' the people uiuler his jjovcrn- 
 ntcnt ; and his nnwcaiieil attention to the pnlilic bu.sl- 
 lU'ss, and threat nnilerstindinr in the art i>f ,i;overnment, 
 was of unspeakable ad\anla<;e to them. Iteiu^r om- of 
 the commissioners of ihc I'nited ('oloidcs of New Wun- 
 land, in the year Hi7(), in the hci<{ht nl'lhe lir.st ireiu'r.d 
 Indian war, as he was attending the service at llosttin, 
 be fell Hick »d' a fever, and dieil im lber>tb id'.Xpril. in 
 the seventy first year of his aj;e, and was honorably 
 buried in the Kanie tomb with liis excellent lather. 
 
 gi:ou<;k('aia'!:ht, rF.ciMnsc'ALvr.KT.- 
 diOKos Uvi.TiMouK) I.KONAIU) (^M.VKin'. 
 
 GEORiE ('Ai.vRUT—IIts inrlh ami ediicatinn— In lin- .<i'rMCf 
 
 nf Sir Holx'rt r.Til-lle is .In .Si-rn-lary <ii St;ili---Ilf 
 
 iiTi'lveM a [irnsjittt fnitri Kiml; Jaini's— lleronii'S a I'ltiliohr 
 — Creiitetl ll;ir»a ut ll.iltuiiorL' — llr attfiiiplvi ;i sctlir- 
 tiit'iil lit Newluaiiiitaail — Vi^ii> \'iri;iiiin -Kitiivch a imhiiI 
 nt Uie Ifrrilurv inirlli of ihn Pi.tn\viiiiu'k--nis Ihiilli— llm 
 t'Imracti'i -('kch, rAHKiir — lie rernve.'* a Patent til Mh- 
 rylaaii— .SfUli -t ili' rnlmiv— .\[i|toniis his liroilirr, I.t'un.ml, 
 (ioviTiiur— I.EuNAiiu ("ALVKiir— Cumlucls selllora lo the 
 Culony 
 
 (lEORiJK (^At.vKKT was descended from a noble fa- 
 mily of Flanders, ami horn at Kiplinir in Yorkshire, 
 M-Wt! ) He receive<l his education at Trinity (*tdlci;f, 
 in Oxf'ird, and aOer takini; IiIh Bachelor's decree, 
 ( I ft'J7) travelled over the continent of Knrope. At 
 his return to Knijland. in the beirinnini; 4)f the rcinn of 
 iaineii I he was taken into the oH'ice of .Sir Robert 
 *Jecil, Secrrlary of State ; and when Sir llobert was 
 tdvanced to the hurd Hi^h Troatiurcr, he retained Cal- 
 
 vert ill his Kcrvire, and employed hiin in icveral 
 weijjhlj imilterH of stale, 
 
 Uv the inlercHl of Sir Hobcrt.then Karl of Sidisbury, 
 be vvas apii^unteil oin> id' the clerks of the council, and 
 receiveil the honor id' kniulitbooil (1017 ;) and in the 
 hillovvin^ year was made Seerelary of Slate, in the 
 room of Sir 'i'lxunas Lake, < 'oncciviio^ the Duke of 
 IJtn-kinuham to have been inslruiiieniid in his prefer- 
 ment, be prcMcnti d luni with a jevvil of ^reat value ; 
 but liic duke returned it, v\itb a message that be owed 
 bis advaru-i'ment to bis own merit and the ^^ond plea- 
 sure of Ins Movcrciijn, who was fully seiihible of it 
 llis|rreat knnwled<re of public business, and Iiik dili- 
 gence and fidelity in cooductintr it, had rendered hiiii 
 very accejitabte to (lie kin^'.wbo ;^'rantcil him a pension 
 of i.UDO/. out of the euslonis 
 
 In lt)*'l.lie conscientiouslv became a Uoininit 'atho- 
 lie, and having freely ow iied bis principles to the kiiit;, 
 resiirned Iuh ollice. This iniieriuous confession so 
 atVeeted the mind of James, that be not only eonlinuetl 
 him lui the list of I'rivy Counsellors, but created him 
 llaron of iJalthuore, in thu county of l<oii^;tiird, in 
 Ireland. 
 
 Whilst he was Secretary of Slate and om- of the 
 eonnnittee of trade niul plantations, be obtained from 
 the kiri^r, a patent for the soutlicaHtcrn |H'ninsula of 
 Ncwfonudla'id. which he named the Province id' Ava- 
 lon ; from Avalonius, ,\ monk, who was supposed to 
 h.ivo converted the llritish Kiii^ Lucius, and all 
 bis court lo ('hristiaiiity ; in rememhraiice of which 
 event, the Abbey of (ilastonbury was fuunded at 
 Avalon, in Soinersetsbire. Sir (icorjio yave Iuh 
 [irovincu tliiit name, imaoiiiititr it wuuld be the tirst 
 place in North America where the Gospel would be 
 preached. 
 
 At Forryland, in his Province of Avalon, he built a 
 line house, and spent ^iCy^iWOl . in advanein«; his planta- 
 tion, which he visileil twice in person. Itut it was so 
 annoyed by the French, that thoiii^h lie once repulsed 
 ami pursued their ships, and look sixty prisoners; yet, 
 be found bis province so much expo.><cd to their insidls, 
 and the trouble and i>\prnse of defeinlini; it so very 
 <;reat, that he was obliged to abandon it, and be con- 
 lent with the loss of what be had laid out, in the im- 
 provement of a territory, the soil and eliuiato of which 
 were considered as unfavorabb' f-i bis views. 
 
 lleinir still inclined to form a siitlement in America, 
 ubilbcr be mi^ht retire with his family and friends, of 
 the same relioious principles, he made a visit lo Vir^ii 
 nia, llio fertility and advanta|r<'s nf which bad been 
 biolily celebraleil ; and in winch In' hail been interested, 
 as one of the adventurers. Itut the people there, liciii<; 
 Protestants of the ('linrcli of Kntrtand, reirarded him 
 with a jealous eye, on aci'onnt of his religion ; and by 
 their unwelcome reception of him, be wat- discoura^rcd 
 from settlin*; within their jnrisdictiim. 
 
 In visitititr the Hay of tbcsapeake. he observed that 
 the Virginians bad cstahlislied trading honscs on some 
 of the islands ; hut that they bad not exteiuh'd their 
 plantations to the northward ofthe river I'otowmack ; 
 allhou>;b the country tliere wa.s cipially valuable with 
 that wliicb ihi-y bad planted. 
 
 When be relumed to Kni>land. be applied to Kin^ 
 Charles I for the uranlof a territory northward ofthe 
 Polovvni;ick ; and the kin<;, wliu had as ^treat an atl'cc- 
 tion for him as had bis father .).inii-.s, readily complied 
 with his reipic.^t. Hut owiiiL' I" (he tedious fornn of 
 public business, heforv a patent could he completed 
 and pass the seals, Lord lii'ltiinore died at I.ondori 
 on the 15lh of April, Hi:)**.*, in the Alsl year of his 
 a^'c. 
 
 The character of thi.H nobleman is thus drawn 
 'rbon^b be was a Koman Catholic, be kept biuiHcIf 
 iliseny;at;ed from all interests, behaving with such 
 inixleration and projiriely, that all parties were pli'ased 
 with him, and none complained of bim. He was a man 
 of <rreat ^oihI sense, not obstinate in liis opinions, la- 
 kin*; as nnicli ph'asure in hearing the senlinients of 
 others as in detiverin>r his own. Whilst be was Secre- 
 tary of Stale, he examined all letters, and carried to 
 ibekint; every ni^hl an exact and well ditfcstcd account 
 of alfairs, lie aj^recd with Sir John Popbam in Ihc 
 design of forei^rn plantations ; hut ditVered in the man 
 iier of execntiiiy it. Popbam was for extirpatini; the 
 original inbahitants.t 'alvert was for eivili/Jiii; and con- 
 vertin^r them. The former was for present prolit; the 
 latter for reasonable ex[M>ctation, and for emp!ovin<r 
 jjoveruors who were not interested merchants, but un- 
 concerned yentliMnen ; he was for i;ranliny liberties 
 with caution, leavini; every one to provide lor himself 
 by his own industry, and not lo depend on a common 
 intercut. Hu Icll somethini; rctijiectin^r America in 
 
 M 
 
 writings hut it doei not appear that it waj ever 
 printed. 
 
 .\fler the dealli of .•'ir fleor^e the patent was nj^ain 
 drawn in the name ol bis eldest son, Cecil, I ord Haiti 
 niori', and passed the seals on the '.^Htb of June, KiUV 
 The oriiijinal drau;fht beini.' in Latin, the patentee in 
 called i'tftlnm and the eoniilry '* 'Vttra Marur^ 4liiiii 
 Maryland," in hoimr of Henrietta Maria, the Q icea 
 consort of Charb-M I.* 
 
 Fmnj the yrcat precision of tliis cliarter the power* 
 which it ^ivcs to the proprietor, and the privilej^'CN ai'd 
 exemplioiis which it grants to the people, it is evidi > t 
 that .Sir (leor^f himself was the chief penman of it. 
 One onii^'HiiMi was mkhi discovered , iin provision \\"A 
 made, that the la\v.<i».houIil be Iraiismilted to the sove- 
 reign for his approbation or disallowance. 'I'beeoin* 
 missioners of trade and )ilantalions luiulc a rcpreseii* 
 lation of this delict to ihe Honseof Commons, in Hidtl, 
 and ail act of Parliament was proposed as Ihe only 
 remedy. 
 
 The province of Maryland is thus described. All 
 that part of a peninsula in .America, Iyin« between the 
 ocean on the east, and the Hay of Chesapeake on the 
 west, and divided from the olbi r part, by a rit^lit lino 
 drawn from Walkin's Point, in the afnresaid hay, on 
 the west, to the main m-ean on the i-ast Thence lo 
 that part of Hetaware Hay on the north, which licth 
 niuhr (hf Jorl'iih ihi'nr nf north latitude from the 
 eipiinoctial, where New Kni^land ends Thence in a 
 ri;:lit line, bv tin' de^'ree aforesaul, lo the true incridiail 
 ofthe first lonnlaiiiH ofthe river J'otowmaik. 'I'lieiuu 
 followin;r the course id' said river to its inoutli, wheru 
 it falls into the Hay of Chesapeake. Thence <m a 
 riubt line, aentss the liay toWatkin's Point ; with uU 
 Ihe islauilH and islets within these limits. 
 
 'I'liis rejrion was erected into a proviiire ; and the 
 proprietor was invested with palatine honors. In con- 
 junction with the freemen or their delrj^ates he had 
 le;:islative, and, in person, or hy oMicerH of his own 
 appointment, he )iad executive powers. Hi' had atsu 
 the advowson of ebnrehcH, the erection of manors, bo- 
 roiiubs, cities, and ports; saving the liberty id tisbinj^ 
 and drying; fish which wasdectured coimnoii to all ll o 
 kiiiji's subjccls. 'I'he charter provided, that if aiy 
 doubts should arise concerning the sense of it, such ;mi 
 interprf tatii»n shoidd be tiiveii as would be most favoia- 
 ble lo the interest of the proprietor 
 
 The territory is said lo he " in the parts of AniericR 
 not yet rulfiruird, thou;.di inhahiled by a b-ir'viro'i^ 
 people,'' and it is provided, that the pntvince '* should 
 !Mit he lioklen or reputed as jiart nj \'i!f,'inui, or of ai'y 
 other colony, hut immediately dependant on Ihe Crown 
 of Fn^jland." These clauses, toj»clher with the con- 
 struction put on lhe/or/»7/i di-f^nr of latitude, proved 
 the ground of loiii; and bitter conlrovcrsics, one of 
 wliicliwas not closed tilt after the lapse of a cen- 
 tury. 
 
 TwpIvo years before the date ofthe charter, (1020.) 
 
 John Porey, sometime secrrlary of Vir;;inia, who had 
 
 mailed into the northern part ol the Hay of Cbcsapc;ike, 
 
 rejiortcil that he found nearoneliundnd Kii<4hMh pn plo 
 
 very happily settled there, and cnoa^ed in a fur tiadn 
 
 with the natives. In the year before Ihc ilate id' tlio 
 
 charter, {I fill I.) Kin*/ Cliarlcs had (.'ranted a lueiisu 
 
 ; under the privy .seal of Scotlaml. lo .Sir vVilhani 
 
 j .Alexander, proprietor of Nova Scoiia, ami to William 
 
 iCIcyborne, couuKellor and secretary id \ ir^inia, lo 
 
 tradr in those parls of .America, for which tliere had 
 
 1 not been a patent ;;raiilcil lo others ; and sent an order 
 
 to Ihc iTovernor of Virginia to permit lliein freely to 
 
 'irade there, In conscipience ofwbich. Sir John Har- 
 
 M V and his council, in the same year, had i;rantcd lo 
 
 j<he s,dd Cleyhorne, a permission to sail and Iralhc In 
 
 I the -'ailjotinn>; plantations of the Hiilch, or to any 
 
 Fnjilisb plantation on the territnry of .America "' As 
 
 1 nolbiii!,' isKaid in these instruments ofthe .Swedes, who 
 
 I first planted the shores ofthe Hay of Delaware, it lo.s 
 
 , been inferred hy the advoi'atcs of Haltimore, that ibry 
 
 I bad not settled llicro previous to Ihe charter ol Maiy- 
 
 'lao'l, tlioni;h liie family of Penii insisted lui •! as a 
 
 fact, that the occupancy of ihc .Swedes wa* prior t 1 
 
 that peri(«|. In eonsetpicnce of the liccnn* yiven lo 
 
 ( .'leyhorne.be and his ausix-iatcs had made e seltlcnicnl 
 
 I • Otfilliy Kays tli.it a lOnnk wii.«i left for the iinitie of the ter- 
 : rilory, ul-a-li l.unl ILiUiinore intemli-il ii> lri\e liiji-J hku 
 
 rreseeiitia. Hal wlun llie kaa,' ii.Kkeil liiiri hT a narni'. ho 
 ! toin)>lai,-.ioitly ieterre<( it to bis M.i.eslyS |iIeaMirt>, \\ |io [tio> 
 
 ()oseil Ilic iiuiiie ol Uie nui en, to w liu ll hl^ lonlslup tuuhl not 
 
 but I oiiseiit. 
 
 Uv also say-*, timt tlio neeoail l-onl nullnnorc was rhris- 
 
 ti-ned rt'til.in honor of lui f.ntlurr's putroa ; tiul wum coiuirmBd 
 , by t!'i! luunc of L'ccUnu 
 
CO 
 
 AMERICAN If I R r t» K V 
 
 on ttie Ii1«nr Kent, far within trif* liiiiitiin|'Mnryliin(l ; 
 ami cliiiiiiPil n iii»ni>|ioly ortlit* triulr ol'lho ( Mit'i(U)HMik(\ 
 Theac ppimlc, it irt Muitl, Hrtit Uiir^n'titii'ii to tlio Itv- 
 f ilulure of Virj{iuiii, itiul went ei)iiMiilrri>tl an Hulijci'l 
 lo it« jurisdiciion, bt'furr tlir pMtitblitdiiiinit uf Mary* 
 ftnd. 
 
 After rrci'iviii){ tlio rharirr, IfonI llulliinoro bciriin to 
 prrpnrn t'ur llio rollivtiui; uiid lr;uiM|iortin){ ti oiloiiylo 
 Aiiirrica. At firHt. Iiu inti'ttilcd to [fo in ihtkoii ; litit 
 aftcrwiird rhiinjrrd hii* mind, and ii|i|>i)inti'd IiIh lirnthrr 
 Lconitrd (^iilvtTl, ijovrrnor. with two asftiMtanlM, .lori*- 
 my Hawly nnd 'rhoni:\ri(%>rnwallitt ThcHcwith iilioiit 
 two hondrcd porHinm/of ^ruod r.irnilirMiind of tlir Ho 
 iHiiii Calluilic iM'rHiDidion, oiiiharkfd ut ('owrH ut tlit' 
 I»ilt» of WikIiI, iim) on tlu* twi'niydrcond of Novi'mlxT, 
 
 nthrr |mrt, till lli« lit'nt liiir r.<t ; vvlu-n tlu'v itromittrd 
 to quit till' phiL'f, and rrni^n it wliwlly (o Itirni. Holh 
 lurlicit t'nti'rril into a t'untrart to livn lo;ri'llirr in a 
 friendly nj.innrr ; or, if any injurv ulioiild Im- doni\ on 
 rilticr rtidi'. ihr olli'iidin;; P'^i'ty Klionld niaki* it^Uinfar- 
 lion. CalviTt lia\in<; ^Iumi thmi wlia! lie dri-nu'd a 
 valnablc fonNidt'raltoii, willi wliitli thi>y a|i)i('arn) lo bo 
 oontiMil, tlicy roadity tiiiittrd a nnnilu-r ol ilirir hoiiNrx 
 and ri'lirt'd to lht> oilirrt ; and, it brini; the HraHon for 
 idantin*;, butli parlirft went lo work ThiiH on tbt> *^7(b 
 of Man I), in:ll, the Kn<>Hr<h ndonv took praffalilr 
 |ioHm-HNi.Miof ibcroimtry of .M.irylaiiii ; and jjavi* lo tin' 
 town tlit> nanio of St Mary, and to tht> creek un vvliii-li 
 it Wat* Nilualc, llir natni' of St. <iror^('. 
 
 The di'itirc of t|nii'tin^lti(* nalivrg, by uivinijlln'ni a 
 lt);t:l,and alU'r a rircnitonx voyage tlirou<;b tbe Wi'kI , rtMHonablfaiuUahMfaclorycotiipKnHalion for iln-ir landit 
 India iidandH, tourliin^ fimt at ItarbadocH and tlwn at it a trait in tin' cliarai-lrr of Hit* firttt plaiitcrtt, wbich 
 
 WMMilAM PKNN. 
 
 William Pkmk— Hi* llirtli .in<l Edm-nt 
 Fraiirr — tiix'H tn Irt'lmul Allihlii!* Iiiiri 
 — Hix Brri'Hi hikI (hit« hnrKi- |ii>.i-nr<it'il 
 4-niiH':« ail itintrioil ihi'iiiImi liiiiiiii^ni 
 
 ttt'ioml j<Miriii'> t>> Ik 1 lliH titlii'i 
 
 His iiiii'||-'"iiiih til in >i\VL'iitc He |ili 
 lu'ltirc I'ailiiiiiii'iil - Itr-i-i'iuvo a Cliiol 
 
 1 -111* trsvelfl li> 
 iiHiii to lilt' gimhrr* 
 I hv liiH hitliir -Hu- 
 <nl III ihr t<ivMT- Ilia 
 
 IITKtM'llt'll ttt lllttl — 
 
 iulN l<ir Uii> gtinkrrR 
 f I'l'iimtvlviniia- 
 
 nt. I'linritonlii'r K llit>y caiiir to anchor hi'torr I'oint 
 ('Ornfort in virL[inia, onthc twcnly-fotirtb of KrbruarVi 
 1<>31 ; and, on ^oinif iiji to Jamestown, drhvcrcd to 
 (Sovcrnnr Harvey, thu Ii'tteri* which the kini; had 
 written in their favor. The governor and hiticunncil 
 rocpived tbein with that civihty which waH ilue to the 
 command of their 8ov(»reif{n ; lnjt they reRolvcil ' to 
 
 will a.waytido honor to their ini'inory 
 
 It waM a lortunalc rircmnHlance fur ihetie advrulii* 
 rem, that, previoun to Ihrir arrival, the Indiana nf Voa- 
 coiniHM), had renolvetl to qnit their eiaintry, and retire 
 lo the wcHlwarii, that they inijihl be free from the in- 
 cnrHioiiH iif ihe SiiHquclianockrt. a powerful ami \varlik< 
 iialion. reiiidinu between Ihc DavH (d'('heitapeake aiitl 
 
 IliH tiTitiH ni hi'itli Mil-Ill -SimiiIh ti li'ticr In tlie llllllnilN — 
 Kinlinrkn wtlli n iinnil«i-i ni tjiiiikriH lor Aiiiciii-a — Arrivrt 
 111 Nf%\(-ii!ttlr <Mi«-<t lo ('lii'<<ii<r Niiini-H hitt xcllU'ini'iil 
 I'litliiili-l|>lit.i-'Spt'riiiii-ii (if hit hUIc (iI {iMMirliiMS -lltH iIo 
 piirtiiri' Inr Kiiultnitl- Hr fiulili.tliiH it lionk «>ii tin- lihirlynf 
 CDiiMlciiri' — SiiK|M't'l('(l III l>«'iiii< aiii-iii-iiiy In Kiiik WiIIju'ii 
 — \\v \* mvnlvtl in ilrlit - lliH pni'lriit riu';isiui'!«"Ni«ti!i ■ 
 new clmrliT— Iti'tiirriN to Kh»;ltiiiil— llix riiiliiirrnhsiiifiiiH" 
 lliK'leiilh. , 
 
 Thk Koi'NDKH nf Pennsylvania wa« iheirrandHon of 
 Caplain (iileN IViin, an KnuliMh ronMul in the Medi- 
 terranean, aiul the Kon of Sir \N'illiam Peiiii, an Adrni- 
 ral of the Mn^Hirili navy, in ihr proh-rloriilc of (.'rotn- 
 Wfll. and in ihe rei^n of ('harh's II. in which otiico 
 he rendereil very important werviccM (o the nation, 
 particnlarly by llie eontpicHi of Jamaica from tliu 
 SpaniardH, and in a naval \iclory over ihe Dnfcli 
 William waM born ncli.brr II, Kill, in the parihh of 
 St. ('athariiie. near ihe tower of London, ednnited at 
 
 maintain the rights <iftlio prior Hett lenient." They af- lUelaware, who frennently invaded thein.and carried oM'('i,iirwcll. in INsex, and at a private school in London , 
 
 forded to the new colony MtippileM of provision for do* 
 metttic use, but eonnidered them uh intrudeni on their 
 territory, nnd at* obstrnctinu that trallic. from which 
 they had derived and ex)iected to derive much advan* 
 
 tamp- 
 on the %\ of Marrh, Calvert witli hi» colony pro- 
 ceeded in Ihe Day of^'heHa|>eake, tothe northw'aril,anil 
 (•nlered the Polowmack, up which he nailed twelve 
 leajTueti, and came tu anchor under an idlaml. which he 
 named 'SV. Clrmmt. Here he fired hiH canon, erected 
 a croRB. and took posHCHMion, " in the name of the Sa- 
 viour oflhe world and the Kini; of Kn<rland.'' Thence 
 he went with liii« pimiiU'eH lifteeii lea^neM hitherto the 
 Indian town uf Polowmack, on the Virginian side of 
 
 their proviniourt and women. Some had aeUially re- ,(,„| in |||,. fit'iitnlh year of hi'4 at'c enlered a« a i*lu- 
 inoveil, and other** were prepariiiij to fnllow, but were ,|,.nl and j^eiitl an coinmoner of CliriKt t'linrch 
 
 Oxlurd. 
 
 His ^eniuH watt brii:hl, his dispoKilioii sober and stii* 
 dioiiK. and lieini; possessed of a tncly iinaifination and 
 a warm hear!, the first turn of Ins mind lowardH reli* 
 uions Hiibjecls, was alteniled v%ilh ci^cunl^laneeH bor- 
 lerini; on eiilhusiasm Havinir received bis lirit 
 
 eticoura^ed to remain another tteasnn, by Ihe presence 
 if the Knolinh. They lived on friendly lenn.t with ihe 
 cohniy ; the men assistetl them in tiuntinir ami lisliini; ; 
 the women t.i\i^hllhem lomaiiaue Ihe ,llantln^aIld cul- 
 ture of corn, and makinjr it into bread ; and they were 
 compensated lor their labor and kindnesx in mich to<its 
 
 ami trinketri ..k were pleasin|rt» them. According; lol impressioiiH troin Ihe preachim^' of 'I'hnmas Loe, an 
 iheir promise, they quilled the place wholly, in llu'! iiinerant (.Quaker, he conceived a favorable opinion of 
 foHowin^r year, and the colony liad full and quiet pos i ihe lliu'lits and relinemenls of thai rising; seel, which 
 MesHion. letl him, white, at the nniversily, in coninnclioii wilh 
 
 At hi)« first setllement in ihio place, (*alverl erected a ' Koine other sludenr -, l« wilhdraw tnaii Ihe eslablishid 
 houtte, and mounted a Kuanlforlb)^ securityof his people wornhip, and hold a private meeting;, where they 
 
 the river, now called New Marlborou^di ; where he was and stores. He waH.stion alter. visited by Sir John Har-', preached and prayed Iheir own way. The disciplnm 
 
 received in n friendly m.inner by the guardian ^e^ent, vey and by several of the Indian princes At an enter- ,if the universiiy liein^r very ^^Irict in Niich matters, he 
 
 the prince ol' Ihe countrv beini; a minor. 'J'hence he tainment on board one of the shipH. the Werowanceof 
 
 nailed I'velve leatrnes failher, tothe lown <if Piscala- I'atuxent was Mcated between the (iovernor (d'Vir>;inla 
 
 way, on the Maryland nide ; where he found //^/o;/ ,and the ^twenior of Marvland Oiieoflilsown subjects 
 
 Flrtl, an Kn^hshman, wlio had resided Hcveral years J coming on hoanl ami seeing his sovereign in that sitiia 
 
 nmonir the natives, and was held by them in frreat es- lion, started with Hurpri/e,lhinkin<; him a prisoner, as he >ixleenth year ot his a{;e, expelled as an incorrioihlo 
 
 teem. He procured -.'.n interview between Calvert badl>eenoncebefore,tolhe VirKinians. The prince ruse ' tiHender at;ainsl the laws of nniformity. 
 
 fromthe table and saiislied the Indian that he was sale, i>n his return home, be found his father hiuldy 
 wliich prevented his atl'cclionale subject froiii leaning; I incensed against him. As neilher reinonstraiu*es, nor 
 into the water, as he hail hllemplcd 't'Ins Wero- 1 threalenintrs, nor /'/crrv could divest him of his reli* 
 wance was ho much pleased with the conduct of i'al- ' jiiiuis attachments, he was, for a white lurned out nf 
 
 was lined liirthe.vf/' of noiiconlormlty ; Ibis served to 
 fix hiiu more firmly in his )iriiiciples and liabHs, and 
 ex|H)scd Ills sin«rularity more opi'idy loihe woild. lliii 
 condnel beini; then deemed nbstin.ite. le was. 
 
 I the 
 
 and the Werowance or It'rd cf the place, and ollicia* 
 led a» their interpreter. Calverl, determining; to pnr- 
 eue a course of conduct founded on pacilie and hono- 
 rable intentiimH.askul the Werowance, whet her he was 
 willin>; that he and his peojih- should settle in his coun- 
 try. His answer was short and prudent ; " I will not 
 
 vert and bis |>eo|ile, that aller many other compliments the house; but by ihe inllnence of his inolber he wai 
 
 he said to ihem, at partinir, '* I love the Kn^lisb ho|Ro far restored lo favor as lo be sent to France, in 
 bid you to im, i;..r to sl::y ; bm. you may use your own I well, that if 1 knew they would kill me, 1 would com- icompanv with some persons of quality, with a view to 
 discretion." This interview was helil on hoard thejinand my |>rople not to revenue my death ; because 1 |niiliend his mind, and reline his manners Here ho 
 
 ffovernor's pinnance ; the natives on shore crowded to lain sure they would not k.ll me, but ihruuirh my 
 the water's ed<;e, to look aller their sovereiifn, and own fault.'* 
 
 were not salished of his safely, till he Htouil up audi The colony had broU(;ht wilh them Knjilishmeal ; 
 fthowed himself to them. hut they found Indian corn in ^reat plenty, both at 
 
 Haviuj; made this discovery of the river, nrul cnn*| Uarbndoesand Viririnia ; and by the next sprin;;, they 
 vinced the nalivcF that his desiirns were amicable, the were able to export one thousand bushels to IS'ew 
 governor not ihinkiiii; il advisid>le lo make his first set* Kiiirhmd and Nevvfoumlland ; for which they received 
 tieiuent sohi<;h up the river, sailed down to the ships, |dried fish and other pntvisions in return They pro- 
 takiui; Kteet with him for a unide. The natives, leiired cattle, swine and )iouliry tVom Viruinia. 'I'liey 
 who, when they first s.iw the sfiips, and heard the | were very imluritrions in buihtin^ houses and inakini; 
 iHma. had tieil from St. Clenienl's island ami itsjrardeiiH, in which they sowed the seeds of Kuropean 
 neiirhborhoist, relnriied to Iheir liabil;itions. and seem- 1 esculent ve;felables ; and had the pleasure of sceini; 
 ed to repose 
 this was not di 
 duct of Fleet. tlx' •Governor visited a creek on the north- them died ; but when the survivors were seasoned to I met with Id 
 
 learnt the lani.'ua«fe of the i-ourilry,aiid acquired such a 
 polite and courtly behaviour, that his father, aHertwo 
 years td'seiice, re<'eiveil him with joy, bopiny that the 
 olqect of his wihiies was atli'ined. He was then 
 admitted into Liiw du's Inn. where he sindied law till 
 the plafjue broke out in llibr>, when he returned to bin 
 falher's house. 
 
 About Ihjs lime ( IfitWi) the kind's rolTers beii>o low, 
 ami claims liir unrewanled services bein^ importunate, 
 uranls were frequently made of lands in Ireland; and 
 the merits of Sir \\ illiain Pennbeiiiir not the least con 
 spicuous, he received a valuable estate in Ihe county of 
 niidence in their new friends ; but ! them come to hiuh perfection. They suirered much jTork, ainI commiUed the matia^'ement of it lo his son, 
 med a proper station. I'lider the con j in their health by the fever and n^ne, and nuuiy of then in the Iwentv second year of Ins aue Here he 
 
 ern side of the Polowmack, about f inr lea<;ueij fromits]tlie dimale, and had learned the use ot indigenous 
 mouth, where was an Indian villairc, surrounded by i medicinal remedies, they enjoyed their health much 
 rorn-tields, and called \ oacoinaco. ('alvert went on ' better. 'Ihe country had so many natural advantages, 
 shore, and acquainled Ihe prince of the place with his ;lliat it soon became populous. Many Roman ( 'atholic 
 
 intention ; who was r illaT reserved in his answer, but 
 entertained him in a friendly manner, and t,'ave him a 
 l(hlt;ini! in his own bed. 
 
 On the next day, he *i)ioweil Calvert the country ; 
 which pleased him so well, that he deteriniiii'd there to 
 fix his abinle ; and treated with the prince about piir- 
 rhasin^f the place. ( '.dvert presented lurn and his prin- 
 cipal men with Kiii:tish cloth, axes, hues and knives ; 
 nnd they coiiiienlcd that their new friends ■hould re- 
 aide in one ]iiirt of their town, and themselves in the 
 
 * The rinmes eif Die |iririci[iiil iii«>ri in the coin 
 George r:iherl. Iirotlicr lu Uiu (irnjinctor :ui<l komt 
 llahanl (iminl, lliMirv Creni, 
 
 Ethvaifl Wiiilrr. Nicliolus Kairlax, 
 
 Frt'ili-riik Wmler, Tlmm.ii hurretl, 
 
 Henry Witeman, JmIih Meil>':t:t, 
 
 Joliti Sii!i<lers, Willniiii Sujie, 
 
 Jfiliii Hnxter, Juliii llill, 
 
 Edward CraiiHuld, 
 
 y were, 
 
 families from Kntrland resorted thither, and the pro- 
 prietor wilh a tlej/ree of wisdom and i»eneroKity, then 
 
 Id friend Loe, and iminediately attached 
 society of (.Quakers, though at that tiinn 
 
 himsell to ili 
 
 ihev weresubieil to severe persecnlion. This iiii;rht 
 have operated as a iliM-oiira^jemi-nl to a youiij: yenlle- 
 niaii of Michipialily and expectations. especially as he 
 exposed himself thereby to the reiiewi'd displeasure ot 
 a parent who hived him. had not the inteirrily ami fcr 
 
 unparalleled but in Holland, alter having eHlablished j vor t>f his mind induced him to sacrifice all worhlly 
 thet'hristiaii religion upmi the footin<;of conimon law. considerations to the dictates of his conscience. 
 ^ranted liberty of conscience and equal privileges lol It wan n<il hmir before he was apprehended at a re- 
 CliristiaiiM of every denomination. With thitiesfteiilial I liuiiHiH *'ffmr*///(. /r," and with eighteen others, cmn- 
 beneht, was connected security of properly; lands! milted to prison by the mayor of Cork ; but upon bin 
 were ;riven in lots of titty aerefi, to every emigrant, in i writing a handsome address to the Karl of Orrery. Lord 
 absolute fee simple. I'lider such advantaues the pen- 1 President of MuiiHter,iu which he very nensibly pleaded 
 pie thought themselves so happy. that in anearly period I for hberly of conscience, and professed his ilesire of a 
 of their colonial existence, they in return ^rranted to ;|H<aceable, nnd hirt abhorrence of a tumultuous ami diit- 
 llie proprietor a itnbsidy of ftlleeii pounds of tobacco, un '■ respectful separation from Ihe established worHhip, li« 
 every poll, " as a IcBtimony of their gratitude for his | was discharged. This second stroke of perHccutiun 
 ;rreat charire and Holicitude, in maintaininjr the ^ov- 1 en^aued him more closely to the (Quakers He aiiso- 
 ermneiM, in proledintt the inhabitants in Iheir riohls, ciated openly with ihenif and Isire, with calmneiiH and 
 and for reimbursing; his vast ex^ieiiNe ,'* which during , patience, the cruel abuse which wna liberally bestowed 
 the two first years exceeded turty lliuusund iwunds ion that sin[;nlar party. 
 titerhn{{. | His father hein>f inforiiiud ofhis coiMlurt, rrntaiidul 
 
DIOtlRAPHIKH OK TItK EAIII.Y I) t S CO V l". R I' II H . 
 
 •1 
 
 him liiiiiip; and llidiiuh mm WilliiiiirK n.M- InrlMil lii» 
 
 Uyiivi llii' fiirriMiltli.il kl lex iil(liMi|iliiii', Id wli'uli 
 
 Han iiiiviil I'diiiiiiaii.lcr, iii' liiiil I ri in I'liKliinii'il. \i't 
 
 hi' (ilii'il liiiii Willi llid«c ur^'iiii In, wliirli ii Ivan iiii- 
 
 lunil fdr II iri;iii.>rilii' wiirlil luiisc, mnl «|iiili, Id kiiiIi 
 nil oiic, wiiiilcl Imvi' Im'i'Ii |in'viiiliM!! II"' iiriiiri|iiildiii' 
 wan 11 llirrali'iiiiiu tii ilisihlicril liiiii ; nn.l Id ihin |ii< 
 hiiiiililv HiilMiiitli'il, llidiiirli hi' I'diilil liy lid iiii'iihH III' 
 |)<'r»iiiiiliMl III liikc iilVtii* liiil ill |iri'»i'iin' lilihi. liiin;, 
 Ihc Duke 1)1' Viirli, nr liin falliiT Kiir lliis iiillrxiiiiiirv 
 
 hi' wan ncniii tiirni'il mil nf ilimrH ; \i\ ulmli li'i< 
 
 riiminciiriil nil ilini'rnnl |iria('licr. ami Inul iimk li niic- 
 Cfiiii ill iiiakiii;' jiriNi'lyti'ii In i|ic»i- i'<iMir»i.iiiii, llii' 
 o)i|idi(iliiiii wliii'li ho iiirl « iih Irnin Ihr iliTi.n am! ilio 
 iimninlnH-y, rri'qiiniliy liriiiirlit him intd ihlliniliii'M. 
 ninlHdiiiPliiiii'H Id iiii|irisoiiiiii-iil: liiil hin iniiirrjiv wan 
 «d iiianili'al, iiiiil Ilia jialii'iiii' hii inviiiiHili', ihal lii- 
 f.ilhrr. Ill li'iiulli, liiTaiiii' Hurtnii'il tnwaril him, ami 
 nut only I'xiTli'il liin inlrri'sl In rrli'asi' hlin Irdiii rmi 
 rmniii'iit, liiit wiiikcil al IiIh rclnrii l.itlii' laiiiilv wlii'ii- 
 rvpr it •iiiti'il liiH I'diivi'iiirni'v. Mix iimlln'r Has al- 
 way» liiH rniMhl. ami nUini hiipiiiiiMl Iiik iii'rcK>ilirK 
 wilhiml Ihr kiidwh'il:;!' dl'tln- lailuT." 
 
 In Ihi-yoar U\(\-<, h iinini'iinil anlliiir; anil having 
 
 wrilli'ii 11 li.iiik, I'lilillnj " Thi. Samly Kiniiiilalidii 
 
 ■''liiik " wliifli KiiM' (rroal iill'i'iiri- tii' thi' »|>iriliial 
 
 'oriU, li<< wan inipriiidiiril in iIh'Ihwit, anil llii' visiu iif 
 M» IririiiU wiTi' Idtliiililrn lliil Iiih ailviT»arii« fdiiiul 
 him (irddlaiiaiiiHl all tlirir rlViirlK lo kiiIkIih' hiiii , fur 
 n iiii'»iiai;i' lii'iiii; lirminlil In liiiii liy ihr ||iHhd|i iil' l.cm- 
 don, that li» munlrithiTiHililiily ri'Vanl, urilii' a |iri.idii. 
 IT. hia niiHttor wan, '• My iirimui >hall hr iiiv j;ravr I 
 dwp my Cdimcirni'i' In no man. 'I'lii'V arr misiakcii in 
 nil', I valiii' Iidi Ilii'lr IlirraU. Thi"*- »liall kii.iw llial 
 I inn wrary out ilioir innlii'r, nnil I'latlli' all llii'ir ih- 
 
 «i;;n«'jy Ihr opirit ol'iialiri ," Duriiii; iIiih cunlinr- 
 
 niriit hr wrolr Inn faiiiomi liiink, " .N'ci Criimi, iid 
 Cronn ; ' and anolhrr, " Inncurnry wiili lirr opiii 
 lair," in wliirli hr rxphiinrd ami vimlualid llir priii 
 
 ciplrn whirh hr had aiival I in Ihr liiidk lnr nliirli hr 
 
 wa»imiirii>oiird. TliiM, with a h'llrr wliirli hr wrnlr 
 to r.dril ArliiiMidii, srrrriary nl .Slair, ,iiilnl liv ilir in 
 Irrrsl whirh his I'allirr hail at niiirl, pniniml hix rr- 
 li'asr, artrr ki'mh muiilhs' rdiirninnrnt. 
 
 Sddii afirr lliis, hr iiiailr aimllirr visit In Inland In 
 Ri'lilr hill I'alhrr's rdiicrrns, in whirh hr rxrrlnl liiiii- 
 srif wiih umil industry and smcrsH. llirr hr run 
 •tiiiilly appraird al Ihr mrrliiias i.ttlir (^uakiTs, and 
 Iidt only odlrialrdas a prrarhrr, lull lisrd his iiilrrrsi 
 wilh ihr lord hrnlrnanl, and iilhrrsdl' his iidhiliiy, to 
 proiiirr iniliil|{inrr for Ihrm, and gel sdiiir of Ihrm rr- 
 Iraiiril from tlirir imprisiininrnt. 
 
 Ill Ili7(l, an ait iif I'.irliamriil wnH niailr, whirh pro- 
 hiliiird i|nMiirrliin;sofilihsriilrrM, iindrr w^ivrv pnial- 
 tim. 'I'hr yiiakrrs hriii;; forrililv drbarrrd rntrriiiL' 
 thrir mrrlinu' h.'nsp in (Jrair Churrli sirrrl. I.oiiiloii. 
 
 asM'inhlrd lirl'ore it in Ihr utrrrl, wlirrr I'rnn, pt Iird 
 
 to a nuiiirromi riinrdur.sr • and hriiio apprrlirmlrd mi 
 Ihr hp,it, hy a warrant fnim thr liird niaviir, wa« roin. 
 milird Id \rw!;alr. and at ihr nrxt srssimi, Idnk his 
 trial at ihr ll|,| Hai|,.y, ivhrrr hr plradrd his own ralisr 
 wilh thr frrriloiiidf an Kiiulishmaii and Ihr iiiaL'naiii 
 iiiity of a hrr.i Thr jnrv al lir»l hroiiL'lit in thrir vrr- 
 dirl, " auilly of .i/i,;(:i„i. in (irarr Clmrrli sirrrl ;" 
 
 bill Ihis lirinv; uiisali.-fariorv lo il mrl, ihry wrrr 
 
 d'/iaini'il all iii^-hl, and thr nrxt dav rrlnriird llirir vrr- 
 
 'II''"'. 1 iliiilly-" 'I'll mrl wrrr hi.jlily iiiriii-id 
 
 iii-'-iinst Ihrm. liiird ihrm liirlv marks raih, ami iiupri- 
 M.iii-,1 ilipm aliina wilh I'riiii.' till thrir fnirs ami frrs 
 wrrr p.uij. ;\n uiilmkv rvprrssi.m whirli ilrupprd 
 from thr rrrordi-r on this iri.il. rrndrrrd Ihr raiisr of 
 
 Ihi'linakrrspdpular. andilirirprrsri irsddi.ms •■ Il 
 
 will iirvrr hr well wilh ii-i.' said thr inlaiiioiis Sir-lohi, 
 llowrl, " 111! sdinrllnn^' likr Ihr Sp.iiiish Inipiisili.,ii l.r 
 pslahlishril ill Mii^land ' Thr Iriimipli iil I'rnn was 
 
 romplrlr ; hi-mi; anpiiiird hy his | rs. hr was rr- 
 
 "■■'"•■'I '"•"' I'ris nil Ihr p.iymriil of his Iris, and 
 
 "''"' I I" 'hr zraldim rxi-nisr iif his miiiislrv 
 
 lli-i ron-hirl „ndrr Ihis prosrriiiidii di.l liiiii ur.at 
 ""iior His lathiThrramr prrfrrllv rrromiird to him. 
 »iid soon artrr dird,' Iravinj- his parrnlal hlrssin" and 
 n I'Iriililnl r.slalr. Tiii, aiTr.ssi,iii of fdrlnnr madr no 
 nllrralion in his inaiinris nr hahits ; hr rdiilinnrd to 
 
 I rrai'h, to wrilr, nml lo travel ns lipforo ; and, within 
 
 nioiMill.'r.'.'f'"'''.r,"'''-'"f '''" f'"l'rrl" lilin ,h".rrvr.. In Ixt,- 
 iTm ■ """'" "'""" ' r..inliiri.,l In vmi. I. I.rl ii„. 
 ^!r. Ml''" '"" '" """'"< >'"" '■•i"lrii.-r; If v..n k,-,-,, 
 
 rW,,-,!,. "'* ","'" ''" " ''••■>»l I" y.'ll 01 .1 ilaV nl trn„l,|,.. 
 
 ■nniliVr'' >,?".''''"""' '" 'I"' '•" " liistlv.nii.l llllir 11 «..«. 
 
 II m ld\f V''"'' «''.' '"">■»" I"ilrli- 3. Hr lint 
 
 lilnii.i7^,'i" '",'".';"" ■'■'"■•"' """" "I" '■'""< >"" "I'll 
 •""""" HI"!' ■'■limit llirouslitliijincoii.Muiit worlj." 
 
 it frw nidiilhs anrnvards, w,is takrii up nijain fur 
 prrarhiii^ in ihr Klrrrt, and rarrird In ihr lowrr ; Iroin 
 wlirurr, allrr a loiijj rxaliliiialioli.hr was sriit In Nrw- 
 ^atr, .11 id liriiin disrhar^rd willidiii any trial, al llir riid 
 of iiim iiidiillis.hr wi-iit dvrr Id Holland and (irrmaliy. 
 whrrr lir rdiiliiini-d travrllin;; anil prra<-liiii<;, till llir 
 
 Linn iiiililihIiK.I liiM ili-i-l ir'.,li.iii nl' iiiiinlif,,,,,-,. In li>ii,li<r 
 
 puMisllrd his di'i-l.iralinii of iliiliiti.'riirr In Irliilrr 
 roiisrirnrrs ; nimii whirh hr rrtiiriird lo llnnlaiid 
 
 I 
 
 roiisrirnrrs ; nimii whirh hr rrtiiriird lo llnnlaml 
 [iiarrird 11 ilaiiuiilrr of -Sir William .Sprin^rl, aiui srI 
 Jird at Kirkniaii-sworlh, in llrrfnriUhirr ; wlirir hr 
 piirsnril his simlirs, and innllipliril his roiilrovrrsi,il 
 
 'wriiini:s for almni i'nv vrars 
 
 In 11177. hr "had a drawiin»''lo rriirw his travrls 
 in lldll.iiid and Ifrrnianv. in rotiipany wiiti l''dx, liar 
 
 'rlay, Krill) mid srvi-ral nllirrs iif his lirrlhrrn. Thr 
 iliilurrmriil lo this jdiirllry w as Ihr ralldid rri-rption 
 whirh ll.id lirrn iji^rn l<v divinrs, anddllirr Ir-inird 
 1111-11 ill tirrmaiiy. Id ihr sriilimriils of rvrrv wrll 
 
 -... . 1...'. .. 1. . 11 ,...1 i-_ I... I' 
 
 1111-11 111 I irrmaiiy, lo iiir sriiiimriiis oi rvrry wni 
 iiii-aliili^ prrarlirr who ilissriiird IVdiii Ihr Cliilri-li of 
 
 llomr. Ill III iirsrol ihrsr Iravrls Ihry srilli-il llir 
 
 tirdrrdf rhilrrli nd\rrmiM-iil. di^iiplinr, rorrrspdiidi-iirr 
 and Mi'irrianr' aliidii^ llirir tni-nds in Iloll.iml ; ilis- 
 pi-rsril thrir hooks aiiioiio all sorts of pr.iptr wliowi-rr 
 inrlinrd In rrrrivr llii-in ; visiird many prrsnns nf dis- 
 I linn ion. and wrolr Irtlrrs to dtlirrs.partirlllarly In Ihr 
 Kiiir of Polaiiit and Ihr Klrrlor IVilaiiiir, Tliry wrrr 
 rrrrivrd vi-ry i-oiiriroiislv hy thr IVim-rss l''.li/,alirlh. 
 |rraiidilai|nhli-rdt Kiiit!-laiiirs I llii-n irsidnii al Itrr- 
 vvrrilrn. wlm, Ihdiinh nut prrfrrlly iiiiliaird iiiln Ihr 
 inyslrry of " Ihr linly silrnrr." yrl had lirrn hroii^ht 
 to a " a waililin framr," and admitti-d Ihrm lo srvrral 
 privatr niri-linns androiifrrrnrrs in hrr apart iiirnls, in 
 romp, my with llir t'oiiiitrsH of Horiirs, and ollirr la- 
 dirs, hrr atlrndnnls ; and ani-r\varit4 krpt up n ror- 
 rrspoiiilriirr wilh Mr I'riiii till hrr d.alli 
 
 On his rrliirn lo Kiirland, hr foiiml his frirnds suf- 
 Irriiin hy thr iiprratidii df a law madr at^ainst Papists, 
 llir rdnr of whirh was itnjnslly lurnrd iinainst ihrm. 
 ,Tlir law rripiirril a rrrtain oalhlo l,r Irndrrrd tolhosr 
 who wrrr siisprrlnl iif poprrv ; and lirr.iusr Ihr t^na- 
 'krrdili-nird ihr lawfiilnrss of oallis in any r.isr wlial- 
 jrvrr, Ihry wrrr olilinrd lo hrar llir priialty anilrxrd lo 
 llir rrfiis,il of Ihis dalli, whirh wa-; no IrsHthan a fiiir ol 
 twriily pounds prr iiionih. or two Ihirds of llirir rslair. 
 My I'mn's ailvii-r llii-v prliiionrd Ihr j'arliuinriil forir 
 (Irrss of Ihis tirirvaiirr.and artrrrxplaiuini; llir rrason 
 of llirir drrlinilii; llir oath, olli-ri-d to uivr llirir innil 
 lo llir saiiir purport, and to sulimil to Ihr priially, " if 
 Ihry should hr foiiml fiiilly." I'riiii had a hrariiin hr- 
 forr n roliimillrr i.f I'arliallirnl. whrn hr idradrd the 
 ransr of his frirnds and nf himsrlf. in a sriisihlr. drrrnt 
 ronviiirin;r niaiinrr ; and what hr said had so mnrh 
 wrirht. that thr i-ommiitrr anrrrd lo iiisrri in a hill, 
 tlirn prndinn. n proviso for thrir rrlirf Thr hill pasni-d 
 Ihr ('omnidns, lull hrfirr il muld hr uot ihroiirh Ihr 
 llousr of l,ords, it was lo.st hy a suilih-n prordralioii of 
 I'arliallirnl. 
 
 W'r havr hilhrrtd virwrd Mr. Prnn as a Chrislian 
 and a prr.irhrr ; and hr ap|irars Id havr hrrli lionrst, 
 /raloiis. palirnl and indnsirions in Ihr roiirrriiK of ri-- 
 li^'ion. Ills ahiliiirsaiid Ins lilrrarv aripiirrroriils wrrr 
 rminrnlly srrvii-rahir lo Ihr fralrrnily wilh whirh hr 
 wasroiinrrlrd ; anil il was owiii>r lo 'lis rxrrtiniis, in 
 ronjmiriion wilh Itarrlay and Kriili. that Ihry wrrr 
 formi-il inh' nrdi-r. and lliat a rrniiiar rorrrsptuidrm-r 
 i,:id disripliiir wrrr rsl.lhlishril auiniin ihr si-\rr.il s;i. 
 ririirs of ihi-in disprrsi-d in Mnropr and .\inrrir.i. His 
 wriliuns srrvrd lo nivr Ihr world a morr jnsi and fa- 
 voratilr iilra of llirir prini-iplrs. lliall rould lir had frnlii 
 ihi li.iraiinin- of illilrratr prr.irlii-rs, or Ihr rhapsndirs 
 df rulhilsi.i^'i'- wrilrrs ; winir his f.imily and fdrlnnr 
 prdi'iirrd for llo'iii a ilrnrrr of rr.'iH-t-i.diiliiy at hoinr 
 and ahioad. His ronlrovrrsial \v rilinns arr iiin,h-sl. 
 ralldid and prrsuasivr. His hddk.rnlillrd " Thr I "liris 
 liaii ijuakrr. ' is a srnsihir viiidiralidii of Ihr dm liitir 
 ofl'iiivrrsal SaviliL' l.iu'lil. His siv h- isrirar and prr 
 spiruolis ; and llldilnh hr dors linl allrrl so nillrll srlio 
 
 laslir siilitiliiy in his arninnrnlaiiiin as his Iririid Dar- 
 
 I * It innv lint l»r amiss lirrr In inlrmtiirc an rxlrnrt from 
 Mr. 1'riiii's .Iniiriiiil rniiliiiiuiiii thr si-iilmiiiils nf llir (Jiiaki-rit 
 rn:,(-i-riilii'; iiiarrKiL-r. " ,\inslt'M:iiii llir .1.1 nt llir I'-Iti iiiniilh. 
 11)77. A KrnipU- i-<>iirrriimi; llir livv nl thr iiia^iittrali- al-niit 
 inarriiiir ln-iiiit ;>rn]»nM'tl aii.l ,ltM-niirsril nl in llir fc.ir nf 
 
 .IJittl. amnni,' Krli-ii'ls, iil ii >,-lri-t iiu-i-tiiiu'. II was llir unnrr- 
 
 iKiil ami iiiiaiiiiiiniis wt-asi-nt l-'ririuls, lliat jniiuini iii iiiaiir.ik;i- 
 \.i llir wnrk nf Hit- hniil oTilv, iiiul iinl nl prir^t nr iiiii-ji-'IrHli-. 
 It IS liuil'-* niilliiaiici- illlil iinl niaii's. It w.isII.hI's Wnrk I'-'- 
 Inrr llif tail, iiii'l it is linO's wnrk in lir ri-slnralinii. \Vr 
 iiiaiTviiniir ; It IS III,- l.nnl's wnrk. .-iiiil \f arr lull witm-ssi-s. 
 Hill 11 a h'rii'lKl hair inlr-lrrllial tin- in i-<s|rat>-siiniil.l klinw 
 
 11 lirfnrr Hit- iirirnast- lir i- -tmli-.l, li >\ |,iililisli Hit- noih- 
 
 (afli-rllir Hum; hath l.v Filrii.U l-rrii li-iiiil rlrarl iillrr llir 
 iiriiriiiuH IS [irrtnriM(-(l ill a |iiililir iiiri-Umr ol FrinuU ati-l 
 otlii-rs. iiiKV riirrv a rn|iv nl llir rrililinlr Id thr niayl!*lratt-.*, 
 
 I thai, llllicy I'Iratiu, llii-y may rr^tslrr il." 
 
 rlay, yrl hr is hv no niraiiN iiili'rior In him in Moliilily 
 of ri'asdiiini; His rhararlrr is lliim drii»n by llir rill- 
 llir df his works . '' Our worthy liinid. William I'rtiii 
 wan known to hr a man nf i;rral ahililira ; rf an rx 
 rrlh'iil swrrlnrsH df ilis|HniliiiM ; df ipiirk 'houiihl and 
 rradv lillrranrr ; full of lovr, wilhonl limiinililalion 
 asi-Mi iisivr in rharily asroinprrhriisivr in kiidwlnljjn 
 Ml rraily Id foruivr i-nrinirs, lhal Ihr nnifralrhil wrr* 
 not I vrrplril Hr was Irnrnrd willimil vanity; a|il 
 wiihdiii idrwardni-ss ; fai-rlioiis in rdiivrrsalidn, yrl 
 wrinhly iind srriniis ; nf an rxlranrdinary ^rratnrii 
 df mind, yrl vdidnflhr slain of anihilion.'' 
 
 Wr shall now virw hiiii in Ihr rhararlrr nf a ti-uisln* 
 Idr, in whirh rrspri-l his Irariiiiin. his snlVrrinus, liif 
 .ii-ipiainlanrr wilh mankind, .mil Ins jii-numr tihrralily, 
 wrrr df urrat iisr In him .\iiidiin lii< various slinlirH, 
 hr had linl dinillril lo anpiailil himsrlf wilh Ihr |irinrl- 
 plrs of law and rovrrnmrnt ; and hr had morrrsprrial 
 iiidnrrmrnlM l<i Ihis. from thr proM-i-nlions anil arrrslH 
 whirh 111- frnpii-iillv -olli-rrd, into Ihr Ir^alily of whirh 
 il was naliiral for liiiiilo impiirr Hr had ohsrrvrd in 
 his Iravrls ahm.id, as will as in his anpininlanrr nt 
 homr.llir workinnsof arhilr.iry pdwrr.aiiil Ihr niisrhirl* 
 tti usiir)ialion ; and hr had slndird thr wlioir rontrii- 
 vrrsv lirlwrrn ri-nal and popular .-laiiiis Ihr rrsiill nl 
 whirl) was, that i;ovrriiniriit niust hr fonndrd in jiin- 
 lii-r. and rxrrrisrd with niddi-ralinn Oiii-df his max- 
 im-^ (vas, that " till- 1 pir hriiin llir in/r iiiilillr df lh« 
 
 priiirr. is hi-lirr in.inajrd by wisdiim than riiird hy 
 dirrr." Ilis own frrlinns. as wrll as rrllrrlidiis. IrtI 
 him lo ,idopt Ihr most liln-ral iilra of lolrration. Krrr. 
 uloiii of profrssidi) and iiiipiiry. and a Inial ablidrrriire 
 of |)rrsri-ulidii lor rotisrirnrr s,ikr. wrrr his darling 
 prini-iplrs ; and il isa siiiL'iil-ir nrruuihlanrr in ihrliiii- 
 tdryuf inaiikiud, that Hiviiir I'rdMih-ui-r shiiiild jtivr to 
 snrh a iiian as William I'riin an opporlunily to inako 
 a t.iir and innontml rxprrinirni of Ihrsr rxrrllrnl 
 maxims, by r.slablishinjr n roloiiy in .\iiirrira, on lliu 
 most librriil priliriph-B of tolrraiion. at a tillir, whrn 
 Ihr polii-v of thr dldi-si nations it) Kuropr wrrr in- 
 rlli-i-lualiy ruiployril il) rtidravonrini; lo rriliirr tho 
 arlivi- minds of inrn to a most absurd uniliimiily in 
 arlirirs offiilh and imslrs of worship. 
 
 Il has hri-i) ohsrrvrd that his fallirr. Sir William 
 I'rnn had mrrilnl iiiuih by his srrvirrs in Ihr Dnulish 
 navy. Tlirrr wrrr also rrrtain ili-bis dur Id him from 
 Ihr crown, al llir limr of Ins dralli, whirl) Ihr royal 
 trrasnrrs wrrr ponrly iiblr to thsi-liarnr. His son, af- 
 trr ninrhsolirilalioii, foniiil no prnsprrt of nrltin;,' liin 
 dur. in Ihr roinmon iiiodr of paymrnt, and Ihrrrforu 
 lurnrd his ihonnhls toward oblaininj! a (.'rant of land 
 
 -ill .\ riia, on whirl) hr iiiinhl makr llir rxprriinrnt 
 
 ■ of srilliiin a nilony. and rslablishiiin a ),'dvrriiiiiriil 
 suili-il Id his dwi) prilirlpirs .mil virws 
 
 Mr. I'riiii had lirrn ronrrriird with srvrral nlhrr 
 (}il.,krrs in pllrrliasiii(!of Lord llrrkrlry. his patrnl ol 
 \Vrsl Jrrsrv. to makra srtilrmrnl for thrir pi-rsrrutrd 
 hirlhrrn in Kiiulaml. iiiatiy of whom Iraiisporlril Ihrn). 
 srlvrstlulhrr.in hopriifali rxrmplidii frdiii Ihr tninblrs 
 whirh till y had i-iulnrril, from thr rxi-rulion oflhrprnal 
 laws against dissrnlrrs lint tllry found llirinsrlvrii 
 Rnbjri-t lo Ihr nrbilrary iinposilidus of ^Slr Kdumml 
 .\iidros. who ^'ovrrm-d thr Itukr ol York's Irrritory, 
 and rxrrrisrd llir jurisilirlion ovrr all Ihr si-l|lrliiriil» 
 on both siilrs thr Driaw arr I'riin and his assoi-ialei 
 rriiiouslralrd anainsl his rdiiilurl. but llirirrll'orls pro- 
 vrd im-ll'ri-ln.il. Ilnwi-\rr. Ihrronrrrn whirh I'l-nii had 
 in Ihis pnrrh.isr n iw' him not only a laslr for sprrn- 
 jlalini; in laiidrd iiilrrrsl.bnt a knowlrilrr of llii- iniddlr 
 I rrnioii of llir .\iiirrii-aii roasis; and bi-inn ilrsirous of 
 I aripiiriiin a srparair rslair, whrrr hr liiinht rrali/.r Inn 
 isannuinr wishrs. lir had orral advanlarr ill iuakil){,' 
 inipiiry and ilrlrmiiniiin on a plai-r. 
 
 llaviur i-xamiurd ,ill Ihr Idrinrr t-ranls lo ihr mm- 
 panirsol \'irniiiia anil -N'rw l-ji^laml. llir Lord Haiti' 
 
 rraiid ihr Dukr nf Vmk, hr hxi-d iipim a iirrilory 
 
 boundrd on ihr i-asi by llir bav and rivrr of lb I ivvarr, 
 rxlrnilinn siiiilliwaril id l,dril llaltillldrr's proMiirr of 
 Marvland. wi-stward as far as ihr wrslrrn rxiriil of 
 i .Maryland, anil nnrlhwaril •• a.s far as planlahlr. Kor 
 I this hr prlilionrd thr kind ; and bi-iiiL' rxaininril br- 
 forrtlir Privy Coniiril; on thr I lib of Jnnr. nmrrrn- 
 ' ill;; tliuMr words of his prtilion " as far as plaulablc,'* 
 -hr ilrrlarrd, " that hr should lir satislird wilh thr rx- 
 itrntof Ihrrr ilrgrrm nf Inliliiilr ; and that il) liru of 
 Slid) a iiraiit, hr was witlinj; lo rriiiil his drlit from thr 
 crown, or unmr jmrl of it. and lo sla\ for thr rrmnin- 
 drr. till his Majesty kIioiiUI he in a b;-tter eoiidilion to 
 satisfy il. 
 
 1 .\iiiirr of thin appliratiiin was givrii In thr njrrnU ol 
 Ihr Dukr dfVdrk .mil I.drd llalliiudrr. and inquiry wa6 
 in.idr, how f.ir the prrtrnsiuns uf I'rnn niiijhl runsisi 
 
 ■ 
 
 J 
 
A M R R t ' AN Ills T () K Y . 
 
 tv 
 
 Vfith ili^ ttriiiitH tilriMiily uuuU in tlirin. The iwiiiiiHuIn 
 bHtvi><>i) (III* biiy« III' riioMiipi'iiki* iiml hi'ltiwiire had 
 berii (lUuitnl hy ih'iiuhrtl r(iin|iiiiiii'it ol' N\vi*ih>N, I'm 
 lundom, Diiuti. uml Kn^hiih. It wiii lirHt hy liircr, 
 hikI ktUrrwanlx hy Irruly. hruu^ht umh'r ihi' (loiiiiiiiiMi 
 of OiR ('ri>wii itj Kn^htiiil Th.tt |urt nf it whuh 
 lionlrrci) nii iho Drluwitri' whm williiii llic l)iiki> nl 
 )'ork*fl piiti'iit, whih' that which jniiml mi the ('hriia- 
 ',icnkr> wiiM uithin ihr ^ruil tn l.nrd ll.illiinnrc. 
 
 Tho UukrV H<.'riU riiiirtriitcd that l*fiiri shnilld hiivt* 
 the land went (li'Drlawiirc aiul norlhurNcwcaHth', "in 
 coiiaidrratiiiii of tin* triixnn ht* hati tiM>x|i(>rl fnrin 
 from hi* nnijcitty." I*t)rd ll<iltiiii<>ri>'ti ti^eiit |)clititmnl 
 •Imt ronn'H ){ranl iiiiKht ht* rxiirmiicd to lie north of 
 ^ii»qut*hannah fori, and of a Intr drawn rant and wi-iit 
 from it, and that hi* nii^ht not Im' allowed lit Hidl uririH 
 And unnnuniii in to ihr Iniliani. To thcHO restricliunit 
 iN'rni had noohjrclion. 
 
 Th(* draujrht of a chartrr hrintf prrimrcd. it was auh* 
 millrd to lord rhii-f jnwtirr .North, wlio WKt ordrrrd to 
 providr liy til ('liitiNci for th<> inliTCHl of thr kin^ an<l 
 tho onronra^cnit'nt of thr jilantrrH. Wliih* it wai* un* 
 di>r cuMHidi'ralion, the lliNhopof London |H'litionnl 
 that I'i'nii tnir^ht ho ohli^rd hy liit patent to admit a 
 chaplain of Inn lordnliip k appoinlmenl, nt ihi* mpiOMt 
 ufany nundier ol (lie pLintiTH. Tliu giving a name to 
 tho provlnee wart htl to the kin^ 
 
 The oharter, eonKiMiin^ of iwonly-throo lootionR, 
 " |ionnt>d with alt the appoaranoo of earulor and Him- 
 plicity," waH tii^iied and itealed hy Kin^ ChurloH 11 , 
 on the 4lh of Mareti, 1081. It romititutoii William 
 I'ciKi, and hilt helrM« true and alnohtte proprietaries of 
 tho provinoo uf IVinniylvania, tiuvin^ to Iheorown their 
 attrgianoe and the Muveroi^iity. It jji\eM him, hin iieim 
 and thrir dopuliex, power to make laws " for tho irood 
 and happy ^overinnent of tho country," hy aifviee 
 uf the freemen, and to ereet eourtN of juttite for the 
 cxoeulionof thoho I. iwx, provided they he not repuj^ninl 
 to the laws of Kn)iland. For the oneoura^erm-nt o| 
 planterH, they were to enjoy the privilei;eii of iMi^liah 
 BubjectH, payin^r the same dulieii in trade ; and nu tax- 
 aH were to he levied on them, hut hy tiieir own AiiHein- 
 bliesur hy iwtn of P.iriianu'nt. With retipect to relj^ion, 
 no more iti xaid than what the Difhop of London hatl 
 sugijotited. that if twfiily inhahitanlit hIiouM desire a 
 ]ireaeher of hifl lordsfupH approhalinn, he Hhtaild ho 
 allowed lo roMide in tlie province. Thin was perfortly 
 aj^'ri'eahlo to Mr. Penn'K profeHwed principteH of liberty 
 of conncience ; but it may Roeni rather extraordinary 
 that thiH didtin^MiiNhed leader of a ttoct, who ao point- 
 edly denied ftie lawfulncNM of war, nbould accept the 
 powers |riven him in tlio .sixteenth article of the charter, 
 *' to levy, inusler, and train all ftortx of men , to pursue 
 And vanipiish eneinioii . to take and put llioin to tiealh 
 by the laws ui war; and to ilo every ibinn which ho- 
 loiijljed lo the oHice of e;ipt:iin-){enoral in an army " 
 Mr. IVmi, for re;iMonH of niale, niiyht I'md it convo 
 nient that he and bis heirs sbouM bo thus invcHted w ith 
 the power of the sword, though it was imposMihte for 
 him or them to oxorcise it, without lirsl aposlati/.in;; 
 from their reli^ridns profession. 
 
 The charter beiiiir (bus obtained, he found himself j 
 authorized to a^ree witii such piTsoiiH as were disposed | 
 lu be adventurers to bis m-w province. Uv a public] 
 advertisement, bo invited purchasers, and de»crilM'd i 
 the country with a display of tlie ad\anla;.'es which i 
 iniiiht be exjiected from a setilnnent in it. This indu- ] 
 ced many Nin<;le persons, and some famities, chiefly i 
 of the denomination of Ijuakors, to lliiiik of a rem<i- , 
 val. A numlier of incrcb.ints imd otln ri forniotl tbern- \ 
 wives into a com|iany, for the sake of t iiroura;iin;» the ! 
 vclttement and trade of the <'ounlry. an<l purcbiised , 
 twenty tbousmid ni-resof bis land. They bad a presi | 
 clout, treasurer, scrreliiry. and a comtnillee of tWfUe. j 
 who resided in MuLd'ttid and lrans;icti'd iheir common < 
 business. Tlu'ir olijects were to oncourajje the m.mu- i 
 facturers of leather and yl.iss, tljo culling and sawing! 
 of timber, and (bo wbale-lisberv. 
 
 The land was sold at (be rate of twenty pounds for ] 
 overy thousand acres They who rented lands wero to i 
 pay one peimy yearly per aero Servants, when their [ 
 terms wore expired, were entitled to fifty acres, sulfject 
 to two fibilliiij^s per annum ; and their masters wore 
 aUowod lifly acres for each servitril so hlicrated, lint] 
 tuhject to f<iur shiliin^rs per annum ; or if the ma.nter 
 should ^ive t!io servant liliy acres out of his own di 
 vision, he miijht receive from tbi' proprietor one hun- 
 dred acrosf Mubjoet lo six sbillin>r8 per annum. In 
 every hundred iboUKand acres, the proprietor reserved 
 U»n for himself 
 
 The ijuil rents wero not ;i;:,^rced to without ddV^'ully. 
 Taevur(.h4«ersreiiiunbti.ledaj;ainstihi-muHa burden. 
 
 unprocedented in any other Amoncaii cnltinv Itui 
 l*eini diMtln^ulshed U'tween ibr ch.iracler ol pr>>pru- 
 tor unti ^overuiir nr^inn (ho nei-ensily i*f snppor(in)( 
 ifovornmont with di)(ni(y, and (hat hy <'oii(plMnf( with 
 this expedien(, they would Im* freed froiii other (axes 
 Such diHtinc(ionN arw very convi'inent (o it ptililician. 
 and by litis insimiattoii (be |Hiint was carnoil upon 
 wliioli i( was remarked, (perhaps (oo ttcvntly.) lh.it 
 less of th^ man of (iisl now ajipeareil, and more of (hi 
 man of (bo world." 
 
 Acciirdinj; (olbe powers j»iven by the cbiirter, " for 
 ri'^nlatin^and uovorniiii,' property willnnlho province, 
 he entered into certain art iclos with iIh' purchasers and 
 adventurers (July I l,l(W|) which wereontilleil " (Jon 
 ditions and ConccKslons.' These related to tho lay 
 in^ uut roads, city and country bits ; the nrivileuo ol 
 water courses . the property of ininc^ .ind minerals 
 the resorvalion of tiinher and imilherry tnos ; tho lernoi 
 of improvement and cultivation , the trallicwilh the 
 Indians, and the moans of preserving; poace with them ; 
 of provenlinir deblors, andodior dol'aultors from niak 
 luH (heir escape ; ami of presor*iii|; the morals of the 
 planters, hy the execution of tho penal laws of Kn^- 
 land, till an .Xsscinbly should meet. 
 
 Those prebniinarioK U'lni; adjusted, the tirst colony 
 under his authority, came over to .\inerica, and be^an 
 their Hctllonient above the eonlhionceof the Selmylkill 
 with the Delaware. Hy them the proprietor sent a let- 
 ter to the Indians, informing them that " the ((Kkvi 
 (joii hail been pleasetl to make him concerned in their 
 part of the worlil ; and that tho kin^ of the country 
 where he livnl had ifiveii him a ^reat province therein , 
 but that he did not desire to enjoy it without their con 
 sent ; that he was u man uf peace, and that tho |K'opb> 
 whom he sent wore of the same disposition , hut if any 
 diirereiice sliouM happen between them, i( ini^ht U- 
 adjusted Ity an eijual ntimher of men cbo^oll on both 
 sides." \Vi(b (bis le((er, he appoind'd conimissionors 
 (o treat with the Indians, about purchasinj; laml, and 
 pnimiseil them that he would shurtly cumv and con- 
 verse with them in person. 
 
 About this time (Nov. IfiHl) ho was elected a Fel 
 low of (he Koyal iSooiely. 
 
 The nott sprini; he comph'ted a frame of jjovern- 
 ment (.\pril !J'), ItiHii) with tlie express desij^n "to 
 support power in rovi-rence with the people, and to 
 secure the people from the abuse of power." It is 
 pretaced with a lon^ discourse on the nature, ori;;in, 
 use and abuse of <fovernment ; which shows that be 
 had ntit only well studied the subject, but that he was 
 fond ofdisplayin^r his knowleil<ro. 
 
 Hy (his frame of frovernmonl, there waslolv a Pro- 
 vincial <'«uncil, consistinijof sevrnty two persons, an- 
 swering to the mimhor of elders in the .lowish sanhe- 
 drim, who were to Ih> di\ide<l into (hree classes. 
 twenty-four (o servo for ibrot) years, twenty-four tor 
 two years, and twenty-four for one yeur ; the vacan- 
 cies thus made to lie supplied hy new elections ; and 
 ahor seven years, every one of those who went olf 
 yearly, wore tti Ito incapable of re elecli<m lor one 
 year b>lb)Wtnir. This rotation was intended " that all 
 miirlit he fittoil for •Government, and havcoxporienco of 
 the care and burthen of it." Of (bis council two thirds 
 were to !-o a ipiorum. ami the consent of two-thirds of' 
 Ibis Ipiorum was to bo bad in alt matters of mumeni , 
 hut in matters of lesser moment oiie-tlnrd miiflit 1h> a 
 (piorum, the majority if wlmm niiiiht ditermino. The 
 ilintinction iH'tween matters of momeat and of lesser 
 moment was not defined ; nor was it declared wlio 
 was to be jud^^re of the disiinction. The <^overnor was 
 not (o have a noijative lint a treble voice. Ttio coun- 
 cil wen^ tu prepare and propose hilts (o the (icnoral 
 Assomlily, wbiib were to bo pul>li^ihed tliirty days he- 
 fore ils meetini;. When met, the Asj-einhly niijjht de- 
 liberate ciiiht ilays, but on tlie ninth wen* (o irive their 
 assent or dissent (o tho proposed hills ; two thirds of 
 tliem to be a ipiorum. With resprct lo the number of 
 the .\ssembly. it was provided, itiat the lirst year nil 
 the frci'inon in person niiirht compose it ; allervvard a 
 delegation of two hundred, winch nii^ht he incro.ised 
 to tivo hundred." The ^'ovornor, with the council to 
 be the supreme executive, with a parental and pnitlen- 
 lial authority, and to bo divided into four departments 
 f eiiibteen each ; one of which w as called a commit- 
 tee of plantations, another uf justice aixl safety, anoth- 
 er of trade and revenue, and another of manners, edu- 
 cation and arts. 
 
 To this frame of jrovernment was subjoined a body 
 of t'lindainenlal laws, aoreod upon by l*enii and (head- 
 venturers in LoihIoii, which resprcled moral, puliricat. 
 .>nd economi(-:i| matters; which wore not to he .ilterod 
 but l>y the consent uf the <;ovcrnur, ur his heirs, and m.\ 
 
 p.iru Ml (lie si'von of the freemen, met in Provincii 
 ( 'iiiiiuil .mil .\^i>omhly In Ihis code we find (hat lkI - 
 lira(ed di da radon which liaN< onlrihuted more limn any 
 I llnn^ t'Uv to the proHpority of I'ennKylvaiiia.viA. "Thai 
 jallpi'i 'MS liviii}( in the province. whoconloHS and ue* 
 I knowlt-<l:4e tlieo\K ahm^'lny and e(crnal lion to be llio 
 jcroator, upholder, .ind ruler of (be world, and holj 
 |thoniNolvoH obliged in conM-ieiico to live peaceahly and 
 jjUitly in civil mH-iety, shall in ni> ways he molested lur 
 their rchyioiisperMnaAion orpritctico in matters of laitli 
 iiiid worship ; nor shall they bo tumfulttii at any tune 
 to Ircipirnt or maintain any rcbi;ious worship, place or 
 ministry whalovor." To wli \\ was adileil another 
 oipially coiidiK ive to the well, re of society. "That 
 according to the i/tMsi exainpl* "f the prmnf^vu Chris* 
 tians, ami (hf fum c/ th i 'lahtn,. i-vory first day of tho 
 Week, <.illed the Lirds Day. people shall .distain from 
 their common daily labor, thai (bey may (he hotter dis- 
 pose thomsolvos to worship (imi, accoidin^ lo their 
 undcrr<landin)rs 
 
 Those laws wote an original compact IH-Iween the 
 l{itvernor ami the freemen of the colony They ap|M*ar 
 to b(f loundod in wiKdoin and etpiity, and some ol them 
 have been copied into the decl.tralions of rt^hd* pro* 
 fixed lo several of the present repiihl. an coiiHlitntlons 
 in America. Tho sys(em of^overnmont which iVnn 
 priMlucod has been regarded as an I'dipiaii project , but 
 thoujjh in some par(s visionary and im[(rac(icalile, yet 
 it was liberal and popular, calculated di i*,ain advonin- 
 rers with a nrosjH'Ct of republican advanla^'es. Soinu 
 of its provisions, particularly (he ro(alioii of the conn- 
 oil, have been adopted by a very enlightened htnly o| 
 .\inerican lenislalors, al)or the 4-xpiralion of a century 
 The experiment is now in o|M'ration, and without ex- 
 periment nothing oaii be fairly decided in the |Hditicul, 
 any more (ban in the physical world 
 
 Having by the help of 8ir William Junes, nnd other 
 gentlemen of the lon^ tu\w construcled a plan of ^o- 
 vernment for his colony, Mr IVnn pri'pared to make 
 the voya^e to America, that ho might attempt the ex- 
 ecution of it. 
 
 A part ofdiolanilscnmprctiendoil within his ^raiit had 
 been snbject to the government, which wasoxercised by 
 tho deputy of (he Duke of Vork To preveiU any ihtli- 
 cuUy, ho ihoiiulit it convenient to obtain from the Duke 
 a deed of sate of I ho Province of Pennsylvania, which ho 
 did on the 'Jlstof Aujrnsl,ltiM«; and by two subsoipn'Ot 
 deoils, in the same inondi, (he Duke convoyed (o Imn 
 the town of Newcastle, situate on the western siile of 
 the Delaware with a circle of 1*J mites ratlins from tho 
 centre til the town, and from thence o\(endin^ soudi- 
 erly to the Hoar Kills, at (*ape llenloiM>ii, the western 
 point of the entrance of Delaware Hay ; winch tract 
 coiilained the seldi :nen(s made hy the Du(cb, .Swedes, 
 .(till I'lniis. Thiswa.- called (he territory, in distinc- 
 tiiu'tioii from (he province of Pennsylvania, and was 
 divided into three cuuiities, Newcastle, Kent and Sus- 
 sex. 
 
 At (bis time the penal laws ajjainst dissenters wore 
 executed wiib ri^or in Kn^taiid, which made many of 
 the (.Quakers desirous of accompanying or lollowiiifr 
 Ponn into America, where they liad a prospect uH (he 
 most extensive liberty of conscience. llavm<{ chosen 
 some for his particular companions, ho embarked with 
 them in August lf>H'^, and from tho Downs, where the 
 ship lay v«aitiiii; lor a wind, he wrote an alleclionate 
 letter to his friends, which he called "a farewell tu 
 Kni;land. ' AOor a pleasant ])assa^e of six weeks, they 
 came wilhm sit^ht of the American ooast^ and were re- 
 freshed by tho land hrec/.rs, at the distance of twelve 
 loa^ues. As (he ship sailed up the Delaware, the in- 
 hahilanls < amo on bo.ird, and saluted the new ^over- 
 iii'r with an .ur of joy and satit.laclion. Ho landed at 
 Newcastle, and summoned the people to meet him, 
 when possession of the soil was ^ivon him in the lo;^at 
 form of tliat day ; and he entertained them widi a 
 speech, exptaiiimi; the purpose of his coming', and tho 
 views of his <fovcrnincnt : assnriii<; them of bi-^ inlen- 
 tion to preserve civil and relif.;ious liberty, and exhort- 
 in){ them to peace and sobriety. Havinj^ renewetl 
 tho commissions of their former imi;;islrates, he went 
 to ('hostor. where tie repeated the same thinj^s, and re- 
 ceived their congratulations. The Swedes appointed 
 a delo^rate to conipliment him on his arrival^ and tu 
 assure him of their alVection and fidelity. 
 
 At tliis time the number of inhabitants was about 
 three thousand. The first planters were the Dutch, 
 and alior them the Swedes and Finns. There had 
 been formerly disputes aiiiontr ihoin, hut for above 
 twenty years ihoy had beci in a state of|M'aco. TIk- 
 Dnteti wero settled un the bay, and applied tboniKetves 
 chiefly tu trade ; at Newcastle they had a court fiousr 
 
nionHAPHirs of thi; kakly dihcoveukhs. 
 
 .ii.<l II |il.i>'i- iif wiinhipt Tlw Hwi'ili'K aiHl Kiiiim Iim'iI Noi f ilicir ('liii<r« niiiili' liiiii ii vuliirii irv |iri'>i'iil '• mi |ii'rai>ii ■liiill luiy Inml iil jiiiy Imliiiii, withutit !>• 
 
 hiu>i<-r ii|illiii nvi>r, Knd Mlowt'il ImnlMiiilry 'I'liiir ul' tlir liml tvliirli lln'v il.iiiiii'il , nlhir* mM li iil » n-iiiii- liml Ihiil anil nliliiini'il ulllii' (liiirr.il (.'oiitt."-- 
 mllli'iiii'iita vvi'ri'(!liri>iliim. 'IViii'iiiMr iml VVii-nrn i iit »M|iiiLili'il |irii'i> Tlii' luriii nrniii' nllliix' Irriitii'D in IIiIht ri'ifiiluliiiiin ri'ii|>n'liiiK IrulVii' Willi lliiiii wrn) 
 iMi'li iilwlilrli llii'V liiiil II I'hiiri'li I III V iviri' 11 (ihiiii, iIiiih (Iiki'mIii'iIIii ii IcItiT wliiili lie wmlr in lim IriiiiiUiiiMilf iil llii< auiiir tiiiii', wliii It iH'iir tin' a|i|M'.iriiiK-v, 
 riilHiHl. i.iliiT ami imliiNiri.iii«|ii'n|ili', uml immt nl llii'iii in Ciii^I.umI 'I'Im' kiiiif aal in llii' iiinl.lli' nf ii liuH' not mily "I jii«tiii' iiml in.Nli-niihUi, Imt iil .1 |i.iri'iiliii 
 
 h.iil liiu>' r.iiiiilii'K Till' I'lil'iny whii'li I'i'iiM liuil anil in, iiiiil h,i>l hix iniimil, nlil iiml wiai'. mi iiiili lianil ri'ifuril in thrir iiili'ri'al iimj |iriipi'ity. 
 
 the yi-.ir luf.iri', lii';|aii lliiir ailtliiiirnt ,ili.i\i' \Vi lliliiiiil. nl 11 liiili' ilixi.iiu'i'. a.it tin' > u nina, in tlii' i\ur ia it tn hr aii|i|iiiaiil tliiit iitliir Kiirii|HiMiii no- 
 
 r.h'ii, mill It tviia liy a|ii'i'i,il ilimtinii nl' the |ir<i|irli' ' a.inii' liniiri'. M.i\in^ i'>iiii.iili>'il uml rranlvi'il iln'lmai uli'i ti'il llnir iliily in lliiai- rra|«Tta. Si'vcriil |ii.rcliMM 
 tiir, ralli'cl I'liiniin.nin 'I'lin pr'ninri' w.ia .iivi- ! nraa. Ilic kiiii; iii.liri'il niii' nl llii'iii t.i »|ii',ik t.i nii' win' iimili' lu'lnri' I'riin'a tiiiii' in Ni'W Ji'r»«.ir. Mr. 
 
 ili'il iiilii tliri'i' ciinnlii'a, Chi'atiT, l)iii'kiiij|li.i iml | Hi' at.in.l ii|i, cinif l.i iiii', t.ink iiic liy tlir Ihiml.aiiluliil I'l'iin In IT. in nin' "I liia lilli'ra, a|ii'akiii(t of llii" 
 
 l'hiliiili'l|iliia. I MIC in till' iiaini' nl llm kni|{, tnlil ini' lii' waa nrili'ri'il<i|iiarn'la lirttvi'i'ii llir llnlrli ami tlic Nwi'ilia, wlin Inul 
 
 'l"lin'i'|iriiici|ialnlijirtai'iiaaKi'iltlii'alti'ntinn nf Mr jliy tin- kiii^ t.i ani'ak tn me. and that miw it waa nnt ln''(H-iii|iii'il llip lamia nn llii' Di'lawari' bilnri' liiiii. aay«, 
 
 IVnn ; mm waa In unilii tin' It'rritnrv willi llii' |irn iihat a|Hiki' I ' tlir kiiiu, linauac ivliat lir aliniilil any ' " tin- Diitrli, wlin wiTi- tlii> liral iilanlira, Innkiil nn 
 
 vinri' ; amitlicr waa I tiT inin a In-.ity Willi tin' In waa tlii' kiiiu> a iiiiml |lla»inji iiiaili' an ii|«ilni.ry Inr tliiiii |llii' ShciIi'k) aa intrmliTa nn tlnir |iiitiliaai' iind 
 
 Jiaiia , ami till- tliiril waa tn lay mil a ra|iilal I'itv. itln'ir di'lay. I In' lill in thi' hniimla nl'tlii' lami tlirv liail |ina«i'aainn " IM' win niil.l tin' Itiilili liati' |>iir 
 
 'I'liii lirat waa I'litiTi'ii iipnii iniiinili ilrly. U'llliin !i.i >lia|inni .>!, jiml tin- |irii'i'. wliiili ia imw iliar^ that cliaai'il llnxi' lanila, lint nl'llii' 11 ititra ' 'I'hry niiilil 
 
 a Mimilh alliT liia arrival. Iir callnl a (Jcnrr.il Abbi'iiiIiIv ] whirli wnuhl nin r Ii.im' hmii/ht iwciily inilra. mil miw mil liavu niiii'd llirni willimil tin' cmiai'iit of tlin 
 
 ,\l ("hi'ati'r, whi'ii till' I'.inaliliiliiin. wliii-li hid liwii ilinyiiitftwn. Diiriiii! ihi' tinii' lliia |ii'ra<iii una api'.ik- 1 Indiana. wlinwiTi' viry nn miia, and I'nidd raaily 
 
 r.irnii'd in l!ni{laml, waa In iimliT'jn an I'tiH'rii it. in:;, mil a man nl' ihcni waa nlinrMd tn wliia|ii'r nriliaii' I'^tirpatrd llniii. nr (irrvrnird llnir ai'llli'ini'nl. 
 
 Till' Ir irii h'llh nl'ihi'|irn\im't' an. I ii'rnl.iry wrrc ainih'. Wliniihi' |Mirrh.iai'wa« auri'i'd. i/rri! |irniiiiaraj Ii ia |iriiliali|r lli.il Ihia Knlili |pnr.lia»i' la ri'li'mdlnin 
 
 aiiimiinm'd ti>i'niii|i.iai' thia .Vaai'iiiliiy in |n'ra.in. In ' paaai'd hrlni'rn ii'< nl kiiidni'aaaml i>n'>.l inijhhnrh.ind. that part .d' 1' a Irllcr he Inro c|nniiil, wlnri' hii 
 
 ali'.iil nl'wimh. thi'y I'lfrti'il twi'ln' inrnihiTa in 1 irh |.iiid th.il tin' linjhali and Indiana nin-l iivr in InM-. aa , spraka nl tin' l.ind at lli.it linii'. (Hi."*;l) aa ilrurrr" 
 I'.iimly, aiiiniinliiiK in all tn acM'iily Iwn, tlin pri'i'iac ! |nii^' aa tin' ami jaM' li;;ht Wliiili dnm'. aiinthi'r : Ih.iii I'nrini'rly.fnr linw i-mdd Ihia IniM' hirii aari'riaincil 
 
 iiniiilM'r, wliii'li by tlm I'r.i if jinn'riimcnl waa In niaili' aj cli tn tin' Indiana in tin- nainc id all llip aa hut hy rmnparinn liia with Inrini'r piirrh a ! 
 
 cnnipnai' one Inula ily 'riie I'li'ilinna wi ri' .\ un- lihi'ina, firat tn li'h Ih what waadnni'. iii'xt li)rli,ir!.'i' It iiiav llii'ii hi' pmpir Ininnaidi'r .Mr I'rim aa hav- 
 
 paiiii'il hy pi'iiliona tn tin' iinviTiinr, inipnrlin^ that I In' tlirin tn Invi' llir rlirialiaiia, tn livr in pcai'i' willi iiii' ini> fnllnwi'd the "rxanipli'a nf inalici' and tiiinlrriilnin," 
 
 h'wni'aa nl'lhi' pi'iiph', Ihi'ir in.ihilily ini'alati', andiin. land my prnph'. und thai Ihi'V aln.nld iii'vir dn nn' nrl which had hii-n ai'l hy Inr r l!iir"|a'aiia. in their riin- 
 
 akiU'uliK'aa III unvt'riiini'iil. wniild iml |H'riiiit thi'in Injiny | ph' any wrmii,'. At rvrry ariili' I' ithii h idin'l Inward llii' nativi'a nl' .Vini'rira and aa ha\iii|( 
 
 .ihi'V alrinti'd. and aaid Aimii, in their vvav. 'I he pay nniied Ilia eiainiile with tin ira, fnr the iinitalinii nf 
 |or pri'Ki'iila 1 ina<h' thent, were iinl linarded hv Ihep.ir* 
 
 tienl.ir nwiiera. hut the neiulllairin^ killi.'a and ehilia 
 
 heim.; pnaeiit wdn'ii the ^nnda were hrnn^ht nnl. Ilie 
 
 partieaehirtly enneemed emimilled what an I tn wliniil 
 
 lliey Khnnl.l ^'ive Iheni. 'I'll every kini;. Iln n. hy the 
 
 haiidn 111 a peranii. Inr that wmk ap{Kiiiiieil.w la a pro prnvinee. and the lila'ral ei nrajjement wliirli he haii 
 
 pnrtimi aent.anrleil and (.ilded.wiih that [iravily whieli I iriveii In ailtlera. wiiiild driw penple nf all ilenmninu- 
 
 ia .iiliinr.ihle Then that kini; anhdiMiled it in i'ke! li.ins ihillnr. and render it a phiee nf enniinerce ; liii 
 
 aerve II) an l.irire a entnii'il and aaaeinhly. and Iherel'nre 
 it was their deaire lli.it ihe twelve nnw relumed frmii 
 pai'h emnity, iniKlil aerve Imtli fnr I'mvineial ('nnm il 
 ami Ifi'iieral .\Haeiiilil\f with the aaim- pnwera and |iri- 
 vileaea which hy the charier were ^(ranted tn the 
 whnle" 
 
 The ineiiihera wore aernrdinirly dialrihnted intn two 
 hiuiaea ; three nut nf eaeli cniinty made a ennneil 
 
 miiled Ilia eiainple with tin ira, fnr the inntatini 
 am-eeedinu aiKeiitiirera Thia will five im the tru« 
 iih'a nf hia merit, withmil deliailini; Irnin the rrapi'it 
 hie tnllmaewhn prire.led him ill the arihimm wnrk .>f 
 I'tilniii/ini/ .\lm-rira 
 
 Mr I'enii e.iailv fnriaaw llial the aitiialimi nf liix 
 
 . nnvermtra I I'linsvlvania the n.iine nf Oiittx^ whii'l, 
 
 I '.il.niiliea it . -ii. Ily tlila name they are e.tnimniity 
 
 ! kiinwii and a.idreaaed in the K|K'eilie» iiiadr hy llie Six 
 
 .\alinllN ill all their Ire.ltiea. 
 
 One p.irl nf hia ai^reenient with the Indiana waa, 
 
 llial lliey ah'illld aell nn lands tn any peranli hut tn him 
 aelf nr Ilia amenta ; annther waa, that hia a'ienta ahniild 
 nnl neeilpy linr irratit any landa, hlll thnae wliirti were 
 fiirly )iiiri-liaaed ni' the Indiana. These alipnhitinna 
 were ennfinned hy anliseipii'iil ai'ls nf .\aai'inhly ; and 
 every liarijaiil m.nlr lielween private peranna and the 
 Indiana wilhnnt leave nl Ihe pr«iprieliir, was dei-lareil 
 
 cunaialmir nf einlileen, ami the reiii.iinini; p.irl fnriiii'd 
 
 HII aaaeinhly nf I'lDylnnr In thia assemhly was paa^ed I ni inner aninni,' hia deppiidants, ihev hardly le.ivi 1 
 
 " the ai'tni'aetllenienl, " in wliieh the Ir.iine nfanvern- jih aelvea an eipi.il share with nnenf Iheir hiilijeiia. 
 
 Iiieiil made in Kiiiilaml. heinn Btyled a /iniA(i^i(r/i,iM/ ,11/, I ,Mr. IVmi waa an happv aa In aiieeeid in ilia en 
 
 waa an far ellalli{ed,aa that three peranna life. irti enniily 
 
 iniirht eninpnai' the eniitieil, ami fix tlie assenihly. 
 
 .XfliT Hpvrral nllier " vari.itinna. explariatinnaainl .nidi 
 
 tinna, reipieate.l hy the .Nsaeiiihly, and yielded t<i hy the 
 
 ynvernnr. the afnreaaiil charter, and frame nf ^nverii- 
 
 iiieiil waa " rei'nijniaed and ari-epled, aa if with lhe»e 
 
 .'ilterutiiina it waa ati[ipnsed In he emnph'le " The 
 
 Asai'iiihly ia alyled " the (leneral .\sscmhly nf ihe prn 
 
 viiiee (if Peiiiiaylvaiiia and the teinlorietf theretintn 
 
 belnni;iiiu '' 
 
 Thua the lower rimiitieii, nl thia lime, nianifeatrd 
 their wtllinirneha to he united with the province of 
 Pennaylvunia ; hut the prnprielnr hail mil received 
 fr.iin the ernvvn, any riirlit nf jnnadietinii nver lli.it 
 lerritnry, thnni^h the Diike had sold him the rinhl nf 
 S'lil ; and it vv.ia nnl in Ihe pnwer of the penple. aa 
 anhjecia nf the Kiii^ nf Knnl.iml, tn put Ihemaelves 
 under any fnrin of ir'iverinnenl, wilhnnt the rnyal 
 atllhnrily. The want nf Iliia, willi the npcralinn nf 
 nitier eaiiaea, prialuced diiricnllies, which atlerward 
 rendered Iliia unimi vnid ; ami the three lower cniiniiea 
 had a aeparatc Aaaeinhly, thiiU|>h under Ihe aanie nm- 
 ernor. 
 
 Mr IVnira next nhjeet waa lo treat with Ihe natives. 
 The hencvnlence nf hisdispnsilinn led him tn exercise 
 ureal tcnderneaa Inward lliein. which was niiich iiicri aa- 
 ed hy an opinion which he had fnrined, .iiid which he 
 npeiily avowed, that lliey were descciidalils nf the Ipii 
 dispi'ra.'d Irilica of Isr.icl, He travelled into the conn- 
 Iry, visited tlieni in Iticir eahins, waa present at their 
 fciala, cnnveraed with them in a free and fiiniliar 
 iiianiier, and gained their aUcctinii hy hia ohiininir car- 
 riage, and Ilia freipient acta of irenernsity. lint on 
 public oceaainiia. he received tlieiii vvitii eereninny. and 
 tra'iaacted hiiaiiiesa with anieinnilv and order. 
 
 Ill one nf hia cxenraimia in the vvinlcr, he fniiml a 
 chief warrior aick, and hia wife prepariuir In awcat 
 him, in the usual inauner. liy|H>urin)>wati'r nn a heap 
 nf hoi slonea, in a "loaely covered bill, and then pliiii!; 
 
 Iherefore dclcrn.iiied 10 lay the plan of a capital cily, 
 I which in ennfnrniilv In liiii catholic and pacific ideas, 
 I'll- called I'liihi.hliiiiiii. The cile of it waa a neck nf 
 
 Icavora In L'ain the i<n,.d vvdl of the Indiana. Thi'y la id helween the river Ddawari' on the east and tlin 
 
 have frcipienilv, in snhscipienl Ireatiea many years! Si-.nylkill, //I'/nii- f" 
 
 .liter, expressed ureal veneralimi fnr Ilia nu'imiry ; and Ihe ih' 
 
 Iil pirpcli lie i . they h.ive uiveil tn the anccessivc , lI; 
 
 I, a hrancli nu the wi'st ; ami 
 
 iriled that the cily should extend frniii nne tn 
 
 ■liber, theilistance heiiiL'twn miles 'I'liia spot wan 
 
 cho, en on ai I of ihe linn anil, the iieiille risin)r 
 
 frni leaclirivi'rtowanlslheniidsi.lhenmm'roiiaspriii'.'a, 
 the eonvenience of covea capahle nf bciiii; used an 
 dncka, the depth of water hir shipa of linrlhen, and tliu 
 '.'.ind am linraire The ir'oiind waa aiirviycd, ami 11 
 pl.iii of the inlendcd cily waa draw 11 by Thoinaslloliiie, 
 surveyor general. Tell alrccis, nf two miles in leiiulh, 
 were hiid mil frniii river in river, and twenty alreeta nf 
 one mile ill Icniiih. croasina them at li«llt alli;ela Kniir 
 
 aipiarca were reserved f ircmiin pnrpoaea.one ineacli 
 
 cpiarter . if the cily. and in the eenire, mi the iiiosi ele- 
 vati'd spot, waa a larger sipiare of ten acres, in which 
 
 id The charter wliich Mr. I'ciin had obl.iincd nl I were Inhe hiiill a slate limisca inarkeldioiise. a achool 
 
 ihe crown, cmiiprehemled a I'.ir i;reaicrextptit oft 
 lory, than it waa proper fir him at first tii purchase ot 
 the nalivca. 
 
 He did not think il for his interest Intake nny more 
 at once than he had a prospect of tfrantiiiir away to set- 
 tlera. Mill his colony increased lieyond hia expecla- 
 tinn, and when new tracts were wanted, Ihe Indians 
 rnse in llieirdeinaiida. IlislirsI imrchaaea were made 
 at Ilia iiw n e vpciiae ; and the <,roiN]s delivered nn these 
 nccasinna. Weill hy the name nf preHcnta, In acmirse 
 nf time when a Ire.ity and a purchase went mi tnnethcr, 
 the nnvcrnor and hi.' successors inadc the Kpeecties. 
 .ind the .\ssciiilily were at the expense nf the presents 
 When nne paid Ihe cost, and the oilier enjoyed the 
 protil. a siiliject nf allercatinn arnsc lielween the |irn 
 prielary and the pnpnlar interests, which other causes 
 colli rihilled to increase and intlainc 
 
 honaeaml .1 place of worship On the side of each river 
 il vvaainlemled lo build wb.irvesand ware hniisea, and 
 from each front sirei't nearest In the rivers, an npeii 
 space waa In be li'll, ill the descent tothe sliores,wllich 
 would havead.lcd iiincli to Ihe heallty of the city. .Ml 
 owners of one thmisand acres were enlilled lo ,1 cily 
 lot, in the front slrce'-<. nr in ihe central liiiii alreel, 
 and before each limise wast.i be all open con rl. phintei! 
 with rnwa of treea. .Smaller purcliasera were tube 
 accommodali'd in the oilier streets ; and care waa ta- 
 ken in all, that nn buildiiii.' slimild encroach on tlm 
 Kircel lines. This last rennlalinii has been always at- 
 tended tn, llinnah ill some nllier rcsfliecla the plan haa 
 been eiilier .lisri'iiardcdor not completed 
 
 The eilv waabeuun in II''*'.!, ami within leaathan a 
 year, "eiiihly houses amlcottairis were built, wherein 
 merchanls and inechanica exercised their rcs|a'cliv 
 
 The purchases which Mr I'enii made of the Imliaua leiipatinna ;" and they snmi found the country around 
 were uiidmibtedly fair and honest ; and he ia enlilled iiheiii so well cidlivatcd by the planlera, as tn alfnrd 
 to praise fir hia wise and peaceable cnndncl Inward 1 them bread and vejii'tablca, while Ihe venison, fowl 
 !lliein, lint there is null a I him,' as over rat in<,' true 'ami lish,madcan airreeable variety with the salted prn- 
 ineril. He has been cclehratcd by a late aiilhor, as 1 visions which they iin|inrtcd IVnn himself writca, 
 iii^ him into the river, Ihrmiuh a liole cut in the ice. lliaviiiu in these pnrchaaes " set an example of moile- 1 with an air nf chcerftihieia, that he waa well enntenteO 
 To divert himself duriii!; tho swealini; operalimi, the |ratiiiii and justice in .\nierica. which waa never tlinii|>lit With the cnuiitry, and Ihe ciitertainmenl which lie fouml 
 chief aani; Ihe achieveiiienls of hia aiiceatora, then hia; of before bv the Kiiropeana " It had been a coininmi |in it. 1'liia teller is nmonu hia printed works, and in 
 own, and comluded Ilia anni; with thia rellectinii : Why Ihiiii! in .Ncw-Diiuland, fnr lifly years befnre his time, jlhe aaine cnlleclion vvc liml an nU'eclinnate address lo 
 are we aick, and Iheae slran<;ers well ! It acema aa if to make fair and reuular purchasea of laud from the tho |H>nploof I'rnnaylvaiiia ; in il hcappearato .iavo,a 
 lliey were aeut to inherit tho land in onr alcid ! All 1 1 Indiana ; and many of their deeds are preserved in the {tender concern for llieir moral and rernjioim iniprovo- 
 it la lieeaiise they love the (!rml Spirit, anil wo do i public reconla. .\s early aa 16'dJ, a law waa cnaeted | inent,and warna tlieiii aijainaltlie tcinptalioiia tn wiiich 
 not !" Till) aenliiiient wa» rational, and such aa often i in the colony of Maasachiiaella, thai " no iH-raon shall , they were exposed. Their circumstances were iiideoil 
 occurred to the sagacious aniniii; the natives ; Wo ' put any of the Indiana from their planlini; irroiimla, or ! peculiar ; Ihey had anil'ered cnntcinpt and peraecution 
 cannot siippoao it was iliaairroe,ibIi' In Mr. Peiin, whose i'lahino places ; and that upon enniplaint ami prnof in Kuojaml, and were now at re«l ; in the enjoyment 
 view waa lo impress them with an idea of hia huuesl thereof, lliey shall have relief in any uf ihe couria of of liberty, under a popular form of uiivernmcnl ; tho 
 and pacific inlontiuus, and Ui make a fair bargain with justice, as the Knulish have.'' To prevent frauds in ^ pyes ot ihe world were n|ain them 1 their former ono- 
 •i'Oi". ijirivalc bar;;aina, it was ordered hy the saino act, thai iiiies wcro watcliin;j their conduct, and would have 
 
 I 
 
04 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORY. 
 
 bcpn glad of an opportunity lo rrpnmi'h Ihriu ; it wan 
 tliorotiire luH Ji'Miro llii-t tlicy K'totilil hr niiKU>r:iU> in 
 proN|)criiy, an ihry liail Ihtii pa'iiul in lulviThily. Tlu* 
 concluilni>r wurtU of this aildrrxs may ^ivp uh a ttprci- 
 niftnuriiiH fllyl*^ and inannor of prruclnriir. "My 
 frien Im, mnniilirr mat tlir l«<tr<l liath Itro'iijlit yun upnn 
 Ihi* ftlagt' ; Uv liatli now Irird yon vvjtlt IiIutIv, yea. and 
 with power ; hi' hath put prrciouK (>|)portuiiitii'n inio 
 jour hands : havt* a rare of a iM-rvrr^r xpirit, and dn 
 not provuko the I^ord by doin<r thoM* thinifH hy which 
 thi' inhahitania of the l.in<l that wrrc hi-forr you. 
 gricvpd tiiit spirit ;* hut nanrtify Uud, tht> hving CIihI in 
 your hearts, that his Itlcssini; may fall and rest as the 
 dow of Heaven on yon and your olV^priu^. Then shaM 
 it he seen to the nations, that there iii no enchantment 
 a^ain*tt Jacob, nor divination a^aiuhl Israel ; but your 
 teuls shall lie jroodly and your dvveltinj^s trjnrious.'' 
 
 In the spring of H\H'.\, a senind AsHcnddy was hold 
 in the new eity of Philadelphia, and a ^^reat innnber <*( 
 ht\vt> were passed Ainon^ other Koml regulations, it 
 was enacted, thai to prevent lawsuits, If -i*e arbitrators, 
 railed peaceinaiters, shotiid bt* chosen hy every county 
 court, (o hear ami determine Nina'l dilVeienreH between 
 man and man. This AfM'mt'iy granted to the fro- 
 vcri.or an in*;.u»l >n certain i;imhU exported and im- 
 ptirteii, tvineh he, after acknowledjjing the*ir j^ooilness, 
 was pleased for the encouratreim'tit of the traders, 
 " freely tu remit." lint the most distinjiTuished act of 
 this Assembly, was their acceplar.co of another frame 
 c 1 govermnent which the proprietor had devised, which 
 was " in part conformed to (he first, in part mt'<lified 
 ac<!urding to the act of settlement, and in part essen- 
 tially ditlerent from both." The most material allera- 
 liuns were the reduciuf; the number of the Assembly 
 from Koventytwu lo fittyl'our, and the ^ivinir the )ri>- 
 venior a negative in lieu of ji treble voice in acts nf 
 legislation. Their "thankful" acce|itance of ibis se- 
 cond charter, was a proof <>f his ^reat ascendency over 
 (hem, and the confidence whicli ihey phui'il in him ; 
 but these changes were regarded hy some as u depar- 
 ture from the principles on which the ori-jinal co-ripact 
 was (founded. 
 
 The slate of the province at lliis time has Iwen 
 C'^nparru to that of" a father and his family, the laller 
 united hy interest and alfection ; the ftirmcr revered 
 for the wi.fdom of his institutions and the indnl«;ent use 
 of his authority. Ttmse who were ambitious of repiKsr, 
 found i: in I'ennsyl'a'ii.t ; and as nnnn returned wnh 
 an evil report of the land, numbers followeil. All 
 partook oi the leaven which Ihey fourid : the connnu- 
 liity worn the same ctpial face . no om' aspired, no i>ne 
 was oppressed . indu^itry was sure id' profit, kni>vvledi;e 
 of esteem, and virtue nf veneralion " When we con- 
 template thia ayretable picture, we cammt but hiinciil 
 that Mr. I'enn Hhtiuld ever 'lave (pii;te<l bis pro\ini-e ; 
 but after resiihii;; in it about two years, he lonnd biui- 
 self urt;ed hy motives of interest ar* we[j an plulanlhri> 
 py, to returti to fc^n^'land At his d» parttire in the sum- 
 mer of I6H4. hiH capital city, then only of two years 
 ■tandinj^, conlainetl inMrly three bundred boiiKCs, and 
 two tluninand inbabilaiils ; bci^ides whiili there were 
 twenty other settlemenls bej»ni), includmi; those of the 
 Dutch and Sweiles. He left the a<l .uni^tration of 
 government in the haints of the Council and Assem- 
 bly, having appointed five comiuissioners to preside in 
 his place. 
 
 'I he motiveti nf his return to Kngland were two. j 
 A conlroversy with lord llalliniore. tin' proprietor nf 
 Maryland, conceriiin<r the limits of their Mhi'ective 
 patents, and, a concern for Ins iTctliren. who \v. re suf- 
 fering by the operation of the penal laws a;:.iinst ills- 
 ■enters from the Mslaltli^hi d Chon-li. 
 
 The controversy with I.ord H.illimore originated in 
 this manner. IJefore Vvnu eanie to ALien.i, he had 
 written to James Kri^liy atitl oiImth, at their plantations 
 on Delaware IJay. then repiited a part of Marylaud, 
 advisintr them, that as he was confident Ihev were 
 within his iimilH. they hlumld yield an <riiedience lolhe 
 i \ws of Maryla'ul This warinni: servetl as a pretext 
 ti some of the inhabitants of ("eiil and Maltiniore 
 canities, who were iiiipatit tit of control, to withhold 
 the payment of their rents and taxes Lord Uallimore 
 and his council onlernd (be military ofticers to asMht 
 the sherilfs in the e\i>cutioti of their duty which was 
 ■leeompjistied. thouijh with ureal ditbcnllv. After 
 tbis, Markh.iin, 'Vnn's agent, bad a inretiin; wiili l- rd 
 Ualtirnore at the village of Iplarid, which is w 
 called (.Jlieitter, where a discovery was made bv a 
 tjuarlrant. thai Ihe place w ■« twelve miles soulb of the 
 40th dejfree o| liililnde, a cireinnslani e ttelore unknown 
 
 • Pri»l>iii>l) fill'i.lmn lo tlii< iph iril»e» cif Irirwl, I rum w hum 
 be Bupp'iitv^ Ibu Imliaiij i^t h^ JuttttailuU. 
 
 lo both parties, liallimore, therefort^, ctmcluded to 
 derive an advantaire from preciHum, whilst IVnii 
 witihed 10 avail himself of uncertainty. After IVnn's 
 arrival in America, he visited Lord Hallimore. and bad 
 a conference wilb him <m the subject. An account of 
 this conference taken in short hand by a person pre- 
 sent, with a statenienl of the matter in (Icbale, were sent 
 by Lord Dallimore lo Knghpiil, and laid before lliei 
 l*ords of Trade and plaiiialions in April, IfiHlJ I'pon ; 
 whicii letters were written to boih, advising them lo 
 come to an amicable agreement. 'I'his could not be 
 done; and therefore, they both went to .''ngland. 
 and laid their respctive complaints before the Hoard 
 of Trade. lialtinn,realleued that the tract in nueslion 
 was within the IimilH of Itis charter, and had always 
 been so undeislotKl, : nd bis claim aHowed until dis- 
 turlM'd by IVim. Tim words of his charter were, *' to 
 that pari of IV-laware bay on the north, which lies 
 under the 4'/ih degree of northerly latitude from 'ne 
 equinm't:,ii.' IVnn. on tlie ottfr band, Hftirmed that 
 LonI ^>alll.iiore 8 grant was of " lands not inhabited by 
 the suhjeelM ot' any (.'hrts'..in prince ;'' thai the bwnl 
 in questitm was possessed by the Dutch and Swedes 
 prior to the date of the charier of Maryland ; ihal a 
 surrender having been made by the Dutch of this 
 territory to Kingtybarles.ii. Ififil, the country had ever 
 since been in possession ol the Duke id York. The 
 Lords at several inoetings, having examined the evi- 
 deuces on both siiles, were of (•pinion that the binds 
 Ihirde'.ngon the Delaware did not heIon^ lo Lord Hal- 
 limore, but to the king. They then pniceeded to settle 
 the boundary, :\nd im t' .- 7th nf ISovemher, lliSr), it 
 was determined, that " or avoiding further ililferences. 
 the tract of land lying letween the river and bay of De- 
 laware, and the easti m sea, on the one side, and (>he- 
 sapeake hay on the ilher siile, !>•' divii) 'd into two 
 eijiial parts by a line ,' hii the latilode fn inrapeHen- 
 lopen, lo the-iOlbdegree of northern latil ide, and that 
 one lialf ihereol lying lovxardsthe Hay of Delawaie and 
 the eastern sea, be adjiidged to belong to his majesly, 
 and that the other ball remain to the Lord Hallimore. 
 a'* comprised within his charter ' To ihis ib-cision 
 Lord Hallimore submilte<l. happy that he had lost no 
 more, since a <pto warranto had lieen isiaied against Ins 
 charier. Hut the decision, like many others, left room 
 for a farther roiilroversy. whicii wascarried on by their 
 respective successors for above half a century. The 
 ipiestion was concerniiiir Ihe construction of"llie-lOth 
 degree of latitude." which IVnn's heirs contended wan 
 tb'* Viw\;n«u, ami Hallimore's tin- i(mi/(/f/(('</ of the 
 10th degree, the ditlerciice being sixtv nine miles and 
 a half 
 
 The other e.iust' of Mr, Penn's departure for Kng 
 land pn)ved a soiirci' of nnicli grnilcr vexation, am' 
 involvetl conseipiences tiijnrion?« lo his repiiialion and 
 iiiicrest His concern for bis suft'erint'' hreihreii imhi- 
 eed him to use the interest which !h> batl a court lu- 
 their relief He arrived in the month of Augu^tl, and 
 Ihedeatli of Charhs, which happened the ii''\t Febru- 
 ary, brought lt> ibetbioni* JaniiM II under whom, when 
 LonI hiub-aduiiral, IViin's father bad cominaiided, 
 and who had always tnainlainetl n steady frieiiiUhip 
 wilb the Hon This sueeession ralber increasft than 
 iliminished bis attaehmeiit to the court ; but asJan.es 
 openly professed himself a Papist, and the prejuilices 
 of a great part oflhenali'>n aj;;aiiist him werevery' 
 high, it was impossibb' tor his inlimat" friends to| 
 escape the imputation nf beitiL' |»opihlily alVected I'eriii I 
 had before been snspecletl to be a jesnil.aiid what i\ iw j 
 contributed to fix the stigma upon hi.n was, his' 
 writing a book on liberty of conscience, a darling priii-: 
 ripie ;'l ciiurl. and vimlicatin:; Ihe Duke of Hucking-I 
 ham, ^\hi hail written on the same subject Aliolherj 
 riri'iinistance which sirenglbeiied the suspicion was, , 
 bis taking lodgings at Kensington, in tiie iieM^bborboiH! 
 nl the court, and his frequenl attendance tlnre. to so- 
 licit (be liberalion of his brethren who now fdb'd tlie 
 prisons oftbe kingdom 
 
 He emit a\i)red to allay ihcHe suspicion*; by publish- 
 ing an iiddresN to bis bretbreii. in which he refi rs lo 
 iheir kiiotvlrdire of Ins character, principles and wn- 
 liiiifK, lor eighteen Nearn p<(<<t. and expresses Ihk love of 
 rnoderalion, and his wi-h that the nation might not be- 
 come "hnrttaroiiH for Christianity, nor abuse one aiiolh- 
 erfir Clod s sake." Hut what >ravebiin Ihe grealert pain 
 was. that his worthy friend D.M'tor Tillolson bad enter- ' 
 lainci) tlie same i'li.ipieion.anil expreosed il in his con 
 vcrsation 'I'o him he wrote an t xposlulatory l.'tter. 
 and the Doctor frank I v owned (obiiii ihe ground id' his 
 apprciieiisioii, wbicii Vi- mi ho iuiiy reinovu i, iliiii Doe- 
 tor Tillolson i':irididl\ h ktiowledged his misliike. and 
 m.ute ii his business <>n alt occasions to vindicalo 
 
 IVnn's charai-ier. This mgenuouH acknowledgment, 
 from a geiilleim>n of si> iimch inlorination, and iki de- 
 termined an enemy to I'opery, is one ol the lient evi- 
 dences wliich can be hiui. of Mr. IVnn's integrity in 
 this respect ; but the current uf popular prejudice was 
 at that time so strong, that il was not in the puwuro* 
 so great aiiil good a man as DmMor TiUotson to turn it 
 
 Had Mr. iViiii fallen in with the discontented p^n 
 of the niilion. and encouraged Ihr emigration of thuno 
 who dr aded the roiiseqnenees of King James' o|M.'n 
 profcftsimt of Popery, he might have made large addi- 
 tions to the numliers of his colonists, and greatly in 
 creased bis fortune ; but be had received such assu- 
 rames from the king, of his intention to introduco 
 itmvirxtil tiiUration, thai he ihought it lii^ duly to wait 
 for the enlargement which hisbretjiren must experiencn 
 from the expected eveiil. His boitk on libcrly uf ctm* 
 s«*ieiice, addressed to the king and coi- . il. hud not 
 been published iiiary davs. be'ure the Ki.ig issued u 
 general pardon, and instrictoil he Judges ot Assize on 
 their respective circuits lo extend the U-nefil of it lo 
 the (.Quakers in particular. Hi coiiseipicnce of this, 
 about thirteen hundred of them, who bad been cont-tK-d 
 in the prisons, were set at liberty. This was followed 
 by a declaraliun for liberty of conscience, and for sus- 
 pending ihe execution of the penal laws against dis- 
 senters, which W'H an (H-casion of great joy tu nil de- 
 nominatioiiH of them. The (Quakers, at their next 
 general meeting, drew up an address of thanks lo ihu 
 king, which was presented by Mr. IVini. 
 
 The declaration of indulgence, being a s[fecimen of 
 that dispensing power, w bicb tlu houte of Sluart were 
 fond of assuming, and being evidently intended to favor 
 the free exen'ise of the Popish religion, gave an alarm 
 to tbe nation, and caused very severe censures on those 
 who, having felt the benefit of it. bad expressed their 
 gratitude in terms of alleclion and respect. The (Qua- 
 kers in piirlicular became very obnoxious, and the pre- 
 judice auainsl Peiin as an abettor of the arbitrary max- 
 ims of the court, was increased ; though on a candid 
 view of the mailer, there is no evidence that he sought 
 any thing more than an impartial and universal liberty 
 of citnscience.* 
 
 It is much to be regretted, that he hail not taken thii 
 critical opporluiiily to return lo Pennsylvania. His con- 
 troversy with Lird Hallnnori' had been decideil by the 
 ctuiiicil, and his pacific | )^incipb'S oiigbl lo have leil hitii 
 lo acipiiesce in their tielertiiiiiation. as did Ins antago- 
 nist He bad acciimplisbcd his purpose with regard to 
 bis brt'threin the Ijuikers, who, being delivered from 
 tbcp dilVicti lies, v\ere a! liberty either to remain in the 
 kiiiiriloiii, or foUow him to Anierira- The slate of the 
 province was such as to nipiire hi» presence, and ho 
 nii:r|il al ibistiiiU' have resumed Ins oftice, and carried 
 on bis business i,i IVnnsylvania. with the greatest pro- 
 baoililv id-pending (he rcniaimler of Ins days there in 
 usefulness and peace. 
 
 The rev .tiiion which soon f)iitt\*ei), placed him in 
 a very dif.i^reeable situation Having lieeii a friend to 
 James, he was Mipptfsed I i be ii i eiiejiiy to William. 
 .\s he was walking one day in \\ hitehall, he was ar- 
 tested and examined by the lords in council, before 
 whom he stdeiimly declared, ' Ilia' lie loved his country 
 and I he Protestant religion above ' > life, and that he 
 had never acted against either ; I ill Iha* King Jaineii 
 had licen his (•-ieiid, and Ins father s Iriend. and thai he 
 llioughl himself boiimt iti jusljee and gratiliide to be a 
 frii nd lo bin." The jeal 'lis |Mdicv "I that das bad no 
 ear for .sentiments of Ihe heart, ife vvr*^- obliged to find 
 securities for bis apjiearanee at the next lerm, and 
 t hence |o Ihe succeeding lerm. in tbe la-t dav of which, 
 nothing having Im-tm spi .lally laid lo Lis ..barge, he 
 was aci)iiitteil. 
 
 rile next vear flo'.M)) he was taken up again on slis- 
 piiton of tioldinj' i orrespondeiiee wiih the exiled king. 
 The lonls nipiiriiii: security f .r bis i.p[ieaniiice. he 
 appealed to King William in per-on, win w. is inclined 
 to .tctpiit litm, bill lo please some of the eoiiiicit, he 
 Was for awhile held In bail and iben aopiillcd 
 
 Soon after Ihis. bis name v at- inserleil in a procla< 
 matioi:,whereii; eighteen lonb .md olheri- were charged 
 witfi adhering to the enemies ot the kii.gdoin ; but no 
 evidence appeariiiL' aL''iiio*l birii. be was a third time 
 acquitted by the ( 'ouri of King'ii Ucnch. 
 
 • "If nil universal cbantj-, if tho nnsertinn :oi tinpiirtial 
 hlwrty ct roTisri' hie, if il.'lni.' le iilh»r» as onw \\,>uU\ b,) 
 doui' t>^ , Nhil nil i<|ini nvou mii nml sten<l\ priirlisinu i<l tlietf 
 ttiiDRM. Ill Alt iiiiieH, uinl tn ill piirliiis, Mill ,Mi<>tlv Ihv s mtt- 
 uiiili T the nttli'CtiiiM ftt )>i}iit(t n Je^oiil or Htiinst, I iMU:<t not 
 ii'.i'y RnV.nitt til Mr rliarr.rtrr.Vat rn;fT;irr ;: ; ini.I I rr,r, tr-zi 
 I. Mllh iiioro pleasure than it ts (lOKHitiU- for llu-m with uiv 
 iitHlire t'l Ktve It lo me,"- iPuna's Lot to S. . mile, Oc? 
 aj, KM. 
 
 I 
 
BIOGRAPHIES OF THE EART.Y T) 1 S CO V E K E R S . 
 
 68 
 
 'know Iff li{m«iilf 
 liun, anil m tlc- 
 1)1 llip iM^Ht **vi- 
 in's illte^rily in 
 ir prijuiliL'c waa 
 ill thf |iu\vfe!ro* 
 dUmii U« turn it 
 ibioiiU'iitrtl |)-^r( 
 ^rrulion ul'lliusu 
 
 l<r JhIIU'H* 0|)t'll 
 
 lailc large aiWi- 
 aiul yrt'iilly in 
 iviul Hiitli asuu- 
 oii to intriHlucu 
 liirf liuty lo wail 
 tnuK( i<xpi<rit*iico 
 
 II lllK'riy ol'con- 
 ■or- . il, Imtl not 
 c M.i;; ih«ui'*l u 
 ig<>8ul Afixiru on 
 
 iH'intit of it to 
 I'qiiriH'i' ol this, 
 
 III IhM'II COllfflKJ 
 
 tiH WHS f'ulluwed 
 ft', aiiil lor SUB- 
 iWH aguinal din- 
 ■at joy lo all de- 
 s, al tlirir lu'xt 
 of tliHiikt) to tho 
 nil. 
 
 ig a Hiffciiiu'ii uf 
 c of Smart were 
 iiiU'iulod to favor 
 I), ;;a\T an alarm 
 I'liitnrrs on llioHe 
 ('X|in'KNf'd tlit'ir 
 ijHHl. Tlu* i^ua- 
 OU8. and the |>ro- 
 10 arliitrary max- 
 iiigli UM a candid 
 'I'tlnit ln> nought 
 uuivi'mal liberty 
 
 ad not taken this 
 
 ir|i-:iina. iliwcoii- 
 
 n diH'idtMl liy llie 
 
 il to liavi' UmI hiiu 
 
 K did luK aiitagn* 
 
 iv with rcganl ta 
 
 Iclivrri'd fn>ni 
 
 ri'niain in llie 
 
 riir ftate of the 
 
 rewnie. and ho 
 
 lid earricJ 
 
 he grtateMt pro- 
 
 UK daVH there in 
 
 llu 
 
 . (ilac-ed him in 
 liren a fru'iul to 
 jiiy to W illiain. 
 hiul, he waH ar* 
 
 II ciiumil, In'loro 
 d liihrountr> 
 life, anil that he 
 Kini: Jaini'ii 
 
 ienil, juid (liiit he 
 ratiUiiIr 1" he a 
 (hut (ln\ had no 
 • ^ uldigrd to lind 
 iH'xl term, and 
 i-l iliiv nrwhirh, 
 ) I. in • harge, he 
 
 npngain on rus- 
 ihe (vih'd king 
 i>j>|>tMran('r. he 
 V lit \%.)N inrhiied 
 f ttie <'Hnneil, he 
 '{iiittrd 
 
 d Ml .1 tirocln- 
 
 ■ \vererliar;;rd 
 
 :n.gil<>ni ; hut no 
 
 biiH a tliird tinii* 
 
 ■h. 
 
 [Il* rill ItMpRltial 
 
 (it II n-'ini; nt lIuM 
 iii^il\ |h\ n mail 
 1) 1st, I itiii^t not 
 
 (<>t iiit'in vkith anv 
 . H-lf, Oct 
 
 Being now a*, liberty, he meditated a return to Penn- j in both, without any reference lo the charter of Penn- 
 sylvania, and published propooalti for amther emigra- aylvania. 
 
 liim of neltliTH lie hud proci'edeii nn fur as to obtain I II being a time of war hi*! ween Knuland and Kranrc. 
 from lb»' Secretary of Slate an order for :i convoy ; but I and iht^ province of New York beiui; rnneli expMsnl lu 
 his vtiyage was preve.iti-d by a ftiiirtb aecusation, on jibe iiicnrKioiis ofihe Indian?* in the Krendi interest, ibf 
 tlie oath of a person kvboni the Parliament afterward i principal object which Kb'teher bad in view. was to pro- 
 declared a cheat and iiiipo?^*er; a warrant wan isKnedicure snppMes for the defence of IheciMintry, and i!ic 
 for apprebeniiing bini, and lie narrowly e.-icaped an ar- 'ftupporl of those hidians wbowere in alliance wiib ili<' 
 reflt, at U'm return from the funeral of his frientl. (teorge j Knglititi TbeaKseinblv insisteil on a continual iimuf I heir! in three years, the represent at iven of tl<e pro\ince and 
 
 of Kngliiih Kubj.>cl8 and the practice of other American 
 colotiies. The privili'irrs bcfort? granted were con- 
 I'lrtued. and some of their niont sabltary laws were in- 
 cbided in the bodv of the charter ; all wlm-b were de- 
 clared irrevociibte. except by consent of six-sevcnlliR of 
 the asm-niblv with the ^ovrtior ; but the clause re- 
 spectiiii: liberty of conscience was ileclarcd absohitely 
 irrevocable. A prmisioiuL article wattadiled, ihat if 
 
 Fox, on the I6th of January, 1091 He then thought 
 it prudent to retire, a:id aeeordmgly kept himself con- 
 cealed for two or three year«, during which lime he em 
 ployed himself in writing several pieces, one of which 
 entitled " Maxima nnd Retlections relating to the con- 
 duct of human life,'' being the restdt of much observa 
 lion anil experience, hiiti been much celebrated, and has 
 passeil through wevcr.il cdiliinis. In Hi'.Kl. by the me- 
 diation of several persniitt of rank, he was admiltei) to 
 appear before the kin-r in oMincil. where be so niiiiu- 
 tained his innocence of what liail hceii alleged air.iinst 
 him, that he was a fourth time honorably accpiilled. 
 
 The true cause of ihese frequent suspicion* was the 
 conduct of his wife ; who being passionately attached 
 to ihe (pieen. cnnsorl ol .lames, made a practise to vi- 
 sit her at >t (iermaiiis every year, and to carry to her 
 such presents as she could collect from the friends of 
 the luib.ippy royal family, 'rhmigli there was no po- 
 litical connexitni or eorrespointence l)etween Penn s 
 family an>l the king'n. yei this circumstance tjave color 
 to the jealousy which bad been conceived; but the 
 death of his wife wliieli liap|iened in Kebruary. Hi'.U. 
 put an end to all these suspicions Me iiiar'i< d a se- 
 cond wife in \i\Wi. a tlangbter of ThoniaN ( ' illowhitl. 
 of Bristol, by whom he had four sons and one daiigh 
 tor. 
 
 By his continual expenses, and by the peculiar dif- [ IfiUS, put ; 
 tieiillies lo which he hail been exposed, he liad run him j Tbns tl 
 self deeply into debt. He had lost l'70t)() before the 
 revolution, and XIDOO since ; besiiles bis paternal es- 
 tate ill jreliind, valued at li.'id per annum. To repair 
 bis for(uni>. he reipiested bis friends in Pennsvlvania. 
 '.bat one buinlred of tlieiii would lend him Xl6(t t.ich. 
 for some years, on hinb-d security This, be said, 
 would enable liiui to return lo America. :t' d bring a 
 large number of inhabitants with bim What answer 
 w;is given to 'bis reijuest, dues not appear, but from 
 his reniaiiiiiiir in Kngbind six or seven years aOer. it 
 mav be CMUcluded thai be received no encouraircment 
 
 laws, as a condition (»f Ibeir granting a supply, to which! territories should not join in leyislntion, each ennnty of 
 he consented, during the king s pleasure. They wnnlil the province might choose eight person.t, iiml the city 
 have gone farther, and demanded a redress of grie-jof Philadelphia two, to represent tlieni in one .Vssem- 
 vaiices ; but Fletcher having intimaled to them (bat ihly. arid each county of the territory the same number 
 the king niiijht probably annex them to New York, and; lo constitute another Assendily. On the 'iHili »if Oct»- 
 they knowing theinselvrs unable to maintain a conlro*.ber, 1701, this charter was accepted by the represent a- 
 versy witn the erown. snlnnitted for ihepiesent tobold!iiveB of the province ; previous lo which (viz. on tlio 
 their liberties by courtesy, and voted a supply, do Vl.'ilh) Ihe city o( Philailelphia wi's incorpt'ralerl hy 
 unolber appticalion of the same kind, they nominated \ another charter, and the governmi'iit of it cnnmntleil lo 
 collectors in their bill, which he deemed inconsistint ; a Mayor and Recorder, einht Aldermen and twelve 
 with his prcn)galive, and after some altercalion dis- ; Coriunon l/oniicilnien The persons in each id tlnve 
 .■solved llittu I ciOices were tippoinled by niirne in the charter, \vli.» 
 
 In HUM). VVdIiam Markb.im, deputy-governor under ;\verc ■nipowcrcd to choose successors lo (hi'inselves 
 Kletclier. made a simit.ir proposal, but could ohiain no anniiallv, and lo add to the number of Aldermen nuj 
 supjily, till an expedient was ciuilrivetl to save ibeir pri-CiuniMon Conncilmen so many of the freemen us tlio 
 vili'ifes. A teuipirary act of settlement was passeil. , wlmle court slmulil think proper. 
 
 >Ml»ject lo Ihe contirmatioii of t!ie proprieli)r, and iben | These Iwo ch.irters were the last public acts of Mr. 
 a i/rant was made of three hundred pounds; but a> ! Pcinrs persona! arhninistralion in Pennsylvania They 
 they hail been represenled by some at New York, a.- \M>re done in baste, and while be was prcparini: lo re- 
 having acted inconsistently with their priiicipb-s in embark tor Kiiiilaiid. which he dni irnmeilialely on 
 grant inu money to maintain a war.tbey appropriated the (ii>niiiL' lliein The i an-r of bis Midden departure wan 
 •jrani to " (be relief nf those friendly Inihaiis who bail iui areonnt v\bicb he bad received, thai a hill was about 
 sulTered by the war.'' The reipn-st was repeated every lo In- lirMn<rbt inio Parliament, for reducing theproprie- 
 year. as long r.s the war continncil , but I be infancy, tarv and chartered yovermneiils to an imnie . ate de- 
 
 piverty, and embarrassments of ilie province we 
 
 al- 
 
 i"il'jed for lion complianc 
 
 end to these reipiisilions. 
 
 province of Pennsylvania 
 proprietor, evperienced 
 
 -nde 
 
 on the crown. In bis speech to the Asscm- 
 
 , as well 
 niences 
 
 The peaceof Rysv^ick in jilv. he iiilimaled bis inlention lo relnrn ;<iid kcIiIo 
 
 Hinoni; them with bis family ; but this pnn.-iilo be bis 
 
 last visit to America. He sailed troin Pbn.nlelpbia in 
 
 luring till- end of Oclnber. and arrived in Knijland aboiil the 
 
 niidiMe of December, I7t»l. The hill in Parliament, 
 
 wIiH'h had so jireatly alarmed him, was by the soli'-im- 
 
 lion of the Irinnds of ihe colonies postpuned ami finally 
 
 lo.si In aboiil two niontbs, Kin<r William die«!. and 
 
 t^neen Anne came to the llirone. which l>roiii.'bt Peiiu 
 
 aijain into ta\orat court, ami in ihe iiainc ot the sih 
 
 ielv. of which he was al the head, he presented to 
 
 Idress uf con^iratnlaiion 
 
 II resumed his favorite employment nf writing, 
 
 as lis 
 many 
 their lonir sep.uation of lificen years; and il is some- 
 what singular lo rem. irk, thai wliilst they were cm- 
 ployeii in an inclVcetual strutr^ih' with ibe royal i;over 
 nor and his deputy; he, whom Montrsipiicu sl\lesllie 
 .Xineriean liVcnruiis, was en!,Mu"'d in his darliiiL' work 
 (d' reliifioiis controver-.y and of itinerant preaching 
 ibriHiuli Kngtand. Wales, and Irel mil. 
 
 In Aiii'ust, lOlt!), be emharked with his family, and I her an 
 after a iciiious passage of three inonibs, arrived in! Hell 
 
 Pennsylvania. By reason of this loni; i )yai:e, they i prcacliini,'.aiid \isi(in-» the hncieties of Krii-iuls in Knj 
 of this kind from them. 'I'he tow circumstanceHof ihe escapi'd a pestilenlial dislein[ier. winch ilnring that | land- till the vear K07, when be tiinnd bimsell iii- 
 ftrsl settlers, must Imve rvMidered it impossible tocom- lime raijed in tiie eoluny ivol\ed in a suit al law with the en'culom of a person 
 
 ply with such a reipiest 
 
 Pennsylvania bud experienced many iiwonvenienees 
 from his absence. The Provincial Coiinei! liavinij no 
 sliMily band lo hold (he balance, had fallen into a con- j svstcm i>f taws w 
 Iroversy respecting their sevi'ral powcrsautl pri\ileges. 
 r tilt Moore, one ol ibe pro]irietary otVicers. Iiad been im- 
 peachcil of tngli nnsdenn'anors. Picunsled witli their 
 disputes, iinil dissatisfied wilti the coMstilntion which 
 he had i'ramed and abered, Peini wrole lo Ins conimis- 
 sioners (KiHti) lo reipnre its dissobilion ; hut ttie .As- 
 sembly, periciviiig Ihe toss of their privilcHi-rt. and of 
 the rights of llie people to be involved in tVcipn'iit inno* 
 VHlion.-i, opposed the surrender. The coniniisMioners 
 themselves were soon after renioved hv ttie proprietor, 
 who appointi-d tor hi.s ileputy >ohii Bl.ickw ell, an oftici-r 
 trained under ( 'romwetl. and cotnplclelv verged in Ibe 
 arts of inirigue. He hei;,in Lis admimr-lratmn in l>e- 
 ccinber, liiHM, hv 
 prie or, and by end 
 
 lie (lid nol find the people so tractable as before. — i who had formerlv been his steward The cause was 
 Their minds were soured liy bis loou absence, by the ; ;,iii*niled viilh such circurnslami s. that lhoiii;b many 
 •onilnct of his deputies and itie royal governors ; Itieir ilii)n<iht him ill used, the Court of Cliaiiciry did not 
 omptcle, andlhcir title to ttieir (ri\i> hnn relief; v\hich obtiirpd biin to live within the 
 lands insecure. .\fti r inurli time spent in Iryini: thciri rules of ilie ftect prison for about a year till ibi- inatler 
 tempers ixui] peneiralioif their views be found il most j was accnmmod.ited. After tins he made anollier ir- 
 advisable lo lisleii t<» llieir remon-^lraiices. Five sts- j,.nit. his ioiimey ariioni: Ins Irieiids. and in the year 
 sion-' of assembly were In Id duriitv' his second rest- ' )7 |0 lunk ;i li.uulsome seat at Hnsbcombe ni Bncking- 
 ilence wilh iliem, Ins expressiinis in liis piihlic speecbc»| liaiiisbire. wlicie he resided duiing tin- remainder of 
 were sootliini* and captiv.itiiig. and he promised lo do l |ii» ||ft>. 
 
 every tiling in his p.iwer to render itiern happy. Tliey I At his departure from Philiidelphin, he left for Inn 
 rcipiestcd of bini llial in caM'tiftiis ftitnrealisence, he i|,-pi 
 would appoint for tiis dcputn 
 fti-'tififij, who sbouid he niM'i' 
 
 fliis ftilnre absence, he ilepnty, .Andrew llaniiltoii, whose principal buMi 
 
 s men of inli'L'rily and was lo endeavor a re union of the province ami lerri- 
 
 fi'tfij, v>lio sbouid he niM'slei! with full powers to < |,,rv, v^lnc')l iH-ini; nielVectnal. ilie province elaimeJ 
 
 uraiit and conlirm lands, and tnslrncted lo nive true iln* privilege of a di.sttn<-t .Assembly. 
 
 measure; and that be wotitd execule Mich an ins*rn-| On Mr Hamilton s death. lobn KvanswaKappoinled 
 
 inertt as wmild secure ibeir privileije-. .nid pu»>cssimis |in 1701 to succi-ed hnn His adininiMralion v^as ono 
 
 *p!ay of the power of tliepro ITo these rcipicslslie scenuil tti mn-'iit, and with t!ie mnvaried scene i>f controversy and uneasiness. The 
 
 rititf to sow discord anioiii.'' the I most 11 ilterini! complaisaiHc d. sin .1 them lo name a lerritorv won til have leeeivid the chaiter. and the go- 
 
 Ireeineii. rnawi'd by Iuk insolcni-e, ttiev were tirni in I |i 
 ilefencc of ttieir privileges, whilst al the i .ime time they 1 ties: 
 made a pndcNoion of peace and olieitieirce He inipn 
 Roni'dlhrSpeakerofiiieAsseinbly whichbad nnpeache.l 
 Moore, and by a variety of arlitiees evaded the gri.nt 
 iiitf an Habeas ( 'nrpus. He detaypil as !ong as possi- 
 ble llie meeting of a new ANsemblv ; and when l!iey en- 
 tered on the snitjecl ofirrit'vances.be prevailed on some 
 
 I for Ins substitute, which they with equal |hilile 
 
 declined 
 
 veiiior watinly recommended an union. but the province 
 would not tiearken lo the measure. They drew up u 
 In M.iv. 1700, the clmr'er was surrrndercd by six utatemenl of their grievames. and transimltcd 'i' the 
 parts in seven of ihe assembly, iindi ■ .. solemn promise j proprielor a long and bitter ■ stnince, in which 
 
 of restilotiou with such alti>rationt> atal ameiiitmeiils as ttiev cliaree tiim with not pert. b:s pronii>ef.. hut 
 
 shtinld be toiind necessary. When a new rharter was jiy di>ep t.iid arliliccs cvailiug the. and with negb-ti- 
 iii deb.ite, the represcnialivcs of lln' lower counties i inji to jjel their taws contirincd. ihongh be had received 
 
 ureal sums of money to negmMale lln* business They 
 took a retrospective view of bis wliole conduct, ami 
 particularly blamed bis long absence fnon UtM4 to 
 HiOO, during which Ihe inlen'st of ihe province was 
 sinking, which might have been much advanced, it bo 
 had come over according to his r"pealed promisti* 
 They complained that behad nol aftixed liis seal lottio 
 
 I 
 
 Iwailtrit lo tihtiiiti mhih' pn\ll(':*ri* |ii'rullur In ihi'in- 
 ut'lliniiii'niliiTa to n'illiilr:iw from Ihi'irHiMl)', lljul i|ii'rr'i«rlvi'ii. wliifli (he oiI.it" witi' nol williiin In iillow ^ 
 niii{lilii{itl>i>iii|uoniiii 'rhiTiMiiiiinilcrvoli'dlhul hinraii- Til" iiii'iiilu'ri from the lerritorv llirri'lori' ri-funiil to 
 'liii-t wax IriMi'lH'roim, ami u mroiii; I'ri'jmlicc w.isi'ori join, aiu) tliu» u io|i.i ration wai. riiade of ll»' I'ro>inf<' 
 Cfivi'il not only tiuaiimt llii' ilr|)nty. 'iiiil lln' (iro|irirliir of IVinmyKaiiia I'roin ilic llircr lower conntii'K 
 who liiiil npiioitiiril liiiii Tin' iirovinri'alxo It'll nnili'r III iln« nrw clinrter. tlic |ji'o|iIi" liail no voire in llio 
 llie royal iliH|ileai<nre Their lavv« hail not heen pre elerhon .if couiiiiellor!' ; whoeier aflerwanlii .erveil in 
 
 •""iileil for a|i|iroli,iiion. ami the new kini; ami qineii thi» eapa'ily were a|i|ioiiiteil hy the proprii'tor Imt they {last chnrler; that he hail ori!ereil h\h ih'pnty lo I'lillna 
 were mil proehiimeil in IViinsylvaiiia llir a loi'tf lime hail no power of leoii.|.ition 'ilie eveniiive wanveKteil iriemhlies hy hi« wriu. anil lo proco|iiie ami iIiikoIvi. 
 aderiheir aiTiHNioii ; hut Ihe aiininiinl ration of govern- wolely in him. ami he hail a i» i;.iti\e on all their hi»». |ihein at liis pirniinrr : that he hail re»er>eil lo hinihclf 
 ineni was eontinueil in ilie iiaineofthee\ileilinoiian'h !()n the other hiiiil the ansemhly hail Ihe riithl of oriai- ithoni,')! in Knulanil, an n»i<eiil to liilU pa»«eil liy hiu 
 •^1 what time the alieratioii wim niaile. we laiinol he n.ilinii lawn, whieli iK'fo.e hail heen prepared fur their {ileputy. hy whieh mrann three nr(!iilne« were put on 
 fertani ; lint in the year lli!l'{, thekiim ami iphell look ileliheraliiill. The nilllihir of lliemherii wan four lromiil„.ir netK. one l.v (he .lei.iily iriweriu.r uiLillier l-y llie 
 
 !h»;r;;vrrr.i.i.id .o'iiieeiiioiiy iiiiii liieir invii liaiiiU. aiiil Il eoiiniy, ami more if ilie t'overnor ami Anneinliiy i proprielnr. ami a ihinlhy Ihe eninii, Tlii> aU" mlileil 
 
 • ipiiiileil (;oloiiel I'leliher, aoverno' of .>'en York kIiouIiI agree. They were iiive»ieil with all Ihe to their lim of urievaneen, the nhuiea nml exiortioini oi 
 ami i'liiiiiiiylvaiilii, with equul pinvirsaml preri>;^livpi| liuwen of a Irgialative body, aceorihoK to the riglitiilihii>rcrelHrv,aurvi>yur, hiiiI other oHiiern, whiili iiiiuhl 
 
 G 
 
 I 
 
60 
 
 AMKUICAN HISTORY. 
 
 
 
 
 havn hni>n prpvpntftd if he h:wl piisnod ii hill iir(i|»ii:«'(l i (irRt. tlipy say, tliiit there was no siirhrin or kiiiff. hiU|»kin«. hnlrhpt", hrniU. knivi't.Ar, nil wliiih nrecnst by 
 bv the AsM'mlily, in 1701. fur rcifiiljilitiir ti'i's ; tlir Ki<'IU;irh who ilwrlli-Hi .ihovr iV.r IiiMvrni*. whitlii'r iill |thi' prtt-Hls iiito a ifroiir (irr tlnil llir\ inaL • in tin- iiiidnt 
 
 want t)|'an<'s(ahii>ih*>(l jiiiliiMturr hftwri'n him oml th 
 pcoplo, I'.tr Ihf juili.'i'> hoinjj .n'lo'iiilrtl I>y hnii. nailil 
 not in that caKO he ci)nsiil<>rt<tt as inilcprtuliMil imd iiii- 
 hinrtmvl ; the iiiipOKillitn uCiiml rrnln nil ihi' cily I. Us. 
 and l^aviny iho jjrinnti on ivhic'i ihf nty wan hnili. 
 rnnimlierfHl wi'.h 'he claim of i(H tirKl [tosseHsorx the 
 Swriicfi 
 
 ^riKiit intMi tr<^ W'hi'n (ht'V Jir, to sec their tVirnilri ati'l lot' the huiim-, and thrn- coni'mnrd In itslD's. Ti> ihiv 
 h:iv«' thfir till of all lliinirH. Thin his haiiilation Ii .h lotVcrins: mrry man hrinm-th (rrcly ; and ihr incirr he is 
 westward in ihe lii'avenn, they say ; thither the had known to hririj; halh the hettrr I'^leem of all mm. 
 men »;•» al«o, and kiim-k at li.* iloor. hrit he hids them I Tlii-*. the (tthi-r Indian)* ahoiit Uf apptovt- tit' as iroini. 
 
 tfur.rhfl, th 't i> to say. walk ahroad tor there is no plaee 
 for wiifh ; M> that they wandi-r in rrstlrRH want and (h*- 
 imrv. \ever man saw thin Kiehtan. only ohi men tell 
 
 The lan^URirr of this renionstranre wan plain an»l I them of him, and hiil ilirm tell their ehildriMi, yeacharjie 
 
 nnreserved ; hnt thi miNle of their oondncliri<r it, was 
 attentied with a ih'urefr «f prudfiire and deliraey whieh 
 in not commonly ohsorved hy pnhlie hodies of men in 
 «uch rirciinintanees. Thi-j. ^eiil it to him privately hy 
 rt ronlidential person, and reliisi'd to ifixe any ropy of 
 it thoiiijh litronifly iirijed They wert' willitin to re- 
 claim the propriel4ir to a due setise of his I'lhliuationn, 
 hot were etpi.illy unwillinif to expose him They hail 
 also Home concern li)r themselves ; fttr if it had heen 
 piihhelv known thai they h;id sin'h ohjerlions to hiH 
 comliict, the hreaeh miiiht hrive heen no u-iderii-d as to 
 disMolve the relation hetween ihein ; in which eis"- 
 crvtain inconveiiien-'es iriiL'ht have arisen respeclini.' 
 oiths and niilitia laws, which wo Id not have heen 
 pleasiujto an Artsemhly consistiiiuchielly of l^nakcfH. 
 Three yearn aller.tvi/,, in I ?(!?) they sent himariothi-r 
 remi»n«lrance, in which they complained that the griev- 
 ance before menti<me(l w.'s riot redressed; and they 
 added to the calalo>,'iie articles of inipea.^liment ai^ainst 
 l.t»i;an the sei-rctary, and llvans the deputy ifovernor 
 The lalier waH r.'"moveiI from his ollice, antl was suc- 
 ceeded hv (Jookin in i((»'.i. ;'.nd lie hy Sir William 
 Keith iu 1717 ; hut l».»^an held his place n| secrelarv. 
 and was in fact the priuK iniuister aiut mover iu behalf 
 of the propnetitr, Ihou^'h extremely olmoxi.iud to th'» 
 
 people. 
 
 These deputy (TovernorR were dependent on ihe pro- 
 prictoi tor their appointment, ami on the people for 
 their stipport ; ii they displeasi-d the lornier. they wi-re 
 recalled, if the latter, their illowafiee was wilhludd ; 
 anil it was next to iinpossilile to keep on a«M>d leruis 
 with hoth Sn<*h an appointment could !m' accepted hy 
 none hut indi:jenl persons, and could he relinlied liy 
 none hut thoc- who were fond itf perpetual controversy. 
 
 To return to the proprietor. IIi- intirmilies and 
 inislortunes increased with his aire, and untitled him 
 for the exercise of his heloved work. In 1711. hedic 
 tateil a preface to ihe journal id' his old friend Johii 
 Hanks, which was his last printed work. The next 
 year h' wa!< seized with a paralylic .sorder.w hich im- 
 paired his tnemory Por three «mv'!»rtlinir ypars he 
 continued in a slate of <rreat ilehitity, ^ut Htlended Ihe 
 nieelinu of Kriends at Reading, as loiii; as he was ahle 
 to ride in Ins chariot, and sotnetimes sp.ike short and 
 wei^jhty sentences, hein^ im apahle «)t pronoiinciiii: a 
 loiiL' discourse, Approa'-hiiiir hy ifradual ihcay lo the 
 clohe of lile, he died on the :)l)lh ni Jutv, I '/ IM, m the 
 7Mi yerr ofhisaiie.,iiid was hiiried in hut lainily tomb 
 ut .rirdon's in llucktn>rh.inishtre 
 
 Nolwithslanihn^' his lar.rc pa'ernal inhorilaiice, and 
 the ureal opportunities whi-h he enjoved of accnimila- 
 tint; properly hy hiscimnexion with .\inerica.lii-> latter 
 days were passer! in a stale far fnim alHueiit. He was 
 ciintinnally Huhjcci t.) the importumly if Inscn'dilors. 
 and ohh^ed lo mort<ia>je his estate He was on the 
 point of siirrenderiuif Ins province to ttie crown for a 
 vahiahie consideration. toei.tricale himself from dehl. 
 The instrument was preparini; f'lr his sitiimiure, hut 
 his deatl wineh happened ralhei tnn xpecteillv. pre- 
 venle.l the expCMlioii of it ; and thus his province in 
 America dewieiidcil in his poMerity. who lield it ull the 
 reviiluiinii, 
 
 A V V K .% I» I X. 
 
 ihcm to le.ich their posteiilies Ihe same, and lay the 
 like charge upon them 'I'liis po*verthey acknowledjie 
 to he irnod ; and when they would obtain any great 
 
 ami \\ ish I heir saehrnis would appoint ihe like ; iiiid l)C* 
 cause the platrue has not reitrncd at .NarohiirfuriNCt Ofl 
 at other places nhoiit them, lliey attrihiitcd tu thiscis- 
 toin there utril. 
 
 The Paniefrs are men of irreat conra^e and wiMlom, 
 and to the^e nUo the devil appcarcth more familiarly 
 than to others, and as we conceive, iiiaketh covenant 
 
 matter, meet lotrether and cry unto him ; and so like- j with them to presrrxe them from tlcath. !iy woundu 
 wi:<e for plenty, victory. *Vc fiini». ilance, feast, givei^vith arrows. knives.hatehets, Ac oral least hoih tliem- 
 
 thanks. and hang up garlands and other things in me- 
 mory of the same. 
 
 Another powerthey wortthip. whom they call Knhha- 
 tno' k, and to the northvvanl of u:*. Huhhamn'pn ; thi^. 
 as tar a« we can conceive is the devil, lliin Uiey call 
 upon to cure their wouiuls and diseasefl. When they 
 are curahh', he persiiadi-s them he sends the same, for 
 some coricei\ed aiijfcr against them ; hut upon their 
 
 altmc upon him, can and doih help them; hut when 
 they are mortal and nol ciirahic in nature, then he per- 
 suades them Kiehtan is angry, and semlK them, wlinin 
 none can cure; insomuch as in that respect only they 
 hoine\x hat douht whctliT hi* l>' ''|)ly goi>d, and there- 
 fore iu sickness never call ii| hini, TIuk Hnhha- 
 miH'k appears in sundry fornix Mito them, as in the 
 shape ot a man, a deer, a law n, ttn eagle, A'c hut most 
 
 selves and especially thi' people think ihemseUes to lie 
 freed from the same And though ai,'aiii>i iheir hatlleg 
 all of them hy painting, ilisligure iheiiiseKes, yet they 
 are known hy their courage and holdiiess, hy reason 
 whereof one of them will chase almost an hundred 
 men ; for they accfiunl it ileath for whomsoever stand 
 in ihcir way These are highly chleemcd of all sorti 
 of people, iiiid arc of the Rachcin 8 counsel, without 
 whom they will not war. or nnderlal<e anv weighty 
 hiisincss In war their sachems, forlheir more sali^tv* 
 L'o iti the midst of them. They arecoiinnonty ineti.if 
 great stature and strength. and such as willnidurc most 
 hardness, aiitl yet are more dis(*rcet, courteous and hn 
 niatie in their carriages than any ammigsl t hem, scorn 
 jing tliel), lying, arul the like base dealings, ami stand 
 nneh upon their reputation as any men. And to 
 
 ordinarily a snake He appears not to all. hnt the {the end they may have store of these, thev train up the 
 chiefesl rnd most judicious among them ,■ though all of | most forward and likeliest boys from their childhooi*, 
 their /e lo attain to that hellish liciL'ht of honor lin great hardness, and make them abstain fmni daiily 
 
 He appears most oidinary, and is most coiucrsani with 'meal, observing di\crs orders prescribed, totheeiul that 
 
 three stirts nt peoph-; one. I ecmfcsR, I neither know 
 bv name or ollice diriM-lly ; of these they have few, but 
 exteein highly of them, and think no weapon can kill 
 them : armibir they call by the name of /Vtci^. and the 
 third I'arihsr. 
 
 when they aretif ajjc. the devil may appear to tbetn, 
 causing to drink the juice of scnlry and other hilter 
 herbs, till they cast, which they must disforgr into tlio 
 platter. and diink again and again, tittat Icnglli thnuieh 
 extraordinary prcs.-'ing of nature it vvill seem to he 
 
 The oliice and tliity nf the I'owah is tobe exercised bbuMl ; ami this the hoys will do wilh eagerness at tlio 
 principally in calling upon the devil, and curing dis- Ijirst. and so continue till by reason of fainln.-ss, they 
 eases nf the sick or 'vonndi'd The common people can scarce .:. -ul on their legs, andlhen must gn fnrtli 
 loin with them in the exercise of invtN'atiim, but do but |into the cold ; a' o the\ beat their shins wilh slickH, 
 only assent, or as we term tl. say Amen to that he and cause them to rim thrmigli hiisheH and stnni|ts and 
 
 ith , yel somelimes break mit into a short musical Ihrainhlcs. to make them hardy and aiccplablc to llui 
 
 note with him. The Powah is eager and fn-e in speech; 
 tierce in countenance, atid joiiieth many antic and la 
 borious gestures wilh the same, over ihe party dis- 
 eased. If the parly he woiindetl. he wilt also Kceni lo 
 suck the Wound . hut if they be curable, (as they nav) 
 hetoncheth it not ; bul a :»hooke. that is the snake, or 
 Wobsacuck, that is the eagle, sitti-th on the shoulder, 
 and lii-ks the 8aine This none see hut the I'owah, 
 who tell- ihem be doth It himself If the partv he 
 otherwise diseased, it is accounted siillicient if in any 
 sha|N' he hut come into the house, taking il ttir an iin- 
 donhled sign of ncovery. 
 
 And as III former ages ,\|hi|Io had his temple at 
 Delphos. and Di.ina at DphesiiN, so have Iheardtheni 
 call upon some as if they had their restih'nre in smtic 
 cert. nil plare-^. or because th.-y appeared in iIiom- foriin 
 III the saiiir. In Ihe |*>u\ah'N s|H-<H'h he prnmisi'lh lo 
 sacrifice inanv sknis of beasts, kettles, hatchets, heads, 
 knives. and niher (he hcst things they have to th« fiend. 
 if he tviit come to help the parly diseased: hut whelher 
 they pe,fo;rii it I know not The olher practices I 
 have seen, beiiiti nece!.sarilv called sometimes to he 
 wilh their sick, atid hive used the ne-i argnmcnts I 
 could lo makelheni understand against the same They 
 have lidd me I should see the devil at tho^e tinies coi in- 
 to the party . bul I assnred mvself and thcin of the 
 enntrarv, which so proved ; vca. tliemM-lves havecnii' 
 fcBsed they never saw him when any tdns were pre 
 sent fn desperate ami extraordinary hard travail in 
 child birth, when the parly cannot he tietivered hv the 
 
 devil, that in lime lie may appear ntilo (hi 
 
 Their sachems cannot be all called kiiiL'**. I'ut only 
 some tew nf them, to whom the resi resort \\tr protec- 
 tiiui an<l pay lioniage unto them; neither mav Ihev war 
 without iheir know ledge and approbation ; vel tn bn 
 comiuanded by the greater, as o<'casion seenielb Of 
 tins sort is Massansitwat onr iVicnd, ami i 'oiianaenn of 
 Narohigganset our supposed enemy, Mxerv sachem 
 takelhcareof the widow and fatberlr.K, also lor mjcIi 
 as are aged and anv \m\\ maimed, if their frienil:> be 
 dead, or not .dde lo provide for ihcm, A sacbrin will 
 not lake any to wih' but such an one as Is eipiat to him 
 in hirlh , ollu'rwise. lliey say iheir seed woiiht bectuno 
 ignoble ; and ihoiiL'li titey have many other wives, vel 
 ire they no other It. an coucnbities or servnnts, and 
 yield a kind of obedieiire to the princip.il. whooiiterelh 
 the I'amily and them in it. The like their men olfcrvo 
 also, and will adhere lo the first during tluir lives ; but 
 put away the other at their pleasure This ifovrrnmetit 
 is sncc(«(isi\e and mil hy choice; ifihe father die bt biro 
 Ihe sou or danuliii'r be of ai»e.ihen the eliilil in cminut- 
 ted to the prolccliiiii ami fiilioii of some one amongst 
 litem, wh.- rnleih in his »itead till he be of age, hut 
 when that i'^, I know nol. 
 
 Kverv sa< Vfi i ki.oweth how far the hounds and 
 liinils of bis own country exiendi'lh ; and that i-^ hiii 
 ow n proper inheritani e ; nut of that, if anv of hi - men 
 di'sire land to set tbeir corn, he t'ivelh them us much 
 a^ till yean use. and m'Is them in their bniinds In 
 eiri'uit, whoe\er huntelh. if any kill venison, thry 
 
 Mr. Wi?(*i,ow> nrr iirii (T iIh' iLUiv^rf-.r New Kiijtnni!, an- 
 
 tn\i'-l In iiiH N.nr.uiva of ihf riaiil.ulniis, A. D. I6J4.- 
 
 IPmvli.i.WV. n.*l^ |ordin.ny means, lliev send for this rov*ah. though or- 'bring liini his fee ; which in four parts of the same, if 
 
 A Ki.vv things I Ihi light inert to add hereunto, which Idinarily their travail is not wo extreme as in othcrpartw lit ,.e kilhd on land, hnt if in the water, then Ibi' skin 
 I have.ibserved aunngst the indtann ; both (otiching 'of ihe world, tiny bcin-r at a more hardv nature ; for |thereof. The ^^real sachems or kint's know not their 
 their religion and itmdrv otiwr cnsioms among Iheoi fui I he third dav alter rlilbl !>irth. I have seen the nio ...wn bonn.U or limits of land, as well as ihe rest All 
 And first, whereas invseif and others, in former letters, iher wilh Ihe infant, nptoi a umall in-cai on. in cn|d liravchcrs or Hlrain.'ers for the most part jmliieat the na- 
 (which cmne to ihi- press againsl inv w ill and Itiiow- . weather, in a btial upon the Rca. leheins When they come, ihev tell Ihein liow bnig 
 
 'edge) wrote thai III" Indians ahont tis are a people i Many sacrifices the Indians ns#>, and in some cases 'ihev will stay and to what place Ihev go. during which 
 without anv religion.or knowhilgenfany U.mI. Ihernn they kill children It hrenietli they are various in their lime Ihev receive entertainment, acconling li> their 
 I crre I, though we could tlicn gallier no better ; for as ridigions worship in a hllle dislance. ami gmvv more (M-rsons. but want not Once ;i year the IVuiiese* use 
 they conceive of many divine powers, so of .me. wh an and i lore e-dd in their vvtirflhip to Kiehtan; saying, in to provoke Ihe |»eop|e to bestow much corn on the na- 
 they call Knhhin, lo be the prin-ipal maimer of allihft ihcir memory he was much nmrp called iipmi The cheni. To that rtid they ap|H.inf a certain tune and 
 n'nt ; and lobe made by none. Hc.they say. created Narnhiggansels exceed in their hlin I ilev.tti.-n, and have place, near the nachem's dwelling, where the (M-ople 
 
 the heavens, earlh, sea. am! all creatures contained ' a great Kpaciotis house, wherein oulv s e lew fihat hrihg manv haskelh of corn and inaki n i»r#n.t -i...!. 
 
 therein Alsolh.t he made one man .niil on.. «.».,,.., :««•, :::; '.vrm-.v I.-iOi lii. hi. pinsi^f romi* . lioih-r. ai thereof. There the Panieses stand rcadv to give iliankfi 
 '^I whoir; they, and we. ami all mankind «ame . hut Imw certain known limes, resort all their pi opie. and ollir lo ihe (leople on the cacbi m'*! b< halt . and alter nc- 
 *\M-i twcanie so far dis^MTMed, that they know not. At alnioiit all the ricliM lliuy have lo iheir «(»dM.ai ki* IIpk, .quainlintj the nachein therewith, who fetchci* the t^aiiiff 
 
 ■ 
 
BIOGRAPHIES OP THE EARLY DISCOVERERS. 
 
 I'hich arecnst by 
 iak'> 111 ihf niiiiHt 
 Hhln'H. To thiv 
 III till' tnnrr he is 
 ■III ol' III! inon* 
 rdvt' nf :i« \foixU 
 till' like; iiiul t)C- 
 larnliitr^iiriHrt Ofl 
 lutrd lu itiiscus* 
 
 ngcamlwJMlom, 
 iiiiirc fiiniiliHrly 
 iiitkrih rovriinnt 
 •nth. fiv noiiii'lid 
 tr.-iKl hitth Ihrm- 
 thi'iiiMrUrH to 1)1* 
 iiii-l iht'ir Imillffi 
 iist'tM's, yrt thry 
 Iricss, |iv rciiscin 
 o>t iiii hundml 
 hiniisnrvrr htiiiul 
 rincil nl'.ill »inrt8 
 'iiiiiisri, without 
 ikc jiny wi'iijlity 
 heir inorr Hiiflnlv, 
 'iiiiiiiuiiily iniMi.tf 
 will (-iiiliirr iiinst 
 inrlriuiK iiiut hti- 
 iiytit ihniix'nrii 
 illiii;!*, iitiil htantl 
 ly iiit'M. Aih) to 
 they iniin up the 
 Ihrir rhildlmnj, 
 stiiiii I'ri'ni ikiii.ly 
 ><(l. loihrDHJ ihat 
 iippc.ir (i) (lu-in, 
 iiiut otiirr tiittcr 
 ilit*t.'"r^r iiitn tlio 
 ill Iniiith ihrouuli 
 ill Hrrni to \\v all 
 1 I'lintTiH'ss iit the 
 "t )iinitn<>K, thi'V 
 ('II tiiiiMi ^'11 foriii 
 hiiis wlih hiickH, 
 h ami Htiiiiips aiiil 
 :i{(-r)it;ihli' to ihti 
 lolhrni. 
 
 i kiiiL'^. hut only 
 
 'Kort Inr [iroti'o- 
 
 iT may they war 
 
 tion ; vrt to hn 
 
 II ►i-cnirtli ( If 
 
 iiM'onanarnH of 
 
 Kxrry »iat'hf>m 
 
 , also lor njrh 
 
 tlirir fVirml!' hn 
 
 A hiU'liriii will 
 
 is ri|uat to him 
 
 I ivoulit Iicromo 
 
 iIImt wivci*, \vt 
 
 MTvanls, aiiil 
 
 al, w ho onlrrrth 
 
 cir iiini ol'-irrvt) 
 
 L» tjuir li\rK ; hut 
 
 his iiovrrnriHMit 
 
 t'alhrr (lie hi toro 
 
 hild isroiiiintt- 
 
 )• one anioiiirnt 
 
 hr of i\^v, hut 
 
 he IhuuhU ami 
 
 himI that •- liiN 
 
 ;inv of hi ■ f'lrn 
 
 llirtii af inurli 
 
 •r lioiimU In 
 
 I M'niNon. ihrv 
 
 * oftlic Katiii'. if 
 
 r. then till' Kkiii 
 
 know not Ihfir 
 
 i" till' ri'>i All 
 
 IoiIlt at till' iia- 
 
 thi'tn how h»]>r 
 
 o. (hirinii whien 
 
 •rilinii to lln'if 
 
 hv ranirnrp uhi> 
 
 'orn oti till- na- 
 
 rtini tuni- ami 
 
 !nri' Ihr |h'i)|)1i* 
 
 :i iiriMil '•l».-!t 
 
 > !<' i:iv«' thanks 
 , ami atlrr nc- 
 i'trhoH tile (iaiiiA 
 
 mill i(t nu |pii*4 lliaiikrul. hrHlowinn many •liflti nn ihrin. 
 Whnn any are vixitcii with ftirkncsR, ihrir tVimils re- 
 Borl unto Ihrin lor llirir t;>iutorl. ami coMtinuf with 
 thrni olb'iitiiiics till tln-ir ilcaih or rrroviTy ll'tln'V 
 (lie, they f^lay a rrrtaiu lime t<i mourn torthi'in Ni^hl 
 anil morning tliry {iiTt'orni ihi^ ilnty, many itayn allor 
 the hurial.ina most tlolclul maiinrr.iiison u h asihoiiirli 
 ithe onlinary and the nuli* lUiiMial w h they lakr 
 from our anotln'raiid alloircthrr ; yrt it will draw ti'arn 
 from their eyt*8 and almost from ours alto. Dnl it'they 
 recover, then hirause their >ii-kurss was rharyiMMe, 
 they send I'orn aiirl oilier iril'ls nnio iheiii. al a n-rtatn 
 a|>|>uiitteil time, wlii-reat they least and daitee, whirti 
 Ihey call miinnnni When they hiiry the dead, they 
 (*ow u)> the eorpse in a mat. and so put it in the i-nrlli ; 
 it' the parly IteaHaeheni, they ei>\er him with m.inv eu 
 rious mats, ami bury alt his riches with him, ami en 
 close the yrave with :i pale II it he a eliikl. the father 
 will also pill his nwn most Mpeeial Jewids and orna- 
 ments in till' iMrlh with it; also he will etit his hair, 
 t'.tid disliu'ure himself very miit-li in token of sorrow. 
 It it he the man or wiMiian of the h Mise ; they will poll 
 t!i>w'n the mats. ai'..i leave the frame st.imlitiL'. and lairv 
 tliern in or nr.ir the same, and eitlie- remove ihiir 
 dwellmy or jjive over house keepii)>T. 
 
 The men employ lliemst'lves wholly it) hunlinj;, and 
 uilier e iereisi'M ot ih" how, exeent at some times tliev 
 take some pains in fishMii;, The wmnen Ii\e a ino-t 
 Klavivli hie ; ifiey eitrry all their luirdeiitt ; set :ind dress 
 their eoni. «.Mllierit in. ami ><ei'k out for inileh of their 
 food ; heat and make ready the corn to eal, and have 
 bit household nn' tyini; upnn ihein. 
 
 The ytiuri^rr sort reverenre the elder, and do all 
 mean oirices. wlidsl they are toi^n-ther, allhouifh they 
 .m straiiL'iTs. Hoys and ijirls inav not wear their hair 
 like men aialwooien. hut are dislin:;iiished therehy. 
 
 A mail is not aieountt'd a man till he do some no- 
 table art. or show forth surh eoura^'e and resolnlion as 
 beromelli his plaee The men tiike miieh tohaeeo, hut 
 lor hoys so to do. they aeeount it odious 
 
 Al! their names are siijnifieanl and variahle ; for 
 when they rome to the stale ot men and women, they 
 alter them ari'ortltn<.r to their deeil.o or dis{Hisitioiis. 
 
 Whi'ii a nnid is taken in inarria>fe, t>hi' first euttelli 
 lier hair, and alter wearelh aroveriii^on her head, till 
 her hair he j^rown out. Their women are diversely dis 
 pusi-d. some as niiHlest as they v\ill searee talk one with 
 another in the eompany of men ; heinir very elia>te 
 alno; yet other some are lioht, laseivions and w anion. 
 If a woman have a had Inishaiid, oreaiinot allt-el liiin. 
 and there he war or oppo7.iti.oi lietween that and any 
 other people, she will run awav from him to the emi- 
 Irary party, and there live, where they never eome un- 
 welcome ; for where are tuoiit women there is greatest 
 pleiHy 
 
 Whi'n a woman hath her monthly terms, she sepa- 
 rati-lh hersi'll from all other eompanv.and liveth certain 
 davR 111 a house a'oiie ; at)er which, she v\ahlieth her- 
 «elf ami all that she hath lomhed or usrd. hih\ is auain 
 reei'iveil to lier hiishand h In .1 or taiinlv For adultery, 
 tlif husl>and will luat liis wile iiul put her awav* it he 
 please. Some common strinnpels there are, an well as 
 11) other placcN ; hiil Ihey are siieli as either never mar 
 ried. or widows, or put away for adultery , lor no man 
 will keep surh a om' to wit'e. 
 
 Ill mailers ot unjust and di>honest dealini;. the tia- 
 chein exaininelli an<l puni»hi>lh the same In case of 
 Ihett, for the first otrence, lie is disitraei'fully relinked , 
 ^for ihf sei-ond. he.ilen hy the sachem, with a cndijel on 
 die imketl ti.iek ; for the ihtrd. he is iieatrii wil!i many 
 strokes, ind hath his nose shl up^vards. th.il ihi-rehy all 
 men may know and xhon him If any man kill another 
 he must likewise the tor the same. The sachem not 
 .uilv passeth tenteiice upon niahlactors, hut e\eculelh 
 llh- NMiiie with his own hands, if the partv he then pre 
 will; if not. >endelh his own knile in case of deiiih. 
 Ill the hands of others to pert'ortn the same. Mut if 
 the iilVender he t i nveivp other punishment, he will not 
 receive the same hut from the itacSeiii hiniselt'. helore 
 uhnin. heinif naked, he kneeleth. and will not ntl'er to 
 mil iiway. though he heat him iipver no muHi, it hein;^ 
 9 ifrealcr (Ifparii^ement for u man tt> cryiJuti'i;; Uie 
 
 _OT 
 
 jtirne of his eorrection* than in his oflencc and punish reason of the eontniry ; only experience tearheii uBj 
 
 [inent 'that if it ilu exceed Kn^dand. it is so lillle an inuitt re- 
 
 1 As lor their apparel, tliey wear hrei-elies and slm-k ipiire better jn.iL'iiients todiseern it. And tor the wm- 
 
 iiios in line, like some Irish, which is made of deer 
 skins, and have shoes of the same b-ather Thev wear 
 I also a ileerV-skiii loiise about itiem like a cloak, w hirli 
 the;/ will turn to the weath'Tside. In this habit thev 
 travel , hut when they are at home, or come to their 
 journey's end, they presently pull oM* their breeches. 
 
 ter, I r.itber tiniik (if there he ditlerence) >: is holh shar- 
 per and longer in Mew Knuland than I >id ; and vet the 
 want of liiMse I'miilorts in the one. whieli I liaxeen- 
 jovcd in the othi'r, may deceive mv jiidi.Miient also Hut 
 III my best observation, comparintj our own cot«diiiiint) 
 with therela'ions of other parl^ of America, ii eannnt 
 
 tockini's and shoes, wriiii.' onl llie water, if they bejeoncidve of any to a<,'ree iH-tter with the eonstiliJion* 
 wet, and dry them, and rnlior chafe the same Thon<;h ^>f the Knulish. not hem o oppressed with the extremiiy 
 tl.ese beolK yet have they another small garment whieli , of heat, nor nipped hy hiiini; cold, by which means, 
 eoverelh their secrels The men wear also, when they [ bletdjeil be (tiMl. we enjoy our he;, llh. not withstanding; 
 iro abroad in eoUl weather, an otter, or fox skin on : these dillicnllies we have umler<:one, in smli a measure 
 their ri<.dit arm; but only their bracer on the ]<>tl ias would have been admired had we lived in Kiii'lantl 
 \\'oineii, and all of thai sex, wear otrinijH about Iheirj with the iike means The day is two hours lonoer 
 b'lrs. which men never do. jthan here wlieii at llie Khurtest, and as much shorier 
 
 The people are very ineenion«ami observative ; they j when at the loni»est. 
 keepaccount of time, bv the moon, and winters ori The soil is variable, in mime places mould, in some 
 summers ; thev know divers of the stars hy name ; in iclay, and olhers a uiixed sand. \i\ The ehieliht 
 partic-iilar they know the North .Star, and call it .WrwAc, j/raiii in the Indian maise, or (tiiinea whisil ; the senl 
 which i'« to sav 'hr linn ; also thev have many niimes'lime beirimnih in the middle of April, aial coninmetli 
 forthe winds Thev will iruess verv well at the wind ^ood till the midst of May Oiir harvest he<juinetti 
 and weather bel'orehand, hv observation.s in the heav jwilh .September. This eoin increaselh in irreat inea- 
 [ens. They ri'port also, that some of them ran cause | sure, hut is inlcrior in ipiality to the same in \'iri:mia, 
 |lhewindto blow in what part thev list — can raise' the reason I conceive is because \'iriiiuia is tar hitler 
 storms and tempests, which Ihev usnallv do' when they than it iswiihiis.it rcpiiriii;: ^'real In t to ripen. Mut 
 I ml end the ilea I h or destruction of other people, that hy '. wln'reas it is olijecled airainst >cw Knijiand. that '-orn 
 reasi'ii uf the uiisea>oiiable weather, 'tiev may take ad , will iimI «.'row there except the uronnd be mani'red with 
 v.intaiye of their enemies in their housed. At such , tish ; 1 answer, lhat where men set with fish (as wiih 
 times they perform their greatest exploits, and at such us) it is more easv so tv> do than to clear .'round, ami 
 seasons, when ihev are at en mil y with any, they keep! set with'iiit some live or six years, and su bet;iii anew, 
 tiiore earclnl w.itcli than at other limes : as in Niri'iuia and elsewhere. .Not but that in some 
 
 As fir their lanifiiaop, ii is verv copious, laroe, and plaies, where they cannot be taken with case in mu Ii 
 ttitlii-iilt, as yet we cannot altaiii to any oreat measure abundaiice, tin* Indians set four years toiiclher w iihoiit 
 thereof; hut can imdersland ihein. and explain oiir- tficm, and have as t:ooi| corn or betli r ihaii we have, 
 selves lo their understaiidin;; hv the help of lhi>se that , thai set with them . thoiiitli indeed I think if we hail 
 daily converse wiih us. cattle to till tlie yround, it would be more iirolitabif 
 
 .Arid tlioiii!h there he dilVerence in an hundreil miles and better a:;reeable to the soil to sow wheat, rye. bar- 
 distance of place, both in laiii.'uaoi> and manners, yet lev. peas and oats, than to sel maise, which our Indiana 
 not so imich but that Ihey ve;-v well understand each call tUrmhim ; tor we have had expeneiic" lhat they 
 other. And thus mncli of tin . livi-.s and manners bke and thrive vxell ; and the oilier will not be pro- 
 
 Instcad of reconis and ch olic!<'^( they take this cured wilhont !;i)od labor am! dili>.<enee. especially at 
 course : where any remarkable ...'. i.' iloiie.in memory \ seed time, when it must also he watched by niijhi. to 
 of it. either in the place, orhy .-^ome pathway ne.ir ad- i keep the woKck from the fish, till il be rotten, which 
 joinni:;, diey make a round hole in ilic ;,'rouud about a ' wdl be in fourteen days, vet men a^reeiii^ toi»elher, 
 toot deep, and as much over, vv Inch '.vheii i it hers pass- ; and lakiiij: their tuins. it is not mu h. 
 injj bv behold, lliey impure the cnise and orcasioi. nf ; Much iiii^bt be i'|."ken of the oefit that may come 
 the same, w hich bi iii>; once know n, they .ire can-fnl to to such as shall plant here, by trading' with (he Indiaim 
 n-iiuaitit all iMeii, us occasion scrvcUi tln'rcwith ; and lor Inrs. if men take a rii;hl course lor oblai iin^' the 
 
 same . for I dare presume upon that small experience 
 1 have hail to alinm, th.it the Kni^lish, Dutch and Freiicli 
 
 .. .<■!.«>.,... t.i, I,-. ,11 .1.' .r«\.l^-<|.',| .--. i.i IIA .111 .. »»l.l, . 
 
 lest such holes siuMild he tilled or erowii up by anv 
 cideiit, as men pass by. they wiilotl renew the same 
 [by which means many lliilii;sof ureal anliiiiity are^reluin yearly many thousand pounds prolti by trade 
 
 fresh in memory .S.i that as a man travidleth. if hi 
 can Miiderstand his Miiide. bis jmirney wiil he less te 
 
 onl\. Ifoin that island on which we are seated 
 
 'i'obacco inav he there pl.int' d, but not with lhat 
 
 dious, hy re. IS in of many historical tliseourses which prolit as in some other places, neither wen' it profit- 
 will be n-laled to him. {able there lo follow it. tliou>:h the increase wireeipial. 
 For that continent on which we are, called New} because fish is a better ami richer conmioihiy, and 
 Liiidiiud. althoii>:h it hath ever been conceived hy llie more necess;iryf w tiich may be. and there arc tiad in as 
 FiiL'bsh to he a part itf the main land ailjoiiiin^f to \ ir i>reat abiimlanc*' as in any other pari of the woild ; 
 I tutna. vet bv rel.it ion ot the Indians it should appe.ir to w ttness the w. «t count rv niercl.aiils of Fn^; la ml, which 
 ,he otherwise ; tor they allirm contidently that it is an n'turii imredihle ^ams yerrly froin thence And il 
 I island, and that eitherthe Dntchor French passthron<rh they can so do, which here buy (heir salt at a t;reat 
 'iromsea to sea belween us, and N'iroiniii, and ilnve ,t charge, and traiis|Hirt more company to make Ihcir 
 L'reat tr.ule m the same. The name o| that inlet of the voyji^T than will sail their ships, what miiy the plant errt 
 sea they call Mi'hfoiin. which I take to be ;he same expect wheii once they are seated, and i.iake the inost 
 W'liieh we call Hudson's liver.np winch Master Hudson of their salt there, and employ themselves al least ei;jht 
 went many leai>ues. and lor want ol means (as 1 hear) ! months in tishinir. whereas the other fish but lour, ami 
 leH it nndiscovered For contirmatiou of this theirihave their ship liedead in the hi^rlsir all the tune, 
 : opinioo tbns is much : lhou>.'li ^ ir>.Mma he not above an '• whereas such shippini; as heloiiif tu plantations may 
 huiulreil leauues tVoni lis. yel they never heard of /'imc- , lake fn'iuhl ot passengers or cattle thither, ami have 
 Imfan, or knew that any Fn^lish were planted in liisi their lading provided aaiuiisl they come ' I conless 
 country, save only by us and 'I'txifuntihim, who went ! we have come so far slmrt of the means, lo raise such 
 thiiher in an Kiiirlish shi[) ; and therefore it is more j returns, aswithj^reat dilheulty wi have preserved our 
 pnib.ible, because the water is not passahtc for them j lives , inHonuieh as w hen 1 look buck upon our coiut 
 who are very adveiiiurous in their boats |ii>n, and weak nieiiiiBto preserve the Han<e, I rath r 
 Then for the temperature of the air, ill almost three I idmire at (.iiHls niercies and providence in our | e- 
 
 . years experience \ can scarce disliri);nish New Knji- 
 iaml, trom Old |-'ii>!taod, in n'speet of heat and cold, 
 Ifrost, snow, rain, wind, Siv .Some object becjuse our 
 [plantation lielh in Ihelatiludeof twoand forty, it must 
 
 servation. than (hat no ijrealer ihintf" have l> en 
 elVected hy us. Dut thonnh our l>et{iiininK have I een 
 thus raw, small and dilticull, asthou hast neen.yei llic 
 same (iisl lhat lialli hitherto led us throujrlilhe fonnei 
 
 |iieevls he much holler. I oonfesK I cannot ^ivc the' I hope wilt raise iiieaiiti to accomplish the latlei. 
 
 I 
 
THE 
 
 HISTORY OF SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 BY WILLIAM ROBERTSON, D. D. 
 
 EDITOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 In sluilyiiiff the early hUtory of America, attention has to bo dlrocted cliiofly to Ihe r-entral and Bouthem portions. It was there that M»c first ndveiiturers from 
 Europe est i»)UslieiUhi' onf tfroat rontn-whence conquest besan to -^preatl itself over the laml ; and It waa thi-re that Ihe ancient civilization of the native 
 niees t'adeil and auecuinhcd before the moral nnd imitcrial power of the Fast, ('oiiseipicntly a liUtory of thin portion of the eimtlncnt natuntlly follows »ft*T 
 the publieatioii of the " Biotrraphiia of the Early Dlncovercrs," and Dr. Kohert.-tDu's elaborate work necessarily llnds a place. I say '*nece«8urily,** for in 
 fact, therein no history of Sttuth America which rivals it; none which evinces the a.ime dej^rec of research, the same elaboration of detail, or the Hame 
 imp:trtlality In denUni; with ihe data that are preaent'-d. The only detlclency to tte noticed In it I have myself endeavoured, with as niueh Impartiality, 
 though with more I>revity, (o sujiply, thereby makiufir the narrative in a measure complete to Ihe present day. 
 
 Or. Uobei iiin, writliur at the end of the hist century, brou«rhl his portion of the work down to a period hardly later than our own Declaration of 
 Iud'ii>cndencc. It hiis been my ohject to supplement his lalnirs by an outline of tlic vast cliunijes that have been recorded since. My llrst Intention in doIuK 
 this, wa-s to take uj* l>r. Robertson's accitunt in the eijjiitli bo. '- ..mkiiu.' sueli alterations in the text as would be necessary to u consecutive history adapted 
 to the readers of to-day. R: further consid.nition led me to a dilTerent course. I have preferred to leave the orlirinal work Intact, and to circumscritio 
 the suiiplementary portion within the limita of a ninth book. But In dolni; this, it wa^ imptissible In the pr^cribed space to follow (uit the jdan laid 
 down by the original autlior. A history of South America durin;? the lust century, if written with the comprelienslveness he f dlowcd, would have added 
 Tnstly to *he sii e of this volume. I have, therefore, perforce been j^uided by the necessity for conciseness, white exercising in all respects, a careful regard 
 for accuracy aul fairness of jud(;ment. 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 In fullillinstlie tMii»ii;;emenl which I had come under 
 to the ruhitc, wilii respect lo tlie History ttf .\merica 
 it was my intentiim not to have pul)llshed ituy part of 
 the worli until the whole *va« eonipleted. The pre- 
 sent slate of the Rritish ci>lonies has inttuced me to 
 alter lh;it resoluiion. While they are nnirnifeil in civil 
 war with (ireat ISrilaiu. iiiipiiries and speenlatinnscon 
 cerninij iheir jinricnt forms of policy an! laws, whii'h 
 exist Mi> lonjjer. caTuiot he interesltntf. The attention 
 and rxpectation of niaukind are now turned Inwards 
 their future rondilion In whatever manner this un 
 happy contest rnav terminate, a new order of thiiiirs 
 must arise in North .Xmerici^. and its atrairs will as- 
 ■uint* another asperi. I wait with the solicitude of a 
 fforid citizi'u. until ihe ferment suhside.nnd recfular ^o 
 verninetM he re eNt.dtlished, and ifien I shall return t<> 
 this part of my «ork, in which I hail matte some pro- 
 gress. That, tiiuether with the history of Portumiese 
 
 America, and ot the seillernents made hv the several lance and knowledi^e of th^ 
 natiims of Knrope in the West India Islands, will com- 
 plete my plan. 
 
 The three volumes which I now pul>lish contain an 
 Accouiil of the discovery of the New World, and of the 
 nroifiess of the Spantt-h arms and colonies there. This 
 |t^ not oidy the rihiKt splendid portion of the American 
 itory. hut so nmrh detached as hy itself to form a per- 
 fect whole, rentarkaltle fortheunilv iif the suhjecl As 
 the principh'M ;indnta\iuis of the Spainanis in planiini; 
 eoloniej*, which have heei' adojitt'd in ^onH' measure hy 
 e»ery nation, are unfolded ui this part ol mv work ; U 
 will serve as a proper introduction to the hisl.iry of all 
 the Euntp.-an .wtalilishments m \nieriea, and convey 
 Biieh iutUroiation rnncerninir lliis imporlani article of 
 pfttiey. as may he deemed no less iulerestinji; than cu 
 rintiB 
 
 In descrihini; the nrhievements and institutions of 
 the Spani;irils in the New \\ urM. I have departed in 
 many inslanres, from Ihe aceoinits of preccdinn Ins 
 loriaus. and have often related facts which seeui to 
 have heen unknown to th<"u. It is a thitv I owe the 
 Puhlie to mention Ihe sonrr*>s from which I have deri 
 ved such intelliijenre which iuslilies me eillier in pla 
 cinu IransarlionH in anew tJLrhl.or in fonnintiany new 
 opinion with res|»ecl to their cnuses and eirects. This 
 duty t fM'rform with urealer satisfaction, as it will af- 
 fini an opporttmity of exprestin^ my tfralitnde Id those 
 bcnefaetorti who have hfUiored uui with their counte- 
 nance and aid in r.iy researches 
 
 As it wnt front Hpaiu th.kt I had to expect the most 
 
 
 work. I considered it as a very forttmate circumstance 
 for me when laml (trantham. to whom I had the hon- 
 or of heinj; personally known, and willi who.M' liher- 
 ality of sentiment, and itispo.'^ition lot)hlii>'e, I was well 
 acqu.iinted, was appointed nnihassadnr to the court of 
 Madrid. I'pon applyiui; ti) him. I inel w ith sueli a re- 
 ception as satisfied ine that his endeavors would Im* 
 employed in Ihe mof-t proper manner. in order toohlain 
 the j^ralitication of my wishes ; ,nnd I am perfectly 8*'n- 
 sihle. that what proj^ress I have made in my iiapiiries 
 ainonjr Ihe Spaniards, ouuht to he ascribed (hierty to 
 their knowiiiir how much his lordsliip utteresled him 
 self in my sneci'ss. 
 
 Hut did I owe nothing more to I*ord C! rantham than 
 tlie aiivantat'c which I have tlerived from his attention 
 in eii'iai.'itiir Mr Waddilove. the chaplain of hisendias 
 sy, li* take ihe conduct of my literary inipiiries in Spain. 
 the ohliirations I heuialertf) him wtHild he very y real 
 [)urin>! tive years that •^etitleniRu has tarried t>n re 
 hcarelies flir my helioof, with such activity, perscver 
 hjet t.to which his atten- 
 tion was turni'ii, as have filled me with no less asto- 
 nishment than salistiiction. He procured for me iIh' 
 lirealer part otitic Spanisli hooks, which I have con- 
 sulted ; and as many of them were printed early in the 
 sixteenth century, riinl are herome cTlremely rare, the 
 colleelinjir of lhe«e was such an (M'enpalitm asaloue re 
 quired much lime and assiduity. Tohis friendly atten- 
 tion I am indelilit) for copies of !«everal \alual>le -nanu 
 seripts. containiiiir laets and detailf whi<li I mt'jht have 
 searched for in \aiii in works that have heen made \H\h 
 lie Kncouraijed hv the invilinif jtoimI will with which 
 Mr. Waddilo\e cofilerreil his favors. I tram-oiUled t"* 
 him a set of tpirties. with re^pcrl hoth to Ihe eustums 
 au'l policy of the native .\meri(-;)i)>. and ihe nature of 
 several inslitnll<in<( m the Sp.uiisli ^•'1ltenlentK. Irameit 
 in sifh a manner tliiil a Spaniard imuhl .iiiHWcr them 
 without discti>sin<; any Ihin^ tint was imprnprr lo he 
 eomniiinieated to a I'lireiirner He tran.s|al<>d these inti^ 
 Spanish, and olitamed from v.iriuiis personi who had 
 resided in most of the Sii.mish colonies. mhIi replicH 
 as hive alTonled me inticli inttlruction. 
 Notwilhstrtndin!,'lhosepeculiarHdvanla^es with which 
 mv impiiries were carried on tn Spam, it i«\vilh rcuret 
 I am oi)hi»ril to add. that their suecess must Im- aKciihed 
 to the heiieticiMiee of ittdiviil:ialK. not lo anv commu 
 nicationhy puhlic autliorii\ Hv a sii'^oilar arrange 
 men! of iMnllipll the records of the Spanish monarehy 
 are deposited in the A rhn-n ot Sin..incas, near Valla 
 dolid, ui Ihe distance id' a hundrcil and twenty miles 
 from the seal of j;overntnenl and the supreme coiiitB of 
 
 i liii iidpttls rSiatiVv tu AuiCFiCii, Aitu CiUi'Uy 
 
 to that early periotl of its history towards which my 
 attention was directed. are so numerous, that they atone 
 acconliuii to (uie ncconnt, fill the larifest nvam.M'Ut in 
 the .\rehivo; and, accordiun to another, they con. nose 
 eijjht hundred ami seventy three larjje hundles. Con- 
 scious of possessing, in some dejjree, the industry 
 which belongs to an hi«>lorian, the prospect of such a 
 treasure excitnl my most ardent curiosity. Hul thu 
 pros|KTt of It is all that I have enjoyed Spain, with 
 an excess of caution, has uniformly thrown a veil over 
 her transactions in America From stranjjers they aru 
 conci'uted with peculiar solicitude. Even to her own 
 sidijcets the .\rchivo of Simaneas is not opened with- 
 out a particular order from the crown ; and, alter oli. 
 tainiutf that, papers cannot Im' copied without payinjj 
 fees of idlice so exorbitant that the expense exceed^i 
 what it W'Uild he proper lo hestow. when the irri'lilica- 
 tinn of literary curiosity is the only ohject It is IuIh} 
 ooped, that the Spaniards will at last discover ihissyi* 
 teni of concealment to he no less impolitic Ihnii itlilter- 
 al. From what I have experienced iit iheeourse of my 
 itupiiries, I am satisfied, that upon a more minuto 
 scrutiny iutolheir e irly irperalious in the New World, 
 however reprehensihte the actions of individuals uiny 
 appear, the eondiiet of Ihe nation will he placed in a 
 umre lavorahle liiilil. 
 
 In fither parts of Kurope very di*r»rinl sentnnenlB 
 [ire\ail Mavitti; srarched, withoiit KneecsM in Spji'n, 
 lor a letter nf C.irles lo Charles V , writlrii honii alter 
 he landed in the Mexican I'mpire. which has iml hith- 
 erto liei-n puhli'hed. it iK-etirred to me. thai as the 
 KmperorHassctUH-;: out ft)r(ierniany at the lime wlien 
 the tne-isen^'ers from Corles arrivfd in KuMpe. (lie lit- 
 ter with whieh they were inlrnsted iiiinhl possihlv he 
 preserved in the Imperial lihrary at Vienna. I ciiin- 
 miinicated this idea to Sir Rohi-rt Mnrr.iy Keith, with 
 whom I have lont luid the honor lo lite in Irientiiihip, 
 and I had soon the pleu^ure to learn, ihat upon hiH ;ip. 
 plication h<T tir>perial Majesty had heen uraciimslv 
 pleased to issue at) order, lluil not only a copy of that 
 ietternfit were ftMUid), hut of any oilier papers in the 
 lihrary which eould throw h^rht njton the History of 
 America, should ht Iransniilled to nie. 'I he letter 
 fnnn Cortes is not in Ihe Imperial hlirarv . Iiiil an an- 
 theiitic copy, altesled hy a notary, of flh ieller written 
 liy the niaifistrntes .if the colony planted hv him nl Vera 
 Cru/., which I hi.ve menlioned. p. *^I0, haviut; heen 
 lound. It was transcrihed, anil sent to me As tins 
 letter IS no Ii>h curious. himI as little known itKlhut 
 which was the olijeel of mv itnpiiries, I havi- ijiven 
 some account, in its proper pince, of what i<4 iiiom wor- 
 iiiy iff notivti tu U i «>f(utiief witn U, I reirot'ii h t»|iv 
 
SOUTH A M E R r C A 
 
 CO 
 
 iMitiircrfl from 
 "f till! niillve 
 fiilliiWfl lifter 
 
 urllv," fi)r III 
 iir the Hiiine 
 iiiipiirll.ility, 
 
 of a IcItPT from Cortps, rontiunin;; ii lonn ucroiint of 
 hiitpxpi'iliiion lo llniiiliiraK, wiili rospiTt lowhiili I lijil 
 not think it nrrpssacy lo pnliT inio any parliiiiiar cli'- 
 taih anil likcwisp Ihimc curious Mi'xiraii |iaiiilin<is. 
 wliirli 1 huvi* (li'Ki-rilM'd 
 
 iM> iiiijuirii's al Si i'l'tprsluiri; nrriTarrii'il on willi 
 ei|iial lai'ilily ami sucipss. III I'xaiiiiMin!; inIo Ihr nfar- 
 e«l poiiiiiiiinii'alioii lii'inppii our iMiiliripnl ami llial of 
 Amorica. ii la'caiiipof ponspinipricp loolitaiii aMtlicriltp 
 iiil'onii.ilion I'oiippniiiii; llip ilisiMvprip^ olilip Uinsians 
 in tlicir navijfalion I'roiii Kanmhalka towards ilip poaiil 
 of Anipriia. Aiviiralo rplalion« nfilipir lirsl voya!,'c, 
 in 17 tl. havp licpii pulilislipd hy Mullpr and (iiiiphn 
 .Spvpriill"orpi!.'naulliorshavppntprtainpclano|iinioiithal 
 till" p.iurl of Russia sludioiisly roiu-pals llip proirrcss 
 'vliipli liai! Iii'pu inadn liy niorp riTPiil natiaalors, ami 
 HulVprs llip pulilir lo lip aniuspd wiih (aisp arpounls of 
 tlipir roiilp SupIi (dinlupi appeared lo iiip uiisuitaldp 
 lo those liberal spiiliiiipnls. anil that palronai.'e of spi- 
 piipp, for wliipli ilip prpspiii siivprpiiin of Kiissia is piiii 
 iipiit ; nor poiilil I disperii any polineal rpasnn, Ihal 
 iiiiuht rpniler it improper lo apply for infoniiatini pon- 
 rerilill'.' lIlP lalP alteuipts of liie Kussians lo open a 
 poininuuipalioii liplvvppii Asia and Aliieriea. My in- 
 t;pnioiis pountrviiian. Or Uo^rersMti. first physician to 
 the Koipress, presented my reipii'st lo Hit Imperial 
 Majp.sty. wlio not only iliselaiiiied am idea i feoripi'al- 
 nieut.hul instantly ordered the journal ol Captain Kre- 
 nit/.ill. who pouduptpd tllp only voyaep of diseovcrv 
 luadp hy puhlie authority since Ihp ypar 1711. lo lip 
 trailslatPil. and Ids orii;ilial chart to he copied for my 
 use- Ity pollSllllill^ them, I h im' hcen euahled lo c.rive 
 a more ai'curale view of the protiress and p\|piit of llu' 
 Itiissiaii Diseicerips than lias hilherlo lippneiiminiiiii' 
 'aled lo IliP piihlie 
 
 I 1 thpin. r havo piideavorpd to mithpiiticalo wlintpvpr I|trip» whiph they now inhabit Neillipr history nortrii- 
 rehitp. 'Ihp lonijpr 1 rptlpct on Ihenalnrc of hinloripal lililion fnriiin'ips siipli information ponperiiiiig lhe»prp- 
 poinposilioii, tlip niorp I ain eoilviilPi'dthal this KPriipn- 1 iiiotp events, as enahlps iis to Irappwith any ppriaiuly, 
 ' ' ''' pprationn of tliP hiiinan raep in itip iiitaiipy 
 
 lous a 
 the PM 
 
 thp 0|: 
 his IIUMll 
 
 •purapy is neressary. I'lie historian whorpeords 
 
 Ills of his own tinii' is prpilitpil in proporlion to 
 
 iiion which thp I'ulilippiilprlaiim with rpspppi lo 
 
 f inliirmalioii and his vpraeily. lie who 
 
 ofi 
 
 the 
 eiety. 
 
 We may poiadndp. howpvpr, that all the parly initjra' 
 lions of inankltid witp inadp hv laud. 'I lip oei-ali \\ loch 
 surroiind.s Ilip habltahlp cartli, as v\ell as the vanoitK 
 arms of the sea w liipli separaie one reifioii from aioillipr 
 thonoli dpstiih'd liafaeilitatp llip poimiiunipii' ion liet »ecii 
 iliMtaul colinlries. spplll, at first vipw, to be loruiptl lo 
 plipek tlip projiressiif man, and to mark Itie bonmls of 
 Ihal portion of thp olohp lo whiidi iiainrp had I'Miilined 
 liiiii. It waH louir, we may Udievp, bpforp men at- 
 tempted lo pass these ftiriiiiduhle harritTS, and bppaine 
 so hkilful ami advpnlnrous as lo poiiunit tliPinselves to 
 the iiierey of the winds and wavpn, or lo tpiil their na- 
 tive KlioreH in tpipsl ofretnotp and unknown reirinns 
 
 NaviKaiion and sliipdaiildiii;; are arts ko nipp and 
 pomplipalpil, thai they reipiirp iIip iiiirpniiity, as wpll as 
 pxppripiirp, of many supeessive aijeit to brill;; iheiii lo 
 any deeree ofperfeeti,in. From llipriift orcanoe. which 
 lir*t siTvpij to parry a sava^p ovpr tlip rivpr that ob- 
 striiPlod him in the eiiase, to the eoiislriielion of a \essel 
 papable of ponveyiuL' a liumerous erpw with satply to 
 a dislaiil poast.thp proijipsHiii impnivpiiipiii is imniense. 
 Many etrorts woulil bpinadp, riiauy pxpcrinipntH would 
 bptripd, and iniipb labor as wpll asinvpiitiiui would tie 
 pin)iloy4>d, hid'ori' nii>H could appomplish thi.s ardtiouv 
 nd iiii|iortant uiiderlakini!. The rude and intperti-i t 
 
 1 
 
 (If'liiiciitt's tliP tranfiictioiisof u rcni'tli- piTioil, has iin 
 titli! tii rhiiui iiSM'iit, iinlc-"; lu' i>rnilun'i cviilrnrf in 
 pr.ntfof'lM^ urtMiTli.ms. Wiiliout lliifi hi- in;i>' Mrili'iin 
 utmisiiii.' tiilf, liiit cantnU lu' n;m\ to li,i\o fiiiiijMtMnl iiii 
 antlirntir liistDry In ihusf wppliinrntw I liavr been 
 cnntinni'd Uy llic opinion ol" an Author, whom his in- 
 (instry, rniclition. am! ilJHrcrnint'nt, hiive ilcscrvnlly 
 [jlai't'il in a hiyh rank amonu the most cininriit histo- 
 rians of thi' au<' iMihotilcnc) hy a hint from tiiin.I hiivi' 
 puMishnl a ralalojfucitf (ho Spanitih hooks whirh I have 
 ronsullcMl. This prarlitT was IrcquiMit in I hf last cni- 
 tiiry. ami was ronsiilcri'il as nn ovitlrn(M' of taudalih' 
 industry in an author ; in the present, it may, periiaps. 
 he deemed the elVeet of ostentatiim; hut, as many of 
 those hooks are unknown in (treat Britain, I eotild not 
 otherwise have referred to Ihem as authorities, without 
 eni'iitnherinj; the pajje with an insertion of their full 
 titlen. To any person who may ehoose to follow me in 
 this path ol inquiry, the eataloifue must Ite very useful 
 
 My readers will ohserve. Ihal in meiitioninij sums of 
 money, I li:i\e uriiforndy lollowe'l thi' Spanish metliod 
 of (Muipulint* hy fir.<n>.s In Ameriea,the \iVAo Jiitrh, 
 or iliiio in the only ,mu' known ; and Ihal is always 
 
 meant when anv sum imported from Ameriea is mei.* js|;i!e in whieh naviiratimi is slill ftiuni! amofij/ alt na- 
 tioufd. The jM'su fuerte, as well as nther eoins. has I tions vvliirh are not et)n«iderali!y ei\ili/.ed, eurrespntulf* 
 ;tried in ils nuiniTiiiv value ; hu! I have hi-eii advised. | willithis aeeount nfils projiress, and l!emon^(tale!-tll.lt 
 without altetidiii'/l'Mieli Miinulevari.itiiins.loconsider j ni eiirly tiim-s the art wa» not so lar unproved as to 
 it as eipaal to tour sliilli:ii:s ati.l hivpenee ofmir mtuiey. |i'na))le men ti> undertake distiuit voya^eit, or tualtiuipt 
 Krotn otiier tpiarters T have rpceivrd infornialinn ofl It is to he reueuihered. however, thai ni the sixteinih i remote diseo\eries 
 jrreat utility ami im[)')rtance. M le('he\alier de Pinto, i-eutury. tlii- en'erlive value of a pes.i. * '. the .pianlily ! As sonn, however, as the art of navi<;ation iM'eamr 
 the niioi'iler froru l'<irluirj»l to the eourl <tt (frral Hri- I of lahor whieh it represiMil eil. of of ;:o(»ds«!iieli it wmild kunw ti. a new -.peeies of i iirn'spmalriMe a mm mi:.' "len 
 tain, who eiMutnauded fir several years ,il M.ila;;r,mrt.t. Ipureliajie. was live or si\ tiftu's as un.eli as al presenl. to«.k place. It jKtrnm this era Ihal m e riui>t il.ile llie 
 a seliltMUiMit <if the Portuirnese m (hi'' interior p.irt of J .\. U. .Siuee this edilinn was put inlt) the press, a ' eiMuineiieeinent id .■'Ueh an inlereiMirM" helwi'i-ii na- 
 
 llra/.il. where the lodians are nuuiemus, and their ori- ■ Hislnry M Mexieo. in two volume., in ipiarln.translateil J tions as deserves the appelhition nf i i rre Men 
 
 jjutal ni.iiiurio lit tie alteretl Iiv inlereiMirse with Kuro- fr^'iu ihe It dian of the \lihe de Traneesco Saverin i'la- ' are. jrideid, t":.r advaueetl in imprnvenirnl hefon- enin* 
 peaus. was pleasetl m semi me very full answers to Ujorro. has heei' pulilished From a person whn is a ' rneree heeniiu's .in idijiM-t nf ureiit irnpnrranee ti> them, 
 stene t|iieriesei(nrerninij the eharaeter and instiluiions ' native of .New Spain, who h.i.-; resided forty y.-ars in j Tliey must even have made soim- eoMMileridile proure^a 
 of the natives of Ainerien. wliieli hi» pnlile reei-plion jthat eountry.a.ul who is aeipiaiuled with the Mexican | low:iids ci\ili/.atioii.hi'lorelh<'y ae.piiied the idea of pro- 
 of an apptiealion made to him in mv name enciaira<_n'd (lanuuaur, it was natural to expect mueli new in forma i 'ierty, and ascertain it so per (eel ly as to he actjuauitiil 
 nu' to propose. These s.iii^fu'd nie, that he had run- ' tion. Tpon perusiuj; his work, however, I tiod that ii wilh the most simple nfall contraeis.lliat tif e\chani;nii» 
 leinplated with a difcernini.' iil tent ion the curious tih- Icintains hardly any addilioti to the am iioit Ili'-t.-ry of hy barter one rude connnoduy lor anolhiT IJul ait 
 jects which his situation presniled lo his view, and I j the Me.xican empire. as related hy .\c">la and llern-ra. 'soon .is this important riL'hl is i'.st-.ih''shed, and every 
 have (illeii folluweil him as one of my best instructed 'hut what isderived from the iinproh.ihle narratives and .iuili\idu;ii teelsthai fie has an exclustvr title to pet*- 
 Jiuides. fanciftd conjectures of Toripie.nada and iJtiturini Ha- j sess or to alienate whatever he has act|uired hy hi)* own 
 
 \\ Suard to whose eleirii lit translation ofi he H'tory vmu copied their sph-ndid description- of the hi'^jh state j labor and dexterity, the wants ami iiii:eiuiily of tiis na- 
 of the Ueiun of Charles V I owcllie favorable r. i-ep- j of civilization in tlie Mexican einpirr, M ("la\r:;iTo. in, tore sipji/est to him a new iiielhod ot increasiii!.' his 
 liiiutif llial witrkon the continent, procured uu' answers the ahuihianee of his zi-a! tor the lioimr i>f his nalive acipiisitions and enjoyments, l.y ilispoHinir of wlial in 
 to the same queries from M de IJoiUMiinille, who had ; country. eh. iriics me with havnii; mistaken some points, I siipiTlliious in liis own hi ores, tn order to procuie wliat 
 opiiorlunities ofohM-rxin-j ihr- Indians both of .North ami with liavino inisreprcseiiled others in the hislory|is nece-sary or desirable ui those of other men. Thiia 
 and South Aim rica. and tVoiii M (iodin le .Icune. who [ of it. When an autlioi is conscioiM of havinir exerted ; fi eoiniueicial intei course bejiins, and is c.irned on 
 re-,idedlit'{een yearsaiuon-r Indtansin f^iiilo.Mnd twenty i indu.'.lry in research, and impartial it v in decision, he ; anion;; the meiuhi'rs of the same eominuiiily Hy de- 
 years ill C.iyenne. Tin' [.titer are more v.iliiahie from may, without ptcsumption, claim what pniise is due lurees. they dibcover that nei^hltotiiii: I-'ibcs posse st* 
 haviiiir been exaaii lied l)v M de la (^ondanime. who. a ' to these ipialitii s, a! id he cannot be insensilde to any ' what they lliemsebes want, and enjoy com torts of 
 few weeks before his deal b.niade some shiirt adib lions, accusation th.it tends to wcukc n t!u' force of his ' which they wish to pii'lake. In l!ie name mmb', and 
 
 iciaim A feeiiinr of this kinil has induced me to exam- ! upon the same principles. that doiiii-:.|ic tratiic iscarncd 
 ine such strictures of .M Clavi^^eio on my history of on w illiin the siM-ii'iy, an external conuneTce is e.sla- 
 ' .\uiciiea. as meriied anv alteiilion. rupei-iallv as t'lt ■^e l(li>lu'd with oilier Inhcsor iiiitions Their noitii.d iii- 
 are m ,de hv one who seem* il to pohscss the me.iiis of terest and mutual wanlK render this interconrse desir- 
 obt.imiiiL' accurate int'ormaliiUi ; anil lo rthow that Ihe able, and i m percept ildy introduce the maxims and v w a 
 ureater pari of them is destitute of any just founda- 1 which f.u-ihtale its proijre-s and render it sciMire ItuI 
 lion Tf.iTo I have done in notes upon the passaged lit | n - very extrusive eominerce can take pbo-e heiwi-rii 
 my History which jjave rise to bis erilleisms. HHfiiiiruouH provinci's, whose noil and rlimati' hci \i* 
 
 Ciitiegf ti|'K>lmlmr«h, Miin h 1, ITSS. |ne.irly th" same xicid similar prodm-iions Ki-inore 
 
 ■ountries cannot convey iheir eommodiiies ti\ l.iml, lo 
 
 ' those plai'es where, lU) ucetuinl of their raiitv, ihry arr 
 
 jdcsireit. and l)ecoiiie valuatde. It is lo navij.Miioii that 
 
 ihr. .luri.M.l.^- Vi.w i-l" Hi'-ii,„„.„ i,r,. |ridel>leil forllic power of lransiK-r|,„a ine su- 
 
 Ihnif 111 the in«HU-riis--l(ii ,, i •■ . •■ i i i i 
 
 ti n;.v.-atioi. a.ul cmiltj y ~l>..rn I'lt , l»'f1I'""""^'"«'^ ot oiie p.irl i>( ttio e.iith to supply the 
 
 e-4- KantiiT ithciivi-)irr4 rtierkeil hy tlu- irrii|>ii<in Uvanls ot aiioiher The lux lines and hjessln^'s ol ,i pur- 
 
 'tlcular etimale are no binocr eonlined to itselt alone, 
 but the enji>yiuent td tlM-ni i» t'ominuiuea'.etl to thn 
 most 4listaiii reirlons 
 
 In proportion as tt»e kno\xled;*e ot the advLntHuesdo- 
 rlvet) t roth navl^aliim and commerce cunt inutil I o spread 
 the intercourse ainontj nation^ exteiitled The amhi- 
 -Auompi* ;o HcieiiiiiliHii Uiiu— | tltin of compiest. or the neceHsity of priK-uririi; new s»i 
 illemeiits. wpre no longer the sole motives tif MMlinjt 
 Thk proLrress of men. In diiicoverini; and peopling distant lands The tiesire of ^anl beraine a lo v\ in- 
 Spanish colonleH. aiul tlu* various sclniufs formed in tlu* variiais parlsof the earth, has bi-enexlremelv slo«. |ei ntive to aclivily, roused aiivrnliirers. and sent them 
 Iheir iuiproveinent \h this collection o| Meinoria't. , Several lijes elapsi'd hifore thi-v removed far from forth upcm huijj v-iyaues. In search cdwninlries whose 
 formerly hrlnu<;i'd to ihe ('olbert Itibr.uy I hi ve quo- 1 those nnid and li-rlile rei>ious in which I hey were ori- prudui'ls or w ants imulil increase thai < in uhilioii which 
 toil (hem by t\y\l litle. L'i" dly pl.u'cd by iheir Creator The occasion of their . nourishes :ind uives vij^or to commerce Tr.ulc proved 
 
 All those books .iml ntamiKrrif4ii I havo cniv«4jtltMlI lirst iftMierat dispersion is known , but we are tniac ; a i^real ttource of iIIscommx it o|M-iif<l nnkhown simh, 
 with itiat .uifiiiliin which the n*Ktarrl due fKkm ;iit \li ((IU'dnled with the course of their niiuratiuiis, or (he , U |»euelrati*d into new re^loltk muiI eontribuled morfi 
 Uiur lo the Public rtM|ulruil; and hv minu*v rvlfreivcetiliin*) wlioii thuy iuwk poarcssior, cflhc diOcrent rouM-itlmu tiny uth«rriiMav tolling utiiiacquitinitNl wuh tlw) 
 
 lothcm. which may Ih- considered as ihe last elVirt of 
 llint aflen'iou losciem'i* vvliic'h occupieil a lonu life. 
 
 My Impiirics were not eo'ifmed lo one rci^ion in 
 America (it.veriior Hutchinson (tiok the trouble of 
 reconiincndin'j tin' consideiation ol' mv ipicries to Mr. 
 Il.iwlry and Mr Hralnerd. two prnle^tanl missionaries 
 employed amoti*; the Indians oftlic V\\v .Niitiotis, who 
 (avorcd me with answers w hieli discover a considerabii- 
 knowle.l'ie nf ihe people wliox- customs (hev des' ribe. 
 From William Smitfi. Ksq the ingenious bisNirtan of 
 IVew York, I reci-ived t'omc useful inl'ormalion When 
 I enter upoti the History of oiir rolimles in .North 
 .America, I shall h.ive occasion to a( knovvledire hitw 
 much I have been indebicil to many olher lientlemen 
 of ihal eonntrv 
 
 From the valuable pojlpclion of Vov.iues made by 
 Alexamler D.drvmpte. Ksi| , with whose alteiilion to 
 the History of .Navi:;atloii ami Discovery the Public 
 is well acquainted I have received Konie very rare books, 
 particularly two larL'"' volumes i)f Memorials, partly 
 mamiNcript .md partly in print, which were presented 
 loihe co'in of Spain duriiitf the rei._rns o| Philip IH 
 and Phibp IV Knun ihese I have learmnl nianv curi- 
 ous partlcul.irit with re^pi-cl (o the inii rior state id'th 
 
 BOOK r. 
 
 Pro'irc^s of Navk'nlioii ailinnir 
 iIm lorries ns pr'>piir;tt«-ry U 
 
 |lt'ltt>i lliMi 
 
 iM till' /.Ol 
 
 nl' liarltitn-iM iiiuinns— (It'iiuitii'lonil ki 
 si>rvi-(l ill iht> K.isi. mill iiinoMi; ilie AiMliiiiti 
 ritiiiniiTce ami iMiviiriUioii tii Kiiri'iir — limin- 
 'tiili'ft — i*vi,-ii.|('.I liy iriiVflliTt tiU'i Ihe K.i-t 
 lite iiivt-niiiiM 111 Ihe martiier's ctniip.H.t— Kim 
 111" ih-r-offv riirtnt^l hy I'orhorai ■ Mian- i-i il 
 Ri'lu-iiien lY I'rmi'i' Heiirv— Kariv iUifiii|iiM In 
 lil MO! llu- WeiK-rn i-iia.M of AlVir;i--)l< ))t 
 iirw iiMiU' iMilif Kii>t liitlli 
 PriifipiiiH itt' mm ci'fis. 
 
 I. 
 
 M pf. 
 ..-Hooal . 
 I liy llir Irai 
 
 - |irii It'll tiv 
 
 n-trnl.tr plan 
 lal klKL'.lnlli- 
 til.'-rri.iai-, 
 li- 
 
TO 
 
 RODKRTSON'S HISTORV OK 
 
 ■itualim. Ihe naturt^ ami coininnditipH of the ilifTrrpiit 
 piirtH I rdic <;Iohi'. But even aftora rrijiitar cmnmcrro 
 \v;iH <>.Hiiililir>hi'il it) (lir world, altt<r imiioriH wi>ro con- 
 Mtlcrihlv civili/pii, and the m'icnci'H and artd weri'iMil 
 liv,iU*d with ardiir and kiii'(m>h)i, iiaviiralion cniiiidurd 
 (•I lii> hi) itn|M'rtW-t. (hat it can hiirilly l>i> i^aitl lo havr 
 adi.uKM'd h>y«Mtitthe intaocy ul' itti iin|ir(ivoiiirnt in 
 tilt' iiucifnt worlil. 
 
 AuiiMi>r iill thp naiinns of antiquity, the (t'rueturrol' 
 thi'ir \t'tt-fU wait fxiri'nii'ly ruili', and their nirlhod of 
 \vi»rkipii;itii*ni vitv lipfpciivp. They were unarijuainlfd 
 with Ncver-d prtncipleii and oprratiotiH iii navtt^alion, 
 whieh arp r«tMVc(»:ii*idered as the Br§tplpinentti onwhirh 
 liia* M-itMirt* |M founded. Thouirh that property of the 
 nia<!net hy which it uttmrts inmwatiwelt kiiown to the 
 tin( ientx, itn more important and aiiia/inir virtue ot 
 pttiutin^ to (he [loten hail Piitirply escaped their nhtier- 
 v.ilion UpKtitute of ihis faithful ^uide, which now 
 condiu'tHthe pilot with m) much certainly in the un- 
 bounded ocean durint; the darkucttit ot ni^ht, or when 
 the heavpuH are rovpred with ct<)udi(, the aiicientH had 
 no other method of re^uhiiin<; their courxe than hy oh- 
 ■prvin<r the xiin and Htari*. Theirnavi^ration was of con- 
 fipqueuce uncertain and Itiuid. They durst selilom (piit 
 sijrht of land, hut crept alou^ the coast, exposed to all 
 the danger)*, and retarded hy all the ohstructions, inia- 
 itvoidahle in holdinir such an awkward course. An in- 
 CfPthhlp h ngth of tiinp was requisite lor perfonnini; 
 vovairea which are now finished in a short space. Kven 
 iti the mildest cliniatPitf and in seas the least teinpes- 
 tuouii. it watt only durini^the suuuner ir.onlhs that the 
 aurieuls ventured out of :heir harhors. The retnainder 
 
 of the year wan lost in i(i;M'livjty It wduM have! n 
 
 tleemcd must inconsiderate i.-shness lo havt> hravcd the 
 fury of the wind.s and waves Juriny winter. 
 
 While liotli the science and pr.iciice of navi<ratioii 
 pottlinned In he so di't'ective, it was au uudertakint! of 
 no NMiill dillicolty and dan;/er to visit any remote re 
 gi'iu of the earth Ttider every disadviinlaiie, how- 
 ever, (he active spirit of commerce e\<'rted itself The 
 K>r\pii;i>m, s.ti)u at)er the eslahlishment nf iheir iii<>n- 
 art'iiy, are said lo have opened a ttatie intween tin* 
 Arahian tiull'. or Ui't\ Sea. and the weslcru cijaat nl 
 (heijrpat Indian continent. The eoinni'tdiiies which 
 tliey imporled from the Kast. were carried hy land Irom 
 iht' Araliiau (iiilf to the hanks uf Ihe Nile, and coii- 
 \>'yiHl .Ir.vii Ih.il river to the Mediterranean Hut it 
 (■ ■* K'iyi'tiatis III ear'v liim-s applied Iheinselvcs t.i 
 rotnniiTi'e. their aiteiilion to it \va« of shorl iluralion 
 The tiTlile soil and mild <-liiiiate of Ktrvpt produced ihe 
 npct=f>'-arieK ami comrorts of life willi such profusion. 
 ^s rendiTi'd its ir.liahilanis so nid"pfridi'iil of oijn-r 
 .?iHiuln<-s, thai it liecanie an estahlished ma' iin anions 
 ihit pe iple. wh'se ideas and insliltitions dilfered in 
 RimoHt everv point Irom (hose of other nations, lo ri>- 
 nounce all iu'ercourHC with loreitriiers. In crmse 
 q-nMH'c o| (In^, ilii'v never wi-nt out nflheir own (•oiiii- 
 Iry : ihey held all seafarini: persons in detest. iiion, as 
 impioM<> and prol.ine; and forttfvin>.r Iheir own |i;irhors, 
 Ihcv d.oiied sir;in n'rs adiintlance into (hem It was i 
 in the di'.'litie of iheir power.and when their veneration J 
 fir iirieieril maxims had ::reallv aitiited, that ihev ai^un ' 
 npene'l (heir ports, and resumed any ctinuminicalioit ; 
 with foreiLMierf* | 
 
 The charaeler and situation of (he Plieiiicians were I 
 as lavorahlp to the spirit of commerce and discoverv :ih ' 
 those of lliP K'iyplians were adverse to it, Thev had 
 DO di>lin*ru>sliin<r peculi.irilv in their inauners and in- 
 slitulions; they were iioi addicted tit any siiiunlar and 
 unsocial ftrin of sopersiiiioii . Ihev C"uli| ininnh' with 
 other nalioiis withoil serupleor n-Iuelance. The terri- 
 tory which ihev tM»*"(eMed was neither lartje nor fertile. 
 noiumer'-i' was Ihe Mn|\ source from which lliev could 
 derive opuleu' »■ or po'ver. Accordini/lv. the Ir.ide 
 carried .-n U\ tlie l*heni«'ians of Sidoii and Tyre, was 
 more exleusive and enlerpri^in<j than that of .uiy slate 
 in Ihe ancient world The •jeniu'. of the Phenit ians. 
 IIS well as the oKji-ct of their p..-irv and the spirit of 
 their laws, were entirely commercial Thev were a 
 pc«iple of merchants, who aimed at Ihe empire of the ' 
 ;tea, and neiundy possesNpd il Ttiei Khips not only' 
 freqiiente.! alh he ports iti llic Mediterratiean.hiil Miev ' 
 were the (ir»»t who venlnnd heyond the atic'enl houn 
 darie" ol' iiav •.;.»• ion. aod. passiii;/ the Si rails of (I, ides. 
 visitfd the western coasts of Spain and Afric.i In 
 many of the pi. ices to which ihey resorteil.thev planted 
 colonies, and coiumunicilrd ti, the rude irihaMtaiils 
 •omo knowledge of Iheir arU ai>d iinpro\eiitenls 
 While ihev evienili'd their discoveries towards the 
 north and ihc west, ihey dul not neglect lo penetrate 
 into the more opulent and fertile regions of the soulh 
 ziui cast. !{>v*;ng rcriJir-rvJ iMuUidvitca uiH«ifr« uf 
 
 spvpral cninmiHliouK harhors towards (lip hottom of the i parture uhuut a\x hundred niid four yeari) heforo tho 
 Arahian <tu(f,thev, aher Ihe example of (he Ktryptians, C'hrislian era, from a port inllip Ued Nea. duuhled tho 
 
 soulheru promontory of .Miiia, and aller a vnyaije of 
 three years returned hy the Straits of (iaden In ihn 
 mouth of the .Nile. Kudoxus of Cy/icuri is buui lo 
 have held (he same course, and lu have uccouiplislie\l 
 the same arduous uiiderlakin};. 
 
 These voyap's, if perfoiimd in the manner which I 
 have relaleit. may justly he leekoned Ihe ^freulest elfott 
 of navioalioii in Ihe anrieni v^orld; and il we attend lu 
 Ihe imperfect slate of the art at that time, it in diHicull 
 to tleteriniup whether we should niosl admire ilierciur- 
 a^e anil sairacily with which the design was fornird.or 
 (he conduct and goiHl fortune wilhwh'ch itwnsexecu- 
 tetl Hul unfortunately allllie ori}!ii;.'d and AUlhenlic 
 acconnth of the I'heniciaii and Cartha^iiu ui toyagpa, 
 whether undertaken hy puhlic aulhoriiy or in {.>roi«ecu- 
 lion of (heir private trade, have perished '1 lie iitti'r- 
 malitm which we receive eoncerning theiii from the 
 (ireek atitl Koinaii authors is not only (disi-jre and in- 
 accurate, hut if >ve except a tihorl narrative ot iiaiuu}*i 
 X|ipdition, is ol suspicious anih rily. \\ linlever uc- 
 quainlance with liie rpuiole renioi i of the earth the 
 Pheniciuns it <*artlta^iniaiis may have acquirec^ waa 
 concealed from the rest of niatiknid with a ;!iercantile 
 jealousy. Kvery tiling relative to the eourhc of their 
 navijralion was not mdy a inyslery of Iraile. hut a secret 
 of slate. Dxlraonlinary facts are related coincrning 
 Iheir solicitude In pTe\ent other nations friun pi iielra* 
 
 estahli.shed a reijular intercourse with .\rahia and lla 
 continent of India on Ihe one hand, an<l \%ilh ihe 
 easi*'rn coast of .Africa on the olher. Kroin these 
 countries Ihey imported nianv valuahte coiniuodities 
 unknown to the rest of the world, ai.d durin<{ a lon^ 
 period en;fro!ised that lucralixc hrancli of coinmeree 
 without a rtval. fHj 
 
 The vast wealth which the Pheneciaus acquired hy 
 mimopolizi.'iir the trade earned on in Ihe Utd Sra. in- 
 cited their npi^hhor.H the Jews, unth'r the prosperou.s 
 reigns of Daviil and Solomon, to aim at heinu ailuutled 
 to some share of il 'I'hi.s they uhlaiuetl. partly hy 
 their I'onqupst of Muiiiea, which slreiches ulon^r the 
 UfJ Sea, and partly hy their alliance with Hiram, kin;; 
 of Tyr«. Snioinou lilted (ml (icets, which, under the 
 direction of i'lipitecian pilots, sailed Irom (he Ked Sea 
 to Tarshish and Ophir. ^'he^e, it is pndiahle, were 
 purls in India and Africa, which their '■onuuclors were 
 accusti.med to frequ?nt ami frnni them the Jewitth 
 ships returned with such valuahte carf^oes as suddenly 
 ditl'used wealMi and splendor throiitrh the kinj^doin of 
 Israel Uut the singular institutions of the Jews, the 
 observance of which was enjoined hy their divine Le- 
 iriiitator, with au intenliou of preserving iheiu a sepa- 
 1 
 
 rate people, uninfected hy idolatry, formed a iiati 
 
 character, iiicapahle of that open and liheral intercourse 
 
 with strangers which cnnunerce reqtares. .Xccording- 
 
 ty. this unsoeial genius of itie people, loseller with' ting into what Ihey wished should remain uiidivulged. 
 
 the disaslerM which hefell ;he kinudom of Inrael. pre- 
 vented the commercial spirit which their monarchs la 
 hitred U* intnHluce and to cherish, from spreading 
 among them. The Ji'ws cann>>t la- ninnhered anion:: 
 'he nations which contrihuted to improve navigation. 
 or loexlend discovery. 
 
 Dut though the instructions and efninple of the 
 Phenirian>« wen* unahle to mould the nianners and 
 temper itfihe Jcwh. in opposition to the lendeney of 
 Iheir h(Us. ihey transmitted the c<uniuercial spirit .\ilh 
 facility, and in full vigor, to iheir own ilesi-endanls ihe 
 Carlha^iniani 'I'he eoiniiionwcilth of t'arlh.ige ap- 
 plied to trade and naval all.iirs, w ilh no less ardo 
 
 Many of their discmeries seem, accordingly, to have 
 heen scarcely known hevoml I he precincts ol iht'tr own 
 stales The navigation rouml Atnca, in parlieutar, ia 
 recorded hy the (ireek and Konian wrilerf ralliPrasii 
 strange aniusinglale, whichlheydid not comprehend oi 
 did not helir\e, ih.in ax a real Iransaction which I'll- 
 largeilthi'irknowh'diroandinlhienced their opinions [9j 
 .\sneiilit r ihepioi^resKoflhePhenicianorCarthagiiua!! 
 discoveries, nor the extent of their navigation, were 
 eommunicaled In the rest of mankind, all memorials of 
 their extraordinary skilliniunal allairsseeni in a great 
 measure to have perished, wlieu the inariliine power 
 of the former wasaioiihilaledhy Alexanders conquest 
 genuity. and success,than its parent slate Tarlhage jof Tyre, and Ihe empire of the lallerwas overturned 
 earl\ rivalled and s<>on surpassed Tyre in opulence and, hv the Itoman arms 
 
 power, hut seems not lo ha\e aimed at ohiaininu »ny I Leaving, then, iheohscureand pompous accounts nf 
 stiare in the coiuricrce wilh India. The Pheriicians | the Phenicianand (.'arthagmian voyagestolhccuriosily 
 had engrossed this, and had such a ciimnipnil of the j and conjeclures of aiUiquaiies. history must rest hatis- 
 Ueil Sea as secured to them the exclusive possession Mieil with relating tlie pro^Tcss ol navigation anddiseo- 
 of that lucrative !)raiich of Inule. The commercial | very :'nionirtlje<Jrt4'ksand Uonians. which. thoughlesj 
 activity of ihe ( 'arthaginiaiis was exerted in another I splendid, is helter ascerlainetl. It is evith'Ut that iho 
 direction. \\'il!iout eontendini; for the trade of the! Phenician--, who instmctid thi' (ireeks in many other 
 Ka -I with Iheir inotlu'r country, llu-y extended their! U'-eliil sciences and ,irls. did not coiniioM><eate lot Item 
 navii'alion cluetly towards the west anil iiorlh Koj itlial extensive know Itdife of iiavi>;atioii -vliich they 
 lowing' liie course which the Pheiiicians had opened. | thniisctves poHses.sed ; nor di<l the Komans mhihelhut 
 Ihey pas.sed Ihe Straits of <;. ides, and pusliing Iheir jcommercial spirit and ardor lor di.M'ovrrj whirh dia- 
 discoveries farheynnd th-ise of Ihe parent stale, visited i (U)«:uished llieir rivals the Cailhaginiaiis. Though 
 not only all I he coasts of Spain, i'ul those of (i.iut, anil I (ireeee he almost encomp.issed Iw the sea. whirh lorm- 
 penelrated at last into Hritain Al the sauic lime thai ' ed nianv spacious hav^ and con.niodious hail'ors ; 
 they acquired knowledge of m-w countries in ihis parljthoUi:h it In- surrounded I'v a great nninher ol lerlde 
 of the globe, they uradually carried their researchrs (o- : islands, vet. iinlw ith.-t.indir g Kiirh u fa voralde sit nation 
 wards the south. They made ciiiihiderahle progress which seemed lo invitv that ingenious people to apply 
 hy land into the interior provinces <>( Africa. Inideit | ihemseKi's to navii^Hhon, it was h.ng heiore this art 
 with some o| ih-'in. and suhjeclcd others to their em ialtaiiied ariv deyri^' of |N'rti'Ct|on among tlieni. Their 
 
 pi re. 
 
 They s..iled aloii;.' the western coast of that | earlv 
 
 , the ohjei'i of uhich Was piracy rather 
 L'reat couliucnt almost to ihe tropic of ( 'ancer. and than cuminerce. were so incoiisiderahle that ilie expe- 
 planted several (olonies. in order lo civih/e the natives dil!on of the Arironauls from the cikisI of Thessaly lo 
 and accusloui tln-m lo coininen-e Tiny discovered the Kuxnu' Sra. appeared i»nch an ania/.iuir elVort of 
 Ihe Fortunate Islands, now known liy the name of the I skill ;ind courage, as entitled the cidiliu tors ol it lo he 
 (.'anaries. Ihe iilmosl houndary of ancient nuvigatioii irankeil among the demigoils, and exalicd ihe ves.sri in 
 III the western ocean. which Ihey sailed to a place ainoni* the heavenly eon- 
 
 Nor wastheproiT'essof the Phpnieiansandrartha Istellalnms Kvcii at a later periml. when Ihe (^eeks 
 uinians in their knowledge ofihe glohe. owing entirely | engaLM'd in the lamoiis enlerpri--i' aL'aNisl Trov. their 
 to the desire of extending their trade from ofu' eoimirv knowledg'' in naval a flairs scenis o> t toh.ivi heen inuch 
 lo anolucr. Comini-rce was followed hy ils usual nnprovid Ai cordiiiii lo Ihe account 't liuuier. the 
 ed'ecls amoni; holli these people. Il awakened curi lonlv poet to whom hislorv venlores l<> !ip|H'al, :uid who 
 osily. enlarifi'd llie ideas and desires of men. and inci hy his sernpiil.nis accuracy in ilcsetilimg the ninimera 
 ted tlieni lo Ixdd enler|>ri.'*es Voyages were under- and artv of early a'.'es.inerils Ihi-. dis' iiiclioii,th<- science 
 t.iken. Itie sole ol.|e(l of which Was lo discover new : of naviixaljon al tha' lime, had hartlly advaiired heyuiitl 
 mnlries, and to explore unknown seas Such, during i'' rude.sl slate. 'I'he (J reeks in ihe heroic ai^e seem 
 the proKperous a^'e of the Carlhairinian repuhlic, were to have heen unaequai tiled willi Ihe use ol iion. tlit) 
 the fiinous navi^'alions of llaniio ,ui<) Hmiileo. Uolh most serviceahh* of all the metals, wilhoul which nu 
 iheir Iteets were etpiipped hy authority of ihe senate, ronsiderahle jirogress wasever made in the inechanical 
 and al pntdic expense. Hanno was dinrted to steer arts. 'I'tieir vessels were of iiicmsiderahle hnrden. and 
 lowiinN the south, aloni: the coast of Africa, and he mostly wilhoul decks. They had only one inasi, which 
 seerns to have advanced murdi ne,irer the eqiiinoiiial was ert'cted or taken down at pleasunv They werr 
 line than any former itaviL^U.>r. Miimleo had it in slianL'i'rs lo the use of anchors All their operalh>nfl 
 charL'e lo proceed toward the north, and lo examine in sailing were elumsv and unskilful They turned 
 ihe western coasts of ihe European conlinenl Of the their ohservalions towards stars, which were improper 
 s.iine nature w.is the rxtraonlinary liavigalion of the for reunlatini: their course. and tlieir uiodc of oliserving 
 Phenlcians nund .\frica A Plienici.m ili el, vve are them was inaccjrale a'ld fallat ions. When Ihev had 
 tuid, fitted uuihy is«chu king ul Kgypi, tuok Us dti- finished a voyage they Ircw their paltry hurkeushoiu, 
 
 1 
 
SOUTH A M E R I (J A . 
 
 71 
 
 ( nccounls of 
 liirmririhjly 
 isl rt'sl hiilis- 
 
 )1) illlll lllhCO- 
 
 u\ thitl ilic 
 iiiaiiy oiImt 
 iMir Itxiicm 
 aIimIi 1I117 
 ihlnbrtliul 
 u liirli illM- 
 , 'llinuyl. 
 
 wliirli liiriit- 
 
 r ul It-riitt* 
 1r hillliitinll 
 >lf to :t|'|)ly 
 ire tlll^ itrt 
 Hill Tlu-ir 
 ri»rv rallier 
 I tilt' v\[iv- 
 'I'hfssaly tt» 
 iiiii «'tli>rl of 
 
 il II l«i ))0 
 
 ill' vt!«Ml ill 
 
 i\rlil\ I'tifl- 
 till (Iirt'Ks 
 Irt'N , tti»ir 
 
 iM-fll llituh 
 
 Hi'iutr. thf 
 .•ul w ho 
 
 nil. 
 
 nl 
 
 st'rin 
 
 . tht* 
 
 It v\liK-li no 
 
 ini'rhaiiir:<l 
 tuirdri). iitid 
 tiiiisl, v\ III! h 
 
 'Clity w<rf 
 r o}i<'riihi>iiii 
 riirv tiirnt'tl 
 
 Tl' illl|ttO|>(T 
 n| uli'.tTMnjI 
 
 lirii tlii'V luitl 
 ikh iiithoto, 
 
 I 
 
 M Hiivu^i'rt (111 tlii'ir riuiopM, mill ttifHi! rt'tniiititMl 011 (lry|IIo|M'. roinincTrr, p.irliriil'iirly tliiit nt* tin* Baitt ImlicH, | to provineialtt, and toriti/pnsnftlH* lowoul rlam. Even 
 
 liiml until iIh' ■tMs.m nf ri'turniiiu' tii hv.* a|)|iriinrln-ii 
 It it( not then itMiit' I'.irly Imtoic itir<'H hT (irrrrr lh:il 
 we LMii p\|ii'ct to nlmtTVi- ihr Minicc ui iiii\it.Mlioii, 
 mill (Iw H|ijriL of •liM-iivrry, inaKini: any ('on>iclcniltli- 
 prourt'NH Diiririi! IJiiil )trri«Kl of ijisitnlt-r iiiid ii.niii- 
 raiuf. ii llmus.iiui riium-?) coin iirrni 111 ri'HiraMiiii:; cu- 
 riti'*ilv aoil ciilfrpri:-!' \%illiiii vi-ry narnuv ImhuuIs. 
 
 Ilul lilt' (JrctkM ail\iiiicr.! wiih ra|ii.iiiy di a htatr o( 
 griMliT I'lvili/alinn ami ri-rni<Mii«>iil (lovfrhiiinit, In 
 itH in*i»>t litirrttl ami (HTti-cl Kmn. iM'^an to Ih> I'tilitii 
 HkIkmI ill (lif*ii tlilltTrnl rDiniiiunitii'H ; i>i|Miil laws ami 
 rl*^nl.■^ police wrri' LT'ii'iiatly iiitr'Hliiri><l ; tlir hrifnrrti 
 and arts wliu'li »rr nst't'iil or ornaiiirntal in liln \vi<rr 
 rarrird In a lii^di pitch n|' itnprovcinrnt ; anti Hcvi>ral of 
 the (Srcciaii coirinionvvcalttiH applied loco:ii?iiercc with 
 tiuch ardiir and timTCHH. that they wcr» ronsitlcrrd. in 
 tin' aiicirnt world, ah inariliiiK* pctwcrd ot the tir^t rank 
 Even then, linwcvcr. the naval victuriCK of the (rrcikK 
 must Ih' ascriht'd rather to the iialivi' tipirit of llu* peo* 
 \tU\ ainl to that courage which iheenjnynieiilol lihertv 
 inspires, than to any extraordinary protrress in the sci- 
 ence of iiavit;ation. Ill (h(> IVrM.iii war, those exploits, 
 wliieh the ^reiiiuH of (lie (iieek historians lia^ rendered 
 (111 famous, vvere performed hy llrelH coinpoM'd ehii-tly 
 ofMn.tll vessels williout di'cks ; the crews of which 
 riidted forw. ''d with iin|M-liious valor, hut little art, to 
 hiinn) those nf the enemy. In llie warof IVIoponneriiis, 
 their ships >cein >tilt to liaveheen ot incoiiHlderaMe hnr- 
 
 eotilintied in (low in iheehaniiel which tlie Hnuncity 
 and (oresinht of Alexander had marked out for it. 
 
 His anihitioii was not satisfied uiihliavin>< opened to 
 the (ireeks a eominiinicalioit with India hy sea i he 
 aspired to the hovereiL'nty of those regions vvlucli tnr- 
 msl|fd the rest of mankiml withxo many precious eom- 
 (niHlilies, ami conducted his army thither hy land. Kn 
 lerpriHiriu, however, as he was, he may le- said rather 
 to have viewed than to have eoiiipiered thai etuintry 
 lie did not, in his proi^resH towards the Kasl, advance 
 hevond the Iiaiiks of the rivers that f,dl into tin' Indus, 
 wiiich IK now the westerii hoinidary of the vast coiiti- 
 iieiil of India Amidst the wild exploits which diHtin 
 ijuish lliiH part of his Instory, he pursued ineasiireHlhal 
 mark the HU)HTiorily of Ins ifeniuM as well aH the extent 
 nf liisviews. lie had penetrated as far into India as to 
 rontirm his opinion t)f its commercial iinptirtance, and 
 to perceive that imineiii^e wealth miuht he derived from 
 inlercoiirHe with a c Mintry where the arfw of elejjance. 
 ha\iiiix heen more early cultivated, were arrived at 
 iirealer perfection than in any other part of the earth 
 Kidl of this idea, he resolved to examine the course of 
 na\iiralion from the mouth of the Indus tothe hottnm 
 I the Persian (inlf. and, if it sIpimIiI he found praeii 
 
 aOer the Huhversion of hherly. when the severity and 
 haui'hiiness of ancient manners he;^.in to aluite, coin* 
 inerce did not rise into hi^fh estimation ainun;.' the Ku- 
 mans. 'I'lie trade of (ireece. I uypt. and the oijirr con- 
 (piered ciiiinlricK, continued tolie earned on in its iisnal 
 eliannels. .ifer they were ii'duccd into the torin id Ro- 
 man provinces As I tome was the iMpilat ot the VMirltl. 
 and the seat ol u'overtimenl.all (he wiallh itiid xalnahle 
 productions of the piovim-es (lowed nalnraliy ihither. 
 The Uonmns, satished with this, seem to have sulleied 
 commerce to remain altnobt entirely in the hands ol ihn 
 liativeK ofthe respective countrieH. The extent, hoW' 
 ever, of the Itoman power, which reached over tito 
 yrealest part of the known world, the viudant inspec- 
 tioti of the Uomai) inaoislraleH, and the spirit nl the 
 Koinan government, no less intelligent than active, 
 oave snch additional sectirity toconiinerc'' an amimiteil 
 it with new vii.'iir. The union amoiii; nations was 
 never so enlire.nor the intercourse so perteclfait within 
 ihe hnnniU of tins vast empire < 'oininerce, under the 
 Roman dominion, was nut nhstrucletl hy the jealtmiiy 
 of rival Ktates. interrupted hy Ireijuenl hostilities, or 
 limited hy partial restrictions One superinleiidin^ 
 power moved and reirnlated the industry of luaiiktiid. 
 
 hie, to eslahlish a reiriilar commnnicatiiiii hetvveen|and enjoyed the friiiis ofiheir joint ed'orts. 
 them In order to atVcct this, he proposed to remove Xaviiiation fell its induence, and improved nnder it. 
 the cataracts, with which (lie jealout<y of the i'er>i.ins. [As soon as the Komaiis acipiireila taste (or the luxuries 
 and (heir aviTsi<in to orrespondence with lorei<rners. [of the K.ist. thetrade with India through K^iypt wan 
 
 lien and force The extent o| Iheir trade, how liii;hly ' had ohstrnded the entrance into the Kuphratcs ; to | pushed vvilh new viijor, and carried on to jirealer ex- 
 soever it may have heen estimated in amitnl limes, {carry the enimnodilies of llie Kant up that river, and tent Mv freipieiitini; the Indian cnnlinenl, navi^atom 
 
 hecame acipiaiiitcd with the perimlic.il course td' the 
 winds, which, in llie ocean that ^eparales Alrica from 
 India, hlow willi litlle variation ihirini; one (talf id tlin 
 year tmin the ea>l. and dnriiiL' the other half hlow with 
 eipial sleadmesH troni the west. Kncoiiranrd hy oh- 
 si>rvii>ir this, llie pilois who sailed trom K^ypt to India 
 
 was in pMportion to tins low condiliim of their marine. I the Tigris, which uniles with it. into the interior parts 
 
 The maiilime stHles of (rrei'fe hardly earned on any | of his Asiatic it<<minions ; while, hy the way o( the 
 
 conimerce heyond Ihe limilHofthe Mediterranean sea. i .\raliian <iulf and Ihe river .Nile, thev mi^^hl I)e eon- 
 
 Their chief inlirroiirHC was with the colonies of ihcirtvcM'd to Alevandria. and distrihiiled to Ihe rest uf the 
 
 countrymen planted in the Lenser Asia, in Italy, and vvtirld. Me. irchus. an otVicer of eminent ahitilies, was 
 
 Sicily. Thi-y ■minciinies visilcd the ports id Kirypt. of ■ inlrilsliv: with the cnmriaml of the (leet tilted out for 
 
 the snutliern provinces id" (iaul, and of Thrace; or, jlhis expedilitin. He piTlormed this Viiyaije, whuhwas 
 
 jnissin>! throui,'h the lletlespont, they traded with thejdeemed an enterpri-e t-i irdiions and important, that 
 
 c.enitries situated around Ihe Knxinesea Ama/.in<> j .Mcxaiider reckoned ii one of the most extraordinary 
 
 iii«tanees oicurol' their i^niorance, even of thitse eonii- U-vents which dishn^'iished his reiuu Incousiderahle 
 
 tries wtiicli lay witliin the narrow precincis lo whiihj.is it niav now appt'ar,it was at thallime an nndertak- 
 
 their rriiv^'ialiini wa^ con lined Wln'ii the (> reeks had 'in:; of no liti'e merit and ditficultv. In the prosecu- 
 
 ahsi'iiii>h'd llieirciHnhim-d (leet atraiiist Xerxes at K-iinajtion nfit. strikiii;; inMlan.'cs occur 'd the small pn'^'re-s ' nt' the stars less necessary, cnndncled them to the port 
 
 Ihey thou;;ht it unadvisalde lo sail to Samos, hecanse which the (iieikK had made in naval lino..'|>-di:e f-1] . ntMnsiris.ontheweslern shore of the Indian cnitlineiit. 
 
 ihey heliev'd llie disl.ince hilween that island and Havinitnevt-r sailedheyojulthe hi.uiidsof ihe .\lediterra- , 'I'licre ihey look oti hoard llieir cari;o. and. leturninp 
 
 Kiiina lo l^e as yreai as the distance hetween I!i.'in» , ne.in. where the ehh and IJow ofthe sea are hardly per- vvith Ihe eastern monsoon, fmi>hed l-icir voyaoe tn ihi' 
 
 ahatiilMiieil their ancient slow and dan:<eron.i eiiurHC 
 ! aloiiir the <>oasl, and, as soon as the .vesleni imnisonn 
 ;set in. took their departure from Ocelis. at the mouth 
 of the Arahiaii <tulf. and sireiciied lioldly across th« 
 t'cean. The iimtorm direclion of Ihe wind, rtiipplying 
 'the pi. ice ot the compass, and renderih<: the i^uulanco 
 
 and the Pillars id llercnles. Thev were eitlter ullerly 
 
 iinaeipiainted with alt the pariM ofthe l')o1m> heyond the 
 
 Mediterranean sea. or whal know|ed<ri> thev had of them 
 
 was founded un conjecture, or derivrd Iroi.-i the info 
 
 mat ion of a tew persons whoiu 1 uriosnv and Ihe love of I Ihey se(*m never to 
 
 Kiieiiee had prompted lo travel hy land nOo tiie I'pper 
 
 Asia, or hy sea into fc^iiypt, the .ineii'iit s.-ats .it wis 
 
 ilnm and arts Arterall lliat the (ireeks learned from 
 
 them, they appear lo have heen ijrnorant ol the most 
 
 important (acts on wliich an accurate and scienlitic 
 
 know ledire ot tie' jflohe is lounded | 
 
 ptihie, whi'ii till y lir-st ohserved this phei^.tmeoon at Ar.dnan (iiilf w iihin the year This pail of India now 
 Ihe mouth ofthe Indus, it appeared to them a prodiirv. known hv thetiameof the Malahar coasl. seems to have 
 hy whieli the ^rods lestiticd the di>pteitHuie ol heaven heen the utmost limit id'aiicieut iiavioaMon in that 
 aifainsl their cMlerprit^e [.')) Diirint! their wh'decnurse. ipiartcr of the 'jlohe What iiii|ierliTt know ledne Ihr 
 have lost si^ihl id hind, hut J'olloweil ; ancients had of the iniim*nse connlries w hich sireleh 
 ihe hearings of the coast s-i servih-ly, that ihey CiHilil jhi-vo^id this towards ihe Mast. ihey received from a tew 
 not avail ihi-mH'lves of those peritMlical winds which ; advinlnrers who had visited them hy land ^uch ex- 
 facililate navii; ition in the Indian ore.ut. Ad'ordniLdv enrsions vvere millicr frcipient tior exleiisivi-. and it in 
 they spent no less than ten months m perli>riniiiL' ihi-. |irnha!>le ihat. while the U* man interconisc will. India 
 voytiife, which. (roin Ihe inoulhof the Indus lo ih.it ol KtihsiHU'd. nolraveller ever penelr.iled fuilhcr than lo 
 Ihe Persian (iuif. does not evceed twenty .leitrees [1 ih,- hanks of the <;.in:!es [(ij The Heels troii. Kyvpt 
 The expedition of .Me (ander 'he (ire.it into the Kattt lis prohahle (hat amidst the convulsions and iVeipieiil I which traded at Mnsiris.were loaded it is true, with the 
 
 r.msiderahly eiilar::ei| the sphere of navitialion and ot'\ revniulions in the Kast, oecat-ioned hy ihe coniols . spices ^.nd other rich commodities ot the conlineni iiiul 
 
 i;eiiifrapliii'al knowh'ili.'e ainonL' the iiret lis That ex- i amonif the succt'ss.irs oC .\|e\ani!er. tlie navi^jali-m to i>tandH o(' ihr furlher Iiidin . hul these were hrotinhi in 
 
 iraordin.iry man, nntwilhstandini; Ihe violent pasKi.iiisi India liy the course which .Nearchus had opened was 
 
 which incited him at some tones to ihe wil.lesl aetioii.>« jdis -onlintu'd The Indian trade carried on at .Mexaii- 
 
 and Ihe most extravatjaiit enterpri.ses. posHcsHcd l.iJentN dn.i, not ludv stdtntsted. hut war^ so much evtended. 
 
 wlneii lilted lum. not only locoiiipier. hul t.i ix.tverii ihe j under the (irecian m.marehs of Knypt. thai it prnvcl .1 
 
 wnrld lie was c.ipahle o) framiiii; ihiise hold and on ' !.'n-.it soupt of the wealth which distiii'^nished their 
 
 (.'inal HchemeHo] p ilicy. which i;.ive a new |.>rm to liu- i lvin<>dom 
 
 The proijrcss which ihe Romans made in navi;_rati<'n 
 mil disi-overv, was still more incon?>iderah!e tliaiithal 
 
 man atfairs. The revolution in commerce. Iir.niijht 
 a'sKJt hy the force of his i;eniiis. i.s hardly inferior (o 
 lS.it rev.dulioi) in empire ociMsioned hv the niccess .if 
 his arms II is prohahle lli. it llie oppi.siti.ui and eirorl> 
 ofthe repul.lic of Tyre, w Inch checked him s.i loiin in 
 the career of his victones, ^tave Ah-xaiitler .in opportu- 
 nity id "d'serviiiif the vast resoiirci"^ o( a maritime pow- 
 er, and conveyed to In n some idea of the itnmeiise 
 Wi'alth which thcTyriaii.i lerived from their cntnimTce 
 especially thai willi the K ist Indies .\s 'oon a>* In- 
 had accomplished the destruction of Tvn', and reduced 
 
 Ihal port, which h.came the staple of the coiemeic^ 
 I'l'tweenthe east and west, hy the luiliAiis themsi|vc« 
 in caiiocs hollowed i-nt nf . iic tree. The K;:\pli.in .itui 
 R.tman merchants, ^alI^(led wtlh ari|Uiiini: tin secom- 
 m.idities Ml this manlier, ilid n.t| tlohk it neci»ary li» 
 I'Xpliin' unkn.iwn seas, .in.l venlnre upon a danyintus 
 navii;atioii. in ipiest of the oiintiies which produced 
 them. Hul lhon:;!i tin 
 
 di> 
 
 of the Ki>mans in 
 
 d the (irecki The nrttius ofthe Itom.in people, their, Indi.i were so limited, llieir commerce there was such 
 
 nnlilary education. and the spirit ofiheir l.iws. concur ' 
 red in e^tranL.MllU them (Voni commerce and naval af , 
 (air.^. It was the iiecessily of opposini,' n ("rmidahle , 
 rival, Hot the desire .)f exliiidin:; trade, which lirsi 
 prompted them to aim at luariliine power. Thon>ili 
 thev s.toii perci-ived, ihat in order to ,ieipiire the iini 
 ver*il dominion after wlm h they aspired, it w.is neces 
 s.irv lo render themstdves m.isters of tli 
 
 will appi-ar c.ni-idctahle. even lollie pre>*nt 
 which the In.li.ui trade has lu'cti extended lar hi-voiid 
 !he pr.iclire or « .tnceptioii of any preccdini; pi nod. 
 We areinlormed hy .me auth.tr nf credit. thai llie com- 
 merce w till India drained the Roman cinp'ie evei> year 
 of more ih.U) four hnmlied thorsami pounds; and hy 
 atiolhiT. that one hiinilredand twenty ships s.iilcd an- 
 they .-till nnally Ooiii the .Xra^ian <«nlf to that eouiilry 
 Kfiypl to suhjeclioii, he (ormed the plan o( n'liderins:' considered the naval service as a suhonlinale slaiion, ' The discovery of this m-w method id sailin;: lo In- 
 the empire v iiich he proposed In estahlish, the cent re land reserved t.>r it such cili/ens as were n.>t nf a r.ink dia.is the most consideralde improveim nl it; naviL>aliiin 
 of e.mnr, rce as well as the seat .d dominion. With lo Iv ndinilted inio the leuioiis In the hisi.iry o| the made during Ihe conlmuailce of the Roman power. 
 this view he founded a t;n'at city, which hf honored Roin.in Repuhlic, haidly one event neellr^ th.i'. marks Mut in am ient limes, tl'.e know|ed<Te nf remole coun- 
 with his own name, near one ofthe mouths ot the river: at tent ion to nav i >.'■<' i>>n any tnriher than tt wa>- inslru- tries wa^ acipnred more treipienlly hy land than hy sea: 
 Nile, that hy the .Mediterranean sea, and the neiyhltor- i mental towards compiest When tlie Rotnati valor [7] ai d the Romans, from their peculiar liisinctinatioii 
 hnoil ofthe Vrahian (iiilf. it mi^hl command the Iradejaiid diM ipliiie had suhdiieil all the mtinlime niales (n naval atV.iiis, may he said to liave net>iecled totally 
 hoth o( the K a St and West This silu.ilinn was chosen : known in the ancieni worlil; when Carlhaue. (Jreece. 
 with such discernment, that Alexandria soon hecame and K'jvpt had •«iihmitled lo their power. Ihe K unans 
 the chief commercial citv in the work!. .Not only dii- did not inihihe Ihe cnmnereial spirit ..f the compiered 
 ring the Kuhsistence i»t the (ireeian empin- in Kirvpt nations. Amoni: that peoph> nf snldiers, to have ap 
 
 and in the i:,ist, hut amidst all the successive n<vi 
 lit ;ii in those eniintnes from the lime ofthe PinliM>i 
 
 ,Mi< 
 
 il In Inulc 
 
 Ii,. 
 
 iild hiivi* Ih'imi ilci'rnril a il)'irr;ul;<li,m very l\v latnl. »iiil orir'Iual 
 
 tin' laltrr, llitiiiirh a inort'rahy ami ('\|u>,lilnui», iiii'()it>U 
 nlilisniMTy 'I'lli' lirnu'ri'SW. IiuHcmt. nl lllrir \Klu- 
 
 riiin« arriiii'H llinnii;li a rnTiciii.'iiil''ii nihnh ot l.un'|«, 
 Afill. aial At'rirn. inlilrilMilnl ut,^,il\ l.icMir.il ili»c-o- 
 
 Tllrv :iha;;i 
 
 ,il ni'w ami iiiiitmiwti seas 
 
 I ll>i' iia\iLialii:ll uf 
 I'ri'vimiK In ilii' Kniiiaii ton- 
 
 y i,(iriiri 
 
 to the iliiROTery oftlie navigalioii by llic ('a|w ul Uiiicl i arta.euniiui'rci', uiiil navlgntioii, lo ilavci. lo I'rcciiiiien, (jiirntii, the civiliied natioiii ul antiquity ha I litlle cum- 
 
n 
 
 RODERTSON'S HISTORY OF 
 
 miinicAtion with thoM rountripR in Kurnpn nhich now 
 ftirin itn mnKi MputtMit ami |iow(>rfiil kinifiliMiis. Thn 
 Ind'ritir (kuIn «•(' Sjiiiiii ami (litiil were iiiipcrfoctly 
 knnwii Dritaiii, HcpitntliMt IVdmi titn tcnI of (lu> wnrlij, 
 had iH'vcr hi'Pri viHilcil. piirn|it Ity iu nriirhliorii llic 
 Uaiili. ami dv u tVw ('artli;ii;ini.in iinTcliaiilH 'I'lir 
 iiaiMi' 1)1' (■eriiiariy hail m'arrrly hci'ii hcanl of. Ititn 
 nil (hoMc roiiiitrifit ihr ariiii ofltiP limiiiinK poiiHralnl 
 Thrv Piilin>ly kiiIkIih*)! S|iiiiii ami (liiiil; thi'y t'oiujiirrfil 
 thn i;r<*.tl<<«il ami riiiHl t'criilf parlH nl Britain; iht'v att 
 vancvil mtti (ifrmarty, att far as (hr ImnltH (tf the river 
 Klho. In Afrii'a. thoy aciiuircil a ronBith'raMt* knnw- 
 loiliff itl'lhti nriiviiirt'H, which Klri'trht'd ahuii; the Mi* 
 (lilfrraiioaii Sea, from KiiypI wi'rttivanl In thr Straits of 
 (iailpH III Akui. tht\v not only Hiihjrclnl to their power 
 most ofthn proviiireH whirh rninposeil the IVrwian and 
 the Maceiliinian einpireM, hut alter iheir virlories over 
 MilhriilaleH ami Tii^ranefl. th<*y tteem to have made a 
 more acrtirale ttiirvey of the roiiiitrieH ronlii;iiitiiM to 
 the Kiixiiii' r.ml (\tHpian »vi\H, and to have earried on n 
 more etieiisive trade than that of the(ireekH wilhllie 
 opulent and eoiumercial nations then Heated round the 
 Kuxiup sea 
 
 From this succinct survey of discovery And navijia- 
 lion, which I have traci'il from the earliest dawn of his- 
 torical knowledire, to the full eMlahlishment of the 
 Roman dnminion, the progress of hoth appears to have 
 heen v^'oiiderfully stow. It seems neillier adetpiate to 
 what vvr niiirht have expected from the activity and en- 
 terprifte of the hutnan mind, nor to what mi^'ht havi> 
 been performcil hy the power of the jireatenipires which 
 Bucn-^tiively uoverned the world- If we reject accnnnlw 
 that are fahulous and ohscure; if we adhere steadily 
 to the li'ihl and information of authentic Insiory. with- 
 out snhstituliri<r in its pl.icc (he roiiji<rture» of (iiiicy or 
 the driMrns of clymoloirisis. we nnisl conchide.tli;it ihr 
 knovvliMlje VNliirh tin* ancients tiad acipiired of tlie ha 
 hitanlc •tjolie w.is extremely rontiitcd In Kumpc, the 
 etten-ive provim'i"< in llie eastern pirt of (ierniany 
 were little known ti llieni Tliey were almost totally 
 unai'ijuainlcd with (Ih> v^i^t countries whii'li are now 
 ■ultject i>i I lie kini:s of Dernmirk, Sweilen, Prussia, Po- 
 land, anil the K.iri>i;iri empire. The more harrcn iv- 
 ^ionH (hat Kiri'tch within the arctic circlf>, were ipiite 
 iinevplorcd In Africa. their rcsearchei* did not extemi 
 *"ar Itcyotid the prnviticcf* which hortler on the Mediter- 
 ranean, and (hii-ii' (ijlnated on lhi» western shore of the 
 Araliian tinlf In .\^\n. they were iniacqiiainted, as I 
 formerly nh>.i'rved. with all the fertile ami opulent couii 
 Irii's LeyoTid the (i.tnires, wlurli furnish themor.t Vidu- 
 nU\v ronitnodilies that in niodi'rn times have heeii llii- 
 j»reiil ohjt'et of the Duropcin commerce withlmha; nor 
 do (hey seem to have ever pctietrateil intotho>e im- 
 inense regions oecnpied liy the vvamlcrini; trilieH, which 
 ihey eallcj Ity thi* irciii'.al nam** of Siirmatians or Scy 
 thiu)!*. and which are m»w po>.teHsed l<y Tailars of va- 
 rioiiH denominations, and hy llie Asiatic suhjtctH ol 
 RnsfiiH. 
 
 Uut there is one opinion that universally prevailed 
 nruon<; the ancimts, which conxeys a more strikiit:; 
 ide;» of the simill proirre^h tlicy liitrj made in the know- 
 led.je «if ifie hal>itah!i' jflnhe lliaii can he derived t'rom 
 any detail of iheir disioxeries They supposeil (he 
 earth to he dixidcd into live reirioiis. which they dis- 
 tiiistnished hy the name of Zones Two ofihese. which 
 were nearest the ptijes. they termed frigid zones, and 
 believed thi- extreme did which reijj[m'd jx-rpetually 
 there rendered them uniidiahitalile. Another, sealed 
 UUiler thi> hne, and e\lendin<; on either side towards 
 the tropics. thi-y called the Torrid zone, and imai^inctl it 
 to t)e so hurtled up with unrennttini; heat, as to ht> 
 eipially destitute of itdiahitants. (»n the two other 
 zones, which occupied the remainder oftheearth, lh(\v 
 tieslowed ttic appellation of Temperate, and tau((ht that 
 thche beinij the oidv rejjions in which life conid suh ' 
 »ist.were alloileil to man tor his hahitation. This wild 
 opinion was not a conceit of the uninformeil vulvar, or I 
 a f.iocdtil fii-tioii nf the p-iets. hut a system adopted hy i 
 the Tuost erdiifhti-ned phdosophers, the most accurate 
 hisioriaiiH and ueoirraphers in Greece and Home I 
 Accortlini» toihirt theory, a vast portion of the hahitahle I 
 Ciirth WHK proitounced to he unlit fur BUstaiiiin<r Ihei 
 human species. Tlitise fertile anl populous regions 
 
 wiiliin the torri<l 7. ', which are now known not only 
 
 toyiet I their own inhabitants the necesi'ariefl and com- 
 forts of life with mo^'t hixuriant profusion, but to com- 
 municate their superlluxUH stores to the rest id' the 
 world, were supp i-ied to lie the mansion of perpetual 
 ■reritity and desolatio-i. Ah uII the ports of the «i|olie 
 wTlh winch the jincients were acipiaintcdlav within the 
 norttn'rn temperate zone, their opinion that the other 
 temperate zone wui uiied witainhttuiiaiitv.waB fuunded 
 
 on rfaionin^aiitlconj^cturp, nt)l on discovery They 
 pv^n helievetl that, hy tin' intolerable heat of the lorriil 
 zone, such an inHU[ieralile harrici was placed l)elween 
 the two UMiiperate rejjions of the earth as wmiid pre- 
 vent forever any intereourse between their re«|teciive 
 inhabilanth. Thus, this extravagant theory not only 
 proves that the ancoMils were iinacipminteil with the 
 true folate id' the ^lolM^ but it temlcil to render their 
 i;:norance perpetual, by represciitinn all attempts to- 
 wards openinjr a communication with the remote re- 
 gions ofihe earth, as utterly impracticahle. [S.] 
 
 Hot, however im|ierfect or inatcurHte ih;- jieoifrnpld- 
 eal knowleiljfe which the (irceks and Koinans had ac- 
 ipnred may appear, in respect of the present im- 
 proved slate of that science, their proy;re«s in discovery 
 will seem considerable^ and the extent to which they 
 carried inivi^ation ami connncrce nnist he reckmo'd 
 irreat, when compared with tin' it;noraiice nf early 
 times. As lonir as Ihe lUunaii Kinpire retained such 
 viyor as to preserve its autlu '■ity over the compn'red 
 nations, mid to keep them u .i(<ii, it was an object ol 
 ptihiic policy, as well as of private curiosity, lo examine 
 ami describe the cotnitrics which compoticd this ureal 
 hody. Hven when the other ncirnces beuan to decline. 
 i;eiii'raphy, enriched with new observations, and re- 
 eeiviny some accession from theex|M'rienceof every aye, 
 and Ihe reports of every traveller, contimietl to ini 
 prove. It attained to the highest piunt of perl<riion 
 and accuracy to winch it ever arrived in the ancient 
 worhl.liy the industry and genius td Ptolemy the Phi- 
 loNdpher. He llourished in ihi'scconti century of the 
 Chrisitan a ra, and published i> dc.-*cription td' the ter- 
 restrial irlohe. im>re ample and exact tlian that of any 
 of his prcdcccs.sorii. 
 
 Hot, soon after, violent convulsions heiran to shake 
 ihe Honian titale ; the fatal ambition or capiiceof Con- 
 Maniine, by chaiiiiini.' the seat of ;rovermiient, divided 
 and v-eiikencd its force ; the harharous nalimis, w hich 
 Providence preparct) as instrnmenis to overturn the 
 iniLdily fabric of the Koinaii power, bci^an to assendijc 
 and to muster their armies on its froii;ier ; llo' empire 
 loitered to its fall. Durini; (bis decline and oM a^e 
 id' the Roman t^late.it was iiripossible that the sciences 
 should <.'o on improviiiL' Theell'urls of <jenius were, 
 at that period, as |ani>nid and feeble as those of ^o 
 vermneni. from thelitmr of lUolemy, no inconsider- 
 able addition seems to have hcenmadeton ueoiiraplii 
 cat kmiwleit^c; nor did any important revolution Imp- 
 pen in trade, exccptirit; that Constantinople, by ilsad- 
 vauta<feons fitualion. and the eiicoura;,M>ineiit of ttie 
 eastern emperors, l)cc'ame a commercial city of tin' tirsi 
 note. 
 
 At leiii.'th.the cliMuls wliich h:'.d heen8oloni» galher- 
 in<; round tin- Roman empire t)urst inlt> a storm Har- 
 harous nations rushed in from several quarters wiili ir- 
 '"sistalde impi-tuohiiy, and in tlip jiencral wreck, i'cca- 
 sioned t>y the inundation which overwhelmed Kuropc* 
 the arts, sciences, inventions, and discoveries i>i' ihe 
 RiimanH perished in a j;reat measure, and disappeareit. 
 Alt Ihe various tril>cs wtiicli settled in ttie dillereiit 
 provinces of the Roman empire were uncivili/ed, 
 St ran tiers to letters, d* slitnteof artn, unactpiaintcil with 
 reirnlar frovi>rnmi'nt. sntiordimilion or taws Ttie man- 
 ners and instituiioiis of some of them were so rutle as 
 to be hardly coinpatilde with a slate of social union. 
 I'lu rope. when occupied hy such inhabitants.maybe said 
 to have relumed to a secoml infancy, and had to tie<rin 
 anew its cari'cr in improvement, science, and civility. 
 The first ell'ect of the setllemeul of thiise harlMrous in- 
 vaders was lod<ssolve ttie union by which ttie Roman 
 power had cemented mankind lonelher. They par- 
 celled out Kurope into n Mv small and independent 
 slates, ililfcrinir from eai-ti oilier in tan<;ua^e andeUH- 
 lotns No inten'ourse suhr^islcd between the members 
 id'lhose divided and hi>stile communities. Aceiifitoni' 
 etl to a simple mode of life, and averse to industry, 
 they had few wants to supply. and few HuperHuities to dis- 
 pose of Thenamesof ff/m/iiTfr anil'"Mf/Mvh<*came tmce 
 more wonls of the same import, (^istomsevery where 
 prevailed anil even laws were oslabtiMhi>d, which ren* 
 di-red it disairreealtte auil dangerous to visit any foreign 
 country Cities, in wtiich atone an extensive commerce 
 can be carried on, were few. inconsideralile. and desti- 
 tute oft ht*seitiiinunil iei> which prmluce security or excite 
 enterprise The sciences, on wliich (jeo^jraphy and na- 
 viijationare founded, were tittle cutiivaled. The ac- 
 cmints of ancient improvements and tliscitveries, con- 
 tained in the (Jreek and Komanautliors.were nejrieeted 
 or misunderstood Ttie kmtwledije of remote re^ions 
 was lost, ttieir situation, their coinmtHtities, and almost 
 their names were unknown. 
 
 One circuinitauce prevenled cumuiefcUl intercourie 
 
 I with distant natiims from eea6in^ altojrether. Con 
 istantinople, itiotiuh often Itireateiieil hy ttie fierce in 
 , vaders wtio spread desuhuioii over lt<e rest of turo{M', 
 ! was so fortnmtle as to escape tlieir der>lructive rai;e In 
 jltiat city the knowledge of ancient arts and discoveriev 
 {was preserved ; a taste lor elegance and splendor suit- 
 Hisled . ttie pro^iuciioiis and luxuries idlnreiMii coun- 
 tries were in reipiest : and commerce conimued to 
 flourish there when it was almost exiiiu t in every other 
 part itf Knrope. The citi/.ens of (^ln^tanlillop|e did 
 not contine their trade to ttie Istamlsol tlic Archipelago 
 or to the adjacent coasts of .Xsia ; ihey look a wider 
 ran^e, and, follow ih}; the course wtiicti the ancients 
 liad marked out, imporled the commiHlitiesofttie Kast 
 Indies from .Alexandria. When K^ypt was torn from 
 ttie Ri'inan empire, by ttie Aratuans. itie imiuhfry td'tho 
 (■reekr^ discovered a new ctiannet by wtiicti Itie pro- 
 duction'* of India iiiititit be convcvi'd to CiinHlantini>* 
 pie Tiiey were carried up the Indus as far as tliat 
 ureal river is naviualde ; ttn-nce lliey were transportej 
 hy taml to the banks of Ihe river tUus, ami prta-ecdeJ 
 down ils stream to the Caspian »>ea. There they en- 
 tered (he Vot^a. and, sailinu up it, were carried by land 
 to ttie Tanaie. wtiicti conducted thein into ttie huxino 
 ■tea, where vessels from <'oiistantinople wailed (heir ar- 
 rival. This extraordinary and tedious imxie of convey- 
 ance merits atlention.not only as a protd ofitie violent 
 passion whicti ttie intiahitanls of Constantinople had 
 conceived for the luxuries of the Kast, and as a speci- 
 men of ttie ardor and ingenuity witti wtiich ttiey carried 
 on c« nimerce ; l)Ul because it deinoDstiatcs that, du- 
 ring iheijjnorance wtiicti ri'i;;ned in ttie rchi of Kuro|ie, 
 an extensive knowledge of remote coiinlnesWaH slitl 
 preserved in the capital of llie (ireek empire. 
 
 At the same time a L;leaiii of UjiUt and knowled^re 
 hroki n upon itie Hast The Aratoans havji^f vo»' 
 tracteil some reln«h flir (he sciences id the people wlicthe 
 empire tiny tiad conlrituiicd loovcrlurn. translated ihe 
 lh)oks of several id' itie (ircek ptolosoptiers into their 
 own laiiifuai^e. One of ttie first was ttiat valualde 
 work of Plolemy which I haveatready meiilmmd. The 
 study of iieoj;rapliy ticcaine, of t im*npuitce. an early 
 otiject o( atlcnlioii to the Arabians, llul lliat acute 
 and nious peo])le cultivated ctiielty ttie spectilativu 
 
 aim .iitittc jtarts of ^co^rapliy. In older to ascer- 
 tain tin' ti^nrc and dimensions of ttie terrestrial ^tohe, 
 they applied llie principles of ucomelry. they liad re- 
 course to astronomical otiscrvatioiis. itiev employed 
 experinu-nts ami operations, wliich Kiimpe in more 
 erili<jhtencd times has tierii proud to adopt and to imi- 
 tate. At that gieriod, however. Itii' fame ol the improve- 
 tnents made by ttie Arabians ilul not reach Kurope. '1 lio 
 knowled^M' n\' itieir discoveries was ret^erved for aj;eB 
 capattte of comprehendin<< and ot perhrlinu ttoiii. 
 
 Hy deLTces ttie calamines jirid tlesolalion bionnht 
 upon Ihe vveslerti prnviitcth of llie Rom.iii empire hy 
 its t)art>arous eompientrs ^verc lor;>ulleii. .iiid in sonie 
 measiiro repaired Ttie riidc lril>es wln< ti sellttd tlirre 
 acipiirinu insensibly some idea ol leMul.ir Mnveriiim'iit, 
 ami some rebsh tor ttie tnnclioiis ami comlorls of civil 
 life. Kurope tie^iaii to awake Iroiii its torpid and inactive 
 state, 'I'tie first t<yniploiith ot revival were ttiscemeM in 
 Italy. The norltiiTii trihes wliii-h took possession of this 
 country, made pro<.'ress in improvement with greater ra- 
 pidity Itian ttie people SI tiled in ollu-r parlstd Kurope. 
 Various causes, w fuel) it is not l!ic object of itiis work 
 to enumerate orexplain. concurred in rchlormy liberty 
 and independence to the cities <d Italy. The ac<piisi- 
 lioiiof these roused iriduslry, and i>ave motion and vi- 
 tror to all the active powers of the human minil. Fo- 
 reign commerce revived, naviuation wasallended to 
 and improved. Ctiiistantinople became itie diief mart 
 to wtiich the Italians resorted. There itiey not only 
 met with a favorable reception, tint oht.iine<l sucli mer- 
 cantile privibiiCH as enatdi-d ihein to e.irry on trade 
 with ijreat advantaue. They were supplied hoth wilh 
 the preciouH commodities of ihe cast, and witti many 
 curious manufactures, (he product of ancient arts and 
 in^enuily whicti still sut>sisled amoim the CJreeks As 
 ihe lal)or and expense ofcimveyinu the prodnclions o( 
 India to('nnstantiiiople t)y(hat lonuaiMJ ni.nrectcourso 
 
 whicti I have deseritted, rendered tin ireniely rare, 
 
 and of an exorbitant price, the indusiiv id ttie Italians 
 discovered ottivr melliods of procurinir (tiern in trrealer 
 atmmlaiice and at an easier rale. Ttn-y soinetiines 
 purchased ttieni in Aleppo, Tripoli, and other ports on 
 tlie coast of ^Syria, to whicti they were brouj/lit liy a 
 route not UTiknown to the ancients. Ttiey were con- 
 veyed from India Uy sea npttie Persian (iidf, and as- 
 cending ttie Knpliratcs and Tt;.'n.-) as far ;ts lla<{ilad, 
 were carried hy land across the desert of Palmyra, a'ld 
 from thoncs to the tavtrniun the Mcditermiteii!!. \S*i\ 
 
ipr. Con 
 
 (icrco in 
 
 oi Luropt*, 
 
 ivcrajic In 
 
 (llM'ti\ITIt'« 
 
 |)lniilnr Niil>> 
 ■t'ij,'ii cuuii- 
 iiiinni'il to 
 'I'ViTv utht'r 
 |iiini>|)lf (lid 
 uchi|irljifro 
 *k ;i \%i(lrr 
 |li(' iiiu'it'iils 
 
 [h ttirii trniii 
 Juhfry nl iho 
 Irli liir |iri)- 
 <'riHliiii(iiiii- 
 tiir iiM (littt 
 |lri(riK|M>rt4'J 
 \\ \>ruvvvih'tl 
 liny ni- 
 frinl U\ Liiid 
 [tlir i.iixjiifl 
 Jird Ihi'inir- 
 [»• ul Convey. 
 It I 111' viulfiit 
 ilinnplr find 
 •iH ii hjirci- 
 lliry ciirrird 
 •'filfiaC, dii- 
 I t)t Kurupe, 
 i'» wnu Htill 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 from thi' Irnjjlh of the joiimey.nml Iho dtiiisFrrH to whirh 
 lilt' CHritvniiH wiTo oxpitflnl.thiii provnl nlwiiys n tnlioiiD 
 ind nlli'ii 11 prrrariiiUH iiuhIi' of ninvpviiimv At lrni:tli 
 tif Sulil.tim nl Ki:.V|it. hiiviiii; rt'vivr.i Hm minimnr 
 wilt lihliii in iiM i>iH'i'>iit rliiiniii-l. hy till* Aniliiahltiiir, 
 III Ihiliaii iiirrr' .'/.x. iioiwilltHtitriiliiit! (hf vinlnil iiii- 
 tiji.t'.liy In r.irli ihi'T with wliicli riiriHliiiiM ami the 
 in||ii\'rr>» nf M iiiiuH't wiTt' ihcn pnnwcKiitcil, ri'|iairi'tl in 
 Alrxaihiri.i, and nKlurini;. from tin- ln\p nt' pun. tlir 
 inMoliMiT andrxartiiiMriortlH' MalH)iiit>lanK,fi(laliiiNhril 
 II liirralivr triulc in that pnri, Kmtn tliat prrrml tin; 
 roiniiitTc'i'il Hpirit nC Italy luTaiiit' active and rnlerpri- 
 Hiuii Vi-nici'. (JciKia. IMsa, mm- from inronHideralilc 
 InwMH to hr |i(ip(iloi)i« ainj wtMJthy riticti Their imval 
 power incrraM'd ; llieir veHselM Ireqiiented lint only alt 
 ltie|inrl>« in (lie Mediterranean. hut venturinifKniiirlniieit 
 hcyond thf tttraitM. visited the miritinie tnwmt of Spaiti. 
 Krancp. iho Low rniintneH, mtd Kfpjiariil , and. liy 
 dlMlrihiitiiii; their mnnniHlitii-H nver Kiirnpe, he^an to 
 conintiinieate to iiK vurinuri nalinnt hoiiio taMe fnr the 
 valualdeproiltK'riniiH oftlie KaMi, aH well an tmrneideaM 
 of niannfaetnreM and arts, which were then unknown 
 liryniut the pr<>rinrli« id' llalv 
 
 While theciiieHof Italy were thus advanrinj; in 
 their career of irnprnveinrfit, an event hap|jcneil. the 
 mnftt eYtrannlinary, perhaps, in thehiKtnry .*f inaiikirid. 
 which. instead of relar<liri(r thr cnnunerrial prnirreKH nl 
 the Italians rendered it innre rapid I'he inarlial 
 spirit nf the Kurnpean.i, hei<;liteni'd and intlanied hy 
 rrliiiinus zeal, pmnipted thetii tn attempt the di'liver- 
 aiice nf the llnlv l.aml frntn the durnitiinii (d'hilidi'ls 
 Vafit armies cnitipoNcd of all the nations in Murnpc 
 marched tnward^t Asia upun this wild enterprise. The 
 (icnncse, the Pih-Mis. anil Veoitians, furnished the 
 transports which carrieil them thiiher They supplied 
 them with pmvisiiins and nnhlary htnren. Ilesideslhe 
 immense niiiiis which they received on this account. 
 they oMairieil cnmniercia! privileijes and estahlish 
 mt'iils of lire, it cnrise»|ui'iice in the settlements which 
 the ('(U'i.idiTs made in I'.iJeNiine. ;irid in other pro\in- 
 rns nf Aoia Kmm ihnse snurccs, prndii^inus wealth 
 flowed intn (lie cities which I have rncntinned This 
 was accompanied with a pmpnriinnid increase nf pow- 
 er : and. hy the ernj of the Mnly War. Vernce in parli- 
 pular hf'catne a i/re.it maritime slate, pnsse-snii; an ex- 
 leniive commerce and ample territories. Italy wu" not 
 the only country in which the crusades contrihuted to 
 rpvjve ami dilfuse such a spirit as prepared t^umpe 
 (or future ilisco\ories I(y their expedilhms into Asia, 
 the other Kuropean nations hecame well actpiainted 
 with remote re^iinjiM. which formerly they knew ordy 
 hy name, or hy the reports of i<Tnorai>t and credidons 
 pillfrims They had an nppitrtunity td oliservin<; the 
 inanners. the arts, and the accnunnntlatinns id pen 
 pie more pnlished than themselves. This intercourse 
 lietweeii the Kast and West subsisted almost tvvo ren- 
 Itiries. The adventurers who returned fnmi .Xsi.i. 
 rounuuiiicated to their cnuutrymen the ideas which 
 Ihev had acipitred. ami the hahusoftih- they had coii- 
 traclcd hy visitini! more ret'med naiioriH The Kiim- 
 peai's hej^ati lo he sensihle c( wants with wliiih they 
 were firmerlv unacipiainted; newdesires were excited; 
 and such a taste for the ciHumixlilies and arts nf nther 
 eonnlries (rrailually spri'ail amnni; them, that tliey nni 
 ordv encnnrai,'ed the resort of (nrenriiers to their har- 
 hors. hut heirati In perceive the adv. intakes and neces- 
 fiitv of applyiuu tn cnitnnerce themselves. 
 
 This eommunicatiiui, which was opened hetween 
 Europe anil the western pi >vinces nf Asia, encnurajxe I 
 several persniis tn advance far hcynmlthe counlrieh in 
 which the Crusaders carried or iheir nperatinn-i, and 
 tn travel hy land intn the mnre remnte and opnieni re- 
 gious .d'tlie Kast, The wild fanaticism, which seems 
 at that period to have inin<rlrd in all the schemes of in- 
 diviitii:'.ls. no less than in all the counsel of nations, 
 first incited men t. tenter U)ion those Inni; and danger- 
 ous pereirrinations They wereaflerwards undertaken 
 friMii prospects of commercial aitv:inta<;e. or frnin mo- 
 lives of mere curiosity. Benjamin, a Jew of Tudela, 
 in the kin<rilom of Navarre, possessed with a siiper- 
 fctili(>us veneration for the law nf Moses, and solicit- 
 ous t() visit his countrymen in the Kast, whom he ho- 
 ped to find in such a state of power and opid >nce as 
 rniirht redound to the honor of his sect, set nut from 
 Spain, in the year I ITit). and travcllinjj hy land tn Cnii- 
 Htanttnnple, proeeeiled throui;h the countries to ihe 
 north of the Mux I lie and Caspian Seas. as far as Chinese 
 Tarl:iry. From thence he look his mule towards the 
 Bouth. and atler traversin*; varitHis provinces of the 
 further India.heemharkedon the Indian Ocean, visited 
 wveral of its islandri, and returned at the end of thir- 
 tfui ycnm, by the way of t'gypt. lo Kurope, with much 
 
 infitrinntion con<:erninp n large lintrict of tho (iIiiIm»»I- 
 toijelher unknown at that time to the western world 
 The 7.eal ol the heii.l ;.'f tlie (Miristiaii <'hurch conpe- 
 rated with the superstition of llenjamin the .lew in dis- 
 coverini; the interit>r and remote provnices of .Asia 
 .•\ II Christt'ildnmhavin^heen alarmed with I he accounts 
 of Ihe rapid proun-ss ot the Tart.ir arms under /tnms 
 Khan flSUi.] Innocent I V. who enlertained most ex- 
 iilled ideas cnncernini; the plenitude nt his nwn iiower, 
 and the suhmissioii due to his injunc(iom>, sent I- ather 
 John de I'lano ('arpmi. at the head of a mission nf 
 Franciscan monks, and Father Ascotino, althe head ol 
 Domininatis, to enjoin Kayuk Kalin. the «rrandsi>n of 
 Zen^is, who was then at the head i>f the T.irlar em- 
 pire, to embrace the Chri-^tiaii faith, and to desist from 
 desolatint( ihe earth hy his arms The haiiirhty de- 
 scendant n( the yreatest conqueriT Asia had ever he- 
 held, astonished at this strange mandate from an 
 Italian priest, whose n inie ami jurisdiction \> "re alike 
 unknown tn him, rcceiveil it with the cnniempi which 
 it merited, thnugh he dismissed the mcndicantH who 
 deliveri'd it with impunity Hut as they had penetra- 
 ted into the country hy ihtVerent mules, and Inllnwed 
 for Home time the Tartar camps, which were always in 
 mnlinn, they had an o,iporlunity nf visitini; a great part 
 nf Asia. Carpini.who pri>ceeiled hy the way ufPolaml 
 and Uussia. travelled through its imrlhern prnvinces as 
 far as Ihe extremities of Thibet. AscoIiihi, whnseemH 
 to have landed some where in Syria, advanced lliroui!h 
 its sntithern provinces into the interior parts ot Persia. 
 
 i\'ot long allcr. [Iv:.'):il Si Knuis nf France con. 
 tributed further towards extending the knowledge 
 which the I'uri'peans had begun to acipiire of those 
 distant regions. Snine designing impostor, who took 
 ailvantage nfthe slender acipiainlauce of ('hristendoru 
 with the state and character of tlie Asiatic nations, 
 tiaving informed him that a powerful Khan nfthe Tar 
 tars had embraced the <*hrisliau faith, the monarch 
 hstcned tn the tale with pious creduhiv, and instantly 
 resnhed tn send auibassadnrs lo this illuhtrious I'on- 
 vert, with a vii>w nf enticing him to alt.ick iheir com 
 mnn enemy the Saracens in one ipiarter. while he bdl 
 upon them in another. As monks were the only per- 
 sons in that aL'e who possessed such a dc^r d'ku.iw 
 
 Ic'lge as ipiahlied tlicin for a scr\ice o| this kind be 
 employed in it Father .\iidrew. a .laeobine. who was 
 followed by Father Williiim de Kiiliruipiis, a Francis 
 can With respect to the progress of the Inrincr, there 
 IS no memorial extant. The journal of the latter has 
 been published lie was admitted into the presence 
 of Mangu, ihe third Khan in succession fmm Zengis. 
 and made a circuit through the interior parts uf .Xsia. 
 more extensive than that of any Kurnpeun who had 
 hitherln explored them. 
 
 To thosetriveliers whom rcliiriniiH 7.eal sent forth to 
 visit Asia, succeeded ntljers »hn ventured intn remote 
 countries fmui the prospect of I'oimni'rcial advanlaL;e. 
 '•r t'mm motives of mere curii)sitv. Thi' tirsl and iimst 
 eminent of tlu'se was Marco Polo, a N'l'iietian ot' a 
 noble family Having engaged early m trade [Ititi.'). 
 according to the custmn of his counlrv. his aspiring 
 mind wished ti-r a spheri' of activity more extensive 
 than wa<i atfonled lo it tty the estaldishcil tratlic carried 
 on in those ports <d Kiirope and .Xsia which the \'i-iii- 
 li;M)s frcipi'Mitcd This prompted him In travel intn 
 uiiknnwn I'liunlrics. in expectation nf opening a com- 
 mercial intercourse with them nnuc suited In the sail- 
 giiirie ideas and hopes of a young adventurer. 
 
 As his f.iiherhail already carrnd some JOuropean 
 ciunrnoitities lo the court of the great Khan of the 
 Tartars, and b,id disposed id' ihciii to advantage, he 
 resorted thither liider the proieclinn of Kublay 
 Khan, the mohl powerful f>f all the successors of Zen- 
 gis. hi- continued his mercantile peregrinations tn 
 Asia upwards of tweuty-six years; and during that 
 time advanced towards the ea^t, far beyniid the ulinnst 
 boundaries to which any Kuro|M'an traveller had ever 
 proceeded. Instead of following the course of Carpini 
 and llubriipiis. along the vast unpeopled plains id' 
 Tartary, he passed ihrttnoh Ihe chief trading cities in 
 the more cultivated p. irts of Asia, and penetrated lo 
 ('ainbalu, or Peking, the capital nf the great kmgdont 
 of (-atliav, or ('hina. Hubject at that time to the huc- 
 cesKors of Zengis. He made more than one voyage 
 on the Indian ocean ; he traded in many oftlie islando 
 fmm which Kiimpe had long received Bpiceries and 
 other coinnindiiies whi<-li it belit in high estimation, 
 tbtuigh nnacipiaiuied vviih the p.irlicniar couutriiH to 
 which it was indebted for those preeions priHluctions ; 
 and he obtained iuformalion concerning several coun- 
 tries which he did not visit in ^wrson, particularly the 
 island Zipaiigri. probably the same iiuw known by the 
 
 Tiama of Japan. On hin retiii , hit asloniiheil hii con- 
 temporaries with hindeHeriptiiiniiofvaiit regjons whoM 
 names had never been heard of in Hiirope, and wilh 
 such pompous accouniN of their lertihty, iheir popu> 
 loiisnesii, tticir opulence, the variety of their maim* 
 factures, and the extent of their trade, as rorfo far 
 above the conceptimi of an uninformed age 
 
 About half a century after Marco Pido [UVi'i.] Sir 
 John Mandeville, an Knglishmnn, encouraged hv hit 
 example,viKiiedmostof iheconntrieHin the Kant which 
 he had dcscrilH'd, and, like him, published uii account 
 of them. The iiarralioiiM of these early traveller! 
 abound with many wild incoherent tales, concerning 
 giants, enchanters, and monsters, lint they were not 
 from that circumstance lesn acceptable In an ignorant 
 age. which delighted in what was inarvellmis Thn 
 wonders vshicli they told, mostly on hearsay, lilb'ilthH 
 muliitiide with adnnralion. The ficlA which thev re- 
 lated from their own observ.ition altracled the attention 
 of the fnore discerning. The former, which may bn 
 considered as ihe popular traililioris and fables nf ;li« 
 cnuntricH through whit h they bad passed, were gradu- 
 ally disregarded afl Kurope advanced in kimwledge. 
 The laMer, however incredible some of them may have 
 appeared in their own time,have Immui confirmed by thti 
 ohservntionH of modern travellers Hy means of bnlh, 
 hnweser. thu curiosity of mankind was exciu-d with 
 respect lo the remote parts of the earth ; their ideas 
 were enlarged ; and they were nnt nidy insensibly dia- 
 pnsed to atleinpt new discnverii'S, but received such 
 intormalion as directed to that particular course in 
 which these were anerw:trds carried nil. 
 
 While this spirit was gradually firming in Kiirope, a 
 fortnnatediHcnvery was made, wbii'li cnntribnied morn 
 than all theelfnrts and ingenuity of the prei-eding ageM 
 to imprnve and tn extend navigation That womlerlul 
 property of the magnet. by winch it communicates such 
 virtue to a neetlle or slender nsl of iron as to point to- 
 wards the poles of thecailh, was observed 'I'he us« 
 wdiich might bi> made of this in direi-ting navigation 
 was immediately perceived. That valualde, hut now 
 familiar instrument. Ihe mariner's c;i'iipass was con- 
 structed When by means of it navigators found that, 
 at all seasiMis and in every place, they could discover 
 the nnrtli and snulh with so much ease and aceuracv.it 
 became no longer necessary lo depend merely on the 
 light of Ihe stars and the observation id' the sea coast. 
 They gradually abandoned their ancient timid and 
 lingering course along the shore, ventured hnldlv inip 
 the ocean, ami relying on tin- new guide, coubl steer 
 in the darkest night, and uiali-r the mohl cloudy sky, 
 with a security and precision hitherto unknown. Tho 
 compass may be said to have opeiu'd to ii.an the do* 
 minion of the sea. and lo have put him in full posses- 
 sion of the earth, by enabling him to visit every part of 
 It Flavin <iinia. a citizen it( .Ahnali, a town of con- 
 siderable trade in the kingdom of .Naples, was the au- 
 thor of this great discovery, about the year otw ihiui' 
 Kami three hundred and two. It hath bi-en nften the 
 f.ite of innse illu.-<lrioiis henefactnrs of mankind whi 
 have enriched science and imprnved the arts bv Iheir 
 inventions, lo derive more reputation than benelit from 
 the happy efforts of their genius Miit the lot ofliinin 
 has been still mnre cruel , lhrou>!hthe inattention or 
 ignorance nf contemporary hislorians. he has been de- 
 frauded even of ihe l.ime to which he had such a just 
 title We receive from them no iuformalion with re- 
 spect to his prott-ssion, his character, the precise lime 
 when be made this importani diM-nvery,or I he accidents 
 and impiiries which led to it. The knowledge of this 
 event, though |iroihiclive of greater elfects than any 
 recoriled in the annals nf thehuman race.isiransinilted 
 tn lis without any uf those circumstances which can 
 gralil'y the curiosity that il naturally awakens. Uui 
 though the use uf the compass might enable I he Italiami 
 lo perform the short voyages to which thev were ac- 
 custimicd with greater security and expedition, its in- 
 fluence was not 80 sudden or extensive as immediately 
 to nndcr navigation advenlUMiUf.,and In excite a spirit 
 of discovery. Many causes combined in preventing 
 this lieiielicial inveiilion from producing ils full etfecl 
 inslanlanenusly. Men relimpiish ancient habits slowly 
 and wilh reluctance. They are averse to new expen- 
 inenls, attd venture upon them with limiditv The 
 commercial jealousy of the Italians, it is probable la- 
 bored to conceal the happy discovery (d' their country- 
 men from other natmns. The art nf hteering by the 
 cunipasH with such skill and accuracy as tu inspire a 
 full confidencein its direciinn.was acquired gradually. 
 Sailnrs unaccustomed to tpiit the sight nf land, durst 
 not launch out at once and commit theniselves to un- 
 known seas. Accurdint{ly, near half a ceiUury elapsotl 
 
Tl 
 
 ROBKRTSON'S HTSTORY OF 
 
 B 
 
 Itrnm the time of Oioin'H diM-ovrrvi iM^toro niivi^fuinrs lirit^hii'itiM) ainnnif the Portiiiiui'Mr. A tirrco civil war liiitf iliKcovrry. hihI whu wiu iinitniiltMl with Hnlorthut 
 venttinnl into any im*;u wliiili they ti;itl not Iweii lu'cii* towar(l<« (lie ctoNr »l lli** foiirU'ciilh ri>n(ury,ornit>iiHH'il woiilil iMTMrvcrr in hpitt* ol uhfliirtrit atid ri'|iuli 
 
 tomrtl to rrrqiKMit, 
 
 TliH tiritt a|i)H';iraiici* of a litililpr iipirit mav beilntcil 
 fmm ttip ifi'Viiati* of tlir Himiiiitnls li» llu* (!iiiiiiry or 
 FortiiiiiUr UlaixU My what iicriilciil itiry wrM< tr<l 
 to thp ilJKCovi'rv ot (hiiMi' mtiitll i^l•>ll,\v||il■tt lit* nrtir i\\*' 
 ht:n«lrr(l riiilfii iVuiit ihr Spiutifih roaRt.aiul iiliovr n litiii- 
 ilrrdanil linyimlr»'l'ri>milirfiia«liilArrira.rnnli'in|M)rn- 
 ry \vril<'M have not r\|)lainril. Diit, about tlu* iitiilillr ul' 
 thr r«>iir(i-rhlh n-nliiry. titr )m><>|i|i> ui itll llir ililVrn nl 
 kini{(li)iiiii mill which Spiiin wan then thviilrd, were ar- 
 
 hv a ilitt)iulril (tttcrcNNt'in, aiiuiiHMtlcd the mihlary lla)p|iily t'<>r I'orln^al. nlir iMuriil all :lii>N<' ipiulilir* in 
 arilor itl' lh<> nalloit, ami Inrmnl ur callnl forth tiini llciiry Duke nf N'irMCo, ihi- Imirth mhii nt Kim; Jiihn.h* 
 
 1(1 
 
 iiiilcrtakiii 
 
 nu uciiiu* an arc lit for holil ] lMiih|i|ia of l.ancaHlcr.NJntrr ol llmry \\ kn'jj •') Kiijf. 
 
 cxcrv ►tiiir l>v the do 
 
 The ttiliialinn of the kiitL'dom. hounded j land. 'Ih.tl priiice. in Iiin enrlx vi>ntli, lr.i\iiiu i 
 
 liitwirliil ' |iiinicd hiH f.illier in liin e\|i(-iiiiiMn to H.irlMn, d>Min 
 
 •d to 
 
 make luraticiil rxctimionfl 
 
 thilli 
 
 lier; in or- 
 
 der to ittiindcr Ihc inhahilantii, or to carry them otl'aM 
 sjaveii Clement VI , in virtue of the ri^ht rIaiiiHMl 
 by the Holy See to diK|H)Ke of all countries poNMetiieil 
 
 by Inliilelit 
 
 I the 
 
 Inhilelit, erecled thoHe ikIcm into a kinuiloni in 
 yrur one thoiiMaiid three hundred and forty four, and 
 conferred it mx |rf>wiM de la Cerda. dcdcendctl from the 
 royal faiiiil> oft'aNtile. Hut ihul unforttinate prince. 
 deHliliite of power to aNi*iTt Inn nommiil title, liavni;! 
 
 neiirhlonr, did not aMord free M<ipe to the activity (if i tiniHlicil lumHi'lf !>y many ditdM uf v.ilor To ihe nar- 
 I he lNirl(i<Miet«e hv land, an the Mreiiiilh of their moit- jllal i*piril. which wan Ihc cli.it •irlrriNlie ide\i'r% tianufl 
 
 ' ■ J.Kh. 
 
 II* 
 
 , wliirli were then nil 
 
 rhv Wii 
 
 I match for that (df\tHtile. MiK Portiiual , imhle hirlh at Ihal hrnc, lii> added alt tin 
 
 waH .1 inarilime ulate, in 
 
 which there were maiiv coin- 
 
 .Ml 
 
 modioiiMitarlHirK . the p'ople had iH'yiin to make Home 
 pro^reHH in tlie knowledge and practice of navigation, 
 
 iiml till* iieaw:*Ho|H>n to then). prmrnlinK Ihe onl 
 held lor enlerpiiie in which tliey cuuld diHtinttuiii 
 
 'lenmeiveii 
 
 Stieh wan the Hrite nf Portusnl, and Htirh the din- 
 poiillion of Ihe peop'e when John I., mirnained Ihe 
 Itatttard, ohlamcd Hcciire , oniieiiition of ihe crown hy 
 the peace concluded with ( u tile, in the year tuie 
 ihouKand four hundred and eleven. Me waH a princi 
 
 never visited ihe ranarie*. John de Itetliencourl, a | ,if L'reat mciit, wh », hy tiiiperior c >tn life :ind HlulilieN, 
 
 hiiil opened hilt way to a throne which of rijfhl did lint 
 ' "" ' ilh.i it would he 
 
 nnpoHNihte lo prcHerM' ptihiic order i>r dom-'nlic Iran- 
 (polity, without llndinir Home employineiit fori'-ercsl- 
 tcxH ttpiril of hJM ttnljcctii. \\ ilti tliiM view lieaKHem'. I*'d 
 ,i iinmeroiiii llrel ut l.ihhon, compoHcd of all Ihe idiip^^ 
 which lie could I'll out in liiR own kiiiijdom.and of many 
 hired from foreijjiierM ThiN ureal armament wiotdex 
 Imed lo attack the Moorn Kcllled on the eoiHt id' Mar 
 hary [1112 ] U'hile it was eijuippinif. « f<'W vcmhcIh 
 were app'^intcd It r>ail almii.' tlie wextern idiore id At 
 rica, hounded hy Ihe Athniiic oeeim. and lo diM-over 
 the (inknown eoiintiieK tiilii.iled there. Krom thix in- 
 coiiHideridde atlempt. we max dale theciiMmicnccmciil 
 oflhat spirit ol' lli^cl*^e^y which opened the harrier^ 
 which had mo Uiw^ oSiit out mankind from the ktiow- 
 ledL'eofonr h.df of the lein>lrial ulnhe 
 
 Al Ihe (iiiie when .hditi hcnt forthlhcKe iihipfi on thiit 
 new vtiv-iiie. the art id' na%i^'alioii was still very imper- 
 fect Thou'jh Africa lay ko near lo Portih.'al. and the 
 ferldilv ot the coniitiics a'ready known on thai con- 
 lineiit invited men lo exp|i»re it more fully, the l*ortu 
 
 Norman h.iron, ohtanied a urant ulljiem from Jlenry 
 
 III. of Cattlde. Hi'thencoiirt, with the v, dour and jjood Ijirloni; lohiiii He iiixlanlly pcrcc 
 
 lortnne which iliMlin<fuished llie adwnturer»t of hi>> 
 
 rounlry, altempied and ellecled the coniiui-Ht ; and the 
 
 fioKNeNMiun of the <*anaricN remained I'-ir sitme Imie in 
 lin faouly. a» a tief held ■►!' the crown o|' t 'nslile I're 
 vioiiH lo ihiFt expcdihon ol' nclheiieoitrt, his country 
 men settled in .Normandy are waid lo have visited the 
 ruast vt Africa. and to |ia\e proceeded far to the houIIi 
 of I he (.'aiiary Islands 1 1'Jti.'i} Hot their voyaifeit Ihilher 
 iieein not id have hceii niidert.ikeii in conneipience <d 
 any puhlic or re^'ular pl.m for exlendmu iiaviLiation 
 bihI ullemptini; new di^co\t-rieit Thev were either 
 eKcurvioiiR f>u<rt.resle(l hy that rovniir piratical Hpiril 
 which deseendtd to the S'ormaiis from Ihrii iinceslom. 
 or the coiminTcial enicrprises of private merchaiiU, 
 which attracted Holiide iiniice t.hat hardly any memo- 
 rial of them i« lo he fiuiid in eonlemporary authorx. — 
 In e L'cneral iturvey of the pro-rress of discovery, it i»< 
 ■iiincient to have mentioned tins event , and le:(v iiijij it 
 Aiiion>; those ofdutiiouN evisttiu'e, or of small import- 
 ance, we may CMiK-liide, that itoii^h much additiointl 
 information cimcermn^ the remote rcjjioiii) of the Kast 
 had been received hy iravellerH who visited Uiem by 
 land, navij;alion at the bciTinnin^ of Ihe titieenth cen 
 lury had not advanced bevond the stale to which it 
 
 lury 
 
 had attained before the downfall uf ihu Kumun em- 
 pire. 
 
 At length Ihe periinl arrived, when Provith-nre de- 
 creetl that men were to pasM ihe |iiiiit« within which 
 they had been so bnii! conllncil,an<l open to iheniHelven 
 a more ample tield wbercin to displ.ty their talents, 
 their eitterfiriHe, and courage. The lirxt cotniiderable 
 eflorU towariU thix were not imnle by any of the more 
 |H>werf<il MlateM of Kurop*-, <(r by ihose who had aj»- 
 plied to naviirntioii with the i.'^eale^t asKiduity and xiic- 
 cens. Tlie iflory of IcadiiiK the way m this new career 
 waH renerved h>r Portugal, one of the smallest and least 
 powerful of the Kurnpean kinu'doniM. As the altemplK 
 of the Porlui;ucse to ac(piire the knovvled^re id' those 
 parlH of the ^lobe with which mankind were then un- 
 HOjuainted, not only improved and extended the art of 
 navij;alioii, but roused kucIi a Hpirit uf cutiooily and 
 enterprise hh led to the discovery of the New World. 
 of which I propoHe lo write the htHlory, it in neceHsary 
 totakf a full view of Ihe ri«e, ihe pro},'reH8, and »uc- 
 ce^sof their variouK naval operations It watt inlhis 
 school that the diacovcfer of America wan trained; 
 and unlctts we trace the ittepii by which bin imdruclorti 
 and jrniiles advanred, it will !« impostiible to compre- 
 hend the circumitance.4 wh'ch su^uesledlhe idea, or 
 facilitated the execution, of his great desitfn. 
 
 VariouM circunihtanccM prompted the Portii^neie to 
 exert their activity in thiri new direclion, and enabled 
 them to accomplish undertakingM apparently 8U|ierior 
 to the natural force of their monarchy. The Uiiifrs of 
 Portugal, havinj; driven the Moors out of their domin- 
 ionii, had acquired p(tvver as well as glory, by the suc- 
 cess of their arms, aj^ainst the Infidel*. By their vic- 
 tories over them, they had extended the royal authori- 
 ty beyond the narrow limits within wJiich it was ori- 
 ginally circumscribed in Portugal, as well as in other 
 feudal kinifdomfc. They had the coimnaud of the na- 
 tional force, could rouse it lo art with united viyour. 
 and. afler the expulsmn of the Moors, could employ it 
 withimt dread of interruption fnmi any diineslic enemy. 
 By the perpetual hostilities carried on Ir severu! luu- 
 tunes against the Mahomcliins.the mai^ial and adven- 
 turous apmt which distm^^ruished all the Kuropean 
 DatioDfl during the middle ages was improved and 
 
 meniN of a more cMlinhlened und polothcd av* 
 cultivated ti.e arts and ncie 
 known and despineit hy persons (d Inn rank He a)i- 
 plied with |)eculiar fondness to i lie Mudy of tirojfraphy; 
 and hy the instruction of able masterx, as vvrll as by 
 Ihe accounts oftravellerM.be early iicipiired sucl^know- 
 ledjie of the bahitable ^lobe, us diseovfrcd the great 
 possihilily of findinj; new and opnieiii countries, hy 
 sailing along llie roust of Africa Such an object was 
 formed to awaken the entbiisjasnianil ardor of a youlh- 
 fnl mind, and he espoused with the tiliuoft /.eal the 
 palronuge ot a design which niii.'ht pro\e as beiiefa lal 
 aK it appeared lo be r-plemlid and hoiioiable In orth r 
 llial lu^ nnuhl pursue this jrre.it scheme willioul inter- 
 riiption. he retired from court mnnediately alter Ins re- 
 torn from Africa, and lixeil bis residence at Sayres, 
 near Capi' St \'inccnl, wli«'re the prospect (>f Ihe At- 
 lantic ocean inviinl his ttiouglit^ continually tnwiirdrt 
 hu tavorile iiroject.and eiicourajrd him loexetiile it. 
 In lb)s . treat he w,is attended by Koine of Ibe moHt 
 learned men i.' hisciuintrv, who aided Sim in his re- 
 searches. Ile,ipp,!'d lor inbinnatioii to the Moors of 
 Marhary, vv bo were at ^ '■r.ioincd lo travel bv land into 
 ■ he interior provinces of A.Me.i in ipiest ot ivory, yold 
 diist.iind olherricbcoiniiiodilii ^. lleconsulledtbe Jews 
 ^eltlell in Porlugal My proriiir<es rewards ind marks of 
 recpect, he allured into his service 'vend persons, lo- 
 rei;fnerH as wtdl as Portut'uei'e, who v ••re t niihciil for 
 their "kilt in iiaviiiation In taking thosi iireparalory 
 steps, the great abilities of the prince wen seeoiided 
 by his private virtues. Hiri integrity, bin al1alii,i|y, hii* 
 respect for religion. Ins /c.d h>r the honor of hiscoun- 
 Iry, eng.(:^ed persons of all ranks to apphiud nni de- 
 sign, and to favor '.be excciilion of it. Ills scheii.crf 
 
 gui'si* had never venliired to sail beyond <.*ape A' n were allowed, ny the greater part uf his cuuntrMiici 
 
 That proinoniory, as its name imporlH, was hitherto 
 considered as a t)oundary which coidd not Im> passed. 
 Ilut the nalions of Kuro|H' bad now ae(pnred ns much 
 kmovledge as emluddenetl ibein to disregard the pre 
 jniliccH and to correct the errori> of their anceslors 
 'I'lie bmg reigii of ignorance, Ibe conhtant enemy of 
 every curious impiiry and of every new uinlertaking. 
 was approaching to its periml Thi' light ol science 
 began lodawn. The works of the ancient (ireeks and 
 Koinans began to be read with admiration and profit 
 'f'be sciences eultivatcd bv the .\rabiaiis were intrtHlu- 
 ced into Kiirope by the Mi>ors settled in Spain and 
 Portugal, and by tiie .lews, who were very numerous 
 in both Ihene kingiloms (■eometry. aMronoiny, and 
 geography, the KMenceson which the art nf navigalion 
 is fonndeil, lMH*aiue objects of sludiiaif< attention. Tt'e 
 memory of di»<coverieH made by tin* hncieiits, was re- 
 vived, and ihe progrcKs (d their navigation and com- 
 merce began lobe traced. Some of ihe canp<>s wliieh | lortune came in aid lo ll 
 have obstructed the cultivation id .science in Pt)rtugal. iihe voyage from b< iiig 
 
 to proceed neither from ainbilion nor the d< 
 wealth, but to flow from the warm benevolence of ti 
 heart eager to promote the happiness of mankind, and 
 which justly eniiile hint lo aiistinie a niottii for his de- 
 vice. Ihal deserihed the ijUality by w Inch he wii^hed lu 
 be diblinguished. Ifir /nh ut vf tluiii^' f^in-ii. 
 
 Ilifttirst efl'orl, an is usual at the commenceinenl o| 
 any new undertaking* was exircmelv iiicoiiMderable 
 Me tilled out a Kingle ship [MIH.| aiu'lgiung the com- 
 mand of it to John (ioii/ati's /arco and Titnlau Va/, 
 two genllemeriofhiK hoiih«-|io|i|,who voluntarily ofl'ered 
 lo eondufl the eiiterprihe. be instructed lluin lo use 
 tlieirulino«t eirortsio donbb Cape Uojador.iUrd llicnce 
 lo steer loivards the sonlh They, .n-coidiiig to the 
 iniHle of navigation whicb slill prcvaih'd, held ihcir 
 course along the shore , and bv iollowing that direc- 
 tion, ibey miiAl have encoiintercd almost iiihuper.dde 
 diflicullicrt ill atteiiipliiig topiivs(\ipe Moj.idor Mul 
 irwant of skdl.and prcveiitcd 
 lo>ji tlier fruitless A suddt n 
 
 during Ibis century and the last did not exist, or did squall of wind arose, drove them oul to sea. hiiiI when 
 not i>|M<rale in the same manner, in the fit\eeiilli cen- llhey expected every inomeni to perish, landed ibein on 
 lury ; [0] ami the Portuguese at that jx-rUHl seem to an unknown isbuid. which fnun their happy escape tiny 
 have kept pace with other iiatitms on this side of the nai led /'or/o Sontn. In llie infancy ol na\inatioii. the 
 .\lpH in literary pursuits. jdisrovery of Ibis small island appeared a inatlcr olsiicl. 
 
 As the geiiiiiM of ihe age favored the execution ol ! moment. that they instantly returned to Portugal with 
 that new underlakin;;. towhich the peculiar stale ofUhe good tidings, und were received hv lleiirv vMlb the 
 the country invited the Portuguese ; it pnwed Huceess- 1 applause and honor d.ie lo fortunate aiheiilnrerh. Tins 
 ful. 1'lu" vessels nent on the discovery diMihled that \ faint dawn of sm-eeKs filled a mind ardent m ihe piir- 
 fonnidable Cape, which had lerininaled the progress of suit of a favorite object, wiih such Hiinguine hopes as 
 
 fonner navigators, and priH'eeded a hundred and sixty 
 miles l>eyorid it, to Ca{>t* Mojador As its nx'ky rliflii, 
 which stretched a considerable way into the Atlantic, 
 appeared more dreadful than the promontory which 
 they had passed, the Portuguese commanders dursinot 
 attempt to sail round It, hut returned to Lisbon, more 
 satisfied with having advanced so far, than ashamed of 
 having veiiluretl no further. 
 
 Inconsiderable as this voyage was, it increased the 
 passion fordiscovery which be;.ran to arise in Portugal. 
 The fortunate issue of the king a expedition againnt the 
 Moors of Uarbary added strength to that spirit in the 
 nation, and pushed it on to new undertakings. In or- 
 ler lo render these successful, it was necessary that 
 they should be conducted hy a |»erson who possessed 
 abilities capable ofdiscerninjf what wasattainable.whu 
 enjoyed leisure to form a regular system fur prosccu- 
 
 were Hullicieiit iuciteinentH lo prm ced. Next \eai 
 fUl'J] Ileniy sent eut llirce ships under the same 
 cominantlers, to whoni he joinetl IJnrtboloiuew Pere<<- 
 trellow, in order to take possession of the island which 
 they hml discovered VVben they iM'gaii to selMe in 
 Purlo Santo, they ohservetl towanis the south a fixed 
 spot in the horizon like a small black cloud. Hy de- 
 grees, they were led to conjecture that it might he 
 land ; and steering towards il, they arrived at a <'on- 
 siderahle island, uninhabited and covered with wooil, 
 wliich on that account they called J\fmlnia As it wap 
 Henry's chief object to render his discoveries useful to 
 liiKcountry, he immediately eipiipped a fleet lo carry Q 
 cohmy of Portuguese to these island»< [U'JO ] My bis 
 provident care, iliey were furnished not only willilho 
 seeds, plants and domestic animals conunun in Ku- 
 ropo i but, as ho foresaw that the warmth of ilkc cli- 
 
flOUTH AMEUICA 
 
 75 
 
 mMfl niul forlihty ..f llmgoi! wotiM prove fnvoDhlft to 
 II**' riMrinKofnilHT |ir<>.liirti<Mi«. h,. pr.M«Mri-<l hlipii nf 
 Ihf vinr Ir.iii) tin' u\.nu\ nf ('v|,rtiH. ttii> nrli wiiirN (►(* 
 
 lif applifd to the Pope, and ri^prmriitpd. in pompoUH 
 tprinH. Ihf* piotm ami iinwpnriftl zeal with whtrh hi< hml 
 exprti'ii liiiitiiplf ilurinif Iwmtv yt'Hr«. in dii»r»vi'riMj( 
 
 wlitrl. ivrr.' tlini in irrriit rn^iu-sl, un.j pJaiiU of thr | unknown ronnIrif«. ih.' wrrlrlinl inlnihitaiitn of whirii 
 ?".f"i.*.?"I' r." ■''"..' '"'" *'"'"'' " '*'"' '"'■" l'»»'*lv j w.'n^ nitor HtriinjrtTii In tnir r.-hiriun, wiindcrinK in 
 
 hriilhrn itarknr.iH. ur In! iiMtruv Iw Ihi* ilrJiiMiniiH of 
 
 ii.lrn.lm-'.I. I ti.s,. itin.vr «i, pmNporouiilv iii lliiii nrw 
 c.'iinlry. thill lli.- hrtu 111 nf ciilriv.itnii/ Ihmi \\;>» jrii 
 nn'iliuti'ly prrrrivcl. untl Uii* miiiiir uri.l wiih* »f Ma- 
 ih'ira ipii.kly iM'rainr arthlc* of Nuntt' ronHcn.ii'ncf in 
 llip ronnni-rrc nf Pnrluirit) 
 
 A« nonrniH ih<< a.l\;uiliii.'i'« dt'rivwl from thin first 
 Bi'tlti'riH'iil tothp wi'wiofthc Kurnppanronlincnthi'tfan 
 to hi* fi'll. Ihi* npirit »»f (Jmnivcrv np|H-ari'.| Ickm thiiniTi 
 
 cal. and iMramr inon> advrniiirniiM Hv llo-ir vnya^r,.i» 
 to Madeira. thi> P.irtni-ticHr w.-rr i;radiially arniHtomi'd 
 lo a Imldi'r naviiraiion, and. iintrad nf rrrrpiri^r ttpt 
 vilrly alniiif the rnu-|. vrntiimj ini.t (!». npi>n Hi"a. In 
 
 iMHit.cipi.'ri(f of liikiii!,' Ihi-* r.Mir^i'. (iiljanrz. who r - 
 
 litandfd nt\r nf prmrc Hcrirv'-* ^hlprt. dnnhh-dCitpr ||o- 
 jad.ir [l»:l:l.llhrhnn?i.|..rv ufthr I'nrluuMr^iO navi:;!!- 
 tion npw;inlHoflvv..n(y v.-iirs and which had liithrrlo 
 liffM (It'i'int'il iinpaHtiaMr. '\'h\* Huii-fHHful vovayc, 
 whirh Ihi- ii-nnriin.T n( the a;/!' plan-d on a hnrlwith 
 
 I' i"^' fainnuH I'XplniU rcrnrdi'd inhinl..rv,nptMirda 
 
 iii'w Hphrn- lo naviif.itinn. .t* ir diHi-nverfd lh»* va^l con 
 liiHMil nf Afnra. Nlill wanhi-d hy the Allanlii; iMTaii. 
 and htrrlrhirt:.' (nwardw lhi> Kimth I»iirt of ihitt wat* 
 H.H.n cxplor.'d ; III.. Pnrlui.MifHr iidvaiirrd wirliin Ihr 
 
 tn.pirs, ;iii.| inlhi> Mp:ii lii |rw vr;,rM <liH.M\i-,vd ihr 
 
 river Sene^;^l, iitid :il| the ctiast ex(i<nilintr fnun riipe 
 Hhtn. Tiipede Verd 
 
 llitherlo the I'.irlnL'Uf^e h:id hn-t) uniih-d in their 
 
 dlHeo\erii*i4. nr r;iM,.,l lo ntlrrnpt Iht-ni. hv Ihe 
 
 lii'lil .itid Inform.itinn wha-h th.-y rtreivrd Imiji the 
 Wiirknnf Ihe iitirictil inathein:itirKin« and i.'i'o^*rapher» 
 Hut when ihey heuiiti In niler Ihe inrrMt /.nut; (he im- 
 lion which pre\;iih'd nnmni: the iinneiilr*. that the he.it 
 whirh reirjnrd p<<rpeluallv ihere wut* ho e\('e-.-*i\e aN lo 
 rnrifh-r il iiiiirdi.il)il.il>h-. ditern-d them, for noiih' time, 
 frtiin pr.M'i-ediri'j Their own mIimtv.iIioiih, when ihey 
 firMl viMilnred into this nnki.nwn amj Inmiidahle rei>ioii. 
 temh'l to entifirm ihe opinion of nnliipnlv eiiiirerniiiu' 
 the violent operaliiMi nf the ihnit r.i\K nf the kuii Ai* 
 f:r a-* the river Sene<.'al. (he l'nrtui;iieM' had I'oui.d ihe 
 
 rn.!-.! of .\friea inhahiledhv ( pie nearly reseiiilihoir 
 
 Ihe Moiir-* of Karliarv When ihcy advanced to the 
 Koiilh of thai river, the Imman form M-enied lo ))nt nn 
 H new iippearaiiee Thev hehelil riii'it wilh skins hiaek 
 art ehniiy, with whort eiirted hair, flat iiohes thick hps. 
 nrid all the peeiiliiir featnrcH which are tiow known lo 
 di<t||iii.'iii<4|i the race of ne'jroefj This t-iirprir<inL' altera* 
 tloii ihey naturally altrihnled In ||ii> intlncnce i>f heat, 
 aial if Ihcy Nlionid advance nearer to tlie hue. they he- 
 ^an to dre.id that its rlleclH wontil Im'kIiII more violent 
 Those diiiiiiers w ere exajjL'eraled . and many other nh- 
 ji'clionH aifairiol altenipliiii; fiirlher dt.sco\eriert were 
 prn|M.«ed hy «nnie nf the L'randceH. who. frnni itfno- 
 rance, iVoiii envy, or from tli.il mid timril pruiienee 
 whit'h reji'cirt whatever ha« ijie air of novelly or eiiler- 
 pri e, had llitherlo cnndemiicil all prince Henry'K 
 Krnirnefi. 'I'hey r^-pref^enti'd. Ihat it was alloMclher 
 iliinierieal lo expect any advanlaiie (nun enniitriew 
 r^iliMled in that retjion which the wisdom and expe- 
 rience of antitptily hatf pronnunced to lie u!!''t (nrih 
 hahilalion nf men ; ihal llieir fnrelalhers, 
 ridlivalin<; the territory which Provitlcnee had allotted 
 lliein, did not waste (he fftrcnirlh of the kiti::ih>iii hy 
 friillesM proji'ctft in (pteKt of new M'lllementN; tha! 
 l*<Tliiir;il w:^ already r\)iaiiMed hv Ihe expense nf 
 atti'rnpts to iliAcnver lands which either did not exist, , 
 or \ hieh nalnrr destined to remain nnknnwn; .ttid was 
 draiiiedofnien.\vhomii.dll have hten employed in nn- 
 derlakitiiTrt ailended with more certain duecesH, and 
 prndiielive of oreater henelit Hut ni'ither llieir appi-al 
 tn the iiiilhoriiy nf the ancients, nnr ilu-ir reasoniniTM 
 eonciTiiiiii.' the inlerpKis uf ]'orln<jal. made any im- 
 pression upon tlii> ilHormined plnlosophir iniml of 
 priiiei- llenrv The discoveries which he had already 
 made. ennviiH'ed him that the aneients had liltle iimre 
 than a ennji'clural knowled:;e of the torrid zon(>. lie 
 waN no letMt HatiHllrd that the political ar>;tin)entH of 
 hii* opponents, w ith reNpect lo the intereKt of Porlii;riil, 
 were malevolent and ill founded hi thoKe Ncntinu'iittt 
 he wan Ktreiiuoi.Hly snjjported hy his hrother Piilro. 
 who ^nvernifd Ihe kinijdoni as ijuardian of their ne- 
 phew Alplioiiso V . who had micceeded to Ihe ihnme 
 .hirini: his miii<)rity [I t^M] : and. instead nf Hlacken- 
 tniii'.' hiH elliirfs. Henry continued to pursue liit< di-4- 
 coveries with fresh ardor. 
 
 Hut in order to silence all ihetnurmurs of opposition. 
 ho rndcavorcil lo ohtain the nanction of thfl hiahrBl 
 uuihurity in favor uf hU operntionii. With tlui view 
 
 MahoniPt He hciouL'ht iIih holy father, to whom, an 
 ihi* viriir of ('hriMl, all the kiiitfiloinf) of the carlhwrrc 
 Muhjert, lo confer on the crown tif Portutral a riifht In 
 all the eoiinlrieHposKeiNcd hy infidelH, which HhouM Ih* 
 dirn'overcd hvilit* iiiihnttry of itN nuhjcclii, and Mulxhin) 
 hy the force of it* ariiiN. lie entreated him to enjoin 
 all 4'hriMtian powerM, under the hi^ihest pciialtieN, not 
 to iiinh'Ht Portugal while eni;at>cd in thin lauduhte en- 
 lerpriHe. and to prohihii them from nettling in nny of 
 the countries which the l^ortiiiiuese should diNcover. 
 lie promiited Ihat in all their expi-dilionit, it tthnuld he 
 Ihe cliief nhjecl of Iun coiinlryineii to Hprend the know- 
 led|{e ot the Clirisliaii religion, to ch^tahlish the au- 
 thority of llie Hnly See, and to increaite the flock of 
 the univerttal patttnr. Ah it waH hy improvinv with 
 ilexterity every favorable conjuncliire fnr nctpiirinir 
 new powerft, that the court nf l{nme had gradually 
 exien.led ilM iimirpalionrt, Kn^rene IV , the Pontill'tn 
 whom tluH iipplieation waH made, cai;erly Mei/ed the 
 np|>(irliinity which now )iret4ciileil itself He inntantty 
 pi-reeivcil thai, hy cnmplyina with Prince Henry'ti re 
 ipn-st, he niiifht exercise a prernyative no Icsh ihilter- 
 ill*; in iu own nature ih.'iii likely to pr.ive heiielicial in 
 ilH conHcipienceH. A hull wait accordinirly issued, in 
 which, after iipplaudinu in the t(trnni!eNl tcrmx ihe past 
 ellnrlN of the INirlitijueMe, and exhortin<> ihem to pro- 
 ceed in ihat laudahte career on which they nad eiitereth 
 he ^'rantctl them anexchiNive ri|;ht to all the counlricK 
 which they hlioidtl diticovcr, from Cupi^ Nun to the 
 cnntineiit of India. 
 
 I Ixtra vacant as ihin donation.romprehendioi; xuch a 
 larye poitinn of the hahituhle yinlte, wnuld now appear, 
 le^cit ill Catholic cnunlries. no person in the fdleenili 
 ceiiliiry dnuhled liial ihe I'npe in the plenitude n\' Imm 
 aposlolic power, had a riuht In cooler it. Prince Henry 
 was snnn HcnHilile nf the aitvantaj'eH which he deriveil 
 Imm thiti IraiiKaction. His r-chemes were aulhori/cd 
 and saiictitieil hy the hull apprnvint; of them The 
 spirit nfdiHcov.-ry wad connected witii zeal for reliuinn, 
 which in that a^e waM a |irineiple nf such activity and 
 vilior as to inlhience Ihe cnmlucl of natimiH All i'liris- 
 tian princes were deterred from intrtidintr into tlume 
 countricH which the Porlti^'uese had diKcovercd, or 
 from interrnptini; the pro^^rcits of their navitjation iind 
 cntapieslH. [10] 
 
 The fame id' the PorUiyiicHC voya^cM hoou spread 
 over Kurope, Mi-ii lonj; accustomed lit circumwrihr 
 the activity aiiil knowledge of the human mind within 
 ■ he limits In which they had been hitherto confined, 
 were aslniiitihed to behold the Hphere of llav)^alion so 
 Hiiditenty eidariied, and a prospect opened t>f vihitinfr 
 rci^inns of the (flobe the existence of which waH un- 
 knoivn in fornuT times. The learned and speculative 
 icasniied and fnrnied theories ('ollcrrl1in^ those nnex- 
 pccli'd discoveries. The vul^^ar inipiircd and won- 
 dcrcit ; while enterprising adventtirerH crowded fr<»m 
 every part nf ICurnpi'. soliciting prince Henry to employ 
 ihcin in this honorable service. Many Venetians and 
 itisttcil wi'.h j(ienoese. in pi.rtie'jl'% who were at that time superior 
 I o all '•! her nations ill 1 he scieiue of naval a (Vairs. entered 
 alinard (he lVirtu<:ucse ships, and acipiirol a more per- 
 ted and extensive knowlcd^n- nf their profession in that 
 new schnid i>f iiavinalion. In emulation i>f these fo- 
 reiniiiTs. the Portuijuese exi-rlcd their own talents. 
 The nation seconded Ihe designs of the prince, Pri 
 vale mercli 'its formed companies [ M Hi,] with a view 
 In search fnr unknown countries. The Cape de Verde 
 I>lan(ls, which lie olV the promonhrry of that name, 
 were diitcovercd [ Mill. ] and soon alter Ihe isles called 
 A/orcrt As the former of these are above three bun- 
 dretl miles from the African coast, and the latter nine 
 hundred mill's tVom any cnntinent, It is evident hy tluir 
 venturiiit.' so hnldly into the npeii seas, that the Pnrlu- 
 uuese had by ihiti lime improved tjreatly in the art of 
 naviiraiion. 
 
 While the passion foreii';a{»ing in new undertakini;« 
 was llitiH warm and active, it receiveil an unfortunate 
 check by the death of prince Henry tNliU,] whose su- 
 perior knowledge had hitherto directed nil the 0{>era- 
 tionsof the discoverers, and whose patronage had en- 
 cnurajred and protected them. Hut notwithstanding 
 all the advantages which they derived from thesCf the 
 Portu<;ucsn during his life did not advance in their ut- 
 most progress lowanis the south, w ithiii five degrees of 
 the equinoctial line; and aHer their continued oxer- 1 
 liottB fur half a century, ffruiit 1412 to 1463J hardly I 
 
 jfinenn humlrnl mileiof tha cnnit of Africn wpre dtv" 
 leovrred To an ngf nrqtininled wilh the efTorti of 
 ' navigation in its slate of iiniturity and iinprovementt 
 Ibese essays nf its early years must necettNardy appear 
 leible and unskilful. Hut inennsiiteratile as Ihey may 
 be deemed, ihey were sullicieiit tolurn the curioHity ui 
 Ihe Kuropean natinns into n new channel, to excite an 
 enter|>riNintf spirit, and lu point the way to future dii- 
 coveries. 
 
 Alpbonso. who possessed the throne of Portugal at 
 the time of prince Henry's death, was so much engaged 
 in supporting hisownprrlensions lothecrownof Cni' 
 tile, or in carrying on his eKprdilions against th^ 
 Moors of llariiary, that, the force of his kingdom being 
 exerted in other oiieralions, he couhl n(»t prnsecule tim 
 discoveries in Africa with ardor. He coinmilted lliu 
 conduct of them to Fernando (ioinez, a mercltant in 
 Lisbon, to whom he granted an exclusive right of com- 
 merce willi all the countries of which prince Henry 
 bad taken p4)ssesHion. I'nder ihe restraint and oppres- 
 sitm ofa nnmopidy, the spirit of discovery languished. 
 It ceased to be a national object, and became the con* 
 ceri) of a private man more altcntive to his own gain 
 than to the glory of bis cnunlry Some progress, bow- 
 ever, was made. The Portuguese ventured at b'ngth 
 |l'171,| to croMH the line, and, to their astonishment, 
 huind that rcg* in of the torrid 7oiie, which was sup- 
 posed lo bf scm.'hcd wilb in'^Krablc heal, to Ih' not 
 lily hahilah'e, hut pnpiiliais and fertile 
 
 .Inhn II , whi> succeeded bis father Alpbonso [MRl,] 
 posM-ssed talents capable bolh nf forming and execut- 
 ing great designs As part tti' his revenues, while 
 prince, had arisen from duties on the traib- with Ihe 
 newly discovered countries, this nadirally turned hifl 
 iittenlion Inwards Iheiii, and salislied bmi with respeol 
 to their utility and importance In proporlmii as his 
 ktiowled'^reol tbest> coiintrii-s extended, tlie possession 
 of them appeared to be nf greater cnnscipieiii-e. While 
 (he Pnrtiiiinese proceeded atnngthe coast nf Africa. from 
 Cape Noti to Ihe river nl Senegal, they found all that 
 exiensive tract lobe sandy .barren and thinly inbahited 
 hy a wretched people prntt>ssitjg I be Maboiiietan reheioii, 
 and subject to the vast empire of Morocco. Itut lo thu 
 stiulh id lti.it river, the power and religinn of the Maho- 
 metans were unknown The country was divided into 
 small independent principalities. Ihe pnpuhilinn whs 
 cniisiilerahte, the soil fertile, and ibe Poiluguese soon 
 discovered tiiat it priKluced ivory, rich gums, gold, ani! 
 nlher valuable commodities Hy the acipiisiiini) of 
 these, cnmmerce was enlarged, and became more ad- 
 venturous. Men. animated and rendered active hy the 
 certain prospect of gain, pursued discovery with great- 
 er eagerness than when they were excited only by 
 curiosity and hope. 
 
 This spirit derived no small reinforcenienl of vigor 
 froni the countenance of such a nmiiarch asjnhn De- 
 claring himself the pairon of every allempt Inwards 
 discovery, be proini>led it with alt tlie ardor of his 
 LTand uncle, prince Henry, and with superior power* 
 The effects of this were immediately felt. A pnwerful 
 lleet was lilted out {MH'l.J which alter discovering the 
 kingiliuns ofllenin aiuM'ongo, advanced above fifteen 
 hundred miles beyond the line, and Ihe Portuguese, tor 
 the first lime, beheld a new heaven, and idiserved the 
 stars of aiiolber hemisphere, .lohii was not only so* 
 liciloiis to discover, but attentive to secure the prssea- 
 sion of those countries. He built forts on the coast of 
 (iuinea ; be sent out eolipuies lo settle there; he es< 
 tahlished a commercial intercourse with the more pow- 
 erful kingdoms; he endeavored to render such as were 
 techle or divided tributary to Ibe cmwn i»f Portiig.\|. 
 Some of the petty princes voluntarily acknowledged 
 (heinsetves his vassals. Others were coni))elled to do 
 HO by fnrce nf arms A regular and well digested syg- 
 tcm was formed with respect to this new ohjeet of po- 
 licy, and by firmly adhering to it *\\v Portuguese pow- 
 er and coimnerce in Africa were esUddishcd upon a 
 solid foundation. 
 
 Hy their constant intercourse with the people of Af- 
 rica, the Portuguese gradually acquired Bume know- 
 ledge of those parts of that coiintry which they had not 
 vis'ted The information which they received from the 
 natives, added to what they bad observed in their own 
 voyages, began to open prospects more extensive, and 
 to suggest the idea of schemes more important than 
 those which had bilberlo allured ^nd occupied tficni. 
 They haddctectcdtheerror of the ancients concerning 
 the nature of the torrid zone. They found ns ihey pro- 
 ceeded Hoiithwards.tbat the cnnlinent of Africa, instead 
 of extending in breadth, according to the doctrine ofl 
 Ptolemy.at that time the oraclo andguide of the le irned 
 in the scieucti of geography, appeared sensibly to con 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 ;f IIIIIM iM 
 
 IM 
 
 2.0 
 
 III— 
 
 U IIIIII.6 
 
 %^ 
 
 <^ 
 
 % 
 
 /} 
 
 m 
 
 'a 
 
 6> 
 
 CyJ^ oS" 
 
 7 
 
 w 
 
 /A 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 j\ 
 
 « 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■1>' 
 
 :\ 
 
 \ 
 
 tv^ 
 
 ^-c 
 
 6^ 
 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 # 
 
 W^ 
 
 % 
 

 l'6> 
 
 % 
 
 {/. 
 
 %" 
 
 <\ 
 
 6^ 
 
78 
 
 tract itself, and to bend towards the eant. This in- 
 duced thtm to (jivr credit to the accounts of the ancient 
 Phenician voyages round Africa, which had long been 
 deeini'il fabub)us, and led them to. conceive hopes, that 
 by following the same route, they might arrive at the 
 East Indies, and engross that commerce which has 
 been the source of wealth and power to every nation 
 possessed of i* The comprehensive genius of p;iriCe 
 Henry, as we may conjecture from the words of the 
 Pope s hull, had early formed some idea of this navigx- 
 lion. But though his cuuntrymen,at that perioil, were 
 incapable of conceiving the extent of his views and 
 schemes, all the I'ortuguese mathematicians and pilots 
 now concurred in representing them as well founded 
 and practicable. The king entered with warmth into 
 their sentiments, and began to concert measures for 
 this arduous and important voyage. 
 
 Before his preparations for this expedition were 
 finished, accounts were transmitted from Africa, that 
 various nationsalongthecoast had mentioned amighty 
 kingdom situated on their continent, at a great distance 
 towards the east, the king of which, according to their 
 description, professed the Christian religion. The 
 Portuguese monarch immediately conclu, .-d, that this 
 must bo the emperor of Abyssinia, to whom the Euro- 
 peans.seduced by a mistake of Kubruquis, Marco Polo, 
 nnd other travellers to the East, absurdly gave the name 
 of Prosier, or Presbyter John ; and as he hoped to re- 
 ceive information and assistance from a Christian 
 prince, in prosecuting a scheme that tended to propa* 
 gate their common faith, he resolved to open, if possi- 
 Dle, some intercourse with his court. With this view, 
 ne made choice of Pedro de Covillam, and Alphonso 
 de Payva, who were perfect masters of the .\rahic lan- 
 guage, and sent them to the East to search for the resi- 
 dence of this unknown potentate, and to make him 
 protTers of friendship. They had in charge likewise to 
 procure whatever intelligence the nations which they 
 visited could supply, with respect to the trade of India, 
 and the course of navigation to that continent. 
 
 While John made this new attempt by land, to ob- 
 tain some knowledge of ihe country which he wished 
 so ardently to discover, he did not neglect the prosecu- 
 tion of this great design by sea. The conduct of a 
 voyagA for this purpose, the most arduous and import- 
 ant which the Portuguese had ever projected, was com- 
 mitted to Bartholomew Diaz [1486] an olUcer whose 
 sagacity, experience, and fortitude, rendered him ?qual 
 to the undertaking. He stretched boldly towards the 
 Fouth, and proceeding beyond the utmost limits to 
 which hiscountrymenhad hithertoadvanced.discovered 
 near a thousand miles of new country. Neither the 
 danger to which he was e.Kposed, by a succession of 
 violent tempests in unknown seas, and by the frequent 
 mutinie8ofhi8crew,northecalamitiesofafamine which 
 he suflTered from losing his storeship, could deter him 
 from prosecuting his enterprise. In recompense of his 
 labors and perseverance, he at last descried that lofty 
 promontory which bounds Africa to the south. But to 
 descry it was all that he hail in hispower to accomplish. 
 The violence of the winds, the shattered condition of 
 his ships, and the turbulent spirit of the sailors, com- 
 pelled hiin to return afler a voyage of sixteen mouths, 
 in which he discovered a far greater extent of country 
 than any former navigator. Diaz had called the pro- 
 montory which terminated his voyage Ca/wTormcH^oio, 
 or the stormy f^ape ; but the king, his master, as he 
 now entertained no doubt of having found the long de- 
 sired route to India, gave it a name more inviting, and 
 of a belter omen, The Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Those sanguine expectations of success were con- 
 firmsd by the intelligence which John received over 
 land, in consequence of his embassy to Abyssinia. 
 Covillam and Payva, in obedience to their master's in- 
 structions, had repaired to Grand Cairo. From that 
 city they travelled along with a caravan of Egyptian 
 merchants, and embarking on the Red Sea, arrived at 
 Aden, in Arabia. There they separated ; Payva sailed 
 directly towards Abyssinia; Covillam embarked for the 
 East Indies, and having visited Calccut, Goa, and oth- 
 er cities on the Malabar coast, returned to ISofalo, on 
 the east side of Africa, and thence to Grand Cairo, 
 which Payva and he had fixed upon as their place of 
 rendezvous. Unfortunately the former was cruelly 
 murdered in Abyssinia ; but Covillam found at Cairo 
 two Portuguese Jews, whom John, whose provident 
 sagacity attended '.o every circumstance that could fa- 
 cilitate the execution of his schemes, had despatclied 
 ofter them, in order to receive a detail of their proceed- 
 ings, and to commuuirate to them new instructions. 
 By one of these Jews, Covillam transmitted to Portu- 
 gal a journal ofhis travels by sea and Iand,his lemarUs 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OP 
 
 upon the trade of India, together with exact maps of 
 the coasts on which he had touched ; and from what 
 ho himself had observed, as well as from the informa- 
 tion of skilful seamen, in dilTcrent countries, be con- 
 cluiK'd, that, by sailing round Africa, a passage might 
 be (c)und to the East Indies, 
 
 The happy coincidence of Covillam's opinion and 
 report, with the discoveries which Uiazhad lately made, 
 left hardly any shadow of doubt with respect to the 
 possibility of sailing fiom Europe to India. But the 
 vast length of the voyage, and the furious storms which 
 Diaz had encountered near the Cape of Good Hope, 
 alarmed and intimidated the Portuguese to such a de- 
 gree, although by long experience they were now be- 
 come adventurous and skilful mariners, that some time 
 was requisite to prepare their minds for this dangerous 
 ar.d extraordinary voyage. The courage, however, 
 and authority of the monarch gradually dispelled the 
 vain fears of his subjects, or made it necessary to con- 
 ceal them. As John thought himself now upon the 
 eve of accomplishing that great design which had been 
 the principal object of his reign, his earnestness in 
 prosecuting it became so vehement, that it occupied 
 his thoughts by day and bereaved him of sleep through 
 the night. While he was taking every precaution that 
 his wisdom and experience could suggest, in order to 
 ensure the success of the expedition, which was to de- 
 cide concerning the fate of his favorite project, the 
 fame of the vast discoveries which the Portuguese had 
 already made, the reports concerning the extraordinary 
 ntelligence which they had rec^-ived from the East, 
 and the prospect of the voyage which they nnw medi- 
 tated, drew the attention of .ill the European nations, 
 iind held them in suspense and expectation. By some, 
 the maritime skill and navigation of the Portuguese 
 were compared with those of the Phenicians and Car- 
 thaginians, aud e.\alteil above them. Others formed 
 conjectures concerning the revolutions which the suc- 
 cess of the Portuguese schemes might occasion in the 
 course of trade, and the political stale of Europe. - 
 The Venetians began to be disquieted with the appre- 
 hension of losing their Indian commerce, the mono- 
 poly of which was the chief source of their power 
 as '.ell as opulence, and the Portuguese already en- 
 joyed in fancy the wealth of the East. But during this 
 interval, which gave such .scope to the various work- 
 ings of curiosity, of hope, and of fear, an aecount 
 was brought to Europe of an event no less extraor- 
 dinary than unexpected, the discovery of a New 
 World situated on the West ; and the eyes and admi- 
 ration of mankind turned immediately towards that 
 great object. 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 Birth and ctlurniinn of Ciilumt)ii9 — nr.qnirrs nnval skill in (lie 
 aiTvlce of Pniiiiirnl— rniK'fives liopea of rracliiiis the Kant 
 Imiiea by huldirie n wpsicrly cmirsp — his Bycicrn (immlni 
 onili« ideas ciftln' nru'icniH, ami kiinwlciii."? of their iiaviga- 
 litiii — and on the disrovt'rie^ of ihe rnrhii.Mu'f'e — lii.s ne- 
 ?nliations with ilifTereiil fimrls — obsiarh-H wliicli In' had tn 
 siirrnoinii in Spain— Voyaeri' nf di-ntvfi'y — ililiirnliies — unc- 
 ceas — return to Spain — A>i()nir'hinant td' mankind on tliis 
 di:<cnvrry of a n''w wurld — Papal irrani of it — Sficonil vny- 
 tice — Cidnny st-tili'd — FurtluT di.^^rovrries — War with tlie 
 Indiftiis—Flrsttnx iniposeilon them — Thinl vnyas-e— IlediB. 
 covers ihe Contiiietii— State of the Spanish culonv— F.rrnrs 
 in the first syBlem of cidoniziiiff—Voyai'e id" ihi- Porai- 
 pu.'se to the Kusl Iiidifif hy the Capo id" (iood IIti|ic— Kf- 
 fprts of ihi-i — ffisro verier madn hy private adventurers in ihe 
 New World — Naino of America Kivcn to it— Mui^hinntions 
 agniiii^t Cotuiidnm — di^cruced and hent in rhoina in Ku- 
 roptw- Fourth voyage tif Coliunhus — His Jlstiovcrics— dis- 
 astprs— death, 
 
 Among the fi)roit;nprB whom the fume of the disco- 
 veries inaile hy the Portuguese had allured into their 
 sorviee, was Chrititopber Colon, or ColuinbuK, a Kuh- 
 ject of the Repuhlic of Genoa IVellher the time nor 
 phice ofhis hirth is known with certainty [11] < ^"t he 
 was descended of an honorable family, thouirh re- 
 duced to indigence hy various misfortunes. His an- 
 cestors having betaken themselves for subsistence to u 
 seafarinj; life. Columbus discovered in his early youth 
 the peculiar character and talents which mark out a 
 man for that profession. His parents, instead of 
 thwarting thisorigina) propensity of his mind, seem to 
 have encouraged and confirmed it by the education 
 which they gave him. After acquiring some know- 
 ledge of the Latin tongue, the only language in which 
 science was taught at that time, he was instructed in 
 geometry, cosmography, astronomy, and the art of 
 drawing. To these he applied with such ardor and 
 predilection, on account of their coimexion with navi- 
 gation. his favorite object, that he advanced with rapid 
 proficiency in the study of them. Thus qualified, he 
 went to Mtt at the ag« of fourteen [1461], and began 
 
 his career on that element which conducted him to so 
 much i»lory. Hi"d early voyages were to those ports in 
 thf^ Mfditrrranean which his countrymen thf Getioese, 
 frequenli'il. 'I'his being a sphere too narrow fur bin 
 arlivo mind. he made an excursion to the noriliern bcait 
 [Mfi7,] and visited the coa^t of Ic(dati'l, to 'Aiiirh the 
 Kngli^ll and other naliohs had begun tn rt suit mi ac- 
 count of its fishery. Asnvtviniiti.tii.irifvciy din ctit»n.»a8 
 now become enterprising, be proceedid beyond that 
 island, the Thule of the ancietits, and aiUaiieeii si>\ei<d 
 degrees within the polar circle. Having satihlled bis 
 curiosity, by a voyage which tended more to eidarge 
 his knowledge of naval all'airs than to improve bis for- 
 tune, he entered itito the service of a famous sea-cap- 
 tain ofhis own name and family. This man coni- 
 mandeda sniull squadron fitted out at hisown expense, 
 and hy cruising sometimes against the Mahometans, 
 sometimes against the VcnetianB,lbe rivalsof his coun- 
 try in trade, had acquired both wealth and reputation. 
 With him Columbus continued for several years, no 
 less distinguished for bis courage than for bis expe- 
 rience as a sailor. At length, in an ob.stinaie eiiyaoe- 
 nient olf the coast of Poitugal, with some Venetian 
 caravels returning richly laden from the Low Countries, 
 the vessel on board which he served look fire, together 
 with one of the enemy's ships to which it was last grap- 
 pled. In this dreadful extremity his intrepidity and pre- 
 sence of mind did not forsake him. He threw himself 
 into the sea, laid hold of a floating oar, and by the sup- 
 port of it, and his dexterity in swimming, he reached 
 the shore, though above two leagiu's distant, and sa- 
 ved a life reserved for great untiertakings. 
 
 As soon as he recovered strength lor the Journey, ho 
 repaired to Lisbon, when many ofhis countrymen were 
 settled. They soon conceived such a favorable opinion 
 of bis merit, na well as talents, that they warmly so- 
 licited him to remain in that kinijdom, where his naval 
 skilland experience could not fail ofrendering hiincon- 
 spicuous. To every adventurer animaleil either witli 
 curiosity to visit new couutries.or with andiitioii to dis- 
 tinguishhimselffthe Portuguese .service wasat that time 
 extremely inviting. Colundius listened with a lavtmiblo 
 e. r to the advice of his friends, atid having gained tlu^ 
 esteem of a Portuguese lady, whom he marrii'il fixed 
 bis lesidence in Lisbon. This alliacce, instead of de- 
 taching him frotn aseafaritig life, contributed toeidarge 
 the sphere of his naval knowledge, and to excite a de- 
 sire of extending it si ill further. His wife was a daugh- 
 ter of Bartholomew Perestrello. one of the captaitis em- 
 ployed by prince Henry in his early navigations, and 
 who, under his protection, had discovered and platttcd 
 the islands of Porto Santo and Madeira, i.'olumbus got 
 possession oflhe journals and charts of this experienced 
 navigator; and from them he learned the course which 
 the Portuguese had held in making their discoveries, 
 as well as the various circumslances wliicli guiiled or 
 encouraged then) in their attempts. The study of thesa 
 soothed and inflamed bis favorite passion; and wbilo 
 he contemplated the maps, and read the descriptions 
 of the new countries which IVrestiello had seen, bis 
 impatience to visit them became irrestsidile. In order 
 to imhdge it, he made a voyage to Madeira, and con- 
 tiinied during several years to trade with that island, 
 with the Canaries, the Azores, tbesellh'tnents inliui- 
 nea, and all the other places which the Portuguese had 
 discovered im the continent of Africa. 
 
 By the experience which Columbus acquired. during 
 such a variety of voyages to almost every port of the 
 globe with which at that titne any intercourse was ca*"- 
 rieil on by sea, lie was now become one of the nutst 
 skilful navigators in Kurope. But, not satisfied with 
 that praise, his ambition aimed at sonietliiiig more. 
 The successful progress of the Portuyuese navigators 
 lad awakened a spirit of curiosity and emtdatlon, which 
 set every man of science upon examining all the cir- 
 cumslances that led to the discoveries which they had 
 made, or that titlbrded a prospect of succeeding in any 
 new and bolder undertaking. The mind of (*olumbus. 
 naturally impiisilive, cnpalde of deep reflection, and 
 turned to speculations of this kind, wns so often em- 
 ployed in revolving the principles upon which the Por- 
 tuguese had founded their schemes jf discovery, and 
 the mode on which they had carried them on, that he 
 gradually began to form an ideaof improving upon tl,> ir 
 plan, and of accomplishing discoveries which hitherto 
 they had atteripted in vain. 
 
 To find out t passage by sea to the East Indies, wan 
 the important object in view at that period. Trom the 
 time that the Portuguese doubled Cape de Verd. ibis 
 was th<' point at which they ainied in all their naviir;t 
 titms, and in comparison with idt their discoveries in 
 Africa appeared inconiiderabto. The fertility nndl 
 
SOUTH AMERICA 
 
 77 
 
 riches of Indiii Imd \wen known foi many agea ; its 
 flptccs and othor vnlnablp comniotlit ?8 were in h'lt^h 
 rpqitpsl throUL'hnijt Kiimpp, luid the \.ist wealth of ihc 
 Venitians. arisitiir from their havhitr engrossed this 
 tradf, had raided tin- envy of all nations. But how 
 intent soovrr the Purtiiirui'so were upon discovering' a 
 new route t.) those dcsiralile regions, tlvey searched for 
 it oidy hy sleerinir towards the south, in'hopes of arri- 
 vinij at India hy turning to the cast after they had 
 sailed round the turlher extremity of Africa. This 
 course was still unknown, and even if discovered, was 
 of such immense length, that a voyage from Europe to 
 India timst have appeared atthatperiod an undertaking 
 extremely arduous, and of very uncertain issue. More 
 than half a century had been employed in advancing 
 froin Cape Non to the equator ; a much longer space 
 of time mii,'htelap;;p before the more extensive naviga- 
 tion from tbal to India could be accomplished. These 
 rcdect ions upon tbe uncertainty, the danger,and tedious- 
 nessof the course which the Porlu<;uPse were pursuing. 
 naturally led (Jolumbus to consider whether a shorter 
 and more direct pas«aije to the East Indies might not 
 Im" found out. After revolving long and seriously every 
 circumstance sngynsted hy his superior knowledge in 
 the theory as well as the practice of navigation: after 
 coniparingattentivelythe observations of modern pilots 
 with the hints and conjectures of ancientaulhors, heat 
 last concluded, thai by sailing direcllv towards the 
 west, across the Atlantic ocean, new c 'ntries, which 
 proltably formed a part of the great continent of India, 
 must infallibly be discovered 
 
 Principles and arguments of various kinds, and de 
 rived from dillerent sources, induced him to'idopt this 
 opinion, seemingly as chimerical as it was nt ^v and ex- 
 traordinary. The opherical figure of the earth was 
 known. and its magnitude ascertained with some degree 
 of accuracy. From this it was evident, that the con- 
 tinents ui Europe, Asia,and Africa. as far as they were 
 known at that time, formed hut a small portion of the 
 terraqueous globe. It was suitable to our ideas con- 
 serning the wisdom and beneticence of the Author of 
 Nature, to believe that the vast space still unexplored 
 was not covered entirely by a waste unprolitable ocean, 
 *)ut occu[iied hy countries tit for tbe habitation of man. 
 It appeared likewise extremely probable that the con- 
 ,inenl on this ^idc of the globe was balanced by a pro- 
 portional quantity of land in the other hemisphere. 
 These conchisions concerning tbe existence of another 
 continent, drawn from the tigurc and structure of the 
 globe, were confirmed hy the observations and conjec- 
 tures of modern navigators. A Portuguese pilot, hav- 
 ing stretched further to the west than was usual nt that 
 time, took up apiece of timber artificially carved float 
 iiig upon the si'a ; and as it was driven towards him by 
 a westerly wind, he concluded that it came from some 
 unknown land situated in that quarter. Columbus's 
 brother-in-law ttad fiiund to the west of the Madeira 
 isles, a piece of timijer fashioned in the same maimer, 
 and brought by the same wind ; and had seen likewise 
 canes of an enormous size floating upon the waves, 
 which resembled those described hy Ptolemy as pro- 
 ductions peculiar to the Ea.st Indies. After a course 
 of westerly winds, trees torn up by the roots wereoften 
 driven upon the coast of (he Azores; and at one time, 
 the dead bodies of two men, with singular features. 
 resembling neither the inlial>itants of Europe nor of 
 Alrica, were cast ashore there. 
 
 As the force of this united evidence, arising from 
 theoretical principles ami practical observations, led 
 Columbus to expect the discovery of new countries in 
 the western ocean, other reasons induced him to be- 
 lieve that these nmsl be connected with the continent 
 of India. Though the ancients had hardly ever pene- 
 trated into Imlia turtberthan the banks of the Ganges, 
 yet some Cireek authors had ventured to describe tbe 
 provinces beyond that river. As men are prone, and 
 at liberty, to magnify what is remote or unknown, they 
 represented them as regions of an immense extent. 
 Ctesitis allirmed that India was as large as all the rest 
 of Asia. Oiiesicritus, whom Pliny the naturalist fol- 
 lows, contended that it was equal to a third part of the 
 habitable earth. Nearchus asserted, that it would take 
 four months to inarch in a straight line from one ex 
 
 most accurate that the people of Europe had received 
 at that period with respect to the remote parts of the 
 East, Colundms drew a just conclusion. He contended 
 that, in proportion as the continent of India stretched 
 out towards the East, it must, in consequence of th. 
 spherical fiirureoflheearth.approach near to the ihlands 
 which had lately been I'-scovered to thewest of Africa: 
 that the distance from he one to the other was proba- 
 bly not very consideral e ; and that the most direct as 
 well as shortest course t( the remote regions of the East 
 was to be found hy sailii g due west. [12] This notion 
 concerning the vicinity ol India to the western parts of 
 our continent, was coun'.enanced by some eminent 
 writors among the ancienti', the sanction of whose au- 
 thority was necessary, in that age, to procure a favora- 
 ble reception to any tenet. Aristotle thought H pro- 
 bable that the Columns of Hercules, or Straits of Gib- 
 raltar, were not far removed from the East Indies, and 
 that there niipht he a communication by sea between 
 them. Seneca, in terms still more explicit, affirms, 
 that with a fair wind one might sail from Spain to India 
 in a few days. The famous Atlantic islands described 
 by Plato, and supposed by many to be a real country, 
 beyond which an unknown continent was situated, is 
 represented hy him as lying at no great distance from 
 Spain. After weighing all these particulars. Columbus, 
 in whose character the modesty and diffidence of true 
 genius were united with the ardent enthusiasm of a 
 projector, did not rest with such absolute assurance, 
 either upon bis own arguments, or upon the authority 
 of the ancients, as not to consult such of his cotem- 
 poraries as were capable of comprehending the nature 
 of the evidence which he produced in support of his 
 >pinion. As early as the year tine thousand four bun- 
 Ired and seventy four, he communicated his ideas con- 
 cerning tbe probability of discovering new countries. by 
 sailing westward.to Paul.a pliysician of Florence, emi- 
 nent for his knowledge of cosmography, and who, from 
 the learning as well as candor which he discovers in 
 his reply. appears to have been well entitled to the con- 
 fidence which Columbus placed in hiin. He warndy 
 approved of the plan, suggested several facts in con 
 firmation of it. and encouraged Columbus to persevere 
 in an undertaking so laudable, and which must re 
 dound so much to the honor of his country and the 
 benefit of Europe. 
 
 To a mind less capable of forming and of executing 
 great designs than that of Coiumbus, all those rea- 
 sonings and observations and authorities would have 
 served only as the foundation of some plausible and 
 fruitless theory, which might have furnished matter 
 for ingenious discourse or fanciful conjecture. But 
 with his sanguineandenlerpricing tenq)er speculation 
 led directly to action. Fully satisfied himself with 
 respect to the truth of his system, he was impatient to 
 bring it to the test of experiment, and to set out upon 
 ;i voyage of discovery. The first step towards this 
 was to secure the patronage of some of the considera- 
 ble powers in Europe capable of undertaking such an 
 enterprise. As long absence had not extinguished the 
 affi'ction which he bore to his native country, he wished 
 that it should reap tlie fruits of his labors and inven- 
 tion. With this view, he laid his scluMne before the 
 senate of Genoa, and, making his country the first ten- 
 der of his service, otfi-red to sail under the banners of 
 the republic in quest of the new regions which he ex- 
 pected to discover. But Columbus had resided for so 
 many years in foreign parts,tliathi8 countrymen were 
 unaci)uainled with his abilities and character; and, 
 thounh a maritime people, were so little accustomed 
 
 well as his personal f^ood qualities, were thoroughly 
 kn'-vvn, and as the former rendered it probable that 
 hi^ whenie wa^ not altogetber visionary, the latter ex* 
 enip*ed him from the suspicion of any minister inten* 
 t'on in proposing it. Accordingly, the king listened 
 t.. him in the most gracious manner, and referred the 
 consideration of his plan to l)iego Orlis, Bishop of 
 Ceuta, and two Jewish Physicians, eminent cosmog- 
 raphers, whom he was accustomed to consult in mat- 
 ters ot this kind. As in Genoa, ignorance hadoppo/ied 
 and disappointed Columbus ; in Lisbon, he had to 
 combat with prejudice, an enemy no less formidable. 
 The persons according to whose decision his scheme 
 was to be adopted, or rejected, had been the chief di- 
 rectors of the Portuguese navigations, and had advised 
 to search for a passage to India, by steering a course 
 directly opposite to that which Columbus recommend 
 ed as shorter and more certain. They could not, 
 therefore, approve of his proposal without submitting 
 to the double mortification of condemning their own 
 theory, and acknowledging his superior sagacity. Af- 
 ter teasing him with captious questions, and starting 
 innumerable objections, with a view of betraying him 
 into such a p^,.icular explanation of his system as 
 might draw '"-mi him a full discovery of its nature, 
 they '!.-ierred passing a final judgment with respect tt 
 it. In the mean time they conspired to rob him of the 
 honorand advantages which he expected from the suc- 
 cess of his scheme, advising the king to despatch a 
 vessel secretly, in order to attempt the proposed disco- 
 very, by following exactly the course which Colum- 
 bus seemed to point out. John, forgetting on this oc- 
 casion the sentiments becoming a monarch, meanly 
 adopted this perfidious counsel. But tbe pilot chosen 
 to execute Columbus's plan had neither the genius nor 
 the fortitude of its author Contrary winds arose, no 
 sight of approaching land appeared, his courage failed, 
 and he returned to Lisbon, execrating the project as 
 equally extravagant and dangerous. 
 
 Upon discovering this dislHmorahle transaction, Co- 
 hnnbus felt the indignation natural to an ingenious 
 mind, and in the warmth of his resentment determined 
 to break olf all intercursc with a nation capable of 
 such flaiirant treachery. He instantly quilted the 
 kingdom, ami landed in Spain towards the close of the 
 year one thousand four hundred and eighty-four. As 
 he was now at liberty to court the protection of any 
 patron whom he could ennage to approve of his plan, 
 and to carry it into execution, he resolved to propose 
 it in person to Ferdinand and Isabella, who at that time 
 governed the united kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. 
 But as he had already experienced the uncertain issue 
 
 of application to kings and ministers, he took the pre- 
 caution of yending into Knulaiid his brother Bartho- 
 lomew, to wlumi he had tully coimnuniealed his ideas, 
 in order that he might negotiate at tbe same lime with 
 Henry VII. who was reputed one in ihe most saga- 
 cious as well as opulent princes in Europe. 
 
 It was not without reason that Culundius entertained 
 doubts and fi'ars with respect tt) the reception of his 
 proposals in the Sjfanish court. Spain was at that 
 juncture engaged in a dangeriuis war with (iranada, 
 the last of the Moorish kingdoms in that country 
 The wary and suspicious temper of Ferdinand was 
 not formed to relish bold or uncommon designs. Isa- 
 bella, though more generous and enterprising, was 
 under tbe influence of her husband in all her actions. 
 The Spaniards hatl hitherto maile noefiorts to extend 
 navigation beytind its ancient limits, and had beheld 
 the amazing progress of disciivery among their neigh- 
 listant voyages, that they could form no just idea ofjbors the Portuguese without one attempt to inutateor 
 
 the principles on which he founded his hopes of sue 
 cess. They inconsiderately rejected his proposal, as 
 thedreamof a chimerical projector and lost forever 
 the o|)portunity of restoring their commonwealth to 
 its ancient splendour. 
 
 Having performed what was due to his country, 
 Columbus was so little discouraged by the repulse 
 which he had received, that instead of relinquishing 
 his undertaking he pursued it with fresh ardor He 
 made his next overture to John II. king of Portugal. in 
 whose doininitms he had been long established, and 
 whom ho considered on that account, as having the 
 second claim to his service. Here every circumstance 
 seemed to promise him a more favorable reception 
 
 to rival them. The war with the infidels afforded an 
 ample field to the national activity and love of glory. 
 Under cireum.-tances so unfavorable, it was imposiit- 
 sihle for Columbus to make rapid progress with a na 
 tiim naturally slow and dilatory in forming all its reso- 
 lutions. His character.however, was admirably adapted 
 to that of the people whoso confidence and protection 
 he solicited. He was grave, though courteous in his 
 deportment ; circumspect in his words and actions, ir- 
 reproacable in his murals, and exemplary in his atten. 
 tion to all the duties and functions of religion. By 
 qualities so respectable, he not only gained many pri- 
 vate friends, but acquired such general esteem, that, 
 notwithstanding the plainness of his appearanrc.suit- 
 
 tremity of India to the other. The journal of Marco 
 Polo, who hail proceeiled towards the East far beyond 
 
 Ihe limits to which any European had ever advanceil, he applied to a monarch of an enterprising genius, no'able to the mediocrity of his fortune, he was not con 
 ■eomed to confirm these exaggerated accounts of the incompetent judge in naval aflairs, and proud of patro- jsidered as a mere adventurer, to whom indigence had 
 &ncient.H. By his magnificent descriptions oft he king nising every attempt to discnver new countries His >u>rirested a visionary project, hut was received as a 
 dotns of Cathay and Vipaiifro^wnA of many other coun- ! sulijects were the most experienced navigatftrs in ' person to w finse prnpnsitiiuis serious attention wasdue. 
 tries the names of which were unknown in Kurope. | Furope, and the least apt to he intimidated *itber by 1 Ferdinand and It-abella, though fuliy occupied by 
 India appeared to be a region of vast extent. From the novelty and boldue.-isof any niaritinio expedition. : their operations against the Moors, paid so much regard 
 these acGounta, which, however defective, were the I In Portugal, the prufcdbiunul skill of Coluuibue, aB,to Columbus, as to remit the consideration ufhinvlan 
 
78 
 
 ROBEUTSON^S HISTORY OF 
 
 to the queen's confessor, Ferdinand de Talavcm. He 
 consulted such of his countrymen as were supposrd 
 best qualified to decide with respect to a subject of this 
 kind. But true science had hitherto iniulo so little 
 
 firojjress in Spain, that the pretended philnsopherH, so- 
 ecteil to judge in a matter of such moment, did not 
 comprehend the first principles upon which Columbus 
 founded his conjectuies and hopes. Some of them 
 from mistaken notions concerning the dimensions of 
 the globe, contended that a voyage to those remote 
 pa'rtfl of the east which Columlius expected to discover, 
 could not be performed in less than three years. 
 Others concluded, that either he would find the ocean 
 to he of infinite extent, according to the opinion of some 
 ancient philosophers ; or,if he should persist in steering 
 towards the west beyond a certain point, that the con- 
 vex figure of the globe would prevent his return, and 
 that he must inevitably perish in the vain attempt to 
 open a communication between the two opposite hem- 
 ispheres which nature had forever dicjoined. Even 
 without deigninglnenterinto any particular discussion, 
 many rejected the scheme in peneral, upon the credit 
 of a maxim, under which the ignorant and unenterpri 
 sing shelter themselves in every age. " That it is pre- 
 sumptuous in any person, to suppose that he alone pos- 
 sesses knowjedjje superior to all the rest of mankind 
 united." They maintitined, that if there were re,\lly 
 any such countries as Columbus pretended, they could 
 not have remained so long concealed, nor would the 
 wisdom and sagacity *»f former ages have left the glory 
 of this invention to an obscure (lemieKP pilot. 
 
 It required all Colunibus's pr'tience and address to 
 negotiate with men capable of advancing such strange 
 propositions. He had to contend not only with the 
 obstinacy of ignorance, but with what is still more in- 
 tractable, the pride of false knowledge. After innu- 
 merable conrerences,anil wasting five years in fruitless 
 endeavors to inforiii and to satisfy judges so little capa- 
 ble of deciding with propriety. Talavera at U\sl made 
 such an unfavorable report to Ferdinand and Isabella, 
 as induced them to acquaint Columbus, that until the 
 war wilh the Moors should he brouirht to a period, it 
 would be imprudent to engage in any new and exten- 
 sive ent*irprise. 
 
 Whatever care was taken to soften the harshness of 
 this declaration, Columbus coni*idered it as a final re- 
 jection of his proposals. But, happily for mankind, 
 that superiority of genius, which is capable of fonninir 
 great ai>d uncommon designs, is usually accompanied 
 with an aident enthu.si:ism, which can neither be cooled 
 by delays nor damped by disappointment. Columbus 
 HAS of this sanguine temper. Though he felt deeplv 
 the cruel blow given to his hopes, and retired immedi- 
 ately from a court where he Inid been amused so long 
 with vain expiclations, bis confidence in the justness 
 of hisown system did not diminish, and his impatience 
 to demonstrate the truth of it by an actual experiment 
 became greater than e/er. Having courted the protec- 
 tion of sovereign states without success, he applied 
 next to persons of inferior rank, and adtlressed succes- 
 sively the Uukes nf Medina Sidonia and Medina Celi. 
 who, though subjects, were possessed of power and 
 opulence more than equal to (he enterprise which he 
 projected. His negotiations with them proved as fruit- 
 less as those in which he had been hitherto engaged ; 
 for these noblemen were either as little convinced by 
 Columbus's arguments sis their superiors, or they were 
 afraid of alarming the jealousy andolVending the pride 
 of Ferdinand, by countenancing a scheme which he had 
 rejected. 
 
 Amid the painlul sensations occasioned hy such a 
 succession of disappointments, Columbus had to sus- 
 tain the additional distress of having received no ac- 
 counts of his brother whom he had sent to the court of 
 England. In his voyage to that country, Bartholomew 
 had been so unfortunate as to fall into the hands of pi- 
 rates, who having stripped him of every thing detained 
 him a prisoner for several years. At length he made 
 his escape, and arrived in London, hut in such extreme 
 indigence, that he was obliged to employ himself, du- 
 ring a considerable time in drawing and selling maps, 
 in order to pick up as much money as would purchase 
 a decent dress in which he mi<»ht venture to appear at 
 court. He then laid before the king the proposiils with 
 which he had been intrusted by his b' >ther; and not- 
 withstanding Henry's excessivecaution and parsimony, 
 which rendered him averse to now or extensive under- 
 takings, he received Columbus's ovcitures with more 
 approbation than any monarch to whom they had hi- 
 therto ouen presented. 
 
 Meanwhile, (.'olumbuB being unacquainted wilh Ins 
 jrotber'i fate, and havuig now no prospect of encour- 
 
 agement in Spain, resolved to visit the court of England 
 in person, in b'ipes of meeting with a more favornble 
 reception there. He had already made preparations 
 for this purpose, and taken measures for the disposal 
 of his children during his absence, when .luan Perez. 
 the guardian of the nuuiaslery of Kabida, near Palos, 
 in which they had been educated, earnestly solicited 
 him to defer his journey for a short time. Perez was 
 a man of considerable' learning, and of simio credit 
 withqueenIsabella,to whom he was known personally. 
 He was warmly attached to Columbus, wilh whose 
 ability as well as integrity he had many opportunities 
 of being acquainted. Prompted by curiosity or by 
 friendship,heenteiediii -nan accurate examination of 
 his system, in conjunction with a physician settled in 
 the neigld)orliood,\vho was a considerable proficient in 
 mathematical knowledge. This investigation satisfied 
 them so thoioughly, withrespect to the solidity of the 
 principles on which Columbus founded his opinion, and 
 the probability of success in executing the plan which 
 he proposed, that Perez, in order to prevent his coun- 
 try from being deprived of the glory and benefit which 
 must accrue to the patrons of such a grand enterprise, 
 ventured to write to Isabella, conjuring her ( consider 
 the matter anew with the attention whicii i nt-iled. 
 
 Moved by the representations of a person wlmm she 
 respected, Isabella desired Perez to repair immedi- 
 ately to the village of Santa Fe, in which, on account 
 of the siege of Granada, the court resided at that time, 
 that she might confer with him on this important 
 subject. The first elfect of their interview was a 
 gracious invitation of Colund)Us back to court, ac- 
 companied with the present of a small sum to equip 
 him for the journey, As there was now a certain 
 prospect that the war with the Moors would speedily 
 be brought to a happy issue by the reduction of Gra- 
 nada, which would leavethe nation at liberty to engage 
 in new undertakings ; this, as well as the mark of 
 royal favor, with whicli Columbus had been lately 
 honored, encouraged his friends to appear with greater 
 confidence than formerly in support of his schenu^ 
 The chief of these, Alonza de Quintanilla, compt- 
 roller of the finances in Castile, and J^uis de Santan- 
 gel. receiver of the ecclesiastical reve lues in Aragon, 
 whose meritorious zeal in pronuttingiliis great design 
 entitles their names to an honorable place in history, 
 intrmluced Colundnis to many persons of high rank, 
 and interested them warndy in his behalf. 
 
 But it was not an easy inntrerto insjiire Ferdinand 
 with favorable sentiments. He still regarded (^'olum- 
 bus'sproject as e.xtravagar' -ul chimerical ; and in or- 
 der to render the elTorts ol Ids partisans inetrectual he 
 bad til ■ addre.>is to employ, in this new negotiation with 
 hiin.st me of the persons who had formerly pronounced 
 hid scl.eme to be impracticable. To tiieir astonishment. 
 Columbus appeared before them with the same confi- 
 dent hopes of success as formerly, and insisted upon 
 the san." high recompense. He proposed ttiat a small 
 (leel sboi Id he fitted out. under his conunand, to at- 
 tempt thv discovery, and demanded to be appointed 
 liereditfifv admiral and viceroy of all tlieseasaml lands 
 which lie shouiii discover, ami to have the tenths of the 
 ;,rofits arising from them, settled irrevocably upon him- 
 self and his descendants. At tlu' same time, he oiVered 
 to advance the eighth part of the sum necessary lor ac- 
 complishing his design, on condition that he should be 
 entilled to a proportional share of benet'il from the ad- 
 venture. If the enterprise should totally miscarry, he 
 made no stipulation for any reward or emolument what- 
 ever. Instead id'viewini; this crjiiduct as the clearest 
 evidence of his fidi persuasion wilh respect to the truth 
 of bis own system, or being struck with that magna- 
 nimity which. after so many delays and repulses, would 
 stoop to nothing inferior to its original claims, the per 
 sons with whornColundnis treated began meaidytocal- 
 culate the expense of the expedition, and the value of 
 ihe reward which ho demanded. The expense, mode- 
 rate as it was. they represented to he too great fi)r 
 Spain in the present exhausted state of its finances. 
 They contended that the honors and emoluments 
 claimed by Columbus were exorbitant, even if he should 
 perform the utmost of what he had promised ; and if 
 all bis sanguine hopes w^uld prove illusive, such vast 
 concessions to an adventurer would be deemed not 
 only inconsiderate, but ridiculous. In this imposing 
 garb of caution and prudence, their oplniim appeared 
 so plausible, and was so warmly supported by Ferdi- 
 nand, that Isabella declined giving any countenance to 
 Columbus, and abruptly broke otf the negotiation with 
 him which she had begun 
 
 This was more inorlifying to Columbus than all the 
 disappointments which he had hitherto met with. The 
 
 invitation to court from Isabella, like an unexpected 
 ray of Ii<,dit, bad opened such prospects nf success as 
 eiicnurageil him to hope that bis labors were at an end ; 
 but now darkness aitd uncertainly retnrneil. an.! his 
 nund firm as it was. could hardly support the shock ot 
 such an unforeseen reverse. He withdrew in deep 
 anguish from court, with an intention of prosecuting 
 his voyage to England as his last resource. 
 
 About that timeGranada surrendered, and Ferdinand 
 and Isabella, in triumphal pomp, took possession of a 
 city [.Ian. 2. I'18!»,] the reduction ))f which extirpated 
 a foreign power from the heart of their dominions, and 
 rendered them master, of all Ihe provinces extending 
 from the bottom of the Pyrenees to the fronliers ol 
 Portugal. As the flow of spirits which accrunpanies 
 success elevates the mind, and renders it enterprir^ing. 
 Quintanilla and Sanlangel, tin* vigilant and discerning 
 patrons of Columbus, took advant iije of this favorablo 
 situation, in order to make ono efi.>rt more in behalf of 
 their friend. They addressed themselves to Isaliella ; 
 and after expressing some surpris'', that she, who had 
 always been the munificent patroness of geiu'rous un- 
 dertakings, should hesilale so long tocounlenaiu-e the 
 most splendid scheme that bad ever been proposed to 
 any monarch ; they renresented to her. that Cohuhlius 
 wa3 a man of a sound nnderstandin ; n '«! virtuous cha- 
 racter, well (pialified, by his expcu. nci- in navigation, 
 as well as his knowledge of geometry, to form just ideas 
 with res|)ect to the structure of the gloi)e and the silua- 
 lion of its various regions ; that, by ofl'ering to risk his 
 own life and fortune in Ihe execution of bis scheme, he 
 gave the most satisfying evidence both of his integrity 
 and hopeof success ; that the sum requisite fitrequip- 
 ping such an armament as he tlemanded was inconsi- 
 derable, and the advantages which nught accrue from 
 his undertaking were inunense ; that he demanded no 
 recompense for his invention and labor, hut what was 
 to arise from the c<mntries which hi' should discover ; 
 that, as it was worthy of her magnanimily to make this 
 noble attempt to exiemi ihe sphere of human know- 
 ledge, and to open an intercourse with reyions hilherto 
 unknown. so it would all'ord the hiuhesl satisfaction to 
 her piety and zeal, after re establishing the Christian 
 faith in those provinces of Spainfrom which it had been 
 long banished, to discover a new world, to which slio 
 mijiht communicate the light and blessings of <livinc 
 truth; that if now she did not decitle instantiv, the op- 
 portunity would be irretrievably lost ; that Columbus 
 was on his way to foreign countries. where some prince 
 more fotunate or adventurous, would close with hiii 
 proposals and Spain would for ever bewail that fatal 
 timiiiity which had excluded her from the glory and 
 advantages that she had once in her power to have 
 enjoyed. 
 
 These forcible arguments, urged hy persons of such 
 authority, ami at a juncture so well chosen, produced 
 ; the desired eftect. They dis|)elleil all Isabella's diaibtn 
 and fears; she ordered Coliunbus to be instantly re- 
 j called, declared her resolution of employing him on bis 
 ;Own terms, and n-urettiug llie low estate other fi- 
 ; minces, generously oftered to plcdife her own jewels 
 
 ■ in order to raise as inuch money as might Ih' needed 
 jiu making preparations for the voyage. Sanlanj.'el, in 
 j a transport of gratitude, kissed thcipieen's hand, and, 
 
 in order to save her from having recourse to such a 
 ^mortifying expedient for procuring money .engaged to 
 
 advance immediately the sum ibat was reipiisile. 
 
 Cohnnbus hail proceeded some leaunes on bis jour- 
 jney, when the messenger from Isabella overtook him. 
 
 ■ I'pon reccivini: an account of the unexpected rcsnlu- 
 jlioii in his fav'tr, he returni'd directly lo Santa Fe, 
 
 tboUi!h some remainder of dillidence still miiiiiled itself 
 Iwithbisjoy. But the cordial reception which he met 
 jwilh from Isabella, together wiih :!:;■ iwar prospect of 
 I selling out upon tlial voya-.'e wlr-'Ii had so long b«\Mi 
 the object of Ins thoughts :ind wis!ics. soi> < ellaced Ihn 
 remembrance of all that be batUulferril in Spain durin.'; 
 eight tedious years of solicitation anti suspense, Tl.o 
 negotiation now went forward v\itb facility and I'es- 
 patch, amlalreaty ofc;i,,iitiiii;i..ii \ itb Cobunhe;, was 
 signed on the 17th of A[iril.one thoup nd four hundred 
 and ninety-two. The chief articles of it were; — I, 
 Ferdinand and Isabella, as sovereit.ns of the ocean, 
 constituted Cotumbustheir high admiral in all the seas, 
 islands, and continents, which should be discovered by 
 his industry; and stipulated that he and his heirs for 
 ever should enjoy this olllce.with the same powers and 
 prerogativeswhichbelongedtothe high admiral of ('as- 
 tile within the limits of his jurisdiction. 2. They ap- 
 pointed Columbus their viceroy in all the islands and 
 C4>ntincnts wliieh he should discover ; bul if, for the 
 hi Iter adminutration of aflairs^ it vtuuU beivafter be 
 
SOUTH AMERICA . 
 
 79 
 
 «U<TPS«i nfl 
 
 iit iiin-iul; 
 'I. iin.l (ii9 
 
 I'Nlinck o( 
 \v in di'cp 
 
 'Sfcuiing 
 
 TMTPPBtiry tnrs(;il)iish a spparate povernor in any of I 
 those (MHtntrics ; they authorized CoIumiImis tn mime' 
 thrcp porHMiis ol wliDrn lliry would choose one for thai 
 olUre ; and (he diirnity of viceroy with all il-* iiiiniu- j 
 nitit'K.was likewise to he hereditary in the family of (*o- 
 imnhns. a Thi-y ^rranten to ('uiutnhus and his heirs 
 for e\er the tcnih (»f the free profits accruing from the 
 prnduelioiis and cnmmerco of the cuuntries which he 
 fthould discover. 4. They declared, that if any con- 
 troversy or hiwsuit Blunih'i arise with respect lo any 
 mercantile transaction in the countries which should be 
 discovered, it should he determined hy the sole au- 
 thority of <;oluinhus. or of judges to be appointed by 
 him. f). They permitted Columhun to advance one- 
 eiljhth part of what should he expended in preparing 
 for the expedi'-ion. and in carrying on commerce with 
 the countries whieh he should discover, and entitled 
 him. in return to one eighth part of the profit. 
 
 Though ihrnanie of Ferdinand appears enjoined 
 with that of Isidielhi in this transaction, hisdistru.st of 
 Columbus was still so violent tha . he refused to take 
 any part in the enterprise as king of Aragon. As the 
 whole expense of the expedition was to be defrayed by 
 the crown of (Castile, (sahella reserved for her sulijects 
 of I hilt kiiiijdom an exclusive right to all the benefits 
 which might redound from its success. 
 
 Ah soon as llie tre;'ly was signed. Isabella, hy her 
 attentionanil activityin forwarding the preparations for 
 the voyage. endeav4)red to make some reparation to 
 Columbus for the time which he had lost in fruitless so- 
 licitation. Hy the twelfih of May, all that depended 
 upon her was adjusted ; and Columbns waited on the 
 king and queen in order to receive their linal instruc* 
 tioiis. Every thing respecting thedestination and con- 
 duet of the voyage they committed implicitly to the 
 disposiil of his prudence. But that they might avoid 
 giving any just cause of o(f<'nce to the liing of Portu- 
 gal, they strictly enjoined him not to approach near to 
 the Portugue>e settlements on the coast of (Juinea. or 
 in any of the other countries to which the Portuguese 
 claimed right as discoverers, Isabella had ordered the 
 ships o( which C(dunibus was to take the comniand to 
 be fitted out in the jmrt of P.iloa a small maritime town 
 in the province of Andalusia. As the guardian Juan 
 Perez, to wh!)m Columbus had already been so much 
 indebted, resided in the neighborhood of this place, he, 
 by the intluence of that good ecclesiastic, as well as by 
 hisowp. coimection with the inhabitants^ not ordy rais- 
 ed among them what he wanted of the sum that he 
 was bound hy treaty to advance, but engaged several 
 of them to accompany him in the voyage. The chief 
 of these associates were three brothers of the name of 
 Pinzon, of considerable wealth, and of great experi- 
 ence in naval affairs, who were willing to hazard their 
 lives and fortunes in the expedition. 
 
 ]Jutat\er all the etlbrts of Isabella and Columbus. 
 the armament was not suitable either to the dignity of 
 the nation by which it was e({uipped, or to the impor- 
 tance of the service lor which it was destined. It con 
 sisted of three vessels. The largest, a ship of no con- 
 siderable burden, was conimanded by Cohunhu.-^, as 
 admiral, who gave it tlie name of Santa Marin, out of 
 respect for the Blessed Virgin, whom he honored with 
 Hinguiar devotion. Of the second, called the I'lti'a, 
 Marton Pinzon was captain, and his brother Francis 
 pilot. The third, named the AV"«. "as under the 
 command of Vincent Vanez Pinzon. These two were 
 light vessels hardly superior in burden or force to large 
 boats. The squadron, if it merits that name, was vic- 
 tualled for twelve months, iuid had on board ninety 
 men, mostly sailors, together wiiii a few adventurers 
 who fultowed the fortune of (Jolumbus, and some gen- 
 tlemen of Isabella's court, whom she appointed to ac- 
 company liim. Though the expense of the undertaking 
 was one of the circumstances which cbieHy alarmed 
 thecourt of Spain. and retardi'«l so long the negotiation 
 with Culunihus, the sum employed in fitting o t this 
 squadron did not exceed four thousand pounds 
 
 As the art of ship building in the fitleenth century 
 WHS extremely rude, and the bulk of vessels was ac- 
 commodated to the short and easy voyages along the 
 coast which they were actustomed to perform, itisa 
 proof of tlic courage, as well as enterprising genius of 
 Columbus, that he ventured, with a fleet so unfit for ii 
 distant navigation, to explore unknown seas, where he 
 had no chart to guide him, no knowledge of the tides 
 and currents, and no experience of the dangers to J 
 which he might be exposeil. His eagerness to accom- 
 plish the great design which had so long engrossed his 
 thoughts, made him overlook or disregard every cir- 
 cumstancnthat would have intimidated a mind less ad- 
 venturous. He puHhed forwurd the preparations wilbi 
 
 such ardor, and was seconded bo effectually by the 
 persons to whom Isabella committed the superinten- 
 dence of this business, that everything was soon in 
 readiness for the voyage. But as Colimibus was deeply 
 impressed with sentimenis of religion, he would not 
 set out upon an expedition so arduous, and of which 
 one great object was to extend the knowledge of the 
 Christian failb,withoutinq)Ioring publicly the guidance 
 and protection of Heaven. With this view, he, toge- 
 ther with all the persons under his command, inarched 
 in solemn procession to the monastery of Rabida. 
 A*ler confessing tlieir sins, and obtaining ahcolution, 
 they received the holy sacrament from the hands ofthe 
 guardian, who joined his prayers to theirs i^ir the suc- 
 cess of an enterprise which he had so zealously pa- 
 tronized. 
 
 Next morning, being Friday the third day of August, 
 in the year one thousand four hundred and ninety-two, 
 f -oluudius set sail, a little before sunrise, in presence 
 of a vast crowd of spectators, who sent up their sup- 
 plications to Heaven f<T the prosperous issue of the 
 voyage, which they wished rather than expected. Co- 
 lund)U8 steered directly f(jr the (Canary Ifilands. and 
 arrived there [Aug. 13] without any occurrence that 
 would have deserved notice on any other occasion 
 Hut, in a voyage of such expectation and importance. 
 every circumstance was the object of attention. The 
 rudder of the Pinda broke loose the day after she lert 
 the harbor ; and that accident alarmed the crew, noless 
 superstitious than unskilful, as a certain omen ofthe 
 unfortunate ttestiny of the expedition. Hven in the 
 short run to the Canaries, the ships were found to he 
 so crazy and ill appointed, as to be very improper for 
 a navigation which was expected to be both lonn and 
 dangerous Cohunbus refitted tbe.n, however, to the 
 hfr.ft ofhis power; and havinu si.pplied himself with 
 fresh provisions, he took his departure from Coniera, 
 one of the most westerly of the Canavy Islands, on the 
 sixth day of >eptember. 
 
 Here the voyage of discovery may properly be said 
 to begin ; for Colundnis, holding his cfmrs-^ due wv^i, 
 lefl immediately the usual tract of navigation, ami 
 stretched into unfrequentetl and unknown seas. The 
 first day, as it was very calm, he made but little way ; 
 but on the second he lost sight ofthe Canaries; and 
 many ofthe sailors dejected already, and dismayed. 
 when they contemplated the bipldness ofthe undertak- 
 ing, began to heat their breasts, and to sl.ed tears, tisif 
 they were never more to behold land. C(dumhus com- 
 forted them with assurances of success, and the pros- 
 pect of vast wealth in those opulent reuions wbitbrr 
 he was conducting them. This early discovery ofthe 
 spirit of his followers taught Columbus that he nuist 
 prepare to struggle not only with the unavoidable ditll- 
 cultieswhich might be expected from the nalu.e ofhis 
 undertaking, hut witli such as were likely to i rise from 
 the ignorance and timidity ofthe people under his com- 
 mand ; and he perceived that the art oftroverning the 
 minds of men wiUild be no less requi.sile for acc<un- 
 plishing the discoveries which he had in view, than 
 naval skill and undaunted courage. Happily tor him- 
 self, and for the country by which be was employed, 
 he joined to the ardent tenq)er and inventive genius o! 
 a projector, virtues of another species w Inch are rarely 
 united with them. He possessed a thorough know- 
 ledge of mankind, an insinuating address, a patient 
 perseverance in executing any phni, the perfect gov- 
 ernment of his own passions, and the talent ofacipiir- 
 ing an ascendant over those <if other men. All these 
 qualities, which formed him to conmiand, were accoju 
 paiiied with that superior knowledge of bisprofessiou. 
 which beue:s c onfidence in times of diflicidty and dan- 
 ger. To unskilful Spanish sailors, accuslimied only to 
 coasting voyages in the iMediterranean, the maritime 
 science of Columbus, the fruit of thiily years' experi- 
 ence, inqiroved by an acquaintance with alt the inven- 
 tions ofthe Portuguese, appeared inunense. As soon 
 as they put to sea, be regulated every thing by bis sole 
 authority ; he superintended the execution of every 
 order ; and allow ing himself only a few hours torsleep. 
 he was at all other times upon deck. As his ctuirse lay 
 through seas, which had not ftirnterly been visited, the 
 sounding line, or instruments for observation, were 
 continually in his hands. After the example ofthe 
 Portuguese discoverers, he attended to the motion of 
 tides and currents, watched the flight of birds, the ap- 
 pearance of fishes, seaweeds, and of every thing that 
 floated on the waves, and entered every occurrence, 
 with a minute exactness, in the journal which he kept 
 .As the length of the vtiyage could not fail of alarm- 
 ing sailors, habituated only to short excursions, Co 
 lumbus endeuvured toconcciil fruni them the real pro 
 
 gress which they made. With this view, though thw 
 run eighteen leagues on the second day after they krft 
 (iomera, he gave out that they bad advanced only fif- 
 teen, and he uniformly employed the same artifice ol 
 reckoning short during the whole voyage. By the four- 
 teenth of Seplendier the fVet was above two hundred 
 leagues to the west ofthe Canary Isles. at a greater ilia- 
 tPMce from land thanaiiy Sjianaird had been before thai 
 time. There they were struck with an appi-arance nc 
 less astonishing than new. They observed that tho 
 magnetic needle, in their compasses, did not point ex- 
 actly to the polar star, but varied towards the west j 
 and as they proceeded, this variation increased. This 
 appearance, which is now familiar, though it still re- 
 mains one of the mysteries of nature, into the cause 
 of whichthe sagacity of man baanot been able to pen- 
 etrate, filled the conqianions of Columbus with ter- 
 ror. They were now in a boundless and unknown 
 ocean, far from the usual course of navigation ; nature 
 it.self seemed to be altered, and the only guide which 
 they had left was about to tail them. Colundius, with no 
 less (piiekness than ingenuity, invented a reason for 
 this appearance, which, though it diil not satisfy him- 
 self, seemed so plausible to them, that itdispelled their 
 fears or silenceil their murmurs. 
 
 He still c<u)tinuetl to steer due west, nearly in the 
 same latitude with the Canary Islands In this course 
 he came within the sphere of the trade wind which 
 blows invariably from east to west, between the tropics 
 and a few degrees beyond them. He advanced beforg 
 this steady g.ile with such uniform rapidity that it was 
 seldom necessary to shift a sail M'hen about four 
 hundred leagues to the west of ibe Canaries, he found 
 the sea so citvered with weeds, that it resembled a 
 meadow of vast extent, and in some places they were 
 so thick as to retard the motion of the vesseU. This 
 strange appearance occasioned new alarm and dis- 
 quiet. The sailors inpa|;;ined that they were now ar- 
 rived at the utmost boundary of the navigable ocean ; 
 that these flo:itiiig weetis would obstruct their further 
 progress, ami concealed dangerous rock:;, or somo 
 large track of land, which had sunk, they knew nut 
 how, in that place. Columbus endeavored to per- 
 suade them that what had alarnieil ought rather to 
 have eiu'ouraged ibein, anil was to be eon.'^idered as n 
 sign of apprtiacbing biial. At the same time, a bri.-<k 
 gale arese. and carried them forward. Several birds 
 were seen hovering about the ship [ID.] and directing 
 their flights towards the west. 'I'he desponding crew 
 resumed some degree of spirit, and began to entertain 
 fresh hopes. 
 
 Vpon the first of October they were, according to 
 the admiral's reckoning, seven liundred and seventy 
 leagues to the west of the Canaries ; but lest his men 
 shoidd be intiniiilated by the prodigious length of the 
 na\iyalion, he gave out that they had proceeded (miy 
 live hundred and eighty four leagues, and fortunately, 
 for (.'olumbus. neither his own pilot, nor those of the 
 other ships, bad skill siifhcient to correct this error, and 
 discoxer the deceit. They had nt)W hern altove three 
 weeks at sea ; they bad procei'di'd far beyond what 
 former navigators had attempted or deeme*l possible; 
 ail their prognostics ofdiscovery. drawn froni theftight 
 of birds and other circumstances, had proved fallacious; 
 the appearances of land, with which their own cre- 
 dulity or the artitice of their commander had from time 
 to time flattered and amused them, had been altogether 
 illusive, and their prospect of success seemed now to 
 be as distant as ever. Tbe.se reflections occurre-I 
 often to men who had no other object or occupation 
 than to reason and discourse concerning the intention 
 and circumstances of their I'xpedition. They made 
 impression at first upon the ignorant and timid, and 
 extending by degress to such as wrre better informtd 
 or mr)re resolute, the contagion spread at length from 
 ship to ship. From secret whispers or niurnmringB, 
 they proceeded to open cabals and public cumplaintH. 
 Tluy taxed their sovereign with inconsi leratecred»il*'v 
 in paying such regard to the vain proniises atid 
 conjectures of an indigent foreigner, as to hazard the 
 lives of so many of her own subjects in prosecuting a 
 chimerical schente. They aflirmed that they had fully 
 performed their duty, iiy venturing so far in an juknown 
 and hopeless course, and could incur no blame for re- 
 fusing to follow any longer a desperate adventurer to 
 certain destruction. They contended, that it wasne- 
 Icessary tothinkof returning to Spain, while tiieir crazy 
 vessels were still in a condith)ti to keep the sea, but 
 ' I'xpressed their fears that the attemptwould prove vain, 
 as the wind, which hitherto liave been so favnurnhleta 
 their course, must reiider it impossible to sail in en op* 
 j posile directiun. All agreed that Culunihus shuulU fr*i 
 
80 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OP 
 
 compel (tl by force to adopt n measure on which their 
 rommon safety (.icppnileii. Some of tlie niorc atuia* 
 cious proposed, an the innst expeditious and certain 
 methiHl of peltinijrid at once of his reinonslraiu'es. lo 
 throw hiui into the sea. heinji; persuaded (hat, upon 
 their return to Spain, the death of an unsurceK.sful pro- 
 jector, would excite Uttic concern, and be inquired into 
 with no curiosity. 
 
 Columhu)* was fully sensible of his perilous situa 
 tton. He had observed, with great uneaHinefts, the 
 fatal operation of ignorance and of fear in producini; 
 disatlection atnonu; his crew, and saw tliat it was now 
 ready to burst out into open mutiny. He retained. 
 however, perfect presence of mind. He aflecled to 
 seem ignorant of their machinations. Notwithstanding 
 the agitation and solicitude of his own mind, he ap- 
 f>eared with a cheerful countenance, like a man satislird 
 with the progress he had made, antl confident of suc- 
 cess. Sometimes he employed all the arts of insinua- 
 tion to souihe tiis men. •Sometimes he endeavored 
 *o work upon their ambition or avarice, by niagniliei-nt 
 descriptions of ilie fame and wealth wliidi they were 
 about lo acquire. On other occasions he assumed a 
 tone ofauthorily. and threatened them with venjje.inee 
 from their sovereign, if, by their dastanlly behavior, 
 they Hhotitd defeat this noble etVort to promote the 
 plory of (lod, and to exalt (be Spanish name aht>\)' 
 that of every other nation. Kven with st'ditiou.s sailors, 
 the w»)nls of a man whom they had been accustomed 
 to reverence, were weighty and persuasive, and not 
 only restrained Ibem from those violent excesses 
 which they meditated, but prevailed with llieni to ac- 
 company (heir admiral for snnie time lon<rer> 
 
 As they proceeded, the indications of approaching 
 land seemed to be more certain, and excited hope in 
 proportion. The birds began to appear in tloekb, 
 making towards the suulb-vvest. Columbus, in imita- 
 tion of the Portuguese na\igator», who bad been 
 guided, in several of ibeir discoveries, by the motion 
 of birds, altered his course froi:t due west towards 
 that quarter whither they poi.ited their (light. Hut, 
 after holding on for several days in Ibis n''w direction, 
 without any better success tbiin formerly, having seen 
 no obji'ct, during thirty days, but the sea ami the sky, 
 the hopes of bis companions sub.sided faster than they 
 had risen ; their fears revived with additional force ; 
 impatience, rage, and despair, appeared in every coun- 
 tenance. Ail sense of subordination was lost : the 
 (jjlicers. who had hitherto concurred with ('olumbus in 
 opinion, and supported bis aulbority, now took part 
 with the private men ; they assembled tumultuously 
 on ttie (leek, expostulated with their commander, 
 ininirb'd threats with their expostulations, and required 
 him inslanliy to tack aliout and lo return lo Europe. 
 Columbus [)erceivfd that it would be of no avail to 
 have recourse to any of his former arts, which, bavini! 
 been tried so often, had lo.st their ellect ; and that it 
 was impossible to rekindle any zeal for the success ol 
 the expediiiiMi among men in whose breasts fear had 
 oitiiiguished every uerierous senlirnent. He saw thai 
 it was no less vain to think of employing either iienlle 
 3r severe measures iO(piell a nuiliny so general and so 
 vielent. It was necessary, on all thc-se accounts, to 
 Boothe passions which he could no longer command. 
 and to give way to a torrent too impetuous lo be 
 checked. He promised solemnly to bis men that be 
 would coin|)ly with their retpu-.st. provided thev would 
 accompany him, and obey hiscomu<an<l for three days 
 longer, and, if during that time, land were not dis- 
 Cv.vered, be would then abandon the enterprise, and 
 direct his course towards Spain. 
 
 Knrasied as the sailors were, and impatient to turn 
 Clieir faces again toward their native cotmtry, thi.n pro- 
 pivsition did not appear lo theiu unreasiinable. Nor 
 did C'llumbus hazard mucin n conlinirig himself to a 
 term so short. The presages ofdiscoverinijland were 
 now BO numerous and pronusing, ihat be deemed tb^m 
 infallible. For some days the soundinii line reached 
 the bottom, and the soil which it brought up indicated 
 land to be at no great distance. The flocks of binls 
 increased, and were couqiosed not only of seafowl, but 
 rifsuch land lurds ascuuld not he supposed lo lly far 
 fromthe shore. The erew ofthe Pintaobserved aci.ne 
 tloatiug, which seemed lohave been newly cut, and 
 likewise a piece of limber arliltcially carved. The 
 sailors aboard the Niirna took up the branch of a tree 
 with red berries, perfectly fresh. The clouds around 
 *he setting sun ns<iumed a new appearance : the air 
 wai more mild and warm, and during the night the 
 wind became unequal and variable. From all these 
 fjiuptoms, (Columbus was so confident of being near 
 Und, that on the evening of the eleventh of October, 
 
 after public prayers for success, he ordered the sails to 
 be furled, and the slnps to he to. keepuig strict waleli. 
 lest ibey should bedriv'-n ashore ni the nii-bl. Ihiring 
 this iritt-rval of su.-^pense and expe< talion, no man shut 
 his e-c's, all kept upon deck, i.'Ji'^ii'l.' intently titwards 
 that tpi.irlcr vvliere tliey expecltd to di.--co\er the land, 
 which had been so long the object uf llieir wishes. 
 
 About (wo hours belore midnight, (Jolumbus, stand- 
 ing on the t'orecaslle, ob.served a light at a dih(ance, 
 and privately pointed it out to I'edro (iuKieres, a jiage 
 of (he Queen's wardrobe. (Juttierez perceived it. and 
 callin;/ to Saleeiio. eou.ptroller of (be llcel, all three 
 saw it in motion, as if it were carried Iroiii place lo 
 place. A little after midniubt the joyful sound ot'ln7ul! 
 huul ! was heard from the Pinta. which kepi always a- 
 head of tbeotber ships. Hut, having been so often de- 
 ceived by fallacious apiiearances. every nian was now 
 become slow of beliel. and waited in all the anguish of 
 uncertainty and inqiatienee for the return ofday. As 
 soon as morning ilawned [Oct. 12],all doubtsand fears 
 were dispelled. From every ship an islam! was seen 
 about two leagues to the north, whose flat and verdant 
 fields, well stored with wood, and watered with many 
 rivulets, presented the aspect of a delightful country. 
 The crew of the Pinta in.>lantly began the 7V Vciim, 
 as a hymn of thanksgivin;; to fJod, and were joined by 
 those id'tbe other ships, with tearsol'joy and transports 
 of conjiralulalion. 'I'Ins oHlce of gratilude lo Heaven, 
 was followed by an act ofjuslice t(> their commander. 
 They threw themselves al the feet of Cnlumbus, with 
 feelings of self condemnation mingled with reverence. 
 They implored him to pardon their ignorance, incre- 
 dulity, ')ud insiilence, which liad created him so much 
 unnecessary disquiet, and bad so often obstructed the 
 proseculior. of his well concerted plan ; and passing, in 
 the warmth of their admiration, from one extrente lo 
 another, they now pronouneeillbe man, whom they bad 
 so lately reviled and threatened, to be a person inspir- 
 ed by Heaven with sanaeily and forlituJe more than 
 human, in order to aciMuuplish a desitrn so far beyond 
 the ideas and conception of all former age.s. ! 
 
 As soon as the sun a to.'-e. all their boats were manned 
 and armed. They rowed lowanls the island with their 
 colors displayed, with warlike music, and other martial 
 pomp. As they apprcaelieil the coast, Ihey saw it 
 covered with a UMiltilude of peojjie, whom the novelty 
 ofthe spectacle bad drawn toi;ether. whose attitudes 
 and gestures expressed wonder and astonishment at 
 the slranijc objeets wliieli presented ihemselves to 
 their view. Colunduis was the first Kuiopean who 
 set ft»ot in the \e\v World which he bad discovered.. 
 He landed in a rich dress, and with a naked sword in 
 his band. His men followed, and kneelini.' down.j 
 they all kissed the ground which ibey had so long de- 
 sired to see. They next erected a crucitix. and pros- 
 Iratinji themselves hefor" it, returned thanks ti> (Jod 
 tbr conducting their voyane to such a happy l-sue. 
 They then lonk solemn possession ofthe country, for 
 the crown of Castile and I.eon, with all the formali- 
 ties which (he Porlni.'uese were accustomed lo observe 
 in acts of this kind, in their new discoveries. 
 
 The Spaninrds. while thus employed, were siirroinid- 
 ed by many ottlu' nati\es. who iiazed in silent admi- 
 ration upon actions which Ihey could not conipreheiul, 
 and of which they did not toresee the consei]uences 
 The dress of the Spaniards, (be whiteness of their 
 skins, tlieir beards, tlieir arms, ajijiearcil slranije and 
 surl^^isinL^ The vast machines in which they had 
 traversed the oc( an, thai seemed to move upon (be 
 waters with winirs, and uttered a dreadful sound re- 
 sembling thunder, accom|iaiiied with ligbtiiiiii; and 
 smoke, siruck them with such terror, that they bedpan 
 to respect their new L'uests as a sui»erior order of be- 
 ings, and concluded that they were children of the 
 Sun, who bad ilescended to visit ihe earth. 
 
 The Furopeans were banlly less amazed at the scene 
 now betiife them. Fvery herb, and shrub, and tree, 
 was dilferent from those which llourished in Kurope 
 The soil seemed to be rich, but bore tew markin -^f cul- 
 tivation. The cliiiate. even to the Spaniards, felt 
 warm, ihoiiLdi extremely delightful. The inbabilniits 
 appeareil in ihe simple innocence of nature, entirely 
 naked. Their Diack hair, lonu antl uncurled, floated 
 upon Iheir shoulders, or was bound in tresses around 
 their beads. They had no beards, and every part i>f their 
 bodies wasperfeclly smooth. Their complexion wasof 
 ailusky CO) ,iercolor,lheir teaturessingular. rather than 
 disagreeable, their aspect gentle ami timid. Tliiuii;h 
 not tall, they were well shaped and active. Their 
 faces, and several parts of their body, were fantasti- 
 (■ally painted with glaring colors. They were shy al 
 first through (ear, but soon became familiar with the 
 
 Spaniards, and with transports of joy received from 
 tbeni hawksbells, glaH«i heads, or other baubles, in w 
 lurn lor wluih they uave such proviF<ions as they had, 
 and snme collon yarn, the otdy eornnioiliiy ol value 
 that they coulil produce. Towards eveiiiii<.', Cohnribu9 
 returned lo his ship, aeeonipanied by many of the is- 
 lamiers in their boais, which they called rn/icts, and 
 though rudely foriiied out of the trunk ol a siM>:le tree, 
 tin .' rowed them with surprising dexterity. Thus, in 
 Ihe first interview between the inhabitants <d' the old 
 ami new worhh., every thing was conducted amicably, 
 and to their mutual satisfaction. The former, en- 
 lightened and and)itious, formed aheaily vast idean 
 with respect to the advantages which they niii:ht de- 
 rive from the regions that began to open to their view. 
 The latter, simple and uif^liscerning. bad no fcrc'-iiibt 
 of the calamities and desolation which were ajqiroach- 
 ing their country. 
 
 (.'obindius, who now assumed the til le and authority 
 ()f admiral ami viceroy, called Ihe island which he bad 
 discovered Sua Salradnr. It is better known by the 
 name of (iinuiahuhi, which the natives gave lo it, and 
 is oneoflhal large i-lusterol islamls calNtI the l.iicaya 
 or Ibdiama isle.s. It is siiualcd above iIim e tlioe.-'aiul 
 miles to the wesi of (iomera ; liom whieb the squadron 
 took its dcparlure. and oidy four degrees to (be south 
 of it ; so little bad Columbus de'*ialed from the west- 
 erly course, which be had chosen as the most proper. 
 
 (.'olundms employed the next day in vi.-itiiig the 
 coasts ofthe island ; and from the univeisal poverty o( 
 the inhabilanis, he perceived that this was not the rich 
 country for which besought. Hut, conformably to hi.-i 
 theory concerning the ilisctivery of ll■o^e rei.'iitiis of 
 \>'vA which stretched towards ihe cast, he e(uicludcd 
 that San Salvador was one of Ibe isles which geogra- 
 phers described as situated in the great ocean adjacent 
 to India. Having observed ibat most (tf the people 
 whom he had seen wore small plates of gold, by way 
 of ornament, in their nostrils, he eagerly intpiired where 
 they got that precious melal. They poinleil towards 
 till' south, and made him comprehend by siyris, that 
 (.nild ahotinded in countiies situated in that quarter 
 'I'bilher be inuiiedi.itely determined to direct bis course, 
 ill full confidence of lindin^T there those ojulent regions 
 which bail been the object of bis voyage, and would 
 be a recompense for all his toils and daiiyers. He took 
 along with him seven of the mitives o( San Salvailor, 
 that, by acquiring the Spanish language, they might 
 serve as guides and inlerprelers ; nnd those innocent 
 |ieop|tf consideii'd it as a mark of distinction 'vhen 
 thev were selected to aci'onq)any li:m. 
 
 He saw several islands, and touched at time d'tlie 
 l;irt;esl, on which he bestowed tlie names of Si. i>!ary 
 ofthe Conceiilion, Fernandina, and Isabella, But, as 
 their soil, productions, and inhabitants nearly resem- 
 bled those of S:Mi Salvailor, be maile no stay in any of 
 them. He inquired every where for^old, amitbesitrns 
 that were uniformly made by way of answer, confirmed 
 him in Ibe opinion thai it was brouglit from the south. 
 lie followeil that course, and soon ihscoveri-d a coun- 
 try wl.icli appeared very extensive, iiol perfectly level, 
 like ititise w hich he bad already visileil. but so diversi- 
 fied v^ith rising grounds, hills, rivers, woods, and plains, 
 that he was uncertain whether it niigbt prove an island, 
 or part of the continent. The natives .d S>in Salvador, 
 wht.rn he had on bi»ard, called it Cuhi ; Colundius 
 gave it the name of .liiaiia. He entered the nioulh ol 
 a large river with his squadron, all the inhabitants fled 
 to llie mountains as he a[>prii;u-lied the shore. IJut an 
 he resolved to careen the sliij's in that place, he sent 
 some Spaniards, together with one of the |ieopii' of 
 San .Salvador, to view the interior part of the country. 
 Thev having advanced about sixty mih s tVom the shore 
 repo'rleil, U|Hm their return, lliat thet-oil was richer and 
 more eidtivaled than any Ihey had hitherto discovered ; 
 Ibat. besides many si.altered cottages, they had fouial 
 one village, contaimnii above a thousand inhabitants ; 
 that the people, though naked, seemed lo be more iii- 
 lelligent than those ol San Salvador, but bad treated 
 them with the same respeclful attention, kissing ilieii 
 feel, and honoring iheni as sacred beinys allivd to 
 heaven; that they bad given ibcm to eat a certain 
 root, the taste of which resemliled roa.^led cbeslimts. 
 and likewise a singular species of corn called maitr, 
 which, either when roasted whole or ground into n eal, 
 was abundantly palatable; lhat there seemed lo hi >'.j 
 four footed animals in Ibe country, but u species of 
 dog, which could not bark, and a creature rehcmbling 
 a rabbit, but of a much smaller size ; thai they had 
 observed some ornaments uf gold among the people, 
 hut of no j;reat value. 
 
 These messengers had prevailed with ^onle ol th»> 
 
rivrii from 
 hlc's, in re 
 
 i tlii'y liadi 
 i>t vitluo 
 
 Ciiliiiijlma 
 
 ..f ilip is- 
 
 itni'is, an J 
 
 biii!;lc'lrre, 
 'rims, in 
 s (if llio iilJ 
 (1 Hniiciilily, 
 roriiicr, I'll- 
 vnsl ideas 
 ■_V liii);lil ilc- 
 lllirir \ii'w. 
 no Icri'.'-iutit 
 ro a|iiirnarh- 
 
 claullicirily 
 
 uliiih he liail 
 
 lOWll liv llii> 
 
 til il, ami 
 
 il ilif I,iMa\a 
 
 1 (- ilioi'saml 
 
 111' >^(iuailriin 
 
 III ihi' Miulli 
 
 rdin llic »i'»l- 
 
 iuo>\ iiii'i'f^r. 
 
 vifiliiij; 111"' 
 
 sal fuixfiiv <ii 
 
 IS iiiil llir riili 
 
 iiiiiialilv Iciliin 
 
 it-p rrt;iuiis tif 
 
 ||C> IMIUCllull'll 
 
 «liii-li jiriifi''''" 
 (irt'ali ailjai-rrit 
 „f tlif iii'ii|ile 
 I'tiiiUl, liy way 
 imHiircil wlifte 
 liiili'il liiwaril» 
 li_v sicns, lliat 
 I iliai iiuarlcr 
 irrrl liisi-iiuri-i', 
 .jpuli'iil rri;iciii» 
 ai'. anil WDulil 
 „i'rs. Ill' look 
 
 I ^^an Salvailiir, 
 „c', llii'V niinlit 
 i iliiisi' innocent 
 listinition -'lien 
 
 ■il al thru' 'fllie 
 uipsoISi Mary 
 >al.i"lla. Bui, ill 
 ,B nearly n bi'1»- 
 no Slav in any of 
 iilil. amllliP''ij.""' 
 nswir. riintirinci! 
 il Iriini lln'Milllli- 
 MMiviTi'il a i-iiun- 
 lit pirlW ilv level, 
 111, hill fii iliversi- 
 Miiiils, and jilainB, 
 
 II iiMveall island, 
 i III San Sahadiir, 
 Ci,l„ ; Ciilimiliua 
 iTid llie niiiutli 111 
 lie nilialiitanis llei', 
 he shore, liul an 
 lal plaee. 1"' •'ent 
 
 ill the (leiilile iif 
 ml III' the eiinnlry. 
 lilisliiiinlhesliiire 
 Miil wasrleheraiul 
 ilherliidiseiivercd ; 
 es. they had InnnJ 
 .isand iidiahilanis ; 
 iiieil til he mure iii- 
 iir, liut liail irealed 
 iiiim. kissinj! ''"'ir 
 ,1 heilljis allied l» 
 in to eat a eertain 
 I riia.-led ehesinnts. 
 (Mirii 1 ailed i«ii/:c 
 ,t jtr.iiiiid inio n eal, 
 loro seemed lo la "j 
 V, but « B|ieeies of 
 cieaturc reseinlilinf! 
 ize ; lliOl ll'ey l''J 
 nmoiifj »liK l"'"!'''"' 
 
 III Willi lOBie of tli« 
 
 t^ 
 > 
 
 
 = a' 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 nntivt'B to nceompiiny them, who iitrorrnoO ColuinlniH, 
 that the j;olil of wliicli llicy riiaihi tin ir omiiincntM was 
 I'oiimi in i'libaiuuan. Hy thm word they incaiit the 
 miilittc or iiil.iiul part of (Julia ; hiil CuhiiiihiiH, hvwvj. 
 ij.triorarit o\ llieir hnii;;imL'»'. as well as nn.id-usionn-ii to 
 ihcp; urntiuuciatiuru and hiH lhoii<r))ts ruiiniri^ i-unii- 
 nually upon his ow» ihi-ory conciTiiintj tho disrovery 
 ol' ihf Kast Iiulictt, lie was kd, hy the re.sciiihlunco ol' 
 noiiiifl, to siip[>ose that they }<poke of the <;reat Khin, 
 and nna^nic'i thai the opulent kin>,'dorii of f'uf/nit/, de- 
 ftrriht'd hv Marco Polo, was not very roniole. This 
 induced him to employ some time in viewtn|r the coun- 
 Iry. He visited almost every harbor, from Porlo del 
 Principe, on the north coast of (Julia, to the eastern 
 extremity oi tlio inland : hut, thoui^h delitrhted with the 
 oeauty of the srenes which every where presented 
 themselves, and uma/ed at the lujiuriant fertility of the 
 soil, lioth which, from their novelty, nuidu a more lively 
 imjire^sion upon his imaKiiiution [14], he did not liiid 
 fjold in such (piantity ns was snllictunt to satisfy either 
 the iivariee of his followers, or the expectations of the 
 court to which he was to return. The people of the 
 country, as much astonished at his eagerness in qu( at 
 of fjold as the Kuropciins were at their i^norancu and 
 Kimjplicity, pointed towards the cast, where an island 
 which they called Jfaifti wa* situated, in which that 
 uietal was more ahundant than among them Colum- 
 bus ordered his scpiadron to hend its course tlulher ; 
 hut M'lrlon Alonso I'lii/.on, impatient to he the tlrst 
 who should take |)ossessiun of the treasures which tins 
 country was supposed to contain, cpintcd his com- 
 panions, regardless of all the admiral's sitrnals to 
 8lack(!n sail until they should come up with him. 
 
 (/'oluinhus, retarded hy contrary winds, did not reach 
 Hft/'i till the sixtii of iJecemher. He called the port 
 where lie first touched !St, Nicholas, and the island itself 
 Kspairnola, in honor of the km^^dom by which he was 
 employed ; and it is the only country, of tlio;<e he had 
 yet discovered, which has retained the name that he 
 jrave it. As he could neither meet with the Pmta. nor 
 have any intercoiir.-^e with the inhiihitanls, who lied in 
 ^T|cat consternation towards the woods, he soon (piitted 
 St. Nicholas, and, sailinij alon*; the northern coast of 
 the isl-iiid, he entered another harbor, which he called 
 (Jonccption. Here ho Ras was more fortunate-, hispeojile 
 ov(!rtook a woman who was tlym«i from them, and alter 
 Irci.tini; her with jireat irentleness, dismissed her with 
 B present of such toys as they knew were most valued 
 \.\ those regions. The description which she jrave to 
 her eounlrvmen of the humanity fti'd wonderful (piali- 
 ties of the strdnt;ors; their admiration of the trinkets, 
 whic'r. she sliowed with exultation ; und their eagerness 
 to participate of the same favors; removed all their 
 fears, and induced many of them to repair to the har- 
 bor. The stranire objects which they t)eheld, and the 
 baubles which ("olumhiis bealowcd upon them, amply 
 (gratified their curiosity and llieir wishes. They nearly 
 resemlded the people of (iiianahnni and Cuba. They 
 were naked like them, i^fIl0^ant and simple ; and seemed 
 to be eipially unacquainted with all the arts which ap- 
 pear most necessary in polished societies; but they 
 were j^entlc, credulous, and timid, to a degree which 
 rendered it easy to acquire the ascendant over them, 
 especially as their excessive admiration led them into 
 the same error with the people of the other islands, in 
 belicvin;L,' the Spaniards to he morn than mortals, and 
 descended iinmediat<;Iy from heaven, 'i'liey jiossessed 
 pold in jireater abundance than their neiirlihors, which 
 Ihev readily exchanged for hells, beads, or pins; and 
 in this unequal tratlic both parties were hijjhly pleased, 
 each considerin"; theinsolvea as gainers hy the trans- 
 KCtinn. Hero (Jolumhus was visited hy a jirincc or 
 !:azi'inr. of the country. He appeared willi all the 
 pomp known ainoni: a simple people. l-.eiii;r carried m 
 a sort of palampiin upon tlie shoulders of four men, 
 and uttiMidcd hv many of iiis subjects, who served liun 
 with ^rcat respect. His deportment was yrave and 
 stately, very reserved towards his own people, but with 
 Columbus and the Spaniards e.vtremcly courteous He 
 gavf! the admiral some thin plates of ifoid, and a jiirdlc 
 of curious workmanship, receiving in return presents 
 of small value, hut highly acceptable to him. 
 
 Columbus, still intent on discovering the mines 
 which yielded gold, continued to interrogate all the na- 
 tives with whom he had any intercourse, concerning 
 their situation. They concurred in pointing out a 
 mountainous country, which they called Cibao, at some 
 distance from the sea, and further towards the cast. 
 Struck with this sound, which appeared to him the 
 «anic with Cipaniro, the name by which Marco Polo, 
 and other travellers to the oast, distinguished the 
 Ulaud of Japan, he no bnger doubted with respect to 
 
 the vicinity of the countries whicli he had discovered ' 
 to the remote parts of Asm ; and in full expectation of' 
 r'ai*liiui» soon those regions which had been the object; 
 of his voyagtN he directed his course towards the east. I 
 He put into a commodious harlKir, wliK'h he called St. ' 
 Thomas, and found that district to be under the govern- ; 
 ineiit of a powerful ca/.iqiie, named fiinianiahun, who, 
 as he afterwards learned, was one of the live Rover<-ign» | 
 among whom the whoh; island was divided. Ho im- 1 
 mediiitely sent messengers (o Columbus, who in his 
 tiami: delivered to him the present of a mask curiously 
 fashioned with the ears, nose and mouth of beaten golil, 
 and mvited him to the place of his residence, near the 
 harlior now called Cape i'Vancoissoin;? league.^ towards 
 the east. (Jolumbus despatched some of his olHcers to 
 visit this prince, who, as he behaved himself with greater 
 dignity, seemed to claim more attention. They re- 
 turned with such fivorable accounts both of the country 
 and ol the people, as made (Jolumbus impatient for 
 that interview with Uuacanahari to which he had been 
 invited. 
 
 He sailed for this purpose from St. Thomas, on the 
 twenty-fourth of December, with a fair wind, and the 
 sea perfectly calui ; and as, amidst the multiplicity of 
 his occiiptilions, he liiid not shut his eyes for two dnys, 
 he retired at midnij,'lit in order lo take some repose, 
 having committt^d ilie helm to the pilot, with strict in- 
 junctions not to quit it for a moment. 'I'he pilot, dread- 
 ing no danger, carele.-.s!y left the helm to an unexpe- 
 rienced cabm hoy, and tlie ship, carried away hy a cur- 
 rent, was dashed airamsi a rock. Th< violence of the 
 .''hock, awakened Columbus, He ran up to the deck. 
 Th(Te all was confusion and despair. He alone rc- 
 lamed presence of mind. He ordered some of the sai- 
 lors to lake ii boat, and cany out an anchor astern ; but | 
 instead of ol»eying. they made ntf towards the Nigna, 
 which was about half a league distant. He then com- 
 manded tlie ma.sts to he cut down, in order to lighten 
 the ship ; hut all his endeavors were too lute ; the ves- 
 sel opened near the keel, and lilled so last with water 
 that Its loss was mevitable. The smoothness of the 
 sea, and the timely assistance of lioats from the Nigna, 
 enabhd the crew to save their U\vr>. As soon as tlin 
 islanders licard of this ilisaster, they crowded to the 
 siiore, with llieir prince (iuacanahari at their head. In- 
 stead of taking advanlag(? of the distress in which they 
 beheld the Spaniards, to attempt any thing to their de- 
 triment, they lamented tliiir misfortune with tears of 
 sincere condolence. Not salislied with this unavailing 
 expression of their synquthy, .iiey put to sea a number 
 of canoes, and under the duo'.'tion of the Spaniards, 
 assisted in saving whatever could he got out of tlie 
 wreck ; and by the united labor of so many hands, 
 almost every thing of value was carried ashore. As 
 fast as the goods were landed, Ciiaeanahari in person 
 took charge of lliem. Hy iiis orders they were all dc- 
 j)osited in one place, and armed sentinels were posted,' 
 who kept the nuiltitude at a disiance, in order to pre- 
 vent tliem not only from embezzling, but from inspect- 
 ing too curiously what belonged to their guests. [15] 
 Next morning this prince visited Columbus, who was 
 now on board 'ho Nigna, and endeavored to console him 
 for his lo«s, by oifermg all that he possessed to repair 
 it. 
 
 The condition of Columbus was such that lie stood 
 in need of consolation. He had hitherto procured no 
 intelligence of the Piiita, and no longer doubted hut 
 that his treaciierous associate had set sail for Kuropc. in 
 order to have the merit of carrying the first tidings of 
 tiie extraordinary discoveries which had been made, and 
 to |>rroccupy so far the car of their sovereign, as to rob 
 him of the ^jlory and reward to which he was so justly 
 entitled. 'J'here icmaincd hut one vessel, and that the 
 sniiillest anil most cr.i/.y of the squadron, to traverse 
 such a vast ocean, and carry so many men back to 
 Europe. Kacli of those circiimslaiices was alarming, 
 and tilled the mind of Columbus with the utmost so- 
 licitude. The desire of overtaking l*inzon, and of of- 
 facing the unfavorable impressi ns which his misrepre- 
 sentations might make in Sp- .n. nuide it necessary to 
 return lliithcr without delav. The ditricully of taking 
 such a number of persons on hoard the Nigna confirmed 
 hira in an opinion whicli the fertility of the country, and 
 the gentle temper of the people, had already induced 
 him to form. He resolved to leave a part of his crew 
 in the island, that by residing there, they might learn 
 the language of the natives, study tlieir disposition, ex- 
 amine the nature of the country, search for mines, pre- 
 pare for the commodious settlement of the colony which 
 he purposed to return, and thus secure and facilitate 
 the acquisition nf those advantages which he expected 
 from his discovehes. When he nictitioncd tliis to liia 
 
 81 
 
 men, nil approved of the design ; and from impatience 
 under the latigue of a long vovage, from the lev'ty na- 
 tural lo sailors, or from the hopes of amassing weaiih in 
 a country which aH'orded such promising specimens ol 
 Its r.clies, many ollered voluntarily to be among ihtf 
 number of (hose who ihould remain. 
 
 Nothing was now wanting towards the execution of 
 tliis scheme, but to obtain the consent of Cuacuni-hari . 
 and his unsuspicious simplicity soon present! d to the 
 admiral a favorable opportunity of proposing it ('o- 
 luinbud having, in the best manner he could, by bruk":i 
 words and signs, expressed some curiosity lo know thb 
 cause which had moved the islanders to lly with such 
 precipitation upon the approach of lim ships, iheca/iquo 
 informed him that the country was much infesicd by 
 the incursions of certain people, whom he called Cur 
 rihrans, who inhabited several islands to llie south-east. 
 These he described as a tierce and wariik< race of men, 
 who delighted in blood, and divoiired the llesh oi the 
 prisoners who were m) unhappy as lo j.dl into iheir 
 hands ; and as tlie Spaniards at their first ajipearaiico 
 were supposed to be Carriheans, whom llie natives, 
 however numerous, durst not face in b.tllh-. ihey had 
 recourse to their usual method of securint^ their safety, 
 by flying into the thickest and most impenetrable woods, 
 (iuacanahari. while speaking ol those dreadtui invaders, 
 discovered such symptoms of terror, as well as such 
 consciousness of the inability of his own people to re- 
 sist them, as ted (-'olumhus to coucliidi.> tliat lut would 
 not he alarmed at the proposition of any scheme wh:ch 
 afforded him the prospect of an additional seci.rity 
 against their attacks. He instantly oll'erc 1 hurt the as- 
 sistance '}( the Spaniards to repel his enenrc!* : he en- 
 gaged tc take him and his people under the protection 
 of the powerful monarch whom he served, and ollered 
 to leave in the island such a number of his men uh 
 should be sullicient, not only to defend the inhabitants 
 from future incursions, but to avenge th ir past wrongs. 
 
 The credulous prince closed eagerly with ihe pro- 
 posal, and thought himself already safe under the pa- 
 tronage of beings sprung from heaven, und superior in 
 power to mortal men. 'i'he ground was marked out 
 for a small fort, which ( 'olumhus called A'drnW, be- 
 cause he had landed there on Christmas day. A deep 
 ditch was drawn around it. 'I'he ramparts were fortified 
 with iiallisades. and tlie great guns, saved out of tho 
 admiral's ship, were iilanled upon them. In ten days 
 ihc work was finished; that simple race of men labor- 
 ing with inconsiderate assiduity in erecting this first 
 inomiment of their own servitude. During this time, 
 ('olu.nbiis, by his caresses and liberality, labored to in- 
 crease tho high opinion which the r.atives entertained 
 of the Spaniards. Hut while he cndenvofed to inspire 
 them with confidence in their disposition to do good, ho 
 wished likewise to give them some striking idea of their 
 power to punish and destroy such as were the objects 
 :>f their indignation. With this view, in presence of a 
 vast assembly, he drew up his men in order of battle, 
 and made an ostentatious but innocent display of tho 
 sharimcss of tho Spanish swords, of the force of their 
 spears, and the operation of their cross-bows, 'i'hesa 
 rude pcojdc, strangers to the use of iron, and unac- 
 quainted with any hostile weapons but arrows of reeii 
 pointed witli the bones of fishes, wooden swords, and 
 javelins hardened in the fire, wondered and trembled. 
 Defore this surprise or fear had time to abate, he ordered 
 the great guns to be fired. The sudden explosion struck 
 them with such terror that they fell flat to the ground, 
 covering their faces with their hands ; and when they 
 beheld tho astonishing cllect of the bullets among the 
 trees, towards which the cannon had been pointed, they 
 concluded that it was impossible to resist men, who hail 
 tlie command of such destructive instruments, and who 
 came armed with thunder and lightning against their 
 enemies. 
 
 After givini? such impressions both of the beneficenr o 
 and power of the Spaniards, as might have rendered it 
 easy to preserve an ascendant over the minds of tlu» 
 natives, Columbus appointed thirty-eight of his people 
 to remain in the island. He intrusted the command of 
 these to Diego dc Arado, a gentleman of Cordova, in- 
 vesting him with the same powers which he himself had 
 received from Ferdinand and Isabella ; and fiirnisliod 
 him with every thing requisite for the subsistence or 
 defence of this infant colony. Ho strictly enjoined 
 them to maintain concord among themselves, to yield 
 an unreserved obedience to their commander, lo avoid 
 giving otfcuco to the natives by any violence or exaction. 
 to cultivate the friendship of Guacanahari. but not, to 
 put themselves in his power by straggling in small par- 
 tics, or marching too far from the fort. He promised 
 to visit them soon with such a reinforcement of etruiigth 
 
 vil 
 
RonruTsoN's imstouy of 
 
 i! 
 
 1 
 
 Q3'nii;hteniiblr llu'iu toliikefull ponccwHion of tlio roiiri- 
 try, and to reap nil the I'niits of their disi-ovcnos. In 
 tho mran tinu' Iw ciif^nuMii lo nu-iition lliiir n.uni'i* to 
 ;lie kiii^ and i)uci'n, and to [ilacr their merit und bit- 
 V1C08 in thc! inowt advaiilaun'ons hu'it. 
 
 Uavinjj thus taliou eviTv |irccant;0!i for the Rornrity 
 of liie colonv, hi! lett Xavidud on the fourtii ut .I.inu:irv. 
 ciiu thouHaiul tbiir hniulreil and niiu-ty-lhreo, and stoir- 
 inij toward* tho rast. diacovcrcd and (jave narnrs lo 
 mo«t of tho harbors on the nnrtln'rn eoa«t oi tlic inland. 
 On iht! sixth ho descried tho Pinta, and soon canH' nji 
 with her, ufttir a separation of moro than six week-* 
 I'lnion tMideavorcd to jnstify hia conduct by prclendufi,' 
 that h« had \we\i driven from Ins course hy stress of 
 weather, and prevented from returning; liy contrary 
 windd. Tiio admiral, thnuirh ho stdl suspected his per- 
 fidious intentions, and knew well what he ur^'cd in his 
 own defence to be frivolous as well as false, was so 
 sensible that thin was not a pro[ier tinu; lor venturiiit; 
 w\)on any hiiili strain of authority, and felt such aatis- 
 factioM in this junction with his consort, whicli delivered 
 him from many dis<piielin<; appreiunsions, that, lame as 
 Vnizon's ajtoloiiy was, he admitted of it witlioul didi- 
 cidty, and restored Inm to tavor. Diirimj his absence 
 from tho admiral, I'mzon had visited wcveral harbors in 
 the island, liad acquired some m)ld by tralllrkinij with 
 the natives, but had made no discovery of any impor- 
 tance. 
 
 Trom tho condition of his hhips, n^ well as the tem- 
 per of bis men, ('olumbus now f.Mmd it necessary to 
 nasten his return to Kurope. Tin; former having suf- 
 fered much durmtj a voyaue of such an unusual lenjjth, 
 were extremely leaky. The latter etpressed the ut- 
 most impatience to revisit tlieir native country, from 
 which they hud been so lonir absent, and where they 
 bad thinijs so wonderful and unheard-of to relate. Ac- 
 cordingly, on the siitnenlli of Jaiuiarv, he directed liis 
 eoui>e towards the norlh-east, and ftoon lost isiLiht oi 
 land. Ho had on board some of il c natives, whom he 
 ha'l taken from the ditlerenl islands which ho diaco- 
 vero 1 ; and besides the l'oM, which was tho chief ob- 
 ject of research, he had collected specimens of all the , 
 productions which wero likely lo become subjects cA ' 
 commerce in the sceral couiilrieH, a? well as many u;i- 
 known birds, an other natural curiosities, which mijrht 
 attract tlw' attention of the learned, or excite the wonder 
 of the pe0|fle. 'J'ho voyage was 'irosperous lo the four- 
 teonlh of iViiruary, and he had advanced near live hun- 
 ilied leaiTucs across the Atlantic ocean, when the wind 
 bei;an to rise, and continued to blow with iiicreasinu 
 ra^je, which terminated in a furious hurricane. Kvery 
 thinij that the naval skill and experience of Columtuis 
 rould devise was employed in order to save the slops. 
 Bui It was impossible to withstand the violence of the 
 (ttorm, ami, as thev wore still far Irom any land, de- 
 struction seemed inevitable. The sailors had recourse 
 to pravers lo .-Mmiiihty t!od, to the invocation of s;iints, 
 to vows, and charms, to every ih\u<r that reliuion dic- 
 tates, or superstition su^ueals to tho ati'riL'hted mind of 
 man. No ])rospect of deliverance appeariii;.', they aban- 
 doned ihemsotvcH to desj)air, and expected every mo- 
 ment to ho swallowed up m the waves. Ilesidcs the 
 passions which naturally agitate and alarm the human 
 mind in such awful situations, when certain death, in 
 one of his most terrible forms, is before it, Columbus 
 had to endure feeliniTs of distress peculiar to himself. 
 Ha dreaded that all !;no\\led«Te of tho amazing disco- 
 veries which he had made was now to perish ; mankind 
 were to be deprived of every benefit that might have 
 been derived from the happy success of iiis schemes, 
 «nd his own name would descend to posterity as that 
 of a rash dehidod adventurer, instead of being transmit- 
 ted with the honor due to the author and conductor of 
 trie most noble enterprise that had ever been undertaken. 
 These rellections extinijuished all sen.se of his own p<'r- 
 fonal danger. I ess atrected with the lo.<is of life than 
 folicitous to preserve the rnenmry of what he had at- 
 tempted and achieved, he retired lo his cabin and wrote 
 upon a parchment a short account of the voyage which 
 he had made, of ihe cour.«e which be had taken, of the 
 eituation and riches of the countries which he had dis- 
 covered, and of the colony that he had left there. Hav- 
 mg wrapped up this in an oiled cloth, which he en- 
 closed in a cake of wax, he put it into a cask carefully 
 utoppcd up, and threw it into the sea, in ho[»cs that 
 Bonie fortunate accident miiiht preserve a deposit of eto 
 much importance to the world. [Iti] 
 
 At length Providence int<Tposed to save a life re- 
 aerved for othev servi'-es. The wind abated, tho sea 
 became calm, and on the eveniu'^ of the liftecnth, Co- 
 lumbus and nid companions discovered land ; end 
 though uiieer'ain what it wa.s, they made towanld it. 
 
 They soon knew ii to be St Mury, one of the A/ores' 
 
 or western isles, subject to the crown of J'ortugal. j 
 There, nfl(T a violent contest with the governor, m| 
 which ( 'ulumbiis displayed no less spirit than prudence, ' 
 he obtained a supply of tresh provisions, and whatever 
 i'Uv he needed. One circuin-'taiice, however, greatly ' 
 dis([nieieil him. The I'mla, of which he had lost sight ' 
 oil the lirsl tlay of thr hurricane, did not apoear ; he 
 (lrea<led for some time that she had foutidered at sea, 
 and that all her crew bad perished; aflerwanls, his 
 former suspicious recurred, und he became appreben- 
 Nive that I'mzon had borne away lor Spam, that he 
 ini:iht reach it before him, and by giving ihn first ac- 
 count oi his di.scoveries, might oblam some share of liis 
 fame. j 
 
 In order to prevent this, he left the .Vzores as soon ' 
 as t!ie weather .vould permit [I'Vb. UlJ. At no great , 
 distance from Ihe coast of Spam, when near the end of 
 bis voyatjo, and seemingly beyond the reach of any dis- 
 aster, another storm arose, lilile mferior lo ihe former in j 
 violence ; and after driving before it durmi: two days and . 
 two nights, ho was forced to lake siu-lter m the river j 
 Taiius [March 'Ij. I'pon application to the King of 
 Portugal, lie was allowed lo come up to J*i,"<hon ; and, 
 notwithstanding the envy which it was natural for the 
 Portuguese to feel, when ihey beheld another nation 
 entering upon that province of discoviTv which they hi*d 
 hitherto deemed peculiarly their own, and :n its first 
 essay not only rivalling but eclipsing their fame, Co- 
 lumbus was received with alt liie marks of diHtmction 
 duo lo a man who had i)erforined things so (!Xtraordi- 
 nary and unex|)ecled. 'I'hu king admitied him into his 
 presence, treated bun with the highest respect, and 
 listened to the account which ho gave of his voyage 
 with admiraiion minuled with regret. While Colum- 
 bus, on h 8 jiart, enjoyed the satisfactun of describing 
 the importance of his discoveries, and of being now 
 able to prove tho solidity of his echeiness to ihoso very 
 persons, who, with an ignorance disgracel'ul lo them- 
 selvi's. and fatal lo their country, bad lately rejected 
 them as 'iie projects of a visionary or designing udven- 
 rirer 
 
 Columbus was so impatient to return to Spain, that 
 hi; remained only live days in Lisbon. On ihelilteenth 
 of Mu.oh he arrived in the port of Palos, seven 
 months and eleven days from tho lime when he set out' 
 thence upon his voyage. As soon as the ship was ; 
 di.scovercd approaching the port, all the inhabitants of 
 Palos ran eagerlv to the shore, in order to welcome' 
 their relations and fellow-citizens, and lo hear tidings 
 of their vova^e. When the prosperous issue of it was 
 known, when ihey beheld tlie strange people, tho 
 unknown animals, and singular productions, brought 
 from the countries which had been di.-»covered, the 
 ellusion of joy was general and unbounded. The 
 bells were ruuir, the cannon lircd ; Columbus was 
 received at landing with royal honors, and all the people 
 in solemn procession, accompanied him and his crew to 
 the church, where they relumed thanks to Heaven, 
 which had so wonf*erluHy conducted and crowned with 
 success a voyage of greater length and of more im- 
 jiorta-. .) than had been attempted in any former age. 
 On the evening of the same day, he had the satisfaction 
 ot seeing the Pinta, which the violence of the tempest 
 had driven far to the north, enter the harbor. 
 
 The first care of Columbus was to inform tho king 
 and q'.ieen, who were then at Barcelona, of his arrival 
 and success. Ferdinand and Isabella, no less as- 
 tonished than delighted with this unexpected event, 
 desired Columbus, in tern-.s the most respectful and 
 llattcring. lo repair immediately to court, that from his 
 own mouth they miglit receive a full detail of his extra- 
 ordinary services and discoveries. During his journey 
 to Barcelona, the people crowded from the adjacent 
 eoniitry, following him every where with admiration 
 and ai)|ilause. His entrance into the city was con- 
 ducted, l)y order of Ferdinand and Isabella, with pomp 
 suitable to the great event, which added h-uch dis- 
 tinguishinir lustre to their reign. The people whom he 
 brought along with him from the countries which he 
 had discovered, marched lir.st, and by tliuir singular 
 complexion, the wild peculiarity of their features, and 
 uncouth lincry, appeared like men of another species. 
 Xext to them were carried the ornaments of gold, 
 fashioned by the rudo art of the natives, tho grains of 
 gold found in the mountains, and dust of the same 
 metal gathered in the rivers. After thcso appeared 
 the various commodities of the new discovered coun- 
 tries, together with their curious productions. Colum- 
 bus himself closed the procession, and attracted the 
 eyes of all the spectators, who gazed with admiration 
 on tix extraordinary man, whose superior sagacity and 
 
 fortitude bad conducted thfir (ounlrymen, by « rouia 
 conce.ded from past ngrs. lo tho knowledge of a new 
 worhl. Ferdmaiul antl Isabella received him clad in 
 their royal rolx s, and seatetl upon a throne, under ii 
 inagnilicent caiuipv. When he approai-lied, thev stood 
 up, and raising hint as he kneeled lo kiss their haittis, 
 commanded him to take his seat upon a chair prepareil 
 for Inm. and lo give a circuniHtantial account of bi:t 
 voyage. He delivered it with '\ gravity and composufo 
 no less suitable to the disposition of the Spanish 
 nation than to the dignitv of the andiencc m which hu 
 spoke, and with that modest simplicity which charuc- 
 ten/.es men of superior minds, who, satisfied with 
 having perforincd great uctions, court noX vuinapplauHe 
 by an ostentatious disphiy of their exploits. When ho 
 bad fmished his narration, the king and 4jueen. kneeling 
 down, otlereilup solemn tbanjis to Almighty (iodfor 
 llie discovery of those new re/ions, from which ihey 
 expected so many advantages to Low in upon the king- 
 doms subject to ilieir !,'overnment. [IVJ Kvery murk of 
 honor that gratiMide or admiraltou could sugirest was 
 conh'rred upon Columbus. Letters patent were issuo'l, 
 conlirmirig {•> him and lo his heirs nil tlie privileges 
 contained in the capitulation concluded at Santa Fe ; 
 his family was ennobled ; the king and queen, and 
 after their example the courtiers, treated him on evory 
 occasion with all the ceremonious respect paid to 
 persons of tho highest rank. But what pleased It'in 
 most, as it gratified his active mind, bent continually 
 upon great objects, was an order to equip, without 
 delay, an armament of such force as might enable him 
 not only to take possession of the countries which he 
 had already discovered, but to go in search of those 
 more opulent regions winch he siill eonlidenlly ox- 
 pecte<l to find. 
 
 While preparations were making for this expedition, 
 the fame of ('oluinbiis'a successful voyage spread over 
 Kurope, and excited general attention. 'I'he mu.titudu, 
 struck with amazement when ih.'y beard that a new 
 world hud been found, could hardly believe an oven! so 
 much above their conception. Men of science, ca- 
 pable of comprehendmtT the nature, and of discerning 
 the etl'eets of this great discovery, received the account 
 of it with admiration uiul joy. They sfioke of his 
 voyage with rapture, and congratulated one another 
 upon their felicity in having lived in the period when, 
 by this extraordinary event, the boundaries of human 
 knowledge were so much extended, and such a new 
 field of inquiry and observation opened, as would lead 
 iiiankind lo a perfect ocquaintance with the structure 
 and productions of the liabilalde globe. [18 J Vr.riou9 
 opinions nnd eou'ectures were formed concerning the 
 new found countries, and what division of the earth 
 they belonged lo. Columbus adhered tcnaeiously to 
 his original opinion, lliat they should be reckoned s 
 part of those vast regions in Asia, comprehended 
 under tho general name of India. This sentiment waa 
 eontirmcd by the observations which he made con 
 cerning the produ.Hions of the countries he had dis- 
 covered. Ciold was known to abound in India, and bo 
 had met with .such promising samples of it in tliH 
 islands which he visited, as led liim lo believo that 
 rich mines of it might be found. Cotton, snotliur 
 production of the Kast indies, was common thero. 
 riie pimento of the islands he imagined to be a spcries 
 of the Ka.-,l .^ndian pepjier. He mistook a root, soiou- 
 what resembhi.;' rhubarb, fur that valuable dnig, which 
 wai. then supposed to be a ])lant peculiar to the KuHt 
 Indies. The birds brought home by him were adorncvl 
 with the same rich plumage which distinguishes ih\vta 
 of riuii,-*. The alligator of the one country appeared 
 to be the i>ame with the crocodile of the other. After 
 weighing all the.se circumstances, not only Ihe Spa- 
 niards, but the other nations of Kurope, seem to bavo 
 adopted the opinion of Columbus. The countiies 
 which he iiad discovered were considered as a part of 
 India. In consequence of this notion, the nam^ of 
 Indies is given to them by Ferdinand and iBabellOf in 
 a ratification of their former agreement, which watf 
 granted to Columbus upon bis return. Ijvenaftoi tho 
 error which gave rise to this o))inion was detected, aivl 
 the true position of tlie iVew World was aBcertr.inod, 
 the name has remained, and the a])pellaiion of Wc»t 
 Intlici is given hy all tho jieople of Kurope lo tho 
 country, and that of Indians to its inhabitants. 
 
 Tiie name by which Columbus distinguished the 
 countries which he had discovered was so inviting, tho 
 specimens of their riches and fertility which he pro- 
 duced were so considerable, and the reports of lus 
 conipanions, delivered freqm ntly with the e.^agiTcratian 
 natural to travellers, so favorable, as to excite n 
 wonderful spirit of enterprise among the Spaniard) 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 hahed (he 
 liting, tho 
 he pro- 
 mts of lUB 
 tiiTcration 
 li'xrite n 
 |jmi)i;U'.U 
 
 TImiigli llllli' i:cru*<loinril lu naval expriiiliuiiM. tlicy | 
 vtvn* ittipatK-rit til SI t out m|ii)Ii llinr \oya^i'. N'olnn- 
 U'lTS of c.rrv rank ^v iciitil to lie iiii] lo\nl. Aliurrd 
 hv ilif invitiii!,' prispc t* uIikIi upoietl to tl.cir :iin- 
 liitloM iiMil iiVHjiri'. rii'ilht r llic IcnKtli iht (luhL'rr ul itie ' 
 iiuvi<.'iiMon inliiiii'Ia'i'tl them. CguiiuiiH qs Kcnlmiiml | 
 v\,t8. anil avcM'- ii> t^iTV tlinif: now or iiilvciitiinnH, he 
 fKfiiiB to liivi' call hnl till' HUMi'- 8p rii \mi|i Iuh !«iih- | 
 jci tn. Umlrr I- intlurnci', prrpunilioim tor ;i »rcotu' ' 
 tx| edition \v( ro earned ott vMth rapidity unuHual in 
 Spiiin, an I to nn cxtitit that wtiiiM tie di cinc.l not in- 
 ron-hifablr in the Resent ago. 'I he licet coiisi^li'ii of 
 K'ventorn slnp?». mnie of wlii< h were i)f i^ooil Imr.! 'ii. 
 It had on Imaal fifteen liumlrn) pe^^on8, anionu \\lioin 
 wire nmny of nobic farnihi >, who hail served in 
 honorable slations The t.'rcat(r part of tliusp, beini; 
 dcslHicit to rtnmin in the eoimtiy, wt re lurnialird with 
 every thmy rupn^ito lor eoinpu st or setlleinent, with 
 nil kniils of I'Inropcan itonu-stu' animals, witli nwU 
 «.rcd« nnil [ilants iis were moat hkilv to ihiive in tlio 
 rl-niatoof the West Iiules with ntensiN and inslrnnients 
 of every soil, and wiih fiieh urtitlcers as might be 
 nioHt uscfn! in ■• n infant eoluny. 
 
 Iliit, lonniilablc and well provide>l as ''is lleet was, 
 (■'enliiiiinil and Isabc la il d not rest thwir title to the 
 poas!'>>ion of the newly discovcreil eountries upon its 
 operalion-t alone. The example of the I'o.tuyuese, as 
 »vell a* the suprrstition of the a^e, made it neeessary 
 to ol)tain from the Unman pomilVa ^^nint of ihose tern- 
 toriea wbieh ihev wit-hed to occupy. Tlie Tope, as the 
 vu-arund representalivo of JeMiMClirist,\vas supposed to 
 have a nsht of dominion over all the kinmlonis of the 
 earth. Alexander V'l., a poniill* infamous for every 
 eriim^ which dis^rracos humaruty, filled the Pupal throne 
 Ql that lime. As ho was born Terdinand's subject, 
 and very policitoiis in secure the proliction of Spain, 
 m order to facilitate the execution of his ambitious 
 echomes in favor of his own family, he was extremely 
 willing to yralify the Spanisli monarehs. liy un act 
 of liberality wliich cost bun notbin^r, and that s<rved to 
 eHtabhsh the jurisdictions and pretensions of :he I'apa] 
 See, he granted in full ri<.dil to Kerdiuand and Isabella 
 all the countries inhabited by Infidels, which they had 
 dif.overrtl, or should dl^|'ove^; and, in virtue of that 
 power wineli he <b'rived Iro ii jesns Christ, he conferred 
 on lh( crown of ('astiU> va; t rtL'ious, to tlie possession 
 of which he hunself was 'o far from haviui; nnv title, 
 thai be was unacipumiit .1 with their situation, and 
 Ignorant even of tbtir e'.istence. As it was necessary 
 to prevent this ^'rant irom mterb riiiu' with that formerly 
 made to the cr''>vn of l'ortUL,ra^, be appointed that a 
 line, supposed ai be drawn trom jiole to pole, u hun- 
 dred lea^fues \} the westward of tiio Azores, should 
 terve as a Innu between them; and, in the likntitnde 
 of his power, be ;towed all to tho east of this ima^Miiary 
 line upon the 1 uriugnese, and alt to the wtsi of it 
 upon the Spaniards. Zeal for propagating tlie Chris- 
 tian faith was iho consideration employed by Ferdinand 
 in sojicitini; tliis tiuU, and is mentioned by Alexander 
 as bis chief motive for i.^fuin^i it. In order to niani- 
 fesl some concern for ibis biudahle olijeet, several 
 friars, under the direction of Falh-'r lioyl, a Catalonian 
 monk v\' ^reul reputation, as ajiostolical v'.ar, were 
 apitointed to accompany Columbus, and to devote 
 themselves to the instrvicliou of the natives. The In- 
 >1tans wliom i'olumbus had brniiMbt aloiiu with him, 
 lluvin^ received some tincture of Christian knowledge. 
 wcro liapti/ed with much solemnity, the kin;; himself, 
 liie prince his sou, and (be chief persons of his court. 
 btandin^ aa their fxodfalhers. Those first fruits of the 
 New Worhl have not hreii followed by such an in- 
 crease as pi(nis men wished, and hail reason to expect. 
 
 Ferdinand and Isabella havni<<: thus aeipiired a title, 
 which was then deeuud completely valid, to exti nd 
 their discoveries and to estal)lish their duiiiinion over 
 euch a consiilerable portion t)f tln^ jilobe, nothin;f now 
 retarded the departure of the lleel. Cobiml'us was 
 extremely impatu-nt to revisit tlie colony which he bad 
 left, and to pursue that career of glory upon which he 
 had entered. IIo set sail from the bay of Cadiz on the 
 twenty-fifth of Sentember, and toucbin<» again at the 
 island of Ooinera, be steered further towards the south 
 than in hia former voyajfo. ily holding this course, lie 
 enjoyed more steadily the benefit of the regular winds, 
 which reign within the tropics, and was carried towards 
 a large cluster of islands, situated considerably to the 
 east of those which he had already discovered. On 
 the twenty-sixth day after his departure from (lomera 
 [Nov. 2], he made land. It was one of the Carribbee 
 or Leeward Islands, to which he gave the name of 
 Deseada, on account of the impatience of his crow to 
 discover some part of the New World. After this he 
 
 vi-ited siiceessivtly Pon'tnicn, Marii;ii!aute, (iuada- | 
 Irupe, Anti'Mia, San .Iiian de I'uerto Jtico. and several j 
 other islands, scattered in hi^ way as he udvanctd lu- j 
 wards tl.« iiorlh*we.-t. All these he found to be in- | 
 ju'iitid iiy that tierce race of peoph- whom Clnaran- 
 iiliRri had piinted in such Inght'ul colors. His descnp- 
 t ons i'pptaretl not to ha\e been exau'cerated. The 
 SjiMniards never attempttd to laiid without meeting 
 w.lh siuh a reception as dipcoverid the luarlial and 
 daring spirit of tiie natives : and in their habitations 
 Wt re lound relics of those horrid feasts which they had 
 ma(U' upon tin; bodies of their enemies taken in war, 
 
 ihit iiH Columbus was eager to know the state of 
 the colony which he h.ul planted, and to supply it with 
 the mccssanes of which he suppoMd it to he in want, 
 he matle no stay in any of tliose islands, and proceeded 
 direi-tly to Ilispaiiiuhi [Nov. U'J]. Alien he ornved 
 olV Navidad, the station in which he had left the ihirty- 
 I'iuht men under the command of Arada, he was 
 aslouishi'd that none of them appeared, and expected 
 e\ery moment to see them running with transports ol 
 joy to welcome their eouut.-ymen. Full of soliciludc 
 alout tlieir safely, and tbreboding in his mind what had 
 hefulhn tlicm, he rowed instantly to land. AH the na- 
 uvrs from whom ho might have received information 
 had th tl. Hut the fort which he had built was eiiiirtly 
 demolished, atid the tiittered guiments, the broken arms 
 and ut( n.-ils scattered aboui it, left no room to doul)t 
 eoncernmg liic unhappy fate of the garrison. While 
 the Spaniards were shedding tears over those sad 
 memorials of their fellow-citizens, a brother of the 
 enzique Ciuacanahari arrived. From him Colnnduis 
 received a particular detail of what bad hajipencd after 
 bis departure from tin- island. The familiar intercourse 
 of the Indians with the Sj)aniards tended gradually to 
 (bminish the superstitious veneration with wbieb their 
 first appearance had inspired that simple people. Hy 
 their own indiscretion and ill coi duct, the Spaniards 
 speedily elVaced tlioso favorable impressions, and soon 
 convinced the natives, that they had all the wants, and 
 weaknesses, and passions of men. As soon as the 
 powerful restraint which llie presence and authority of 
 ('obimbus imposed was withdrawn, tiie garrison threw 
 olf all regard for the ollieer whom be had invested with 
 command. Kegardlesof the prudent instructions which 
 he bad given iheni. every man became independent, 
 and gratified his desires without control. '1 be gold, 
 the women, the pronsons of the natives, were all the 
 prey of those licentious oppressors. They roamed in 
 small parties over tho island, extending their rapacity 
 and insolence to every corner of it. Centle and timid 
 as the people were, those \inprovoked injuries at lengtli 
 exhausted their patience, and roused their courage. 
 'I'be cazitjuc of Cibao, whose country the Spaniards 
 eliielly infested on account of the gold which it con- 
 tained. sur|>rised and cut otV ueveral of them, while they 
 strangled in os perfect security as if their conduct bad 
 been altogether inolVensive. He then assemMcd his 
 subjects, and surrounding tho fort, set it or. fire. 
 Some of the Spaniards were killed in defending it ; 
 the rest perished in attempting to make their escape 
 by crossii;g an arm of the sea. Ciuacanahari, whom 
 all their exactions had not alienated from the Spaniards, 
 look arms in their behalf, and, in endeavoring to pro- 
 tect them, had received a wound, by >\hich ho was 
 still confined. 
 
 Though this occount was far from removing the sus- 
 picions which the Sponiards entertained with respect 
 to the fidelity of (Juacannbari, Columbus perceived so 
 clearly that this was not a proper juncture lor inquiring 
 into his conduct with scrupulous accuracy, that he re- 
 jected the advice of severnl of his odiccrs, who urged 
 him to seize the person of that prince, and to revenge 
 the death of their countrymen hy attacking his subjects. 
 He represented to them tlu! necessity of securing the 
 friendship of some potentate of the country, in order to 
 facilitate the seltlement which they inti nded, ond the 
 danger of driving the natives to unite m some despe- 
 rate attempt against them, by such an ill-timed and un- 
 availing exercise of rigor. Instead of wasting his lime 
 in punishing past wrongs, he took precautions for pre- 
 venting any future injury. With this view, he niade 
 choice of a situation more healthy and commodious than 
 that of Navidad. lie traced out the plan of a town in 
 a large plain near a spacious bay, and obliging every 
 person to put his hand to a work on which their com- 
 mon safety depended, the houses and ramparts were 
 soon so far ad\anccd, by their united labor, as to afford 
 them shelter and security. This rising cilv. the first 
 that the r.uropeans founded in the New World, he 
 named Isabella, in honor of liis patroness the Queen of 
 Castile. 
 
 ^ 
 
 In carrying on this nteesMorv work, Columlms had 
 not only to i*ustiiiu all tlie hardship-, and to eneounl'T 
 all the dillicultiis, lo wliteh mhinl coIoiiif< are exposed 
 uhen they si lite in an uiiculti\ated et>unlTV. but he bad 
 to eonleiid with what was mure insuperable, thr lazi- 
 ness, the impatieiicr, and mutinous dispoMiion of hia 
 lollowers. lly the em rvating mlhience of a hot clunate, 
 the natural maclivily of the .^Spaniards seiimd lu in 
 crease. Many of ihirn were L'enilemen, nn;. 'customed 
 lo the fatigue of bodily labor, and all had cngagid in 
 !lie enterjirise with the sanguuie hopes excited hy tho 
 ' plendid and exag^'erated de*«eri[ition ol llieir countrv" 
 men who returned from the first \ovaL'e, or by the mis- 
 taken opinion of Cohimhus. that the country which bo 
 had discovered was eiilu r llu- Cipai.go of Marco Folo, 
 or the (Iphir, from whii h Solomon imported tliose pre- 
 cious eomniodities which suihhnlv dillused such extra- 
 ordinary riches through his kingdom. Hut when, m- 
 stead of that golden harvest which ihev Irid expected 
 to reap without toil or pains, ihr Spaniards saw that 
 their prospect of wealth was remote as well as uncer- 
 tain, and that it could not be obtained hut hy the slow 
 and persevering ellorls of Illdustr^, the disappointment 
 of those chimerical hopes occasioned such dtjictioii of 
 mind as bordered on despair, and h <l to general discon- 
 tent. In vain did Cohiinbns eiu!ca\or to revive their 
 spirits by jointing out the fertility of the soil, and ex- 
 hibiting the specimens of gold ilaily brought in from 
 dill'erent parts of the island. They bad not ttience to 
 wait for the gradual returns whieli the former might 
 yield, ond the latter they despised as scanty and incon- 
 siderable. The sjiirit oi' disalfection spread, and a con- 
 spiracy was formed, which might have been fatal to 
 Columbus ond the colony. Ilappilv be discovered il ; 
 and seizing the ringleaders, punished some of them, 
 sent others prisoners into Spam, whiiher he despatched 
 twelve of the ships which bad served as transports, with 
 an earnest recpiest for a reinforcement of men and a 
 a largo sujiidy of jirovisions. 
 
 141)4] Meanwhile, in order to banish that idleness 
 which, by nllowiug his peojile leisure to brood over 
 their disappointment, nourished the spirit of discontent, 
 Columhun planned si'veral expeditions into Ihe interior 
 part of the country. He sent a detachment, under the 
 command of Alonzode Ojeda, a vigilant and enterpris- 
 ing oHicer, to visit the district of Cibao, which was said 
 to yield the greatest quantity of gold, and followed him 
 in nerson with the mam body of Ins troops. In this ex- 
 pedition he disjilayed all the pomp of militar/ magni 
 tiecnce that be could exhibit, in order lo strike tho 
 imagination of the natives. He marched with colors 
 (lyiiii;, with martial music, and with a sinall body of 
 cavalry that paraded sometimes in the front and some- 
 times in the rear. As those were the first horses which 
 appeared in the New World, they were objects of ti'rror 
 no less than of admiration to the Indians, who,havine 
 no tanic animals themselves, were unacquaintflj with 
 that vast accession of power which man bath acquired 
 by subjecting thetn to his dominion. 'J'hcy supposed 
 them to b2 rational creatures. 'I'bey imagined that 
 the horse and the rider formed one animal, with whoso 
 speed they were astonished, and whose impetuosity and 
 strength they considered as irresistible. Hut while 
 Columbus endeavored to inspire the natives with a 
 dread of his power, he did not neglect the arts of gain- 
 ing their love and confidence. He adhered scnipii- 
 lously to the principles of integrity and justice in uU 
 his transactions with them, and treated them, on every 
 occasion, not only with humanity but with indulgence. 
 The district of Cibao answered the description given 
 of It by the natives. It was mountainous and unculli- 
 vatcd. but in every river and brook gold was gathered 
 either in dust or in grains, some ol which were of con- 
 siderable size. The Indians had never opened any 
 inine^ in search of gold, 'i'openetrate into the bowels 
 of the earth, and to refine the rude ore. were operations 
 too complicated and laborious for iheir talents and in- 
 dustry, and they bad no such high value for gold as lo 
 put their ingenuity and invention upon the stretch in or* 
 dcr to obtain it. The small quantity of that precious 
 metrd which they possessed, was either picked up in 
 Ihe beds of the rivers, or washed from the mountains 
 by tho heavy rains that fall within the tropica. Uul 
 from those indications, the Spaniards could no longer 
 doubt that the country contained rich treasures in its 
 bowels, of which they hoped soon to be masters. In 
 order to secure the command of this valuable province, 
 Columbus erected a small fort, to which he gave tho 
 name of St. I'bsmas, by way of ridicule upon some ol 
 his incredulous followrrs, who would not believe that 
 the country produced gold, until they saw it with theil 
 own eyes, and touched it with their handt>. 
 
84 
 
 Thr^ iirroi'tit of thnR#» promininn appcnrnnrfd of 
 wrnllli in llir roniitrvcf CiImo nirnd vnv JiraHOiiiiMy to 
 comfort tlin dispotuling colnnv, wliirli wns iiirrrlrd 
 with (li(itrr««r(i of vnrious kimU. The Rtock of pro- 
 vitiionN which liad hrrn hroii[»hl from Kuropp wan 
 moiitlv ronmimod ; whnt rcnminrd was no imifh ror- 
 rnptfd by the heat and nioiittiro of iho rlirnatr «« (n hr 
 olmont (iiifit for nso; tho nativps niltivntcd so mnull a 
 portion of gronnd, and with co httio )«kill, that it hurdly 
 yielded what was sufHririit for thrir owti (nih«i«lpnre ; 
 the Spnniardd of iBahrlla had hillirrto ncithrr time nor 
 leifinro to clear tho «oit, ko a» t.i rrap nnv cotiMiih'rnhk- 
 fniitii of tht'ir own indnntrv. On all these arroiintu, 
 ihoy hecame afraid of pcrishinc with linnirer, and were 
 rt-tlncrd alriady to a ncaiity allowance. At llio same 
 Ihne. tho diseases predominant in tlie torrid zone, and 
 which rage chiefly in those tmcultivuied countries where 
 the hand of industry had not opened tho woods, drained 
 the marches, and confined the rivrr» within a certain 
 channel, hetian to spread ainnnn thrm. Alarmed at 
 the violence and unusual svrnptnmn of those maladies, 
 \].ry exclaimed aiiainst rolumhus and his companiona 
 in the former voyai'p, who. hy their splendid hut deceit- 
 ful descriptions of Ilinpaniola, had allnred them to quit 
 S^pain for a harharnus umMittivated land, whrro they 
 mutt either he rut otT hv famine, or die of unknown 
 distempers. Several of tho oflirers and persons of 
 note, instead of rherkin'r, joine<l in thono seditious 
 complaints. Father Hoyl, the apostolical vicar, was 
 one of the most turhnlont and outraireous. It rerpiired 
 all the authority and address of rolumhus to ro-esta- [ 
 hiish subordination and tranquillity in the colony. 
 Threats and promises were alternately employed for 
 this purpose ; hui nothinij contributed more to soothe! 
 the maIeco?ttenta than the prospect of findintj. in tho I 
 mines of Cibao, such a rich store of treasure as would ] 
 be a reromprnse for all their sulTerings, and cflaco the 
 memory of former disappointments. 
 
 When, by his unwearied endeavorif, concord and 
 order were so far restored that ho could venture to 
 leave the islanti, rolumhus resolved to pursue his dis- 
 coveries, that be mipht be able to ascertain whether 
 those new countries with which be had opened a com- 
 munication were connected with any recion of the 
 cartli already known, or whether thev were to l)e consi- 
 dered as a separrite portion of the plolio hifherto un- 
 visitrd. He appointed hif* brother Don Diepo, with 
 ihe aHsis(ir*ce of a council of ofTicers. to povern the 
 "sland in bis absence ; and cave the command of a body 
 of soldiers to Don Pedro Mar!:aritn, wrth wliichhe way 
 to visit the dilTerenl pans of (he island, and endeavor 
 to establish the authority of the Spanianls amontj the 
 inhabitants. Havinf» left them very particular instruc- 
 tions with respect to their conduct, be weighed anchor 
 on the 2'lth of April, with one ship and two small barks 
 under his command. Durincr a tedious voyaL'c of full five 
 months, ho had a trial of almost all tho numerous liard- 
 ehips to which persons ofbis profession ore exposed, with- 
 out raakinrr any discovery of importance, OTcept the island 
 of Jamaica. As he ranged alouij the southern coast of 
 Cuba, flO] he was entangled in a labyrinth formed by 
 4n incredible number of small islands, to which he fjavc 
 the name of tho Queen's Garden. In this unknown 
 course, amon^i rocks and shelves, he was retarded by 
 contrary winds, assaulted with furious storms, and 
 alarmed with tho terrible thunder and lightning which 
 ia often almost incessant between the tTO[iics. At 
 length his provisions fell short ; his crew, exhausted 
 with fatiffue as well as hunger, murmured and threat- 
 ened, and wore ready to proceed to the most desperate 
 extremities against him. Ileset with dauL^er in such 
 wrious forms, he was obliged to keep continual watch, 
 to observe every occurrence with his own eves, to issue 
 every order, and to ^tuperintend the execution of it. On 
 no O' casion was the extent of his «>kill and experience 
 HS a naviuntor so much tried. 'I o these the sqmdron 
 owed its safetv. Hut this unremitted fatinue of body, 
 and intense application of mind, overpowering his con- 1 
 Btitution, thouL'h naturally viuorous and robust, brought 
 on a feverish disorder, which terminated in a lethargy, 
 that deprived him of sense and memory, and had almost 
 proved fatal to his life. 
 
 Bui, on his return to Uispaniola [Sept. 27], the sud- 
 den emotion of joy which be felt upon meeting with his 
 brother Bartholomew at Isabella, occasioncil such a 
 flow of spirits as contributed greatly to his recovery. 
 It was now thirteen years since the two brother.-*, whom 
 iimilarity of talents united in close friendship, had se- 
 oarated from each other, and during that long period 
 there hod been no intercourse between them, narlho- 
 lomrw after finishing his nejroiiation in the court oi 
 Ln^Und, had set out for Spain by the way of France. 
 
 ROnnUTBON'S niETOUY OP 
 
 At Pans he received an account uf the exlranrduiary 
 diMcovmen wluch his broih' r lnul miidi' in Iuh llrHi voy- 
 age, and that he \\\in then pr 'parmg lo embark nn a se- 
 cond rxprdilu)n. Though this naturally mduced him 
 to pursue his journev with the utniof^t drfpatch, the ad- 
 miral had sailed for llispaniula before he reached Spam. 
 Ferdniaud and Isabella received hnn with the rc^ipect 
 due to the nearest kin»mon of a person who^c merit 
 and services rendered him so coriHpicuoua ; and a» they 
 knew what consolation his presence would all'ord lo his 
 brother, they persuaded him tu take the command of 
 three ships, which they liad appointed lo carry i>rovi- 
 sions to the colony at l»Hl)ena 
 
 Ho could not have arrived at any juncture when ro- 
 lumhus stood more in need of a friend capable of assist* 
 ing him with his counsels, or of driding wu'i him the 
 cares and burdens of government. For aliliough the 
 provisions now brought from Kurope atTord''d a tem- 
 porary relief to llio Spaniard» from the enlanulics of 
 lamine, tho supply was not in such (pi.intity as to sun- 
 port them long, and tho island did not hitherto yield 
 what was Hulbcient for sustenance. They were threat- 
 teiied with atiother danger, still more formidable than 
 the return of scarcity, and which demanded more im- 
 mediate attention. No sooner did Colnmlms leave the 
 island on his voyage of dl»cover^^ than the soldiers un- 
 der Margarita, as if Ihey had been act free from dis- 
 cipline and subordination, scorned all restraint. In- 
 stead of conforming to the prudent instructions of ro- 
 lumhus, they dispersed in straggling parties over the 
 island, lived at discretion upon the natives, wasted 
 their provisions, seized their women, and treated tliat 
 inoirensivc race with all the insolence of military op- 
 prcswion. 
 
 As long as the Indians had any prospect that ♦heir 
 sufU'rings might come to a period by the voluntary de- 
 parture of the invaders, they submitted in silence, and 
 disse.ihled their sorrow ; but they now jierceived that 
 tiic yoke would he as permanent as it was intolerable. 
 The Spaniards hod built a to»vn, and surrounded it with 
 ramparts. 'J'hey had erected forts in ditlorent places. 
 They had enclose<l and sown several fields. It was ap- 
 parent that they came not to vi-sit the country, but to 
 settle in it. 'I'hough the number of lliose strangers 
 was inconsiderable, the state of cultivation among 
 these rude people was so imperfect, and in such 
 exact proportion lo their own consumption, (hat it was 
 with dilliculty they could afford subsistence lo their 
 new guests. Their own mode of life was so indoUnt 
 and inactive, the warmth of the eliniate so enervating, 
 the constitution of their liodies naturally so feeble, and 
 HO unaccustomed to tho laborious exertions of indus- 
 try, that they were satisfied with a proportion of food 
 amazintily small. A handful of niai/e, or a little of tho 
 insipid bread made of the cassadaroot. was suflicient to 
 support men whose strength and spirits were not ex- 
 hausti'd by any vigorous etVorts eitlier of body or mind. 
 Tlic Spaniards, though the most abstemious of all tho 
 European nations, appeared to them excessively vora- 
 cious. One Spaniani consumed as much as several 
 Indians. This keenness of appetite surjirised them so 
 much, and seemed to be so insatiable, that they sup- 
 posed the Sjaniards had left their own eonntry because 
 it did not produce as much as was requisite to gratify 
 iheir immoderate desire of food, and had come among 
 them in quest of nonrislunent. Self-preservation 
 prompted them to wish for the departure ot^ guests who 
 wasted so fast their slender stock of provisions. The 
 injuries which they sniVered added lo their imjiatiencvj 
 for this event. 'I'hey had long expected that the Spa- 
 niards would retire of their own accord. They now- 
 perceived that, in order to avert Ihe destruction with 
 which they were threatened, either by the slow con- 
 sumption of famine, or by the violence of iheir oppres- 
 sors, it was necessary lo assume couraLM\ to atta'-k 
 those forniidablo invaders with united fon e, and drive 
 them from the settlements of which they hud violenllv 
 taken possession. 
 
 Such were the sentiments which universally pre- 
 vailed among tho Indians, when Columbus returned to 
 Isabella. Inrtamed. l)y the unprovoked outrages of 
 ihe Spaniards, with a degree of rage of which their 
 gentle natures, formed to sufi'er and submit, seemed 
 hardly susceptible, they waited only for a signal from 
 their leaders to fall upon the colony. Some of tlic 
 caziquea had already surprised and cut ofi' several 
 stragL'lers. Tho dread of this impending danger uni- 
 ted the Spaniards, and re-established the authority of 
 Columbus, as they saw no prospect of safety but in 
 committing themselves to his prudent guidance. It 
 was now ncces.snry to have recourse tc armn, the em- 
 ploying of whicli against the Indians Columbus had I 
 
 hitherto avoided wilh the greatest Bolicitiide. Fnepinl 
 as the conflict may secir, between tli( nuked inhabi- 
 lanls of iho New World armed with clubs, slick* 
 hanhned in the fire, wooden swords, and arrows 
 point! d with bones or llints, and ttoopg accustomed to 
 the discipline, and provided wilh the instrunicnla of 
 de<ilructiun known in the Fiirojieun art of war, the aitu- 
 aliun uf the Snantards was far from lieing eiem*'* 
 from danger. 'Flie vast superiority cf the nativea lu 
 numlier compensiUcd many defecta. A handful of 
 men was about to encounter a whole nation. One 
 adverse event, or even any unfursecn delay in deter- 
 mining the fate of the war, might prove fatal to tht* 
 Spaniards. Conscious' that success depended on thu 
 vigor and rapidity of his operations, Columbus in- 
 stantly aasenddcd his forcea. 'i'hey were rcducM 
 to B very small number. Diseases, engendered by 
 the warmth and humidity of tho country, or occa- 
 sioned by their own licentiousness, had ragetl among 
 them with much violence ; experience had not yet 
 taught them the art either of curing these, or thu 
 precautions requisite for guarding against them; Iwo- 
 thirds of the original adventurers were dead, and 
 many of iboso who survived were incapable of service. 
 The body which took the field [March 2't, MH5J con- 
 sisted only of two hundred foot, twenty horse, and 
 twenty large dogs ; and how strnnge soever it may 
 seem to mention the laM as eomposinff part of a mili- 
 tary force, they wore not perhaps ihc least formidable 
 and dcstnietive of the whole, when employed against 
 naked and timid Indiana. All tho caziques on the 
 island, (iucanahari excepted, who retainei) an inviolable 
 attachment to the Spaniards, were in arms to opposo 
 Cohmibus, with forces amounting, if we may belicvo 
 the Spanish historians, to n hundred thousand men. 
 Instead of attempting to draw the Spaniards into the 
 fastnessea of the woods and mountains, they were no 
 imprudent us to take their station in llio Vega Keal, 
 the most open plain in the country. Cuiumbiis did not 
 allow them time to perceive iheir error, or to alter iheir 
 position. He attacked them during the night, when 
 undisciplined troops are least capable of acting with 
 union and concert, and obtained an easy and bluodlea-i 
 victory. The i onsternation with which the iiidirjis 
 were filled hy the noise and havoc made by the fire- 
 arms, by the impeluous force of the cavalry, and the 
 fierce onset of the dogs was so great, that they threw 
 down their weapons, and fled without uttemptinj{ r« 
 sistance. Many were slain ; more were taken pri- 
 soners, and reduced to servitude ; [SOJ and so tno 
 roughly were tho rest intimidated, that from that nii>- 
 menl they abandoned lliemselves to despair, rehnquiah- 
 ing all thoughts ol contending with aggressora whom 
 they deemed invineilde. 
 
 Coluiuhua emnloyc<l several months in mHrchmr 
 through Ihe island, and in subjecting it to tho SpanisE 
 government, without meeting with any opposition. 
 He imposed a tribute upon all the inhalutants abovo 
 the age of fourteen. Kacii person who lived in those 
 diBtrictfi where gold was found, was obliged to pay 
 quarterly as much gold dust as filled a hawk's bell ; 
 from those in other parts of the countr)', twenty-five 
 pounds of cotton were demanded, 'i'liis was the first 
 regular taxation of the Indiana, and served as a pre- 
 cedence for exactioiis still more intolerable. Such an 
 imposition was extremely contrary to those mazimif 
 which Columbus had hitherto inculcated wilh respect 
 lo the mode of treating them. 13ut intrigues wero 
 carrying on in the court of Spain at this juncture, in 
 order to undermine his power, and discredi* his 
 operations, which constrained him to depart from his 
 own system of administralion. Several unfavorablo 
 accounts of !iis conduct, as well as of the counliiea 
 discovered by him. had been transmitted to Spain. 
 Margarita and Father IJoyl were now at court, and in 
 otd.'r to justify their own conduct, or to gratify tiieir 
 resentment, watched with mahivolent attention for 
 everv ojiportuuity of spreading insinuations to his 
 delriinent. Many of the courtiers viewed his growing 
 reputation and power with envious eyes. Fonseca, 
 archdeacon of Seville, who was intrusted with the 
 chief direction ol Indian atTairs, had conceived such 
 an unfavorable opinion of Cobinibus, for some 
 reason which the contemparary writers hc^e not men- 
 tioned, that be listened With partiality to every invec- 
 tive against him. It was not easy for an unfriended 
 stranger, unpractised in courtly arts, to counteract tho 
 inachniations of so many enemies, ('olumbus saw 
 that there was but one nietnod of supporting his own 
 credit, and of silencing alt his adversaries. He must 
 produce such a (piantily of gold as would not only 
 (uslifv what he Imd reported with respect to the rich> 
 
aOTJTI! AMRRICA. 
 
 npirn o\ till' cuiirilry, hut <<nroiiruirn FurtliiiAnd and 
 liiali«'ll.i tu iK'r.-icviTii iit pruNrriitnit; lii» plain, Thu 
 ni'iTsHiiv of uliliuriiiiif II tonul hiiii rmt <iiily lo impoiio 
 tliiH li'Mvy tax U|iuM tlii' (luliiiriH, l>iit to < xact p.iyni(Mit 
 ol II Willi I'XtrciiiL' ri^ur ; uiid riiitv hv. plcaittd in vx- 
 ci.ir for Inn ilrv'ialiit|{ uii lliii«ori-aHioit from llir iniltliit's<i 
 uihI hiii[\.iiiity uilh wliicli Iin uiiilurtiily trcali'd tlial 
 unliappv [M'upln. 
 
 'I'hf tiiltor, nttcntiun, und fDnsi^lit wliii-li ttir iiuliaii!* 
 wore oliIi|,'r(l to cinploy in iiroriiririj,' tin' Inlniti- ili- 
 tnanilrd of iIk-iu, iipprarrd tin- riio?tl i)iloli-nil)k< u\ all 
 cviIm, to iiH'ii accuftiiimi'd to pa-*** tlirir tl.iy* in a carti- 
 \vsH impri'Vulriit iruioli'iicr. 'I'licy wrrt' iin'aii.ilili- uf 
 inrli a ri'^iilar ami pcrsrvrritii; r\(-rlion uf tiiiluNtrv, 
 and f( It It rturli a ^ru-vuii.H riNlranit npun tlinr IiIktIv, 
 that iIm'V had rrioii.ic to an ( xpcdiciit for ohtainiiii^ 
 drhvt'MMrr fioii) tliin yoke, wliii-h drriionslraii'H tlic 
 o«i*i'H)* of tlicir iiM[Miii-tio»' and diNpair 'I'lu'V lornud 
 II srhniio of NiarviiiLT tho"*' oppri-Hrtors wliom llicy diir»l 
 lint attfinpl lo txpri , and from tlir upmnui wliicli thry 
 untfrtamcd willi rcwpcct to tlir voranoiiH appciiir of 
 till' Spaniard.'^, tlicy ni'ii-liulcd llic ixi'iiihon of it to ht 
 very prnctifal)|('. With tln^ view iju'v Mispcmlcd idl 
 U)f operations of a;;ri('n)turi! ; they i«uuri] no iiirti/c, 
 tliry piilU'd lip till' roots of tlin niaiiou: or cafsad.i 
 wliirli wi'rc planti'd, and rctiriii); to the innst inacccs- 
 sihli! p.irlH of )|in inoiinlains, lift ilio tincitltuatcd 
 plains to till ir (Miniiios. This di"*pn.itc rt'solulion pro- 
 aucud in s'linr di'^rce tin- cHi'cls whiidi thoy i-ipi-ctnl 
 Till' Spaniards vvrro rt'dnri'd to oxirL-ino want ; hut 
 llicy rri'i'vid K'irli season. thic suppliis of proviHions 
 from Kurojit', and found mi nianv rL'sonrcus in their 
 own nii^enuity and industry, that tliuy siiU'ered no ^ruat 
 loss of men. 'I'lio wrelelied Indians were tliu vi(Miins 
 of their own ill-coneerled poliey. A yrcat inullitudL' 
 of people, ^hnt up in the moiintaniotis or wooded part 
 of ihv. coiintrv, wilhi>ut any food hut the spoiitaneonfl 
 prodiK'tions of the earth, noon telt tin- utmost distresses 
 of famine. 'I'his hroiit^ht on eonlayious discades ; and 
 in the rourse of a few months more tiian a third part 
 of the inliahitaiits of the i-^land | rished, after cxpc- 
 ripn('ini» misery in all ilt* . m •■.. ' rnis. 
 
 Hut vvhile ('olumhus was estahlishing tho founda- 
 tions of the Si' fiisli grandeur in the New World, hia 
 rneiiiiea lahoi' ith unwearied assiduity to deprive 
 hiiii of the j^dof) and ri:wardrt wliieli, Ity his serviees 
 and sull'erin^s, he was entitled to enjoy. The liard- 
 fhips unavoidahli! in a new settlement, the calainitn's 
 Cx^casioneJ hy an unhealthy rlimate, the disasters at- 
 (i'ldiiii; 't voynjie in unknown seas, were all represented 
 OK the etl'erts of his ri'stlcss and ineonsiderate amhi- 
 tion. tlis prudent attention to preserve discipline and 
 Buhordmation was denominated t ceesa of rij^or ; the 
 punishinunta which he mliicted upon tlie mutinous and 
 uinorderly were imputed lo cruelty. 'I'hese iiecusa- 
 tiony (rained such credit in a jealous court, that a com- 
 missioner was appointed to repair to Hispaniola, and 
 to inspect into the conduct of L'olumhns. Dy the re- 
 commendation of his enemies, Aj^nado, a yroom of 
 the bedchamher, was tho person to whom this im- 
 (Ktrtant trust was ooinmitted. \h\\ in tliis elioiee thev 
 aeeni lo have been morn intlurnced hv the oh^cipiious 
 attachment of (he man to their .nterest, than l»y his 
 capacity for the statKui. rnlled up with such suddi'ii 
 elevation, A^uado displayeil, in the exercise of tiiis ol- 
 (ice, all ihe frivolous sell-nuportance, and artcd with 
 alt tlie dis;jnsiini; insolence which are natural to little 
 minds, whenrae^cd to unexpected dii,niiiv, or emploviil 
 in fiinrtious to whicli they are not eipial. l}v listen- 
 hljj with eatjerness to i^very accusation ajfainst (,"oliim- 
 bus. and encoiirai,'in;| "lot only the maleconicnt Spa- 
 niards, but even thn Indians, to produce their jjrn'V- 
 anees, real or imaj^inary, li<' fomented the spirit of 
 dissension in tho island, without est.dilisbiu(f any re;^u- 
 latioiis of public utility, or that tended to redress the 
 many wroims, with the odium of which be wished to 
 load the admiral's administration. As Columbus felt 
 sensibly how humiliatin<; his situation must bo, if he 
 should remain in the country whilq such a partial in- 
 apoctor observed his motions and controlled his juris- 
 diction, ho took the resolution of rcturnini; to Spain, in 
 order to lay a full account of all bis transactions, par- 
 ticularly with res|M>ct to tho points in dispute between 
 him and his adversaries, boforu Ferdinand and Isabella, 
 from whoso justice and discernment he expected an 
 Gip'al and a favorable decison. [MU6J He committed 
 tho administration of alfairs, during his absence, to 
 Don Hartholon.. .. his brother, with tho title of Ado- 
 lantado, or I.ieiiLenaiit-ffOvcrnor. 13y a choice less 
 fortunat?, and which proved the source of many cala- 
 mities t } tho colony, he appointed Francis Roldan rliief 
 Justices Arjth vury extunsive powors. 
 
 In rrlurninK to Fitrope, Cobmibus held a rourse 
 dilli rent troin that whhhhi^ had laki n in U\» fomu r 
 voya^i^ lie Hteerrd nlnio^l due rant Inun llitpamola, 
 m the pai tllel of Iwentv-lwo di ^'rees of latitude ; us 
 experii nee had not yet discovered the more certain and 
 expidtlious im tliixl of strltchln^ to the north, in order 
 to I, ill III with the soiilh-wi St winds. Ily this ilt ad- 
 vised choi'-e, which, in tlie infancy nf iiavi^,'atioii be- 
 Iwern the New and Old U orld, rjii harilly bo iinpnted 
 lo till' admiral as a defect in naval ^klll, beMas ex 
 po>rd to mhnile tatii.'ue and daii^i r, iii a perpetual 
 stnii,'L'li' Willi the trade winds, v\hii h blow witlnuil 
 variation from the east hi twii ii the tropics. Xntwiib- 
 Htalidin^ the almost insuperable dill'icnlltes of Mich i 
 liavitialion, bo persisted in bis course with Iiih usual 
 p.itimce and lirmnesf, but made vo little way that be 
 wan three nmutlM without Meeini{ hinil. At len^tli hih 
 provisions br^iui to fail, the crew was reduced to the 
 scaiity allowance of six ounces of bread a day for 
 each person. The udmiri.l fared no better than the 
 me.uiesi sailor. Hut. even in lliis exlremo distress, he 
 ri'laini'd the hunianitv wiiicb dlstml;lll^lle^ bis charac- 
 ter, and refused to complv wilb liie earnest t^oliritations 
 ul his crew, some of whom proposed to feed upon the 
 Indian prisoners whom they were carrym;; over, and 
 others insisted to throw tin in overboard, m order to 
 lessen the consumption oi their ruiiall stock, lie re- 
 presented that they were human henifrs, reduced by a 
 common cal.inuty to tho same conditio'i with them- 
 selve.^, and entitled to shaio m eipial fate. His 
 authority and remonsfrancea uis.iipated those wild 
 ideas sn^^'ested by despair. Nor had the) ," to 
 n'cur ; bm ho enine soon within si^ht of the ci. ' 
 Spam, when all their fears and Hun'erin^rs eiid-d. 
 
 ('Ulumbus appeared at court with the modest 1< .i 
 determined coiilideiKH? of a man ronscions not e dv of 
 inlej^rity but of having' performed jireat sorvicr*, Fer- 
 dinand and Isabella, ashamed of their >' ^ !acility i' 
 lendm^r too favorable ati ear lo frivolor mfoimded 
 
 accusations, received him with such distingnislK d 
 marks of respect ns covered bis t jicmies with shanM 
 The censures and calumnies wlto no more hea J oi 
 at that juncture. Tbi! (jold, tho pearls, the coti n, ai" 
 other commodities of value which Columbus | .odiu ' d, 
 Fcemed fully to refii'o what tho niab i ontent.. had 
 propaj^ated with respect to the [K)verty of the country. 
 Uy reducinj^ the Iiidi.ins to obedience, and iiiiposmg . 
 rcLMilar tax upon them, be b id securi'd to Spain a 
 lari^o accession of new subjects, uiid the estabhshmt.nl 
 ot a revenue that promised to be con^'Mlerabh. Uy 
 tiio mines which he had found out and examined, u 
 source of weahh still more copious was opened, tireal 
 and uno.xpected as those advantages were, Columbus 
 represented them oidy.is preludes to future acipusilions, 
 and as the oaniest of more important discoveries, 
 which he still meditated, and to whicli thoso he had 
 already made would conduct him with case and cer- 
 tainty. 
 
 The attentive consideration of all those circum- 
 stances made such an impression, not only ujion Isa- 
 bella, who llattered with the idea of beii;^ the patron- 
 ess of all (."olumbus's enterprises, but evin v.pon 
 Ferdinand, who havmi,' oriiiinally exijres.'ied his dis- 
 approbation of bis schemes, was still apt to doubt 
 of their success, that ibey resolved to supply the 
 colony of Hispaniola with every thintj which ccuM 
 rf iider it a permanent establishment, and to furnish 
 Columbua with such a fleet, that bo nnt^ht proceed to 
 search for those iw?w countries of whose existence be 
 seemed to be conlident. The measures most jiroper 
 for accomplishing both these designs were concerted 
 with ('olumbus. Discovery had been the sole object 
 of the first voyage to the New World ; and though, 
 in the second, settlement ha<l been proposed, the pre- 
 cautions taken for that purpose had eith.-r been in- 
 aull'icient, or wore rendered inoll'ectual bv the niutmous 
 spirit o!' the Spaniards, and the unforeseen calamities 
 arising from various causes. Now a plan was to bo 
 formed of a regular colony, that might servo as a 
 model in all future est'iblishmcnts. Fvory particular 
 was considered with attention, and the whole arranged 
 with a scrupulous accuracy. The precise number of 
 adventurers, who should be pormitted to embark was 
 fixed. They wore to be of dilferent ranks and pro- 
 fessions, and the proportion of each was established 
 according to th"ir usefulness and the wants of the 
 colony. A suitable number of women were lo be 
 chosen to accompany these new settlers. As it was 
 tho first object to raise provisions in a country wlicre 
 scarcity of food had been tho occasion of so iiuicb 
 distress, a considerable body of busbandmiui was to 
 bo carried over. As tho ^Spaniards bud tlien no con- 
 
 w 
 
 ceptioii of deriviuif any lienrfil fnnn :l .»-,» prnductiomi 
 of tho New World which have biffi yiiMnl nurh 
 lari,'!- retiiriiN of wiallli lo Fitrope, but had torini d iiut^* 
 niliceiil ideas, and entertained sanguiii" liopi* wilh rit> 
 ^pect to the richP» contiiuied in the i.uixs wliicti hid 
 been diMcoveied, a bund of worknii :i, skilled m tha 
 \ari<'.is aits eitiptoyed in dig;^iiig and relimug the pro- 
 eioM > metals, was i)ro\ided. All thehc iiui^ranli wcro 
 to leceivo pay unu suhsisleiice hir some yet*i», at ihtf 
 public expense. 
 
 Thns tar the rcfful.itions were pnideiit, and wpH 
 nd.iptrd to ihe end in View Hut a<« it was lorrsern 
 that tew would engage voluiitiiiily lo settit^ m a 
 country vsho^o iiomous climate \\.u\ been l.ilul to so 
 many of their counirymen. Coluinbus |»roiiOKed to 
 traUNjiorl to Hispaniola Nueb inablai lors as had bron 
 coiivicieil of crimes which, though eapilal. were of a 
 lexs atrocious iiiture ; and lli.il lor the future a 
 certain proportion of the olleuders usually sent to tha 
 galleys, should be coiah iiim d lo hd>or in tho iniiiei 
 wliieii were t() be opciiid. This advice, given without 
 due relhctiou, w.is as iiicoiisider.itelv inbppted. Tho 
 pri>ons of .S| pa in were draim d, ni onler to <'olIecl 
 inemhers tor the intended colony ; and the judges em- 
 powered to try criminals were inslrncted to recruit it 
 liv tlieir future scfitenees. It was ijot, lK)\vever, wttU 
 such .iiaterials that the loundalioiit of a society, 
 destined to be pontianeiil, should be laid, liiduslry, 
 Hobriety, patience, and mutual eontideiiLe, are iiidis- 
 jiensably reipiisite in in infant setth meiit, where piirily 
 of morals must contribute mure towards isiabhshin 
 order than the operaiion or auiliorily of Uws lliit 
 wImmi Mich a mixture of what in corrupt is admUtid 
 into tlui original constitution of the iioliltc:i' I'tdy, iho 
 vices of those unsound and tncnraldo niemhirHW.ll 
 probably mfect tho whole, and must certainly lie pri»- 
 diictue of violent and unhappy tllocts. This the 
 Spaniards '" ty experienced ; and the ot!.et Fu- 
 ropean n, ' ■ ins liavmg successively imiluleii ih* prcotico 
 of '-^1 in in this particular, pernicious con8i:ipiiMice« 
 have hdlowed in their settlement, which can be im« 
 puted to no otlier raiiso. 
 
 Though Columbus ol)tai ed, with great facility ar.d 
 despatch, the royal approbation of every mea:niro and 
 regulation that ho projiosed, bis endeavors to carry 
 them into execution were so lon;f retarded, as must 
 Save tired out the patience of any man less accustomed 
 lo encounter and surmount dillicuttios. Tboio delays 
 were occasioi.^ ' partly by that tedious furmabty and 
 spirit of procrastinatioi ■ '['.. wbieb tho Spaniards con- 
 duct business, and partly hv the i uiaustcd state of tho 
 treasury, which was drained by the expense of celobrd- 
 tmg tho mairiage of Ferdinand and Isabella's only son 
 with Margaret of Austria, and that of Joanna. Ihoir se- 
 cond daughter, with Fluli|> Archduke ot Aiw.ria; but 
 must no chiefly imjnited to the malicious arts of Co- 
 Inmhiis'h enemies. Asloim^hed at tho reception which 
 he nn't with ujion his return, and overawed by Lis pre- 
 sence, they onvc way, for some time, to a lido of favor 
 too strong for them to ojipose. Their enmi'v, however, 
 was too inveterate to r>.'iuaiii long Liactive. 'I'licv re- 
 sumed their ojterations ; and bv the assistance of Foil- 
 seca, tho mini.'-ter lor Iiiilian allairs, who was now pro- 
 moted to the IJishopric of Uadajos, they throw in so 
 mafiv olistacles to protract tlio preparations for Colum- 
 iius's expedition, that a year elapsed before he could 
 procure two ships to carry over a part of the suppboa 
 destined for tho colony, and almost two years w-re 
 spent before the small stpiadron was oipiipped, uf which 
 lie himself was to take liio command. 
 
 f I'l'JN] This sipiadron consisted of six shiiis only, 
 of no grojt burden, and but inditferently provided for a 
 long or dangerous navigation. 'I'hft voyage whicl. he 
 now meditated was in a course ditVeri'nl from any he 
 had undertaken. As he was fully jiersuiidci that tho 
 fertile regions of Iji'lia hi;' tc l)ie n-Mth-wcdt of those 
 countries wliich he had discovered, he pirposcd, as the 
 most certain method of tindiiig out those, to aland di- 
 rectly south from the Canary or (.'ape dc Verd islands, 
 until he came under the oipiinoctial lino, and then to 
 stretch to the west before tlie favorable wind for such 
 a course, which blows invariably between tlio tropicd. 
 With this idea be set sail [May (30], and touched tirst 
 at the Canary, and then at tho Capo do Verd islands 
 [July 4]. From the former bo despatched throe of bin 
 •ihips with a supply of provisions for the colony in His- 
 paniola ; with the other three, bu continued his voyago 
 towards the south. No roip rkablo occurrence hi*p- 
 peiied until they arrived wiihiii five degrees of the liiw 
 [July 19]. There they were becalmed, and at tho 
 same time the heat became ko excessive that many of 
 their wine casks burst, the li^utrs in otboxs soured, 
 
80 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OP 
 
 and their provisions corrupted. The Spaniards, who 
 had never ventured so far to the south, were nfniid tliat 
 the ships would take lire, and hcyan to apprclicnd (lie 
 reality of what tho ancictits had tau^lit concerning the 
 destructive ^^'lahties of that torrid region of the jjlohe. 
 Tliey were relieved, in some measure, from llieir fears 
 by a seasonahle fall of rain. This, however, thonjrli so 
 heiivy and uninterinitting that the men could hardly 
 keep the deck, did not preally mitigate the intensencss 
 of the heat. The admiral, who with his \isual vigilance 
 had in person directed every Ofirration from the heijin 
 ninii of the voyage, was so much e.vliaustcd by fatigue 
 und want of sleep, that it hrou;^ht on a violent lit of the 
 gont, accompanied with a fever. All ihesu circum- 
 stances constrained him to yiehl lo t)ie im])ortunities of 
 his crew, and to alter !iis course to tho norlh-west, in 
 ordi'r lo reach some of the Carihbee islands, where he 
 miifht refit, and be supplied with provisions. 
 
 Un the first of August, the man stationed in the 
 round top surprised them with the joynil cry of Land ! 
 They stood toward it, and discovered a considerable 
 i.sland, which the admiral called Trinidad, a name it 
 etdl retains. It lies on the coast of CJuiana, near the 
 mouth of the Orinoco. This, though a river only of 
 the third or fourth magnitude in the New World, far 
 surpasses any of the streams in our hemisphere. It 
 rolls towards the ocean such a vast body of water, and 
 nishes into it with such impetuous force, that when it 
 meets the tide, which on thatcoast rises to an unconmiun 
 height, their collision occasions a swell and agitation of 
 the waves no less surprising than formidable. In this 
 conflict, the irresistible torrent of the river so far pre- 
 vails, that it freshens the ocean many leagues with its 
 Hood. Colundms, before he could conceive the dan- 
 ger, was entangled amonj' these adverse currents and 
 tempestuous waves, and it was witii tho ntmost ditli- 
 culty that he escaped through a narrow strait, which 
 appeared so tremendous that he called it La IJoca del 
 Drago. As soon as the consternation which this occa- 
 sioned permitted him to reflect upon ll:e nature of an 
 appearance so extraordinary, he disci^ned in it a source 
 of comfort and hope. He justly concluded that sucli a 
 vast bodv of water as this river contained, could not be 
 BUpplicd by any island, but must (low through a coun- 
 try of immense extent, and of consequence thai he was 
 now arrived at that continent wiiich it had long been 
 the object of his wishes to discover. Full of this idea, 
 he stood to the west along the coast of those provinces 
 which are now known by the names of Para and Cu- 
 mana. He landed in :-evcral places, and had some in- 
 tercourse with the people, who rcachdiled those of His- 
 paniola in their appearance and mannt i of life. They 
 wore, as ornaments, small plates of gold, and pearls of 
 considerable :iluc, which they willingly e.tchanged foi 
 European tu}s. They seemed to possess a better un- 
 derstanding and greater courage than the inhabitants of 
 the islands. The countr.' produced four-footed animals 
 of several kinds, as wcU us a great variety of fowls and 
 fruits. The admiral was so much delighted with its 
 beauty and fertility, that, with the warm entliuniasm of 
 a discoverer, he imagined it to be the Paradise dcjicribed 
 in Scripture, which tlie Almighty chose for the rc*.idenct! 
 of man while he retained innocence that rend(^ivd him 
 worthy of such a habitation. [21] Thus Columbus 
 had itie glory not only of discovering to mankind tlie 
 exi8teiH:e of a new World, hut made considerable pro- 
 gress towards a perfect knowlediie of it ; ar.J -vas the 
 first man who conducted the Spaniards to that vast 
 continent which has been the chief seat of their empire, 
 and the source of their treasures in this ipiarlcr of the 
 glolie. Tho shattered condition of his ships, scarcity 
 of provisions, his own intirmities, together with the im- 
 patience of his crew, preventid liiin from pursuing his 
 discoveries any furtlicr. and made it necessary to licar 
 Bway for llispaniola. In his ^vay thither he discovered 
 the islands of (.'ubagua and .Margarita, which-afterivards 
 became remarkable for their pcarl-tishery. \A'lien he 
 arnvcd at Ilispauiola f.Nug. 30J. he was wasted to ari 
 extreme deirree, with f;itigue. and sickness; but found 
 the aliairs of the colonv in such a situation as afVorded 
 him no prospect of enjoying that repose of which he 
 Btond so much in need. 
 
 Many revolutionti had ha])pcuod in that country during 
 his absenct. His brother, the adclantado, in conse- 
 "^ucnce of an advice winch the admiral gave before his 
 d?parture, had removed the colony from Isabella lo a 
 more commodious station, on llic opposite side of the 
 ifland, and laid the found. iiion of St. Domiigo. which 
 was long the most considerable Ilurojiean town in the 
 Vsew World, and the scut of ihe supreme courts in the 
 K{tanish dominions t'n re. As soon as the Si»aniards 
 were established in his new settleinciit, the adclantado, 
 
 that they might neither languish in inactivity, nor have 
 leisure lo form new cabals, marclied into those parts of 
 the island which his brother liud not yet visited or re- 
 duced to obedience. As the people were unable to re- 
 sist, they wibmittcd every where to the tribute which 
 ho imposed, lint they soon found the burden to be so 
 intolerable that, overawed as they were liy he superior 
 power of their oppressors, they took arms ar-inst them. 
 Those insurrections, however, were not fo-i .:dahle. A 
 confiict with timid and naked Indians was neither dan- 
 gerous nor of doubtful issue. 
 
 13ut while ibe adelantado was employed against 
 them in the held, a mutinv of an asptx-t far more 
 alarming broke out nmonir ih;. Spaniards. 'I'he ring- 
 leader of It was Francis Uoldan, whom Columbus liad 
 placed in a station which required him to be tho guar- 
 dian of order and tranquillity in the colony. A turbu- 
 lent and inconsiderate ambition precipitated hnn into 
 this desperate measure, so nnliecoming his rank. The 
 arguments which he employed to seduce his country- 
 men were frivolous ajid ill founded. He accuse;! Co- 
 lumbus and his two brothers of arrogance and seventy ; 
 lie pretended that ihey aimed at establishing an inde- 
 pendent dominion in the country; lie taxed them with 
 an intention of cutting ofT part of the Spaniards by 
 hunger and fatigue, tliat lliey migb.t more ear.ily re- 
 duce the remainder to subjection ; be rejiresentpd it as 
 unworthy of Castilians, to retnain the- tame and passive 
 slaves of these nenoese adventurers. As men have 
 always a propensity to impute the hardships of which 
 they feel the pressure to the misconduct of their rulers; 
 as every nation views with a jealous eye the p(»\vcr and 
 exaltation of foreigners, Holdan's insinuations made a 
 deep impression on his comurymen. H's character 
 and rank added weight to them. A considerable num- 
 ber of the Spaniards made dioice of hiin as their 
 leader; and, taking arms against the adehmtado and 
 his brother, seized the king's magazine of provisions, 
 and endeavored to surprise the fort at St. Domingo. 
 This was preserved by the vigilance and courage of 
 Don Diego Columbus. '\ le nnitmcers were obliged 
 to retire lo the province of Xaragna, wliere tliey con- 
 tinued not only to disclaim the adeiantado's authority 
 ihemsclvcs, but excited the Indians to throw oil" the 
 yoke. 
 
 Such was the distracted state of the colony when 
 Co'.umb'.s landed at St, Domingo. He was astonished 
 to find that the three ships which he had despatched 
 from the Canaries were not yet arrived. Uy the un- 
 sk'lfulness of the pilots, and the violence of currents, 
 they had been carried a hundred and h.ity miles lo tho 
 west of St. Domingo, and forced to take shelter in a 
 harbor of the province of Xaragua, where Koldan and 
 his seditions followers were cantoned. Koldan care- 
 fully concealed from the commanders of the ships his 
 insurrection against the adelantado, and, employing bis 
 utmost address to gain their confidence, persuaded 
 them to set on shore a considcraltle part of the new 
 settlers whom they brought over, that they might pro- 
 ceed by land to St. Domingo. It required Itut few 
 iirguments to prevad with those men to espouse his 
 cause. They were the refuse of the jails of Spain, to 
 whom idleness, licentiousness, and deeds of violence 
 were familiar; and they returned eagerly to a course 
 of life nearly resembling that to which they hatl been 
 accustomed. The commanders of the ships perceiv- 
 ing, when it was too late, their imprudence in disem- 
 barking so many of their men. stood away for St. 
 l^omingo, aiid got safe into the port a few days after 
 the admiral; but their stock of provisions was st 
 wasted during a voyaije of such long continuance that 
 they brought hltle lelief to the colony. 
 
 iiv this junction with a band of i ich bold and des- 
 perate associates, Hoi Ian became extremely formidabic, 
 and no less cxtraviiganl in bis demands, ('oluinbus, 
 though lilled with resentmeut at his ingratitude, and 
 highly exasperated by the insolence of bis followers, 
 made no haste to tiike the field. Hn trembled at the 
 tliji)i,fhts of kindling the tlames of a civil war.iii which, 
 whatever party prevaded, the power and strength of 
 both must he so much wasted as might encourage the 
 conunon enemy 'o unite and complete iheir destruc- 
 tion. At the same lime, he observed, tliat the preju- 
 dices and passions which incited the lebela to take 
 arms, had so far infeeted those who still adhered to 
 him, that many of them were adverse, ami all cold to 
 the service. Krom such sentiments, with respect to 
 the public interest, as well as from this view of bis own 
 aituatiou. he c-lioso to negotiate rather than to light 
 Hy a seasonable proclamation, oll'eriiig hee piirilon to 
 such as should merit it by returning to their duly, he 
 made imj«css:on upoii some of the malecontonts. 13y 
 
 engaging to grant such as should desire it tho libeity 
 of returning to Spain, he allured all those unfortunalo 
 adventurers, who, from sickness and disappointment 
 were disgusted wiih the country. liy proimsinc to 
 re-establish Uoldan in hi** former otTice. he soothed his 
 pride; and, by complying with most of his deti.ands in 
 behalf of his followers, he satisfied iheir avarice. Thus, 
 gradually and without bloodshed, but after many tedi 
 ous negotiations, be dissolved this dangerous eoinbinu- 
 tion, which threatened the colony with ruin : hud to- 
 stored the appearance of order, regular goverimient 
 and tranquillity. 
 
 In consecpience of this agreement with the muti- 
 neers, lar.ds were allotted them in (lilVerent parts of ihe 
 island, and the Indians settled in each district were 
 appointed to cultivate a certain portion of ground for 
 the use of those new master^ fl4Uyj. The perform- 
 mance of tliis work was substituted in place of the 
 tribute formerly imposed; and how necess~arv soever 
 such a regulation might be in a sickly and feeblo 
 colony, it introduced among the Spaniards the Rrparft- 
 micntns, or distributions of Indians eslalilished by them 
 in nil their settlements, which brought nundierless 
 calamities u])on that unhappy ])eople, and subjected 
 them to tho most grievous oppression. This was not 
 the ofily bad I'Vi-cA of the insurrection in Hispaniola; 
 it prevented Colnmbus from jtrosecuting his discove- 
 ries on *he continent, as self preservation obliged him 
 to keep near his person )iis brother the adelantado, and 
 ihc sailors whom he intended to have employed in that 
 service. As soon as his affairs would permit, i)e sent 
 some of his ships to Spain with a journal of the voy- 
 age which he had made, a description of the new coun- 
 tries which he had discovered, a chart of the coast 
 along which he had sailed, and specimeua of the gold, 
 tho pearls, and other curious or valuable productions 
 which he had acquired by traliieking wiili the natives. 
 At the same time ho transmitted an aeconnl of the in- 
 surrection in Hispaniola; he accused the mutineera 
 not otily of having thrown the colony into such violent 
 convulsions as threatened its dissolution, but of having 
 obstructed every attempt towards discovery and im- 
 provement, hv their tmprovokcd rebellion against their 
 superiors, and proposed several regulations for the 
 better government of the island, as well as the ex- 
 tinction of that inntinous- sj)irit, which, though sniv 
 pressed at present, might soon burst out wnh ad(h- 
 lional rage, iioldan and his associates did not neglect 
 to convey to Spain, by ihc same shi])s, an apology for 
 their own conduct, togelht r with their recriminations 
 upon the admiral and his brothers, rnfortunately for 
 the honor of Spain and the happiness of C'jiunibus. the 
 latter gained most credit in the cnurUi Ferdinand and 
 Isabella, and produced unexpected eirects. 
 
 IJut, previous to the relating of these, it is projicr to 
 take a view of some events, whieli merit allenlion, 
 both on account of ttu^ir own importance, and their 
 connection with the history of the New World. While 
 ('olundius was engaged in his succeshive voyages to 
 the west, the spirit of discovery did not hinguish in 
 i*ortugal, the kingdom where it first ac(piired vigor, 
 and became eiiter[)rising. Self-condemnation and ne- 
 glect were not tlie only sentiments to which the success 
 of Columbus, and reflection upon their own imprudence 
 in rejecting his projKisals, gave rise among the Porlu- 
 trnese. They excited a general emulation to surpass 
 his performances, and an ardent desire to make soino 
 reparation to their country lor their own error. With 
 this view, Emanuel, who inherited ihe enterprising ge- 
 nius of his predecessors, persisted in their grand scheme 
 of opeiii'ig a passage to the East Indies by the Cape 
 of (food Hope, and soon after his accession to the 
 throne equipped a squadron for that important vovuire. 
 He gave the command of it to Vasco de (Jama, a man 
 of nolile birth, possessed of virtue, prudence, and cou- 
 rage, eipial to the station. The sijuadron. like all those 
 fitted out for discovery in the infaiicy of navigation, 
 was extremely feeble, consisting only of three vessels, 
 of neither burden nor force adequate to the service. 
 As the Europeans were at that time little acijuaiiited 
 with the course of the tnide-winds and periodical mon- 
 soons, which render navigation in the Atlantic ocean 
 as well as in the sea thai separates Africa from India, 
 at some seasons easy, and at others not only dangeroub 
 but almost impracticable, the tune choseii for Ciama'a 
 departure was the most iihproper durihg the wholo 
 year. He set sail from Eisbon on the ninth of July, 
 flllli], and standing towards the south, had lo strug- 
 gle lor four months with (x>ntrary winds before ho 
 could reach the Cape of flood Hope. Here tlieir vin- 
 lence began to abate [Nov. 211] ; and during an inter- 
 val of culm weather, Gama doubled that formidublo 
 
 b 
 
>l. ne^'Icct 
 
 
 oIoi,'y iot 
 
 1 
 
 iiinatioiij 
 
 
 lately for 
 
 
 ibns. '.he 
 
 
 naiid and 
 
 
 iiro]tcr to 
 
 
 itlt-ntion, 
 
 • 
 
 lid their 
 
 
 , While 
 
 
 )yajrea lo 
 
 1 
 
 L'uish in 
 
 
 vd viiror, 
 
 
 niu) ne- 
 
 
 ' success 
 
 
 [inult'iico 
 
 
 e i'ortii- 
 
 
 1 surpass 
 
 
 ko some 
 
 
 . With 
 
 
 isitiij iic- 
 
 
 1 sclii-mt? 
 
 
 thn Cape 
 
 
 1 tn (ho 
 
 
 t VOVilire. 
 
 
 a, a !Uik!i 
 
 
 r.jul roil- 
 
 
 all tho.'tu 
 
 
 vi^atinn, 
 
 
 : vessels, 
 
 
 siTvire. 
 
 
 ijuaiiitcj 
 
 
 cal inou- 
 
 
 tic ocean 
 
 
 111 India, 
 
 
 an<!t'roub 
 
 
 CJama'a 
 
 
 ic wholo 
 
 
 of July, 
 
 
 [0 strujT- 
 
 
 etoro iio 
 
 
 lieir vin- 
 
 1 
 
 uii inter- 
 
 
 rinidublo 
 
 
msB. 
 
 mmmi^masm 
 
 I ! 
 
 I i 
 
 i i 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 87 
 
 promontory, wliich had so long been the lioundary of 
 navigation, and directed his courso towards the north- 
 cast, along the African coast. Mc touched at several 
 ports ; Olid after various adventures, which tin; Portu- 
 puesc iiislorians relate with hi^di but ju>t enconiuins 
 upon his conduct and intrepidity, ho came to anchor 
 before the city of Melinda. Throughout all the vast 
 countries which extend alonj; the coast of Africa, froni 
 the river Senej;.il to the confines of Zan^Miebar, the 
 PortuiTuese had found a race of men rude and unculli- 
 vutcd, strangers to letters, to arts and conuncrce, and 
 ditlrrintr from the inhabitants of Kuropo no less in 
 Iheir features and complexion than in their manners 
 and inslimtions. As ihey advanced from this, they 
 observed, to their inexpressible joy, that the human 
 form gradually altered aud improved ; the Asiatic fea- 
 tures be^an to predominate, marks of civilization 
 appeared, letters were known, the Mahometan relij^ion 
 was established, and a connnerce far from being incon- 
 siderable was carri*'d on. At that time several vessels 
 from India were in the port of Melmda. Ciama now 
 pursued his voyage with almost absolute certainty of 
 success, and under the conduct of a Maliometan [)ilot, 
 arrived at Calecut, upon tho coast of Malabar, on the 
 twenty-second of May, one thousand four hundred and 
 nmety-eiglit. AVhai he beheld of (he wealth, tlie po- 
 pnlousness, the cultivation, t!ie industry, and arts of 
 this highly civilized country, far surpassed any id"a 
 that bo had formed, from the imperfect accounts which 
 the Europeans had hitherto received of it. 13ut as he 
 possessed neither sufTicient force to attempt a settle- 
 ment, nor proper commodities with which he could 
 carry on commerce of any conseipience, he hastened 
 back to Portugal, with an account of his success in per- 
 forming a voyage, the longest, as well as most dilbcult, 
 that had ever been made since the first invention of 
 navigation. He landed at Lisbon on the fourteenth of 
 September, one thousand four hundred and ninety-nine, 
 two years two months and five days from the tunc ho 
 left that port. 
 
 Thus, during the course of the fifteenth centurj', 
 mankind made greater progress in exploring the state 
 of the hahitahic glolio, that in all the ages which had 
 elapsed previous to that period. The spirit of discovery, 
 feeble at first and cautious, moved within a verv nur- 
 l-ow sphere, and made its ellbrts with hesitation and 
 timidity. Kncouraged by success, it became adven- 
 turous, and boldly extended its operations. Jn the 
 iroursc of its progression, it continued to acquire vigor, 
 and advanced at length with a rapidity and force \\liich 
 burst through all the lunit within which ignorance and 
 fear had hitherto circumscribed the activity of tlic 
 human race. Almost lifty years were employed by the 
 Portuguese in creeiiing along the coast of AlVica Iroin 
 t'ape Non to Cajie de Veid. the latter of wliich Ins 
 only twelve degrees to tho south of the former. In 
 less than thirty years they ventured beyond the c.pii- 
 noctial line into another hemisphere, and penetrated tn 
 tho southern extremity of Africa, at the distance of 
 forty-nine degrees from Cape do Verd. Ibtrmg the 
 last seven years of the cenlurVt a New World was dis- 
 covered in the west, not infi-rior in extent lo all the 
 parts of the earth with which mankind were at tli.it 
 time ac(piaintcd. In the Kast, unknown seas and 
 countries were found out, and a communiciition, long 
 desired, hut liitherto eoucetileil was ojtened hetwei n 
 Europe and tlie opulent regions of India. In couiim- 
 vison with e\i i ■- ^o wonderful and unexpected, all lh.it 
 had hitherto boch deemed griiit or splemlid f.ulrd 
 away and disappeared. Vast objeets now presenh d 
 themselves. Ttie human mind, roused and mtesesicl 
 by the prospect, engaged with ardor m pursuit of them. 
 and exerted its active powers in a lu'w direction. 
 
 This spirit of entifjuise. ihougii but newly iiwakeiied 
 in Spain, began soon to opiT.itr exlensivclv. All llie 
 attempts towards discovery tnado m that kniL'i'oui had 
 hitberio been carried on hy (.'olumbus alone, and at the 
 expense of the Sovereiiiii. Hut now private adven- 
 turers, allured by the m.iiinilicent description!* he :,Mve 
 of the regions whidi In- had visited, as well as by the 
 Bpernnens of their we.illh which he produced. oM'erfil 
 to lit out sipiudrons a' >hri[ own risk, and to go in 
 (piest of new countries. The Spanish court. \vht)se 
 scanty revenues were exhausted by the charge of its 
 expeditions to the New World, which, thouL'h they 
 opened alluring prospects of future benelit, vu-lded a 
 very sparing return of present profit, was extremely 
 willing to devolve the burden of discovery upon its 
 suiijects. It seized with joy an opportunity uf rnuier- 
 ing tlie avarice, the mgcnuiiy. and eilbrls of |«rojec(ois 
 inatrumental in promoting designs of certain advantage 
 (o tha public, tuou||h of doubtful euccoss with respect 
 
 to themselves. One of the first propositions of this 
 kind was made by Alonzo de Ojcda, a gallant and ac- 
 tive oHicer, who had accompanied Columbus in his 
 second voyage. His rank and characler procured him 
 such credit with the merchants of Seville, that they 
 undertook to equip four ships, provided he could obtain 
 the royal license, authorising the voyage. The power- 
 ful patronage of the Bishop of Badajos easily secured 
 success in a suit so agreeable to the court. Without 
 consulting ('olumbus or regarding the rights and juris- 
 diction which ho had acquired by the capitulation in 
 one thousand four hundred and nmcty-two, Ojeda was 
 permitted lo set out for the New World. In order to 
 direct his course, the bishop communicated to him the 
 admiral's journal of his last voyage, and his charts of 
 the countries which he had discovered. Ojcda struck 
 out into no new path of navigation, but adhering ser- 
 vilely to the route which Columbus had taken, arrived 
 on the coast of Paria [May]. He traded with the na- 
 tives, and, standing to the west, proceeded as far as 
 Cape do Vela, and ranged along a considerable extent 
 of coast beyond that on which Columbus had touched. 
 Having thus ascertained the opinion o{ Columbus, that 
 this country was a part of the continent, Ojeda re- 
 turned by way of Hispaniola to Spain [October], with 
 some reputation as a discoverer, but with bttle benelit 
 to those wlio had raised the funds for the expedition. 
 
 Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine gentleman, accom- 
 panied Ojeda in this voyage. In what station he served 
 is uncertain , but as ho was an experienced sailor, and 
 eminently skilled in all tho sciences enbscrvient to 
 navigation, he seems to have acquired such authority 
 among his companions, that they willingly allowed him 
 to have a chief share in directing their operations during 
 the voyage. Soon after his return, he transmitted an 
 arrmmt of his adventures and discoveries to one of his 
 countrymen ; and laboring with the vanity of a traveller 
 to magnify his own exploits, bo had tho address and 
 confidence to frame his narrative so as to make it ap- 
 pear that he had the glory of having t'lrst discovered the 
 continent in the New World. Amerigo's account was 
 drawn up not only with art, but with some elegance. 
 It contained an amusing history of bis voyage, and ju- 
 dicious observations upon the natural productions, the 
 inhabitants, and the customs of the countries which he 
 had visited. As it was the first description of any part 
 of the New World that was published, a pcrforinance 
 so well calculated to gratify the passion of mankind for 
 what is new and marvellous, circulated rapidly, and 
 was read with admiration. The country of which 
 Amerigo was supposed to bn the discoverer, came 
 gradually to be called by bis name. The caprice of 
 mankind, often as unaccountable as unjust, has per- 
 petuated tliis error. By the universal consent of na- 
 tions, America is the name bestowed on this new quar- 
 ter of the globe. The bold pretensions of a fortunate 
 imposter, have robbed t!ie discoverer of the New World 
 of a distinction which belonged to him. The name of 
 .■Vinerigo has supplanted tliat of Columbus ; and man- 
 kind may regret an act of injustice, which, having re- 
 ceived the sanction of time, it is now too late to re- 
 dress. ['J2J 
 
 During the same year, another voyage of discovery 
 was undertaken. Columbus not only introduced the 
 spirit of naval enteqirise into Spain, but all tho first 
 adventurers who distinguished themselves in this new 
 career were formed by his instructions, and acquired in 
 his voyages the skill and information which ipialilied 
 them to imitate his cxam[)le. Alouso N:l:iio. who had 
 served under tho admiral in his last expedition, lilted 
 out a single sliip. in conjunction witli Christojilu'r 
 (iuerra. a merchant of Seville, and saileil to ilie co.isi 
 of Paria. This voyage seems to havr hern cunducted 
 with greater attention to private emohunent tjiaii to any 
 general or national object. Nigno and (Juerra, made 
 no discoveries of any importance ; hut they bioui^hi 
 home such a return of gold aud pearls as inllamed their 
 countryiucn with the desire of engaging in similar ad- 
 veiituics , 
 
 Soon after [.Ian. 13, 1500], Vincent Vanez Piiizon. 
 one of the adinirars companions in his first vovaL'*'. 
 sailed from I'alos with four ships. He t-touil boldly 
 towards the south, and was llie first Spanianl wlio ven- 
 tured across the equinoctial line ; but he seems to have 
 landed on no part of the coa.stbevoud the mouth of the 
 Maragnon, or river of tlie Amazons. All tiiese navi- 
 gators adopted the erroneous theory of Columbus, and 
 bclu ved that the countries which they had discovered 
 were part of the vast continent of India. 
 
 During tlie I.i*^t year of the fifteeuih century, tliat 
 fertile district of America, on the conlinc3 of which 
 I'inzon had K'oppcd short, was moro fully discovered. 
 
 The successful voyage of nnma to the East Indies 
 having encouraged tho Kin^ of Portugal to fit out a 
 fleet so powerful as not only to carry on trade but to 
 attempt conquest, he gave the command of 't to Pedro 
 Alvarez Cabral. In order to avoid the coast of Africu, 
 where ho was certain of meeting with variable breezed 
 or frequent calms, which might retard his voyage, 
 Cabral stood out to sea, and kept so far to the west, 
 that, to his surprise, be found himself upon the shore 
 of an unknown country, in tho tenth degree beyond 
 the line. He imagined at first that it was some island 
 in the Atlantic ocean, hitherto unobserved; but, pro- 
 ceeding along its coast for several days, he wa*: leu 
 gradually to believe, that a country so extensive formed 
 a part of some great continent. 'ITiia latter opinion 
 was well founded. The country with which he fell in 
 belongs to that jirovince in South America now known 
 by the name of Brasil. He landed ; and having formed 
 a very high idea of the fertility of the soil, and agree- 
 ableness of tho chniate, he took possession of it for tho 
 crown of Portugal, ajid despatched a ship to Lisbon 
 with an account of this event, which appeared to be no 
 less important than it was unexpected. Columbus's 
 discovery of the New World was the effort of an active 
 genius enlightened by science, guided by experience, 
 and acting upon a regular plan executed with no less 
 courage than perseverance. But from this adventure 
 of the Portuguese, it appears that chance might have 
 accomplished that great design which it is now the 
 pride of human reason to have formed and perfected. 
 If the sagacity of Colunibus had not conducted man- 
 kind to America, Cabral, by a fortunate accident, migbt 
 have led them, a few years later, to the knowledge of 
 that extcnaivc continent. 
 
 While the Spaniards and Portuguese, by those suc- 
 cessive voyages, were daily acquiring more enlarged 
 ideas of the extent and opulence of that quarter of thfl 
 ylobc which Columbus had made known to them, ho 
 himself, far from enjoying the tranquillity and honors 
 with which bis services should have been recompensed, 
 was struggling with every distress in which the envy 
 and malevolence of the people under his command, or 
 the ingratitude of the court which he served, could in- 
 volve him. Though the pacification with Itoldan broko 
 the union and weakened the force of the mutineers, it 
 did not extirpate the seeds of discord out of the island. 
 Several of the malccontents continued in arms, refusing 
 to submit to tho admiral. He and his brothers were 
 obliged lo take the field alternately, in order to check 
 (heir incursions, or to punish their crimes. The per- 
 petual occupation and disipiict which tliis created, pr*f- 
 vented liiin from giving due attention to the dangerous 
 machinations of his eiiemie« in the court of Spain. A 
 good number of such as were most dissatisfied with hia 
 administration had embraced the opportunity of return- 
 ing to Europe with the ships which he despatched from 
 St. Domingo. The final disappointment of all their 
 hopes inflamed the rage of thc^e nnfortuiiato adventur- 
 ers against Columbus to the utmost pitch. Their po- 
 verty and distress, by exciting compassion, rendered 
 their accusations credible, and their complaints interest- 
 ing. They leased I'erdinand and Isabella incessantly 
 with memorials, rontainmg the detail of their owq 
 grievances, and th<: articles of their charge against ('o- 
 lumbus. Whenever cither the king or q\icen appeared 
 ill public, they surrounded them in a tumultuary man- 
 ner, insisting with importunate clamours for the pay- 
 ment of the arrears due to them, and demanding ven- 
 geance njion the author of their suflerings. They in- 
 sulted the adiniral'M sons whei-ner they nut them, ro- 
 proachin-i ihein as the olVspring of the projector, whoso 
 fatal curiosity had di-covercd those pmiioious regions 
 which drained Spain of its wealth, and would prove iho 
 grave of its people. These avowed endeavors of tho 
 inalecontents from America to ruin Columluis, were 
 seconded by the secret but more dangerous insinuations 
 of that party among the courtiers, which had alway* 
 thwarted his schemes, and envied his success and cre- 
 dit. 
 
 Kordinand w.is disposed to listen, not only with a 
 wiliinix but with a partial ear. tn these accusations. 
 Noiwithstanding the llatlerini: accounts which ('olum- 
 bus had given of the riches of .\nierica. the remittancea 
 from it had hitherto been so scanty that lliey fell far 
 «hort of defraying the e.tpense of the armaments fitted 
 out. Tilt- glory of the discoverv, together with tho 
 prospect of remote commercial advantages, was all that 
 Spain had vet received in return for the ell'orts which 
 she had made. But time had already diminished tho 
 first sensations of jov wliicli the discoverv of a Now 
 World occasioned, and fame alone was not an ohjt-ct 
 to satisfy the cold interested nund of Eerdinand. 'I'ho 
 
w 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OF 
 
 nftture of commerce war then so little understood that, 
 where immediate gain was not acquired, the hope of 
 distant benefit, or of slow and moderate returns, was 
 totally disregarded. Ferdinand considered Spain, on 
 Ibit account, as having lost by the ciMcrprisc of Colum- 
 bus, and imputed it to his misconduct and incapacity 
 ftir government, that a country abounding in gold had 
 
 Yielded nothing of value to its conquerors, p^ven Isa- 
 ella, who from the favorable opinion which she cnter- 
 '«innd of Columbus had uniformly protected him, was 
 fdiaken at length by the number and boldness of his 
 iiccuscrs, and began to suspect that a disall'cction so 
 EEeneral must have been occasioned by real grievances 
 which called for redress. The Ijjshop of lladajos, with 
 lus usual animosity agamst Columbus, encouraged these 
 suspicions, and conlirined them. 
 
 As soon as the queen began to give way to the 
 torrent of calumny, a resolution fatal to Columbus 
 was taken. Francis dc Uovadilla, a knight of Cala- 
 trava, was appointed to repair to llispaniola, with full 
 powers to inquire into the conduct of Colunibua, and 
 if he should lind the charge of maladministration 
 proved, to supersede him, and assume the government 
 of the island. It was impossible to escape condem- 
 nation, when this preposterous commission made it the 
 interest of the judge to pronounce the person whom 
 b') was sent to try, guilty. Though Columbus had 
 now composed all the disscnsionfi in the island ; though 
 he had brought both Spaniards i.nd Indians to submit 
 peaceably to his government ; though he had made 
 ■uch ctfectual provision for working the mines, and 
 cultivating the country, as would have secured a con- 
 siderable revenue to the king, us well as large profits 
 to individuals ; Uovadilla, wilhuut designing to attend 
 to the nature or merit of thoi e services, discovered 
 from the moment that he landed in Hispaniola, a de- 
 termined pur|)aso of treating hi n as a criminal. He 
 took possession of the admiral's house in St. Domingo, 
 Irom which its master bappcicd at that time to be 
 absent, and seized his effects, rrs if his guilt had been 
 already fully proved ; he rundi:red himself master of 
 the fort and of the King s stures by violence ; he re- 
 quired all persons to ackno'Alcd^o him as supreme 
 governor ; he set at liberty the prisoners confined by 
 the admiral, and summoned him to appear before his 
 tribunal, in order to answer for his conduct ; trans- 
 mitting to him, together with tlie summons, a copy of 
 the royal mandate, by which Columbus was enjoined 
 to yield implicit obedience to his commands. 
 
 Columbus, though deeply affected with the in- 
 gratitude and injustice of Ferdinand and Isabella, did 
 not hesitate a moment about his own conduct. He 
 submitted to the will of his sovereigiis with a respect- 
 ful silence, and repaired directly [October] to the 
 court of that violent and partial judge whom they had 
 authorized to try him. liovadiUa, without admitting 
 bim into his presence, ordered him instantly to be ar- 
 rested, to be loaded with chains, and hurried on board 
 a ship. Even under this humiliating reverse of fortune, 
 the firmness of mind which distinguishes the character 
 of Columbus did not forsake him. Conscious of his 
 own integrity, and solacing himself with reflecting 
 upon the great things which he hod achieved, he en- 
 dured this insult otlcred to his character, not only with 
 composure but with dignity. Nor had he the coii' 
 sulation of sympathy to mitigate his sutrerings. Uo- 
 vadilla had already rendered himself so extremely 
 riopular, by granting various immunities to the colony, 
 ly liberal donations of Indians to all who applied for 
 them, and by relaxing the reins of discipline and 
 government, that the Spaniards, who were mostly 
 adventurers, whom their indigence or crimes had com- 
 pelled to abandon their iiarive country, expressed the 
 most indecent satisfaction with tiic disgrace and im- 
 prisonment of Columbus. They (latterod themselves 
 that now they should enjoy an uncontrolled liberty more 
 suitable to their disposition and former habits of life. 
 Among persons thus prepared to censure the proceed- 
 ings, and to asperse the character of Columbus, 
 Uovadilla collected materials for a charge against him. 
 All accusations the most improbable as well as incoii- 
 si^tent, were received. No informer, however, infa- 
 mous, was rejected. The result of this inquest, no leas 
 indbcent than partial, he transmitted to Spam. At the 
 same time he ordered Columbus, with his two brothers, 
 to be carried thitlier in fetters ; and, adding cruelty to 
 insult, he confined them in ditTercnt ships, and excluded 
 them from the comfort of that friendly intercourse 
 which might have soothed their common distress. 
 Uut while the Spaniards in Hispaniola viewed the 
 ubitrary and insolent proceedings of Uovadilla with a 
 general approbation, which retlects dishonor ujion their 
 
 name and country, one man still retained a proper 
 .sense of the great actions which Columbus had per- 
 formed, and was touched with the sentiments of vene- 
 ration and pity due to his rank, his age, and his merit. 
 Alon/.o dc Valojo, the captain of the vessel on board 
 which the admiral was confined, as soon as ho was 
 clear of the island, approached his prisoner with great 
 respect, and offered to release him from the fetters 
 with which he was unjustly loadeil. " No," replied 
 Columbus with a generous indignation, " I wear these 
 irons in consequence of an order from my sovereigns. 
 They shall find me as obedient to this as to their oilier 
 injunctions. By their command I have been conlined, 
 and their command alone shall set me at liberty." 
 
 Nov. 23.] Fortunately the voyage to Spain was 
 extremely short. As soon as Ferdinand and Isabella 
 were informed tha'. Columbus was brought home a 
 prisoner and in chains, they perceived at once what 
 universal astonishment this event must occasion, and 
 what an impression to their disadvantage it must make. 
 All Europe, they foresaw, would be tilled with indig- 
 nation at this ungenerous requital of a man svho had 
 performed actions worthy of the highest recompense, 
 and would exclaim against the injustice of 'he nation, 
 to which he had been such an eminent benefactor, as 
 well as against the ingratitude of the jirinccs whoso 
 reign he had rendered illustrious. Ashamed of their 
 own conduct, and eager not only to make some repara- 
 tion for this injury, but to clFace the stain which it 
 might fix upon their character, they instantly issued 
 orders to set Columbus at liberty [Dec. 17,] invited 
 him to court, and remitted money to enable him to ap- 
 pear there in a manner suitable to his rank. When he 
 entered the royal presence, Columbus throw himself 
 at the feet of his sovereigns. He remained for some 
 time silent ; the various passions which agitated his 
 mind suppressing his power of utterance. At length 
 he recovered himself, and vindicated his conduct in a 
 long discourse, producing the most satisfying proofs of 
 his own integrity as well as good intention, and evidence, 
 no less clear, of the malevolence of his enemies, who, 
 not satisfied with having ruined his fortune, labored to 
 deprive him of what alone was now left, his honor and 
 his fame. Ferdinand received him with decent civility, 
 and Isabella with tenderness and rcsjiect. They both 
 expressed their sorrow for what had ha|ipeiicd, disa- 
 vowed their knowledge of it, and joined in promising 
 him protection and future favor, lint thoiigli they in- 
 stantly degraded Uovadilla, in order to remove from 
 llicmsclves any suspicion of having authorized his 
 violent proceedings, they did not restore to Coluinhtis 
 his jurisdiction and privileges as viceroy of those 
 countries which ho had discovered. Though willing 
 to appear the avengers of Columbus's wrongs, that 
 illiberal jealousy which prompted them to invest 
 Uovadilla with such authority, as put it in his power 
 to treat the admiral with indignity, still subsisted. 
 They were afraid to trust a man to whom they had 
 been so highly indebted ; and retaining him at court 
 under various pretexts, they appointed Nicholas de 
 Ovando, a knight of the military order of Alcantara, 
 governor of Hispaniola. 
 
 Columbus was deeply affected with this new injury, 
 which came from hands that seemed to be employed 
 in making reparation for his past sufferings, 'i'hu 
 sensibility with which great minds feel every thing that 
 implies any suspicion of their integrity, or that wears 
 the aspect of an alfront, is exquisite. Columbus had 
 experienced bolli from the Spaniards, and their un- 
 generous conduct exasperated him to such a degree that 
 he could no longer conceal the sentiments which it 
 excited. \\"lierever he went he carried about with 
 him, as a memorial of their ingratitude, those fetters 
 with which he had been loaded. They wTre constantly 
 hung up in his chamber, and he gave orders, that when 
 he died they should be buried in his grave. 
 
 1501 ] Meanwhile the spirit of discovery, notwith- 
 standing the severe check which it had received by the 
 ungenerous treatment of the man who first excited it in 
 Spain, continued active and vigorous. [January] Ko- 
 derigo de Uastidas, a person of distinction, fitted out 
 two ships ill copartnery with John de la Cosa, who hav- 
 ing served under the admiral in two of his voyages was 
 deemed the most skilful pilot in Spain. They steered 
 directly towards the continent, arrived on the coast of 
 Ha.-ia, and, proceeding to the west, discovered all the 
 coast of the province now known by the name of 
 Tierra Firino, from (.lape de Vela to the Uulf of l)a- 
 nen. Not long after Ujcda, with his former associate 
 Amerigo Vespucci, set out upon a seco.id voyage, 
 and, being unacquainted with the destination of Uas- 
 tidas, held the same course and touched at the saiiiu 
 
 filaces. The voyage of Bastidas was prosperous Ami 
 ucrativc, that of Ojeda unfortunate. But both tended 
 to increase the ardor of discovery ; for in proportion 
 as the Spaniards acquired a more extensive know- 
 ledge of tile American continent, their idea of I'.s opu- 
 lence and fertility increased. 
 
 Uefore these adventurers returned from their voy 
 ages, a Hcct was equipped, at the public expense, for 
 carrying over Ovando, the new governor, to Hispa- 
 niola. His presence there was extremely reqiiisif'.-, in 
 order to stop the inconsiderate career of llovaJilla, 
 whose imprudent administration threatened the settle, 
 incut with ruin. Conscious of the violence and iiiiijuity 
 of his proceedings against Columbus, he continued to 
 make it his sole object to gain the favor and sup[iort of 
 his countrymen, by accominodatuig himself (o their 
 passions and prejudices. With liiis view, he esta- 
 blished regulations in every point the reverse of those 
 which CuTuinbus deemed essential to the prosjierity 
 of the colony. Instead of the severe discipline neces- 
 sary in order to habituate the dissolute and corrupted 
 members of which the society was composed, to tlio 
 restraints of law and subordinaliou, he sutVered them to 
 enjoy such uncontrolled license as encouraged the 
 wildest excesses. Instead of protecting the Indians, 
 he gave a legal sanction to the oppression of that un- 
 ha[tpy people. He took the exa(;t mniiber of such as 
 survived their past calamities, divided them into dis- 
 tinct classes, distiibiited them in properly among his 
 adherents, and reduced all the people of the island to a 
 stale of complete servitude. As the avarice of the 
 'Spaniards was too rapacious and iinpatient to try any 
 method of acquiring wealth but that of searching lor 
 gold, this servitudo becaine as grievous as it was un- 
 just. The Indians wtTe driven in crowds to the moun- 
 tains, and compelled to work in the inir.cs, .by masters 
 wlio imposed tlieir tasks without mercy or discretion. 
 Labor so disproportioiied to their sirength and former 
 habits of life, wasted that feeble race of men with such 
 rapid eonsuinption, as must have soon terminated in 
 the utter extinction of the ancient inliabilaiits of the 
 country. 
 
 The necessity of applying a speedy remedy to those 
 disorders hasteiu d Ovando's departure. Ho had the 
 command of the most respectable armament hitherto 
 fitted out for the New World. It consisted of thirty- 
 two ships, on board of which two thousand live hundred 
 persons embarked with an intention of setthng in thu 
 country. [11)02.1 Upon the arrival of the new governor 
 with this powerful reinforcemet to the colony. Uovaddla 
 resigned his charge, and was coinmai ded to return in- 
 stantly to Spain, in order to answer for his conduct. 
 Koldan and the other ringleaders of the mutineers, who 
 had been most active in ojiposing Columbus, were re- 
 quired to leave the island at the same time. A pro- 
 clamation was issued, declaring the natives to be free 
 subjects of .Spain, of whom no service was to be ex- 
 pected contrary to tlicir own inclination, and without 
 paying them an adcqiiute price for their labor. With 
 respect to the Spaniards themselves, various regula- 
 tions were made, tending to suppress the licentious 
 spirit which had been so fatal to the colony, and to 
 establish tliat reverence for law and order on which so- 
 ciety is founded, and to which it is indebted for its in- 
 crease and stability. In order to limit the exorbitant 
 gain which private persons were sujiposed to make by 
 working the mines, an ordinance was published, direct- 
 ing all the gold to be brought to a public smelling- 
 house, and declaring one-half of it to be the property ol 
 the crown. 
 
 While these steps were taking for securing the Iran- 
 quiltily and welfare of the colony which Columbus l;ad 
 planted, he himself was engaged in the unpleasant em- 
 ploymciit of soliciting llie favor of an ungralefiil court, 
 and notwithstaudiug all his merit and services, he so- 
 licited in vain. He demanded, in terms of ihe original 
 capitulation in one thousand four hundred and ninety- 
 two, to be reinstated in his ollice of viceroy over the 
 countries which he had discovered. By a strange fa- 
 tality, the circumstance which he urged in supjiort of 
 his cla.tn, determined a jealous monarch to reject it. 
 The greatness of his discoveries, and the prospect of 
 their increasing value, made Ferdinand consider thd 
 concessions in the capitulation as exlravagant and iiii- 
 polilic. He was afraid of intrusting a subject with the 
 exercise of a jurisdiction that now appeared to be so 
 exlrciuely extensive, and might grow to be no less for- 
 midable. He inspired Isabella with the same suspi- 
 cions ; and under various prctexls, (^jiLilly frivolo'H 
 and unjust, they eluded all Columbus's refiuisitioiis in 
 perform that which a solemn compact lioiiiid them lo 
 accomplish After attending tlio court of Spain fin 
 
SOUTH AMERIO^V 
 
 89 
 
 near two ycurs. US an hiuntile suitor, tie found it im- 
 
 KOHHiblc to rrinove Fcnlitmnirs prejutlicos and apjirc- 
 ensiona ; and purroivcd ut Icnijth that he lahorrd in 
 vain, when he uri;ed a chiim of justice or merit with an 
 interested and unfeeling prince. 
 
 lint even this ungenerous return did not discouraj;e 
 him from pursuing llie great ohject which first called 
 forth his inventive genius, and excited- him to attein]»t 
 discovery. To open a nr.v passai^o to the Kast Indies 
 waa his original and favorite scheme. This still en- 
 grossed his thoughts ; au'.l cither from his own obser- 
 vations in his voyage to Paria, or from some ohscnre 
 tiint of the natives, or from the accounts given bv li.is- 
 tidns and de la Cosa of their expedition, ho conreiv(;d 
 an opinion that beyond the continent of A.," .ica there 
 was a sea which extended to the Kast Indies, and 
 hoped to find some strait or narrow neck of land, bv 
 which a connnunication might he opened with it and 
 the part of the ocean already known. Hy a very for- 
 tunate conjecture, ho supposed this strait or isthmus to 
 be situated near the (lulf of Darien. Full of this idea, 
 though he was now of an advanced age, worn out with 
 fatigue, and broken with infirmities, he olfered, with 
 the alacrity of a youthful adventurer, to undertake a 
 vovage which would ascertain tliis important point, and 
 perfect the grand scheme which from the hegiiuiing he 
 propcsed to accomplish. Several circumstances con- 
 curred in disposing Ferdinand and Isabella to lend a 
 favorable ear tu this proposal. 'I'hey were glad to have 
 the pretext of any honorable employment for removing 
 from court a man with whose demands they deemed it 
 impolitic to comply, and whose services it was indecent 
 to neglect. Though unwdling to reward Columbus, 
 ihey were not insensible of his merit, and from their ex- 
 perience of his skill and conducl, iiad reason to give 
 credit to his conjectures, ami to confide in his success. 
 To these considerations, a third must be added of still 
 more powerful influence. Al)Out this time the Portu- 
 guese fleet, under Cabral, arrived from the Indies ; and 
 by the richness ot its cprgo, gave the peojtle of Europe 
 a inoro perfect idea than they had hitherto been able to 
 form, of the opulence and fertility of the East. The 
 Portuguese had been more fortunate hi their disco- 
 veries ti.jU the Spaniards. They had opened a com- 
 munication with countries where industry, arts, and 
 elegance flourished ; and where commerce had been 
 longer established, and carried to greater extent than 
 in any region of the earth. Their first voyages thither 
 yielded immediate as well as vast returns of profit, in 
 commodities extremely precious and in great request. 
 Lisbon became immediately the seat of commerce and 
 wealth ; while Spain had only the expectation of remote 
 benefit, and of future gain from the western world. 
 Nothing, then, could be more acceptable to the Spa- 
 niards tlian Columbus's ofl'er to conduct them to the 
 East, by a route which he expected to he sliorter, as 
 well as less dangerous than that which the Portuguese 
 had taken. Even Ferdinand was roused by such a 
 prospect and warmly approved of the undertaking. 
 
 But interesting as the object of tins voyage was to 
 the nation, Columbus could procure only four small 
 barks, the lariresl of which did not exceed seventy tons 
 in burden, for performing it. Accustomed to brave 
 danger, and to engage in arduous undertakings wiili 
 inadecpiato force, he did not hesitatf! to accept the 
 connnand of this pitiful squ.idron. His brother Bar- 
 tholomew, and his second son Ferdinand, the historian 
 of his actions, accompanied him. lie sailed from 
 ('adiz on the ninth of May, and touched, as usual, at 
 the Canary islands; from thence he proposed to have 
 stood directly for the continent ; but his largest vessel 
 was so clumsy and unfit for service, as constrained 
 him to bear away for Ilisjiauiola. in hopes of cxchanix- 
 ing her for some ship of tlu fl^et that had earned nut 
 Ovando. When he arrived at ;il. Domiiiijo [June VDJ. 
 he found eighteen of these ship= ready lo.ided, and on 
 the pomt of departing for Spain. <'ohnnlnis nnme- 
 diate.ly aequahited the governor with the destination of 
 his voyage, and the accident which had obliirrd bun to 
 alter his route. He requesic 1 permission to enter the 
 harlKir, not only that he miglit negotiate the exchange 
 of his ship, but that he miL;ht take shelter during a vin 
 lent hurrieane, of which ho discerned the approach 
 from various prognostics which his experience and 
 sagacity bad taught him to observe. On tlut account, 
 ho advised him likewise to put oiF for some days the 
 departure of the (lee! bound for Spain. Uiit Ovando 
 refused his reques', and despised his counsel. Under 
 circumstances ni which hmnanitv would have afforded 
 refuge to a stranger, ('olumbus was denied admittance 
 into a country of which he had discovered the ex- 
 istence ind acquired the possession. His salutary 
 
 warning, which merited the greatest attention, was 
 regarded as the dream of a visionary prophet, who 
 arrogantly pretended to predict an event beyond the 
 reach of human foresight. The fleet set sail for Spain. 
 Next night tlie hurricane came on with dreadful im- 
 petuosity. Columbu.i, aware of the danger, took pre- 
 cautions against it, and saved his little squadron. The 
 fleet destiiu;d for Spain met with the fate which the 
 raslmcss and obstinacy of its commanders deserved. 
 Of eighteen ships two or three only escaped. In this 
 general wreck perished liuvadilla, Koluan, and the 
 L'rcater part of those who had been the most active in 
 persecuting Columbus, and oppressing the Indians, 
 Pogether wilh themselves, all tlie wealth which they 
 had acquired by their injustice and cruelty was swal- 
 lowed up. It exceeded in value two hundred thousand 
 prsos ; an immense sum at that period, and sufficient 
 not only to have screened them from any severe 
 scrutiny into their conduct, but to have secured them 
 a gracious reception in the Spanish court. Among 
 the ships that escaped, one had on board all the ellccts 
 of Columbus which had been recovered from the rums 
 of his fiirtuno. Historians, struck with the exact dis- 
 crimination of characters, as well as the just distri- 
 bution of rewards and jiunishments, conspicuoi-s in 
 those events, universally attribute them to an imme- 
 diate interposition of Divine Providence, in order to 
 avenge the wrongs of an injured man, and to punish 
 the oppressors of an innocent people. Upon the 
 ignorant and superstitious race of men, who were 
 witnesses of this occurence, it made a diflcrent im- 
 pression. From an opinion which vulgar admiration 
 is apt to entertain with respect to persons who have 
 distinguished themselves by their sagacity and inven- 
 tions, they believed Columbus to be possessed of 
 supernatural powers, and imagined that he had conjured 
 up this dreadful Plorm by magical art and incantations 
 in order to bo avenged of his enemies. 
 
 Columbus soon left liispaniola [July 14], where he 
 met with such an inhospitable reception, and stood 
 towards the continent. After a tedious and dangerous 
 voyage, he discovered Guania, an island not far distant 
 from the coast of Honduras. There he had an inter- 
 view with some inhabitants of the continent, who ar- 
 rived in a large canoe. They appeared to be a people 
 more civilized, and who had made greater progress in 
 the knowledge of useful arts than any whom he had 
 hitherto discovered. In return to the inquiries which 
 the Spaniards made, with their usual eagerness, con- 
 cerning the places where the Indians got the gold \^hich 
 they wore by way of ornament, they directed them to 
 countries situated to the west, in which gold was found 
 in such profusion that it was applied to the most com- 
 mon uses. Instead of steering in quest of a country 
 so inviting, which would have conducted him along the 
 coast of Yucatan to the rich empire of Mexico. Colum- 
 bus was so bent upon his favorite scheme of finding out 
 the strait which ho supposed to communicate with the 
 Indian ocean, that he bore away to the east towards 
 the gulf of Darien. In this navigation he discovered 
 all the coast of the continent, from Cape Gracias a 
 Dios to a harbor which, on account of its beauty and 
 security, he called Porto Bello. He searched in vain 
 for the imaginary sirait, through which he expected to 
 nnike his way into an unknown sea ; and though he 
 went on shore several times, and advanced into the 
 country, he did not penetrate so far as to cross the nar- 
 row isthmus which separates the Gulf of Mexico from 
 the great Southern ocean. He was so much delighted, 
 however, witii the fertility of the country, and conceived 
 such an idea of its wealth from the specimens of gold 
 produced by the natives, that he resolved to leave a 
 small colony upon the river Helen, in tlie province of 
 Veragua. \mder the command of his brother, and to 
 return himself to Spain [150.1], in order to procure 
 wliat was requisite for rendering the establislunent per- 
 manent. But the ungovernable spirit of the people 
 under his command, deprived Columbus of the glory 
 of planting the first colony on the continent of Ame- 
 rica. Their insolence and rap.iciousness provoked the 
 unlives to take arms ; and as these were a more hardy 
 and warlike race of men than the inhabitants of the 
 islands, they cut off part of the Spaniards, and obliged 
 the rest to abandon a station which was found to be 
 untenable. 
 
 This repulse, the first that the Spaniards met with 
 from any of the American nations, was not the only 
 misfortune that befell ('olumbus ; it was followed by a 
 succession of all the disasters to which navigation is 
 exposed. Furious hurricanes with violent storms of 
 thunder and lightning, threatened his leaky vessels 
 with dontructicn ; while his discontented ciow, ex- 
 
 hausted with fatigue, and destitute of provisions, wa<* 
 unwilling or unable to execute his commands. One of 
 his ships perished ; ho was obliged to abandon ano- 
 ther, as unfit for service ; and with the two which 
 rem.iined, he quitted that part of tlie coiilincnt, which, 
 in his anguish, he named the Coast of Vexation, and 
 ^ore away for liispaniola. New distresses awaited 
 him in his voyage, lie was driven back by a violent 
 tempest from the coast of Cuba, his shins fell foul of 
 one another, and were so much shattered by the shork 
 that wilh the utmost diliiculty they reached Jamaicu 
 [June 2-1], where he was obliged to run them aground, 
 to prevent them from sinking. The measure of his 
 calamities seemed now to be full. He was cast ashoro 
 upon an island at a considerable diulaneo from the only 
 settlement of the Spaniards in America. His ships 
 were ruined beyond the possibility of being repaired. 
 To convey an account of his situation to Hispaniola 
 appeared impracticable ; and without this it waa in vain 
 to expect relief. His genius, fertile in resources, and 
 most vigorous in those perilous exlremi'.ics when feeble 
 minds abandon themselves to despair, discovered tho 
 only expedient which afl'ordcd any prospect of dehver- 
 ance. He had recourse to the hospitable kindness of 
 the natives, who, consideiing the Spaniards as beings 
 of a superior nature, were eager, on every occasion, to 
 minister to their wants. From them he obtained two 
 of their canoes, each formed out of the trunk of a single 
 tree hollowed with fire, and so misshapen and awkward 
 as hardly to merit the name of boats. In these, which 
 were fit only for creeping along the coast, or crossing 
 from one side of a bay to another, Menr^ez, a Spaniard, 
 and Fieschi, a Genoese, two gentlemen particularly 
 attached to Columbus, gallantly offered to set out for 
 Hispanioh, upon a voyage of above thirty leagues. 
 This they accomplished in ten days, after surmounting 
 incredible dangers, and enduring such fatigues, that 
 several of the Indians who accompanied them sunk 
 under it, and died. The attention paid to them by tho 
 governor of liispaniola was neither such as their co'i- 
 ragc merited, nor the distress of the persons from whom 
 they came required. Ovando, from a mean jealousy of 
 Columbus, was afraid of allowing him to set foot in 
 the island under his goveniment. This ungenerous 
 passion hardened his heart against every tender sen- 
 timent which reflection upon the services and misfor- 
 tunes of that great man, or compassion for his own 
 fellow-citizens, involved in the same calamities, must 
 have excited. Mcndez and Fieschi spent eight month** 
 in soliciting relief for their commander and associates, 
 without any prospect of obtaining it. 
 
 During this period, various passions agitated th« 
 mind of Columbus and his companions in adversity. 
 Al first, the expectation of speedy deliverance, from 
 the success of Mcndez and Fie.schi's voyage, cheered 
 the ajfirits of the most desponding. After some time 
 the most timorous began to suspect that they had mis- 
 carried in their daring attempt [1504]. At length, even 
 the most sanguine concluded that they had perished. 
 The ray of hope which had broke in upon them, made 
 their condition o pear now more dismal. Despair, 
 heightened by disappointment, settled in every breast. 
 Their last resource had failed, and nothing remained 
 but the prospect of ending their miserable days among 
 naked savages, far from their country and their friends. 
 The seamen, in a transport of rage, rose in open mu- 
 tiny, threatened the life of Columbus, whom they re- 
 proached as the author of all their caianuties, seized 
 ten canoes, which they had purchased from the Indians, 
 and, despising his remonstrances and entreaties, made 
 nlf with them to a distant ]iari of the island. At the 
 same time the natives murmured at the long residence 
 of the .Spaniards in their country. As their industry 
 was not greater than that of their neighbors in liispa- 
 niola, like them they found the burden of supporting so 
 many stangers to be altogether intolerable. They be- 
 gan to bring in provisions with reluctance, they fur- 
 nished them with a sparing hand, and threatened to 
 withdraw those supplies altogether. Such a resolution 
 must havo been quickly fatal to the Spaniards. Their 
 safety dependeu upon the good will of the Indians ; 
 and unless they could revive the admiration and reve- 
 rence with which that simple people had at first 
 beheld them, destruction was unavoidable, Though 
 the licentious proceedings of the mutineers had in a 
 great measure effaced those impressions which had 
 been so favorable to the Spa-uards, the ingenuity of Co 
 lumbus suggested a happy artifice, that not only re 
 stored but heightened the high opinion which the 
 Indians had originally entertained of them. Uy his 
 skill in astronomy, ho knew that there was shortly to 
 be a total eclipse of the moon. Ho awomhled all the 
 
V 
 
 00 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HloTORY OF 
 
 principal persons of the district around him on tho day 
 before it happened, and, after reproaching them for their 
 ficklcnesH in withdrawing their atlectionand nRsistimcc 
 from men whom they had lately revered, ho told them, 
 that the Spaniardh were servants of the CJreat Spirit 
 who dwells in heaven^ who made and governs tho 
 world ; that he, offended at their refusal to support men 
 who were the objcets of his peculiar favor, was prepar- 
 ing to punish this crime with exemplary severity, and 
 that very night the moon should withhold her light, and 
 appear of a bloody hue, as a sign of the d> vine wrath 
 And an emblem of the vengeance reatly t-' *"'ill upon 
 tbem. To this marvellous prediction sonW of tlimi 
 liatenod with the careless indillerencc peculiar to the 
 people of America ; others, with the credulous asto- 
 nishment natural to barbarians. But when the moon 
 began gradually to ho darkened, and at length appeared 
 of a red color, all were struck with terror. I'hey ran 
 with consternation to their houses, and returning in- 
 fltantly to Columbus loaded with provisions, threw ihcm 
 at his feet, conjuring him to intercede with the Greiit 
 Spirit to avert tho destruction with which they were 
 threatened. Columbus, seeming to be moved by their 
 entreaties, promised to comply with their desire. The 
 eclipse went off, the moon recovered its splendour, and 
 from that day tho Sp-^niards were not only furnished 
 profusely with provisions, but the natives, with super- 
 stitious attention, avoided every thmg that could give 
 them offence. 
 
 During those transactions, the mutineers had made 
 repeated attempts to pass over to Hispaniola in the 
 canoes which they had seized. But, from their own 
 misconduct or tho violence of tho winds and currents, 
 their efforts were all unsuccessful. Enraged at this 
 disappointment, they marched towards that part of the 
 island where Columbus remained, threatening him with 
 new insnlts and dangers. While they were advancing, 
 an event happened, more cruel and atHicting than any 
 calamity which ho dreaded from them. The governor 
 of Hispaniola, whose mind was still filled with some 
 dark suspicions of Columbus, sent a small bark to Ja- 
 maica, not to deliver his distressed countrymen, but to 
 spy out their condition. Lest the sympathy of those 
 whom ho employed should afford them relief, contrary 
 to his intention, ho gave the command of this vessel to 
 Escobar, an inveterate enemy of Columbus, who, ad- 
 hering to his instructions with malignant accuracy, cast 
 anchor at some distance from the island, approached 
 the shore in a small boat, obser>ed the wretched plight 
 of the Spaniards, delivered a letter of empty compli- 
 ments to the admiral, received his answer, and de- 
 parted. When the Spaniards 6rst descried the vessel 
 standing towards tho island, every heart exulted, as if 
 the long expected hour of their deliverance had at 
 length arrived ; but when it disappeared so suddenly, 
 they sunk into tho deepejt dejection, and all their 
 hopes died away. Columbus alone, though ho felt 
 most sensibly this wanton insult which Ovando added 
 to his past neglect, retained such composure of mind 
 as to be able to cheer his followers. He assured them 
 that Mendcz and Fieschi had reached Hispaniola in 
 safety ; that they would speedily procure ships to carry 
 them off; but as Escobar's vessel could not take them 
 oil on board, that ho had refused to go with her, be- 
 cause he was determined never to abandon the faithful 
 companions of 'us distress. Soothed with the expecta- 
 tion of speedy deliverance, and delighted with liis appa- 
 rent generosity in attending more to their preservation 
 than to his own safety, their spirits revived, and he 
 regained their confidence. 
 
 Without this confidence he could not have resisted 
 the mutineers, who were now at hand. Al! his endea- 
 vors to reclaim those desperate men had no effect but 
 to increase their frenzy. Their demands became every 
 day more extravagant, and their intentions more vio- 
 lent and bloody. ^ Tho common safety rendered it ne- 
 cessary to oppose tlicin with open force. Columbus, 
 who had been long afflicted with the gout, could not 
 take the field. His brother, tho adclantado, marched 
 against them [May 20]. They quickly met. The 
 mutineers rejected with scorn terms of accommoda- 
 tion, which were once more ofl'ered them, and rushed 
 On boldly to the attack. They fell not upon an enemy 
 unprepared to receive them. In tho first shock, se- 
 veral of their most darins leaders were slain. 1'ho 
 adelantado, whose strength was equal to his courage, 
 closed with their captain, wounded, disarmed, and took 
 him prisoner. At sight of this, the rest fled with a 
 dastardiv fear suitable to their former insolence. Soon 
 afler, they submitted in a body to Columbus, and bound 
 themselves by the most solemn oallia to obey all his 
 commands. Hardly waj tranquillity ro-e»tablislKHl 
 
 when the ships oppeared, whr-ie arrival Columbus had 
 promised with great address, though he could foresee 
 It with little certainly. Willi transports of joy the 
 Spaniards quitted un island in wliich iho unfechng jea- 
 lousy of Ovando hud sulfiTcd ihcm to languish above 
 a year, exposed to misery in all its various fonns. 
 
 When they arrived at St. Uomingo [Aug. 13], the 
 governor with the mean artifice of a vulgar mind, that 
 labors to atone for insolence by servility, fawned on 
 the man whom he envied, and had attempted to ruin. 
 He received Columbus with tlie most studied respect, 
 lodged him in his own house, and distinguished him 
 with every mark of honor. Hut amidst, tliosc over- 
 acted drrnonstralions of regard, he could not conceal I 
 the hatred and malignity latent in his heart. He set 
 at liberty the captain of the mutineers, whom Colum- 
 bus had brought over in chains to be tried for his 
 crimes ; and threatened such as had adhered to the 
 admiral with proceeding with a jtitlicial inquir)' into 
 their conduct. Columbus submitted in silence to 
 what he could not redress ; but discovered an extreme 
 impatience to quit a counti^ which was under the ju- 
 risdiction of a man who had treated him, on every oc- 
 casion, with inhumanity and injustice. His prepara^ 
 tions were soon finished, and he set sail for Spain with 
 two ships [Sept. 12j. Disasters similar to those which 
 had accompanied him through life continued to pursue 
 him to the end of his career. One of his vessels being 
 disabled, was soon forced back to St. Domingo ; the 
 other, shattered by violent storms, sailed several hun- 
 dred leagues with jury-masts, and reached with difli- 
 cultv the port of St. Lucar [December]. 
 
 1 here he received the account of an event the most 
 fatal that could have befallen him, and which com- 
 pleted his misfortunes. This was the death of his jta- 
 troncss Queen Isabella [Nov. 9], in whose justice, hu- 
 manity, and favor he confided as his last reso'irce. 
 None now remained to redress his wrongs, or to re- 
 ward him for his services and sufferings, but Ferdi- 
 rmnd, who had so long opposed and so often injured 
 him. To solicit a prince thus prejudiced against him 
 was an occupation no less irksome than hopeless. In 
 this, however, was Columbus doomed to employ the 
 close of his days. As soon as his health was in some 
 degree re-established, he repaired to court; and though 
 he was received there with civility barely decent, he 
 plied Ferdinand with petition after petition, dcmandhig 
 the punishment of his oppressors, and the restitution of 
 all the privileges bestowed upon him by the capitula- 
 tion of one thousand four hundrt-d and nii.ety-two. 
 Ferdinand amused him with fair words and unmeaning 
 promises. Instead of granting his claims, he proposed 
 expedients in order to elude them, end spun out the 
 affair with such apparent art, as plainly discovered his 
 intention that it should never be terminated. The de- 
 clining health of Columbus flattered Ferdinand with the 
 hopes of being soon delivered from an importunate sui- 
 tor, and encouraged him to persevere in this illiberal 
 plan. Nor wus he deceived m his exjtcctations. Dis- 
 gusted with ingratitvidc of a monarch whom he had 
 served with such fidelity and success, exhausted with 
 the fatigues and hardships which he had endured and 
 broken witli the infirmities which these had brought 
 upon him, Columbus ended his life at Valladolid un 
 the twentieth of May, one thousand five hundred and 
 six, in the fifty-ninth year of his age. He died with a 
 composure of mind suitable to the magnanimity which 
 
 uiiguishcd his character, and with sentiments of 
 piety becoming that supreme respect for religion which 
 he manifested in every occurrence of his life. 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 state of tho colony in Hi.spaniola — New war with the Indians 
 — Cruelty of Uie Spaniards— Fatal reguliitions concerning 
 ttio contiitiot) of tlie hidians— Diminution of licit ncoplo — 
 Diflcoverios anil scttlnnients— First culi.ny plaiitcu on the 
 Continent— Coiniuost of Cuha— Discovery of Flonda— ofthe 
 South Sea— Great expectations raised i^ty this— Cnuse.s of 
 disappointment with respect lolhese for some time— Con- 
 troversy concerning the treatment of llie Indians- Contiiwy 
 decisions— Zc;il of tho ecclesmstics, particularly of Lua 
 Casus— Singuliir proceedings of Xiinene.s-Ncgroos imported 
 into America — Las (^'asa.s* idea of a now colony — permiltoit 
 to attempt it— unsucees.iful— Discoveries towards tho 
 West— Yucatan— Canipeachy-Now Spaiu-preparatiuna for 
 invading it 
 
 AViiiLK Columbus was employed in his last voyage, 
 several events worthy of notice happened in Ilispa- 
 niola. Tho colony there, the parent and nurse of all 
 the subsequent establishments of Spain in the New 
 World, gradually acipiirod the form of a regular and 
 prosperous society- Tin; humane solicitude of Isabella 
 to protect the Indians from oppression, and particularly 
 tho proclamation by which the Spaniards were pro- 
 
 hibited to compel them to work, retarded, it is true 
 fur some time the progress of improvement. Tho 
 natives, who considered exemption from toil as ex 
 treine folieity, scorned every allurement and reward 
 by which they were invited to labor. The Spaniards 
 had not a sutlicient number of hands either to work 
 the mines or to cultivate the soil. Several of the first 
 colonists who had been accustomed to the service of 
 tho Indians, quitted the inland, when deprived of those 
 instruments, without which they knew not how to 
 carrj on any operation. Many of the new settlers who 
 came over with Ovando, were seized with the distem* 
 pers peculiar to the climate, and in a short space above 
 a thousand of them died. At tlie same time, tho 
 exacting one-half of the product of tlie miiies, as the 
 royal share, was found to bom demand so exorbitant 
 that no odventurers would engage to work them upon 
 such terms. In order to save the colony from ruin, 
 Ovando ventured to relax tho rigor o( the royal edicts 
 [150r)]. He made a new distribution of the Indians 
 among the Spaniards, and compelled them to labor, for 
 a stated time, in digging the mines, or in cultivating 
 the ground; but in order to screen himself from ihu 
 imputation of having subjected them again to servitude, 
 he enjoined their masters to pay them a ct rtain sum, 
 as tho price of their work. He reduced the royal 
 share of the gold found in the mines from tl.e half to 
 the third part, and soon after lowered it to a fifth, at 
 which it long remained. Notwithstanding Inahella*s 
 tender concern for the good (reatmeiit of the Indians, 
 and Ferdinand's eagerness to improve the royal reve* 
 nue, Ovando persuaded the court to approve of both 
 these regulations. 
 
 But the Indians, after enjoying respite from op- 
 pression, though during a short interval, now felt the 
 yoke of bondage to be so galling that they made seve< 
 ral attempts to vindicate their own liberty. 'I'liis the 
 Spaniards considered as rebellion, and took arms in 
 order to reduce them to subjection. When war is 
 carried on between nations whose state of improve- 
 ment is in any degree similar, tlie means of defence 
 bear some proportion to those employed in the attack ; 
 and in this equal contest svich etforts must be made, 
 such talents are displayed, and such passions roused, 
 as exhibit mankind to vi^^w in a situation no less strik- 
 ing than interesting. It is one of the noblest functmns 
 of history to observe and to delineate men at a jr.ne- 
 ture when their minds are most violently agitated, and 
 all their powers and passions are called forth. Hence 
 the operations of war, and the struggles between con- 
 'veuding states, have been deemed by tiislonans, ancient 
 as well as modern, a capital and important article in 
 the annals of human actions. But in a contest be- 
 tween naked savages, and one of tho most warlike of 
 the Kuropean nations, where science, courage, and dis- 
 cipline on one side, were opposed by ignorance, timi- 
 dity, and disorder on the other, a particular detail of 
 events would be as unpleasant as unmstructive. If 
 the simplicity and innocence of the Indians had inspired 
 the Spaniards with humanity, had softened the pride of 
 superiority into coiu{)assiun, and had induced them to 
 improve the inhabitants of the New World, instead of 
 oppressing them, some audden acts of violence, liko 
 the too rigorous chustiseincnls of impatient instructor!^, 
 might have been related without horror. But, un- 
 fortunately, this consciousness of superiority operated 
 in a different manner. The Spaniards were advanced 
 so far beyond the natives of America in improvement 
 of every kind, that they viewed them with contempt. 
 They conceived the Americans to l-^ rinimals of an in- 
 ferior njture, who were not entitled to the riglits and 
 privileges of men. In peace they subjected them to 
 servitude. In war they paid no regard to those laws 
 which, by a tacit convention between contending na- 
 tion:., regulate hostility, and set some bounds to its 
 ra>;i'. They considered them not as men t'ighting in 
 defence of their liberty, but as slaves who had ro- 
 voltcd (Against tlicir masters. Their caziques, when 
 taken, were condemned, like the leaders of banditti, to 
 the moat cruel and ignominous punishments ; and all 
 their subjects, without regarding the di.ttiiictioii of 
 ranks established among them, were reduced to the 
 same stnio of abject slavery. M'ith such a spirit and 
 sentiments v/ere hostilities carried on against the 
 cazique of Higuey, a province at the eastern extremity 
 of tho island. This was occasioned by the perfidy of 
 the Spaniards, in violating a treaty which they had 
 made with the natives, and it was terminated Sy 
 hanging up the cazi<pie, who defended his people with 
 bravery so far superior to that of his countrymen, us 
 entitled him to a better fate. 
 
 Tho conduct of Ovando, in anotlicr port of tho island. 
 
 f 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 01 
 
 inde of 
 
 l(.MI) lu 
 
 ad uf 
 
 liko 
 
 ructors, 
 
 [, un- 
 
 UUTll 
 
 rnciil 
 
 L'llll't. 
 
 an iii- 
 s and 
 
 !iciii to 
 laws 
 
 uig na- 
 
 lo lt3 
 
 iu'^ ill 
 111 ru- 
 wheii 
 tli, to 
 nd all 
 >u of 
 to tlie 
 rit and 
 tit the 
 rcinity 
 lidy of 
 uy had 
 ! Sy 
 with 
 iun, us 
 
 island. 
 
 was still more trcachnrous and cruel. 'J'ho province 
 ancipntly namrO Xaragua, which extends from the fcr- 
 tilt) plain wlicrtj Leogano is now situated to the western 
 extremity o^ the island, was subject to a female ca- 
 sique, named Anacoana, highly rct«pected by the natives. 
 She, from that partial t'jndness with which the women 
 of America were attached to the Europeans (the cause 
 of which shall be afterwards explained), had always 
 courted the friendship nf the Spaniards, nnd loaded 
 
 able sum. Vast fortunes were created, of a sudden, 
 by some. Others dissipated, in otttentntious profusion, 
 what they acquired with fai'tlity. Dazzled by both, 
 new adventurers crowded to America, with tlie most 
 eager impatience, to share in those treasures which had 
 enriched their countrymen ; and, notwithstanding the 
 mortality occasioned by the unhcuUhiness of the climate, 
 the colony continued to increase. 
 
 Ovando governed the Spaniards with wisdom and 
 
 them with benefits. But some of the adherents of 1 justice not mferior to rhe rigor with which be treated 
 Holdan having settled in her conn(r)', were so much j the Indians. He established ccpial laws ; and. by ex- 
 exasperated at her endeavoring tu restrain their ex- | eculing them with impartiality, accustomed the people 
 
 cesses, that they accused her ol having formed a plan 
 to tlirow otf the yoke, aiid to exterminate the Spaniards. 
 Ovando, thougli he knew well what little credit was 
 due to such prolligate men, marclted, Without further 
 inquiry, towards Xaragua, with three hundred foot and 
 seventy horsemen. To prevent the Indians from taking 
 alarm at this hostile appearance, he gave out that his sole 
 intention was to visit Anacoana, to whom his country- 
 men had been so much indebted, in the most rc-tpect- 
 ful manner, and to regulate with her the mode of levy 
 
 ofthecolony to reverence them. He founded sevenj new 
 towns in ditl'erent parts nf tbeisland,and uUuied inhabit- 
 ants to them by the concession of various inununities. 
 Heendeavorcd to turn the attention of the Spaniards to 
 some brancliofindustrsmore useful than that of searching 
 for gold in the mines. Some slips of the sugarcane having 
 been brought from the Canary islands by way of experi- 
 ment, they were found to thrive with such increase in the 
 rich soil and warm cilmatc to which they were trans- 
 planted, that the cultivation of them soon became an 
 
 ing the tribute payable to the king of Spain. Anaco- j object of commerce. Extensive plantations were be 
 
 ana, in order to receive this illustrious guest, with due 
 honor, assembled the principal men in her dominions, 
 to the number of three hundred ; and advancing at the 
 head of these, accompanied by a great crowd of per- 
 sons of inferior rank, she welcomed Ovando with 
 songs and dances, according to the mode of the 
 country, and conducted him to the place of her resi- 
 dence. There he was feasted for some days, with all 
 the kindness of simple hospitality, and amused with 
 the games and spectacles usual among the Americans 
 \ipon occasions of mirth and festivity, liut amidst tlic 
 security winch this inspired, Ovanoo was meditating 
 the destruction of his unsuspicious entertainer and her 
 suUjrcts ; and the mean pertldy with which he cx- 
 eculi'd this scheme, equalled iiis barbarity in forming 
 it. Cnder color of exiubiting to the Indians the pa- 
 rade of a Kuropean tournament, he advanced with his 
 troops, in battle array, towards the house in which 
 Anucoar^a and the clnefs who attended her were as- 
 sembled. The infantry took possession of all the 
 avenues which led to the village. The horsemen cn- 
 co'upassed tlie house. These movements were the object 
 of admiration, without any mixture of fear, until, upon 
 a signal which had been concerted, the Spaniards sud- 
 denly drew their swords, and rushed upon the Indians, 
 defenceless, and astonished at an act of treachery 
 which exceeded the conception ol uudcsigning men. 
 In a moment Anacoana was secured. All her attend- 
 ants were seized and bound. Fire was set to the 
 house ; and without examination or conviction, all these 
 unhappy persons, tiie most illustrious in their own 
 country, were consumed in the Haines. Anacoana 
 was reserved for a more ignominious fate. She was 
 carried in chains to St. Domingo, and, after the for- 
 mality of a trial before Spanish judges, she was con- 
 demned, upon tlie evidence of those very men who had 
 betrayeti her, to be punlicly hanged. 
 
 Overawed and humbled by tins atrocious treatment 
 of their princes and nobles, who were objects of tlieir 
 highest reverence, the people in all the provinces of 
 Hispaniola submitted, willioul further resistance to the 
 Spanish yoke. Ujton the death of Isabella all the re- 
 gulations tending to mitigate the rigor of their servi- 
 tude were forgotten. Tlie small gratuity paid to them 
 as the price of their labor was withdrawn, and at the 
 same time the tasks imposed upon them were increaseil 
 [loOBJ. Ovando, without any restraint, distributed 
 Indians among his friends in ibe island. Ferdinand, 
 to whom the queen had left by will one-half of the re- 
 venue arising from the settlements in the New World, 
 conlerred grants of a similar nature upon his courtiers, 
 as the least e.^pensivc mode of rewarding their ser- 
 vices. They farmed out the Indians, of wiiom they 
 were rendered proprietors, to their countrymen set- 
 tled in His|)aniola ; and that wretched people, beuig 
 compelled to labor in order to satisfy the rapacity of 
 both, the exactions of their oppressors no longer knew 
 tny bounds. But, barbarous as their policy was, and 
 fatal to the inhabitants of Hispaniola, it produced, for 
 some limi?, very considerable ellects. By calling forth 
 the force of a whole nation, and exerting itself m one 
 
 gun ; Bugarworks, which the Spaniards called i«;'-f7»05, 
 from the various machinery employed in them, were 
 erected, and in a few years the manufacture of this 
 commodity was the great occupation of the inhabitants 
 of Hispaniola, and the most considerable source of their 
 weal'h. 
 
 The prudent endeavors of Ovando, to promote the 
 welfare of the colony, were powerfully seconded by 
 Ferdinand. The large remittances which he received 
 from the New World opened his eyes, at length, with 
 respect to the importance of tliese discoveries, which 
 he had hitherto alfected to undcn'alue. Fortune, and 
 his own address, having now extricated him out of 
 those dirtiultica in which he had been involved by the 
 death of his queen [1507], and by his disputes with his 
 son-in-law about the government of her dominions, he 
 had full leisure to turn his attention to the affairs of 
 America. To his provident sagacity Spain is indebted 
 for many of those regulations which gradually formed 
 that system of profound but jealous policy, by which 
 she governs her dominions in the New World. He 
 creeled a court distinguished by the title of Casa de 
 Contratarion, or Board of Trade, composed of persons 
 eminent for rank and abilities, to whom he committed 
 the administration of American atVairs. This board as- 
 sembled regularly in Seville, and was invested with a dis- 
 tinct and extensive jurisdiction. He gave a regular form 
 toeeelesiastical government in America, by nominating 
 archbishops, bibhops, deans, together with clergymen 
 of subordinate ranks, to take charge of the Spaniards es- 
 tablished there, as well as of the natives who should em- 
 l)race the Christian faith, but notwithstanding llie obse- 
 quious devotion of the Spanish court to the papal sec, 
 such was Ferdinands' solicitude to prevent any foreign 
 power from cl-'iming jurisdiction, or acquiring influ- 
 ence, in his new dominions, that he reserved to tlie 
 crown of Spain the sole right of patronage to the bene- 
 fices in America, and stipulated that no papal bull or 
 mandate should bo promulgated there until it was pre- 
 viously examined and approved of by his council. With 
 the same spirit of jealousy, he prohibited any goods to 
 be exported to America, or any person to settle there 
 without a special license from that council. 
 
 But, notwithstanding tliis attention to the police and 
 welfare of the colony, a calamity impended which 
 threatene<l its dissolution. The original inhabitants, 
 on whose labor the Spaniards in Hispaniola depended 
 for their prosperity, and even their e.vistcnce, wasted so 
 fast that the extinction of the wliole race seemed to be 
 inevitable. When ('olumbus discovered Hispaniola. 
 the number of it^ inhabitants was computed to be at 
 least a million. Thev were now reduced to sixty thou- 
 sand in tlie space of fifteen years. This consumption 
 of the human species, no less amazing than rapid, was 
 the ellect of sevcrbl concurring cau.scs. The natives of 
 the American islands were of a more feeble constitu- 
 tion tlian the inhabitants of the other hemisphere. They 
 could neither perform the same work nor endure the 
 same fatigue with men whose organs were of a more 
 vigorous conformation. The listless indolence in which 
 they deliiihtcd to pass their days, as it was the effect of 
 
 direction, the working of the mines was carried on with j their debility, contributed likewise to increase it, and 
 
 Rjn:i/ing rapidity find success. During several years 
 the gold brought into the royal smelting-houses in His- 
 paniola amounted annually to four hundred and sixty 
 titousand pesos, above a luindred thousand pounds ster- 
 ling ; whirh, if we attend to the great change in the 
 value of money since the beginning of the sixteenth 
 eoutury to Uie present times, must appear a consider- 
 
 rendercd them from habit, as well as constitution, inca 
 pable of hard labor. The food on which they subsisted 
 atibrded little nourishment, and they were accustomed 
 to take it in small quantities, not suliicieiit to inviiiorate 
 a languid frame, and rerider it eipial to the efforts of 
 active industry. The Spaniard.^, without attending to 
 those peculiarities in the constitution of the Americans 
 
 imposed tasks upon then* which, thouph not grwitcr 
 than Europeans might have performed with case, woie 
 so dispropnrtioned to their atreni^th, that irtany sun^i 
 under the fatigue, and ended tlieir wretched days. 
 Others, prompted by impatience and dt t-pair, cut t*hort 
 their own lives with a violent hand. Famine, brought 
 on by compelling such numbers to abandon the culture 
 of their lands, in order to labor in the mines, proved 
 fatal to many. Diseases of various kinds, some occa* 
 sioned by the hardships to which they were exposed, 
 and others by their intercourse with the Europeans, 
 who communicated to them some of their peculiar ma- 
 ladies, completed the desolation of the island. 'I'lio 
 Spaniards, being thus deprived of the instniments which 
 they were accustomed to employ, found it impossible 
 to extend their improvements, or even to (arry on the 
 works which they had already begun [l.'iOSy In order 
 to provide an immediate remedy for an evd s" alarm- 
 ing, Ovundo proposed to transport the in.ttioitants of 
 the liUcayo islands ti Hispaniola, under pretence that 
 they might be civilized with more facility, and instruct- 
 ed to greater advantage in the Christian religion, if they 
 were united to the Spanish colony, and placed under the 
 immediate inspection of the missionaries settled there. 
 Ferdinand, deceived by this artifice, or willing to con- 
 nive at an act of violence which policy rej)resenled as 
 necessary, gave his assent to the proposal. Several 
 vessels were fitted out for the Lucayos. the conmian- 
 ders of which informed the natives, with whose lan- 
 guage they were now well acquainted, that they camo 
 from a delicious country, in which the departed ances- 
 tors of the Indians resided, by whom they were sent to 
 invite their descendants to resort thither, to partake of 
 the bliss enjoyed there by happy spirits. That sunplo 
 people listened with wonder and credulity ; and, fond 
 of visiting their relations and friends in that happy re- 
 gion, followed the Spaniards with e.. ;erness. By this 
 artifice above forty thousand were decoyed into His- 
 paniola, to share in the sutlcrings which were the lot of 
 the inhabitants of that island, and to mingle their groans 
 and tears with those of that wretched race of men. 
 
 The Spaniards had, for some time, carried on their 
 operations in the mines of Hispaniola with such ardor 
 as well as success, that these seemed to have en- 
 grossed their whole attention. The spirit of discovery 
 languished ; and, since the last voyage of Columbus, 
 no enter{)risc of any moment had been undertaken. 
 But as the decrease of the Indians rendered it imposr-i- 
 ble to acquire wealth in that island with the Bimo 
 rapidity as fonnerly, this urged some of the mare 
 adventurous Spaniards to search for new countriea, 
 where their avarice might be gratified with more 
 facdity. Juan Ponce de Leon, who commanded undci 
 Ovando m the eastern district of IIisi)aniola, passed 
 over to the island of St. Juan de Puerto Uico, which Co- 
 lumbus had discovered in his second voyage, and pene- 
 trated into the interior part of the country. As he 
 found the soil to be fertile, and expected, from some 
 symptoms, as well as from the information of the in- 
 habitants, to discover mines of gold in the mountains, 
 Ovando pennitted him to attempt making a settlement 
 in the island. This was easily effected by an otilcer 
 eminent for conduct nn less than for courage. In a 
 few years Puerto Kico was subjected to the Spanish 
 government, the natives were reduced to servitude ; 
 and being treated with the same inconsiderate rigor 
 as their neighbors in Hispaniola, the race of original 
 itdiabitants, worn oat with fatigue and sufferings, was 
 soon exterminated. 
 
 About the same time Juan Diaz de Solis, in conjunc- 
 tion with Vincent Yanez Pinzon, one of Columbus's 
 original coiiqianions, made a voyage to the continent. 
 Tlu y held the same course which ('olumbus had taken 
 as far as ttie island of Ouanaios ; but, standing from 
 thence to the west, they di.seovered a new and exten- 
 sive province, afterwards known by the name of V'uca- 
 tan, and proceeded a considerable way along the coast 
 of that country. Though nothing memorable occurred 
 in this voyage, it deserves notice, because it led to dis- 
 coveries of greater importance. For the same reason 
 the vogage of Sebastian de Ocampo must be men- 
 tioned. By the command of Ovaftdo he sailed round 
 Cuba, and first discovered with certainty, that this 
 country, which Columbus once supposed to be a part 
 of the coiitinent. was a large island. 
 
 This voyage round Cuba was one of the last occur- 
 rences under the administration of Ovando. Evei 
 since the death of Columbus, his son, Don Diego, had 
 been employed in soliciting Ferdinand to grant lum the 
 offices of viceroy and admiral in the New Wor d, to 
 gether with all the other immunities and profits which 
 descended to him by inhcriiurico, in consqucnce of tlie 
 
03 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OF 
 
 otigiiul capitulttion with his father. But if these I 
 dignities and revenues appeared so caiisidcrablo to 
 Ferdinand, that, at the expense of being deemed un- 
 just as well as ungrateful, ho had wrested them from 
 Cotumbus, it was not surprising that ho shuutd bo 
 unwilling to confer them on his son, Accordingly 
 Dun Uic^o wasted two years in incessant but fruitless 
 importunity. Weary of this, he endeavored at length 
 to obtain by a legal sentenco what he could not pro- 
 cure from the favor of an interested monarch Ho 
 commenced a suit against Ferdinand before the coun- 
 cil which managed Indian alfairs ; and that court, with 
 integrity which reflects honor upon its proceedings, 
 decided against tho king, and sustained I)on Diego's 
 claim of tho viccroyalty, together with all the other 
 privileges stipulated in tho capitulation. Even after 
 this decree Ferdinand's repugnance to put a subject in 
 possession of such extensive rights might have thrown 
 in new obstacles, if Uon Diego had not taken a step 
 which interested very powerful persons in tho success 
 of his claims. The sentence of the council of tho 
 Indies gave him a title to a rank so elevated, and a 
 fortune so opulent, that he found no dilTiculty in con- 
 cluding a marriage with Donna Maria, daughter of Don 
 Ferdinand do Toledo, great commendator of Leon, 
 and brother of tho duke of Alva, a nobleman of the 
 first rank, and nearly related to the king. The duke 
 and his family espoused so warmly the cause of their 
 new ally, that Ferdinand could not resist their solicita- 
 tions [1509]. Ho recalled Uvando, and appointed 
 Don Diego his successor, though even in conferring 
 this favor he could not conceal his jealousy ; for he 
 allowed him to assume only the title of governor, not 
 that of viceroy, which had boon adjudged to belong 
 to him. 
 
 Don Diego quickly repaired to Hispaniola, attended 
 by his brother, his uncles, his wife, whom the courtesy 
 of the Spaniards honored with tho title of vice-queen, 
 and a nrmerous retinue of persons of both sexes born 
 of good families. He lived with a splendor and mag- 
 nificence hitherto unknown in tho New World ; and 
 the family of Columbus secmea now to enjoy the honors 
 and rewards due to his inventive genius, of which he 
 himself had been cruelly defrauded. The colony itself 
 acquired new lustre by the accession of so many in- 
 habitants, of a dilTerent rank and character from most 
 of those who had hitherto migrated to America, and 
 many of the most illustrious families in the Spanish 
 settlements are descended from the persons who at 
 that time accompanied Don Dicgo C^olumbus. 
 
 No benefits accrued to the unhappy natives from 
 this change of governors. Don Diego was not only 
 authorized by a royal edict to continue the rcparti- 
 mientos, or distribution of [iidians, but the particular 
 number which lie might grant to every person, accord- 
 ing to his rank in the colony, was spcciticd. He 
 availed himself of that permission ; and soon after he 
 landed at St. Domingo, he divided such Indians as 
 were still unappropriated, among his relations and 
 attendants. 
 
 The next care of the new govemer was to comply 
 with an instruction which he received from the king, 
 about settling a colony in Cubagua, a small island 
 which Columbus had discovered in his third voyage. 
 Though this barren spot hardly yiehled subsistence to 
 its wretched inhabitants, such quantities of those oys- 
 ters which produce pearls were found on its coast, that 
 tt did not long escape the inquisitive avarice of the 
 Spaniards, and became a place of considerable resort. 
 X^arge fortunes were acquired by the fishery of pearls, 
 which was carried on with extraordinary ardor. The 
 Indians, especially those from the Lucayo islands, were 
 compelled to dive for them ; and this dangerous and 
 unhealthy employment was an additional calamity 
 which contributed not a little to the extinction of 
 that devoted race. 
 
 About this period, Juan Diaz de Soils and Pinzon 
 set out, in conjunction, upon a second voyage. They 
 Mtood directly south, towards the e(piinoctial line, 
 which Pinzoii had formerly crossed, and advanced as 
 far as the fortieth degree of southern latitude. They 
 were astonished to find that the continent of America 
 str'jtchtd on their right hand through all this vast ex- 
 tent ot ocean. They landed in dififerent places, to 
 take possession in name of their sovereign ; but though 
 the country appeared to be extremely fertile and in- 
 viting, their force was so small, having been fitted out 
 rather for discovery than making settlements, that they 
 left no colony behind them. Their voyage served, 
 however, to give tho Spaniards more exalted and 
 a<4equate ideas with respect tb the dimensions of this 
 new quarter of the globe. 
 
 Though it was about ten years since Columbus had 
 discovered the main land of America, the Spaniards 
 had hitherto made no settlement in any part of it 
 What had been so long neglected was now seriously 
 attempted, and with consnicrablo vigor; though the 
 plan for this purpose was neither formed by the crown, 
 nor executed at the expense of the nation, but carried 
 on by the enterprising spirit of private adventurers. 
 Tho scheme took its rise from Alonso do Ojeda, who 
 had already made two voyages as a discoverer, by 
 which he aciiulrcd considerable reputation, but no 
 wealth. Uut liis character for intrepidity and conduct 
 easily procured liim associates, who advanced the 
 money requisite to defray the charges of the expe- 
 dition. About tho same time, Diego do N'icucssa, who 
 had acquired a large fortune in Hispaniola, formed a 
 similar design. Ferdinand encouraged both ; and 
 though he refused to advance 'he smallest sum, he 
 was extremely liberal of titles and patents. Me erected 
 two governments on the continent, one extending from 
 Cape do Vela to the Gulf of Daricn, and the other from 
 that to Capo Gracias a Dios. The foriiur was given to 
 Ojeda, the latter to Nicuessa. Ojeda fitted out a ship 
 and two brigantines, with three hundred men ; Nicuessa 
 six vessels with seven hundred and eighty men. They 
 sailed about tho same tiino from St. Domingo for 
 their respective governments. In order to give their 
 title to those countries sonio appearance of validity, 
 several of tho most eminent divines and lawyers in 
 Spain were employed to prescribe the mode in which 
 they should take possession of them. There is 
 not in the history of mankind any thing moro sin- 
 gular or extravagant than the form which they devised 
 for this purpose. They instructed those invaders, as 
 soon as they landed on the continent, to declare to the 
 natives the principal articles of the Christian faith ; to 
 acquaint them in particular, with the supreme jurisdic- 
 tion of the Pope over all the kingdoms of tho earth ; 
 to inform them of the grant which this holy pontitf had 
 made of their country to the king of Spain ; to require 
 lliein to embrace the doctrines of that religion which 
 the Spaniards made known to them ; and to submit to 
 tho sovereign whose authority they proclaimed. If 
 the natives refused to comply with this requisition, the 
 terms of which must have been utterly incomprehen- 
 sible to uninstructed Indians, then Ojeda and Nicuessa 
 were authorized to attack them with fire and sword ; 
 to reduce them, their wives and i-hildren, to a state of 
 servitude ; and to compel thoiii by force to recognise 
 the jurisdiction ot the church, and the authority of the 
 monarch, to which they would not voluntarily subject 
 them.«elves. [23] 
 
 As the inhabitants of the country could not at once 
 yield assent to doctrines too refilled for their uncul- 
 tivated understandings, and explained to them by in- 
 terpreters imperfectly acquainted with their lar.guage ; 
 as they did not conceive how a foreign priest, cf whom 
 they had never heard, could have any right to dispose 
 of their country, or how an unknown prince should 
 claim jurisdiction over them as his subjects ; they 
 fiercely opposed the new invaders of their territories. 
 Ojeda and Nicuessa endeavoured to elfect by force 
 what they could not accomplish by persuasion. The 
 contemporary writers enter into a very minute detail in 
 relating their transactions ; but as they made no dis- 
 covery of importance, nor established any permanent 
 settlement, their adventures arc not entitled to any 
 considerable place in the general history of a period 
 where romantic valor, struggling with incredible hard- 
 ships, distinguishes every ellbrt of the Spanish arms 
 Tliey found the natives in those countries of which 
 they went to assume the government, to be of a cha- 
 racter very dilTereiit from that of their countrymen in 
 the islands. Tlicy were free and warlike. Tlieir ar- 
 rows were dipped in a poison so noxious, that every 
 wound was followed with certain death. In one en- 
 counter they slew above seventy of Ojeda's followers, 
 and the Spaniards, for the first lime, were taught to 
 dread the inhabitants of the New World. Nicuessa 
 was opposed by people equally resolute in defence of 
 their possessions. Nothing could soften their t'erocity. 
 Though tho .Spaniards employed every art tp soothe 
 them, and to gain their confiilencc, they refused to hold 
 any intercourse, or to exchange any friendly oflice, 
 wilh men whose residence among them they considered 
 as fatal to their liberty and independence [1510]. This 
 implacable enmity of the natives, though it rendered 
 an attempt to establish a settlement in their co ntry 
 extremely dilficiilt as well as dangerous, might have 
 been surmounted at length by the perseverance of the 
 Spaniards, by the superiority of their arms, and their 
 I skill in the art of war. Uut every disaster which can 
 
 be accumulated upon the unfortunate com'nincd tocotlk- 
 pleto their ruin. The less of their ships by various 
 accidents upon an niikiiown coast, the diseases pe- 
 culiar to a ctiniate the most noxious in all America, 
 tho want of provisionH unavoidable in a country iin{>cr- 
 fectly cultivated, dissension among themselves, and the 
 incessant hostilities of the iiativis, involved them in a 
 succession of calamities, the beat recital of which 
 strikes one with horror. Though they received two 
 considerable reinforceinen's from llispaniola, llio 
 greater part of those who had engaged in this unhappy 
 expedition perishcds in lesn than a year, in the most 
 extreme misery. A few wiio survived settled as a 
 feeblo colony at .Santa Maria el Antigua, on the Gulf 
 of Daricn, under the command of Vasco Nngnez de 
 Balboa, who, in tho most desperate exigencies, dis- 
 played such courage and conduct as first gained the 
 confidence of his countrymen, and marked him out as 
 their leader in more splendid and successful under- 
 takings. Nor was he the only adventurer in this ex- 
 pedition who will appear with lustre in more important 
 scenes. Francisco Pizarro was one of Ojeda's com- 
 panions, and in this school of adversity acquired or 
 improved tho tleiits which fitted him for the extraor- 
 dinarv actions which ho afterwards performed. Her- 
 nan Cortes, whose name became still more famous, 
 had likewise engaged early in this enterprise, which 
 roused all the active youth of Hispaniola to arms ; but 
 tho good fortune that accompanied him in his subse- 
 quent adventures interposed to s.ivc him from the dis- 
 asters to which his companions were exiiosed. He 
 was taken ill at St. Domingo before the departure of 
 tho fleet, and detained there by a tedious indisposition. 
 Notwithstanding tho unfortunate issue of this expe- 
 dition, the Spaniards were not di ,. red from engaging 
 in new schemes of a similar nature. When wealth is 
 acquired gradually by the perserving hand of industry, 
 or accumulated by the slow operations of regular com- 
 merce, the means emjiloyed are so proportioned to tho 
 end attained, that there is nothing to strike the imagi- 
 nation, and little to urge on the active powers of the 
 mind to uncommon ellbrts. But when largo fortunes 
 were created almost instantaneously ; when gold and 
 pearls were procured in exchange for baubles ; when 
 tho countries which produced these rich commodities, 
 defended only by naked savages, might be seized by 
 the first bold invader ; objocts so singular and alluring 
 roused a wonderful spirit of enterpiise among tlio 
 Spaniards, who rushed with ardor into this rc'.v na'h 
 that was opened to wep.lth and distinctior . W bile 
 this spirit continued warm and vigorous, every attempt 
 either towards discovery or conquest was applauded, 
 and adventurers engaged in it with emulation. Tho 
 passion for new undertukings, which characterizes the 
 age of discovery in the latter [wrt of the fifteenth and 
 beginniiiff of the sixteenth century, would alone have 
 been suthcient to prevent the Spaniards from stopping 
 short in their career. But circumstances peculiar to 
 Hispaniola, at this juncture, concurred with it in ex- 
 tending their navigation and conquests. I'he rigorous 
 treatment of the inhabitants of that island having al- 
 most extirpated tho race, many of the Spanish plant- 
 ers, PS I have alrcaily observed, finding it imposjible 
 to carry on their works with the same vigor and profit, 
 were obliged to look out for settlements in some coun- 
 try where people were not yet wasted by oppression 
 Others, with the inconsiderate levity natural to men 
 upon whom wealth pours in with a sudden (low, had 
 squandered in thoughtless prodigality what they ac ■ 
 quired with ease, and were driven by necessity to em 
 bark in the most desjicrate schemes, in order to re- 
 trieve their atfairs. From all these causes, when Don 
 Diego Columbus proposed [1511] to coiiijiier the island 
 of Cuba, and to estat'"..sh a colony there, many persons 
 of chief distinction in Hispaniola engaged with ala 
 crity in the inoase He gave the command of the 
 
 troops destined .^r that service to Diego \'alasqiiez, 
 one of his father's companions in his second voyage, 
 and who, having been long settled in Hispaniola, had 
 acquired an ample fortune, with such reputation for 
 probity and prudence, that ho seemed to be well quali- 
 fied for conducting an L'.vjiedilion of importance. Three 
 hundred men were deemed siiflicient for the con(]uest 
 of an island of above seven hundred miles in lenglh. 
 and filled with inhabitants. But tney were cf tho 
 same unwarlike character wilh the people of Hispa- 
 niola. They were not only intimidated by the appear- 
 ance of their new enemies, tmt tinpn-parrd lo resist 
 them. For tliough, from the lime tiiat the Spania^ls 
 took possession of tho Svljacent island, there wad 
 reason to expect a descent on their territories, none 
 of ttie small communities into which Cuba was di 
 
 i. 
 
SOUTH AMRUICA- 
 
 m 
 
 comi- 
 
 sion 
 
 men 
 
 had 
 
 ley ac ■ 
 
 10 cut 
 
 to TV- 
 
 n Don 
 
 iMund 
 rsona 
 th dla 
 
 of tho 
 isi^uez, 
 
 ova(;e, 
 I. h:i(l 
 
 on for 
 i^iiali- 
 I'hrt'o 
 
 nqiipsl 
 nijth. 
 
 of tiio 
 
 iiapii- 
 
 [)]}rar- 
 rrsist 
 riiartl^ 
 
 nona 
 as di 
 
 Tided, had citlicr nmilc any proviHiun fur iU own de- 
 fence, or hnd formed iiriy concert for tlu^ir eoninion 
 safety. The only obnlruriion tlie Spaniardi met with 
 waH from Hatuey, u c.i/i(|ite, who had lied from tliH- 
 paniola, and iiad taken iHisiession of the e.i^^lern rxtre- 
 mily of Cuba. He wtoocl npon the defensive at their t'lttl 
 landing, and endeavored to drivo thcin back to iheir 
 slnix). HiH feeble troops, however, were soon broken 
 ann diHperHed ; tind ht; Itirnself behiir taken prisoner. 
 Velasquez, uccordm^r lo iho barbarons maxim of ihe 
 Spaniards, conttidered liim as a hUvu wiio hud taken 
 sniia against Ids master, and condemned hmi to the 
 flames. When Uatuey was fastened to the stake, a 
 Franciscan friar^ laburuijr to convc^rt him, promised 
 hiiu immediate admittance into the joys of heaven, if 
 be would embrace tlie Christian faith. " Are there 
 «ny Spaniards," «ays he, after some pause, " in lliat 
 region of bliss which you deHcribe ' — " Yes," replied 
 tho monk, *' but only such as arc rturihy and good." 
 ** Tho best of them,' relumed tlic indignant cazipie, 
 *' have neither worth norgoodnf^is ; I will not go to a 
 place where I niay meet with one of thai accursed 
 race." This dreadful example of vengeance struck 
 tho people of Cuba with such terror that lliey scarcely 
 gave any opposition to the progress of tlieir invaders ; 
 and Velasquez, without the loss of a man, annexed 
 this cxteiisivo and fertile island to the Spanish mo- 
 narchy, 
 
 Tho facility with wliich this important conquest was 
 completed served as an incitement to other undertak- 
 ings. Juan Ponco do hcon, having acquired both fame 
 and wealth by the reduction of Puerto Hico, was im- 
 patient to engage in some new enterprise. He fitted 
 out three ships at his own expense, for a voyai^e of disco- 
 very [1512J, and his reputation soon drew together a 
 respectable body of followers. He directed his course 
 towards the Lucayo islands ; and .ifter touching at se- 
 veral of them, as well as of the lialiama isles, ho stood 
 to the south-west, and discovered a country hitherto 
 unknown to the Spaniards, which he called Florida, 
 cither because he fell in with it on Pabn Sunday, or on 
 account of its gay and beautiful appearance He at- 
 tempted to land in ditfcrent places, but met with such 
 vigorous opposition from the natives, who were fierce 
 and wurliko, as convinced him that an increase of force 
 vas requisite to elfect a settlement. Satisfied with 
 having opened a communication with a new country, of 
 wliose value and importance he conceived very san- 
 guine hopes, he returned to Puerto Rico ihrouiih tlie 
 channel now known by tlic name of the Gulf of I'lorida. 
 
 It was not merely the jiassion of searching for new 
 countries that prompted Ponce do Leon to undertake 
 this voyage ; he was influenced by one of those vision- 
 ary ideas, which at that time often mingled with the 
 spirit of discovery, and rendered it more active. A 
 tradition prevaihd among the natives of Puerto Kico, 
 that in the isle of Uimini, one of the Lucayos, tlicre 
 was a fountain of such wonderful virtue as to renew 
 the youth and recall the vigor of every person who 
 bathed in its salutary waters. In hopes of finding this 
 grand restorative. Ponce de Leon and his followers 
 ranged through tho islands, scarcliing with fruitless so- 
 licitude and labor for the fountain which was the ciuef 
 object of their expedition. That a tale so fabulous 
 should gain credit among simple and uninstructcd In- 
 dians is not surprising. That it sliould make any im- 
 pression upon an enlightened people appears in the 
 present age altogether incredible. The fact, however, 
 18 certain ; and the most authentic Spanish iiistorians 
 mention this extravagant sally of their credulous coun- 
 trymen. The Spaniards at that period wero engaged 
 in a career of activity which gave a romantic turn to 
 their imagination, and daily ])respntcd to them strange 
 and marvellous objects. A New World was opened to 
 their view. They visited islands and continents, of 
 whose existence mankind in former ages had no con- 
 ception. In (hose delightful countries nature seemed 
 to assume another form : every tree and plant and ani- 
 mal was diirerent from those of the ancient hemisphere. 
 Tney seemed to bo transported into enchanted ground; 
 and after the wonders which they had seen, nothing, in tho 
 warmth and novelty of their admiration, appeared to 
 them 80 extraordinary as to ho beyond belief. If the 
 rapid succession of new and striking scenes made such 
 impression even upon the sound understanding of Co- 
 lumbus, that he boasted of having found the scat of 
 Ptiradisc, it will not appear strange that Ponc^ do Leon 
 should dream of discovering the fountain of youth. 
 
 Soon after the expedition to Florida, a discovery of 
 much greater importance was made in another part of 
 America. 13alboa having been rai.sed to tliu govern- 
 tnont of tho small colony at Santa Maria in Darien, by 
 
 tho voluntary sulfrago of his associates, was so extreme- 
 ly desirous lu obtain from the crown a conlirmaliori of 
 tiiei; election, that ho despatched one of his otlicers to 
 Spain, in order to solicit a royal cominissiun, which 
 miglit invest him with a legal title to the Hupreine coiu- 
 mand. (Junscious, however, that he cuuld not expect 
 success from tlie patronage of rerdinand's miiimtcrs, 
 with whom he was unconnected, or from negoti.ittng in 
 1 court lo the arts of which he was a strariiier, he en- 
 deavored to merit the dignity lo wliicli he aspired, and 
 aimed ut performing some signal service that would 
 secure him the preference to every competitor. Kiill 
 of litis idea, he made frequent inroads into the adjacent 
 country, Mubducd several o\' the caziqiies. and collected 
 a considerable quantity of gold, which aboundi.'d more 
 in that pan of the continent than in the i.slands. In 
 one of those excursions, the Spaniards contiMided with 
 such eagerness about the division of some <ro|d, that 
 they were at the point of proceeding to acts of violence 
 against one anolluT. A youny caziqtie who was pre- 
 sent, astonished at tho hiL^i value which they set upon 
 a lliinix of which he did not discern th(( use, luinbled 
 the gold out of the balunco with indignation ; and turn- 
 ing to llie Spjuiards, *' Why do you quarrel (says he) 
 about such a tnlle ! If you are so passionately fond of 
 gold, as to abandon your own country, and to disuirb 
 the tranquillity of tlmtant nations fur its sake, I will 
 conduct you to a region where the metal which seems 
 to bn tlic chief objiMrt of your ailmiration and desire is 
 so common that the meanest utensils are formed of it." 
 'I'ransported with what they heard, Dalboa and bis com- 
 panions inquired eagerly where this happy country lay, 
 and Ikiw they might arrive at it. He informed them 
 that at tho distance of six suns, that is, of six days' 
 journey, towards the south, tliev should di.scover aiiotiier 
 ocean, near to which this wealthy kin^dorn was situa- 
 ted ; hut if they intended to attack lliat powerful state, 
 they must assemble forces far superior in number and 
 strength to those with which they now appeared. 
 
 This was the first information which the Spaniards 
 received concerninii the great southern oci-an, or the 
 opulent and extensive country known afterwards by Ihe 
 name of Peru. Halboa had now belore him objects 
 suited to his boundless ambition, and the enterprisnig 
 ardor of his genius. He iinmedialely concluded \'U: 
 ocean which tlie cazique meiilioiied, to be that for 
 which Columbus had searched without siii^ce.is in this 
 part of America, in hopes of Ojiening a more direct 
 coiumunication with the Ka^t Indies ; and he conjec- 
 tured tliat the rich territory which had been described 
 to iiim inuat be part of that vast and opulent region of 
 the earth. Klatcd with the idea of perforuung what so 
 great a man had attempted in vain, and eaijer to accom- 
 plish a discovery whicli he knew would be no less ac- 
 ceptablo to (he king than henelicial to his country, he 
 was impatient until he could nvi nut upon this enter- 
 prise, in comparison of which all his former exploits ap- 
 peared inconsidcralilo. Hut previous arrangement and 
 preparation were requisite to ensure success. Ho be- 
 gan with courting and securing the friendship of the 
 neighboring caziipics. He sent some of his otlicers to 
 Hispaiiioia with a large quantity of gold, as a proof of 
 his past success, and an earnest of his fu'ure hopes. 
 Uy a proper distribution of this, they secured the favor 
 of the governor, and allured volunteers into the service. 
 .V considerable reinforcement from that island joined 
 him, and he thought himself in a condition to attempt 
 the discovery. 
 
 The isthmus of Darien is not above sixty miles in 
 breadth; but (his neck of land which binds together 
 tho continentsofNortli and South America, is strength- 
 ened by a chain of lofty inoiinlains stretching through 
 its wiwle extent, which render it a barrier of .solidity 
 sulficient to resist the impulse of tw-o opposite oceans. 
 The mountains are covered witli forests almost inac- 
 cessible. The valleys in that moist climate where it 
 rains during two-liiirds of the year, are marshy, and so 
 frequently overHowcd that tho inhabitants tind it neces- 
 sary, in many places, to build their houses upon trees, 
 in order to be elevated at some distance from the damp 
 soil, and tho odious reptiles engendered in the putrid 
 waters. Large rivers rush down with an impetuous 
 current from tho high grounds. In a region thinly in- 
 habited by wandennL' savages, the hand of industry had 
 done nothing to mit'gate or correct tbo.-te natural disad- 
 vantages. To march across this unexplored country 
 witli no other guides but Indians, whose tidelity could 
 
 cuous for daring courage [l.'iUlJ. Nor was bravery 
 his only merit ; ho was prudent in cunducl, genernur,, 
 alfablc, and possessed of those popular talents which, 
 in the most desperate undertakini;s, inspirt^ confidenco 
 and secure altachment, Kven after (lie junction of tho 
 volunteers from Hispaniohi, he was able to muj^ironly 
 a hundred and ninety men for his expedition, liut 
 they were hardy veteraris, inured to iho climate oi 
 .America, and rendy to follow htm through every dan- 
 ger. A thousand Indians attended them to carry their 
 provisions ; and, to complete their warlike array, they 
 took with them several of those licrcc dogs, which wers 
 no less fornudablo than destructive lo (heir naked 
 enemies. 
 
 I.lathoa set out upon this important expedition on tho 
 first of Seiiteinber, about the time that the periodical 
 rains lieijan to abate. He proceeded by sea, and with- 
 out any diiricully, to the territories of a cuzique whoso 
 frieiulsbip lie had gained ; but no sooner did ho begin 
 to advance into the interior part of i!ie countr>', than 
 he was retanled bv every obstacle, which he had reason 
 to apprehend, from the nature of the territory, or iho 
 disposition of its inhabitupl.s. Some of the caziipies, 
 at his ajiproach, fled lo the mountains with all their 
 people, and carried olf or destroyed whatever could 
 alloid v'ibsistence to his troops. Others coUected 
 iheir subjects, in order to oppose his progress ; and ho 
 [uickly perceived what an arduous undertuking it was 
 to conduct such a body nf men through hostile nations, 
 across .swamps, and rivers, and woods, whirh had nevei 
 been pa.*sed but by straizglini; Indians, IJiit by shar- 
 ing in every hardship with the meanest soldier, by ap- 
 pearini; the foremost to meet every danger, by prornis- 
 nig confidently to his troops the enjoyment of honor and 
 riches superior to what had been attained bv the most 
 successful of their couiilrynien, he inspired them with 
 such enthusiastic resolution, that they followed him 
 without murmuring Wlien they had pei,etraled a good 
 way into tho mountains, a powerful ca/.i(pie appeared 
 in a narrow pass, with a mmuroiis bodyot his subjects, 
 to obstruct their progress. IJut men who had sur- 
 niountcd so nrmy ob.starles, despised the opposition of 
 *uch feeble enemies. They attacked liiein with impe 
 tuosity, arid, having dispersed them vvith much ease 
 and great slauuhter, continued their march. Though 
 ttieir guides had represented the breadth of the ist^mua 
 to be only a journey of six days, tliey had already spent 
 twenty-live in forcing their way througii the woods and 
 mountains. Many of them were ready to sink 'inder 
 such uninterrupted f-itigue ,n that sultry climate, s* ve- 
 nd were taken ill of ilu; dysentery and other di.--ea.sea 
 frequent in that coiintw, and all became impatient lo 
 reach the period of their labors anil snirerings. At length 
 the Indians assured them, that from the top of the next 
 mountain they should discover the ocean which wa.^ the 
 object of their wishes, When, with infinite toil, they 
 had climed up the L^reater part of that steep ascent. 
 Ilalboa commanded his men to h.nll, and advanced 
 alone lo the suininit, that he nii^rlit be the first who 
 should enjoy a .<!pec(acle which he had so long desired. 
 As soon as he beheld the So.ith Sea sirrtcliiiig in end- 
 less prospect below him, lie fdl on his knees, au'i. lift- 
 ing up his hands to heaven, returmd tlianks to t-iud, 
 who had coudnctul him to a discovery so beneficial lo 
 his country, and so honorable lo himself His follow- 
 ers, observing Iris transports of joy, rushed forward to 
 join in his wonder, exultation, and gratitude. They 
 held on their course to the shore wiili jireat alacrity, 
 when IJ.illto.i, advaiu'ini; up to the nnddle in the waves 
 with bis buckler and sword, look po.-^se.ssion of that 
 ocean in the name <»f the kini» his master, and vowed 
 to defend it with thi-se arms, against all his enemies. 
 
 That part of the L'reat Pacific or Southern ocean 
 which IJalbao first discovered, still retains the name o( 
 the (lulf of Si. Michael, which ho gave to it. and is si- 
 tuated to the east of Panama. From several of the 
 petty princes, who jfoverned in the districts adjacent to 
 that gulf, ho extorted provisions and gold by force ol 
 arms, t)thcrs sent them lo liim voluntarily. To these 
 acceptablo presents, some of the caziques added a con- 
 sidcrabto quantity of pearls ; and he learned from them, 
 with much satisfaction, that pearl oysters abounded in 
 the sea which he had newly discovered. 
 
 Together with tho ac<niisition of this wealth, which 
 served to sootho and encourage, his followt^rs. he re- 
 ceived accounts which confirmed his sansuine hopes ol 
 future and more extensive benefits from the expedition 
 be little trusted, was, on all those accounts, the bold- [ All tho people on the coast of the South Sea concurred 
 est enterjirise on which thu Spaniards li.ul bi'berto in informing him that there was a mighty and opulent 
 ventured in the New World. IJtil the intrepidity of! kingdom situated at a considerable distance towards 
 Halboa was such as distinguished him among his coun- the soulli-east, the inhabitants of which had tame uni 
 tryiuoii, at a period when every adventurer was conspi- 1 mats to carry Iheir burdens. In order to give thf Spa- 
 
M 
 
 HonEUTSON'S 1II8T0RY OP 
 
 nrnnin iin idea of tht'sr, llu-y drrw tipori the wnntl Uie 
 Hf{iir«rof tlin IIiimaM or hliiTp, nflrrvv.iniH foiiiui in IVni, 
 which Ihn iVrnvians hiul tiiii^ht to prrform ttiicli Hcrviccn 
 ad they ili!8crihc(l. As the lluiiiii jti il» furiii iii'arly resciii- 
 bled a cuiiicl, n tuM^l of biirdiii (It'criud pmih'ir to 
 \Biii, tliiN circuiiiAtaiice in conjunoriori with the di.sco- 
 vcry of tliu pcurU, utiother iiutcil proilmMioa of tli.it 
 rountry ; Icndrd to confirm the Spaniards ni iheir mis- 
 lakrn thi'ory wiili respect to tho vicinity of tlio New 
 World to tho Kast Indies. 
 
 Uut tliou^h the iiifonnali'on which Dalhoa rr^ceivcd 
 fiom the people on the roast, as well as ]m own con- 
 jectures and hopes, rendered him extremely impatient 
 10 visit this unknown conntrv, his prudence restrained 
 him from atlemptint; to invade it with n handful of men 
 twlmustcd by fatigue and weakened hy diseases. [21] 
 Ho determined to lead back his followers, at present, to 
 thoir settlement of Santa Maria in Darien, and to return 
 next season with a force more adequate to such an ar- 
 duous enterprise. In order to acquire a more rxten- 
 Bivc knowledge of tlie isthnnia, he marched liaek by a 
 different route, which he found to bo no less dangerous 
 and ditlicutt than that which ho had formerly taken 
 Uut to men elated with success, and animated with 
 hope, nothing is insurrnountabio. Uallioa returned to 
 Sonta Maria [1514], from wliich he hud been absent 
 four montlis. with i^reatcr glory and more treasure than 
 tho Spaniards had acquired m any expedition in the 
 New World. None of Dalhoa's olficers distinguished 
 themselves more in this service than Francisco Pizarro, 
 or assisted witl, greater courage and ardor in opening u 
 communication with those countries in which tie was 
 destined to act soon a more illustrious part. 
 
 Balboa's first care was to send information to Spain 
 of the important discovery which ho liad made ; and to 
 demand a reinforcement of a thousand men, in order 
 to attempt the conquest of that opulent country con- 
 cerning which lie had received such inviting intelli- 
 gence. The first account of tlie discovery of the New- 
 World hardly occasioned greater joy than tho unex- 
 pected tidings that a passage was at lust found to the 
 great southern ocean. The communication with tlie 
 East Indies, by a course to the westward of the line 
 of demarcation drawn hy the Pope, seemed now to he 
 certain. The vast wealth which fiowcd into Portugal, 
 from its settlements and compiests in that country, 
 excited the envy and called forth the emulation of 
 other slates, herdinand hoped now to come in for a 
 ehare in this lucrative commerce, and, in his eagerness 
 to obtain it, was willing to make an effort hevoud what 
 Ualboa required. But even in this exertion, his jealous 
 policy, as well as the fatal antipathy of Konseca, now 
 nibhop of Burgos, to every mpn of merit who dis- 
 tinguished himself in the New World, was conspicu- 
 ous. Njtwihslanding Balboa't recent services, which 
 marked him out as the nios* proper person to finish 
 that great undertaking which he had begun, Ferdinand 
 was so ungenerous as to overlook these, and to appoint 
 Pedrarias Davila govenioi of Darien. He gave him 
 the command of fifteen stout vessels and twelve hun- 
 dred soldiers. These were fitted out at tho public 
 expense, with a liberality which Ferdinand had never 
 displayed in any former armament destined for tlie 
 New World ; and such was tlic ardor of the Spanisli 
 gentlemen to follow a leader who was about to con- 
 duct them to a "ountry where, as fume reported, they 
 had only to throw the.ir nets into the sea and draw out 
 gold, that fifteen hundred embarked on hoard the fieet, 
 and, if they had not been restrained, a much greater 
 number would have engaged in the service. 
 
 Pedrarias reached the Ciulf of Darien without any 
 remarkable accident, and immediately sent some of his 
 principal officers ashore to inform Bilhoa of his arrival, 
 with tho king's commission to be governor of the 
 colony. To their astonishment, they found Balboa, of 
 whose great exploits they had heard so mucli, and of 
 whose opulence they hacl formed such high ideas, clad 
 in a canvass jacket, and wearing coarse hempen san- 
 dals used only by the meanest peasants, emp-loyed, 
 together with some Indians, in thatching his own hut 
 with reeds. Even in this simple garb, which cor- 
 responded so ill with the expectations and wishes of 
 his new guests. Balboa received them with dignity. 
 Tho fame of his discoveries had drawn so many adven- 
 turers from the islands, that he could now muster four 
 hundred and fifty men. At the head of those daring 
 veterans, he was more than a match for tl;e forces 
 which Pedrarias brought with him. But, though his 
 troops murmured loudly at the injustice of the king in 
 superseding their commander, and complained that 
 strangers would now reap tho fruits of their toil and 
 lucccsd, Balboa submitted with implicit obedience to 
 
 the will of hm Mivereign, and received Pedrarias with' 
 all the deference due to his rlhinicter. i 
 
 Notwilhstandnig this nuMlir.ition, to whicl) Pedrarias> 
 owed the peaceable posse.'^um of his govenimtnt, he, 
 app(nnted a jmltcial inquiry to be made into Balboa's i 
 cniiduni, while under tlie eommand of Nieuessa, audi 
 iiiiposrd a eoiiKuIerablr fiiu: upon him, on necouiit of ! 
 the irregularities of which he liad then been guilty. 
 Ballioa felt sensibly the mortification t>f being fiuli- 
 jeeled to trial und to nuiiishtnent in a place where he 
 had HO lately occupied the t\(K\ statioii. Pedrarias 
 could nut conceal Ills jealoMsy of his superior merit ; 
 HO that the resentment of llie one and the envy of the 
 other gave rise to dissensions extremely dclninentul to 
 tlie colony. It was threatened with a calamity M\\\ 
 more fatal. IV-dranas bad landed in Darien at a most 
 unlucky time of the year [.July], about tho middle of 
 the rainy season, in that part of tho torrid /.one where 
 the clouds pour down such torrents as are unknown in 
 more temperate climates. The village of Santa Maria 
 was seated in a rich plain, environed with mar.'^heH and 
 woods. The constitution of Europeans was unable to 
 withstand the pestilential influence of sueli a situation, 
 in a climate naturally so noxious, and at a Heason so 
 peculiarly unhealthy. A violent and destructive malady 
 carried off many of the soldiers who accoinpimed Pe- 
 drarias. An extreme scarcity of provision augmented 
 this distress, as it rendered it impossible to firitl projier 
 r*'freshinent for tho sick, or the necessary susicnanre 
 for the healthy. In the Bp.ico of a month, above six 
 hundred persons perished in the utmost misery. De- 
 jection and despair sjiread through the colony. Many 
 principal persons solicited their di.omission. and were 
 glad to relinquish all their hopes of wealth, in order to 
 escape from that perniciou* region. Pedrarias en- 
 deavored to divert those who remained from brooding 
 over their misfortunes, by finding them employment. 
 With this view, he sent several detachments into the 
 interior parts of tho country, to levy gold among the 
 natives, and to search for the mines in which it was 
 produced. Those rapacious adventurers, more atten- 
 tive to present gain than to the means of facilitating 
 their future progress, plundered without distinction 
 wherever tlu7 marclied. Hegardle.ss of the alliances 
 which Balboa had made with several of the eaziques. 
 they stripped them of every thing valuable, und treated 
 them, as well as their subjects, with the utmost in.*iO- 
 lence and cruelty. By their tyranny and exaction.^, 
 which Pedrarias. either from want of authority or in- 
 clination, did not restrain, all the country from the 
 Gulf of Darien to the lake of Nicaragua was desolated, 
 and the Spaniards were inconsiderately deprived of the 
 advantages which they might have derived from the 
 friendship of the natives, in extending their eonipiests 
 to the South Sea. Balboa, who saw with concert; that 
 such ill-judged proceedings retarded the execution of 
 his favorite scheme, sent violent remonstrancea to Spain 
 against the imprudent government of Pedrarias, who 
 had ruined a happy and flourishing colony. Pedrarias, 
 on the other hand, accused him of having deceived the 
 king, hy magnifying his own exploits, as well a.-i by a 
 false representation of the opulence and value of the 
 country. 
 
 Ferdinand became sensible at length of his impru- 
 dence in superseding the most active and experienced 
 ofliccr ho had in the New World, and, by way of 
 compensation to Balboa, appointed him Adtlitnftulo, or 
 Lieutenant-Governor of the countries upon the South 
 Sea, with very extensive privileges and authority. 
 At the same time he enjoined Pedrarias to supj^ort 
 Bulboa in all his operations, and to consult with him 
 concerning every measure which he himself pursued. 
 [1515J But to ctfoct such a sudden transition from 
 inveterate enmity to perfect confidence, exceeded 
 Ferdinand's power. Pedrarias continued to treat 
 his rival with neglect ; and Balboa's fortune be- 
 ing exhausted by the payment of his fine, and other 
 exactions of Pedrarias, he could not make suit- 
 able preparations for taking possession of his new 
 government. At length, hy the interposition and ox- 
 
 jhortations of the Bishop of Darien, tliey were brought 
 to a reconciliation ; and, in order to cement this union 
 
 I more firmly. Pedrarias agreed to give his daughter in 
 marriage to Balboa. [1516.] The first eflect of 
 their concord was, that Balboa was permitted to make 
 several small incursions into tho country. Those ho 
 conducted with such prudence, as added to the repu- 
 tation which he had already acquired. Many adven- 
 turers resorted to him, and. with tho countenance and 
 aid of Pedrarias, he began to prepare for his expedition 
 to the .South Sea. In order to uceoinplish tliis, it was 
 necessary to build vessels capable of conveying his 
 
 troops to those provinces which he purpoNctl loinv.tde 
 [1517 J AfterHurrnountingmunyobHturles, 'iiidendiinn)i{ 
 a variety of those hardship!*, wjiich were the portion ol 
 the eoiKiuerurs of Ameru'a, hu at length llmslied fouf 
 small bn^^'i.'itities. In these, wiili three liundriii chosuii 
 men. a force siip'<rior to that with which i'tzarro after 
 wards iindrrtook the same expi-dilion, he was ready to Mud 
 towards Peru, when he received an unexpected mea* 
 Hage from IVdraria.i. As bin reeoncihation with Bul- 
 boa had never been cordial, the progress which his non' 
 iii-hiw was making revived his ancient emnity, and 
 udded to its runcoiir. lie dreaded the prosperity and 
 eleva'ion ofa man whom he had injured so deeply. Ho 
 siifpeelt'd that success would encourage him to aim ul 
 independence upon hi.i jurisdiction ; and so violently 
 did the painioiis of hatred, fear, and jealousy operate 
 upon his mind, (hat. in order to gratify his vengeanec* 
 ho scrupled not to ilefeat an enterprise of the greatest 
 moment to his country. Under pretexts which wero 
 false, but plausible, be desired Balboa to postpone hid 
 voyage fur a short time, .ind to rejKiir to Ada, m order 
 that he might have an interview with him. Balboa, 
 with the unsuispiciuus confidence ofa man conscious of 
 no crime, instanllv obeyed the summons ; but as s(M)n 
 ashe entered the place. he was arrested by order of iVdra- 
 rias, whose impatience to satiate his revenge did not suf- 
 fer him to languish long in connnement. Judges were im- 
 mediately appointed to proceed to his trial. An aecusuliun 
 of disloyalty to the king, and of an intenlio.; to revolt 
 against tho governor was preferred against him. Sen- 
 tence of death was pronounced ; and though the judges 
 who passed it, seconded by the whole colony, inter- 
 eedeif warmly for his pardon, Pedrarias continued inex- 
 orable ; and the Spaniards beheld, with astoni.^llnlellt 
 and sorrow, tlie public execution ofa man whom they 
 universally deemed more capable than any one who 
 had borne conunaiid in America, of forming and accom- 
 plishing great designs. Upon his death, the ex|)edition 
 which lie had planned was relinquished. I'edrurias, 
 notwithstanding the violence and injustice of his pro- 
 ceedings, was not only screened from punishment by 
 the powerful patronage of the Bishop of Burgos and 
 otlier courtiers, but continued in power. Soon after 
 he obtained permission to remove the colony from itd 
 unvvliolesoine station of Santa Maria to Panama, on tho 
 opposite side of the iNihmiis ; and though it did not 
 gain iiiucb in point of fiealthfuhiess by tlie change, the 
 commodious situation of this new settlement contribu- 
 ted greatly to facilitate the subsequent compiests of the 
 Spaniards in the extensive countries situated ujion the 
 Southern Ocean. 
 
 During these transactions in Darien f I^ISJ, the his- 
 tory of whieh it was jiroper to carry on in an uninter- 
 rupted tenor, several imjiortant events occurred with 
 respect to the discovery, the eoncjuest, and government 
 of other provinces in the New World. Ferdinand waa 
 so intent upon opening a coimnuniiation with the Mo- 
 lucca or Sjuce Islands hy tlie west, that in the year one 
 thousand five hundred and fifteen he fitted out two 
 ships at his own oxiiensc, mi order to attemjU such a 
 voyaiie, and gave the eominand of them to Juan Diaz 
 de Soils, who was deemed (Uie of the most skilful navi- 
 gators in Spain. He stood along the coast of South 
 America, and on the first of January, one tliousand five 
 hundred and sixteen, entered a river which he called 
 Janeiro, where an extensive commerce is now carried 
 on. From thence he proceed<'d to a spacious bay, 
 which he supposed to be the entrance into a strait tlmt 
 communicated with the Indian Ocean; but, upon ad- 
 vancing further, he found it to he the mouth ofKiodela 
 Plata one of the vast rivers by which the southern con- 
 tinent of America is watered. In endeavoring to make 
 a descent in this cointry, De Solis und several of his 
 crew were slain by the natives, who, in sight of tho 
 ships, cut their bodies in pieces, rousted and devoured 
 them. Discouraged with the loss of their commander, 
 and terrified at this shocking spectacle, the surviving 
 Spaniards set sail for Europe, without aiming at anv 
 further discovery. Though this attempt proved alior- 
 tive, it was not without benefit. It turned the attention 
 of ingenious men to this course of navigation, and ore 
 pared the way for a more fortunate voyage, by which, a 
 few years posterior to this jieriod, the great desit^n tlial 
 Ferdinand had in view was accuniplished. 
 
 Though the Spaniards were thus actively cnrployed 
 in extending their discoveries and settlements m AmO' 
 rica, they still considered Hispaniola as their principal 
 eolotiy, and the seat of government. Don Diego Oo* 
 hnnhus wanted neither inclination uoi abn.'.ies to have 
 rendered the members of this colony, .vho were most 
 inunediately under his jurisdiction, prosperous w\ 
 happy. But he was circumscribed ji uH hit operations 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 m 
 
 by thr (iunpiruMi«|KiIi( y of rrntiiiand, who on i-vory or- 
 ciimoii. iintl uiulrr prfli'Xts iliu mo»t IVivoIouh, n'trfrn'ln«l 
 hiN priviU'^i'M, iind I'lirniiriiiicd tlin (rciiHurcr, tin- jmim n, 
 and oihiT Kiilioriltiiitic (iMIi-ith to coiiiitcriu't Ins mcii- 
 rurcs, iitut to (lisptitc his iiiiihority. 'J'hr most v.ihi.ihlr 
 liroropativr whii-h 'he ^ovciior iiosscM.-nl was lliat ot' 
 ilirttnhiittni; Iiidui!iH tniiohu tlir Spiiiiianls st'llh-d iii ihr 
 iNhnitl. 'I'l.r rigorous HtTVittuh' of thosr titihii|i|iy iticti 
 haviim hern hut ttllh' iiiititratcd l<v a\\ the rrtiutations 
 ill iht'ir favor, the nowrr ol |iariM'lhiij,M)iit siirh lurr.^- 
 Anrv iMMtniiiii'iilH ol labor at plcasiirr, m'ciiri-tt to thi- 
 govrrnor ^rrnt iiithiniro in (lie coluny. In ordiT (o 
 a(ri|) him of thm, KiTdinand t-rcalcd a nrw ullu'c, with 
 the power nf itiHtrilMilin^r tlie IndiaiiN, and hestowrd it 
 upon l<odri^o AlluKpu'nine, n relaliitn of /apatn, hi» 
 cunfidenlial minister. Morlirud with (he injustice us 
 well as indii^nity of this invuHion u|)on hi.s rights, in a 
 point HO esuential, Don I>U'i;n coidd no h>n;,'er innaln 
 in n plaeo where his power anticoiiKciiucrn'o were al- 
 most unnihdated. He repaired to Sjiani with the vain 
 hopes of olitpjninjj redresw. Alhuipunpu) rntercil upon 
 his ofUcc with all tlie rapaeiiy of an nidi^fnt advcntini-r 
 impatient to amass wealth. He he^^an willi taking; llie 
 f!xat't nunihcr of Imlian« in the island, and found tliat 
 from sixty thousand, who in the year one thousand live 
 hundred and cij^ht survived after all llicir sutrerin^'!^, 
 they were now reduced to fourteen thousand. 'I'hese 
 he threw into se)>arato divisiona or lots, and he.'tlowerl 
 Ihcin noon such as wore wilhnij to piireha.^o them at 
 the highest price. Hy thia arbitrary distrihution several 
 of the natives were removed from their orii^inal hahiia- 
 tions. many were taken from tticir ancient masters, and 
 all of them suhjccted tc heavier burdens, and to more 
 intolerable labor, in ordrr to reimburse their new pro- 
 prietors. Those additional calamities completed the 
 misery, and hastened on the extinction of this wretched 
 ami innocent rare of men. 
 
 The violence of these procedinjTs, totretber with tlic 
 fatal consequences which attended them, not only ex- 
 cited complaints amoni» such as tlioujrht themselves 
 aggrieved, but touched the hearts of all \\lio retained 
 any sentimcma of humanity. From ibu time that ec- 
 clesiastics were sent as instructors into America, they 
 perceived that the rij^or with wliich their countrymen 
 t"eated the natives, rendered thiir ministry altoircther 
 iniitlcss. The missionaries, in conformity to the mild 
 Bpirit of that religion wliich tiiey were employed to pub- 
 lish, early remonstrated ayainst the maxims of the 
 planters with respect to the Americans, and condemned 
 the rcpartimirntoSt or distrihittitins, by which they were 
 given up as slaves to their conquerors as no less con- 
 trary to natural justice and tiie precepts of ('bristianity 
 than to sound policy. The Dominicans, to whom the 
 mstruclion of tne Americans was oriifinally committed. 
 were most vehement in testifying a^^ainst the rcpaiii- 
 minitos. In the year one thousand live hundred and 
 eleven, Montesino, one of their most eminent preachers, 
 inveighed aj^ainst this practice, in the ^»reat church of 
 St. Domingo, with all the impetuosity of popular elo- 
 quence. Don Diepo Columbus, the principal olVicer of 
 the colony, and all the laymen who bad been bis 
 hearers, complained of the monk to his superiors; but 
 they, instead of condemninfr, apjilauded his doctrine as 
 equally pious and seasonable. The Franci-scans, inlbi- 
 enced by the spirit of opposition and nvalsbip which 
 subsists between the two orders, discovered some in- 
 clination to take part with the laity, and to espouse the 
 defence of the rcparlimirntns. Hut as they could not 
 with decency give their avowed approhiiion to a system 
 of oppression so repuiruant to the spirit of religion, they 
 endeavored to palliate what ihey could not justify, and 
 alleged, in excuse for the coiiducl of ihetr countrymen, 
 that it was impossible to carry on any improvement in 
 the colony, unless the Spaniards possessed such do- 
 minion over tho natives thai they could compel them to 
 labor. 
 
 The Dominicans, regardless of such political and 
 interested considerations, would not relax in any degree 
 the rigor of their sentiments, and even lefused to ab- 
 Bolvc, or admit to the sacrament, such of their country- 
 men as continued to hold the natives in servitude. 
 Both parties applied to the king for his decision in a 
 matter of such importance. Ferdinand empowered a 
 committee of his privy councU, assisted by some of the 
 rrc>Ltt eminent civilians and divines in Spain, to hear tho 
 deputies sent from Hispaniola in support of their re- 
 epective opinions. After a long discussion, the specu- 
 lative point in controversy was determined in favor of 
 the Dominicans, the Indians were declared to be a free 
 people entitled to all the natural rights of men ; but 
 notwithatanding this decision, the repartimicnfos were 
 07ntinue<l upon their ancient footing. As ibis dcter- 
 
 I mmation ndinided the principles upon which the Dn- 
 imnieaiiN founded their opinion, ibey rell('\^ed their ef- 
 forts (o obtain relief for the Indians with additional 
 boUi'iess and /eal. At tcnglh, in order to i(Uiet (lie 
 colony, winch was alarmed at tlirir rnnmisinini-eH and 
 censures, I'l rdmand issued a dtcree of bis privy coim- 
 I eil ri''''l<^Jt declaring, that after maliir'.' consiileration 
 I of llie Apostolical Hull, and (Uher titles by which the 
 crown of ('a^die elaimed n right to its posse«si'ms in 
 I the New World, the servitude of the Iniliiins was war- 
 I ranted botli bv the laws of (iod and of man ; that un- 
 I !e.»is they wire Kub|cctcd lo the dommion of the Spa- 
 ' niards, and cotiipejlcd lo residt^ iiiidi>r their inspection, 
 it would be impossihlii lo reclaim Ihem from idolatry, 
 or to instruct ijiem in the pniici|)les of the Ciiristian 
 failb ; that no fariber scruple ought lo be cnlertaincd 
 concerning the lawfulness of llic nparliiiiinitu.s, as the 
 king arid council were willing to lake the charge of 
 that upon llii ir own conseicnres ; and liiat thereliire 
 the 1 lominicans and monks of oiher religious orders 
 should alistain for ihe fiitur': from those iiivicli\es 
 which, from an excess of clinrttable but ilt-iiifoi'med 
 zeal, ihey had uttered against that [)rartice. 
 
 'i'bat bis intentKHi of adhering lo this decree might 
 bo fully understood, Ferdinand conferred new grants 
 of Indians upon several of his courtiers [••'>]. Hut, in 
 order tbat lie might not seem altogellier inattentive to 
 tlie rights of humanity, he published an edict, in wlmh 
 he endeavored to [)rovide for the mild treatment of tlie 
 Indians under the yoke to which be H-ibjected them ; 
 he regulated the nature of the work which tliey should 
 be required to perform ; he prescril)ed the mode in 
 which they should be clothed and fed, and gave direc- 
 tions with respect to tlicir instructions in the principles 
 of Christianity. 
 
 Hut the Dominicans, who from their experience of 
 what was past judged concerning the future, soon per- 
 ceived the ineliicacy of those provisions, and foretold, 
 that as long as it was the interest of individuals to treat 
 the Indians with rigor, no public regulations could ren- 
 der their servitude mild or toleralile. They considered 
 it as vain, to waste their own lime and strength in at- 
 tempting to communicate the sublime truths of religion 
 to men whose spirits were broken and their faculties 
 impaired by op[iression. Some of them in despair, re- 
 quested the permission of their superiors to remove Co 
 the continent, and to pursue the object of their mission 
 among such of the natives as were not hitherto cor- 
 rupted by the example of the Sp.iniards, or alienated by 
 their cruelty from the Christian faith. Such as re- 
 mained in Hispaniola contiMued to remonstrate, with 
 decent firmness, against the servitude of the Indians. 
 
 The violent operations of Albinpierque, the new dis- 
 tributor of Indians, revived the zeal of the Dominicans 
 against tlie rrpa^timifiitos, and called forth an advocate 
 for that oppressed people, who possessed all the cou- 
 rage, tlie talents, and activity requisite in supporting 
 such a desperate cause. This was Hartholeniew de 
 las Casas, a native of Seville, and one of the clergy- 
 men sent out with Columbus in his second voyage to 
 Hispaniola, in order to settle in that island. He early 
 adopted the opinion prevalent anmng ecclesiastics, 
 with respect to the unlawfulness of reducing the na- 
 tives to servitude ; and (bat he might demonstrate the 
 sincerity of his conviction, lie relinquished all the 
 Indians who had fallen to his own share in the division 
 of the inhabitants among their conquerors, declaring 
 that ho should ever bewail bis own misfortune and 
 guilt, in having exercised for a moment this impious 
 dominion over his fellow-ereatnrs. From that time 
 he became the avowed patron ot the Indians; and by 
 his bold interpositions in their behalf, as well as by the 
 respect due to his abilities and character, he had often 
 the merit of settinn; some bounds to the excesses of 
 bis countrymen. Ho did not fail to remonstrate 
 warmly against the proceedings of Albuquerque ; and 
 though be soon found that attention to his own interest 
 rendered this rapacious othcer deaf to admonition, be 
 did not abandon the wretched people whose cause he 
 had espoused. Ho instantly set out for Spain, with 
 the most sanguine hopes of opening the eyes and 
 softening the heart of Ferdinand, by that striking 
 
 (licture of tho oppression of his new subjects which 
 le would exhibit to his view. 
 
 He easily obtained admittance to the king, whom ho 
 found in a declining state of health. With nnich 
 freedom, and no less eloquence, be represented to him 
 all the fatal etfecta oi t\\p. rr parti mirutos in llui New 
 World, boldly charging him with the guilt of having 
 authorized this impious measure, which bad brought 
 misery and destruction upon a numerous and innocent 
 race of men, whom Protidcnce had placed under his 
 
 I protection. Ferdinand, whose mind «« well as bodv 
 
 was much < nieebled by hm distemper, was groally 
 I alarmed at this charge nf impiety, which at another 
 ^juncture he would have despised, He hntcned with 
 I deep compimcdon to (he discourses of I.a.i Casas, and 
 I promixed to lake into serious ctmsideration the ineanf 
 of redressing the e\il of which he com|iIamed. liut 
 I death prexenled him from executing his resolution 
 ( barles of Austria, lo whom all his crowns devolvwl, 
 > resitted at that time m Ins paternal {loinmions in tho 
 Low Comilnes. I.as Casas, with his \i8ual ardor, pre- 
 pared inmiedialely lo set out for Flanders, in order to 
 occupy the ear of the young monarch, when Cardinal 
 Ximenes, who, as Kegent, apsumed the reins of go- 
 vernment in Caslile, commanded hiiii to desist from 
 Mie journey, and engaged to hear bis complaints in 
 person. 
 
 He accordingly weighed tlie matter with attention 
 equal to its iinporlance ; and a.« his impetuous mind 
 delighted in schemes bold and uncommon, be .-^oon 
 fixed nptni a |il.in which astonished the ministcrB 
 trained ii]i under ihe lormal and cautious administration 
 of Ferdinand. Without regarding either the rights of 
 Don Diego Columbu'*, or the regulations established 
 by Ihe late king, be resolved lo send thrco persons to 
 America as superintendents of all the colonies thtTO, 
 with authority, after examining all circumstances on 
 the hpttt, to decide linally with respect to the iioint in 
 question. It was a matter of deliberation and deliracy 
 to elioosi! men qualified for such an important station. 
 As all the laymen ,'ettled in America, or who had been 
 consulte<l in the an'mini.-^tration of that department, 
 bad given their opinion that the Spaniards could not 
 keep possession of their new settlements, unless they 
 were allowed lo retain their dmninion over the Indians, 
 he saw that he could not rely on their nnpartiality, and 
 determined to commit the trust to ecclesiastics. As 
 the DominieaiKi ami Franciscans had already espoused 
 opposite sides in the controversy, bp, from the same 
 principle of inqiartiality, (^.vcluded hotbtltese fraternities 
 from the commission. He eonlined bis choice to th9 
 monks of St. .feroine, a small but resjieclablo order in 
 Spain. With the assistance of their general, and ia 
 concert with I<as Casas, he soon pitched upon ihree 
 persons whom he deemed equal to the charge. To them 
 he joined Zuazo, a private lawyer of distinguished [iro- 
 bily, with unbounded power lo regulate alt judicial 
 proceedings in the colonies. I-as Casas was appointed 
 to accompany tlieiii with the titlo of protector of tbo 
 Indiuns. 
 
 'i'o v(;st such extraordinary powers, as might at onoo 
 overturn the system of government established in the 
 New World, in four [lersuns, who, from their humblo 
 condition m life, were little entitled to {lossess this high 
 authority, appeared lo /apata, and other ministers of 
 the late king, a measure so wild and dangerous, that 
 they refused to issue the despatches necessary for car- 
 rying it into execution. llutXiineiies was not of a 
 temper ))atiently lo brook opposition to any of his 
 schemes. He sent for t.ie refractory ministers, and ad- 
 dressed ihein in such a lone that in the ulmost consler- 
 nation they obeyed bis orders. Tlie supcrintendenta, 
 with their associates /uazo and Las Casas, sailed for 
 St. Domingo. Upon their arrival, the first act of their 
 authority was to set at liberty all the Indians who had 
 been granted to the Spanisli courtiers, or to any person 
 not residing in America. This, together with the in- 
 formation which bad been received from Spain con- 
 cerning the object of the commission, spread a general 
 alarm. 'Ihe colonists concluded that tlu'y were to be 
 deprived at once of the bands with wliich they carried 
 on their labor, and that, of consequence, ruin was un- 
 avoidable. IJiit the fathers of St. Jerome proceeded 
 with such caution and prudence as soon dissi|ialed all 
 their fears. They discovered, in every step of theii 
 conduct, a knowledge of the world, and of alfairs, 
 which is sehlom acquired in u cloister ; and displayed 
 a moderation as well as gentleness still more rare 
 among persons trained up in the solitude and austerity 
 of a monastic life. Their ears were open to informa- 
 tion from every quarter; they compard the ditlerent 
 accounts which they received ; and, after a mature 
 consideration of tho whole, they were fully «iatiaticd 
 that the state of tho colony rendered it impossible to 
 adopt the plan proposed by Las (>asas, and rccom 
 mended by the Cartlinal. They plainly perceived that 
 the Spaniards settled in America were so few m num 
 her, that they could neither work the mines which had 
 been opened, nor cultivnie the country ; that they do 
 pendcd for ell'ecting both »ipon Ihe labor of the natives. 
 and, if deprived of it, they must instantly relinquish 
 their conquests, or give up all the advantages w.Sich 
 
!! 
 
 M 
 
 Uwy (li'rivcil from Ihrin i thai ni) ullurpini'iit woa «o 
 nowerful im to Hiiriiiuuiil the iMliiriil nvirxjuii uf Ihn 
 itidiaiii tu iiiiy laliuriuim Fllurl, ami that iiathiii|{ hut th« 
 fiiilhoniy uf • iiiiittcr could rain|it'l ihoin to work ; nnd 
 if lliuy woro not kipt rciiialniilly iiiidir ihd cyti oiid dii- 
 cjpljiio of a aiipciiur, to Krciil wua llicir niilurid Imtli'itt- 
 iiraa and iiidillircncf, that llicy would ni'illur ulluiid 
 to rrlif(ioua hiatruntiuii, nor ohairvii thoao ril«« of 
 Chrmtiunily which ihcy had l)eun already laiinht. Upon 
 all ihoau accouuls, lh» supi'rintvndcnta found it ni'ci'a- 
 aarv to lolcrati! tlio rr/iiirrimiVn/ix, and to auH'cr Iho 
 InJiana to ri'niain under suhjeoliou tu their iSpnnish 
 inaitcra, Tlioy used their uluioul cndcavora, how- 
 ever, to prevent the fatal olVecta of thia oalahliahinvnt, 
 and to aecuru to Iho Indiana the conaolation of the 
 beat treitnient oomputililo with a atato of aervitudo. 
 Kor thia pnr|ioso, they revived former ref;ulationa, thoy 
 proscribed new ones, they neglected no circumslanco 
 that tended to iniliKate the rigor of Iho yoke ; and by 
 their aiitliorily, their cianiplc, and their eihorlaliona, 
 they lalwred In inspire their couiilrymen with icnti- 
 menta of equity and geiitlen"B8 lowurds iho unhappy 
 poopio U|)on uhuao indiialry they depended. ZiMia, 
 In ilia department, aeconded tho endeavora of the 
 auperinlcndcnis. llo reformed tho coiirta of jiialico 
 in aiich a manner as to render their decisions equitable 
 as well aa expedilioua, and introduced various regula- 
 tioiia which greatly improved Iho interior policy of the 
 colony. The aalisfaction which hia conduct and that 
 of Iho aupcrintcndenta gave waa now universal amoni; 
 the Spaniards settled in Iho Now World ; oiid all 
 admired tho boldness of Ximcnea in having departed 
 from tho ordinary path of busincas in forming hia plan, 
 •a welt at his aagacily in pitching upon persona wlioso 
 wisdom, moderation, and disiiitercatedness rendered 
 them worthy of this high trust. 
 
 I^s Casa* alone wag dissatisned. The pnidcniinl 
 consideration wliich influenced the auperinlendenia 
 made no impression upon him. Ho regarded their 
 idea of acoinniodating itieir conduct to tho atalo of the 
 colony, aa tho maxim of an uiiiiallowed timid policy, 
 which tolerated what was unjust bccauao it was 
 beneficial. }lo contended that tho Indiana were by 
 nature free, and, aa their protector, ho rcipiired tho 
 superintendents not to bereave thoin of Iho common 
 privilege of Iiumanity. They received his most viru- 
 lent remonstrances without emotion, but adliered (irmly 
 to their own syalcin. Tho Spanish planters did not 
 bear with him so paticnily, and were ready lo tear him 
 in pieces for insisting in a requisilion »o odious lo 
 them. Laa Casas, in order to screen himself from 
 their rage, found it necessary lo lake shelter in a con- 
 vent ; and perceiving thai all bia ctforta in America 
 wore fruitless, he soon act out for Europe, with a lixed 
 reaolution not to abandon the protection of a people 
 whom he deemed to bo cruelly oppressed. 
 
 Had Ximcnes retained that vigor of mind with 
 which ho usually applied to busincas, I.as Canas must 
 bavo met with no very gracious reception upon his 
 return to Spain. Out ho found the Cardinal languish- 
 ing under a mortal diatcmper, and prejiaring to resign 
 hia authority to tho young king, who was daily ex- 
 pected from tho Low Countries. Charles arrived, 
 took posssion of the government, and, by the dr 'i of 
 Ximcnea, lost a miniater whose abilities and inu ity 
 entitled him lo direct his affairs. Miny of the Flemish 
 nobility had accompanied their sovereign lo Spain. 
 From that wann predilection to hia countrymen, which 
 waa natural at his age, he consulted ihcin with rc.«pcct 
 to all the transactions in hia new kingdom ; and tlicy, 
 with an indiscreet eagerness, intruded themselves into 
 every business, and seized almost every deparlinent of 
 administration. Tho direction of American ullairs was 
 an object too alluring to escape their attention. Laa 
 Casas observed their growing influence ; and though 
 projectors arc usually too sanguine to conduct their 
 Gchemea with much dexterity, he possessed a bustling, 
 indefatigablo activity, which sometimes accomplishes 
 its purposes with greater success than the most ex- 
 auisite discernment and address. He courted the 
 Flemish ministers with assiduity. Ho rcprescnicd to 
 them the absurdity of all tho maxima hitherto adopteil 
 with respect to tho government of America, particu- 
 larly during tho administration of Ferdinand, and 
 pointed out the defects of those arrangements which 
 Aimenes had introduced. 'ITie memory of Ferdinand was 
 odious to the Flemings. The superior virtues and abi- 
 lities of Ximenes h^d long been the object of their envy. 
 They fondly wished to have a plausible pretext for con- 
 demning the measures both of the monarch and of the 
 minister, and of reflecting some discredit on their poli- 
 tical wisdom The friends of Don Diego Columbua, 
 
 noDEHTson'B iitflTonr or 
 
 aa well aa the .Spaniah courtiers who had beiin diasa- 
 liafied with Ihc (/'nrdinal'a adininislralion, jumiil Laa 
 Caaas in renHiiring ihit acliemu of sending siipermten- 
 dciilN lo America. This union of ao many iiitereatN 
 and jiasaions was irri'sislible ; nnd in coiiaeipuiice of it 
 the latheraof St. Jerome, logelhrr with their associate 
 Ziiazo, were rccallrd. Uoilrrigo ilii I'igiierua, a lawyer 
 of some einiiii'iici', waa appointed chief judge of the 
 ii>liind, and received mstnictioiis, in coinpliaiiie with 
 the reiiuest of Liis Casas, lo examini^ once more, with 
 Iho utmost allentiun, the point in controvemy between 
 hiin and the people of iho colony, with respect lo the 
 Ireatment of ihe natives : and in the moan tiino lo do 
 every thing in hia power to alleviate their aullerings, 
 and to prevent the extinction of Iho raco. 
 
 Thia was all that the zeal of Laa Casas could pro- 
 cure at that juiieturu in fi vor of the Indiana The im- 
 poaaihilily of carrying on any iinprovemenin in America, 
 unleas the Spanisn ptanlera could command the labor of 
 tho natives, waa an inaiiperable objection to his plan of 
 treating them as free aubjecla. In order lo provide 
 aome remedy for thia, without which ho found it waa in 
 vain to ineiilinn his scheme. Las Casas proposed lo 
 purcliaso a siillicienl number of negroes from tho I'or- 
 liigueso seltleinents on tho coast of Africa, and to 
 tranaport them to America, in order that they might bo 
 employed aa alavea in working tho ininea and cultivat- 
 ing the ground. One of the lirst advantages which the 
 Portuguese bad deriveU from their diacovcriea in Africa 
 arose from the trade in slaves. Various circumslaneea 
 concurred in reviving this odious commerce, which had 
 been long abolished m Kurope, and which is no leas re- 
 pugnant tu the feelings of humanity than lo tho princi- 
 ples of religion. Aa early as the year oiio thousand 
 live hundred nnd three, a few negro slaves had been 
 sent into the New World. In iho year one thousand 
 five hundred and eleven, Ferdinand perinitled the im- 
 purtation of them in greater numbers. They were 
 ibiiiid to bo a more robust and hardy raco than the nu- 
 livea of America. They were more capable of endur- 
 ing fatigue, more patient nnd(;r scrviliule, and the labor 
 of one negro was computed to be eipial lo that of four 
 Indians. Cardinal Ximenes, however, when solicited 
 to encourage this eominerco, peremptorily rejected the 
 proposition, because he perceived the initpiily of reduc- 
 ing one race of men to alavery, while he wa« consult- 
 ing about tho means of restoring liberty to another, 
 lliit Las Casas, from tho incoiisisteiicy natural to men 
 who hurry with headlong impeliiosily towards a favorite 
 point, waa incapable of making this disiiiictioti. AN'hile 
 lie contended enrneslly for the liberly of Ihe people 
 horn in one quarter of the globe, he labored to enslave 
 the inhabilanta of another region ; and in the warmth 
 of his zeal to save Ihe Americans from the yoke, jiro- 
 nounced it lo be lawful and expedient lo impose one 
 still heavier upon tho .Vfricans. Unfortunately for llie 
 latter. Las Casas's plan was adopted. Charles granted 
 a patent to one of his Flemish favorites, containing an 
 exclusive right of importing four thousand negroes into 
 America. Tho favorite sold his patent to Boii.c Geno- 
 ese merchants foi twenty-five thousand ducats, nnd 
 they were Ihc first who brought into a regular fonn that 
 commerce for elaves between Africa and America, 
 which has since been carried on to such an omazing 
 extent. 
 
 But tho Genoese merchants [1518], conducting their 
 operations, at first, with Iho rapacity of monopolists, 
 demanded such a high price for negroes, that Iho num- 
 ber imported into Hispaniola made no great change 
 upon the state of the colony. Las Casas, whoso zeal 
 was no less inventivo than indefatigable, had recourse 
 to another expedient for the relief of the Indiana. Ho 
 ob.scrvcd, that most of the persons who had settled hi- 
 therto in America, were sailors and soldiers employed 
 in the discovery or conquest of tho country ; the younger 
 sons of noble families, allured by the prospect of ac- 
 quiring sudden wealth; or desperate adventurers, whom 
 their indigence or crimes forced to abandon their native 
 land. Instead of such men, who were dissolute, rapa- 
 cious, and incapable of that aobcr persevering industry 
 which it requisite in forming now colonies, he proposed 
 to supply the •ctllcmcnts in Hispaniok and other 
 parts of tho New World with a aullicicnt number of 
 laborera and husbandmen, who should be allured by 
 suitable premiums to remove thither. These, as they 
 were accustomed to fatigue, would bo able to perform 
 Ihe work lo which tho Indians, from the feebleness of 
 their constitution, wore unequal, and might soon become 
 useful and opulent citizens. But though Hispaniola 
 stood much in need of a recruit of inhabitants, having 
 been visited at this time with the small-pox, which 
 swept oflT ahnosl all the natives who had survived their 
 
 long continued oppression ; and though I,aa Casa* lild 
 the eoiintenaiire of thi> Ftemiiih miniHlers, thia acheiiM 
 was di'fiMiIrd by Ihe biHliup uf lliirgos, who thwarted all 
 hia projects. 
 
 Las t'ases now deapuircd of pro<'uriiig any relief for 
 the Indians in those plui'es whero the Spumarda wera 
 already settled. The evil was become su inveterate 
 there as not to nilmit of u cure, lltil such discuveriea 
 were daily making in the continenl as gave a high idea 
 both of Its extent and popuiuinness. In all thoso vast 
 regioiia there was but one feeble cuhinv planted ; and 
 except a small spot on the isthmus uf Darion, iho na- 
 tivea still occupied Iho whole country, 'i'liia opened a 
 new and more omple field <or Ihe hiimanily and zeal ol 
 1,08 Casus, who flattered bimielf that he might prevent 
 n |ieniicious syslem from bi'ing introduced there, though 
 he had failed of aiiccesa in hit allempts lo overturn it 
 where it was already eslablishcd. Full of thia idea, li« 
 anplied for a grant of Ihc uiioiciipied country alrelching 
 along the soaeoaal from tho (iiilf of I'uria to tho west- 
 ern frontier of that iirovinco now known by the name 
 of , Santa Martha, ilu jiroposed to aetlle thoro with a 
 colony composed of liiisb.indmen, luhorern, and eccle- 
 siastics. He engaged in the spacu of two youra lo 
 civilize ten thoiisaiiil of the natives, and to inslriiet 
 them so thoroughly in the arts of social life, llml from 
 tho fruits of their industry un annual revenue of flfluuii 
 thousand ducats should arise to the king. In ten years 
 ho expected ibat his improvements would be so fat 
 advanced aa to yield annually sixty thousand ducats, 
 llo alipulated, that no soldier or sailor ahoiild ever be 
 permitted lo aelllo in this district ; and that no Spa- 
 niard whatever should enter it without his periniaaiun. 
 Ho even projected to clotho tho people whom ho look 
 along with linn in tioiiio dislinguiahing garb, which did 
 not resemble the Spani ib driis, that iTicy might appear 
 lo the natives to be n dillerent race of men from those 
 who had brought so many calamities upon their coun- 
 try. From this scheme, of which 1 have traced only 
 Ihe great lines, it is manifest that Las Casas had formed 
 ideas conceniiiig the metliod of treating the Indians, 
 similar lo those by which Ihe Jesuits afterwards carried 
 
 ', on llicir great operations in another part of tho same 
 continent, llo aupposed that the Furopeans, by avail- 
 ing themselves of that ascendant which they possessed 
 in conseipience of their superior progress in science 
 nnd improvement, might gradually form tho minds oi 
 American.t to relish those comforts of which they were 
 dcstilule, might train thorn tu the arts of civil life, and 
 render ilieiii capable of its functions. 
 
 Hut In the bishop of Ilurgos, and tho council of Ihe 
 Indies, this project appeared not only chimerical, but 
 dangerous in u high degrim. They deemed tho fa- 
 culties of tho Americana lo bo naturally so limited, and 
 their indolence so excessive, that every attempt to in- 
 struct or lo improve them would bo fruitless. They 
 contended, that it would be extremely imprudent (o 
 give the command of a country extending above a thou- 
 sand iniles along tho coaat to a fanciful prcsumptuoua 
 enthusiast, a stranger lo tho affairs of the worhl, and 
 unacipiainted with the arts of government. Las ('asas, 
 far from being discouraged with a repulse, which he 
 had reason to expect, had recourse once more to the 
 Flcmisli favorites, who zealously patronised his fclieme 
 merely because it had been rejected by tho Spanish 
 ministers. They prevailed with their master, who had 
 lately been raised to tho Imperial dignity, to refer tho 
 consideration of this measure to a select number of his 
 privy counsellors ; and Las Casas having excepted 
 against tho members of the council of tho Indies, as 
 partial and intcrcated they were all excluded. Tho 
 decision of men chosen by recommendation of the 
 Flemings was perfectly conformable to their sentiments. 
 They warmly approved of Las Casas's plan, nnd gave 
 orders for carrying it into execution, but restricted Ihe 
 territory allotted him to three hundred miles along tho 
 coast of Cumana ; allowing him, however, to extend 
 it aa far aa ho pleased towarda tlio interior part of the 
 country. 
 
 This determination did not pass unccnaurcd. Almost 
 every person who had been in tho West Indies ex- 
 claimed against it, and supported their opinion so con- 
 fidently, nnd with such plausible reasons, as made it 
 advisable to pause and to roview tho subject more de- 
 liberately, Charles himself, though accustomed, at this 
 early period of his life, to adopt tlio sentiments of his 
 ministers with such subiuiesivo deference as did not 
 
 ' promise that decisive vigor of mind which distinguishod 
 his riper years, could not help suspecting that the eager- 
 ness with which the Flemings took part in every niluir 
 flowed from some improper motive, and began to dis- 
 cover an inclination to examine in person into the state 
 
SI) II '111 AMKKK'A 
 
 
 tif tlMI|nWtion I'Diiciriiinir llii' I'li.iriii'lir of llir Ai 
 
 lintlfi inil thf |irii|i<'r ni.irrirr <>l irijlin^ fliiiii. An 
 o|>|ii>rliiiiily ol' iiiiikiii^ iIih i> <|iiiry wiili uriut imU.iiiI.i|{« 
 luuri otiurri'il l.luiii' '-in) Ijncti'dd, llii' Im>iIiii|i uI 
 l).iii(>n, \vli(> Inil uri-i)in|).iiiM'il IS'tlrariiin to ttti' t'lnill- 
 ili'Ml III llit^ ;•'>•■ mil' llliin^.tiid li\r liiiiiilriil iinil llintriii, 
 li.iii|ii'iii'il tu luful 111 H.iri'i'liiiiii, mIk'iii iIii niurl I'li'ii 
 ri'aidril. Il wu* i|iii<'kly kiuiwii lliat liia niiiliini lits 
 luiiirirniii^ lli« liilciitx uiiil (liK|»i.<iliiiM III llir liiliiiim 
 d'lli'nil Iroiii ibo-'i' •>! l-i"* <'i»iiH. iind Cliurli < iit- 
 tiinilly I'unid'idi'd tliiit liv roiilruiiliiii! Iwu ri»|iii'lidilii 
 |ii'r<»iii> who, iliitiii|i llii'ir rr»iil>'iirr in Aiiiirirj, liail 
 lull liMiiiirii II) iilisrrn' llii' iiiiiiini r» uf llu' |irci|ilr «lium 
 ihry |ir<.'t<Midrd lo dr»i'rilii'. In' iiiiulil In' id'li' m dinciivtr 
 wliii'li of llii'iii liud rurnicd lim ii|iiniiiii vvilli tin' ^riiiti kI 
 diiii:erniiii'iit iinil iii-niriicy. 
 
 A d.iy lor iIiiikdIi'Iiiii uiidiiMiiMi wun ii|i|ioinlril. 'I'liii 
 ('iii|"'rur u|i|ii'iirid with i lUiiordiiiary |iiiiii)i, and took 
 hiK Ki'iii on u tliruiiu ill llii' )(ri'at Imll ul llic |iuliiri'. Iliii 
 |iriiu'i|>iil i-uiirliirs ulU^iidid. Don Dii'do Coluiiilnis, 
 adiiiiriii of llii! Ihdii'n, wan iiiiiiiNiiiiicd lo liii iirii.scnt. 
 'I'JHi lMiiho|i of Dani'ii wan oollid ii|ioii fir»l lo di line 
 lii.i u|>Miioii. Itti, III il nliorl diiiroiirxx, laiiiiiilril llii: 
 fatal di'»ol.ilioii of Amorica liy llii' I'llnii-lioii of m> 
 iiiuiiy of llH iiihuliitaiils ; liii arkiiotvli'd|;i'd that tliin 
 must lio iiTiiiiilfd, ill HOiiiu di'iirw', in Ilii; I'Sti'imivr 
 rigor and iiicoiiinili-raH' iiroii'i'diiinH of the ,S|iaiiiarilii , 
 bill ilcciarrd that all the |n'i)|ilt! of llio New W'urhl 
 wlioiii he had neeii eitlier in the contiiiinl or in the 
 ialaiidn, a|>|ieared to liiiii lo lie a race of men iniirked 
 out, liy lliu inlmorily of thiir lalenls, for serutiiili' 
 ind whom it would lie impoatilile lu initriu't or iiii|irov> , 
 unleiiit they were ki'jil under the eoiitinual iii»|ieclioii 
 of II inaHler. Ijih (;a»a», at (jreali - Icii^lh and Willi 
 more fervor, delendid his own ^ i llu rejeeted 
 
 with indijjniition the idea lliat ai, .e of iiiiii was 
 born to sernliide as irri-hijious mid ii,. uinan. lie as- 
 Betted that the Iac:iiltie8 of llie Aniericans were not 
 naturally de»|iirahle. but iiniiii|)roved ; lluil they were 
 cajiuble of reeeiviii); iiislriK'tion in the |irinei|ile» of re- 
 li<;ioii, us well as of uoi|iiiriii|{ the indiislry and arts 
 winch would nualify them for the various olPlces of 
 noeial life, that the mildness and Innidily of their natiiro 
 rendered llieiii so »ubiiii»sivc and doeile, that they 
 mi(!hl ho li'il and formed with a neiilln hmid llu 
 professed that bis intentions in |iro|io8iii({ the scheme 
 now under consideration were pure and disinlercsled ; 
 Hid lhou);li from the aceoiii|ilisliiiicnt of his desif^iis 
 inestimalile bcnelils would result lo the crown of 
 Castile, he never hud claimed, nor ever would receive, 
 any recompensn on that ari'ount. 
 
 Charles, after heannn liolh, and consulling with his 
 ministers, did not thnik himself sulUcienlly informed 
 10 establish any nemril arran};einent with re8|ieel to 
 the slate of the Indians ; hut as he had perfect coiili- 
 dcnce in the intesrity of I.as Cusas, and as even the 
 bishop of Uaricn admitted his scheme to be of such 
 iin|iortancc that a trial should be made ol lis ell'ecls, 
 iij issued a paleul [ISai], Kra"liii|; him the district of 
 C'amana formerly mentioned, with full power to cs- 
 U )li«h B colony there accordmit to his own plan. 
 
 f,aii Casas pushed on the preparations for his voya(,'c 
 with his usual ardor. Uiit, either from his own inex- 
 ptiricnco in the conduct of alliiirs, or from the secret 
 opposilion of the .Spanish nohilily, wlio universally 
 drcvlcd the success of an insliluiion that might rob 
 them of llie industrious and useful hands which culti- 
 vated their estates, his projjress in ennii^'ieg hnsband- 
 inon md laborers was exlreinely slow, and he could 
 not privail on more th-an two liundnd lo accompany 
 him to v'umana. 
 
 Nothing, however, could damp his zeal. \\ illi tins 
 ticndcr train, hardly suirieienl lo lake pos.session of 
 •mh a lame territory, and allo-jether ime.pial lo any 
 BtTectual a-.teinpt towards civilv/.iiiH its mhahitanls, he 
 set sail. Iho first place at which he toiiclud was the 
 island of Puerto Kico. There he received an account 
 of » new obstacle to the eiccution of his schi iiie, more 
 insiiptrable ll.an any he had hitherto encountered 
 When he left America, in the year one thousand live 
 hun-lred and sixteen, the Spaniards had lillle inter- 
 course with any part o( the continent except the coun- 
 tries adjacent to the Oulf of Darien. But as every 
 »pecies of inlcrni industry beyaii to slajinato in llis- 
 paniola, when, by the rapid decrease of the natives, 
 die Spaniards were deprived of those hands with which 
 they had hitherto curried on their operations, this 
 prompted them to try various exiiedients for supplying 
 that loss. Considerable numbers of negroes were 
 imported ; hut, on accounl of their exorbitant price, 
 tnany of the iilaiilers could not aflbrd to [uirch.ise 
 Ihein In order to |irociire slaves at an easier rate, 
 8 
 
 Mime uf the Npamurds in llispaniola lill"d nut vessiU 
 lo i-nnne along the riMist ol liie i-iitiliiniii In )jlari'n 
 will le Ihi'v loiiiid Ihi'Mi.it'lves inlirim in hiiih^lli, Ihey 
 Iniiliil Willi the iiiilivcN, uiid i:iai< liiiriipi'iin tiiys in 
 t-^i'hangi' lor till' plali'-i ol liiild wiirn by ilii in us oriia- 
 ini'iii.s; bill, whriirM'i tliiy loiilil Mirjin^e or o\rr 
 power Ihe Indtiiiis, they carriiil ihi'in oil by lorce, mid 
 sold ihi-iii as sl.tves In Ihove piiil.ilory excursions 
 SIM h iiii'orioiis Ill-Is of violriice itntl cniillv hud been 
 
 in 
 
 ties lo whii h he iiiui>i lie i xpnsid in ihul wretched fH^ 
 tiiin lie Hindi' IliM lii'si piiivinjon in ins power fot Iht 
 sulely and siiIimMi iii e nl bis liillowirs, but us his ut> 
 iiioM I'llorls uvMili'd huh io»..ii|.i siciiring eilln r tha 
 mil' or ihi' mill r, he rriiiri id In lli'p.ininl.i, in oidrr to 
 solii'il nnili illii'liiiil aid liir llu pii ' i i miIiiiii of mm 
 who, lioiii t'oiilidi'uce in liini, hud m iiliir<d iiilii a \m.\l 
 ol HO niiii'h duii|;cr Siioii aliir Ins ili p.iriiiie, the na- 
 tives, haviiig ili«i'o\ereil ihe feilih' und ilelenceless slats 
 nliled K 
 
 romniiiled, Ihat Ihe .Sp.iiiish liiinie \\as held llldlll'^tll• of Ihe •S|iuni.iiil 
 
 lion all iiMT the coniiiii III W hi iiiser iiiiv ship-, up- i with the tiirv nuhirul lo iiiiti i'X.ik| 
 
 prurrd, Ihe mliiibil.ints either Ih'il lo tin wooils, iir innis, cut oil a L;ood niiiiiluT, und 
 
 niHheii down to the sliole in arms lo repel those li.itid 
 ilistiirliirs of thiir iruinpiilhlv Thev torci il some I 
 piirties of ihe KpaiiiariN lo retreat Willi precij il.ilioii , 
 they cut oil olliirs ; and ill tin- violi'lice of ihi-ir in- 
 si'iilinent against Ihe whole nalioii, they mniili red Iw'o 
 I loinimi'iiii missionariei , wlio.ie '/.eal had prumpU'il 
 ihem lo settle in Ihe |iruvini'e of Ciiniana. 'rliis oiit- 
 ruge aguiii>i persons revered for tin ir siinciiiy e\riiid 
 such indignalioii 8111011^' Ihe pcoplr of llisp.iniolu, wlui, 
 uotwitlistundiiig all lliiir hcenlions and crin I pioi-i id- 
 nigs, were jiossessed with a wiiiidi rliil /ml lor ri ligioii, 
 and a siiperatitiuiis respect for lis ministi rs, thiit iliey 
 di'tennmed to mllict exemplury piiiiislmn-nl. not oiily 
 upon the nerpi'triitors of lliut crime, tint upon llie whole 
 race. \\ lili this view, they gave Ihe eoinmiilnl of live 
 slims und three hundred men tu Uiego Ucampo, with 
 orders to lay waste the country of I 'tiiiiuiia with lire 
 and swuril, and to Iransporl all the inliuhitants as 
 staves lu llispumola. 'I Ills unnainent l,as Casus 
 found at I'lierlo Uieo. on its way lo the continent ; 
 and as Dcainpo refused lo defer Ins voyuue, he imine- 
 dialely perceived that it would be impossilile tu .iilempi 
 the execution of his pacific plan in 11 country desimed 
 lo be the seal of war and desoluliun. 
 
 In order lo provide against the eflects of this un- 
 fortunule incnlenl, he set sail direclly for SI. Ilonimgo 
 [April II J, leaving his f.'illowers cantoned out iiniong 
 the plitnters in I'lierto Uico. from iiiuiiy concurring 
 causes, Iho reception winch I.us Cusas met with in 
 1 1 ispaniula wa.. very unfavorable. In liis negotiuitons 
 foi Ihe relief uf the Indians, he had cei.sured the con- 
 duct of his countrymen, settled there with such lionisl 
 severity us rendered linn universally odious to them. 
 They considered their own ruin as the inevilaMe coii- 
 seipience of his success, 'I'hey were now elated with 
 hope of receiving a large recruit of sl.ives from C'u- 
 mana, which niiisi be relmipiished if has ('asuswere as- 
 sisted in settling his projected colony there, l-'igiieroa, in 
 conseiiuence of the instructions which he hud received 
 in Spain, had made an experiment concerning the 
 capacity of the Indiuns, that was represented us decisive 
 against Ihe system of l.ast'asus. lie collected in llis- 
 paniula a good number of the natives, and si tiled llieiii 
 in two villages, leaving Ihem at perfect liberty, und 
 with the uncontrolled direction of their own actions. 
 But that people, accustomed lo a mode of life ex- 
 lreinely ditlerent from that which tiiki s place wherever 
 civilization has made any considerable progress, were 
 incapable of assuming new habits at once. Dejected 
 with their own misfortunes as well as lliose of their 
 country they exerted so little industry in cultivating 
 the ground, ajipeared so devoiil of solicitude or foresight 
 111 providing for their own want-^, and were such stran- 
 gers lo arrangement in condiicting their all'airs, that ttio 
 Spaniards pronounced them incajiable of being formed 
 lo live like men in social life, and co'isidered lliein as 
 children, who should be kept under the perpetual tute- 
 lage of persons superior to themselves m wisdom and 
 sagacity. 
 
 Nolwilhstaiiding all those circumstances, which alien- 
 ated thejiersansinitispuniolato whom Las Casas applied 
 from himself and from his measures, he, by his aclivily and 
 perseverance, by some concessions und many threats, 
 obtained at length a small body of troops lo protect him 
 and his colony at their hrst landing. But upon his re- 
 turn 10 I'uerlo Kico, he found that the diseases of the 
 climate had been fatal to several of his people ; and 
 that others having got employment in that island, refu- 
 sed 10 follow him. With the handful that remained, 
 he set sail and landed in Cumana. Ocampo had exe- 
 cuted his commission in that |irovincc with such bar- 
 barous rage, having massacred many of the inhabitants, 
 sent others in chains to llispaniola. and forced the rest 
 to fly for shelter In the woods, that the people of a small 
 colony, which he had planted at a place which he named 
 Totetio^ were ready 10 perish for want in a desolated 
 country. There, however. Las Casas was obliged to 
 lix his residence, though deserted both by the troops 
 appoinled to protect him, und by those under the com- 
 niand of Ocampo, who foresaw and dreaded the calaini- 
 
 lly, attiickcd them 
 
 Mil d bv iiiuiiy in- 
 
 inipi'llcd Ihe li'st to 
 
 llv III the iilmiist ciinsiirnaiion to the isluud ol Ciibagii* 
 
 The ..mall colony setlleil Ibere on ui count of Ihe pearl 
 
 ll«hiry, eatehing the puinc with ulin h iheir 1 oiinlry n 
 
 liud been ser/.ed. abiiliihnii .1 llie isl.inil, und not a Spa- 
 iiiuni remained in .my pun of 'he 1 oniiiienl. or udjucenl 
 Islands, from Ihe (iiilfol I'anu lo tin borih ra ol Darien. 
 Astonished atsnclia succession 01' disusier^. l.iisl.'uHas 
 wuKushami'iltosliow his luci. .ili.r llii» l.iiul lerimnatiuil 
 of all his s|ileiidHl mIiiiiii'i lie shut hmiM'lf up in the 
 coini'iit ol Ihe lloniiiiicaiis at St lioiningu, and soon 
 alter assiinn il the h.ibit ofihut onlir. 
 
 Though Ihe ejpiilsii | the colony from (Miman* 
 
 liappciii il 111 the ye.ir 01. e thoiisund live hundred and 
 
 twi Illy. one. I hu\i' cliiisi 11 lo tr llie progress of l.ai 
 
 l'u(.us's ni'{,'otiations lioiii their llrst rise lo iheir liiial 
 ssiie wilhont interriipiioii. ilis system was the object 
 >f lung and alteiKive ilisi iission ; und though liis elloria 
 III behalf of lliii oppressed ;\mi'rii alls, partly from Ins 
 own rashness and iinprudi'iice, unit parity from tlin inale- 
 volen; apposition of Ins mlversarns, were not attended 
 with Ihul siieeess which he pronusid with too sanguine 
 conlidence, great priiise is due lo Ins humane activity, 
 which gave rise lo varioiM regiil.iliiiiis that were of some 
 beiii'lit to Ihat iinliuppv people I return now tu the 
 hiKtory of the .Spanish dneoverii's us they occur in the 
 order of time. 
 
 Diego \'elusipiiv., who eoiupiered Cuba in the year 
 one ihunsund live liiiiidreii and eleven, still relumed Ihe 
 U'overiiment of tliut i.^linil, as the deputy of Don 
 Diego (.'oliimliiis, ihougii he si tilom ucknowtedged his 
 superior, und uiiiied at rendering Ins own aiillionly at- 
 togi ihir iiideponlent. I.'nder Ins prudent udniinis- 
 iration, Ciili.i bccuine one of the most lloiirishing of 
 the Spanish setllemenls. The fame of this allured 
 thither iiiuliy persons Irciii tin' other colonies, in hopes 
 of finding cither miiui' lerinuiniit eatalilishinent 01 
 some einploymi'iit for ilieir iiciivity. As Cuba lay to 
 the west of all llie tsluiids occnpieil liy llie Spaniards, 
 and as Ihe ocean which stretches beyond it towards 
 that ipiaiter hud not hiiherto Ineii explored, these cir- 
 cumstances nulnrully invited the mliabitants lo attempt 
 new discoveries. An expedition for tins purpose, in 
 which uelivity und resolution might condiiel lo sudden 
 wealth, was more Hiiiled tu the genius of the age than 
 the patient industry reipiisite in clearing ground and 
 muniifaetiinng sugur. Insiiguled by this spirit, scve- 
 rul ollicers, who bud served under I'ldrarius m Darien, 
 entered into an association to undertake a voyage ol 
 discovery. 'I'hey persuaded rraneisco Hernandez Coi- 
 dovu, un opiilenl planter 111 Cuba, and a man of diatin- 
 guished courage, lo loin with them in the adventure, 
 diid chose him to he their eominander. Velasijucz not 
 only approved of the design, but assisted in carrying it 
 on. As the veleruns Ir.iiii Darien were extremely indi- 
 gent, he and (yordova advanced money for purchasing 
 three small vessels, and furnished them with every thing 
 reipiisite either for truinc or lor war. A hundiod ana 
 ten men embarked on board of them, and sailed from 
 Si Jago de (niba, on ihe eighth of ['"eliriiary, one thou- 
 sand live hundred and seventeen. By the advice of 
 Iheir chief pilot, .Antonio Alaminos, who had scrv.)d 
 niiu. rthe first admiral (.'olnmbiis, liiey stood directly 
 west, relying on the opinion of that great navigator, 
 who uniformly inaintained that a westerly course would 
 lead lo the most imporlunl discoveries. 
 
 (Jii the twcnly-firsi ilay alter their departure from St. 
 Jago, '.hey saw land, which jiroved lo bo Cape Calorhe, 
 the eastern point of that large peninsula projecting from 
 the continent of America, which still retains its origi- 
 nal name of Yiiralan. Ar they approached the shore, 
 live canoes came off full of peojile decently clad in cot- 
 Ion garments ; an astonishing spectacle lo the Spa- 
 niards, who had found every other part of America pos- 
 sessed by naked savages. Cordova ciideavored by 
 small presents to gain Ihe good will of these people. 
 They, though amazed ut Ihe slrunge objects now pre- 
 sented for Ihe first time lo their view, invited llie Spa- 
 niards to visit their liuliilalions, with an appearance ol 
 cordiulily. They landed aeeordingly. und as ihey ad- 
 vanced into the country, tliev observed with new worv 
 
ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OF 
 
 ii I 
 
 ^ '{ 
 
 dor Nonie largo lioiisca btiilt witli stone. But thry soon 
 found that, iflhe people of Vucatart Imd inatlo proj^rrHs 
 if) iiiiproveint'riL bovond their coiintryintMi, llu-y wi re 
 U-'icwisc inori' arlf'ul and warlike. For llioiiyh the 
 cu./ii)uc had received Cordova with many tokens of 
 frifwdship, he had posted a eoiisiderahlu hodv of liis 
 nuMecta in andiush behind a thicket, wlio, upon a signal 
 given by him, rushed out and attacked the Spamiirds 
 with ^reat boldness, and some dcj;rec of martial order. 
 At the first flight of their arrows, fifteen of the Spaniards 
 were wounded ; but the Indians were struck with such 
 terror by tiie sudden explosion of tlie fire anus, and so 
 surprised at the execution done by them, by the cross 
 bows, and by the other weapons of their new enrniieri, 
 that ihey fled precipitately. Cordova quitted a country 
 where he had met with such a fierce reception, carry- 
 ing otTtwo prisoners, tojrether with tlic ornaments of a 
 Rmall temple which he plundered in hi.s retreat. 
 
 He conlinned his course towards the west, without 
 losiuf^ sijxht of the coast, and on the sixteenth day ar- 
 rived at Campeacliy. There the natives received them 
 more hospitably; but the Spaniards were nuich sur- 
 prised, that on all the extensive coast aIon';r which tliey 
 had ««iied, and which they imaj»incd to be a lar^e 
 island, they hud not observed any river. [36J As their 
 water had benan to fail, (hey aJvaiu'ed, in hopes of find- 
 ing a supply ; and at length they discovered the month 
 of a river at Potonchan, some leagues beyond Cam- 
 puachy. 
 
 Cordova landed all his troops, in order to protect 
 the sailors while employed m lillmg the casks ; hut not- 
 withstanding this preciiniion, the natives rushed down 
 upon them with such fury and in such nun'.bera, that 
 forty-seven of the Spaniards were kilh;d upon the spot, 
 and one man only of the whole body escaped unhurt. 
 'Jlieir commander, though wounded in twelve dilfcrent 
 places, directed the retreat with presencu of mind eipial 
 to the courage with which he had led them on in the 
 engagement, and with much ditl'iculty they regained 
 their ships. After this fatal repulse, nothing remained 
 but to hasten back to (^nba with their shattered forces. 
 In their passage thither they sutler vl the most ex(pii- 
 aitc distress tor want of water, that aien, wounded and 
 cickly, shut up in small vessels, and exposed lu the 
 heat of the torrid zone, can be supposed to endure. 
 Sonic of them, sinking under these calanntics, died by 
 the way : Cordova, their commander, expired soon 
 after they landed in Cuba. 
 
 Notwithstanding the dis.istrous conclusion of this 
 ex))editiou, it eonl dinted rather to animate than to damp 
 a spirit of enterprise among the Spaniards. They had 
 discovered an extensive country, situated at no great 
 diainnce from Cuba, fertile in appearance, and possessed 
 by a peop.e far superior in improvement to any hitherto 
 known in Atnchca. Though they had carried on little 
 comin'^rciHl iutercourso with the natives, they lud 
 brought olf some ornaments of gold, not considerable 
 in value, but of singular f:ibric. These circumstances, 
 related with the exaggeration natural to men desirous 
 of heij'htening 'die merit of th.eir own exploits, were 
 more than autlicient to excite romantic hopes and ex- 
 pectations. Great numbers oUcred to eiigiige m a new 
 expedition. Velasquez, solicitous tn distinguish him- 
 self bv some service so meritorious as might entitle 
 him to claim the governineut of<.'uba independent of 
 tlip admiral, not only encouraged their ardor, hut at his 
 own expense fitted out four siu[)S for tlte voyage. Two 
 hundred ai- i forty voluntrers. among whom were se- 
 veral persons of rank rnd fortune, emitarkcd in this en- 
 terptise. T!ic command of it was given to Juan de 
 ljrij.\lva, ;' vdiiUi m.m of known merit and couraixe, 
 witf inslruclionii yn obit, .v: attentively the nature of 
 J-C CO'::. tries which he should discover, to barter for 
 gold.ar'd. if circumstanc(;s were inviting, to settle a 
 colony i'*. some proper station. He sailed from St. 
 J«^o do Cuba on the eighth of April, one thousaiul five 
 hiuidrrd and eighteen. Tlie pilot. Alaminos, he! ' the 
 B.une course as in the former voyage : hut the violence 
 of die currents carrying the ships to the south, llio first 
 land which they made was the island of Cozumti, to 
 the eist of YucRlan. As all the inhabitants fled to the 
 n.io. 9 and mountains at the approach of the Spaniards, 
 ihey made iio long stay tliere. and without any ri;n"rk- 
 hh\<i occnrrenco tlioy reachud Potonchan on tiie (.ppoj-ite 
 side of the peninsula. Tiie desire of avenging their 
 countrymen, who had been slain there, concurred with 
 their ideas of good policy, in piompting them to land, 
 that they ir.igiit chastise liie Indians of that district with 
 ■uch exeinnlary rigor as would strike terror into uU the 
 people round them, liu' though they disemliarked all 
 their troop*, nnd carried ishore some field pieces, the 
 Indians fouyhl with such rourajje, that the Sp:iniards 
 
 gained the victory with dilTlcidty, and were confirmed 
 
 in their opinion that the inhdntanis of tliis country 
 Wduld pro\o more lonnidahle ciicniies llian any they 
 had met witii 111 other parts of America Trom I'u- 
 touchan they coiitimud Ibtir voyage towards the 
 west, keei)ing us near as possible to the shore, and 
 casting anchor every evening, from dread of the dan- 
 gerous aceulciils to which tin y might he exposed in an 
 unknown sea. 1 hiring the day their eyes were turned 
 conlmuany towards laud, wiilia nuxtuie of surprise and 
 wonder at the beauty of the country, as well as the 
 novelty of the object.s which they belield. Many vil- 
 lages were scattertd along the coast, in which they 
 could distinguish houses of stoiu^ that appeared white 
 and lofty at a distance. In tlie warmth of their admira- 
 tion, they fancied these to he cities adorned with 
 lowers and pinnacles ; and one of the soldiers happen- 
 ing to remark that this country resembled Spain n ap- 
 pearance, firijaiva, with universal applause, called it 
 i\f:w Simiii, the name which still distinguishes tins 
 extensive and opulent province of the Spanish empire 
 m America ['^7.] They landed in a river which the 
 natives called Tufmsrti f June llj ; and the fame of their 
 victory at Potonchan iiaving reached this place, the 
 caziqne not only received them amicably, hut bestowed 
 presents upon them of such value, as coufirmed the 
 high ideas which the Spaniards had formed with respect 
 to the wealth and fertility of the country. These ideas 
 were raised still highci by what occurred at the place 
 where they next touched. This was considerably to 
 the west of Tabasco, in the province since known by 
 the name of Ciuiixaca. There they were received with 
 the respect paid to sui)erior beings. The people per- 
 fumed them, as they landed, with incense of gum copal, 
 and presented to them as oirerings the choicest delica- 
 cies of their country. They were extremely fond of 
 trading with their iiew visitants, and in six days the 
 Spaniards obtained oriiamenis of gold of curious work- 
 manship, to the value of fifteen thousand pesos, in ex- 
 change for European toys of small jiriec. The two 
 prisoners whom ('ordov . h.id brought from Yucatan, 
 had hitherto served as interpreters ; but as they did not 
 understand the language of this country, the .Spiiiiiards 
 learned from the natives liv signs, thar they were ■ub- 
 jects of a great .iiuiinrch called Monirzinna, whrsc do- 
 minion" extended over thai and many other pro-'* oes. 
 Leaving this place, witii which he had .-^o much reason 
 to be pleased, (injalva continued his course towards the 
 west. He landed on a small island [./une IDj, which 
 he named the Isle of Sacrilices, because there the Spa- 
 niard.4 beheld, for the first time, the horrid spectacle of 
 human victims, which the barbarous superstition of the 
 natives olVered to their gods. He touched at another 
 small island, which he called St, Juan de Ulna. Kroin 
 this place he despatched Pedro de Alvarado, one of his 
 otliccrs, to Velasipiez, with a full account of the im- 
 portant d'scoveries which he had made, and with all 
 the treasure that he acquired by trallicking with the 
 natives. After the departure of Alvarado, he himself, 
 with the remaining vessels, proceeded along the coast 
 as far as the river Paiiuco, the country ;UiIl appearing to 
 be well peopled, fertile, and opnient. 
 
 Several of (Jrijalvj's ollicers contended that it was 
 not enouLdi to have discovered those delightful regions, 
 or to have performed, at their difierent landing-places, 
 the empty cereinofiy of taking possession of them for 
 the crown of ('astile, and that their glory was incom- 
 plete, unless they planted a colony in some proper sta- 
 tion, which might not onlv secure the Sjianisti nation a 
 footing HI the country, hut with the reinforcements 
 which thev were certain of receiving, might gradually 
 subject the whole to tlu- dominion of their sovereign. 
 Jiut the squadron had now been above live months at 
 sea ; the greatest part of their provisions waf» exhausted. 
 and what remained of their stores so much corrupted 
 by the heat of the climate, as to be almost unfit for 
 use; they had lost some men by death ; others were 
 sickly ; the country w-as crowded with people who 
 seemed to bn in'eliigent as well as brave : and they 
 were under the government of one powerful monarch, 
 who couh! bring them to act agtinst their invaders with 
 uni'ed force. To plant a new colony under so many 
 circumstances of disijdvanlage, appeared a scheme too 
 perilous to he attempted, (.'rtjnlya, though possessed 
 of ambition and courage, was destitute of the superior 
 talents capable of forming or executing such a great 
 plan. He judged it more prudent to return to Cuba, 
 having fulfilled the purpose of his voyage, and accom- 
 plished all that the armament which he commanded en- 
 abled him to p( rform. He returned to St. Jago de 
 ^iiha. on the twenty-sixth of October, from which be 
 had taken his departure about six months before. 
 
 I Tliis was the longest as well as the most successful 
 
 ; voyag(> which the Spaniiirds h.id hitherto made in tho 
 I New World. 'J'liey had discovered thai Yucatan was 
 1 not an ishind as ihey hnd supposed, but part of the 
 great continent of America. Prom PotoncliPU they 
 had pursued their course for numy hundred miles along 
 a coast formerly unexplored, stretching first towjrde 
 the west, and then turning to the north ; all the coun- 
 try whieli they had discovered appeared to be no Its* 
 valuable than extensive. As soon as Alvarado reached 
 Cuba, Velasquez, transported with success so far be- 
 yond his most sanguine expectations, immediately des- 
 patched a person of confidence to carry this nnportant 
 intelligence to Spain, to exhibit the rich productions of 
 the CO mtries which had been discovered by his meaiin. 
 and to solicit such an increase of authority us might 
 enable and eiicouraije him to attempt the conquest of 
 them. Without waiting for the returnof his mes.-enger, 
 or for the arrival of Crijalva, of whom he was become 
 so jealous or distrustful that he was resolved no longer 
 to employ him, he began to |)repare with such a jwwer- 
 ful armament as might prove etpial to an enterprise of 
 80 nmch danger and importance. 
 
 IJut as the expedition upon which Vclastpiez was now 
 intent terminated i ' oiuiue-.ts of greater moment than 
 what the Spaniards had hitherto achieved, and led thcin 
 to the knowledge of a people, who, if compared with 
 those tribes of America with whom they were hitherto 
 acquainted, may be considered as highly civilized ; it is 
 proper lo pause before we jirocced to the history of 
 events cx.remoly dilVerent from those which we have 
 already related, in order to take a view of the state of 
 the New Woild when first discovered, and to contem- 
 plate the policy and manners of the rude uncultivated 
 tribes that occupied all the parts of it vvitli which the 
 Spaniards were at this time acquainted. 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 
 View of America wlien first (iiscovured, am! of llio manners 
 and policy nf its iiio.st uiicivilr/oii iiiliabitaTUs— Vjist extent 
 of America— uranileuritt I tu: ulijecis it |ireseiUsti> view— us 
 ui'unitaiii::— livers— lakes — its torm favoraliJe tocnmiiieive 
 — lenijicraturtt— (iredimiinancT of cold — causes oi this— lui- 
 t'uUivated— uiuvhii!i',>ii)tnc— its aiiin;;ils— soil— Inijuiry h'vt 
 Ainorica was |)ro|)led— various tlu-ories— what .ippeari 
 rnosi prolialtlo — t'otulition ami character of the Amt'iicana 
 — All. the Mexicans and Peruvians e.xeeptcd, in tlie .staio 
 of s:iva;;es — Itiqnjry c-'iifmetl lo the niirivili/ed trihcs — 
 Djfticiilty iUol)t:nniiisnirorniati(pn— viirions rauses of tins — 
 Nhltiod (th.-ervrd ill llio ni'iuiry— I. The hodily cinistitulion 
 nf thfi Ainericaiis cun.-^idiMeJ— II. TUo iiuailties ul iheir 
 iniads— III. Their dfinustic stale— IV. Their [loltlir.al sl.ne 
 and institutions— V Their system of wnr and pnl'hc seen- 
 riiy— VI. Tlio arts with which they were aitiiuainicd— 
 VII. Tlii'irreliRinus ideas and institutions— VIIl, Such iin> 
 pular and detached rnslonis as are nut reducihle to any of 
 the foriruT heads— IX. General review and estimate of their 
 virtues and defects. 
 
 TwKNTY-six years bad elapsed since Colnmhns had 
 conducted the people of Knrope to tho New World. 
 During that period the Spaniards had made great pro- 
 gress in exploring its various region-*. 'Pliey had vi- 
 sited all the islands scattered m ditlcrent clu:«tera 
 through that |iart ol the ocean which (lows in between 
 North and South America. 'J'hey had sailed alou rtho 
 eastern coast of the continent from the river De la 
 Plata to the boHoin of tlie Mexican Cmlf, and had found 
 that it stretched without interruption through this vast 
 portion of the globe. They had discovered tlie great 
 Southern Ocean, which opened new prospects in that 
 quarter. They had acquired some knowledge of the 
 I Oiist of Plorida. which led them to observe the conti- 
 nent as it extended in an opposite! dire4"tion ; P.nd though 
 they pushed their discoveries ,o further toward^ the 
 North, otiier nations hiui visited those parts which the/ 
 neijlected The Kutilish in a voyagf! the motives and 
 success of which shall be related in another part of thi* 
 History, bad sailed along the coast of Amerif a from 
 Labrador to tlie confines of Plorida ; and the l*ortn- 
 guese, in quest of a shorter passage to the I'ast Indies, 
 had ventured into the northern seas, and v;-^wcd tha 
 same regions. Thus, at the period where I have cliosea 
 to take a view of the state of tho New World, its ex- 
 tent was known almost from its northern extremity to 
 thirty-five degrees south of the equator. Tho coimlrie^ 
 which stretch from thence to the southern houndiiry o! 
 America, the great empire of Peru, and tho interioi 
 state of the extensive dominions subject to tho sove- 
 reigns of Mexico, were still undiscovered. 
 
 When wo conlemplate the New World, the firit cir- 
 cumstancu that strikes us is its immen.sc extent- It 
 was not a small portion of the earth, so inconsiderable 
 that a might have escaped the observation or research 
 of former ages, which ('olmnbusdiscovf red. He uuiun 
 known a new hcmisphoro, larger than either Kurope, 
 
SOUTH A M R R I C A. 
 
 M 
 
 or Asia, or Africa, the three noted divisiona of the an- 
 cient contiritrit. and not much inferior in dimensions to 
 li third part of the habituble ^lohe. 
 
 America is remarkable, not only for its magniliulc, 
 but for its position. It stretches from the northern 
 polar circle to a lu^h soulliern latitude, above tiftron 
 hundred niih's lieyond ihu furllu'st uxlromily ol the oUl 
 continent on that side of the hne. A country of such 
 cx'.cnt passes tlirough all the climates capable of be- 
 coming the habitation of man, and fit foryicldintr the 
 various productions peculiar either to tiie temperate or 
 to tiie torrid regions of the earth. 
 
 Next to the extent of the New World, the grandeur 
 of the objects whicli it presents tu view is movt apt to 
 strike the eye of an observer. Nature seems here to 
 havo carried on her operations upon a larger scale and 
 with a bolder liand, and to have dislnii,'uishcd the fea- 
 tures of this country by a peculiar nnignilicence. The 
 mountains in America are nnicb superior in height to 
 those in the otlier divisions of the globe. PIven the 
 plahi of Quito, which may he considered as the base of 
 the Andes, is elevated further above the sea than the 
 top of the Pyrenees. This stupendous ridge of the 
 Andes, no less remarkable for extent than elevation, 
 ris''s in dilferent places more than one-third above tiie 
 Peak of Teneriife, the highest land in the ancient he- 
 misphere. The Andes may literally be said to hide their 
 heads in the clouds ; the storms often roll, and the thun- 
 der hursts below their summits, which, though ex])Osed 
 to the rays of the sun in the centre of the torrid zone, 
 ajc covered with everlasting snows. [2S] 
 
 From these lofty mountuins descend rivers, propor- 
 tionabty large, with which the streams in the ancient 
 continent are not to be compared, eitlier for lengtli of 
 course, or the vast body of water which they roil to- 
 wards the ocean. The Maragnon, the Orinoco, the 
 Plata in South America, the Mississippi and St. I^au- 
 renco in North America, flow in such sp'icious elian- 
 nels, that long before they feel the inHucnce of the tide, 
 they resemble arms of the sea rather tlian rivers of fresh 
 water. f"9J 
 
 The lakes of the New World are no less conspicuous 
 for grandeur than its mountains and rivers. There is 
 nothing in other parts of the globe which resembles the 
 prodigious chain of lakes m North America. They 
 may projierly be termed uiland seas of fresh water ; 
 and even tho.se of lUd seeonil or third class in magni- 
 tude arc of larger circuit (the Caspain Sea excepted) 
 tlian the greatest bike of tlie ancient continent. 
 
 The New World is of a form e.vtremely favorable to 
 commercial intercourse. Wh'ii u continent is formed, 
 like Africa, of one vast solid nas>4, unbroken by arms 
 of the sea penetrating into its interior parts, with few 
 large rivers, and those at a runs derable distance from 
 each other, the greater part of it sums destined to re- 
 main for rver uncivilized, and to be debarred from any 
 active or enlarged communication with the rest of man- 
 Kind. When, like Europe, a continent is opened by 
 .niets of the ocean ol great extent, such as the Medi- 
 terninean and Daltic ; or when, like Asia, its coast ia 
 broken bv deep bay* advanring far into the countr;'. 
 8uch as the Black Sea, the Gulfs of .\rabia. of Persia, 
 of Ilengal, of Siam, and of Jieotung ; when the sur- 
 runndmg seas arc filled with large and fertile islands, 
 ajul the continent itself watered with a variety of navi- 
 gable rivers, thosi? regions may be said to possess \%li;it- 
 ever can facilitate the progress of their inliabitants in 
 commerce and improvement. In all tliese resjiecls 
 America may bear a comparison with tlie other ijuartert 
 of the globe. The Gulf of Mexico, whicli (lows in be- 
 tween North and South America, inav be considered as 
 a Mediterranean sea, wlncli opens a marnune commerce 
 with all the fertile countries by whicli it is encircled 
 The islands scattered in it are inferior only to those in 
 the Indian Archipelago, in nuudier, in magnitude, and 
 in value. As we stretch along the northern division of 
 the American hemisphere, tlic Day of Cliesapeak pre- 
 sents a spacious inlet, which conducts the navigator far 
 into the interior parts of provinces no less fertile than 
 oxtonsive ; and if ever the progress of culture and papu- 
 lation shall mitigate the extreme rigor of the elunate in 
 the more northern districts of America, Hudson's Day 
 .nay become as subservient to commercial intercouree 
 in that q\iarter of the globe, as the Baltic is in Europe. 
 The other great portion of the New World is encom- 
 passed on every side by the pca, execft one narrow 
 neck which separates the Atlantic from the Pacific 
 Ocean ; and though it be not opened by spacious bays 
 or arms of tlie sea, its interior parts are rendered ac- 
 cpBsihlti by a number of large rivers, fed by so many 
 auxdtary streams, tlowing m such various directions, 
 that ftUnost without any aid front the hand of industry 
 
 and art, an inland navigaiiwti may be carried on tlirough 
 all the provinces from the river De la Phita to tiie (iulf 
 of Paria. Nor is this bounty of nsiture coiiiined lo tlie 
 southern division of America: its northern euntinent 
 abounds no less in rivers which are ruvigablu aniiosi to 
 tjieir sources, and by it.-* iniinciise ciiaiii of lakes provi- 
 sion is made for an inland cauununication, more exten- 
 sive and eornmudiouR ihan in any tpiarter of the ginltc. 
 The coinunes stretchuiir from the Gulf of Daricn on 
 one side, to that of California on the other, which form 
 tiic chain that binds the two parts of the American con- 
 tir.ent together, are not destitute of peculiar advantages. 
 Their coast on one side is washed by the Atlantic 
 Ocean, on the other by the Pacilic. Some of their 
 rivers flow into llie former, soni-? imo tne latter, nnd 
 secure to them all the commercial benefits that may 
 result from a communication with both. 
 
 But wliaL most distinguishes America from other 
 parts of the earth is the peculiar temperature of its cli- 
 mate, and the dilferent laws to which it is subject with 
 respect to the distribution of beat and cold. We can- 
 not determine with precision the portion of beat felt in 
 any part of the globe, merely by measuring its distance 
 Irom the equator. The climate of a country is allected, 
 in some degree, by its elevation above the sea, by the 
 extent of continent, by the nature of the ooil, the height 
 of adjacent mountains, and many other circumstances, 
 'i'lie influence of these, however, is from various causes 
 less considerable in the greater part of the ancient con- 
 tinent ; and from knowing tlie poshion of any country 
 there, we can pronounce with greater certainty what 
 will be the warmth of its climate, and the nature of its 
 productions. 
 
 The maxims which are founded upon observation of 
 our hemisphere will not apply to the other. In the 
 New World, cold predoniinatos. The rigor of the 
 frigid zone extends over half of those regions which 
 should be temperate by their position. (Countries 
 where the grape and the fig should ripen, are buried 
 under snow one half of the year; and lands situated 
 in the same parallel with the most fertile and best cul- 
 tivated provinces in Kurope, are chilled with perpetual 
 frosts, which almost destroy the power of vegetation, 
 [30] As we advance to tiiose parts of Americfi which 
 he m the same parallel with provinces of Asia and 
 .\frica, blessed willi a uniformenjoyment of such genial 
 warmih as is most fncndly to life mid vegetation, the 
 dominion of cold continues to be felt, and winter reigns, 
 though during a short period, with extreme severity, 
 If we proceed along the American continent into the 
 torrid zone, we shall find the cold prevalent in the New 
 World extending itself also to this region of the globe, 
 and mitigating the excess of its fervor. While the 
 negro on tiie coast of Africa is scorched with unremit- 
 ting heat, the inhabitant of Peru breathes an air equally 
 mild and temperate, and is perpetually shaded under a 
 canopy of gray clouds, which intercepts the tierce beams 
 of the sun, without obstructing bis friendly inlbience. 
 Along the eastern coast of America, the climate, 
 though more similar to that of the torrid zone m other 
 parts of the earth, is nevertheless considerablv milder 
 than in those countries of Asia and Africa which lie 
 in the same latitude. If from the southern tropic we 
 continue our progress to tlie extremity of the Ame- 
 rican continent, we meet with frozen seas, and coun- 
 tries horrul. barren, ami scarcely habitable for cold 
 much sooner than in the north 
 
 \'anous causes combine m rendering the climate of 
 America so extremely dilforent from that of the an- 
 cient continent. Though tlie utmost extent of Ame- 
 rica towards the north be not. yet discovered, we know 
 that It advances much nearer to the pole than either 
 Kurope or Asia. Both these have large seas to the 
 north, which are open during part of the year ; and 
 even when covered with ice, the wind that blows over 
 them is less intensely cold than that which blows over 
 land in the same high latitudes. Put in America the 
 land stretches from the river St, liaurcnco towards the 
 pole, and spreads out immensely to the west. A chain 
 of enormous mountains covered with snow and ice, 
 runs through all this dreary region. The wind, in pas- 
 sing over such an extent of high and frozen land, be- 
 comes so impregnated with cold, that it acquires a 
 piercing keenness, which it retains in its progress through 
 warmer climates, and it in not entirely mitigated until 
 it reach the Gulf of Mexico. Over all the continent 
 of North America a north-weatorly wind and exces- 
 sive cold are synonymous terms. Kven in the most 
 tfuttry, the moment that the wind veers to thai quarter, 
 its pvnetratmg influence is fell in a tran.>;ition from beat 
 lo ''old no less violent than sudden. To Oil-^ powerful 
 cause wc may ascribe the extraunlinary dominion of 
 
 cold, and its violent ir.roads into the .southern provin- 
 ces, !n that part of the glolie. 
 
 Other causes, no less remarkable, diminish Uio active 
 power of beat in those parts of the American contin- 
 ent which lie between the tropics. In all that portion 
 of the globe, the wind blows in an invariable direction 
 from east to A-est. As this wind holds its roursu 
 across the ancient continent, it ariives at the cuuninen 
 which stretch along the western shoies of Africa, in- 
 tlamed with all the fiery particles which it had col- 
 lected from the ^iiltry plains of Asia, and the burnini^ 
 sands in the African deserts 'J'he coast of Afnci is, 
 accordingly the region of the eartli which feels the most 
 fervent heat, ^md is exi>osed to the unmitigated ardor of the 
 torrid zone. But this same wind, which brings auch 
 an accession of warmth to the other countries lying 
 between the river of Senegal and Oafraria, traverser 
 tlio Atlantic Ocean before it reaches the America'- 
 shore. It ia cooled in its passage over this vast body 
 of water, and is felt as a refreshing gale along the 
 coast of Brazil, [31 J and Guiana, rendering these 
 countries, though among the warmeat in America, 
 temperate, when compared with those which lie o|>- 
 posite to them in Africa. [32] As this wind advances 
 m its course across America, it meets witli immense 
 plains covered with impenetrable forests, or occupied 
 by large rivers, marshes, and stagnating waters, where 
 it can recover no considerable degree of heat. At 
 length it arrives at the Andes, which run from north to 
 south through the whole continent. In passing over 
 their elevated and frozen summits, it is so thoroughly 
 cooled, that the greater part of the countries beyond 
 them tiardly feel the ardor to wliicli they seem exposed 
 by their situation. In the other provmccsof America, 
 from Tierre Terme westward to the Mexican empire, 
 the heat of the climate is tempered, in some places, 
 by 'he elevation of the land above the sea, in others, 
 by their extraordinary humidity, and in all, by the enor- 
 mous mountains scattered over this tract. The islands 
 of America in the torrid zone are cither small or moun- 
 tainous, and are fanned alternately by refreshing sea 
 and land breezes. 
 
 The causes of the extrordinary cold lowards the 
 southern limits of America, and in the seas beyond it, 
 cannot be ascertamed in a manner equally satisfying. 
 It was long suppo.sed that a vast continent, distin- 
 gui.'^iied by the name of Tiiia Ausliahs Inro^^nita^ 
 lay between the southern extremity of America and 
 the Antarctic pole. Tlie same principles which ac- 
 count for the extraordinary degree of cold in the 
 northern regions in America, were employed in ordo' 
 to explain that which is felt at Cape Horn and the ad- 
 jacent countries. The innnensc extent of the south- 
 ern continent, and liie larg(; rivers which it pourtid into 
 the ocean, were mentioned and admitted by philo- 
 sophers as causes sullicient to occasion the unusual 
 sensation of cold, and the still more uncommon ap- 
 pearances of frozen seas in that region of the globi;. 
 But the imaginary continent lo which such intluence 
 was ascribed, having been searched for in vain, and the 
 s]!acc which it was supposed to occupy having been 
 . ibund to be an open sea, new conjectures must he 
 i formed with respect to the causes of a temperature of 
 climate, so extremely ditlerent from that which we ex- 
 perience in eountries removed at the same distance 
 from the opposite pole. [3.1] 
 
 After contemplating those permanent and churacttr- 
 istic qualities of the American continent, which arise 
 from the peculiarity of its situation, atKi tlK disposition 
 of its parts, the next object that merit* attention is its 
 condition when tirst discovered, aa far as that de- 
 pended upon the industry and o^ieralinns \i\ man. 
 The ell'ects of human ingeinnty and labor are more ex- 
 tensive and considerable than even our own vanity is apt 
 at flrst lo imagine. When we survey the face of the 
 habitable globe, no small part of that ferlility and 
 beauty which we nseribe to the hand of nature, is the 
 work of man. His efforts, when continued through a 
 flucression of ages, change the B[ipearancc and un- 
 prove the qualities of the earth. As a great part of 
 the ancient continent lias long been occupied by ni* 
 lions far advanced in arts and industry, our eye i« ac- 
 customed to view the earth in that form which it 
 assumes when rendered fit to be the residence of a 
 numerous race of men, and to supply them with 
 nourishment. 
 
 But in the New World, the slate of mankind wai 
 rm *r. and the aspect of nature extremely different. 
 Thiougbout all its vast regions, there were only two 
 monarchies remarliable for extent of territory, or dis- 
 tinguished bv anv progress in improvement. Th*' rest of 
 thiscontinent was possessed by small independent tribe?\ 
 
100 
 
 KOUKRTSO.N* S IIISTURY OF 
 
 destitute of artsaml imlustry^and neither capable tocor- 
 rccttlieellbctMior desirous lo nirlioratc the condition of 
 
 that part oftlie earth allotted totinMnfortheir hihiuitton. 
 Countries occupied I'V wvich people were ahnost in llie 
 s»inest.iteas if tluy hiid l»ceii withoiit iuhahuarita. Irn- 
 inenao forests covered a great part of the uncultivated 
 earth; and a- thehandofuldu8tryhJdnotta^llIilttheri^l■r8 
 tonni in a pioper channel, or drained otl' the sta<;riatinjT 
 water, many of the most fertile plains were overllovved 
 with inundations, or converted uilo 'narshes. In ihc 
 •onthcrn provinces, where the warmth of the sun, the 
 moisture of the climate, and the fertility of the soil, 
 combine in calling forth the most vigorous powers of 
 vegetation, Ihc woods arc so choked with its rank luxii- 
 riaiice as to he almost impervious, and the surface of 
 tlie ground is hid from the eye under a thick coverinij 
 of shrubs and herbs and weeds. In this state ni wild 
 unassisted nature, a <;rcat part of thelarye provinces in 
 South America, which extend from the bottom of tlie 
 Andes to the sea, still remain. The Kuropean colonies 
 have cleared and cultivated a few spots along the 
 coast ; but the original race of mhabilanls, as rude and 
 indolent as ever, have done nothing to open or improve 
 a country possessing almost every advantage of situa- 
 tion and climate. As we advance towards the norili- 
 em provinces of America, nature continues lo wear 
 the same uncultivated aspect, and. in jiroportion as tiic 
 rigor of the chmatc increases, appears more desolate 
 and horrid. There the forests, ihouifh not encumbered 
 with the same exuberance of voLretatioii, are of mi- 
 niensc extent ; prodigious marslujs overspread the 
 plains, and few marks appear of hiunan activity in any 
 nitempt lo cullivatc or embellish the earth. \o won- 
 der that the colomes sent from Kurope were astonished 
 at iheir t'.rst entrance into the New World. It ap- 
 pealed to tliem waste, solitary, and uninviting. \Vhcn 
 the English began to settle in America, they lernied 
 the countries of which they look possession. The 
 Wililcnicss. Nothing but their eaijer expectation of 
 finding mines of gold could have induced ihe Spaniards 
 tu penetrate through tlie woods and marshes of Aine 
 rica, where at every step, they observed the extreme 
 dttTcrenco between the uncultivated face of nature, and 
 that which it acijuires under the forming hand of in- 
 dustry and an. [3-1] 
 
 The labor and operations of man not only improve 
 and embellish the earth, but render it more wholesome 
 and friendly to life. When any region lies neglected 
 and destitute of cultivation, the air stagnates in the 
 woods; putrid exiialations arise from the waters ; tlie 
 surface of the eartli, loaded with rank vegetation, feels 
 not the purilying intluence of tiie sun or of the wind; 
 the malignity of the distempers natural to the climate 
 increases, and new maladies no less noxious are en- 
 gendered. Accordiuiily, all the provinces of America, 
 when first discovered, were found to be remarkably 
 unhealthy. Tins the Spjniard.-« experienced in every 
 expedition into the New World, whether destined for 
 conquest or setllemefit. Though bv the natural con- 
 stitution of their bodies, their habitual temperance, and 
 the persevering vigor of their minds, they were as 
 n)nch formed as any people in Kurope for aciive ser- 
 vice in a sultry climates they fell severely the fatal and 
 end pernicious rpialities of those uncultivated regions 
 tlirough which they marched, or where they endeavored 
 to |)lant colonies. Great numbers were cut oil' by the 
 unknown and violent diseases with which they were 
 infected. Such as survived the destructive rage of 
 those maladies, were not exempted from the noxious 
 influence of the climalc. They returned to Kurope, 
 according to the description of the early Spani.-h liis- 
 toriaiis. feeble, emaciated, with languid looks, and 
 complexions of such a sickly yellow color as indicated 
 the unwholesume temperature of the countries where 
 thoy liad resided. 
 
 The uncultivated state of tho New World affected 
 not only the temperature of the air, but the qualities 
 of its productions. The principle of life seems to have ; 
 been less active and vigorous there Ihan in the ancient j 
 continent. Notwnhstamlmif the vast extent of Ame- ! 
 rica. and the variety of iis climates, the ditlerent ! 
 species of animals peculiar to it are much fewer m ' 
 proportion than those of thi* other bcimsphere. In the | 
 'tilanda there wore only four kimU of qiiadrnpeds i 
 known, tho largest of which did not exceed the size of j 
 a rabbit. On the continent, the variety was greater; ' 
 and though ihc individuals uf each kind could not fail 
 of multiplying exceedingly when almost unmolested 
 by men, who were neither so numerous, nn- so united 
 in society, as to bo forinidahle enemies to the animal 
 creatiun, (he number uf dt^tinet speeits must still lie 
 flODtidered as exlreie.ely f^mall. Of two hundred dif- 
 
 I ferent kinds of animals spread over the face of the 
 ' earth, only about one-third rxisted in Ameriea at the 
 time of its discovery. Natiire was net only le.-'S pro- 
 lific in the New World, but ^he appears likewiKC to 
 have been less vigorous in her pjodnetions. The 
 animals originally tielonging to this quarter of the 
 globe appear to be of an inferior race, neither so robust 
 nor so tierce as thost ol the other continent. America 
 gives birth to no creature of such bulk us to he com- 
 pared with the t lephmit or riiinoccros, or that equals 
 the lion and tiger in strengtli and ferocity. ['^'^^] Tlie 
 Tai'tjroi lirazil, the largest quadruped of the ravenous 
 tribe in the New World, is cot larger than a calf of 
 six months old. 'I'he Pimm and Jti<;tiiir, \ls fiercest 
 beasts of prey, which Europeans have inaccurately 
 denominated lions and tiu'ers, possess neilher the 
 undaunted courage of the tbriner, nor the ravenous 
 cruelty of the latter. They are inactive and timid, 
 hardly formidable to man, and often turn their backs 
 upon the least aiipearanee of resistance. The same 
 qualities in the ehinaie uf America which stinted the 
 growth, and enfeebled the spirit, of its native annuals, 
 have proved pernicious lo such as have migrated into 
 it voluntarily from the oilier eoiuineiit, or have been 
 transported thiiher Ity the Kuropeaiis. The hers, the 
 wolves, tlie tieer at America, are not equal in size to 
 tho-se of the Old World. Most of the domestic ani- 
 mals, with which the l)uro|M>ans have stored the pro- 
 vinces wlierein they bctlled, have degenerated with 
 respect eiihcr to bulk or quality, in a country whose 
 temperature and soil seem to be less favorable to the 
 strength and peifeciioii of the animal creation. [JiliJ 
 
 The s.anie cauwcs which cheeked the growth and the 
 vii.'or of the more iiolde animals, were friendly to 
 the iiropaifation and nn:reasc of reptib's and in.sccts 
 Thougli tins IS not peculiar to the New World, and 
 those odious tribes, nourished by heat, moisture, and 
 corruption, infest every part of the torrid zone ; they 
 miiltiplv faster, perhaps, in America, and grow to a 
 more monstrous nnlk. As this country is on the 
 whole less cultivated and less pcopb-d than the other 
 quarters of the earth, tlie active jirinciple ot' life wastes 
 Us force in pioduclions of tins inferior form. The air 
 i.s often darkened wiili eluuds of insects, and the 
 ground covered with shoekii.g and noxious reptiles. 
 The country around I'orio litllo swarms with toads in 
 such mulliuules as hide the surfao; of the earth. At 
 Guayaquil, snakes and vipers are hardly less numerous, 
 ('arthagena is infested with numerous flocks of bats, 
 which annoy not only the catile but the inhabitants. 
 In the islands, legions of ants have at difl'erent times 
 consumed every vegetable production, [37] and left 
 the earth entirely bare as if it had been burned witli 
 fire. The damp forests and rank .soil of ihe countries 
 on the banks of the Orinoco and Maragnon teem with 
 almost ever-^ otVensive and poisonous creature which 
 the power oi" a sultry sun can quicken into life. 
 
 The birds of tlie New World are not distintruishcd 
 by qualities so conspicuous and characlenstical as 
 those which we have oh.icrved in its quadrnijcds 
 Uirds are more imiependent of man, and less allected 
 by the changes which his industry and labor make 
 upon the stale of the earth. They have a greater 
 propensity to migrate iVoin o.ie eountry to another, 
 and can gratify this instinct of tlieir nature without 
 difhculty or dauLier. Hence the number ol birds com- 
 mon lo both continents is much greater than that of 
 quadrupeds ; and even such as are peculiar to .\inerica 
 nearly resemble those with which mankind were ac- 
 piainted in similar regions of the ancient hemisphere. 
 The American birds of the torrid zone, like those of 
 the same climate in Asia and Africa, are decked in 
 plumage which dazzles the eye with the beauty of its 
 colors ; but nature, satistied with clothing them in this 
 gay tlress, lias denied most of them that melody of 
 sound and varietv of Jioles wliich catch and tlelighl the 
 car. The birds of the tcinpirale climates rhere, m the 
 same manner as in our continent, are less sph-ndid in 
 tliiSir appearance ; but, in coni|iensation for that defect, 
 j they have voices of greater compasn, and more melo- 
 dious. In some districts of America, the iinwhole- 
 ; some temperature of tlui air seems to be unfavorable 
 I even to this part o( the crealiim. 'I'lie number of birds 
 lis less than m other countries, and the traveller is 
 I struck with the ama/iiii; solitude and silence of its 
 I forests. It IS reinarkaltle, however, that America. 
 j where the ipiadrupcds are so dwarfish and dastardly, 
 I should produce the Vomior which iu enliiled to pre- 
 eminence over all tho Hying tribe, in bulk, in strength, 
 I and in courage. 
 
 ! The soil in u eontment ^-o e.vti ii.sive as America, 
 ' must, of course, be extremely various. In each of its 
 
 provinces we find koiiio distinguishing peculiarities, 
 
 the description uf\\ lech belongs to tliose wliu write then 
 parti'-ul.ii lu.-^iory. In ^Muitral we may observe, that 
 I lie in()u>lMre and colli, wlucii predoininateso remarkably 
 m all pails of Ameriea, must haxe great ir.tlucnco 
 upon the nature of its so 1 ; counlries lymg in the saiiio 
 parallel with those regions wliuh never feel the cx- 
 treme rigor of winter in the ancient continent, aro 
 frozen over in America during a great part of the year. 
 Chilled by this intense cold, the ground never acquire* 
 warmth suflicent to ripen the fruits which arc found in 
 the corresponding parts of the other continent. If we 
 wish lo rear m America the j>foductions which abound 
 in any particular district of the ancient world, wo nmst 
 advance several degrees nearer to the lino than in the 
 other hemisphere, as it requires such an increase o( 
 heat to counterbalance llie natural frigidity of the toH 
 and chinale. [38] At the (Jape of Good Hope, seve- 
 ral of the plants and fVuits peculiar to the counlrica 
 within the tropics are cultivated with success ; whereas, 
 at St. Augustine in Tlorida, and Charles Town in 
 ►South t.'aroliiiiJ. though considerably nearer the line, 
 they cannof be brought to thrive with eipial certainly 
 [39] Hut, if allowance be made for this diversity in 
 the degree of heat, the soil of America is naturally as 
 rich and fertile as in any part of the earth. As the 
 country was thinly inhabited, and by a people of little 
 mdub'try, who had none of the domestic animals which 
 civiliied nations rear in such vast numbers, the earth 
 was not rxhaustcd by their consumi)tion. The vege- 
 table productions, to which the ferlility of the soil gave 
 birth, often remained untouched, and, being auflered lo 
 corru])l on its surface, returned with increase into its 
 bosom. As trees and jilants derive a great part ol 
 their nourishment from air and water ; if lliey were not 
 destroyed by man and other animals, they would ren- 
 der to tlie tarth more, perhaps, tlian Hiey take from it, 
 and feed rather than impoverish it. Thus the unoccu- 
 pied sod of America, may ha\e gone on enriching foi 
 many ages. The vast number a.s well as enormous 
 ■■^ize of the trees in .\merica. indicate the exliaordmary 
 vigor of the sod in its native state. When the Euro- 
 peans lirst began to cuUivate the New A\'orld. they vvero 
 as.jnished at the luxuriaiit power of vegetation in its 
 virgin mould ; and in several places the ingenuity of 
 the planter is still employed in (liminisliing and wasting 
 its siipertluous fertility, m order lo bring it down tt 
 state tit for prolitable'cullure. [40] 
 
 Having thus surveyed the state ai the New Wor 
 at the lime of its discovery, and considered the peculiar 
 features and qualities which distinguish and character- 
 ize it, the next inquiry that merits attention is, How 
 was America peopled ! IJy what course did mankind 
 migrate from the one continent to the other I And in 
 what quarter i<r it most probable that a communication 
 was opened lu.'twcVMi them \ 
 
 We know with inlalhble certainty that all the human 
 race sjirmg from the same source, and that the deseeiid- 
 aiiis of one man, tinder the protection, as well as in 
 obedience to the command of Heaven, multiplied and 
 replenished the earth. Itut neilher the annals nor the 
 traditions of nations reach back to tiio<e rcinole ages, in 
 which they took possession of t!ie different countries 
 where they are now settled. We cannot trace the 
 branches of tliis lirst family, or point out with certainty 
 the time and inanner in which they divided and spread 
 over the face of the globe. Kven among the most en- 
 hghleiied people, the period of authentic history is ex- 
 tremely short ; and every thing prior to that is fabu- 
 lous or obscure. It is not «urpribing, then, that the 
 unlctteted inhabitants of America, who liav«! no solici- 
 tude about futurity, and little curiosity concerning wnal 
 is passed, should he altogether unacquainted with 
 their own original. The people on the two opposite 
 coa.sts of America, who occupy those countries in .\me- 
 rica whieh approach nearest lo the ancient continent are 
 so remarkably rude, that it is altogether vain tu search 
 among them for such inlormatiou as might disco er iho 
 place from whence they came, or tht; ancestors oi whom 
 they are descended. Whatever light has been thrown 
 on this subject is derived not from the natives of .\nin- 
 rica. but from the iiupiisitive genius of their conquerors 
 
 When ttie people of Kurope une.xj)ccteilly discovered 
 a New World, removed at a vast distHiiee from every 
 part of the ancient continent vvhidi was then known, 
 and filled with inhabitants whose appearand^ and man- 
 ners ditl'ered remarkably from tho rest of the humtm 
 species, the qm'-«tion concerning tlieir original liccamo 
 naturally an obp-ct of curiosity and aitention. 'i1»6 
 theories and .spe. illations of ingenious men with respect 
 lo this vubjecl, would fill m uiy volumes , but are ol'ien so 
 wild and chimerical, that I .^hould oiler an insult to Uie 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 101 
 
 understanding of my readers, if T attempted either mi- 
 nutely to on'imcrate or to refute liieni. Some have 
 prc.suiiiptiioiisly imagined, that tin- jieopU^ of America 
 were not the olfspriiig of U.v same cominoii jiarent 
 with '.he rest of mankiiid, hut lliat they formed a sepa- 
 rate race of men, distin<*uisluiliU' hy prcuhar features 
 in the constitution of their hodie.s, us wi-ll a.s in iho 
 characteristic quuhties of their minds. Oihers ron- 
 tr.nd, that they are descended from some renuiant of 
 tlie antediluvian inliahitants of the earth, who survived 
 the deluge which swept away the greatest part of the 
 human spccica in the days of Noah ; and preposter- 
 ously suppose rude, uncivilized tribes, scattered over 
 an uncultivated continent, to he the most ancient race 
 of people on the earth. I'herc is hardly any nation 
 from the north to the south pole, to which some anti- 
 i^uary, in the extrava^^ance of conjecture, has not 
 ascribed the honor of peopling America. 'J'he Jews, 
 the Canaanites, the PhnMiicians, the Carthaginians, the 
 Greeks, the Scythians, in ancient times, are supposed 
 10 have settled in this western World. Tlie (.'hinese, 
 the Swedes, the Norwegians, the Welsh, the .Spa- 
 niards, arc said to have sent colonies thither rn later 
 ages, at diiferent periods and on various occasions. 
 Zealous advocates stand forth to support the respective 
 claims of those people ; and tliough they rest upon no 
 heller foundation than the casual resi nd)lance of some 
 customs, or the supposed atPmity iietween a few words 
 in tiieir ditferent languages, much erudition ond more 
 zeal have been employed, to little purpose, in defiince 
 of the opposite systems. Those regions of conjecture 
 and controversy belong not to tlie liistorian. His is a 
 more limited province, confnied by what is established 
 by certain or hijihly probable evidence. I3eyoud this 
 1 shall not venture, in otfering a few observations 
 which may contribute to tlirow some light upon this 
 cnrioi s and much agitated question. 
 
 1. There arc aulhurs who have endeavored by mere 
 conjecture to account for the peopling of America. 
 Some have supposed that it was originally united to 
 the ancient continent, and disjoined fioin it by tlu; 
 ehock of an earthquake, or ilie irruption of a deluge. 
 Others have imagined, that some vessel being forced 
 from its course by the violence of a westerly wind, 
 might be driven by accident towards the American 
 coast, and have given a beginning to population in 
 that desolate conUnent. Hut with respect to all those 
 fcystenis, it is in vain either to reason or inquire, be- 
 cause it is impossible to come to any decision. S'lch 
 eve. its as they supj)Ohe are barely possible, and may 
 Lave happened. That they ever did happen, we have 
 no evidence, cither from the clear testimony of history, 
 or from the obscure intimations of tradition. 
 
 2. Nothing can be more frivolous or uncertain than 
 the attempts Ij discover the original of the Americana 
 merely liy tracing the rcsendilante between their man- 
 ners and those of anv particular people in the ancient 
 continent. If we suppose two tribes, though placeil in 
 the most remote regions of the globe, to live in a cli- 
 mate nearly of the same temperature, to be in the aame 
 stale of society, and to resemble each other in the de- 
 gree of their improvement, they must feel the same 
 wants, and exert the sa.ne endeavors to supply them. 
 The same objects will allure, the same passions will 
 animate thcin, and the same ideas and sentiments will 
 arise in their minds. The character and occupations 
 of the hunter in America must be litte dillerent fioin 
 those of an Asiatic who dcjiends for subsistence on the 
 chase. A tribe of savages on the banks of the Danube 
 must nearly resemble one upon the plains washed by 
 the Mississippi. Instead then of presuming from this 
 siimlaritv. thai there is an." ''.".nily between them, we 
 should onlv conclude that the dispo.silion aid manners 
 jf men are lormed by their siiualion. and iiri^e from the 
 slate of society in which they live. The moment that 
 begins to vary, the character of a people must ''hange. 
 In pr'jporiten as it lulvances in imj)rovenieiil. their 
 mani.ers retine, tlieir powers and taUmts are culled 
 forth. In every \nin of tht' earth, the progress of luiin 
 hatii been nearly tire same ; and we can trace him in 
 hi'i cari'cr from the rude simplicity of savage life, until 
 ttc attains the industry, the arts, and the elegance of 
 polished society. There is nothing wondertul, then, 
 in the similitude between the Americans and the bar- 
 barous nations of our continent. Had I.atitau. < iarcia. 
 and many other authors attended to this, they would 
 not liave perjdexed a subject, which they pretend to 
 illustrate, by their fruitless endeavors to establish an 
 uliniity between various races of neople, in ihi; old and 
 niiw continents, upon no other evidence than such a re- 
 souiblance in their manners as net e.ssarily arises from 
 Uit* •iiniUnty of their condit 3n. Tl.oro arc, it is Uvj, 
 
 among every peojde, some customs which, as they do 
 not flow from anv naiiiral want or desire peculiar to 
 their situation, may be denominated usages of arbitrary 
 iri?<titution. If between two nations settled in remote 
 parts of the earth, a perfect agreement with respect to 
 anv of these should be discovered, one might be led to 
 sus|ieet that they were connected by some atlinity. If, 
 for example, a nation were found in America that con- 
 secrated the seventh day to religious worship and rest, 
 might justly sup[iosp that it had derived its know- 
 ledge of this usage, which is of arbitrary institution, 
 from the Jews. Hut, if it were discovered that another 
 nation celebrated the first appearance of every new 
 moon with extraordinary demonstrations of joy, we 
 should not be entitled to conclude that the observation 
 of this montblv festival was borrowed from the Jews, 
 but ought to consider it merclv as the expression of that 
 joy which is natural to man on the return of the planet 
 which guides and cheers hun in the night. The in- 
 stances of customs, merely arbitrary, common to the 
 inhabitants of both bemispberes, are, indeed, so few 
 and so equivocal, that no theory concerning the popu- 
 lation of the New World ought to be founded upon 
 them. 
 
 3. 'i'lie theories which have been formed with respect 
 to the original of the Americans, from observation of 
 their reliifious rites and practices, are no less fanciful 
 and destitute of solid foundation. When the religious 
 opinions of any people are neither the result of rational 
 inquiry, nor derived from the instructions of revelation, 
 they must needs be wild and extravagant. Barbarous 
 nations are incapable of the former, and have not been 
 blessed with the advantages arising from the latter. 
 Still, however, the human mind, even where its opera- 
 tions appear most wild and cajnicious, holds a course 
 so regular, tlial in every age and country the dominion 
 of particular passions will be attendtd with similar ef- 
 fects. The savage of Kurope or America, when filled 
 with superstitious dread of invisible beings, or with m- 
 quisiiive solicitude to penetrate inio tlie events of fu- 
 turity, trembles alike with fear, or glows with impa- 
 tience. He has recourse to rites and practices of the 
 same kind, in order to avert the vengeance which he 
 supposes to be hnpending over him, or to divine the 
 secret whirh is the object of his curiosity. Accordingly, 
 the ritual of superstition in one continent seems, m 
 many particulars, to be a transcript of that established 
 in the other, and both authorize similar institutions, 
 sometimes so frivolous as to excite pity, sometimes so 
 bloody and barbarous as to create horror, liut without 
 supposing any consanguinity between such distant na- 
 tions, or imagining that their religious ceremonies were 
 conveyed by tradition from the one to the other, we 
 may ascribe this uniformity, winch in many instances 
 seems very amazing, to the natural operation of super- 
 stition and enthusiasm upon the weakness of the human 
 mind. 
 
 4. Wo may lay it down as a certain principle in this 
 inquiry, that America was not peopled by any nation 
 of the ancient continent which had made considerable 
 progress in civilization. The inhibitants of the New- 
 World were in a state of society so extremely rude as 
 to be unacquainted with tiiose aris which are the first 
 essays of human ingenuity in its advance towarils im- 
 provement. Kveii the most cultivated nations of .Vim;- 
 nca were strangers to many of those simple inventions 
 which w(>r(-' almosi coeval willi society m other parts of 
 tJK! wdiitt, and were known in the earliest periods of 
 civil life with which we have any acquaiutance. From 
 Ibis it is manifest, that the tribes which originally mi- 
 grated to America, came olf trom nations which must 
 bav<! been no less barbarous than their posterity, at the 
 time when tlu'V were first discovered by the Knrojjeans. 
 Tor, allhouLdi the eleu'ant or relined arts may decline or 
 perish, amidst the violent shocks of those revolutions 
 ami disastiTs to which nations are exposed, the neces- 
 sary arts of bfe. when once thev have been introduced 
 amoii'i anv people, are never lost. None of the vicis- 
 siiudes m human atVairs allict these, and they continue 
 to be practised as lom; as the race of men exists. If 
 ever tbe use of iron had been known to the savages of 
 .Vinenca, or to llieir progenitors ; if ever they had em- 
 ployed a plough, a loom, or a forge, the utility of those 
 inventions would have preserved them, and it is impos- 
 sibl \ that they should have been abandoned or forgotten. 
 W ; may conclude, then, that the Americans sprung 
 fp 111 some people, who were themselves in such an 
 et rly and unimpioved stage of society, as to be unac- 
 q lamled with all those necessary arts, which continued 
 t J be unknown among their poslerily when (irst visited 
 ny the Spaniards. 
 
 5. It appears no less evident that America was not 
 
 peopled hy any colony from the more southern nutums 
 of the ancient continent. None of the rude tribes set- 
 tled in that part of our hemisphere can he supposed to 
 have visited a country so remote. They possessed 
 neither enterprise, nor ingenuity, nor power that could 
 prompt them to undertake, or enable them to perform 
 such a distant voyage. That tbe more civilized nations 
 in Asia or Africa are not the progenitors of the Ameri- 
 cans, IS manliest not only from the observations which 
 I have already made concerning their ignorance of the 
 most simple and necessary arts, but from an additioiml 
 circumstance. Whenever any people have experienced 
 the advantages which men enjoy by their donimion over 
 the inferior animals, they can neither subsist without 
 the nourishment which these atVord, nor carry on any 
 considerable operation independent of their minit^try 
 and labor. Accordingly, the b:st care of the Spaniards, 
 when they settled in America, was to stock it with all 
 tbe donxrstic animal.t of Europe ; and if, prior to them, 
 the Tyrians, tbe (/arthagmians, tbe Chinese, or any 
 other polished peojde, had taken possession of that con- 
 tinent, we should have found there the animaia peculiar 
 to those regions of the globe where they were originally 
 seated. In alj America, however, there is not one ani- 
 mal, tame or wild, which properly belongs to the warm 
 or even the more teinpcraie countries of the ancient 
 continent. The camel, the dromedary, the horse, the 
 cow, were as much unknown m America as the ele- 
 phant or the lion. From which it is obvious, that tho 
 people who first settled in the western world did not 
 issue from the countries where llio.se animals abound, 
 and where men, from having been long accustomed to 
 their aid, would naturally consider it not only as bene- 
 ii''ial, but as indisjuMisably necessary to the nnprovc- 
 meiit, and even the preservation of civil society. 
 
 6. From considering the animals with which Ame- 
 rica is stored, wo may conclude that the nearest pomt 
 of contact between the old and new continents is to- 
 wards the northern extremity of both, and that there 
 the communication was opened, and the intercourse 
 carried on between them. All the extensive countries 
 in America which he wilbm the tropics, or approach 
 near to them, are hlled with indigenous aniinah of 
 various kinds, entirely diliiereiit from those in the cor- 
 responding regions of the ancient continent. I3ut the 
 iiorihern provinces of the New World abound with 
 many of the wild animals winch arc common m such 
 parts of our beiinsjiliere as lie in a similar siiuation. 
 Tlie bear, the wolf, tbe fox, the hare, the deer, the 
 roebuck, the elk, and several other species, frequent 
 tho forests of North America, no less than those in the 
 norih of Furope and Asia. It seems to be evident, 
 then, that the two continents approach each other in 
 this quarter, and are either united, or so nearly 
 adjacent that these animals might pass from the one 
 to the other. 
 
 7. The actual vicinity of the two continents is so 
 clearly established by modern discoveries, that the 
 chief diiiiculty with respect to the peopling of America 
 is removed. While those immense regions which 
 stretch eastward from the river Oby to the sea of 
 Kamchatka were unknown or imperfectly explored, 
 the nonh-east extremities of our hemisphere were 
 supposed to be so far distant from any part of the 
 New World, that it was not easy to conceive how any 
 coinmuniiration sliould have been carried on between 
 them. Hut the Russians, having subjected the west- 
 ern part of .Siberia to their empire, gradually extended 
 their knowledge of that vast country, oy advancing 
 lowardj llie east into unknown provinces. Those 
 were discovered hy hunters in their excursions after 
 game, or by soldiers employed m levying the taxes ; 
 and the court o\ Moscow estimated the importance of 
 tnose countries, only by the small addition which they 
 made to its revenue. At length I'eter the Ureal 
 ascended the Russian throne. His enlightened, com- 
 prehensive mind, intent uj.on e\ery circmnstaiice that 
 could aggrandize his empire, or render his reign illus- 
 trious, discerned consequences of those discoveries 
 which bad escaped the observation of his ignorant pre- 
 decessors. He perceived. Uial in proportion as the 
 regions of Asia extended towards the east, they must 
 approach nearer to .\inerica ; that tbe coininumcation 
 
 I between tho two continents, which had long been 
 I searched for in vam, would probably be found in tins 
 quarter ; and iliat by opeiimg it, some part of tho 
 wealth and commerce of the western world might be 
 made to flow into his dominions by a new channel. 
 Such an object suited a genius that delighted in grand 
 schemes. I'eter drew vip instructions with his ovvn 
 hand for prosecuting this design, and gave orders f<tt 
 carrying it inti> execution 
 
I'f 
 
 ' ^ 
 
 103 
 
 Hit B;.cccs.^or8 adopted his ideas and pursued his- 
 p!un. The oiliccrs whom llie Russian court i'iii|iloycd 
 ID this scrvicr h^d to stru<.rgle with so inany ditli- 
 cidties, that their pro^frrss was extremely slow. Eii- 
 coura<;ed by some faint traditions amotii» tlie pocplc of 
 Siheria, conccrmiifj a sl)ccei*^*ful voynye in the year 
 one tlioiisand six hundred and forty-eight, round the 
 north-east promontory of Asia, they atteuiptid to 
 follow the same roiirse. Vessels were fitted out, with 
 tills view, nt dilfrrcnt times, from the rivers Lena and 
 Kulymu; I). it in a frozen ocean, which nature seems 
 not to have destined for naviijation, titey were exposed 
 to many disasters, witliout hcing aide to accomplish 
 their purpose. No vessel titled out hy the Russian 
 court ever doubled this formidable Cape ; [41] we arc 
 indebted for what is known of those extreme rejjions 
 of Asia, to the discoveries made in excursions by land. 
 In all those provinces an opinion prevails, *,hat there 
 are countries of oreat extent and fertility which he at 
 no eouHiderahle distance from tlu'ir own coasts. These 
 the Rus.Hians imaj^ined to be part of America; ami 
 several rinMunAtances concurred not only in conlirminj^i 
 Iheui in this belirf, hut in ptTsmidini,' ihem that some! 
 portion of that continent could not be vrry rcnmte. . 
 Trees of various kinds unknown in (!iO;ie nakt-d reirioria 
 o( Asia, are driven upon the coast by an easterly wind, i 
 By the same wind. Hoating ice is brought thither in a] 
 few days; flights of birds arrive annually frotn thoj 
 same quarter; and a tradition obtains among the in- 1 
 habitaiila, of an intercourse formerly curried on with! 
 POiiK rouiitri'^9 situated to the east. 
 
 After weighing all these particulars, and comparing 
 the position of the countries in A»ta which had been 
 discovered, with such parts in the northwest of Ame- 
 rica as were already known, the Russian court formed 
 a plan, which would have hardly occurred to a nation 
 less accustomed to engage in arduous undertakinn^, 
 and to contend with great ditliculties. (Orders were 
 issued to build two vessels at the small village of 
 Ochotz, situated on the sea of Kamchatka, to sail on a 
 voyage of discovery. Though that dreary uncultivated 
 region furnished nothing that could be of use in con- 
 structing them, but some larch trees : though not onlv 
 the iron, the cordage, the sails, and all the numerous 
 articles requisite for their equipment, but the j>rovi- 
 sions for victualling them were to be carried through 
 the immense deserts of Siheria, down rivers of dillicult 
 navigation, and along roads almost impassible, the 
 mandate of the sovereign, and the perseverance of the 
 people, at last surmounted every obstacle. Two ves- 
 sels were finished, and. under the command of the 
 Captains Dehring and Tscliirikow, sailed from Kam- 
 chatka, in quest of the New World in a quarter where 
 it had never been approached. They sliaped their 
 course towards the east ; and tbovigh a storm soon 
 ueparaled the vessels, which never rejoined, and many 
 disasters befell them, the expectations from the voyage 
 were not altogether frustrated. Each of the com- 
 manders discovered land, which to them appeared to 
 be part of the American continent ; and. according to 
 their observation, it seems to he situatful within a few 
 degrees of the north-west coast of California. Each 
 set some of his people ashore : hut in one place tlie 
 inhabitants fle'l as the Russians approached ; in ano- 
 ther, they carried off those who landed, and destroved 
 their boats. The violence of the weather, and the dis- 
 tress of their crews, obliged both captr ns to quit this 
 inhospitable coast. In their return they touched at se- 
 veral islands which stretched in a chain from cast to 
 west between the country which they had discovered 
 and the coast of Asia. They had Rome intercourse 
 v/ith the natives, who seemed to them to resemble the 
 North Americans. They presented to the Russiaiis 
 |he r.tdumct^ or pi()e of peace, which is a symbol of 
 friendship universal among the people of North Ame- 
 pca, and a usage of arbitrary mstilution peculiar to 
 them. 
 
 Though the islands of this New Archipelago have 
 been frequented since that time by the Russian hun- 
 ters, the court of St. Petersburgh, during a period of 
 more than forty years, seems to have relinquished every 
 thought of prosecuting discoveries in that quarter. 
 Alt m the year one thousand seven hundred and sixly- 
 cight it was unexpectedly resumed. The sovereign 
 who had been .ately seated on the throne of Peter the 
 Great, possessed the genius and talents of her illustri- 
 ous predecessor. During the operations of the most 
 aniuous and extensive war in which the Russian em- 
 pire was ever engaged, she formed schemes and exe- 
 cuted undertakings, to which more limited abilities 
 would have been incapable of attending but amidst the 
 )euur«s of pacific times. A new voyage of diacovery 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OF 
 
 from the eastern extremity of Asia was planned, and 
 
 captain Krenti/.in and Eii utenant Eevashcll" wi-re ap- 
 pointed to command the two vessels lilted out fur that 
 purpose. In their voyage outward lliey held nearly l!ie 
 same course with ihe former navigators, they luuched 
 at the same islands, observed ihetr situation and pro- 
 ductions nuire carerullv, and duscovered several new 
 islands with which Rehring aiid Tselurikow had not 
 fallen in. Though they did not proceed so far to ihe 
 east as to revisit the country which iJehring and 
 Tschirikow supposed to be part of the American con- 
 tinent, yet, by returning in q corrse considerably to the 
 north of theirs, they corrected some capital mistakes 
 into which their predecessors had fallen, and have con- 
 tributed to facilitate the progress of future navigators in 
 those seas. [42J 
 
 Thus the possibility of a communication between 
 the continents in this quarter rests no longer upon mere 
 conjecture, but is establihiied hy undoubted evidence. 
 Some tribe, or some fumihes of wandering Tartars, 
 from the restless spirit peculiar to their rate, might 
 migrate to tlie nearest islands, and, rude as their know- 
 ledge of navigation was, might, by passing from one 
 to 'he other, reach at length the coast of America, and 
 give a beginning to population in that continent. The 
 distance between the Marian or Eadrone islands and tlie 
 nearest land in Asia, is ;^reater than that bclwcun the 
 part of America wliirh tue P. .ssians discovered, and 
 the coast of Kamchatka ; and yet the inhabitants of 
 those islands are manifestly of Asiatic extract. If, 
 notwithstanding their remote situation, we admit that 
 (he .Marian islands were peopled from our continent, 
 distance alone is no reason why we .should hesitate 
 about adnnttmg that the Americans may derivt; tlieir 
 original from the same source It is probable that fu- 
 ture navigators in those sea.Q, by steering furllier to the 
 north, mn\ find that tlie conluient of America approach- 
 es .still nearer (o .\sia. According to the information 
 of the barbarovis peoj)le who inhabit the country about 
 the north-east promontory of Asia, there lies, otV the 
 coast, a small island, to which they hail in less than a 
 dav. Erom that they can descry a large continent 
 which, according to their descri|ilion, is covered witli 
 forests, and possessed by peoj)le whose language they 
 do not underhtand. Ry them they are supplied with 
 the skins of martens, an animal unknown in the north- 
 ern parts of Siberia, and which is never found but in 
 ountries abounding with trees. If we could rely on 
 on this account, we miuht conclude that the American 
 eonlinenl is separated from ours only hy a narrow 
 strait, and all the diHlcuUies with respect to the com- 
 munication between lliem wjiild vanish. What rould 
 be olfered only as a conjeet'ire, when this history wiia 
 first published, is now known to h*; certain. The near 
 approacli of the two cotitinents to each other, has been 
 discovered, and traced in a voyage under'.aken upon 
 principles so p\ire and so liiicral, and conducted w iih so 
 much professional skill, as rctlcct lustre upon the reign 
 of the sovereign by whom it was planned, and do honor 
 to the officers intrusted ivith the execution of it. [4:IJ 
 
 It \A likewise evident from recent di.scoveries, that an 
 intercourse between our continent and America might 
 be carried on with no less facilitv, from the north-west 
 extremities of Europe. As early as the ninth century, 
 [A. D. 830.] the Norwegians discovered Greenland, 
 and planted colonies there, 'i'lie coinmumcation with 
 that country after a long interruption was renewed m 
 the last cei.lury. Some Lutheran ami .Moravian mis- 
 sionaries, prompted hy zeal for propigating liie Chris- 
 tian faith, have ventured to settle in this fro/en ami un- 
 cultivated region. To them we are indebted for much 
 curious information with respect to its nature and inbal)i- 
 tants. We learn that the north-west coast of (Jreen- 
 land is separated from America hy a very narrow 
 strait; that, at the bottom of the bay, into which this 
 strait conducts, it is highly probable (hat they are uni- 
 ted ; that the inhabitants of the two countries have 
 some intercourse with one another ; that the Esquimaux 
 of America perfectly resemble the Greenlanders in their 
 asp(!ct, dress, and mode of living ; that some sailors 
 who had accpiired the knowledge of a few words in the 
 (jrecnlandtsb language, reported that these were un- 
 derstood by the Esquimaux ; that, at length [A. D. 
 17C4,] a Moravian missionary, well ac(]UHinted with the 
 language of (Greenland, having visited the country of 
 the Esquimaux, found, to his astonishment, that they 
 s[)oke the same language with the Greenlanders; that 
 they were in every respect the same people, and he 
 was accordingly received and entertained hy them us a 
 friend and a brother. 
 
 Dy these decisive facts, not only the consanguinity 
 of the Esquimaux ind Greoulanders ia ostablishod, but 
 
 I the possibility of peopling America from the norib of 
 
 I Europe is demonstrated. If the Norwegians, m a bar- 
 I barous age, when acitncrh;id not beguu to dawn in 
 jtiie north of Eurojie, posscsseil ssnch naval .-(kill as to 
 open a coiiunumcaiion with (irecnlaiid. their ancesuir-, 
 I as much addicted to roving by sea. as the Tiiriiirs nic 
 to waiideruig by land, inigiil, at fonie more reu; mc 
 period, accomplish the same \ov.ige, ,ind settle a cult>n;. 
 there, wliosu descendiints might, m progress of time, i\\- 
 i^rale into America. Uui if, instead of vfnturing to **-\\\ 
 directly from their own coast to tireenland, wesuppo.-ti' 
 that the Norwe^^ians hehl u more cautious course, uiij 
 advanced from Shetland to the I'Vroe islands, anil Irom 
 them to Iceland, in all vvhich*l)iey had planted colonies ; 
 their progress may have been so gradual, that this na- 
 vigation cannot he consiilered as either longer or more 
 hazardous than these voyages which that hardy and 
 enterprising race o! men is known to have performed m 
 every age. 
 
 8. Though it he possible that America may have re- 
 ceived 11.S tirsl inhaliitaiits tiom our coniimnt, either hv 
 the north-west o( Europe, or the norih-east of Asia, 
 there seems to be uooil reason for supposing that ilie 
 progenitors of all tlie American nations from Cape 
 Horn to the southern rontine.s of laihrador. migraUd 
 troin the latter rather than the former. The Esqutiiiaiix 
 tare the only people in America, who in their aspect 
 or character, bear any resemblance to the noriliern 
 Europeans. They arc luamtestly a race of men d.s- 
 tinct Iroin all the nations of the American continent, m 
 language, in disposition, and habits of life. Their ori- 
 ginal, then, may warrantably be traced up to that source 
 which I have pointed out. Hut amniig all the other in- 
 hahitatits of .\merica, there is such a striking simili- 
 tude in the form of their bodies and the qiiahties u( 
 tlieir minds, that notwithstanding the diversities oi'ca- 
 sioned by the inlluences of climate, or unequal pro- 
 gress in improvement, we inust jironounce them to be 
 descended from one source. There may be a variety 
 in the shades, but we can every where trace the same 
 original colour Each tribe has t-omeiliing peculiar 
 which distinguishes it, but in all of them we discern 
 certain features common to the whole race. It is re- 
 markable, that in every peculiarity, whether in their per- 
 sons or dispositions, which eharacl(;rize the .\tnericaiis, 
 they have some resemblance to the rude tribes scatter- 
 ed over the north-east of Asia, hut almost none to the 
 n.itions settled in the northern extremities of Europe. 
 \\'e may. therefore, refer them to (he former origin, and 
 conclude that their Asiatic [irogenitors, jiaving settled 
 m those parts of America where the Russians have dis- 
 covered the proximity of the two conlmenls, spread 
 gradually over its vario\is regions. 'I'his account of the 
 progress of population in America coincides with the 
 traditions of the Mexicans concerning (heir own origm, 
 which, imperfect as tbev are, werepreser\ed with more 
 accuracy, and merit greater credit, thiiii those of any 
 people in the New ^\■orld. According to ihem. their 
 ancestors came from a remote country situat<'d to the 
 north-west of .Mexico. The Mexicans point out their 
 various stations as they advanceil tVom this into the 
 interior provinces, ami it is pr<iiscly the same route 
 which they must have held if they had been emigrants 
 from Asia. The Mexicans, in describing the ajipe.ir- 
 ance of their jirogenitors. their manners and habils of 
 life at (hat period, exactly delineate those of the rude 
 Tartars from whom I suppose them to have sjirung 
 
 Thus have I finished a Di.s(piisi(ion which has been 
 deemed of so m.eh importance (hat it would have been 
 improper to omit it in writing the history of America. 
 1 have ventured to inquire, liut without presuming to 
 decide. Satisfied with ollering conjectures. I pretend 
 not to establish any system. When an inxestigatioii 
 is, from its nature, so intricate and obscure, that tt is 
 impossible to arrive at conclusions which are cerla.n, 
 there may be some merit in pointing out sucli as arc 
 probable. 
 
 The condition and character of the .\merieau nations, 
 at the time when they became known to the Europeans, 
 deserve more attentive consideration than the impiiry 
 concerning their original. The latter is merely an ob- 
 ject of curiosity ; the former is one of the most impor- 
 tant as well as instructive researches which can occupy 
 the philosopher or historian. In order to completo 
 the history of the human mind, and attain to a perhct 
 knowledge of its nature and operations, we must con- 
 template man in all those various situations wherein he 
 has been placed. We must follow bun in his progress 
 through (he difl'erent M(ages of society, as he gradually 
 I advances from the infant state of civil life towards ita 
 maturity and dechne. We must observe at each p(*- 
 riod, liow the faculties of his underitanding unfold \ we 
 
SOUTH AMKRICA. 
 
 loa 
 
 muat atltnil to the olTorts of his iictivo powers, watch 
 the various inovernciits of desiro and artV't;tion, as they 
 rise in his hrcast, and mark whither they tend, and with 
 what ai'Jor they are exerted Tiie philosophers and his- 
 tirianft of ancient (Jrecce and Itmne, our jjuides in this 
 U8 well as every otherdisquisitionjiad only ainnited view 
 ofthissuhject, as tliey liad h^irdly any opportunity of stir- 
 vcyin<j[ man m his rudest and most early state. In all 
 those rejrions of the carlh with wliirh they were well nc- 
 qr^intcd, civil society hnd mad(! eonsidertihle advancLs, 
 aud nations had finislied a uood part of their earcer be- 
 fore ihey began to observe them. The Scvtliians and 
 Germans, thu rudest people of whom any ancient au- 
 thor has transmitted to us an authentic account, pos- 
 sefused flocks and herds, had actpiired property of va- 
 rious kinds, and, wlien compared with mankind in their 
 primitive state, may be reckoned to have attained to a 
 great dejjree of civilization. 
 
 Hut the discovery of the New WorUl enlartrcd the 
 sphere of contem{)lation, and presented nations to our 
 view, in sla;;jes of their projrress much less advanced 
 than those wherein they have been observed in our con- 
 tinent. In America, man aj)peurs under the rudest 
 form in which wc ran conceive him to subsist. We 
 behold communities just bej^inniiiii to unite, and may 
 eiainmc the sentiments and actions uf human bcinirs 
 in the infancy of social life, while lliey feel but im])ur- 
 ferllv the force of its ties, and have scarcely relin- 
 luished their native liberty. That stale of primeval 
 simplicity, which was known in our continent only by 
 the fanciful description of poets, really existed in the 
 other. The ^reattir part of its inhabitants were stran- 
 gers to industry and lalior. ignorunl of arts, imperfectly 
 uopiainted with the n.iiiirc of ])roperty, and cnjoy- 
 intr almost without restriction or control the bless)nys 
 ■■hi(^h flowed spontaneously from the bounty of nature, 
 ['here were only two nations in this vast continent 
 which liad emrr-fcd from this rude state, and had nude 
 uuv coiisulerahle progress in acfpiirini^ the ideas, and 
 idojjtiiii; the institutions, which belonj^ to polished so- 
 oieties. Tiieir governin;^nt and manners will fall na- 
 turally under onr review in relaiii'i^ the discovery and 
 ■ (Uiquest of tlie Mexican and I'eruvian empires ; and 
 wo shall have there an opportunity oi conlemplalinir 
 the Americans in the slate of highest improvement to 
 vhicli they ever attained. 
 
 At present, our attention and researches shall be 
 t.urncd to the small independent trilies which occupied 
 every other part of America. Amoui; these, ihoujih 
 with some diversity in their character, their manners, 
 and institutions, the slate of society was nearly siini- 
 .ar, and so extremely rude, that the denomination of 
 .si/i'rfff may be applied to them all. In a j^eneral his- 
 tory >f America, it would be I'.f^hly improper to describe 
 the conditioa of each pelty communHy, or to investi- 
 gate every minute circumstance which contribvites to 
 form the character of its members. Such an inquiry 
 would lead lo details of immeasurable and tiresome 
 extent. The qualities belon^in<j to the peojih: of all the 
 dillerent tribes have such a near resemblance, that lliey 
 may he painted with the same features. Where any 
 circumstances seem to constitute a diversity Jn their 
 character and inanncri worthy of altention, it will be 
 sullicient to {loint these out as they occur, and to in* 
 quire into the cause of siu^h peculiarities. 
 
 Jt is extremely didicult to procure satisfying and au- 
 thentic information eoncerninij nations wliile they re- 
 main uncivilized. To discover their true character un- 
 der this rude form, and to select tlie features by which 
 they are distin^ruished, requires an observer possessed 
 of no less impartiality than discernment. For, m every 
 Blage of society, the faculties, the sentiments, and de- 
 Bires of men are so accomraodated to their own state, 
 that they become standariis of excellence lo themselves, 
 they -ith.v the idea of perfection and happiness to those 
 ttlt.iinmenls which resemble their own. and, wherever 
 the objects and enjoyinent.-i to which tliey have been 
 accustomed are wantlnl,^ confidently pronounce a. peo- 
 ple to be barbarous and miserable. Hence ihi^ mutual 
 contempt with which ihe members of communities. 
 unc(pial m their dej^rees of iinnrovoment, rejzard each 
 otter. Polished nations, conscious of the advantajres 
 which they derive from their knowledijo and arts, are 
 ttpt to view rude nations with peculiar scorn, and, in 
 the pride of superiority, will hardly allow either their 
 occupations, their feelings, or their pleasures, to be 
 worthy of men. It has seldom been the lot of com- 
 munities, in their early and unpolished state, to fall 
 under the observation of persons endowed with force 
 uf mind superior to vulgar prejudices, and capable of 
 oonlemplatinn man, under whatever aspect he appears, 
 with A candid and diaocrning eyu. 
 
 The Spaniards, who first visited America, and who 
 
 had opportunity of heholdiui; its various tribes while 
 entire and unsubdued, und before any change had been 
 made in their ideas or inann"rs by intercourse with a 
 ric(! of men n.uch advanced beyond them in improve- 
 inent, were fir Irom possessii^; the qualities retpii^ite for 
 observing the striking speclach: presented to their view. 
 Neitiii r the age in which they lived, nor the nation to 
 which they belonged, had made sucii [)rogress in true sci- 
 ence, as inspires enlarged and liberal sentiments. The 
 conquerors of the New World were mostly illiterate 
 adventurers, destitute of all tlie ideas which should 
 have directed thein in contoinplating objects so extreme- 
 ly dillerent from those with which they were acquaint- 
 ed. Surrounded continuallv with danger or struggling 
 with hardships, they had little leisure, and less capacity 
 for any speculative inquiry. Kager to take possessioi 
 of a country of such extent and opulence, and happy 
 in flnding it occupied by inhabitants so incapable to de- 
 fend it, they h-jstily pronounced them to be u wretched 
 order of men, formed merely for servitude ; and were 
 more employed in computing the profits of their labor, 
 than in inquiring into the operatiois of their minds, or 
 the reasons of their customs and inslitulions. The 
 persons who penetrated at subsequcni periods into ihe 
 interior provinces, to wliich the knowledge and devas- 
 tations of the first conquerors did not reach, were ge- 
 nerally of a similar character ; brave and enterprising 
 in a high degree, but so uninformed as to be little <piah- 
 fied either for observing or describing what they beluld. 
 
 Not only the incapacity but the prejvidiees of tiie 
 Spaniards rendered their accounts of the pttople of 
 America extremely defective. Soon after they 
 planted colonies in their new coiupiests, a diller- 
 ence iu ojiinion arose with respect to the treatment of 
 tlie natives. One party, solicitous 'o render their ser- 
 vitude perpetual, repre.scnted '.hem as a brutish, oltsti- 
 nate race, incapable either of acquiring religious know- 
 ledge, or of being trained to tiie functions of social life 
 Tlie other, full of pious concern for their conversion, 
 contended that, tliougii rude and ignorant, they were 
 gentle, dlfectionale, docile, and by proper instructions 
 and regulations might be formed grad ;dly into goud 
 Christi-in.s and useful citizens. This controversy, as I 
 have already related, was carried on with all the warmth 
 wliicti is natural, when attention to interest on the one 
 Hand, and religious zeal in the other, animaie the dis- 
 putants. Most of the laity espoused 'he former opi- 
 nion ; all the ecclesiastics were advocates for tlie 
 latter ; and we shall uniformly find that, accordingly as 
 an author belonged to either of liiese parties, he is apt 
 to magnify the virtues or aggravate the defects of Ihe 
 Americans far beyond truth. Those repugnant ac- 
 counts increase the dilficulty of attainmg a perfect 
 knowledge of their character, and render it ne- 
 cessary to peruse all the descriptions of them by Spa- 
 nish writers with distrust, and to receive their informa- 
 tion with some grains of allowance. 
 
 Almost two centuries elapsed after the discovery of 
 America, before ibe manners of its inhahitants attract- 
 ed, in any considerable degree, the attention of philo- 
 sophers. At length they dir.'ovcred that the contem- 
 plation of the condition and character of the Ameri- 
 cans, in their original state, tended to complete our 
 knowledge of the human species; might enable us to 
 fill up a considerable cliasni in tlie Iiistory of i*s pro- 
 gress; and lead to speculations no less curious tli.in 
 important. They entered upon this new field of study 
 with great anlor ; but, instead of throwing light upon 
 the subject, they have contrilMited in some degree to 
 involve it in additional obscurity. Too inqiaiient lo 
 inquire, they hastened to decide ; and began to erect 
 systems, when they should have been searching for 
 facts on which to establisii their foundations. Struck 
 with the appearance of degeneracy in the human spe- 
 cies throughout the New World, and astonished at be- 
 hohiing a vast continent occupied by a naked, feeble, 
 and ignorant race of men, some authors, of great name, 
 have maintained that t!iis part of the globe had but 
 lately emerged from tlic sea, and become fit for the 
 residence of man ; that every thing in it bore marks of 
 a recent original ; and that its inhabitants, lately called 
 into existence, and still at the beginning of their ca- 
 reer, were unworthy lobe compared with ihi? people of 
 a more ancient and improved continent. Others have 
 imagined, lliat, under the influence of an unkindly eh- 
 male, wliich checks and enervates the principle of life, 
 man never attained in America tlie perfection which 
 belongs to his nature, but remained an animal of an 
 inferior order, defeclive in the vigor of his bodily frame, 
 and destitute of Hcnsibility, as well aa of force, in the 
 operations of his mind. In opposition to both these, 
 
 other iilMlosophers have siippi.^ed that man nrrivett at 
 his highest diirnity and excellence long before he rractws 
 a slate of refinement ; and. in the ri.de seripliciiy of 
 savage life, displays an elevation of seiitimenl. an incO- 
 pendence of mind, and a warinlh ut aUarhmcnt. fjr 
 winch it is vain to search among the members o( po- 
 lished societies. They seem. to consider that an tlie 
 most perfect state of man which is the least civilized. 
 They describe the manners of the rude Amcrieans with 
 such rapture, us if they ])roposed them for models to tho 
 lest of the species. These contradictory thcorte.ihavo 
 been proposed with equal confidence, und uncomieoe 
 powers of genius and eloipieiice have been exerted, ii» 
 order to clothe them with an appearance of truth. 
 
 As all those circumstances concur in rendering an 
 inquiry into the statu of the rude nations in America 
 intricate and obscure, it is necessary to carry it on with 
 caution. When guided in our researches by the intel- 
 ligent observations of the few jthilosophers who have 
 visited this part of the globe, we may venture to decide. 
 \\ hen obliged to have recourse to ihe superiicial re- 
 marks oi" vulgar travellers, of sailors, traders, hucanecrs, 
 and missioiKiries, we must often pause, and coinjKiring 
 detached facts, endeavor to discover what they wanted 
 sagacity to observe. Without indulging conjecture, or 
 betraying a propensity to either system, wo must study 
 with equal care to avoid the extremes of extravagant 
 admiration, or of supercilious contempt for those man- 
 ners which we describe. 
 
 In order to twnduct tins inquiry wiih greater accu- 
 racy, it should be remlered as simple as possible. Man 
 existed as an individual before he liecame the member 
 of a community ; and the qualities which belong to him 
 \mder his former capacity stionld be known, before wc 
 proceed to examine those wliicli arise from the latter 
 relation. This i> peculiarly necessary in investigating 
 the manners of rude nations. Their political union is 
 so incomplete, their civil institutions und regulatioiu so 
 few, so simple, and of such slender anihoriiy, that men 
 in this state ought lo lie viewed rather us independent 
 ■duenis, than us members uf a regular society. Tim 
 character of a savage results almo.il eniircly tVom his 
 sentiments or fi'elings as an individual, and is Init hitle 
 iufluenced by Ins imperfect subjection to gnveimnenl 
 and order. I shall coniluct my researches concerning 
 the manners of the Americans in this natural onler, 
 proc(;eding irradiially from wiial is simple to what is 
 more compbcatetl. 
 
 I shall consider, I. The bodily constitution of 
 the Americans in those regions now i-.i.der review. 
 11. The cpialilu.'s of their miiuls, III. Their domestic 
 stale. IV. Their political stale and institutious. 
 V. Their system of war, and public soeuritv. VI. Tho 
 arts with which they were acfjuuinted. VII. Their re- 
 ligious ideas and inslitulions. VIII. Such singular de- 
 tached customs as are not reducible lo any of the for- 
 mer beads. IX. I .^hall conclude with a general review 
 and estimate of their virtues and defects. 
 
 I. The bodily constitution of the Americans. — The 
 human body is lessalVected by elnnale than that of any 
 other animal. .Some animals are contiiud to a [)arli- 
 cnlar region of the globe, and cannot exist beyond it : 
 others, though they mav be brought lo bear the injuries 
 of a climate foreign to ihem, cease to multiply when 
 carried out of that district which nature destined to be 
 iheir mansion. Even such as seem capable of being 
 naturalized in various climates feel the etVecl of every 
 remove iVom their firoper station, and gradually dwin- 
 dle and degenerate from the vigor and perfection pe- 
 culiar to their species, Man is the only living creature 
 whose frame is at once so hardy and so flexible, 
 that he can spread over iho whole earth, become the 
 inhabitant of every region, and thrive and multiply un- 
 der every climate. Subject, however, lo the general 
 law of "Nature, the human body is not entirely exempt 
 from ihe operation of climate; and when exposed to 
 the extremes either of neat or cold, its size or vigor 
 diminishes. 
 
 The first appearance of tho inhahitants of tho New 
 World filled the discoverers with such astonishment 
 that they were a\}i lo imagine them a race o\' men dif- 
 ferent from those of the other hemisphere. Their com- 
 plexion is of a reddish brown, nearly resembling tho 
 color of copper. Tho hair of their heads is always 
 black, long, coarse, and uncurled. They have no 
 beard, and every par' of their body is perfectly smooth. 
 Their persons are of a full size, extremely straight, and 
 well proportioned. [44] Their features are regular, 
 though often distorted by absurd endeavors to improvo 
 the beauty of their natural form, or to render their aspect 
 more dreadful lo their enemies. In the islands, where 
 I four-footed aiiitnals were both tew and sinalli and tbo 
 
i<'n 
 
 T 
 
 I'l' 
 
 IM 
 
 earth yielded her productions altnost npontaneouAty, 
 ttiG cuiisutution of ihc nuiivott, neither bruccd tiy the 
 active cii^rcises nl the cliuse, nor invi;^urali'd hy ihr 
 iai)or ot eiittivulioii, wus exlrenirly ieehh: and languid. 
 Oil the contnient, where thr lorfsts ahound witli {^iinie 
 nt viiriuii^ knids, and the cIiilI' ucctipatiun ol iniiny 
 trihes \v,i8 to pursue it. llic humun truine acquired 
 gre.iter tininiiy*. Still, howiiver, the AiiUTicnns were 
 more ]cin;irkalile for agility than >treiiglh. Tliev re- 
 hoinhk'tl l)eii:>t» ul prey, rutlior than annnaU rorined lor 
 Uiior ['InJ They were not on!" averse to toil, Init in- 
 capahlu ot it ; and when ronsed hy loroe tVoni their 
 Dative indolence, and compelled to wurk, they sunk 
 under lasks winch the people ul the o her enntineiit 
 would huvu pcrtornied with ease. 'I'his feebleness ot 
 consititution vm universal among the inli:ihitant8 of 
 those regie .IS in America which wenre ifurveymg, and 
 may be considered as characteristic of the species 
 there. 
 
 The beardlcsi countenance and smooth akin of the 
 American secins to indicate a defect of viyor, oc- 
 casioned by sonic vice in his frame. lie is destitute 
 uf cm: sign of manhood and uf Hirength. 'I'his pccti- 
 lianly, by whicli the inhabilnuts of the New \\'urid are 
 distinguished from the people of all other nations, can- 
 not he ullrthuted, as some travellers luve suji[>osed, to 
 their mode of subsistence. Kor though ihe food of 
 many Americans be exlremety instpid, as they are 
 altogether unacquainted with the use of salt, rude 
 tribes m other parts of the earth have subsisted on 
 ahineiits ct^ually simple, without this mark uf degra- 
 dation, or any apparent symptom of a diminution in 
 their vigor. 
 
 As the external forms of the Americans lead ns to 
 suspect that there is some natural debility in their 
 Irame, the smallncss of their apjielile for food has been 
 mentioned hy many authors as a conhrmatioii of this 
 suspicion. 'I'he quantity of lood which men consume 
 varies according to the temperature of the climate in 
 which they live, the degree of activity winch ihey 
 exert, and the natural vigor of their constitutions. 
 Under the enervating heat of the torrid /.one, and when 
 men pass their days in indolence and rase, they re- 
 qure less nourishment than the active inhabitants uf 
 temperate or cold countries. But neither the warmth 
 of theii dirnale, nor their extreme laziness, will ac- 
 count for me uni.onnnon ueicct of apjietile among the 
 Americans, 'i'lic Spaniards were asionished wiili ob- 
 corving this, not only in the islands, hut in several 
 parts of the continent. The constitutional teinpenince 
 o( the natives far exceeded, m their o])iiiion, the ahsti* 
 nencc of the most mortilitd hcrinits : while, on the 
 other hand, (he appetite of the Spaniards appeared to 
 ths Americans insatiably voracious ; and ihey atiinned, 
 that one Spaniard devoured more food in a day ihan 
 was sudicicnt for ten Americans, 
 
 A proof of some ferbleness m their frame, still more 
 i;triking, is the insensibility of the Americans to the 
 charms of beauty, and the power uf love. That passion 
 which was destined to perpetuate life, lo he the bond of 
 social union, and the source of tendernsss and joy, is 
 thu most ardent in the hviman breast. Though the 
 perds and hardships of the savage state, though exces- 
 sive fatigue on some occasions, and the ditliculty at all 
 times of procuring subsistence, may seem to be adverse 
 to this passion, and to have a tendency to abate its 
 vigor, yet the rudest nations in every other part of the 
 globe seem t > feel its influence more powerfully than 
 Ihe inhabitants of the New World. Tlie negro glows 
 with all die warmth of desire natural to his climate ; 
 and the rnwst uncultivated Asiatics discover that «iensi- 
 biliiy, which, from their situation on the globe, we 
 should expect them to have felt. But the Americans 
 are, in an amazing degree, strangers to the force of I':;;* 
 first insluict of nature. In every par' ' :f' ^^ ■ 
 World the natives treat their woincD u . ' 
 
 inditl'erence They arc neither 'hi '. "i 
 der attachment which takes p! ■ •' ' V' m ^ 
 
 nor of that ardent desire consp- y i .-U ■,. 
 
 lions. Even in climates whor*- ^^ ■ a?r. 
 
 Acquires its greatest vigor, the --^^ i' 
 views his female with disdain, as an uni.t. .. •^-i 
 
 noble species. He is at no pains to \> :i hi- lav . c; 
 the assiduity of courtship, and still leas solicitous to 
 preserve it hy indulgence and gentleness. Mission- 
 aries themselves, notwiihstaiidiiig the austerity uf mo- 
 nastic ideas, cannot refrain from expressing their as- 
 tonishment at the dispassionate coldness of the Ame- 
 rican young men in their intercourse with the other sex. 
 Nor is this reserve to be ascribed to any opinion which 
 ihtif entf rtain with reaped to the merit of female chas- 
 titv. Tbat is an idea too refined for « mt&^o, and sug- 
 
 ROIiEHTSON'S HISTORV OP 
 
 gcsied by adelicary of sentiment and atfcction to which 
 ne is a stranger. 
 
 Bui III nii|uirieR cuncerning either tlic bodily or 
 mental (ji]iititie.>4 of partii alar races of men, there is not 
 a more r«iminon or more seducing err* r, than that of 
 ascribing to a Hin;^!*; cau^e. iho?e char.vterislic pecu- 
 liarites wliieli are the eti'ect *}( ilie combined operation 
 uf many causes. 'I'he climate and soil oi America 
 (liller in so many respects from tho-^^e of tlie other 
 lieinisphere, and this ditVerence is so obvious and 
 stiiking. that philosophers of great eminence have 
 I'lid hold on this as siillicient to account for what is 
 pecnliur in the constitution of its inhabitants. They 
 rest on phvsical causes alone, and consider the feeble 
 frame ami languid desire of the AmertcaiiH, as con- 
 sequences of the temperament of that portion of the 
 glolie which they occupy. But the inllueneeH of 
 political and moral causes ought not to have been 
 overlooked. These operate with no less ell'ect than 
 that uii whicli many philosopliers rest as a full explana- 
 tion of the singular ap|)earances which have bctii men- 
 tioned. Wherever the state of sm-iety is ^ucl^ a-* lu 
 creatt! many wants arid desires, which cannot be satis- 
 lied withuut reifular exertions of indu?,trv, the body 
 acciistunu^d to labor becomes luiuist and patient of 
 t'atigue. In a more simjile state, where the demands 
 of men are so lew and so iiiodcruto that they may be 
 ;;ratilied, almost without any ell'ort, bv the spontaneous 
 productions of nature, the powi-rs of ilie bodv are not 
 called forth, nor can they attain llicir proper .-strerigtli. 
 The natives of Chili anil of North America, the two 
 temperate regions m the New World, who live by 
 hunting, may be deemed an active and vigorous race, 
 when compared with the inb.ibitaiits of the isles, or of 
 those parts of the continent where hardly any labor is 
 requisite to procur" subsistence. The exertions of a 
 hunter are not, however, so regular, or so continued, 
 as tho.^e of persons employed in the culture of the 
 earth, ur in the various arts of civilized life ; and 
 llioiigh his agihly may be greater than theirs, his 
 stren;^tli is on the wliole inferior. If another direction 
 were given to the active powers of man m the New 
 World, and his force augmented tty e.xercise, he might 
 acquire a degree of vigor winch he does not in his pre- 
 sent state possess. The truth of this is conlirmed 
 bv experience. Wherever t!ie Americans have been 
 gradually accustomed to hard labor, their constitutions 
 become robust, and they have been t'ound cajiablc of 
 performing such tasks, as seenied not only to exceed 
 the powers of such a feeble frame as has been deemed 
 peculiar to their country, but to eipial any elfort of the 
 natives either of Africa or of Kurope. [•!*>] 
 
 The same reasoning will apply to wnat has been ob- 
 served concerning tiudr slender ilcmand for food. As 
 a proof that this should ho ascribed as much to tlieir 
 extreme indolence, and often total want of occupation, 
 as to any thing peculiar m the physical structure of tiieir 
 bodies, it has been observed, that m lliuse districts 
 where the peofjle of America are ubliged to exert any 
 unusual elfort of activity, in order to procure subsis- 
 tence, or wherever they are employed in severe labor, 
 their appetite is not inlenor to that of other men, and 
 in some places, il has struck observers as remaikably 
 voracious. 
 
 The operation of political and moral causes is still 
 more conspicuous in modifying the degree of attach- 
 ment between the sexes. In a slate of high civilization, 
 this passion, intlamed by restraint, relinud by delica:y, 
 and cherished by fashion, occupies and engrosses tUe 
 heart. It is no longer a simple instinct of nature; sen- 
 time.'it heightens the ardor of desire, and thu mo:t ten- 
 der emotions of which our frame is susceptible aoothe 
 am' agitate the soul. This description, however, ap- 
 yVr-A only to those, who, by their situation, arc exeinpt- 
 cil f'"jm the cares and labors of life. Among persons 
 o:' -nferior order, who are doomed by their condi- 
 'u.ri 'o incessant toil, tlie dominion of this passion is 
 violent; their solicitude to procure subsistence, 
 at ';- provide for the lirst demand of nature, leaves 
 ' "\< !^-;sure for attending to its second call. But if the 
 of the hilerconrse between the sexes varies so 
 '<; . ■. in persons of ditVercnt rank in polished soc.eties, 
 ,i -idition of man while he remains uncivilized must 
 occasion a variation stilt more appan^nt. Wc m:iy 
 well suppose, that amidst the hardships, the dangers, 
 and the simplicity of domestic life, where subsistence 
 is always precarious and often scanty, where men are 
 almost continually engaged in the pursuit of their ene- 
 mies, or in guarding against their attacks, and where 
 neither dress nor reserve are einiiloyed as arts of female 
 allurement, that the attention of the Americans to their 
 women would be extremely feeble, without imputing 
 
 thiD solely to any physical defect or degradation in tbnii 
 
 frame. 
 
 Il IS accordingly observed, '.hat in th'»sc countries of 
 America where, from ihe fertihtv ul the soil, tlnj mdd- 
 ness uf ihf climate, or soiin^ further advanei-s which 
 tlie native:^ have made in im|irovcmeni, tlit moans of 
 subsistence are more abundant, and the hard-ibips o( 
 savage life are less severely fell. tlj{' animal passion uf 
 the sexes becomes more anb nt. Sinking exaiiqiles ol 
 this occur among some ini'cs seated on the banks of 
 great rivers well stored with food, ainontr others who 
 are masters of hunting i^rounds aboundini^ so much 
 with game, that they h.iveii regular and plentilul supply 
 of nourishment with little labor. 'I'he superior degree 
 uf security ond atHuence which those tribes enjoy la 
 ibllowed by their natural ellects. The passions im- 
 planted in the human frame by the hand of nature ac- 
 (pure additional force; new tastes and desires aro 
 formed; the women, as they are more valued and ad- 
 mired, become more attentive to dress and ornament; 
 the men beginning to feel bow much of tlieir own ha|>» 
 piness depends upon them, no longer disdain the arts 
 of wiimihg their favor and allection. The intercourse 
 of the sexes becomes very ditfereiil from that which 
 lakes place among their ruder countrymen; and aa 
 hardly any restraint is imposetl on the gratiiication o' 
 ihsire either by religion or laws or decency, the disso- 
 lution of their manners i'* excessive. 
 
 Notwithstaiulmg the feeble make of the Amcricann, 
 hardly any of them are deformed, or mutilated, or defec- 
 tive in any one of their sen.^es. .Ml travellers have been 
 .Mruck with this cireumslain:e, and have celebrated the 
 uniform symmetry and perfeeiion of ilieir external liiinrn. 
 Some authors search for the cause of this appearance 
 in their physical condition. As the parents are not ex- 
 hausted or over fatigut'd with hard labor, ihey supposo 
 that their children are born vigorous and sound. 'I'hcy 
 imagine that, in the liberty uf s.ivage life, the human 
 boilv, naked and unconlined from Us e.irliest atje, pre- 
 serves its natural form ; aud that all its tiinbs and mem- 
 bers acipiire a justcr proportion than when fettered with 
 artilicial restraints, which stint its growth and distort 
 its shaj*c. Something, witliout doui)t, may be ascribed 
 lu the uperation of these causes ; but the true reasoiu 
 of this apparent advantage, which is cominun to all ra- 
 vage nations, he deeper, and are closely interwoven 
 with the nature and genius of that state. The infancy 
 of man is so lung and so helpless, that it is extremely 
 didicult to rear children among rude nalions. Tbt t 
 means of subsistence are not only scanty, but pret aiiouD. 
 Such as live by hunting must r.mgc over extensivfi 
 countries, and shift often from place to place. Tho 
 care of children, as well as every other laborious ta.sk, 
 is devolved upon the women. The distresses and hard- 
 ships of the savage life, which are often such as can 
 hardly be supported by per>on8 in lull vigor, must bn 
 fatal to those of mure tender age. Afnidof under- 
 taking a task so laborious, and uf such long diir.Uion, 
 as lliat of rearing their ulfspring. the wumen, m :;omo 
 parts of America, procure frequent abortions by the uro 
 of certain herbs, and extinguish llie tirsi sparks of that 
 life which they are unable to cherish. Si'usiltle that 
 only stout and well formed children have force uf cun- 
 stitutiun to struggle through such a liiird infancy, other 
 nations abandon and destroy such of their prugciiy as 
 appear feeble or defective, as unworlhy uf attention. 
 Even when they endeavor to rear all their children 
 without distinctiun, so great a proportion uf tht whole 
 number perishes under the rigorous treatment which 
 must be their lot in the savage state, that few uf thuac 
 who labured under any original frailty attain the age ol 
 nunhuod. Thus in polished societies, wli:re the ineanE 
 of .subsistence are secured with certainty, and ac<piireil 
 with ease; where the talents of the mind are often ol 
 more importance than the powers of the body ; children 
 are preserved notwithstanding their defects or defor- 
 mity, and grow up to be useful citizens. In rude na- 
 tions, such persons are either cut olF as soon as they 
 are born, or, becoming a burden to themselves and to 
 the community, cannot long protract their lives. But 
 in Ihose provinces of the New World, where, hy the 
 establishment of the Europeans, more regular provision 
 has been made for the subsistence of its inhabitants, 
 and they are restrained from laying viulent hands on 
 their children, the Americans are so far tVom being 
 eminent for any superior perfection in their form, that 
 one should rather suspect some peculiar imbecility in 
 the race, from the extraordinary nmnber uf individnala 
 who are deformed, dwarfish, mutilated, blind, or iloaf. 
 
 How feeble soever the constitution of ihe Ameneane 
 may be, it is remarkable that there is lens variety in 
 the human form throughout the New World than in the 
 
BiHMGnt rontinrnt Vhrn Colurnhiis and tho other 
 
 tli.-iovrrcrs first visitnl tlic ilitTircnl ronntrirs ofAriic- 
 ncn which lit' wilhm the lorriit zoiu-, thrv iiiitur.iHy 
 ('ji[tpct('() to liiul iKojih' of tlif H iiiic coiniilcxiuM with 
 tliOMi- iti the (■orrl-^jl(Hl(hlM: rcjiiri'!!' nf the oth( r ht'iiii- 
 sphcre. To their iim.izciinril, hnwcvi-r, they (hx-o- 
 vcred tliiit An, erica coniiiiiicd i:o in-irrocs , iiml llic 
 raiisf of this ssinmil.ir ;i|'pciiriiiu'(- hcc;nm ay- iniich tlu' 
 nlij(".!t of curiositv- .IS lilt' fiirt itself was (i( vvomUr. In 
 what part or inciulinifie nf t!ic hoily thai liuiiiur resides 
 .^hlch liiijjes the cdiiiph'xion ot ihc ii(%'ro with ii deep 
 hhii'k. it If* tlw Imsiiit s:h of iiiiiitoinistM Ki iriipiiri' and 
 dt'scriiu!, 'I'hf powirhil opfMiion of Iieat iipprars 
 inaiiifesily to hr ihi-. cauM- wliich pniihices thi.s Hirikiiii^ 
 variety in llie liuiiun species. All litiropc, a ^'real 
 part of Af>ia, aiid tin* tnnpcnile countries of Alrica, 
 ore itihiil))ted hv tiieii ul a whtKt coiiiplcxion. All the 
 lorrid zone in AlVicu, some of tlie warrner reyions 
 adjacent to it. and several countries in Asia, are tilhd 
 with people of a deep hiack color. If wc survey the 
 nations of our continent, niakini,^ our pro^ircss from 
 cold and temperate coiinines towurds those purls 
 which are exposed to the nilhicnce of vehnnenl and 
 unremittnii^ heiit. we shall find lliat the extreme white- 
 ness v( liieir skill soon heunis to diminish; that its 
 color deepens irradiially as we advinici- : and, alter 
 pa. sin;; iliroii^li ult tiio siicccssive irradationst of sh.ide. 
 ie)iniiiale.s in a uniform unvarying hIack. Hut in 
 Aiiierica, whero the aiiency of heat in checked ami 
 nhaled hy various cuises, which I Ii.tvc alreiidy ex- 
 plaiiu'd, the cliinnte seems to lu' desl-'ute of iliiit force 
 which produces such wonderful ell'i is on llie human 
 fruiiic. '!'he color of the natives of [he torrid /.one in 
 Amirica is hardly of a dri per hue lh.ui that of the peo- 
 ple in iho inoH' temperate parts of 'heir continent. 
 Accurate observers, who liad an opportunity «:;f viewiii^j 
 the Americans m very diiliTent thmates, and in pro- 
 vinces far removed fruiii eaili other, have been struck 
 with the amjizmi; smularitv of their tigurc and as- 
 pect, [47] 
 
 JJiit though llie hand of nature has deviated so little 
 from one standard m fashiomiii; the human form in 
 America, the creation of laiicy hath l)een variou.t and 
 extravagant. The same fahh's thai were curreiit in the 
 ancient continent, have heeri revived with respect to 
 the New World, and America too has been peopled 
 with human hemns of monsiroiis and fantastic apiiear- 
 unce, 'J'lie iiihahitaiits ui' certain provinces wci j de- 
 scribed to be piumies of three feet hii;h ; those of others 
 to he fiiauts of an eiiornioiis size, Some travellers 
 published accounts of pi oph with only one eye ; others 
 pretended lo have discovered men without heads, wlu>'-e 
 eyes and mouths were plmited in their breasts. The 
 variety of Nature m her jir<)ductioiis is indeed so jjreat, 
 that it is presumptuous lo set hounds to her fertility, 
 UTid to reject indiscriminately every relation ibiit tloes 
 not perfectly accord wiih our own limited observation 
 and experience. Unt the other extreme, of vieldmy a 
 hasty assent on the sli^^btesl evidence to wliatever lias 
 the appearance of bemii slrarii^e and marvellous, is slill 
 more nnbecomin*: a philosophicid inquirer ; as, in every 
 period, men are more apt lo be betrayed into error by 
 their weakness m behevini: too luuch, than by their ar- 
 ro<^Jince in believinir too litile. In proportion as scieu<-e 
 extends, and nature is exaimned with a discerning eye, 
 the wonders which amused aues of i^niorance disappear. 
 The tales of credulous Iravellers conecrnin;^ America, 
 are forpotlen ; the numsters whitli they describe have 
 been searched for in vain ; and those ]iroviuces where 
 they pretend to have fonml inhabitants of sinj;^ular forms 
 are now known to he possessed by a people nowise 
 different from the other Americans. 
 
 Though those relations may, without discussion, be 
 rejected as fabulous, there are other accounts of 
 varieties in the human species in some parts of the 
 New World, which rest upon belter evidence, ami 
 merit more altenlive examination. This variety has 
 been particularly observed in three ditfcrent districts. 
 The first of those is situated in the isthmus of Ihrien. 
 near the centre of America. liionel Wafer, a Iraveller 
 po'jsesscd of more cnrio«ity and intellijTcncc lliau we 
 should have expected lo tind in an associate of IJucca- 
 neers, discovered there a race of men few in number, 
 lint of n sinfTular make. They are of low stature, 
 uceording to his description, of a feeble frame, incapa- 
 ble of endnrin^T fiUi^nie. Their color is a dead milk 
 wliite ; not resendilin^^ that of lair people aiuonij the 
 Enropeans, but williout any tincture of a blush or san- 
 ffuine complexion, 'i'heir skm is covered with a fine 
 hairy down of a "halky white ; the hair of ilieir heads. 
 their cvehrows, and eye lashes, are of the same hue. 
 Their eyes are of a singular form, and so weak llut 
 
 SOUTH AMLItIC A. 
 
 they can hardly hear the linlit of the sun ; hut ihcy see 
 
 cluiily by lunnnliiiht, and are most active and tjay in 
 the ni;.'bt. No ^ace s,milar lo this has been discoverc d 
 in anv i'llier part of America Corles, indeeil, found 
 some persons exactly re'*embliny the white people tif 
 Diirien amon^' the r.irt' and monstrous aiiimals which 
 Montezuma had colleiKd. Hut as the power of the 
 Me.xicau empire extended lo the province."- bonlennij 
 on the isthmus of Darien, they were probably brou^'bl 
 tbeiH-e. Sinjiular as the appearatice of those p.eople 
 may be. tlu v cannot be considered as coiistilnlutt.' a 
 tlislinct species. Amnnti the ne^rois of Africa, as 
 well as the natives of the Indian islands, nature some- 
 time« produces ;) small immlier of individuals, with alt 
 the charairteristic features and tpialilies of ibe while 
 jienple of Ihirien. The former are v»\kt\ Albums \>y 
 till- rortuifiuse. the laller K(nhr!(if.rs hy the Dutch, 
 fn Oarien the parents of llujse W'fuhs are of the same 
 color with the other natives of the cointry and this obser- 
 vation appln s eipially tn the anomalous prof^euy of the 
 Nenroe.'^iuid lr;dians. 'I'he same mother who produces 
 >onie children of a color that does not beloiij; to the 
 race, brmus forth the rest willi a complexion pecnlii: 
 to her country, (hie conclusion in,iy iheii be lormed 
 willi respect to the people deM-ribed by ^\'aler, the 
 Al/'iniis and the Km hi'rlukr.s ; thrv art; a dei;eiierated 
 breed, not a separate class of men; and from some 
 disease or thfecl of tluir parents, the peculiar color and 
 debility which mark tlieir degradation are tra'ismittrd 
 to them. .\s a decisive proof of this, it his been 
 o!iser\ed. that ni ilher the white people of Dar.en, nor 
 the Albino.s of Airica, proj;ai,Mle their race; their 
 <'liildren are of the color and temperament jt'cuhar to 
 the tiiitives of their resp"ctive countries. ['IHJ 
 
 The second district that is occupitd hy inhabi- 
 tants ditferini; in ajipearance from the oilier people ol 
 .America, is •situated in a hi^h northern latitude, extetid- 
 ini^' from the coast of Labrador lowarfls the pole, as f;ir 
 as the country ishiilutable. 'I'he j)eople si-atund over 
 iiiose dreary regions are known to the l!urope.tns hv 
 the name o{ KsiiiiniiunX- 'l"hcy themselves, with that 
 idea of iheir own superiority, which con-ioh s the rmlest 
 ami most wretched nations, assume the name ot" Ktnt- 
 !i/, or Mni. Thev are of a middle size, and robust, 
 with heads of a disproiioriioned bulk, and feet as re- 
 markably small. 'J'lieir complexiiMi thou^ih swiir:hv, by 
 beiiiix continually exposed to the ri^'or of a cold climate , 
 inclines lo the Kuropt an white, rather than to ihe cop- 
 per color of .America, and the men have beards which 
 are si>melimes i)nshv and long. I'rom these uuirks ut 
 distinction, as well as from one still less eipuvocal. the 
 atliuity of their laiiijuage lo that of the (ireenlanders. 
 which I h.LVe alrciidv mentioned, we mav com luile. 
 with some degree of contiele'uce'. thai the l',>ipiiman.\ 
 are a race- dttlereiii freim the rest of the .Ame'ricaiis. 
 
 We e-annot dee-iele^ with e-ipial certaiiity concerning 
 the inhabitiints of 'he third district, situateel at the soutli- 
 erri extre'inilv ol America. These are' tiie famous i'nta- 
 ili'itmiis. who eiurin^ two ce'iiturie's anel a half. ha\e af- 
 forded a subject of controversy to the learned, ami an 
 object of woneler to the' vulL'ar. Thev are sii|iposed to 
 be one of the waudermg tribes which occupy ihe vast 
 but h'ast known reL'iem e}f .Vme'rica. which e.\tcmls friuii 
 the river de la I'lata to the Straits of .Mairellait. Their 
 proper station is in that part of the interior ceuuitrv 
 which lies on the banks of the river Negro ; but in ilie 
 huulMig se'ason, they ollen roam as far as the straits 
 whicl. se'|)arale Tie'rra de-l Knego fremi tlu^ mam bind 
 The tlrst accounts of this people wire- brouuht to Ku- 
 re)pe by the e-onipaiiious of Magellan, vnIjo described 
 tliein as a gigantic race, above eight feet high, and of 
 strength in proportion to their enormous size. Among 
 several tribes of animals, a di-^parilv in bulk as consi- 
 derable may be- observe'ei. .Some large briM ds of horses 
 ami dogs exceed the more ehmmntive race's in btatnre' 
 ami strength, as hir as the I'atagoman is supposed lo 
 rif^e above the usual standard of the human bodv. Itut 
 animals attain the hiizhest pert'eclion of their species 
 only in mild cliutates, or whe-re they llnd the> mo.>i nu- 
 tritive food in gre-atesi abundance. It is not then in 
 the uucultivate'd waste of the .Magellanic regions, and 
 among a tribe of improvident savase^, that we .should 
 expect to find man po.ssessini! the hiu'liest honors of his 
 race, and distiULniisheil by a superiority of size and 
 vigor, far beyond what he has re'ache'd in any other part 
 of the earth. The most explicit and unexceptiona)>le 
 evielcnce is requisite, in onle-r to establish a fact repug- 
 nant to those general principles and laws, which seem 
 to affect th*» human frame in eve-rv oiht r instance, anil 
 to decide with respect to its nature anduualilies Sneli 
 evidence has not hitherto been [iroibu-ed. 'i'hough se- 
 veral persons, to whone testiniony ^reat respect i!i iltie. 
 
 105 
 
 have visited this part of America since the Imic of Ma- 
 
 ge'll.m, anil have- hud intirviews w mIi I be* natixi's; though 
 *ome have* atlirimd. that such as thev saw were of ^\- 
 gaiitic stature, and other" have formeel the same coii- 
 cbision from me-asurmi* their feiotste-ps. e)r from viewiiig 
 the' ske'letotis of tlie-ir eleael ; vl their ace-tumts vary 
 trout e-ach other m so many essential points, and are 
 imnghel witii sei many eMrcunistances mamfe'stly false i r 
 bibulous, as ele-tract much from theur credit. On the 
 either hand, some navigators, and those among the most 
 enuiient of their oreier for disccrmiienl and aecurdcv. 
 have as.M-rteil that the native-s of I'atagoiua, with whom 
 they had intercourse, though stout and well made are 
 not of such extraordinary si/e as to be distinguished 
 from the rest of the human species. ['lUJ The-oist- 
 eiire of thiJ* gigantic race' of men see'ius, ihen. to he ono 
 ef those points iii natural hisU)rv, with respect to wl.ieh 
 a e-autious impiirer will hesitate, and will cl.oose to siis- 
 jieud his a.«sent until more complete evideni:e shall lie- 
 ciele wheilier he ought to admit a fact, seeminyly in- 
 consistent with what reason and experience have dis- 
 e'overeel concerning the siruriure ami condition of m&n, 
 in all the various situations m which he has been ol>- 
 served. 
 
 In order to form a complete ide-a with respect to the 
 coiii-tiiution of the inhabiiants of this ami the other he- 
 misphere, vvi' slioulel atle'tul not only to the make and 
 vi;,'or of their bodies, but coiiside-r wlia' degree of health 
 they enjoy, and to what pe rieiel of longevity ihe-y usually 
 arrive. In the' simpheity e" the savage siale, when 
 mail IS not e»|ipiesseel with labor, or enerviited by Inxurv, 
 
 '' 'Jisfpueteel with eare-. we are apt to iiiia<.Mne that this 
 i:le will How- on almeisl untroubled by disease or sutler- 
 ing, until Ins days be- terminated in e'.xlre-iiie old age by 
 the gradual decays of nature. We thid, aecorelinelv, 
 amoni; the Americans, as well as among other rude 
 people, peTsons whose dei're-pui ami shrive-lU'd luriii 
 seeus to imlicale an extraordinary leii'.'tti of life. iJut 
 as most of them are unacipiainteii wilii the art of iium- 
 bering. aii.i u|| o; them as ibrgitlul of what is past, as 
 Miey are- improvulcnt o'' what is to come, it is inijiossi- 
 ble to aseertain l''eir agi' with any ele-i^ree i>f precision 
 It is evide-nl tlrtt the period of llie-ir lemgevitv must varv 
 eo'iMdrrably. iircording to the diversity of cimi.ites, 
 an! ihe'ir eiitle re III mode's of subsistence. Thev seem, 
 however, to be every where exempt from many of ihe 
 disle-mpers which allhcl polished nations, Nime of ibt; 
 maj.idie's, vvhicli are the inune'diate otfspring of luxurv, 
 t vf; vi.-ited them ; aiiel lluy have no names in ihuir 
 laiiguage's by which lo liisiiiiguish tins minu'rous train 
 ot iidvi'iilitions evils. 
 
 Hut whatever he the situation in which man is placed, 
 he IS born lo sutler ; and his diseases in the savaije! 
 siaie, though fewiT in mimber, are, like those of ihu 
 animals whom he ne'inlv resembles in his moile of life, 
 more Aiolent and more fatal. If luxury eugemlers and 
 nourishes dislempe'rs of one spe'cies, the rige)r and dis- 
 tresses eif savage lib- bring tui lhe)se of aneuher. .\s 
 me II m this state are wonderbilly improviileiil. and their 
 means of snbsistt-iire |)recarious, Ibev often pass from 
 txliemewant to exnberan* plenty, ai-cording to the 
 Vicissitudes of fortune in (he chase, or in coMse'ipieiicL* 
 eit the Viiru)ns deitrees of abundance with winch the 
 '■arth allorels to ihi'iii I's prodncrians in diilerenl seasons. 
 
 I'iieir inconsiderate Mbittony in the one silnatieiii, at \ 
 tluir severe abstinence- in the otlur, ari^ e'lpiallv periu- 
 ciiMis, I-'or though the human constitution mav be ac- 
 e-ustomed liy habit, like that of animals of nrev. to to- 
 ll rale loiiir Ijinme, and then to L'*>r<:i- ^oraenonslv, il is 
 not a litlle ath'cled by such suetden and violent irausi- 
 tions. The streiiiith anel vigor of savages are at some 
 seasons impaired by what they suffer from a scarcity of 
 loeid ; at others tlu'y art* allbcted wi:li disorders ari.iing 
 Irom indigestion and a snpertbiily of gross abineut. 
 These- are so common, that they may be cu!is;elere'd as 
 the unavoidable consequence of their mode of subsis- 
 ting, and cut off considerable numheru in the prime oi 
 life. They are likewKse extremely subject lo con>uinf»- 
 tions, to pleuritic, asthmatic, and paralytic disordi-rs. 
 brought on by the iiiinioderate hardships and laliguo 
 which they endure in hunting and in war; or owing to 
 lo the iijcle-mency of the seasons to whicJi thev are con- 
 tinually exposed. In the savage slate, hardsluns aiut 
 f'aliL'ue violently assault the constitution. In polished 
 .ieR'ieties. inteiiiperanre undermines it, Il is not easy 
 to ileteruime which of them operates with most fatal 
 effect, or lends most to abridge human life, 'I'he intlu- 
 e'lice of the foiiiier is certainly most exte'tisivc. The 
 pe'rnicious consequences of luxury reae-h only a fe.v 
 membeis in any community ; the distre-sse's ol" savage 
 hie are felt by all. As far as I can judge, alter very 
 ininuiu imjuiry the general period of hmnau life is 
 
'II 
 
 106 
 
 HOli EKTSON'S II I ST O It V Oh 
 
 I \ 
 
 eboncr anion^ navagrn than in wet! regulated and in- 
 
 dutttnoiiH sonclioH, 
 
 One (i)tadfiil malady, the nrvfrcHt sroiirgo wiili 
 which, III thij* hie, nlicmlfd Heaven chastens the indiil- 
 genct) ot' eriiinnal desire, neenis to have been pecuhur 
 to tlie AnieritariH. Uy eoinnnnneuting il to their cun- 
 qij< rorH, tliey hare nut only anijily avenged their own 
 vsron;^'H, hul, hy uddin<r this culainity to those which 
 tortiierly inthiltered human life, they have, jperliaps, 
 more than coiinlerbahinced all the henetits winch Ku- 
 rope h-itt derived Ironi the discovery of the N^w World. 
 'lint* dmirmper, from ttiu country in which ii lirst niged, 
 or from the people by whom it was suppuMcd to have 
 been spread over Europe, has been HOinelimes railed 
 ihu Neapolitan, and aometimcB the French diaease. At 
 tta first appearance, the infection was no maliirnant, its 
 ayinptoins so violent, its operation so rapid and fatal, as 
 to hatile all the etiurts of medical skill. AHlonishinent 
 and terror uccornpanic-d this unknown allliction in its 
 projrress, and men begun to dread the extinction of the 
 auinaii race by such u cruel visitation. Kxperience, 
 and the in<rcnuitv of physicians, gradually discovered 
 remedies ot such virtue as to cure or lo mitigate the evd. 
 During the course of two centuries and a half, its viru- 
 lence seems lo have abated considerably' At length, 
 in (he sumo manner with 'bo leprosy, wliich raged in 
 Kurope for some centuries, it may waste its force and 
 disappear ; and in some happier age, this western in- 
 fection, like that from the cast, may be known only by 
 JescriptioTL [riOJ 
 
 II. After considering what appears to be pecu- 
 liar in the bodily constitution of the Americans, our at- 
 tention is naturally turned towards tlie powers and 
 qualities of Iheir minds. As Ibe individual advances 
 from the ignoranco and imbecility of the infant state to 
 vigor and inalurity of nndiTstanding, something similar 
 lo ihis may bo observed in the progress of the species. 
 With respect to it, too, there is a period of infaricv, 
 during vvhich several [lOwers of the mind are not uri- 
 foMed, and all are fc-t-ble and defective in their opera- 
 tion. In the early ages of socM'ty. while the condition 
 of man ts .'4iinpU and rude, his reason is but litt!e exer- 
 cised, and his desires move within a very narrow 
 bphere. IK-nce arise two remarkable characteristics of 
 the human mind in this state. Its intellectual powers 
 are extremely limited ; its emotiDus and etiorls are 
 few and languid Uoth these distinctions are con- 
 apicuous among the rudest and most unimproved of 
 tiie American tribes, and constitute a s:':'king part of 
 tlieir description. 
 
 What, among polished nations, is called speculative 
 reasonmg or research, is altogether unknown in the 
 rude slate of society, and never hecomes the occupa- 
 tion or unmseineiit of the human faculties, until man 
 be so far improved as to liave secured, with c<^r!amlv. 
 the means of subsistence, as well as the jiosse.'<sioM wi 
 leisure and iraiKpiiniiv. The (boughis and atteulion of 
 a savage are coniined wilhin the small circle of objects 
 immedialely conducive to his preservation or enjoy- 
 ment. Kvery thing bevnnd that escapes his observa- 
 tion, or is perfectly imiiU'erent to him. Like a mere 
 animal, wliat i.s before his eves interests ai.d alii cis 
 him ; what is out of siahl. or at a distance. inak(s little 
 impresaion. There arc several people in .\iiierica, 
 whose limited undorstandmgs seem not to lie capable of 
 forming an arrangement for futurity ; neither their soli- 
 citude nor their foresight extend so far. They follow 
 blindly the impulse of the appetite which they led. but j 
 arc entirely regardless of distant eonseiptences, and 
 even of those removed in the least degrei? from imme- 
 diate apprehension. While they IriLdily prize such 
 tlungfi as serve for present use, or minister to present 
 enjoyment, they set no value upon those whicli are not 
 the object of some immediate want. When, on the 
 apfrroach of the evening, a f 'arrihbee feels himself dis- 
 posed to go lo rest, no consideration will tempt him lo 
 sell his hammock. But, in the morning when he is 
 sallying out to the business or passtiine of the day, he 
 will part Willi it for the slightest toy that catches his 
 fancy. At the close of winter, while the impression of 
 what he has suffered from the rigor of the cliuiate, is 
 fresh in the mind of the North American, he acts him- 
 self wiih vigor to prepare mnterialA for erecting a com- 
 fortable hut to protect him agaiiist the inclemency of 
 the suciteeding season ; hut, as soon as the weather 
 becomes mild, lie forgets what is past, abandons his 
 work, and never thinks of it more until the return of 
 cold compels him, when too late, to resume it. 
 
 If in concerns the most interestiiii.', and seemingly 
 the most sitnple. the reason of man white rude and des- 
 titute of culture, dilfers so tittle from the thoughtless 
 l0\'ity of children, or tha improvident itiatinct ofanimalif, 
 
 its exertions in other directions cannot be very eon- 
 sideratilo. 'i'he objects towards which reason turns, 
 and the diatiuiBiliuns m which it engaj^es must depenil 
 uj>un tlie slate in which man is placed, and are sug- 
 gested liy bis necessities and (Icsires, I)isi|Uisitioiu4, 
 which appear the most necessary and important to men 
 m one stale of society, never occur lo ihoae m another. 
 Among civilized iiHlions, arilbmetic, or the art of nmn- 
 iM-rmg, is deemed an essential and elementary science ; 
 and in our continent, the invention and use of it reaches 
 hack to a period so remote as is lievcnd the knowledije 
 of bi.slory. 13ul among savages, wlio have no property 
 to estimate, no tioardcd treasures lo count, no variety of 
 objects or multiplicity of ideas to enumerate, aritli- 
 melic is a auperlluoua and useless art. Accordingly, 
 among some tribes in America it seems to be tpiite un- 
 known. There are many who cannot reckon furilier 
 than three ; and have no denominaiiun to dislingmsli 
 any number above it. Several can proceed us far as 
 ten, others to twenty. Wlien they would convey an 
 idea of any number beyond these, ihey point lo the 
 hair of tlieir bead, intimating that it is ecpial to them, or 
 with wonder declare it to be so great that it cannot lie 
 reckoned. Not only the Americans, but all nations 
 while extremely rude, seem to be unacquainted witli 
 the art of eomputalion. As soon, however, as they 
 acquire such acquaintaace or connexion with a variety 
 of objects, that there is fretpienl occasion to combine 
 or divide them, their knowledge of numbers increases, 
 so that the slate uf ibis art among ain' people may be 
 considered a* one standard by which lo estimate the 
 degree of their improvement. The Iroquoise, in Norlb 
 America, as tlu^y are much mere eivib/i.-d than the 
 rude inliahitaiils of llrazil, I'araguay, or taiiuna. have 
 likewise made greater advances in this respect ; though 
 even tneir arithinelic does not extend heyoiul a ilion- 
 sand, as in their jietly transactions they have no occa- 
 sion tor any higher number. The Cheriikee, a less 
 considerable natiuii on the .••ame continent, can reckon 
 unlv as f.tr as a lumdred, ami lo that extent have names 
 for the several numlHr.s ; the sni;iUer tribes in their 
 neijihborbood can rise no higher than ten. [.'ilj 
 
 In other respects, the exercise of the imderstandinii 
 among rudi! nations i.s .>till more limited. The lir.-^l 
 iile;is of everv hnni.in hi ini,' iiiu.st be sneli as he receives 
 Ity tiie senses. Hut in the niiiul of man, v\hile m the 
 savaL'e slate, iherc! s('eni to hv h.inlly any ideas but 
 what enter by this avenue. Th ' objects around him 
 are presented to his eve. Such as may he aub.servient 
 to his use. or cari <_'ralifv any ot his appeliies, attract 
 iiis notice ; be views the r.-^t uiihoul cuno.^ity or at- 
 tention Satislitd with coiiMderiug them under tliat 
 simple mode in wliicli ihey apjiear to him, as separat*' 
 and detarlied, iie neither coinlt. lies Ibcm so as lo form 
 L'eneral classes, nor cnntenipl.ile.-* their qu.dilies apart 
 from the subject ni which tiu-y inhere, nor bestows a 
 thought upon ihe operations ot Ins own mind concern- 
 ing Ihem. Thus he is nnacquamled vviih all the ideas 
 whicll have been denominated nHn-frsn}, ox adstmrly or 
 of vttihction. The range of his underslunding iuupi. of 
 course, bo very confined, and bis re.isoiunii powers he 
 employed merely on what is sensible This is mi re- 
 maikahlythc case with the ruder nations of America, 
 that their jiiiiguage, (as we shall afterwaids find) have 
 not a word to express any thing but whai is material o'- 
 eorporeal. T^me^ gjiace^ suhxlaiirc, and a thousand 
 terms, of thosepresent abstract and universal ide.is, are 
 alrogetbcr unknown to them. A naked savage, cower- 
 ing over the fire in bis miserable cabin, or slrelebcd un- 
 der a few branches which all'ord liim a temporary shel- 
 ter, has as little inclination as cajjacity for useless spe- 
 culation, liis thoughts extend not beyond what 
 relates to animal life ; and when they are nut directed 
 towards some of itb concerns, his mind is totally inac- 
 tive. In situations where no extraordinary etlbrt either 
 of ingenuity or Ubor is requisite, in order to satisfy ihe 
 simple demands of nature ihe powers of the inmd are 
 .so seldom roused lo any exertion, that the rational fa- 
 culties conliinie almost dormanl and unexercised. The 
 numerous irilies scaitered over the rich plains of South 
 America, llic inhabitants of some of ihe islands, and of 
 several fertile regions on tlic continent, come under thia 
 dejcriptioii. Their vacant counlenance, their staring 
 uncxpressive eye, iheir listless inaltenlinn, and total 
 Ignorance of subjects wbicli seemeil to be tlie first 
 which should occupy the thoughts uf rational beings, 
 made such impression upon the Spaniards, when ihey 
 first beheld those rude jieople, that they considered 
 them us animals of an inferior order, and could not be- 
 lieve that tliey belonged to the liunian species. Il re- 
 quired the authority of a papal bull to counteract this 
 opinion, and to convince llioni that tho Americans wfro 
 
 capabhtofihe functions and entitled to ttie privilege 
 of humanity. Since that lime, persons more enlight- 
 ened and impartial than Iht iIim u.< m r < oi cotipicrcir* 
 of America, have bail an opjiortunity of eoiili mplaling 
 the most s.iva;.'e of iih uihahitantH, and they have lieen 
 astonished and humbled w ith observing hew nearly tuna 
 in this condition approaches to llu brute creation. Hut 
 in severer climales, where subsistence cannot t»' pr(»- 
 eured with the same ease, where men must unite nuitv 
 closely, and act with greater concert, necessity rnllp 
 forth their talents and sharpens their invention, 6C. 
 that the intellectual powers are more exercised and im- 
 proved. The North .Xmcricau tribes, and the natives 
 of ('hili, who inhabit the temperate regiotis in the two 
 great districts of America, are peopb; of cultivated and 
 enlarged understandings, when viewed in comparison 
 with some of those seated in the islands, or on the 
 hanjtsoflbe Maragnoii and Orinoco Their occupa- 
 tions are more various, their system of policy, as well 
 as of war, more complex, their arts more numerous, 
 IJut even among them, tin; intellcclual powers are ex- 
 tremely limited in their operaltons, and, unless when 
 turned directly to those objects wliit'h interest a savage, 
 are held in no estimation. Doth tlie North Americans 
 and < 'hilese, when not engaged in some of the functions 
 belonging to a warrior or hunter, loiter away their time 
 in thoughtless indolence, uiiacipiainted wiMi any other 
 subject worthy of Iheir uttention, or capable of occupy- 
 ing their miiulH. If even among them reason is so much 
 circumscribed in ils exertions, and never arrives, in its 
 highest allainmenls. at the knowledge of those general 
 piinciples and maxims which .<erve as ihe foundation of 
 science, we may conclude that the intelleelual powers 
 of man in tlie s;ivage sl.ile are destitute of their proper 
 objici, and eaniiot acquire any considerable degree of 
 vigor and enlargement. 
 
 From the same causes, the active etlbrls of the mind 
 are few, ami on nio.^t occasions languid. If we eX' 
 amine into the mntives which rouse men lo activity in 
 civilized life, and prompl llieiu lo persevere in fatiguing 
 exertions of iheir ingemiiiy or strength, we shall tinu 
 that ibcy arise chiefly from acquired wants and appe- 
 tites. These are numerous and imporluiuUc : they 
 keep the mind in perpetual agitation, and in order to 
 griilify them, invention musi bv always on the tilruteh, 
 and industry must be inci-ssanlly employed. Uut the 
 dt^sires of simple nature are few, and where a favor- 
 able elimate yields ulniosi spontaneously what aufbces 
 lo gratify them ihey scarcelv stir tne soul, or excite 
 any Mulent emolion. Hence the people of several 
 tribes in America waste their life in a liJ-th'Sij indolence. 
 To be frei' from uceupali n. siems to be all the enjoy- 
 ment towards whicii they aspire. Tliey will continue 
 whole days stretched out in their hammocks, or seated 
 on the earlli m |)erleul idleness, wiibout changing tiieir 
 posture, or raising their eyes from the ground, or ut- 
 tering a single word. 
 
 Such IS iheir aversion lo lal-or that neilher the hope 
 of future gooil. nor tiie ajqireiiension o\ thlure evil can 
 surmount it. They appear ccpially indifrerenl lo both, 
 discovering little solnMlude, and l.iking no precaiilioni* 
 lo a\oid the one or to secure the other. The cravings 
 ol bun;jer may rouse them ; iiut as they devour, with 
 iitile di.-tinclion, whatever will appease its instinctive 
 deniaii''.s, Ihe exertions vvhieh tluse occasion are of 
 .oliort duialion. Destitule of ardor, as vsell as varielv 
 of desire, they feel not the force of those powerlul 
 sprnigs which give vigor lo the movemenls of the mind, 
 and urm- the |)alient liantl of industry lo persevere m 
 lis eftorls. .\lan, in some parts oi .\meriea. appears in 
 a form no rude that we can discover no etlicis of his 
 aeiiviiy, and the jirniciple of undei>tandiiig, wliieh 
 should direct il, seems hardly to be nntoMcd. Like 
 the other animals he has no lixed residence; be has 
 erected no halntalton to shelter him from Ihe luclemencv 
 of the weallur; he has taken no measures for securing 
 certain subsistence ; be lUMther sows nor reaps ; but 
 roams about as ted in search of the plants and iVuiis 
 which the earth brings forili in succession ; and in que.it 
 of the game which be kills in the fore^l, or of the hsh 
 which he catches in the rivers. 
 
 This deserijition, however, applies only to some tribes 
 Man cannot continue long in this stale of feeble and 
 uninformed infancy. }ie was made for indnslry and 
 action, and the powers of his nature, as well as the 
 necessity of bis condition, urge him to fullil his des- 
 tiny. Accordingly, among most of the American na- 
 tions, especially those scaled in rigorous clmiales, somo 
 etiorls are employed, and Home previous precautions 
 are taken, for securing Bubsiolence. The career of 
 regular industr}- is begun and the laborious arm Itas 
 made tho first csaayv of iti powers. Still, hovvevcx. 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 107 
 
 lirivili'UiM 
 irc riili((ht- 
 ciii JiLcrciK 
 it< ini>!uliiil? 
 
 luvc l)U('ii 
 ni'arly nii'.n 
 ?alion. Hut 
 not lit' I'"'- 
 
 uiiile more 
 .I'ssily riill* 
 
 vr'lllioll, H'. 
 
 Sill and iiii- 
 
 1 ilic iittlivos 
 1 ill ihn two 
 iltivatcd and 
 
 eomiiarisDn 
 Irt, or on tlie 
 hiilr ocrupa- 
 jlicy, as wull 
 e mnntrous, 
 iwtrs arc e«- 
 nnlcss when 
 rrst a savage, 
 111 AmeriiMins 
 
 llio fnncliona 
 vay tlii'ir lime 
 fi'li any other 
 till' cl occiipy- 
 ion is 80 nmeh 
 
 arrivi's, in its 
 
 lliosc sjeuoral 
 ■ I'ounilalion of 
 uiliial iiowers 
 of tlieir iiro|icr 
 rable degtec of 
 
 rts of tlic mind 
 id. If we ex 
 n 10 activity in 
 ere in fatiguina 
 1, we shall linu 
 ■ants and appe- 
 lortimate ■ tliey 
 and in order to 
 i on the olrelch, 
 oved. Uul the 
 kiliere a favor- 
 llv what siillicea 
 ionl, or excite 
 lie of several 
 rss indulcnec. 
 ill the enjoy- 
 , will conlimio 
 locks, or seated 
 chaii^inj? tiifir 
 'round, or ut- 
 
 neithcr the hope 
 future evil can 
 ilVcrcnl to lioih, 
 no precaiitioiw 
 Tliccraviiiys 
 •y dcvonr, with 
 its instinctive 
 ■dfion are ol 
 .-ell as variety 
 those powurlul 
 iits of the mind, 
 to persevere in 
 lurica. appears m 
 lO ellccis of Ins 
 taiulmn, which 
 m.loldcd. l.ike 
 ideiice ; he h.is 
 n the inclenicncy 
 res for secnriiij! 
 nor rea|is ; Init 
 ilants and fruits 
 on ; and m nue»l 
 :»t, or of the lish 
 
 ily to some trilies 
 it'e of feulile and 
 tor industry ami 
 .., as well as the 
 to fullil his des- 
 lie Ainerican iia- 
 s climates, soiiio 
 lions precautions 
 'I'lio career of 
 alioriuus arm lia» 
 Still, liowevct. 
 
 .ur 
 
 Pl 
 
 the improviilont and slotliriil gbniuH of tlm Hnviiirr state 
 prRtloriiituiU'R. Vavu aiiiniif^ lliost^ ninrr nn|ir(iv( il 
 tribes, liibor is (Icciiipil i;ji)uininioiis mul <l<'i.'r;uliii); ll 
 in unly tu work uf n ccrtuiti kiii<l ili.Lt a iiiaii vmII (Iiimd 
 to nut his liaiiU. The greater part im ilcvoUtd rmiri-tv 
 wpon the women. One h.il( of ihe cnriMmmity rrmatris 
 iniictivo, while Itio ollu-r lu npiiresvcd wt'li l\w nnilti- 
 Iniic :.nd variety »f it« ot'ciipalions. 'I'liiit* Ihtir in- 
 diiHlry iH partial, utid (he fon-siMJit which ret^ulules it is 
 no less liinited. A rcmarkalile iiiHlauoc of tins occurs 
 in the chief airiin<retneiit with respeet to their manner 
 of livini;. 'I'hey depend for tlu'ir Miih>ij*lence, during 
 one purl of tliu year, on fishing; dunng unoiher, on 
 hunting ; duriiiir a third, on the prudnci! of their ui^ri- 
 cnlturc. Though eiperiencc has tijughr them to fore- 
 see tlio rolurn of lliose varioittt scaitoiis, and to make 
 Home provision for the respective exigencies of each, 
 they either ivant sagacity to proportion this provision 
 to their consumption, or are so ineapahio of uny com- 
 mand over iheir appetites, that, from their ineonsule- 
 mto waste, they often feel tlk- cjtlamities of famine as 
 rtcverely us the rudest of tlie savage tribes. Wlial 
 they nulfcr one year dues not augment their industry, 
 or render them more provident to prevent similar dis- 
 frcsses. This inconsiderate tiioii<f!itles.snc.sH uiioiit 
 futurity, the etlect of ignorance and '.he cause of hlulli, 
 accompanies and characteri/eit man in every stago of 
 Havage life ; and. by a capricious .siiigidarily in liis ope- 
 rations ho is tiieii least solicitous about supplying his 
 wants, wlien the mean? ct satisfying them are most 
 precarious, and proceed with the greatest ililliculiy. 
 
 III. After vie wit. irllie liodilv constitutions of the A nio- 
 rican.H, and conteinplnlinti the power.s of their minds, we 
 nre led, in the natural order of impiirv, to consider 
 them as nnited togttlurni .■society, llillierto our re- 
 searches have been eontined to the operations of under- 
 nl.inding respecting themselves as individuals ; now 
 tliey will extend to tlie degree of (l?eir sensibility and 
 allection towards their species 
 
 The dontestic state is the fit.si and most simple form 
 of human u.-^sociation. The union of ilio sexes among 
 <!iirereiit animals is of louder ur shorter duration in 
 proportion to the case or ditlicully of rearing thinr otl- 
 Bprif.g. Among those tribes where the sea-^on of 
 infancy is short, and the young soon ae(piire \igor or 
 ugiiity no permanent union is toriued. Nature com- 
 mits llie care of training up the oH'spring to the mother 
 ulone, and her tenderness, witliout any other assist- 
 ance, is equal to the ta-ik. iJut where tiic slate of 
 infancy is long and helpless, and ilie joint assiduity of 
 both parents is requisite in tendiiiii their feeble pro- 
 geny, there a more intimate connexion takes place, 
 and continues until the purpo>e of nature be accom- 
 plished, and the new race yrow up to full maturity. 
 As the infancy of man is more ft el»le and lulpless than 
 that of any other animal, and he is di jieiidcnt during a 
 much longer period on the care and foresight of his 
 parents, the union belweeii husband and wife came 
 early to be considered not onlv as a solemn but as a 
 j)erinanent contract. A general state of promiscuous 
 intercourse between the sexes never existed but in the 
 imagination of poets. lu the infancy of society when 
 men, destitute of arts and mdustrv. lead a lianl preca- 
 rious life, the rearing of tlieir progeny demands the 
 attention and elForts of both parents ; ind if their 
 union had not been formed and continued with this 
 view, the race could not have been preserved. Ac- 
 cordingly in America, even among the rudest tribes, 
 a regular union between husband and wife was nniver- 
 Hal, and the rights of marriage were understood and 
 recognised. In tho.se districts where subsistence was 
 scanty, and the ditliculty ol maintaining a family was 
 great, the man eontined himself to one wife. In 
 warmer and more fertile pro\inces, the facility of 
 procuring food concurred with the inlbience of cli- 
 mate in inducing the iuhahitaiits tu increase the 
 number of their wives. In some countries tlie mar- 
 riage-union subsisted during life ; in others, the im- 
 patience of the Americans under rcitraint of any spe- 
 cica, together with their natural levity and caprice, 
 prompted them to dissolve it on very alight pretexts, 
 and often without assigning any cause. 
 
 Hut in whatever light the Americans considered the 
 cbligalioii of this contract, cither as perpetual or only 
 OS temporary ; tlio condition of women was equally hu- 
 miliating and miserable. Whether man has been im- 
 |)roved by the progrcssof arts and civilization in society, 
 IS a question which, in the wantonness of disputation, 
 has been agitated among philosophers. That women 
 ore indebted to tho refmeinents of polished manners, 
 for a b»(tpy change in their state, is a point which can 
 
 admit of nodoul>t. To despise and to degrade the fe- 
 male f«i'x is a cliaracterislic of the savagtr stale in every 
 purl ofllie globe. Man proud of excelling in strength 
 uhd 111 courage, the chief murks ol pre-eminence amorig 
 rude people, treats woman, as an inferior, with disdain. 
 The Americiins, perhaps from that coldness and insen- 
 sibility wliicli has been considered as pi'culi.ir to their 
 (■(nistilntion, add fieglect and harshness to eontenijit. 
 The most intelligent travellers have been struck wiih 
 this inattention of the Americans to iheir women. It 
 .s not, as 1 have alreudv observed, by a studied display 
 of tenderness and attachment that the American at- 
 tempts to gam the heart of the woman whom he wishes 
 to marry. Marriage itself, instead of being a union of 
 atfeetionand interests between equals, becomes among 
 them the unnatural conjunction of a master with his 
 slave. It is the ol)servationofan aullior whose opinions 
 are deservedly of great weight, that wherever wives 
 are purchased their eundition is extremely depressed. 
 They become the property and tlie elaves of those who 
 buy them. In whatever part of the globe this custom 
 l)revails, the observation holds. Ii countries where 
 reliiiement has made some progress, women when pur- 
 rliasid are excluded from society, shut up m se. 
 qiiesiered apartments, and kept under the vigilant 
 guard of their masters. In ruder nalions they are 
 degraded to the meanest functions. Among many 
 people of America the marriage contract is projierly a 
 purchase. The man buvs his wile of her parents, 
 riiough nnacipiainted with the use of money, or with 
 such eonimercial transactions as take place in more 
 improved society, he knows how to uive an cquiv..lenl 
 for any object which he desires to possess. In some 
 places, the suitor devotes his service for a certain time 
 to the parents of the maid whom be courts ; in others 
 he hunts for them occasionally, or asaists in cultivating 
 their fields and forming their canoes ; in othi.'rs, he 
 oilers jiresents of such things as arc deemed most 
 valuable on account of their usetulness or rarity. In 
 return for these he receives his wife ; and this circum- 
 stance, added to the low estimation of women among 
 savages, leads him to consider her as a female servant 
 whom lie has purcha.'^ed, and whom he has a title to 
 treat as an inferior. In all unpolished nations, it is 
 true, the functions in domestic economy which fall 
 naturally to the share of women arc so many, that they 
 are subjected to hard labor, and must bear more than 
 their full portion of the common burden. Diit in 
 America their condition is so peculiarly grievous, and 
 their depression so complete, thai servitude is a name 
 loo mild to describe their wretched state. A wife 
 among most tribes is no belter than a beast of bvirdcn, 
 destined to every odice of labor and fatigue. AVhile 
 the men loiter out tlif^ day in sloth, or spend it in 
 amusement, the women are condemned to incessant 
 toil. Tasks are imposed upon them without jiity, and 
 services are received without complacence or grati- 
 tude. Kvery circumslance reminds women of this 
 mortifying inferiority. They must ap[)roach their lords 
 with reverence ; they must regard lliein as more ex- 
 alted beings, and are not permitted to eat in their 
 presence. There arc districts in America where, tins 
 dominion is so grievous, and so sensibly felt, lliai 
 some women, in a wild emotion of maternal tender- 
 ness, have destroyed their female children in their 
 infancy, in order to deliver them from that intolerabl 
 bondage to which they knew they were doomed. Thii 
 the tirst institution of social life is perverted. That 
 state of domestic union towards which nature leads iIk 
 human species, in order to soften the heart to gentle- 
 ness and humanity, is rendered so uneipial as to estab- 
 lish a cruel distinction between the sexes, which forms 
 ihe one to be harsh nnd unfeeling, and humbles the 
 other to servility and subjection. 
 
 It is owing, jierhaps, in some measure, to this stale 
 of de])resaion, that women in rude nations are far from 
 being prolitio. The vi<;or of their constiiuiion is ex- 
 hausted by excessive faliijuc, and the wants and dis- 
 tresses of savage life are so numerous as to force Lhem 
 to take various precautions in order to prevent too rapid 
 an increase of ihetr progeny. Among wandering tribes, 
 or such as depend chieily upon liunlmg for subsistence, 
 tho mother cannot attempt to rear a second child until 
 the first has attained such a degree of vigor as to be in 
 some measure independent of her care. I'rom this 
 motive it is the universal practice of the American 
 women to suckle their children during several years ; 
 and. as tlicy seldom marry early, the period of their 
 fertility is over before they can linish the long but im?- 
 cespary attendance upon two or three children. Ainoiii; 
 some of the least polished tribes, whose industry and 
 forobight do not extend so fur as to mako any regular 
 
 provision for their subsistence, it is a maxim not to 
 iuirden theimtrhes witli rearing more than two children ; 
 and no such mmierous tan.ihes as are Irequent in civi- 
 lized societies are lo be found among men in llie savaye 
 state. When twins are born, one ol them comnionly 
 i.s abandoned, because (he mother is not equal lo iho 
 task of rearing both [TjUJ When a molherdies while 
 she is nurMiig a child, all hope of preserving its hie tails, 
 and it is buried logi iher with her m lh<^ sainir t.>riivn 
 As tiie parents are frequently exposed lo want by their 
 own improvident indolence, the ditliculty of suslamnig 
 their elnhlren becomes so great that it is not n;icoinmon 
 lo abandon or destroy them, Thus their evpernnce of 
 the ditlicully of training up an infant lo maluniy. luiidst 
 the hardships of savage life, olten slities the voice of 
 nature among the Americans, and suppresses the strung 
 emotions of parental tenderness. 
 
 Hut though necessity compels the inhabitants of 
 America thus lo set bounds to the increase of tin ir 
 families, they are not delicieut in atfectiou and attach- 
 ment lo their otVspriiig. They feel the power of this 
 iastinet in Us toll force, and as lung as their progeny 
 continue feeble and helpless, no people exceed tiiern m 
 tenderness and cure. IJut in rude nalions the depen- 
 dence of children upon their parents is of sliorter con- 
 tinuance than in pobsiied societies. When men must 
 be trained to the various funclionsof civil life by pre- 
 vious discipline and eduealion, when the knowledge ol 
 abstruse sciences must be taught, and dexterity in in- 
 tricate arts must be acquired, before a young man is 
 prepared to begin Ins career of action, the attentivo 
 feelings of a parent are not eonllned to the years of iii- 
 faiK'V, but e.\tend to what is more remote, the esta- 
 blishment of his child III the world. Kveii then his 
 solicitude dues not lenmnate. Ills prolecuon may still 
 b(; requisile, and Ins wisdom and expi-rience still prove 
 useful truides. Thus a permam-nt <onnexion is formed ; 
 parental tenderness is exercised, and lilial respect re- 
 turned, ihroui^hout the whole course of life. Uiit in tho 
 simplicity of the savage state the aircelion of parents, 
 like the msiinetivc tbndiicss of atiimaU, ceases alinosi 
 entirely as soon as tlieir otVspring attain maturity. 
 Little instruction tits them for that mode of bff to 
 which they are desliin d. The parents, -as if tl>*.'ir duly 
 were accomplished, when ihev have (^onducled their 
 chihben throni»h the helpless years of infancy, leave 
 them atterwards at eiiiire liherlv. liven in their ten- 
 di-r age, they seldom advise or admonisii ; tlu.y nevi i 
 chide or chasti.-,e them. They sull'er them to be abso- 
 lute masters of their own actions. In an American 
 hut, a father, a mother, and their posterity, live toi;r- 
 therlike persons assembled Iiy accidct. without seem* 
 ing to feel the obligation of I'.ie duties mutually ansing 
 from this connection. As tibal love is not cherishid 
 by the cuntmuance of attention or good oilicis, tin- 
 recollection of benelils received in early ml'ancy is too 
 ftiint to e.xcite it. (-'onscious of iheir own liberty, and 
 impatient of restraint, the yniilh of America are accus- 
 tomed lo act as if thev were totally independent. Their 
 parents are not objects of «.>reater reiiartl than other per- 
 sons. They treat them always with iieL'tect. and otlen 
 with such harshness and insolence as ly till those who 
 have been witnessesof their conduct witfi horror. Tliua 
 the ideas which seem to be natural lo man in Ins sa 
 yaije stale, as they result necessarily troni his circunv 
 stances and condition in lliat period of his proL^res.s, 
 all'ect the two capital relations in domestic lite Tliey 
 render the union between husband ami wife unequal. 
 Tliey shorten the duration and weaken the force of tho 
 connection between parents and chtldren. 
 
 IV. From the domestic state of the Americans, tho 
 transition to the consideration of their civil govern- 
 ment and political institutions in natural. In every in- 
 ipiiry concerning the operations of men when umied 
 toixeiher m society, the tirst object of attention should 
 be their mode of subsistence. Accorditijfly as liiul va- 
 ries, their laws and policy must be ditVtient. The in- 
 stitution suited to the ideas and exigencies of tiilies 
 which subsist chiefly by fishing or hunting, and winch 
 have as yet acquired but an imperfect conception of 
 any species of property, will be much more simple than 
 those which must take place when the earth is culii' 
 vated with regular industry ; and a right of property, 
 not only in its productions, but in the sod itself, ic 
 completely ascertained. 
 
 All the people of America, now under review, he- 
 long to the former class. But though they may all bo 
 comprehended under the general denomination of sa- 
 vage, the advances which they had made in the art ol 
 procuring lo tlieinselves a certain ari'l plentiful sub- 
 pislcnce were very unequal. On the extensive plains 
 of r^outh America man nppoors in one of the r'wloet 
 
t! ) 
 
 !:i [ 
 
 I ! 
 
 108 
 
 AUteti in which \w has ever bt^rii ohtiervrd, or prrlmps 
 can exist Scvt-r.il inhcs 4ir|M'tul rntircly upon the 
 bouTily of namrc lor Hiihswit khv 'I'hry iliscovcr no 
 eolicituili'. they niiploy hlllr forcHiyhl, ihcy i^c.irrcly 
 PiiTt Hiy iiidiiNtry to secure whal in nrccHnHry lor tliuir 
 mipl'ort The 'Vf>ptnjrr.n, of lirii/il, thn (Smixcrofi, of 
 Tcrtii t'lrtiir, ihe Va/fiua.t, tlie Mitin.s, and several 
 other people of I'iiru^iiay, are nnucipiiiinted with every 
 MXTiea of culiivjlion. They neither now nor plan' 
 f-ven the ciihure of the niarnoe, of wh:ch esMttuJu hreiid 
 tS made \y( in un art too nitrieatc for their ingenuity, or 
 too fatif,Minf^ lo (heir nidotencc. The roots whieh ihe 
 earth produces HporttuneoiiHly ; the fniitH, tho berries, 
 and the »vviU whirh they ^.ither in tlio wood.-i ; to^re- 
 ther with hziirdti and other reptiles, vvhieh mulliplv 
 amiiztntjly with tho heut of the rliniale in a fa* hoiI, 
 niomteiK'd by fretpienl riiuH, supply iheni with foiid 
 diirinji .<omo piirt of tho yeiir. Al other tiinpj* they sub- 
 sist by hshin;r ; iind nature seems to huve indul^^ed ihe 
 b/ine.is of the Sunlli Arueriean tribes by the liberuiity 
 with which she ministers in this way to Iheir wnnts. 
 'J'hu vast rivers of that retrion in America aliuimd with 
 an intinite variety of tho most delicate tish. 'I'he lakes 
 and marshes formed liy the annual overflowing of the 
 waters arc hited with all the diti'crent species, where 
 they remain shut up, an in natural reservoirs, for the 
 use of the Hihabitants. They swarm in such shoals, 
 that in some places they iirc caicheU without art or in- 
 dustry. [54] in others, the nativts have discovered 
 a method of infecting the water with Ihe juice of cer- 
 tain plants, by which the tish are so intoxicated that 
 they Moat on the surface, and are taken witli the hand. 
 [55J Some tribes have in;.'eniiity enounh to preserve 
 them without salt, by dryin^r or smokiii<^ tliem upon 
 hurdles over a slow lire. The prolitio fpiality of the 
 rivers ni South America, iiuluces many ot' the nUives 
 to resort to their banks, nnd to depend almost eniirely 
 for nourishutr'nt on what their water.-' snpply with sin:h 
 profusion. In this part of the glolu- hnntiii<; seems not 
 to have been the hrnl employnicnt of men. or lliu lirst 
 ell'ort of their invent, on and labor to obtain food 'I'hey 
 were fisners before they became hunters ; and as the 
 occupations of the former do not call for ef|ual exer- 
 tions of activity or talents with those of the latter, peo- 
 ple in that slate appear to possess neither the same de- 
 gree of enterprise nor of injfcnuity. The petty nations 
 bdjacent to the Muragnon and Orinoco are inunifeally 
 tho most inactive and least intelligent of all the Ameri- 
 cans. 
 
 None but tribes contiguous to great rivers can sus- 
 luin themselves in this manner. The greater pait of 
 the American nations, tlispirsed over the forests with 
 wiiich their country is cover- il, do not jirocuie subsis- 
 tence with Ihe same facility. Tor although these forests, 
 I'specialiy 'n the soutliern continent of America, are 
 btored plentili.Ily with L'ame, considerable ctforls of ac- 
 tivity and ingenuity are ro.piisite in pursuit of it. Ne- 
 cessity incited the nati\os lo the one. and taught them the 
 other. Hunting became their principal nccupation; and 
 nsitcaUed forth strenuous exertions of courage, of force, 
 and of invention, it was deemed no less honorable than 
 necessary. This occtijiation was peculiar to the men. 
 They were trained lo it from their earhest youth. A 
 bold and dexterous hunter ranked ne.xt in fame to the 
 c^.isiitiguished warrior, and an alliance with the former 
 is often courted in preference to one with the latter. 
 Hardly any device, winch tlie ingenuitv of tiian has dis- 
 covered for ensnaring or destroyini; wild animals, was 
 unknown lo the Americans. While eni;aifcd in this 
 favorite exercise, they shake oft' Ihe indolenco peculiar 
 to their nature, the latent powers and vigor of their 
 minds are roused, and tiiey become active, persevering, 
 and indefatigable. Their sagacity in hnding their prey 
 and tlieir address in killing it are eipial. Their reason 
 and their senses being constantly directed towards this 
 one object, the former displays such fertility of inven- 
 tion and the latter acquire such a degree of acuteness 
 as appear almost incredible. They discern the foot- 
 step.s of a wild beast, which escape every other evo, 
 ami can follow them with certainty throuyh the pathless 
 forest. If they attack tiieir game openly, their arrow 
 Fctdoin errs from the mark ; if they endeavor to cir- 
 cumvent it by art, it is ahnost impossible to avoid their 
 tO'ls. Among several tribes, their young men were 
 not permitted lo marry mud they had given such proofs 
 of their skill in hunting as put it beyond doubt that they 
 were capable of providing for a family. Their ingenuity. 
 blways on the stretch, and sharpened by emulation an 
 well as necessity, has struck out many inventions 
 which greatly facilitate success in the chase. The 
 tiao^t singular of these is the discovery of a poison, in 
 which they dip tho arrows employed in hunting. The 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORV (iF 
 
 slightesr wound with those envenomed sliufts is mortal. 
 If Ihey onlv pierce the skui, ihe blood fixes and con- 
 geals in a moment, and the Ktroni.'est annual talU mo- 
 tionless to tiu' ground. Nor does this jtoifliui, noiwith- 
 slaiidmix >ls violeiict* and subtlety, infect lite llesli ol 
 Ihe animal which it kilU. That may be eatt n with 
 perfect safely, ami retain its native relish and i|uablies 
 .Ml thi- nations silualcd upon the hanks o\' tlie Marag- 
 non and Orinoco are acipiainted with this composi- 
 tion, the chief iuirredtenl in which is tho juice < xtracled 
 from the root of the nirarf, a species of witiie. In 
 other parts of America ihey employ ihe juice of tlir 
 manrhruillf. fur the same purpose, und it operates with 
 no less fatal activity. To people possessed of those 
 secrets the bow is a more di^structivo weapon than the 
 musket, and, in their skilful hands, docs f{rt at execution 
 among the birds und beasts which abound in tho tbrer^ts 
 of America. 
 
 ])ut the life of a hunter gradually leads man to a 
 state more advanced. The chase, even where prey is 
 abundant, and the dctterity of llie hunter miicli im- 
 proved, affords but an uncertain mainlenaiue. and at 
 some seasons it must be suspemled alto<iellier. If a 
 savage trusts to his bow alone for food, he and his 
 family ^vill he often reduce<l to extreme distress [.')lij 
 Hardly any regiofi of the earth furnishes man sponla- 
 ni'ously with what Ins wants require. In the mihh.it 
 climates, and must fertile soils, his own industry 
 and foresight must bo exerted in some degree lo 
 secure a regular su|iply of food. Tlieir exiK-rience 
 of this surmounts the abhorrence of labor natural to 
 savagir nalioiis, and compels liiein to have recourse lo 
 culture, as subsidiarv to hunting. In particular situa- 
 tions, some small tribes may subsist by lishiiig, inde- 
 pendent of any proiluclion of tln^ earlli raised b\* llu'ir 
 own industry. IJul throughout all America, we scarcely 
 meet with any nation of hunters which doen not prac- 
 tise some species of cultivation. 
 
 The agriculture of the Americans, however, is nei- 
 ilier extensive nor laborious, As game and fish are 
 their principal food, all lliey aim at by cultivation is 
 to supply anv oi-cisional tlelecl of these In the south- 
 ern continent of America, the natives confined their 
 industry lo rearing a few plants, which, in a rich soil 
 and warm clnnute, were easily trained to maturity. 
 'I'he chief of these is maize, well known in Kurope "by 
 the name of 'J'urkcy or Indian wheat, a grain extremely 
 prolific, of simple culture, agreeable lo the taste, and 
 ad'ording a strong hearty nourishment. 'J'he second is 
 the nuniioc, which grows to the size of a large shrub 
 or small tree, and produces roots soiiu^what rttsemblmg 
 parsnips. After carefully squeezing out tho juice, these 
 roots arc grated down lo a tine powder, aiid formed 
 into thin cakes called cassaila bread, which, though 
 insipid lo the taste, proves no conlemptilde food. As 
 the juice of the manioc is u deadly poison, some au- 
 thors have celebrated the ingenuity of the Americans in 
 converting a noxious plant into wholesome nourish- 
 ment, but it should rather be considered as one of the 
 desperate expedients for procuring subsistence to which 
 necessity reduces rude nations ; or, perhaps, men were 
 led to the use of it by a progress in which there is 
 nothing marvellous. One species of manioc is alto- 
 gether free of anv poi.sonous quality, aiul may be eaten 
 without any preparation but that of roasting it m the 
 embers, This, it is probable, was first used by the 
 .\mericans as food; and, necessity having gradually 
 taught them the art of separating its pernicious juice 
 from the other species, they have by experience tbu-d 
 it to be more prolific as well as more nourishing. [-''7] 
 The third is the plantani, which, though it rises ty the 
 height of a tree, is of such quick growth, thai in |t*ii 
 than a year it rewards the industry of the culliva'.or 
 with its fruit. This, when roasted, supplies the place 
 of bread, and is both palatable and nourishing, [dtij 
 The fourth is the pofafoc, whose culture and qualities 
 are loo welt known to need any description. The fifth 
 is pimento, a sntall tree yielding a strong aromatic 
 spice. The Americans, who, like other inhabitants of 
 warm climates, delight in whatever is hot and of poig- 
 nant llavor, deem this seasoning a necessary of life, 
 and mingle it cojiiously with eveiy kind of tbod they 
 take. 
 
 Such are the various productions, which were the 
 chief object of culture among the hunting tribes on the 
 continent of America: and with a moderate exertion 
 of active and provident industry these might have 
 yielded a full supply to the wants of a i umerous peo- 
 ple Ilut men, accustonu'd lo the free and vagrant 
 life of hunters, are incajiahle of regular application lo 
 labor, and consider agriculture as a secondary and infe- 
 rior occupation. Accordiiigly, the provision for sub- 
 
 sistence, arising from cultivation, was so limited and 
 '<cniily among the .VmericiuiH, that, upon any nceidcntal 
 lailiire of llieir usual siiccenH in hunting, they were 
 ittli M redui-td In < \tieuie dislress. 
 
 In the isl.Hids, the mode of subsisting was conside- 
 rably diU'erent. Notn- of the lar^'e annuals which 
 aiiouiiil on the ennlinent wvtv known there. Only fmir 
 Hpecics of quadrupeds, besides a kind of small dumb 
 dog existed in the inlands, the biggest of which did not 
 exceed the si/e of a rabbit. To hunt such adiimnntivu 
 prey was an occupation which reqiiired no ellbrt either 
 of activity or fourage. The chit f employment of u 
 hunter in the isles Wii^ to kill birds, which on the con- 
 tinent arc deemed ignoble game, and left chielly to the 
 pursuit of boys This want rif anirnals, as well as 
 their peculiar situation, led the islanders to deiicnJ 
 princqially upon hshing for their subsistence. 'I'heir 
 rivers, and the sea with which they are niirrnunded, 
 suppbetl them with this species of fond. Al some par- 
 ticular seasons, turtle, crabn, and other shellfi-sh abound- 
 ed in such numbers that the natives eould support thenv 
 seKes with a faeihty in whuh their indolence delighted, 
 .At other limes, they ate lizards and various reptiles of 
 odious forms. To fishing the inhabitants of tho islands 
 added some degree of agriculture. Maize, [.VJJ manioc, 
 and other plants were cultivated in the same manner 
 as on the continent. Dut all the fruits of their indus- 
 try, togeiiier with what their Miil and climate produced 
 sponIaneou.--ly. aflorded them but a scanty mainlenance. 
 Though their demaiids for food were very sparing, they 
 hardly raised wh.il wa.^ sutlicienl for then own con- 
 sumption. If a few .Spaniards settled m any district, 
 such a small iiddition of s ;pe 'Munerary mouths soon 
 exhausted their ■'^aniy stores, and brought on a famine 
 Two circumstances common to all the savage na» 
 lions of America, eonciirrcd with those which 1 liavfc 
 already inentioned, not onlv in rendering their agri- 
 culture imperfect, but in circumscribing their power in 
 all their operations. 'I'hey bad no tame ariimal.t ; and 
 they were unactpiainted with the useful metals. 
 
 In other parts of the globe, man. in his rudest state, 
 appears as lord of the creation, giviiiir law to various 
 trilies of animals, which he iias tamed and n duced to 
 subjection. The Tartar follows iiis i)rey on the horse 
 which he has reared; or lends bis numerous herds, 
 which furnish him both with food and clothing : the 
 Arab has rendered the camel docile, and ava Is himself 
 of its persevering strenifth : the I/iplander lias formed 
 the reindeer to be subservient to his will; and even 
 the people of Kamchaika have trained their dogs to 
 labor. This coumiaiid over the inferior creatures ia 
 one of the noblest prerogatives of man. and among the 
 greatest efforts of his wisdom and power. W'.'liout 
 this his dominion is incoinpletiv Ho is a monarch 
 who has no subjects, a master without servanis, and 
 must perforin every operation by the strcmilh of his 
 own arm. Siii'h was the condition of all the rude na- 
 tions in America. Their reason was so little improved, 
 or their tinioii so incomph'ie. that they seem not to 
 have been conscious of the superiority of their nature, 
 and sntlered all the animal creation to retain its liberty, 
 without establishiiii; their own authority over any one 
 species. Most of the animals, indeed, which have 
 been rendered domestic in our continent, do not exist 
 in the New World . but tlio^'e peculiar to it are iH'ither 
 so fierce nor ao formidable as to have exempted them 
 from servitude. There are come animals of the same 
 Sjieciea on both continents. But the rein-deer, which 
 has been tamed and broken to the yoke in the one 
 hemisphere, runs wild in the other The Insun of 
 America is manifestly of the same species with the 
 homed cattle of the other hcmi.^phere. The latter. 
 even among the rudest nations in our continent, have 
 been rendered domestic ; and, in consequence of his 
 dominion over them, man can accomplish works of 
 labor with greater facility, and has made a great addi- 
 tion to his means of subsistence. The inhabitants of 
 many regions of the New World, where the bisor 
 abounds, might have derived the same ndvantagct 
 from it. It ii not of a nature so indocile, but that il 
 might have been trained to be as 8ubser\'ieiit to man 
 as our cattle. But a savage, in that uncultivated stato 
 wherein the Americans were discovered, is the enemy 
 of the other animals, not their superior. He wastes 
 and destroys, but knows not bow to multiply or to 
 govern them. 
 
 This, perlmps, is the most notable distinction be- 
 tween the inhabitants of the Ancient and New World.^ 
 and a high pre-eminence of civilized men abovt? such 
 as continue rude. The greatest operations of man in 
 changing and improving the face of nature. «s well as 
 bis most considerable effort* in cultivating the earlli. 
 
«OIITH AMERICA. 
 
 100 
 
 BO limited ind 
 
 1 liny ncculcnlftl 
 iug,' they wcr« 
 
 \^l was ronmde- 
 
 miniiuls which 
 irriv Only lo'ir 
 I of siiiu'.l iluinh 
 ol wliiili liiJ |»i' 
 licit uili'iiiniitivo 
 ,1 no olUirl Ritlier 
 inplovnifut of a 
 /hull on lh« coii- 
 Iffi ciiicily to tho 
 imU. as w*'ll a*! 
 udtrs 10 Ji;j»''»J 
 isistfuco. 'I'hcir 
 
 uro siirroiimiiid, 
 111, At rtoiMP pur- 
 rHlifllhf*li«''0""**" 
 mill Kupport lliiMn- 
 i\olfiu'iMlulinhtfd. 
 ^■arioiift rcpiilt-a ol 
 nuts of iho islitiJs 
 Ui/ctr)!*] manioc, 
 
 the M.mic iniimior 
 lits of their iiulus- 
 l rliinalo protivicud 
 raiily iniiinlonaiu'O. 
 
 verv sparinu, they 
 iiir iht'ii own cori- 
 Iftl m any district, 
 i-rary niouilis soon 
 rovijiht on a faniiiio 
 
 Hlfthe savajTc na- 
 llio.-^c which I hav6 
 LMidiTiii«i ilu'ir rtnri- 
 iliiiiii their power iij 
 tiimc :uiiinal.-i ; and 
 scfnl nu'tals. 
 
 in his rndcst stale, 
 'ivniu' I'V^v 1»^ various 
 iiuHfand n duci-d to 
 us pri-v on tho liorsc 
 ni« nnniprous herds, 
 id and rlolhinu : the 
 |c, and avii Is hnnsclf 
 inlander i.as fonncd 
 , his will ; and even 
 trained their do^s lo 
 
 inferior cieatures is 
 iiiiil unu>n«i ihe 
 
 1,1 power. W-.'hout 
 lit! is rt monarch 
 
 nhont servants, and 
 the streii'ith ol his 
 of all the rude na- 
 
 as s^o hltle un|trQved» 
 
 lit thev ^enn not to 
 
 ority of their nature, 
 
 ,, ti) retain its liherty, 
 
 iiliorilv over any one 
 mdfcd, which have 
 
 oiitincnl, do not exist 
 iiliar to it are iWMlhcr 
 have exempted ihein 
 ..mmalsof the same 
 ilu. rein-deer, winch 
 ihf. yoke in the one 
 
 ,lluT The hKSon of 
 
 mine species w*ih the 
 .here. Tho latter. 
 
 lisp. IV.-. - 
 
 in our continent, have 
 n conseqaeiico of his 
 accomplish works of 
 lis made a (ireat addi- 
 . The inhahitanls ol 
 irld, where the hisor 
 the same ndvanta-jef- 
 „ indocile, hill that U 
 as subservient lo man 
 that uncultivated stato 
 (covered, is the enemy 
 superior. He wastes 
 WW to midiiply or to 
 
 lotablc distinction hc- 
 V,cntandNew\\orld,s 
 iUzed men above such 
 onerations of man in 
 . of nature. «s well as 
 cultivating the eariiu 
 
 lire accomplished hy nienni* of llip aid wliich he re- 
 ceives fiom the aniiiialn that he has tamed, and etU' 
 ploys in labor, ll is hy thiir hlrin;jth lliat lie ^uhdiies 
 the Htiilihiirii '■oil, and coiivertu the ih nrrt or inar>li in'o 
 n rVnithil tiejd. Hul niiiu, in Iiih nvili/.nl Hlute. is do 
 accusiniued lo the neiv;cc of t!'e domeHtic animals, 
 that he Heldom relh-r-is ii|H)n tl v.i^l heiielilh which 
 he derives froir. it. If we were i> sii|)|iok(! him, ev( n 
 when most irn| roved, to he de) rived of tin ir useful 
 nnnisirv, his empire over nalnr;* imiNt in Nome inea- 
 Huru cease, and he would remain a feehtr aiiimil, at a 
 los.s liow 10 siihsiHl, and liiciiji.ilile of altcinpliii;! MUi'li 
 arduous uiidertakint,r^ an their .i>si.staiice enahles hiiii 
 to e.tecule wjlh i-a-ne, 
 
 II IS a doubtful |>otiit, whelher llic doiniiiion of man 
 over llie animal crealion. or his actpmiiiii the useful 
 metals, has eoritritniinl mo-i to cxlciid his powei. 
 'J'he era of tins imjuirlaiit dis-'ovcry is nnkiiown, and 
 in our heniispliere very remote. It if only bv tr.Hlitmn, 
 or by dijxuin;,' up some mile msiumints of our lore- 
 fatljers, lliiit wr le.ini tlmt m.inlund were onnjiially im- 
 acipiLiniled wilii ihr u.t of mitaU, iiiid eitdcuori'd lo 
 Kiipidy the want of tlinn by emplovniL! tltiits. slulls, 
 lioiies, and oilier hard ttuhsfances, lor Ihe same jiur- 
 poses which metals servi! aihoii;f pnliMhed nations. 
 Nature complrle.* (lie format loti of .some inelals. 
 (iold, silver, and copper, are found in ihrir perfect 
 stale in the clefts of rocks, in ihc sides of uiomitams, 
 or ihe channels of rivers These were accordm|,'!y the 
 inelals first known, and first applied lo use. jjiit iron, 
 the mo.sl scrvice.ihle of :dl, ind to which m.m is mo.M 
 indehled, is never disrovered m hs ptrfe'-t form ; itn 
 pross and stnbhorn ore iiiusi hel twire the force of 
 fire, and i;o ihrough two l.vlionoiis proces>es, before it 
 heconu'S lit for use. M,m was jnii;^ acrpiiititcd with 
 the other melals beh)re he iiripiTed the art of fabncal- 
 111'.' iron, or allamed .snrh in '•tniilv as lo perfect an 
 invention, to which lie ij* iiid* liii d lor ilio^e msiruments 
 wherewith he subdues Ihe e.irlli, .nid eo:nmands all iit^ 
 inhabitants. Ibit in (his, as well as ni many o!her re- 
 spects, the iideriority of the AiiicriciiiH wa.s coii.spicu- 
 ous. All the sivvaj^e inhes, seatterrd over the conti- 
 nent and is] iiuls, were tol;itlv '.nKu-.pi.mitcd with the 
 JIM tals winch their ^oil produi-es in i^re.n ithmidance, 
 it we except some trilliiin iiuantilv ol liold. wincti ihey 
 pickc<l Uji III tlie torrents that desi-eiided from thi'ir 
 niounlaiiis, and formed into ornaments, 'I"hi ir device.i 
 to supply this want of ihe serviccalije metals \vere ex- 
 tremely rude and awkwiird The mo>l simple opera- 
 tion was to them an imdertakinix of immense dithciiliy 
 and lalior, To fell a tree with r.o other instruments 
 than hat'liets of !^t^^ne, was t'lnplovmcnt for a month. 
 To lorm a canoe inti* sha|ie. and lo hollow it, eon- 
 NUined years; and it freijiieiilly he^'nn lo rol before 
 they were able lo linisli it. 'I'linir operations in agri- 
 culture were eipially sluw and dt ficlive. In a country 
 covi'red wiih woods of llit' hardest liiiiher, the clearmjj 
 ol a small lietd destined for cidliire reipnrcd the imiled 
 ellurtH of n trihe, and was a work oi nuich lime and 
 j^reat toil. This was the business of the men, ami 
 their indolence was statislied with |ierf(irmiiiif it in a 
 very slovenly manner. The labor of (.iiltivation was 
 lelt to the \vomen, who, after diL'i^in;;. or rather stirring 
 the field, with wooden ni.itlorks. and stakes hardened 
 in tiie tire, sowed or planted it ; htil thev were more 
 indebted for the increase to ilie feriilily of the soil than 
 to their own rii<lt? industry. 
 
 Agricnl'-ure. even wlien the stniiniii of man is se- 
 conded hy that of the animals which he has suhjeeled 
 to the yoke, and his power aiiLniHiited iiy the use of the 
 various instriunenls with whicii the discovery of melals 
 has furnished liim, is still a work of great labor ; and it 
 is with the sweat o^ his brow that he rt iiders the earth 
 fertile. It is not woiiderhil, then, that people destitute 
 of both these advanta^res should have made so little 
 pro;:ress in cultivation, that they miisl he considered ds 
 depending for subsistence on Iisliin<; and himlincr, rather 
 than on the friiit.-^ of their own lal)or. 
 
 From this description of the mode of subsisling 
 amonj; the mdc American tribes, the form and <;enius 
 of their political institutions may be deduced, and we 
 are enabled to trace various rirciimsla icca ofdislmclion 
 between them and more civilized nal.ons. 
 
 1. They were divided into small independent coin- 
 munittes. While bunting is the chief soiirco of sub- 
 Bistencf', a *ust extent ol territory is recpiisite for support- 
 ing a email niimher of people. In proportion as men mul- 
 tiply and umie, the wild animals on whicli they depend 
 for food diminish, or tly at a greater distance from l!ie 
 hain..d of their enemy. The increase of a society m 
 this stale is limited bv its own nfliire, and the ipem- 
 trers of it must either disperse^ like the game which 
 
 lliry pntKue. or fall unoti pomc hrtler method of pro- 
 curinir food than hv Ininttiur Hen"ttt of prey are by 
 iittinre solilarv ami nni-ieiji, rtiev l'o not Ibrih lo the 
 elia»e in herds, but deliizht in those reees.-*eM of the 
 forest where they can roam and desir ly undisturbed 
 A nation of hniilers re.tembb'* tln'in both in oecnpalmn 
 and m ger.ius. They cannot hirm into JarL'e i-oimnu- 
 nilies, iM'canse it would he impossible to tmd Mib.sist- 
 eiice ; and they must drive to n distance every rival 
 who may eneioacb on tlione domains, which they eon- I 
 sider as ihcir own This was the state of all the Ame- 
 ric-M trihi s i the nmnhers m each were inionsidrTable. 
 though sciliered ovrreountnes td' great extent ; they 
 were far riinoved from one another, and engaged in \ 
 perpetual liosidities or nvulship. In America, the word I 
 natiini ts not of tin* name import as in other parts ol j 
 the j'lohe. It is applit d lo Hin.dl societies, not exceed- 
 ing, jierliap.*. two or three hundred pers-jns, but occn- | 
 pying provinces, greater (ban Home knigdonm in Ku- [ 
 rop*'. The couniry of f Juiana, ihoujjh of Liriier extent 
 than the kniL'dom of l-'r:ince, and divided among a I 
 grealei iiumher of nation.--, dicl not contain above twenty- 
 live thousand mh.ibilants. In the pro\inces whn-h bor- 
 der on the Orinoco, one may travel several hundred 
 miles in dilTereiit directions, without hnding a .single 
 hut. or observing the biolsicps of a human creature. 
 In Norih America, where the climate is more rii.'oroiis, 
 Mid the sod less fertile, tlie desolation is still greater, 
 riirre, journey?* of scnne liumlred leagues havo been 
 made through mimhahiled pkims and forcnts, [IHIJ As 
 long as hiinimg continues to he the ehief employment 
 of man, to wtiicl) he trusts for subsi.ttrnce, ho can hardly 
 he said to have occupied the earth, [61J 
 
 2. .Nations which depend upon hunting are in a great 
 measure strangers to the idea of properly. .\s the ani- 
 mals on which the hunter feids are not bred under Ins 
 inspection, nor nourished hy his care, he i-m claim no 
 riiflit lo iheni while they run wild in tip; forc.'^l. Where 
 game is ^o plentiful that U may he catched with little 
 trouble, men never dream of ap]iropriating what is of 
 small value, or of easy aequisttion. Wliere it is so 
 rare, that the labor or danger of the chase reipnres the 
 united (Jl'orls of a tribe, or village, what is killed is u 
 I oinmon stock belonging ecpially to all, who, by their 
 .-•kill or their eourage. have contributed to the success 
 of the excursion. The forest or hiinlin:,f-groimds are 
 deemed the properly of the tribe, from winch il luis a 
 title lo exclude every rival nation Uut no individual 
 arrogates a ri^ht to any district of tlu se in preference 
 to his fellow-citi/eiis. They belong alike lo all ; and 
 thither, as to a ireneral and imdiviib d store, all repair 
 in ipiest of sustenance. The same principles by which 
 they regulate their chief occupaiion extend lo llial 
 which is subordinate. Kven ayricullure has not intro- 
 duci'd among them a complete idea of property. As 
 the men hunt, the women labor together, and alter thi^y 
 have shared the toils of the yeed time, they enjoy tin; 
 harvest in common. Among some tribes, the increase i 
 of their cultivated lands is deposiU'd in a pnblie gra- i 
 nary, and divided among them at staled limes, aci;oid- i 
 ing lo their wanls. [B2] Among oiheis, thouiih they 
 lay up separate stores, thev do not actpnre such an ex- 
 elusive light of property, tliat they can enjoy siiperllmty 
 while those around them snlTer -.vant. Thus the dis- 
 tinctions arising from the inecpialily of possus.sions are 
 unknown. The terms rich or poor enter not into their 
 language ; and being strangers lo property, tliey are 
 nnactpiainted with what is ilie great object of laws and 
 policy, as well as the chief motive which induced man- 
 kind to establish the various arrangements of regular 
 government. 
 
 U. People in this state retain a high sense of equality 
 and independence. Wherever the idea of properly is 
 not established, there can be no distinction among men 
 but wliat arises from i)ersonal (pialities. These can be 
 coiispictions only tm such occasions as call thcMU forth 
 into exertion. In times of danger, or in alfair.s of in- 
 tricacy, the wisdom and experience of age are consult- 
 ed, and i)re8cribe the measures winch ought to he pur- 
 sued. When a tribe of savages takes the lit-ld against 
 ihe enemies of their "omitry, tho warrior of most ap- 
 proved courage leads the youth to the combat. If they 
 no forth in a body to the chase, the most expert and 
 adventurous hunter is foremost, and directs their mo- 
 tions. Hut during seasons of iraniiudlity and inaction, 
 when there is no occasion to display those talents, all 
 |)fe-emineiicecease8. Kvery circumstance indicates that 
 all the members of the community arc on a level. They 
 are clothed in the same simple garb. They feed on the 
 same plain fare. Their houses and furniture are exactly 
 simdar No distinction can arise from the inequality of 
 posaessioiiH. Whatever forms dependence on oiio part, 
 
 orconstitnteRMUperiority on the other, is niiknowrt. Al) 
 are freemen, all feel themselves to hi- such, und asw-il 
 with lirnme!<K the rt<:bl • wineli hrtonjr lo that i-iniditi in. 
 This <4eninhenl of ind* peudi nee is nnprmud so dreuly 
 in their nature lint no rhiii::e of condiinm can i rudi* 
 call' It, and hend iheir iiinids to servitude. .\ccntH 
 lomid lobe ah)<ohile niasti rs ol tin ir own cnnune'. 
 Ihey diwdain to e.\ecute the oid'-rs of anoiher ; and ^mV' 
 ing never known comrol they will not Kulnmt lo cor* 
 reetion [(K)J .Miiny of the .Vmerie.ins, when they 
 found that they were treated as slaves by Spaniard.i, 
 died of grief ; many deslroved tliemhelve;* in despair 
 
 4 .Among the people m this stale, governm.'nl can 
 assume little authority, and Ihe Men^e of eivd tmli' 
 ordination must n-main very imperfect. While (he 
 idea of property is unknown, or meomph-lely con- 
 ceived i while the spontaneous productions ol tlic i*iirili, 
 as well as the fruits of mdnslry. are etinsidered as bo* 
 loni'mg lo the public slock, tin re can haidiv be U'ly 
 siieb subject ot dillerence or diseiisston ammig iho 
 members of the same eoimniiiuiy. as will re. pure tlio 
 hand of iiuihority to mierp"-e iii order to ailjusl il. 
 WImti' the right of separate and exche.ive posMssion ia 
 not introtluced, the i;real object of law and jurisdietioii 
 dues not exist. When the members of a trih?! are 
 called into the f.eld, either lo invade the lerrilones of 
 their enemies, or lo rcjiel iheir alt leks ; when lliev aro 
 eiiL'a::) d together m liie nnl and d infers of the t base, 
 ihry then perceive that they are part of a political bony. 
 They are conscious of iheir own connexion with ihe 
 eomp>mions in conjunction with wliiiin they act ; and 
 they follow and reverence such as exeel in cond;icl and 
 vdor, IJiit during the intervals helwerii smh com- 
 mon ell'orls thev seem scaK'elv lo bel thi'lies of pohti- 
 eal nmtU) [01] No visible lorm of government is es- 
 tablished. Till' names of mn^hitra/t: and snhjii/ aro 
 not in use. livery one seems lo enjoy Ins natural 
 mdcjiemlence almost tintire. If a scheme of p'lblic 
 utility be proposed, th(> m.'.'inbers of ihetoimmmilv aro 
 left at lihertv lo choose whelhrr they will or will not 
 a.^risl in carrying it into execution. No stati.ie im- 
 poses any servive as a duty, no compulsory laws oblige 
 ihem to perform it. .\ll their res'jhitions are vobml.iry 
 and llow from ihe impulse of ihcir own minds. 'I'iie 
 lirst slejt towards establishing a public jnri>dicUon has 
 not been taken in those rude stM*ieties. The right o, 
 ri'Veiige is h f I in private hands. If vi.dei.ce is com- 
 inittt d, or blood is shed, the eommumty does nut 
 assume the power either of milictmj,' or of incderalnif* 
 the pnnishineiit. Il helonus to the lamily and friend* 
 of the per.son injured or slam to aveiigi; the wrong, or 
 to accept, of the riparalion olh-red by the aggressor. 
 If the elders interpose, it is to ad.ise, not to decide, 
 and il is x Mem their counsels arc listened to ; for, us 
 Il IS deemed pusillanimous to sutler .ni otlcnder lo es- 
 cape with impimitv, resentment is implacable and ever- 
 lasting. 'Ihe object of i,'ov(-rnment among savages is 
 rather foreien than doinrsUc Thi'y do not aim at 
 mnntaiiunL' interior order and |iohce by public regula- 
 tions, or the exertions of any permanent authority, hut 
 labor lo preserve such nnioii among the memhers of 
 their tribe, that ihey may watch the motions of their 
 enemies, and aet auainsl ihein with concert and vigor. 
 .Such was the form o\' political order established 
 anions the greatiT jtart of tlic American nations. In 
 this slate w ere almost all the tribes spread over the pro- 
 vinces extcndmg eastward of the Mississippi, from the 
 mouth of ihe St. Lawrence to the conlines of Florida. 
 In a simitar condition were the people of Brazil, the in- 
 hahitanl>ofrhih, sever:il tribes of Paragu'i amUJuiana, 
 and in the countries which stretch from the month uf 
 the t)rinoco lo the j»eninsnla of Viicatan. Among such 
 an inhtnte number of petty associations, there may be 
 peculiarities wliich constituie a distinction, and mark 
 the various degrees of their civilization and nnprovo- 
 inenl. I)ul an attempt to trace and enumerate these 
 would be vain, as they have not been observed by per- 
 sons capable of discerning the minute and delicate eir- 
 cumslances which serve to discriminate nations re- 
 sembling one another m their general character and 
 features. The description which I have given of the 
 political institutions which took place among those riidG 
 tribes in America, concerning which we have received 
 the most complete information, will apply, with little 
 variation, lo every peojde, both in its northern and 
 southern division, who have advan<:ed no further in 
 civilization than to add some slender degree of agricid* 
 tore to tisbing and hunting. 
 
 Imperfect as those institutions may appear, several 
 
 tribes were not so far advanced in their |)ohiiiaI pio- 
 
 i gress. Among all those petty nations which trusted lot 
 
 i subsistence eniirely to fishing &nd hunting without any 
 
110 
 
 UODKUTfiON'H HlflTOHV OP 
 
 *(i^cic« III' riiliivstiijii, ihn union \^n«RO lnrotnptntF,iin(| 
 tlicir NfriKi: ipI miirn.il itrjH ndrrici- ai> Iri'hlc, (li.it liiinlly 
 any a|i|itMriUM-(' itl ;<tiV(Tninrril oi* order ciin tu' (linriTiicd 
 in ilicir [irorri'iliniiK 'I'hnr waiilx uro (rw. ilu-ir oh- 
 jrrUol |iiirMiiil ^iin|i|r>. tlit y form into f<i'|i.inil(' trilirn, 
 Hiul .iri lo^i'ilirr, Irnin infliiirt, h.iliii, or tniacnuiM-v, 
 raihiT ihiin Ironi any rnrnint I'om-irt iind a».iU('i.i(itin. 
 'I'u tliiN rluNH lirlouir (Ih> ( 'itlirorniiiiiH, M'vrmt ol' iho 
 lin:ill iiuliunH in (Im> rxlc^iiNivc country of I'lim^ui, ttoiiui 
 of i\w proplo on ltit> hiiiikN uf (he Orinot-o, kiuI on Iho 
 rivi'f St. MiiMiialrnr, in llic new Knii^doni oniratisila. 
 
 Uiit thou^li iiMionu iIkno lani ini-ntionnt trtbof thcro 
 was twirdly uriy filiiidow ol' rri(ulnr uoviTniiUMit, nml 
 even aniinig tliotr whii'li I lirat di'NrnlM'd itn niitliurity 
 if Blundc'r and ronrincd wilhin niirrow hoiindH, iIhtu 
 weru. huwovcr, homio jilaccft tn Aimirini wlirrr govern- 
 miuU wim cdrnrd far Itryond llir dt'^n'c of pcrfcclion 
 which sf'einn natural lo riidr nadoiiN, In fiiirvcyin^ xUvi 
 iHihiical oiirralionM of man, riihrr in \i\* aiivnut^ or ci- 
 vilizod itac, wt' diM'ovrr f4m;,'iil,ir and uciMMitnc innti- 
 tutiona, which Htarl ha it wvw iroin their Htation, and 
 fly oir ao widf*. that wv tahor in vuni lo hrin^ thcni 
 within iho ^mirrat lavvH of any system, or to arconnt 
 for thcin hy thuNO pruu'iiih'rt winch 'nllncncu other cuin- 
 munitiuM in a aiinitar Hitualion. Sonic niNtancca of thiA 
 occur anioni; those pcopU' of Aincriia whom I have in- 
 eluded under llie common dcnonination of Hava^e. 
 Thcsu arc tto curiouM and nnporlant t!mt I tthall dcacnhe 
 Ihom, and nttompt lo ex|ilain ihcir nrijin. 
 
 In llio Xcw World, ai well hh in oilirr parts of the 
 glohc, cold or tem|icrai(: countries appear to lie the fa- 
 vorite MMt of freedom and indepoiidcnco. There the 
 miiid. hko the body, is llrmand vi^orouy. There men, 
 conscioufl of their own di;ruily, and capable of tho 
 greatcflt elVort!* iii aj^scrlinj^ it, aspire to independence, 
 and their Klnbhorn apiriln sloop willi reluctance to the 
 yoke of Hcrvitiidt^ lii wirnier cliiMiitcs, by whoAo in- 
 fluence the wlioh* frdinc in so much enervated tliat pre- 
 vent ph'aniire is the snpnmie feli' ily, and mere rep('!«c 
 U enjoyment, men acipucsee, almost witliont a Ktrui;- 
 gle, u\ the liomuiion of a supeiior. Accordingly, if we 
 proceed from north lo Kouih ahni^ tho continent of 
 America, we idiall find thr power of tlio!«e vested with 
 authority gradually inere;iMin^r, and the hoirit of the peo- 
 ple beeominti more tame and paKttive. In Klorida, the 
 authority of the !tach<-mA, eaziipies, or ehiefs, was nut 
 only permanent, but hereditary. Tliey were dmtin- 
 guished hy |K!Cubar orn.imeni.*, they cnjoved prero;;a- 
 tiVtiH of various kmds, and were treated hy ilieir subjectd 
 with that rcverenco which pifoplo accustomed to sub- 
 j« Jon. pay to a master, 
 
 Amony the Natchez, a powerful tribe now extinct. 
 formerly siluaU d on the banks of the MiRsis.sippi, a dif- 
 ference of rank took jilace. with which the northern 
 tribes were alioifether unacquauited. .Some fair.ilie*i 
 were reputed nnbU', and enjoy ei! hereditary difinity. 
 Tho body of llic peo[ile was citnsidrred as vile, and 
 formed only for subjcnion. This distinction was 
 nurktd \*\ appellations which distm<Tuished the hii^h 
 t'lcvation of the one state, and the i^nonmilous depres- 
 sion of the other. 'I'he former were called A'cv/'cr/- 
 afilr ; the latter, the Stinkards. The (Treat Chief, in 
 whom the supreme authority was vested, is reputed to 
 be a bein:; of superior nature, the hrotlier of the sun, 
 the solo oltject of their wor?<li.p Tiiey approach tliis 
 groat ('liief witli rehyious vencntion. and honor him as 
 the representative of tiieir deity. His will is a law, to 
 wlii'.'h all submit wilh implicit olicdienre. The lives of 
 his snbjeet.4 are so absolutely at lits disposal, tliat if anv 
 one has incurred his d^splea^ure, the otfender comes 
 witli profound humility and olfurs him his head. Nor 
 does the dominion of the ('hiefs end with their lives ; 
 ihcir principal otliccrs, their favorite wives, totreiher 
 with many domestics of inferior rank, are sacriticed at 
 iheir toudis, that they may be attended in the ne.\t 
 world by the same persons who served them m lliis ; 
 and such is the reverence in which thoy arc held, that 
 those victims welcome death with exultation, dcemmij 
 it a recompense of iheir lideliiy and a mark of distmc- 
 lion to be selected to accompany their deceased nias- 
 ler. Thus a perfect dcs[K)lism, with its full train of 
 aupcistitioN, arroaanee, and crneltv, is established among 
 the Natchez, and, by a »inL;ulur fatality, that people has 
 tasted of the worst calamities incident to polished na- 
 tions, though they themselves arc not far advanced he- 
 Vund the tribes around them in civility amlimprovcment. 
 In Hispaniola, Cuba, and the larj:,'er islands, their ca- 
 ziqucs or chiefs possessed extensive power. 'I'he dig- 
 nity wa« transmitted by hereditary right from father to 
 1*011. Its honors and preroijalivps were considerable 
 ('heir Huhject.s paid great respect to the cazi(iues, and 
 ext«ut«d ihcir orders without hesitation or rusorvu. 
 
 I lliey were dintmuuishrd by perulinr ornnmrnt«, and in 
 order lo pri^erve or imminent the vnurittion of the 
 I people, tiny bad the addrtM to call in the aid of sunt r- 
 I Alilion lo uphold their autlionty. They detivereil llii ir 
 I mandateii iis the oraeles of heaven, and pretended hi 
 \ piiH.si'ss the pd'.^er of rr^utalinu tlie neaHOii'*, and ot dis- 
 )tensmg rain nr Nmishinu aceordmjj an their subjecta 
 atood in need of lliem. 
 
 In (tome parts of tho xoulbrrn conlmont, the |>ower 
 of ihe caziipictt seems to have lieen as rxlenNivo os m 
 the i^les. In nui.Mita, which is now a provmei< of tlir 
 new kingdom of (irniiuda. there was settled a natuin 
 more considerable in immber, and more improved m 
 Ihe various arts of hie. than any in America, <'xeept the 
 Mexican and Peruvians The people of llo^ola suit- 
 siMii'd eliiedy by ngrieultnre The idea of properly 
 was introdiieed aniontf them, and its riubts, secured by 
 laws, handed down hy iradilion, and observed willi 
 ifreat rare. They |iv(d in towiH whielunay be termed 
 lar^e when compared wilh those in other parts of Ame- 
 rica. 'I'hey were clothed in a 'eeent manner, and their 
 houses may be termed commodious when compared 
 with those of the Moall tribes around them. The etlect 
 of this uncommon rivili/.alion were (onNpicuons (io- 
 vernment had aN.'«umed a rei;nlar form. A jurisdiction 
 was eslabhshed, which took co^m/ance of ditlerenl 
 crimes, and punished them with rigor. A distinction 
 of ranks was known; their chief, to whom the ISoa- 
 niards gave the title of monnreh, and who merited lliat 
 name on account of his nplendour as welt as power, 
 it>igned wilh absolute authouly. He was attended by 
 ollicers of var.ons condititms ; be never appearetl m 
 put)lic without a iminerous relinue ; he was enrried in 
 a sort of palanipiin with much pomp, and barlungers 
 went before him to sweep the road and strew it with 
 flowers. Thisuncominoii poin])was supported by pre - 
 MiMits or taxes received from his subjects, to wfiom 
 their prince was such an oiijeci of veneratmn that noi.e 
 of lliem presumed lo look him directly in tlit; face, or 
 ever approiiched him but with an averted countenance 
 There were other tribes on the same eontineiit, among 
 which, though far less advancrd than llic people of 
 Ilogota in ll.eir progress towards retinement, the free- 
 dom and independence natural to man m his navage 
 state wa.s miu-li abridged, and their caziqucs had as- 
 sumed extensive authority. 
 
 It is not easy to point out the circumstances, or lo 
 discover the causes which contnhuled to introduce and 
 eslahlij.h among each of those people a form of govern- 
 ment so ditVerent from that of ihe tribes around them, 
 and so repugnant lo the genius of rmle nations. If the 
 persons wlin h:>.d an opportunity of observing them in 
 their original stale had been more altenlivo and more 
 discerning, we might have received information from 
 their coiitpierors snineient to guide us in this infjihry. 
 If the transactums of people unacquainted with the use 
 of letters were not involved in impenetrable abscurity, 
 wc miglit havy derived some information from this do- 
 mestic source. But as nothing satisfactory can be 
 gathered either from the accounts of the Spaniards, or 
 from their own traditions, we must have recourse to 
 conjectures m order lo explain the irregular appear- 
 ances in tlie political stale of the peo[de wliom 1 have 
 ment'oned. As all those tribes which had lost their 
 native liberty and independence were seated in the tor- 
 rid zone, or in coumries approaching toil, tlie climate 
 inav he supposed to have had some mlluence in forming 
 tlieir minds to that servitude which t>eenis to be the 
 destiny ol man in those regions of the globe. IJul 
 though the inlhience of climate, more powerful inai. 
 that of any other natural cause, is not to he overlooked, 
 that alone cannot he admitted as a solution of the point 
 m question The operations of mind are so complex 
 that we must not attribute the form which they assume 
 to the force of a single principle or cause. Altliougli 
 despotism be conlined m America to the torrid zone, 
 and to the warm regions bordering upon it, 1 have 
 already oh.served that these countries contain various 
 tribes, some of wliich possess a high degree of free- 
 dom, and others are altogether unacquainted with the 
 restraints of government. The indolence and timidity 
 peculiar to the inhabitants of the islands, render them 
 so incajiablc of the sentiments or elforts necessary for 
 maintaining independence, that there is no occasicu to 
 search for any other cause of their tame submisaii- *,o 
 the will of a superior. The subjection oi the Naleliez, 
 and of the people of Dogota, seems to have been Ihe 
 consequence of a dilference in their stale from that of 
 the other Americans. They were settled nations, re- 
 siding constantly in one phurc. Hunting was not ttiC 
 chief occupation of the former, and the laller seem 
 hardly to Imvo trusted to it for any part of tlieir fulmisl- 
 
 ence. Both had made such progrria in ■gricnllureand 
 arts that the idea of property wain iiitroduced m nonio 
 ttegn e m tlie one community, ami fully estiibliMhed in 
 ihe other. Among peoph' m this state, avarice and 
 i. iibitiun have aequni'd objeetM, iiiid have begun lo ei- 
 lit iheir pn\\( r , ve-vrut mtere«l allure the seltiKh ; 
 li.e d< Hirh lif preiinmence excites the enterprising; 
 dominion is conrti'd hy both , av I puHsions unknown to 
 man in his savage state jirompt ine mterei*ted and urn- 
 lutious to encroach on the rights of their fellow-eitizena. 
 Motives, with which rude natiuna are equally tinac 
 qnainted, induce the people to subniil tamely to the 
 iisiiiped authority of their aiijieriors, Iliit even among 
 nations in this state, the t<]iirit of subjects could not havo 
 been rendered so idiseipiicMis, or the power of rulers so 
 unbounded, without the intervention of superstition. 
 Hy Its fatal inlhience the human iimnl, in every stage 
 ol its progress, is depressed, audits native vigor and 
 inde|)endence subdued Whot ver can acquire tho 
 lirection of this fcrmidable engine, ia secure of domi< 
 nioii over his species, rnfurtiinatcly for tliu people 
 whose iiistilutiimi are the subject of inquiry, this power 
 was in the hands of their chiefs, 'i'lie caziques of the 
 isles could put what rer^ponses they plca.sed into the 
 inonlhs of their < Vmfx or gods ; and it washy their 
 interposition, and in thoir name, Ihat tliev imposed any 
 tribute or burden on tin ir people. The same power 
 and prerogative was exen ised by Ihe great diief of the 
 N.itche/., as the principal minister as well as the repn^- 
 seiitative of the Sun, tlieir deity. The respect winch 
 the people of Hognta paid to their monarebs was like- 
 wise inspired by religion, and the heir apparent of the 
 kingdom was educated m Ihe innermost recess of their 
 prmciiial temple, nndersnch austere discipline, and wilh 
 such peculiar rites, as tended to (ill hi^ subjeclti with 
 high sentmienlH concerning tho sanctity of his cha- 
 racter, and the dignity of his station, 'riiiis supersti- 
 tiim, which in the rudest period of society, is either 
 altogether unknown, or wastes its forc<! in rhitdi.Hh UU' 
 meaning ])ractice8, had acquired siK'li an ascendant 
 over those people of America, who liad made some 
 little progress towards relineineiit, that it became tho 
 chief instrument of bending their minds lo an untimety 
 servitude, and subjected them, m the beginning of their 
 political career, to a despotism hardly less rigorous than 
 that which awaits nations in the last stage of their tor- 
 ru|)tion and decline. 
 
 v. After examining the political institutions of the 
 rude nations in Americji, the next object of attention 
 is their art of war, or their provision for pulilie security 
 and defence. The small tribes dispersed over America 
 are not only independent and nnconncct' d, hut engaged 
 in perpetual hostilities with one another. Tliou^h 
 mostly strangers to the idea of separate properly, 
 vested in any individual, the rudest of the American 
 nations are well aeipiainted with tlie rights of each 
 community to its own domains. This right they hold 
 to he perfect and exclusive, entitling the posse.s.sor to 
 oppose tho encroachment of neighlioring tribes. Aa 
 It IS of the ulinosi consequence to prevent them from 
 destroying or disturbing the game in their hunting 
 grounds, they guard this niitional properly wiili a jealous 
 atleiition. jbit r.' their territories are extensive, and 
 the boundaries of i; "'in not exactly ascertained, imm- 
 merable sultject^ of Ui.i utc arise, which sehlom ternu 
 nate witb.>.;l hjuod-iijed Kven in tliis simple and pri 
 niitive Mate of a'i- iei\. interest is a source of discord, 
 and often prom ''^ ■ .vage tribes to take arms in order 
 to repel or riMi'^li ucli ad encroach on the forests or 
 plains to w.'i'l' 'hey trust for subsistence. 
 
 lint interest is not either the ino.st frequent or the 
 most powerful motive ol the incessant hostilities among 
 rude nations. These must he imputed to the passion 
 of revenge, which rages with sudi violence in the breast 
 of savages, that eagerness to gratify it may he con- 
 sidered as the distinguishing characteristic of men in 
 their uncivilized state. Circmnstames of powerful 
 mlluence. botli in the interior government of rude tribes, 
 and in tlieir external operations against foreign eno- 
 mies, concur in ciienshing and adding strength to a pd.<i* 
 sion fatal to Ihe general tranquillity. When the right 
 of redressing his own wrongs is left in the hands ni 
 every individual, injuries are felt wilh exquisite ?cnsi- 
 hiliiy, and vengeance exercised with unrelenting ran- 
 cor. No lime can oltliterate the memory of an of- 
 fence, and it is seldom that it can be expiated but by 
 the blood of tho ofl'eiider. In carrying on their public 
 wars, savage nations are influenced by the same ideas, 
 and animated with the same spirit, as in prosecuUng 
 private vengeance. In small cmnmunities. ever** inin 
 IS touched willi the injury or allVont otU red to the liody 
 of which ne is a member, us if it were a personal Aiiacn 
 
HOUTII AMEKIUA. 
 
 lit 
 
 •i;rl<'ullur(i tn<l 
 (line J 111 "iiiiio 
 
 I'nliilillnlirll III 
 \ iiviinn^ Hint 
 V 'k'huii Io IV- 
 tv {\w nrlliKh I 
 I I'liti'tiiriniiiK I 
 iim iiiikiioAii 10 
 nrli'il mill uiii- 
 fi'llow ritiii'iiii. 
 
 iH|iiiilly iiiiuc 
 I toiiulv lu iho 
 
 lilt I'VI II IIIIIUIl)^ 
 
 riiiilil mil liuvo 
 IT (if rukm M 
 if miixrnlillun. 
 Ill rvrry ulna" 
 iiivc vi^fiir and 
 III ni'i|iiirii Iho 
 I'ciiri! of diiiiii- 
 I'or lliu |i<'U|ilu 
 iiiry, lliiii power 
 
 L'HZI<|IH'II of lllff 
 
 leiiML'd into the 
 il win liy thfir 
 I'V iiniioMt'd any 
 he Banir |i<iwof 
 real rlilif of llio 
 I'll iiH llii' r('|ir<i- 
 1' rrftpt'ft wiiich 
 arclis wiiH liko- 
 n|i|iari'iil of tlia 
 
 I rcrcim of llicir 
 CI|llillP, iiii<lwilll 
 s HIlllJl'CtH with 
 
 lily of Ills cliu- 
 
 'i'liuii »ii|irrHli- 
 
 uricly, it ellliot 
 
 ; 111 rlulilish on- 
 
 II Hll ilHr.cildilllt 
 liiul iiiuilu soine 
 I It I'l'cuiiio the 
 4 lu an unliiiH^ly 
 I'KiiiiiiiiKof ihoit 
 !Afi ri<forouii than 
 ago of their tor- 
 
 iiitiitioiis of the 
 
 ■I of nltciitioii 
 
 iiiihlic. wciitity 
 
 1 over Aiiiericu 
 
 (I, hut I'li^a^od 
 
 iilier. Though 
 
 larato properly, 
 
 \i the Aiiii-Tieaii 
 
 riiflila of each 
 
 ri;;ht llity hold 
 
 ic possunsor to 
 
 [iif; trihcs. An 
 
 Tilt lliciii from 
 
 their hniitiiig 
 
 L' wilh « jealous 
 
 lextiMisive, and 
 
 Tlallied, llUiU- 
 
 sehluMi Icrnu 
 
 imple and pri 
 
 ce of disrord, 
 
 arinti in order 
 
 the forests or 
 
 Ireipient or the 
 
 Istilitie.-f among 
 
 ■to tiic passion 
 
 \u 111 the breast 
 
 may he ron- 
 
 |tic of men in 
 
 of powerful 
 
 |of riiuetrihes, 
 
 forei^^ii eno- 
 
 iiiijth to a pan- 
 
 Ihen the right 
 
 1 the hands ni 
 
 Iquisitc 5cn8i- 
 
 Irelenting ran ■ 
 
 Iry of an of- 
 
 liialed lint by 
 
 In their public 
 
 \i same idcai}, 
 
 ll proKecuiing 
 
 lis. ever*' imn 
 
 Id 10 the hodv 
 
 l-r^ona) <i<(arh 
 
 U|K>I 
 
 in hiM own tionor 
 
 r or safety. Tiie desire of revniKe ' a tnnri'h of some hundred nitles IhrouL'h dreary forints 
 
 all ll troiii liri'a<<t to brcinl, iiiiil muoi: kn 
 
 «r du 
 
 lon« 
 
 UilL'l' llpl 
 
 Ihi ir I ikii and rut r^. 
 
 into lu^e. A?i ll I lile Miciriic^ i-.in l.ike llie tield only 'riii'ir •irmirit ai'i^ not iiii-tiinht ri d wiili li.t^i^a^e 
 
 in small parlies, ei 
 
 rh wa 
 
 < of ihe in^ior- nnlilary »iori> 
 
 ii'li warrior, 
 
 jii'Hidr 
 
 what look plarn in lliopo petty soeirtiHs whieh aMumi' 
 
 lIlC MillllC IjI IMlMinN 
 
 11.^ iinnt, I'.ir- { 
 
 Itut liiutiuli viH;i|,in<'t' niiil iillrhlion arc itie ijiialit'.ifr 
 'y rt'ijiM^ti- wlit-rr the oltji'rt ul uiir )« It) I'l i-cive 
 
 I'lmll 
 
 luiii'i- nl hiM own iiriii, iniil tccU timt In it ih < utniitltlt'd ' neit :t unit iiiiil t Mtii.ill liiii; (>' I'tjutidt'd ni.ii/r, arid svilli j amt to oiiriiriMr ; urid llinu^li llir Aiiirririiiifi. when 
 
 idcrulil 
 
 piirlMiii (it llir |Mil)tic vriiifcaiu'r) 
 
 W 
 
 ur, I ilicNL' 
 
 liul 
 
 vliicli ImMwk n rxifh^iw kiii^iloiiiM 1.4 (-.irntd on willi < <il <i di-^lain-t' rnmi llti 
 
 y f.|iii|i|»( 
 
 a l.ir 
 
 Wlul 
 
 lilttc 
 
 uiiiiiioMiyi \n proM'i 
 
 urn) ll 
 
 itu riuii-or of 
 
 nil tnlx 
 
 iiy'rt Iroiitiir, tin y i\\^\» r-»i 
 
 V iifliii^ hiriHJy. ili^pljy 
 
 dr 
 
 ul tiditrttt* 111 
 
 rl '(■ 
 
 villi all 1 tlir<>ii|{li iIk! woodn, iiiid rtunport ll)i'ni''<'lM s with llit 
 ic riM'iitim'rit orjuatiK; wlii'-h lliiy kill, (»r llir ti*!! vvlii'-li tiny chIcIi 
 
 i-c»lii)^ tli*Mr uAii tiMilioiiM, iind diNi'incrin^ tiioto 
 ol' un I'tH-niy, yt-l it ii« I'cuiiirk.dilr tlial, \^lirn (lity tul a 
 tlio ricld Ml {iiirlii'i, tlicy nil) M'lduiii In- limiiLfltl to ot^* 
 
 n.ilii)ii!« IH iiH iin|iiii('iil*lr a.i lliitt of tiidividit.iU It may Ah llicy ii|i]irimrli iii'urfi lu tin- itrriliirirn iil Ihr on- nvtw \\iv iirttMiitioiiH mionI i->tM'Mtiiil lo llirtr oam ncc> 
 lie di!«Mi'iiiM(d or fll|p|»rl■^•<^d, Imi( |H tir\cr I'Xlinmiinlird , 1 Uoii wliu'li lliry m'liul lo tttuirk. tiny folh-rl llit;ir rity. Sin li i« llm diMii'idty o( u- cii^tomin^ H.ivrinc* lo 
 
 Olid olii-ii, wlini Ir.iNt cAjti rU-d or ilrciidcd, it, luirHtN uil iruii|i<4, and ud 
 
 \Miii ^rratiT caution. Dvt'ii in Hiihurdin.ittoii. or to art in (-urx't-ri ; hikIi i« tltnr nil- 
 
 ill rcdniil.hil lurv Wlmn [poli^lnd iiiiliuiis liavi! lli4:ir liolUst uiid niosl ai-tivr v\arN thry ITo.-ci d \%liolly ; I'lilirricr niidiT rfHlMint, .tiiil hmli llicir cM|irM c and 
 
 olilaiiH'd 1I11' L;|oty oj' victory, or lia\c in:<|iiin'd all addi- (liv ^'ralii:;nn niid ainlniKiMdc, 'I'liry idarr iiot tlirir I |»ri'niiiii|itiun, thai it ih ranly lln-y rani 
 
 lioii ot territory, tiny may tiTinniatc a war willi honor. jil'H v 11 aUackmu their rneinies Wilh o|P4*n I'on-e, To I ronlotm thcinitelve'* lo the eoimHeU and drniii 
 
 ii^jlit to 
 .of 
 
 lh)i 
 
 Hiivajjef^ 
 
 I not italiHticd untd tlii'V I'^lirpute tin 
 
 and detilroy ih the ure.ileot merit ot a < om- , llnir Ifadern They inver statiun ^entinrls aroiimi tin* 
 
 eonirniinily wliieli i.h the ohjt it id tlieir hiitreii Tlicy inander, and the hi;ih('»«l pride ol hin followers W nT ; placu where they re.-^t at nij.dil. and alter m.trehiiiLI »*»'i 
 
 li^nt, not lo compier, hut lo denlr 
 
 ll III 
 
 111 liii-t'ilitH"*, It IH Wilh a rtMdiition never lo mi c Ihe duvl luitli wilh llie ^alln■ f>|iiril and the miii 
 
 I'l! and hniilini; are iheir only omipalionH, mid lliey eoii' Jniiidred imlcK to itiipri^-e an riicniy, are- olirn NiirpriMrd 
 
 I llieniHelveH, and ent otl', while 
 
 Ilk 
 
 fi. 
 
 ol Ihi 
 
 leinv in peaee, hnl lo prosecute t)i 
 
 • pi 
 
 Tl 
 
 follow llie Irji'k of llnir eneinn^ ihroniih ihe ! ^h 
 
 1 if the 
 
 V were not wi 
 
 I" 
 
 loi .lit 
 
 iliui real h nf d.in<rer. 
 
 I Willi iinnH'i-i^d entnity. The de-ire of u'iij;[eain"0 n* tore.st. 'I'hey endeavor to di.si'over their haiiniK, they ! If, nulwitlist.indm)j iIiim iii^li;;enci! and neriir;lV| 
 
 ilh thewhhli oHen Im-ttratt' llieir nm^i nrllnl (•ehenien, llicy 
 
 the tirnl and ulino^t iIj' mdy prnieiple w!i;rli a wava^^e link in hoihc tlin'ku' r.trar to theHt'. 
 
 •d, 
 
 tills niio Ihe minds of his i-Jnldre 
 
 Til 
 
 will) liiin a-« he iid\anreH in life ; and as Iiih aitentiun 
 direileil to lew ohjeetn, it anpnres a decree of loree 
 unknown amoti;^ men whose pasHJonH art' di!<Hipated 
 and wr.ikeind l>y Ihe variety u\ iheir urrnpaliorm and 
 pnr^miH, Tlie deMn* of vcn;;eiinfe, whuh l.iken po-t- 
 Mt'SMun of the heari of s,iv.i:;i'i, re>enil)les ilie in-^linc- 
 ll\e ra^e of an amnial ralher ihaii the |iassioii id' u 
 num. ll turiM, wiih nudisrerninir fniy, i ven a^atn.-^t 
 inaiiinnito ohjeelN. If hurt ueeidmlally hy a nlune, 
 they often Kii/.e it in a trinsporl of aturr, and eiitle ivor 
 to wrt ak lh< ir ^en;r|^lnce upon it. If ^iriu-k with an 
 urrow III u l<<it;|e, thev will tear it (roni the wonnd, hre.ik 
 fliid hill! it will) iheir leelh, and dash it on ihe irrunnd 
 Willi M'Mpeil lo ihrtr eiieinieH their rayc of ven^'Caneo 
 known I' ) Stnmds. When iindiT the doinniioii uf this 
 ha.H.sion, man heroiiKsthi! most cruel of all uniinaU. ; 
 lit' neilher p-tics, ikm' loiyives, nm' spares. ' 
 
 The force id' this passion ih so wdl understood by 
 the Amt'ricans lliemselvcs, that ihey always .ijiply lo ll 1 
 in order lu e\r>ie their piojile to t.ike ar:n«. If the ' 
 elders ot anv Irihe atlempl lo rou>e llieir yunUi from 
 F<lot)i, ll a chief wishes to alhirc a hand of vsarriurs to 
 fulhiw Inm in invadm^r an enemy's euiintry, tiie most 
 persuasive lopicn of their martial cloi|iirnct; are drawn 
 from ie\in;;e. " 'I'he hones of uiir lonntryincn," say 
 •,licv, "he uncoMTi'd ; Iheir hloody lu'd has not heen 
 washed clean. 'I'heir spiritn cry at-ainst us ; liiey must 
 he appeased. I.el n» ^o and devour the people hy 
 whom liny were slain. Sit no lousier inactive upon 
 your mats; lift the lialclicl, console llu- spiiilH of Ihe 
 dead, and Icll tliL-ni that they ^hall lie au'ii^^ed." 
 
 Animated with such e.\horlaliotis, Ihe yoiilh snatch 
 their urmn in a transport of hir;'. raise the isonij of war, 
 and hnrii wilh impnlienee to nntirnc their hands in the 
 blood of ihcir cneimes. l*n\ale clnefs often assemble 
 ifinull parties and invade a hosiih^ Inhe witliout con* 
 bulliiiii il"^ rulers of ihe ctMiiimmity, A sin^^le warrior, 
 prompted hy caprice or revenu'e, will lake llie ticid 
 ulone, and march several hundred miles lo surprise and 
 cut oil' a slra^irliuy enemy [li-'ij The c.xploiis ol n 
 noted warrmr, m such «ulilary (.vcnrnions, olten furni 
 iho chief jiart in the hl^lo^y of an American cam- 
 paign ; [(JHJ and liieir (dilers connive at Nuch irregular 
 sallies, as they I 'iid lo cherish a rnarlial spirit, and ac- 
 cualoin iheir p.'ople to enleiprise and daii'jcr. 13ut 
 when a war is national, and undertaken by public autho- 
 rity, ihe deliberations aro formal and slow. The elders 
 asaemhlc, they deliver tlieir opinums in solemn speei lies, 
 thov vveit;h with maturity the naliir" of the enterprise, 
 and balaiico its benelieial or disadvantageous conse- 
 quences Willi no inconsiderable portion of pohiieal dis- 
 cennnenl or s^^'acity. Their jiriesL-i and soothsayers 
 arc con:«ulied, and somctnnes they ask the advice oven 
 of their women. If the delcrininalion bo for war, ihcv 
 prepare for it with nmeh ceremony. A leader oilers to 
 conduct the expedition, ainl is accepted. Uut no man 
 ia constrained to follow Imn; ihc resolution of the 
 community lo commence hostilities imposes no ohliga- 
 tion upon any imMiiher to lake pari in the war. blaeh 
 individual is Ntill master of his own conduct, and Ins 
 onuaircincnt in the service is perfectly voluntary. 
 
 The maxims by which they regulate their military 
 operations, though extremely ddl'erent from those which 
 take place among more civilized and populous nations, 
 arc well suited to their own political stale, and the na- 
 luie of the country in which ihey act. They never 
 tuke the field in numerous bodies, as it would recpiire a 
 greater eti'ort of fon;si;fhi and industry than i.s usual 
 ainouj; savages, lo jirovide foi their suhst&tence during 
 
 lis j«rowH up patif^nce -if i "porisman Iwwj, in wail for yame, will - Ciiich the inemv imprep.ireii 
 
 .1, V 
 
 lev rnsli n 
 
 lontimic in iheir stalum day idler day until they can 
 rnsh np<m tlieir prey when nios*. sernre, ai; I Icasi able 
 lo ri sisl them It they meet 110 straL'j^hn^ party of the 
 enemy, ibey adfanei' towards their vdlaui's, Imi wilh I 
 such .•^oiiciliide lo conce.il ihcir own approach, lliat liiey I 
 olli-n en ep on their li.iiids and feet throiii.di llie woods, 
 and paiiil their -kins of the siinie color wilh tht 
 withered leaves, in order lo avoid detection. If so 
 htrluinile a.s to rennim nnohserved, ihey set on lire the j 
 enemies' liuls in the dead (d' tii^lit, and mas-^acri: the j 
 inh.ibilaiit.s as tliey lly n.tkeil and del'eiiC(Ii-Hs fron. the 
 tlaines If they hope to ellcci a retreat without hein;^| 
 pursued, tiny carry otV soon- prisoners, whom they re-' 
 Kerve for a more dreadhil fate. Ibil if. nolwilhsiantlm^ 1 
 all their addicss and precautions, liiey lind that their 
 innlions are discoveri •!, l!iat the enemy tias taken llie 
 'darm, and is |prcpai-id to opj>ose Uiem, they usually: 
 deem il most prudent to retire 'I'hey rei>ard it as e.x- ! 
 lieine folly lo meet an enemy who i.s on his jruard, 
 upon eipial terms, or to i,ve ii.itlle m an o|ien field. , 
 llie mo.sl dislini^uishcd .sni ess is a d.s;^riir-t; to a 
 leader if it ha.* hecn jpurehased wiih any considerable 
 loss of his followers, [(iVJ and Ihey never hoast of a 
 victory if stained wnh iIk! htood of iheir own coun'ry- 
 men. 'i'o fall in battle, instead of Ixinir reckoned an 1 
 lionoralde death, is a inisfurlune which siilijecis the [ 
 inemory of a warrior to thu nnjnilalion of rasiiness or 1 
 imprudence. [(>8J 
 
 This system of war was universal in America ; nml 
 ♦he sm,idl nin-ivilized tribes, dispersed tluoiii,'h all its ] 
 dilfereiil rc;;ions and climates, di-'pl.iv more crall than' 
 holdntss in carrvini; on iheir hostihtirs. Struck wiih' 
 lliis condncl, so opposite lo tlie ideas and niaxtms uf 
 Kuropeuns. several authors contend that it llows from 
 a feeble and dastardly spirit peculiar lo tii'; Americiins, 
 which is irica|»ahle of any yencions or manly exertion. 
 JJul wlieti we rctlcct that many of these Irihcs. on occa- 
 sions which call for extraordmary elloils, not only de- 
 lend themsetves with ohslmate resolulum. but attack 
 iheir I'lu inies willi the most daring conra<ie, and th.tt i 
 Ihey possess forlitiide of mind superior to the sense of ' 
 da..i^cr or llie fear of death, we must aacriliu their 
 habitual caution to some olher cause lliaii coiislitnlional 
 tiimdily. Tiie nuinher of men m each inbe is so small, 
 the diiiicully of rearin;^ new ineinhers uinidst the hard- 1 
 ships and danjfers of savage life is so great, thai the ■ 
 hie of a citr/.en is extremely precious, and the presirva- 
 tion ul il heconu's a capital idpject in their policy- 
 Had the pomt ol' honor been the same ainon^ the 
 feeble American trihes as among tlie powerbil nations 
 j of Kiirope, had they heeii taught to court fame or vic- 
 j tory in conleinpl of danger and death, they inu.>*t have 
 been ruined by maxims so ill adapted to their con- 
 I dilion. liut wherever their cominunilies are more 
 populous, so that they can act wilii considerable force, 
 and can sustain the loss of several of their members 
 vvilliuut being sensibly weakened, the military opera- 
 liuns of the Americans more nearly resemble those of 
 other nations. The IJrazdians, as well as the trihes 
 situated upon the hanks of the river Ue la i'lala. often 
 take the tield in such numerous bodies as deserve the 
 ' name of armies. They defy their enemies to the coin- 
 but, engage in regular battles, and maintain the conHict 
 I wilh that desperate ferocity which is natural to men 
 who, having no idea uf war but that of exterminating 
 their enemies, never give or take quarter. [69J In the 
 powerful empires of Mexico and IVru, great armies 
 I were assembled, frcipient battles were fought, and the 
 I theory as well as practice of vvar were dillercnt from 
 
 un them wilb 
 
 Ihe utmost jerocity, anil leatiii;; oif tlie scalps i>f dll 
 tliose who fall viciini.* lo tiinr iMt'c, [TOJ tin-y carry 
 home ihu-e htvaiiMc irojthies in triumph. Tln-se. they 
 preserve as monuinentrt, iiol only of their own proAcm*, 
 init of the vengeance which their arm has nilluied upon 
 the people whn wire ohjects ol public resenlmeiil. 
 They life still more soliiulous lo se;/.c prisoners \)\\ 
 ring iheir rt^treat. if they hojie to etleel it nnuiujesied, 
 the prisoners are commonly e.teinpl Irom any insult 
 and ireated witli home ('■ gne ot hnniamly, though 
 guanled with Ihe most siriet attciition. 
 
 iJiil alter this leiiiporar) Hiispension, the rage of the 
 coiiipierors rekindlen with new fury, An .noun as ihev 
 approach tin ir own frontier, '■oiiu; of thoir miinber are 
 de?,jialciieil lo infurin llieir eoimtryinen with respect to 
 iht- --ucctss lit till' expedition. T m 11 the- prisuner.s be* 
 gin lo feel the wretchedness A their eondiion. 'I'Uo 
 women of the village, lOgCther with the youth who have 
 not attained lo Ihe age of hearing arms, asseinlile, dnd 
 lui;iimg themselves into two Imes. ihroiigli .vliich M;e 
 prisoners must pass, taal and hnn>e l!n'in wilii slicks 
 or stones m a cruel manner. After this lirsi i;ratific i- 
 tion of their rage against their enemies, folloA lainen'ii- 
 lions for the loss of su<'h of liieir ti.vn countrymen us* 
 have fallen in the service, accompanied wiUi woids i«nd 
 actions which scem lo evpress tiie lumosi anguish pt.d 
 grid. Hut tn a moment, upon a siLjn.d given, U.cii" 
 tears cease; they pass, with a sudden and unaccount- 
 able transition, from the depilis- of sunow to the trans- 
 ports ul joy. and hegm to i-elehrau: i;u'ir victory Willi 
 all the wild evnllation of a barbarun.-' iriuniith. Tiie 
 fate of the pri.soncrs remains j-iiti undeciih d 'I'iic o'd 
 men dcbheralc concerning it. So, iic are destined 10 
 be tortured lu di .iih, m order to satiate (lie revenge of 
 the eoii'pierors ; some to repl. ice the inem!«-rs which 
 liie coininumly has lost m 'hat of former wars. Tliey 
 who are reserved titr tins milder fate, are led to the hnts 
 of lho.se whose friends have been killed. 'I'he women 
 meet ihein at tlie door, and if they receive ihein, their 
 snliermgs are at an end. Tney are adopted mto ihu 
 family, and, according to llieir plira.se, are scaled upon 
 the mat ot the deceased. They a.s.^ume his name. Uiey 
 liohi the. («aim. rank, and are Ire.ited llieneeforward with 
 alt the tenderness due lu a lather, a brother, a hu.sl)and» 
 or a Irsctid. Hut, if either from caprice or an unrelent- 
 ing desire of revenge, the women of any lainily reluso 
 to accept of the prisoner who is ollered to them, hia 
 doom is lixeil. .No power can then save him irom 
 torture and death. 
 
 While their lot is in suspense, the prisoners them 
 selves appear altogelhor unconcerned about what may 
 helall them. They talk, they eat, they sleep, as if ihej 
 were perfectly at ease, and no danger impending. 
 Wtien the fatal sentence is intimated to tUein, iliev re- 
 ceive It wuh an mialtcred countenance, raise then 
 dealii song, and prepare lo sutler like men. Their 
 coiupierors assemble as to a solenni festival, resolved lo 
 put Ihe lortitude of the captive lo the uiinosl proof. 
 A scene ensues, Uie bare description of wh ^ n is enough 
 to ciull the heart with horror, wherever men have bean 
 accustoiu'.^d, by milder institutions, to respect their 
 species, and to niell into tenderness at ihe sight of 
 human sulierings. The prisoner!' are tied naked to a 
 stake, but so as to be at liberty to move round it. All 
 who arc present, men, women, and children, rush upon 
 them like fuiies. Every species of torture 19 appl'cd 
 that ihc rancor of revenge can invent. .Some bum 
 their limlis with red hot irouf, some mangle lufr bo<t:i;» 
 with knives, otfiers tear their flesh from their bonea* 
 
STT 
 
 
 EI , ' 
 
 ltd 
 
 ylwV out ilioir n«iN bv \)w rooin, nnt] rrm! am! Iwisl 
 lln'ir >iinr\vs. Tiirv vii* \\i:li our anollu-r in rriinomnil:* 
 ot lurluiT Notluiii^ sots Itomuls Ut their rii|;i' Iml llir 
 drciitl ot aSruiiiM'* ilu tl'iriiiion nl' Ihi'ir vcntriMiuT by 
 hft>tiMi:nu till' tir.tiii ot tin- Millrrrr'* . ami m\v\\ \h ihnr 
 ontrl itii^rmnlv i:i lorinciiliii::. tiin. h\ ino'thf.^ imlus- 
 iniMi!*lv u» null anv vu.il |iiirl. tiu\ oilrn pr.i on^ ilu:* 
 wiMir o( an^Mr * 'r s('\iT.iI il.»\s In spiU- ot" all llut 
 ti'''v (tiili'tT. thi' \i -IS roninuir lo ch;int thrir tlratli 
 non^ will, a hrin \0'rr. ilirv ho.isl t>l tlirT ov« n rx- 
 plons. ili"v uisnll th. ir lonmnlcr^ lor ilu' Wiiiil dl skill 
 lit nv*M);*ni); tlit-ir IriiMuls .ui.i trla'ons, ilirv warn tlu'in 
 of tho ^oMiicaiu-r \\iurli a\\.uis ili'-m tin acroiini nt 
 what thi'V arr now tlti'M:;, ;n;<i rx.-iif tlu'ir triorily liv 
 tlu' most uroxokniii rr)'ro\f|irs anil tlm\U» To tii*- 
 plitv tinil.iinilrii loriihiili'. tii t*iu'h ilnMitliil Mhiiilton!* \a 
 tlir nohlr>i IrMunjili ol a warrior 'I"o avonl ihr In.tl I'V 
 a volunlarx drjili. or to stirnik niulcr ii, i> tli'rnu'tt m- 
 r,)MioiiA and oowanllv ll anv one luMrav sMupiout!) of 
 luuuliiv. h « liirnirnlors otini thitpait^li nun at onoe 
 Willi i'oulrinpt, as nmvoriliv of hrni): In'.itnl like ;» 
 m.oi Aininalis! willi iho o iilcas, lln'v rtulnrc wilhoul a 
 (jro.iti wJMi ll Rreins aliiio-«l Mn,H>s-tltU'ih,it liuin.iti naiurc 
 shonlit sujitain 'i'hcv appear to hr not iinlv mseiiMliIc 
 o pain. lt:ii to court u *' rorluMr," saM an ajiod 
 clurror llie Impiois. wluui Ins nisulls hail pro\okrilono 
 ot Ins toruiriuors to wouiul hini wuh a kiiilc, " lorbrar 
 ll.i'M' stalls ol \ our knilr. an.! rather let ine die hv liie. 
 that ihc.n* lio^i*. vour allies. iVoni lM*yonii ihe sea. may 
 learn bv niyoxainple to miIUt like men " 'I'liis ma^in- 
 inilv ol' whii'li liureaie iVe.pient mstaniMs amOM;; the 
 Amrri«":in warriors, mslr.ul ol eteitiiiij .hlmnalton, oi 
 »:a!lin>: lorih svinp.iijiv. exasperates tiie Jieri-e spirits ol 
 their torturers lo Iresh lUMs ol" eruelty. Weary, al 
 li'iwth ot eoiiteihlni«i with men whose eonstaiirv ot" 
 ir.ithl iliev eaiinot \ftn<iUish. some i 'uel', in a ra^e. puts 
 a period to llieir sutleruiijs. h\ despalcluiii; ihein Wilh 
 Ills daiTLier or eluh 
 
 '\'i\\> harliarous seeno is ol'ten sneeeeJed bv one no 
 less shot-kiiij;. As ii is iinposstblr lo appease the (Vll 
 fpiiil III" re\«Mii;e wlueh ra^jes in the heart of a sava^M-. 
 Ihis fre.pienilv proni]>iN the Vnieru-ans to tie\our lliose 
 uiriiappv persons wiiu ii.ive bein llie virimis ol" llieir 
 erueiiv In ihe jinnenl worliL tradition has preserved 
 tlu' memorv ol baritaro is nations ot eaiinihals, w 'lo ted 
 on hiinan lle«ih. Hul in rvi r\ part ot ilip New World 
 there were people lo whom tins eusiom was lanuli.ir. 
 It pn'v;iiied 111 the soiitlirrn eontnnMn. m se\eial ol tlie 
 Islands, and in varuMis dislriets ol Norlli Aineriea. 
 ti\eh in those part-* where eirennistaiii'es with wl.u'h 
 wp tire uii.ii'ipt.unti-d tiad in a i:real iite.iMire abolished 
 thi» praeiiee, it seems lorniirlv to have i^eeii so well 
 knowi) that u is nu orporated into the -,dioin ol' their 
 laMi^iiai:!' Ainonii the Iropiois. the phrase bv wliuli 
 liiev express iheir re>oUiiioii ol iitakiui; war a.'aiii^i an 
 inomv is, " Let ns 1:0 and eat ihat natton," !l' ihev 
 DOlicil the aid ol' a neiL;hb(»rin;» Iribr, tliev i.tvtio tt " to 
 rat broilt made ot" ihe llesh ol" their enemtes " {i\\ 
 Nor was the praeiiee peeuliir to n.de unpohsheij Irilies, 
 th.'' priiu-iple )io;n whieli iliev look rise is m> di'epl\ 
 rooted in the inin.lsol'lhe Aiuerieaiis. Ihat it subsisted in 
 Me.\ico. one ol the eivilized empires in the New World, 
 and relii's of 11 niav be diseiui'red atnoiui the more 
 tnild iiihahilani-* ol I'eru It wa> not seari'it\ ol lood. 
 an some authors iina'jiiie, and ihe impi»rtunate eraxiii;;-* 
 ot'hunmM. which loreed the Americins !o those horrid 
 repas's on their lellowereaiures. Unman lies!) was 
 iK>\er used as eonimon ("0^1 in any coutitrv. and liio 
 various relations eoncernii.i; netiple who reck«med it 
 iiiuoti^ the slated means ol mibsistence. tlow trom the 
 (n'dulilv and luislakrs ol travellers 'Die rancor ol' 
 !*ven.»<' ^i^^^ piomnted men to this barlmrons aelion 
 The licrce*-! Inhi's de\oiirtd noiu' but prisoners taken 
 m war. m ;.i;rh as tlie\ rc'-;,iidi'd as enemies (I*] 
 Woini'U and childien w!io were not Ihe obieels ol' en- 
 intiv. it' not cm olV m Mie I'urv ol llieir lirsi inntad inlo a 
 li'>t.iile counlrv, seMoiu sulVered by the dehherato el- 
 tt < Is ot" llieir rt ventre 
 
 The pet»pli^ i\\ Stuith Amenca ijntii'T their revenue 
 ir\ a maiMii r somewhat dilbrent, but willi no less uiire- 
 'enlni^ rancor Their prisoi ers. after meelitijj 4:t iheir 
 limt entrance wilh the same ivMii^h reC p'lon as anninn 
 the Norih Americans, are noi o.dv exempl Irotn itijurv. 
 bill treated with the jireaiesl kmdurns Tliev are 
 (ea»Ied and caressed, itid some be.mlihil vounn women 
 rifi" appointed to allend and solace them ll is not 
 ci«v to acconiil lor tins part o! their euiubict, tmless 
 Wf impute ll lo a reltncnteiit in crueltv For. while 
 ihey seem stu-bout to attach llie captives lo lile. bv 
 .■-nppK tiiif them null e\-rv eniovineul thai can render 
 11 a "■. ei.'. 1%. r .loo o 1. V ocblv livid t)n a 
 (lii^nititotntiMl thtfvU'loiioustt;bo osrmhUs, tho pri- 
 
 ROBKUTSON'S lilSTOHY OP 
 
 soner i« brouiiht forth with great soleminlv. he views 
 the preparations tor ihe sacnlu e with as iinicli iiidilVer- 
 ence as il he liimsell was not the victim, and mee'.iiiji 
 Ins I'ale wnh uiiilauntetl liiniiicss. is despatched with ti 
 single blow. Ihe imnuent he tails, the wiunen seize 
 the liody ae.l dress it lor ii;e Itasi liicv bt-smear 
 ihi .r I'hiidu n with the b!tu>d. in oidt r lo kindle in Ijieir 
 bosoms a haired otlhrir euennes. which is iu'\er extin- 
 piisht d. and ail join in reedm^r Ujwn llie llesli with 
 aina/.m^ greediness .iiuj exuli.ilion To de\onr the 
 hin!\ ol a "Lnr^liiereil encmv tliev leem the nuwt com- 
 plete and cv.piisite );:ralilicalioiiol ri'ven^'p \\'here\er 
 lliis practice pievails, captives never escape dealh. but 
 ihev are not loiiured wiib the same cruelty as ainonii 
 irihes which are less nt-ciistomed to such horrid 
 feiists (7:»| 
 
 As the ctmsrancv oi every Anieriean warrior ninv 
 be put to such se\ore proof, the ^real objert ot militarv j 
 cdiicalii)!! aiitl disciplnit^ m the New W Hrld is lo loim 
 the mmd to sustain it When nations carry on war! 
 with open lorce, di'lv their ei.emies to thecoinbal, mid 
 xauijiKsli tliem b\ the siiperioriiv ol' their skill oreou- 
 raj:e. soliiiersate trair.ed to ••■' ictivi'. viijorous. and en- 
 terprismj» Hut in Aineiica. where the j;enius and 
 inaxnns o( war are exiremelv dillerenl, passive lortitnde 
 IS the ipia'.ilv in hi;:hesl I'stimation Accorilin-iiv. 11 is 
 e.irU the studv 01 ilie Americans to acpiire sentnnents 
 and habits which will enable tUem lo beha\e like men 
 when iheir resolution shall bi put to ihe proof As Ihe 
 \oul|j ot other nations exercise ihemscUes m foils i>l 
 aclix itv ami lorci\ lliose ol America \ie with tnie 
 another in evhihilittns ol their patience iiii.ler siilVcrin::s 
 I'hev haitlen their ner\e^ bv lliose yolunlarv irials. and 
 \;radually accustom ihinnselves lo endure the sharpest 
 pain without coniplainiiiii A boy and a c;irl will bnul 
 their naked arms ti\;Mllier. and place a hurnina ctuI 
 hctwecn them, in onlei to trv who *,rsl discovers siii-h 
 impaiience as lo shake 11 oil. All llie tr.als cuslomar\ 
 111 America, when a youlh is admittetl into ihe class t>l 
 wariiors. or wlien a warrior is promoitM to the ilij^niiv 
 of captain or chiel. are accomnii><latetl lo this idea ol 
 manliness. They are not displavs ol' \alor. bet of y.\- 
 licnce . Ihev are not exhibitions of iheir nbibtv to 
 otVeiui. bill of their c.ipacitv lo sutler. Anuui^ ihe 
 tribes on llie banks ol the Orinoco, if a warrmr aspires 
 lo ihe r.mk ol capi.nn. his pro'-.itum beijins with a loiiij 
 last, more ri^ul than any v ; . r observed bv the most ah- 
 slemioiis liermil. .\\ ttie close o\' this the chnis assem- 
 ble, each [;i\es him three 1 tshes wiih a lai^je whip, 
 applieil so M^oronslv that lits bod\ 1.* ahnt»st llaMtl. and 
 if tie betravs ijie least svmptoius ol impatience or even 
 sensilnliiv he is di?;;raced lor ever, and rencled as nn- 
 wortliv of ihe honor to which he a*ipir.'s. .\fier some 
 tinterxal, ihe conslaiit'v ot the caiulidale ts proved bv 11 
 I more eycrutiatin;; trial lie is laid m hanmioc with 
 Ills hands bound fast, and innumer.il-le imiltilude o\ 
 venomous ants, whose bite occasions exonisiie pain. 
 n:ul produces a violent intlainmalion. are tlirown upon 
 , hiiii Tile pid:^eii ol h.s ment slatitl annnd the ham- 
 j iiioi'. and, while these cruel insects fasten upon llie 
 uiosl seiis.hle parts ot his bodv. a si.^'n. a ^noaii, an in- 
 voluntary molioii. expressive of what he sulVers. would 
 exclude hun lor ever titun the r.mk of caplam Wmu 
 alter this eviJcnce tif !ii> li>i iluil'-. it is not deemeil to 
 ' be ctviiii'Icielv aiceil lined, but .mist •*taiitl another lest 
 niore drc.idlul ihan anv he has hitiierto uiider||oiie 
 He Is a;j;am suspended in his haminoc, and covered 
 w,:h leaves of the palmeltii, A fne of s:inkini» herbs 
 IS kimll.d uiiilerncaih. so as he mav fee' its heat and be 
 involved in its smoke Hioujiii scorched and almost 
 stilfocated, he ninsi eonlmiie tt) endure vvith ihe name 
 i]ialieiit insensilMlilv. M.iny perish in this rude essav 
 I of iheir lir.nness and coiirai;e. but Mich as pi ihroujih 
 I ll with applause, receive ihe ensigns of their iievv ditf- 
 jniiv with much soleinniiv. and are ever alter n jvirdcil 
 as leatlers of approved lesolulion. whose behavior m 
 the most t'vin-i snuations will do honor to their conn- j 
 Irv In North ,\meiica ll»e previous liial of a warrior ; 
 IS neither so Itirinal noi so severe Tht>ui;h even there. \ 
 before i. Vtiulh is pirm.Hed ui bear arms, his patience 
 and birtilude ne provtil by blows, bv lire, ami bv ni- 
 I suits mm ' iiwolerable lo a h.mi:hly spiril ihan both. [ 
 ] The rt'iia/.mi; steadiness wuh which the Americans 
 .eiiduii' ihe most exipusiie tormrnls, has itidnce,l some I 
 ; authors to suppose thai, Iroiu the peculiar leehteiies> nl I 
 ili.'ir I'rame iheit seiisibiiilv is not so acme as that ol \ 
 oiher people . us women, and persons o\ a relaxed 
 habit, are observcil lo be less ntbvit d with pain ihau j 
 rohii>i men. whose nervi's are more lirmlv bia«"e*l I 
 I bit the I'onst mil 1011 ol the Ameiicaiis ^^^ not so dillerenl ' 
 I m Its tevtiire Iroui thai ot tiir u <«i ol itie hinn in spci-ies , 
 ' AN lo aceount tor tlim divennly 111 tlunr t ..iviur It' 
 
 1I0WS from a pr:; ijvW of honor. tnMilletl early and enlli- 
 vated with Mich care, as to ms[»;re man in his rinot 
 »lale with an heiou' maiynauimilv . to winch philosophy 
 hath endeavored in yam ii» lorm hun, when niort* 
 hi:;lily improved and poli.died. Ilus mvinciMi eon- 
 siancy he has bei-n l.uijilH lo civnsuler as llie duet ilis- 
 liiieliou of .1 iitan. ,iiid the hi>:hcsi attaiinui nt ol i war- 
 rior, 'I'lie ideas which mtlueiice his » oh.hicl, and lite 
 passiivus wliu'h take possessum ol Ins heart, lue lev*. 
 I'l'.ev operate t»l course with more decisive elbct than 
 when ihe mmd is caiwdcil with a mulliphcilv oi ob|ects, 
 or dislracletl bv the varielv of ils pnrsuiis . and when 
 everv inoiive that acts w it h anv lon'c in lormiun the arn* 
 limciits of a savage. privm))ls linn lo sutler w ilh di^nilv. 
 he will bear v\h;ti mii;ht stem lo be impossible li>r Im- 
 nian patience Iti sustain Mul wherever the loriiluib' tvl 
 the Americans is not roused to exertion bv iheir uieaii 
 oi hoimr, their leelincs o! pain are llie same with lbt»so 
 of ihe rest of mankind 171] Nor is that patience un- 
 der sull'ennjis lor which ihe .Vmeneans have been M 
 pistlv celcbrateil. a miivi'rsal aii.immeui The con- 
 stancy oi many of ihe viclims is overcome bv tlie ajjii 
 nil's t>l ttirture I'heir we.ikness am) lament aliens com- 
 plete Ihe triumph oi their enemies, and reilect disgrace 
 npiin their own comitry 
 
 The perpetual hostilities c.iriicil on amotu: llie Amrri- 
 can tribes are proiluctive ot very talal ellect> Kv,m 
 ill seasons t>l public trail. piillily, their mipeilecl imlustry 
 tloes not sujiplv tliem with anv superlbioiis store ol pro- 
 visions . but when the irruption oi an eiie:iiv ib solates 
 their cultivated lands, or disturbs ihciu in iheii- hiint- 
 111;: excur-^ions. micIi a calamiiv riiiiicesa connnumlv, 
 uaturaliv miprov idem and th'-itilute ol re-tnin'e*t. lo ex- 
 treme waul. All the people of the tlislricl ihal is iiiva* 
 tied aie lrei)uenlly forcetl lo take rebi«:e m woivils and 
 moiiiU.iins, which c.m al!t>rtl tliem litile subsistence, and 
 whcie manv of them perish Notwilhstandmii their ex- 
 cessive cannon in coniluci.iiiT their luililarv operation.'*, 
 and ihe solicitude of everv leader lo preserve the Jims 
 of Ins followers, as the rude iiibes in Ameiica st ldo;u 
 eniov anv inierval of peace, the ii»ss ol men amoii;* 
 them is considerable m proptulion to the di'LTie ot 
 population, Thus famine and the sword combine in 
 thinning llieir numbers. All Ihetr ctvinmimities »ro 
 feeble, and nolhiiii; now remains ol several na'ion.i 
 which were out e ctmsuler.ible, luil llie name 
 
 Sensible of this continual dccav. tlicte are tnbe« 
 which endeavor to recruit their national lorce when 
 evhausltd. by ailoptiiif: prisoners taken in war. and bv 
 lliis expetlienl preveiii their tt»tal extinction The 
 practice, however, is not nniversallv received Ke- 
 wcntmeiil operates more powettullv anioiio savaj;e» 
 than ciMisitleraliOiis of poln-v far the yrcaler part ol 
 iheir captives w;is aiii'ientlv sicriltcftl to iheir ven- 
 ireance. arid it is onlv •'iiice iheir numbers bi^an lo 
 tiecliiie fast, that ihcv have piicrallv adi>|neil milder 
 inaxmis Ibil sui'h as thev do iiaturali/e renounce lor 
 ever their native irihe. and assume the manners as well 
 as pasMons of tin peoph* bv whom llie\ are ailopted st» 
 ( ntirelv, that thev oil en join ibein in expeditio;ir» 
 afiainst their own counlrv men Such a smlden traiisi 
 lion, and so lepiijinanl Iti one of tlie mt»si powerliil in- 
 slinels nuplaiiiid bv nature, wouM be lieeniid stran^^c 
 amon^ manv people . but aiiuMi;: the membciv ol stnall 
 cinnuiumlies, w.icre national enmity is v loli ill ami ilei'|i 
 rooled. it has the appearance of beinji still nmre unac- 
 countable ll seems, however, lo result natcrallv from 
 the principles upon winch w,ir is carried on <n America. 
 When nalions ami .it exit rmina'iU); iheir enemies, lui ex- 
 change ot prisiuieis can ever take place l"iom the mo- 
 inenl mie is made a pr;soner, his eoimlry and Ins hieiidi 
 consider him as dead (?.'>] lie has mem red indelhble 
 disgrace bv Nulleriiij; bmist If to be ^urpM^ed 01 to bo 
 taken by an enemy , and \vt re he lo r« lurn liome. alter 
 Htich a slam iiptui bis homtr. lits nearest relations would 
 not receive *ir even aekiiovvleili:e that ihey knew jnni 
 .Siuue tribes were sldl nu>re ri^ul, aiui 11 a prismier le 
 turnetl, the inla-uv wluehhe bad brinij^hi on Ins courtrv 
 was expiaud. iv pullino liim nisiaiulv lo death A*- 
 the milorlnnate caplive is thus nn lUilcasl Irom Inn 
 own eounliv. and the lies vvliiih bound him to it aru 
 iiieparably broken, he leela less reluclaiice in lornmij 
 a new comiexioii with people, who, as an evident e of 
 their t'r.endiv sentimeiils, not onlv deliver bim Irom a 
 cruel death, but olbr lo ^idiiiil him to all the rif^hts of a 
 fellow ciii/.eii The perfect Minilanty of manner^ amonff 
 savage nations Ucililales and complcteA the union, nnJ 
 induces a captive to transfer not only Ins allejjiauce. hnl 
 Ills alleelion lo the eommuniiv niio the bo>oui ol wliietl 
 he IS received 
 
 Itiit though w.ir he Ihe eliiet oceiipalioii ol men ii* 
 their rude »ldl-j, and lu vxvv\ 111 11 ilieir hivlutat d>^ 
 
onrlv anit cnltU 
 
 111 111 Ins T(U.»'tl 
 
 liicli pliilosophv 
 
 noM): tlir Ainrri- 
 ellcrl.* V.wn 
 ii>riltrl iinluitirv 
 lxis florr »»1 pro- 
 i"iu>:nv lit sttlatr^ 
 I in itii'ir lunit- 
 ?» a ('tiinmnmlv, 
 ('.iMirrct. to r\- 
 lu'i tli.it IS una- 
 :i' in v\oo(l-i iinil 
 siihsisii'iu-i'. and 
 l;uuim>i tiirtr rx- 
 it.irv »»|Mr.»l.on*. 
 
 "I'MTM' tllC ll\( !« 
 
 Amhmum m Mo, II 
 ol mrn ;iriioti^ 
 ) till' ili'LTti' oi 
 uuti I'omliit.i' in 
 .>iniMtiniiit'> iiro 
 hr\('r.il iirt'ioi'.s 
 
 hrro iirr tniu's 
 '\h\\ torro \\lu'!i 
 I 111 war, ami hv 
 Uinrtum Tlio 
 ri'crncil Ii»»- 
 
 flmoMj: p.n.im'* 
 
 ^jrc.UlT |Klll ol 
 
 i! to llirtr vni- 
 
 lin-rs l>r;.M:i lo 
 !uio|i[t-(l (iiil.lt r 
 I* ri'iionnrr lor 
 liimu rs ii.s \\fll 
 ftrr iiilti|>ti'il >o 
 Ml r\|>rtlitioii:* 
 
 I KiuMrn lr:insi- 
 l pownliil 111- 
 
 li'ciiml str.injio 
 
 'llllxM'; ol Mll.llt 
 
 toll til aiul ilci |i 
 till tiiorr uii;ii'- 
 I nati.r.tllv Irom 
 on .t» AnuTu .1. 
 t'lii'iim!*. no rx- 
 Trom the iiio- 
 
 lUul ins till UiU 
 
 iinil nwti 1!il>lr 
 |iiiM\l or lu liu 
 mil lioinr. allrr 
 rrUiioii!* would 
 \\v\ km-w luai 
 I a |iri>onfr it- 
 
 oti his I'oiirtrv 
 
 lo iiealii A*; 
 lrii>t iroiii lim 
 
 liitn to It aro 
 nro III Itirmiii^ 
 in I'vuli'licr 01 
 ,rr hini from « 
 
 till' ri);Iits ofii 
 n.inncr^ ainona 
 
 ilir union, nnj 
 
 allrj-ianrc. l>iil 
 OMim ol Which 
 
 '.iii'tion ftiiii priili' tlirir Mifrnoritv is alwavs tnanifr^'t 
 ulirnllirv rn^iam' in I'onipclilion wilh poli>licil iialion.*. 
 lV>Hlnir ol Ilial lt>rr!»i)jln wliirli ili«.trrn> a'ul proxulrji 
 "or rrinotr i»\i'nt?t. stran;.MMH to llio ninon ami iiuilu.il 
 i'tnilitiiin'o rc.piiMti' in lorimiiir aiiv I'xii n>:M' plan ol 
 ,iprr..tions. am! uirapaMo ol' llio siilionimatioii no Irss 
 n'oiii**''!' i.t iMrrviiifi Hiii'li plans into t'\r«'uiioii, f*avajji' 
 nanoii!» nun antoniNh a iliMiplnii'il rniniv 1>\ tiinr valor, 
 oiil M'Ulo n iiio\r tormul.iMo \o luni l»\ tlitir routliuM . 
 ami wlu'iK'xrr tlio roiitr>l is ol' Ion;: lonhniianoc. iini^t 
 \h\x\ to Mipi'iior arl (7l<l 'I'lir rnipiir* ol i'rrii aiul 
 McMi-o, tlioiijjli tlinr proijrrss in i-hilization. win ii 
 inraMirril I'v tlu' Ilnropran or AMalu- si-iniiart'!*, wns ni- 
 roiisMit'raMr, iiripmril !«ui ti nn asi fiitlaiiox ovrr I lie 
 rmlr Inl'i's aronml tlirni. thai thov Mihirctnl most ol 
 tlu-tn v\iih ^irai (aoiliiY lo liii'ir powrr, Wlion ihr 
 pooplr III litiiopr OMriaii llio \aiioii> proviin'Or* ol Anir- 
 ric.i. llii!« snpiTioiitv «as st;!l nioir i-on>puunu>. Nci- 
 ilicr iluM'oiiraj^t', nor mnnlor ol thr nalnrjt I'oiiM n pi'l 
 I tiiiiulliil til mv.uirrf*. 'riir alii'iiitum aiui niiiiiiv. prc- 
 vali'ht ainoMo li.iittaiian-*. prcMMiIril iluMii Irom unilnii; 
 111 aiiv I innmoii m ItiMiir ol ilcli nt-<\ antl wliili* caih 
 iribi' t'oiiiilil Mparalilv. all \vi rr siiluliml 
 
 Vi riir Hfts ot null' n.iiit>ns niiaripiainttMl with tlu> 
 i-if of nii'laU. liaiilU mrrii anv allrnlion on l!u ir own^ 
 hiTinint, I'lit ail' woriln ol ^»>llll' iioliro, a;* lai n-* \\\v\ 
 ftTxi' to il spl.u itii' i^t'iins ami niinm-rs ol man in iliio 
 ^ta^:^'ol 111?* piojjrrss Tiic tirsi »lisirr?»s a !»avai:o inii>t 
 (rt'l. will anso Irom tho mannrr ui whirh Ins IumIv ij* 
 atlivtoi) Iw tliolii-at, or ri»t.i. or inoij^inri' ol" tlio flnnato 
 nnilcr wliu li lir Ii\<>. aiui liis iir>t rari- will Im- Io pro- 
 vtilc some lOM'riii!,' lor Ins own ilrltni'i' In llu' warnnr 
 niul iiiorr inilil rlnnatcs of Anirnra, nonr ol tlic rmio 
 tnhi's wi'rc rlotlin) To most ol ilinn nature liail not 
 vvi'ii sn)T>:r>lril anv ulca ol" inipropru tv in Iwinjiallo^^i'- 
 ll;rr iinoovru-.l A-* iimli-r a nuld t'lni.iti' ilu rr was l.tlN* 
 niM'il of ai<\ ilchMUT lioin tin- ni)iirn s «)l tlu' air, ami 
 tlu'ir rxtii'nif imlolcmt' ^hnnm•^l vwxy sproirsol lal>or 
 to wlurii It was not nr^nl h\ ahsolnlo ni'crsMtv, all itio 
 iniial'ilnnls *)t' llir islis. ami a ronsult ralilr part of llu* 
 pfopU' on (tir coiitiiiitit. rt'tiMim il mtliis slate iil naknl 
 Miiiplu-it\, (hliiMs urrc saiNliiit with soinr >li;:lil co- 
 vitmij:, siuh «s ilivcnrv rrtpiin-i! Hut tlunnih naknl. 
 tlirv wi ro iioi iiiiailornr»l Thrv itn'ssnl ilirir hair m 
 nvinv ililfi rnil lorms 'I'liov laslrnr»l Inis of (.'olil. or 
 ^ll^'lls. or >lininiii sloiu')*. in tlnMr cais. tlu-ir iio>rs ami 
 flifrks. 'I'lii'v staiiu'ii ilicir skins uiili a i^rrat vanetv 
 o\ ti<^iM't's ; and llii'v sprni iinu'li tiinr. aiul snhmittt'il 
 to cirat pain, in onianirntiiifj llirir pi'isons m tin.* fan- 
 liiviif nianiu'r. \anitv, Iiovm'mt, wliir'i lii.tls rmllrss 
 ori'iipalion tor niunnntv aiul in\i mIumi m nations wlu'ri' 
 tlr<'>s lia" Ih'couii' a iMtni|>li'X aiui nitruMic arl. is 
 rtiriiiiiM'iiiiril witlun so narrow honiuls, ami riuilinrtl 
 to so irw iirlulfs ainoiiit naknl sava^r:-, llial ll v aro 
 tiol sali-llt-il Willi ttutsc snn|ili' lU'ooralions, aii<l have a 
 womhtfnl jtiopmsilv to altrr llir natural form o! thrir 
 boilirs, III oi.lrr til niulrr it vii* tlu-v inia.:nir> tnoro 
 p(rliv( aiul l.iMUtitul Tin-* )>rar:u-t' was uni\ri?*al 
 ainon^ till' riulr>t ol llu' Atniru'an Irihrs I'lieir opr 
 r.iiions lor tliat pnipOM' bi'^^m as soi^ii as nn mlaiil 19 
 I'orn U\ i-innpiTssn^T the lioncs of llu' ^knll. wliilr 
 sUll soU ainl llrMlilo. sonir tlafeii llii' orowii of llu'ir 
 lirails , sonir sipirf/r lluni iiiio tlu* shape ot a rone , 
 olhiTs inonM llicin as iniuli as piisHililr uito a s.|naii> 
 liynro ; aiui llirv ollrn oiuian;:i r llie livrs ol tluir pi' 
 trrilv liv tin ir \u*lrnl nml nhsiiit! I'llorls in ilrraii; 
 plan of nalnrr. or to iniprovr up.m lirr itrs 
 till ihrir atlriiipts rulni to atloin or to new inoili'l tluT 
 porsoiK, It srrnis to lia\r I'l en It ss i|u' t>l»ieiM til tlie 
 Aiiirrieans lo pli asr. orlo appear hi-aiitiliil, tliaii tot;l\e 
 im iiir ol ilti;nit\ ami ti-rnu' lo tlieir a^peel 'I'heir nl- 
 tentioii to iliess liail inoio relnrner lo war lian tii (,m1- 
 lantrv. Tlir ilillrrenee in rank ami esinnalion lulwteii 
 tin* two sr\rs wa:* so ^real, us sri ;ns tit ha\e i-Miti 
 ^nislicii, in soiiH' inf-asiire. llieir soluMtmle t<> appear 
 nni1iiall\ ainiaMo i'hr iiiaii ileeinrt! it Iwni'alh limi lo 
 ailinn tiir* pi r>on. lot ilu' sake ot one oi. whom lie was 
 at-eusiouH il li> look ilow n as a slave It was wlun ilie 
 w.nr.or linl m xiew lii enter the eoinuil ol his n.ihon. 
 or to lake 'hr lirM aL'nuisl its eiiennes, ihat he assiimeii 
 hiH eluMtr .1 - iinenls. niul ileekul his person wiih tlu' 
 niee.'.i c.'!!''. The ilretirations of (he women w*ie lew 
 ■ml »nn| ir ; whatexrr was pireious or splnulul waH 
 rcRervcil for thr nirti In several Irihe* the women 
 were ol !i^;rtl li» (tpeml a •'ini^uleiahle pan ol thnr time 
 rvcrv iin\ in ailornm); nml painting llietr linshamU. niul 
 roiilil hcsiow hull' nlirnnon uptm ornninetiiint.* ttiem 
 ■rive" Anion;: a laee oi men s.> h.uij^lnv as toilespise, 
 or fo eohl It-* to lu i^leet them, the w'timen nalm.tllv l>e- 
 raiiie eaieh*" and slo\iiiI\, ami the love ot inuix aiul 
 (>llow,w!neh hatl heeii ili enu il llieir lavonle passion. 
 Hus eotil'mnl elufllv »o l!io other m s 'L'o ihek Ins 
 
 W^v ttlO 
 
 Tint III 
 
 sorr II A M r u n* a 
 
 P'^rson was ihc dislinctum ol a warrior, ns well as onr 
 of his niosl serio'.irt oeeiipalion^ ['il] In our part of 
 llinr liiess. wliieh at firtl sij^lit appean* ihf most sni 
 i;idar and capru'ions. tlio Atnerieans have discovered 
 I'lmsitlerahle s.i<:aeitv in piovulitij; a^amsl tlio elnef 
 iiit'onvi'mrneirs i>l their I'lnnalo. whieli is often miltrv 
 anil moist lo eieess All Ihe ililVereiit tnhes. wlneh 
 remain nnelollied. aro ari'iislomed tt< anonit and rnh 
 ihetr hodios with tho prrase of aminals, vmUi viscous 
 );iiin». aiul with oils of ditlerriil kiinU lU tins tliev 
 elii't k that piohiso perspiralum, whteh in tho lornd 
 /one wastes the Mi^or of the frame, ami iiinid^'es the 
 periml o\ Iminanlife lly this, loo, iliey prov dr a do* 
 liMue njiamsl the extreme inoistiito d.iniij; iho ramv 
 season [ If*) 'I'lu'V liki'vvist\ at certain seasons, lem- 
 pet painl ol thlli leiil eolors willi ihtise nm;iions suh- 
 sl.incei*. nml hetlanl* themselves plentilnllv witli that 
 eotiiposituni Sheathed w ith tlii>< iinpi'iielrahle varnish. 
 liieir sKins aro ntit onlv ptotretetl from tin- peneiratinj: 
 lieiit of Ihe sun. hilt as all llie minimerahle ttihesol 
 insivls have an aniipathv lo the sivell or lastc id thai 
 rnulnri'. tliev arc dehvirml lr»im their teaMOjj persecu- 
 tion, vvhich amidst lorcsls and marshes, rsprcially in 
 the warmer reijions, wouhl have heeii altojiether mto- 
 hrahle ni n state of pi-rleel iLikeilness, 
 
 The next ol^eet to dri ss iliat will cn;:a}rc tlir ai 
 tetilionof a savajje, !•< tti prepare «omc hahilaiion whieh 
 mav alloiil lom shelter bv ilay. and a rclrcal at ni^ht. 
 Whatever is ronncdcd with his uicas of personal difj- 
 mlv. wliatevtT hears anv reference tti his imlilarv cha- 
 racter, the sava';:e warritu- deems an til'j-vl o\ iniptul- 
 aiu"(». Whatever relates onlv Iti jUMi'cat>Ie a;'.d maetive 
 hie. he vicvvj* vvilh mditlercnec llciieo. though tiin- 
 t'.dlv ntlcntive to dress, lie .s litlle solicitous ahoul the 
 i'le)!anec or di^'povitum of hi-* hahilalion. Savaije na- 
 lh>iis, far tiom liial slati* o( miprnvement, in wh.ii ii the 1 
 niiidc i>f luin;; is coiistilcreil as* a mark of disliiietion, j 
 and nnactiuain'cd with those wants, wliieli rcipnrc a j 
 vaiieiv of aecoininodalion, rc^jnlatc the ronslruclion j 
 of their houses aceoixliUi: to their lenited ideas ^^\ , 
 iiecessilv Some ot tlic .\nieruan Inhes were so c\ 
 treinelv riule, ami had advaueed so hiilc hi'vond the | 
 pnina'val snnplicitv of nature, that thcv had no houses \ 
 at all Piiinij, the dav. thev lake siicltcr from 111'' j 
 storehmo ravs tif Ihe sun under thick trees , at ni^ht 
 lliev form a s'lu'd witli their luaiicheH and leaves ( i'.tj 
 In the ramv season Ihcv retire into eaves, Kirnied h\ 
 Ihi hand of Nature, or iiolhwved out Iw their iiwn in- 
 tiiislrv Olht rs. who have no lived aluule. and roam 
 i!iroii;:h the hnest m onest of uamc, Mtuoirn in lempo- 
 raiv huts, vvhich they er. cl with little lalmr. and ahan- 
 dtm without anv coiieei n 'The mhahitants of those 
 vasi plains, whirh are ,!r!"i:etl hv the oM'rlhwvin^ ol 
 river.s during: the lieavv rams that fall peiiodically he- 
 iween the tiopies. raise luaisrs upon pih's fasletu ti in 
 the j;roinid. or place them amon^; the hou^dis of trees, 
 and are thus safe amuUi that wide ixtended muiula^ 
 tu>n whieli surround* ihem Stuh were the ttist 
 essav.-* of the rudest Americans towaids piovuiinj; 
 theniselvcjt vvilh hahilalions Hut even ainon)X Inhes 
 wliieh aro more improved, and whose rcsitlcm-e is W- 
 come alt ^etiur livi'd, the stinctuie of their lu>uses is 
 I'xtreinelv mean aiul tniiiph' Tiny are wreit-lud huts, 
 sttmetimes t>l an ohhnifi aiul soinelimes ol a cireular 
 form, mteiiiled meiety for ^h^■ller, with no view tii 
 eh'tiancc, and huh' ntlcnlion M convenienry The 
 dotirs are so low that it is tucessarv to hend or to 
 creep on the h.vtuls and li el in order tti etilt r lliem. 
 Tiu'v are wiihoul vvimlows, nml have a hoj^e hole ui 
 the middle oi the nuif. to convey ont tho smoke To 
 Inilow travellers in other inimite citcunwtanei'H of their 
 dt siTiptuMis. IS nol onlv henealh Ihe dij:ml\ ol histoiv. 
 hul wonid he h>ii i^n u> llu- ohje t ol inv reseai-Mies. 
 ()iii' eirenmstanee inerils atlentuui, as it is sin^Milar, 
 and ilhi5tratts the ctiatacler of the people Some of 
 their houses are so lar(.;e as it> contam aecor.nnoilation 
 for liiuiseoio or a liumlml pel -ons. Tin si' are hiult 
 htr Ihe reeeptuui ol thlli lenl ..iniihes. whuti ilwell to- 
 ^:elliir umhr the same uui', (St^l apil oUen around a 
 cmnmon lirr. without separa.e nparlmenis, or any kind 
 ol serein or partttum hilween Ihe hp.ices whuh thev 
 respeetivt Iv oit'Upv As soiui as im n have aetpuri d 
 disluit I idea^ of proprrtv , or when tluv are so ninth 
 atL.ehid lo iheir femalt s, as lo wa'eh them wnli care 
 n d |ea!onsv , lannlies of course ilivule am! settle in 
 fiej>aii>li« liousrs. where thev cnn ^rcure and ^uard 
 whatever thrv wish to pre»er»e Tins sejiilar mode of 
 liahitation anum^ several people of Annriea. mav tlu rc- 
 f.te ho eor.sidrritl nol onlv ns the i lit el ol then iin- 
 pnliet noltoiiH lonnininti ptoi>iilv. hul as a prool ot 
 in.illi itlion. iml iiulilhnnee towauU iheir women If 
 ihev li.iil nol l"'cn aei Uhlomvd to pi ili cl cpialitv. t'Uch 
 
 118 
 
 an nrranjietnent ronid not have taken place, Il Ihoir 
 seiisihihtv had lu'cn njil lo have taken alarm, lliry 
 woiihl nol have tinsli il the v irliie o\ llu ir wtuneu 
 aniiiisl the temptatums and opporlumties of si.eli a pm 
 imse lions mteretnirse .\t ijie same time, llu pi rpi iial 
 concord, whieli rei^jtis in lialutalions white so niunv 
 I'amdies arc crowded to|:t iher. is snr| rising, and alhml.'* 
 .1 sinkiiiji evideiu'c that ihcv must he piople of cilhcr 
 a very j^irntlo. or uf a vrrv phh'iiinatie temper, who m 
 sm-h A siluation. are iiiiactpiamlcil wtih animosity, 
 iirawlni';. ami disi-ttnl 
 
 Alter hiakm^' some provision l't»r hi-* dress and hahi- 
 tation. A savaj^e will j eieeive Ihe mvissilv ol prepaiing 
 pro|>er atins 'viih whuh lo assault or n pel an i neiny- 
 riiis. aectudinulv. ln« "arlv oxetciit'd ;tie ini'i'iinilv 
 ami mveiitiiui oi all rmlf n.it*ni,t= I'ne tirsi ollensivo 
 weapons vvrre iIouImU ss stirh as eliantc preseiitetl. and 
 the liist ellorts M art o< uhpnive U|H>n llu'se. were ex- 
 tremelv awkward and simple Clnhs niatle of somo 
 hr-avv wot>d. slakes liaidtMud in the fire, lanees whoso 
 heatiswere arnietl wiili llinl or the hones t>l some am* 
 mat. are weapons known lo ine niilesl naium* .\\. 
 these, hovvevrr. arc ol uso onlv in itose cncounWr. Hut 
 men VMvhnl to annov their enemies while at n distaneo, 
 and the hiwv aint arrow it the most riiitv invention tot 
 this puipi>se This we.ipon i-; in ilie oaiuls oi peoplo 
 whose adva'it-es m Piipriivemrnt are rxtri-nn-lv meon- 
 stilernhle, and is lainiliar lo liio niliahilanlN of eveiv 
 cpiarler of the i;lohc. It m reinarkahlr. however, that 
 some trihe-* iii .\ineru'a were sti ihstitnle oi ml and 
 aiul ineemii'.v. ihat llu v )ku1 not nltainitl lo ihe diseo- 
 ven ol this simple i,uentitm. aiul seem \o have heen 
 nnacnuainled with ihi* use ol anv nussile weaptui Tlio 
 slui);. thoii^'h 111 Its coustruetion not more complex than 
 the how. .Hill ainoti}: many nations of r>pial nnlutintv, 
 was iillle known lo ihi> people oi Ntirtli Aineiicu. or 
 the isl.mds. hul appe.irs lo have heen nsetl iw a lew 
 irihcs 111 the soutluin contnunl 1*^1 ) 'I'he people, in 
 some provinces of ("hill, and those of l\itaf:oiu.i. to* 
 wanls the southern cxlrenniv ot Ametua. use a wea- 
 pon peeuhar it> iheinsi Ues They lasteii stones, ahoul 
 ilu' sue oi a list, lo eaeh end ol a leatlur llum^ ol e!);t\l 
 t'eet 111 lenjjth. and invm^ these round ihoirheatls. throw 
 them with such dcvlenlv. that they seldom miss Uio 
 oh)ivl at whuh thev aim 
 
 Ainoii): pooph' whtt had hanlly any ocrnpnttonlnit war 
 or hunim;;, the cliul everiions of iheir invention. jMV] 
 as well as imliiitrv. weie natiirallv directed lowioi:- 
 these ohieels \\ illi respert to evci» thniji elsv. their 
 wants and desiref> were so hmititl. that tinn inveiUioi) 
 was not upon the siretch. As their tood aiui liahitn* 
 lions are peifeellv siinph'. their thunestie ntensiU anv 
 tew and riule Some oi the southern tiihcs had dis- 
 eovi'red the arl ol hHimn^ vessels ol earlhein ware, and 
 baknij; llu m in the sun. so as thev could endiiic tho 
 tire, In North Aineriea. lliev lii>lhnvrd a pieee of linrvl 
 vvtuu! Ill the lotm ol a keilte. aiul liliinj» it vvilh water, 
 lirou^Jil II to hod. hy imtiin^ reil-hot stones mio it, 
 |S;t] These vessels ihev iisid m prepaiin^ pari of 
 llieir provisions ; niul ihis may he coiisulered as a ulep 
 towards relineinent and Inxiiiv ; for men m iheir rmlest 
 slate were not ac.piainted w ith anv nu Mt.-d of tin ssing 
 their viclnals hut hv roaslm^: ihem im the tire . and 
 aiiuinfi sevrral liihes in .Xmeriea. this is llie onlv opi'- 
 euH of ctHikeiy yet known \W: the masterpiece of 
 an. nmou); the »ava;:es of Ainenra, is the eotistnicdoii 
 of the canoes .\n l!sipiiniauv. shut up in Ins boat of 
 whalebone, eovrred with the skins of seals, can bravo 
 thai siormv ot-i an on whuh ihe barrenness of hisronn- 
 Irv compels Imn to dioetid lor ihe chief part of bm 
 (nihsislenee 'I'hr people ot Canada ventnri' upon their 
 rivers iiut lakis m boats made o{ the Imrk of Itees, and 
 sii li^ht thai Iwti men can t anv them, wherever shal- 
 lows or eataiaclH ohstrut l the nav ij;,ituMi (S | ] In 
 these ftail xe«^els ihrv ntidertnko aiid accomptiHli Um^ 
 vovap's. The inhabitants of the isles and of tho 
 Mniilurn eoniininl lonn Iheir canoes by liolhuvuif; iho 
 tnink %\i a lai^:e tree, with mfmile labor; ami iliOUj;h 
 m appearance tluv are cxlreinrlv awkwaid ami im- 
 wiehlv. they paddle and tteer tlinn with su* h ilevlerdy, 
 thai Knropeans, well ac<piainled wiiii all ihe iinpiove- 
 menis in the si lenee ol navigation, have been aslonished 
 at the rapitlilv ol tlie-.r motion, nuil the <;ineke.ess ol 
 llu'i," evolutions 'I'heir jmn^'urs. or war boats, aro 
 so larjje as to carrv tortv ox titty nn n ; theit eaiior:*, 
 rniplovpil in tislnn^ niul in short vovaj^r-'tnr less capa* 
 cuuis The torin as wi II as materials ot Mil tin sr v.»- 
 rions kinds ol vessels, is well aiLipted ioihe service tor 
 which thev air di.shned. aiul the moi>' iiiir iih Iv they 
 Hie exaiiiiui d. the nn i linnisni ot theo s\ iielurr, as vvrU 
 as iieaiiusn ol llieir labric, will npppnt the inoro tn.Y 
 priMii^ 
 
114 
 
 ROBEKTSON'S HISTORY 
 
 tf 
 
 11 ^'! 
 
 r ai 
 
 But, in every attempt towards industry amony tiic 
 Americana, one striknit; qii.ility in ihcir clianictor is 
 conspicuous. Tlu'V sipply lo work without ardor, carrv 
 It on with little activity, and, like children, an; easily 
 diverted from it. Kven in operations wliich seem the 
 most interesting, ond where tin? most powrrlul motives 
 urt;e them to vifiorous exertions, lliey labor with a lan- 
 pnid listirssness. Their work ndvaiices uiuitT ihrir 
 hai:d with such slowness, lliat nn eye witiuss coin]>ari's 
 it 10 the imperceptible proijress of vegetation. They 
 will speed so many years in forininj; n canoe, that it 
 often bej»in9 to rot with aj;c before they tinish it. They 
 will Butl'er one part of n roof to decay and perish, be- 
 fore they complete the other, 'i'he sliuhlrst niaiiua! 
 operation consumes an ainiizin<; length of time, and 
 what in pohsh'M nations would hardly be an etVort of 
 industry, is umong savages an arduoiia nndertakiT1^^ 
 This slowness of the Americans in e.xecutinj^ works of 
 every kind niav be imputed to various causes. Among 
 savages, who do not depend for sulisistcnce upon the 
 elibrts of regular industry, time is of so little inipor- 
 lancG that they set no value upon it ; and |irovided 
 they can finish a desijrn, tlicy never regard how lon^ 
 they are employed about it. The tools which lliey em- 
 ploy arc so awkward and defective thai every work in 
 which they cn<jaiTe must necessarily be tediouj. The 
 hand of tho most itidnstrions and skilful artist, were ii 
 furnishi'd with no better instrument thai. .. stone hatchet, 
 a shell, or the bone of some animal, would find it ditii- 
 cult to perfect the most ftiinplework. It is by length 
 of lat>or that he must endea\or to su{)plv his deft'el of 
 ptuver. IJut above all, the cold phlegmatic temper pe- 
 culiar to the Americans, renders their operations laniiuid. 
 It is almost impossible to rouse them from that habitual 
 indolence to which ihey are siink ; and unless when 
 cnjiaged in war or in huntinij, thcv seem incapable of ex- 
 erting any viijorous ellori. 'I'heir ardor of application 
 IS r.p' so ^eat as to call forili lliat inventive spirit 
 which sugge>l..-- expedients lor faeihtatiiiLi and ahridg- 
 inij labor They will return to a task dav at'ier dav, 
 but all their methods of e.Teciitini; it are tedious and 
 operosc. [85] Kven since tlie Kurnpeans havecoinmn- 
 nit'iiied to them tlie knowledge of ilieir in8lrunieiit>, aiuj 
 taiiL'tit them to imitat '.heir arts, the pe<:uliar (fci'.iiis uf | 
 the AmiTieans is conspieuuus in every attempt they i 
 make. They mav be iiatient and nssiduons m labor. 
 they car* copy with a s. rvile and minute accuracv, but 
 liiscover little invention and no talents tor ib sputeli. 
 Ln -ipiu of mstnictiou and example, the spirit of the 
 race pndominates ; tlieir motions are naturally tardy, 
 aiul It ,s in vam to urge them to ijuicken their pace. 
 Ainoni: tlie Spaniards m Amrriea, fhr imrk of an In- . 
 dian u- ■\ jihrasc by which tliev d( scribe any thing, in 
 llic exc'-ution of which an immense time has been em- 
 ployed and much labor wasted. 
 
 \'II. No circumstance respecting rude nations has 
 been tho object of greater curiosity than their religious 
 tenets and riles ; and none, perhaps, has been so mi- ■ 
 perfectly understood, or represented with so bttle fide- ; 
 lity. I'riesls and missumaries are the persons who | 
 have had the best opportunities of carrying on this ; 
 Jiqnir)' among the most nreiviln.ed of tiie American [ 
 Uibes. Their minds, engrossed by the doctrines of 
 their own religion, and habituated to lit. institutions, 
 are aj)t to discover something which resembles those 
 objects of tlieir veneration, m tlie opinions and rites of. 
 every people. \Vhatever they conleinplate tbiy view 
 ihrouglione medium, and draw and aceommoilalo it to 
 llieir own system. They study to rectmcile the insti- 
 tutions winch fall umler tlu'ir observation to their own 
 creed, not to explain them accordiin,' to the rtide notions 
 of the jieople tlicinsel\t s. Thev a>eribe to tliem ideas 
 whic' ihey are incapable of formiiu:, and suppose them 
 lo be Hrquainted witii principles and tiicts. which it i^ ' 
 impossible that thev sliouM know. Hence, some ini-*- 
 li\(muries have been mdurt li to Ik iieve. that evenamonir 
 the most barbarous natums in Ameiica, thev had tbs- 
 covereii traces, no less distinct tiian amazing, of tlieir 
 aciiuamtance wiih the sublime invsteries and jiecubar 
 instituiiiMis of Chrustianity. From their own inierprc- 
 tation ot certain expressions and cereuionies. t'sey iia\e 
 conchuled lliat tliese ,ieeple had some knowledge of the 
 doctrine uf the Trinitv, of the incar:;ation uf the Sou of 
 (I'od. of hist xputory sacrifice, ol the virtue of the cniss. 
 Ondofihe etiicaey of tiie Sacraments. In such uumtrlh- ; 
 gent and cr«'iliiNiii« guides \\ e can place little confidence. ; 
 
 IJut even wiicii we make our choice of conductors ' 
 »Tith the gr<*atest care, we must not follow them with 
 implicit faith. An niipiiry into the reliL'ious notions of 
 |-ude nations is involvid m peculiar uitriciUMfs, and we 
 must ol'lf II pause 111 ordei to st parate tlie facts which 
 OUT iiifnriners relate from the rtasonmi'i with which 
 
 they are accompanied, or the theories which they build 
 upon them. Several pious writers, ninre attentive to 
 the inipo.-tnnee of the .-object than the condition of the 
 people whose sentiments thev were t;mleavoring lo dis- 
 covti, Iwivii l)csto\\ed much unprofitable labor n» re- 
 searches of this nature iHfiJ 
 
 Tliere are two fundamental doctrines, upon which 
 the whole sysit in of ri li;:ion, as far aa it can be 
 discovered Ity the li^hl of nature, is establislied. Tho 
 one respiTts the lieing of a (iod. tiie other the iiuinor- 
 talily of the soul. To diJ^cover the ideas of the uncnl- 
 tivaled nations iimler our review, with re^anl lo those 
 important jnuiits. it is not only an object of curiosity, 
 but may atliirtl iiistniclion. To these two artiehs I 
 sjialt coiit'ine my re.vcairhe?, leaving siibordinate opi- 
 nions, and the detail of local supiTstitions, lo more 
 minute impiirers. W'lioever has had any opportm.itv 
 of exaimning mlo the religious opinions of persons m 
 the inferior ranks of life, even in the most eiilijihtened 
 and civilized nations, will tind that their system of belief 
 is derived from insliuclion. not tliscovered by niipiiry. 
 'I'liat numerous part of the human species, whose lot is 
 lalior, whose principal and almost sob- occupation is to 
 secure subsistence, views the arrangement and ope- 
 rations of nature with little retlection. and has neiliier 
 leisure, nor eap.icity for entering into that path of 
 refined and inlricate speculation which condnct.s to the 
 kno\\ledi:e of tlie principles of natural religion. In tlie 
 early ami most rude periods of savagt' life, such dis- 
 tpiisitions are altogether unknown. When the iiitel- 
 b dual powers are jiist beginiiiiig to unfold, tmd their 
 tirst feeble exertions are directed towards a few objects 
 of prmary neersstty and use; wbi-n tlifl faculties of the 
 mmd are bo liiniled a.s not to li.ive I'orincd abstractor 
 general ideas; when language is so bairen as lo he 
 destitute of names lo distinguish any ihiiii,' that is not 
 perceived bv some of the senses ; it is preposUTOus to 
 e.xpect that man .shouM bo capable of tracing with iic- 
 ciiracy the relation between cause and ellect ; or to 
 suppose that he should rise from the conlemplation of 
 the one to llie knowledge of the other, and lorui just 
 concepliona of a Deilv, as the Crci'ior and < Governor 
 of the universe. The ulc.i of en ;,lion is so tanuhar. 
 wherever the mind is eni.irg) il bv science and illunii- 
 nateii with revelalion, lb, it vm' seldom rellect how pro- 
 found and almtrusc tins ulea is, or consider what pro- 
 gress man mu.-*t have made m obsiriation and re- 
 search, before he could arrive at any Unowledi,'e of this 
 ebmeiitary priiiciph' in religion. AecordiiiLzlv, several 
 tribes have been disco\erid m America, whuh have nj 
 idea whatever of a .Supreme liemi;, and no riles of lu- 
 ligious WDFslnp. Inaltentive to th.it magnilicent spec- 
 tacle of beauty and order proenied to tiieir view, iin- 
 accustoiued t<« retlect either upon what they them- 
 selves are, or to inipnre who is the author of their ex- 
 istence, men. m their savage ^.tale. pas*^ llieir days like 
 the anmiais artiund them, without knowledge or >ene- 
 ration of any superior power .Some rude iribcs have 
 not in their language anv name for the iJeitv, n«<r have 
 the most Ui-curate oh.-.ervers been al>le to ibsco^ir any 
 practice or insiiiutum which seemed to imply that they 
 recoijni.ied his autiioriiy, or were solicitous lo obtain 
 his lavor, [87J It is however only among nii'ii m the 
 most uncultivated state of nature, and while their intul* 
 lectual ficulties art- so ft t-ble and liinited as hardly to 
 elevate them aho\e the irrational creation, that we dis- 
 cover this total in.«eiisibility to the iinpressicns of any 
 invisible power. 
 
 L*ut tlie human mind, formed for religion, soon opi-ns 
 to the reception of ideas, which are destined, when 
 correctid and refined, to be the great source of conso- 
 lation amidst the calamities of life. Among some of 
 the American tribes, still in the infancy of inijirove- 
 meiit. we diM'crn up)»rehensions of some iiivisitde and 
 powerful beiiii^s. Tite,*e apprehensions are imiiinally 
 indistinct and perph xed, ;iiid seem lo be siiijgested 
 rather by the dread ol impending evils than to llow from 
 gralituile for blessings received. W'Inle nature holds 
 on h( r courr'e with uniform and undisturbed renulariiy, 
 men eiijov ihe benefits resultiiii; from it, without in- 
 (luiring concerning its cause. Hut every deviation 
 from tins regular course rouses and astonishes them. 
 When t!iey behold events lo which they are not accus- 
 tomed, thev search lor the rea-^tuis ot ihem with e.i'icr 
 curiosity. Their uiid<T>laiidm^ is unible to peinlratt! 
 into these ; but iinai;tnat:ou, a more tor.vard and ardent 
 faculty of the mind, decides wilhout hesitation. It 
 ascribes the extratirdinary occurrences in nature to the 
 inlluence of mvi<^ible beings, and supposes thiit tlie 
 thunder, the buiricane, and ihe cirllnpiake are elfects 
 o\ their inlerpo.'ilion. Some sucii eoiifui;ed notion of 
 tipiriUial or invisible power, supermlending ovtr those 
 
 natural calamities which frequently desolate tho cartK 
 and terril'v its inhabitants, mav be traced among many 
 rude nations [SH] lint besides this, liie disasters and 
 dangers of savage life are so iiumy, and men often find 
 tliemselves in situations so formidable, that 'he mind, 
 sensilde of its own weakness, liai* no rcBoiiree but in 
 the guidance and protection of wisdom and jiowe.r 
 superior to what is human. Dejected with ealamiliey 
 which oppress him, and exposed to dangers winch ho 
 caniHit repel, ihe savage no longer relies upon himself; 
 lie feels his own imjiotence, and sees no prospect o\ 
 being extricated, but by the inlei]iosition ot some un- 
 seen arm. Hence, in all mienbi^htened Lationn, the 
 tirst rites or practices whiehjiear any resemblance (o ixc.s 
 i»f 11 ligion, have it for their object to avert evils wliich 
 men suffer or dread. 'I'lie Aftuiitnus or Okfns of lhi> 
 North .Vmericans were amulets or charms, winch they 
 imagined 10 be of such virtue as to preserve the npr- 
 soiis who reposed confidence in them from any di::au* 
 Irons event, or they were consider* d as tutelary spirits, 
 whose aid thev might implore in circumstances of dis- 
 tress, 'i'lie i'ftnis of the i.^lander . were reputed hy 
 tin III lo be the authors of every calamity that atllicts 
 the human r-''^ ; thev were represented under the most 
 lrii.'htful fori.is, and religious homage, was paid lo ihem 
 with no other view than to appease these furious deiliea. 
 l!ven among those tribes whoso religious system was 
 more enlarg<il, and who had formed some conce|ilion of 
 benevolent beings, which deb^ihled in conferring bene- 
 tiis. as well as of malicious powt'rs prone to intlict evil ; 
 superstition still appears as the ollsprmg of fear, and 
 all its ellorts were enijdoyed to avert calamities. 'J'hey 
 were jiersnaded that llieir good deities, prompted by 
 ihe boneficence of their nature, would bestow every 
 blessing m their power, without solicitation or aeknuw- 
 ledgement ; and their only anxiety was lo soothe and 
 deprecate ihewralb of ihe powt-rs whom they regarded 
 as the enemies of mankind. 
 
 Such were the imperfi'ct conceptions of the greater 
 part t)f the Americans with respect to the interpositnm 
 of invisible agents, and such, almost universally, waH 
 the mean and illiberal object of iheir supi rKtiiions 
 Were we to trace back tlie ideas of other nations to 
 tint riidt; state m which hislor\ lirst presents them to ojr 
 view, we should discover a surprising resemblante ir 
 their tenets and jiractices ; and should be convinced, 
 that in simil.ir circumstances, the faculties of ihc hu- 
 man nuiid hold nearly the same course in their iirc- 
 grciss, and arri\e at almost Ihe same conclusions. J'lio 
 nnpressxns of fear are conspu-iioiis in all the syw- 
 tems of superstition formed in this situation. The 
 most exalted notions of men rise no higher than to a 
 perplexed apprehension of certain beings, whose power, 
 ihouLdi su|icrnatural, is limited as well as partial. 
 
 Hut, among other tribes, which have been longer 
 united, or have made greatt r progress in improvement, 
 we discern some teebje pointing towards more just and 
 udeijuate conceptions of tlie power that |iresiiles m 
 nature. Thev seem lo perceive that there must bo 
 some nmversid cause to whom ah things are indebted 
 lor llieir being. If we may judge by some of their 
 expression*^, they appear to acknowledge a divine power 
 lobe the maker of the world, and the disposer of all 
 evenls. 'I'hey denomtiiite hiin the (iitat Spint. Uiil 
 tinse ideas a'"- fault and confused, and wlien they at- 
 tempt to expi.iin tliein, it is mamlesi that among them 
 tlie word .sj.iril ba!< a meaning very dilli-rent from that 
 in which we emjpti' ' it, and thai lliey have no concep- 
 tion ui any deity but wiiat is corporeal. They lieliivo 
 their god^' to be of the human form, thoiigli of a i)ati>r6 
 more excellent tlian man, and retail such wild incol o- 
 rent fables concerning their functions and operations, 
 us aro al'ogelher unworthy of a place in history Kven 
 among these tribes, there is no established form of 
 public wors'u|) i there are no temples erected in lionor 
 oi their denies ; and no mnusiers peculiarly consecrj- 
 teil to their service. 'I'hey have the knowledge, how- 
 ever, of several superstitions ceremonies and |}ractici n 
 handed down to them bv tradition, and to <bt;.se ihty 
 liav(> recourse with a childish creduhly, when ."ouse.! 
 ■ ■■ any emergence from their usual insensibility, and 
 excited to acknowledge the iiovver, and to implore tho 
 protection of superior beings, 
 
 'i'he tribe of the Natche?,, and tho people of Gognta 
 had advanced beyond the other uncultivated nations o. 
 America in their ideas of religion, as well as in their 
 political mslilulions ; and it is no less dillicuit to e.-c- 
 plaiti the cause of this distinction llian of that winch 
 \%e have already considered. 'l"he Sun was the eliicl 
 object of religions worship among the Natchez. In 
 iheir leini>le,'*, which were constructed wuh some maj;- 
 nilieence, and di corated with various uinjinciitii, ql 
 
SOUTH AMKHIUA. 
 
 cording lo their inmln of architrctiirc. ihoy prcsrrvcd 
 A perprnial (ire. as the |uirc;«l cmMciii ul tiirir (livinity 
 MiiiisUTs wen- ajfpoinriHl to watch ami Icril tins itacnil 
 ftaiiir. Tlic lirst liiiHtioii ul' l!»; [irrat chtrl* (if thi^ 
 ihitiun, I viTv iMurniii^r, was an act ol uticisiiricu to tlio 
 tMDi ; utiil fi'slivais ri'tiiriit'd at slatrd scmsodh, which 
 were cchhratcil hy Ihr whole coimminily wilh soh'iiin 
 htiL uiiUlomly nits, 'I'liis is ihr iiio-it rrfiucii s|ircu'H 
 I'f MiijuTstitioii known in AnnTita. and piThaps one of 
 >.hr most natural as wril as niosl ML'diii'ni^- The Snii 
 \ti thi! appariMit Bonrrti of tho joy, ftTlility, and hfc, 
 ddr'jsei) (hron<fh natiirr ; and whiit; ihf hiiuian niiiid, 
 111 ]ts carhtT e^iaayn loward.i ni<pnrv, conlfrnpialcs and 
 Qdniiii;:t his univoryul and aninialnii; cncr^w. its adnu- 
 ralion is apt to stop siiort at what ih viMtiio, without 
 rfMcluni* to tlir un.stM'u ransr ; and pays lliat adoration 
 tu thi> most ^'lonoiiH and hiMicficidl work of ( liul, whicli 
 is diw onlv to hint wlio fornii-d il. As tin; is the piirt'st 
 and most arlivt^ of llin <'lcnuMits, and in sonm of its 
 ipiidilics and olliu-ts ri'sumliU^s the .Sun, it was, not 
 impropi'riy, chosen to he the cniiih-ni oi his powerlul 
 operation. The iineienl I't rsians, a peoph; far superior 
 in every n^spi'et, to that riidi' trihe whose riles [ am 
 dusenhmi^, founded iheir reh^ious syste .. on similar 
 nrmciph-s, and cslahhshed a furm of pubhc worship, 
 less ^ross and excijitionalde than that of any peopk? 
 destitute of ifiiKianee Irom revelation. 'I'his Hurprisin!» 
 I oiiirideiue m seniiinenl helweeii two nation;<, in sucli 
 diliertiit stales of iniproveinent, is one; of the many 
 ltm^ular and imaeeomilahle ciroumstanct-s which occtir 
 in the liislory of human alfairs. 
 
 Aiiioul; the people of IJoiroia, tlie Sun and Moon 
 were, hkewise, llu; ehief ohji.-ets of veneration, 'i'tietr 
 pvstem of rehiiion was muii: reijelar and eomplete, 
 though less pure, than that of ihe .N.ilche/.. They iiad 
 temples, altars, priests, sacntiees, and that Ion;; tram of 
 ( ertMiionies, whuli superstition introduces, wlierever 
 the has lullv estalilislied her dominion over llie imndA 
 of men. lint the rites of tlieir worship are cruel and 
 bloody. They otl'ered human victims to Ihrlr deities, 
 Qiid many of tlieir practices te.Mrly resem'ileil tlio har- 
 harous institutions of tin- Mexicais, ihenenms of which 
 we shall have an opporlumty of considering more atlon- 
 lively m its proper pliiee. 
 
 With respect to thir otlier yreat doctrine of rrliiiion, 
 concerninir the innuortahtv of the soul, the sentiments 
 of the AmcriiMns win more united : tlie human miiid 
 even uheii least improved and iiivii;or.il<'il hv ('iilliire, 
 fchrinks from the thouL'his of aninliiliuon, and hioks for- 
 ward with hope and expectation to a state of future ex- 
 ':tcnco. 'I'his sentiment, resulim;j from a secret coii- 
 tciousiie.-is of Its o.vn diL,'tiitv, lio.n an instmrtive ion^r- 
 in^ after immorlaitlv, is universil. and may hcdeenud 
 ;atiird. I'pon tin.* are founded the most exalted 
 hopes of man m Inslniihesl state of improvement ; nor 
 has nature withheld from him ttiis soothm'.r eonsolation, 
 ill l!i(^ most e.irly aid rude period of his prn;rre.>s. W'c 
 can trace tins opinion from one cxtrrmiiv of America 
 to llie other, in some reuions more famt and ohsciire, 
 ill others mon- perlei-llv devi lojieil. Iml nowhere un- 
 known. Tlie most imcivih/ed of it^ savaj^t- irihes do 
 not apprehend death as the extmction of lieiiiLr. All 
 ciilertaiu Iiojjcs ot a future and more h;ijipv stati:, wluue 
 they thail he for ever exempt from the calamities which 
 imhilter hiimati life m its [iresent condition. This fu- 
 ture slate they conceive to he a deli>:hlful eonntry, 
 blessed with perpetual spring, wi^ne loiests ul)ound 
 Willi ^'ame, whose rivi-rs swarm wilh fish, where famine 
 is never lell, ai:d uiiiuterrupted plenty shall he enjoyed 
 Without labor or tod. Hut as men, in formirii: iheir tir>t 
 imperfect ideas concertiiiii: ihc iiivi,<',l)le world, supjiose 
 that there tliey shall eoiilinue to feel tlie s.imi- desires, 
 and to he en^a^^ed in thi; same occupations, as m the 
 present world ; they naturally ascrihe emmeiire aiul 
 distinction, in thai slate to the same tpialilies and 
 talents which an* here the objects of their esieeni. 'I'he 
 Amoncaiis, aceordniiilv allotte<l the lii_'he-.i place, m 
 their country o! spirit.>. to the .skilful humrr, to the .id- 
 vrnturou.t and siieccs-fnl warrior, and to sm-li as had 
 tortured the ^rreatest number olcaptiyes. and devoured 
 tlieir llesh. These notions were so prevalent that 
 they t»ave rist* in a imiversi.i (MisIiiui, which is al once 
 Ihe 8tront:ost evidence that the Americans believe in a 
 future slate, and the best illustration of what tiiey 
 expect there. A*? they imi^ine. th.il (b'jiarted spirits 
 be;,'m iheir career anew m the world whither thi'V are 
 (ioiie, liiai their friends mav not enter upon it delence- 
 less and UM)irovided. (hey hurv toiretlier witii the bodies 
 vi the de.ul, thi'ir bow. Iheir arrows, and otlier weapons 
 llAcd m liiintnm or war; thev dcnosit m their louibs 
 Ilia ekmsor slulls of whicii tney make :_Mrments, Indian 
 comt manioc, Vinson, domestic uiciisds, and whuio^er 
 
 ■ is reckoned timon^ the nocessaries in their ftiinplo 
 mode of life. In .some provinces, upon the decease of 
 il ea/Kpie or chief, a rertam niimher of his wives, of his 
 ! favorites, and of his slaves, were put to death and m- 
 I terred lOL'clher witli linn, th.it he im;_'ht appear with 
 { till! .•^ame di;;mtv, m his future station, and waited upon 
 j by the same iitteiidaiits. This persiiasum i» so dei'p 
 t rooted that many of ihi! deceased person's retainers 
 ()(br themselves as voluntary victims, and ccnirt the 
 priviiet:e of aecom|i.invintj their departed mastei, as a 
 1 liiifh distinction. Il has been found dillicull, on sonio 
 ! (K'casions, to set luninds to this enlhn.siasm of itlection- 
 nle duty, and to reduce the tram of a favorite lender 
 to such n number as the tribecould all'ord to spare. [89] 
 Amon^ the Americans, as well as other uncivilized 
 nations, many of the rites and observances which hear 
 some resembliince to aiMs ol nhuum, have no con- 
 nection Willi devotion, hut prt)eeed from a fond desire 
 of pryinir into fulnritv- 1 he Imman mind is mo.sl apt 
 to feel and to discover this vain eurioaity, when 
 its own powers are most feeble and umnlormed. A»- 
 tonislied wilh occnrreni:es (»f whicli it is unable to com- 
 prehend the caiisi.', it naturally fancies thai there i» 
 soinethniij niysU^rious and wonderhil m their orijrin. 
 Alarmed at events of which it cannot discern the 
 issue or the conseipiences, it li.is rectturse to other 
 nvans of diseovering them ilian lie e.xercisi! of Us own 
 Bafxacity. Wlicnner sup« mtithtn is so established as 
 to form a rej^ular system, this desire of peiietratmLt into 
 the secrets of futurity is connecied with it, Divination 
 becomes a reliifioiis act. I'riests, as the ministers cf 
 heaven, pretend to deliver its oracles to men. 'I'hey 
 are Ihe onlv soothsayers, auijurs, and mai^icians, who 
 prof(?ss llui sacred and important art of disclosing what 
 n hidden from other eyes. 
 
 Hut, amoi;;! rude nations, who pay no veneration to 
 any supermtendmir power, and who have no established 
 ides or ministers of religion, their curiosity to discover 
 what is future or unknown, is clienshed by a dill'crenl 
 prmeii»le, and derives strength from another alliance 
 As the diseases of men m tlie savage state, are (as has 
 been alreat'" otiservcd^ like those of the animal crea- 
 tion, few, but e.xiremely violent, tlieir impatunce un- 
 der what they siill'er, and solicitude for the recovery of 
 health, soon inspired tiiem with extraordinary reverence 
 for such as preleiidid to understand the nature of their 
 maladies, and to be possessed of knowledge sutlicient 
 t(t preserve or deliver them from their siulden and lat.d 
 ellects. Tliesi! Ignorant pretenders, however, were 
 such utter slraiiL'ers to llie structure of tju' human 
 fiame. as to be eipiallv unacijuainied with the causes 
 of Its disorders, and the maimer in which they will Icr- 
 miiiale. Superstition, mmnled fieipimtly with some 
 portion of crall. supplied wh.it they wanted m science. 
 They imputed tlitt origin of iliseases to supernatural 
 iiitlueiicc, and ])rescribed or performed a variety of 
 mysterious riles, which thev gave out to Ik; of such edi- 
 ' cacy as to remove tin; most dangerous anil inveleralc 
 ' maladies. The credulity and love of the marvellous. 
 ' natural to nmnformed men, favored the deception, and 
 prepared them to lie the dupes of thos*,' impostors. 
 .Vmong f'avage.-', their first physicians are a kind of 
 [ conjurors or wizards, who boast that they know what is 
 I past, and cm lortell what is to come. Incantations, 
 j sorcery, and mummeries of diverse kinds, no less 
 I strange than frivolous, are the means which they empl(»y 
 lo expel the imaginary causes of nialigiiity ; and rely- 
 I mg upon tin; ellicacy of these, they predict w;th con- 
 tidence what will be the fate of their deluded patients 
 Thus sn[ieisittioM, in its earliest form, llowed from the 
 solicitude of man to be delivered from present distress, 
 not from Ins dread of evils awaiting him m a future 
 life, and was originally 'itgrafted on medicine, not on 
 rehifum. One of the first .iml nu)st intelligent litsto- 
 ri.ins of .\merM a, was stnK^k with this alliance between 
 llit^ art of divm.uion and ihat oi physic, among the peo- 
 , llie of llispaniola. Hut this was not peculiar to them. 
 { The AI'Xis, the t'l-^'/ii.i, the Anlnumm, or whatever 
 wa.s the distinguishing I'auic of their diviners and 
 cliarmers in other pirls o' .\meriea, were all the physi- 
 cians of tlieir respective tribes, m the same manner as 
 I the liiihi/n.s of lli.-paniola. As their function led them 
 to apply to the human mind when enfeebled by sick- 
 ness, and as they found it, in that season of dejection, 
 prone lo be alarmed with imagin.iry fears, or amused 
 1 With vain liopes, they easily I'duccd il to rely with 
 ! implicit conlidenre on the .irtue of their ^pells, and 
 the eeriainty of their predxl ons, 
 i \Vhenev<'r .i.en acknowiedL'e the reality of supprn'-i- 
 tur.il j>ower niid di^cerumrnt ni one insMnci', thev lia\e 
 a piopens''y to admit il in oihers. 'i'he Americans did 
 not long suppose the edicacy o( eoiijuralton lo be con- 
 
 tI5 
 
 fined to one object. They had recourse to it in every 
 Hilualion of danger or distress. When Ihe events of 
 war wer(^ peculiarly disastrous, when they met with 
 unforeseen disappointment in liunlmg, when inunda- 
 tions or droui.'hi threatened llieir crops with destruc- 
 tion, they called upon their ecmjurors lo begm their 
 incantations, m order to discover the causes of ibotic 
 calamities, or lo foretell what would be their issue. 
 'I'heir confidence in this delusive art gradually increased, 
 ami rniinite.->ted itself in all the occurrences of life. 
 Wlicrii involved m any ditlicultv. or about to enter upon 
 any transaction of inoiin-nt, everv nuhvidual regularly 
 consulted the 'i(>rcerer, and depi>niled upon his instruc- 
 tions to ezlricdle him from the former, as well as to 
 direct h'H conouct ir the latter. Kven aiiumg tho 
 rudest tribes in Anier ( a, snpeifiU'ion appears in this 
 form, and divination is an art in high esteem. Loni; 
 beforn man had acipnred sueh knowledge of a deity as 
 inspires rt^verenee, and leads lo adoration, we observo 
 him stretchmg out a presumptuous band to ilraw aside 
 that veil with which IVovtdenee kiniUy conceals its 
 purposes from hum. in kiiowb<lg(>; and we find limi 
 laboring with fruitless inxiety to peiietrati; inlo the 
 mysteries of the divme adimnis'raiion. 'I'o discern 
 and lo worship a superintending power, is an evidenct) 
 of the enlargement and maturity ol the human under* 
 ttanding ; a vain desin? of j)rymg into hiturity is tho 
 error of its infancy, and a proof of its weakness. 
 
 I'Vom this weakness proceeded likewise the faith of 
 the Americans in dreams, their observation of omeim. 
 thoir attenlion to tlu^ chir|iing of birds, and the cries of 
 animals, all whieli they suppose lo be indications of fn- 
 turc! events; and if any one of these prognostics is deemed 
 unfavorable, they insiantly ali.indoii the piirsml of ihoso 
 measures on which they an; most eagerly bent, 
 
 V'ill. Itut if we would iorni a complete idea of tho 
 nnciillivaled nations of Ameri<'a. we must not pass un- 
 oliserved »onii' singular customs, wlih-h. ihougii uni- 
 versal and characteristic, ctiidd not Ik; reduced, with 
 propriety, lo anv of the articles into which I have di- 
 vided my iinpiiry concerning their manner.^. 
 
 Amiiiix savages, in every part of the globe, the lovo 
 , of dam ing is a favorites passion. As, during a great 
 j part ()f iheiMime, they laiigiii.sh in a slate of inaclivity 
 I aiui iiidoles.ce, withoiil any occupation to rouse or in- 
 terest them, thev delight universally in a pastime wnich 
 calls forlli llie active powers of their natun; mlo cxer- 
 eise. The .Spamards, when thev first visited Amer'ca, 
 were astonished at the fondness of the natives for dan- 
 cing, and beheld with v\onder a people, cold and iin- 
 animated in most of their otlier pursuits, kindle into 
 life, and exert themselves widi ardor, as often as thiK 
 favorite amusement recurred. Among tliem, imb ed, 
 dancing oui.dit nol to lie denominatf'd an amutseii enl. 
 It is a serious and nnportant occup-ition which mii gles 
 in every occurrence of public or priv,ite life II any 
 intercourse be necessary between two ,Vmei:can tubes, 
 the ambassadors of the one a|)[iroach in a solemn dt.nce, 
 and present the calumet or emblem of peace ; tho 
 sachems of liie other receive it with the same ceremony. 
 If war IS denounced against nn enemy, it is bv a d mco 
 expressive of the resentment which they feel, an 1 of 
 tlie vengeance winch they meditate. If the wra h of 
 their gods i.s to be appeased, or their benelleence tJ bo 
 celebrated ; if they rejoice at the birth of a child, or 
 mourn the death of a friend, they have dances uj pro- 
 priated to e.ich of these situations, and suited tu the 
 ddfercnt sentiments with which they are then amiiK.led. 
 If a person is indisposed, a d.ince is prescribed aa tho 
 most eti'ectiial me.iiis of restoring him lo heullh ; and 
 if he himself camiot endure the fatigue of such an oier- 
 cise. the phy-'ician or conjuror p'riorms it m his name, 
 as if the virtue of his aciiviiy could lie transferred ti his 
 [ialieiit. 
 
 .Ml their dances are imitatioiiK of sc.ie action ; and 
 thouL'h the music by which they are rrtMiIated is e.i- 
 Iremely simple, and tiresome lo the ear by lis dull luo- 
 iioiony, some of their dances appear woiiderfiillv ,v\- 
 prtssive and animated. The war dance is, perli..ps, 
 the most striking. It is the representation of a ct m- 
 plete American campaign The dcjiarture of the war- 
 riors from their village, iheir march into the enemy's 
 <'Ountry, the caution wi'ji which they encamp, llip tul 
 dress with which they slaiion some of their partv in 
 ambnsli. the manner of surprising the enemy, the nciso 
 and ferocity of the combat, the scalping of those wiio 
 are slain, tne seizing of prisoners, the lriump*^.M.i it;i!rri 
 of tin? conipierors, and the torture of tht- victims, aro 
 Hiiecessively exhibited 'i lie |ierforiners enter with such 
 enthusiastic ardor into their '•everd par'^ ; their ge;.- 
 lures, their countenance, their voice, are so wild and 
 so well adapted to their various situations, liiat Kuro- 
 
 I 
 
! 
 
 I I 
 
 i 
 
 110 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OF 
 
 ■ t1 
 
 |ioans can hardly believe it to be a mimic scene, or 
 view it without emotions of fear and liorror. 
 
 But however expressive some of the American 
 dances may be, there is omo circumstance in them 
 remarkable, and connected with the character of the 
 race. The songs, the dances, tlie amusements of otlier 
 nations, expressive of the :sentinicnts wliich animate 
 their hearts, are often adapted to display or excite that 
 BcnsibiUly which mutually attaches the sexes. Ainonj; 
 some people, such is the ardor of this passion, tliat love 
 is almost the sole object of festivity and joy ; and as 
 rude nations are strangers to delicacy, and unaccus- 
 tomed to disguise any emotion of their minds, their 
 dances are often extremely wanton and indecent. 
 Such is the Calemia, of which the natives of Africa 
 are so passionately fond ; and such the foals of the 
 dancing sjirls which the Asiatics contemplate with so 
 much avidity of desire. But among the Americans, 
 more cold and indiflercnt to their females, from causes 
 which I have already explaiiicd, the passion of love 
 mingles but little with their festivals and pastimes. 
 Their songs and dances are mostly solemn and mar- 
 tial ; they aic connected with some of the serious and 
 important aifairs of life ; and, having no relation to love 
 or gallantry, arc seldom common to the two sexes, but 
 executed by the men and women apart fOOJ If, on 
 some occasions, tlie women are permitted to join in the 
 festival, the character of the entertainment is still the 
 same, and no movement or gesture is expressive of at- 
 tachment, or encourages familiarity. 
 
 An immoderate love of play, especially at games of 
 hazard, which seems to be natural to all people unac- 
 cu«5tomcd to the occupations of regular industry, is 
 likewise universal among the Americans. The same 
 causes, which so often prompt persons in civili/.cd life, 
 who are at their ease, to have recourse to this pastime, 
 render it the delight of the savage. The former are in- 
 dependent of labor, the latter do not feel the necessity 
 of it ; and as both arc unemployed, they run with trans- 
 port to whatever is intcrestini; enough to stir and to 
 agitate their minds. Hence the Americans, who at 
 other times are so indiirerent, so phlegmatic, so silent, 
 and animated with so few desires, as soon as they en- 
 gage in play become rapacious, impatient, noisy, and 
 almost frantic with eagerness. Their fur.^, their do- 
 mestic ntcnsils, their clothes, their arms, are slakt'd at 
 the ganung table, and when all is lost, high an their 
 cense of iiidependenre is, in a wild emotion of despair 
 or of hope, they will often risk thtir personal liberty 
 upon a single cast. Among several tribes, such gaming 
 parlies frei]uently recur, and heroine their most ac- 
 ceptable entertainment at every great festival. Super- 
 otition, which is apt to take hold of those passions 
 which are mo.st vigorous, frefpicntlv lends its aid to 
 confirm and strc^ngthen this favorite inclin.ition. Tlieir 
 conjurors arc accustomed to iirescribe a solemn match 
 ut play as one of the most etlicacious methods of ap- 
 peasing tlieir gods, or of restoring the siek to liealth. 
 
 From causes similiar to those wliieh render tlicm 
 fond of play, the Americans are extremely addicted to 
 drunkenness, it seems to have been one of the first 
 exertions of human ingemiity to discover some conijio- 
 sition of an intoxicating quality; nnd there is hardly 
 any nation so rude, or so destitute of invention, as not 
 to have succeeded in this fatal research- Tlie most 
 Oarharous of the American Irihes Imve been so un- 
 fortunate as to attain this art ; and even llionc vvhicli 
 are so deticient in knowledire, as to lie unacfpiamted 
 with the method cf giving an inebriating strength to 
 liquors by fermentation, can aceomplish the same enil 
 by other means. The people of the islands of Nortli J 
 America, and of (lalif'tnija, used, for tliis purpose, the 
 emoke of tobacco, drawn up with a certain instrument ' 
 into the noslnis. the fumes of which ascending to the i 
 brain, they felt all Ilie lunsports and phrensy ol mioxi- j 
 ration, ['.tlj In nlmosi eviTv other part of the \ew 
 M'urld, the natives possessed the art of extracting an j 
 intnxuating jiqunr from m;ii/.e or the manuic root, the! 
 came sub.siances wliich thcv tonvert into bread. The ' 
 opeintiiin by wliich they elfect tins nearlv resembles tlie 
 common one of brewinu, btit with tins ditierenee, tliat, 
 in pliiee of yeast, tliey use a nauseous infusion of a 
 cerlam quantity of maize or manioc chewed hy tlieir 
 women. The saliva exnles a vigorous fermeniatuui, 
 und in a few d:iys the liquor becomes lit for driukmg. 
 It is r.jt disagree,dile In the taste, and. when swallowed 
 in large quantities, \* of an intoxicating quality. This 
 is the general beverage of the Americans, whieh they 
 distinguish by various names, and for whieh they feel 
 burh a violent and insatiable desire us it is not casv 
 either to conceive ur dest nhe. Ainimg puhMied iia- 
 tionj, where a tuccestiion of variou.i lunctioiiif and i 
 
 amusements keeps the mmd in continual occupation, ] 
 tiic dfsire for .strong drink is regulated in a great mea- ] 
 sure hy the eltrnate, and increases or diminishes accord- 1 
 ing to the variations of its temperature. In warm re- 1 
 gions, the delicate and sensible frame of (he inhabitants ' 
 does not re<iuire the stimulation of fermented liquors. ' 
 In colder countries, the constitution of the natives, 
 more robust and more sluggish, stands in need of 
 generous licpiors to quicken and animate it. But 
 among savages, the desire of something that is of jiowcr 
 to intoxicate is in every situation tlie same. All the 
 people of America, if we except some small tribes near 
 the Straits of Magellan, whether natives of the torrid 
 zone, or inhabitants of its more temperate regions, or 
 placed by a harder fate in the severe climate towards 
 Its northern or soutliern extremity, apjjcar to be equally 
 under the dominion of this appetite. Such a similarity 
 of taste, among people in such diirerent situations, 
 mu.st bo ascribed to the intluence of some moral cause, 
 and cannot be considered as the ellect of any physical 
 or constitutional want. While engaged in war or in 
 the chase, the savage is often in the most interesting 
 situations, and all the powers of his nature arc lOused 
 to the most vigorous exertions. But those animating 
 scenes are succeeded by long intervals of repose, 
 during which the warrior meets with nothing that he 
 deems of sullicient dignity or importance to merit his 
 attention He languishes and mopes ir his season of 
 indolence. The posture of bis body is im emblem of 
 the sti'tn of his mini. In one climate, cum, -ring mer 
 the tire in his cabin ; in anoliier, stretched under tlie 
 sl'.ade of some tree, he dozes away his *'in(- in -^'eep, 
 or in an unthinking joyless inactivity not far rciiicved 
 from it. As strong liquors awake him from tins torpid 
 state, give a brisker motion to his sjiirits, and enliven 
 him more thoroughly than either dancing or gaming, 
 his love of tliem is excessive. A savage, when not 
 engaged in action, is a pensive nu'Liucholy animal ; 
 but as soon as he tastes, oi' has a prospect of lasting, 
 the intoxicating draught, he becomes gay and frolic- 
 some. Whatever be the occasion or pretexts on which 
 the Americatis assi'mhie, the meeting always termi- 
 nates in a debauch. Many of their festivals have no 
 oilier object, and they welcome tlH> return of them with 
 tran^ports of joy. As tliey are not accustomed to re- 
 strain any appetite, thev set no bounds to this. Tlie 
 riot often conlmues without intermission several days ; 
 and whatever may be the fatal cli'ects of their excess, 
 tliey never cease from drinking as long as one drop of 
 liquor remains. 'J'he persons of greatest eminence, tiie 
 most distinguij-hcd warriors, and the chiefs most re- 
 nowned for their wisdom, have no greater command 
 of themselves tlian the most obscure mcmlters of the 
 community. Their eagerness for present enjoyment 
 renders them blind to its fatal consequences ; and 
 those very men, wlio in other situations seem to pos- 
 sess a force cf mind more than human, are in this in- 
 stance inferior to children, in t'orsiglit as well as con- 
 siileration, and mere slaves of brutal appetite. When 
 their passions, naturally strong, are heightened and i-i- 
 llamed by drink, they are guilty of the most enormous 
 outrages, and the festivity seldom concludes without 
 deeds of violence or bloodshed. 
 
 But, amidst this wild debauch, there is one circum- 
 stance remarkable; the women, m niobt of the Ame- 
 rican trilies, are not permitteci to partake of it. [[i)i] 
 Their province is to jirepare the hqour, to serve it ahont 
 lo the guests, and to lake care of their liusbands and 
 friends when their reason is overpowered. This ex- 
 clusion of the women from an en|oyinent so highlv 
 valued i)v savages, m.iv be justly considered as a murk 
 of their inferiority, and as an additional evidence of that 
 rontempl witli which they were treateil in the New 
 World. The people of North America, when first dis- 
 covered, were not aeijuainled with any iiiloxUMtiiig 
 drink ; but as the Kuropeans early found it iheir in- 
 terest to suppiv tliem with .'Spirituous lniuors, drunken- 
 ness soon hecanie as universal among them as nmoiig 
 their coun'ryuien to the south ; and their women, hav- 
 Mii; acquired this new lasie, indulge il with as little 
 deeeiiey and moderation as tlie men. 
 
 It were endless to entimer.Ue all the detached cus- 
 toms whieii have exnted the wonder of travellers in 
 .\merica ; hut I cannot omit one seemingly as siii>.Milar 
 as anv ilial hiis been mentioned. M'hen their parents 
 and other relations become ohi. or labor under anv dis- 
 tenq)er which their si* . der knowledge of the heidnig 
 art cannot remove, the .\mericans cut short their days 
 with a violent hand, m order to be relieved from the 
 burden of supporlnm and ten.iinL; them This prai'tsei' 
 prev.ided aiiumg thtr rtidcr tniies in t vi ry part ot' the 
 continent, from Hudson's Bay lo the river He la I'lala; 
 
 and however shocking it may he to those sentimentd ri 
 tenderness and attachment, wliich, in civilized life, \to 
 arc ajit to consider as congenial with our frame, tho 
 condtlion of man in the savage state leads and recon- 
 ciles him to it The same hardships and ditHcoltv o* 
 procuring subsistence, which deter savage^ in some 
 cases, from rearing their children, prompt them ;o do- 
 stroy the aged and infirm. 'I'hc declining state of tho 
 one is as helpless as the infancy of the other. Tho 
 former are no less unable than the latter to perform tho 
 functions that helong to a warrior or hunter, or to en- 
 dure tho.so various distresses in which savages are bo 
 often involved by tlieir own want of foresight and in- 
 dustry. Their relations f',tl this ; and, incapable of at- 
 tending to the wants or weaknesses of others, their im- 
 patience under an additional burden prompts them to 
 extinguish that life which they find it ditricult to sus- 
 tain. 'I'his is not regarded as a deed of cruelty, but as 
 an act of mercy. An American, broken with years and 
 infirmities, conscious that he can no longer depend on 
 the aid of those around him, places himself contentedly 
 in his grave ; and it is by the hands of his chddrcn or 
 nearest relations that the thong is pulled, or the blow 
 intlictcd, which releases him for ever from tho sorrows 
 of life. 
 
 IX. After contemplating tho rude American tribes 
 in such various lights ; after taking a view of their cus- 
 toms and manners from so many diU'erent stations, 
 nothing remains but to form a general estimate of their 
 character compar.'d with tliat of more polished nations. 
 A humiui being, as he comes originally from the hand 
 of nature, is every where the same. At his first ap- 
 pearance in the state of infancy, whether it be among the 
 rudest ^avage3 or in the most civilized nation, we can 
 discern no quality winch marks any distinction or su- 
 periority. The capacity of improvement seems lo ho 
 the some; and the talents he may afterwards acijuirc, 
 as well as the virtues he may be rendered capable of 
 exercising, depend, in a great measure, upon the atalo 
 of society in whicti he is placed. To this state im 
 mind naturally accommodates itself, and from it receive* 
 di.scipline and cultvire. In proportion to the wantb 
 wiiicli it accustoms a Iniman being 'o feel, and the 
 functions in which these engage him, his inlelleciuv' 
 powers are called forth. According lo the connexioi.s 
 which it fcsiublishes between hiin and ihe rest of hi? 
 species, the afl'eclions of his heart are exerted. It u 
 only by attending to this great prineiple that we can 
 discover what is tfie character of man m every djtrereni 
 [leriod of his progress. 
 
 If we apply it to savage life, and measure the attain- 
 ments of the human mind in that state by this standard, 
 we sliall find, according to an ohservation whicfi I hav? 
 already made, that the mlellectual powers ut' man must 
 be extremely limited in their Ofierations. They arc 
 confined wuhm tlie narrow -sphere of what he deems 
 necessary for supplying Ins own wants. Whatever baa 
 nut some relation to these neitlu>r attraels Ins attention, 
 nor IS tlie object of his inquiries. But however narrow 
 the bounds may he within which the knowledim of a 
 savage is circumscribed, he possesses thoroughly that 
 small portion which he has attained. It was not com- 
 municated to liim bv I'ormal instruction ; he does not 
 atteiid to it as a matter of mere s])eeutalion and curi- 
 osity ; it is the result of his own observation, the fruit 
 of his own experience, and accommodated to his con- 
 dition and exigencies. While employed m the active 
 occupations of war or of hunting, he often finds himself 
 in dillicult and perilous situations, from which tho 
 efforts of his own sagacity must extricate hiin. He is 
 frequently engaged m measures, where every step de- 
 pends upon his own ability to decide, where he must 
 rely solely iqion Ihis own penetration lo discern tho 
 d ingers lo which he is exposed, and upon his own wis- 
 dom in |)iovuling airainst llu'in. In conseipience of 
 
 efi'orts which he makes, ami either in deliberation oi 
 
 tins, he feels the knowledge which ho possesses, and 
 
 is which he makes, ami 
 action rests on himself alone. 
 
 As tlie talents of individuals are exercised and im- 
 proved by such exertions, much political wisdom is said 
 to be displayed in conducting the atl'airs of their small 
 communities. The council of old men In an American 
 tribe, delilierating upon its interests, and determmmg 
 with respect to peace or war, has been compared to tho 
 eicnale in more polislied re|iiiblics. The jjroceedinua 
 of the former, we are told, arc often no less formal and 
 tjagacioiiM than those of (ho latter, (treat political 
 wisdom IS exhibited in pondering the various measures 
 pri>posed, and in balancing their probable advantaged 
 against the evils of which they may he productive. 
 .Murii uddrets und elo pience are employed by the 
 leaders, who ai^pire at acquiring cuch cunhdvnco with 
 
SOUTH AMKRIC A. 
 
 117 
 
 thtir countrymrn, tis lo have an ascendant in thoKC ns- 
 6eml)iit's. but, ainorij^ savajje tribes, the Held for ihs- 
 plKVinii political taleiUn cannot he extensive. Where 
 ihe idea ot private property is incompleie, and no cri- 
 minal jurisdiction is eslahlished, there is lurdly any 
 (unction of inlernal t,Hiverrincut to exi rcise. Where 
 llu-re IS no eointnerce, and scarcely any intercourse 
 anion*,' separate Irihei ; where enmity is implacable, 
 and hostilnifs are carried on almost without intermis- 
 bion ; there will he few points of pnhlir concern lo 
 adjust with their nci^diburs ; antt liiat deparlment of 
 lh( ir allairs wbuli may b(- deiioinniatcd bireiiiii, cannot 
 lie so inlncati' as to reipiire mucli reliiied policy in con- 
 ductmtz it. Where individuals are so thoughtless and 
 imjirovidcnt as sehloin to take etlectual precautions for 
 eelf-prcservalion. it is vain to expect that pul)lic. mea- 
 sures and deliberations will be retzuliitcd by the e(Mi- 
 teinplatiou of reniolc events. It is tlie yemus of sa- 
 vages to act from llic impulse of present passion. They 
 liave iicitber foref*it:ht nor temper to form complicated 
 arran;;ements with reaped to their future conduct. Tin 
 consultations of the Americans, indeed, are so freipieiit, 
 and their iie^fotialions are so many. [IKtj and so Ion;; 
 protracted, as to l^vo their proceeding's an e.\triiordi- 
 iiary aspect of wisdom Hut this is not owiiii^'so imieii 
 to the depth of tlieir schemes, as to the iH^ldness and 
 pbIe«,Mii of tlieir temper, wbicb render them slow in de- 
 tcrminnm. If we except the celt-biuted leanne, that 
 united the I'lve Nations in ('auada. into a lederal re- 
 pultlie, which ^ll;dl be considered in its proper place, 
 we can discern lew sucli traces of political wisdom, 
 amonjr the rnde American tribes, as discover any yreat 
 deijree of fonsi^^bt or extent of intellectual abilities. 
 Kven amoiiLi them, we shitll find puldic measures more 
 frc.pieiitlv directed by the inipeivious ferocity of their 
 youth, than regulated by tlw experience and wiadom of 
 their old men. 
 
 As the condition of man in the savafje state is unfa- 
 vorable to the proj^ress of the understuiidiuj,', it has a 
 tendency likewise, in some respect-f, to cheek the ex- 
 ercise of alfeetion. and to render tli ■ heart contracted. 
 The stroniirsi fcelinir in tlie mmd of a iJavaue is a sense 
 r;f bis own indcpendi'iice. He has sacrificed so small a ' 
 (orliou of his natural liberty by bei'omm;^ a member ofi 
 iocicty, that he remains, in a ^real dei^ree, the sole 
 ,iia«terof his own actions, lie often lakes bis resolu- 
 hoiiH alone, williout consultirii; or feeling' any cJiinec- 
 tion with tlie persons around him. in many of his 
 operulioiis he stands as much detached from tlie rest 
 .it bis species as if be lud formed no union with ibem. 
 Conscious liow little he depends upon other men, he is 
 apt to view them with a careless inditlerence. Kven 
 iJio force of his mind eontnluites to increase this uncoii- 
 cein ; and as he looks not lieyond himself in deliberat- 
 inu'wilh respect to the part wbicli be should act. bis 
 colieitude about tiie eonseipiences of it seldom extends 
 further. He pursiH^sbis own career, and indulges las 
 own fancy, without iiKpiiriim or reiiardinuf wiiether what 
 hf does lieaureeable or olVcnsive tn others, whether' 
 they inav derive benetit or recene iiurt from it. Hence ■ 
 the nnj^overnable caprice of savat^es, tlieir imjiatunce I 
 under any specie.-* of restraint, their inability to sup- 
 press or moderate aiiv inclination, tlie scorii or neglect i 
 with whirli they receive advice, their hi'^di estimation of 
 themselves, and their coiitrmpt of oilier men. Aiiioul' 
 them, the pride of mdepi-ndeiice produee.s almost the 
 tamo eli'eets with inleresleilness in a more advaiieed '. 
 r la'o of societv ; it refers everv tlunu; \o a man himself, 
 it leads him lo he indinereiit aluint the manner in wh;e^i 
 his actions mav atVect other men, and reiuhrs the uta- \ 
 tilirjitioM of his own wishes the measure and end of j 
 conduct. i 
 
 To the same nu^e mav bo imputed the hardness of 
 heart and nisensibiblv reucirkahle in all savaj^'e nations. 
 Their minds, roused onlv bv stronj; emotions, are little 
 susceptible of gentle, delicate, or tender atVections. 
 Their union is s(» meomplete that eai b individual acts 
 u.i if he retained all bis natural ri'jhts entire and umii- 
 niiiii-he.l. If a favor is conferred upon bim, or any 
 lienelicial service is performed on bis account, lie re- 
 ceives it wiib miieli satisfaction, because it eontributeg 
 to his enjoyment ; but tins Bentimnnt extends not be 
 yond himself, it excites no sense of obli^'aiion. he nei- 
 tlicr feels ifratiiude, nor thinks of making any return. ['J II 
 Even amonij persons the most closely connected, the 
 rxchanire of those jjood otlices which strengtboii atl.icb- 
 tncnt, mollify the heart, and sweeten tlie intercourse o( 
 lif«. IS not Ire.pienl, The high ideas of independence 
 p.mong the Americans nourish a sullen reserve, winch 
 herps them at a distance from each other. 'I'he nearest 
 relatKuis are muluatlv afraid to make any demand, or to 
 Rohcii uij r"rvic4t, lest U Fthould bo coiimdend by ihu 
 
 j other an imposing a burden, or biymg a restraint upon arc engaged. With them war is a system of craft, in 
 
 I bis will. . wiiieb they trust for success to stratagem more than to 
 
 I have already remarked the inlbience of this hard !o).en force, and hove their invention continually on the 
 
 unfeeling temper upon .lomestic \iv, with respect to j trelch to circumvent and surprise their enemies. As 
 
 the connection bet\\een husband and wife, as well as i hunters, it is ibeir constant object to cnaiiaro in order 
 
 I that between parents and eliildrei . Its ellecls are no that llicy may dcs'.nn. Accordingly, art and cunning 
 
 j less conspicuous, in the performance of lho>e mutual have been universally observed us distinguishing eha- 
 
 j ollices of tenderness whieii the intirmities of our nature racteristicH of all savages. 'J'he people of tlie rndo 
 
 {frequently exact. Among some tribes, when any of i tribes of America are remarkable for Ibeir artifice and 
 
 I their number are seizid with any vio'eiil disease, they [ duplicity. Impenetrably secret in forming their mea- 
 
 ' fire generally abandoned by all aroniid .liem, who. care- ■ siires, tliey imrsue them with a patient iindeviating at- 
 
 less of tlieir recovery. Ily in the utmost consternatioii lention, and there is no relinement of dissimulation 
 
 from the supposed danger of infection. Hut even where whieli they cannot employ, in order to ensure success. 
 
 ihey ar(t not thus deserted, the cold inditlerence with The natives of i*ern were engaged above thirty years in 
 
 which they are attended can atlord them little consola- i concerting the plan of that insurrection which took pluco 
 
 tion. No look of sympathy, no sooibing expressions, [ under tlie vice-royalty of the Manpiis do V'llln tJarcia ; 
 
 no otHcions services, contribute to alleviate the distre-^s and though it was eommunieaied to a great number of 
 
 of the sulhrers, or to make ihem for;iet what they en- i)ersons, n. all dillereiit ranks, no indication of it ever 
 
 dure. Their nearest relations will often refuse to Mib- transpired during thai loiii,' period ; no man betrayed liis 
 
 lint to the smallest inconvemency. or to jmrt with liie trust, or, by an unguarded look, or rash word, gave riso 
 
 least tritle, however much it may tend to their accom- < to any suspicion of what wan intended. The dissiniu- 
 
 modation or r( lief. So Iitlle is the breast of a sav.i^e lation and craft of individuals is no less remarkable than 
 
 suseeptible of tliosc seiitimenls which prompt men to lint of nations. When set upon deceiving, they WTap 
 
 that fedinu: attention which mitigates the calamities of themselves up so arliheially, that it is impossible lo 
 
 human hfe, that, in some provinces of America, the 
 Spaniards liave found it necessary to enforte the com- 
 mon duties of liumanity by positive laws, and to oblige 
 husbands and wives, parents and children, under severe 
 jtenalties, to take care of each other during their siek- 
 
 penelrato into their intentions, or to detect their do- 
 signs. 
 
 IJul if there be defects or vices peculiar to the sava^o 
 state, tlicre are likewise virtues which it insjiires, and 
 good (pialitics, to the exercise of which it is friendly. 
 'I'he same harshness of temper is still more con- The bonds of society sit so loose upon the members of 
 spicuoiis in their treatment of the animal creation. | tlie more rude American tnhes. that thev hardly feel 
 Prior to iheir intercourse with the people of Euiope, j any restraint. Hence the spirit of independence, which 
 the North Americans had some tame dogs, which ac- [ is the pride of a savage, and which he considers as iho 
 companied them in tbeir huiitmg excursions, and served i unalienable prerogative of man. Incapable of control, 
 them with all Hie ardor and (idebty jMJcubar to the spc- j and disdaining to acknow!ed;,a' any superior, bis mind, 
 cirs. But, instead of that fond atlaebment wbieli tiie | though limited in its powers, and furring in many of its 
 hunter naturally feels towards those useful companions j pursuits, acipiires such elevation by the consciousness 
 of Ina toils, thev renuito their services with neglect, of. its own freedom, that he acts on some occasioijs 
 seldom feed, and never caress them. In other provnices i with astonishing t'orce, and perseverance, and dignity, 
 the Americans have become acipiainted with the do- As independence tiourishea thi.s bi^li s])irit amonc 
 n» Stic animals of Kiirope, and availed ibemselves of , savages, the perpetual wars m which they are engaged 
 tbeir service ; but it is umvcr.-ially observed that they call it forth into action. Such long intervals of tran- 
 always treat tiiem barshlv, and never employ any me- qnillity as are freipient in polished societies are un- 
 thod either for breaking or nianagnig them, but force known in the savage state. Their emmlicH, as I have 
 and cruelty. In every part of the deportment of man ' oliserveil, are implacaltle and immortal. The valor of 
 in his savage state, whether towards bis e(pials of the the young men is never allowed to rust in inaction, 
 human species, or toward.s the atinuals below him, we | The hatchet is always in the hand, either for attack or 
 recognise tlie same character, and trace the ojierations ! defence. Kven in their hunting excursions, they must 
 of a mind intent on it.s own gratilications. and rcgu- ; be on their guard against surprise from the hostilo 
 latod by its own caprice, with little attention or sensi- j tribes by which they are surrounded. Accustomed to 
 bility to the sentiments and fcelingsof the beings around j tontinu?d alarms, they grow familiar with danger ; cou- 
 Iiim. I Til go becomes an habitual virtue, resulting naturally 
 
 After explaininff how unfavorable the savagn state I from their situation, and strengthened by constant e.x- 
 
 "ertions. The mode of displaying fortitude may not bo 
 the same in smiU and rude communities, as in moro 
 powerful and civilized states. Their system of war, 
 and standard of valor may be formed ujjon dilferent 
 principles; but in no situation does the human mind 
 rise mote sniierior to the sense of danger, or the dread 
 moment. A savage frequently placed in situations of ' of death, than in its most simple and uncultivated 
 danger and distress, depending on himself alone, and j Jlate. 
 
 wrapped up in bis own thoughts and si-hemes, is a se- Another virtue remarkable among savages, is attach- 
 rious melancholy animal. His attention toothers is i meiit to the community of wliich they are members 
 small. The ranire of his own ideas is narrow. Hetieo j I''rom tiie nature of their politi'-id union, one mi^jht ex 
 tliat ta'-iturnity which is so disgusting to men acciis- [ pect this tie to be exireiiuly feehle. Uut there are eir 
 tonied to the open intercourse of soci.d conversation, cumslaiiees wiiicli render the inlluence, even of iheit 
 When they are not en^aijed in action, tin; Americans I loose mode of association, very powerful. The Ameri 
 ofien Kit whole davs in one posture, without o[ienmg [ can Inbes are small ; combined against tlieir neighbors, 
 their lips. Wlirn tiiev go forth to war. or tit ihe eluse. [ in pioseculnui of ancient '■nmities, or in avenging re 
 they usually march in a line at some distance from one ; cent injm I's, their iiilercsts and operations are neiihor 
 another, anil without exchanMini; a word. The same i numerous imr comjilex. 'I'hesn are objects which ibo 
 profound silence is ob.^erved when they row together in uncultivnted underUanding of a savage can eoinpre- 
 
 is to the cultivation of the undcrslandini;, and to th' 
 improvement of the heart, I sho^hl not have thouLriilii 
 neees.sary to nn-ntion what may be deemed lis b.-sser 
 defects, if the eharaeter of nations, as well as of in- 
 dividuals, were not often more diitinetly marked by 
 circumstances apiiarently trivial than by those of greater 
 
 a canoe. It is only when they are animated bv intoxi- 
 cating liquors, or roused by the jollity of the festival 
 and dance, that they become tjay and conversshle. 
 
 'I'o the same causes may be imputed die refined 
 cunning with which they form and execute their 
 schemes. Men who are not habituated lo a liberal 
 connnuiiication of tlieir own sentiments and wishes, are 
 
 bend. His heart is capaiile of forming connection!; 
 wliicii are so little dillused. He assents with warmth 
 to public measures, dictated by passions similar tj 
 those which direct bis own conduct. Hence the ar(h)r 
 with which indivuluals undertake the most perilous ser- 
 vice, when the cominnnity deems it necessary. Henco 
 their tierce and dee|) rooted antipathy to the publit 
 
 apt to be so dustrustful as to place little conlidencc m ! enemies. Hence their zeal for tlie honor of their 
 others, and to have recourse lo an msidious eraU m' lube, and that love of their country, which proin(Hs 
 accoinjihshing their own purposes. In civilized life, I llum to brave danger lluit it may inumpli. and to endure 
 those ]iersons who by their situations have but a few die most ex'pnsite torments, without a groan, tint it 
 objects of pursuit on which their minds inccssantlv mav not be disgraced. 
 
 dwell, are most remarkidple for low artitieo in carrying | 'ilius, ni every situation where a human being eaii 
 on their little projects. Among savaizes, whose views ' be placed ever, m the most unfavorable, there are vir- 
 are equally confined, and iheir attention no less perse- ' tues which peculiarly belong lo it ; there are aflection:! 
 veriiig, those circumstanc* s must ojicrate still more i which it calls forth; there is a species of happiness 
 pcjAOrfully. and grailually accustom tlii'in to a disinL'e- Iwhurh it yields Nature, with tin; nio?it ben<*ticent in 
 iiiious subtlety tn all their iransaeliuns. The lone of|leiiIloii, coneilnles and forms the mind to tls eondi 
 tins IS mcrea.sed by habits which they accpiire in carry- i tion ; the ideas and wishes ol man extend not beyond 
 ing on the two most inlcresling operationti wherein Uiey that statu of soctet/ lo which he is iiabitu^tod. What 
 
118 
 
 II o n !■; R r s o n • s n i s t o ii y of 
 
 li 
 
 U prescnls as olijt'Cia of coMt('iri|ilation or rnjnyint'tit, | 
 fill.s and statistics his iiiiiid, and lio(*ai) linrdly ('oiummvc i 
 ■nv othtT iiiodo of tifc (o he |)|('iis:iiil. ur cmii lt)1('riit)l<'. 
 Tlio Tiirtiir, acrustodu'd lo roam over extensive plains, j 
 ■nd to Hiil)sist on the prodm-l of his lienls. impn-iMlCfl , 
 upon Ins iMieriiy. hr the fjreiitest of all curses, ihal lie ; 
 may l>e rondeinned to rryide in one phice, and to ho ' 
 nourishtnl with the top of a weed. The rude Ameri- 
 cans, fond of their own pursuits, and sattstied with ' 
 their own lot, arc cpially unahle lo oinnpreliend ihi* j 
 intention or utilitv of the various aci-omniodations, ' 
 a'lich, ill mort; polished j«ocietv are di'eined essenlial 
 ti> tho comfort of life. I'ar f.oni eomplainini; of llicir 
 own silnaiioii, or vicwinu tliiit of men ni a nH)re im- 
 proved state with (iilmiraliou or crivy, they rcijard them- 
 selves as the standard of exci Hence, as hrui^'s tiie hest, 
 entitled, as well as the most pcrlicily (pialified to enjoy 
 real liajipuies**. I'nacen.tio.ned lo aiiv rcsiraint upon 
 tht'ir will or tlieir actions, ihev hehold wilh aina/cntcnt 
 thu ineijualitv of raitk, and the suhorilinaliou which t.ikcs 
 place II) civilized life, and con>ider the vohmtary suh- 
 iiiission of one man loauolher as a renuiicialion n<> less 
 hn'iv than unacconntahle. of the t'lrst distinctinii of hu- 
 inantty. Void of forcsiiflu as well as tree I'roui caro 
 themselves, and deli^'htcd witli that state of iiulolcut 
 security, they wonder at the aiivioiis precautions, the 
 nnccasuiij induslrv, and complicated arrangements of 
 Kurojieans, in i^nardin^ aLMinst distant evils, or provui- 
 inu fur future wants ; anil thev otten exclaim aijainst 
 their preposterous folly, in thus mulliplymjf the trouhles 
 nnd iiicreasiniT the lahor of life. This prefcnMicc of 
 their own manners is conspicuous on every occasion. 
 Even the names, hy which the various natu)ns wi^h lo 
 be distin<.niished. are assumed from this idea of their 
 own prc-eminenc;i. 'I'lie appellation which the Iroipiois 
 give to theinselvts is /In: c/iirf of mm. Ciiitiihr, the 
 orifjinal name of the tierce iiihahitants of the Wiiid- 
 WHrd Islands, sitrnMies the icarlihc paiplr. 'I'he ('he- 
 rckees. from an idea of their own sMperiority. call the ' 
 Kuropeaus \iithnii:!t, or the amirxril rar.r, and as- 
 6'ime lo themselves the name of thr heloi-cii projtlc. | 
 The same principle, reifuialcd the notions of the other | 
 Americans concerniiiir the Europeans ; for allhouijh at I 
 Iirsl ilit-y wen^ hlled with astonishment at their arts*, j 
 and with dread of their power, they 5.0011 came tn r.liate ■ 
 their estimation of men whose maxi'iis of hie were so 
 dilferent from their own. Hence they called them the 
 froth of the sea, men without fatlier or mother. Thov 
 supposed, that either they had 110 country of their own, 
 and therefore invaded that which helonired lo others ; 
 or that. heiniT destitute of tlio necessaries of life at 
 nomc, they were ohliiied to roam over the ocean, in or- 
 der to nih sucli as were more amply provided. 
 
 Men thus satistjed with their own condition arc far 
 fioin any inclination to relimpiish their own hahits, or 
 to adopt tliose of civili/ed life. The transition is too 
 violent to he suddenly made. Kveii where endeavors 
 have heen used to wean a savajxe trom his own customs, 
 and to render the accommodations of poli^hcd society 
 familiar to him ; v.\c\\ where he leen allowed to 
 
 taste of tho.se pleasures, and ha \\ honored with [ 
 
 those distinctions, which arc the .nef objects of our | 
 desire, he droups and lan^niishes utider the restraint of ■ 
 laws and forms, he seizes the lirst op|iortunity of hreak- 1 
 iiiii loose from them, and returns with transport to ihe 1 
 forest or the \Mld, wlurehe can enjoy a careless and; 
 uncontrolled lieedom. [ 
 
 Thus f have finished a tahorious delineation of the 
 character and manners of tlie uncivilized trihes ^cat- 1 
 tered ovi'r the va^t continent of America. In this, I , 
 aspire not at rivalling the ijreat masters who have 
 painted and adorm'd savau'e life, either in holdness of 
 desijjM, or in ihe nlow and heautv o^ their coloring;. I 
 am satislicil with the more huiuhie merit ol havin;( per- 
 si.-ted with patient industry, in viewini^ my sultjeet m 
 many various h^jhis. and i-ollectiULr *rom the inosl accu- 
 rate ohscrvers such detached, and oflt n minute fea- 
 tun-s. as niiuht enahle me tj enhihit a [lortrait that ^ 
 resemhle.s the orii,nn.il. ! 
 
 Uelore I elij,-.i' Uiis part of mv work, one ohservalion 
 imire is net essarv, m order to justitv the conclusioiis 
 which I have lorinrd, or to prevent the mistakes into 
 which R.ichas exainiiiu thetii may fall. In contemplat- 
 mii the inliahilaiits of a romiirv so wnlelv extended as 
 America, yreal attention slionld he |>aid fo the diver- 
 Bity of climates under which ihev are placed. 'I'he 
 iritluence uf this I h.ive pmnted out wiin respect to 
 several iiupurt-uit particulars which have heen the oh- 
 Jct't'if research ; init even ^shefi- il lias rutl ln^en leon- 
 liancd, it ou^ihl not ti> hi; overlooked, Tiie provi'KM-* 
 of Ain*»rica are of surh ditl'erent temperament, that 
 tluR alotic is aurtii ienl to constitute a diKlinntinn Uoiwecti 
 
 their inhabitants. In every part of the earth where I 
 man exists, the power of climate operates, with deci- I 
 sive nilhieiice. upon ins conditioti .mil character. In , 
 those countries which approach near lo (he extremes ! 
 of heat or eoiil, this infliienei! is mo conspicuous as to 
 strike every eye. Whether we consider man merily 
 as an ammal, or as liein^ endowed with rational pow- 
 ers which fit him for activitv and speculation, we shall 
 lind tiiat be has unilormly attained ihe ^^eatesl jierfec- 1 
 tion of which his nature is capable, i" .k. icrnperate { 
 rejions of the ^lobe. 'i'heri' bis constitution is most ! 
 vi'^oro'is, his or;,Miis most acute, and liis form 1no.1l 
 be.iutit'ul. 'I'iiere. too. he ]iossesses a superior extent 1 
 of capacity, greater fertility of imaijinalion, more enter- 
 prising couraije, and a sensibility of heart which ^jives 
 h:rlh lo desires, nol only anient, but perseverinj*. In 
 tics favorite sitiiiition be has d. splayed liie utmost ef- 
 forts of his genius, 111 literature, m {Hilicv, in coin- 
 inerco, in war, uiid in all the arts which imjirove or 
 embelli.sh life. 
 
 'I'ljis powerful operation of climate is fell most sen- 
 silily by rude nations, and produces jrn'atcr edi^els than , 
 in societies more improvtil. 'I'he talents of civilized i 
 men are continually extrted in rendering tlieir owri 
 cnndilion more comfortable; and by ihiir ingenuity 
 and inveiilioiis, tb'jy can in a <ire.it measure sujuily the 
 defects, and jruard ai;ainsl the inconveniences of any 
 climate. Hut the improvident -ava^e is allected by | 
 every circumstance peculiar to his situation. He takes 
 no precaution either to mitiijate or to improve it. jjke 
 a plant or an animal, he is furinc:! liv the ('liiuale inuler 
 winch he is placed, and feels the full force of ils inHu- 
 encc. I 
 
 In surveying; the rude n-. . <! of ' . a, this natu- ' 
 ral distinction between the ii'i.bll.' .■ .>* 'he temperate 
 and torrul zones is very remarkable. Tiiey may. ae- 
 cordiiiLilv, be divided into two irreat classe^;. The one , 
 coin|)rcbends all the Nort' Vm^ricans from the river 
 St. Laurence In the fiili «' .Mex^t " 'oifethei • '> t''0 
 people of (,'hili, and a few sniai! tow ujs fne 
 
 extremity of the southern continent. To tb. jtber 
 beloiiir all the mhaliitants of Ihe islands, and those set- 
 tled in the various provinces which i.'Xtend from the 
 isthmus of Darieii almost to the soullieni confines of 
 Urasil, alouij the east side of the Andes. !n the for- 
 mer, which comprehends all the rej;ions of the tcnip.e- 
 rate zone that m America are inhabited, the human 
 species apjiears luaniteslly to be more perfect. 'I'he 
 natives are more robust, more active, more mtelliiicnt, 
 and more couraijeous. They possess, in the most emi- 
 nent de^^ree. that force of mind, and love of indepen- 
 dence, which I have pointed out as the chief virtues of 
 man in his sayai^e state. They have defended their 
 liberty with peraevcrini; fortitudo aj^ainst the Kuropeans, 
 who subdued ihe otluT rude nations of America with 
 the irreatest ease. The natives of the temperate zone 
 are tiie only peojile in ihe New World who are indebted 
 for their freedom lo their own valor. 'i'he North 
 Americans, thouirh lon^ encompassed by three formi- 
 dable Kuropeanj)owers. still retain p.irt of" their oni,nnal 
 possessions, and continue to exist a.s independent na- 
 tions, 'i'he people of C'liili, thoiiirh early invaded, still 
 maintain a gallant contest with tlie Spaniards, and 
 have set lioiiiuLs to tlieir eneroaciimenis ; wtiereas, in 
 tiie warmer rei.Mons, men are more fei Ide in their frame, 
 less viL.'orous m tlie ellbrts of their mind-;, of a gentle 
 but dastardly spirit, more enslaved by pleasure, and 
 more sunk in indolence. Acfordini,dy, it is in the tor- 
 rul zone that the Muropeans have most completely 
 established their doininion over America ; the most 
 fertile and ilesiralile provinces in it are subjected to 
 their yoke ; and if several tribes there still enjoy inde- 
 pendence, it is either because th'V have never been 
 attacked by an enemy already satiated willi couipiest. 
 and possesseil of larffcr territories than he was able lo 
 occupy, or because they have been saved from oppres- 
 sion by llieir remote and inaccessible situation. 
 
 ( 'onspieuoiis as this distinction may ajipear between 
 the inhabitants of those different re:;ion.s, it is not, 
 however, universal Moral and political causes, as I 
 have formerly observed, atlect the disposition and cha- 
 racter of individuals, as well as nations, still iiiore 
 powerfully than the influence of climate. There are. 
 aecordmjily, some tribes, m various parts of the tornd 
 zone, po.isessed of (MMiraije, hiu'h spirit, and the love of 
 mdependeiH-e, in a de-rree hardly inbrior to tiie naiives 
 of more lem|H'rate climates. We are too little actjuainted 
 Willi liie liislorv of these people, lo be able to Irace the 
 several circumsl^iu'es in tiieir pntijriss and condilioii. 
 lo winch they arc indebted for tins remarkabh! pre- 
 einiiiencc. The fad, nevertheless, is certain. As 
 early ai ilic lust voyu^;e of 'J(duinbus, ho received 
 
 information that several of the islands were ndubilej 
 by the Carnhhrfs, n fierce race of men, nowise re.'-em- 
 blm;r their I'ethle and liniid nejnhbois. In his second 
 expedilion lo the .\ew \N'orld, lie fuund ihi.-^ injornui- 
 tion lo be just, and was himself a witnesK v\' llieir 
 intrepid valor f'jr>J Tiie same character they have main- 
 tamed invariably m all subse.pienl contests wiiii the 
 people of Kiirope ; and even in our own lunes wc liavii 
 seen them make a gallant stand in deh'iice ol the la:a 
 territory which the rapaciiy of ihe invaders had inft 
 in their possession. [UliJ .Some nations m Miasil were 
 no less eminent for vinor of mind a:id liravi ry m war. 
 'i'he }ieople of the isthmus of Darn : boklly met tho 
 Spanianls m the field, aild frcipienli.- repelled tlioao 
 formidable invaders. Other in.-..t... 1 .< miHht be pro- 
 dui-ed. It is not iiy attembni; to aiiv sin^de i;\um: or 
 principle, tiow powerful and extensive soever its iiillii- 
 eneo may appear, that we can explain liie actions, or 
 account for tlie character of men. Kven the law 0/ 
 climate, more universal, perhaps, in its opeiaiton tliaii 
 any thai atlects tlie human species, cannot be ap|»lied, 
 injudying of their conduct, without many exctptiona. 
 
 BOOK V. 
 
 History of Uip cotitiuest of New Spain liy Cortes. 
 
 WjiKN (Jrijalva [1518.] returned lo Cuba, he found 
 the armament destiiwil to attempt tlie con<piest of that 
 ri'-h country which he had discovered almost complete. 
 Not only ambitiun. but avarice, had ur;,'ed N'clasipiez 
 to hasten his preparations ; and h.ivin<: such a prospect 
 of ^ratifyiuf^ both, he had advamrd considerable surn.s 
 out of his pnv,ite fortune towards dclrayiiiir i.he ex- 
 penses of tiie expedilion. At tiie same time, he ex- 
 erted his iritluence as governor, in enu'aj^inif tiie most 
 distiniruished persons 111 the colony to undeiiake the 
 service, [97] At a lime when the spirit of tin; .Spanish 
 nation was adventurous 1.0 e.vcess. a number of soldiers, 
 eajfer to embark m any clarmLj enierprise. soon ap- 
 peared. Hut il was not so easy to IiikI a person ipiali- 
 lied to take tlie coiiimand in an expidition of so much 
 iniporlance ; ami the character of \'elasipiez, who had 
 the rijiiit of noimnalion. jireatly increascil tin- (bilicuUy 
 of the choice, Tiiouiiii of most a.-^pimii; amlniion, and 
 not de.>litite of talents fur <;oviTiiiuent, lie possessed 
 mitlier such coura-ic, nor puch vi^or and activity ol 
 mind, as to undertake m person the coialici of the 
 armament winch he was prepariiiij, In ihis embarrass- 
 m;^ situation, he formed tiie ciiimerieal .srhiine, not 
 only of acliievin;j jrreal exploits by a deputy, but ol 
 Kceuiing to himself liie ylorv of coiiipiests which v\ere 
 to be made by another. In the execution of this plan, 
 he fondly aimed at reconciling eontraihctions. lb- was 
 solicitous to choose a coimnaiider of mlrepul resolu- 
 tion, and oi snpeiior abilities, because he knew thesu 
 to be reipnsite in ord(*r lo ensure success ; bul, at tho 
 same tune, from the jealousy natural to little minds, ho 
 wisiied this persiui to be of a spirit so lame and olise- 
 (piious as to be entirely dependent on his will. Hut 
 when he came to apply those ideas in foriniri!f an 
 opinion concerning the several ollieers who occurred 
 to iiis ihouiihls as worthy of I'cui;; intrusted with liio 
 command, lie soon perceived that it was impossible lu 
 lind such incompatilile ipiahties muted in one i haracler. 
 Such as were distiiit,'uisheil for coiirane and talcnla 
 were too lii^h spinled to be pa.-isiv(' instrumeiil,^ ui ins 
 hands. Those wiio appeared more (fcntle and trada- 
 ble were desiiiule of capaeyy, and nneipi il to the 
 charge. This aui.niii-nteil ins perplexity and Ins fears. 
 lie dehberated loii;r ami with mueli solicitude, and was 
 still waveriii!^ in his choiie when Aiiiadiu' de l.arcs, 
 the roval treasurer m Culia. and .\iidres Duera, his own 
 secretary, the two persons ui wlioui he ciiiefly coniidcd, 
 were encouraged liy this irresoliiiiun to propo>c a luw 
 candidate; and itu'V supported tin ir reeotimien<laltoii 
 with such assiduity and adilress, tjiat. no less falallv 
 for Velasfpicz than happily for their country, it proved 
 guccessful. 
 
 'i'he man whom they ]iointed out to him was IVr- 
 naiido ( 'ortes. He was born at Medetlm, a stuajl io\m) 
 111 Vislreiiiadura, m tlie year one iliousand lour liundred 
 and eighty -live, and desicendeil from a family of noblo 
 blood, but of very moderate fortune, Hehi;! oriumally 
 destined by his parents lo the study of la . , as the must 
 liki'lv method of betterni:^ his condilioi,. he was sent 
 early to the university of Salamanca, where he imbilu d 
 some tincture of learning,'. Hut he was soon dis;,'usted 
 with an academic life, wlueli dul not suit liis anb-.u and 
 restless irenins. and retired to .Medellin, where he ijave 
 him-^elf up entirely to ai-tivc sports ami marli.d e\er- 
 cisi's At this period of life he was s:> impetuous, ixt 
 pveibearin^. and t;o di;-^ipatcd, that hiu father wji) ^t id 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
SOUTH AMKUIO A. 
 
 110 
 
 n Wiis l-'rr- 
 ;ill tow ri 
 ur liiitKlml 
 ily lit tiuliln 
 
 I'lininiilly 
 ii>» lli(! nuist 
 
 was sent 
 !i<> iiiiImIxc) 
 
 lis;,M.St.-.| 
 
 aiilcir iinil 
 !n' travo 
 >irl:,i| I'xrr- 
 
 II'UIOIIS, ,\(t 
 
 r ivjit ^\ id 
 
 to conifjly vvilli IiIh inclinaliori, niul f^cnt him tiliroad as 
 an bciviiiUircr iti iirnis, 'riicrt' weru iii llidt u«;;e two 
 cont>piciuMis UuMlrc-^. on whicli siuh ol tiiu .S|i.ini^iii 
 yoiitti iis cuiirU'ti inililary ^ilnry mi^lit tlispLiy Ihiir 
 valur ; oiii' ir) Italy, midt r liii: coinriiiiiui ol llie (iru:a 
 Ca|amn i lint uilit-r in Uie Mt'w World, ('orlts prc- 
 (crri'il tht! lurniLT, but whs prevt'iilul by irnlisj)osi[ion 
 Iroin cinliaikirij^ with u ri'iiifuneirHtil of troops stiU to 
 NupU-s. rpoti (lii.H disappuinlinciit \w tiiriiril his 
 Views towards Aiiicru-a, wliilluT he was alhirrd hy the 
 prosptM I o\ the advaittaLTi's whu'-li he riiii:ltl dirivc iVuiti 
 the palioiia^ie ol ()\aiido. [i»HJ (he (governor ol 1 1 is- 
 puiiifihi, wito was his kiiiMiiaii. \\ iirii 1h' tmidi'd at 
 •SI. iJoiiitii^t>, III one tliuusaiid fivu liiiiidrcd anil tour, 
 hl» rrcrplion was sufli a^^ fipnillid his most saniiuinr 
 ii»pi's,and hrwas (;niph)yi-d hy the (lovcrnor m M'\rral 
 iioiiorahli' and incralivt; stiiiions. 'llicsf, however, did 
 not satisfy his amhition ; and. m the year o:ie ihuusaiid j 
 live liuiuired and eleven, he ohtanied permission lo ; 
 accompany Die^^o N'ela.s.incz m his expedition to Ciiha. j 
 In thi^ service lie dlstln^'ln^«hed himself so much, that,' 
 liotwillisiaiidin^' some violent contests with \ clasiiuez, 
 occat^ioiied liy trivial events unworthy ol remenihraiico, 
 he wu.-* ut h;nglh taken into iavor, and receded uii am- 
 ple cunce-Ttiion oi' lands and of Indians, llie n conipeiise 
 u>ually be.-;tuw('d upon adveiilureis in tlie New World. 
 
 'riiouj^ii Cortes hud not hitherto a'-led m lii^'h eom- 
 inaiid, he had di.-4played such ipialilies in several scenes 
 of ditiieuliy and d.iiiifer, as raised universal expecla- 
 tiun, and turned tlie eyes o( Ins coimlrymeii towards 
 Inin as one capable of perlormin>r ^reat thm<>;s. Tlu! 
 turbulence of youth, as soon as he touiid objects and 
 uccupations suited to the ardor of his mind, gradually 
 t<ubsided and settled into a habit of regular mdelatiirable 
 activity, 'i ho impel uosily of ins temper, when he 
 came to act with his eijuals, insenstbjy abated, by being 
 kept under restraint, and mellowed into a cordial 
 soUherly Irankni.sr*. These (pialities were accom- 
 panied with calm prudence m concerlin;^ his Hclu'iiies, 
 v\Uh perscMriiii^ vi}j;or m e.xeciitm;i them, and with, 
 w'jul IS peculiar 'o sujierior neniiis, (tie art of gaining 
 tlie conlidetice and govermiij^ the minda of men. 'lo 
 ittt which were added (he inferior arcomplishmeiits that 
 strike (he vuli:ar. and command their respect ; a grace- 
 ful per>on. a wmnni;^ as|)ect. extraordinary address in 
 iiiariial exercin's, and a eonstitiition of such vigor as 
 lo be capable of enduring any fatigue. 
 
 As soon as fortes was mentioned to Velasquez by 
 ills two confidants, he llaltered himsell tliut he hud at 
 Iciii/'h found what he had huherlo sought in vam, a 
 niaii with talents for cummaiid, but not an object fur 
 lealousy. Neither the rank nor the JDrtune of Cortes. 
 hs lie iiragmed, was such that lu; could aspire at inile- 
 pendence. He had rea>on to belie\e that by his own 
 rcatlness to bury ancient animosities in oblivion, as 
 well as 1ms blierality iii conferring several recent favors, 
 he had alieady gamed the good will ol Cortes, and 
 hoped, by (Ins new and unexpi'clcd mark of eontldenee, 
 that he nujiht iitl.ich hiin for ever to liis interest. 
 
 Cortes, receiving liis commission [Oct. "^'^,1 with the 
 warmest expressions of rtsiicct and gratitude lo the 
 governor, itmnedialdv erected his standard before his 
 own house, appeared in a military dress, and assumed 
 all the ensigns of his new dij^mtv. His utm"st m- 
 llueiice and aclivitv were exerted m perseading many 
 of his friends to eni.'age m the serv.ce, and in vitgnig 
 forward the preparatiinis for the \oya<:e. All his own 
 (imds, togettier with what money he could raise by 
 mortgaging his laiuls and Indians, were expended in 
 nurcha.sing military stores anil provisions, or in supfdy- 
 nig the wauls of siieh of his ollicers as were unat.le lo 
 ctpiip themselves in a manner suited to their rank, [i>!)J 
 litolb'iisive and even laiid.ible as this conduct was, his 
 dtsappointid coiujietitors were malicious enough lo 
 gi\e It a (urn to luK disadvantaijo, 'I'hey represented 
 Inin as aiming already, with little (iistrnise, at eslabhsh- 
 ing an inde|)endenl authority over his troops, and en- 
 tledvoring to sertire (heir resjiect or love by his osteii- 
 lalious and interested Idn'rality. They rommded Vo- 
 hisipiez of his former di.>sensions with the man in 
 whom he now reposed so much oonlidcnce, and lore- 
 told that Cortes would be more apt to avail himself of 
 the power which tlie governor was inconsiderately 
 puMmg in his hands, to avenge past uijuries than to 
 rcipiitt; recent obligations. Tliese msiin/itions made 
 buch impression upon tlu' suspicious mind of \'elas- 
 quez, that Cortes si,on olwerved sonio Svnii'oms o\ 
 a growing alienaiion and distrust in his behavior, ami 
 was advi8ed bv Lares and Uuero lo hasten his depar- 
 ture before these shoiihl become so Cinitiniied as lo 
 break out with open violence. Tully sensible of this 
 dan^erf Uc urged forward his prep^tratioiia wiili such 
 
 rapidity that hi- set sad from St. .lago dc (>uba on the 
 ei;jhteenlli ol November. \ Clasipiez accompanying 
 hitn li> the shore, and takm<; have of him with an 
 appearance ol p( rfect iVieiuNliip and conhdence, though 
 he had secretly given it in charge to some of Cortes* 
 oliirers, (o keep a watchful eye upon every jiart of their 
 cuminandt-r's conduct. 
 1 Corti's proceeded to Trinidad, a small settlomrnt on 
 j the same side of the island, where he was joined by 
 I S( vcral atlvinlniers. and reeeivetl a supply of provisions 
 I and nubtarv stores, of which his stoi-k was still very 
 incomplete. He had hardly left St, .lago, when ihe 
 jealousy which had been working in the breast ol \'e- 
 lasquez grew so violent that it was impossible lo snj)- 
 press It, The armament was no longer under his own 
 eye and direction ; and lie fell (hat ns his power over 
 il ceased, that of ('ortes would become more absolute. 
 Imnginalion now aggravated every eircumsiance which 
 had formerly excited suspicion: the rivals of Cortes 
 iiidnf;lrioiisly threw in rellections which ncreased his 
 fear; and with no less art than ni'ihce lliey calh il su- 
 perstition lo their aid, employing tli(> predictions of an 
 rtslrologer in onler to complete (he alarm, .Ml these, 
 by their united operation, produced the desired ellecl. 
 Velasipiei'. repented biilerlv of his own linprudeiice, in 
 having committed a (rust of so much importance to a 
 person whose tidehtv appeared so doubtful, and hastily 
 despatched instructions to 'I'nnidad, empowering \'et- 
 
 du''o, (be chief magistrate there. 
 
 : C 
 
 s ot 
 
 his commission. Ibit ('ortes hud already made such 
 progress m gaining the esteem and eonlideuce nf his 
 troops, that, linding otllcers tis well as soldiers eipiahy 
 zealous to support his authority, !:l^ soothed or intnni- 
 ilated \'ertbigo, and was permitted to depart from Trini- 
 dad witlionl nn.le,station. 
 
 From Trinidad Cortes sailed for the Havana, in or- 
 der to raise more soldiers, and lo comjilete the victual- 
 ling of his Heel. Tin re several persons of distinction 
 enlered into the service, and eng.iged to supply what 
 provisions were still \vani:ng ; but as it was necessary 
 to allow them some time for perfonmng what they had 
 promised, Vslasipiez. sensible (li.it he ouLdit no longer 
 to relv on a man of whom he had so openly discovered 
 his distrust, availed himself of Ihe interval which this 
 unavoidable delay atlbrded, in order to make one at- 
 tempt more to wrest tlie cominaiiil out of the hands vf 
 (>orles. He loudlv complained of \'erdugo"s eonduel, 
 accusing him either of childish faedily, or of ni.iuihst 
 treachery, in suth'rmg Cortes to escape from Trinidad. 
 Anxious to guard against a second disappointment, he 
 Bcnl a person of eonlideuce to (he Havana, with pe- 
 remptory injunctions to I'edro IJarlu, his lieutenant- 
 governor in that colony, iiistunlly to arrest Cortes, to 
 send him prisoner to St .lago under a stroiiL' guard, 
 and to countermand the saihng of the armamnit until 
 he should receive further orders He wrote likewise 
 to the principal otllcers, re<pnriug llicni to assi.st Uarlia 
 in executing what hi; had given him in charge. Ilut 
 before the arrival of this messenger, a l-'raiiciscan friar 
 of St. Jago had secretly conveyed an account of tins 
 interesting Iran.saction to iiarlliolomew de Ohiieilo. a 
 mo'ik of (In; same order, who artrd a.-* chaplain to the 
 expedition, Cortes, forewarned of the danger, had time 
 to take precautions lor his own safely. His first step 
 was to tind some pretext for removing from the Havana 
 Diego de Ordaz. an oHlcer ol greitl merit, but in whom, 
 on account of his known atlacliment to \ elasipn /, he 
 (ouhl not confide in this trying and di hcate juncture, 
 lie gave him the eommand of a vessel destined lo take 
 on board some provisions in a small harbor bevond ( 'ape 
 Antonio, and thus made sure of lus absence without 
 Reeimng to suspect his lidelily. W'iieii he was gone, 
 C'orles no longer concealed the intentions of N'elasipiez 
 from his troops ; and as ollicers and soldiers were 
 eipially impatient lo set out on an e.\pedition. in pn - 
 paring for which most of them hud e.vpended all their 
 fiirtunes, they e.xpresscd llieir aslomshmenl and iiidtg- 
 nalion at that illiberal jealousy to winch the governor 
 was about losacrilice, not only the honor of the:r ge- 
 neral, but all liicir sanguine liojies of glory and wealth. 
 \Vith one voice they entreated that he would not aban- 
 don the important station to which he had such a good 
 title. They conjured him not to deprive iheiii of a 
 leader whom they tollowed with such well fountled con- 
 tidtMice, and ollereil to shed the lust drop of their blood 
 in mamtammg his authority. Cortes was eaiuly in- 
 duced to eom|)lv with what he himself so ardently de- 
 sired. He swore tiial he would never desert soldiers 
 who had given him such a signal proof of their altach- 
 inent. and promised instantly to conduct them to that 
 rich country which had bet n so long the object o\ their 
 thoughls and wishes. This decUratiun was received 
 
 with transports of military applause, nceompamed with 
 
 llireats and imprecations against all who should pro- 
 
 I suine to call in ipiestion tlie jurisdieFion of their ^c- 
 
 < neral, or to obslruct tin; execution of his deNigni. 
 
 i Kverv (hing wu.s now ready for iheir departure ; Init 
 (hough this expethtion was Htled out by the united ef- 
 fort of the Spanish power in ( 'aha ; though every setllo- 
 rnenl liad contributed its <piot<L of men and provisiono; 
 ihough the governor h.id laid out considerable sums, 
 aii<l each adventurer had exliaiisled his stock, or strain- 
 i ed his credit, the poverty ol the preparations was such 
 'as must astonish the present age, and bore, indeed, no 
 ' reseiiiblanct; to an armament destined for the eonipiGRt 
 of a great empire. The lleel consisted of « leveri veo- 
 sels ; the largest of n hiind'-ed tons, wliudi was digiii- 
 (led by the name of Admiral ; (hree of seventy or eighty 
 ton:4, and the rest small open barks. On boanl of theeo 
 wen- SIX hundred and .seventeen men ; of which fivo 
 hundred and eight belongeil lu the bind service, and a 
 hundred and nine were seamen or arlilicers. The sol- 
 diers were divided into eleven companies, accord- 
 ing to the number of the ships ; to each of which 
 Cortes appomled a captain, and commitled to him 
 the eommand of ihe vessc 1 while at sea, and of iho 
 nii'ii when on sliore. (lOOJ As ihe use of (ire arms 
 among the nations of I'lurupe was hitherto eonthicd to 
 la h'W ballalions of regularly disciplined infantry, only 
 thirteen soldiers were armed with muskets, thirly-lwo 
 were cross-bow men, and iho rest had sworils and 
 spears. InstCiid of the usual defensive armour, which 
 must have been cumbersome in a hut elimale, the sol- 
 diers wore jackets quilted with cotton, which expert* 
 ence had taught the Spaniards to be a snllicient pro* 
 tection against ihe weapons of (he .\mericans. '1 hey 
 had only sixteen horses, ten siuall held pieces, and four 
 falcom ts. 
 
 With this slender and ill pro\ided train did Cortea 
 set sad {Feb. 10, 1.'>1'.>.J lo make war upon a monarch 
 whose domimoiis were more e.x'ensive tlian all ihn 
 kingdoms subjerl lo ilie Spanish crown. As religious 
 enthusiasm always mingled with the spirit of adventure 
 in the New World, and, by a conibmation stilt more 
 stranire, united with avarice, in prompting the Spaniards 
 to all iheir enUrprises, a 1 irge eross was displayed in 
 liicir standards, with this mseriplion. Let us J'uUuu- the 
 ni/ss, fur under this uti^ti wr s/iiill ro/if/ucr. 
 I So powerfully were Cortes and his followers anima- 
 I ted with both ihrse passions, that no less eager to 
 I plunder ihe oiiuleiit country whiiher they were bound, 
 than zealous to propagate the Christian faith among it.; 
 mhabilaiits, they set out, not wilh the solicitude natu^ 
 ral lo men going upon dangerous services, but with 
 •hat eor.iideiice wliicli arises from security of success, 
 and cirtainty of the divine protection. 
 
 As Cories h:td determined lo touch at every place 
 where (irijalva had visited, he steered directly toward.-; 
 llie islaiul of (,"ozumel ; tlierf; he had the good fortune 
 lo redeem .leroine de .Agnilar, a Spaniard, who had been 
 ei^ht years a prisoner uinong the Indians. This man 
 was perfectly acquainted with a dialect of their lan- 
 guage understood through a large exient of country, 
 and possessing besides a considerable share ol prndcneo 
 and Rigacitv, proved e.^:lremely useful as an interpreter. 
 From Cozumel. Cortes p...-eeded to the river of Ta- 
 ba,M'o [.March I, J in hopes of a receplion as friendly aa 
 I (I'rijaUa had iix't with there, and of lindmg gold tn (ho 
 I same uhunilanre ; but the dispo>ili(Mi ol the natives, 
 ; from some unknown cause, was totally changed. After 
 ' repeated endeavors toconc-ihate their good will, he was 
 constrained to have recourse to violence. Though thn 
 lorces ol t!io enemy were nuiuproiis. ami advanced with 
 extraordinary courage, ihey were routed with _»;reat 
 slaughter 111 several successive actions. Tile losn 
 
 < which (hey had sustaimd, and ^tdl mure the astoiush- 
 inent and terror excited by the destructive eih-ct of the 
 tire arms, nnd l1ie dreadful appearance of the horses, 
 humbled their fierce spirits, and induced them lo suo 
 for peace. They acknowletlgod the King of Castile us 
 
 , their sovereign, and granted Cortes n supply of provi- 
 sions with A jin?sent of cotton garmenls, some yo!d, 
 and twenty female slaves. [lUlJ 
 
 [ ('ortes continued his course lo the westward, keep 
 [ ing as near the shore as possilde, ni ordir to obscrvo 
 i the country ; but could discover no proper place for 
 landing until he arrived at St, Juan de Clua. As lift 
 entered this harbor. [April '-i.J a large eauue full of peo- 
 ple, aimnig whom were two who si emed to bt; person.'! 
 of dislniclion, approached lus ship with signs of pcacn 
 and amity. They came on board without fear or dni- 
 trusl, and iuldres*ed him in a most respcnful ininner, 
 I but in a l.mgnage altogether unknown lo Aguilor. 
 , (.^urlcii waa in the utmost perplexity and distress at aa 
 
180 
 
 event of which ho inatunlly forcaaw the cuiusciiuencos, 
 ond alreudy filt iho hositiilion atxt uticrrtiiiiity willi 
 whii h he ^tlOullI tiiiTV on llu' Mrcal nt'liftiics wliii'li Ir* 
 mediUU'ii, if, in Ins iraiisuftniiis with the natives, lie 
 must dum-nd tiilircly iijpoii surh un iiii|Mrt't'cl. aiiil'ij^u- 
 ous, and coiijcciural tnodo ot (-otiniuiiiicatiuii as (lie : 
 U80 of ai^iiif. Utit lie did not remain h)ii(( in his oiii- 
 uarraHMiig situiilion ; i\ foriuiiiUe ucculent rxtncuied 
 liirn when hid own saijiacity could have eoiilrilmted hi- 
 lle towards hi» relief. One of the hinale slu\es, whom 
 ho had received from the cazii|ue of Tabasco, happeiu d 
 10 be present at the first iiiterviow helwecn Corles and 
 his new frupsts. Sho perceived his distress, as well 
 as the cunfiision of Ajijndar; and, as she perfectly iin- : 
 derstood the Mexican laiii;>iii^;t'. she explained what , 
 *.hcy had ,said in the Vucalaii tonmie, with which A;jui- ' 
 lar was ucipiainted. This woman, known utuirwards 
 by the name ol Uuiina iMarina. and \*ho makes a con- 
 ppicuoiia hgure in the history of the New World, where ^ 
 great revoUuions were bioujiht about by small causes | 
 and incon8idera\)Ie inslriiinenls, was bom in one of the 
 provinces of tlie Mexican Kmpire. llavii.jr been sold 
 as a slave in the early part o\' her life, after a variety 
 of adventiirea she fell into the hands of the Tabaseans, 
 and had resided loiii; enough among them lo ac-piire 
 their lunguaj^e without losing 'the use of her own 
 Though It was both tedious and troublesome to con- ' 
 verse by the inierveution of two ilillerent interpreters, '. 
 Cortes was so highly pleased with liaving discovered 
 this method of carrying on some intercourse with iho j 
 people of a country into which he was detennincd to , 
 penetrate, that in the transports of his joy lie consi- ; 
 dored it aa a visible intei'|iosition of Providence in hi.s . 
 favor. I 
 
 lie now learned that the two persons whom he had [ 
 received oii board of his ship were deimties from Teu- 
 lilc and i'llpaloe, two ollicers inirusted with the go- 
 vernment of that province by a great monarch whom 
 they culled Montezuma; anil that they were sent to 
 mipjire what his intentions were in visitinif tiicir coast, 
 ond to olfer him what assisiaiu'O he might neeil, in 
 order to continue his voyage, (,'orles, struck with the 
 appearance of those peo[>le, as well as the tenor of the 
 message, assured them, m respectful terms, that he 
 nppiodchcd their countrv with most Ineiidly senlnueiils, 
 Rud came to propose matters of great iinporlaiice to 
 the welfare of their prince and his kingdom, which he 
 would unfold more fully, in person, to iImj governor and 
 the general. Next morning, without waiting for any 
 answer 'je landed his troops, his horses, and artillery ; 
 and, having chosen proper ground, begun to t;rect huts 
 lor his men, and to lorlifv hia camp. The natives, m- 
 elead of opposing the entrance of those fatal guests 
 into their country, assisted tiiein in all their operations 
 with an alacrity of which they had ere long good rea- 
 son to re]ient 
 
 Next day Tentile and Pilpaloe entered the Spani^h 
 camp with a numerous retinue ; and Cortes, consider- 
 ing them as the ministers of a great nuuiarch cntiiled 
 to a degree of attention very ditferent from that which 
 the ypaniards were accustomed to pay the petty ca- 
 znp-ies with wliom they had intercourse in th(! isles, 
 received them with much formal ceremony, lie in- 
 formed them, that ho came as ambassador from Don 
 Carlos, of Austria, King of ("a^lile, llu; grealisl 
 monarch of the Kast, and was intrusted with |lropo^l- 
 tions of such moment, that he could impart tiifin to 
 none hut the Kinperor Montezuma himself, and there- 
 fore required them to coiiduet him. without loss ot 
 time, into the presence of thiir master. 'I'he Mexican 
 othcers could not eoncnal their uneasiness at a reipiest 
 which they knew would be disav'rceabb'. and which 
 they foresaw might prove extiemely ( mharrassing to 
 their sovereign, whose mind had been hlled with many 
 disquieting apprehensions ever since tlic former appear- 
 ance of ttie Spaniards on his coasts. IJut before they 
 attempt^ ' to dissuade Cortes from insistinii on ins 
 demand, tney endeavored lo eoncdiate his good will by ' 
 entrcatini,' him to accept of certain presents, which, as I 
 humble slaves of .Montezuma, they laid at his feet. ' 
 They were mtroiluced with great paratle. and consisted 
 of (ine cotton cloth, of plumes of rarious colors, and 
 of ornaments of gold and silver lo a considerable value ; 
 the workmanship of whicii appeared to be as curious 
 « the materials were rich, 'i'he display of these pro- 
 duced an cdecl very ditferetit from what the Mexicans 
 intended. Instead of satisfying, it increased the avid'ly 
 of the Spaniards, and rendered them so eaijer and iiiipa- j 
 lienl to become masters of a country whicli abound«rd 
 witli such preciou^ productions, that ( 'ortes could 
 hardly li-^ten with paricnco to the arguments winch IMjia- 
 loe and Tc utile employed lo dissuade him from Vk^ting ' 
 
 ROnCRTSO N'S HISTOUV OF 
 
 the capital, and in a haughty determined lonCt he in- 
 sisted on his demand of being admitted to a personal 
 audience of tlieir so\trci:in. I>unng liiis inter\uw, 
 some painters, m the tram of the Mexican chief.->. h.id 
 been diligently empUiyeil in deliiieatn)i>, upon wtnlc 
 cotton cloths, timires of the ships, the iiorses, the artil- 
 lery, the soldiers, and whatever elt-e attracted tlieir 
 eyes as singular. \\ hen t'ortes obser\ed this, and was 
 informed that these pictures were lo be ^ciit to Mon- 
 te/uina, in order to convey to htm a more lively idea 
 of the strange and wonderful objects now presented to 
 their view than any words could communicate, he re- 
 solved to render the representation still more animating 
 and inlerewtmg, by exhibiting such a spectacle as might 
 give both tlicni and their monarch an awful impr( ssioii 
 of the extraordinary prowess of his followers, and the 
 irresistible force of ihiir arms. 'I'he triimjiels. by Ins 
 order, sounded an alarm; the troops, m a moment, 
 formed m order of battle, the infantry perforineil such 
 martial e.verci.-*es as were best suited to display the 
 elfect of their dill'erent weapons ; the horse, in various 
 evolutions, ^ave a specimen of their ai.'ihlV and 
 strenifth ; tin- artillery, pointed towards the thick w eods 
 which surrounded the camp, were tired, and made 
 dreadful havoc among the trees. 'I'he Mcxicar-h looked 
 on with that silent ama/.emcnt which is natural when 
 the nnnd is struck w ith objects which are both kw t'lil and 
 above its comprehension. Hut, at liie explosion of the 
 cannon, many of them lied, some fell to ilie yround, 
 and all were so nnich eoiUoiinded at the sight of men 
 whose jiower so nearly rcsembletl that of the gods, that 
 Cortes found it dillicult to compose and reassure them. 
 ']'lie painters had now many riew objects on which to 
 exercise their art, and they put tlieir fancy on the 
 stretch in order to invent fin'ires and syiu!)ols to repre- 
 sent the extraordinary things which they had seen. 
 
 Messeiii^ers wi-re iminediately despatched lo .Monte- 
 zuma with tho.se pictures, and a full account of every 
 thing that had passfd since the arrival of the Spaniards, 
 and by them ( 'ortes sent a present ol some l^un>pean 
 curiosities to Montezuma, which, though of no Lireal 
 value, he ln-hevt'd would he acceptable on account of 
 their novelty- The Mexican monarchs, in order to uli- 
 tam early information of every occurrence in all liie 
 t t)rners of tlieir extensive empire, had introduced a re- 
 tinement in police unknown at that tiiiu! in Kurope. 
 They had couriers posted at projier stations along the 
 principal roads ; and as ihese were trained to agility by 
 a regular edueatum. and reheveil one another at mode- 
 rate distanciw, they conveyed mtt Ihgcnce with surpris- 
 \nu rapidity. Thouirh the capita! in winch Monte/. una 
 rt^sided was above a hundre*! and eighty miles from St. 
 .loan de I'liia. (.'ortes's presents were carried thitlier, and 
 an answer to h:s drm<inds reieivetl in a lew days. 
 'I'he same olilcers who had hithcrio treated with tiie 
 S[ianiirds wi're emplovcd to deliver this answer; but 
 as they knew how repui.Miani the dcternnnalioii of their 
 master was to all the schemes and wishes of the Spa- 
 nish eoininaiider. they wo.ild not vi'iituru to make it 
 known until tliev had previously endeavored to soothe 
 and molhfv liim. l\n this purpose lliey renewed their 
 negotiation, by miroducinga train of a hundreil Indians 
 loaded with [iresents sent to him by Montezuma. The 
 m.iLnnfieence ol' these was such as became a great mo- 
 narch, and far exceeded any idea which ihe .Spaniards 
 had hitherto formed of his wealth. They were placed 
 on mats spread on the ground m such order as showed 
 them lo the greatest advantaije. Cortes and his otlicers 
 viewed with adimraiion the various manufactures of the 
 country ; cotton stutis so tine, and of such ilelicate 
 texture as to resemble silk ; juctiircs of animals, trees, 
 and olher natural oI)ject.i. formed with feathers of dil- 
 ferent colors, dispo-'^ed and inih::l('d with such skill atid 
 elegance as to rival the works of the pencil m triiMi ai.d 
 beauty of imitation. Hut what chietlly attracted their 
 eyes were two lari^e plates of a circul.ir form, one of 
 mas-jjv)? gohl representing the sun. the oiher of silver, 
 an emblem of the moon. ( lO'JJ These were accomjia- 
 nit (1 with bract.'lets. collars, rings, and olher trinkets of 
 gold ; and that nothing inuiht be wanted which could give 
 the Spaniards a comiilete idea of what the country afford- 
 ed, with fioine boxes tilled with pearls, precious stones, 
 and grains of gold unwrouiiht, iis they hail been found 
 m the mines or rivers, (-'ortes received all these with an 
 appearance of profound veneration for the monarch by 
 whom they were bestowed. IJut when the Mexicans, 
 presuming upon this, irHormed him that their master, 
 ihouifh he had desired him lo accept of wliat he had sent 
 as a token of re>raid lor that immarch whom (N)rtes re- 
 presented, wouhl not givH his consent that loreiifii troops 
 should approach nearer to hiscapiiol, or even allow them 
 tocontinuo longer in hisdommions, iIh: .S(mnish yrneral 
 
 declared, in a manner more resolute and perempton 
 
 than formerly, that he must insist on his first demand, 
 .IS iie could not williout ili>lioiior. return to his own 
 country, unlil I.e was adniiticd into the presence of iho 
 prince whom he was appointed to visit m the name ol 
 ins sovereign. 'J'fie .\lexicans. asttnnsln^d at seeing 
 any man dare lo ojipose ttiat will winch ihcv were ac- 
 customed to consider as supreme and irresistible, yet 
 afraid of precipitating their country mto an open rup 
 ture Willi such forimdable enemies, prevailed with Cor 
 tcs to promise that he would not remove from his pro 
 sell! eanm until the return of a messenger whom lliev 
 sent lo .>itMitezuma for further instructions. 
 
 The tirinntss with which Cortes adhered to his origi- 
 nal proposal should naturally have brouyhl the negotia- 
 tion between limi and Monte/uina to a speedy issue, hh 
 it seemed t(i leave the Mexican nuniiuch no choice, but 
 either to receive him with cuntidence as a friend, or to 
 oppose bun upenly as an enemy. The latter was what 
 \ might have been expected from a haughty prince in pos- 
 I session of extensive power. The Mexican em|nre at 
 this period was al a piK'h of graialenr to which no bo- 
 ' ciety ever allanu d in so sljort a period. Thtmgh it 
 : had subsisted, according to their own traditions, oidy 
 a huiulred and thirty years, its dominion extendeil from 
 the North to the South Sea. over lerriiories stretching, 
 with some small interrupt ion, above five hundred 
 lea>riies Iron) east to west, and inortr than two hundred 
 from north to south, coinprehendm!! provinces not in- 
 terior m terldiiy, population and opulence, to any in the 
 torrid zone. The people were warlike and enterprii*- 
 luil ; the authority of the monarch unlmunded, and 
 his revenues eonsiderable. If, with the forces winch 
 might have been suddenly assendiled in such an empire, 
 Montezuma had fallen upon the .Spaniards while en- 
 camped on a barren unhealthy coast, unsupported by 
 any ally, without a place of retreat, and deslitnle of 
 provisions, it seems to be impossilde, even with all the 
 advantages of their superior discipline and armf, that 
 lliiv could have st-ood the shock. ai:d they must either 
 Ikive i>eri>hed in micIi an unequal contest, or have aban- 
 doned the enterprise 
 
 As the power of .Montezuma enabled him to take ihiP 
 spiriti-d part, his own dispositions were such as seemed 
 naturally to prompt hnn to it. Of all the princes wln» 
 had swaved the Mexican ."^ctqitre, he was the most 
 haughty, the most violent, ami the inosl nn|)atient of 
 control. His subj(!cts looked up to him with awe, and 
 his enemies with lerror. The former he governed with 
 unexampled r'gor ; but they were impressed with such 
 an opinion of his cap.icity as commanded their respect ; 
 and. by many victories over the latter, lie had spread 
 far the dread of his arms, and had added several con- 
 siderable provinces to his dominions. IJut tlH><'gh lus 
 talents miLrht be suited lo the iraii^aetions of a slate so 
 inipcrfectly polished as tli" .Mexican empire, and sulli- 
 cieiit to conduct them while m their accustomed course, 
 they were altogether inadequate to a conjuncture so ex- 
 traordinary, and did not ipiabty Inm either to judge witli 
 the discernment. ()r to act with the decision requisite in 
 such trying emergence. 
 ' l''roin the moment that the Spaniards a[ipeared on 
 his coast, he discovered symptoms of timidity and em- 
 barrassment. In.'tead of taking such re.vidiUums at 
 the consciousness ol his own [lower, or the memorv ol 
 his former exploits, nii;:lit have inspired he deliberated 
 with an anxieiy and hesitalKui whu;!) did not escape tho 
 i notice of his meanest courtiers. The perjilexity and 
 :ducomposure of .Montezuma's mind upon this occa- 
 sion, as well as thi.^ gentral dismay of les sunjects. were 
 not owin>; wholly to the inipresMon which the Spaniards 
 hail made by the novelty of their appearance and the 
 terror of their arms Its ori>,Mn may he traced up to .1 
 more remole source. 'i'here was an opinion, if wo 
 may believe the earliest and most aullieiilic Spanish 
 historians, almost universal among the Americans, that 
 some dreatilul calamity was niipeiuling o\er their beads, 
 I'roin a race of formidable mv.iders. who should como 
 from regions towards the rising sun. to overrun and 
 desolate their countrv. Whether tbis discpiietmg ap 
 prehension llowed Iroin the memory of some iminral 
 calamity which had atUicted that part of the globe, and 
 impressed the minds of ihe inhabitants with supersti- 
 tious fears and Ibrebodiiijfs, or whether it was an ima- 
 gination accidentally sugiiesied by the astonishment 
 which the first sight of a new race of men occisioned, 
 It IS impossible u> determine. Hut as the Mexicans 
 were more prone to superstition than any people m the 
 New World, they were more deejilv alleeted by iho 
 aiqiearance t)f tlie Spaniards, whom tiiei'- credulilv in- 
 stantly represented as the instrument (le'-tined to tiring 
 about this fatal revolution which ihev dre,idL'<I. Under 
 
Iiilc ami iitmnplory 
 
 oil lu» lirsi ili'iiianUi 
 r, rciiini l.> In" i"*" 
 1) the prfst'liti' "' 'l'^^ 
 viMi ih llii- mmf ol 
 
 ,lsU)lll>llc:ll 111 KM'ln)! 
 
 wliic-li llii'V wi'ii! lie- 
 
 Hiiil irri msulili'. \Kt 
 rv iMii) ,111 open ru|i 
 I, pri'vailcci Willi Cor 
 riMiiovo fioiii Ills pro 
 iicswcMi^LT wlioin lllPV 
 ilrmlioiiH. 
 
 s iullirail to liis orijii- 
 ■ 1moih;IiI llic ni'noliu- 
 1 lo II spci'dy i»sm', an 
 lumucli iiu rliim;i") but 
 L'lii'C as a Irli'liJ, or 10 
 'I'lu- l.itliT was what 
 li;liil!lilvprii»''' '" I""" 
 II- MrxR-aii I'liipiru at 
 liiliMir 10 wlmli no su- 
 
 a period. 'I'lioui;!! it 
 r own Irailitions. only 
 iiiiinion I'StniiU'il Irom 
 r iirriiorii'M sirru-liiiij;, 
 
 aliovn live liiimlred 
 iiore than two liiimlrcil 
 uiinil provinces not in- 
 iipiili-nce.lo any in ll'O 
 
 warlike ami enlerpria- 
 larcli uiilioumleJ. ami 
 
 Willi the loroes winch 
 ililid in siidi an ein[iirc, 
 :i(> Spaniards while en- 
 
 coast, uiisiipporied hy 
 I'trcal, and dtstiliite ol 
 (sililc, even wilh all llm 
 iscipline and ariiir", that 
 k, al:.| lliey niiisl elllier 
 il contest, or have aliai*- 
 
 cnaliled liiin to takoihip 
 ns were such as seenu'd 
 
 Of all the prini-es '.vim 
 plre, 111', was the most 
 [1 the most inipaiicnt of 
 ip 10 liinl with awe, and 
 oriiier ho ^'overned with 
 .re impressed with snch 
 ininanded tlieir respect ; 
 lie l,iller. he had spread 
 
 lad added several con- 
 „iiioiis. Hot iho"?h his 
 rau^.u•llons of a suiie so 
 ..lean eiii]iire, and sulli- 
 Iheir aeenslonied course, 
 e to aeonjiincturo so cx- 
 
 hiiii either to jmlj^e Willi 
 
 ihe decision reiiuisitc iii 
 
 Spaniards appeared on 
 oiiis of tinndity and cm- 
 such resolutions a! 
 power, or the memory ol 
 inspired ho dellheraled 
 which did not escape llio 
 ers. The perplexity and 
 's iiiind ii|ion this ueca- 
 mav of his sunjects, were 
 ;sioii which the S|iaiiiarii,i 
 heir appearand- and tiie 
 11 may he traced up to .i 
 was an opinion, il wo 
 most aiilhenlic Spanish 
 111." the .Vmerieans, that 
 iiiidin^' over their heads, 
 ',,1. rs, who should como 
 sun. lo overrun and 
 iher this disipiietinil ap 
 ineniorv of some naiiiral 
 lat part of the |ilohe, and 
 hahllants with sn[iersli- 
 r whether il was an im,n- 
 ed hy the astoinshmcnl 
 race of men occasioned, 
 lint as tho .Meiie.-ins 
 on than anv people in the 
 ih-eplv alleeled liy tho 
 . wh.iill tiiel'credulitv III- 
 irnmciit de'iincd t" hniig 
 ich ihcv drejde<l. lJi«l''' 
 
 I 
 
MOtlTII A M KtnC A. 
 
 liiDHt) iMri'UiitNliini'fM It cfiiiHf'ii tu lio iiu'rcdililo tliut u | 
 liiii)tltiil of ii(lvfiiiiii('r<4 mIkiiiUI iiliimt tluMiioimrch uf II I 
 ^rcat rin|iiro, and all tiiM Niilij'rtN. 
 
 Nuiwii))»laii<lin^ till- iiitliM'iK-i; of tliift iinprrftitijii, | 
 ultrii till) inrsHriitriT arrivril Iroiii ihr Sjiaiii^tli (Miiip { 
 vallt in liiH'oiiiil that llic Icidrr of iliii slriittgt'rH, adlirr- 
 iii^ lo Ills ^rl^lllal ilnnand, rrl'iHfd to olicy llii' order 
 unjoining liirii lo l<M\r tin- tuinitry. Morilc7.iiiiid usMiiinid 
 ifMiio dturrc ol rfMululinii ; and in ii lraiis|iurt of nitri' 
 nii'.iiral 111 11 I'mti'I' |iriiiri- tiiiacnisininctl tu inccl with 
 Qiiy 0|)|MHilioii to liiH will, he tlin-atciii'il to saiTilii't) 
 tliosr |ir('Hiir)i|iliioiif* \uvi: to Ins ^odH. Hut his doiilpts 
 Qiid learn *|uu-kly ritiiriicd ; niul iti-sti-iul o\ is>*iiiiiu' or- 
 ders locarrv lii^^ ilireals into ixeciilioii, lie ;i^aiii culled 
 hiH tiimi.siers to coiiter and olli-r their iidviee Keelile 
 mill lejni'onsni^ nieastires will atwavn lie the reiull 
 wlieii men usseiithle to dt liliemle ui ii sitimtiun where 
 lliev oiiiiht to acl The Mexican rouiiM-'lors took no 
 t'Declual measure for ex|iellinir micli tnn.lileHoine iti- 
 IrniierH, and weru Hatislied witlt issiiniir u iiiuro jiosilive 
 irijurirtion, reipiiriiiii them to leave the country ; hut 
 tliiH thev pre|>uMlerunsly acconiiiaiiieil with a proeut ot 
 flitch value uh proved a fresli uidui^enient to remain 
 liicre. 
 
 Meanwliilo, the Spaniards were not without soliri- 
 ludo, or A variety of Neiitimenls, in delilieratinif eon- 
 cornintr ilicir own future conduct. Trom what they had 
 i.lready seen, many of thrin formed such extravagant 
 ideas coiif'Tmnij the opulence of 'Ve <»ouiitry, th.it li.H 
 piHiiij; dunyer or liard>hip^ when llu'v had to view Ire.i- 
 tureD which ujipeared to he mcxhauKlihle, they werr 
 toiler lo iitteni|it ihe compirst. < >lliers, estiiuatm^ (ho , 
 l^twer of tlie Mexican empire l>y its wealth, and ciiu- 
 iiieralni<i the various proofs winch had iiceurt-d of its 
 • hvin<r under a well rej^iilated adiiinii:*tration, contended 
 that 11 we dd he an act of the wildest fren/y to attack 
 oiich a Mate with a sntall hody of lueii, ill want of 
 provisions, uncoiuiected willi any ally, and already en- 
 fcelilcd hy llie disease^ peculiar to ihit cliiiiule, and the 
 laKs of several of their niimher. (\trles t-ei lellv ap- 
 plauded the advocatiM for hold nioftsutr;;. andchen>!it'l 
 ihiur romantic hopew, as such idea;; corresjionded with 
 liji own, and favored the eierutiun of the Kciienu :* 
 which ho had formed. Kroni the tiino that the Mu^pi- 
 ciDiiriof \'('hiscpiez hrnke out with opi-n violence in (he 
 Qttrmpts tu (iepnve him of the i.-ommand, Corlcs saw 
 Uir necessity u\ ilissolviiij» a cunneciion which would 
 obstruct and eniharras.i all his operations, nnd watched 
 for 11 proper opportunity of coinin>r to a llnat rupture 
 witli liim. Ilavnij^ tills in view, he liad labcrej hy 
 every art to secure! the e-tiein and alfcclton of Ins sid- 
 dicfN. Wilh his ahilities fur eommaiiil. it was easy to 
 pain their esteem ; and Ins followers were nuickly satis- j 
 iied lliat they inii:iit rely, with perfect coiitidenee, on the 
 roiiiluct and conraijeof their leader. Mor wa.s it more ' 
 ditliciill lo ac-piire their all'ection. Ariionj; ad\enturers 
 nearly of liio same rank, and servnij^ at their own ex- 
 pense, the dii*nitv of command did not elevate a ge- 
 neral ahove mmulniir witli tliosi' who acted under hiiu 
 Corlos availed himself of this freedom ol inti-rconrse to 
 insinuate himself into their tavort and I)y his all'ahle 
 manners, hy well timed acts of hheridity t*i foine, hy 
 inspiring all with vast hopes, and hy allt)wiii;; ihein to 
 tradi- privately with the iiiitives. [llKiJ he atiiwhed the ' 
 greater part of Ins soldiers so firmly lo hiin>elf, that 
 thev almost hir^nit that tliu armamctil hail heiii fitted 
 out hv the authority and at the expense of another. 
 
 l)urini» tliese iiitri;^neR. Teutile arrived with llie pre- 
 sent from Moiitiziimi, and, toi^etlier with it. delivered 
 tlio uilniiate order of tlmt monar.'li to depart msiaiitly 
 out of his dominions; and wlien Cortes, in.steail of 
 rompivin;^, renewed his reipiest of an .iiidience. the 
 Mexican turned from him ahrnhllv, and (|uitteit the 
 camp with hioks and i.M'stine» which strongly expressed 
 his surprise and resentment. .Next moriiinjx, none of 
 tlie natives, who used lo frc'iucnt the eamp in threat 
 nuinhers m ordi r to barter with the soldiers, and to 
 hrini; in provisions, appeared. All friendly correspond- 
 cn.'e seemed now to lie at an end. and it was eipt'cied 
 every iniwnent that lio^lihties would commem'e. 'I'iiis, 
 thouifh an event that mis^ht have been foreseen, occa- 
 sioned a siiilden coustemalion amouif the Spaniards, 
 which cmlM)lilened the adherentiof V'ela.^tpiez not only 
 to niunnnr and cabal a<;ainst their i^'cnerat, but to ap- 
 
 1)oinl one of their number to remonstrate openly ai;ainst 
 lis impnidence in attemptin;; tlie eonipiest of a nii;^hty 
 i;ni|iire with svicli inadeipiatu force, and to uri^e the ne- 
 cessity of retarniriix to Ciiha, in order to refit the licet 
 and aiiument the army l)iem> du t Iril.iz. one ot his 
 pf'i.'^ipal oilicers, whom the m.ile.-ontcnis char^jed with 
 thiH commission, delivered it with a suldierlv freedmn 
 and bluiitncss, assuring Cortes that liu epoko tho sonti- 
 
 iniint.i of the whole tinny Il<' liNlemil to this remon- 
 Htraiice without any appciiraiice ot emotion, uiid as he 
 well knew the temper ai.d wishes of )ns soldiers, and 
 foresaw how they wuiihl receive a pniposilion lalal at 
 once lo all the splendid iinpes and schrines wliieli Ihey 
 had been jo-min;/ with such complacrny, he carrii'd Iun 
 dissnnulauon so far as to seem lo reiimpiish lim own 
 ineahiires in compbatici.- with IIk^ reipiest ot ( )rdaz, and 
 is.siied orders that the armv should be in readiness next 
 (Jay to re emlirirk lor ('nba. As soon as this was 
 known, the disappointed udventiirers exej.nineil and 
 threatened; the emissaries uft'jries, min^tiii<r with 
 them, lullaiiu d llieir raye ; tho b-rment became ),niii-ral ; 
 tin- wlinle cam|i was almost m open niuliny ; all do- 
 maiidiut,' with e,i<,'erness lo .see their commander, (.'or- 
 tes was not slow in appearing; when, with one voice, 
 ullicers and soldiers exprei^sed iheir asloninbment and 
 indignation at the onb:rs which they had received. Il 
 was unworlhv, they cried, of tlie (.'astillian courage to 
 be duimted at the lirsl aspe<tt of danger, und infamous 
 tolly belnre any enemy appeared- I'or Iheir parts, 
 they were di;terriiiiied not to [ehiKpnsh an enterprise 
 that had hitlierlo been miccessful, and winch tended so 
 vi.-^ihty to spread the knowled<^e uf true religion, and to 
 advance the i;Iory and interest of tlu-ir country. Happy 
 under his command, they would follow him with ala- 
 crity ihroui^h every daiiirer in ipiesl of those settlements 
 and treasures which he had so Imii; held out lo their 
 viivv ; liut if he chose r.ilher to return to <'nha, and 
 tumelv Ui^e up all Ins hoptsof distinction and opulence 
 to an envious rival, they would instantly choose another 
 (reiieral to conduct (hem in that path of^lory which he 
 had not spirit lo enter. 
 
 Corles, deliL;hted with their ardor, took no oll'ence at 
 tho lioldne.sM with which it was uttered. 'I'he si'iiti- 
 iitents were what he himself had iiispireil, ami Ihe 
 warinlh of expression satisfied him (hat his tollovvers 
 had imbibed (hem iborouirhly. lie adecled, however, 
 to be surpritted at what he heard, declaring; that his or- 
 ders to prepare for embarking were issued from a per- 
 suasion thai this wuaai^reeablo tu his troops ; that, troia 
 deterencc lo what lie had been informi'd was their in- 
 eliuaicon, lie had aacriticed his own privatt* opnuon, 
 which was firmly licnt on e^tabli.shiii;^ immeiliatety a 
 M'lllirm n! on thtt sea coast, and then on eiideavorint; 
 to peiietiaie into the interior part of the coiinlrv ; that 
 now he was coiiviric(^d of his error ; and as he perceived 
 that they were animated with the generous spirit which 
 breathed in e\ery true .Spimiard, he would resume, with 
 freali arilur, his oritniial plan of operation, and doubted 
 not lo conduct them, iii Ihe career of viciory, to kucIi 
 independent foiliines as their vahir merited. I'pon 
 ihis declaration, sliouls of applause testified thi? excess 
 of their joy. 'Jlie measure seemed to i»e taken with 
 unanimous consent ; such as secretly condemned it 
 bein^ ohiiLM'd to join in Ihe acclamations, partly to iM)n- 
 CK'al their disalVeclion I'rom their general, ami partly lt> 
 avoid the miputalion of cowardice from their fellow* 
 soldiers. 
 
 Without allowing; his men time to cool or to rellect, 
 ('ones set about carryiny liis desijjn into execution. 
 In order to (five a bei^innin^ lo a colony, he assembled 
 Ihe principal persons in Ins army, and by their sullrai^e 
 th'cted a council and ma|fistrates, in whom the i^overn- 
 menl was to bo vested As men naturally tran-planl 
 the institulionx and forms of the mother country into 
 their new settlements, tins was framed upon llie model 
 of ft Spanish corporation. The inngiRtrates were dia- 
 tin;<;iiished by the same nanies and ensiiins of ollice, 
 and weru lo e.tercise n cimilar jurisdiction. All the 
 persons chosen were mo.*.t lirinly devoted to ('ortes, 
 and the instrument of their idcction was framed in the 
 kmjf's name, withowt any mention of their dependence 
 on \'ela.s(piez. The two principles of avarice and en- 
 thusiasm, which prompteil the Spiniiards to all llieir 
 enterprises in llie New World, seem to have concurred 
 in su;,^u'Pstni^ tile name which (Juries bestowed on his 
 infinl settlement, lie called it, The Rich Town of ihe 
 'i'r'ie (Vo.t.?. 
 
 The first mcotini; of the new council was dislin- 
 piished by a Iransaclion of ^'reat inoinenl. As soon 
 as it assembled, C'orle.s ajiphed for leave to enter ; and 
 approachinir with many marks of profound respect, 
 which added dignity to the tribunal, and set an example 
 of reverence for its authority, he began a lona haraiii^ue, 
 in which, with much art, and in (erms extremely 
 fiattermg to persons just eiiterint^ upon th''ir new func- 
 tion, he observed, that as the supreme jurisdiction over 
 the colony winch they had planted was now vested in 
 this court, he ciuisidered lliein as clothed with the au- 
 thority and reprcsruliiifi the persun o( their sovereign ; 
 that accordingly be would coinniunicalu lo Uiriu what 
 
 _m 
 
 I he deemed pfianntini to tho piibtir Ndfety. with tho oamo 
 
 diitibil lidehly as if he were iiddressinir hi<t royal nino* 
 ter ; that the necnrity of a colony settled in a great 
 eiiijiire. wlio^e sovereign had already ilisi-overeii hiil 
 hostile intentions, depended upon arms, tiiid the ellicary 
 of tliCMe n[ioii the suhordmatinn and discipline preserved 
 among the troops ; that his right to eonimaiitl was du- 
 rived from a coimnission granted by the governor of 
 Cuba; aiul as that had been long since ri'voked, thn 
 lawfulnoHs of his juri>diclion might well he ipiestiomd; 
 that he might be thought lo act iipon a efeclive of 
 I even a dubious title; nor could they trust an armv 
 which might ihspiilu llii' powers of lis general, at ii 
 )unctiire when it ought implicitly lo obey ins orders ; 
 that, moved hy these constderalions. he now resigned all 
 his aiillionly lo ihem, that they, having both nghl Ui 
 choose, and power lo confer full jurisdiction, might ni>- 
 point one in the king's name to <-ommand (ho army iti 
 i(s future operatMMis ; and as Utr Fiiit own part, such 
 was bis 7.e.i| for tin? service in which they were en- 
 gaged, that he would most eheerlullv lake up a pike witU 
 the same hand that laid down the general's truncheon, 
 and convince his lellow-soMters, that ihoiigh accu.*»- 
 tomed to commaml, he bad not forgotten how to obey. 
 Having linished his discinirse, ho laid llie cominiSAlon 
 from Velasfpiez upon the (able, and, alter kisstn|r his 
 (ninchion, delivered it lo tho chief nugistrule, and 
 witlii'rew. 
 
 'i'he deliberations of the ronncil were not long, aa 
 Tories had concerled (his important measure wi'.h bin 
 eoMlidaiils, and had prepared the other members with 
 great addresM for the part which In wished lliein to 
 lake. Ills resignation was accepted ; and as the unin- 
 lerrupted tenor of Iheir jiro.spenty under hitf conduct 
 allbrdt d the most salislymg evidence of his abdilieii 
 [ for cmnmand, they, by their unammoii.s siilVrage, elected 
 j bim chuf justice of the colony, and captain-general of 
 I its army, and appointed his commission (o be made out 
 I in the king's name, with most aniph^ powers, which 
 I were (u continue in force until the royal pleasure should 
 be further known. That this deed might not be deemed 
 the HUM lunation of a junto, the council called together 
 the troo|is, and acipiamted them wilh what bad been 
 resolved. The sohbers, with eager applause, ratihed 
 the choice which (he council had made ; the uir re- 
 sounded with the name of Cortes, and all vowed lo 
 I 8hed their blood in support of his antlionty. 
 I (.'ortes, iiavmg now brought Ins intrigues lo tho c'e- 
 , sired issue, and shaken otf his mortifying dependenco 
 on the governor of (Jnba, accepted of tho commission. 
 I which vested in him supreme jurisdiction, civil as well 
 as military over (he colony, with niiinv professions of 
 ! respect lo the conned and gratitude to the army, To- 
 I geiher with this new command, he assumed greater 
 , diL'iuty, and b.egaii lo exercise more extensive powers. 
 rormerly he h,ul b It hinisell'lo be only the deputy of a 
 subject; now he acted as the representativo of his so- 
 vereign. The adherents of Velascpiez, fully aware o( 
 what would be the etlect of tins change m Ihe situation 
 of Cortes, could no longer continue silent and passive 
 spectators of his a. ".ions. They exchiinied openly 
 against the jiroceedmgs of the council as illegal, atid 
 against those of (he army as mutinoii:!. Cortes, in- 
 Rlantly perceiving the necessity of giving a timely check 
 to such seditious discourse by some vigorous measure, 
 arrested 1 )rdaz, llscudero, and \'elasipiez de I.eon, the 
 rmgle.iders of this faction and sent them prisoners 
 aboard the t'cel, loaded with etiaiu',-. Their dependantii, 
 astonishc . , tl verawed, remained ipiiet ; and (,'orte.s, 
 more d' ,.i " reclaim than to punish his prisoneni, 
 j who wert III cii.- of great merit, courted iheir friend- 
 ; ship with such assiduity and address, that the reconci- 
 liation was perfectly cordial; and on the most (ryin<» 
 occasions, neither iheir connection with tln^ gov-rnor 
 ' of Cuba, nor the memory of the indignity with vvlnch 
 , they had been treated, lempleil ihein to swerve from 
 : an inviolable attachment to his intenst In this, as 
 well as his other negotiations at this critic;d eonjuneture, 
 which decided with respect to his future fniiie and for- 
 tune Corles owed much of his success to llie Mexican 
 gold, which he distributed with a liberal hand both 
 j among his friends and his opponents. 
 I Corles, having thus rendered tho uninn between 
 I himself and his army indissoluble, by <'nga;ring it to 
 join him in disclaiming any dependence on the governor 
 j of ('uba, and in repeated acts of disobeilience to hia 
 I authority, thought lie now might venture to ipiit tho 
 I camp in which he had hitherto n'ln.iined, and advanco 
 j into the country. To this he w,i- encouraged bv an 
 i event no less forlntiate than seasonable. Stnno In- 
 dians having approached Ins camp in u nivsterious nmn- 
 I iier, were introduced hilo his pa'jcnce. He found that 
 
133 
 
 ROnEKTSON'a niSTOKY OP 
 
 ill 
 
 tliOT wore Krni willi a itrotFrr of friiwi{|Nhi[) from tht' 
 uaiiqnu 01 /tMii|io,ill.t, II I'tiM^uIt r<tl)lL' iiiwn at lui ^ri-.tl 
 ilii taticiJ i itiul Initii llit'iT iniHWcr-* lo ii v.inrty ol' (|Mrt- 
 tioim Miticli \\v |iitl lu rliriii, accoriliri;^ ta lim ii?tiuil 
 pniciico in fvt-ry intcrvKiw vviih tht) |i('0|tlii of iUv 
 country, liv ^iitliiTi'd, tliiU ihcir inuMirr, (liun^li nultjocl 
 to tito MtxiiMn rrn|iir(\ wah irn()ulit>iit ol the yoki', iniil 
 tilled Willi niii-h dread and liatrrd uf Muntt'/.nina, tliat 
 iiolliin^ coiilil lie nuiri) urcrptablo (o liiii) limn uiiv 
 liroMpect ul (li'liuTUticr from ihc oppresHioii nndtr 
 Hliich hr ^roaiit'd. On hiMnn^ thiit. u ray of liijhl mul 
 ho|K- liiuku in npon llin nund of Cortm. He niiw that 
 tilt! great empire wliiili lie nileiided lo ultark wn^ lu illii-r 
 
 IKTli'Lily united, nor it t sovereign univorMally I'rioved, 
 le concluded, lliat llie imiuhch of dtftutl'ection could nut 
 t\v contined to one provhiee. Iiul that in other eonierrt 
 tlierc inusi he nialecoutenti*, so weary of Hiilijectioii, or 
 ■0 ueNtroiiM of clianire, da tu lie ready to follow the 
 Btundard of uny protector Full of those ideis, on 
 winch he lte<4an to lorui a fichenio that time and more 
 perfect inforiiialion concerning the Htatu of the coimtrv 
 oimbled him to iiuilure, ho ^Mvn a iiiofit u'rariouo recep- 
 tion to the /einpoullanH, and promised soon lo viMt 
 Uieir caziipio 
 
 III order to perform this promiso, it was not ne- 
 cessary to vary the route which ho had already fixed 
 for his inarch. Soino otlicerM, whom he had eui[iloyed 
 to aunuy the coast, havui>; dincovercd a villai;e iiained 
 (Jiiiabislan, uliout forty Miller to the iiorlliward, which, 
 U'th on account of the fertility of tlie t(od and coin- 
 inidiouHiiess of tlie harhor, seemed to he a more pro- 
 per station for a KPtilenient than th.it where he was 
 encamped, (Jorles determined to remove thither, /em- 
 poalla lay in his way, whore the cazujue received hnn 
 in the manner which he had reason lo expect ; witli 
 ^ifls and caresses, like a man Molictlons to <rain his 
 (rood will ; with reNpei-i iipproachini; ulmoJt to itdora- 
 tion, like one who looked up to hmi as a deliverer. 
 From hnn he learned many particulars with re.<pecl lo 
 tho character of Monte/.uini. and tho circumxlances 
 which rendered his doimiuon odious, lie w is a tyrant, 
 aj tho eaziipie told hun wiili tears, Inunhty, cruel, and 
 frUopiciou*; who treated his own suhjecls with arro- 
 gance, ruined the comjuered provinces by excessi,\e 
 exactionti, anil oflti: tore tlieir sons and dauj,'litir.s frjin 
 Ihein bv violcnio : tl:e fcruif r to be oll'ered as victiuis 
 to hie gods ; tl.o .atter to be reserved ns conculunes 
 for himself tr fa\orae8. Cortes, in leplv to hnn. art- 
 fully .'wirmated, that one yreat object of tlie .Siuniards 
 111 visiting a country so remote from their own, was lo 
 redress grievances, and lo relieve the oppressed, and 
 bnviiiir cnconrsired hnn to hope for 'liis inlcrposiliou 
 in due time, he cuntiiiued Ins march lo Quiabistaii 
 
 'I'he spot which hi* olhcers bad recommended as a 
 proper siiaation. appeared to Inm to bo so well chosen, 
 that he immediately marked out i^rouiid for a town. 
 The bouM-s li> be erected were only huts ; but these 
 were to be siirrouiitled with fort'ticatiotis of snllicicnt 
 Ktrenglh lo resui itie assaults of an Indian army. Ay. 
 the finisliini: of those forlitiralions was e^-iiitial to the 
 existence of a colony, and of no less •tupurtance in 
 
 1)rosecutmi; the desiirna which the le-uhr and his fol- 
 owcrs meditated, both in order to se. ;;e a pl.ice of 
 irireat, and in jireseive their commuiiir.iiion witli the 
 sea, evtri. nian ia the urmv. oliictrs as will as soldiers, 
 put his tiand to the work, Cortes himself Kctlm^r them 
 an example of artiviiy and perseverance in labor. The 
 Indians uf /einpoalla and (.juubislan lent their aid; 
 and tins petty station, ihe p-jrent of so many mi>jlity 
 arttlements, was soon lu a state of delence. 
 
 While eii^jaged m thia necessary work, Cortes bad 
 aeveral interviews wi- ; the cazicpies of Zempoalia and 
 Cjuiabistaa ; and avaj^.u^r himself of their wonder uud 
 nslonishment at the new objects which they daily 
 beheld, be gradually iii.spircd them with such a liij^h 
 opinion of ilie .Spaniards, as beinys of a superior order, 
 rnd irresistible in arms, ihat, relymtion their protection. 
 they ventuied lo insult the Mexican power, at the very 
 name of which they were accustomed to tremble. 
 Some of Montezuma's otlicers having appeared lo levy 
 the u:mal tribntr, and to demand a certain number of 
 human victims, as an expiation for their i^uilt in prc- 
 tuiniiijj to hold intercourse w-ith those slrani^ers whom 
 tho emperor had commanded to leave his dominions ; 
 instead of obeymfr the order, the cazupies made them 
 prisoners, treated ihein with ^reat indignity, andasibeir 
 BUporstition was no less barbarous than that of the 
 Mexicans, they pre|)ured to sacritiee them to tlieir 
 go-Is, From tins last danjier they were delivered by 
 tilt* inter}iosition of Cortes, who manifested the utmost 
 horror at the uicnlion of such a deed. 'Ihe two 
 caciques Itaviiig now been puslied to uu act of such 
 
 open rebellion, a^ h'fl Ihcm no hope of safrtv but in 
 attaching! themselves mvioUblv lo llic .Sp.ini.irtU. thrv 
 soon compleltd their union with lliem. bv lormallv 
 arknowlediiiiil^ ibeniselees to be vassals of the same 
 monarch. Their example wan followed by ihe Tolo- 
 na>pies, a liert'e people who inhalnted the mountainous 
 part of the comilry. Thev wilbiinly subjected them- 
 selves to the crown of l.'astile, and otlered lo accom- 
 pany (.'orles, with all their forces, in his march towards 
 Mexico, 
 
 (.'orUs had now been above three inontliN in New 
 Spam; and tliou^'h this period had not been dis- 
 tniuMiished hv martial exploits, every moment had been 
 employed in operations which, tboii^^h lefis splendid, 
 were more important. By Ins uddresH in conduetm^ 
 his intri^'ues with Ins own armv, as well as bm saiTacity 
 In carrying on bis ne<rotmiioiis with the natives, be 
 had already laid the foiindahons of bis future succrNn. 
 Uut whatever conlidence lu* ini^ht pbice in the plat) 
 which he had formed, he could iioi hut perceive, that 
 as Ins title lo command was derived from a doubtful 
 authonlv. he held it by a precarious tenure. The in- 
 juries which Velas.piez l..id received were such as 
 would naluraily prompt hnn to njiply for redress tu 
 tlieir common sovereign ; and such a represenla'ion, 
 ho foresaw, mi^ht be yiven of bis conduct that, he had 
 reason lo apprehend, not only that be iniirht he de- 
 graded from bis present rank, but subjected lo punish- 
 ment. Helor*' h(( beijan bis march, it was necess'iry 
 to take the most eirectual prec.intioiis against this tm- 
 pemlmi» danger. Willi this view be persuaded the 
 niiiijistrali's of the colony at \'vn Cruz lo address a 
 letter lo th(^ liin^^ the chief ohptel of which was lo 
 justify tlieir own conduct m estnbtishmir a colony in- 
 dt pendent on the jurisdiction of Velan-piez. In order 
 to accomplish this, they endeavoied to detract from his 
 merit in littiiii; out tlie two lormer armaments under 
 Cordova and (Jrijalva, allirmin^ that these had been 
 cipiipped by the advenliirers who enira^ed in the p.x- 
 peditions, and not by the ifovernor. I'iiey contended 
 that the sole object of Velas.pxz was to trade or barter 
 with the natives, not to attempt ihe conquest of New 
 Spain, or to settle a colony there. Tlwiy asserted that 
 ("ortes and the otiicers who serveil under hnn had 
 defrayed the ^'reater part of the e.tpeiise of tittm^ out 
 the armament. On this account, they humbly re- 
 quested their sovereign to ratify wlut they bad done m 
 Ins name, and to coniirm Cortes ni tlie supreme com- 
 maii'l by his rov.d commission That Charles miyht 
 be induced to ^raiit more readiU what they demanded, 
 they gave hnu a pom[)ous dosc'iptioii of the country 
 winch they had diM-u\ered; of Us richef, the number 
 of Us iiihabitaiils, ilicir civilization and arts ; they re- 
 lated the pruirress whitdi they had already made m 
 annexmir some parts of the country situated on the sea 
 coast to the crown of ('aslile ; and mentioned the 
 schemes which they bad formed, as well as the hopes 
 which they riitertamcd, of reducing the whole to snh- 
 jcction * Cortes himself wrote in a similar .strain ; and 
 as be knew that the Spanish court, accustomed to the 
 e.xaiigeraied representations of every new county by 
 its discoverers, would give little credit to their splen- 
 did accounls of New .Spam, if tiiesc were not accom- 
 panied Willi such a specimen of what it contained 
 as wfMiId e.\cilo a high idea of its opulence, he 
 solicited his soldiers to relinquish what they might 
 claim as their part of the treasures which bad hitherlo 
 been collected, in order that the whole might be sent 
 to the king. Such was the ascendant which he had 
 acquired over their minds, and such their own romantic 
 expectations of future wraith, that an army of indigent 
 and rajiacious adventurers was cajiable of this generous 
 ell'ort, and ollered lo their sovereign the richest present 
 that had hitherto been transmitted trom the New World. 
 [Hllj rortocarreroand Montejo, the chief magistrates 
 of the colony, were appointed to carry this present to 
 Caslile, with express orders not lo touch a*. Cuba in 
 their passage thither. 
 
 While a vessel was preparing for their departure an 
 unexpected event occasioned a general alarm. Some 
 soldiers atid sailors, secretly attached to Velasquez, or 
 
 * In ihi^ letter it in asacrtuil, that tliou^-li a corisiticrable 
 iminher ol" Si:aiiiiinis have l)eeii wouiiili'tl in their varmus 
 eucouiilers with the people of Tobastn. not oiit' ol them (IumI, 
 and all hail rccovereil in a very short lime. This hcems lo 
 confirm what I observe in p. ia;i, ronconiiiiK the nnperleciion 
 of the oire.isivo weapons uaetl by Ihe Americans. In this 
 Ifltti.T, the human sacriiices oirured bv tho Mexicans to their 
 dfiiifs are lieserilicd minutely, aiul witli great horror; snmu 
 ol tho Spaniards, it is H;iid, had lieen ryo-wiluesses uf tho.-ie 
 barbarous rites. To th" letter is subjuined a calalouije and 
 description ttl ttic present* sent to the enipen>i llmtpul)- 
 lished by Ocmarri, *.:ror,. r. B'J, seems tii have been i-opu'd 
 from It. pet. Martyr describes many of tliR articles in his 
 treatiao, *l)<i liuuiis nuj^r Invcntif*/ p. 8>1, dec 
 
 intiinidaled at the prospect of the dangent uitBrjidihti 
 
 III allrinplmg lo pem irale inio the heart of a great em* 
 pire Willi MM ti unei)Mal lone, tunned the design of 
 ••er/ino one nf ihe bnganliiK s, and making ibeir eseapa 
 lo C'uba. m order In give the L«o\ernor nuch mlelhgenpc 
 as inigbt enable linn to nitereept the ship which wait to 
 carry the treasure and de^patidies to .Sptnn. This con- 
 spiracy, though h>rmed by persons uf low rank, watt 
 eonduLted with profound secrecy ; Init al the moment 
 when every thing was rendv for execution, ihey wrro 
 betrayed by one of their aj'socmies 
 
 Tbniigh the good fcirtuiie ol Cortes interposrd so 
 ; seiMonably on this occasion, ibe detection ui tins con- 
 ' spir.icy filled his mind wiih most disquirting apprr- 
 hensums, and prompted lunrittexecnte a scheme winch 
 he had long revolved. He perceived that the spirit of 
 disalb'ctiou still lurked uiiumg Ins troops; that 
 though lulherlo checked by the uniform success of his 
 schemes, or suppressed by the band of anlliorilv va- 
 rums events might occur which would encmirage and 
 call It forth. He observi'd. that many of his men, weary 
 of ihe fatigue of servu'e, loiiLied lo revisit ibeir settle- 
 ments in ''uba ; and that upon any appt aranee of ex- 
 iraordinary danger or any reverse of lortiine, it would 
 be imposs'hie lo restrain them from reluming llniher. 
 lie was sensible, that Ins forces, already too feeble, 
 could bear no diminution, and that a very small defec- 
 tion of his followers would obbge hnn lo abandon the 
 enterpri.He. After ruminating often, and with much 
 solicitude, upon those particular^*, be saw no hope of 
 success but in cutting olf all possibibly < 1 retreat, and 
 in reducing his men to the necessity of adopti^ig tho 
 same resolution with wlurh he himself was anii'ialed 
 either lo conquer or to perish With this vifw ho 
 d<>lernimed to destrov his ihtt ; but as he durs' not 
 venture lo exiciile such a bold resolution by bis s nglo 
 suthority. be labored to bring his soldiers to adopt hi:» 
 ideas With respect to the propriety of this mea^ure. 
 His address in accomplishing this wat^ not mfericr to 
 ihe arduous occasion in which it was etnploved. lie 
 persuaded some that the ships li<id sull'ert d so much hv 
 hiving lieen long at sea, as to be altogether unlit for 
 sirvice ; to otherv. lie pointed out what a seasonable re- 
 inforcement of streiiiMli they would derive troin *ha 
 junction of a liundred men, now unprotitaldy empio- ed 
 as sailors ; and to all he represented the necessity of 
 lixing their eves and wishes iijumi what was beuro 
 them, without allowing the idea of a retieat once lo 
 enter their thougbt.s. With universal consent the ship.* 
 were drawn ashore, and after stripping them of their 
 sails, rigging, iron works, and whatever else might bn 
 of use, they were broke m pieces. Thus, from an ef- 
 lort of magnanimity, lo which there is nothing parallel 
 III history, live hundred men voluntarily consented to Ihi 
 shut up in a hostile country, filled with powerbd and 
 unknown nations ; and. having precluded every means 
 of escape, left themselves witliout any resource but 
 their own valor and juTseverance. 
 
 Nothing now retarded Cortes ; tlie alacrity of bin 
 troops and the disposition of his allies were equilly fa- 
 vorable. All the advantages, however, derived from 
 the latter, though procured by much assiduity and ad- 
 dress, were well nigh lo-i m a moment, by an indis- 
 creet sally of religious zeal, winch on manv occasions 
 precipitated (.'ortes into actions inconsistent with the 
 pri denc(! that distinguishes Ins char icter. Though 
 hitherto he had neither lime nor opportunity to explain 
 to the natives the errors of their own superstition, or to 
 instruct them m lln; principles of the ('hnsiian faith, be 
 commanded his eoldiers to overturn the allars and lo 
 destroy the idols m the chief temple oi Zempoalla. and 
 in their place to erect a crucitix and an image of the 
 Virgin .Mary. The people beheld this with attonish- 
 ment and liorror ; the priests exciteii them to arms . 
 hut such was the .luthority of Cortes, and so great ttie 
 ascendant which the Spaniards bad acquired, that the 
 commotion was appeased without bloodshed, and con- 
 cord perfectly re-establi.shed. 
 
 ('ortes began his march from /emposlia. on the six 
 lecnth of August, with hve hundreu men, fifteen horse 
 and six field pieces. The rest of his troops, consisting 
 chietly of such as from age or infirmity were less ht tor 
 active service, lie left as a garrison in Villa Kica. under 
 the command of Ksealanle, an ollicer of merit, and 
 warmly attached to his interest. The cazique of Zem- 
 poalla supplied him with |>rovisioiiH, and with two hun- 
 dred of those Indians calh^d Tunumft!, whose otlice, in 
 a country where tame animals were unknown, was li> 
 carry burdens, and to perform all servile labor. 'I'hey 
 were a great relief to the Spanish soldiers, wlio hither- 
 to had been obliged not only to carry their own b.irr 
 ga^'o, but to drag aloii^; thu artillery by mam foico. ili) 
 
HUUTIt AM KIIICA. 
 
 
 offered likrwini) u t*nn(ii(lrritli|(! liiHly of tiiit Iroopi. tuit 
 ('urti'A wiiN n.ili»t'nii wtrli fi>'ir Immlrcil ; tikmu ciirr, 
 however, lo cIioohi- pcrNoiiN it|' rtiii li imti* an iiiiulil |irnv'(' 
 hoNia^ri'ii for llir ll<li'|iry oliltfir iim.xti'r Niitlmi^r riu - 
 im>rul>l(' hii[i|)riH-il III his pro^ri "«m, until lit- urrivi-il nn 
 the cunlinnM of 'rttit.cniii. 'lint iiiliiil>it.iiitii {>( that |irn- 
 vincn, « Horlikr |iri)|iti>, wrru iin|>lic.il)lc tiitiiiiuM ol tlir 
 MexK'ntm. ami lia'l lipeii uniteit iii an luicirnt nlliiin<'e 
 with tlir ('a/.i<(iirH of /rin|Miiilln 'riimiirli |f't<4 nvilixcil 
 tlmn tlin i«iili]i'rtr< el Mnnic/.niiiii, lliry wen- ailviinriil 
 in itn|irov('int'iit lar linyoml tht? rntic iintiuim tif Am* rnii 
 wiiiiM' iiiaiHii'in \vi> have ilc<4rrilp('il. 'I'liey li.id nLiiIf 
 fnnsuliT.ililc |irni|ri'N» in ji^jru'iitliirr ; tliry tUsiAl in 
 Uryr towns ; tiny were not iiranu'trt lo mimn ipcrira 
 of rmnnicrrt' , riml in the iin|i('rtVrl arrniiiilH iM llini 
 in*>lihilii)iiM and laws, irnn^nnttrd to un hv tho cirty 
 fi|lalll^ll writtT!*, \\v dutt'iTii tr.ifcn Itolh of disUiliiilivu 
 
 JiiNlicc and of rriiniit<it )iiri<>di< tiori in tlii'ir interior |>o- 
 KMv Hut ^l|||, an the d'^rtr nf their rivili/.atioii wjim 
 inconiplcie, and an thev depended for siiti^i<ttenee not 
 i>n a^rrieulliirr iilone, liiit lru.*<ied for it in a ^reat iiiea- 
 •iiru to l)iniliM<;, lliey rediined many uf the ipiahties 
 ntliiral to men in iI:m nIaIp. I.iki; them they were 
 f'teree aiul reveiiiielul ; like theiii, ton, tliey were liiyh 
 spirited and iiulependeiil lit eoiiFtetpiiMire of tlie lor- 
 iner, they were mvolved ni perpetual hostilities, nnd 
 had Init a hIcu ler and oeeasional iiit( n-oiirse with 
 lieii^hhontii; HluleH. The latter inspired them with siieh 
 deleHlation of r^ervitude, th;it thev not oiilv rehi>ed to 
 Bioop to H foret^Mi yokf. and mimiain an ohsliiiaie and 
 Bueeessfiil eonlest in ilefciiee of their liherty ni;ain--t 
 t!io superior pnwei of the Metiran empire, hut thev 
 (pinriled viitlic'pial lolioilndoa^ainMt domestic tyMiiny ; 
 and diviUmiML; to aeknow|eil<;e nnv nukster, they lived 
 'jnder tho mrld an<l liniiled jurisdutioii uf a couneil 
 cU'clfd hy tlieir several tnhes. 
 
 ('orti's. timuyh h« h.nl received itiformiition roncern- 
 ini; the martial ehunetri of tliis people, Haltered him- 
 self that hi.H professions of delivermi,' ihe oppressed 
 from Ihe lyraimy of Monle/.uiiiii, their inveterate enmity 
 lo the Mexu'-Jiin, and the example of their ancient ullies 
 thp ZinnpoalUns, miiflil induce the 'riascalans lo (^ranf 
 litin a friendly reception. In order to dispose them to 
 tln», four ZernpOiillans of yreat eniineneo were sent 
 aiid)acs.idors, to reipirst in his name, nnd in that of 
 their ea/.iqne. ilitl they wouhl permit this Spaniards to 
 paM lliioii;,'h the territories of the rejiutihc m their way 
 lo Mexico, IJti; instead of the favorahle answer which 
 was experlod, tho Tlascalans soi/ed the amhassadors, 
 oiul, without any regard lo their pnhlic character, made 
 prnparalions for sacriliciiiij them to their yods. At the 
 nnme lime they as'U'inlded thei"" troops, in order t'j op- 
 pose those unknown invaders if tliey shoidd attempt lo 
 »nnke iheir pa-naye eoi'd liy force of arms Various ino- 
 liveu eoncurri'd in pre* ipitatiiiL' iheTiascalanrf into tliia 
 resohition. A lierce people, slmt up withm its own 
 narrow precincts, and '1110 accustomed to any inter- 
 course with foreiiiners. is «.•» ' j consider every siranjfer 
 as an riicniy, :ind is easily i xcited to arms. They coii- 
 ctuded, from Cortes's proposal of visiting Monle/uma 
 in his capital, that, notwithstanding all his professions, 
 he courted the friendship of a monarch whom ihey hoth 
 hated and feared. The imprudent /eal of Cortes in 
 violatiiiii the temples in Zempoalla, tilled the Tlasca- 
 lans with liorror ; and as they were no less attached to 
 their superstition than the other nations of \ew Spain. 
 they were impatient to avenge th''ir injured j.'ods, and 
 to acquire (lie merit of otrennir up to them as victims, 
 thoso impious men who liad dared to prt.f mic their lii- 
 turs ; they contemned llie ^mall imniher of the Spa- 
 niards, as they had not yet measured tlieir own streiijftli 
 with ihat of tiiese new enemies, and had no idea of llie 
 superiority which they derived from their arms and dis- 
 cipline. 
 
 (."orte.*, after waiting some days in vain for llic re- 
 turn of his amhassadors, advanced [Aujj. 30,] into the 
 TIasealan territories. As the resolutions of people 
 who de!ii;ht m war arc executed with no less prompti- 
 tude than they are forme<l. ho found troops m the held 
 ready lo, oppose him 'I'hey attacked him with yrcat 
 intrepidity, and in the first encounter, wounded rome of 
 the Spaniards, and kdled two horses; a loss, in their 
 (jitiiation. of yreat moment, hecause it was irreparable. 
 Fioni this upeciinen of their courage, Cortes saw the 
 necessity ol proceediiifr wild caution. His army 
 marched m close order ; ho chose the stations where 
 He halted, with attention, and fortified cTcrv camp with 
 estraordinary '•'*re. Durmi; fourteen davs hv was ex- 
 posed to almost u!iinterrui)ted assaults, the TIascalaiis 
 advancing with numerous armies, and renewinij the at- 
 tack in various forms, with a decree of valor and pcrso- 
 vurcncc I'l which the Spanianla had seen nothing paral- 
 
 lel 111 the Now World. The Spami>h hiNtoriaiiN dcarrihe 
 thn?»e successive hultles vvnh t-reat pomp, and Chlir 
 into a minute detail ol particulars, imiiuhit;; many ex- 
 aji^er ited and increilihle cirriiniktances [ lOfiJ with i^uch 
 as are r< al and niarvi llutis Hut ti'i pu-Acr ol words t an 
 render the rei'iial of ii mmlnit mteroimif. wheri! there 
 IS no e'piality ot danger , and \\\n n the iiarrativt* dnxes 
 Wth an acroiint of lIueiHands ttjain on the one Mide, 
 while not a stnxfle person falls <m the oth'>r. the must 
 lahored drHi'Dptions of |l)e prt^vious di.^positton of (he 
 troops, or of the various viciMHiimU's in tliu eiij^a^emint, 
 command no attention. , 
 
 There arc some eircimistancoii, however, in thil war, 
 which are meiniirahle. and merit notice, as thev throw 
 lljlu tipnti the character hoth of Ihe people uf .New 
 Spam, and of ilieir c<iM>|uerors, Though the TIasca- 
 laiis hrouuht into the lield such numerous armies as .ip* 
 pear siillicient to have overwhelmed tiie Spaniards, they 
 Were never aide to make uny impression upon liiiMr 
 NinatI iHllalliun. Singular as (his may seem, it is not 
 iiiexpticalde The TIaiicalans, thouL;h addicted to war, 
 were like all unpolinhcd nations, straiii^ers to military 
 ordrr and discipline, and lost in a i^reat measure the ad- 
 vantage whit h ihey mi<{ht have derived from their niim- 
 hers, and liie impetuosity of their att.ick, hy their coiisiuiil 
 sohcitmie to carry otf tho dead and wounded. TiiM 
 pomt of honor, founded on l sentiment of temlerm^ii 
 natural lo the human mind, and strengthened hy anxiety 
 lo preserve tin- Iiodies of their couiilrymeii from lieinyf 
 devoiiretl hy their enemies, was univtrsal anion!,' the 
 peiiple of New Spam Attention to this piouv udire 
 occupied tlu-m even durinii'lie heat of coinital, broke 
 their niiioii, anil 4liiniiu^lied tho force of the iinpressiun 
 wbicli they mi^ht have made by a joint ellort 
 
 Not only WHS their superiority m numher of liitle 
 avail, but the imperfection of llieir military weapons 
 remlcred their valor in a yreat measure mollensive 
 After three battles and manv skirmishes and assaults, 
 not one Spam ird was killed in tlu^ held. Arrows and 
 spears, he.ided witli Hint ot the hones of (Ishcs. stakes 
 hardened in the lire, and wooden saords. tliuu<>h 
 destructive weapons among naked Indians, were easi- 
 ly turned aside hy the Spanish bii< .,lirs, and could 
 hardiv penetrate the r.iraiifnhs, or tpiilted jackets, 
 which the siddiers wore. 'I'ho Tla>ealans i^dvanced 
 boldly to the char;re, and often foiin||t hand to bund, 
 .Many of the .Spumanls were wouiidcd though all slii.'ht- 
 ly. which cannot be imputed to any Waut of courage or 
 Hirengtlt in their enemies, but to the defect uf the armi 
 wall which thev astiailed litem. 
 
 Notwithstanding ihe I iry with which the Tlascalans 
 ntlaeked the Sjiamards, itiev seemed lo lia\ <■ conducted 
 their Imslihties with some degree of harharuus grnero- 
 sity. They gave the Spaniards warningof their hostile 
 intentions ; and as they knew that their invaders vViinted 
 provi>ions, and imai'ined perhaps, like the other Ame- 
 ricans, that they had left their own country becatisu it 
 did not allord them subsistence, they sent to their camp 
 a large supply of poultry and mai/e, desiring them to 
 eat pl.'iilitully, because they scorned to ullack an enemy 
 ent'eeblcd by huuL'er, and it would he an ullVotil to their 
 gods to olier lliem fami>hed victims, as will as di.-i- 
 agreeable lo tiiemselvui to feed on Huch emaciated 
 j.rey. 
 
 \\ ben they were taught hy tho first encounter with 
 tlieir new enemies, that it was not easy to execute this 
 threat ; when they perceived, m Iho subse.pient en- 
 ga<rei:ieiil3, tint notwithstanding all the etVorla of their 
 own Y.ilor. of which they bad a verv hi^h opinion, not 
 one of the Spaniards was slain or taken, they began to 
 coneeivc them to be a superior order of liemgs, against 
 wtinm human power could not avail. In this extremity, 
 they had recourse to tlieir priests, reipiiring them in 
 reveal the mysterious causes of sucli e\lraoidiiiarv 
 events, and to declare what new means they should 
 employ in order to repulse those formidable invaders. 
 The priests, after many sacriticcs anti mcantatioiu, de- 
 livered litis response : That ihetc strangers were the 
 otlspring of the sun, procreated by his animating energy 
 in the re^^ions of the east ; that, by day, while cherished 
 with the intluence of his parental be,i'us, they were m- 
 vincihle ; but by night, when his reviving heat was 
 wiiiidrawn, their vigor declined and faded like the herbs 
 in the field, and they dwindled down into mortal men. 
 'I'heories less plausible have gamed credit with more 
 enlightened nations, and have inrtuenced their conduct. 
 In conspipience of this, the Tlascalans, with the impli- 
 cit cont'idence of men who fancy thomsclves to he under 
 the guidance of Heaven, acted in contradiction to one 
 of their most established maxims in war, and ventun-d 
 to attack the cneniy. with a strong hodv, in tlie night 
 lime, in hopes of destroying them when enfeebled and 
 
 •nrprisrd. Ihil CotWA had frrenter Titf^^fl^f «hd di»« 
 cernmeiil, than to bo deteiverl hv lh\ r -t* xiratngrmfl 
 of nn Indian army. The neiiliiuU \- ■■ ■ oulpostR, oIh 
 ■ervinjj Romo extranrtlinarv inovemi ui amoni; tht) 'I'U* 
 scaUns, ((uvetlie nUrm. In a mnnient the truo|- ^M'tn 
 under arinti, and sallying out. diHjfersed ihe party with 
 great sluutfhter, without alhMviiiti it lo approach tb<i 
 camp. The llascalttim convinced by siil i ipcncnro 
 Ihat their prienln had deluded them, aiid satistind tba* 
 they utlenipletl m vain either lo deceive ot \9 v*n«pi:»h 
 their euemii'S. their fn'rcenessi abated, and ihey bugau 
 to incline seriously to peace. 
 
 They wi re ut a ht^a, however, in what maimer to 
 addresR the itrunueri, what idea to form of their cha- 
 raeter, and whether to cotiHiiler them as beings u| ,) 
 uentle or of a malevident iiatuie There were m nn- 
 •tianceji in their conduct whah seemed lolavor each 
 opinion. On the one band, as thn Spuniuids constantly 
 di.«tiiisK(^d the prisoners whom they took, not only with- 
 out injury, hut olti u with presentti ul lluropem tuyn, 
 and renewed their otlers ol peace after every victory ; 
 this lenity ama/.ed jieoptc, who, according to the exter- 
 mmutmg system of war known in America, were no- 
 ciistu.ii'-d lo sacritice and devour wiilinut mercy all tlio 
 captives taken in battle, and disposetl them to entertain 
 favorable seiitmienls of the btmiamty iif their new ene- 
 mies. Hut, on the other hand, as Curies had seizeil 
 lifty of their eoiintrymen who brought provisions to hhi 
 camp, and supposing them to be "pies, bi"l cut oil thcif 
 iiaiKts ; this bloitily spectacle, at' il lo ll, ■ terror oeca- 
 sioned by the lire-arms and hen ^es, lillru them will) 
 dreitdful impressions of the terocity uf the.i o - >'lera. 
 [IIH'iJ Thii uneertamty was apparent in Ihu r.ioJu of 
 addressing the Spaniard,*, "If," said ihey, "you am 
 divinities of a crutd and sava^'c natute, we present to 
 yon live ulaves. that you may drink their blood and eat 
 their tlesh. If you are inild deities, aceejit an otrenng 
 of mceiisu and variegated plumes If you are men, 
 here is meat, and hreai'. and Iruil to nourish you " 'I'ho 
 |ieaee, which both parties now di-sired with eipial anlur, 
 was soon concluded. The Tlascalans yielded them- 
 selves as vaii.tals to the crown of ('asiile, and en^a^ed 
 lo assist Cortes in all his future operation*, lie toiik 
 the republic uniler bis protection, and proimsed to 
 defend their persons and possessions from injury ur 
 \ loleiice. 
 
 This treaty was concluded at a soasonabte junctiiro 
 for the Spaniards, The fatigue of service among a 
 small body ot men. surrounded by such a multilU'Je of 
 enenues was incredible. Half the army was on dity 
 every niyht, and even they whose turn i'. was to rent, 
 sle[it always iipuii their arms, that they mijLjht be ready 
 to run to their posts on a moment's warning. Many 
 of them were wounded ; a good numher, and amon}{ 
 these Cortes himself, labored under the 'islempers pre- 
 valent in hot climates, and f<everal had died aiiico llir.y 
 M't out from \(*ra Cruz, Notwiibr.t.indini,' llie sup[)lie3 
 which lliey received from the Tlascalans, ibey wero 
 often in want of provisions, and ^o dcsiiliiUt of iho 
 necessaries most reipiisile in dangerous service, that 
 they had no salve to diess llieir wounds, but what wan 
 composed uf the fat of the Indians whom they had 
 slam. Worn out wob ^ucli inlolerable toil und hard* 
 ships, many of the soldiers began to murmur, and wtiiMi 
 they rellectcd on the multitude and boldness of their 
 enemies, more were ready to despair. It retpiired tiie 
 utmost exertion of Cortcs's authority and aildress to 
 check this spirit of despondeii'-y in its progress, and to 
 reaniinjte his followers with their wonted sense of 
 iheir own superiority over the eiieiuies with whom they 
 bad lo contend. 'Tlie submis.-iion of the Tlaticaliins, 
 ami their own trnimphant entry into the capital city, 
 where they were received w ith the reverence paid to 
 bi'mi.'s of a superior urder, bamsheil at once troin tho 
 minds of the Spaniards all memory of past siillermgs, 
 di.^jielled every anxious tliougbl with respect to their 
 future opera'.ions, and fully satisfied ihem that there 
 was not now any powc in America able to withstaiul 
 their arms. 
 
 Cortes remained twenty d.ays in TIascala, in order 
 to allow his troojis a short interval of repose after sueli 
 hard service, liurmg that time he was employed m 
 transactions and inipiiries uf great moment with respect 
 to his future schemes, in his daily conferences with 
 the TIasealan chiefs, he received information concern- 
 ing every particular relative to the slate of the Mexican 
 empire, or to the (pialilies uf il.< ?overeigii. which coulu 
 be of use m regulating his conduct, vvbcther he should 
 beobliifcd to act as a ftiend or as an enemy .\s he loun.l 
 that tho antipathy of his new allies to the .Nkx'can na- 
 tion was no less implacable than had been represented, 
 and perceived what benefit he na^ht derive from the 
 
134 
 
 RonKRTSON'S niSTOHY OF 
 
 •id of fcu<*h powt-rful roiif(>(irratrfl, ho cntjtloved nil liin 
 iinworit of tn^iMiiiilmii in opivr la ^tiin llivir ccnlidciu:!*. 
 K«r was any cxtraortlinnry cn-rtioa of tlii'm; iieccsBJiry. 
 The TlascalnnH, with tho levity of iiuiiil nutiirul (o 
 unpulitihcil im-n, wcro, of their own arcord, diH|)u»ed to 
 run frtnn llio cxtretno o( haired to that of fondiutis. 
 Kvery thing in the appearaiico and conduct of their 
 gtie»(» was to them matter of wonder. [107J 'J'liey 
 gr..ou with adtniratiou at whatever the SpnniurdA did, 
 nnd, fancying them to bo of heavenly origin, were ea^er 
 not only to comply with their demands, hut to unlici- 
 pa'e itteir winins. 'J'l.i'V olVerrd. nccordinyly, to accom- 
 pany Cortes ni his march to Mexico, with all tho force?* 
 of tiio repulilic, under the connnand of their moat ezpe- 
 nenceil captain.*. 
 
 ihit, after hestowinj^ so much pains on cemenliny 
 thi:t union, nil the hcnrficnil fruits of it were on the 
 |H>int of lieivi}; h'st hy a new cllusion of that intempe- 
 rate relii;ious zeal with which Cortea was uiiimatcd no 
 leita than the oiher adventurers of the a^e. 't'hey hII 
 considered themselves an uistrumenls ernphued hy 
 Heaven to propagate the Christian faith, and tho lcr>> 
 they were qualitied, either hy their knowledL,»'or uior-da, 
 for 8uch a function, they were more ca^er tn diichar^o 
 it. ''lie j)rofouiid veneration of the 'I'lascal.uis ferine 
 !Spaniard8 havini; encouraged Cortes to explai.i to some 
 oi their chiefs the doctrines of iho Chnstian n-hj^ion, 
 and *o insist that they should ahandon their own su[>ci'- 
 rtitjons, und cndirace the faith of their now friends, 
 tliey, accordiiii; to an idea nnivcr^ol umon<; barbarous 
 nation*, readily acknowledged the trui!i and excellence 
 of what he taufjht ; but contended, thai the Tfules o\ 
 Tiastcala were divinities no less than the (.iod in whom 
 the Spaniards believed ; nnd as that Ueini; was entitled 
 to ilit: itoma^e of b^uropeans, no they were bouml to 
 revere the same |K)weni which their ancester:* had wor- 
 uliipped. Cortes cuntiiiued, nevertheless, to urj;e his 
 demand in a tone ol niithorily, inii)^!iii<; threats with 
 hit) arguments, until the Tlascalantt could hear it no 
 longer, and conjured him never to mention this ai^ain, 
 Icil the gods slionid avenge on their heads the guilt of 
 having listened to such a proposition. (.''orle:i, asto- 
 nished and enraged at their obstinacy, prepared to exe- 
 cute by force ■ '• -'ould not aci-oiuplish hy persua- 
 sion, and was overturn their altars and cast 
 down iheir idn ~ ' le same violent hand as ut '/em- 
 poalla. if Katlut . Jiolomew de Olmedo, chaplain to 
 Ihe expedition, hatl not checked his incoiisuKTiite im- 
 petuosity. He represented the imprudence of such an 
 attempt in a large I'itv newly reconciled, and tilled with 
 people no less su|HTsutions than warlike ; he decK-red. 
 tliat llie proceeding at ZemiMjalla had always appeared 
 to him prefi|Utate and unjust ; that rchgiun was not to 
 be propagated by the sword, or inhdels lo be convertetl 
 by violence ; that other wea|>oiis were lo be employed 
 in this ministry ; patteiit instuction must enligiUeii the 
 understanding, and pious example capliv.ai, "he heart, 
 before men could be indviccd to abMdon er^l.^ and 
 embrace the truth. Ami Nt scene, where a natrow 
 minded big«)lry appears n. such i-iosc union with op- 
 pression and cruelty, sei.ttnients so hberal and humane 
 Bootlie the mind with unexpected plea-surc ; and at a 
 lime when the riglila of conscience were little under- 
 elood in the Christian world, and the idea of toleration 
 unknown, one is astonished lo find a Spanisli monk of 
 the siiieeiith century among llie first advocates against 
 persecution, and in behalf of religious liberty. The 
 remonstrances of an ecclesiastic, no less respeclalilr 
 for wisdom than virtue, had their proper weight with 
 Curies. He left the Tlaacalans in the undisturbed 
 exercise of their own rites, rciiuiring only that liiey 
 Blionld desisl from their horrid practice of ollermg hu- 
 man victims 111 sacrifice. 
 
 Cortes, as soon m his troops were fit for service, re- 
 Bolved to coniiuue his march towards Mexico, notwith- 
 ttandnig the earnest dissuasivesof the Tluscalaiis, who 
 represented his destruction as nnavoidilile if he put 
 himself in the |)ower of a prince ao failhle.<«s and cruel 
 00 Montezuma. As he was accompamed bv six thoii- 
 i-and Tlascalaui, he had now the commanil of forct s 
 which resembled aregihr army They directed their 
 course to-ards Cholul? [Oct 13]; Montezuma, who 
 had at length consented to admit the S|ianiard9 into his 
 pretsenre. having informed (.'ortes that be had given 
 onlent for hii friendly reception there. Cholula was a 
 considerable town, and though only live leagues distant 
 from Tiascala, was formerly an independent slate, but 
 had been lately subjected to the Mexican empire. Tlii'' 
 was considered bv nil the people of .New Spam as a 
 holy iiUi I', the sain luarv and chief seat of their gods, to 
 wi.ich pilgrims resorled from oYcry province and a 
 gTiatcr number vf human victims were otTcred in iu 
 
 priiicipnl temple than even in that of Mexico. Moiite- 
 
 /.iiinn seems to have invite<| the .Spaniaids thither, either 
 from some superalilious hope lh.it the gods would not 
 sutler this sacred nnnsioii lo be deliled, without ))(uir- 
 ing down their \*rath upon those impious strangers. w!io 
 ventured to insult their power in the place of its pecu- 
 liar residence ; or from n belief that he bimself might 
 tlierc attempt to cut them olV with more certain suc- 
 cess, under liie immediate nrotection of liis divinities. 
 
 Cortes had been warneil hy the Tlascalans. before 
 he set out on his march, to keep a watchful eye over 
 the Cholulaiis. He himself, ihougli received into the 
 li)vvn \v!'l> nnicli seeming respect nnd cordi.ihty, ob- 
 Hcrvetl several eircumstniice> i;i tlicir eonduct which 
 e-\cited siisjucion. 'Two of the Tlascalans. who were 
 encamped at some distance from the town, as the Cno- 
 lulans refn.<4ed lo admit their ancient enemies within I'.s 
 precmcts, having found nieaiis lo euler in disguise, ac- 
 ipiainled Cortes tint they observed the women nnd 
 children of the principal citizens retiring m great hurry 
 everv night ; anil that six children had been sacrificed 
 in th*! chi';f temple, a rite which indicated the execu- 
 tion of aoine warlike enterprise lo be approachitig At 
 tht- same lime. Manna the mierpreler received informa- 
 tion fiom an Indian woman of distinction, whose coriti- 
 dencc she had gamed, thai the destruction of her friends 
 was concerted ; that a body of Mexican troops lay con- 
 cealed near the ic'vn ; that some of the streets were 
 barricaded, and in others, pits or deep trenches were 
 dug. nnd slighllv covered over, as traps into wlircli the 
 horses might fall ; that stones or missive we:ipnns were 
 collected on the tops of the temples, with which to 
 overwhelm the infaiilry ; that the fatal hour was now 
 at hand, and their ruin unavc'dable. Cortes, alarmed 
 at this concurring evidence, secretly arrested ihri'c of 
 the chief priests, and exlorted from them n coiiti>sum. 
 that coiuirmed the intelligence which ho had received. 
 As not a momeiit was to be lust, he inslantly resolved 
 to prevent his enemies, and to inlbct on them such 
 dreadful vengeance as might .strike Monle/nma and his 
 sulijects Willi terror. For this purpose, the Spaniards 
 and /eiupoallaiis were drawn up in a large court, which 
 had been allotted for their (piarters near the centre of 
 the town ; the Tlascalans had orders to lubarice ; the 
 magistrates aiul several of the chief citizens wtrre .^ent 
 for, unde: various pretexts, and nei/.ed. On a signal 
 given, the troop,* rushed oul and fell u|H)I1 the mnlli- 
 tude, destitute of leaders, and so much astonished, that 
 (he weapons ilroppmg from their hands, tluv stood iiio- 
 tionless. und incapable of defence. While the .Spa- 
 niards pressed them in front, the '''lascalaus ait.icked 
 them in the rear. 'Hu* streets were hllcd with blood- 
 shed and death. 'I'h.e teinples, which ntforded a re- 
 treat lo the priests ai.'d ^ome of the leading men. were 
 set on tire, and they p« :ished in the Il.imcs. This scene 
 of horror continued two days; during which, the 
 »^-ret<-hed inliabilanls siitlered all that the destructive 
 rage of the Spanianls, or ilic iin|>lacablu revenge of their 
 Indian allies could inllicl. .\t length the cnrnagt; 
 censed, after the sliinghter of six ihousaiul Chobilans. 
 without the loss of a single .Spaniard. Cortes then re- 
 leased the magistrate.'*, ami, reproaching them bitterly 
 for their intended treachery, declared, that as justice 
 was iKJW appeased, he forgave the otVence. hut reipiir''d 
 ihem to recall the cilizens who had tied, and re-esla- 
 blish order in the town. Such was the ascendant which 
 the Spaniards had acquired over this superstitious race 
 of men. and so tlee[ilv were ihev impressed with an opi- 
 nion of their superior discernment, as well as power. 
 that, m obedience to this coin; i iiid, the city was in a 
 few flavs lilted again with people, who, nmuLsl the 
 ruins of their sacred buddings, yielded respcclful ser- 
 vice to men whose hands were stained with the bloo<t 
 of their relations and t'ellow-citizens. [lOHJ 
 
 I'rom Cholula, Cortes advanced directly towards 
 Mcvico [l)ct.2'J], whicb wn« only twenty leagues dis- 
 tant. In every place through which he passed, he was 
 received as a person posses.scd of suliicient power to 
 deliver the em|iire from 'he oppression under which it 
 groaned ; and the cazupies or governors comtm.mcated 
 lo him all the grievances which they felt under the ty- 
 rannical government of Montezuma, with that unre- 
 served contidence which men nalurally repose in su- 
 perior beings. When (-'ortes tirst observed tho seeds 
 of discontent in the remote provinces of the empire, 
 hope dawned upon his mind ; but when he now disco- 
 vered such symptoms of alienation from their monarch 
 near the seat of government, he concluded that the 
 vital parts of the constitution were aliecled. an<l von- 
 ceivi d the most saiimime expectations of overlurninj' 
 a state whose natural strength was thus divided nnd 
 im|ktued White thus* rellectioiis encouraged the go- 
 
 neral to persist in liis arduous undertaking, the soldicrd 
 were lut less animated liy olmervatious mure obvious to 
 their capacity. In descending from the mounlaim* ut 
 Chatco, across win 'h the road lay. tlie vast plain of 
 Mexico opened gradually lo their view. When ibey 
 tirst beheld ihis pnispccl, one of the most sinking and 
 bcaulitul on the face of the earlli ; when they ot)Herved 
 terlile and cultivated fields sirelching further than tho 
 eye could reacli ; when Ihey saw a lake resembling iho 
 sea in extent, eiicompas.seil with large towns, nnd dis- 
 covered the capital city rising n))on an island in iho 
 imddlc, adttrnetl with lis lemples and turrets ; llio 
 scene so far exceeded then imagnialioii, that some be- 
 lieved llie fancilul descriplions of romance were ren- 
 h/tt', .'.!!<J iliat Us enchanted palaces and gilded domes 
 were presented to llieir si«;lit ; e'liers could liardly 
 persuade themselves thai this wonderliit speclacle was 
 any thing more than a dream, f lODj As iliey advanced, 
 their doubts were removed, but their ama/emcnt ili- 
 erea.sed. They were now fully salislied that tho coun- 
 try was rich beyond any conception which they bad 
 binned of it, and tiattered themselves that ut length 
 they ^:honld obtain an ample recompense for uU tlioir 
 services and sutl'erings. 
 
 Hillierlo they had met with no enemy toopposo their 
 progress, though several c.rcumstnnces occurred which 
 led them lo suspect that some design was fonucd to 
 surprise nnd cut them oil. Many messengers arrived 
 aucces«ivelv from Mtmie/nma, permittmg tliem one day 
 lo advance, leipiiring tlu'iii on the next lo relir'-, as his 
 hopes or tear.s alternately prevailed ; and so woiiderlul 
 wa.s this iitlatiiation. whii-li seems lo be unaccoiintiiblo 
 on any supposition but tlr.it of a superstitious dread of 
 the Spaniards, as beings of a superior nature, that 
 Cortes was almost at the gale.'* ofthi; capital, lielbre ttiu 
 monarch had dctennm.'d whether lo receive him a> a 
 friend, or lo o|)pose him as an enemy. Hut as no sign 
 of open hostility appean*d, the Spaniards, willioul re- 
 garding ihe Ituctuaiioiis of Monle/.umu's sentimenli), 
 contimicd their march along the causeway which led to 
 Mexii o through the lake, with gnat circumspection and 
 the strictest di.sciplihc, though wi'hout seeming lo ims- 
 [lect the prmce whom 'hi y were al>out to vi.^it. 
 
 AVhen they drew near the city, about a thousand 
 persons, who appeari'd lo be ut dislinctiun, came lorth 
 lo meet them, adorned with plumes and clad in mantles 
 of line collon. Mach of these in his order pa.ssed t>y 
 ('ortes, am* batuted him acconlmg to the mod" deemed 
 ijiost respectful and siibims.uve m ibeir country They 
 announced the aptiroach of Monle/nma hi:iuo!f, ui;d 
 soon after his harbingers came in sight. There appeared 
 tir^t two hundred persons in a unilorm dress, with large 
 plumes of feathers, alike in tasluon, marching two and 
 two, ill deep silence, tiarefooled, with their eyes tixed 
 on the ground. These were followed by a company ol 
 higher rank, in their m )st t'liowy apparel, in the midst 
 of whom was Moiilezuma, in a chair or litter richly onia- 
 tueiited witii gold, and feathers of various color.s. Tour 
 of Ills principal favorites earned lum on their shoulders, 
 othe:.H supporteii a canopy of ci. •■ions workmanship over 
 his head Hcfore him inarched three utiicers with rodd 
 of gold tn their hands, which they lilted up on high at 
 certain mlervaN. and at that signal all tlie people howed 
 their heads, aii'l hid their faces, as unworthy lu look on 
 so great a mo'iareh. When he drew near, Cortes dis- 
 (iioniited, advancing towards htm with ollicu>iis liaste, 
 and in a respecllul pustunv At the same time .Moule- 
 /.uma alighted from hts chair, and, leaning on tho anus 
 of two of Ins near relations, approaclu'd with a slow 
 nnd stalely pace, his attendaMls covcntig the Bln-ct* 
 witli cAlton cloths, that he might not touch the ground, 
 ('ortes accosted him with protonud reverence, alier the 
 Kuropean fashion. He returned Itie siduialiun. accord- 
 ing to tilt! luotle of his country, by touching the cartli 
 with his hand, and then kissing it. This ceremony. 
 the customary expression of veneration from inferiora 
 loward.i^ those who were above them m rank, appeared 
 such ani.i7.mg condescension in a proud monarch, who 
 scarcely deigned to consider the rest of mankind ai: of 
 the same species with bmiself, that all his suhjects 
 lirmly believed those persons, before whom he humbled 
 himself in ibis manner, to he something more than In: 
 man. Accoulingly. °s they marched through the crowd, 
 the Spaniards I'leipiently, and with much satisfdctioii, 
 h'^ard themselves denominated TruUst or divimtie.i. 
 Nothing material passed in this tirst interview. Mon 
 tezuma condiicted Cortea to the ipiarters which he had 
 prepared for his reception, and imiiu'diale', look leave 
 ot lum, Willi a pe'''"Mess not unwuriliv c, « ci>ui', mure 
 relined. " Vou are now." savs he, " wiiii your liroihera 
 in vour own house; refresh yoiirst'lve.* alter your li'- 
 li^ue, aiul bo liappy mad 1 return. " The plucu aUu6 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 125 
 
 till to Urn Simninrcln for ihrir lo(l;:iii^. w.ih n lioimr | IJnt tht-y were nil ;)!ncrd in a remilar manner, en ihe | cqiml to it ; ami nftcr rcvolviiijr the ninttpr wilh dwp 
 built l»y llin IntlHT of MontczMinn. U wns surrnurulc(! ! luuiks of the ciimIm whirli ;»aRsr(i ihrouyh the city, in ndr-iilion. he (ixcd upon a plan no h'sH_ cxlnordniary 
 1)V^5ltM«t Willi, with lowrrn lit |.ro|irril.^l;inrrs. v.hich 1 Home of Hh tli.xlrn-ts, or on the RidcH of flu; Hlreets | than daritit; 
 
 Ho detcnriitiid to f-vuv. Muntezunia in 
 
 iiervrd fordelenrt'uSwvUaii fornrnumenl.iiiKl itsji|.arl- I v\hich iritc.scctrd it in other ([niirtLTs. In Kovcral 
 
 plata-H were larm- opeinntis or mpuireH, one of which, 
 iillMllrd for ihr ^reat market, ih said to have hren r.o 
 Bpan'ons, thnt forlv or iifty lliousaiid prrHons carried on 
 Iraflie tliere. In this fTtT7-*J-cjl!lde of l\w New World 
 
 I a pa 
 HientN and cfrirlM were so larm' as l*t aiifmiimmlale 
 both the SpanianlH and (heir Imli.in allii's Triu tir>t 
 cure of Cortes was to taki! pn-raulions for his m'riirily, 
 \;y pluntina tlie arlillcry fo as lo eonnnand the diticrent 
 
 id art of 
 lati. while nnacniiaMitrd with llie use of iron, am; 
 tiliile of aid from any domestic animal, ihi' SpaniardK, 
 who are niost moderate in (heir rommilaliorm, reckon 
 that there were at Irasl sixty liioiisands mhahilanta. 
 
 Hut how nnieh soever ihf! novelty of thoM! ohjeets 
 mi(;ht amuse or astomsh the Spaiiiurds, they fell the 
 iKinosi fiolintude with respect to their own fiituation. 
 From a conciirrenre of circnmslance^, no le«n unex- 
 liectcd than favorahle to their jiroyri'ss, they had hern 
 allowed to jienftrate into the heart of a [mwcrful king- 
 dom, and were now iod;,'ed in its capital vvtUiout havmir 
 once met with open opposition from it9 monarch. Thr 
 'I'lascalans, however, had ramcstly dissu.idcd tlicm 
 from placing such'-nrifidcnrc in Moiite/nma, us to enter 
 a city of such pi-euhar situation as Mexico, whero tli-it 
 [iririce would have them at mercy, «hul up as i! were 
 m a snare, from which it was impossihio lo r.-^cape. 
 Thev asKured them that the Mexican priests had, m the 
 name of the muU, connsclled their sovrrcit»n, to admit 
 tlif Spaniards into ihn capital, lliat he mi<{ht cut theiii 
 olVtlicre at one hlow with perfect Hecurity. Th'-y now- 
 perceived loo planilv, that the apprehensions of their 
 
 avenues which led to it, by appoinlintf a larue division | and the nohlesl mormmeMt of the 
 of his (roups tt) he always on trnard, and hy posting; 
 lenliuels al proper stations, witli injunctioim lo oli- 
 Bcrve the mime vigilant diNciplme as if they were in 
 Bi^ht of an enemy's camp. 
 
 in the evening, Monte/.nma retnnied to viuit liis 
 giieslH with the same pomp as in their first interview, 
 and hrouijht presents of such value, not only to (Jortcs 
 and lo his otiicers, hut even lo the. private men, as 
 proved the hhendily of the monarch to he snitidile to 
 the opidence of lus kinmhnn. A lonij confercnee en- 
 iiued, m whu h Cortej* learned what was the opimnii 
 of Monleznma with respect to Itie Spimiards. It 
 was an eslahlished IradiKon, he told him, ainnuL' the 
 Mexicans, that their ancestors came ori|,'inally from a 
 remote region, uiid eonnuered the provinces now suh* 
 ject to Ins dominion ; that after they were settled there, 
 the ^reat captain who ctMi'bieted ihif. colony returned 
 lo his own counlry, promisiii;; ihnt at sonn^ future pe- 
 riod his deseendanls should visit ihein, assnine tin; go- 
 vernment, and reform their constitution and laws ; tliat 
 from what he had heard and seen of Cortes and his 
 followers, he was convinced thflt they wen; the very 
 persons whoso appearance the Mexican traditions and 
 prophecies tanjjlit them to expect ; that accordingly he 
 had received ihein not as slran;^a'r«, hut as relation.^ of 
 Ihe same hlood and parentaije, and desired thai they 
 nu^lit consider lliemselves as masters in his dommioiis. 
 for holh himself and his suhjecls should hu ready to 
 comply with Iheir will, and even to prevent their wishes 
 Cortes made a reply in Ins usual style, witli respect to 
 the diijmtv and power of his sovereign, and his inten- 
 tion of schdiniT liim nilo that country ; artfully enilca- 
 vornig so to frame his discourse, tiiat it niijihl eoiiicuK 
 aa nnich as possible with the idea wliicli Monte/.iim:i 
 bad lormed couceriimj; the oriirm of the SpaniaiiU. 
 
 Next morimi;;, ("ortes and some of Ins pnocipal at- 
 tendants wereadnnttid to a public audience of the em- 
 peror. The ihreo subseipienl days were employed iii 
 vicwmi; the city ; the appt-arance of which, so far supe- 
 rior m llie order of its Imildinirs and the number of its 
 
 inhabitunts. lo any plate tin* Spaniards had beluld in 
 
 America, and yet so liUle resemblmir the slniclure of 
 
 A lOeropeun city, lilled iheni with surprise and adimra- 
 
 tion. 
 
 Mexico, or Tnii/rhlillan, as it was nncienlly called 
 
 by (he natives, is situaled in a lar^re plain, environed 
 
 by mountains u\' such hei^dit that, though withm the 
 
 torrid '^one. (he temp<Ta(nie of lis chinattr is niild and 
 
 healthful. All the nioi>'ture which desceniis from Ihe 
 
 hijjh grounds, is collected in several lakes, the two 
 
 largest of which, of about ninely miles in circuit, eoin- 
 
 iinmicate will, each other. Tlie waters of the (me are 
 
 freeb. those of the other brackish tin llu; hanks of 
 
 the latter, anil on some small islands ad)omiii^ to them. 
 
 the ca^iilai of Montezuma's empire was built. '1 lie 
 
 access (o the city was by artiticial cafiseway.s or slreels 
 
 formed of stitnesaiid earth, about thirty feet in breadth 
 
 As the waters of the lake during the ramy sea.son ovi r- 
 
 flowed the llat country, the-^e causeways were of consi- 
 derable length- That i>l Tacuba. on the wvH, extended 
 
 a mile and a half; that of Tepeaca. on the norUi-west. 
 
 three miles; that of ('uoyacan, towards the south, si.v 
 
 hiih'S. (In the east* (here was iio cun.sewav. and tiie 
 
 city I'ould I ' approached only tiy canoes. In each of 
 
 these causewavrt were openings at proper intervals. 
 
 through which llie waters llowcs, and over these beams 
 
 of tnnber were laul. which being covered with earth, 
 
 the causeway or street had every where a umhirm ap- 
 
 »,. r.r.moe As the approaches to the city were singular. 
 
 Its construelnin was remarkable. Not only Ihe temples 
 
 of their gods, but the houses bebniiimg to the monarch. 
 
 and to iKTMins of dtslmction. were of Huchdiinensums. 
 
 that, in cninpanson with any other buihlinos winch 
 
 liilherlo had beendiscovereil in .\menca, they ini'ibt be 
 
 UTined inagnilieent. 'I'he habttatuuis of the common 
 
 pooplu were mean, resembling the huts of other Indians 
 
 his palace, and to carry htm as a prisoner to the Spa- 
 nish (pinrtcrs. I'rom the superslilious venernlion ol 
 the Me.ticans for the person of their monarch, as well 
 as thfir implicit submission to bis will, be hoped, by 
 havitig Moiiteznina in his power, to acrpiire tlie supremo 
 direction of their alVairs ; or, at least, with such a si- 
 1 pledge in his bands, be made no doubt of being 
 secure from any elTort of tl:eir violence. 
 
 This he iim.iediatcly propo.^pd lo his officers. Tho 
 timid startled at a measure so aiulrf^m*»,.. and r aispd 
 obieclions. Tho more intelligeni and resobiter^lii*-~. 
 fcions that it wan tho only resource in which there ap- 
 peared any pros|iect of safely, warnny opproved of it, 
 and brought over their companions so cordially to tho 
 same opinion, th:it it was agreed instantly to make tho 
 ittleinpt. At his nsuid Innir of visiting Montezuma, 
 ('ortes went lo (lie pidace, accninpnmed by Alvurad«i, 
 Sa'uloval, I.ugo, \el.1sciue7, dc- I,eon, aiitl Davila, (ivo 
 of Ins principal otiicers. niid as many Irusly soldierc. 
 Thirty chosen men followtd, not m regular order, but 
 sauntering at some distance, as if they hnd no object 
 but chrionity ; small parlies were posted at proper in- 
 tervals, in all the streets leadmn from the Spameb 
 ipiatlers to (he court ; and tlie remairKfer of his troops, 
 with the Tlascalaii allies, were under anns ready to 
 saltv out on the first alarm ('ortes iind hisattendanlri 
 were adniitleil wilhoul stispiciou ; the Mexicans retirinff, 
 as usual, out of respect. He addres.st d the monarch 
 
 allies were not destitute of foundation ; that, by lireuk- | in a tone very diHerenl from that winch he had employ- 
 ed in former confejences, repro'iching him bitlerly aa 
 Ihe author of tlie viob'iit aHs.iull made upon (he Spa- 
 niards by one uf his olfi'-ers. and deniiinded public vo- 
 paralu)u for the los.s whii-li they had su.stmned hy tho 
 death of somir of iheir eoinpamons, as well as for tho 
 insult olfered to the great prim e whose servants liiry 
 were. Monte/uma, conlonnded at this unexpected ac- 
 cusation, and chanLMog color, eillier from ronsciousiiLCS 
 of L'uilt. or from fcelmt.' the nidii:nr.y with \\hicli he '.vail 
 I treated, asserted his own innocence with treat enrnest- 
 
 ing the bridges placed at certain intervals on (lie cause 
 ways, or by deslroving part of the causeways them- 
 selves. (Iveir retreat would be rendered iinpricticiible, 
 and they must remain cooped up m Ihe centre of a 
 hostile city, surrounded by iniiltitudes sntrir-ient to 
 oveiwbcbn ihein, and without a pos.-^ibihiy of receiv- 
 ing aid from their allies. Montezuma had, indeed, 
 rc'-eived them with disliiignished respict. Hut oui/ht 
 they to reckon upon this as real, or to consider 11 as 
 f'igned ! liven if it were sincere, cuiild ihey promise 
 
 on its continuance ! Their safety depended upim the 1 ness, and. as a proof of it, gave orders mslantlv to bring 
 will of a monarch in whose attachment they had no ' t^ualpopoca and his ac^otl•;.!l■c^'s prisoners to Mexico. 
 reason lo confide ; and an order (lowing Irom his caprice, I ( 'nries rejdicd with seemiii!; coiii|>laisance, tliat a de- 
 or a word iittired by him in pa.nsion, nuglit decide irre- ! claralion so re>perl;il(!e left no doulit remannng in luri 
 vo( -iblv concerning their fate. 1 own mind, but that something more was re'pii'utG lo 
 
 'I'hese retleclions, so obvious as to occur K> the ' satisfy h's followers, who wouhl never be convinced 
 meanest soldier, did not escape the vigdaut sagai'i'y of t that Mv)nlezuma did not b.irbor hostile intentions ajjainiJl 
 
 iheiii, unless as iin evidence of his contldence and at- 
 
 iheir genend. Before be set mil from (-'holula. Cortes 
 hatl received advice from Villa Una, ihal (.^ualpo- 
 poca, one oi the Mexican generals on the Iron- 
 tiers, luiving as.-einbled au army m order to attack some 
 of the people whom tho S[)aniardH h.td encouraged Ui 
 throw od" Ihe Mexican v.ike, Kscalante had marched 
 out with part of liie Uiirrtson to support his allies ; that 
 an engagement had ensued, in which, llioiiu'li tlic 
 Spamarils were viclorious, llscthmle with seven of his 
 
 tachinent. he removed from li 
 np his residence m the S| 
 
 iwn palace, itnd took 
 di (piarlers, where ho 
 should be servfd ami iMinor* d as became a great mo- 
 narch. The lirst mention of so s'.range a projiosal (lo- 
 renveii Moiitezuni.i o\ speech, and alinost of uiolion. 
 At leni/tli induinadori uaye him utterance, and ho 
 haughtily answered, " That persons uf hi.* rank wero 
 mil aci-iistomed voluntarily lo give up thein^ielves aa 
 
 * I am imicbtfii tn M. t'lavigero l«ir corrcciiim an error ol 
 importancn m mv tie'^cnpimti ttf .Meiirn, From llie east, 
 WlitTP Texcurii was silu:itt'<l, ttiere was no raii<>ewiiv, hs I 
 hove oliserieil, ami \v\ l.v sniiio irinlteiilioii on my ;.art, ornn 
 Ibsiul tlin printer, m nil the roniior iKhtioiis.nne ni llierniist- 
 ways WHS snnl li» leatl In Tezeiicn. M. t'taviKern's nieasurf- 
 mt'i.t 111 \iiii eiiL^tliol ilnse riijiM-wiUNilitrwr»nnnii!wli-il IiiiHi 
 timl which I hav* a.lMiiii.-l liuni V. Torrilnu. Clivig. 11. [i. ;a. 
 
 men, h.id been mortally wounded, his horse killed, and \ prisoners ; and were he mean enonuh to do so. Ins siib- 
 Quv. .Spiiniard had been surrounded by the enemy and jjects would not permit such an ati'roiit lo lie oti'cred lo 
 taken alive; that the head ol lliis untortunate ca|itive, tlieir sovereign." Cortes, unwilling to employ furce, 
 after being earned in triuniph to dillerent cities, in | endeavored alternalcly to soothe and to intimidate hnn. 
 onler to convince the people llial their invaders were j The altercition became warm ; and having contimietl 
 not immortal, h.ol i)eeii sent to Mexico, ('ortes, ihoiii^h 1 above three hoiir", Velasfpn /. di* Lecni. an impc tuouf 
 alirmed Willi this intelligence, as an indication of Mon- and gallant young man. exclainud witli impatienro, 
 te/.uma's hostile intentions, had continued U\a march. " Why waste mnic time m vain ' Let lis either nv\tt- 
 Hut as soon as he entired Mexico he became sensible, 1 him insianlly, or •■lab him to the heart." The ; 
 (hat, from an excess of eontidence in the superior valor ] ciiinLj voice and fierce iicstiires with which these • 
 and ilisciplmeof his troops, as well as trom lliedisid- [were ultered. struck Montezuma. The .Sp,iniards. .lO 
 vantage of having nolhinti to guile him m an unknown ! was hensible, had now proceeded so far. as left lum no 
 counlry, but tiie di-feclive intelligence which he had hope that they would recede. His own danger waa 
 received from piople with whom his mode of cominu- I imminent. Ihe necessity unavoidable. He saw both, 
 rucalum was very imperfect, he had pushed forward ! and abandoning himsel! to his fate, complied witli their 
 into a sihiation where it was diiru-olt to conlinue, and t re<piest. 
 
 from which it was daMgerous to retire. Ib^grace, and 1 His otficrs wc-rn called. He rommunicTiid to 
 perhaps ruin, was the certain conseipience of atleinpt- | them iii.H resolulion. Thouyli astonished and alilicled, 
 mg Ihe latter. The success of his enterprise depemb d ' they presumed not to rpiestion the w ill of their master, 
 ii|ion supporting the hiL'li opinion winch the people of I hut carried hiin m silent oon-.p, all balhed in tears, tc/ 
 New .Spam had tunned Willi respect K) the irresistible i the Spanish 'luarler-^ ^\ hen it was known that the 
 power of lus arms, \'y m the first symptoms of liini- I strunners were conveying away the Kmperor, the peo 
 diiy on his part, i*mmi veneration would cease, and ! pie broke out into the wildest iran.-^iKirts of gruf and 
 Monteznnia, whom I"" r alone reslramed .*rt present, j rage, threatening the Spaniards with immediate de 
 would let !oo.«' u|K)n him the whole Ion e of Ins ein- 1 struclion, as the punishment iii*tlv due to their nnpion.i 
 pire. ;\t the same time, he knew (hat the rounte- ! audacity. Uut as soon as >foniezunia a[pearrd, with 
 nance of his own s()vereion was to be obtained only by la seeming gayety of connteuJince, ,.:'rl waved his h.ind, 
 n series of victories, and that nollimg but tin* merit of i the tumult was hushed; and upon h.- declaring it to 
 extraordinary success etmld screen his conduct from ', be of bis own choice that he went to recide for some 
 the censure of irreL*ularily. From all the^e considera- j time ainotiL' bis new friends, die mulutiide. taught W 
 tions. It was necessary to maintain bis station, and to i revere every mliinalion of their hOverLigns'i ple^Auro, 
 ejtncale nimself out of the dillicullies in winch one Itold .pnclly disperr.ed. 
 
 ; step had mvoivi d hiin, by vci.iming upon anollicr still | Thus was a powerful prince leiiied by a few BlraiiFona 
 i bolder. Tho silualiuu was tryiu^', but hi< mind wa.i I m tlw inid.-'l of his capital, al nuond.'v, aikl cami>f1 ol} 
 
■MVH 
 
 1S6 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OP 
 
 '*>■ I 
 
 iE> 
 
 
 tj n prisuiicr, without opposition or bloudhlicd. His- 
 tory contains nothinjT parallel to this event, either with 
 respect to the tetnerity of iht; attempt, or the sucrcss 
 of the cxecuitiin ; and were not all the circunistacces 
 of this extraordinary transaction authenticated by the 
 most unquestionable evidence, they would appear so 
 wild and extravagant as to go far beyond the bounds 
 of that probability which must be preserved even m 
 fictitious narrations. 
 
 Montezuma was received in the Spanish quarters 
 with alt the ceremonious respect which Cortes had 
 promised. He was attended by his own domestics, 
 and served with his usual state. His principal olliccrs 
 had free access to nun, and he carried on every func- 
 tion of government as if he had been at perfect liberty. 
 The Spaniards, however, watched him with the scru- 
 pulous vigilance which was natural in guarding such 
 an important prize, [110] endeavoring at the same 
 time to sooth and reconcile him to his situation by 
 ovcry external demonstration of regard and attachment. 
 But from captive princes, the hour of humiliation and 
 suffering is never far distant. Qualpopoca, his son, 
 and live of the principal officers who served under 
 faira, were brought prisoners to the capital [Dec. 4], in 
 consequence of the orders which iVU^ntczuma had 
 issued. The Emperor gave them up to Cortes, that 
 ho mi^ht inqu'Tc into the nat\ire of their crime, and 
 determine their punishnuti:. They were formally tried 
 by a Spanish court martial ; and though they had acted 
 no other part than what became loyal subjrcrs and 
 brave men, in obeying the orders of their lawful sove- 
 reign, and in opposing the invaders of their country, 
 they were condemned to be burnt alive. The execu- 
 tion of such atrocious decd.s is seldom long suspended. 
 The unhappy victuns were instantly led forth. The 
 pile on wiiich ihey were laid was composed nf the 
 weajwns collected in the royal magazine for the public 
 defence. An innumerabte multitude of Mexicans be- 
 held, in silent astonishment, the double insult otl'ered 
 to the majesty of their empire, an otficer of distinction 
 committed to the (lames by the authority of strangers 
 for having done what he owed in duty to his natural 
 Bovereign ; and the arms provided by the foresight of 
 their ancestors for avenging public wrongs, consumed 
 before their eyes. 
 
 But these were not the most shocking indignities 
 ^vbich the Mexicans had to bear. The Spaniards, con- 
 vinced that Qualpopoca would not have ventured to 
 nttack Escatante wiihout orders from his master, were 
 not aatistied with mHicting vengeance on the in«trument 
 employed in committing that crime while the author of 
 it escaped with impunity. Just before yual[>opoca 
 wiu led out to surter. Cortes entertd the apartment of 
 Montezuma, followed by some of his otficers, and a 
 soldier, carrying a pair of letters ; and approaching the 
 monarch with a stern countenance told him, that as 
 the persons who were now to undergo the punishment 
 which they merited, had charged lum as thn cause of 
 the outrage committed, it was necessary that he like- 
 wise should make atonement for that guilt ; then turn- 
 ing away abruptly, without wailing for a reply, com- 
 manded the soldier to clap the fetters on his legs. The 
 orders were instantly e.tecu(ed. The disconsolate mon- 
 arch, trained up witli an idea that his person was sacred 
 nnd inviolable, and tonsidering this profanation of it as 
 the prelude of lunnediale death, broke out into loud 
 lamentations and compIainlH. Hin uttendants, speech- 
 less With Itorror. fell at his feet, lialhing them with their 
 tears ; and. bearing up tlic tetters iii their hand^, en- 
 deavored with otlirious tenderness to lighten llicir preju 
 nuro. Nor did llieir grief and despondency abate, until 
 Cortes returned from the exerutiun, and wiih a elieer- 
 ful countenance ordered llie t'eiters to be taken oil" 
 As Montezuma's spirits had sunk with unmanly dejec- 
 tion, they now rosp into indeeeiit joy ; and with an iin- 
 becuining transiiio:i, he |)assed at uiiee fruin the unguif^h 
 of dcspiiir to tranoports of gratitude and exprei*.-»ions uf 
 fondness towards his deliverer. 
 
 In those lran«aclions. as represented by the Spanish 
 nistorians, we search in vain lor the qualities which 
 distinguish other parts of ( 'Drtes'si eoiiduet. To usurp 
 a jurisdiction which ruuld not belong to a stranger, 
 who asBuined no higher character than that of an am- 
 bassador from a foreign prince, and, under color of it, 
 tn mflict a capital punislunenl on men whose conduct 
 entitled them to esteem, appears an act of barbiirouH 
 cruellv. I'o put the monarch of a great kingdom in 
 inn*), and. after such ij-. .minious irealfuent. suddenly 
 to release him, seems to be a display of power no le)*». 
 inconsiderate than wtinion. According lo the cmnnion 
 rolatiitii. nu account can be given e,i!,er of the oiu: 
 action or thu other but that Cortes, mtuxK-eted with 
 
 success, uiid presuming on the auccndanl which he had 
 acipnred over the minds of the Mexicans, thought 
 nothing too bold for hun to undertake, or too dangerous 
 lo execute. IJut, in one view, these proceedings, how- 
 ever repugnant to justice and hunianily, may have 
 flowed from that artful policy which regulated every 
 ' part of Cortes's beiiavior towards the Mexicans. They 
 I Had conceived the Spaniards to be an order of beings 
 ! superior to men. It was of the \itmost consequence 
 to cherish this illusion, and lo keep up the veneration 
 which it insjiired. Cortes wished that shedding the 
 blood of a Spaniard should be deemed the most heinous 
 of all crimes ; and nothing appeared better calculated 
 to establish this opinion tlian to condemn the first 
 Mexicans who had ventured to commit it to a cruel 
 death, and to oblige their monarh himself to submit to 
 a mortifying indignity as an expiation for being acces- 
 sary to a deed so atrocious. [Ill] 
 
 1520] The rigor with which Cortes punished the 
 unhappy persons who first presumed to lay violent 
 hands upon his followers, seems accordingly to have 
 made all the impression that he desired. The spirit 
 of Montezuma was not only overawed but subdued. 
 During six months that Cortes remained in Mexico, the 
 monarch continued in the Spanish quarters with an ap- 
 pearance of as entire satisfaction ami tranquiliily as if 
 lie had resided there not from constraint, but tlirough 
 choice. His ministers and ntlicers attended him as 
 usual. Ho took cognisance of all ull'airs ; every order 
 was issued in his name. The external aspect of 
 government appearing the same, and all its ancient 
 forms Ueliyr scrupulously observed, the people were so 
 little sensible oi nnv change, that they obeyed the 
 mandates of their monai^'h with the same submissive 
 reverence as ever. Such was ti.e" dread s\hicii both 
 Montezuma and his subjects had of the Spanidrds, or 
 such the veneration in which they held them, :ci,u vo 
 attempt was made to deliver their sovereign from con- 
 tinement ; and though Cortes, relying on this ascendant 
 which he had acquired over their minds, permitted him 
 not onlv to visit his temples, but to make huiiling ex- 
 cursions beyond the lake, a guard of a few Spaniards 
 carried witli it suci) a terror as to intimidate the multi- 
 tude, and sectirc tlic captive monarch. 
 
 Thus, by the forluiiate temerity of Cortes in seizing 
 Montezuma, the Spaniards secured at once to them- 
 selves more extensive auilioriiy in the Mexican Empire 
 than it was possible to have acquired in a long course 
 of time by open force ; and they exercised more abso- 
 lute sway in the name of another, tlian they could have 
 done in their own. The arts of polislitd nations, in 
 subjecting such as are less iin|)roved, liuve been nearly 
 the Mine in every period. The system of screening u 
 foreign usurpation, under the sanction of authority de- 
 lived from the natural rulrrs of a country, the device 
 of employing the magistrates and forms already esta- 
 blislied as inst^umcnis to introduce a new dominion, of 
 which wc are apt to l)uast as svdiiiiuc relinemenls in 
 policy peculiar to ilio present age, were inventions of a 
 more early period, and had bt'en tried with success in 
 the West long before they wtro practised in tiio Mast 
 
 Cortes availed liiinself to the utmost of tlie powers 
 which he possessed by being able to act m tiie name of 
 Montezuma. 1 lo sent some Spanianls, whom he judged 
 best (pialitied for such commissions, into ditfererit parts 
 of the empire, accompanied by persons of disiiucttmi, 
 whom Montezuma appointed lo attend them, both as 
 guides and ]iroteetors. They visited most of the pro- 
 '. luces, viewed llieir soil and productions, surveyed witli 
 particular care the districts which yielded gold or silver, 
 pitched upon several places us proper stations for future 
 eoloiues, and endea\ored to prepare I he minds of the peo- 
 ple lor subiiultmg lo llie Spanisli yoke. While they 
 were thus einploved, (Jortcs, m the name and by the 
 authoritv of Muniezuma, degraded some of the princi- 
 pal ol!ic(>rs in the empire, whose abilities or nidepen- 
 dent spirit excited his jealmisy, and substituted m their 
 place persons less capal)le or mort^ ohscqiitous. 
 
 One thing still was wanting to eomplcte his security, 
 lie wished to have such coinuuind of the lake as miglit 
 ensure him a letrent if, either from levity or dtsgust, 
 the Mexicans should take anus ag.uiist bun, and break 
 down the bridges or causeways This, too, his own 
 address, and the facility of Montezuma, enabled hun to 
 accomplish. Having freipienllv entertained li:s prisoner 
 with pompous accounts oi the Murupeaii marine, and art 
 of navigation, he awakened Ins curn»siiy lo see those 
 movinu pnhu'es whicli made thnr wax through the vva- 
 ter, wilhuut o.irs I'lidir pri-text ot gratilying this de- 
 sire. Cinles persuadi d MotUe/iiina to appmiit some of 
 his subjects lo fetiii pnrt of the iiiival ^lon--* whu'h the 
 Spaniards had deposueil ul Vera Cruz to Me^rico, and 
 
 lo employ others m cutting down ftr»d pre[Minng timber. 
 With their assistance, the Spanish carpenters soon 
 completed two brigantmes. which atlbrded a frivolous 
 amusement to the monarch, and were considered by 
 Cortes as a certain resource if he should be obligi\l to 
 retire. 
 
 Encouraged by so many instances of the monarcli's 
 lame submission to his will, Cortes ventured to put it 
 to a proof still more trying. He urged Montezuma lo 
 acknowledge himself a vassal of the king u.' Castile, to 
 hold his crown of lum as superior, and lo subject hit; 
 dominions to the payment of an annual tribute. With 
 this retpnsitioii, the last a'ld most humbling that can bo 
 made to one possessed of sovereign authority, Mnnto- 
 zuma was so obsequious as to comply. He called to- 
 gether the chief men of his empire, aid in a solemn 
 harangue, reminding them ortlu; traditions and prophe- 
 cies which led them to expect the arrival of a peopln 
 sprung from the same stock with themselves, ii order 
 to take possession of the supreme power, he declared 
 his belief that thu Spaniards were tins promised race; 
 thai therefore he recognised the right of their inonarcU 
 to govern the Mexican empire ; that he would lay hia 
 crown at his feet, and oiiey him as a tribufary. While 
 uttering lliese words, Montezuma discovered how deeply 
 he was allected in making such a sacritice. Tears and 
 groans frequently interrupted his discourse. Overawed 
 and broken aa his spirit was, it still retained such n 
 sense of dignity as to feel that pang which piercf 
 the heart of princes when constrained to resign indt 
 pendent power The first mention of such a resolution 
 struck the assembly dumb with astonishment. This 
 was followed by a sudden murmur of so row, mingled 
 with indignation, which indicated some viuletil irruption 
 of rage to be near at hand. This Cortes foresaw, and 
 seasonably interposed to prevent it by declaring that 
 his master had no intention to deprive Montezuma of 
 the royal dignity, or to make any innovation upon tho 
 constitution ?i\nl laws of the Mexican empire. Thu 
 assurance, added to tlieir dread of the Spanish power 
 and to the authority of their liiOnarch's example, extort- 
 ed a reluctant consent from thu assembly. [US] Tho 
 act of submission and homage was executed with tho 
 formalities which the Spaniards were pleased to pro- 
 scribe. 
 
 Montezuma, at the desire of Cortes, accompanied 
 this profession ot fealty and homage with a magmticent 
 present to his new sovereign ; and after his example 
 ins sulijecls brought in very liberal contributions. 'I ho 
 Spaniards now collected all the treasures which had 
 been eitlier voluntarily bestowed upon them at dilVercnt 
 times by Monte/uma, or had been extorted from h\A 
 people under various pretexts; and having melted tho 
 gold and silver, the value of these, without mcludiUf^ 
 jewels and ornaments of various kinds, which wcru 
 preserved on account of their curious workmanship, 
 amounted to six hundred thousand prsnx. The sol- 
 diers were impatient to have ii divided, and Coitos 
 complied with their desire. A fifth of the whole w,x? 
 lirst .vet apart as the lax due to the king. Another fifUi 
 was allotted to (."ortcs as commander in chief. The 
 sums advanced by \'elasquez. by (.'orles. and by eomo 
 of the otllcers, towards defraying the expense ol littinjf 
 out the aruuiment, were tlien deducted. 'i"he remain- 
 der was divided among the army, including the garri- 
 son at Vera Cruz, in proportion to their dttl'erent riinks. 
 After so many defalcations, the share of u privatt^ man 
 did not exceed a hundred pesos. This sum fell eo 
 far below their sanguine ex|iectations that some sol- 
 di*rs rejected it with scorn, and others murmured ro 
 loiidlv at this cruel disiqipoinlinent of tlieir hoficii, that 
 •* re'|uired all the address of Cortes, and no small ex- 
 ertion of his liberality, to appease them The com- 
 plaints of the army were not altogether destitute of 
 foundation. As the crown had contributed notlimg to- 
 wards the eipiipmenl or success of the armament, it 
 was nut withoni regret that the soldiers beheld il sweep 
 away so great a proportion ol the treasure purclia^ed 
 by their bloud and tod. What fell lo the share of tho 
 general appeared according lo the ideas of wealth m 
 the stxteentii century, an enormous sum. Nome of 
 Cortes's favorites bad secretly appropriated to their 
 jwn use several ornaments of gold, which ncilhcr paid 
 the royal lifth, nor were brought into account as pari of 
 thn common stock. Il was, however, so manifestly tho 
 interest of Cortes at this peiiod to make a large remit- 
 tance to the king, that il is tuL'lily probable those con- 
 cealmeutR were not of great consequence 
 
 The total sum amassed hv thu Spaniards bears nii 
 pnqtorlion to the ideas which might be formed, eiUier 
 hv reflecting on the desenptions given by historians of 
 the uncienl splendor of Mexico, or by coiihidenug ilia 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 137 
 
 prodnotiotis of its mitica in niodurn limes, lint ainonj,' 
 ihe ancient Moxtciinti, gold and silver were not the 
 standards hv which the worth of other commodities 
 was ci^tirnated ; and destitute of the nrtiticial value de- 
 rived Irom ih scircuinslanoe. were no further in request 
 than as they fnnushcd mati nals for ornaments and trin- 
 kets, 'i'hcse were cither consecrated to the gods in 
 tlieir temples, or were worn as marks of distinction hy 
 their princes and some of their most eminent chiels. 
 Aa the consumption of the precious metals was incon- 
 ?iderahle, (he demand for them was not such aa to put 
 cither the Ingenuity or industry of the Mexicans on 
 the stretch in order to augment their store. They 
 were alto<ielher unacquainted with the art of working 
 the rich mines with which their country abounded, 
 What gold they had was gatheicd in the beds of the 
 rivers, native, and ripened into a pure metallic state. 
 The nlinoNt elTort of their labor in search of it was to 
 wash the earth carried down by torrents from the 
 mountains, and to pick out the grains of gold which suls 
 Bidcd ; and even this simple operalion, according to 
 the report of the persons whom Cortes appointed to 
 6urvt;y the provinces where there was a jtrospeet of 
 lindii.g mines, they performed very unskilfully. From 
 all those causes, the whole mass of gold in possession 
 of the Mexicans was not great. As silver is rarely 
 found pure, and the Mexican art .vas too rudo to con- 
 duct the process for relhiing it 'ii a proper manner, the 
 miant ity of this metal was still '.ss considerable. Thus, 
 though the Spaniards had ..-xerted all the power which 
 they possessed in Mcxijo, and often with indecent ra- 
 pacii.y, in order to ^^atify their predominant passion, 
 and though Montezima had fondly exhausted his trca- 
 nun\}, in hopes of satiating their tiiirst for gold, the pro- 
 duct of both, which prGhahly included a great part of 
 t.he bullion in the empire, did not rise in value above 
 whut has been mcntionod. [113J 
 
 Hut however pliable Montezuma might be in other 
 matters, with resjiect to one point he was intlexihle. 
 Though Cortes olion urged him, with the importunate 
 zeal ot a missionary, to renounce his false god.>i, and to 
 embrace the (.'hristian faith, he always rejected the pro- 
 position with horror. Superstition, among the Mexi- 
 cans, was tbrnied into such a regular and complete svs- 
 tem, that its institutions naturally took fast hold of the 
 mind ; and while the rude tribes in other parts of Ame- 
 rica were easily induced to relinquish a few notions and 
 riles, so loo-se and arbitrary as hardly to merit the name 
 of a public rcliiiion, the Mexicans adhered tenaciously 
 to their mode of worship, which, however barbarous, 
 was accompanied with such order and solemnity as to 
 render it an object of the highest venecation. Cortes, 
 fintlmg all his attempts inetfectual to shako the con- 
 stancy of Montezuma, was so much enraged at his oh- 
 slinacy, that in a transport of zeal he led out his sol- 
 diers to throw down the idols in the grand temple by 
 f'lrcc. But the priests taking arms in defence of tlieir 
 oltnru, and the people crowding with great ardor to sup- 
 iH)rt them, Cortes's prudence overruled his zeal, and 
 induced hull lo desist from his rash attempt, after dis- 
 1o«lgiiig the idols from one of the shrines, and placing 
 in their stead an image of 'he Virgin Morv. [IMJ 
 
 From liiat moment the Mexicans, who had permitted 
 Iho imprisonment of their sovereign, and sutVcred the 
 exactions of stranj^ers without a struggle began to me- 
 ditate how they u'lght ex[tel or des'.roy the Spaniards, 
 and thought themselves called \ipon to avenge Ihetr m- 
 Bulled deities. The priests and leading men held fre- 
 quent consultations with Montezuma for this purpose. 
 H'lt as it mitiht prove fa'al to the cajjtive monarch to 
 al tempt either the one or the other hy violence, he was 
 willing to try more ficntle means. Having called 
 Cortes into his presence, he observeil, lliat now, as all 
 the purposes of his einlmssy were fully acromplislieil, 
 the gods had ilcclared their will, and the people Mgnit'ied 
 their desire, tint he and his followers should instantly 
 depart out of the empire, Willi this he recpnred them 
 to comply, or unavoidable destruction wuiiKi fall sud- 
 denly nn their heads. The tenor of this unoxpecled 
 requisition, as well as the deiermined lone in wliuii it 
 was uttered, left Cortes no room to doubt, that it was 
 the result of some deep seheme conrerled between 
 Montezuma and his subjects. He quickly perceived 
 that he might deiive more advantage from a seeming 
 compliance with the monarch's mclmations, than from 
 nil ill-timed attempt to chanire or oppose it ; and re- 
 Jjlied, with yrent composure, lliat he liad ulreadv begun 
 Ut prepare for returnini> to his own cotmtrv ; but a.s he 
 hou destro.ed the vessels in wliieh he arrived, somtr 
 (imc was lequisiie for Innlding othiT ships. This ap- 
 l^ored rea.MHL'ible. A nuiulur of Mexican.* were sent 
 to Vera Cruz to cut ttuwn timber, and some Spanish 
 
 carpenters were appointed to sujierinlend the work. 
 Cortes flattered himself that dtirmf; this interval he 
 might cither find means to avert the ttireatened danger, 
 or receive such reinforcements as would enable him 
 to despise it. 
 
 Almost nine months were elapsed since Portocarrero 
 and Montejo had fiailed with his despatchos to Spain ; 
 and he dailv expected their return with a confirmation 
 of his authority from the king Without this, his con- 
 dition was insecure and precarious ; and after all the 
 great things which he had done, it might be his doom to 
 bear the name and sutler the jmnishinent of a traitor. 
 Rapid and extensive as his progress had been, he could 
 not hope to complete (he reduction of a great cmjnre 
 with 80 small a body of men, which hy this time diseases 
 of various kinds considerably thinned ; nor could he 
 apply for recruits to the Spanish settlements in the 
 islands, until he received the royal approbation of his 
 proceedings. 
 
 While he remained in this cniel situation, anxious 
 about what was past, uncertain with re^iiect lo the 
 future, and by the late dcclarntion of Montezuma, op- 
 pressed with a new addition of cares, a Mexican cou- 
 rier arrived with an account of some ships having ap- 
 peared on the coast. Cortes, with fond credulity, 
 imagining that bis messengers were returned from 
 Spain, and that the completion of all hit) wishes and 
 hopes was at hand, imparted the glad tidings to his 
 companions, who received them with transports of 
 mutual gratulation. Their joy was not of long conti- 
 nuance A courier from Sandoval, whom Cortes had 
 appointed to succeed Kscalante in ■immand of Vera 
 Cruz, brought certain information ' it the armament 
 was fitted out by Velasquez, governor of Cuba, and 
 instead of bringing the aid which they expected, threat- 
 ened them with innnedialo destruction. 
 
 The motives which promjited V'elasquez to this 
 violent measure are obvious Trom the circumstar.''es 
 of Cortes's departure, it wasimjiossihle not to suspect 
 his intention of throwing olVall dependence \ipon hmi. 
 His neglecting to transmit any account of h\» opera- 
 tions to ("ubii, sirenglheued lliia suspicion, which was 
 at last contirmcd beyond doubt by the indiscretion of 
 the otiicers whom ('ortes sent to Spain. Thev, fro;n 
 some motive which is not clearly explained by the con- 
 temporary historians, louchetl at the island of Cuba, 
 contrary to the peremptory orders of their general. By 
 this means Velasipiez not only learned that Cortes and 
 his followers, after formally rcnouiicmg all coimectioii 
 with him, had e^tabli.^hed an inde[)endeiit coloiiy in 
 Xcw Spain, and were soliciting the kmy to i onllrm 
 their proceedings by his authority ; but heohtained par- 
 ticular information concerning the opulence of the 
 country, the valuable presents which Cortes had re- 
 ceived, and the inviting prospects of success that 
 opened to his view. Every passion which can agitate 
 an ambitious mind ; shame, at having been so grossly 
 overreached ; indignation, at being betrayed by the 
 man whom he had selected as the object of his favor 
 and contidenee ; grief, for havinti wai.ted his fortune lo 
 agf^randize an enemy ; and despair of recovering so fair 
 an opportunity of establishing his fame and extending 
 his power, now raged in the bosom of Velasquez. All 
 these, with un.ted force, excited him to make an ex- 
 traordinary efiort in order to be avenired on the author 
 of ins wrongs, and to wrest from him his usurped au- 
 thority and conquests. Nor did he want the appear- 
 ance of a good lillo to justify such an attempt. 'I'he agent 
 whom be sent to Spain with an account of (irijalva's 
 voyage, had met with a most favorable reception ; and 
 from the specimens which he produced, such high ex- 
 pectations were furmed concerning the opulence of 
 New Spain, that Velasquez was anthonzed to prosecute 
 the discovery of the eomilrv, and apjioin'ed governor of 
 it during life, with more extensive power and privileges 
 than had been granted lo any adventurer from the time of 
 Columbus. Elated by this distintiuislnng mark of favor, 
 and warranted lo consider Cortes not only as intruding 
 upoii his jurisdiction, but as disobedient to the royal man- 
 ilate. he determined to vmdieale his own rights, and 
 the honor of his sovereign by force of arms. [II'>J His 
 ardor m carrying on his preparations w**s such as inijihl 
 iiave been expected from the violence of the passions 
 with which he was animated ; and in a shorl time an 
 armament was completed, consisting of eiijhteen ships 
 uhicl) had on board Uiurscore horsemen, ei^lil hundred 
 toot soldiers, of which cii;hty were musketeers, and a 
 hundred and twentv ero-is-bow men. loirt ther with a 
 tram of twelve ptei-es of cannon. Aa Velastpirz's ex- 
 perience of the fatal coiniequence ;il committing to 
 anoil.er wlint he ontht to have executed hiuivelf. hail 
 not reiulered him liiove cuter|tniiinp, bo veiled llio 
 
 command of this formidable body, which, in the infancy 
 of the Spanish power iii America, merits the appellation 
 of an armv, in Pamphilo do .Narvaez, with instructiona 
 10 seize Cortes and hia principal olliccrs, to send them 
 prisoners to him, and then to complete the discovoty 
 and conquest of the country in his name. 
 
 After a prosperous voyage, Narvaez landed his men 
 without opposition near St. Juan de IJlua [April!. 
 Three soldiers, whom Cortes had sent to nearch for 
 mines in that district, immediately joined him. By 
 this accident he not only received information conconi- 
 ing the jirogress and situation of Cortes, but, as theco 
 soldiers Iiu.' made some progress in the knowledge of 
 the Mexican iunguage, he acquired interpreters, by 
 whose means he was enabled to hold some mtercoureo 
 with the people of the country. But, according lo the 
 low cunning of deserters, they framed their intelligcnco 
 with more attention to what they thotifjlit would bo 
 agreeable than to what they knew to be true ; and re- 
 presented ihc situation of (^ortes to be so desperate, 
 and the disallection of his followers lo bo so general, 
 as increased the nalurul confidence and presumption ot 
 Narvaez. His fir-st operation, however, might havo 
 taught him not to rely on their partial accounts. Hav- 
 ing sent to summon the govemor of Vera Cruz to sur- 
 render, Guevara, a priest whom he employed in that 
 service, made the requisition with such insolence, that 
 Sandoval, an otlicer of hi^h sjiirit, and zealously at- 
 tached to Cortes, instead of complying with his de- 
 mands, seized htm and his attendants, and lent them 
 in chains to Mexico. 
 
 ('orlcs received them not like enemies, but as fricndo, 
 and, condemning the severity of Sandoval, set them 
 immediately at liberty. By this well timed clemency, 
 seconded by caresses and presents, he gained their con- 
 fidence, anil drew from tliem such particulars concern- 
 ing the force and intentions of Narvaez, as gavo him a 
 view of the impending danger in i'a full extent. Ho 
 had not to contend now with half naked Indians, no 
 match lor him in war, and still more inferior m tho 
 arts of policy, but to take the lield a<j:ainst an army in 
 couraije and martial discipline equal to his own, in 
 number far superior, acting under the sanction of roy.ll 
 autiiority, and commanded by an olHcer of known bra- 
 very, ile was informed that Narvaez, more solicitouB 
 to gratify the resentment of Velasquez than attentive to 
 the honor or interest of Ins country, had begun his in- 
 tercourse with the natives, by representing him and his 
 followers as fugitives and outlaws, guilty of rebellion 
 against their own soverciun, and of injustice in invading 
 the Mexican empire ; and had declared that bis chief 
 object in visiting the country was to punish the Spa- 
 niards who hud committed these crimes, and lo rescue 
 the Mexicans froMi oppression. He soon perceivetl 
 ihat ibe same unfavorable representations of his charac- 
 ter and actions had been conveyed to Montezuma, ami 
 that Narvaez had found means to assure him, that as 
 the conduct of those who kept him under restraint wot: 
 highly disjileasing to the Kmg his master, he hud it m 
 charge not only lo reseu ; an injured monarch from 
 conf'nement, but lo reinst te him in the possession of 
 his ancient power and in Jependence. Animated with 
 this prospect of being se. free from subjection to stran- 
 gers, the Mexicans in several provinces began openly 
 to revolt from Cortes, and to regard Narvaez as a de- 
 liverer no less able than willing lo save them. Monto- 
 zuma himself kept np a pccret intercourse wiih tho new 
 commander, and seemed to court him as a person su- 
 perior in pov^'e^ and dignity to those Spaniards whom 
 he had hitherto revered as tjie first of men. [1 ItiJ 
 
 Such were ihe vanims aspects of danger and difli- 
 cultv whieh presented themselves to the view of (,'orles. 
 No .situation can be conceived more trying to the capa- 
 city and firmness of a general, or where the choice of 
 the plan whirh ought to be adopted was more ditliiult. 
 If he should wail the apjiroach of Narvaez in Mexico, 
 destruction seemed lo be unavoidable ; for, while tlin 
 Spaniards pressed him from without, the inhabitant!:, 
 whose turbulent spirit he could hardly restrain with all 
 bis Hulhority and attention, would eagerly lay hold on 
 such a favorable opportunity of avenging all their 
 wrongs. If he should abandon tho capital, set ihn 
 captive monarch at liberty, and to march out lo meet 
 the enemy, he must at once forego the fruits of all hl'i 
 toils ond victories, and relinquish advantages which 
 could not be recovered without extraordinary ctlbrtc 
 and infinite danger. Il, instead of employing force, he 
 should have recourse to i^uncibatinir measures, and ot- 
 teinpt an aciommodalion with Nar\aez; ttie natural 
 haughtiness of that olHcer, augmented by couscio'isntv,! 
 0.'' L.if pretHiit ^'l'.pe^lori'y, tuiv>.'\ite bin w rni'i'it:n any 
 panguiiic nope ut succtb-. AfXer revoivm^; ivory 
 

 138 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OP 
 
 scheme with drep attention, Cortrs fixed upon that 
 which in execution was most hnzardoua, hut. if succeMS- 
 ful, would provo most hcncficial to himself and to his 
 country ; and with tho decisiive intrepidity suited to 
 desperate situations, determined to make one hold ef- 
 fort for victory under every disadvantaoe, rather than 
 BBcri6cc bis own conquests and the Sjianish intcre&ts 
 in Mexico. 
 
 But though he foresaw that tho contest must bo 
 terminated fmally by arms, it would have been not only 
 indecent but criminal to have marched against his coun- 
 trymen, without attempting to adjust matters by an 
 amicable negotiation. In this service he employed 01- 
 medo, his chaplain, to whose character tho function 
 was well suited, and nho nossesscd, besides, such pru- 
 dence and address as qualified him to carry on the se- 
 cret intrigurs in which Cortes placed his chief confi- 
 dence. Narvaez rejected with scorn every scheme of 
 tccommodation that Olmedo proposed, and wab with 
 difficulty restrained from laying violent hands on him 
 and his attendants. He met, however, with a more 
 favorable reception among the followers of Narvaez, to 
 many of whom he delivered letters, either from Cortes 
 or his officers, their ancient friends and companions. 
 Cortes artfully accompanied these with presents of 
 ringc, chains of gold, and other trinkets of value, which 
 inspired those needy adventurers with high ideas of the 
 weal'h that he had acquired, and with envy of their 
 good fortune who were engaged in his service. Some, 
 from hopes of hccuming sharers in those rich spoils, de- 
 clared for an immediate arroininodation with Cortes. 
 Others, from puhlic spirit, labored to prevent a civil 
 war, which, whatever party fhould jirevail, must shake, 
 and perhaps subvert the Spanish power in a country 
 where it was so imperfectly established. Narvaez dis- 
 regarded both, and by a pul)Iic proclamation denounced 
 Cortes and bis adherents rebels and encniiea to their 
 country. Cortes, it is probable, was not much sur- 
 prised at the nntraotable arrogance of Narvaez ; and 
 ofter having given such a proof of his own pacific dis- 
 position as might justify bis recourse to other means, 
 be determined to advance towards an enemy whom he 
 had labored in vain to appease. 
 
 He left a hundred and fifty men in the capital, [May,] 
 under the command of Pedro de Alvurado, an ofhcer 
 of dii^linguishcd courage, for whom the Mexicans bad 
 conceived a singular degree of respect. To the cus- 
 tody of this slender garrison he conunitted s great city, 
 with all the wealth he bad anias^ted, and, what was of 
 Btill greater imiwrlancc, the person of tho imprisoned 
 monarch. His utmost art was employed in concealnig 
 from Moiitezunia the real cause of his march. He 
 labored to persuade him, that the strangers who hud 
 hitely arrived were his friends and fellow-subjects;, 
 and that, after a short interview with them, they would 
 depart together, and return to tlieir own country. 'I'he 
 captive prince, unable to comprehend the designs of 
 the Spaniard, or to reconcile what he now heard witii 
 the declarations of Narvaez. and afraid to discover any 
 hymptom of suspicion or distru.st of T'ortes, promised 
 to remain quietly in the Spani.ih quarters, and to culti- 
 vate the same freindship with Alvarado which he had 
 uniformly maintained witli him. Cortes, with seeming 
 confidence in this pronn>ie. but relying' principally upon 
 tho injunctions which he had given Alvarado to guard 
 his prisoner wiili the most scruftulous vigilance, set 
 out from Mexico 
 
 His strength, even after it was reinforced by the 
 junction of Sandoval and the garrison of Vera (.'rnz, 
 did not exceed two hniidnd and lifty men. As he 
 hoped for success chiefly from the rapidity of his mo- 
 tions, his troops were not encumberi'd either witli hag- 
 gage or artillery. 13iit as he dreaded extrniiely the 
 impression which the enemy might make with their 
 cavalry, he had provided again.-t this danger with the 
 foresij^ht and sagacity whi'-h distinguish n great com- 
 mander. Having observed that the Indians in the 
 provinre of Cuinanlla used spears of e.ilraordiiiary 
 UMigth and force, he armed his soldiers with these, and 
 ficcuslomed them to that deep and compact arrange- 
 ment which the use of this formidable weapon, the 
 lest perhaps that was ever invented for defence, 
 onabled them to assume. 
 
 With this !«mall hut firm balt<ilion, Cortes advanced 
 towards Zempoalla, of which Narvaez had taken pos- 
 session. iJuriiiL' his march, he made repealed atleinpta 
 towards some acrummodation with his opponent. Ibit 
 Narvaez requiring llml Cortes, and his followers should 
 instantly recognise his title to be governor of .New 
 Sjiain, in virtue of the powers which be derived from 
 \ eloflquez ; and Ciritu refusnig to subiiiu to any 
 iutJiorUy whith wuu not founded on a commiL'i.uun froiii 
 
 I the Emperor himself, under whose immediate protoc- 1 
 I tion he and bis adherents had placed their infant | 
 colony ; all these attempts proved fruitless. The in- 
 tercourse, however, which this occasioned h( tweeii the 
 two parties, proved of no small advaiilage to Cortes, 
 as it alforded him an opportunity of gaming some of 
 Narvacz's officers by liberal presents, of softening 
 others by a send)la!ire of moderation, and of dazzling 
 all by the appearance of wealth among bis troops, jiiost 
 of his soldiers having converted their share of the Mexi- 
 can gold into chains, bracelets, and other ornaments, 
 which they displayed with military ostentation. Nar- 
 vaez and a little junto of his creatures excepted, all the 
 army leaned towards an accommodation with their 
 countrymen. This discovery ol men inclination irritat- 
 ed his violent temper almost to madness. In a trans- 
 port of rage, he set a price upon the head of Cortes, 
 and of his principal officers ; and ha>ing learned that 
 he was now advanced within a league of Zempoalla 
 with his small body of men, he considered this as an 
 insult which merited immediate chastisement, and 
 marched out with all his troops to offer him battle. 
 
 But Cortes was a leader of greater abilities and ex- 
 perience than, on equal ground, to light an enemy so 
 far superior in number, and eo much better appointed 
 Having taken his station on tho opposite bank of the 
 river de Canoas, where he knew tliat he could not be 
 attacked, he beheld the a)iproach of the enemy without 
 concern, and disregarded this vain bravado. It was 
 then the beginning of the wet season, and the rain had 
 poured down, during a great part of tho day, with a 
 violence peeuliar to the torrid zone. The followers of 
 Narvaez, nnaccustoincd to the hardships of military 
 service, murmured so much at being thus fruitlessly 
 exposed, that, from their imsoldierhko impatience, as 
 well as his own contempt of his adversar)', their general 
 permitted them to retire to Zempoalla. 'I'ho very cir- 
 cunistance whtch induced them to quit the field, en- 
 couraged Cortes to form a scheme by which he ho|>ed 
 at once to terminate the war. He observed that his 
 hardy veterans, though standing under the torrents 
 which continued to fall without a single tent or any 
 shelter \vhatsot;ver to cover lliem. were so far from 
 repining al hard.-hips wliich were become familiar to 
 them, that they were sldl fresh and alert for service. 
 He forsaw thr.t the enemy would naturally give them- 
 selves up to repose after their fatigue, and that, judging 
 of the conduct of others by their own ctfeininacy, they 
 would deem themselves perfectly secure at a season so 
 unfit lor action. Ho resolved, therefore, to fall upon 
 them in the dead of night, when the snpriso and terror 
 of tiiis unexpected attack might more than compensate 
 the inferiority of his mnnhers. His soldiers, sensible 
 that no resource remained but in some desperate l'IIqH 
 of courage, approved of the measure with such wjrmlh, 
 that Cortes, lit a nnlitary oration which he adilressed 
 to tlicm before thev beg.in their march, was more 
 solicitous to ternjter than to inflame their ardor. He 
 divided them into three pk:rties. At the bead of the 
 first he pli.rcd Sandoval ; intrusting this gallant olhcer 
 with tho I'lost dangerous and important service, that of 
 seizing tl,e .'uemy's artillery, which was planted before 
 the princip il tower of the temple where Narvaez iiad 
 fi.\ed his head-(piartcr.s. Christoval de t)lid com- 
 manded tlie second, with orders to assault the lower, 
 and lay hold on the general. Cortes hinrseif eon- 
 dueied the third and smallest division, which was to 
 .let as a body of reserve, and to support the other two 
 as there sliould he occasion. Having passed the river 
 de (!anoas, which was much swelled with tiie rains, 
 not witiiout ditlicultv, the water reaching almost to 
 tlieir chins, they advanced in profuvind silence, with- 
 out heat of drum, or sound of any wmliku mstriuuent ; 
 each man armed \Mth his sword, his daguer, and bis 
 (yiiinaniian spear. Narvaez. remiss in proportion to 
 his security, had posted only two sentinels to watch 
 the motions of an enemy whom he had such good 
 cause to dread. ( hie of these was seized bv the ad- 
 vanced guard of (.'ortes's troops ; the otiier made bis 
 escape, and. hurrying to the town with all the precipi- 
 tation of fear and zeal, gave sueli timely notice of the 
 enemy's np[)roach, that there was full leisure to have 
 prepared for their reception. Unt, through the arro- 
 gance and infatuation of Narva->z, this important ititer- 
 vai was lost. He ••"iMted this alarm to the cowardice 
 of the sentinel. ■ . treated nith derision the idea of 
 beiiij4. attacked . _ rees so unequal to his own. The 
 shouts of ( 'oriel's Aoldters, rushing on to the assault, | 
 convinced liim at last iliat the danger which he de- [ 
 ] spised was real. The rapidity wiili winch they ad- 1 
 ; vaiiet d was such that only one cannon could he tiieil 
 i belore .Sandoval b parly closed with the ciieaiv, drove 
 
 them from their guns, and began to force their way up 
 the steps of the lower. Nurvnez. no less brave inactioa 
 than pres'iinptnous in eonduet. armed liimsclf in haste, 
 and by his voice and example animated bis men to tho 
 combat Olid advanced tosu.-%lainhisei,mpantoiis ; and 
 Cortes himself rushing to the front, ccuuliicted and added 
 new vigor to the attack. Tlie eompaet order in which 
 this small body pressed on. and the unpenetrable front 
 which they presented with their long spears bore down 
 all op)>osition before it. They had now reached the 
 gate, and were struggling to burst it open, when a sol- 
 dier having set fire to the reeds wi'li which the tower 
 was covered, compelled Narvaez to sally out. In tho 
 first encounter he was wounded in tiie eye with tho 
 spear, and, falling to the ground, wns dragged down 
 the steps, and in a moment clapped in fellers. The cry 
 of victory resounded aflioiig the troops of Cortes. 
 Those who had sallied out with their leader now main- 
 tained the conflict feebly, and began to surrender. 
 Among the remainder of his soldiers, stationed in two 
 smaller towers of the temple, terror and confusion pro- 
 vailed. The darkness was so great, that they could 
 not distinguish between their friends and foes. Their 
 own artdlery was pointed against them. Wherever 
 they turned ibeir eye, they belield lights gleaming 
 through the obscurity of the night, which, though pro- 
 ceeding only from a variety of shining insei*ts that 
 abound in moist and sultry climates, their affrighted 
 imaginations represented as rrimerous hands of muske- 
 teers advancing with kindled matches lo the attack. 
 After a stiort rcbislanco, the soldiers compelled their of- 
 ficers to cai)itulate, and before morning all laid down 
 their arms, and submitted quietly to their conquerors. 
 
 This complete victory proved more acceptable, as it 
 was gained almost without bloodshed, only two eob 
 diers being killed on the side of Cortes, and two offi 
 cers, with fifteen private men of ihc adverse faction. 
 Cortes treated the vanquished not like enemies, but as 
 countrymen and friends, and offered either to send 
 them hack directly to Cuba, or to lake them into hirt 
 service, as partners in his fortune, on equal terms with 
 his own soldiers. This latter proposition, seconded by 
 a seasonable distribution of some presents from Cortefif 
 and liberal promises of more, opened prospects so 
 agreeable to the romantic expectations which Utd in- 
 vited them to engage in this service, that all, a few 
 partisans of Narvaez e.xcepted, closed with it, and vied 
 with each other in professions of fidelity and attach- 
 ment to a general, whose recent success had given 
 them such a striking proof of his abilities for command. 
 Thus, by a series of events no less fortunate than un- 
 common, (^'ortes not only escaped from perdition which 
 seemed inevitable, hut, when he hud least reason to 
 expect it, was placed at the head of a thousand Spa- 
 niards, ready to follow wherever lie should lead ihcin. 
 Whoever reflecls upon the facility with which this vic- 
 tory was obtained, or considers with what sudden and 
 unanimous transition the followers of Narvaez rangf4 
 themselves under the standard of his rival, will be apt 
 to ascriho both events as mucn to the intrigues as to 
 the arms of Cortes, and cannot but suspect that tho 
 ruin of Narvaez wa.^ occasioned no less by the treach- 
 ery of his own followers, than by tho valor of tho 
 enemy. 
 
 But in one point the prudent conduct and good for- 
 tune of (Jortes were equally conspicuous. It, by the 
 rapidity of his operations after he began his march, ho 
 bad not brought matters to such a sjieedy issue, even 
 this decisive victory would have come loo late lo havo 
 saved his companions whom he left in Mexico. A few 
 days after ihe discomtiture of Narvaez. a courier arrivetl 
 with an account thai the Mexicans had taken arms, 
 and. having seized and destroyed the two brigaiitinen 
 which Cortes had built in order to secure the command 
 of the lake, and attacked the Spaniards in their quar- 
 ters, had killed several uf them, and wounded more, 
 had reili'ccu lo at^lwi, thetr magazine of provisions, and 
 carried on hostilities with such fury, that though Al- 
 varado and his men defended themselves with undaunt- 
 ed resolution, they must either be soon cut o(f by fa- 
 mine, or sink under the multitude of their enemieu. 
 This revolt was excited by motives which rendered it 
 siill more aiarmmg. Ou the departure of Cortes for 
 Zempoalla, the Mexicans flattered themselves that tha 
 long-expected opportunity of restoring their sovereign 
 to liberty, and of vindicating their country from the 
 odious dominion of strangers, wa< at length arrived ; 
 that while the forces of their oppressors were divided, 
 and the anna of one party turned against the other, ther 
 might triuiMph with greater facility over both. Cch* 
 sultations were held, and schemes formed with this in- 
 teiiiiuii. 'i'he Spaniurdti iii Muxico, couucious C'f their 
 
SOUTH AMKlilUA. 
 
 .•e their way U|i 
 i bravf in autioa 
 ii[n.-»elf in hastn, 
 , liis men lo X\w 
 inpantons ; and 
 iictt'd and added 
 [ urder in which 
 piMieiriililo front 
 (i!ars horn down 
 (>w reached ihfl 
 )en. when a sol- 
 vhieli ihe tower 
 lly out. In tho 
 c eyo with tho 
 t dra^rged down 
 iUcrs. Tho cry 
 jopa of Cortes. 
 ?adtr now inain- 
 n to snrrendor. 
 Rationed in two 
 d confusion pro- 
 tiiat lliey coidil 
 ind loe». Their 
 icin. Wlierover 
 
 |in])ts gleaming 
 lich, llionjih pro- 
 lin*^ insects that 
 
 their atlriyhtCfl 
 hands of inuske- 
 s to tiie attack. 
 jntpellod tiu'irof- 
 ng all laid down 
 leir conquerors. 
 
 acceplahlc, as it 
 d, only two eol- 
 let), and two otU 
 
 adverse faction. 
 ; enemies, hut ae 
 i eitlicr to send 
 kc them into hits 
 cqnal terms with 
 lion, seconded hy 
 ents from Cortec, 
 led prospects ho 
 ns which btd in- 
 ?, that all, a few 
 1 with it, and vicil 
 ielity and attach- 
 iccess had given 
 ties forconnnaiid. 
 orlunate than un- 
 n perdiiioi) which 
 least reason to 
 
 a thousand Spa- 
 
 hould lead ihcm. 
 th which this vic- 
 
 what sudden and 
 Narvacz ranged 
 
 rival, will be apt 
 ic mtrigues as to 
 
 suspect that tho 
 
 ss by tho trcach- 
 
 the valor of tho 
 
 luct and good for- 
 uous. 1^ hy the 
 rran his march, ho 
 peedy issvie, evei» 
 
 10 too laic 10 havo 
 
 11 Mexico. A few 
 ;. a courier arrivotl 
 
 had taken arms, 
 , two brigantinen 
 LMire the conmiand 
 irtts HI their quar- 
 d wounded nioro, 
 of provisions, and 
 ', that though Al- 
 Ives with unduuiit^ 
 9on cut otl" hy fv 
 of their eneinicu. 
 whirh rendered it 
 ure of C/Ortes lb( 
 einselvcB that iha 
 my their sovereign 
 
 country from the 
 at length arrivpd ; 
 iors were divided, 
 irisl the other, iher 
 
 over both. Ccii- 
 jniied with tliis m* 
 
 coui^uuuB ('f then 
 
 own feehlpiiesH, suspected and dreaded tho^e machina- 
 tion*!. Alvaradn. th»)ni»h a C''"'iiit olll.rrr, pof-.-Jcsscd 
 ii'.-nher lh;ii extent of rapnniy nor dijjnity of manners, 
 by winch Cories had .icquired such an ascendant over 
 the iiniids o{ the Mexicans, as never allowed tiiein lo 
 form a just esiimaie of Ins weakness or of their own 
 sticiiCtli. Alviirado knew no mode of supp» rtiiiif Ins 
 authority but force. Instead of employing address to 
 (hseonceit the plant Jr lo soothe the spirits of the Mexi- 
 cans, he wailed the return of one of their solemn festi- 
 vals When tho principal persons in the empire were 
 dancing, accordm;T to ciislom, in the court of the great 
 temple, he seized all the avenues which led to it ; and 
 •Uurcd partly by the rich ornaments which they wore 
 in honor of their gods, and partly hy the facility of cut- 
 ting oflnt once the authors of that conspiracy which he 
 dreaded, he fell upon them, unarmed and unsuspicious 
 of anv danger, and massacred a great number, none cs- 
 enpiiig bii! such as made llicir way over the battlements 
 of the lemph;. An action so cruel and treacherous 
 lilled not only the city, hut the whole empire with in- 
 dignation and rage. All called aloud for vengeance ; 
 and regardless of the safety of their monarch, whose 
 life was at the mercy of the Spaniards, or of their own 
 danger in assaulting an enemy wlio had been so long 
 the object of their terror, they committed all those acts 
 of violence of which Cortes received an account. 
 
 To him the danger appeared so imminent a: to admit 
 neither of deliberation nor delay. He set out instantly 
 with alt his forces, and returned from Zompoatla with no 
 less rapidity than he had advanced thither. At Tlascala 
 ho was joined hy two thousand chosen warriors. On 
 entering the Mexican territories, ho found that disafTec- 
 tion to the Spaniards was not confined to tho capital. 
 Tho principal inhabitants had deicrtcd the towns 
 through which he passed ; no person of note appearing 
 to meet him with the iisuul respect ; no provision was 
 made for the subsistence of his troops; and though he 
 was permitted to advance without opposition, the soli- 
 tude and silence which reigned in every place, and the 
 horror with which the people avoided all intercourse 
 with him. discovered a deep rooted antipathy that ex- 
 cited the most just alarm. Hut implacable as the en- 
 nity of the Mexican* was, they were so unacquainted 
 with the science of war, that they knew not how to take 
 the proper measures cither for their own safety or the 
 destruction of the Spaniards. TJninstrucIcd by their 
 former error in admitting a formidable enemy into their 
 capital, instead of breaking down the causeways and 
 bridges, by which they might have enclosed Alvarado 
 and his party, and have etfectually stopped the career 
 of Cortes, they again sutlered him to march into the 
 city [June 24] without molestation, and to take quiet 
 possession of his ancient station. 
 
 The tran.sports of joy with which Alvarado and his 
 soldiern received tlieir companions cannot be expressed. 
 Both parties were so much elated, the one with their 
 seasonable deliverance, and the other with the great 
 exploits which thoy hail achieved, that this intoxication 
 of success stems to have reached ('orles himself; and 
 ho behaved on this occasion neither with his usual 
 sagacity nor attention. He not only neglected to visit 
 Montezuma, but embittered the insult by expressions 
 full of contempt for that unfortunate prince and his 
 people. The forces of which he had now the command 
 appeared to him so irresistible that he might assume a 
 higher lone, and lay aside the mask of moderation under 
 which lie had hitherto concealed his designs. Some 
 Mexicans, who nnderstond the Spiinisli language, heard 
 the contemptuous words which C'ortes uttered, and, 
 reporting them to their coutilrvmrn, kindled their rage 
 anew. They wen? now rnnvinced that the intentions 
 of the !»eii<'ral were e<piiillv bloody witli those of Alva- 
 rado. and that his original purpose in visit.-ng their 
 cointrv bad not been, as he iireteiided, to court the 
 alliance of tlieir sovereiiin, but to attempt ihe conquest 
 of his domiuions They resumed their arms with the 
 additional furv which this diSv-overv inspired, attacked 
 a considerable body ot Spaniards who were marching 
 towards the ureal square in whieb the public market 
 was held, and compelled them to retire with some loss. 
 Kmboldened by this success, and delighted to find thai 
 their oppres.-iors were not invincible, they advanced the 
 fiexl day with extraordinary martial pomp to assault 
 the Spaniards m thi-ir quarters. Their number was 
 formidable, and their undaunted courage still more ao 
 Tliough the artillery pointed agamsl their numerous 
 battalions, crowded tou'etlier in narrow streets, swept 
 off multitudes at every di.scliaroe ; though every blo.v 
 oftho Spanish weapons lell vvilii mortal eirect upon 
 their naked bodies, ilie tmpeiiui-Miv n\' tlie assault diil 
 Uui abate Fr(»t*h men niplu i| lorward to occupy ihi 
 10 
 
 places of the stain, and, meeting with the same fate, I 
 were succeeded by others no less intrepid and eager for ! 
 venijeaiice. The utmost etlorty of Cortes abilities and I 
 ex[rerieiice, seconded by the disciplined valor of Ins | 
 troops, were hardly sutbcienl to defend ihe forlili<-a- I 
 lions that surrounded the post where the Spaniards ' 
 were stationed, into which tiie enemy were more tlian 
 once on the point of forcing their way. 
 
 (>ortes belieid with wonder tlie implacabto fef-ocity 
 of a people wlio seemed at first to sulunit tamei" to 
 the yoke, and had continued so long passive under it. 
 'Hie soldiers of Narvacz, who fondly imagined that 
 they followed Cortes to share in the spoils of a con- 
 quered empire, were astonished to find that they were 
 involved in a dangerous war with an enemy whose 
 vigor was stilt unbroken, and loinlly execrated their 
 own weakness in giving such easy credit to ttie delu- 
 sive promises of their new leader, liut surprise and 
 complaints were of no avail. Some immediate and 
 extraordinary effort was necessary to extricate ttiem- 
 selves out of their present situation. As soon as the 
 approach of evening induced the Mexicans to retire in 
 compliance with their national custom of ceasing from 
 tiostilities with the setting sun, Cortes began to prepare 
 for a sally, next day, with such a considerable force as 
 might either drive the enemy out of tlie city, or coin- 
 pel them to listen to terms of accommodation. 
 
 He conducted in person the troops destined for this 
 important service. Every invention known in the Ku- 
 ropcanartof war, as well as every precaution suggested 
 by his long acquaintance with the Indian mode of light- 
 ing were employed to ensure success. Uiit he found 
 an enemy prepared and determined to oppose him. 
 The force of the Mexicans was greatly augmented t)y 
 fresh troops, which poured in continually from ilic 
 country, and their animosity was in no degree abated. 
 They were led l)y their nobler, inflarricd by llie exhor- 
 tations of their priests, a'ld Ibught ir. defence of their 
 temples and families, und.ir the eye of their gods, ami 
 in presence of their wivii and children. Notwitli- 
 stauding their numlters, and enlhu.siasiic contempt of 
 danger and death, wherever ll'c Spaniards could close 
 with ihem, the superiority of tlieir discipline and arms 
 obliged the Mexicans to give way. 13ut in narrow 
 streets, and where many of the briuges of communica- 
 tion were broken down, the Spaniards could seldom 
 corne to a fair rencounter with the enemy, and, as they 
 advanced, were exposed to showers of arrows and 
 stones from the tops of houses. After a day of in- 
 cessant excition, though vast numl)eT.s of the Mexicans 
 fell, and part of the city was burnt, tlie Spaniards wt^ry 
 with the slaughter, and liarrassed by mulliludes which 
 successively relieved each other, were obliged at length 
 to retire, with tho mortification of having accomplished 
 nothing so decisive as to compensate the unusual cala- 
 mity of having twelve soldiers killed, and aliove sixty 
 wounded. Another sally, made with greater force, was 
 not more eflfectnat, and in it tlie general himself was 
 wLoir.deu in ihe hand. 
 
 ('ortes now perceived, too late, the fatal error into 
 which he had been betrayed by hir own conte-npt of ttie 
 Mexicans, and was satisfied ttiat he could neitiier main- 
 tain his ptcsent station in the centre of a hostile city, 
 nor retire from it without the most imminent danger. 
 One resource slill remained, to try what efl'ect itie in- 
 terposition of Monlesunta might have to soothe or over- 
 awe his subjects. When the Mexicans approached 
 next morning to renew the assault, that nnfortunate 
 prince, at the mercy of the Spaniards, and reduced to 
 the sad necessity of becouiing tlie instrument of his 
 own disgrace, and of the slavery of his people, [!17] 
 advanced to the battlements in his royal robes, and 
 with all the pomp in which he used to appear on solemn 
 occosions. At sigiit of their sovereign, whom they had 
 long been arciislomed to honor, and almost to revere 
 as a god, the weapons dropped from ihcir hands, every 
 tongue was silent, all bowed their heads, and many pros- 
 trated themselves on the ground. Montezuma addressed 
 them with every argument that could mitigate their 
 rage, or persuade them to cease from hostilities When 
 be ended his discourse, a sullen murmur of disappro- 
 bation, ran through the ranks ; to this succeeded re- 
 proaches and threat.) ; and the fury of the multitude 
 rising in a moment above every restraint of decency or 
 respect, flights of arrows and volleys of stonert poured 
 in so violently upon the ramparts, that before the Spa- 
 nish soldiers, appointed to cover Montezuma with their 
 bucklers, had time lo lift them m his defence, two ar- 
 rows wounded ttie unhappy monarch, and the Idow of 
 a stone on his temple struck him to tlie ground. On 
 seeing him fall, the Mexicans were so iniicli ast()lll^hed. 
 1 that with a transition not uncommon m [lopuhir tunuitis. 
 
 130 
 
 they passed in a moment from one extreme to theothrr, 
 remorse succeeded to insult, and they lied with horror, 
 as if the vengeance of heaven were pursuing the crime 
 wliieh they eommilled. 'I'lie Spaniards williout moleh- 
 tation carried Moutezunr* to his apartments, and Cortes 
 hastened thither to console him under tiis nusfortune. 
 IJut the unhapjiy monarch now perceived how low he 
 was sunk ; and the haui;hty spirit which seemed to have 
 been so long extinct, returning, he scorned to survive 
 this last humilialion, and lo protract an ignominious 
 life, not only as the prisoner and toot of his cncniic:i, 
 but as tho object of contempt or detestation among hia 
 subjects. In a transport of rage lie tore the tiandagea 
 from his wounds, and refused, witti such obstinacy, to 
 take any nourishment, that he soon ended his wretched 
 days, rejecting with disdain all ttie solicitations of the 
 Spaniards to embrace the Christian I'aith. 
 
 Ijion ttie death of Montezuma, ('orles, liaving lost 
 all hope of bringing ttie Mexicans to an accommodation, 
 saw no prospect o*" safety but m aiUMupling a retreat, 
 and began to prefiare for it. But a sudden rnotio:. of 
 tlie Mexicans engaged tiim in new conflicts. They 
 took possession of a high tower in ttie great temnlo 
 wtiich overlooked the Spanish i^..aiii"rs, and placing 
 there a <r...rison of their principal wa*- .. "«■ not a Spa- 
 niard could stir wittiout ttemg expo* d U the'** missile 
 weapons. From this post it was necessary to dl^I'»dge 
 theiii at any risk ; and Juan de Escobar, with a nume- 
 rous detachment of chosen soldiers, was ordered to 
 make the attack. liut Escobar, thougti a gallant offi- 
 cer, and at the head of troops accustomed to conquer, 
 and who now fought under the eyes of their country- 
 men, was thrice repulsed. Cortes, »ensitde that not 
 only ttic reputation tjut the safety of liis army depended 
 on tlie success of this assault, ordered a buckler to \tc 
 lied to his arm, as he could not manage it with hia 
 wounded hand, and rushc<l with his drawn award into 
 tlie itiickest of tiie combatants. Encouraged by the 
 presence of llieir general, the Spaniards returned to (he 
 charge with such vigor, that they cradnatly forced their 
 way up tiic steps, and drove the Mexicans to the plat- 
 form at tlie top of the tower. Ttiere a dreadful car- 
 nage began ; wlieii two young Mextcar.s of high rank, 
 observing Cortes as he animated his soldiers t)y hia 
 voice and example, resolvrd to sacrifice their own lives 
 in order to cut ofi'lhe author of all the calamities which 
 desolated their country. They approached tiim in n 
 suppliant posture, an if they had ih'ended to lay down 
 their arms, and seizing him in a moipent. tiurried him 
 towards ttie battlements, over which they threw llicm- 
 selves headlong, in tiopes of dragging him along to bo 
 dashed in pieces by the same fall. But Cortes, by hia 
 f-trength and ogility, broke loose from their grasp, and 
 the gallant youths perished in this generous though un- 
 successful attempt lo save theircountry.* As soon at 
 ttie Spaniards became masters of ttie lower, thev net 
 fire to it, ond, wittiout farther molestation, continued 
 the preparations for their retreat. 
 
 Tins became tlie more necessary, as the Mexicans 
 were so much astonished at the last efVort of tho Spa- 
 nish valor, itiat they began to ctiange their wliolc sys- 
 tem of hostility, and, instead of incessant attacks, en- 
 deavored, t)y barricading the streets and breaking down 
 the causeways, to cut otrthe communication of tlie Spa- 
 niards with iho continent, and thus to starve an enemy 
 whom they could not sutiduc. The first point to bo de- 
 termined t)y Cortes and his followers, was, whether they 
 should marcli out openly in the face of day. when they 
 could discern every d.»tigLi,und see how to regulate their 
 own motions, as well as how to resist the assaults of the 
 enemy ; or, whether tliey should enueavor lo retire se- 
 cretly In the nigtit ! 'i'tie litler was preferred, partly from 
 hopes that their national superstition would restrain the 
 .Mexicans froii^ venturing lo attac^k ihein in ttie night, and 
 |)artly from their own fond belief in the predieiiousnf a 
 private soldier, who having acquired universal credit by 
 a smattering of learning, and bis pretensions to astro- 
 logy, lioldly assured his countrymen of success, if they 
 made their retreat in this manner. Tliey began to 
 move, towards midnight, in three divisions Sandoval 
 led the van; Pedro Alvarado and Velasqiie.'; de Eron 
 had the conduct of ttie rear; and Cortes commanded 
 in the centre, where he placed the prisoneh', among 
 whom were a son and two daughters of Montezuma, 
 together with several Mexicans of distinction, the artil- 
 lery, the bacgage, and a portable bridge of tindier in- 
 
 * M. C'lJivif^orn lias i-eusiired me wiili ns[)enty Inr relnttng 
 Ihis L'allaiit ni'li(>ii of the twu Mexicans, and for Mipposing 
 thill Hn-re were hntllouienls riMllliI Ihe temple «if Mexico I 
 lel.ited tlie atlcmpt tii deslrov Curies <im Ihe authority el Iter. 
 dn.a. lii>. \. e.y. :iii('. of Turitieiriaili. lih. iv. <-. (ill. I 'lull.-wRd 
 Ui< lii llkewi.'ie 111 sii|)po<<int( the u;i|>t'rnitinl plallniiii of tlio 
 temple to bo ciicomitasiicd by ahattjemont urratl. 
 
130 
 
 ROUEHTSON'S HISTORV (IF 
 
 1 
 
 tonded to be laid over the broaches in the causewny. 
 They marched in profound ailrnce along the causeway 
 which led to Tacnha, lieiMuse it wns snorter llian miy 
 of the rest, and, lying most rcinotr. iVoin the roail to- 
 wardf Tlascala and the sea-ccast, had been U It mure 
 entire by the Mexicans. They reached the first breach 
 rn it without molestation, hoping that their retreat was 
 undiscovered. 
 
 But the Mexicans, nnperceived, had not only watched 
 all their motions with attention, but had made proper 
 diHpoflitiona fur a most formidable attack. While the 
 Spaniards were intent upon placinfi their bridfje jn tlic 
 breach, and occupied in conducting their horses and 
 artillery along it, they were suddenly alnrtucd with a 
 iremendors sound of warlike instruments, and a ^en".- 
 ral shout from an innumerable multitude of eneiu-fs ; 
 the lake was covered with canoes ; (lij;hts of arrows 
 and showers of stones poured in upon them from every 
 quarter ; the Mexicans rushing forward to the charge 
 with fearless impetuosity, as if they hoped in that mo- 
 ment to be avenged tor all their wror.gs. ('nforlimately 
 the wooden bridge, by the weight of the artillery, was 
 wedded :<o fast into the stones and mud, that it was im- 
 possible to remove it. Dismayed at this aceidept. the 
 Spaniards advanced with precipitation towards the sc- 
 ron^ hr^Mch. 'J'lie Mexicans hemmed them in on 
 every side ; and tliough they defended themselves with 
 their usual courage, yet crowded together as they were 
 on a narrow causeway, their discipline and military skill 
 were of little avail, nor did the obscurity of the night 
 penult tlu-m to derive great advantage from their fire- 
 arms, or llie supenonry of their other weap'^'-' All 
 Mexico W.1S now in arms ; and so eager were inu people 
 on the destruction of their opjtressors. that they who 
 were not near enough to annoy them in person, impa- 
 tient of the delay, pressed forward with such ardor as 
 drove on their conntrymen in frogt with irresistible vio- 
 lence. Yvcifh warriors instantly filled the place of 
 6uch as fell. 'I'he Spaniards, weary with slaughter, 
 and unable to sustain the weight of the torrent that 
 ponitd ill upon them, began to give way. In a moment 
 the confusion was universal ; horse and foot, olficers 
 and soldiers, friends and enemies, were mingled to- 
 gether ; and while all fought and many fell, llicy could 
 hardly distinguish from what band the blow came. 
 
 (^ortes, with ahout a hundred foot soldiL.-s and a 
 few horse, t'orced his way over the two remaining 
 bre.iches in the causeway, the bodies of the dead ser- 
 ving to till up the chasms, and reached the main land. 
 Having I'ormed them as soon as they arrived, he re- 
 turned with such as were yet capalitc of service to 
 assist his Iriends m their retreat, and to encoiiraiie them, 
 by his presence and example, to persevere in theetlbrts 
 re<]uisite to etTect it. Me met with part of his soldiers 
 who h:id broke through the enemy, but foiuid many 
 more overwhelmed by the multituile of their aggres- 
 sors, or perishing in the lake; and henrd the piteous 
 lamentations of others, whom the .Mexicans, having ' 
 taken alive, were earrymg olVin iriumpli to be sacriliced 
 to the god of war. IJefore day, all who had escaped 
 as.;emhled at Tacuba. Hut when the morning dawned, 
 anO discovered to the view of Cortes his bhaltered 
 hattilton reduced to less than half its number, the sur- 
 vivo/s dejected, and most of them covered with wounds, 
 the thouiiiilsof what tliev had sulfcrcd, aod the remem- 
 brance of KO many faiililul Iriends and gallant f'/'lov t-rs 
 who lad fallen in that night of . 'borrow,*' pierced his 
 soul w.ih such anguish, that while lie was forming their 
 ranks, and issuing some necessary orders, his soldier*' 
 observe'.! itie teai.' trickling from his eyes, and remarked 
 with much sHtisr:it:tioii, that while atteniive to the duties 
 of a general, he was not insensible to the feelings of 
 u man. 
 
 In this fatrtl retreat manv officers of distinction 
 perished [IISJ. and among tliese Velasfpiez de Leon, 
 who having forsaken the party of his kiiisnian, the go- 
 vernor nf <'uba, to follow the fortune of his compa- 
 nion.s, was, on ihat an-onnt, as well «s for his superior 
 merit, Tespected by tliem as the second perso:. in the 
 unny. .\ll the artillery, ammunition, and bagirage, were 
 Kisl ; the greiiter part of the horses, and above two 
 \liotijaiul Thiscalans. were killed, and only a verv small 
 pi '•lion of tlie treasure which Ihev had amassed was 
 tav'Ml This, which had been alwavs theirchief object. 
 proved a ixrvwi cause of their calanuiv ; for many of the 
 soldiers having so overloaded themselves with barb of 
 gold as rend( red them mil'it for action, and retarded 
 ihcir tliuht, felt ignonnniously, the victims of their own 
 inconsiderate avarice .\midst so many disaster*, it 
 was some consotatiuii to fiiidjhat Aguihir and Marina, 
 
 * Noclietriste ti ttie nam" hy Hhicti it in itill dlitinguiitht-.' 
 in N»w Spurn 
 
 'whose function as interpreters was of such essential i their head, pushed forward towDid? 'nc standard with 
 
 iniportance, had made their escape. ' an impetuosity which bore down cvtiy tiling helorc il. 
 
 'I'iie li^^t care of Cortes was to lind some shelter for i .\ chosen body of nobles, who guarded the strfitdard 
 his weaned troops ; lor as tlio Mexicans iiitosted them I made some re>ist:irice. hjt were soon hroUen (.'orles 
 on every side, and the people of 'I'aciiha began to take 1 wiili a stroke of his lance, wounded the .Mexican ge- 
 ' arms, he could not continue in his present station, lie I neral, and threw him tm the ground. One of die 
 directed his march towards the rising ground, and hav- I Spanish oHicers, alighting, put an end to his life, ai^I 
 ing fortunately di.scovered a temjile situated on an emi* I laid hold of the imperial standard. The moment thai 
 nence, took possession of it. There he found not only ' ''leir lender fell, and the standard, towards which all 
 the shelter for which he wished, but, what was no less >i;rected their eye;*, disappeared, a universal piinlc 
 wanted, some provisions to refresh his men ; and though ' hiriick the .Mexicans ; and. as if the bond which held 
 the enemy did not intermit their attacks throughout the them together liad been dissolved, every ensign was 
 day, they were with less difficulty [iri \cnted from mak- lowered, each soldier threw away his weapons, and n\\ 
 ing any impression. During this in Tortea was en- j lied with |>recipitation to the mounlains. The Spa- 
 gaged in deep consultation with his uihrers, concern- I niards unable to purMie them far, returned to colled 
 ing the route which they ought to take in their retreat. ' the spoils of the field, which were so valuable as to be 
 Tliey were now on the west side of the lake. Tlaa- some compensation for tlie wealth which they had 
 cala, llie only jilace where iliey could hope for a friendly t lost in Mexico ; for in the enemy's army «rre mo^t of 
 reception, lay ahout sixty-fo\ir miles to the east of I their principal warriors dressed out in their richest or- 
 Mexico ; so that they were obliged to go round the i naments as if they hud been marching to assured vic- 
 northeud of the lake before they could fall into the | tory. Next day [July 8J, to their great joy, they en- 
 road which led thither. A I'lascalan soldier rmdeitook ' tered the Tlas-calan territories. 
 
 to be their guide, and conducted them through a conn- I IJut amidst their sati.sfaction in having got beyond 
 try in some places marshy, in others mountainous, in | the precincts of a hostile country, tliey could not look 
 all ill cultivated and thinly peopled. Thny marched | forward without solicitude, as they were still uncertain 
 for six days with little respite, and under continual i what reception they might meet wiih fiom allies tc 
 alarms, numerous bodies of the Mcxieans hovering | whom they returned in a condition very ditlereiit from 
 around them, sometimes harassing them at a distance i that in which they had lately set out from their do- 
 with their missile weai)ons, and semelnnes attacking | minions. Happily for them, the enmity of the Tlas- 
 them closely in front, in rear, in llaiik, with great bold- [ calans to the .Mexican name was so inveterate, iheii 
 ness, as they now knew that thev were not invincible. ! desire to avenge the death of their countrymen so ve- 
 Nor were the fatigue and danger of those incessant con- hement, and the ascendant w Inch Cortes had arquiret* 
 
 fficts the worst evils to which they were exposed. As 
 the barren country through which they pa-ssed afforded 
 hardly any provisions, they were reduced to feed on 
 berne.*, roots, and the stalks of green maize ; and at 
 the very tune that famine was* depressing their spirits 
 and wasting their strength, their situation required the 
 most vigorous and unreuulting e\ertii>ns of courage and 
 activity, .\midst those complicated distres.-ies, one 
 
 over the chiefs of the republic so complete, that, fni 
 from entertaining a thought of taking any advantage o) 
 the distressed situation in which they beheld the Spa- 
 r'"' 'j, they received them with a tenderness and cor- 
 'iiiiiiiy which quickly dissipated all their suspicions 
 
 Some interval of tranquillity and iiiduluence was now 
 ahaolutely necessary ; not only that the Spaniards 
 might give attention to the euro of their wounds, which 
 
 circumstance supported and animated the Spaniards. 1 had been too long neglected, but in order to recruit 
 Their commander sustained this sad reverse of fortune I their strength, exhausted by such a long succession oi 
 with nnshaken magnanimity. His presence of mind I fatigue and hardships. Duriiii; this. Cortes learned 
 never forsook him ; his sagacity foresaw every event, | that he and his companions were not the only Spaniards 
 and his vigilance provided for it. He was foremost in | who had felt the eliects of the Mexican enmity. A 
 every daiiiier, and endured every hardship with cheer- i considerable detachment which was marchini! froio 
 fulness. The difficulties with which he was surrounded I Zempoalla towards the capital, had been cut off ny thf 
 seemed to call forth new talents ; and his soldiers, | people of Tepeaca. A smaller party, renirnmi; from 
 though despairing themselves, continued to follow him l Tlascala to Vera C \.^. with the share of the .Mexican 
 Willi increasing confidence in his abilities. I gold allotted to the garrison, liad be. n surprised and 
 
 On the sixth day they arrived near to Otumba, not destroyed in the mountains. At a juiii.: to wtien the 
 fjr from the road between .Mexico and Tlascala. Early i life of every Spaniard was of importance, such losses 
 next morning they began to advance towards it, flying i were deeply fell. The schemes which Cortes was 
 Marties of the enemy still hanging on their rear ; aiid, I meditating rendered them pecujiarly afflicliv© to him. 
 amidst the insults with which they accompanied their nVhile ins enemies, and even many of bis own fol- 
 hostiiities, Manna remarked that they often exclaimed i lowers, considered the disasters which had befallen bun 
 with exultation, " (io on, robbers ; go to the place las fatal to the progress of his arms, and imagined ihat 
 where you shall quickly meet with the vengeance due ' nothing now remained but speedily to abandon a conn- 
 to your crimes." The meaning of this threat the Sj.a- ' try which he had invaded with unequal force, his mind, 
 niards did not comprehend, until they reached the as eminent for perseverance as for enterprise, was still 
 summit of an eminence beforo ihem. There a spa- beiiton accom|ilishing hi.'SoriL'mal purpose, of subjecting 
 cious valley opened to their view, covered with a vast the Mexican empire to the crown of Caslile Sevrre 
 armv, exleuding as far as the eye could reach. The ami nne.vjiccted as the check was which he had re- 
 Mexicans, wlule with one hody of their trmips they i ceivrd. it did not appear to bun a sufficient reason for 
 harassed the Spaniards in their retreat, had assem- relinquishing the conquests which he had alreadi* 
 blird their priticipal force on the other side of the lake; made, or against resuming his operations with hetlei 
 and marching along tlie road which led directly to ! hopes of success. The colony at Vera Cruz was not 
 Tlascala. posted it m the plain of Otuinba, through | only safe, but had remained unmolested. T!ie peoplii 
 which they knew ('ortes must pass. At the sight of of /eiu|ioalla and the adjacent districts h.id discoverv^d 
 this incredible multitude, whi -h they could survey at no symptoms of defection. The TIascalans con'-nned 
 once from the risim,' ground, the .Spaniards were as- faithful lo their alliance. On their martial spiri'., easily 
 tnniiihcd, and ev^n the holdcsi heijan to despair. J3iit | roused to arms, and inffamed with implacable hatred of 
 Cortes, without allowing leisure for their fears to ac- the .Mexicans, ('ortes depend' d for |M>werf d aid. Ho 
 quire strength by relleclion, after warning them briefly had still the command of a body of Spaieards, equal m 
 that no alternative now remained but to conquer or lo number to that with which he had opei od liis way inti- 
 die, led them in^tanllv l) the charge. The .Mexicans the centre of the em()ire, and had takju possession of 
 waited their approach wi h unusual fortitude. Such j the capital; so that with the benefit of greater exp<> 
 however was the superion., of the Spanish discipline ' rienee, as well as more perfect knowledge of the couii 
 and arms, iliat the impression of this small body was try, he did not despair of quickly recovering all that ho 
 irresistible ; and v\luc-hever way its force was directed, had been denrivrd of by uufoward events. 
 it penetrated and dispersed their most numeroiu bat- Full of inis idea, he courted the TUscalan chiefrt 
 f alions. Hut while Ihes-j gave way in one quarter, new : with sie.-h attention, and distributed among them so !i- 
 combatants advanced from another, and the Spaniards, j berally the rich spods of Otuinba, that he was secure n( 
 though successful ill <very attack, were ready to sink ! obtaining whatever he should require of the lepnldic. 
 under those repeated elfort.s, without seinng any end of i He drew a small 8U[)ply of ammunition and two or thren 
 their toil, or any hope of victory. At that tune Cortes tield-piec i from his stores at Vera (Jruz. \li d(>- 
 observed ttie great standard of the empire, which was j Hpatched an officer of confidence with four ships of 
 corned before the .Mt xican general, advancing ; and | Narvaez's fleet to Hispamola ami Jamaica, lo engage 
 fortunately recollecting lo have heard, tliat on the fate adventurers, and to |iurchase horses, gunpowder, and 
 of It depended the eveiit of every battle, he as- other military stores. As he knew that it would be 
 sembled a ft-w of his bravest officers, whose horses vain lo allempl the reduction of Mexico, unless he 
 were *.iill capable of b*r\ice, and. placing himself at could secure the ecnnmand of the lake, he gave orders 
 
 I 
 
9 'nc »lam]ard with 
 
 nv tliitii,' luHorc it. 
 inicii t!iP st^idard 
 Ml hroUcn (.'orU'M 
 d the .Mi'xiriin jiis- 
 iiiid. One oi JiQ 
 end to his life, aiid 
 
 The rrioMicnl thai 
 
 towards which all 
 a miivcrpal piifiic 
 c Imnd whii'li held 
 
 every nisiyii vv.ia 
 IS wrupoiiH, and nit 
 mains. 'I'lie Spa- 
 rrtiirncd to colU'ct 
 o vuhiablr as tu htl 
 \\ which tUcy Imd 
 army wrrc iiio*t of 
 
 in their nriicsi nr- 
 ;iny to iissiircd vic- 
 great joy, they en- 
 
 havinii (zot beyond 
 hey could not hmk 
 were still uneerf-ain 
 vith fioin nUies tc 
 very dillcreiit fiorii 
 out from their do- 
 enmity of the This- 
 o inveterate. iheiF 
 foiintrynicn so ve- 
 "ortes liad aequirec' 
 complete, that, fni 
 g any advanlajic o) 
 ey heheld tlit; Spa* 
 cndrTnesH and cor- 
 heir auspicions 
 ndiilirence was now 
 hat the Spaniards 
 heir wounds, which 
 in order to recruit 
 Ion;j succession ol 
 is. <'ortes UMirned 
 . (lie only Spumardi 
 ■xican eniniiy. A 
 as marrtiin>! from 
 heen cui oti' ny thf 
 ■ly, reuirnm<r froiii 
 iro of trie .Mexican 
 )c. :i surprised and 
 juik: 'tc vilu.vi tho 
 tance, such los»-es 
 which Cortes was 
 atHiclive to him. 
 of his own M- 
 had hefiillenhiin 
 nd unncrined iliat 
 abandon a coun- 
 forcn, his mind, 
 terprise. was still 
 oi subjecting 
 Castde Severe 
 hich he had rc- 
 icient reason lor 
 he had already* 
 ion» with iicltei 
 ra Cruz was not 
 ■d. Tiio peopjo 
 .s had discover\:d 
 ulans con''nued 
 rti.il spiri*,, easily 
 lacabjr hatred of 
 owerf d aid. Wo 
 arrards, equal ill 
 od his way into 
 ) |)Os!ie5aion of 
 of greater ex[M> 
 edue of the conn 
 eringall thai ho 
 
 (Its. 
 
 riascaUn chiiTe 
 non^ them so !i- 
 
 hc was Heotire of 
 
 of the i^pnbbc. 
 
 and two or thren 
 
 (/'ruz. Ho dts. 
 th four ships of 
 maica, to cnjra^e 
 
 gunpowder, ond 
 hal it would he 
 
 exico. unless he 
 he gave ordtin 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 181 
 
 pO! 
 
 lo prepare in the moiinl'iin!* of Tlascala. materials for 
 [mildin;i twelve liri;;aiitiNrs, so as they ini^'ht be carrK'd 
 tlnihcr in piroes ready to he put to^ellief, and launched 
 wlien he slooil in need of tin ir ht rvice. 
 
 Hut while, with provident attcnlion, he was takin;^ 
 those nl'(M■^.■;ary steps towards the execiilion of his 
 measures, an (ibstade aro:ie in a ipiarter where it wai 
 least expected, but niosl formidable. The dpiril of 
 di-conlent and mutiny hroko out in his own army. 
 .Many of Narvaez's followers wore planters rather than 
 wnldiers ; and had accompanied him lo New Spain 
 with .■ianyuinc hopes of obtaining settlements, hut with 
 little mcbnalion to engage in the hardships and dangers 
 of war. As the same motives had induced them to 
 enter into their new cngagemonts with Cortes, they no 
 pooniT oecaine accjuainted with the nature of the ser- 
 vice, than they biUerly repented of their choice. Such 
 of them as had the good fortune to si.rvivo tho perilous 
 adventures in which their own imprudence had involved 
 •hem. happy in having made their escape, trembled at 
 »he thoughts of being exposed a second time to similar 
 calamities. As soon as they discovered the intention 
 of Cortes, ihey began secretly to murmur and cabal, 
 ind. waxing gradually more LuJacious, they, in a body 
 oHercd a remonstrance lo their general against the im- 
 priidence of attacking a powerful empire with his shat- 
 tered forces, and fo'mally required him to lead them 
 back directly to Cuba. Though Cortes, long practised 
 in the arts of command, employed arguments, entreaties, 
 and present.^ to convince or to soothe them ; though 
 his own soldiers, animated with the spirit of their 
 leader, warmly seconded his endeavor? ; he found their 
 fears too violent and deep rooted to be removed, and 
 ihn utmo.st he could crtect was to prevail 'with them to 
 defer their departure for some time, on a promise 
 that be woiild, at a more proper juncture, dismiss such 
 as should desire it. 
 
 That the malecontents might have no leisure to 1 
 brood over tlic causes of their disatleelion, he resolved 
 instantly to call forth his troops into action. He pro- 
 posed to chastise the people of Tepeaca for the outrage 
 which they had committed ; and as the detachment 
 which they lind cut oil" happened to be composed mostly 
 of ftoidicra who had served under Narvacz. their com- 
 panions, from the desire of vengeance, eng.iged the 
 more willingly in this war. He took the conunand in 
 person, [August] accompanied by a numerous body of 
 Tl.iscalans, and in a space of a few weeks, after various 
 eneotinters, with great slaughter of the Teptacans, re- 
 duced that province to subjection. During several 
 months, while he wailed for the supplies of men and 
 ammunition which he expected, and was carrying on 
 his preparations for constructing the briganlines, he 
 kept his troops constantly employed in variou.>» expedi- 
 tions against the adjacent provinces, all of which were 
 conducted with a uniform tenor of success. By these, his 
 men became again accustomed lo victory, and resumed 
 their wonted sense of superiuniv ; the Mexican jwwer 
 was weakened; the TIascalan warriors acquired the 
 habit of achng in eonjiinciion witli tlie Spaniards ; and 
 the chiefs of the re[)iihlic delii'hted to see their country 
 enriched with ihe spoils of all the peo|)le around them; 
 and astonished every d.iv with fresh discoveries of the 
 irresistible prowess of their allies, they declined no ef- 
 fort requisite lo support them. 
 
 All those preparatory arrangement.'*, however, though 
 the most prudent and ellicacious which the situation of 
 Cortes allowed him to make, would have heen of little 
 avail without a rcinforcenunt of Spaniuli soldiers. Of 
 this he was so deeply sensil>le, that it was the chief ob- 
 ject of htii thoughts and wishes ; and yet his only pros- 
 pect of obtainiiii; it from ihe return of the otVicer whom 
 he l-ad sent to the isles to solicit aid, was both disiaii' 
 and mice. "am. Hut what neither his own sagaiitv I'jr 
 power could have procured, he owed to a serie? of 
 fortunate and unforeseen incidents. The govep.C'r of 
 Cuba, to whom the success of Narvae/. n] peared ap 
 event of infallible certainty, having sent two small ships 
 after him with new instructions, and a supply of men 
 and military stores, the olRcer whom Cortes had ap- 
 jioinlcd lo command on the coast, artfully decoyed 
 them into the harbor of Vera Cruz, seized tlic vessels, 
 and easily persuaded the soldiers to follow the standard 
 of a more alile leader than him whom thev were destined 
 ;o join. Soon after, three ships of more considerable 
 force came inlo Ihe harbor separately. These belonged 
 10 an armament fitted out by Krancisco de Uaray, go- 
 vernor of Jamaica, who, being possessed with the rage 
 of discovery and conquest which animated every Spa- 
 uiard settled in America, had long aimed at intruding 
 iuto Home di.stnct ol New Spam, and dividing with 
 I'OrtuB tlie glory and gtin nf annosinff that einpiro to 
 
 the crown of Castile. They unadvisedly made their 
 aitempt on the northern province:*, where the omniry 
 was poor, and the people fi'.rcr' :nid warlike ; an. I .ifier 
 a cruel succession of di'^aylers, fanitne compelled ihein 
 lo venture into \'era (-'ruz. and cast themsflves upon 
 the mercy of ihcir countrymrn [(Jet "ZH]. Tiien- ti- ' 
 delity was not proof against the splendid hopes and 
 promises which had seduced other adventurers; and, 
 as if the spirit of revolt bad been contagious in New 
 Spain, they likewise abandoned the master whom lliey 
 were bound to serve, and enlisted under ('ortcs. Nor 
 was it America alone that furnished such unexpected 
 aid ; a ship arrived from Spam, freighted by some pn- | 
 vale merchants with military stores, in hopes of a jno- 
 fitable market in a country, the fame of whose opuhncc I 
 began to spread over Europe. Cortes eagerly pur- j 
 chased a cargo which to him was nivaluable, and the 
 crew, following the general example, joined him at 
 TIascala. 
 
 Vwm those various quarters, the ar'oy of Cortes was 
 augmented with a hundred and eighty men. and twenty 
 horses, a reinforcemen: too inconsiderable to produce 
 any consequence whicii ■.vouid have entitled it lo have 
 been mentioned in the hifUory of other parts of the 
 globe. But in that of America, where great revolu- 
 tions were brought about by causes which seemed to 
 bear no proportion to their elfects, such small events 
 rise into importance, because they were sutVicienl lo 
 decide with respect to the fate of kingdoms Nor is it 
 the least remarkable instance of the singular felicity 
 conspicuous in many passages of Corles's story, that 
 the two persona chietly instrumental in furnisliiiig him 
 with those seasonable supplies, should he an avowed 
 enemy who aimed at his destruction, and an envious 
 rival who wished to supplant him. 
 
 'J"he first elVect of the junction with his new fol- ; 
 lowers was to enable him to dismiss such of Narvaez's \ 
 soldiers as remained with reluctance in his service. 
 After their departure, he still mustered live hundred 
 and fifty infantry, of which I'ourscoro were armed with 
 muskets or crossbows, forty horsemen, and a train of 
 nine field-pieces At the head of these, accomjianied 
 by ten thousand Tlascalans and other friendly li.dians, 
 Cortes began his march towards Mexico, on llie twen- 
 ty-eighth of December, ait months afler his disastrous 
 retreat from tint city. 
 
 Nor did he advance to attack an enemy unprepared 
 to receive him. Upon the death of Montezuma, the 
 Mexican chiefs, in whom the right of electing the em- 
 peror was vested, had instantly raised his b.^otber 
 Quctlavaca to the throne. His avowed and inveteraic 
 enmity to the Spaniards would have been suflicient lo 
 gain their suffrages, although he had been I'iss dis- 
 tinguished for courage and capacity. He had an im- 
 mediate opportunity of showing that he was worthy of 
 iheir choice, by conducting in person tiiose fierce 
 attacks which compelled the Spaniards to al^^iulon hm 
 capital ; and as soon as iheir retreat allorded huii any 
 respite from action, he took nuMsures for preveiitiiig 
 their return to Mexico, with prudence equal to the 
 spirit which he had displayed in driving ihom out of it. 
 As from the vicinity of i'lascala, he could not he un- 
 acquainted with the motions and intentions of Cortes, 
 he observed the storm that was gathering, and began 
 early to provide against it. He repmred what the 
 Spaniards had ruined in the city, and strengthened it 
 with such new fortifications as the skill of his subjects 
 was capable nf erecting. Besides Itlling his- magazines 
 with the usual weapons of war, he gave directions to 
 make long spears headed with the swords and daggers 
 'aken from the Spaniards, in order to annoy the 
 cavalry He summoned the people in every province 
 of the empire to take arms against iheir oppressors, and 
 as an encouragement to exert themselves with vigor, 
 he promised them exemption from all the taxes which 
 his predecessors had imposed. But what he labored 
 with the greatest earnestness was, to deprive the 
 Spaniards of the advantages which they derived from 
 the friendship of the Tlascalans, by endeavoring lo 
 persubde that people to renounce all connexion with 
 men who where not only avowed enemies of ihe gotls 
 whom they worshipped, but who would not fad to sub- 
 ject them at last to tht; same yoke which they were 
 now inconsiderately lending their aid to impose upon 
 others. 'I'hese representations, no less striking than 
 well founded, were urged so forcibly by his ambassa- 
 dors, that it required all the addre>s of Cortes to pre- 
 vent their making a dangerous impie^siuii. 
 
 But while Cjuellavaca was arranging his plan of de- 
 fence, with a degree of lorestghi uncommon in ^n 
 Aineriran, his days were cut short by the srujll-pox. 
 This distemper, which raged at that time in N'lw Spam 
 
 Willi fatal malignity, wan unknown in that quarie- of 
 thi' glohe nnlii it was inlrodm rd tpy ttio Kuropcam, 
 mid may bo reckoned amon^ (lie greatest ralam ties 
 brought upon them by their invaders. Inbis.-dcad th" 
 Mexicans rained to the throne (iu iinnozm. rnqvliew anii 
 sdii-m hiw of .Montezuma, a young man ol smli higli 
 if p nation for abilities and valor, that in this daiigerouu 
 eiiS's, Ins coiinlrvmen, wilh one voice, called hiin to 
 Ihe supreme roimnand. 
 
 ITi^l.] .\s soon as ('ortes entered the enemy's tern- 
 tones, he discovered various prep.iraiions lo obslnint 
 his progress. But his troops forced their way with lit- 
 tle diHiculty, and look posession oi 'J'ezeiico, the »e- 
 cond city of the empire, situated on the hanks of thp 
 lake about twenty miles from Mexico. Here he deter- 
 mined to eslabhsli his head-()unrters. as the most pro- 
 \iv.t station for launching bis brigantines, as well as for 
 making his approaches to the capital In order to ren- 
 der bis residence lliere more srcure, be deposed tho 
 cazique, or chief, win) was at ihe bead of that coinmn- 
 niiy. under pretext of some deh'ct m his tiile, and sub- 
 slitute<l in his I lace a person v%hoin a faction of the 
 nol>k's jiointed out as the right heir of that dignity. 
 AttHcheil to bun by this benefit, the caznpte and his 
 adherents servtd the Spaniards with inviolable fidelity. 
 
 As the i)reparations lor constructing the brigaiilmea 
 advanced 8lov\ly under the unskill'ul liands of soldiers 
 and Indians, whom Cortes was obliged to employ in 
 assisting three or four carpenters who happened for- 
 tunately to be m Ins service ; and as he had not yet 
 received the remforeement whicli he exjuctetl from 
 Hispaniola, \iv was not in a condition to turn his arms 
 directly against the capital. To have attacked at this 
 period, a city so populous, so well prepared for defence, 
 and m a silualion of puch peculiar str( ng'.li, must have 
 exposed his troops lo inevitable destruction. Three 
 months elapsed before the materials for the briganlines 
 were finislie'', and before he heard any thing wilh re- 
 spect to Ihe success of ihe otiicer whom he had sent 
 lo Hispaniola. This, however, waa nol a sea.>on of 
 inaction to (.'ortes He attacked successively several 
 of the towns situated around the lake ; and tnough al. 
 the Mexican power was exerled to obstruct his opera- 
 tions, he either compelled them to submit lo the 
 Spanish crown, or reduced them to rums. The in 
 habitants of other towns be endeavored to conciliate 
 by more gentle means ; and though he could not hold 
 any intercourse with Uuni but by the intervention ol 
 inlerpn^ters, yet, under all the disadvantages of that 
 tedious and iin]>erfecl mode of coinnutnication he had 
 acquired such ihorongh knowledge of the btale o.' the 
 eountr)', as wi 11 a.^ of the 'hspositions of the r,eople, 
 that he conducted bis negotiations and mtrigUL> with 
 astonishing dexterity and. success. Most of ttie cities 
 adjacent to Me&ico were originally the capitals of siimU 
 independent states , and some of ihem having been but 
 lately annexed to the Mexican empire, still retained the 
 remembrance of their ancient hheriy, and bore with 
 impatience .he rigorous yoke of tlieir new masters. 
 Cortes, having eaily obseived symptoms of their dis- 
 atTec:!on, a\uiled iiimself of this knowledge to gair. 
 their confidence and friendship. By oti'ermg with con- 
 fidence to deliver them from the odious dominion of 
 the Mexicans, :nid by liberal promises of more indul- 
 gent tieatment if they would unite with him against 
 their oppressors, be prevailed on the pvople of several 
 considerable districts, not only to acknowledge the 
 King of Castile as their sovereign, but to supply the 
 Spanish camp -with provisions, and to strengthen his 
 army with auxiliary troops, (.iautimozm, on the first 
 appearance of defection among his subjects, exerted 
 himself with vigor lo prevent or to punish thoir revolt; 
 but, in ^])ite of his etloits, tlie spirit continued to 
 spread, 'ihe SiKiniards gradually acquired new allies, 
 and with deep concern he beheld Cortes arming against 
 his empire ihosi; very hands which ought lu have been 
 active in its defence, and ready to advance against tho 
 capital at the head of a numerous body of his own 
 subttcts. 
 
 While, by those various methods, Cortes was gradu- 
 ally circi inscribing the Mexican power in such a man- 
 ner that his prospect of overturning it seemed neither 
 to tie uncertain nor remote, all Ins schemes were wcU 
 r.igh defeated by a con«piracy no less unexpected than 
 dangerous. The soldiers of Narvaez had never united 
 perfectly with the original companions of (Jortcs, nor 
 did they enter into his measures with the same cordial 
 zeal. Upon every occasion that re<piired any extraor- 
 dinary effort of courage or of patience, thtir spiritA 
 were apt to sink ; and now, on a near view of what 
 thev had lo encounter, in attempling to reduce a citjr 
 so inacressible as Mex co, and deletided by a numerous 
 
n 
 
 
 ^l 
 
 m 
 
 army, tho resolution even of those Bmon^ them wlio 
 had adhered to CortcH when hn was doAfrtcd hy their 
 asitociales, ho^nn to full. Tlknr fcurs led ihcin id |iii - 
 flumptiiuiia niid unKuldicrhkn dittc-iiH^ions cutu'eriiiii^ 
 tho {)ro|tricty of tlioir ^'rtirrat's measure-^, and iho iiit 
 nrohiihihty of ttiftir hucccsm. Truin thtso iJiey {Tl- 
 cccdr.d to ccnfinre and invrctivo8, and at lust tx-^ran to 
 dchberulc how they nii^ht providu for their own sdU-ty, 
 of which they drcini'd llitir (roniiaandiT to he totally 
 negh^ent. Antonm Vilh'fH^na, a privnte aoUIht, hut 
 nold, IrUrigiiir.t;, and utron^ly ntlached (o Vi:]aHi|Ut'Z, art- 
 fjlly fomented thin growing spirit of (hrtaU'rction. ILiii 
 f^narlcrs hecanie tlie rendezvous of the inalfcontcnt!), 
 v'here, after many consuUdlions, ihcy coiihl discover 
 no method of checking ('ortea in his earner, hut hy 
 assassinating liim and hm inoHt eunsideralde ollicertt, 
 and confrrnng tlie conimund upon Home person who 
 'A'ouh' rehnipiiiili his wild phins, and adopt incdNures 
 mcxe consistent with tlie general securily. Desjjair 
 niHpired them with courage, 'i'he hour for perpetrating 
 the prune, the persons whom they di'Slined as victims, 
 the ollicers to succeed ihem in coinmund, were all 
 named : and the conspirators signed an association, hy 
 wluch they hound Ihrmselves with most solemn oatlis, 
 to mutual fidelity. Dut oii the evening before the ap- 
 pointed day. one of Corles's ancient followers, who 
 had been seduced into the conspiracy, touched with 
 compunction at the inunincnt danger of a man whom 
 he had lung been aeeiislomed to revere, or struck with 
 horror at his own treaclicry, went privately to his gene- 
 ral nnd revealed to iiiin all that he knew. Corles, 
 though deeply alarmed, diticerned at once what conduct 
 was proper ni a situa'ion so critical. He repaired ni- 
 dtantly to Villefagna's quarters, accompanied hy some 
 of his most trusty otlicers. Tho astonishment and 
 confusion of the man at this unexpected visit antici- 
 pated tho confession of his guilt, (fortes, while his 
 attendarts seized the traitor, snatched from his bosom 
 a paper, containing tiie association, signed hy the con- 
 spirators. Impalnnt to know how far the infection 
 eitended. he retired to read it, and found there names 
 which tilled him with surprise and sorrow. Uut aware 
 how dangerous a striet scrutiny might prove at such a 
 juncture, be conlined his judicial iiupiiries to Villefagna 
 alone. As the proofs of his guilt were manifest, he 
 waa condemned after a short trial, and next morning 
 he was seen hanging before the door of the lioiisu m 
 which he had lodged. Cortes called his troops together, 
 and having explained to them the atrocious purpose of 
 the conspirators, as well as the justice of the puiiMh- 
 ment inflicted on Viltefagna.he added, with an uppeor- 
 ance of saltsfaction, vhat he was entirely ignorant with 
 respect to all the ctr^niinstancea of this dark transac- 
 tion, a!* the traitor, when arre.ited, had suddenly torn 
 and swallowed a paper which probably contained an 
 account of it, and uiuier the severest tortures possessed 
 such constancy ar^ to conceal the names of his accom- 
 plices. This artful declaration restored tranquillity to 
 many a breast that was throbbing, while he spoke, with 
 consciousness of guilt and dread of detection ; and by 
 this prudent moderation, ('ones had the advantage of 
 having discovered, and of being aide to observe such 
 of ins followers as were disaffected ; while they, flat- 
 tering themselves that (heir past crime was unknown, 
 endeavored to avert any suspicion of it by redoubling 
 their activity and zeal in his service. 
 
 Cortes did not allow them leisure to ruminate on 
 what had happened ; and as the most cHfectual means 
 of preventing the return oi a nuitmous spirit, he deter- 
 mined to call forth hia treops immediately to action. 
 Fortunately, a proper occasion for this occurred with- 
 out his seeming to court it. He received intelligence 
 that the materials for ti i.,ding the hngantiiies were at 
 length completely firnsiKd, and wailed only for a body 
 of Spaniards to conduct ihem to Tezeuco. The com- 
 mand of this convoy, consisting of two hundred foot 
 soldiers, fifteen horsemen, and two tield-pieces, he gave 
 to Sandoval, who, hy the vigilance, activity, and cou- 
 rage whicli he manifested on every occasion, was grow- 
 ing dajly in his contideuce, and in the estimation of his 
 fellow-soldiers. The service was no less singular than 
 important ; the beams, the planks, the masts, the cord- 
 age, the sails, the ironwork, and all the mlinite variety 
 of articles reijuisite for the construction of thirteen 
 origantines, were to he carried sixty miles over land, 
 through a mountainous country, hy people who were 
 unacqiiuiiiled with themim.itry uf domestic animals, or 
 the fid of machines to facilitate any work of labor. 
 The Tlascalans furnished eight thousand Tamencx^ an 
 inferior order of men destined for servile tasks, to carry 
 the materials on their shoulders, and ajipointed tifieen 
 thousand warncra to HccompHtiy atui defend them 
 
 H () U K H I' S N « HIS T (> K Y OF 
 
 Sandoval made the dispoititinn for their progress with 
 
 Ureat propru'tv. plaeini; the Tiimnns in ibo centre, 
 one iiody ol AiuTior-i in t!ie Iroul, annllier m tin' reir, 
 VMlli ctMisideiiilile p.trtie^ to com r the llankii. Toeacli 
 ol these hejoiiMtl ^olnl■ Spaniard*, not only I" a.^^ist 
 tiiem ill daiigrr, but lo accustom (hem to ri'gulurity and 
 .subordin.iiion. A body so nuinerout'>, and so much en- 
 cumbered, advanced lei.iurely hut in excellent order; 
 and in some places, where it was conlined by the woods 
 or niouutams, tho hm^ of inarch extended above six 
 miles Parlies of Mexicans frequently appeared hover- 
 iu^ around them on the high grounds ; hut perceiving 
 no prospect of success in attacking an enemy continu- 
 ally on Ins guard, and jirepared I') ri'ceive them, they 
 did not venture to molest him ; and Sandoval had the 
 glory of coiidiiciing safelv to Tezeuco. a convoy on 
 which all the future operations of his countrymen de- 
 pended. 
 
 'I'his was followed by another event of no less mo- 
 ment. Kour ships arrived at Vera ('ruz from Hispa- 
 niola. with two hundred soldiers, eighty horses, two 
 haltering cannon, and a considerable supply of ammu- 
 nition Hiid arms. Elevated with observing that all his 
 preparatory schemes, either for recruiting his own army, 
 or impairing the force of the enemy, bad now produced 
 their full ellect, Cortes impatient to begin the siege in 
 form, hastened the iaiini hmg of the ltri<;antines. To 
 facilitate thus, ht: had employed a vast number of In- 
 dians for two monlhs, ui deepening the small rivulet 
 which runs hy Tezeuco into the lake, and m forming it 
 into a canal near two miles in length; [IIUJ and 
 though the Mexicans, aware of his intentions, as well 
 as of the danger which threatened them, endeavored 
 frequently to interrupt the laborers, or to burn the 
 brigantines, the work was at last completed. t)n the 
 twenty-eighth of April, all the Spamsli troops, together 
 with the auxiliary Indians, were drawn up on the hanks 
 of the canal ; and with extraordtnarv military pomp, 
 rendered more solemn by the celebration of the most 
 sacred riles of religion, the hriganlines were launched. 
 As ihev fell down the canal in order, Father Olmedo 
 blessed (hem, and gave e^icb its name. Kvery eye fol- 
 lowed them with wonder and hope, until they entered 
 the lake, when they hoistid their sails and bore away 
 before the wind, A gf tieral shout of joy was niised ; 
 all admiring tliat bold inventive eeiiius, which, by 
 means so extraordinary that (heir sncces^s almost ex- 
 ceeded belief, had acquired command of o fleet, with- 
 out the aid of winch Mexico would have conlimied to 
 set the Spani.Hh power and arms at defiance. 
 
 Cortes determined lo attack the city from three dif- 
 ferent ipiarlers ; from Tepeaca on the n,irlh side of the 
 lake, from 'I'ahuca on the west, and from (^'uyocan to- 
 wards the south. These towns were situated on (he 
 princi|)a] causeways wbidi led to the capital, and in- 
 tended for their defence. He appointed Sandoval to 
 command in the first, Pedro de Alvarado in the second, 
 and Christoval de Olid in the third ; allotting to each a 
 numerous body of Indian auxiliaries, together with an 
 equal division of Spaniard.^, who, hy ihe jiniction of the 
 troops from Hispamola, amounting now to eighly-six 
 hor^iemen, and eight hundred and eighteen foot soldiers ; 
 of whom one hundred and eighteen were armed witi» 
 muskets or cross-bows. The train of artillery consist- 
 ed of three battering caniion, and fifteen field-pieces. 
 He reserved for himself, as the station of greatest im- 
 portance and danger, the conduct of the brigantines, 
 edch armed with one of his small cannon, and manned 
 with twenty-five Spaniards. 
 
 As Alvarado and Olid proceeded towards the posts 
 assigned them [May U)J. they broke down the aque- 
 ducts which the ingenuity of the Mexicans had erected 
 for conveying water into the capital, and, bv the dis- 
 tress lo which this reduced the inhabitants, gave a ho- 
 ginnuig to the calamities which they were destined to 
 sutler. Alvarado and (Jbd found the towns of which 
 they w re ordered to take pt)ssession deserted hy their 
 irihabitunt.^, who had fled for safety lo the eapiial. where 
 Guatimozm had collected the chief force of his empire, 
 as there aloiie he could hope to make a successful stand 
 against the formidable i-ncnncB who were approaching 
 10 assault him. 
 
 The flrst ert'o't of the Mexicans wa* to destroy (he 
 fleet of brigantines, the fatal effects of wbotre operations 
 they foresaw and dre.ided. Though the hriijantines, 
 after all (he labor and merit of (>ortes in forming tliem, 
 were of inconsiderable bulk, rudely constructed, and 
 manned chiefly with landsmen hardly |)Ossessed of skill 
 enough to conduct them, they must have been objects 
 of (error to a people unacquainted with any naviL'ation 
 hut that of their lake, and possessed of no vessel lari>er 
 (han a canoe. Necessity, however, urged tiuatimozin 
 
 to hazard the attack ; and hoping to supply hy numh«>ra 
 what he wanted in force, he assembled such ainiiltiludfl 
 ot canoes um covered the face of tlie lake. They rowed 
 nil ln'|r|)y (o llic charge, while th. bugnntines, rt larded 
 by a dead e:ilin, could scarcely advance to meet ihem. 
 But as the enemy drew near, u breeze suddenly sprung 
 up ; m a moment the sads were spread, the brigantineti, 
 with the utfuoHt ease broke through (heir feeble op|K)- 
 nenls, overset many canoes, and dissipated the whole 
 armament with such slaughter, as convinced the Mexi- 
 cans, that the progress of the Kuropeans in knowledge 
 and arts reridered tlu>ir superiority greater on this new 
 eh'ineiit than ttiey bad hitherto found it hy land. 
 
 I'rom that time (.'ortes remained master of the lake, 
 and the brigantines not only preserved a cummurncation 
 belA'cen the Spaniards irt tiieirditlereut stalioufl, though 
 at considerable distance from <'ach other, hvit were em- 
 ployed 10 cover the causeways on each .«ide, and keep 
 off (he canoes when they aKemjited to annoy the troops 
 as they advanced tow.irds (he city. ( 'ortcs formed ibu 
 brigantines in three divisions, appointing one to cover 
 each of tlie stations from which an attack was to he 
 carried on against the city, with orders to second iho 
 operations of the etlicei wiio cnmuianded ihere. I'Voni 
 ail the three stations he jmsheil on (he attack against 
 the city with equal vigor; but in a manner so very dif- 
 ferent tVom ihe conduct of sieges in regular war. that he 
 himself seems afraid it would ajipear no less improper 
 than singular to persons unacipiainte<t with his sltua- 
 lioM. Kach morning his troops as.sautled the barricades 
 which the enemy had erected on the causeways, forced 
 their way over the trenches which (hey had dug, and 
 through tho canals where the bridges were broken 
 down, and endeavored to penetrate into the heart of tho 
 city, in hopes of obtaining some decisive advantage 
 which might force the enemy to surrender, and termi- 
 nate the war at once ; but when the obstinate valor of 
 •he Mexicans rendered the etlbrts of the day metreclual, 
 (be Spaniards relired in (he evening to their former 
 quarlera. Thus their toil and daiigt r were in some 
 measure continually renewed ; the .Mexicans repairing 
 ill the night what the Spaniards had destroyed through 
 the day, and recovering the posts from which they had 
 driven tliein. But neees.'»ity prescribed this slow and 
 untoward mode of operation. The number of his troops 
 were so small thai C'ortes durst not, wi;h a handful of 
 men, atlempt to make a lodgment in a city where he 
 might be surrounded and annoyed by such a inu''.i(udc 
 of enemies. The remembrance of what he had Uirea*ly 
 sufier*'d by the ill judged confidence with which be b.ul 
 ventured intosueh a dangerous situation, was still fresji 
 in bis miml. The Spaniards, exhausted with fatigue, 
 were unable (o guard the various posts which they daily 
 gained; and thougii their camp was filled with Indian 
 auxiliaries, they durst not devolve (bis charge upon 
 them, because tiiey were so little accustomed to disci- 
 pline, that no confidence could he placed in their vigi- 
 lance. Besides this, i'ortes was extremely solicitous to 
 presi rve the ci(y as much as possible from being de- 
 stroyed, both because he destined it to be the capital of 
 his conquests, and wished that it might remain as a 
 monument of bis glory. From all these considerations, 
 he adhered obstinately, for a month after the siege was 
 opened, to the system which he had adopted. 'I'he 
 Mexicans, in their own defence, displayed valor which 
 was hardly inferior to that with which the Spaniards 
 atticked them. On land, on water, by night and hy 
 day, one furious conflict succeeded to another. Several 
 Spaniards were killed, more wounded, and all were 
 ready to sink under (he toils of unintermitting .-ervicc, 
 which were rendered more intolerable by the injuries of 
 the season, the periodical rams being now set in with 
 their ns\ial violence. 
 
 Astonished and disconcerted wiih the length and dif- 
 ficulties of the siege, ('ortes determined to make one 
 great rtfort lo get possession of the cily, before he re- 
 hnrpiished the plan which he had hitherto followeil, and 
 had recourse to any other mmiti of attack. With (bis 
 view hn sent instruclioiis lo Alvarado and Sandoval (o 
 advance wi(b their divisions to a general assault, and 
 look the command m person [.luly IJ] of that posted on 
 the causeway of Cuyocan. Animated hy Ins |i Tsence. 
 and the expectation of some decisive event, the Spa- 
 niards pushed forward with irresistible impr-tuo^ity. 
 They broke through one barricade after anolhe,-. forced 
 their way over the ditclies and caipils, and, ha/ing en- 
 tered the city, gained ground incessantly ir spile ol 
 the multitude and ferocity of their opponents, t'ones. 
 thouuh delighted wiib the rapidity of hta progrea.*. dii* 
 not form-t that he nnidit si ill find it neceshwv to ro- 
 lrr.it; and, in order to secure it. apimmteo Julion fie 
 Ahlerele, a raptain of chief nolo ni the lloopa wtuch 
 
SOUTH A MtlKIUA. 
 
 iiipply by numbfn 
 ^(1 ouch aiiitiltiitide 
 lake. 'I'licy rowed 
 ijjiiiitiiu'd, rt'l)ir()eil 
 ict' (11 iiiiet tlioiii. 
 :<> siiiliU'nly S|truiig 
 I'l, llic l>ri;;antiiifH, 
 ihiiir forbic op|K)- 
 isipuicd tlio wliule 
 iiviticed the Mcxi- 
 L'lina in knowtfOire 
 rrnttT on ihiN iiuw 
 It Ity luiul. 
 iiiiHter of ihr lake. 
 ,1 (I rutninnnirjtiun 
 lit i^latioriA, ilioii^h 
 iluT. lull were em- 
 <'h >'iiU\ 1111(1 kcrjf 
 o aniiov ihf! truDpH 
 Cortes foniu'd llio 
 ntiiii; oru' to covrr 
 iilliic'k was 10 lie 
 Icrs to sceuiii) the 
 dcii tliiTP. Kroiii 
 lh(* iiltark ii^fiiimt 
 liinnrr i*o very tlif- 
 ('ijiilar war, tlmt he 
 no If.^s iiiipro|ier 
 oil with his Hitiia- 
 Itod iho hiirriirados 
 rausriwayw, I'orcrd 
 :hi>y had dti^, and 
 1^08 wrr« i'rokrn 
 ito ihehpart of the 
 «risivo advantage 
 rpiidiT, and tt-nni- 
 obstniate valor of 
 [hn day inctreclnal, 
 iiij to thnr former 
 (i( r worn in Horne 
 ilcxicnns repairing 
 destroyed ihrouiik 
 uni winch they had 
 bed this slow and 
 nrnber of his troops 
 , wiih a handful of 
 in a rity where hti 
 y such a rnnMitudc 
 hat he hud uiready 
 with whicli he hda 
 inn, was stdl fresh 
 sted with fati^uc, 
 which they daily 
 lillcd with Indian 
 this chari»e upon 
 nstonied to disci- 
 aced ni their viwi- 
 iinely solicitous to 
 from beiiiu de- 
 be tlm capital of 
 iirht remain as a 
 ■onsideratioHB, 
 ifter the siege was 
 idojited. 'l"he 
 laved valor which 
 the Spaniards 
 )iy night and by 
 another. Several 
 cd, and all were 
 irniitting irrvice, 
 by the injnries of 
 now »el in with 
 
 Icnqlh and dif- 
 ned to make one 
 ty, before he re- 
 rto followed, and 
 k. With this 
 aiut Sandoval to 
 >ral ashaiilt, uikI 
 tf that pelted on 
 by his [I rseiice. 
 event, the Sjm- 
 ile impi'ino'^itv. 
 anoihe.', furreil 
 and, ha/incr en- 
 antly ir spilo of 
 ments. Tories, 
 his progrPBi*. da' 
 neceshnrv to ro- 
 mteu Juliet) i\o 
 \\t tioopa wnicb 
 
 Iw 
 
 he had received from Ilispaniola, to fill np the canals and 
 gaps IP the causeway as the mam body advanced. That 
 ollicer, deeming it inglorious to Ih; thus employed, while 
 his companions were m the heut of aclinn and the ca- 
 reer of victory, neylected the important chariie com- 
 mitted to him, and hurried on, iiiront*iderately, to min- 
 gle with the conibatanls. 'I'hc Mexicans, whose inili- 
 lary altemion and skill were diily improvin};. no sooner 
 rhwerved this than they curried an ancount of il to their 
 rn'mar-h. 
 
 Cinal'inozin instantly discerned the ronsequenfc of 
 the error which the Spaniards had commiltid, and, with 
 adnurahle presence of mmd, pre|iared lo take advantage 
 of It. He connnunded the troops posted in the front to 
 slacken their etiorts, in order to allure the Spaniards to 
 push forward, while he despatched a larj^e body of 
 chosen warriors through ditlerent streets, some by land, 
 and otliers by water, towards the great breach in the 
 causeway which had been left open. <Jn a hii»iial 
 which he ^ave, the priests in the principal temples 
 struck the j^rreat drums consecrated lo the uod of war. 
 No sooner did the .Mexicans bear its doleful solemn 
 sound, calculated to ins)>irc tliem with contempt of death, 
 and enthusiastic ardor, than they ruttbed upon the ene- 
 my with frantic rage. 'l"he Spaniards, unable to resist 
 lien urged on no less by religious fury than hope of 
 Buocess, bej/an lo retire, at first leisurely, and with a 
 good countenance ; but as the enemy pressed on, and 
 their own impatience to escape increased, the terror 
 snd confusion becaino so general, that when tliey ar- 
 rived at the gap in the causes ay. Spaniards and Tla.s- 
 ciduns, horsemen and infantry, plunged in promis- 
 cuously, while the Mexicans rushed upon them fiercely 
 from every side, their light canoes carrying ihem Ihroui'h 
 shoals which the briguntines could not apiproaeh. In 
 vain did ('ortes alteinpt to stop and rally his (lying 
 troops ; fear rendered them regardless of bid entreaties 
 or coniinands. l-'iiuling all his endeavors lo renew tlie 
 combat fruitless, his next care was to save some of 
 those who had thrown themselves into the water; but 
 while thus employed, with more ittention to their situ- 
 ti^r than to Ins own. six Mexican captains suddenly 
 laid hold of him, and were hurrying him olfin triumph ; 
 and though two < * his otlicers rescued hini at the ex- 
 [.vnne of tlicir own lives, he received several dangerous 
 wounds before he could break loose. Above sixty 
 Sjianiards perished in the rout ; and whai rendered the 
 d:::«aster more alHicting, forty of these fell alive into 
 tie hands of an enemy ne 'er known to show mercy to 
 b captive. 
 
 'I'iie approach of night, though it delivered the de- 
 jected Spaniards from the attacks of the enemy, ushered 
 in what was hardly less grievous, the noise of iheir bar- 
 barous triumph, and of the horrid festival with which 
 they ccb:brated their victory. Kvery quarter of the 
 city was illuminated ; the great temple shone with such 
 peculiar splendor, that the Spaniards could plainly see 
 the people in motion, and the priests busy in hastening 
 the preparations for the death of tli«j prisoners Through 
 the gloom, they fancied thai thev discerned iheir com- 
 panions by the wlutencss of tlieir skins, as they were 
 fctript naked, and cnnipelled to dance before tlie image 
 of the god to whom they were to be olFered. Th''V 
 heard the shrieks of those who were sacriticetl, and 
 thought that they could distiniruish each unhappy vie- 
 liin by the well known sound of his voice. Imagina- 
 tion added to whit they really saw or heard, and aug- 
 mented Its horror. The most unfeeling melled into 
 tears of compassion, and the stoutest heart trembled 
 at the dreadful spectacle whidi they belirld [liO ] 
 
 Cortes, who, besides all that be felt in common with 
 bis soldiers, was oppressed with the additional load of 
 anxious reflections natural to a general on such an un- 
 expected caUmity, could not, like them, relieve his 
 mind by giving vent to its anguish, tie was obliged 
 iO assume an air of tranquillity, in order lo revive the 
 •pint and hopes of his followers. The juncture, indeed, 
 reipiired an extraordinary exertion of fortitude. The 
 Mexicans, elated with their victory, sallied out next 
 moniirig to attack hnn in his quarters. Uul they did 
 not rely on the ctlbrts of their own arms alone They 
 sent the heads of Spaniards whom they had sacritieed 
 to the leading men in the adjacent provinces, and as- 
 sured them that the god of war, appeased by the blood 
 of their invaders, whicli had been shett so plentifully 
 on his altars, had declared with an audible voice, that 
 in eight days time those hated enemiea should be 
 linally destroyed, and peace and prosperity re-esla- 
 ulished m the empire. 
 
 A prediction uttered with such confidence, and in 
 lerma so void of ambiguity, gained universal credit 
 unong t people prone to •uperatition. The zeal of 
 
 the provinces, which had already declared against the 
 Spaniards, augmented ; and several which had hitherto 
 remained inactive, took arms, with enthusiastic ardor, 
 to execute the decree nf the gods. The Indian auxilia- 
 ries who had joined ('ortes. an iihinmed to venerale 
 tli(! same deities with tlie Mexicans, and lo receive the 
 responses of their priests with the same implicit faith, 
 abandoned the Spaniards as a race of men devoted to 
 certain destruction. Kveii llie (ilelily of the 'i'lasca- 
 lans was shaken, and the Sjianish troops were left 
 almost ainne in their stations. Cortes, finding that he 
 attempted in vain to dispel the superstitious fears of 
 his confi derates by argument, took advantage, from 
 the imprudf^nce of ttiose who had framed the prophecy 
 in fixing its accomplishments no near at hand, to give a 
 striking demonstration of its falsity. He susjiended 
 alt mihiary operations, during the neriod marked out 
 by the oracle. Under cover of the brigantines, which 
 kept the enemy at a distance, his Iruops lay in safety, 
 and the fatal term expired without any disaster. 
 
 Many of his allies, ashamed of tlieir own credulity, 
 returned to their station. Other tribes, judging that 
 the gods, wlio had now deceived the Mexicans, had 
 decreed linally lo withdraw their protection from them, 
 joined his standard ; and such wa.-* the levity of a sim- 
 ple people, moved by every slight impression, that in a 
 short lime after such a general defection of his con- 
 federates, (,'ortes saw himself, if we may believe his 
 own account, at the head of a hundred i nd fifty thou- 
 sand Indiana. Even with such a numerous army, he 
 found It necessary to adopt a new and more wary sy«- 
 tem of operation. Instead of renewing Ins attempts to 
 become master of the city at once, by such bold but 
 dangerous etl'orts of valor as he had already tried, he 
 made his advances gradually, and with every possible 
 precaution against exposing his men to any culaiuity 
 similar to that which they still bewailed. As the 
 Spaniards pusiied forward, the Indians regularly re- 
 paired the causeways behind them. As soon as they 
 got pos.^^ession of any part of the town, the houses 
 were instantly levelled with the ground. Day by day, 
 the Mexicans, forced to retire as ilieir enemies gained 
 ground, were hemmed in within more narrow limits, 
 (iautmiozin, though unable to stop the career ot the 
 enemy, continned to defend his capital with obstinate 
 resoluton, and disputed every inch of ground. The 
 Spaniards not only varied their mode of attack, but, by 
 orders of Cortes, changed the weapons with which 
 they fought. They were again armed with the long 
 Ch.nantlaii spears which they had employed with such 
 success aL'amst Narvaez; and, by the linn array iii 
 which this enabled them to range themselves, they re- 
 pelled, with little danger, the loose assault of the Mexi- 
 can.* : incredible nvnnhers of them fell in the conflicts 
 which thev renewed every day. While war wasted 
 without, iamine began to consume them within the 
 city. The Spanish brigantines having the entire com- 
 mand of the lake, rendered it almost impossible to con- 
 vey lo the besieged any supply of provisions by water 
 The mimensi! number of his Indian auxiliaries enabled 
 ('ortes lo shut up the avenues to the city by land. 
 Tlie stores whicli Guatimozin had laid up were ex- 
 hausted by the multitudes which had crowded into the 
 capital lo defend their sovereign and the temples of 
 their got' . Not ui.ly the people, but persons of the 
 highest milk, felt llie utmost distresses of famine. 
 What they siitlered brought on infectious and mortal 
 distempers, the last calamity that visits besieged cities, 
 and whuli lilhd up the measure of their woes. 
 
 Hut. under tlie pressure of so many and such various 
 evils, the spirit of (iuatimo/in remained tin n and un- 
 subdued. He rejected with ^corn every overture of 
 peace from Cortes ; and, disdaining the idea of sub- 
 mitting to tlie oppressors of his eoiintry, determined 
 not to survive its rum. The Spaniards continued their 
 progress. At length all the three divisons penetrated 
 into the great square in ihe centre of the city, and 
 made a secure lodgnnMit there [July 27. J Three- 
 fourths of the city were now reduced and kiid in ruins. 
 The remaining quarter was so cloAcly pressed, that it 
 could not long withstand assailants, who attacked it 
 from their new station with superior advantage, and 
 more assured expcclation of success. The Mexican 
 nobles, solicitous lo save the life of a monarch whom 
 they revered, prevailed on Guatimozin to retire from a 
 place where resistance was now vain, that he might 
 rouse the more distant provinces of ihe empire to amis, 
 and maintain there a mure successful struggle with the 
 public enemy. In order to facilitate the exceutton of 
 this measure, they endeavored to amuse ('nrtes with 
 overtures of submission, that, while his attention was 
 employed in idjusting the articles of paciticttion, Gus- 
 
 i:j3 
 
 timozin might escape unperccived. iiut the> made 
 this attempt upon a leader of greater sagacity and dis- 
 cernment than to be deceived by their arts. Cones, 
 suspecting their intention, and aware of what moment 
 It was lo defeat it, appointed Sandoval; the ollicer on 
 whose vigilaiH'C he could most perfectly rely, to take 
 the command of the brigantines, with strict injuiiclioiks 
 to watch everv motion of the enemy. Sandoval, at- 
 tentive to the charge, observing some large canoes 
 crowded with people rowing across the lake with ex- 
 traordinary rapidity, instaritly gave the signal to chase. 
 Garcia Holguin, who eonnnanded the swiftesi saihng 
 brigdiiline, soon overtook them, and was preparing to 
 fire on the foremost canoe, which seemed to carry ^onie 
 person whom all the rest followed aMd ol'eyed. At 
 once the rowers dropped their oar^, and all on board, 
 throwing down their arin*^, conjured him with erie.s and 
 tears to forbear, as the eiiqu'ior was there. Uolguii! 
 eagerly seized his prize; and (iuatimoziii, witli a dig- 
 nilied composure, gave himself up into his hands, re- 
 questing only that no in.sult nuglil be oll'ered to the 
 empress or his children. When conducted le Cortes, 
 he appeared neither with the sullen liercenes.s of a bar- 
 banan, nor with the dejection of a supplicant. " I 
 have dune," said he, addressing himself to the Spanish 
 general, "what became a monarch. I have delended 
 my people to the last extremity. Nothing iiow re- 
 mains but to die. Take lliis dagger," laying his hand 
 on one which Cortes wore, "plant it in my breast, and 
 put an end lo a life which can no longer be of use." 
 
 As soon as the fate of their sovereign was known, 
 the resistanc, of the Mexicans ceased ; and (.'ortes 
 took possesion of that small part of the capital which 
 yet remained iindestroyed [Aug. i:ij. Thus lenmnuled 
 the siege of Mexico, the most memorable event in the 
 conquest of Anienca. It continued seventy-tive dajs, 
 hardly one of which passed without some extraordinary 
 ellbrt of one party in the attack, or of the other in the 
 defence of a city, on the fate of whicli both knew that 
 the fortune of the empire depended. As the struggle 
 here was more obstinate, it was likewise more e^ual 
 than any between t :e inhabitants of the Old and New 
 Worlds. The great abilities of (iuatmiozin. the nuiii- 
 her of his troops, the peculiar situation of his capital, 
 so far counterbalanced the supi-riontv of the Spaniard' 
 in arms and discipline, that they must have relinquished 
 the enterprise if they had trusted for success to them- 
 selves alone. Hut Mexico was overiurned by the 
 ji-alousv of neighbors who dreaded its power, and by 
 the levolt of subjecti impatient to shake oil' its yoke. 
 Hy their eflectual aid, Cortes was enabled to accom- 
 plish what, without such support, he would hardly have 
 ventured to attempt. How much soever this account 
 of the reduction of Mexico may detract, on the one 
 hand, from the marvellous relations of some Spanish 
 writers, by ascribing that to 3imj)le and obvious causes 
 wh.ch they attribute lo the romantic valor of their 
 countrymen, it adds, on the other, to the inent and 
 abilitit s of Cortes, who, under every disadvantage, ac- 
 quired such an ascendant over unknown nations, as to 
 render them instruments towards carrying his schemes 
 into execution [121] 
 
 The exultation of the Spanianls, on accomplishing 
 this arduous enterprise, was at lirst excessive. Hul 
 this was quickly damped by the cniel disappointment ot 
 those sanguine hopes whicli had animated them amidst 
 so many hardships and dangers. Instead of the inex- 
 haustible wealth which they expected Iruni becoming 
 masters of Montezuma's treasures, and the ornaments 
 of so many temples, their rapaciousness could only 
 collect an inconsiderable booty aiuidst rums and desola- 
 tion. Guatimozm, aware of his impending fate, had 
 ordered what remained of tlu^ ridies amassed by hia 
 ancestors to be thrown into the lake. The Indian auxi- 
 liaries, while the Spaniards were engaged m conllict 
 with the enemy, had carried oil" the most valuable pari 
 of the sjioil. The sum to he divided among the cou- 
 querors was so small that many of ihem di&dained to 
 accept of the pittance which fell to their share, and all 
 murmured and exclaimed ; some against Cortes and 
 his contidants, whom they suspected of having secretly 
 appropriated to their own use a large portion of the 
 ricliea which should have been brought into the com- 
 mon slock ; others, against Guatiniozm, whom they 
 accused of obstinacy in refusing lo discover the place 
 where he had hidden bis treasure. 
 
 Arguments, entreaties, and promises were employed 
 in order lo soothe them, but with so little ellect, that 
 Cortes, from solicitude to check this growing spi- 
 rit of discontent, gave way to a deed whicli stains tiie 
 glory of all his great actions. W^ithout regarding 
 fornter dignitv of Guatimozin, or feeling anv reverence. 
 
134 
 
 ROnEUTSON'S HISTUnV OP 
 
 for llioio yirluM which he had dinplayoil, ho subjected 
 Uif unhappy monarch, loxiilhcr with hm chief favorilc, 
 * lortutc, III onUr to force from Ihciii a disronry of 
 ihe royal treasure!, whirli It wa« aiipponcd they had 
 tonreaied. (iii.itiiiio/.iii liorc whiilcver Ihe reliiiml cm- 
 «lty of hia tormentori coiihl iiilhct, with iho inviiicihh! 
 fcriilude ofun American warrior. Hw lellow-fiilfcrer, 
 overcome liy the vioh'iicc of the anj;ui»h, luriied a de- 
 lecied eye lowardnhm mnxtcr, which seemed lo Implore 
 hi» permission lo reveal all that ho knew, lliil the 
 liiMh Hpirited iirince, darting on him a looit ot authority 
 niiii({led with scorn, checked his wcakiii's^ liy imkinj,', 
 " Am I now repoainjj on a hed of flowerw !" Ovcr- 
 iwcd hy Iho reproach, the favorite | eraevered in hli 
 dutiful alienee and cipirtd. Cortes, asnuii.ed of .1 were 
 to horrid, rescued tho royal victim from the hands of 
 his torturers, and piolonged a life reserved for now m- 
 dijrnities and siitlerlnjts. 
 
 The fate of the capital, as both partiea had foreseen, 
 decided that of the empire. The provinces siihinilted , 
 one after aiioliier to the coiuiuerors. Small detach- 
 •jaenls of .Spaniards marcliiiii; throiich iliem without m- 
 tciruptioii, penetrated in dilhreiit ipiarters to the )(reat 
 Southern Ocean, which, occordiii),' to the ideas ol Co- 
 tuinhiis, they niiasjiiied would open a short as \vi 11 as 
 easy passage to the Kast Indies, and secure to the 
 crown of (Castile all the envied weullh of those fertile 
 regions ; and the active mind of Cortes hectan already 
 to form schemes for attemptiii;,' this important dia- 
 cnverv. , 
 
 lie did not know, that diirinjj the progress of his 
 yiciorioiis arms in .Mexico, tlu' very scheme, of viliich . 
 ho bcitan 10 form some idea, had been undertaken and 
 •ccoinplished. .\s this is one of the most splendid I 
 events in the history of the ISjianish discoveries, and I 
 has been productive of ell'ects peculiarly interesting to 
 those e.itensive provinces which (,'ortes had now sub- 1 
 iected to tile crown of Castile, the account of its rise 
 and progress merits a particular detail. 
 
 Kerdinand Magalhaens. or .Magellan, a T'ortuguese 
 gentleman of honorable birth, having served several 
 years In the East Indies, with distmnuished valor, uii- 
 d(i the faiuo .s Albinpieique, demanded the recompense 
 which he thought due to his services, with the boldness 
 natural to a high sjiirited soldier. Hut as his general 
 would not grant his suit, and he expected greater jus- 
 tice from his sovereign, whom ho knew lo be a good 
 t.dge and a generous rewarder of merit, he i|uitted In- 
 dia alruplly, and returned to I.isbon. In order to in- 
 duce Kmaiiuel to listen more favorably to his claim, he 
 not only stated his past services, but oU'ered to add lo 
 them by conducting r.is coiintr>inen to the Molucca or 
 Spice Islands, by holding a westerly course ; which he 
 contended would be both sliortcr and less hazardous 
 than that which the Portuguese now followed by the 
 Cape of Good Hope, through the immenie extent ol 
 the Eastern Ocean, 'i'liis was tho original and (avorite 
 project of Columbus, and .Magellan founded his hopes 
 of success on the Ideas of that great navigator, con- 
 firmed by many observations, the result of his own 
 naval experience, as well as that of his country- 
 men In their intercourse with the East Hut though 
 the Portuguese nioiiarchs had the merit of having first 
 ■wakened and encouraged the spirit of discovery in 
 that age, it was iheir destiny, in the course of a few 
 years, to reject two grand schemes for this purpose, 
 the execution of which would have been attended with 
 ■ great accession of glory to themselves, and of power 
 to their kingdom. In conseiiuence of some 111 founded 
 prejudice against Magellan, or of some dark intrigue 
 which contemporary historians have not explained, 
 Emanuel would neither bestow the recompense which 
 ho claimed, nor approve of the scheme which he pro- 
 posed ; and dismissed him with a disdainful coldness 
 intolerable to a man conscious of what he deserved, 
 tnd animated with the sanguine hopes of success pe- 
 culiar to those who arc capable of forming or of con- 
 ducting new and great undertakings In a transport of 
 resentment, [1517) Magellan formally renounced his 
 allegiance to an ungratelul master, and lied to the court 
 of Castile, where he expected that his talents would be 
 more iuitly estimated. Ho endeavored lo recommend 
 himself by olferliig to execute, under the patronage of 
 Spain, that scheme which he ha<t laid before the court 
 01 Portugal, tho accomplishment of which, ho knew, 
 would wound tho monarch against wlioni be was exas- 
 perated in tho most tender part. In order to eatablish 
 tile justness of his theory, lie [iroduccd tho same argu- 
 ments which he had employed at Lisbon ; acknowlcug- 
 ing, at the aaine time, that the undertaking was both 
 arauoui and expensive, as It could not be attempted 
 but with a aquadroo of considerable force, and vic- 
 
 tualled for at least two years. Purtunately, lie applied 
 to a minister who was not ajit lo bo deterred eiilier by 
 the boldness of a design, or the expense of carrying it 
 into exeeution. Cardinal Xiinemis, who at that Un\e 
 dirccteil the affairs of Spain, discerning at once what 
 an Increase of wealth and glory woulil accrue to his 
 country by the success of Magellan's jiroposal, listened 
 to It with a most favorable ear. f'liarlcs V.,on his ar- 
 rival in his Spanish doiniiiioii.4, entered into the meusiire 
 with no less ardor, and orders were Issued fur eipiip- 
 piiig a proper sipiadron at tho public charge, of v\hich 
 tho command was given to Magellan, whom the king 
 honored with the habit of St. Jago and tho title of Cap- 
 tain general. 
 
 On the tenth of August, one thousand five hundred 
 and nineteen, Magellan sailed from Seville with live 
 ships, which, according to tho ideas of the age, were 
 deemed to he of considerable force, though the burden 
 of the largest did not exceed one hundred and twenty 
 tons. 'I'lio crews of the whole amounted to two hun- 
 dred and thirty-four men, among whom were some of 
 tho most skilful jiilots in Sjiain, and several Portuguese 
 sailors. In whoso experience, as more extensive, Ma- 
 gellan placed still greater confidence. After touching 
 at the (.'uiiartes, he stood directly south towards the 
 equinoctial lino along the coast of .America, but was so 
 lung retarded hy tedious calms, and sjient so much tunc 
 in searching every bay and Inlet for ihatconununicalion 
 with the .Soiitlierii Ocean v.'hicli he wished to discover, 
 that ho did not reach the river Ue la Plata till the 
 twelfth of .laniiary, [1,V.20 ] That spacious opening 
 lhruu;^h which its vast body of water pours Into the At- 
 lantic allured him to enter ; but after sdillng up it for 
 soiiio days, he cunctiided from the Bhallowness of the 
 stream and the freshness of the water, that ihe wished- 
 for strait was not situated there, and continiied his 
 course towards the south. On the thirty-first of March 
 he arrived in the Port ol St. Julian, about forty-eight 
 degrees south of the line, where he resolved to winter. 
 In this uncomfortablo station he lust one of his sf^ua- 
 droii ; and the Spaniards sutfered so much fioni the 
 excessive rigor of the climate, that the crtAvs of three 
 of his ships, headed by their ollicira, rose in open mu- 
 tiny, and insisted on relinquishing the visionary project 
 of a desperate adventurer, and returning directly to 
 Spam. This daii>;erous insurrection Magellan sup- 
 pressed, hy an ellnrl of courage no less prompt than 
 intrepid, aiid intlu'tcd exemplary punishment on the 
 ringleaders. With tho remainder lif his followers, 
 overawed hut not reconciled to his scheme, he con- 
 tinued his voyaj^e towards the south, and at length dis- 
 covered, near the lifty-ihird degree of latitude, the 
 mouth of a strait, into wliicli lie entered, nutwilhsland- 
 liig tho murmurs and renionstrances of the people un- 
 der his command. After sailing twenty days ill that 
 winding dangerous channel, to wliich he gave his own 
 name, and where one of his ships descried bun, the 
 great ,Southcrn Ocean opened to his view, and with 
 tears of joy he returned thanks to Heaven for having 
 thus far crowned his endeavors with success. 
 
 IJut he was still at a greater distance than ho ima- 
 gined from the object of ins wishes. He sailed during 
 three months and twenty days in a uniform directioi. 
 towards the north-west without discovering land, 'n 
 this voyage, the longest that had ever been made in the 
 unbounded ocean, he stitlered incredible dislresf. His 
 stock of provisions was almost exhausted, the water 
 became putrid, the men were reduced to the shortest 
 allowance with which It was jiossible to sustain life, and 
 the scurvy, the most dreadful of all the maladies with 
 which sea-faring iieojile are intlicted, began to spread 
 among the crow. One circumstance alone afforded 
 them some consolation ; they enjoyed an iininterrupled 
 course of fair weather, with such favorable winds that 
 Magellan bestowed on that ocean the naiiie of I'aci/ic, 
 which It still retains. When reduced to such extre- 
 mity that they must have sunk under their siitforings, 
 they fell in with a cluster of small but fertile Islands 
 [March 6,] which afforded them rcfrcshmcnti in such 
 abundance, that their health was soon re-cstahlishcd 
 Eroin these isles, which ho called Vc los Ladivnes, ho 
 proceeded on his voyage, and soon made a more im- 
 portant discovery of the Islands now known by tho 
 name of the l*ltilipi>ines. In one of these he gi-^t Into 
 an unfortunate quarrel with the natives, who attacked 
 him with a numerous body of troops well armed ; and 
 while he fought at the head of his men with his usual 
 valor) he fell [April 26] by the hands of those baiba- 
 riana, together with several of his princl|ial officers. 
 
 The ex|)cditlnn waa proaei:uted under other coni- 
 IQtndera. After visltlting many of the amaller isles 
 acattor^ in the eastern part of the Indian ocean, they 
 
 touched at the great Island of llorneo, (Nov. 8] anil 
 at length landed in 'I'ldore, one of the .Moleccas, lothf 
 aslonihliiiient of the Portuiiuese, who could not com- 
 pri'liend how the Spaniards, by liohlmg a westerly 
 course, had arrived at lliiil siiiucslcMd si at of their 
 most valuible coinineri ", winch they then selves had 
 discovered by sailing 111 an opposite directioi. 'I'liero, 
 
 and in the adjacinl isles, the Spaniard.s lo I a piO| li 
 
 acquainted with the benefits of exiensne ir.de. and 
 willing loopenan intercourse with a iic^v naliim Tliev 
 took in a cargo of the precious spicis, wlinli are ilie 
 dislinguished production of then islands ; and with 
 that, as well as with speciiiie;inor llie rich comniodillus 
 I yielded by the other countr.ts Rhi.:h they had visited, 
 the Virliinj, wliich, of the two ships that remained ol 
 the squadron, was most* fit for u long voyage, set »ji| 
 for Europe, [Jan. 1622] under the coiumand of Juan 
 Sebastian del Cano. He follov^ed ll'e course of the 
 Portuguese, hy the (^ajie of 'joi-d Hope, and after 
 disasters and suirerlngs he arrivrd at St. laicar on the 
 seventh of .September, one tho'isand five liiindred and 
 seventy-two, having walled round the globe in the sjiaco 
 of three years and twenty-eighl days. 
 
 Though an untimely fate deprived .Magellan of the 
 satisfaction of accomplishing this gnat undertaking, 
 his contemporaries, jusL to his memory and talents, 
 ascribed to him not only the honor of having lurnied 
 the jilan, hut of having surmounted almost everv ob- 
 stacle, to the completion of it ; and in the |iresent ugc 
 his name la still ranktil among llie highest in the roll 
 of eminent and successful navigators. 'I'he naval 
 glot of Spain now edqised that of every other nation ; 
 and by a singular felicity she had the merit, in the 
 course of a few years, of discovering a new continent 
 almost as large as that jiurt of the earth which was for- 
 merly known*, and of ascertaining hy experience the 
 form and extent of the whole of the terraqueous glohe. 
 
 Tiie Spaniards were not satisfied with the glorv ot 
 having first encoin|ia8sed the earth ; they expected tj 
 derive great commercial advantages from tins new and 
 holdest effort of their inaritiine skill. The men ol 
 science among them contended, that the Spice Islands, 
 and several of the richest countries in the East, were 
 so situated as to belong of right to tho crown of (J.is- 
 tile, in conseiiueiice of the partitions made by .Mex- 
 aiider VI, The merchants, without attending lo llus 
 discussion, engaged eagerly in that lucrative and allur- 
 ing commerce, which was now open to lliein. The 
 Portuguese, alarmed at the intrusion of such hirmidahle 
 rivals, remonstrated and negotiated In Europe, while 
 in .Asia, 'hey obstructed the tratle of the Spaniards by 
 force of arms. Charles V., not siifliclently instructed 
 with re^jiect to the importance of this valuable br.inch 
 of commerce, or distracted by the multiphcjty of his 
 schemes and operations, did not aflbrd Ins subjects 
 jiroper protection. .\i last, the low state of his finan- 
 ces, exhausted by the efforts of his arms in every fiart 
 of Euro[ie, together with the dread of adding a new 
 war with Portugal to those in wliicii he was already en- 
 gaged, induced him t'j make over his claim of the .Mo- 
 luccas to tho Portuguese for three hundred and tilty 
 thousand ducats. He reserved, however, to tiie crown 
 of Castile the right of reviving its pretensions on re- 
 payment of that sum ; hut other objects engrossed his 
 attention and that of his successors ; and .Spam was 
 finally excluded from a branch of commerce in which 
 it was engaging with sanguine ex|)ectatioiis of profit. 
 
 Though the trade with the Moluccas was relm- 
 quished, the voyage of Magellan was followed by com- 
 mercial effects of great moment to Spain. Philip H., 
 Ill the year one thousand live hundred and sixty-four, 
 reduced those islands which he discovered in the East- 
 ern ocean to subjection, and established setlleiuenls 
 tlicc ; between which and the kingdom of New Sjmin 
 a regular intercourse, the nature of which shall be ex- 
 plained In Its proper place. Is still carried on. I retiirii 
 now to the transactions in New Spain. 
 
 At the time that Cortes was acquiring such eitcn- 
 sivo territories for his native country, and preparing the 
 way for future conquests, it was his singular fate not 
 only to be dcstltuto of any commiaslon or authority 
 from tho sovereign whom he was serving with such 
 aucceasful zeal, but to be regarded as an undutiful and 
 seditious subject. Uy the Influciico of Kunseca, Bishop 
 of Hiirgos, his conduct In assuming the government of 
 New Spain was declared to bo an irregular usurpation, 
 in contempt of the royal authority ; and Christoval di.* 
 Tapla received a commission, empowering lilm t4> 
 siHiersede Cortes, to seize his person, to confiscate his 
 etlects, to make a strict scrutiny into his proceedings, 
 and to transmit the result of all the Inquiries carried on 
 in Nbw Spain to the Council of the liidica, of wl icb 
 
rtt)UTH AME IlICA. 
 
 135 
 
 Utc Biahup of Uur^OM was |trrsi(l(uit A few weeks | 
 tfter the rcMlurtion of Mexico. Tiipiii laiuU'tl ol Vtru I 
 Cru7. with llie royul tnamliite to Htrip lis roiHinrror ol j 
 hi» jtower, iiiid Iri'iil liitii an u rnimiml. IJul !■ 'oiisec.i I 
 hud oliiisL-ri a verv iinproiHT mslniriiurit In wicik lii-« 
 VPn;,'riiiK-i» on (*orl»'S 'I'iiina li.u! tieitlirr llie ri'|niti- 
 tioii nor ihv tiilciitt that himtil lliu hinli coiniiiiinil to 
 winch he wiih <i|ipointe(l (.'orlcs, while he juihiicly ex- 
 |)rl^Hl'(l the nio-i' renpictfiil vendraliuii lor tlin cm- 
 fH-nr** Eiulhorily, !»ecrelly took nieasuren lo i\vity<ii llu; 
 rtfcci of hiM eonnnis?<ioii ; anil havini,' involved Tiipiu 
 and hm followers in a nmltii'li'-itv of nefiolMitioiis mid 
 ronlL'retices, in whieh he Honietiinurt hud recoiirno In 
 tlireuH. lull nioru freipiently einployed briheH and 
 promises, he ai Imirlli prevailed upon that weak man 
 to uliandon » provmee wliieli he wuh unworthy ot yo- 
 veriMO'^. 
 
 Hut notwilhHtiiiuiint; tlie fortunate dexterity with 
 which he had ehidrd ihiH djii^er, (fortes wuh »o seiisi- 
 lile of the precarious tenure by whicli he lield liii* 
 |)Ower, that lie despatelud depntie» to Sjmin [May ir>.] 
 wiih u pompous ii<.'count of the success of hm arms, 
 with lunher fcpeciniens of the prodiicliona of the coun- 
 try, and Willi rich prescnis to (he emperor, as llie car- 
 nest of future contrihutiofiH fiom his new coiupiests ; 
 requesting', in recompense for all Ins services, the up- 
 prohalioii ef liis procet-din^H, and that he mi^ht he in- 
 irusu-il with the novermnent of those dominions, whidi 
 his conduct and the valor of liis followers liatl added 
 to the crown of Castile. The juncture in winch his 
 deputies readied tlic rourt was favoralile. 'I'lie inter- 
 nal commotions in Spain, which had dis([uieled the he- 
 jjmiiiiii; of CharlcHs rei^ii, were just appeased 'i'lie 
 nnuistrrs liad Ici^^ure to turn tlieir allention towards 
 fon-isin utVairs, 'I"he account of Cortrs's victories 
 filled ins countrymen with admiration. The extent and 
 Valium of Ins eonpiesis became llic ohjcct of vast and 
 inleresiinii hopes. Whatever stam he luii^ht have con- 
 tracted. Iiv tlie irre;|ul.iriiv of the steps which he took 
 in order to aUaiii power, was so fully ellaced by the 
 splendor and merit of the (freut actions wllieli this had 
 enabled him lo ptTl'orm, that every heart revolted at the 
 tlioujihl ol nilb'-tiiii.' any censure on a man whose ser- 
 vices entitled liini lo the ln»:l»'sl marks of distinction. 
 Vhe public voice declared warmly in favor of his pre- 
 tcusiens ; and Charles, arnvmir in >Spain about this 
 I'uic. H<ioj)li'd lilt! senlimenls of his subjects wi'!i u 
 ) luthful ardor Nolwithstandinij the claims of V'elas- 
 Qti'V., aitd till! partial represenlation^ of the iiisliop of 
 fJur^ros, llic emperor afipomted ('ortes captani ifetieral 
 fill 1 povernor of New .Spain, judj.'in<; ihat no person 
 was so capable of maintaining (lie royal authority, or of 
 establishinir pood order bulb amuntr liiti Spanisli and 
 Indian subjects, as tlic victorious leader whuni tlu^ for- 
 mer had tonir been accustomed to obey, and the latter 
 had been tau';ht to fear and to respect. 
 
 Kveii before his jnrisdiclion received tbia lepal sauc- 
 nri, ('ortes ventured to exercise all the powers of a 
 ^ovei:. r, and, by various arraiiuemcnls, endeavored 
 o render hi& ccnouest a secure and lieiK-liiMal acipMsi- 
 tion to his country. Me determined to establish tin; 
 seat of government in its ancit i.t statian, and lo raise 
 Mexico upain from its ruins ; and having conceived 
 hiph ideas concerimifj the future grandeur of the slate 
 of which he was laying the foundation, he bewail to re- 
 build Its ca)iital on a plan wliicli hath gradually funned 
 the most magnificent city in the New Wurld. At the 
 same time, he employed skilful jiersons to search for 
 mines, in dilVerent parts of the countrv, and opened 
 some which were found (o be richer than any which 
 the Spaniards bad biilierlo discovered in America 
 He detached his principal oti'icers into the remote pro- 
 vinces, and cncouraped (hem to settle there, not onlv 
 '^ bestowing npom them larpe tracts of land, but by 
 ^lantinp them the same dominion over the Indians, and 
 the same riyht to their service, which the Spaniards 
 had assumed in the islands. 
 
 If. was not however, wiihont diiricnlty that the Mexi- 
 can empire could be enlirely reduced into ihe form of 
 a Spanish colony. Kiiraped and rendered desperate bv 
 oppression, the natives olicn forpot the superionlv of 
 their enemies, and ran to arms in defence of their 
 liberties. In every contest, however, the Kuropean 
 valor and discipline prevailed. IJut fatally for the lio- 
 tior of their country, the Spaniards sullied the ylory re- 
 dounding from these re^)eated victories by their mode 
 of trealinir the vanciuished people. After takmji Cuati- 
 mozin, and becomintr masters of his cajiitnl. they sup- 
 Doied (httt the kiiiij; of Castile entered on possessio.i of 
 ttll the rights of (he captive monarch, and ajVected to 
 lonaider every elfort of the Mexirutitf to assert their 
 mm independence, as thu rebellion of vassals against 
 
 their Hovereiun, or the mutiny of slaves nirainst thrir j stations in vnriout* departments of piibbo busineris ut 
 master. I^ider the ttaneiion of those ill founded max- Madrid, (vere f>o much elevated with (heir promotion, 
 (hey violated every ri^liUliat should be held sacred ^ that ihry thmiirht they were called to ae( n part of the 
 
 belwe(>n hostile nalions. Alter each msnrrecliou, ihev 
 reduced the common people, in the provi?u-es which 
 they Mibdui'd, lo the most huiiiibalin^ of all conditions, 
 thai of perhonal servitude. Then ilnefs, supposed lo 
 be more criminal, were punished with prealer t*everily. 
 and put to death in the most iiinoimmous or the moKt 
 excru'-ialinp mode that (he m.^olence or (he cruelty of 
 their cornpierors could devi.se. In almost every dislrict 
 of ihd Mexican empire, the proprej^s of the Spanifli 
 arms is marked with blood, and with deeds so atrocious 
 as disgrace the cntcrprismi; valor that conducted them 
 
 (ir»t couseipiciice Hut beiny at'cuistomed tj (hi- 
 minute lonnalities of ollice, and bavuii; contracted the 
 imrr()W uleas suited to the sphere in whu-h lliey had 
 hiHierto moved, they uere a.oUiniHbed on Hrnvintr in 
 Mexico [UVJ-l], Hi llie hinli HuUioriiy whirh Cortes ex- 
 ercised, and could not conceive that the mode of udmi- 
 mstraiion, in a country recentiv subdued and Mettled, 
 must be dillerent from what took place m one where 
 Iranipiillity aiut regular government hud bet it loiipes'a- 
 blished. In ibeir letters, they represented Cortefr as 
 an Hmbilions (yraii(, who. havinir usurped a jurisdiction 
 
 tosncce*H. lu the ctnmtry of I'amico, sixty cazupies ' superior lo law, aspired at independence, and. bv his 
 or leaders, and four hundred nobles were burnt ni one . exorbitant wi-alih and i xtensive inttuence, mii.d it ac- 
 complish those di.>loyul schemes which he apparently 
 meditated. These nismua(ion:i maile such deep im- 
 pression upon (he Spanish niiiiislers moil of whom had 
 been formed lo biisinesH under (he paloiis and rinid ad* 
 ministration of Ferdinand, that Liiuiindl'iil of all ( ortes's 
 past services, and reparilless of v\lial hi' was (hen auf- 
 lermj,' in conductini,' that extraordinary expedition, in 
 wliicli be advanced from (he lake of Mexico to the 
 western extremities of Honduras, [l*li] they infused 
 lilt; saint! suspicions mlo the minds of their master, and 
 prevailed on liiin to t)rtier a solemn incpieKi to be made 
 into his contlnct [I.Vjr)], uiili powers to the licentialc 
 I'once de I.con, intrusted with thai commission, to 
 
 time. Nor was this shoekmir liarl'anly perpetrated 
 any sudden sally of rape, or by a comin.nider of iiderior 
 iiole. it was the a.;t of Saniloval, an oHieer whose name 
 IS entitled to the second rank in the annals of New 
 Spam, and execiiteil after a solemn consultation with 
 Cortes; and to complete the horror of the scene, the 
 f hildren untl relations of thtt wretched victims were as 
 sembled, and compelled to be spectators of their dyin<; 
 anunitis. Ii seems hardly possible to exceed in horror 
 tins dreadful example of severity ; but it was followt'd 
 by another, which atfeeicd tlio Mexicans still more 
 sensibly, as it yave them a most feeling proof of Uieir 
 own df!^rnnla(ion, and of the small repard which their 
 
 hauplity maslers retained for the ancient dipuity and seize his person, if he should CwaI thut expedient, and 
 
 s[deudor of their stale. lh\ a slight suspicion, con 
 lirined by very imperfect evidence, thai Ciualimozm had 
 formed a scheme to shake olf the yoke, and to excite 
 Ins former subjects to takt; arms, Cortes, without tlie 
 fonnjlity of a trial, ordered the unhapjiy monarch, to- 
 gether w ih the cazupies of Te/euro and Taciiba, the 
 iwo persons of greatest eminence in the empire, to be 
 handed ; ami the Mexicans, with astonishment and 
 horror, hehi-hl this disirracjful punishment inlbclod upon 
 [) -rsins to whom the/ wtre accusioinol to look up 
 with reverence liartUy inferior to that which they paid 
 to the i,mds themselves. [\'Z'i] The example of (.Tories 
 and bis princi|iai otlicers encouraged untl justified per 
 
 send him prisoner (o Spain. 
 
 The sufideii dea(h of I'once de Leon, a few days 
 
 af(et his arrival in Nt^w Spam, prevented the execution 
 of (his commission. i)ut as the objtct of his uppouu- 
 ment was known, the mind of < 'ortes was deeply wound- 
 ed with tins nnexpecttd return for strvices whicii far 
 e;<ceeded whatever any snbject of Spam had rcmbred 
 (o his sovereign. He endeavored, however, (o main 
 lam bis stalion, and to recover the conlidence of tin- 
 court, llul every person in ollice, who had arriveU 
 from Spain smct; the eonipiest, was a spy upon his con- 
 duct, and with malicious ingenuity ^Mvt- an unlavorablt; 
 i representation of all his actions. Tlie apjirelu nsioiis 
 
 sons of subordnate rank to venture upon commiUint,' of ('liarles and liif ministers incr<a>eil A new com- 
 
 ^reater excesses. Nniio d" (luzman, in particular, mission of int[mry was issued [15'^H], with more ex* 
 
 stained an illustrious nam< hv deeds of peculiar enor- tensive powers, and various precatilions were taken in 
 
 mttv and ri<^or, in various e.\|it ditions which he con- order to prevent or to pnni»li him, if he shoutil bt hq 
 
 ducted. presumptuous as lo attempt what was inconsistent 
 
 One circumstance, however, saved the Mexicans 
 from further consumption, perhaps from as complete as 
 (hat which had depopulated the islands. The Hrst con- 
 ipierors did not attemjit to search for the precious 
 nietah m the bowels of tlie earth. They were neither suf- 
 ficiently wealthy to carry on the expensive works which 
 are rctpiisitc for opening those deeji recesses where 
 nature has concealed the veins of jjold and silver, nor 
 sultlciently skilful to perform the ir.^enious operations 
 by which those precious metals are separated from their 
 respective ores They were satisfied with the more 
 simple melliotl. practised by tht; Indians, of washing 
 the earth earned down rivers and torrents from the 
 mountains, undcollectinir ihe grains of native metal de- 
 posiietl (here. The rich mines of New Spain, which 
 have poured forth (heir treasures with such profusion 
 
 with (he fidelity of a subject. Cortes beheld the ajn 
 proaclnn^ crisis of his fortune with all the violent emo- 
 tions natural to a haughty nuiid conscious of hi^'h de- 
 sert, and receivinj.' unworthy treatnuuit. Hut thoiitrh 
 some of his desperate followers ur^ed him to assert his 
 own ri<rhts against bis ungrateful country, and with a 
 boltl hind to seize ll:at power which tht; courtiers mean- 
 ly accused him of coveiinjr. he retained such self-com- 
 mand, or was actuated with such sentiments ot lovalty, 
 as to reject their dangerous counsels, aiitl tu choose 
 the only courfse in which he could secure his own dig- 
 nity, without departing from his duly. !le resolved 
 not lo expt>se himself to th" ignominy of a tnal in thai 
 countrv which hud been tht' m'vuv. of Ins triumphs; but, 
 without wailiuiT for the arrival of his jud^'es, to repair 
 tlirecllv lo (!^astile, aiitl cummit himself and his causo 
 
 on every cpiarter of the <^lobe. were not discovered for lo the justice and yenerosity of his novereign. 
 
 several yrxi-' after the contpiest IJy that time f 15.')2J, 
 A:c ]. a more orderly t;overnineiit and police were in- 
 trodiicetl into the ctiltmv ; ex|ierience, derived from 
 foniirr eriois, bad suiiLTesled many useful and humane 
 reiiulatiuns for the protection and preservation of the 
 Indians; and though it then became necessary to in- 
 crease the number of those luuployed in the mines, and 
 they were ent^agetl in a species of labor more pernicious 
 to the human constiliit ion, they sulfered less hanlship 
 or dimiuulion than from the ill jndifed, but less exten- 
 sive, schemes of the first conquerors. 
 
 ^^'hlle It was ihe lot of thu Indians to Suffer, their 
 new masters seemed not to have derived any consider- 
 able wealth from their ill conducted researches. Ac- 
 cording to the usual fate of firsl settlers in new colonies, 
 It was their lot to encounter danger and to strug'jlc 
 with ditliculties ; the fruits of (heir victories and toils 
 were re.'served for times of trantpiillity, and reaped by 
 successors of great intlustrv, but of inferior merit. The 
 early historians of America abound with accounts of 
 the sutfi ring^ and of the |)overly of its conipierors. In 
 New Spain, their condition was rendered more grievous 
 liy a peculiar arrangement. When (-'harles V. advanced 
 Cortes to the govcrnme-nt of that country, he a( the 
 samu time appointed certain commissioners to receive 
 and administer (he royal revenue there, with independ- 
 ent jurisdiction. These men, chosen from inferior 
 
 Cortes ajipeared m his native country with the splen- 
 dour (hat suited the contpieror of a mighty kingdom. 
 He brought with liiin a great part of his wealth, many 
 jewels and ornaments of great value, several curious 
 productions of«the country, [Vi\] and was attended by 
 some Mexicans of the first rank, us well as by the most 
 considerable of his own ollicers. His arrival in Spain 
 removed at once every suspicion and fear that had been 
 entertained with respect to his intentions. The em- 
 peror, having now nothing to aj»prt'bend from the de- 
 signs of (fortes, received him like a person whom con 
 scionsness of his own innocence had brought into iho 
 presence of his master, and who was entitled, by the 
 eminence of his servic<;s. to the hiiihest murks of dis- 
 tinction and respect. 'I'he order of St. Jago, the title 
 of MartpiiK del V'alle de (Juaxuca, the grant of an am 
 pie territ.iry in New Spain, were successively l^eslowed 
 upon him ; and as his manners were correct and ele- 
 gant, although lie had passed 'he greater part of his bf*« 
 ameng rough adventurt^rs, the emperor admitted him in 
 th* same familiar intercourse with himself, (hal was 
 o'ljoyed by noblemen of (he first rank. 
 
 IJnt, amidst those external proofs of regard, symp- 
 toms of remaining distrust appeared. Though Corto«» 
 earnestly solicited to be reinstated in the governmen* 
 of New Spain, Charh^s, too sagacious to commit surb 
 an important charge to a man whom he had ooce eu« 
 
'!i 
 
 186 
 
 pfctetl. peremntorily rcfiiiod to invcit him $sn\n wiih 
 
 {wwcm which no miizht liiMl it iii)|>0)«Hili|«' to rnn'rol. 
 *ort(>n, thouijh tli^iiitin) with nnw lilh-^. rt iiinii'tt lo 
 Mexico [in:M>], vviih diniiiiiAiit'i) .lutlionty. Th" nuh- 
 Ury tlr|mrtim iil. with powrrft Id utti'iii|>l iirw ihMCn- 
 Tf-ricit. MiiH It'lt 111 hit hiimlx ; hut the Mipninr (hnrtioti 
 of civil iilhiirs v,nn i^lurid in a hoiirtl i.illitl 'I'fn Att- 
 fiunfr (if i\rtr Sfiant. At a HiiliHi'ijiii'tit |h runl. when, 
 upon the ii.iTCrtWp of ihr rohniv. thtM-xcrtioti ot aiilhonlv 
 more iiniitMl aiitl extensive hiiMine neci !*Niirv, Antofiio 
 dc M< iiih>/». a nohh'inun ol hi^h nnk. wnn sent IhiMur 
 M Vitrri'if, l<i lake ihd governnieiil tnlu liin hands. 
 
 Thm diviBion ol power in New S|iuiii proved, ii« wan 
 linavoidahh-, (hi Ninirce of perp< tunl diMMiiMiun, which 
 imhillered ihn .ife of Curleii, and thwarted all hm 
 ftcheinrN. An ho liad now no opportuiiily to diHplnv 
 hlN active tatcntfl hut in atleinptin^ new diNcoverieM, he 
 forineil vuious HchemcN for thjt purpose, ntl ol which 
 bear imprettniont* of a yeiiiuii that dehiilitcil in what wa» 
 liold and Hph'iidid. He early c nlertiiined >ni idea, tlial, 
 either hy hteeriiif; through the (iiilf of I-'Ionda ahniji tlie 
 past coast of North Aiiiericu, sonin strait would lie 
 found ihiit coiiiiininieHteJ with the western ocean ; ur 
 that, hy exiiiiiinin^ the islhnniH uf Uarien. lonie passage 
 wouul he disco\ercd lietween the North and South 
 Sea«. But havln^ heeii disappointed in hm expecta- 
 tiAHS with respect lo hotli. he now contimd tiis views 
 to uiieli voyajjcH of discovery ns he could make from 
 the jHirtif of New Spam in the South Sea. There he 
 fitted out sufcessively several Min.dl dipiadrons, which 
 either jierished in the attempt, or ri'luriied without 
 making; any discovery of moment. Cortes, weary of 
 iniruHtinjr ihr conduct of his operations to others, look 
 the command of a new nrniament in person [ir>:JBJ ; 
 and, after enduriiif; incredihle hardships, and encouii- 
 terinj» dan^'era of every species, he discovered the iarye 
 peninsula of raliforeiia, and surveyed the (rrealer part 
 of the gulf which separates it from New Spain. The 
 discovery of a country of such extent would have re- 
 flected credit on a common adventurer ; hut it couhl 
 add little new honor to the r.'>uie of Cortes, am\ was 
 far from satisfying the simguine expectations which he 
 had tbrined. Disgusted with ill succe.-*^, lo which he 
 bad not been accustomed, and weary of contesting with 
 adversaries to whom he considered it as a disgrace to 
 be opposed, he once more sought for redress in his na- 
 tive country [IfilO]. 
 
 But his reception there was very different from that 
 whi(h gratitude, and even decency, ought lo have se- 
 cured for him. The merit of his ancient exploits was 
 ftlready, in a great measure, forgotten or eclipsed hy 
 iho fam« of recent and fiiore valuahle conquests in 
 another (|uarter of AmeruM No service of moment 
 was now expected from a man of declining years, and 
 who began to he unfortunate. The emperor behaved 
 to hirn with cold civility ; hi.i ministers treated him 
 aometimcs with neijlect, sometimes with insolence. 
 His grievances received no redress ; his claims were 
 urged without elfect ; and after several years spent in 
 fruitless application to ministers and judges, an occu- 
 pation the most irksome and mortifying to a man of 
 nigh spirit, who had moved in a sphere wher" he 
 was more accustonud to command than to solicit. 
 Coites ended his day* on the scond of December, one 
 thousand five hundred a:id forty-seven, in thn sixty- 
 second year of his age His fate was llie same witli 
 that of all the persons who distinyuished themselves in 
 the discovery or compiest of the New World. Knvied 
 by his contemporaries, and ill requited by the court 
 which he served, he has been adinircd^nd celebrated 
 by succeeding ages. Which has formed the most jusi 
 estimate of his character, an impartial consideration of 
 his actions must determine. 
 
 BOOK VI. 
 
 History of the con^pieit of Peru liy Pizarro and of the dis- 
 seiiRions iimieivul wars of the Spaniards in that country— 
 OriKin, pn)i;rcss,aii>i effHrts of these. 
 
 1523.] Fro.m the time that Nugnez de Balboa dis- 
 covered the great Southern Ocean, and received the 
 firfit obscure hints concerning the opulent countries with 
 which it might open a communication, the wishes and 
 tchemes of every enterprising person in the colonies of 
 Darien and Panama were turned towards the wealth of 
 those unknown regions. In an age when the spirit of 
 ■d venture was so ardent and vigorous, that large for- 
 tunes wer^ wasted, and tlje most alarming dangers 
 braved, in pursuit of discoveries merely jwasible* the 
 faintest ray of hope was followed with sn eager expec- 
 tation, and the slightest information was aulficient to 
 inspire such perfect confidence as conducted men to 
 the most arduous undertakings. [125J 
 
 HOUKRTMONS HISTORY oF 
 
 Accordingly, several armaments wi^re fitted out in 
 order lo exploie and take pOBSis.iion of the countries to 
 llie c.i>t til I'aiiiima, bil uiuler the cofiduci of leadiTs 
 \\tior>L- tiderils and resources were une(|Uul to Ihe at^ 
 tempi. As llie r.\cursioiin uf those .idvt'iilurers di<l nut 
 exleiitl be\otid the limils ot the province to whii-li llie 
 Spaniards have nwvu Ihe name uf Tierru Kirnii-. u 
 iiioiintaintius region cum red wilh woods, lliiiily inlia- 
 biltd, and rxireni<lv unheallliy, Ihcy rehirncd with dis- 
 rn.d accounts ioncirninu the ilif«tri sscn in vsliub they 
 hatl been eiposed, and ihi' unpromising a.<pect of ilir 
 pU< ( •< which they had visited Damped by ilieM- lid- 
 nigs, the ragt> for discovery in that direction abated ; 
 and It became the gener.il opinion that Dalboa bail 
 founded visionary hopes, on the lule of an ignorant In- 
 dian, ill iinderstooil, or calculated to deceive 
 
 I5t24.j Hut there were ibree persons settled m Pa- 
 nama, on whom the circumstauces wliieh deterred otlwrs 
 made so little impression, tluit, at the very moment 
 when all considered Ilalbim's e.'cpcctatioim of discover- 
 ing a rich rouulry, by htecrinu inwards tlu' east, iischi- 
 mi'rical, they resolved lo attempt iho execution of his 
 si-heme. 'i'lie namesof those extraordinary men were 
 rr:innsco I'l/arro, Diego de .\lmagro. and liernandu 
 huipie. I'lZarro was the natural sou of a gentleman of 
 an honorable family by a very low woman, and accord- 
 ing to the cruel late whicli often ultendi the otrHprin^r 
 of unlawful love, had been so totally neglected in bis 
 youih by the author of his birlh, ii.M he seems to hav{' 
 destined him never to rise bevond th'j condition of bis 
 mother. In consetiuencu of this -.ingeiu-rous idea, he 
 set him, when boniering on manliood, to keep boirs. 
 Hut the aspiring mind of young Pi/arro disdaining that 
 Ignoble occupation, be abruptly aliandoned his ch.irge, 
 enlisted as a soldier, and after serving muuv years in 
 Italy, embarked foi Anuricn, wbub, hy opemng such a 
 i)oundleas raiiije lo active talents, .illured everv adven- 
 turer whose fortune was not equal to bis ambitious 
 thmighls. 'i'herc I'lzarro earlv distinguished himself. 
 With a temper of mind no less daring than the consti- 
 tution of his body wa;* robust, be was foremost in every 
 danger, patient under the greatest hardships, and unsub- 
 dued by any fatigue. Though so illiterate that be could 
 not even read, tie was soon considered as a man formed 
 to command. Kvery operation committed to hiu con- 
 duct proved successful, as, hy a luipjiy hut rare con- 
 junction, be united perseveranco with ardur, and was 
 as cautious in e.ieculing as ho was i'old in forming hi.i 
 plans. Hy engaging earlv in active life, without any 
 resource but his own talents and industry, and by dc;- 
 pending on himseif alone in his struggles to emerge 
 from obscurity, he acquired such a thorough knowledge 
 of affairs, and of men, that he was lilted to assume a 
 superior part in conducting the former, and in govern- 
 ing the latter. 
 
 Almagro bad as little to boast of his descent as Pi- 
 zarro. The one was a liaslard, the oilier a foundling. 
 Hred, like his companion, in the camp, he yielded not 
 to him in any of the soldierly qualities of intrepid valor, 
 indefatigahte activity, or iriMinnountable constancy in 
 enduring the hardships inseparable from military service 
 in the New World. Hut in .Minagro tiiese virtues 
 were accompanied with the openness, generosity, and 
 candor, natural to nun whose profession is arms ; in 
 Pizarro, they were unileil with the address, the craft. 
 and the dissimulation of a politician, with the art of 
 concealing bis own jiurposes. iiiid with sagacity to pene- 
 trate into tliose of other men. 
 
 Ilirnando de Luque was an ecclesiastic, who acted 
 both as priest and schuoliiiaster at Panama, and, by 
 Uicans winch the contemporary writers have not de- 
 scribed, had amassed riches that inspired him with 
 thoughts of rising to greater eminence. 
 
 Such were tlie men destined to overturn one of the 
 most extensive empires on the face of the earth. Their 
 confederacy for this purpose was authorized by Pedra- 
 rias, the governor of Panama. Kach engaged to em- 
 ploy his whole fortune in the adventure. I'izarro, the 
 least wealthy of the three, as he could not throw so 
 large a sum as his associates into the common stock,' 
 engaged to lake the department of greatest fatigue and 
 danger, and to command in person the armament which 
 was to go first upon discovery. Almagro offered to 
 conduct the supplies of provisions and reinforcements 
 of troops, of which Pizarro niiglit stand in need. Luquc 
 was to remain at Panama to negotiate with the go- 
 vernor, and superintend whatever was carrying on for 
 the general inti-rest. As the spirit of enthueiasin uni- 
 formly accompanied that of adventure in the New 
 World, and by that slrange union both acquired an 
 increase of force, this confederacy, formed by ambition 
 and avarice« was confirmed by the most solemn act of 
 
 religion. Luqtie celobra'ed mast, di\ ided a eon!*rrru(Ml 
 himi into thn-i-. and, reMirving one pari lo bimscti, gavf> 
 the Milur irtu lo liH :i..Mici.ilit, dI wbub ihc v partook ; 
 and thus, in ibe iiamu iii the Pnnce uf Piace, laiiliid 
 a ( onirael uf which plunder and hhiudshed wvrv the oh- 
 
 'III*- attempt was be^fun willi a force m tre suited to 
 the buinhle condition ol the ihrec an»o* uics iiiau lo the 
 i;reatiies.t ot llic eiiler|irisr m which (litv were eM<«ii;;i'd. 
 Pr/arro st t sail Iroiu Panauii I.Nov llj, wiili a -•nnjle 
 vessel of small burden and a huinlrtd and twthe umii. 
 Hut lit that age, so liith* weri' the ^p(nJl^|l tirqiunnlt-d 
 ' 'ii tile peculiarillesdf the ctimale in Ainerira, that thtf 
 tune which Pi/arruchose lor bisdep.iriuTr was iIm- ino.^t 
 improper in the whoh'yoar ; the pi nodu'al wimls, winch 
 weri' then set in, hemg directly adver^e to the courso 
 whiclt he propoMcd to steer Afier biMitini; about tor 
 ne\enty days, with much danu*')' and lucessanl l.iligue, 
 i'tzarro's progress towards the ^outll-tMst \\,m not 
 greater than whal a skil>ul navigaiiu' will now make in 
 as many hours He touclnd at siMral places on llii* 
 coast of Tierra rirme, bul found i very wlure ibe siiiie 
 uninviting country which former adveuinrers had de- 
 scnhed ; the low ground.^ i-onyeried into swamps bv al 
 overllowing of riwrs ; the IuhIh r, co\rrrd with im 
 |iervious woods; few iiihabit:ints. .md those fierce and 
 iioslde. Famine, fatigue, frei|ueiit ren<'ounters will) 
 tlie natives, and, above all, the distempers of a innisi, 
 sultry climate, combined in wasting his sleiMbr l>aiid 
 of hdluwera. [ir)«'5J llic undaunted resolution of 
 their leader continued, howtver, for some time, lo sufc* 
 lain their spirits, allboiiub no sign bad ytt app<-ared of 
 discovering ihost- golden regions to wbieb he bad prvc 
 mised to conduct ibeni. .\l length he was obliL't'd tJ 
 abandon that inhospitable coast, and retire to ( 'huchama, 
 opposite to Ihe pearl islands, wbcie be hoped t j re- 
 ceive a supply of provisions and troops from Panama. 
 
 Hut Almagro, having sailed Iron) thai port with 
 seventy nu'ii, fttuud directly towards that part of tlio 
 eontiuent where he hoped lo meet with bis af«.'«ot later. 
 Not linding Ihein there, be lauded bis soldiers, who, in 
 searching for their coinpaniotis, uiitlerwent the sa'ne 
 distresses, and were e.\poscd to the same dangers, 
 wbicli had driven them out of the country Uepulsed 
 at liMigtli by the Indians in a sliarp conihcl, in wlitcli 
 their leader lost one of his eyes by tin* wound of an 
 arrow, they likewise were compelled lo re-endiark. 
 ('hancc led llietn to tlio place of I'izarro's retreat, 
 wliere they found some consolaiioji in recouniuiii to 
 each other their adventures, and t (uiiparing their .iiitter- 
 ings. As Almagro had advanced as far as ibe river 
 St. Juan [June 24,] in the province of Po[>ayan, where 
 both the country and mlialulants appeared with a more 
 promising aspect, llut dawn of brtler htrluiu' was siif- 
 licient to determine su. W sanguine projectors not to 
 abandon their scheme, noUMlhstaiiding all that iluy bad 
 sulfered in prosecuting H [1-0] 
 
 1520 ] Almagro repaired to Panama in hopes of re- 
 cruiting thfir shattered troops, Hut what bn and 
 Pizarro had sulfered gave bis coiuilrymen such an un- 
 lavoiahlc idea of the service, that it was wilh ditlicully 
 he could levy fourscore men. I'.'eldf as tins remforce. 
 ment was. Alfnagro took the comtii.UHt of it, and, liav 
 iiig joined Pizarro, they did not hesitate about resum- 
 ing their ofierations. After a long series of disaster? 
 and disappointments, iioi inferior to those which tliey 
 bad already experienced, part of the armament reached 
 the Hay of St. Matlliew, on the coast of Cjuito, and 
 landing at Tacamez, to the south of the river of Kiiie- 
 raulds, they beheld a country more champaign and fer- 
 tile than any they had yet discovered in the .Soutijt-ri> 
 Ocean, 'the natives clad in garments of woollen or 't- 
 ton stutf, and adorned wilh several Irinkel- 
 silvcr. 
 
 Hut notwithstanding those favorable a: s, 
 
 magnified beyond the truth, both by the v.. the 
 
 persons who brought the report from Tacanu d by 
 
 the fond imagination of those who listened m Un n. 
 Pizarro and Almagro durst not veiiMire to mvaib i 
 country so populous with a handful of men enfeebbd 
 by fatigue and diseases. They retired to the smal 
 island of Gallo, where Pizarro remained wilh part ol 
 the troops, and hift associates returned lo Panama, m 
 hopes of bringing such a reinforcement as might enable 
 them to take possession of the ojuilent territories whose 
 existence seemed to be no longer doubtful. 
 
 But some of the adventurers, Icbs enteprising. or Ipi-b 
 hardy, than their leaders, having secretly convey-d 
 lamentable accounts of iheir sulferings and losses to 
 their friends at Panama, Almagro met with an unfavora- 
 ble receplion from Pedro de lo« Rios, who had suc- 
 ceeded Pedrarias in the government of that settlement 
 
ividnl J roHArrrutfid 
 
 Mirt Id liMDNcir, ^.ivf 
 h\lii( h till V |i.irUH>li ; 
 
 •V Ol IN <H't', IlllirM ll 
 udnlllll WV'IV tllf (>1>* 
 
 l»rrr ID irr miiti'tl to 
 iHMui laii-H Wiiiii hi liir 
 
 I (Ih'v wvtv i'ii'i.i;;rti. 
 V hi], \Mtli it -iMule 
 t (I .111(1 twi hr nit II. 
 
 >|ittiiiFth iH'<|iuiiiitr4l 
 111 Aiitrnnt, Iti.il tin* 
 i.irluri* vtiit* lilt' iiio.Ht 
 riuilu'til wiiiiIm, nliii'tl 
 
 lIV'tTM! to till' i'lMimi^ 
 
 •r tn'iiliiiu uluitit lur 
 iitl iiirt'»>saiil l.ili^iit'. 
 M>iilli-i-:tHt Wiirt iM>t 
 liir will now iiiiikc in 
 icvrrul |i!iirrM on tin- 
 vrrv xvliiTt' ilitt jiiin*' 
 iiilvi-ntnrrrM liiiil ih'- 
 
 II iritn H\v<iin|>s liy iiD 
 r, cuvirrctl Mtili mi 
 
 tintl tluise lirriT iiml 
 
 III ri'iicuunitrH wiili 
 >U'inji(rn of i\ nmi^l. 
 111^ liiH hlrndiT luiiid 
 iihh'il nsoiiilioii of 
 .>r Koiiiit Itini', to HUb- 
 
 lidd yi't ainuarrd of 
 
 10 which he liiid ]tto' 
 ill hit wiiH oli|iL'«'d I 1 
 d ri'lirt- toCliiudiiiiim, 
 lu'ie he hopi'd tJ re- 
 iroojis from I'linania. 
 Iroiii lliiil |itirt with 
 kiirJs ihiit piirt of Ihr 
 t with hiH a^NOtiiitiv. 
 
 1 Im^ soldiers, who, in 
 iindcrwi'ol thi- sii'iic 
 I llid suiiie dani;ir't, 
 
 coiiritry. KciiiiUcU 
 urji cotiilu'l, in winch 
 (I hy the wuinid nl an 
 [x'llfd to rcH'iiihark. 
 
 of I'izarro's nMrtat* 
 tioii in n'coimiinii to 
 oni|mriny tlu'ir .^iitlrr- 
 i-d .18 far »H the river 
 CO of ropavaii, where 
 uppiMrcd Willi a more 
 I'tter forniiu- was suf- 
 liiic projectors not to 
 iidingall thut tiny had 
 
 anama in liopci* of ro- 
 Bui wliiil he and 
 nntrvmen such an un- 
 L It was with ditlicull) 
 oeble as this reniforcc* 
 luiiand of it, and, luv 
 lu'sitate iihoiit resinn- 
 iij; series of dlsa^lto^? 
 or to those which they 
 the arinainenl reached 
 coast of CJinto, and 
 
 11 of ihc river of Kine* 
 >re chainpaii^n and fer- 
 ■ered in llie So; ' ■ n> 
 ■nts of wooll'-'i 
 
 ral trinket - 
 
 favorable a s, 
 
 ith by the \ the 
 
 from Tacaint . d by 
 who listened to th» m, 
 )t venMirc to invadr u 
 idful of men enfeebled 
 jy retired to the sinal 
 I remained with part ol 
 returned to Panama, in 
 cement as might enaltle 
 pulent territories whose 
 er doubtful. 
 
 less enteprisinp, orlesb 
 injT secretly convey*^ 
 tiutrerinjjs and losses to 
 met with an unfavon- 
 08 RioB, who had sue 
 nunt of that eetttemcnt 
 
 MM 
 
 fed 
 
 o 
 
 id 
 
 CO 
 
 1^ 
 Q 
 
 ? © 
 1 ^ 
 
 ?a 
 
 © 
 
 m 
 m 
 
 
n 
 
 I! f 
 
 \ 
 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 Ai'ter weighing the timttrr with thit cold economical 
 pniiltnci! which appcnrs ihr tirst of all virtura to piT- 
 •ons wiioiso limited riicuIUfS iiir iru'.ipiitilr uf coiictiv- 
 inp or exofuting jirral dcsiifii>, he (■uiuliidrd an expf- 
 dilion, altrmiod with such ciTtani nnslf uT nicn. lo he 
 BO dctnini'htiil to iin iiilarit ami I'rrliU; culuiiy. Iliat he 
 not otily prohilund 'he rm.-inj; o! Hew U vus. but dt- 
 Bpalclu'd II vt'ssri lo hnnii lionu- I'lzairo and his coni- 
 Idi...>i.P Ironi lilt islaiul ol'lJidlo, AInuigro and Lufiuc, 
 ihoitnh dfi'ply iitlccud wiili iIkjm! nuawiiri's, winch iht-y 
 conid iiol prevent, and diir>t not oppose, louiid means 
 ot'coniniuuicatnii^ ihuir senti.ncnii* privately to I'lZarro, 
 hnd i-Aliortt'd h;ni not lo reIrii|iMsh an enterprise that 
 was the lonndation oi' .ill their Iiojh «, and il.e only 
 mcar.a of rc-csiahLshitig their repniation and lortune, 
 which were ho'li on the dtrline. l*izarro's mind, bent 
 with inllexibk- jt'.stinary un all its purposes, needed no 
 inceniive lo pirsisi m liie oiiit'ine. He p' reinpiordy 
 refusicd lo obey llir govrniur o( l*anama'i« orders, and 
 CMiploNed all his address and elotpience in persiiadini; 
 nis men not lo abandon hnn. Hut th« mcredible 
 .;alainitn'S lo whirh :hey had been exposed wiTV siill 
 lO recent in their memories, and the tliouyhls ol re- 
 visitnii/ their ramdtes and triends. alter a lonj: ab^ nee, 
 Mtihed Willi such joy ntio tlieir mmds, that when 
 1* zarro drew a line upon the sand with his sword, per- 
 in tlinj: SIM h as wislied lo reuini homo to pass over '■., 
 on.y thirteen of all the dariny veterans in Ins service 
 Lad resnbiiion to remain with liieir euminander. 
 
 'llu!> .nail but delernuned hand, wliuse names the 
 Spansh hi.-lorians record Willi deserved praise, as the 
 pcrsoi.s to whose persi-xeriii},' lorliUide llieir country is 
 iiidebtc.l lor the most valnalile ot alt its Atiiericaii jios- 
 sessions, fixed iheir esideiice in the island ol Ciorgoiia 
 Th\n, as it was i'urtler removed Iron the coast than 
 <jalIo, and uninhab ted, they considered as a more 
 secure retreat, wlieri-. uninolested. they iniyhl wait lor 
 supplies from l^un .m-i, winch they trusted tiiat the 
 activity of llieir associates would he aide to procure. 
 Al'iia^ro and I.tu; le were not inalteiitive or cold 
 solicitors, and their incessant importunity was secondeil 
 by the ^leiieral voice of the colony, which exclaimed 
 loudly ayamst the infamy of exjiosin^ brave men, en- 
 gaged m the public service, and chargeable with no 
 trror but what flowed from an excess of zeal and 
 courage, to perish like the most odious criimnals m a 
 icsert island. Overcome by those entreaties and ex- 
 postulations, the governor at last consented to send a 
 small vessel to their relief lint that h^ nn<{lit not 
 Beeni to eiuoiirago Tiza'ro tu any iicw ^i.terprise, iie 
 would not permit one laiulman to embark on board 
 of it. 
 
 IJy thid time, Pizarro and his companions hcd re- 
 piuined five months in an island infainous lur liic ,.<,,: 
 unheallby clnnate in that re^iion of Aineriea. [i'^iT] 
 Dniirig all tins period, their eyes were turned towards 
 i'a!.aina. m lioites of succour from their countrymen; 
 b'lt worn out at lenmii \.ith fruitless ex|ieclalions, and 
 dts| intrd with snlt'eni)) hardships of winch they saw- 
 no t ml, thev, in despair, came lo a resolution of coni- 
 nnt'.nfT themselves to ti e ocean on a ttoa*, ralher tlun 
 continue in that detestable aliode. i)ut, on the arrival 
 of the vessel from Panama, lliey were transporlcd wilh 
 such joy liiat all their siiIi'eriiiL's wen foruoUeii. 'l'he:r 
 hop"8 revived ; and, with a r.ipid transition not un- 
 natural ainon^ men accu^titiiicil by their moile ol tile 
 to sudden vicissitudes ef lortunc. I.i^h coiilideiice suc- 
 ceeding to extreme dtjeetmn. Pizarro easily induced 
 not only his own followers, but the crew ol the vessel 
 from Panama, lo resume Ins iDriner scheme with Iresli 
 ardor. Instead o;' returninif to Panama, they stood to- 
 wards the sHuth-ea. r. and. more I'ortnnale in llns than 
 n any of their past etiiirts, iliey. on the twentieth day 
 after their departure from (lornona, discovered the 
 coast of Peru. After tomhing at several villages rii ar 
 tSe shore, which they found lo be iiowiae niviling. they 
 landetl at Tumltez, a place of some note about thrte 
 deg'-ees south of the Ii::e, distinguished for its stalely 
 temple, and a palace of the Innin or sovereigns of ilie 
 country. There the Spaniards feasted their eyes with 
 the tirst view of the opulence and civilization of the 
 Peruvian empire. They beheld a couiitrf fully peo- 
 pled, and cultiviited with att appearance of regufir in- 
 dustry ; the natives decently clothed, and [Misse^f** d ol 
 ingenuity so far surpassing the other inhalutantH ol the 
 New World as to have the use of tame domeslic ani- 
 mals. Dut what ehiellv a;!racted their notice was 
 ■uch a show of gold and silver, not only in the orna- 
 ments of their persons and temples, but m several xes- 
 tola and utensils for common uae, formed of those pre- 
 cious meUls, as left no room to douht that they ahotin- 
 ded with p.'trfuaion in iho country. Pisarro and his 
 
 companions seemed now to have atlained to the coin- 
 plelion of their most sanguine hopes, and fancied that 
 all their wishes and dreams of rich domains, and mcx- 
 haiisiihle treasures, would soon he ri'ali/.cl. 
 
 Jlut with the slender torce then under his command, 
 Pfzarro could only view the rich country of wmch he 
 hoped hereafter to oh'.ain possession lie ranged. 
 however, for some time along the coast, UiaiiitaiMiig 
 every where a peaceable intercourse with tl.'J native.-*, 
 no hss astonisiied at their new visitants than .he Spa- 
 ni£r;l» were with the uniform appearance of opulence 
 an( cultivation which ihey hchcld. flT)!;'/ J iiaving 
 e.vp'ored the country as far as requisite lo ascertain the 
 iiiil ortance of the discovery, Pizarro procured from the 
 ii.tiabitants some of their Llamas or tame cattle, to 
 which the Spaniards gave the name of sheep, some 
 vessels of gold and ailver, as well as some speeiniens 
 of their other works of ingenuity, and two young men, 
 wlinm he proposed to instruct in theCastiliaii language, 
 that they might serve as interpreters in llie expedition 
 winch he meditated. \\'ilh these he arrived at I'anama, 
 towanis the close of the third year from the tunc of his 
 drparlurc thence No adventurer of the age sutlered 
 hardships or encountered dancers which c'lual tliosu to 
 which bo was exposed dnniig llii<i long period. The 
 patience with winch he endured the one, and thfi foiti- 
 tiide with whieh he surmounted the other, exceed what- 
 ever IS recorded in the history of the New World, 
 where so many romantic disjilays of those virtues occur. 
 
 l.V-IM.J Ne'itlirr the splendid relation that i'lzarro 
 gave of the incredible opulence of the country which 
 he had discovered, nor bis Niter com|dainl8 on account 
 of that unreasonahle recall of his forces, which had 
 put it out of his power to attempt making any settle- 
 ment there, could move the governor of Pauhina lo 
 swerve from his former plan of conduct. He still con- 
 tended, that the colony was not in a condition lo invade 
 such a mighty empire, and refused to authorize an expe- 
 dition which he foresaw would he so alluring that it 
 migh' ruin the province in which he presided, by an 
 ellbrl bevond its strength. His coldness, however, did 
 not in any degree uhale the ardor of the three asso- 
 ciates ; hut they perceived that they could not carry 
 their scheme into execution without the countenance; 
 of superior authonly, and must solicit tluir sovereign 
 to {,'rant that permission which ihey could not exiorl 
 from his delegate. With this view, after adjusting 
 among themselves that l*izarro should claim the station 
 of governor, Ahnagro that of lieutenant-governor, and 
 l.uipie the dignity of bishop in the country which the> 
 proposed to tompier. they sent Pizarro as their agent 
 to Spam, though their fortunes were now so much ex- 
 hausted by the repealed etlbrts which they had made, 
 ;!...: '.I:^" '"*"Mid some dilliculty m borrowing the small 
 sum retpiisile towards eipiippiii|j him for the V". ige. 
 
 Pizarro lost no time in .'.pairing to court ; .ii<d new 
 as the scene might be to hnn, he appeared helore the 
 emperor with the nneinbarrassed dignity of a man con- 
 scious of what his servicea merited ; and he conducted 
 his negoiiation with an insiiiuatiug dexterity ot address, 
 which could not have lieen expected either troiii Ins 
 eihicatioii or lormei h.ibiis of hie. His t'eehug descrip- 
 tion of his own siiti'eriii^s, and his pmnpons account of 
 llie counlrv which he had discovered, continued tty the 
 .><p(ciinens of il.s productions wtiuli he (..vliiltiled. made 
 such an impressiiMi lioth on t'harles and his ministers, 
 thai they not only ip|)tOve 1 of the inlemlcd expedition, 
 hut seemed to Ik^ iiilertsted in ttie success ot its lea<ler. 
 Presuming on tin se disposil ions in Ins lav or. Pizarro p.iid 
 tillle attention to the nileiesi ol Ins as-ociales As 
 the pretensions of IjUijuo did not interfere witli Ins 
 own, lie att .llie for htm ttie ecclesiastical Jiginiy to 
 which he uspirei!. Pot Alma^ro he claimed only ttie 
 command of tiie fortress wtuch should lie erected at 
 Tumliez 'I'o hihinc'if !:" nei-ured wiiatever his tioimd- 
 less ambition coul 1 desire. He was appointed ^July 
 «li| (;Overnor, captam-general, and aili lantadu of all the 
 counlrv whicli he had discovered, and hoped to conipier, 
 with supreme autlionty, civil as well us inititury \ and 
 with full right to all (lie privileges and emoluments 
 Usually granted lo adventurers m the New World His 
 jurisdiction was declared to evtcnd two hundred leagues 
 along the coast lo the south of tlie river St .laj^o ; lo 
 be independent of the governor of Panama; and he 
 had pow'-r to nominate all the otlici-rs who were to 
 serve under hiin. In return for those concessions, 
 which cost the court of Spam noliung. as the enjoy- 
 nuMil of them depeiuted upon the succi'sn of Vizarro'a 
 own ellorls, he cnuaiicd hi raise two hundied and fifty 
 men, and to provide the ^liip.i, anus, and warlike sion s 
 reuuisite towards Hubjectmg lo thi! crown of ('aside 
 the country of whicli tlie goviriimeni was allotted hnii. 
 
 t37 
 
 1529. J Inconsiderable as the body of men was which 
 Pizarro had undertaken to raise, his funds and credit 
 were so low that ho could hardly complete half ine 
 nuinher ; and afte- ohlaimng his patents from the 
 crown, he was ohliiied to steal privately out of the port 
 of Seville, in order to elude the scrmiMv ol the oiricer.-^, 
 wlio had It in chaiire to examine wliethei he h<td lul- 
 filled tiie stipulaiions ji Ins contract. liefure his de- 
 pirture. however, he received some supply of money 
 from ("ortes. who having reinrned to Spam ahuiil tins 
 time, was willing' it) conlrihule liis aid low irds e>ial>ling 
 an ancient companion, with whose talents and courage 
 1 he wa.s well acipiainted. to begin a career of glory suni- 
 lur to that which he himself bud limstied. 
 I He landed at Noinbrc de Dios, and ina'ched acroso 
 I the isthmus to Panama, accompanied b/ ins three bro- 
 thers, Ferdinand. .luan. and (ioiUulo. of whom the tirst 
 was l)orn in lawful wedlock, the two Ijtler, like him- 
 self, were of iltegitimale bi''.n, and by Francisco tie 
 Alcantara, his mother's brMher They were all in the 
 prime of life, and of su: )i abilities and courage as fitted 
 them to take a distinguished part m his subsequent 
 transactions. 
 
 1030 ] On his arriviil at Panama. Pizarro found Al 
 magro so much exasperated at the manner in wliicii he 
 had conducted his negolmtion, that he not only refused 
 to act any lonm-r in concert with a man by whose per- 
 fidy ho had been exclude'! from the power and tionora 
 to winch he had a n-.-t claim, but labored to form a new 
 association, in order to thwart or to rival \\\s former 
 confederate i.i Ins discoveries. I'lzarro. however, had 
 more wi.sdoni and address than to suiter a rupiure so 
 fatal to all bis sclieines, to become irreparable. IJy 
 olb-riiiir voluntarily to relinipiisli the ollice of adelan- 
 lado. and promising to concur in suhcitnii; that titio, 
 Willi an mdependeiil government for .Mmagro, he gra- 
 dually miligalMl the raiie of an open-liearied soidiei, 
 which tiad been violent, but was not iniplai aide 1.ui{UB, 
 highly sitisfied with having been successlul in all Ins 
 own prct 'iisions. cordially seconded Pizarro's endea- 
 vors. A reconcitiatiun was ell'ected. and the confede- 
 racy renewed on its urujinal terms, that the enieipnso 
 should be carried on al the common expense of the 
 associates, and the prohls accruing Irom it stionld be 
 equally divided among ihein. 
 
 Kven after tlieir reunio.., and the ntmo.st eirorts ul 
 their interest, three small vessels, with a hundred and 
 I'igliiy soldiers, thirty-six of whom were horsemen, <"orn 
 posed tiie armament which they we^e ahle lo 111 out 
 Ibit the astonishing progress of tlie Spaniards m Ame- 
 rica liad inspired them vvitli such idea^ of their own 
 superiority, that Pizarro did not lii^sitate to tad wilit 
 this contempidde force, [Feb. 1531.] to invade a great 
 empire. Almaiiro was left al Panama, as formerly, to 
 follow him with what reinforcement of men he should 
 tic atilo to muster As tlie season for 1 1 harking was 
 properly chosen, and the course of navigation In iweeii 
 Panama and I'eru was now better known. Pizarro com 
 pleled tlie vovage inliurteen days; though hy the Imve 
 of the winds and currents he was earned ahove a hun- 
 dred leagues to the north ol Tumiu-z. the place of liia 
 destination, and ohhired lo land his troops in the itay u. 
 Si .\laltliew. W ithout losiiiu' a moment, he liegan to 
 advance towards the soutli. taking care, tiowcver, not 
 to depart far Irom the se.i shore. Itotli that he might 
 easily effect a junction vviiti the supplies vvluch lie ex- 
 pected from Panama, and secure a retrivit m c.im- ot 
 anv <lisasler, t>v keepmu as near as possible to Ins hliips 
 Hut as the counlrv in sevtiil parts on the coa.-i uJ 
 Pi ru IS barren, nnlieatllilul. and itnnty peopled; a^ ll:t 
 Sp,iinar'ls hail lo jiast* all the rivers near llicir mouth, 
 where the bodv of water is iircalest ; and as ilie nnpru 
 dence ol Pi/arro. in ;:tlackinir thi' natives wlnii lie 
 should have studied to ^ain tin .r conhdcnce. had Iom i li 
 lliein to aliaiulon their habitations ; lainme, taligue, 
 and diseases ot various kinds broii^ht upon hini and hi? 
 followers I'aldimlH s hardly inferior to those winch they 
 tiad endured in tlicir binnrr i xpedition What they 
 now expericnccil corresponded so ill wiih the alluring 
 description of the country given tiv l*i/arro, that many 
 be<.ran to reproach bim, and every soldier u\vt.\ l.avo 
 beeomi- cold to the service, if even m this unler 
 tile region of Pern, thev liad not met with souif ap- 
 pearances of wealtti, and cullivation. which seemitl tc 
 justify the report of their leader Al length they 
 reached the province of I'oaque [April llj , and 'lav 
 ing surprised the principal st illeinent ol the lultves, 
 Ihiyscuitl their ve.-sels and t)rnainenlw ol yolC t.nd 
 silver, to tlie amotint of lliirtv tiious.iiid peso-^, wih 
 c'lur hooty of such value as dispt Ih d all tin ii toubts, 
 nnd m>«pired the most desponding with sjnguine hopea 
 Pizarro himst-lf was so much detigtilL-d wiiU thibricli 
 
I 
 
 ■A 
 
 I' 
 
 » 
 
 
 138 
 
 ^»oiI, which he conaidered as the first fniits of a land 
 ftlmundin^ with trpusurc, that he inntantly despalcht-d 
 one oi his shrjis (o I'ananm with a tar^c rcmUlanne to 
 Ahnat^ro; and another to Nicaragua with a condidcra- 
 hii- 611111 to several [lersoiiRof intliiunce in that province, 
 in hopes of alhinni; udvcntnrers hy this early display ol 
 the wealth which he had acipitred. Meanwhile, lie con- 
 .iniitd hii» inur;'h alonn; (he eoast, and di«dainiii^ to em- 
 ploy iiiiv ineaiiN of redticiti^ the natives hut force, he 
 attacked tlicni with such violence in their scattered 
 hahitalioiis, as roinpelled thcin either to retire into the 
 interior country, or to subinit to his yoke. This sudden 
 appearance n( invaders, whose aspect and manners 
 were so slranj^o, and wliose |)Ovver seemed to be :-o 
 irresistihte, made the same dreadful impression as in 
 other (tarts of Ameiica. l^zarro hardly met with resist- 
 ance until he attacked the island of I'una in the hay of 
 Ciuavuipnt. Ah that was better peopled than the coun- 
 try throu^fh which he had passed, and its inhabitants 
 fiercer and Ics civi!ized than those of the continent, 
 they detendfd themstlves with such obstinate valor, 
 iluit Pizarro spent six months in reducir jr thi-m to sub- 
 jection. Kroiii l*una he proceeded lo Tumhez. where 
 the distempers which ra^ed among hiv men compelled 
 him lo remain for three months- 
 While he was thus employed, he began to reap ad- 
 vantage from his attention to spread the fame of his 
 first success to Coaque. 'I"wo diH'crent detarhmciits 
 arrived from Nicaragua [1533], which, though neither 
 exceeded thirty men, he considered as n reinforcement 
 of great conse(picnce to his feeble band, especially as 
 the one was under the command of Sebastian Uenalca- 
 zar, and the other of Hernando Soto, olHcers not in- 
 ferior in merit and reputation to any who had served in 
 America. From Tuinbez he proceeded to the river 
 Fiura [May 16J, and in an advantageous station near 
 the mojlh of it he e*t3blished the first Spanish colony 
 in IVru ; to which he gave the immc of .St. Michael. 
 
 As l*i7.urro continued to advance towards the centre 
 of tne IVruvian empire, he (gradually received more 
 full information concerning its extent and policy. a» 
 well as the silualion of its atl'airs at that juncture. 
 Witiiout some knowledge of thrse, he could not have 
 conducted his operatiuiui with propriety ; and without 
 a suitable attention to ihem, it is in){}«)ssihle to account 
 for tne progress which the Spaniards had already madL\ 
 or to unl'oid the causes of tlieir subsequent success. 
 
 At the time when the Spaniards invaded Peru, the 
 dominions o'' its sovereigns extended m length, from 
 iiorrh ic south, above fifteen hundred iiiilvs along the 
 I'a-:iHc Otcan. Its Ipreadth, from east to west, was 
 much less considerable ; being unitorinly boiiiided hy 
 the vast ridge of the Andes, .Mretching from its one ex- j 
 treinilv to the other. Peru, like the rest of the New ' 
 World. WHS orijiinally |)Gssessed by sm.dl independent j 
 tribes, dillcriug from each oilier in manners, and in 
 their forms of rude |M)licy Ml. however, were so little 
 civili/eJ. that, if the traditions com-eininir their mode 
 of lile, preserved among their descendants, deserve 
 credit, ihry must he classed among the most unimproved 
 savages of America. Strangeis lo every species of 
 culuvalion or regular industry, without any fixed resi- 
 dence, and unacipiainted with those sentiments and ot>- 
 ligations which form ihe lirst iMMids of social union, 
 ihev are said lo have roamed about naked m the forests, 
 Willi which the country was then covered, more like 
 wild beasts than like men. Alter they had strna^'led 
 for several ngeswilh tl.e hard.>ship8 and calamities which 
 arein<;vitahle m such a stale, uml v\hen no ctrciimslaiice 
 seemed to indicate the ajiproach of any uncommon 
 elfort lowarri'4 improvemeni. we are told that ilu-re a|i- i 
 |>eared. on the hanks of the Uke Titiaca, a man and i 
 woman of majestic form, clothed m decent garments, j 
 Thev dtelarvd tlieinselves to be children of the Sun, | 
 s«nl bv their beneticent parent, who beheld with pity l 
 the miseries of the human race, to instruct a.iu to re- 
 claim them ,\t their per^'uasion, enforced by reve- 
 rence for the divinity iri whose name ihey were sup- 
 (K)si>d lo speak, several of .he dispersed savages iinilrd 
 tofrether. and. receivmu their eoinmands as heavenly 
 injuuciionn. followed ihrm lo t.'uzco, when- they settled, 
 Slid betjan lo lav the foundations of a city. 
 
 Manco Capuc and MamaOcollo. for such were the 
 names of those c.xlraur<)inary personages, having ihuA 
 eolleeif tl some wandering tnhes, formed Ihat socud 
 union whii h. by multiplvmg the diMiett and unilini; the 
 rllorls of Ihe liumun species, exnii-s industry and leads 
 lo iMipnivemerit. .MaiK't) Cupac mwlrucled the nuui m 
 luTKiiltiire. and olJitT useful iirts Mama Dcollo tuiight | 
 Mie woirifU tt» "pui and lo we3ve Hy the labor of the I 
 one .'<e.v. sulisiftriwe liecaiiie h ss precarious ; bv that I 
 uftJie other, life was rendered uioro oomfortabis After 
 
 ROBEKTSON'8 HISTORY OF 
 
 Securing the objects of first necessity in an infant state, 
 hy providing food, raiment, and habitations for the rude 
 people of whom he took charge, Manco Capac turned 
 Ills atiention towards introducing such laws and policy 
 as mi<;ht perpetuate their happiness. Dy hia institu- 
 tions, wjich shall be more particularly explained here- 
 after, the various relations in jn-ivate life were eslah- 
 h^hed, and l!ie duties resulting from them prescribed 
 with such propriety, as gradually '"ormed a barbarous 
 people to decency of maimers, fn public administra- 
 tion, the functions of persons in authority were so pre- 
 cisely defined, and the suhordin:)tion of those under 
 their "jrisdiction maintained with such a s'.endy hand, 
 tliat the society in which he presided soon assumed the 
 aspect of a regular and well governed state. 
 
 Thus, according to lh( Indian tradition, was founded 
 the empire of the Incas or I^anh of Peru. At lirst its 
 extent was small. The territory of Manco (Japac did 
 not reach above eight leagues from Cnzco. Uut within 
 its narrow precincts he exercised, absolute and uncon- 
 trolled authority. His sticcessors, as their dominions 
 extended, arrogated a similar jurisdiction over the new 
 subjects which they acquired ; the despotism of Asia 
 was not more complete. The Inca» were not only 
 obeyed as monarchs, but revered as divinities. Tlieir 
 blood was held to he sacred, and. by prohibiting inter- 
 marriages with the people, was never contaminated by 
 luixing with tliat of any other race. 'J"he family, thus 
 f'Oparated from the rest of the nation, was distinguished 
 hy peculiarities iu dress and ornaments, which it was 
 unlawful for others to assume. The monarch hiiii^elf 
 a|ipt'ared with ensign* of royalty reserved for him alone; 
 and received from his subjects marks of obsequious 
 homage and respect which approached almost to adora- 
 tion. 
 
 Hut, among the reruviaus, this unbounded power of 
 their monarch seemj to have been uniformly accomjia- 
 iiied wiih attention to the good of their subjects. It 
 was not llie rage of conquest, if wc may believe the 
 accounts of their countrymen, that prompted the Incas 
 to extend their dominions, but the desire of ditfusing 
 the blessiUfTs of civilization, and llie knowledge of the 
 arts which they posM-ssed. among the barbarous jieople 
 whoi. they leduced. During a succession of twelve 
 luo'iarchs, it is said tliat not one deviated from this 
 beneticent ch.iracter. 
 
 When the Spanierds first visited the coast of Peru, 
 in the year one lhou:«and five hundred and twenty-six, 
 Iluaiia Capac, the twelfth monarch from tlie founder of 
 the state, wa.9 sealcl on the throne He is represented 
 as a prirce dislinjuiisbed not only for the pacitic virtues 
 lecuiiar to the race, but eminent for his martial taieiils. 
 Dy his victorious arms the kingiloiu of ^.^uito was sub- 
 jected, a conquest of such extent and importance as 
 ahnosl doubled the power of the Peruvian empire 
 lie was tbnd of residing in the capital of that valuable 
 province which lie haJ added lo his dominions ; and 
 notwithstanding the ancient and fundamental law of 
 the monarchy against polluting the royal blood by any 
 h)rei<.ui alliance, ho i.'.arried the cKiughter of the van- 
 quislu'd monarch of Quito. Siie bore him a son named 
 Atahiialpa, whom, on his death at Quito, which seems 
 lo h.ive happeiii'd about llu^ year one thousand live 
 litindrul and twt niy-niiie, hea)ipumted his successor in 
 that kingdom. Iraving the rest of his <loininioiis lo llu- 
 .v.'ar, hi."* eldest s^on bv another of the royal race. 
 (ireally as the Peruvians revered the memory of a 
 monarch who had reigned wiili greater reputation und 
 splendor than any of iiis predecessors, the destination 
 of lluana (.'apac conrermng the succession appeared so 
 re|)ULrtiant to a maxim coeval with the empire, and 
 founded on aiithorily deemed sacred, that it was no 
 sooner known at ('uzco than it ixcited general di.-^gust. 
 Kneouraged tiy tho^e senlimenls of his subjects. Huus- 
 car required hi» brother to renounce the government <if 
 Quito, and to acknowledge him a;, his lawtul superior 
 Hut It had been the first care of Atahualpa to ^am a 
 lar(ie body of troops which bud lu'cumpanied his father 
 to t^uito. 'i'hese were the fiower of the IVruvian war- 
 riors, to whose vaUtr lluanu Tapac had been indebted 
 tor all his tielories. Uelvmg on their support, Atahu- 
 alpa first eluded his brother's demand, and llien marched 
 against hmi in hosiile array. 
 
 Tliutf tilt' ambition of two voung men, the title of 
 the one founded on aiu lent tisdi,'e. and that of the other 
 asserted t)v the veteran troops, involved Peru m a civil 
 war, a calaniiiv lo whuh, under a succession of vir- 
 tuous princes, it had hilherlobeen a stranger. In such 
 a cuutest \)m'. is««ue was obvious 'I'lie force of arms 
 iriumphed over the authority of laws Atahualpa re- 
 mained Metonous, and tiiude a cruel u»e of his victory 
 Consciouti of the defect m hit own title to the crown, 
 
 he attempted to eztcnninito the royal race, by putting 
 to death all the children of the Sun descended from 
 Manco Capac, whom .le could seize cither bv force or 
 stratagem. From a political motive, the lifi- of his un 
 fortunate rival llua.scar. who had been taken prisoner 
 in a battle which decided the fate of the empire, was 
 prolonged for some time, that by issuing orders in his 
 name, the usurper might more easily establish his own 
 authority. 
 
 \\*hen Pizarro landed in the bay of St. Matthew, 
 this civil war raged nctween the two brothers in its 
 greatest fury. Had he made any hostile Kttem| t in his 
 former visit to Peru, in the year one thousand live huh 
 dred and twenty-seven, he must then have encou itcred 
 the force of a powerful stale, united under a monarch 
 possessed of capacity aa well as courage, and unem- 
 barrassed with any care that could divert him from op- 
 posing his progress. Hut at this time, the two compe- 
 titors, though they received early accounts of the arri- 
 val and violent proceedings of the Sp^iniards, were so 
 intent upon the operation:* of a war w hich they deemed 
 more interesting, that they paid no attention lo the 
 motions of an enemy, too inconsiderable in number to 
 excite any great alarm, and to whom it would be easy, 
 as they imagined, to gi\c a clieck when more at lei- 
 sure. 
 
 Hy this fortunate coincidence of events, whereof 
 Pizarro could have no foresight, and of which, from his 
 defective mode of intercourse with the people of the 
 country, he remained long ignorant, he was permitted 
 to carry on his operations unmolested, and advanced 
 to the centre of a great empire before one effort of its 
 power was exerted to slop his career. During their 
 progress, llic Spaniards had acquired some imperfect 
 knowledge of this struggle between the two contend- 
 ing factions. The first complete information with 
 respect to it they received from messengers whom Hu- 
 ascar sent lo Pizarro in order to solicit his aid against 
 Atahualpa, whom he represented as a rebel and a usur- 
 per. Pizarro perceived at once the importance of this 
 intelligence, and foresaw so clearly all the advantages 
 which might he derived from this divided state of the 
 kingdom which he hud invaded, that without waiting 
 for ihe reinforcement wliich he expected from Panama, 
 he Jcterinined lo push forward, while intestine discord 
 put it out of the power of the IVruvians to attack him 
 with their whole force, and whde, by taking part, as 
 circumslance.'i should incline him, wiUi one of the com- 
 petitors, he inij»lit be enabled with greater ease to crush 
 l)oth. Knterpristn<r as the Spaniards of that age were 
 in all their operations against Americans, and distin- 
 guished as Pizarro was among hiscountrvnien for dar- 
 ing couratie, we can hardly suppose that, afier having 
 proceeded liiiherlo slowly, and with much caution, he 
 would have ehuni.'ed at once his svslem of operation^ 
 and have ventured upon a measure so hazardous, with- 
 out some new motive or prospect to justify it. 
 
 As he was oliliged to divide his troops, in order to 
 leave a garri.>*on in St. Michael, sutlicient to defend 
 u station of Cfpial iniporlauce as a place of retreat 
 in else of any di.'^aster. and as a port for receiving 
 any supplies whicli should come from I*anama, he be- 
 gan his marcii witli a very slender and ill-accoutred 
 tram of followers They consisted of Mxty-two horse- 
 men [l*28|, and a hunrlrcd and two foot soldiers, i)( 
 whom twenty were armed with cross bows, and three 
 with muskets. He dirtcled his course towards Caxa 
 inalca. a small town at the distance of tweUe days' 
 march from St. Micliael. wliere Atahualpa was en- 
 camped with a considerable bodv of troops Hcfore he 
 bad proceeded far. an oftic.-r despatched bv tlie Incs 
 met him with a valuable .iresent from that prince, ac 
 coinpanied with a proffer of his alliance, and assurancef 
 of a friendly reception at ( 'axamaica Pizarro. accor 
 fling lo the UMial artifice of his countrymen in Ame 
 ncn, pretended to come as the ambassador of a vert 
 powerful monarch, and dechiring that he was now ad* 
 vancing with an intention to offer Atahualpa his aid 
 against lliosc enemies who disputed his title lo the 
 tlirone. 
 
 As the object of the Spaniards in entering iheir 
 coiititry was altogether mcomprehensiblo lo ihe Peru- 
 vians, they had formed various conjectures concerning 
 It without being able to decide whether they should 
 consider their new guests as hemgs of a superior na- 
 ture, who had visited ihem from some beneficent mo- 
 tive, or OS formidable avengers of their crimes, and 
 enemies to their repose and liberty The rontniual 
 profi'ssions of the Spaniards, that they came to en- 
 iiuhteii them with the knowhd^e of truth, and le^fl 
 iheiit m the way of happinesti, labored the '.onner opi- 
 nion ; the outrages which they commitled, their rupit- 
 
SOUTH AMnniCA. 
 
 130 
 
 (•inupnetc and cruelty, were awful confirmations of the 
 iatlcr. While m thm sitnie of iincprt»inly, rizarro's I 
 dwlanitioii of his |iaritii. inttntmns mo fur removed all 1 
 the hica's fears iluit he di erniined to uive !ini n friendly ] 
 rtception. In ronwctinenec of this resolution, itie Spa- _ 
 niords were allowed lo rnnrch m trui'iuill. aerosM ! 
 the wandy dcf-*'rl heiwreii St. Miciiiiel an 1 ..t )lu|ie, 
 where llie most fi-ehle ell'Drl of a'- iiie'.iy, jd'.rd to 
 tlie uiia\oid.ilile di.stres^es v\hii'l. ■'""; sullered .n pass- 
 ing' throiij^h that eom!orlle5s rejzion, uiu.hI ir-.e proved 
 fatal 10 them. [I'-iDJ Krorn Motupe ;liey advanced 
 towards the ninuntanis which *";,,unipa8tied the low 
 countrv of IVrn. and pa!<se<! '..iroiij^li a deliio so narrow 
 And tnaoresRihle, that a iVw men iniyht have defended 
 it af?anist a muiieruus anny. Dul here likewise, from 
 iUe eaine inconsiderdle credulity of the Iiica, the Spa- 
 niards met with no opjMiRltion, and took (piiet posses- 
 sion ofa fort erected for ttie security of that important 
 station. As they now ajiproached near tn Caxauiaica, 
 Atdhnalpa renewed his professions of friendship ; and, 
 a« an evidenci^ of their sincerity, sent them presents of 
 greater value th>iii tlie former. 
 
 On enIerm;L; Caxamalca, INzarro look possession of 
 a larue court, on one side of which was a house which 
 the Spanish liistorians call a palace of the Inca, and on 
 the other a temple of the Sun, ihi; whole ttiinounded 
 with a slronij rampart or wall of eartii. M'lien ho had 
 posted his iroops in this ndvantaireous station, I.e des- 
 patched his tirotlier I'lrdmand and Mernando Solo lo 
 the camp oi Auliuatpa. which wa.i about a league dis- 
 tant from the town. Me instructed th"'i) to conlinn the 
 declaration which he had formerly made of his pacilic 
 dis|)UKiti()n, and to desire an interview with the Inca, 
 that he miifhl explam imtre fully the intention of the 
 Spaniards m visitini,' his country. 'I'hev were treated 
 with all the respectful hospitality u^ual ainoiii; the IV- 
 ruvians in the reception of iheir most cordial friends, 
 and Alahualpa promised to visit the Spanish comiiiandcr 
 next day m his ipiarlers. The decent deportment uf 
 the Peruvian monarch, the order of his court, and the 
 reverence wilh which his siili|ects approached his per- 
 son and obeyed his commands, aslunisheil lliuse Spa- 
 ttiirds who had never nu't in America willi my tlun>; 
 more diiznified tlian the petty caziipie uf a barbarous 
 tribe Hut tlieir eves v\ere slill powerfully atlracleil 
 by the vast profusion of wealth wlm ii tliev o'b.sc rved in 
 the Inca's-camp. The rich ornaments worn by him and 
 his allendants. the vessels of ^old and silver in which 
 the repast olfered lo ;hem was served up, the inullitude 
 of uiensils of every kind tormed of those precious 
 metals, opened pros] '-ts far exceedinj^ any idea of 
 opulence that a Kurope • of lift' bixteenlh century could 
 form- 
 On their return to ruxanmica, while tiieir minds 
 were yet warm with udmiraiion and desire of the wealth 
 VN'uch they h ul belutd, tlu v ^ave sticli a description of 
 it to ilu'tr ctMiniryuien as coutirined I'lzarro m a reso- 
 lution winch he h.id already taken. I-'rotn his own ob- 
 servation ot American manners duriiii; jus Ion*; service 
 in the New World, as wi'll as fioni the advantajies 
 whicii (.'ones bad ihrived from seiznii; Montezuma, he 
 kuewofwiiat coiiseipience it was lo have the Inca in 
 his power Tor this purpose, lie huiiii '1 a plan as daritijj 
 as It was perlidmiis. .Notwitlistaiidin^' the ehatacter 
 that lie had assumed of an amlMss-ulor from a powerful 
 iiioiurcb, whocniirled an alliance with the JniM, anil 
 III Molalion of ihe repeated oilers wl.ich he had made to 
 him of his own frietidslup and assistance, he deterunned 
 to avail hun.'ielf uf (lie unsuspiciuiis simplicily with 
 which Ataliualpa relied on his piofessions. and to sei/e 
 the person o( the Inca dnrui;» ttie inlerview to which he 
 had nivileil him He prepared hir the execution of his 
 scheme with tlie same dejibi'iale !irrani:etiient, and with 
 as little coinpunctmn i"- if it had retlecled no disgrace 
 on hiniNchdr his count,,' He diMdid Iuh cavalry into 
 ihiee small s.piadroiis. under the couiiuand i>t hi.s tuo- 
 iher rerdinand. Soto, and Hena!ca/ar , his infantry 
 were hirmi d iti one bwlv, except Iweiilv of most tried 
 eourayp, whom he kept near his own person lo support 
 him in llie dan^erot s -u-rvice, which he reserved Uir 
 hinifelf ; the artitlerv, C()iiHi.ttm>; of two (ield-pieces, anti 
 the cross bowmen, were placed opposite to the avenue 
 by wfiich .Mahualpa was to ap|iroach. All were ciuii 
 liiaiided lo keep within the sipiare, and not to nnne 
 uiiiil the signal tor t i-tum was >:iveu 
 
 Karlv in the morniiii,' (.Nuv Mi], the IVruviaii camp 
 was all III molnin Hut us Atahualpa was solictlotis to 
 appear with Ihe t-'reatesl splendor and mat*mllcence m 
 Ins tirst interview with Ihe stringers, lite prepiratUMis 
 lur tilts were sn tedious that tiie dav was far .idvanced 
 
 Iwlore iic iM'iian his march Hven ill test the onli-r 
 
 of '.'lo proceHHiuu should be deraiiijed, he moved so 
 
 slowly, that the Spaniards beeaiiie impatient, and ap- ' 
 
 preliensivo that some suspicion of their mtention migiil | 
 he the cause of this delay. In order to remote this,; 
 i'lzarro dcspatcned one of his olficers wiih fresh assur- ! 
 ances of his friendly disposition. At leni.'lh tlie Inca I 
 approiched. I-'irst of ail appeared lour hundred men, | 
 in a uniform dress, as li;:rlungers lo clear the way beloru j 
 him. He himself, Hilling on a throne or couch adorned , 
 with plumes of various colors, and ahuosl covered wiin 
 plates of ^*old and silver eurictu^d wilh precious stones, 
 was carried on the shoulders of hiti principal Lltend- 
 ants. iJehind him came some chief oflicers of his 
 court, carried in the same manner. Sevoral bands of 
 sintrers and dancers accompanied this cavalcade ; and 
 the whole plain was covered with troops, umounting to 
 more than thirty itmusand men. 
 
 As the Inca drew near the Spanish quarters, Father 
 Vincent Valverde, chaplain to the expedinon, advanced 
 witli a crucilix in one hand, and a breviary in llie other, 
 and III a loii(> discourse explained lo hini the doelrme 
 of the creation, the fall of Adam, the incarnation, the 
 suH'ermirs and resurrection of Jesu^ Christ, the appoint- 
 ment of St Peter as Ood's vicegerent on earth, the 
 transmission of his apostol.c power by successiun lo the 
 I'opes, the donation made to the King of Castile by 
 Pope Alexander of all liie regions of Itie New World. 
 In consetpience of all tliH, lie reiiuired Alahualpa to 
 emlirace the Ctiristian fiiilh, to acknowledge liie su- 
 i)rem(! jurisdiction of the i'ope, and to subinil to the 
 King of Castile as lus lawful sovereign ; promising, if 
 he complied instantly with this reipiisttiun, that the 
 CaHtihaii monarch would protect Ins dominions, and 
 penult him to eontinue in ihe exeicise of his royal au- 
 thority ; but if he should impiously refuse to ubey tins 
 smumons, he denounced war against hini in his mas- 
 ter's name, and threatened him with the most dreadlul 
 eiiects uf Ins vengeniice. 
 
 This strange harangue, unfolding deep mysteries, 
 and ulludmg to unknown (acts, of vNliich no powi-r of 
 elotiuence couhl have conveyed at once a distinct idea 
 to an American, was so laiuely translated by an unskiltul 
 interpreter, tilth- acipiamted with the iiiiuui of the .Spa- 
 nish tongue, and incupatile ol expressing hitnsilf \^iih 
 propriety in the language of the Inca, ttial its general 
 tenor was altogether ineomprehenstble to Atahuulpa 
 Some parts m it, ot more obvious meaning, tilled him 
 with astonishment and .nditznalion. His reply, how- 
 ever, was temperate. He began with ol»ser\ing, lliat 
 he was turd ul the dominions over wtncli he reigiitd by 
 hereditary successum ; and added, thai lie could nut 
 conceive huw a foreign priest should pretend todis|iose 
 of territories which dul not belong to bun ; llial il such 
 a preposterous grant had l>een made, he. who was the 
 ri<:litlul posse.>'.or, rtdused tocontirm it ; Uiat lie had no 
 inclination to leiiouiice the religious lusiuutions esta- 
 blished bv lus ancc^iurs ; nor would he forsake ilic ser- 
 vice of the Sun, iiu- iinmortal divinity whom hv and 
 his people re\ered, in order to worship the (.iod of llie 
 Spaniards, who was subject to death , that with rispect 
 to other inalters eonlaiued in his discourse, as he had 
 never heard ot them betore, and did now undeist.tint 
 their meanu.g, he desired lo know where ihe priesl had 
 learned tilings so exlraordiiiary. "In this book," 
 answer ' Valverde, reaching out to him his breviarv- 
 The I uieiii'ti It eagerly, and. lurnmg uver tiie 
 
 h-aves, i . ji lo his ear : '* I'his," savs lie, '• i.i silent ; 
 II tells me noltimg , ' and threw it with disdain lo the 
 uround. 'I'he enraged monk, ruiinmg towards ins conn- 
 trytiicu, cried out, "To arms, Chrisiiaus, to arms ; the 
 word ol (iod is insulled , avenge this prolanatioii on 
 those iiiiptous du/s " [ [Mi] 
 
 Pizarro. who. dunng iliis long conference, had with 
 dillicultv restrained his soldiers, eager to sei/e the ncli 
 spt}i!s of which ihev had now so near a view, mmudi- 
 ately gave the siijiial of assavilt At oiice the m.iriud 
 music struck up. the cannon and muskets be>.'an to tire, 
 the horse sallied out lit-rcely to the charge. Hk ml.intrv 
 rushed ou sword in luind. The Peruvi.ms. a>!iMiished 
 at. the suddeij.ess ol an attaili which lliev did not ev- 
 pect, and tlisuiavcd wiMi the ilesirucii\e elU'ct of the 
 lire-arms, and the irresi>iible iinpressiuii of the cavalry, 
 ded with universal con.^lcriiaUoit on e\erv side, wnhout 
 alleinpling either to aiinov lite enenu. or to deleml 
 iheiiiselves Pizarro. al the head ol hi.s chtisen l>aiul, 
 advanced directly towards the liica, and ttiough lus 
 iiolilcs crowded around iiim with ollicious zeal, and 
 fell m uiimbiTs at Ins leet, whili! they vieil one with 
 anutlter in sicriticmg ijieir own li\e-<, that titev imiflii 
 cover the sacred pirson -;! ihi'ir suvereti>ii. the .Spa- 
 niards sotui penetrated lo Uie roval seat, and Pi/airo, 
 seizing the Inca by the nnn. dragged hnn lo the ground. 
 and earned hnn us n priso:ier to his (juarlers 1 he late 
 
 of the monarch increased the precipitate flight of hie 
 followers. The Spaniards pursued them luwaids every 
 ipiarter. and with deliberate and unreleiiUng i)ait>aniy 
 eonlmued to slaughter wretched lugilives, who never 
 once ollered to resist, 'ihe carnage did not cease un- 
 til the close of day. Above tour iliunsaitd Peruvians 
 were killed. Not a sm^^le .Sp.iitiard h:ll, nor was one 
 wounded but Pizarro hliusell, whose hand was bhghtly 
 hurt by one of lusoivn solduTs. wiiile siragglmg eagerly 
 to lay hold ou lliu Inca [131j 
 
 The plunder of the held was rich beyond any ides 
 which the Spaniards had yet formed coneernmg the 
 wealth uf Peru ; and they were so transported with the 
 value of the acijiiisitton, as well as Itte greatness ot 
 their success, that ihey passed the night m the exlravH- 
 gant exultation natural to indigent udvenlurers on such 
 an extraordinary change of foriune. 
 
 At first the captive monarch could hardly believe a 
 calamity which he so little expected lo be real, Uut 
 he soon felt all the misery of his fate, aiid the dejection 
 into which he sunk was in propurtiun to the height ol 
 grandeur from v^luch he had lallen. Pi/arro, alr.>id of 
 losing all tite advantages which he hoped tuderue Itoiii 
 the possession of such a pri.-toner, labored lo consulc 
 him with prolVssions of kindness and respect, that cor- 
 responded ill with his actions, lly residing among the 
 Spaniards, the Inca quickly discovered their ruling 
 passion, which indeed they were in nowise aoUcttous lo 
 conceal, and, by applying lo I'vit, made an attempt lo 
 recover his liberty. He ollered as a ransom what as- 
 tonished the Spaniards, even after all they now knew 
 conccrniug the opulence of Ins kingdom. The apart- 
 ment III which he was cuiihned was twenty-two lei't ni 
 length and sixteen in breadlti ; he undertook to till it 
 with vessels of gold as high as he could reach, i'lzarro 
 closed eagerly with this templing proposal, and a line 
 was drawn upon llu; walls ot the cnambcr, to mark ilie 
 stipulated height to which the treasure was lo rise. 
 
 Atahuali>a, transported Willi having ulHaiiied some 
 pro^^pect oi bbeitv, took measures mstunlly lor luliihing 
 his part of tlu! agreement, by sending inessengeis tu 
 (luzco, Ijiiito. and oilier places, where gold had lieeii 
 amasscrl m litgesl tpiaiitiiu's, either for adorning the 
 temples of llie gods, tir the houses of the Inca, lo ttriiig 
 what was necessary lor coinpleiing his raiisum direeilv 
 to Caxainalca. Though Alahualpa was now iii the 
 euslotly of his enemies, yel soiiiuch were Itie Peiuviaiis 
 accustomed to respect every mandate issued by then 
 sovereign, that his orders were executed wilh the l' real 
 est aluTily. Soothed with hopes of recovering liL: 
 liberty tiv ties means, the sutijects of itie Inca were 
 atraid ot endan^<riug his lile by lorunng any other 
 scheme for his rvUvi ; and though ihe turce of the em 
 ptre was slill entire, no [ireparalions were made, and 
 no army assembled loavenge ttieir own wrongsor those 
 of their monarch. The .Sjiaiuards remamed in 1,'axa 
 maica trau((uil and nnmulested Small iU.tachinenls 
 I of their iHimber marched intu remote provmces ol thti 
 empire, and. msleail of meting vvilli any op]iositiuii, 
 were every where received wiUi inalks of the iiiosl 
 sutnaissive respect [ UWJ 
 
 Iticunsiderable as tiiosc parlies were, and desirous as 
 Pizarro might be to oUiam some knuwiedge \>{ the m- 
 lerior slate of the cunnlrv, he could nut have veiilnreO 
 upon any diminulion ol lus mam Inxly, il he tuil not 
 about tills lime lllecember,J received an iiei Mint i>t 
 .Mmagro's h.ivmg laiuled at St. Michae, with such a 
 reinlorcement as would aliiiosl double the luimber ul 
 his lullowers. The arrival of this long ei|K'cied suc- 
 cour was not inure agreeable to Uic Spaniards thah 
 al.irinmg to the Inca. He saw the powei ol his 
 enemies increase ; anil as hu knew neiUier Ihc source 
 whence they ihuived their supplies, nor ihe iinaiis by 
 which ihev were conveved to IVru, he euuid not lore- 
 see to wtial a height the mundatiim that pinned in upor 
 lus dottiiiiious nnuht rise [laD^tJ. While di><piieled 
 with such appreheiisitms, he learned that .^ome .S|i4* 
 iiiards, m their way lo Cnzco, had visiird his ImoiI.m 
 Huast'ur It) the place where he ke)tl him cunlmed. and 
 that Ihe captive pimce had represented lo li.e.u lIu* 
 justice ul his own cause, and, us un mducenieiitlo 
 espoii<.i' It, had promised them u <|uautity of treasurn 
 greatly bevoiid that which Atuhualpa had en^a^^ed to 
 pay lor his ransum. If the Spaniards should listtui lo 
 this proposal, Alahualpa perceived lus own deslruction 
 to be inevitable; and suspecting that their msatiabtu 
 j tliir.ll tor gold wuuhl tempi thi-m to lend a lavorable 
 I ear tu it. he determitivd to sacntiee Ins brother's life 
 that he inii/ht save his own; i iid his orders lur this 
 purpose were exo'uted, like all his olher commMlidii- 
 with serupuluus punctuality. 
 
 Meanwhile, Indians daily arnvrt CaxaiiuIcA boa 
 
I .llpip !l 
 
 140 
 
 KOUKKTSON'S HISTORY OF 
 
 different partn of the kinj^doin, loaded with treasure 
 A ^ri"il part of thr Attpulatcd <piantily was now 
 aiiia'^tiod, and Atahit)il{m a^surrd the Sjianiurd.^ that ihe 
 only thin*; which prevented the whole from heini; 
 I>rouj:ht in, wa* the reniotoni'S8 of ihe provim-es where 
 It was drpusitrd. Hut tiiich vast plica of ^otd pre- 
 Bf'tiied contiiiiia'.iy to Ihe view ol' needy soldiers, liad 
 BO iiitUrned their aviirice, that it was inipossihle any 
 i'ln^iT (o restrain their nnpattenco to ohlain poasest^ion 
 of iliis rich hooty. Orders were given for nieilin^ 
 down the whole, excejit some pieces of curious fahrit: 
 reserved as a present for the emperor. After setting 
 Kpnrt the fifth due to Iho crown, and a hundred thou- 
 sand pesos as a donative to the soldiers which arrived 
 with Almajjro, there remained one mdlion tive hundred 
 and twenty-eight thousand five hundred pesos to 
 Piznrro and his followers. The festival of ISt. Jaine? 
 [July 25J, the patron saint of Spam, was the day cho- 
 sen for the partition of this etiunnous sum. and tiie 
 nmnncr of conducting it strongly marks the 8lranj.a' 
 alliance of fanaticism with avarice, which I have more 
 than once had occasion to point out as a striking fea- 
 ture in the character of the compierors of the New 
 World. Though assemhled to divide the 8[)oils of an 
 innocent people, procured hy deceit, extortion, and 
 cruelty, the transaction hcgan with a solemn invocation 
 of the name of Ciod. as if they could have expected the 
 guidance oi* heaven in distrihuling those wages ol 
 iniquity. !n tins division ahovc eight thousand pesos, 
 «t that time not inferior in ett'ective value to as many 
 pounds sterling in the present century, fell to the share 
 of eacii horseman, and half that sum to each foot 
 soldier. I'izarro himself, and his ollicers, received 
 dividends in proportion to the dignity of their rank. 
 
 There is no example in history of such a sudden 
 acquisition of wealth by military service, nor was ever 
 a sum t>o great divided among so small a numher of 
 soldiers. Many of them having received a recompense 
 for their services far beyond their most sanguine hojies, 
 were so impulient to retire from fatigue and danger, in 
 order to spend the reinaindpr of their days in llieir na- 
 tive coiiniry in ease and op;dence, th:it ihry demanded 
 their discharge with clamorous imjtortunily. Pizurro, 
 sensible that from such men he could expect neither 
 eiiierpn^e in action nor fortitude in sutl'ermg, and per- 
 suaded that wherwer they went the display of their 
 ru'liefi would allure adventureis, less opulent but more 
 aardy, to his st-indard. granted their suit without reluct- 
 uncf . and pernutted above sixtv of them to accornpanv 
 (tin brother IVrdinand. whom he sent to Spain witli an 
 ac.'ount of his succcas, and the present destined for 
 the emperor. 
 
 The Spanifirds h.-wing divided among them the trea- 
 sure amasTsed for the Inca's ransom, he insisted with 
 them to fuliil tlieir prumise of setting limi at liberty. 
 Hut nothing was further from I'izairo's thoughts. 
 I>uring his long service in the New World, he h.id 
 imbit>ed thnso idciis and ina.xims of his fellow-soldiers, 
 which led tlieii. to consider its mhahitants as an in- 
 ferior race, neither worthy of the n.ime, nor entitled to 
 the rights uf men. In hiK compact with Atahmitp;t. he 
 hud no other object than to amuse his captive with such 
 a prospect of recovering his liberty, as might induce 
 him to lend all the aid ot his authority towards collect- 
 ing the wealth of his kingdom. Having now acciun- 
 phbhed ihM, he no longer regarded his plighted faith; 
 and al the very time when the credulous prince hoped 
 to be replaced on his throne, he had secretly resolved 
 to b( reave him of life. Many circumstances seem to 
 have concurred m prompting him to this action, the 
 most criminal and atrocious that stums the Spanish 
 name, amidst all the deeds of violence committed in 
 carrying on the conquests of the New World. 
 
 '1 iiough J*i/.arro had seized the Inca in umtation nf 
 Cortes's conduct towardi the Mexican monarcli, he dxl 
 not [Kjssess talents for carrymi; on (he same arltul plan 
 of policy. Destitute of tlin temper and address re- 
 quisite for gaming the conlidenee o\ h:s pnsuner, be 
 never reaper.' nil the advantages which might have been 
 derived from being master of his person and authority. 
 Aliihualpa was, indeed, a prmre of greater ahtlitie.i and 
 diMMTtmient than Monle/uina, and seems to have pene- 
 trutid more thoroui;hly into the character and inten- 
 tions of the Spaniards Mutual suspicion and distrust 
 accordingly took placf between tlieni. 'I'he slriet 
 attention with whu-h H was necessary to iriiiird a ca[)- 
 tive of such imporfance. greatly increased the fatigue 
 of mililury duty. The ulitily oT keeping h\m appeared 
 inconsiderable ; and I'lzarro felt him as an encum- 
 brsiue, from which he wished to be del.vered. 
 
 Atiiiugro Hiid hii follower6 had made a demand of 
 an oquw slure lu Uie tucs's niisom ; and though 
 
 I'izarro had bestowed upon the private men the large 
 gratuity which 1 have nienlioned, and endeavore<I to 
 soniljc their leader by presents o\' great value, tiny 
 still continued dissatished. They were apprehensive, 
 that as long as Alahualpa remameJa prisoner. I'l/arro's 
 soldiers would apply whatever treasure should be ac- 
 quired, to make up what was waiiimg of the (piantity 
 stipulated for his ransom, and under that pretext ex- 
 clude them from any part of it. They insisted eagerly 
 on putting the Inca to death, that all the adventurers 
 in IVru might thereafter be on an equal fooling. 
 
 INzarro himself began to be ularmed with acco-ints 
 of forces -issembling in tno remote province* of the 
 empire, ai.d suspected Atahualjia of having issued or* 
 ders for that purpose. These fears and suspicions 
 were artfully increased by llulippillo, one of the In- 
 dians, whom I'izarro hud carried ull from Tumhez iii 
 the year one thousand fiyo hundred and iwenty-seveo, 
 and whom he employed as an interpreter. 'J'lie func- 
 tion which he performed admitting this man to fmnihar 
 tntereoursc with the captive monarch, he presumed, 
 notwithstanding llm meanness of his birth, lo raise his 
 alfections to a Coya, or descendant of the Sun, one of 
 Atahualpa's wives ; and seenig no prospect of gratify- 
 ing that passion during the life of the monarch, he en- 
 deavored to lill the ears of the Spaniards with such 
 accounts of the Inca'u secret designs and preparations, 
 us might awaken their jealousy, and excite them to cut 
 him oil'. 
 
 ^\'hile Abnagro and his followers openly demanded 
 the life of the Inca, and INulippillo labored to rum him 
 by private machinations, that unhappy prince inadvert- 
 ently contributed to hasten his own fate, liuring his 
 confinement he had altachei! himself with peculiar 
 aliection to Kerdinand I'izarro and Hernando Soto; 
 who, as they weic persons of birth and education 
 superior to the rough adventurers with wlioin lliey 
 served, were accustomed to behave with more decency 
 and attention lo the cajiiive monarch. Soothed with 
 this respect from persons of such high rank, be de- 
 lighted in their society. But in the presence of the 
 governor he was always uneasy and overawed. 'I'his 
 dread soon came to be mingled witli contempt. Among 
 all the Kiiropean arts, what be admired " nsl was that 
 of reading and writing ; and he long delit)erated with 
 himself, whether he should regard it as a natural or ac- 
 quired talent. In order to determine this, he desired 
 one of the soldiers, who guarded bim, to write the 
 name of (lod on the nail ot his thumb. This be 
 showed successively to several Spaniards, asking its 
 meaning ; and to his amazemeent, they all, without 
 hesitation, returned tlie saino answer. At length 
 I'izarro entered; and, on presenting it to hnn, be 
 blushed, and with some confusion wa.s obliged to ac- 
 knowledge his ignorance- Trom ihat moment Atahu- 
 alpa eo'isiderc<l htm as a mean person less instructed 
 than bis own soldiers ; and he had not address enough 
 to conceal the senltments with which this discovery 
 inspired him. To lie the object of a barbarian's scorn, 
 not only mortified the pride of I'izarro, but excited 
 such reseiitment in his breast, as added force to all the 
 other considerations which prompted him to put the 
 Inca to death 
 
 Hut in order to give some color of jiLstice to this 
 violent action, and that he himself might bo exempted 
 trom siandiMg singly responsible for the cummis«ion ol 
 It. I'izario resolved to try the Inca with alt the formali- 
 ties observed in the criminal courts of Spain I'l/arro 
 himself, and Ahnagro, with two assistants, were up- 
 p(Hnted judges, with full jwwer lo acipiit or to con- 
 demn ; an aUorney-gcneral was named to carry on the 
 prosecution in the kmg's name ; counsellors were cho- 
 sen to assist the prisoner in tits defence ; and clerks 
 were ordained lu record ihe proceedings of court 
 Itefore this strange tnbtinal. a eharge was eiihibited 
 ^lIll more amazing It con.sisled of vanouu articles ; 
 that Alahualpa, though a hii>tartl. had dispossessed the 
 rightful owner of the throne, and usurped the regal 
 power, that he had put his brother and lawdil so\e- 
 reign to death ; that he was un idolater, and bad not 
 only permuted but commanded the odering of human 
 sacnlices , that be had a great number of concubines ; 
 (hat since his imprisonment he had wasted and embez- 
 ] zled the roval treasures, which now belonged of right 
 j to the conquerors ; that he had incited Ins subjects lo 
 I take arms ajrainst ihe Spaniards On iliese beads of 
 I acciiBalioii, some of whuh are so ludicrous, others so 
 absurd, that the etlrontery ol I'izarro, m making them 
 the foundation of a >erious uroceilure. is not lei"* ^"r 
 ; prising than his tiijUNLu c, did this strange court go on to 
 I try the sovereign of a great empire, over whom it h:id 
 I no jurisdiction. With respect to oacU of tho srticlest 
 
 witnesses were examined ; but as they delivered their 
 cvideiire in their native lonifiie, I'hilipjMllo had it in his 
 power to give their words whatever turn b'.st suited 
 his malevole'-.t uiiiMlioiis, To judges pre-ddennnied 
 in their opinion, this evidence appeared suthnient. 
 They p.onounced Alahualpa guilty, and condemned 
 hiin to le burnt alive, Friar Vulverde prostituted the 
 authority of his sacred function to coritirm this sen- 
 tence, and hy his signature warranted it lo he just. 
 Astonished at his fate Alahualpa endeavored to a\ert 
 It by tears, by promises, and by entreaties ihat he 
 might be sent \v Spiiin. where ;; monarch would he tho 
 arbiter of Ins lot. Uui |)ity never touched ibe unfeei- 
 ing heart of i'lzu'nv llo ordered him to he led m- 
 slantly lo execution ; and vshat added to (lie bitterness 
 of Ins last moments, the same monk who had just ruti- 
 lied his doom, ottered to console and ailempted to con- 
 vt rt bun. The most powerful argument \ ulverde em- 
 ployed lo prevail with bun lo embrace the t'luislian 
 iaith, was a promise of imtigHtion in his punishment. 
 The dread ol a cruel death extorted from the trembhng 
 victim a desire uf receivm»r baptism 'I'he ceremony 
 was performed ; and Alahualpa, instead of being burnt, 
 was strangled at the slake 
 
 Happily for the credit of the Spanish nation, even 
 among the prolligate adventurers which it sent forih to 
 conquer and desolate the New World, tlieie wfre per- 
 sons who retained some tincture of the (-'asiilian geno' 
 rosity and honor. Though, belore (he trial of Atahualpj, 
 I'Vrdin^uid i'izarro bad set out fur Spain, and Soto was 
 sent on a separate command at a dislanct* from (.'axa- 
 malca, this odious transaction was not carried on with- 
 out censure and opposition. Several ollicers, and 
 among lhos(> some of the greatest reputation and most 
 respectable families m the service, not only remonstra- 
 ted but protested against this measure of their general 
 as disgraceful lo their country, as repugnant to every 
 ma.xim of etpiity, as a violation of public faith, and a 
 usurpation of jurisdiction over an indeuetident m narchi 
 to which they had no title. l)ut thdr laudable i^ndea* 
 vors were vain. Numbers, find tin- opinion ot such <#8 
 held every thing to be lawful which tliey deemeil advan- 
 tageous, prevailed. Historv, however, recoids even 
 the unsuccessful exertions ot virtue with applause, and 
 the Spanish wnter.s. in reUtmn events where Uie vah.'r 
 of their nation is more conspKuous than Us humaa ty, 
 have not failed to preserve the names ol those v>ho 
 made this laudable ell'ort lo save their country fiom Llit> 
 infamy of having jterpetrated such a crime 
 
 On llie death of Alahualpa. I'izarro invested one o/ 
 his sons with the ensigii<f uf royahy. hoping that a 
 young man without experiiiice rni<:bt prove a more pas- 
 sive instrument m his liands tiian an an. bilious monarch, 
 who had been accustometl lo iixh pendent command. 
 The peopU* of Cu/co, and the ailjaceiit country, ac- 
 know|ed^ed Manco < 'apac, a brutlur of Ilu.iscir, as 
 Inca. IJut neiiher possessed the uutlionly whicii be- 
 longed to a sovereign of I'eru The \utlenl convul- 
 sions into which the enqiire had been thrown, lir»t by 
 the civil war between tlie two brothers, and then hy Iho 
 invasion of the Spaniard.'^, had tiol only drra;i;;ed the 
 order of the Peruvian <^ovi niinent, Imt almost dissolved 
 its frame. When (hey belieUl their monarch a captive 
 in the power of .-.Iraiiijers. and at la^t sutl'ermg an igno- 
 inintous dcatii. ihe people in several provinces, as if 
 they bad hem set free Irom every restraint of law and 
 deci'iiey, broke out into the mosl lu-enlums excesses 
 .Su many descendants of the Sun, after being treated 
 with the utmost indignity, had been cut oil by Alaliu- 
 al|i3, (hat not only their intluencu in the >tale dmunisb' 
 ed wilh their number, but the accustomed reverence 
 for that sacred race seuMblv decreased. In consequence 
 of ibis slate of things, umtiitioiis men in dill'erenl parti 
 of (be empire aspired to mdeperubnt aulhorily, and 
 usurptd juriMlictu)!! to which lliey bad no lille The 
 general who commaiiiled for .\labuatpa in t^uito, ^eiied 
 the brolhrr and children of his master, put itiern to a 
 cruel death, and, dl.<^ehlllulng any connection with eitliei 
 Inca, endeavored to established a sejiarute kingdom foi 
 himself. 
 
 The Spaniards with pleasure hebehl ihe spirit of dis- 
 cord dill'ustng Itself, and the vi^or of government re- 
 laxing among (he I'eriivians Tbi y considered ihose 
 disorders as symptoms uf a state hastening towards its 
 dissolution. I'izarro no longer hiKilaled to advance 
 towards Cuzco, and be Iwid rectuved such corisidcr.iblo 
 remforcements, that he could fi'iiture, wiih litile dan- 
 ger, (o peiic(ra(e so far in(o the interior part ef (ho 
 country. The account rf the wealth acqu.red at t'asa- 
 malcu operated as he had foreseen. So sooiurdid hn 
 brother Kerdmind, wi'h ihe utiicers and snidiern to 
 whom hu had given their discharge atiur the purutum 
 
SOUTH AMEUICA. 
 
 'V delivered ihell 
 I'pillo had It \u iMB 
 mm li'-Hi siiitetl 
 •H prt'-iK'tniniifd 
 [leart'il Hutliniuiit. 
 
 uiid t'oi)driiin(>d 
 ,ic prosliluii'd llie 
 
 I'onlirin this scn- 
 mtd It to hr ju»t. 
 idfuvon-d to u\tTl 
 I'Htrc'utiin ihat he 
 iirch would In; the 
 juchi'd the \\u\\.'vl- 
 
 hull lo he led m- 
 i\ lu llie lulleriie«a 
 who h;id just ruti- 
 
 ulleiiipled lo con- 
 iitiit \ alverde eia- 
 )r.K'e tiie t'hiistiiin 
 111 Ins |iui)ishnient. 
 from the Ireiidding 
 II The cereiiioiiy 
 ead oi being burntf 
 
 anish nation, even 
 lu'h It bent jorih lo 
 ■Id, thcif were [ler- 
 ihe C'astilmn geno- 
 .■ trial ol Atahualiia, 
 pain, and Solo waa 
 liMance troni *'axa- 
 lol earned on wiih- 
 veral ollicers, and 
 ■t'|Uitation and inobt 
 not only renionstra- 
 ire ol' their general 
 repnifiiant lo ever^r 
 f |mhhe tailh, and .\ 
 ili.'nendenl in narth, 
 lieir laudable eiidea- 
 [• opinion ol such tn 
 they deenietl advati- 
 ,evtT, refolds *'VeH 
 ■ Willi ajuilaoMe, and 
 (•Ills where llie val-.-r 
 <« tlian lis huina:i ty, 
 laines ul those v. ho 
 leir i-ountry iioni lh»> 
 a rriine 
 
 :arro invested one of 
 sahv. Iiojung that a 
 ;iu prove a more pas- 
 i aii.bitiuiis inonari'li, 
 t pemlenl etHinnuiid. 
 iijaet.nl counlry. ac- 
 llitr ol" llu.t^cir. as 
 aulhnrity \\hKh bc- 
 The Mulenl eonvni- 
 reii thrown, lir^l I'y 
 ihirs, and then by ttie 
 jt only deranged the 
 Itut ttlniost dl^^olvl'd 
 ir inoiiareh a eaptivo 
 iht >uireriiig an igno- 
 •ral pru\infes, as if 
 ri'str.iinl ol' law and 
 lueiittouM exeesses 
 . alUT being treated 
 •II lilt oil by Alaliu- 
 II the state diinini^^h- 
 .fiislomed reserenee 
 isi:(l 111 euMseipn nei? 
 lU'ii III diliereni parli 
 tid<-nt authority, and 
 . h.id no title Tli« 
 ii.ilpa in Qviitu. .Miied 
 Master, jint llietn to a 
 •oniieetion wilh eilhel 
 M'parate kingdom loi 
 
 lield ihc spirit of dis- 
 of governmenl re- 
 iM y eoiiHidrred those 
 iMening luwards lit 
 Hitiited to ailvaneft 
 d siit'li i-on>i(UTablo 
 ire. with little dan- 
 mterior pail »'f tlie 
 ' atiptired at ('avo- 
 ir .So hooiii r did bill 
 irtrs and aoldiern (o 
 irgc itlior the i.ttiiuuin 
 
 rtlil 
 
 of Iho Inca'a ransom, arrive at Panama, and display 
 ihcir riches in the view of their astonished eountrymen. 
 than fame spread the nceount with sui h exngg<raiioii 
 through all the Spanisli settlements on the South Sea, 
 lliat the governors of Uii-ilimala, Panama, and Nic.ira 
 gua, could liardiy restrain the people under llieir juris- 
 diction, from abandoning their possessions, and crowd- 
 ing tti that inrxhnnslible source of wealth whieh seem- 
 ed to be opened in Peru. In spile of every check and 
 regulation, such numbers resorted thither, that i*izarro 
 began his march at the head of five hundred men, after 
 leaving a considerable garrison in St Michael, under 
 the command of Itrnah>azar. The Peruvians had as- 
 Bniibled some large bodies of troops to oppose his pro- 
 gress. Several tierce encounters happened. Hut they 
 terminated like nil the actions in America ; a few Spa- 
 nianls were killed or wounded ; ihe natives were put 
 to lli^ht with incredible ttlaughtcr. At length I'izarro 
 forced his way to Ouzco, and took quiet possession ol 
 that capital ' 'I'he riches found lliere. even after all 
 that the natives had carried otr and concealed, either 
 from a supeistiiious veneration for the ornaments of 
 their temples, or out of haired to their raphcious con- 
 queiors, exce-d in value what had hern received as 
 Auhualpa's ransom. Hut as the .Spnmurds were now 
 accustomed to Ihe wealth of the country, and it came 
 to be piircelh'd out among a great number of adven- 
 turers, ihis divider.d ilid not excite ihe same si'rprise. 
 either from noveltv, or the largeness of the cum ttiai 
 fell lo the »iiare of each iiidividiial. [1<V.I] 
 
 During the march to Cnzeo, lhat son of Ataliualpa 
 whom Pizarro trealed as Inca, died ; and as the Spa- 
 niaiils suhstiluled no nerson m his place, the title of 
 Mmco (.'apac seems to have been universally recog- 
 nised. 
 
 While his fellow-soldiers were thus employed. Bcnal- 
 cazar, governor of St. Michael, an able and enterprising 
 ofticer, was ashamed of remaining inactive, and impa- 
 tient lo have his name distinguished among the disco- 
 verers and cfiinpierors of the New World. The sea- 
 8on.iI'le arrival of a fresh body of rrcruits from Panama 
 and NicaraL'ua put it in his power to gratify this pas- 
 non Leaving a sul!iciciit force to protect the infant 
 seltlemeiil mtni^'ted to his care, b" [ilaeetl himself at 
 the liead of the rest, acd set out to attempt the reduc- 
 tion of t^iiito. where, according to the report of the na- 
 livi's, .\tahii.ilpa had left the greatest part of bis irea 
 sure Notwilhstaiiding the distance of that city from 
 >St. Michael, the dili'inilty of marching tliroiiu'li a moun- 
 tainous country covered witli woods, and the freipieiit 
 and lierce attacks of the best troojia m Peru commanded 
 by a skilful leader, the valor, good conduct. atnl perse- 
 verance of IJenalcazir f-iirniounti d everv obstacle, and 
 h(; entered t^mto with his victorious troops- Hiii thev 
 met with a cruel morlilieation there. Tin- natives now 
 acquainted to their sorrow with the predominant pas- 
 sum of their invaders, and knowing hiiw to disappoint 
 It, had earned otf all those treasures, the prospect of 
 winch had jirompted them to undertake thni anluous 
 expedition, and hail siqiporled ihiMii under all the dan- 
 gers and liardships wherewilh they had to struggle in 
 earrvmg it on. 
 
 Henalca/.ar was not ihe only Spanish leader who 
 atlickeil the kinndom of tjmto, The fame of its 
 rielies attracted a more powerful eiiemv. Pedro de 
 Alviirailo, who had distinguished himself so emmenllv 
 in the concpiesi of Mexi«o. ha\ ing obtained the govern- 
 nieiit of tluatim.da as a recompense for his valor, soon 
 became di.^gusted with a life of u-'ifonn traiiipiilhtv. and 
 lunged to he again engaged in ihe bustle of military 
 Bi rvice The glory and wealih acquired by ihe coii- 
 qi erors of Peru hei-jhtened this passion, and gave it 
 a 'JetermiiH d ilirection Helievini!, or pretending to 
 he leve, that the kingdom of Ijiiito <|id not In- w-iihm 
 till liimtsof the province allotted to Pizarro, lie resolved 
 to m\ade it The nigji reputation of the rotninander 
 allured volunleers from every quarter. He embarked 
 with live hundred men, of vvboin above two hundred 
 were of such distinction as to «rrvc on horseback He 
 lauded at INierlo Viejo, and without sutlicient know- 
 ledge of the country, or proper guides to conduct hiin, 
 attempted lo march direi tly to Quito, by foUowmg the 
 e(Hirse of ihe river (iuavotpiil, utid crossing the ridge 
 of the Andes towards iIh head. Hut in this route, one 
 of the most inipracticahle in all Ainertra. his troops 
 endured such fatigue in forcing their way tbrougii 
 forests and marsnes on the low giounds. and sutlired 
 BO much from excessive cold when they began to as- 
 cend the mountains, lh.it betore they reached the phm 
 M Quito. H filih pati of the men and half their horses 
 died, Mill the rest were so iniuli dispirited and worn 
 out. an to Iw almost initit for uorvice [\'M] There 
 
 they met with a body, not of Indians, but of Spaniards, ; 
 drawn in hostile array against them. Pizarro havinii 
 r4-ceivcd an accounl of Alvarado's armamenl. had i\v.- 
 tached Almagro with some troops lo oppose tins tormi- 
 dahii! luvaiierof hisjiirisdiclion , and lUese were joined 
 by Henalcazar and his victorious party. Alvar ido, 
 though surjiriscd at tlie sight of enemies whom he 
 did not expect, advanced boldly U» the charge Hiil, 
 by the inlerposition of some moderate men in each 
 party, an amicable accommodation took [ihi'^e ; and the 
 fatal period when Spaniards suspended their conquests 
 to imbrue their hands in tiie blood of their t-omitryimn, 
 was |iostponed a few years. Alvarado engaged to 
 return to his government. U|mn Almagro".-* paying limi 
 a hundred thousand pesos lo defray the expense o\' Ins 
 armament Most of his followers remained in the 
 country ; and an expedition, which threatened Pizarro 
 and his colony with ruin, contributed tc augment Us 
 strength. 
 
 15:M ] Hy this time Ferdinand Pizarro had lai dcd 
 in .Spain. 'I'he immense <pianlilies ol gold and silver 
 which he imported [135J Idled the kingdom with no 
 lesH asloiiishnienl than they had excited in J'aiiama 
 and the adjacent provinces. I'izarro was received liy 
 the emperor with the attention due lo lli«' bearer of a 
 present so rich as to exceed any idea which the Spa- 
 niiirds had formed concerning the value of their acqui- 
 sitions in .\inerica, even alter they hid been ten years 
 masters of Mexi(!a. In recompensi? of his brother's 
 services, his authority was eonlirnied with new powers 
 iiid privile>;es, and the addiiion ol seventy tea<^ues, 
 extending along the coast, to the southward of itie 
 territory granted in his foriniT patent Almagro re- 
 ceived the honors which he iiad so long desired 'i'lie 
 title of Adilantado. or governor, was conferred upon 
 linn, with jurisdiction over two hundred leagues ol 
 country, strelehing beyond the soulhi r:i limits ol the 
 province ulIotte<l to I*i/.arro. Kerdinand liimself did 
 not go mir(v%arded. lie was adimtted into tlie mili- 
 tary order of Si. Jago. a dislinclion always act ptalile 
 to a Spanish gentleman, anil soon set out on his return 
 to Peru, accompanied by many persons of higher rank 
 than had yet served in that country 
 
 •Some account of Ins negotiations reached Peru be- 
 fore ho arrived there liimself. Almatiro no sooner 
 learned lhat he had obtained the royal grant id' an mde- 
 peinlent government, than preleiuling that (.^uzco, tlu; 
 imperial resilience of the Incas. lay within lla boun- 
 daries, hn attempted to render himself master of ^tat 
 important station. Juan anil ( ionzalez Pt/arro pre- 
 pared to oppose him. Ka h of the eonH'iiding parties 
 was supported by powerful ailherents, and the disnute 
 was on the point of being terminated by the sword, 
 when l-'rancis I'izarro arrived m the capital. The re- 
 coiii'iliation between hiin and .Almagro lij<l never been 
 cordial. TIk! Iri'achery o\ Pizarro in (■ngrossing lo 
 himself all the honors anil emoluments, which might lo 
 have been divided with his associate, wam always pre- 
 sent III both their thoughts The toriiur, eotisctuus ol 
 his own perlidy, did not expect forgiveness ; llie latter 
 feeling, that he had been deceived. v\as impalient to 
 be avenged ; and though avarice and amtution hail 
 induced them not only to dissemble their seinmieM'... 
 hut even to act in concert while in pur!'';!', of wealth 
 and power, no sooner did they obtain posses.-»iun of 
 these, than the same pas>i!ons which had formed this 
 temporary union, gave r-se to jealousy and discord. 
 'I'o each of them was attaclied a small band of inte- 
 rested depeiidauls, who. with the inahetot s art peeuhar 
 to siidi men. heightened their suspieions. and in.igm 
 lii'd every nppeurance of otleiice Hut with all lliose 
 seecis of enniily in their minds, and thus assiibioiislv 
 cherished, each was so thoroughly acipiamled with the 
 abdilies and courage of his rival, llial they equally 
 dreaded the consequence of an open rupture. The 
 fortunate anivai of Pizarro at ('uzco. anil the address 
 mingled with tirniness wliRdi he manifested in hi-i ex- 
 postulations with Almagro and his partisans, a\ertcd 
 thai evil for the present. .\ new reconciliation took 
 place ; the chief article of which was, that Almagro 
 should altempt the conipiest of t'hili ; and )f he did 
 not tind in that province an establishment adequate to 
 his merit and expectations. Pizarro. by way of mdem- 
 niliea uvi. should yield up to him a part of Peru. This 
 new agreement, thonifh conlirmed [June I2J with ihe 
 same sacred solemnities as their first contract, was 
 observed with a:' little fidelity. 
 
 Soon after be eoncbided this important tranaaclion, 
 Pizarro niarelu d back to the countries on the sea coast ; 
 and as he now enjoyed an interval of tranquilltly t.ndis- 
 tnri)ed bv aiiv enemy, either Spaniard or Indian, he 
 applied himself wall lh.it perbevenng ar4or, which dia- 
 
 141 
 
 tmguishcs his character, to inlroduce n form of regnlat 
 
 government into the exUnsive provinces subject to hi« 
 authority. Though ill tjiiahlied by his educatmn 10 
 enter into any disquisition eoncerning ihe principles ol 
 civil policy, and little accustomed by his former habilfl 
 ot hie u> aitenti lo its arrangements, his nitural saga- 
 city i(up))lied the want both ol science and experieneo. 
 lie distributed the country into yarioii«t dtsinctn ; he 
 appointed proper magistrates to preside in each ; and 
 establtfhed regulaiions concerning the administration of 
 justice, the collection of the royal reven, e. the work- 
 ing of the miiie.s, and the treatment t)f the Indians, 
 extremely simple, but well ealenl.itrd to promote the 
 public prosjierity. Hut though, for the present, he 
 adapted bis plan to the infant state id Ins colony, his 
 aspiring mi*.d looked forward to its bitiire grandeur 
 lie eonsiden . himself as laying the hHmdation of a 
 great empire, and deliberated long, and with much m)1i 
 citnde, 111 what place he siinuld fix the seat of govein- 
 nient. Cuzco, the nnj'erial city of llie Incas, \\»t 
 siluaU'd in a corner of the empire. abo\e four hundreil 
 miles from the sea, and iiiueh further Irom Quito, a 
 province ol whose value he h.id formed a high idea. 
 .No other settlement of the Peruvians was so conside- 
 rabte as to merit the ii.iine of it town, or lo allure urn 
 Spaniards to hx their res. deuce m it Hut m marching 
 through the country, Pizarro had been siriiek witli '.hii 
 bea'.uy and fertility of the valley of Ilimac. one of the 
 most extensive and best cultivated in Peru. There, 
 on the liiinks of a small river of tiie same name with 
 the vale which it waters and enriches, at the distance 
 of SIX miles Irom Callao, the most commodious harbor 
 ill the P.ii'ilie llceaii, lie hiimdeil a city which ln' des- 
 lined to be the capital of his government. (.Ian. IH, 
 \'i.i'i J He gave It th(> name of ('iiidail de los Iteyes, 
 either Iriun the cireuinstance (d havnii; laid the lirst 
 stone at that season when the chnreb celebrates the 
 lestiviil of the Three Kings, or. as is more probable. :ii 
 honor of Juana andl'harles. the joint sovereign.s of 
 < 'aslile. This name it still retains iimoiiif the Spainarda 
 111 all legal and lonnal I'eeds ; hut it is belter known 
 to foreigners by that of l^niir., a corruption of the aii- 
 ( lent appellation of the vallev in which it is Mtuated 
 ("iider Ins in.s|H'Ction. thi' buildings advanced with liueh 
 rapidity, lhat it soon a.ssinned the form of a eitv. which, 
 by a magmticent palace that he erected \'ot Imnself, ai'd 
 by the stately houses Iniilt bv several of his ollieers, 
 gave, even in lis infancy, ^onie indication of ita "'ibs'' 
 qiieiit grandeur. 
 
 In cons(quenc(' of what had been agreed wilb 
 Pizarro. Atmau'ro began hit> march towards ('bill ; and 
 as hi; po.sse-.sed in an emmeiit degree the virtues most 
 admin d by so!dn r>. boimdless hheralily and Icarles* 
 eoiirage, hi.s standard was followed bv live hundred and 
 seventy men. the gri atest body of Kuropeana that hud 
 hitherto been assembled in Peru I'roin iinpatienci> to 
 lini.sh the expedition, or from ttial coiifempt of hardship 
 ami d inger i'cquiri d by all the Spaniard?, who had served 
 long in .\meri<'a, .Mtnagro, iii>tead ol a'lvancmg along 
 the level country on *,he coas;, enose to march across 
 the mountains by a route that was shorter indeed, tnit 
 ab.-.osl iin|i.actical)le. In tins attempt nis troopB were 
 expo.-.ed to every calamity wliieli men can snlfer. fnni 
 taligue, from famine, and from the rigor ol lb': climate in 
 those elevated ret^UMis ol the torrid zuin". wjiere the de- 
 gree of (old Is hardly inferior to what is b'lt within the 
 polar circle Many of them perished ; and the survivor* 
 when lilt V descended into the fertile plains of t 'bill, hail 
 new dillieulties tu eiictumter They found liiere a race 
 of men very dillerenl Irom the people o.' Peru, mtrepnl, 
 hardy, independent, and m their bodily >'onstitiilion, an 
 well as vigor of spiril. nearly resembling the warlike 
 tribes in North .America 'I'hough titled with wonde. 
 at the first appearance of the Spaniards, and still more 
 astonished at the operations of iheir cavalry and the 
 elfects of t!ieir fire-arms, the Chilese soon recovered 
 so fur from their siirfirise, as not only to defend them- 
 belves with obstinacy, but to attack their new enemies 
 will) more determined lierceness than any .American 
 nation had hitherto discovered. 'I'ho Spaniards, how- 
 ever, continued to penetrate into the country, and col- 
 lected some considerable quantities of f^old ; but wcro 
 so far fioin thinking of making any settlement ainidat 
 such formidable neighbors, that in spite of all the exfie- 
 rience and valor of their leader, the final issue of the 
 expedition still remained extremely dubious, when they 
 were recalled from it by an unexpected revolution al 
 Peru. The causes of this important event I nliall on- 
 dravor to trace to their source. 
 
 80 inuny adventurers had flocked lo Peru fromsTery 
 Spanish colony in .America, and all with such high e«- 
 puclttlioMB of Hccutnulating trulepiiidi iit foiluiiea at 
 
r? 
 
 ' 
 
 f 
 
 142 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OF 
 
 i 
 
 H 
 
 I' i 
 
 oiu*o, that, In mm {)08ft(>iiflr(l with nntionti so pxtrava* 
 gant, any iiifiitioii of iit-tpiiriri*: wealth t^raihiiilly. iiitil 
 by »ulir.in('K of |).)iirnl nitlusiry, v^<)'.lUI \u\\v hciii not 
 oiJy a (liHu[i|)UiiitiiU'tit hiil an lo^iiill. In order lo tint! 
 occi![)ation lor men who rould not vMth sultiy lie ul- 
 lovMril to rtnmin irmrtivi', Viiutm rn«<)iir.)i>(-(l sonir of 
 tho inoMt (htslni^uisht'd oHu-crK who liail liitely joint-d 
 him, to nivadu diHcri'Til |)rovinctu of ll i cinpiif, whicli 
 the S[jjnmrdH had not hitlierto visit'^d. Si-veral Iarj,'L' 
 bodies vscro foriuH for thiH purposR ; and iilKiiit the 
 time Ihul Ahiiii;,rro set out for Chih, they inarched into 
 remote di«triet.s of iho country No sooner did Manco 
 Capae, the Irica, olmerve the iuconsidiTale security of 
 the Spaniards in thua disprrsinp their troops, and that 
 only a handful of sohhcr:* renmined in Cu/.co, under 
 Juan and (ionzah<z i'lzarro, than he thou^*ht that the 
 happy |H"riod was at lenjjth roiiio for vmdicatuig his 
 own lights, for avenging; the wrongs of his country, and 
 cxtirpatiiifr its opjires.sors. 'J'hoiigh strictly watched 
 hy the Spaniardis who allowed hint to reside in ttio 
 palace ol hJN ancestors at Ctizco, he found means of 
 communicating his scheme lo the [)rrson» who were to 
 be inttuiited with the execution of it. Among people 
 aceustoined to revere their sovereign us a divinity, 
 every hint of his will carries the authority of a com- 
 muiiii ; and they themselves were now convinced, by 
 the daily increase in the nuinher of their invaders, that 
 -he fond iioju's which they had long entertained of their 
 voluntary departure were altogether vain. All per- 
 ceived that a vigorous ellbrt of the whole nation was 
 requisite to expel them, and the preparations for it 
 were earned on w<th the secrecy and silence peculiar to 
 Amertcaiis. 
 
 After some unsuccessful attempts of the Inca to 
 make his escape, I'Vrdm.ind Pizarro happening to arrive 
 at that time in Cuzco f ISlJej. he ohtained permission 
 from hiiu to attend a great festival which was to he ce- 
 lebrated a few leagues from the capital. I.'nder pretext 
 of that solemntty, the great men of the empire were 
 asaemhhd. As soon as tlie Inca joined them, the 
 standard o( war was erected , and in a short tune i II 
 the fighting men. from the conrines of Quito to the 
 frontier of Chili, were in arms. Many Spaniards, liv- 
 ing securely on the settlements allotted lliem, were 
 riias«acred. Several detacniiu-nts, as they inarched 
 carelessly through a country which seemed lo be tamely 
 Hubmissive to their dominion, were cut oil' to a man 
 An aimy amounting (if we may believe the Spanish 
 writers) to two hundred thousand men. attacked Cuzco, 
 which ihc three * /others endeavored to defend with 
 only one hundred and ^eventy Spaniards. Another 
 fc'inidsble liody invested Lima, and kept tiic governor 
 closely shut up. 'J'here w.is no longer any cornmuni- 
 ratioii helween the two cities ; the numerous forces of 
 tiie Peruvians spreading o\er the country, intercepted 
 every iiiessenger ; and a» the part ;a in (vuzco and 
 Lima were equally iiiiactpi^nnved with the fate of their 
 countrymen, each boded ihe worst concerning the 
 other, and imagined that they ihemselviM were the only 
 persons who had survived the general extinction of the 
 Spanish name m Peru . 
 
 It was at (^'uzco, where the Inca commanded in per- 
 son, that the I'eruvians niade their chief efforts. Dur- 
 ing nine moiths they cdi'rud on tlic siege with inces- 
 sant ardor, and in various forms : and though they dis- 
 played not the same undaunted ferocity as the Mexican 
 warriors, they conducted souie of tlieir ojierations in a 
 manner which dmootered greater sagacity, anda genius 
 wore susreplihle of impiovemeni in the military art. 
 Tliey not only observed the advantages wliicli the Spa- 
 niards derived from thiHF discipline and their weapons, 
 liut tliey endeavored to miiiaie th« former, and turned 
 the latter again.st tlieui, Tliey armed a considerahlu 
 body of tiieir bravest warriors with the swords, the 
 e[>ea!s. and bucklers, whicti they had taken from the 
 Spanish soldiers whom they had cut off in ditferent 
 parts of the country. 'I'hese they endeavored to mar- 
 aim! in that regtdar compact order, to whicli expritcnce 
 had taught them tliat the Spaniards were indebted for 
 their irresistible force in action. Some appeared in the 
 field with Sparnsh muskets, and bud acquired skill and 
 resobittoii ftiou^h lo use ihem A few of ttie bohlest, 
 among whom was the Inca himself, were mounted on 
 file horses which they had taken, and advanced briskly to 
 the charge like SpaniJHh cavaliers. with their lances in the | 
 rest. It was more by their numbers, liowever,than by those ' 
 imperfect essays to iiniiale Kuropean arts and lo employ i 
 Kropcan arms, that the IVruvians annoyed the Spaniards 
 ll^ltjj. In spile of the valor, heighieuid hy despair, with 
 which the three brothers deleiided ('ii/co. Man' oC4pac 
 recovered |H)ss^?shioii of oui- half of bi^> capi al ; and in 
 tbuir variuuaeU'ortslu drive him outu. ,i ibu.Spttuiirils 
 
 I lost Juaii Pizarro, the best beloved of all the brothers, 
 ' together witli some other persons of note. Worn out 
 Wi'.!' the fatigue ol nl^•(■s^ant dutv. ilistressed with want of 
 provisions, and despairmg of biiiig able any longer to 
 ' rt SIM an enemy whose numbers daily increused, the 
 soldiers lurairn iinpat;i nt to abandon Cn/co, in hopes 
 , citlier of jumuig their countrymen, it any of them yet 
 I survived, or of forcing their way lo the sea, and tinding 
 some means of escaping from a country which had 
 j been so fatal to the Spanish name. While they were 
 brooding over those desponding thoughts, wbkli their 
 otlicers labored in vain to dis|>el, Aliiiagro appeared aud- 
 dcrily 111 the neighboihood of Cuzco. 
 
 The accounts transmitted to Altnagro concerning 
 the general tnsi'.rrection of the I'eruvians, were such as 
 would have induced him, without hesitation to relin- 
 quish the conquest of Chili, ind hasten to the aid of his 
 countrymen. IJnt in this resolution he waa confirmed 
 by a motive less generous, but more interesting, liv 
 the same messenger who brought him intellig<'ncc of 
 the Inca's revolt, he received the royal patent creating 
 him governor of Chili, and defining the limits of his 
 jurisdiction. I'pon considering the tenor of it, he 
 deemed it manifest beyond contradiction, that Cuzco 
 lay wiihin the boundaries of his government, and he 
 was equally solicitous to prevent the I'eruvians from 
 recovering possession of their capital, and to wrest it 
 out of the hands of the I'izarros. rrom impatience to 
 accomplish both, he ventured lo return by a new route , 
 and in marching through the sandy plains on the coast, 
 he suffered from heat and drought, calamities of a new 
 species hardly inferior to those in which he had been 
 involveil by cold and famine on the summits of the 
 Andes. 
 
 1537. J His arrival at Cuzco was in a critical mo- 
 ment, '.''he Spaniards and I'eruvians fixed their eyes 
 upon bun with equal solicitude. The former, as he 
 did not study to conceal bis pretensions, were at a loss 
 whciher lo welcome him as a deliverer, or to take pre- 
 cautions against him as an enemy. The latter, know- 
 ing the points m contest between hjn and his country- 
 men, flattered themselves thai they had more to hope 
 than to dread from liH operations. .Minagro himself, 
 uiLirqiiainted with Ihe detail of the eveiils wihch had 
 happened in his absence, and solicitous to learn the pre- 
 cise posture of affairs, advanced towards the capital 
 slowly, and with great circumspection. Various nego- 
 tiations witli both parties were set on foot. The Inea 
 conducted them on his part with much address. Al 
 first be endeavored to gam the fnendbhip of Almagro ; 
 and after many fruitless overtures, despairing of any 
 cordial union with a Spaniard, he attacked him by sur- 
 prise with a numerous body of chosen troops. Uutthe 
 Spanish discipline and valor maintained their wonted 
 superiority. The I'eruvians were repulsed with such 
 slaughter thai a great part of their army dispersed, and 
 vMinagro proceeded to the gales of Cuzco without 
 interruption. 
 
 The I'izarros, as they had no longer to make head 
 against the i'eruvians, directed all tlu'ir attention to- 
 wards their new enemy, and took measures to obstruct 
 bis entry into liie capital. Prudence, however, re- 
 strained both parlies for some time from turning their 
 arms against one another, while surrounded by com- 
 mon enemies who would rejoice in the mutual slaugh- 
 ter. iJifferent schemes of accommodation were pro- 
 posed. Kach endeavored 'o deceive ihe other, or to 
 corrupt his followers, i'iie generous, open, affable 
 temper of Almagro gained many adherents of the I'i- 
 zarros, who were ilisgusled with their bardi, domineer- 
 ing manners, Mncouraged by this defection, he ad- 
 vanced towards the city by niu'ht. surprL-ed the senti- 
 nels, or was admitted by iheni, and, investing the house 
 where the two brothers resided, compelled ihem, after 
 an obstinate defence, to surrender at discretion Al- 
 magro's claim of jurisdiction over (yii/.co was univer- 
 sally ncknowleclged, and a form of administration esta- 
 blished mills name. 
 
 Two or three persons only were killed in this first 
 act of civil husttbty ; hut it wa.H i^ ' ii followed by scenes 
 more bloody Francisco I'izar; saving dispersed the 
 Peruvians who had invested I.iim.and received some 
 considerable reinforcements from 1/ spaniolaand Nica- 
 rairua, ordered five hundred men, under the command 
 of Atonzo de Alvarado. to inarch to Cuzco, in hopes of 
 relieving his brothers, if they and tueir garrison were 
 not already cut o(I by the Peruvrins This body, 
 which at that period of Ihe Spanish power in America 
 must be deemed a considerable force, advanced near 
 to the capital before tliev knew that ihey had any eiieuiy 
 more lor.iiulable than Indians to encounter Ii was 
 Willi ttstoiiisliment th^t they betuilu thtir cuuiitryir.n 
 
 posted on the banks of the river Abancny to oppOM 
 
 iheir progress Almagro, however, wished rather to 
 gain than lo conquer tlie;n. and by bribes and pro 
 miscs, endeavored to seduce their leader The tidi hly 
 of Alvarado remained unshaken; but \i\s talents for 
 war were mtt equ-d lo hi-, \irtue. .\hiiagro aniu.-.ed 
 bun with various movements, of which he did notioin- 
 prehend the meanuig, while a large detadmient of 
 chosen soldiers pasM-il the river by night IJuly Vi], tell 
 upon bis camp by surprise, broke bis tmop.'* before they 
 had time to form, and took him prisoner, logether with 
 his principal officers. 
 
 lly the sudden route of this body, the contest bu 
 twcen the two rivals must have been decided, if .\I- 
 n.agro had known as wr-ll how to improve n^ bow to 
 gam a victory. Uodngo Orgognez. an olbcer of great 
 abilities, who having served under the t.'onsiable 
 Hourbon, win n he led the imperial army lo Home, had 
 been accustomed to bohl and decisive measures, ad- 
 vised him instantly lo issue orders for puUing to death 
 Perdinand and (ionzalo I'izarros, .Mvaratio, and u few 
 other persons whom he could not hope to gam, nnd to 
 march directly with bis victorious troops lo Lima, before 
 the governor bad time to prepare for his ilel'eiice, IJul 
 Almagro, tliougb he dis'-erned at once tb(^ iitililv of the 
 couiit^el, and though he h;'d courage to ha\e carru'd it 
 into execution, suffered himself lo be influenced by 
 sentiments unlike those of a soldier of fortune grown 
 iHd in service, and by .scruples which suited not the 
 chief of a party who bid drawn his sword in civil war. 
 Peelings of liumanity resir^inied him from shedding thu 
 blood of bis opponents ; u ' ihe dread of being deemed 
 a rebel deterred him from tering a province which 
 the king had allotted to ar her. Though he knew 
 that arms must lerminate th qiute helween bim and 
 Pizarro, and resolved not tt in that loode of deci- 
 sion ; yet, with a timid delicacy, preposlirous at such 
 a juncture, be was so solicitous that Ins rival should be 
 considered as the aggressor, that he marclu-d quietly 
 back to Cuzco, to wail his approach, 
 
 Pizarro was stiil unacquainted with all the interest- 
 ing events which bad liappened near Cuzco Accounts 
 ofAlmagro's return, of the loss .if the capital, of Ihe 
 death of one broiSer, of the miprisoi, merit of the other 
 two, and of the defeat of Alvarado, were brought to 
 him at once. Such a tide of mislortunes almost over- 
 whelmed a spirit which had coiitinu(;d firm and erect 
 under the rude.-^ shocks of adversity Itut the necea- 
 sily of attending to his own safely, as well as the de- 
 sire of reveiigi.', preserved Iiim from sinking under it. 
 He took measures for both with his wonted siigacity. 
 .\s \iv. had the command of the s(Mcoast, and (expected 
 considerable supplies both of men and military htores, 
 it was no less hts interest it) gam time, and to avuid 
 action, than it was that of .\lmagro to precipitate ope- 
 rations, and to bring llie eoiitesl to a speedy i.-sue. lie 
 had recourse lo arts which he bad formerly [iraeiisid with 
 success ; and Almagro was again weak enough to suffer 
 himself to be amused with a pro.--pecl of lermmating 
 their differences bv uoine anucabb! accommod.ition. 
 Hy varying his overtures, and slnfiing bis ground as 
 ofte;i as it suited his purpose, sometimes seeming to 
 yield to every thing which bis ru.il could desire, and 
 then retracting all that he had granted, Pizarro dexter- 
 ously protracted the negotiation to suolt a leiigili. that, 
 though everv day wa.«i precious to Almagro, several 
 montlis elapsed without coming to ativ final agreement. 
 While i\n'- attention of Alm.igro, and of the ollicera 
 with whom he consulted, was occupied jti detiH'tiiig 
 and eluding the fraudulent mtenlions of the governor^ 
 (ionzalo Pizarro and Alvarado found means lo corrupt 
 the soldiers to whose custody they were committed, 
 and not only made their ese.ipe themselves, but per- 
 suaded sixiv of ibe men who formerly guaided them to 
 accompany their (light. Fortune having tluis delivered 
 one of bis brothers, the governor »cru|.'ied not at mie 
 act of perfuly more to procure the relea>e of the other. 
 He proposed that every pouit in controversy between 
 Almagro and hiinsulf should tut tuhmitted to the deci- 
 sion of their sovereign ; thai until bis award was known, 
 each should retain undisturbed posse.^sion of -wbalever 
 part of the coui.try he now ticcupied ; that Kerdinand 
 Pizarro should I e set at liberty, and return instantly to 
 Spain, logelber with the otiicera whom .Mmagro pur- 
 posed to send 'hither to represent the justice of hia 
 clai:ns. Obvious as the de^^ign of Pizarro was in thoso 
 
 ^lroposllions. and familiar us bis artilices might now 
 lave been lo bis oppom-nt, Almagro, with a credubly 
 approaching to infatuation, relied on Ins sincerity, aitd 
 concluded an agreement (m these terms 
 
 The moment liiat I'erdin.md Pizarro recovered hid 
 liberty, thu ^over.-.or, no longer fettered -u hts oiHim 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 113 
 
 aiicay to 0|i]i0ft6 
 wislifil railicr to 
 liril)i-» unJ |)iu 
 lliT TliirtHitlity 
 lit iiiN lult'iits lor 
 Alm.i^ro amuM'ii 
 li lie ilui iioUoin- 
 V drtiii-liiiifnt ol 
 ^rlii [July I'JJ.lcIl 
 inmjii^ licfoic tlify 
 HIT, tiii;(ilnr \Mlh 
 
 ', llic rontfst l*u 
 ni ili'ddtil. if Al- 
 iijinivc ii:* liow to 
 till ullifi-r of ^rciit 
 IT llu: Coiisialilfi 
 nny to Uuine, liad 
 iiv*' iiH'a»uri'f«, uil- 
 ir |)iiltin^ to death 
 Iv.irmlo, uiid u fi'W 
 )]il> til giiiti, iitul to 
 )|is to l.inui, Ittfurc 
 Ins ileU'iicc. IJiil 
 •f thr utility of tlio 
 u to ha\t' tiirrit'd il 
 I be mllut'ticcd l»y 
 • of fortune ^rowii 
 icii Hiiiicd not the 
 <w»r(i III nvil vvjir. 
 I from ^llrddlIl•»tho 
 ad of lu'iii^ deumt'd 
 !i proviiux' which 
 Tlioiiyh he knew 
 e hrlvvetMi liiii) and 
 thai mode uf deci- 
 oposti rous ul such 
 . his rival should ht 
 he niarelifd quietly 
 
 ilh all the interest- 
 r Cu/xo Accounts 
 tltu t-a|iilal, of the 
 x.im-nt of the olliof 
 lo, were l)roiij,'lit to 
 )rtimL'H iilmost over- 
 lucd firm and erect 
 |ty Hut the neceH- 
 , as well un llie de- 
 III siiikiht^ under it. 
 iih wonted sagafily. 
 joiisl, and expected 
 and iniinary htores, 
 time, iind lo avuid 
 I lo precipitate ope- 
 speidy i?»ue. lie 
 iirrly pMCiihcd with 
 ik enuuj,'h to siitfer 
 ■t of terminalinj» 
 accomintKl..lioii. 
 ,111^ Ins ground as 
 netiuH s scemin}^' to 
 .1 could destre, and 
 d. Pi7..irro dexlef- 
 iuch a lrii:;ih. Hut, 
 Alina^ro, M>V(Tal 
 , lln.il ;i;'reeineiil. 
 mil of the ollicer* 
 pic'l III deUvthi;^ 
 ir, of the j;o\ernor, 
 means to corrupt 
 were coiiuiiilted, 
 mselves. hut per- 
 „iiai(led theni to 
 , villi,' liius delivered 
 Tiiplcd not at one 
 ■lease of the other. 
 iuiirt)verMy holween 
 iHMit'ed tu the dcci- 
 nward was known, 
 •.^sion of Avhiilevor 
 tl ; tliat rerduund 
 return msl.inily to 
 hohi .Mnmf^ro pur- 
 the justice of his 
 'iz.irro was in thoso 
 riilues ini^hl now 
 TO. With a credulity 
 Ml hissiiiceriiy, aiti] 
 rms 
 
 ;jrro reeo%erw1 hi* 
 ■red Mi his oiwm 
 
 rlv 
 
 V 
 
 tioiw by •nxiely about his brother's life, ihrew off every 
 disguise which his concern for it had obliged him to 
 nsfuiine. The treaty was for^'olten ; pacihc and I'on- 
 rilmlniK ineaMuns were no more menliOded ; il was in 
 ihc fii'ld he openly declared, and not in the cahinet, — 
 by arum and not Iiy nei^otiation, — that it must now be 
 drterniined who hliouhl be maHter of I*eru. 'I'he ra- 
 pidity of his preparations suited such a decisive resolu- 
 lion Seven hundred men «ere soon ready to march 
 towai.ln **u7,ro The command of llie*c was given lo 
 hi.i two hroihers, in whom he could perfectly confide 
 for the exeeniion of his most violent schempa, as they 
 were iiriied on. not (uily by ihc enmity tlowniH from the 
 nvaUhii) helwcen their funiilv and Alinayro, hut ani- 
 niHled with the desire of vetijieance. excited by recol- 
 lection of iheir own recent disgrace and rtutrerings. 
 Afier an iinsncce!'>ful attempt to cross the mountaina 
 m the direct road ln'tween Limti and ('uzco, they 
 inarciied lovitnls ilie south ahui;; the coast as far as 
 Na.'tca, and llu n lununy to Ihe left, penetrated throuyb 
 the detlles in ili;it branch of the Andes which lay be- 
 tween them and tlie capital. Alm:iKro, instead of 
 bcarkenini,' lo some of Ins ollicers, who advised iiim to 
 Httempt the defence of tho'-o dillicull jfasses, waited the 
 apnroach of the eiu rnv in the plain of (^uzco- 'I'wo 
 reasons seem to liave iinluced liirii to lake this resolu- 
 tion. Ills follower.- aniounled hardly to live hundred, 
 and U? was afraid of weakennii? such a feehL body by 
 Bending any diTai'hnient towards the mountains, Uia 
 cavalry far exceeded that of ihe adverse party, botn in 
 nimiher and disr]{iline, ami it was only in an open conn- 
 trv that he conli! a\uil himself of ijiiil advantage. 
 
 The !'i7.arros a(lv;;nced without aTiv obstruction, but 
 what arose bmn the :iature of the .jesert and horrid 
 r"gums throuL'h v%hiib they marched. .\s soon as they 
 reached the pl,iin, both factions wi.Te cpiall/ impatient 
 to brmg this long protracted contest to an issue. 
 Thou'ili countryunn and Ineiuls. the siibjicts of the 
 same soM-reii^n, ami each with tlie royal htandanl di><- 
 plavid; and tl;')u>>h lliey beheld the mountains that 
 Burroundrd the plain in which they were driwu i p, co- 
 V(Ted with a vast multitude of Indians assembled to 
 enjoy the spect.icle of tin ir imitiml carnage, and pre- 
 pared to al1a<-|< whati V4T parly remained master of the 
 field ; so fell anil nuplai able was the rancor whii'h had 
 taken posse>Moii of e\(ry brea.st, that not one pacific 
 counsel, not a .>mgte overture towards accomnuidation 
 proceeded Irom either side. I'nfortunately for Alma- 
 gro. he v\.is Mi worn out with the faligue.s of si rvice, to 
 which bis advanced age was uneipial, that, at this crisis 
 of bis fate, be civjid not evert Ins wonted activity, and 
 he was o)ilii;e<l to commit the leatling hi^ troops to ( )r- 
 goiiiie/. \^ho. ibougii an ollicir of great merit, did not 
 possens the .viine asD'ntlaut either over the spirit or 
 alleclions of the soUln-rs, as ihe chief whom they had 
 long been accustomed to follow and revere 
 
 The conlbcl was furce, and maintained by each 
 party with e»pial courage [April 2tiJ. On the side o( 
 .'. hiiagro were more xettTun soldiers, and a larger pro- 
 porlnm of cavalry; but thesis were- couiitfTbalanced by 
 Pizarro's superioriiv in numbirs. and bytwocompa- 
 n:e« of well disciplined musketeer^, wliirh. on receiving 
 an Rctouni of the msurrecliou of the Indians, the em- 
 peror had sent from .Spam. .'\s the use of tire arms 
 was not Ireipienl iiiiKUti.' tiie adventurers in America, 
 hastilv C'pnpped tot service, at llieir o\\ri expense, tins 
 btiiall hand oi' ^olllle^.■' r^'unl.trly trained and armi d. was 
 a iio\e|iv m IVru. ai.d tlecided the tate of the tl.iy 
 ^\ nerevtr it advanced, trie wei^lii of a heavy mn\ well 
 sustained hre t'ore down hor-^e and hiot behire it ; and 
 Orgogne/. while he endeavored to rallv and animate 
 bis troops, having received a dangerous wound, the 
 route heeinie gem ral The liarbariiy of the eoiiipier- 
 ors slamett ihe glory vKliteh they acqiired by tins com- 
 ple'e vidorv The itolence of civil rage hurrietl on 
 some to ?<laugbter their countrymen with indlsermimate 
 cruelty , ihe iiieanneHH ol private revenge mstiiiaied 
 others to single out mdividnuts as ibe objects of their 
 vengeance t 'rgogne/. and several otlicers of distinc- 
 tion were ninssacred in cold blood ; ahovi; a hundred 
 and foriv soldiers fell in the lieUl , a lar^e proportion, 
 wlien- the nuudur ol i-ombatanls was few. and the lie.it 
 of liie contest soon over .Mmagro. though so feeble 
 that he coub) not b< ar the motion of a liorse, hail in- 
 aiated on being earned ni a liitiT to an eunnence wliii h 
 overlooked the lield of battle rroiii thence, m the 
 utmost agitali m ot mind, he vimved the various move 
 ments of lH>ih parties, and at last beheid lUv. total defeat 
 of hiH own troops, with all thi> passionate iiidiL'nation 
 ol n veicTan leailcT long ai'cust<Mned lo victory Me 
 tiideavorett lo savi- himsell by Ili<rbl. hut wa<> taken 
 pnaonert and guarded with the atriclesl vigilanct*. 
 
 The Indians, instead of executing the resolution 
 
 which they hafi formed, retired (piii ily alter the battle 
 \\aso\er ; and in ibc history of the New World, thrrc 
 is not a inon sinking iiisianceof ibe \\onib rlul aseetid- 
 ant which the Sp.iniards had actpiirrd over its inhabi- 
 tants, than tb.it, after seeing one of the contending pat- 
 ties ruined and dispersed, and the other weatiened and 
 fatujued, tliey had not courage to fall uptri their ene- 
 mies, when fortune presented an opportunity of attack- 
 ing them with such advantage. 
 
 (■^iizco was pillaged by the victorious troops, who 
 found there a considiTable booty, eoiisiating partly of 
 the gleanings of the Indian treasures, and partly of tho 
 wealth amassed by their antiigouists from the spoils of 
 Peru and (.'lull. IJut so tar did this, and v\hatt Vf r tho 
 bounty of their leader could add lo it, fall below the 
 bigh ideas of the recompense which they conceived to 
 be due lo their merit, that Ferdinand Pizarro, unable to 
 ijraiifysiich extravagant exjiectations, had recourse to 
 the same expedient uhicli his brother had employed on 
 a similar occasion, and endeavored to find occupation 
 for tl'is turbulent ussiimmg spint, in order to pn-vent it 
 from breaking out into open mutiny. With this \iew, 
 be encouniged ibi; most a<:tive ollicers lo attempt the 
 discovery and reduction of various pro\ince9 whicli bad 
 not hitherto submitted to the Spaniards. To every 
 standard erected by the leaders who undertook any of 
 those new expeditions, volunteers resorted wi'h the 
 ardor and hope peculmr to the age. Several of .\Ima- 
 gro's soldi(Ts joined them, and thus Pizarro had the 
 satisfaction of being delivered both from the importu- 
 nity of his discontented friends, and the dread of his 
 ancient enemies. 
 
 Almai.'ro himself remained f»)r several months in cus- 
 tody, under all 'In- aiigiiu^h of suspense. For abhougli 
 his doom was determined by the I'tzarros from themo- 
 iiietit mat be fell uito tluir hands, prudence constrained 
 iheni to defer gratifying their \engeance, uiitil the sol- 
 diers who b.ul served iridtT him, as well as several of 
 their own h)llo\<ers in wlioiii they could not perl'ectly 
 confuh'. had left i'uzco. As soon as they set out upon 
 their dillerent expeditious, Alni.ii;ro was impeached of 
 treason, formally tried, and coMdeiiined to die. 'I'hu 
 sentenci; astonished lum . ami though be bad ulieii 
 braved death with undaunted spirit m the field, iis ap- 
 proach uixler this ignominious fonii apiiallcd bmi so 
 much, that be lind recour.'^e lo abject su|)plieatioiis un- 
 worthy of his former fame. He besought the Pi/.arros 
 to remember the ancient frifTidship tietween their bio- 
 tlier and him, and how much be had contnbiited to llu* 
 prosperity of their family ; he reminded them of the 
 hunmnity with which, m opposition to the rejieaied re- 
 inonslranc<'s of his own most atlnched friend.s, be bail 
 spared tbeir lives when he tiad them in bis power; he 
 conjured them to pity his age ami inlirniities. and to 
 Miller l:iin to pass the wretched nuiiaiiKb r of his days 
 m bewailiug his crimes, and m making his pe.ice with 
 I lleav<>n. The entreaties, savs a .Spanish bisiori.in, of 
 I a man so niueli beloved touched many an unlcelmg 
 j heart, and drew tears from many a sleni eye. Jhit the 
 I brothers remained index ihhv .\s soon as Alniagri> 
 knew his fate to be inevttalile, he met it with ihe dig- 
 nity and forlitnde of ,1 veteran He was ."trangled iii 
 prifion, and afterwards pubbclv beheaded, lie sulVered 
 in the seventy-liflh year of hts age. and left one sou by 
 an Indian woman of I'anama, whom, though at that 
 time a prisoner in i.inia. be named as succe^^sor to his 
 t^overnment, pursuant to a power which the emperor 
 h ul irranted him. 
 
 l^i'.yj ] As, dmnig the civil dissensions m Peru, all 
 intercourse with Spam was suspended, the detail of the 
 exlraurdm.iiy transdctions there did not s')on reach the 
 court. I Jitortunatelv fur the victorious facMon. the tint 
 intelligence was brought tlulher by some of Almagro'a 
 otiicers. who lel't the country upon ihe rum of their 
 cause i ..lid they related what haci happened, with every 
 circumstance, unfavorable to Pi/.arrn and his brothers. 
 Their ambition, their breach of the most solemn engage- 
 ments, thetr violence and cruelty, were painted with 
 all the inuhgiutv and exaggeration of party haired 
 r*erdinand Pi/arro. who nrrived soon altiT, and appeared 
 III court with ex»aordinary .iplendor, endeavored to 
 etl'act; the impression which tin ir accusation luiil made, 
 and to justify ins brother and himself by repreftenimg 
 AlmaLTo as the,ii>gre8sor. The emperor and his minis- 
 ItTs, though they could not ,)roiioiince which of the 
 contending factions was most criminal, clearly discerned 
 the fatal tt>ndency of their dissensions. It was obvious 
 that while the leaders, intrusted with tho conduct of 
 two iMJant eoloiites, employed the anus which should 
 have tH I n turmd agalu^l the coiuinori enemy, ,i\ dc- 
 stio>iuy une unotlier. all attention to the public giHMl 
 
 must cease, and there was reason tn dread that the 
 Imhaiis nuL>hl improve the advantage which thi- d"ii- 
 ninii <»f Ihe Spamardr) preseuled to :bern. and extirpate 
 both the victors atid vaii'pnshed Hut the evil wu« 
 more apparm; ibai. the rniudv M'bere ibe inJurnui- 
 lion whii b had been receivi tl was so defective and mis< 
 picious, ami lh(> si-erie ol acnon so remote, it wan 
 almost inipossible to chalk out Ibe line of conduct th..t 
 ouijht to be followed ; and before any plan that should 
 be approved of m Spain <'Ould he earned into cxeeu- 
 tton, the situation of the parties, and the circtimstancea 
 ot affairs, might alter so entirely us to render its ellectii 
 extremely perfiicious. 
 
 •Nothing therefore remained, but to send a person to 
 Peru, vesleil with extensive and diseretionarv powtT 
 who, after viewing delibenitrly the pjstun' of alburn 
 with his own eyes, and iiHpnnng upon the spot into 
 the conduct of the dillerent leaihus, should be autho- 
 rized to establif^li the L'overniiieul m llut lormwliicti 
 j he deemed most conducive to the mliTesl ot the parent 
 state, and the welfare of the colony. The luan se- 
 lected for this important charge was <^hrl^tJvat \'aca 
 de ('astro, il judge in the court of royal audience at 
 , Valladohd ; and his iilutities, inleL'rily, and tirmiu'sii 
 juslilled the choice llis instructions, though .iiiiple, 
 \*ere not such as lo fetUT hiin m Ins operalions Ac 
 cording to the dillerent aspet^t of alfairs, be had power 
 to take upon lum dillerent charantcrs. If be found the 
 goviTiinr siill alive, he was to assume only the lille of 
 judge, to maintain llie appe.iraiice of acting in concert 
 with lum, and tu giuird ugamst giving any just ea ixu 
 of ollencc to a man who imd nuTited su highly of his 
 country. IJul if Pizarro were dead, he was mi rusted 
 with a commission that he tiiighl tlieii produce, by which 
 he was apiioiuted his successor in the goyernmeiit of 
 Peru. 'Ibis attenlutn to Pizarro, however, seems lo 
 have (lowed ratluT from dread of hi.s power than lioui 
 any appiobalion of his measures; for, at llur v* ry tinm 
 that the court seemed so solicitous not lo irnta'e liini 
 his brother Ferdinand was arrested at Madrid, and cuii- 
 I liiu d lo a prison, where he rcinamed above iweniy 
 j years. 
 
 ' |.')40 ] Willie Vaea de Castro was preparing for hiu 
 voyage, eveiils of grt'at momenl happeneil in I'eru. 
 ' The governor, consulermi.' himself, upon thi* death of 
 Almagro. as the unrivalled possessor of that vasl em- 
 pire, proceedtd to parcel out its territories among the 
 compierors ; and bad litis division been made with any 
 degree of impartiality, the extent of country which he 
 had lo bestow was sittlicienl lo bare gratitied his friends, 
 audio have gained bis enemies iJnt i'lzarro con- 
 ducted this transaction, not with the eipnty and candor 
 I of il jikIl"' attiiitiye to discoviT and to reward merit, 
 I but with the illiberal spirit of a party leader Large 
 ' dtstnets. m parts of the country mo>t cnltivattd and 
 j populous, were set apart as bis own properly, or granted 
 ' to his brother*, his adherents, and lavtinte.s. To oih- 
 ers, lots less valuable and mviliug w( re a.->sigtied. The 
 followers (»f .Mma^ro, aniongsl wjiom wt-rtr many ol 
 th(; original ailvetilurcrs lo whose valor and pcrseve- 
 Tiun'v Pizarro was indebted for his .success, were to- 
 ^ tidiy excbuled Irom any portion m those lands, towards 
 I the .iccpiisition of which the) had conlnbutt d so largely. 
 I As the vanity of every individual set an immoderate 
 value upon his own si-rviees, and ihe idtui ot each coii- 
 cermni; the recompense due lo them rose gradually to 
 a more exorbitant height in proportion as their eon- 
 fpie^ls extended, all who wtTe disappointeil in their 
 ex[iectalions exclaimed loudly against the rapacious- 
 nt ss and parliatity o\' the governor. The partisans o. 
 i Almagro murmured m secret, and meditated revenge. 
 I Uapul as the progress of the Spaniards in South 
 ' America bad been since Pizarro laiided in Peru, their 
 avidity of dominion was not yet satislied. 'I'he ollicers 
 to whom Ferdinand Pizarro gave the coinniand of dif- 
 ferent deldchmenis, penetrated into several new pro- 
 vinces ; and though some of them were exposeu lo 
 great hardships m the cold and barren regions of the 
 Andes, ami others sutlered distress not inferior amidst 
 the woods and marshes of the plains, they made dis- 
 coveries and coiKpiesls which not only extt tided their 
 knowledge of tho country, but added considerably to 
 I the territories of Spam in the Sew World. Pedro do 
 i Valdivia reassutned Alinagro's scheme of invading 
 I Chill, and notwithstanding the fortitude ol the natives 
 I in delcndmg their iHisse.ssiun8, made such progress in 
 [ the conipiest of the country, that he foutided ihe city 
 of St. Jcgo, and gave a beginning to the establishment 
 of tho Spanish doiniiiion in that province Hut of all 
 [the enterprises undertaken uhuut this period, that of 
 i (ionzohi j'lzarro was the inofit remarkable, The go- 
 i vernor, who accins lo have retolvcd tlut nu person in 
 
144 
 
 noHKRTS0N'9 HISTORY OF 
 
 i ' 
 
 ! 
 
 : I 
 
 ■ : f. 
 
 ViiTw sIkiiiM |m)sn('*('* liny ^liilinn of ilmUn^ni^lird rtiii- 
 Oenci- or .luUmritv I'lit ihox- nl Ins ihmi riiiiiilv. Ii^iit 
 deprived |t('ti.ilt-a/.iir, the i-oiiipirrur of C^'iiiio. ol Iiih 
 coiiun.irid it) tluit kiiit^doiu. tind iippoiri'cd h\^ linillkcr 
 (iuii/iiln 10 t:ik(> llic u'»^('r'>ii«'ii( el >l til' iiistnirtrd 
 Unit to allftiipt ihf diM'Ovrry and nmtiui'f*U)l' rlifcnmi- 
 trv lu (111' (>H^l ot tlif Andt'K, v\liii li. iitt urdiii^ to itic 
 inrurniaClun of llu- Indiana, ultotiiidcd with fiiinainori 
 and oilier loliiulde ttpiceA. (iunziilo, not inrerior (o 
 any of hm ttroliirrn in rniira^e. nnd no lei*.-* uinhilitMi!* 
 ol ueipnnn^ diFtlinriiori. i'a<.M'rly <■^gH^ed in ihiN ditli- 
 cult KiTVirr. Me ttt-l out t'ruin (Jiiito at tjie head of 
 tlirrt' hundred and forty mildierH, near one h-iilut whom 
 wpre liornetnen ; wiih four llio'isand Indiarm to carry 
 thrir provmionti In fomii^ Uieir way ihroiiKh the de- 
 files, or over the ridyes of the Audrn, exresH of i-olil 
 and fatiiiiie, to neither of which they wt-rr dccnsturni-d, 
 provf'd fatal lo ilio greater pari of tlicir wretched at- 
 tendants. The Spaniard*, thoii^li more robust, and 
 inuffd to a \Hnety of cliiniite.'*, mitlrred considerably, 
 and loMt some men : hut when ihey deM-endcd uilo the 
 low country, iheir dmlrrss increa»rti. During; two 
 inontim it nined inretisanlly, without aiu' mlerval oi 
 fair weather lon^ enouyh to dry ihcir rlothe» 'I'lio 
 iininriiNir plains* upon which iiiev were now fntfirinj,'. 
 eitinT alioyether without inhahilantH. or occupied hy 
 the ru'lfftt and least induNlnuuM Irihi'ii in tliu New 
 Vork, viehleii little Nuhsi^tence Tliey could not ad 
 vuiu'fc a e<trp hul aa tliev cut a road lhrou^h woihIn, or 
 made it lliront'h marshes. Such nicessant loil. and 
 Loiitinuui Hurcitv of foiid. Aocin more than Hudinent 
 to have cKhauHttd and disjuritcd any troopn. llul the 
 foriKude and persevtrdnce of the Spaniards in the aix- 
 tet'iilh century were insuperable. Allured by freipirnt 
 but fiil'-e a< counts ot rich countricn biforc them, they 
 persisted m strunirtnin on, until thev readied the banks 
 of the To-M or Napo, one of thr larfje rivers whosi' 
 wuiers |>our into (he ^1a^a^nou, and contribute to its 
 ^niidcur. 'riierc, with intinile labor, they built a 
 bark, which they rxpi'cied w<>uld provo of incat ulilily 
 in conveying them over rixTs, m procurlnjj provisioiif, 
 and m explorini; the country. Tliis was manned with 
 fifty M>lduTs, under the conunund of I'Vancis Orellana, 
 the ollicer next in rank to I'lznrro The btieani car- 
 ried them ditwn with such rapidity, (hat thoy were soon 
 farahcail of their countrynion, who followed tdowly and 
 with ditlicutty by land. 
 
 At this disitince from bis coimnander, (')rrllana, a 
 vouni; man of an a.^junni; mind, beirau to fancy himself 
 independent ; and tran^^ported vviih the predominant 
 passion of the aye, he formed the achcmc of distinmiish- 
 nii; him.'-eir as a discoverer, by following (be course of 
 the Mara^Mion until it jnined tlie ocean :ind by survey- 
 iii^i til,' vast reiiioiis ihrouiib which it flows. Tins 
 •(lie me oft )relliina'» was as liold as il was trearbrrous. 
 For, il he be ebar^eiible with the nuilt of bavniji VHW 
 lated Ills duty to bis commander, and with bavini; 
 abandoned hi'' fellow soldiers m a pathless desert, 
 where they bad haidly any hopes u( snt ee.-»s, or even 
 of safety, but what were lonnded on the service which 
 they exfiecied from the hark ; his cnnu' is in some 
 ineasurr>halanced hy ihr ylory of bavniL' vonturcd n[ton 
 a na\ Illation of near two tbotiHand Iea^;ues, throuuh 
 unknown natiuus, ui a vt ssel hastily constmeted, with 
 ^reen tnnber. and bv very iinskilhil hands, without pro- 
 Vii'ions, w itbout a compass, or a pilot. IJul his courage 
 and alacrity supplied evrrv defect Committmi! bint- 
 felf fearlej'slv lo the uuidancc of the hlreaiu, the Napo 
 bore hnii aliuiL' to the south, until hfi reached the yreal 
 channel of the MaraL'iion. Turnmjj with It towards 
 the i-oasi, he held on his course in that direction. Ho 
 made freipienl det-cents on both sides of the river, 
 Hunetnnes seiziujf by fore*- of arms the provisions of 
 the fierce sava!_M>R seated on its banks ; and soinetimea 
 procurmu a f-upplv of food bv « friendly intercourse 
 wiih mort.' ireutle inbea After a loiu; "wrie* of dan- 
 peis, whieh hr encountered with amazing fortitude, 
 and of ilistrcBses which he supported with no leso 
 inHiinammilv, be rraciied the ocean [IH*.] where new 
 perils awaited him. These he likewise Hurinounted, 
 and i:ol safciv to the Spanish settlement in the island 
 of ('ubttyua; frotn thence be sailed to Spain. The 
 vaniiy natural to travellers who visit rci;ions unknown 
 to the rest of mankind, ai d the art of an adventurer 
 pidiciious to maunify his own merit, concurred in 
 promptiiii; him to mini^le an extraordinary proportion 
 of the niarvellouB in the nnrralivo of hm voyage Jle 
 pretended to have discoveretl nations so rich that tiie 
 roofs of their temples were covered with plates of gold . 
 Fiid described a republic of women so warlike and 
 powerful, as to have extended their dominion over u 
 •omidoray^ Irtcl of the fertile plains which hu had 
 
 visited Kxtravagant as those tales were, they gave 
 rise (o an opnuon, ihal a re>.Mim aboundin;; with pold, 
 disliui;uislud bv the name of /-.'/ Ihntiiia, and a coiii- 
 ninuily tif Amazons, wre to be found in tins part of 
 the worhl , and such is the propensity nt mankind to 
 bt!ti\e will' i- uondiil'.l. thai it Im-* been slowly and 
 with diiriciiiiv in.it rra.^oii ai.ii obseivatinn have ex- 
 p.odt d ihoac fjbled. The voyage, however, cvn when 
 stripped ot every romantic emhellisbrnent, deserves to 
 he recorded not only ait one of the most memorable 
 oi'currences in that adventurous nj:e, but as the first 
 event which led to any certain knowledge of tiie exten- 
 sive countriCtt that sttetch eaatward from the Andes to 
 the ocean. 
 
 No words can deaerilH! the conaternation of Pizarro, 
 when he did noi find tlie bark at the confluence of the 
 Napo antl Maragnon, wiiere he had orilercd Orellanu 
 to wait for him He would not allow himself to sus- 
 pect that a man, whom be bad intrusted with such un 
 important eoimnaiid, could be so base and so unfeeling 
 as to desert hiin at such a juncture, llul imputing his 
 absence from ttu' )ilace of reiide/vinis to some unknown 
 accident, he advanced above fifty leagues along the 
 banks of (he Maragnon, expecting every moment to see 
 the bark appear with a supply of provisions [ 1541]. At 
 length he came up with an idlicer whom Onlhina had 
 left to perish m tlu desert, because he had the courage 
 to remonstrate against his pert'ttty From bun be learned 
 :he extent of Oretliiia's crime, and his followers per- 
 ceived at onc(> their own desperate situation, when 
 deprived of their only resource The spirit of the 
 stoutest hearted veteran sunk within him, and alt de- 
 mandeil tube led hack instantly I'l/arro, though he 
 assumed an appearance ol traiKpnlhty. did not oppose 
 their niclniation. Hut he was now twelve hundred 
 miles from i^uito ; and in that long march the Spaniards 
 encountircd hardships greater than those which they 
 had endured in their pn^gress outward, without the 
 alluring hopes winch then soothed and animated thein 
 under their sutl'crings. Hunger conipelhil them to 
 feed on roots and berries, to eat all thi ir dogs and ; 
 horses, to devour the most loathsome leptihs. aiul even 
 to gnaw the le:itlier of their saddles ami swordb-'lt-s. 
 I'\inr thousand Indtans, and two hundred and tfn Spa- 
 niards, perished in tins wild tlisastrous «'Xpedition, 
 which continued near two years ; anil as (ifiy men wiTe 
 aboard the bark with Orellaiio, onlv four score got back 
 to C^nito. These were riakti' like savages, and so 
 rmaciatinl with famine, or worn out with fatigue, tliat 
 thev had more the appearance ol spectrt a than of men 
 
 lint, iu.*tead of returning lo rnjoy the repose which 
 bis ccMidition re<piired, I'lzarro, on entering t^uito, re- 
 ceived iiccounts of a fatal event that threatened cala- 
 mities more dreadlul to hini than those through which 
 he had passad- rrorn tlie tune that his brother made 
 that partial divisniu of his cmxpiei-ts which has been 
 mentioiu d, tlie adherents of Ahuagro, coiistdermg 
 themselves as proscribed by the party in power, no 
 longer entertained anv hope of bettering their condition, 
 (iri-at numbers indesjiiur resorted to Lima, where the 
 iionse of voting Almagro was always open to them, and 
 tiie slender portion of his father's fortune, which tlie 
 governor alloAed him lo enjov, was spent in all'ordiug 
 them subsistence 'I'he warm attachment with which 
 every person who had served under the elder Almagro 
 devoted himself to hi- interests, was»piickly transferred 
 to bis son, v^llo was now grown up to the age of man- 
 hood, and posse-scd all the ijii,ililn-s which captivate the 
 alb ctioiis of soldiers ( )f a L'raceful appearance, dex- 
 terous at all martial exercist s, hold, open, generous, 
 lie seemed lo be tonued for command ; and us his 
 father, convnous of his own lut'erionty fiom the total 
 want of educiilion. h-id been 4-xireine|y attentive lo have 
 him instructeti in every science l»ecouiiug a gentleman ; 
 the accomphshmenis which lie had acipnretl heiL'htened 
 the respect of his followers, as they gave him distinc- 
 tion nnd eminence among illiti-rale adventurers. In 
 (his voting man the Almagrians found a point of union 
 which thev wanted, and, looking up to bun av their 
 head, were ready to undertake any thing for his ad- 
 vancement Nor was affection for Almagro their only in- 
 citement ; they were urged on by their own distresses. 
 Many of them, destitute of common necessaries. [UIHJ 
 and weary of huternig awav life, a burden (o tl.eircliief. 
 or lo such of their associates a.^ had saved some rem- 
 nant of tneir fortune from pillage and conliscation. 
 bulged impaiiently for an occasnui to exert their acli- 
 vilv and courage, and began to deliberate how Ihey 
 might be avenged on the author of all their misery. 
 Their fretjuent cabals did not pass iiMobserved ; anrl 
 the governor was warned to he on his guard aguiitKt 
 men who meditated aome deupcratc duod, and hud ro* 
 
 solution 10 execute it Hut either from the iiiilivo in- 
 I Irepiditv of his mind, or lur coiilcinpl of persons vvlio«e 
 poverty seemed to render llieir mactinialioivs of liillt* 
 I coiiseipience, he disregaided the aduiouititiiis of hi^ 
 friends " IJc in no pam." saul he ••ariles.'^lv, " about 
 ; mv III- it iH perh'rtly saf* , as huig as evrrv man in 
 I I't lu Knows iliit I I'.tu 111 a muuieitl cut olf any head 
 which dares to harbor a thought flgamsi it " Thin 
 Becnrily gave the Almagrians full leisure lo digest and 
 ; ripen every pari of their Fclieme ; and .liiaude jlerrado, 
 Bii ollicer of^ great abilities, who had the charge of Al- 
 I magro's education, took the direclion of their consiiltiw 
 lions with all the zeal which tins ciHinectiou inspired, 
 ' and wiih all the authority whit h the ascendant thai ho 
 was known to have over the mind of his pupil gave linn. 
 *hi Sunday the<4wenty-sixth of June, at midday, thn 
 ' season of traticpiilbty and repose m all sultry climaiea, 
 Ilerrada, at the head of eight4'en of the most deter- 
 'mined conspirators, sallied <mi) of .Mmagro's house, ii. 
 complete armor, and, <lrawing iheir swords, as ihey 
 advanced iiastity towards the governor s palace, cried 
 out, " Long bve the King, but let the tyrant die !" 
 I Their associates, warned of ibeir motituis by a signal, 
 I were in arms al dilferent stations ready to support 
 I them 'I'huugh I'rzarro was usually sorrou tided t.>y 
 such a nninerous tram of attendants as sinled the mag- 
 tulicence of the most opulent subject of the age in 
 which he lived ; yet as he was jusi risen from table, 
 and most of the domestics had retired to their own 
 apartments, the conspirators passi d tlirough the two 
 outer courts of the palace uiiobsirved They were at 
 the bottom of the stair case before a page in waiting 
 could give the alarm to his master, who was conversUl^ 
 Willi a few friends in a large hall The guvi'rnor, 
 whos4t sleaily mind no lorin of ilanger could appal, 
 starting up, called for arms, and commanded Kranciscj 
 di- Chaves to make fast the iloor Hut that ofiiccr. 
 who did not retain so much pres4'nce of mind as to obey 
 this prudent order, running to the top ut the staircase, 
 wildly asked the conspirators v\hat thev meant, and 
 whither they were going \ Instead of answering, they 
 stabbed him to the heart, and burst into thi' hall Some 
 of the persons who were there threw themselves from 
 the windows ; others attempted to llv ; and a lew tlraw- 
 ing their swords followt.-d their leader into an inner 
 aparlmen*. The conspirators, animated vvnh havintj 
 the object of their vengeance now in view, rusheil for- 
 ward uJter thi'in. I'izarro, with no other arms than hm 
 sword and buckler, dehuided the luitry ; ami. supported 
 l>y hm half brother Alcantara, and Ins little knot of 
 friends, he maintained the um><pial contest with intre- 
 pidity worthy of his past exploits, and with the v igor of 
 a youthful combatant. 'M'ourage " cried he, "com- 
 panions ! we are yel enow to make those traitors repent 
 of their audacity.'' Hut tli<> armor of the conspiiatora 
 proLf cted them, while every thrust thev made took 
 effect Alcantara fell dead at his brother s feet ; his 
 other defenders were mortally wounded 'I'he iroveiuor, 
 so weary that he 4-(Uild hardly wield his sword, aii'l no 
 longer able to parry the many W4Nipons binnusly niiii'd 
 at htm, received a deadly thrust bill in his throat, suiib 
 lo the ground, and expired. 
 
 As soiui as he was f*lain, the assassins ran out into 
 tiie strcet.-i, and, waving ttieir blood v swords, jiro- 
 claiiiH'd the di;ath of the Ivraiit Above two hundred 
 of tlieir as^oclatcs havin-j joined them, ihey conducted 
 voung Almagro in soleuni procession tnroiigh the city, 
 •ind. assembling the m.iu'istrates and principal cili.'.ma, 
 ciunpelh'd them to aikiiowhclgi- him as lawlui sue- 
 cis,M)r to bis fatiier in liis government. Tlie palace of 
 Pizarro, together with the liouses of several of his ad- 
 herents, was pill.igtcl by tlie soldiers, who iiatl the salt;*- 
 faciion at once of being avt ii'jed on t)ie:r enerntes, and 
 of enrn'hing tliem*'e|ves by the spoils of those throegl; 
 whose iiandn all the weattli of Peru liad passed 
 
 'I'lie iioldiicsK and succf ss of the conspiracy, as well 
 as the name <tnd popular (pialitic>s uf .Vlmagro, drew 
 maiiv soldiers lo his standard Lvery adventurer ol 
 despiTate foriniie. all who wen' dissatistied with Pizarni 
 (and from the lapaciousness of Ins government in thu 
 ' latter vears of his lilc the number of inaleeont4>Tits wan 
 j considerable), declared without hesitation m favor of 
 I Almagro, and lie was soon at tiie head of eight hundred 
 of tiie most gallant veterans in Peru. As his youth 
 and inexperience dismiahlied bun from taking the com- 
 mand of them himself', tu; ap|Hnnlrd Ilerrada to act a3 
 general Hut though Almagro speedily ctdiecled such 
 a respectacle force, the acipm^scence m his governiiient 
 was far from being general Pizarro liad left many 
 ' fniuids lo whom his memory was dear ; the tiarliarous 
 as!4,usiuatiou of a man to whom hi^ < ouiilry was i«} 
 Ihigiily indebted, tilled every impartiil ;>ersun with hor 
 
SOUTH AMEIUCA 
 
 IM 
 
 nlliiT from ihr nntivo in. 
 ■iinlciii|ii (ifiicrsoiis u'liow 
 icn- ri>.u'|jiii:iii,ius or liiild 
 
 I llll' IKhllllllllKllin 1)1 |||<l 
 Mini hi' nirilchsly, •• H|,„ut 
 
 lis loiicj US iirrv ninii in 
 iiuiiii'Mi fill nll'.inv liiiid 
 iiiiL'lil aKiiiiml It '■ ■riin 
 i lull !i-i»iiri- In cli)>c»l niij 
 III- i dml.luuiiili' liirruilo, 
 vlio liail tlir ilwr^.,. of Al- 
 lim-iioii uf ilirir <-oii»iili». 
 
 Iliiii roiinci'iioii iiiK|>iri'ili 
 nil llic iiwnidaiil tliiit he 
 
 imillof lllH |||||||| yuvi' liiiii. 
 
 Ii of .1.1111., at iiiiilcliiv, ilm 
 "i»c III ull miliry rhiiwii.g, 
 ilciii uf ili(. nioHl ililcir- 
 
 I of .Miiui|;ni's lioiiM', II. 
 ii){ llii'ir KrtonlH. an ili(,y 
 !■ j.'oviTiiiir « |iuhu-«, irinl 
 lull ii'i III), lyriiiil iliti !" 
 llicir iiiiiliiiMH hy a iilKiml, 
 laliiiiw rc'iidy to iiii|i|iorl 
 
 iiwiiilly wirroiiiKlcil by 
 icluills an Niiitril tlir 111111;- 
 
 II nulijvcl of llll. am. Ill 
 an JUKI risi'ii from Inlile, 
 
 liiiil rrlircil to llinr own 
 [lanncd throinjli ||||. two 
 Imrrvcd 'Ihiy win. >t 
 liilori' a pajji. m wailing 
 sliT, who wan roiiu.rniiiij 
 i** hall 'i"hr irovrriior, 
 of daiiiicr loiiid a{i|iul, 
 d I'oiilliiaiiili d Kraiicinnti 
 
 door Ilm thai iilliicr. 
 ^riK'f. of iiiiiid an 10 olif.y 
 llll' lop uf lli|. Nlair-cano, 
 
 what lli(.y uifaiil, and 
 ti'.id of aiiswrnii;;, lliry 
 irni ihtn ihi. hall .Soilli! 
 
 lliri'w Ihi'iiinilvrs from 
 
 10 lly : and a (ewdraw- 
 r h'ailcr iiilo an inin.r 
 
 aniinali'd with hailii({ 
 ow hi view, rushed lor- 
 I nil oihrr aiiim than hii 
 ' i.iilry ; and. .sii|,|,orlc.d 
 
 and his lillh' knot of 
 lal ronlonl wilh intrt.- 
 n. and wiih lln. nj.or of 
 ai;<' " iTiid hr, ■• roin- 
 kc Ihiisi. traitors rr|iinl 
 nor ol tin- ruiispnalurn 
 hriisl llii.y luadf louk 
 
 his hrulhiT s feel ; hln 
 nindiil 'rii(. novel nor, 
 
 leld Ins sword, an.l no 
 
 apuiis hiriously ulluej 
 
 lull m his tlirual, sunk 
 
 assassins ran oiu into 
 iloody swords, pro- 
 Ahuve two hundred 
 leill. lliey cuntlurlrd 
 
 isioii lliroujih the city, 
 
 ind prinripal eili/.eiu, 
 hnii as lawful >ui- 
 
 iiieiil The pahiL-e of 
 of several of Ins ad- 
 
 n, wh.i nad tin- saii*. 
 iil Ihlir etieinie.s, and 
 
 ioil« of those ihroi.){li 
 
 ril had passed 
 !■ ennspiracy. as well 
 ■s of .\liiia(^ro, drew 
 Kvery udvenlnrer ol 
 
 isalished with I'ljjrro 
 Koverninent in ihii 
 
 ol maheonlents waa 
 ilalion 111 favor of 
 
 lead of eidhi hundred 
 
 *eru. As Ins youth 
 
 from takiii); the coin- 
 
 nii ilerraJa to aet ta 
 idily eolhxled such 
 e III hi.s (juveriinicnt 
 
 /.arro hid left many 
 
 dear ; till' harharouif 
 111. I iiiiniry was n.) 
 
 Uil ;.ir.'ion wiih lior 
 
 ror. 'I'll© ipnomiinoiia Inrtli of Alinatrro, ua well as 
 lh« doiiliilu! lull, on wliieh he loiiiidid Ins preieiisiuiis. 
 led others 10 i-oimider liuii us a usurper 'I'lie ollieers 
 wl.o ( iiniinanded 111 Muiie pruvinees refused to rieuj,'- 
 Mi/.e jiin aulliiinty until it was (-onlirini'd tiy llie em- 
 peror In oiliers, partieularly at tuieu, the royal 
 sMiidard was ereeled. and | -.parallons wi're he|{llli in 
 urdi-r to revenue the iiiurder uf their .ineient leader- 
 
 'I'liuse Sleds ol disiurd, wliieli lould nut liau. lain 
 l'ili(j doriiianl, Bc.plired yreal vij|ur and aclivily when 
 Ihe arrival of Vae,i de Caslruwas known Alter u 
 luiii; aiitl disastrous vo\ai;e. he was driven liy stress ol 
 weather into a small liarhur in the |iruviiK'e ol rup.lyan ; 
 und proeeedlliH from theiiee liy land, alter a juurney no 
 less lediiiiis than ilill'u iilt, he reaelied iiMu. In Ins 
 way he reiened ai'i'ouiils ol I'lzarto's death, uiid uf 
 the eteiils whiih lullowed iipuii it. lie Immediately 
 prudiieed liie ruval euminlssiuii apputnttn^ hilii ^uvemiir 
 of I'erii. with tiie same privih ues and aiiihorily ; and 
 his jurlsdirllon wan aekiiowled^pil wilhuiit henilallun 
 
 hy llenalea/.ar, adelanlado ur lieiile il general lur the 
 
 •.Ml|.eror 111 ropavan, and hy I'l ilrii .le I'liellis, who. ill 
 llie .ilinenee ol (ion/alo Ih/arpi, had llie eunimand ol 
 the Iruopn lell 111 CJinlu Vara di. Castro nut only 
 tiSHUliied the supreme Hllthurily, hilL nliuwed lli.il he 
 possessed tlie talents wliieh the exercise ul it at that 
 ■imetiire reipnred. Ity Inn inllueni-e and adilress he 
 suuii asseiiililed siieli a hudy uf truups as nut uniy tii 
 net liliil alio\e all fear of helii^' e.xpused lu any insult 
 from the ud\irse parly, hut en.ihled hnii to ailvanee 
 fioin l^ililo with the dignity whieti hei-alne Ills cliarae- 
 ',er. by despatehui^ liersons ui eunlidim e to the dll- 
 Urt.nt ee'lienieutn 111 IVtii with a lurnial iiulilieatiun ul 
 nin arrival and uf his euiiinnssiun, he eommiiniealed to 
 nin coiintrymen the royal pleasure with resjieel to the 
 ^uvernment of the eutintry. IJy private eiiiissaries, he 
 exciletl such olliiers as had discovered ilieir disappro- 
 tialton of Alma^ro'K proceednit.'s, to nianilest liieir dillv 
 to their sovereiiMi hy siippurtin^ the person hunured 
 Willi Ills coinniis.sion. Tliuse measures were jiruductive 
 of ^reat elfecls. Kncoura^n-d hy the approach uf the 
 new K"verliur, or prepareii hy his inachiiiatiuns, the 
 loyal were eunfirmed 111 their prilic ; '- , and avowed 
 them with yrealer huldness ; the 1 ,.1 \ciituriil to 
 declare their sciitlinenls ; the iieutr.d and wa'.iriii;.', 
 lilldili^ It necessary to chusii a side, began to lean tu 
 that which now appeared to he thu safest us well as the 
 
 lllOSl Jlltit. 
 
 Alma^rro uhserved the rapid projjress of this sjtirit of 
 dlsdllcction to lii.s cau^e ; ami in order to give an ellec- 
 tual check to It helure the arrival ul \'aca de i 'astro, 
 he net out at the head of his truups fur (.'ii/co, [l.Vt'^.J 
 where the most considerahle huily uf opponents had 
 ereeled the royal standard, tiiidi r tlio coiniiiand ui I'e- 
 dro Alverez llolguin. iiiirin;^ his march tliitiier, ller- 
 rada. the skilful ^iiide uf his yoiiili and ul Ins counsels, 
 died ; und from that tune liis measures were conspicu- 
 jiis lor their violence, iiiit cuncerti.d with little sagacity, 
 and executed with no addrens llulniiin, who, wilti 
 forces far inferior to those of the oppesite party, was 
 desceiidliig towards the coast at the very time that 
 Almagro was on his way to I'lizco, tleceived lii.i inex- 
 perienced adversary hy a very simple stratagem, avoided 
 all ellgageinenl, and etieetcd a Jlinctiun with Alvuradu, 
 an olllcer of note, who had been the lir&L to declare 
 against Ahnagro as a usurper. 
 
 •Soon after \'aca de Caslru entered their camp with 
 thu truups which he brought Iroin Quito ; and ereclnig 
 the royal sland.ird helure his own tent, lie decl.ired lliat, 
 as governor, he wuiild discharge m person all the liinc- 
 tioiis of general of their cunihmeil forces. Though 
 funned by the tenor ul his past hie tu the habits ul a 
 sedentary and pacllic prute.-siuii, be at once assinmd 
 the activity and discu\ei'eil llie deciMun ol an ullicer 
 long aceiistumed tu eonini.ilid. Knuwing bis sirenglh 
 to lu- now lar siipi nor to that ul the enemy, he was 
 itiipatieiiL to tennniale the contest by a battle. .\ur 
 tlid the lollowers uf Almagro, who had no hopes of 
 obtaining a jiardon for a eriliie su .ilrociuils as the iiiiu- 
 der of the governor, decline tli.it mode of decision. 
 'I'liey met at I'liiipi/, [.Sept. Hi,] about two hundred 
 miles from ('iizcu. and fuiight with all the fierce um- 
 niosity inspired by the violence uf civil rage, the ran- 
 cor ul private eimilty, the eagerness of revenge, and 
 the last eliurts uf despair. Victory, after remainmg 
 long duiibtfiil, dedari'il ul last fur \'ucu de Castro. 
 The superior miinher uf his truups, his own intrepidity, 
 and the martial talents of i'Vuncisco de (.'arvajal, a 
 veler.m ollicer formed under the great captain m the 
 wars of Italy, und who on that day laid Liie luunilatiun 
 uf his fiiiure fame in I'eru, triuinphed over the bravery 
 uf Iu9 uppononls, though led on by young Aliaajjru 
 11 
 
 Willi n ^nll.irit npiril wnrlliv (if a bclicr raiuc, and de- 
 Kirvinji iiiioiluT tiitp. 'I'lir rnrtiiiL't' wus jjri'nt in pro- 
 |K»rtioii lu llir iiuiiibi-r ul' llii- t-orittiuliiiitti. Munv ol llit 
 Viiniiiiisl.cd, rf*|im.illy '•urli as vvrni ruimrioiii* tli.il 
 tlit-y iiii^lii \>v cliiir^i'd with tu'iri^' arfCNhury lo tlir 
 iiH<4aHniiiiituin ut I'l/arro, ruxliirifj oi) tint ^wonl* ol llic 
 riirriiy, clumt.' lo lull liko Mdldirr* rilhrr tlmii wait iiii 
 i;;ii<»niiriii)UH duoiii Of luuriLfn limiurtd mrti, tlir 
 titlal aiiiuuiit nf rnmlialuiiH nii liolli nu\vn, live liiiiidn (t 
 liiV diail oil tilt' lirUl, und tlio miiiibiT of ilm wouiulnl 
 
 If the iinliUry laUrils dtiplayrd liy Vu'-n di; Castro, 
 Imlli III lilt! cotiiicil mid in llie lirld, nurprisfd iht- ud- 
 vniltirc.a iii IVni, tlii-y wrrn aIiII iiiort- ustoniMhcil al 
 liiH conduct alter llu' victory Ac In* was liy iialurt' a 
 ri'^id diMpftimrof ju^Ucc, and persuadt-ii that it retpiin-d 
 r.(ainplc« uf citraordiniiry «r\rrily lo rrNlrain the lii'cn- 
 iK.iiM spirit of jtuldirrs ^o l.tr rcinovrd from llit: scat of 
 i;o\r*rnnic»t, he prnreedcd directly to try hm prisoinT-H 
 as .'/els l-'oriy were condemned lo siiMer ihe death 
 of triiturs, utliers were haiiished from I'cni. Their 
 le.idei, who made hiM eseupu from (he hatlle, Im-iiii; 
 hrtravf'il hv M)inc of hi» oliicern. wax puhiicly heheaded 
 Ml Cii'co; and in Inm llie iiamtMif Alnia^ro, and iho 
 spirit of thu partv. was exliiutt. 
 
 Dnriiiif those \iolent convulsions in feni. the eiiipr- 
 n>r and Ins miin>lers were intently eiiiployed in prepa- 
 riiiii re;,'iilatinns. Ity whicli ihc-y hoped not only to re- 
 e^lahhsli irampiillily there, lint to introduce a more 
 prrlect Nvslein of miernid j>ohcy into all their iieltte- 
 inents in the New Worhi. It is maniftsl Tpin all the 
 events recorded in llic history of Ameiica, tliat, ra|iid 
 and exleiiMve as the Spanish coiiipiests there had heen, 
 ihcv were not carried on hy any re^nilar exertion ol the 
 niilional force, hut liy the occasional ctl'orts of private 
 advtMiturers. Alter lilting out n lew of ihe lirst anna- 
 iMtiils h)r discovering new regions, the court ol Spam, 
 tluriiii; the hiisy reigns of Kerdmiind uml ( harlcii \'., 
 the lonner the niAst intrtiruui;^ prince of the u^;e, and 
 the latter the most anihilious, was eiicuinhered with 
 such a inulliplicily of «cliemes, and involved in war 
 with so many naiions of Knrope, that he had not lei- 
 sure lo alleiid lo dist.Hit and less mterestin;^ ohjccts. 
 The care of prosicutinjf iliscoverv. or of aitemplHiii 
 compiest. wasahaialonetl lo inilividual.t ; and with such 
 ardor did men push lorvvard in this new career, on which 
 iiuveltv, the spirit of adventure, avarice, ambition, und 
 the hope ul meriting luraven, promjilcd thc>m with cum- 
 hined mlhience lo enter, that in less than half a cen- 
 tury uhiiosi the w'iiole oi that extensive empirtr which 
 Spam now possesses in the New World, was suhji^cted 
 lu Its tlummioii- As the Spanish court conliibuli^d 
 nothiii<; towards the V'^notis expeditions undertaken in 
 America, it was not mlitled to claim much from their 
 success. 'J'hc sovereij/iily of the conipiered provinces, 
 with the (ifih of the i,'oUl and silver, was rei*orved for 
 llie crown ; every thinjj else was seized hy the asso- 
 ciates in each expedition as iheirown rij^ht. 'J'he plun- 
 der of the countries which ihey invaded served to iii- 
 deiunify them for what [\u-y had expended in eipiippm^ 
 themselves jor the service, and the conipiered territory 
 was divided ainoiii,' ihem, according to ruh s which cus- 
 tom hail inlrodijced, as permanent est.ihh>hmeiits which 
 their suceessjul vaUir nii'r:led. In the inlaiicy of those 
 settlements, when their extent as well as Iheir value 
 was unknown, many irro^idarities escaped observation, 
 and It was found iieces:<ary to connive at many excesses. 
 The conipiered people were freijuently pillaged with 
 destructive rapacity, and iheir country parcelled out 
 :iinoiii{ Its new inaslcrH in exorbitant tiliare*}, lar ex- 
 ceedm^ llie higliei»t recompense due to their services. 
 The rude conipierors of America, incnpalile of forming 
 their estahhshments upon any general cir extensive plan 
 of policy, atti^ntive only to private interest, unwilling 
 lo torego present gam from the prospect of remote or 
 public henetit, seem to have hail no object but to amass 
 budtiin wealth, wilheut regarding what might he the 
 conseipiences of the means by winch they acipiired it. 
 Uut when time at length discoveied lo the Spaobih 
 court the miporlanee of its American possessions, the 
 necessity of new-modelling their wliole frame became 
 obvious, and in place of the maxims und practices pre- 
 valent among luihtary adventurers, it watt found rcqui- 
 sittf lo »uUlitute the institutions of regular govern- 
 ment. 
 
 (Jne evil in particular called for an immediate reme- 
 dy 'Ihe contpierors uf Mexico and IVrn imitated the 
 fatal example of their eouiitrynieii settled m the islands, 
 and employed themseUes in bearelnng for gold and sil- 
 ver Willi the same mcoiisiJerale eagerness. Similar 
 elVects lollowed. The natives employed in this labor 
 by inosicra, who in imposing tusku had no regard either 
 
 to what they fell or to what they wi>ro able to perfonn. 
 pined awav nnd periHhrd so fani, iliat there was reanoii 
 
 lo appri'liend that Spam, insicid ot posdesHing countrn-H 
 peopled to niich a degree as to be nunceptiblt ol pre- 
 gresNive impruwment, would Roon remain proprietor 
 only of a vatt uninhabiied desert. 
 
 'i'he emperor und lim imnisiers were ho »eii'Utile of 
 t)ilH. and hO solicitous to jirevent the rxlmclion of ihti 
 Indian riice, which lhreat<'ned to render thrir ucipiiHi* 
 tiouH of no value, that from time lu lime various lawa, 
 which I have mentioned. h<id be< u made for steurinK 
 10 ihut unhappy peopb* mure gentle and e<|Uilahle treat- 
 ment, llut the dtsiiinee of America from the neat uf 
 empire, the feebleness id' government in the new colo- 
 nies, the avarice und audacity ui holdiirs unaccnsluined 
 lu restraiiil, prevented these salutary ri'uul.itions from 
 operating with uny considerahle inljiienee. The evil 
 eontmued to grow, and at ihis liiiM< ihe emperor luuiid 
 an interval of leisure from the allairs of Murope to lake 
 It into attentive cunsideriition He consulted nri only 
 with his imnisterfi and the members ol the councd of 
 the Indies, but called upon I'everal persons who h.id 
 rcKided long in the iNevv W'orht to aid them wiih Ihe 
 rejiult of llieir exp( rience and observation I'ortnnately 
 h)r lb" people uf America, ammig these was Marthoio- 
 mew de las t'a.nas, whu happened lu he iheii al Madrid 
 on a mission from a < hapier of Ins order at Chiapa, 
 Though since ihe nnsearriage of his former schemun 
 for '.he relief of the Indians, he had continued shut up 
 in his cloi^ii r, or occupn-d in religious lunctioris. Ins 
 /•■al in bi'half of ihe former objects of Ins pity was so 
 far from abating, llinl, from an increased knowledge of 
 their ^uHermgR, lis ardor had augmented Ho siii/.cd 
 eagerly thi.-« opportunity <d reviving his favorite inaxiinn 
 concernmg the treatnu'iit of tlie Inilians. With llio 
 moving eluipience nalural lo a man on whose mind thu 
 scenes .vhicli he ha<l beheld had made a deep impres- 
 sion, he described the irreparable waste of the liuinun 
 species 111 the .New World, the Indian race almost to- 
 tally swept awav in the islands in less than lifty ycarif, 
 und hasleiimg to extinction on the runtinetit with the 
 same rapid decay Willi the decisive tone of one 
 slromily prepus*>(s.«ed with the truth of his own system, 
 he imputed all this lo a single eause, to lint exactions 
 and ercehy of his countrymen, and contendi^d that 
 notlii'i'.' could prevent ibe de[K)pnlaliun of America, but 
 the lb hiring of its natives lo be freemen, and treating 
 them as subjects, not as slaves, Xor did he contido 
 for llie success of this propusid m tin- powers of his 
 oratorv a!onl^ In order to enforce them, he cumposed 
 bis famous treatise concerning the destruction of Ame- 
 rica, in which he relates, with many hornd circum- 
 stances, but with apparent marks of exaggerated de- 
 scription, the devastation of every province which had 
 been visited hy the Spaniards. 
 
 'i'he emperor was deeply atUirtr.d with the recital of 
 so many actions shocking to humanity, llut as his 
 views extended far beyond those ot Lis Casas, he per- 
 ceived that relieving the Indians from oppression was 
 hut one step towards rendering Ids possessions in tho 
 New \\*(Mld a vabinble acipiisiiion, and would he of 
 little avail, unless he could circumscribe the power atid 
 usur[>atioiis of liis own subjects there. The compierois 
 of America, however great their merit had been towards 
 their country, were mostly persons of such mean birth, 
 and of such an abject rank in society, as gave no di.-^- 
 tinciion in the eye of a innnarch. The exorbitant 
 wealth with which souk- of ihem returned, gave um- 
 brage to an age not accustomed to see men in ii.ferior 
 condi'.ion elevateil above Iheir level, and rising to emu- 
 late or to surpass the ancient nobibty in splendor, '['ho 
 lerrit'irics which their h .iders had a[>pruiinated lu tliem- 
 .selvoa were of such enurmous » xteni [ \'Mi], that, if ilm 
 country should ever be improved in proportion to the 
 fertility of the soil, they must grow loo wealthy and loo 
 powerful for subjects. It appeared to ('harles that tins 
 abuse reipnred u remi'dy no less than the other, and that 
 the regulations concermng both must be enforced by a 
 mode of government moru vigorous than had yet been 
 introduced into America. 
 
 With this view he framed a body of laws, containing 
 many salutary appointments with respect to the consti- 
 tution and powers of ihe supreme council of the Indies, 
 concerning the station and jurisdiction of the royal au- 
 diences in diU'crent parts of America ; the administra 
 lion of justice ; the order of governinent, both eeclesi- 
 n.slical and civil. These were approved uf by all ranks 
 of men. But together with them were issued the fol- 
 lowing rt-gulations, winch excited universal alarm, and 
 occasioned the most violent convulsions : " That as the 
 ripttrlimiintos or shares of land sei/ed by scvi'ral jn-r- 
 80119 appeared to bo cjtccsaivc, tho royal audioncca ore 
 
IIA 
 
 r!ni»owrrrd to rrdure tlirm to a modpratp rxtrnt : Thnt 
 uimn thn di>nlh of uny cnii.nHnir or (il.mtrr, the UmU 
 fiml huliiinii ^raittcil (o tiiiii bthtll luit dt'sriMitl to lii» 
 widow or rlnldrcii, liiit rctuni lo llir crown : 'I'tiiit tlir 
 IndmiiA bIiuII hrurrlDrih br ntrinpi Iron) pergonal *-vi 
 ¥|pe, and ithidl not he ('oiii|'<ll( d It) rarry llm b.iL'l^i'iM' 
 of trnvrlli'M, to labor tn llif iniiir^, or lo dtvo in thr 
 pcurl t'lNlitTii-N : 'I'liDt tlir rtliili il tribute diir by tlirni lo 
 Ihi'ir ftuprnor tthidl be iiii'i'itainid, iind llu-y >b)dl bt* 
 paid us MTvanls lor any work they vobintanly |H'rtiinn : 
 That nil prrsoitN \\\\o nn- or liavc been in pnblii' oll'u i"*, 
 all i>i i'U>Hiiiti|i('-4 of fvcrv ilnioinnmiion, all ho^|iit8lsaiid 
 inoniiMtrru'N, ^hall br dr|iri\i'd ot the l.uid^ and ImliaiiH 
 nllultrd to ihrin, and tlirM' tie tttinexed to tiiii •Tuwn : 
 That every prrsion in I'ern, wlio had any eriniinal eon 
 renin mi thf conleMt between I'l/arro luid Alnia^To 
 bhuiild forfeit Iiin laiuU tind IndiaiiN " 
 
 All the S|Kini.'4h iiiintsters who had hitlterto been in- 
 trnvted with (lie direetion of AiniTican .-tliiirN. and who 
 were Itest ar<|uainted with ihe Malv of (lie etniiitry. re- 
 inunalruled against lliorte re^nbitioint at rninoUN to their 
 infant coloinen They reiireftenttd. that the nundier 
 of SpanKtrdM w!i<i had hitherto enn^ratf d lo ihe New 
 World waH ho extreinelv Ninall, that nolinn*; eoubl be 
 expected from any ctlorl of theirs Inwards nnprovnin 
 tho vast rr^ions itver which ihi-y were scattered ; that 
 the success ol' rvrrv seht'inc for lliis pnn'Oso nnist dc- 
 |>end upon the ministry and service of the Indians, 
 wbosn native indolence and aversion to labor, no pros- 
 pect of henelit or promise of reward could ^urnuunt ; 
 that the moment the n^lil of imposin<r a task, and ex- 
 ticttn^r the perfuriimnce of ii, was taken from their inas- 
 lers, every work ot industry must cease, and all ilic 
 Murces from winch wcaltli beiran to pour iv. upon Spam 
 must be stopped lor ever. Hut (./harles, tenacious at 
 all times of his owii opmions, and so much iinpri.ssed 
 at present with the view ol the disorders which reij^ned 
 in America, that be was willing to hazard Ihe applica- 
 tion even oi a danj;erous remedy, persisted in his reso- 
 lution of ' .sbnig the laws. 'I'hat they mi^dit be ear- 
 ned Hit '' e-'ulion wiih ^jreater vl^•er and JiUthonty. be 
 aiilliBriie yrancisco Tello de Sandv)val to repair to 
 Mexico as r(jir;/fi(i(tr, or superintendent cf thai counlry, 
 and lo lo-operule with Antonio de Mendozo, llie vue- 
 roy in enforcing tbcin. lie appointed Itlasco Nuijiiez 
 Vela to be governor of Peru, with the title of viceroy ; 
 and in order to strengthen his lulni'Mhlralion, be e^tuh- 
 lished a court of royal audience ni Ijiina [151:1J, in 
 which tour lawyers of ciainenco were to preside as 
 judges. 
 
 The viceroy and 8U|M'rintendcnt sailed at the same 
 tiiiio ; and an account of the hws wh:cli they were to 
 enforce reache*! America before them. 'Ihe entry ol 
 Sandoval inio Mexico was viewed us the prelude of 
 general rum. The unlimited ^rant of liberty to the 
 Indians affected every Spaniard in America without 
 dittHnction, and there was hardly one who nuKht not on 
 acme pretext t>e inclvided under the other re^ndations, 
 and aulfer by ihem Hut the colony in .New Spam 
 had now been so long accustomed to the reslramts of 
 law and authority unuerthe steady and prudent admin 
 istration of Mendoza, thnt, how much soever the spirit 
 of tho new statutes was detested and dreaded, no at- 
 ten^pt was made to obstruct the publication of them by 
 any act of violence unbecominjj subjects, 'I'he maj;i8- 
 tratcs and principal inhatnlanis, howcvrr, presented 
 dutiful addresses to the viceroy btid superintendent 
 representing the fatal conseipienct's ot enlorcmij them 
 Happily for Ihem, Mendoza, by long rcMdence in llie 
 country, was so thoroughly acipiamled with its slate, 
 that he knew what was for its interest as well as what 
 it could bear ; and Sandoval, though new in ott'ice, dis- 
 played a degree of moderation seldom possessed by per- 
 ions juat entering upt)n the exercise ol power. They 
 engaged to suspend, for some tune, the execution ol 
 whit was olfensive in the new laws, and not only con- 
 nenled that a deputation of citizetm should be sent to 
 Europe to lay bt'lure the emperor the apprehensions ol 
 hia subjects in New Sj ain with respect to their teii- 
 dency and ell'ecti*, but they concurred with them m 
 tu|)portin<r their huUiinenis. (Charles, moved by the 
 opinion of men wliose abilities and integrity entitled 
 thein to decide conejnnng what fell imineduitely under 
 their own view, granted such a relaxation of the rigor 
 iif the laws as re-estabhshed the colony iii ita former 
 trtnquilhty. 
 
 In Peru the alorm gathered with an aspect stdl more 
 fierce and threatening, and was not so soon di>pel|ed 
 Tho conquerors of I'eru. of a rank niueli inferior lo 
 those who had subjected Mexicu to llie Spanish crown, 
 further removed from the in.spection of the parent ^Iale, 
 tind intoxicated with llio •ludden acquisition of wttallh, 
 
 ROHKHTSON'S HISTORY Of 
 
 earned on all their operations wilh gnater license and 
 irregulantv than any body of advenluit rs in the New 
 \Vor!d Amidst Ihe yeiunil subver'«ion of law aral 
 order, nccasiuticd by two s'itcessive civil vvars, win n 
 I a. h individual was at liberty to decide for himsell', 
 wiihoiit any guule but his own inten-st or pasaions. 
 this turbiilirit j-piril rose above all sense of suboribiia- 
 tion To men Ihus eorrupled by anarcliy, the mlro- 
 tluction of regular go\enHnenl. the power of a viceroy, 
 and tlie authority of a respectable court of judicature, 
 would of themselves Ii,t\e appeared formidable re- 
 slininls, to which tiiev wtnild have snbinilted with re- 
 liii tance. Hut they ii volted witli intligniiiion against 
 Ihe idea of complying with laws, by which ihey werelo 
 be stripped at once of all thev liud earned so hardly 
 during many years of service and sutl'enng. As the 
 account of the new laws spri-ad succeshively through 
 Ihe ditVereiit setlleineiits, tlie inhabitants ran togt llier, 
 the women in tears, and the men exclaiming agamst 
 the mjii!«tire and ingratitude of their sovereign in de- 
 priving them, unheard and unconvicteil, of iheir ptis- 
 arsBions. *• Is this," cried ihi'y, "the recompense ilur 
 to persons, who. without public aul, at thetr own ex- 
 jieiise, aiiti by their own vabir, have subjecit d to the 
 crown of rastile terrinrien of such imtnense extent 
 and opulence ! Are these the rewards hestowed hir 
 having endured unpurailelitl di. 'ress. for having encoun- 
 tered every specioua of danger i i 'he service of their 
 country! Whose merit is so great, whose conduct 
 has been so irreprochable, that he may not be con- 
 demned by some penal clause m regulations, eom-eived 
 in terms as loose and eomprebensive, as if it had been 
 intended that all ^hould be entangled in their snare ! 
 I!\ery Spaniard of note in i'eru has hehl some public 
 otfice, and all, withunl distinction, have been con- 
 strained to take nn active jiart in the confest betweiii 
 the two rival chiefs. Were liie torn . r to be robbed 
 of iheir property because tiny bad done thetr duty ! 
 Were the latter to be punished on account of what 
 they could not avoid ! Shall the conquirors of this 
 i;reat empire, instead of receiving marks of ili>linction. 
 be depnved of the natural consolation of providmg for 
 their widows and children, uiid leave them lo depend 
 h)r sulisislence on the scanty supply ihey can e.vtorl 
 from unreeling courtiers ' We are not able now," 
 Ciuitmued they, "to explore unknown regions in qui st 
 of nion' secure settlements; our constitutions dehili- 
 lateil with age, and our bodies covered with wounds, 
 are no longer (it lor active service ; but still we pos- 
 sess vigor suirictenl to assert our jusl rights, and we 
 will not tamely sulVer them to be wrested from us '' 
 
 Ilv discourses of this sort, uttered with vehemence, 
 and liBlened to with universal approbaiinn, their pas- 
 si<nis were mllamtd to such o pitch that tiiey were pre- 
 pared for the most violent measures; and began to 
 liold consullations in ditlerent places, how th«-y might 
 oppose the entrance of the viceroy and judges, and pre- 
 vent not only the execution but the proinulgatiiui of 
 the new law*. I'Vom this, however, they were diverted 
 by the address of Vaca de C'astro, who llattered them 
 with hopes, that, as soon as the viceroy and judges 
 sliould arrive, and had leisure lo examine their petitions 
 and remonstrance?, they would concur with them in 
 endeavoring to procure some mitigation in the rigor ol 
 laws which hid been framed vviihoul due attention 
 either to the slate of the country, or to the sentiments 
 of tlie people. A greater degree of accommodation to 
 these, and even some concessions on liie part of go- 
 verinn*Mit, were now become recpii'iite to compose ihe 
 present ferment, and lo soothe tlu^ colonists into sul)- 
 inission, liy insjunng iIimh with cjiibdence in their 
 superiors. Hut wiibout profound diseeininent, eon- 
 eiliatmg manners, and tl xibility ol" temper, such a plan 
 could not be cirried fii Tho viciToy posse*'^ed 
 none of these. (H alt .in- cpiabties thai lit men for high 
 command, he was \'ii;) twed only with inlegnly and cou- 
 rage ; the former h'ls^ and uncomplying, the latter 
 bordering ^o fretpienll) u ugliness or ob^tlnJcy, thai, 
 in bis situation, they wt' defects rallier iban viitues. 
 From the moment that h. \inded at Tuinbez [March 
 ■1], Nugiie/, Vela seems to have considered liimself 
 merely as an executive oHicer, vitbout any discretionary 
 power; and rcgardb-ss of whatever he observed or 
 heard concerning the state ol the country, he adhered 
 lo the letter of the regulations wiili unrelrntmg rigor. 
 In all the towns through which be passed, the natives 
 were declared lo be fn e, every person in public ollice 
 was deprived of his lands and servants , and as an ex- 
 ample of obedience lo others, he would not sutler a 
 single Indian to be employed in carrying Ins own bag- 
 gage in his march towards Ijiiui. Amazement and 
 consleraation went before luni as he nptjroached ; and 
 
 HO little solicitont was he to prevent these from aug- 
 inenling. that, on entering the capital, he openly avowetl 
 that be came lo obey the orders of his sovereign, not 
 to diNpifiHC with bis lawa. This harsh declaration was 
 accmnnanieil with what rendereil it still more intole- 
 rable. Iiaiiiibtmess in deportment, a tone of arrnganco 
 and ileeision in discourse, and an iiisulence of olhctt 
 grievous lo men little accustomed lo hold civil aiithu- 
 iity III high respect. Kvery attempt to procure a mu*- 
 pensiiui or miiigalion of the new laws, ihe viceroy eon- 
 sidereil as Mowing Iritm a spirit of disalleetioii ihul 
 tended lo n-belhon Several persons of rank vverecoic 
 tilled, and Noine put to death, without any form of triid. 
 Vaca de ( 'asiro was arrested ; and notwithstanding tho 
 dignity (if hm fonner rank, and his merit, in liuviiif/ 
 prevented a geiy*ral nisurreciion in Ihe colony, ho 
 was loaded with chains, and shut up in the eonimoii 
 jad. 
 
 Hut however general the indignaiion was against such 
 prticeedmgs, it is probable ibe hand of aulhority woiihj 
 biive been strimi} enough lo suppress il, or to prevent it 
 bursting out with open violence, if the inalecimtent.'i 
 had not been pr«)vided with a leadi r of credit and emi- 
 nence to unite and to direct tlnur etlbrls. I'roin llio 
 time that the pur).ort of the new regulations was known 
 in Peru, every Spaniard theri; turned bis eyei towardif 
 (ionz.do Pi/arro, as the only person able to avert llkt 
 ruin with which they llirealened llie cohmy. Krom all 
 quarters, Irtlers antt aildresses were sent lo him. con- 
 luring bim lo stand forth as their common proteclort 
 and otVirmg lo .mpport linn in the attempt with llicir 
 lives and lortunes. (ionzalo. thouifli infirior m lalenti 
 to Ins other brothers, was equally ambittiuis, and of 
 courage no less daring. The behavior of an imgratelul 
 court towards bis brothers and himself dwelt eoiitinU' 
 ally on bis mmit Ferdinand a state pnsoner in Ku- 
 rope, the children of the governor in custody of the 
 viceroy, and sent aboard Ins Meet, himself redurej to 
 the condition of a private citizen in a counlry for tho 
 discovery and conquest of which Spain was indebted 
 tt) Ins lamily — these thoughts proriijited him to seek for 
 vengeance, and lo assert the rights of his family, ol 
 winch be now considered biin^df an the guardian and 
 the heir. Ibit as no .Spaniard can eas.ly surmount that 
 veneratnui for his sovereign whn b .sei mn in be inter- 
 woven in his frame, the ub-a of marching m arms againnt 
 the royal stand ird lilted him wiili honor. He hesitated 
 lung, and was still unresolved, when the violence of tbn 
 viceroy, the universal call of Ins countrymen, and tlxv 
 certainly of becoming soon a viciiin himself lo tho 
 Hcveniy of die new laws, moved liim to quit his re.ii- 
 deuce at (.'huquisaca de la IMala, and repair lo (luzco. 
 All the inhabitants went out to meet him, and receivinl 
 him Willi transporlsof joy us the deliverer of the colony. 
 In the fervor of their zeal, they elected hnn procurator- 
 general of the Spanish nation in iVru, to solicit tho 
 repeal of the late regulations They enqiowered hiifl 
 to lay ibeir remonstrances before the royal audieruM- in 
 I. mm, and upon pretext of danger from the Indians, 
 authorized hnn to march thither in arms [I.M-lJ. l.'n- 
 der sanction of this nomination I'lzarro look possession 
 of the royal trea.4ure, appointed otlicers, levied 'ildiens 
 neized a large train of artillery which Vuca de Castio 
 liad deposited in (inmanga, and Ni>t out for l.ima as if be 
 had been advancing against a public enemy. HiHallee- 
 lion having now assumed u regular form, and tieni^; 
 united under a chief of such distmi.niished name, mal<^ 
 persons of note resorted to his standard ; and u consi- 
 derable part of the troops, raised by the viceroy lo 
 oppose his progress, deserted lo him in a body. 
 
 Hetbre Pizarro reached Lima, a revolution bad ba'»- 
 pened tliere, which encouraged hnn to proceed wt.h 
 almost eert.iintv o! Miiceess. The violence of the vice- 
 roy's ndmnnstratton was not more lormiilable to the 
 Sp.niiarils ol Peru than his overbearini; haughtiness wis 
 odious to his asHoriati's, the judges of the royal au- 
 dience. During their voyage from Spain, some symp 
 loins of cotdnetis betw(>en the vici-roy and ihem began 
 to appear. Hut as soon as ihey entered upon Ihe ex- 
 t iLise of their respective otiices, both parties wt re so 
 niueh exasperated by frequent contests, arising from 
 interference of jurisdiction and contrariety of opinion, 
 ihat their muitial de^gust soon grew into open en- 
 mity. The judges thwarted the viceroy in every mea- 
 sure, set at liberty pnsoners whom he had conhned, jua- 
 tilied the inalecontents, and applauded their remon- 
 strances. v\l a time when both depurlmenls of govern- 
 inerit should have united uganisl the approaching enemy, 
 they were contending wilh each other for supenoritv. 
 TliejuiL'cs at length prevailed. The viceroy, univer- 
 sally odious, and ubamloned even by his own guards, 
 was tteiKtd lu his |mUec [Sept. 18), and carried to a 
 
w 
 
 3 prpvpiit thonn from aiig- 
 fM-upitiil. hpopnily svov»«| 
 (iirit (if lijH Hovcrci^Mi, not 
 'I'liiH liiirNli (Irclurntion wjH 
 ridrmi it fttill innrr iiitolo- 
 riirril, ii (unr of orro^rnncu 
 1111(1 Hfi insiilpncc rtf odlcn 
 toiiicd to hold civil atilhi). 
 rttUrnpl to [irocurii a mh*. 
 new liivvjt, ilio virrrov ron- 
 Rpint of (IiHiiMcrtimi thai 
 ;1 pcrHoim of rank wrro cnn- 
 , without any form of Irml. 
 I i HiKlnotwiiliNtiiiidiiiK (ho 
 and liJH lurnt, in iiavin/^ 
 rcctlun in tho colony, ho 
 i hliiit up in thu roniinon 
 
 diKiiation wan apainnl surh 
 ir hand of authurttv woulil 
 .npprcjiH H. or to prrvput it 
 ■lire, if tlic inah-(-onlrMl4 
 a Icadt r ot credit and ciiu- 
 Ilicir rtfortH. rrom iho 
 (*w regulations was known 
 T turned iim vyvn towiirdd 
 .■ pprMin ahli) lo avert tifi 
 ned the colony. Troni all 
 .'» wero milt lo Inin, con- 
 s ihfir common proterlt.r, 
 ill the utteiiipt with their 
 I. though inCerior in talrntn 
 equally amhiiiouN, mid of 
 !■ hehavior of uh niiyratt'lul 
 nd hmiM'ir dwelt eoiitinu- 
 id a stole priHoiier in Ku- 
 >vernor in eunlodv of lli« 
 (left, liiinself redneeJ to 
 izen ill a country for (lio 
 which Spain was indehled 
 f prompted liim lo seek (or 
 r riyhls of hiH family, ul 
 ii^tll aM ilie 1,'uardian and 
 d I. in eas.ly sunnomil that 
 whn h .HecniN In In' inter- 
 I liiiirctittiH in anusa^faiiKit 
 with horiur. He hesitated 
 wliin ihe viuleiice of thn 
 Ills eouiiirymen, and tlio 
 
 leliin hiiiiMeir lo ihn 
 ved liim to ipm lus re.*i» 
 
 < and repair lo (luzco. 
 
 leet liiin, and reeeivifl 
 
 lelivererof the colony. 
 
 Ircted hint procurator- 
 
 I i'erii, to solicit tho 
 'hey enipowertid liiin 
 
 Ihe royal audience in 
 T from the Induinn, 
 
 II arms f 151-IJ, L'n- 
 i/.arro took pussession 
 liccrs, levied ■•Idler*, 
 Inch \'uca de ('aslio 
 tout for Lima as if hu 
 he enemy. l)i»t:Ufe(;- 
 iilar fiirin, and Oeiiijj 
 
 tni:ui!*hed name, inaii^ 
 iiiidard ; and a consi- 
 mI by tho viceroy lo 
 um III a l)odv. 
 a revotuiion hud ha'>- 
 hiiii to proceed wih 
 le violence (if the vic-> 
 note lormidahle lo the 
 ann^ h.iu^'hiinrss w m 
 il;.'es ol the royal ai- 
 oin Spam, some Kymp 
 iceroy and ihein he^tan 
 entered upon Iho ex- 
 holii parlicrt wt rv so 
 conti-sis, arisinjr from 
 conirariety of ojaiiion, 
 ^rew into open en- 
 viceroy in cK-ry inea- 
 1) he had confined, jua- 
 pplanded their renion- 
 lepartinentN of ^overn• 
 he approaching enemy, 
 other for superiority. 
 'Ihe viceroy, umvur- 
 liy his own ^uirds, 
 IH), and carried tu a 
 
 SOUTH A mi: km; A. 
 
 147 
 
 Tl 
 
 iin^^c 
 
 1 i 
 
 tloHrrt islana on thr roant, to bo kept there until hr 
 could be Hcnl lioine to Spain. 
 
 'rhe jiultics. Ill coiiNetiueiicr of ihir, hnvinff assumed 
 thu HMpri me direclion ol' alfairs into llieir own hiiiiUs, 
 ihsucd a prochnnation su^prndiiiK the eicciilion of the 
 obnoxious laws, iiiil sent a messujre lo I'l/.arro, reipiir- 
 injj him, as they had already Kranled whatever he could 
 request, to dismiss Ins troops, and to repair to Lima 
 Willi lifleeii or twenty attpndjriis. Tiiey could hardly 
 rxpect that n man so darui<; and ainhitioiis wonhl lamely 
 coinpiv wiik tins rripiisiiion. Il was made, probatilv, 
 \%-iil) no such altenlion, Init only to tliiow a decent 
 veil over ineirowii conduct ; for<-'epeda, the picsidcnt 
 of the court of aiiilinnce, n praiirnalical and aspirnij^ 
 lawver. seems to haio held ft secret correspujidenco 
 with l'i/4rro, and bsd already formed the (ilaii, which 
 he utterwards executeil, of devoting himself to his ser- 
 vice. The imprisonment of tne viceroy, the iruirpation 
 of U»o judi^es. io;;eihcr with the nmversal contusion 
 and anarchy tonspiiuent up(m events so singular and 
 uriexpeoleii, opened new and vast prospects lo I'l/.arro. 
 ||i< now behehl the siii.reme power within his reach. 
 Nor did he want courage to piLsh on towards the objert 
 winch hirtnne presented to his view (^arwijal, the 
 prompter i»f l.i-t resolnlioiis, and Linub' of all his actions. 
 Ii.id loiiji li)["d his eye upon it as tlu^ only end at which 
 Pi/.arro oul'IiI H» ami. Instead of the inferior function 
 ut procurator lor the S|iiipush setllemenls in Peru, he 
 opeidy demanded 10 lie <,'Overiior and < 'iptain-^enoral 
 of the wliole province, and nnpiired llie court of au- 
 dience lo yrant hiin a coniinission to that eti'ect. At 
 the bead of iwelvi^ hundred men. within a mile of 
 Lima, where there was nikiiher leader nor army lo op- 
 pose linn, such a re<piest earned with il the aulhonty of 
 a command. Kut liie judges, eillier from unwilbiii,'- 
 iiess lo rebinpii'<h power, or from a desin! of preserviin^ 
 ■omi! att(Mititin to appeirances, hesitated, or sectnrd to 
 husitatp, about complyniir with what he demanded 
 (^arvajal, impatient of delay, and im|ietuous in all lus 
 operations, manlieil into the city by iiiubt, seized se- 
 veral ollicers of di'ttinclion obnoxious to I'lzarro, and 
 h.uiiM'd them willioul the lorinably of a Irial. Next 
 inornini; the conn of auilicnee issued a commission m 
 the em|irrt)r's name, appoinliiii; !'i/.arro iioveriior of 
 Peru, with full powers, civil as well as tnibtary, and he 
 <<iitered the town that day with exlraorduiury pomp, lo 
 Uko [)osse?'sion of his new dii^mlv. 
 
 Oct 'ZH 1 Hul amidst tin disorder and turbulence 
 which accouipamed this tolal dissolution of the frame 
 ofuovernmenl, tlie inindsof iiieii. set loose from the or- 
 dmarv restriiints ot law and autboniy, acted witli sucli 
 (Uplicious irregularity, that events no less extraordi- 
 nary than nnexpecled followed m rapid succession 
 Pi/arro had scarcely beiiuii lo exerciM" tlie new 
 iwwers with which he was mvoled, when he beheld 
 forinidaiilc enemies rwe up to oppo'-e htm. The vice- 
 roy haviiiij been put on board a vessel by the judges of 
 the audience, m order tliat he rui^'ht be carried to 
 Spam under cu-i(odv o\' Juan Alvarc/. one of their own 
 number ; as sotui as they W(-re nul al sea, Alvarez, 
 either touched wilh remorHC, or moved by fear, kneeled 
 down to his prisinu-r, declared hini troin that moment 
 to bu free, and th.it he himself, and every person m ihe 
 tthip, would obey him as ilut le^at rcprespntaliv(t ol 
 their sovereign Nu^nez \'el:i ordered tiu^ (ulol of 
 the vessel lo ^hape lus course toA'ard-t Tumbcz, ami as 
 KOtm UH he landed tlien*. erected I lie royal standard, and re- 
 sumed bis fuiM'timis ofvicrrov Several persons of note, 
 lo whom the coiitamon of the sedilueis muni which 
 riM'^nt-d ul I'u/co and Luna had not r<ai'hed, instantly 
 Bvovveit their resolution to support his auiliontv. 'i'be 
 vi(dence of Pi/.arro's i,mvrrnMu-nl. w!io ob^ervtMl every 
 individual with the jealousy nalnral lo usurp<'rs, and 
 wiio puntsht-d everv appe.iraiici> of disilVectioii wiih 
 niifor^ivmii srveriiy. soon au<j;iniMiled the mnnlicr ol 
 t\w vieerov's*adhi'reiil.s, as it lorced some Icadini; men 
 in the colony to t!y to him for ret'ut^e While Ik- was 
 jjallierniLi such Htreiiijth .it Tiiinlie/,. that his forces be- 
 wail lo assuinr' the appcirance of whil was consulereil 
 as an army m America, i)ict»o ('enteiio. a bold and ac- 
 tive odicer. exasperated by the (truelly and oppression 
 of PiZft'ro's beuienanl-yovernor in the province of 
 L'lian'a!<, formed a c onspiracy a^rainst his lifu, cut him 
 ofT. and declared for the viceroy. 
 
 154.')] Pizarro, though alarmed with those Apj" ir- 
 ancps of hostility in the opposite cxtrpiiies of the em- 
 pire, was not disc*oncertrd. 11(7 prepared to assert the 
 aulhonlv, to which he lutd att:tined, with the spin! and 
 conduct of anollict' acciiHiomed to command, and 
 marched directly aijainst the viceroy a.-* the enemy who 
 waa nearest as well as most formidable As he was 
 uii^f'c of the public revemirA in Peru, and most of the 
 
 tnditary men were Attached to hia family, hia troopa i 
 vvere so numerous, that the viceroy, nnitble to face them, 
 retreated towards C^uito. Piztirro l'>llowed hiin i and 
 III that lonir iinircb, throll^h a wild, lutnintamons coun- 
 try, ■ull'eied hardships, and encountered diMicnlties, 
 which no troops but those accnstomed to aerve in Ame- 
 rica conld have endured or surmounted [MO] The 
 Viceiny had scarcely reached Quito, when the vanguard ■ 
 of Pizarro's forces uppenred, led by Carvajal, who, 
 though near fourscore, was a.i hardy and active as [ 
 liny voting soldier under his roininand Nnuiiez Vela, | 
 instantly abandoned a town incapalde of defence, and, 
 with a rnpidity more resembbnu a tli^ht than a retreat, ! 
 marched into the province of Popayan I'lzarro cunti- | 
 nut (I to pursue ; tmt, tiiidmu it iiiifMts.iihle lo overtake ' 
 hnn, returned lo Quito. From thence be despatched 
 ('arvajul to oppose (lenteno. who was ^rowm^ formi- 
 dable III the soiithi'rn provinces of the empire, and he 
 himself remained there lo make bead a^uinat the vice- 
 roy. 
 
 Hy his own activity, and the nssistnnce of fienalca- 
 mr, Nu^nez Vela soon assembled four hundred men in 
 Popayan. As lu> retained, amidst all Ins disasters, the 
 same eleviiiion of mind, and the same hi^di stMise of Ins 
 own diiinilv, he rejected with disdam the advice of some 
 of bis lollowers who uri;ed him lo make overlnres of 
 accoiimiodaiion to Pizarrn. declaring thai it was only 
 by the sword that a contest wilh rebels could be de- 
 cided Willi ihis intention he marched back Ut Quito 
 [iTvId ] Pizarro reiving on the superior number, and 
 still inor(! on the discipline and valor of Ins troops, ad- 
 vanced residntely lo me('l hini [Jan IH], The battle 
 was tierce and bloody, both parties fi^htini; like men 
 who knew that llu- pu«session of a ^^eal (unpin-, tlut 
 fate of their leaders, and their own future fortune, de- 
 pended ujioii tlu! issue of ihul day. IJut Pizarro's vete- 
 rans pushed forward with such regular and well directed 
 force, that they wooii be^an lo make impression on Iheir 
 enemies The viceroy, by extraordinary exertions, in 
 which the abilities of a coimnander and llii; couraj^e of 
 a soldu^r were e<piully displayed, held victory for some 
 lime in suspense. At length he fell, pierced with many 
 wrmnds ; and the route of his lollowers becaine gene- 
 ral They were hotly pursued His liead was cut otf, 
 ami placed on the public gibbet m Quito, which Pizarro 
 eiilereil in triumph Thi^ troops assembled by ( '( nleno 
 were dispersed soon alter by t^'arvajal, and he biinsi If 
 couipelh'd to tly to the inounlams, where he remained 
 lor several months concraled in a cave. Lvery persMi 
 III Peru, from the frontiers of I'opayan to thost! of (!hib, 
 s ibinitleil to l^/.arro ; and liy Ins Meet, utider Pedro de 
 llinojosa, hi^ hail not only the urrivalled command of 
 the Siiulh Sea, tnit li.id taken possession of Panama, 
 and placed a garrison m Noiiibre i\v Dios, (HI the oppo- 
 site side of the isthmus, wbicli renderi'd hnn master of 
 the only avenue of conminnicalion between Sjmin and 
 Pern, that was used at that period. 
 
 After this decisivt; victory, Pizarro and hia follow- 
 ers remained for some time al Quito; and dorin^ thn 
 tirst transports of their exultation, they ran into c-very 
 excess of licentious indulirence, wiib the riotous spirit 
 usual anionic low adventurers upon extraordinary sue- 
 ec'ss. itut amuUt this dissi|)uti(m, llieir chief and his con* 
 lidiints were obbijeil to turn tlieir thouj^hts homeliiiies 
 to what was serious, and deliberated with much sob- 
 i*itude conc(>rninLr th<! part that he ou^lit now lo tak(v 
 Tarvajal. no less bold and (lc( isive iii council than m 
 Ihe tield, had I'rom the bei.Mnnin<( v.arned Pizarro, that 
 in the career on whicli In; was entering, it Wiis vain to 
 think of hoMmi; a middle course ; liiat he must eitlier 
 boldly aim at all, or allempl nolhmi;. From tin; tune 
 that Pi/irro obtaimd possession ol i\iv ifovermnenl of 
 Peru, heinciiliMted the ^arne ina\iin willi jjreaU^r earii- 
 cstiM'ss. Tpon receiving an .icr.mnl of the victory ut 
 Cjuiio, he ren'.xMti rated with him in a tone atdl more 
 pereinptorv. " Von have usurped," said he, m a letter 
 writ' (Ml lo Pi/.arro on llial occasion, *' the supreme 
 power in this country, ui contempt of the emperor's 
 commission to the viccr»:y. Vi>n have marched in hos- 
 tile array uifamst tlie royal standard ; you have attacked 
 the represetrativi! of your sovereijjii in the tiehi, liave 
 di lealed bim, and cut otf his h(!ad. Think not ihal 
 ever a monarch will forj»ive such insults on his dignity ; 
 or thai any reconciliation with him can he cordtal or 
 sincere. Ditpeud no loiiiTi-r on thu precarious favor of 
 another Assume yourself the aovereijinly over a 
 country to the dominion of which your family has a 
 title founded on the rijjhts both of discovery and eori- 
 iiueat. Il in in your power to attach every Sjianiard in 
 I'ern of anv eous(Nnience mviol.ildy to your interest, 
 hy liberal ijrants of land and Indians, or by instilntin^f 
 ranks of nobility, and creating tillcii of honor suniUr lo 
 
 those which arn courted wilh ao ninch pn^erneaN in Km- 
 rope. Hv pktablishin^ orders of kni^htboiMl, with pri- 
 vileges and distinctions resembling lIuHe m Spam, you 
 may Ih'hIow a ^ralllicatlon iipmi the olDi'ets m your 
 Rtrvice, nulled to ihe ideua ol military men Nor is il 
 lo your countrymen only that yon ou<<ht lo attend ; 
 endeavor lo ^ain the natives liy niitrrvm^ thi* Coya 
 or danuhter (d the Sun next in Nuccessinn to the crown, 
 you will induce itm Indians, out (d venerntion bir tho 
 blood of their ancieii princes, lo unite hhIi the Spa* 
 niarda in support of your autliority. Thus, at the head 
 of the ancient inhabitants of I'iru, as well as of thu 
 new settlers there, you niiiv sei at defiuncu the power of 
 Spain, and repel with ease any feeble force which il can 
 aend at such a distance." (!epeda, llie lawyer, who waa 
 now Pizarro's conlidentiul eomintdlor, warmly seconded 
 i 'arvnjut'a exhortations, and employed whatever b>arn- 
 iri;r be possessed in demonstralui^, that all the loundi m 
 of ^real inonarchies had been raised to preeminence, 
 not by the anlii)nity of their lineage, or the validity of 
 their ritrhls, but by their own aspiring vulor and per- 
 sonal merit 
 
 Pizarro listened attentively to both, and eoiild not 
 conceal th(! satisfaclion with which \w eoiilemplaled 
 the oliject that ihey presented lo his view Hut, hap- 
 pily for the trampiilhty of the world, few men possess 
 that superior stren^ili of mind, and extent of abilities, 
 which are capable of forming and executing such during 
 scbenieH, uj* cannot be accomplished wiihoul overturn- 
 iiii; the established order of society, and violatmir thoho 
 maxims of duty which men are acciislonied to hold 
 sacrid The mediocrity of Pi/.arro"* talents circum- 
 scribed tiis ambilion within inor(7 n<irrow limiltf. In- 
 stead of uspinnji at mdependenl power, he contincd hlM 
 views to the obtaining from the court of Spam a con- 
 lirmaiion of the aulhonty which he now possessed; 
 and for that purpose he sent anollicerof dialmetion 
 thither, to i;ive biich a repn^senlution of his conduct, 
 and of the state of the country, as mii^lit induce tho 
 emperor and hiti mmisier^, either from inclination or 
 from necessity, to coiiFinue hnn m his present atation. 
 While Pi/irriJ was dtliberatini; with respect lo tho 
 ; part which l,e sliould lake, consulliliona were held in 
 , Spam, with no less solicitude, concerning the meaanrea 
 which oii^ht to be pursued in order to re-establish tbo 
 emperor's authority in Peru. 'I'hou;rli unacipiainted 
 witli the last excesses of outrage to which the male- 
 contents liad proceeded in that country, the court had 
 reciuved <in account of the insurrection anmnsl thu 
 viceroy, of his imprisonment, and the usur|iation of thu 
 *rovernmciit by Pi/arro. A revolution so abirining 
 called for an imiiK^diale interpuHitiun of tht! emperor'B 
 abilities and anthorily. Uul us he wuh fully o<:cupied 
 at lliat time in (iennany, in comluctin<^ the war against 
 the famous ]eu^nu of Smalknide, one of the most mlc- 
 reslint! and arduous enterprises m his rei^n, the care of 
 providing a nniedy fur the disordera in Peru devolved 
 upon hia fon Philip, and the counsellors whom Charles 
 bad ap|H>mled to assist him in ihe goveriiinent of Spain 
 durinij Ins absence. At tirst view, the actions of Pi- 
 zarro and his adherents appeared so repugnant lo tho 
 duly of Kiibjects towards their sovereign, that tho 
 ixrealer |mrt of tho inimstt-rH insisted on declaring ihuin 
 :n:ilanliy to be u'uiliy of rebeltion, and on proceeding lo 
 punish them with eKunplary riyor. Hut when the fer- 
 vor of their zeal and indignation be^nn lo abate, innu- 
 merable obstacles to llio e.\(;cution of this measure pre- 
 sented themselves. The veteran baii<ls of infantry, llie 
 strent^ih and ijlory of the Spanish annies, were then 
 employed in (ifriitaity. Spam, exhausted of men and 
 moiuy by a lon.r senes of wars, in which she bad been 
 involved by the restUsA ambition of two successive 
 monan-hs, could not easily e>piip an armament of snlli- 
 cHMil t'orce lo reduce Pi/.arro. To trandpuri any re- 
 npectabtr b(Mly of troops lo a comitry so remote aa 
 Pcni, appeared a]mo>>t im[>ossible. While Pizarro con- 
 limied masii-r of the South Sea, the direct route by 
 Noinbre de l>tos and Panama was nnprccticabb'. An 
 atleinpt to marcli to Quito by laud through the new 
 . kmi;dom of (iranadt, and the province of Popayan, 
 ' across re^iims of prodii:;iouH extent, de.soli»le. unhealthy, 
 or mhaluied by liene and hosiile inbes, would ho at- 
 tended with insurmountable daiif^er and hardships. The 
 passage lo the South Sea by the Straits of Magellan 
 was HO tedious, so unc«)rlam, and so little known in 
 that a^e, that no conl'idonee could be placed in any etfort 
 carried on in a course of navigation so remote and pre- 
 carious. Nolhiiii^ then remained but to rehntpiish the 
 system wliich the ardor of their loyally had tirst sutr- 
 <resled, and to attempt by lenient Inea^nreA what could 
 not be elVected by h)rce It wa-* inanileHt from Pizar- 
 ro's aolicilude to represent tus conduct in a favorablo 
 
148 
 
 light to Ihe cinneror, Ihnt notwirhnlnmlint; thr ricetun 
 uf wliicli hf Imii t)('f>n uuilly, in- hhII rt'iuiiictl lii'iitinipniB 
 of vciirriiliDi) lor Iiin novt n i^'ii 1)\ ii prupcr n|>|i|ii*ii- 
 lion lu llit'Kf, to^i'lliiT with HiMiir Ktirli cniii'i '«Hiurm uh 
 I'luultl ilmcuviT a ii|iirU ul iiUMlcrtilUMi arul InrluMiuiier 
 in ^uvrriiriinii. lliiTr wnit mill room tu \\o\>o ihnl lie 
 lui^^lit III' \vi rt-L-liiiinnl, or the iili-an nl lo)(illy nnturiil 
 to S|iiiniuri]ii lnl^lu »u lar r<'\ivu ainun^ liia MlowtTi. 
 thut thry woiilil itu lun^ir UmuI thtir aid tu upliutd hm 
 jaurncd uuihurily. 
 
 'I'ne Hui'ccMa, liowrvrr, of this nrf^otiation, tio toM 
 dvltcalc lliai) il wa> iiDpurtarit. (l(<[ifii(U il iMitirrly uri 
 lh«< nhilities and udilriNit ul i\w pt'inun to wliurn it 
 •liniitd * . cumnntltd Aftrr wi'i^lniiK with much at- 
 It'iiliuii the roiiip.iruttvt' inrnt ul variuun pi'mons. tlir 
 Simnmh niinixli-rs tixrd willi untiniinily of chuicu uihiii 
 IVdro do U (ittaca, a pnrHt in no higher r«tiitioii than 
 thnt of ruiiiisillor lo the tnt|uiitiuuii. Thoii^'h in no 
 putihc otliiH, \w had htM-n urcuNionally oni|iloy('d l>y ^u- 
 VfTMHiciit in aMairn ul tnml and roimrtincnco, and had 
 condnctcd ihi'in Willi no WrtH skill than fnit'Ci-M ; dm- 
 pluYing a ^M-dtle and iiimiiuaiintf Icuipi-r, accunitianicd 
 with nuirh ttniMiCKH ; proliily. flnpcriur to any ti'clin^ o| 
 private inliTrHt , and u ciiutiuns cirt'tniiffpcction in run- 
 ccrlirig ineatturefi, fullowcd hy anch vi^ur in executing 
 Uietn an >. rarely found in alliance with the other 
 Tilt xe ipialitiea iimrked linn out for the function to 
 whicl) he wjs declined. 'I'lio emperor, lo whom (iaitca 
 waa not unknown, warmly approved of \\\*i elioice, and 
 comnuiniritrd it to hiin m a tiller coiitnininjj cvprex- 
 Hioiit of ^ood wilt and confulence, no ttsii hunorable to 
 the prince v\ho wrote, ih^in lo the suhjecl who rccetved 
 it (iuKca, nutwithittandin^ Iiih advanced aji^e and fee- 
 ble C'Miatitutton, and thiiu;;h, Irom llio apprelieiiMiond 
 natural lo a man, who, durmtf the cour'«e of liis life, 
 had never heen out ot hia own country, he dreaded the 
 etleds of a luni» voyai,'e, and of an unhealthy climate, 
 did not hesitate a moment about complvin^ with the 
 will o** iiiM ftoverei^n Hut as a proof tlut it was from 
 this principle alono lie acted, he reluKcd a hixliopnc 
 which was otlen-d to iiim in order that he miuhl appi'ar 
 in Peru witli a more dignified character; lie would ac- 
 cept of no lusher title than th.tt of IVcHident ol Ihe 
 Court of Audience m hmia . and drcl.ircd that he 
 woiilil receive no walary on account ot hi;* discluirjiiri;.' 
 the diilu"* of that otlice. All lie reipiircd was. that the 
 expense ot su(>portin<r hi^ family hhuiild ho defrayed l>v 
 the pnhlic ; and as he wan to j/o like a minister of peace 
 with his ^nwn and hreviary. and without any reiniuc 
 but a few duineHliea. this wuuld not load the revenue 
 with any enurmou«i hurden. 
 
 Uut wh.le he discovered snch disinterested modern- 
 tion With respect to whatever related personalty lo him- 
 self, he demanded his otlicial powers in a very dilferent 
 tone. He insisted, as he w.ts to he employed in a coun- 
 try so remote from the seut of government, wticre ho 
 could not tiavo recourse lo Inn sovereign for new in- 
 Htrncttond on every emergence , and as the whole suc- 
 cess of his negotiations must depend upon the confi- 
 dence which the pi'ople with whom ho had to treat 
 could place in the extent uf his {wwers, that lio oii^ht 
 to l>e invented with unlimited authority ; tltat his juris- 
 diction must rracli lo alt persons and lo all causes ; 
 that he must he empowered to pardon, lo punish, or to 
 reward, as cin'mnstances and the behavior of different 
 men mij;hl require ; that in case of resi^itdneo from the 
 inaleronients, he mi>rht be authori/.ed to reduce them 
 to obedience by force of arms, to levy troops for that 
 purpo.tt'. and to call for assistance from the j^overnors 
 of alt the Spanish settleineiits m America. These 
 |>owers, tboui;h manifestly conducive to the ^reut ob- 
 lecti of his mission, appeared to th(r Spanish ministers 
 to be inalienable prerogatives of rovallv, which ouyht 
 not to be delegated to a subject, and they refused to 
 j»rant them, tint the emperor's views were more en- 
 Urued. As, from ihe nature of his emplovmont, (iasca 
 nmst t)c intrusted with discretionarv power in several 
 pumlH, and all Ins etfurts mi^bt prove inetreciu.d if lie 
 was circumscribed m anv one particular, Charles scru- 
 pled not to invettt him with aulhoniy to the full extent 
 ttiat h« demanded, llitihty satisfied with this fresh 
 proo! of his master's confidence, (insca hastened his 
 dci-'it'Orr, and. without eithttf money or troops, »el out 
 li) 'pielf a fonnidahte lebcllion. 
 
 f>n (iv irnval il Noinbre dc J)ios [July S7]. he 
 found M*«rinan M*«ia, nn otticer of note posted there, 
 by ordei t>i Pi«arii. ^Cith a considerable body of men, 
 lo oppiwc ttui mjRT.iic of any hostile forces. Hut ( iasca 
 ■ppeurerl m Hur:* pacttic tjuise, with n tram so tittle for- 1 
 midablo, and with a title of no sueh dignity as to ex- 1 
 cite terror, that he was received wi!.h much respert [ 
 rrma Noinbre de Diua he advanced to P«i:«iaa, audi 
 
 RonruTsoN's iiisTonr ot^ 
 
 nut with a similar reception from Mmojosa. whom 
 I'izarro had mtriiNted with the ^nvrnnnent of that 
 town, and the cnimniiud of Ins Itett staluined tin re 
 In both places he liehl the same lan^uui^e, drcKtrin^ 
 that he was sent by thtir sovereign as a mcnHt'l1^er of 
 peace, not as a imnister of vengeance , that he camo 
 to redresM all their unevanees. lo revoke the laws which 
 !iad ei< iied alarm, to pardon past otVences, antt in re- 
 estiihliHli order Hiitl justice in Ihe ujveriimeiit of IVru 
 Ills mild deportment, the siinpliciiy of his inannera, the 
 sanctity of his profession, and » winning appearance 
 of candor, ^anied credit lo Ins declarations. Thu 
 veneraliun due to a person clothed with le^al untbority. 
 and acting in virtue of a royal commission, be^an io 
 revive niiion^ men accustomed for some tiinu to 
 nothing more respectaltle than a usurped jurisdiction. 
 Ilmojosu, Mcxia. and several other ollicers uf distinc- 
 tion, to each of whom Ciasca applied separately, wero 
 ^ainctl over lo his interesl, and wailed only lor some 
 decent ocrnmon of declarini,' openly in his favor. 
 
 This the viidenco of INzarro soon afforded incin. 
 As soon as ho heard ot tiasca's arriv.il at I'aniima, 
 ihoiiuh ho received, at the same tune, an account of 
 Ihe nature of his commission, and was nilorrned of his 
 otfers not only to render every Spaniard in iVru easy 
 conce^nln^ what was past, by an act of general oblivion, 
 but secure with respect to the future, by ripealini( thu 
 obnoxious laws ; instead uf aeceptinir with ^ratitutle 
 his Muverei^n's uracious concessions, he was so much 
 exasperated on finding that he was not to be eot'jtmued 
 in Ills htation as governor of the country, that he in- 
 stantly resolved to ojipu-iu the president's entry into 
 IVru, and to prevent his exercising any inriMliction 
 there. 'I'o this <iesperale resolution he added another 
 highly preposterous, lie sent a n^w depnlatiun lo 
 Spam to justify this conduct, and to insist, m name of 
 uti the coinmiinilies m IVru, tor a conlirmalion of the 
 government to himself during' life, us the only means 
 of preserving iraiKpnlbty there, The persons intrusted 
 with this siranire commission, inlimalnl the intention 
 of Ptzarro to the president, and retpiired him, in his 
 name, to depart from rananni and return lo Spam 
 Thi'y carried likewise secret instructions to lltnojosa, 
 direcimi; hnn to oll'rr (i.t.sca a present ot hf'ly (hou.sind 
 prso-s, if he would comply vubmlanly vviin what was 
 demanded of hnn . and \i he should (oi liniie obsiinale, 
 lu cut htm off, either by assassination ur jiooion. 
 
 Many circumsianct's concurred in piislnn^jon I'l/arro 
 to tliosc wild mcasurei. llavin;^ been once aecus- 
 tonied to supreme comnmnd, he could not bear the 
 thoughts descending lo a private station. Conscious 
 of his own demerit, he suspected that the cmp(>ror 
 studied only to deceive hnn, and would never pardon 
 the oiilrages which he had committed. Ills chief con- 
 lidanls, no less guilty, entertained the same apj>rehen- 
 sions. The approach uf (jasca without any military 
 force excited no terror. There were now above six 
 thousand Spaniards settled in IVru; and at the head 
 of these he doubled not to maintain his own indepen- 
 dence, if the court of Spam should refuse to grant what 
 he required. Hut he knew not that a spirit of defec- 
 tion had already beirim lo spread among those whmii 
 he truslful must, llinojosa, amazed at I'lzarro'u pre- 
 cipitate rcsululion of >elling himself in oppusilton lo 
 the emi)eror"s commission, and dtsdainmg to bo his in- 
 Hlrnment in perpetrating the odious crimes pomteil out 
 111 his secret mslructions, publicly recognised the title 
 of the president lo the supreme authority in IVru 
 Tlie otlicers under his command did the same. Such 
 was the contigious influence uf the example, that it 
 reached even the deputies who hail been sent from 
 IVru ; and at tho time when J'izarro expected lo hear 
 either o( (iasca's return to Spam, or of hi.i death, he 
 received an account of his being master of the fleet, of 
 Panama, ami of the troops stationed there. 
 
 15'17. ] Irritated almost lo madness by events so 
 unex[>ceted, he openly prepared for war ; and m order 
 to give some colur of justice to Iks arms, be a])[iomted 
 the court of audience in l.ima to proceed lo the irud of 
 (iasca, for the crimes of having sei/.ed his sliips, 
 seduced his officers, and prevented his deputies from 
 proceeding in their voyage to Spain. Cc|)eda, though 
 acting as u judge in virtue of the royal commission, did 
 iifH ncruple lo prostitute the dignity of his function by 
 finding (tasca guilty of treason, and condemning him 
 to death on that account. Wild and even '•idiculous 
 aa this proceeding was, it imposed on the low illi- 
 terate adventurers, with whom IVru was filled, by 
 the Hcndtlance of a legal sanction w.irrair.lng Pizarro 
 to carry on ho.stibties against a convictLHl traitor. 
 Koldiers accordingly resorted from every (p:.;rtcr to his 
 Htandanl, and he was soon at the bead of a ttkuuaaad 
 
 men, the beat equip|)ed that had ever taken the Aeld In 
 Peru. 
 
 (iasra, on hi* part, perceiving that furee muit bo 
 employed m order to uccompliih Ihe purpose ol Km 
 inissiun, was no less ussiduoit- m rollecling troops (lORI 
 Nicaragua, Carthagenn, and uHicr selllrmenlA on tho 
 eonlment; and with such success, that he was soon iu 
 u condiiiun to detach a squailron of his Heel, with • 
 considerable body of soldiem, to the coast of Porrt 
 r A lint]. Their apnruraiice excited a dreadful alarm; 
 and though they dni not Hllein|)t forriome time lo maku 
 any descent, they did more elleclual service by setting 
 ashore in different places prrsons who dis^ rrsed copies 
 of the act of general mdemiiitv, and the revoeutioii uf 
 the late edicts ,** and who made known every whore 
 tho pacific intentions, as well as mild ti-niper, of tho 
 president Tho etfcct of spreading this nifornmtioii 
 was wonderful. All who were dissatisfied with Pizar- 
 rn's violent administration, uU who retained any suiiti* 
 inents of fidelity to their sovereign, began to meditalo 
 rev»lt .Some openly deserted a cause which itiey nowr 
 deemed lo lie unjust, (.'enteno, leaving tlie euve in 
 wliirh he lay conceab'd, assembled about fifty of hia 
 former adherents, and wth tins feeble half-armed band 
 advanc( d boldly lo (.'iixco lly a sudden attack .n I'o 
 night-time, in which he displayed no less mil!tar«' skiII 
 than valor, he rendired liinuH'tf master J *.^at capital 
 though defended by a garrison ol five Hundred men 
 Most of these having ranged themselves under his ban- 
 ners, he liad soon the command of a respectable bodjr 
 of troops 
 
 Pizirro, though astonished at beholding one enemy 
 approaching tiy lea, anil another by land, at a tinio when 
 he trusted to a union of all Pern m his favor, was of u 
 spirit more undaunted, or more accustomed tu tho 
 vicissitudes of fortune, than lo be disconcerted or ap- 
 |»atled As the danger from Cenleno's operations wa« 
 the most urgent, be instantly set out to oppose him. 
 Having provided liorses for all Ins .nuldiers, he marched 
 with ama/mg rapidity. Hut every morning he found 
 his force diminished, by numbers who had left him 
 during the night ; and though he became suspicious to 
 excess, and punished witliout mercy all wliom ho svis- 
 pecled, the rage of desertion was loo violent to bo 
 checkei) Ilel'ore lie got within sight oi the enemy at 
 Iliiarina, near the take of Tiiiaca, he could not mush r 
 more than four hundred sohtiers. Hut these he justi/ 
 considere<l as men of tried altachinent, on whom be 
 might depend. They were indeed the buUtest and 
 must desperate of tiis followers, conscious, tike him- 
 self, of crimes for which they could fiardty ex|»ect for- 
 giveness, and without any hope tint in the success o' 
 their arms. With these he did not hesitate lo ultaek 
 Cenleno's trooj)s, [Oct tiU,] thougli double to Ins owi 
 in number. '1 he royalists dtil not decline the combat. 
 Il was the most obstinate and bloody that had Iv'hor'u 
 l)uen fought in IVru, At tenuth the intrepid viloi* if 
 Pi/.arro, and the superiority of t'arvajal's military ta- 
 lents, triumplied over numbers, and obtained a om- 
 pleto victory. The Imoty was iinme>nse, [141] and tho 
 treatment of the vanquished cruel, Hy this signal suc- 
 cess tho reputation of Pizarro was re-eslahliahcil ; and 
 being now deemed invincible m the field, his army in- 
 creased daily in number 
 
 Hut events happened in other parts of Peru, which 
 more than counterbalanced the splendid victory at llua- 
 rnia. Pizarro had scarcely left Kima, when the ciu 
 zens, weary of his oppressive dominion, ceded the 
 roval standard, and Atdana, with a detachment of sol- 
 diers from tlie licet, took possession of the town. 
 About the same time, (iasca landed at Tuinbrz with 
 five hundred men, Kncouragcd by tiis presence, evtrv 
 settlement in tho tow country deelart'd for the king 
 The situation of the two parties was now perfectly 
 revcrsi'd ; t'uzco aiul tlie adjacent provinces were pos- 
 sessed l)y Pizarro ; all the rest of ;l:e empire, from (Juito, 
 southward, acknowledged the jurisdiction of the presi- 
 dent. As his numbers augmented fa.st, (iasca advanced 
 into the interior part of the country, fits t>ehavior still 
 continued to be gentle and unassuming; he expresned 
 on every occasion, his ardent wisli of terminating tho 
 contest without bloodslied. More solieitons to reclaim 
 than to punish, tio upbraided no man for past otfeiice?, 
 but received them as a fattier receives penitent children 
 returning to a sense of ttieir duly. Though desirouti 
 of peace, he did not slacken his preparations for war. 
 He appointed the general rendezvous of bis truops in 
 the fertile valley of Xniixa, on the road to ('uzcu. 
 There he remained for some months, not only that tie 
 might have lime to make anottier attempt towards an 
 accommodation with Pizarro, but that he lui^ht train 
 hia new ttotdiers to tlie ue? of anus, and accuatom Uivm 
 
NOIITll AMERIOA. 
 
 140 
 
 hid ever ukciii (lie Mi In 
 
 I'lvinR ilmt f„rrB muil ho 
 "|>li'<li iho iMirpoiio ol hia 
 I- I" colliTiiii^ ir,M)|n rioia 
 iilhcr >nllli!j|„'nia on Ulo 
 i-rc«ii, ih.il ho wuii sunn iu 
 ilron of Inn flcci, wiih « 
 rn, lo thr ('(Mnl of I'om 
 •'Jcilcil a clrrailful oluriii ; 
 iipt for »oino tunc tn inoku 
 llwiiial ncrncc hy •riling 
 ions kIio (linnirii'il co|iii'» 
 itv, uiid liif ruvoi-ulion ul 
 iiUci known rvory whcra 
 •II a» mild liinpor, of llio 
 rvMUiiff this niforinolion 
 '■ 'liMutiHl'ml Willi I'lzur- 
 
 I who riliiiricd iinv iiuiilj. 
 "ii«n, hcniiM to nifditalo 
 
 « cMuiii' which Ihcy now 
 lo, IcuvniK 'lio tuvf in 
 •mhl.'d nlmiil (ifty of his 
 » fcflilc hiilf-arincd b«iij 
 y a «uddi'ii aitHck m no 
 cd no Ivnii inilitiin' tKJII 
 ' iniistcr ,1 vhai capital 
 n of live nundrt'd inun 
 oriisclvt's miller hia ban- 
 id of II roapcctabic body 
 
 t bcholdiiiR one enemy 
 I'y liiid, atalimowhoii 
 
 II 111 hit favor, was of u 
 re arciisioiiud lo Iho 
 111- disionc'criod or «p- 
 'iiitno's opuralions waa 
 "rt out lo uiipose hini. 
 IS .suhliors, ho marched 
 cry uiununx I"' luuiid 
 ITS who had |,.f| hiiii 
 ' becaini! Huspiciouj to 
 crcy all whom ho sua. 
 vas loo violent lo ba 
 »l«ht of the enemy at 
 1, he could 1101 iiiusli r 
 
 Unl these he jusi,v 
 ichmenl, on whom he 
 Iced the boldest aul 
 
 cunscioiia, hke hini- 
 lid hardly ejpeot for- 
 Iml in the auccesa o' 
 not hesitate to attack 
 igli double lo Ins owi 
 II decline the coinbm. 
 lody that had h;-hei'o 
 
 tliu intrepid vilof if 
 arvajiil's military l>- 
 iiid ohiained t mn- 
 mense, [141]undtho 
 Uy this signal anc 
 I ro-eslabhahuil ; and 
 le field, hia army m- 
 
 lurls of Peru, which 
 ndid victory at Una- 
 'inia, when the citi 
 iiiinion, e.ecled the 
 
 detachment of sci- 
 ssion of the town, 
 cd at I'uinhrz with 
 
 his pru.seiice, cvurv 
 clariMl for the k,nj> 
 was now perfectly 
 irovnices wore poa- 
 empire, from yuilo, 
 liction of the prcsi- 
 St, liasca ailvanced 
 Ills behavior still 
 iinjr ; he expressed 
 uf teriiiniatini; Iho 
 olicitona to reclaim 
 I for past oirences, 
 •II penilent children 
 
 'riiou;;h desiroua 
 nparations for war. 
 IS of his troops m 
 e road lo (;iizco. 
 I, not only that ho 
 tempt towards an 
 al he might tram 
 lid accuMom tjiviii 
 
 M 
 
 |t> liiiD (liMMpIiitP of i camp, hi-furf liv tid thi'rn auuinnt 
 t body ol vK'tonuuN vi'lfruni. I'l/urni, niloxicati-il 
 Willi lilt* hiH'ci'^!* vvliit li h.iil lullicrlii un <iiii|NitiU'il liifi 
 uriiiH, and fUtrd willi havihit »Kaii) iii ar ii ttintiHuiid 
 iiirti iiiiili r hiN i-oiiiiii.iiid. r<-lii»rd lo IihUu Id hiiv tiTiii^, 
 ullliouuli Criiidii, lojtt'tluT witli wvrrdl ot lun nllictTn, 
 uimI t'vrri farvujal liimm-lt, \\\U] jjim- it an tlicir ud- 
 tier, to closfj witli llin prrjtuli nlV ollrr of » j,'nirnil 
 indtMiiiiiiy, Hiid tlio rrvoi-iilion ol" llii- olmo-tioim lawn. 
 liHwcii. Ii'ii\!nn Irird in vuiii rvrrv I'lWfdiciit lo uvoid 
 itiibrutii^ iiiii hiiiMU m lltr l)|t»)J of lux (-ouMtrynini, 
 iM-yaii lo niuvc lownrd-* Cuzio t'*'*' '-^^J "^ 1'"^ *"^*"1 
 ul (tixtrcM hundred im-n. 
 
 TiZiirro. (oiirulcnt of vinory, RidVcrfil (hr royalmts 
 to |iu»s nil tli4' riviT)* wlucli In' helwrcn (itiainnn^ii 
 and Cii/j-o willumt (ippoMlioii, (IMH) niul lo ad- 
 vance witliiii four Itunut'ft uf lliitl riipital, Jlillrriii;^ 
 himself (Imt u di tVal in toifh ii hitiiiilion an reiidnrid 
 tscupo luiprurlu'iildr would at one*' lerminale the war. 
 Jie llieii niiiri'hed out lo meet llu; eiieiiiy. and t.'arvajul 
 iliosc hiM L'umnd, and made the djuposiimn of llie irwipn 
 Willi the diseeinmj/ rve and pioluiind kiiowledgi: ih UH* 
 brt of war rouHpienouH in all liif* t^periilioim. A* the 
 two armies moved liirward tdowly lo the charge, [Aprd 
 ».] tilt! Hppearmire of each was nmmilar. In thut of 
 J'lzarro, eoinposed of men enruhed Willi the HpoiU ot 
 the niOMt opu'ent eointry ni Aiiutum, every ollieer, and 
 uliiiUHt all III*- privatt! men, were rlulhed in bIiiIIh of filk, 
 ur Irofitdt), enihroiilrnil Willi tjold and fulver ; und 
 their liorwiM, their arms, their i*tan(tiird!*. were adorned 
 with all the pride jf inihlary pomp. 'I'hat of Uasoa, 
 though not so Hp endid. exhihiled uluit was no leim 
 Blnkm^r. lie liir IS* If, ni-eoiiipiinied I'v the ait'Mn»hop 
 of l.ima, the tiif^liopjt of Ijinlo and ('u/<'0, itnd a great 
 niimher of eetleHiuHiicH, inareliinj,' ulon^rilu. hm's, hleKs- 
 iu)], the men. and <'neoura^Mng ihuin to a rexolulv diH- 
 clmr;;H of their duty. 
 
 When boih arinied wern jnst reatly to cnpflgp, ('t- 
 peda set cpurs to his ImrM'. tialloped oil", and Hlirreii- 
 dered himm If lo the prewidenl. (Jiireilasso do ta 
 Vc<»a, und other ollu'ern ot note, followed Iiih example. 
 Till' revolt of per>on.^ m huiIi hi^'li rank Ktruek all with 
 umnztmenl. 'J'he iiuiinul conlidenco on which the 
 union and M(reiii,'lli of armies dt penil, ceaned at once. 
 Dit^trmit and coii^Iernalion hpreud Iroin rank to rank, 
 .Noint: JMlently ^ilpped away, others threw down their 
 arms, the greatest mmiln^r went over lo llif royalists, 
 I'l/arro, Curvajal. and some leaders, employed author- 
 iiv, threats, and enlrealien. lo slop them, hul in vain. 
 In lesN ilian half an hour, a hody of men, which mi^ht 
 have decided llie fate of llie IVnivian rmjiire, was 
 totally dl^per'^^'d. l*l/nrro. seeniy all irretrie\dhly lust. 
 cried out in uma/.eiiu'iil lo a few olllcers, who Klill 
 lanhfiilly adhered to hnn. " What remains for us to 
 Jo!" — "I.et ns rmdi," replud ono of them, "upon 
 tho enemy's llnnest hattalion. and die hke Kont intt." 
 Dejected with such a reverM- of fortune, he had not 
 Bpirit to follow this Holdierly counsel, and wilh a tame- 
 nus8 divjrraeefid lo hi» former fame he surrendered lo 
 one of Liasea'a ollicers. Carvajal, endcavormy to es- 
 cape, was overtaken and seiztd. 
 
 (I'asca, happy in this hloodle^s victory, did not stain 
 it Willi cruelty. r;7.arro, ( 'arvajal, and a small nuinhir 
 of the most dl!^lln^;mMiu■d or notorious olKiiderw, were 
 jmmshed capitally. I'l/.arro was heheiuh d llie day after 
 he surrendered. lie suhmilled lo his fale with a com- 
 posed di^'iiitv, and seemed desirous to atone by repen- 
 lance for the crimes which he had eominilted. i'he 
 end of (.'arvajal was suitahle to his life. (Jn Ins trial 
 he odered no defence- Winn the sentence adjud^nui,; 
 hnn lo he hanjjed was pronounced, lie carelessly re- 
 piiOil, "One can die hul once" Ihirm;! the interval 
 Iteiwern the .sentence and exeeutKui, he discovered no 
 Rijin either of remorse fur the past, r)r of f-olicitude alioul 
 lilt future ; scolHni; at all who visiled hnn, in his usual 
 Bttrca.Hlic vein of mirth, with the same quickness of 
 rep'irtt'e and ^jross jdeasantry as at any other period o( 
 his lift*. Cepeda, mure crmnnal than either, ou^ht to 
 have sliared the samu fate i hut the liieril of haviufr 
 deserted his associates at such a critical moment, and 
 with fiuch derisive ell'ect, saved him from inmiediale 
 punishment. He wnj sent, however, as a prisoner to 
 Spain, and died in continenicnt. 
 
 In the minute details which the contemporary histo- 
 rtiins have givm of the cird dissensiuti^: that ra<rt-d m 
 Peru, with httlt: interruption, during ten years, many 
 circumstances occur so strikintr, and which indicate 
 u<tch an uncoininun state of manners as to merit par- 
 ticular attention. 
 
 'I'novigh the Spaniards who lir!«l invaded Peru were 
 of the lowest order in society, and the greater part of 
 'iiosi' who afterwards joiiiud thum wero persons of dcs- 
 
 pcMle forMme, v<'l m all the hodies of ttiK/pn hronght 
 into the til Id hy ihi' didereiil leaders who eoulrnded tor 
 noperionl), iM'i itne man acted as n liirfd ^oIdler. llial 
 lolUiws Ills -uindard for pay. Hverv adventurer m i'eru 
 considered hunsilf ns a coii'pieror. tntitleii hv his ser- 
 vices, Iu an eslahlinhment in llial country wfiich had 
 hern .tnpnrcd hy his valor. In the conle»ts hetweni 
 the iival cliiefrt. each chose his siile as he w;is directed 
 hy hn own ju'lginenl or adections Mi- joined fiis eoin- 
 niander as a comnafiion of his fortunes, and disdained 
 •o degradft hiiiisejf hy receivniK the wages of a merce- 
 nary. It was to their sword, nol In pre ciiuncficd in 
 otlice. or nohihty of lurth. that imml of the lenders 
 whom they followed were mih-hted for their levation ; 
 and each of their adherents hoj«d, hy the hhiiio means, 
 to open a way for hiinitdf to Ine poasesaion of power 
 ant) wcahh 
 
 Kut though the (roops in IVrn served without any 
 regular pay, thev were rinsed at imineiise expense. 
 Among men aci i-^tomul to divide the spoils of an opu- 
 lent eountrv, llic desire of ohlaming weatlh acfjnired 
 incredihle force. 'I'lio ardor of pur-'uit angmented in 
 proportion to the hope of success Where all were in- 
 tent on the same ohject, and under the diiminion of llie 
 same passion, there was hut one mode of gaming men, 
 or of securing ilieir attachment. < )iricers of i'.,ime and 
 influence, hen.des the pronnse of future estahlishments. 
 received m hand large (,;ra1uities from the chief with 
 whom lliey engaged. (Jonzalo I'l/arro. in order lo 
 raise a thousand men, advaiicttl live hundred thou- 
 sand pef>os. (iasca expended in levying llie troops 
 whi'-li he hd against I'l/arro nine tiundnd thousand 
 pesos. The distrihution of property, hestowed us the 
 reward of srrviees, wtw still more exorbitant. Ci'peda, 
 as the recompense of his perfidy and address, in per- 
 suading the cour'. of royal audience lo givts the sanclion 
 of Its authority to the usurped jurisdiction of I'izarni, 
 received n grant of lands wh*ch yielded an annual in- 
 come of a hundred and lifty thousand pesos llinojosa, 
 who hv his early defection from l*i/.arro, and surrender 
 of the tieet to (lasca., decided the fale ol I'eru. ohUined 
 a district of eountrv atfording two hundred thousand 
 pesos of yearly value. While stich rewards were dealt 
 ntil to the principal othcers, with more ihaii royal inu- 
 nilicence, proportional shares were coiiferrel upru tho.se 
 of inferior rank. 
 
 Such a rapid change of fortune produced ■* natural 
 etrects It gave hirih lo new wants and n'iw desires 
 Velerans, long accustomed to hardship and toil, ac- 
 quired of a sudden n taste for profuse ami inconsiderate 
 (lissipalion, and iniluli;ed m ult the excesses of militarv 
 licentiousness 'I'he not of low di-hnucherv occupied 
 some; a relisliforexpfiisiveluxurip.-. spread among others. 
 The nieanesl soldier in IVrn would have thought him- 
 stlf degradi d l»v marching on foot ; and at a tune when 
 the prices of horses in that counlrv were exorhitant. 
 each insisted on being furnished with one before he 
 would take the tield. Uut though less patient under 
 ihe fatigue and hardships of service, they were ready to 
 itivp danger and death with as much intrepidity as ever 
 and aiiimaled hy the hope of lU'W rewards, they never 
 faded, on the day of buttle, to display all their ancient 
 valor. 
 
 Together with their courage, they retained all the 
 ferocity hy which ihey were originally distinguislii'd 
 Civil lii.scord never raged with a more fell spirit than 
 among the Spaniards in IVru. To all the passions 
 which n.iually envenom contests among countrvmen, 
 avarice was added, and rendered their enmity more 
 raniorons. Kuiicrness to seize the valuable forfeitures, 
 e.vpected upon the death of every opponent, ihut the door 
 against mercy, 'i'o he wealthy was o( itself suHicient 
 to expose a rnan to accusation, or to subject him to 
 punishment. On the slightest suspicions, Pizarro con- 
 demned many of the most opulent inhabitants in i'eru 
 lo death, t'arvajal, wiltiout searching for any pretext 
 to justify his cruelty, cut otrniany more. The number 
 of tho^e who sutUTcd I'V Ihe bands of the eiecutiouer 
 was not much inferior lo what ft-ll in the field ; [MUJ 
 and the gr^-ater part was condemned without the forma- 
 lity of any legal trial. 
 
 The violence with which llie contending parties treat- 
 ed their opponents was not accompanied with its usual 
 attendants, attachment and lidelity to those with whom 
 ihey acted. Tlie ties of honor, which ought to he held 
 sacred among soldiers, and the principle of integrity, 
 interwoven ns thoroughly in the .Spanish character aa 
 in that of any nation, seem to have been ecpeilly fur- 
 gotten, Kvt'ii regard for drcenev, and the sense uf 
 shame were totally lust. During their dissensions, 
 there was hardly n Spaniard in I'eru who did not aban- 
 don the party which ho had uri^imiHy espuuiied, helray 
 
 the associates with whom he had nniled, and violate tho 
 eii>(ngeinentM under which he had come The \iceroy 
 Niigiie/. Vela was ruined hy ihe tmicliery of CepnU 
 ami the other judges of Ihe royal audienci-, who werH 
 bound by the duties of lliiir function lo have supported 
 his auihonly. The chii f advisers ami companions o( 
 <ionzalo I'l/arro's revolt were the lirsl lo lormike hiuit 
 and siibmil lo Ins enemies Ihs tleet was given lip to 
 Oasc.i by the man whom he had Hini^ded out among hm 
 ollicers Iu mtn'st with that important command (Ml 
 the day thai was to decide his Lite, an iiriny of veterana, 
 in sight of llie enemy, threw down llieir ann« wilhoui 
 sinking a blow, and deserted a leader who hail often 
 conducted tlu'in to victtiry liistaiicen of such general 
 and avowed contempt ol the principles and obligiliont 
 which atlacli man lo man, and Innd them togt tlier lit 
 nocml union, rarely occur in tiislury. It is only whero 
 men are far removi d from the tteal of government, 
 where the restraints of law and order art! little felt, 
 where the jiruspect of gain is unbounded, and whero 
 mimense wealth may co^er the crimes by which it in 
 acfpiired, thai we can hnd any parallel to the h'Vity. iho 
 rap:ieiousiie<<s, the pertidy, and corruption prevalent 
 among the SpauMrds in Peru. 
 
 (hi the death of I'lzarro, the malecontents in every 
 corner uf I'eni laid down their arms, and trauipiilhty 
 seemed to he perfectly re-establisli»d Uiit two very 
 interesting objectrt Kttll remained to occupy llie jiresi- 
 dent's niteiilion. The one was to find nnmedtately 
 such employment for a nndtitiidt! of lurbuleMt and dar- 
 ing adventurers with which the country vvas hllrd, at 
 might prevent llietn from exciting new coinmoiions. 
 The other, to bestow ]iroper graifications upon thoso 
 to whose loyally ai d valor he had been intlebted for hit 
 succesM. 'i'he foru'er of iliesewas in some ineasura 
 accompli>-hed. by ap, (unting IVdro de \'aldivia to pro- 
 secute the coiupiest oi <hih ; and by empowering Diego 
 Cenleno to undertake iht discovery of the vast regioiit 
 borderiMir on the river De h I'lala. The reputation of 
 those leaders, together wi.h the hopes of acquiring 
 weallh, and of rising to eon. eqiience in some unex- 
 plored country, altuntig many oi the most indigent and 
 desperate soldiers to follow their i landards, drained olf 
 no incontiidcrahlu portion of that in itmous spirit whicb 
 ( iasca dreadcil. 
 
 The latter was on affair of grealor difTiciiIty and to 
 be adjusted with a more altentivo ond delicate band. 
 The ri'piirlimtnifos, or allotments of lands and Indtana 
 which fell to be distributed, in ctmseipience of the death 
 or forfeiture of the forim-r possessiirs, exceeded two 
 millions of ju'sos of yearly rent, (iasca, when now 
 absolute master of this iminrnse property, retameil iho 
 same disinterested SfiitimerilH which he had originally 
 professed, and refustd lo reserve the smallest portion 
 of It for himself Hut the number of claimants wai 
 great ; and whilst the vanity or avarice of every imll* 
 vidual fixed the value of Ins own s< rvices. and esti- 
 mated the recompcn.^e which ho thought due to him, 
 the pretensions of each were so exlravagent that it wad 
 impo.-tMblc to satisfy all. (iasca listened to them ono 
 by one, with the most [latient attention ; and that ho 
 might have leisure to weigh the cumparative merit of 
 their several claims with accuracy, he retired, with tho 
 archbis'hop of Lima and a single secretary, to a village 
 twi'lvt hag vs fiom (>usco. There he spent tteverai 
 days in allotti.tg lo each a district uf lands and iiiiinbL ' 
 of Indians, m proportion to his idea of their past ser- 
 vices and future importance. But that he might get be- 
 yond the reach of ihe tierce storm of clamor and rage, 
 winch be foresaw would hurst out on the publication of 
 his decree, nolvvithstandmg the impartial equity with 
 which he bad i^rained it, he set out for liiina. leaving 
 the msiruinent uf partition sealed up, with orders not 
 to open It lor some days afler his departure. 
 
 Tht indignation excited by publishing the decree of 
 partition [Aug. '^l] was not jess tlian (iasca had ex- 
 pected. Vanity, avarice, emulation, envy, Bhaine, rage, 
 and alt the other passions which most vehemently agi- 
 tate the minds of men when both their honor ami their 
 interest are deeply atl'ewted, conspired in adding lo itt 
 violence. It broke out with all the fury of military in- 
 solence, ('uluinny, threats, and curses, were ponrnd 
 out upcidy upon the president. lie was accused of in- 
 gratitude, of partiality, and of injustice. Among sol- 
 diers prompt to action, such seditious discourse would 
 have been soon followed hy deeds no less violent, and 
 they already began to turn their eyes towards some dis- 
 conlented leaders, expecting tliein lo stand forth ii. 
 redress of their wrongs. Uy some vigorous interpohi- 
 lions of government, a timely check was given to ihi-i 
 mutinous t>nirii, and the danger of another civU war 
 was averted for tho present. 
 
i ! 
 
 150 
 
 IMO] Oaiti'i* howpver, perceiving that the flame 
 was nupprcssrd, ralhrr than rxlini.niiHhfMl, inhorrd wiih 
 the iilriioftt Rftsitluilv (o snnthr (ht> Diithroiiti'iit^, hy 
 tM'ttlovsiiig hir^e jjruiuiUrs on M)riir. I»v i'rtmii!«iii^ rrpat- 
 tiitmntox, \\\\v\\ ihi'V U'W ViicHnl. In oihtrs, arul by tu- 
 rrs^iii^ anil thittiTiii^r :ill. ItuI that l)ie |Uihl;o Ktcjnty 
 ntiuht n>\. nil a founi)aiu>n more ntiihlt- than thrir guoU 
 alU'Clinri, hr rtulf.ivorfd [o ftrrnt^lhiii th(^ Imnds ol his 
 ■uccr^^orit id nilirr, hv rt>-rstati] t«hini! t)io rr^nlar ad- 
 inimtrtrationor jvistire in rvery part of ihi' cuipirr He 
 ir.lrotiiicf'tt o.i'f'r anil siinphniy into th<> iiiodr of col- 
 h'rtnij; the nurfl n-vnuuv lie i^jtui'd rfj;uIaiioiH ron- 
 rt rnin<r thr trtalnH-nl ol (he IiitlianM, wril riiK'nlulctl la 
 protect thtiu trnn opprrssion. aiul to provide for ihrir 
 .hhtruclion in tiic prinnpirH of ri lijjion, witliont depriv- 
 int{ the Spinuirds of iltt> hiMictit iiccrnin;; from (lifir 
 .ttlwr. Having now acromphtthrd i-vrry ohjfil of his 
 iniflHir (ia9<M, l<)n<^ing to rcln'n n^nin to a private 
 lilntion, coininilti'd tin* noviTinniiit ol I'lru lo tlie conrt 
 of audience, and st t out (or Spain f IVb I, ir)50J. As, 
 dnnn;: ihc onanliy and tiirbuli-'ncc of the four last years, 
 there had been no reiniUance made of the roval reve- 
 mir, he carried uith hun thirteen lirndrcd thou.taiid 
 pehos of public money, which llu! economy and order 
 of his admii::«tratioii "iiaided him to save, aftir p»;'i ig 
 ull the cipenM'p of the war. 
 
 He was received in b ** nali\'' .onn ry with univernal 
 udmiratton of bis abdiliert and of bis virtue. Itoih 
 were, indeed, bi^blv con.spicuons Wiihont army, or 
 tle(^ or pnhhc foiid^ : witli a train h<\ Hiinpte, lliat only 
 three tbouKniid ducats were r.t)iended in eipiippinir bun, 
 he t<et out to oppose o lorinidable rebellion. By biH 
 addresK and talenttt he (supplied all thoite defcrtA, and 
 seemed lo cr"ale inslrnment!* for executing hisi desijjiiJ*. 
 He acipiired siicb a naval fitnu* an gave biin the corn- 
 ma" lO c*' •*•? Kca, lie raistd a body of men able lo 
 rope with the ^ « temn bunds which ^.'ave laws to IVru. 
 He vanquif-ht d I'u'ir leader, c>i wbo^c arms victory had 
 hitherto alteiuied, and in plaet of anarchy atid usurpa- 
 tion, be e!tiiibb>hed tlie j;overninent of lawH, and the 
 anil. only of the riiihtful sovereijrn. Hut the praise be- 
 Btowed on his abdities wa!> exceeded by I'lat which his 
 virtue merited After rrsidiri'^ in a cciuntry where 
 wnnliti presented albireinetils wliidi had >educed every 
 perKon wht* bad bilherio possessed power there, he re- 
 turned fron. tliat tr\in^ .^'..utoii with inte;:rity not oiilv 
 nntaiiiled but unniepected After dhstrihiiting amoiii; 
 Hh «'ouniryinen p^tiieitRions of j,'realer extent and value 
 than had ever been in the dl^J^ositl of a i.iiiijee( in any 
 a^e or nation, he himself remained in h ^ "ii^mal stale 
 of poverty ; and at ihe very Dine when fte hrouiiht such 
 a larye recruit to the royal iriusury. he was oblijjed to 
 applv bv petition for u miiuU sum lo discharge some 
 petty debts which be bad c>.ntracti>d dnrin^r the coiiihe 
 of bis seivice i'harles was not insenMblc losuchditi- 
 inleresled merit, (iahca was received by hun with ihe 
 most distil puishini* nmrkf of eiieem ; and lieinj; pn>- 
 moted lo t le bishopric of I'alcncia. he passed the re- 
 mainder of 'lis davH in tlie iran>piittit\ of retireinifit, 
 ^e^peefed by l-- country, honored by bm sovereign. 
 anti beloved by all. 
 
 NotwilhslandinR all ( Irisca's wise n'liulations, the 
 tranipiillity of IVru was not of loni; eoniimiance. In a 
 couriir\ vvhtre the nutliority of ^•o\ernment had been 
 almovi foruollen durin<j tiie loiif; prevalence of iinarcbv 
 and mi-'rule, wherr ibere were disappointed leaders ripe 
 for revolt, and sediiiDiis soldiers re.idy I'> lollow Ihem, 
 It was not dillicult to raise c(.inlMislion Several sue 
 ccsive tiHurrectioiis deso'uled tlie country fur some 
 years. H'lt as iho-^e, tbonjjh tierce, were only transient 
 ^tormfl, exuted r-ilb'T by the ambition and turbulence 
 of particular men, than bv general or public niotivo. 
 the detail of them is not flio object of thin historv. 
 '^le^e commolioiiH in I'eru. like every thui^ of exirerne 
 violence either m the natural or political IhmIv. were 
 not of loni' duration ; and bv carrvniL' oil the corrupted 
 humor* which hud yiven rif*e (u ilie disorders, they con- 
 tributed in ibe end to slreiiirthen the MVielv whirb at 
 tirsl they tiirfatened to destroy. Unrinj; iheir (ien-e 
 roiite»ts, several of the lirst invaders of iVru. and 
 many of those licentiiiUH adventurer* whom ibe fime 
 of thiir succehs liad alb red tliilher, '"ell by each other s 
 hands. Kach of the prtflies, as they alternately pre- 
 vaileil in the strum^le. ^^adually cleared (lie country 
 of a mimber ot turbulen* spinis, by exeeiitinn. pro- 
 scribing, or banislun^ their iippttnenls Mm lesH 
 enter[lrlslllL^ le»H ili"-,.. Mte, and more arcu.^lomrd 
 U) iiove III the palb ol Miber und |iea'-ealilc uidustry, 
 Kitled in I'eru: and the royil fitborilv wan gra- 
 dually eatahlished oh liiiul)' there as m oilier Sp.inihb 
 e^oiiie* 
 
 nOBEIlTSON'S HISTORY OP 
 
 BOOK VII. 
 
 View of ihi* jn^tiiiiimn* hikI uuiuners of the Mriimns ami 
 I'l iiivuiu^— t uni/oil stall!* iii cniii|>ariMUi <il etluf Aun'- 
 in-uiis— Itrreiil nriuu) 111 the Mexu'anx — Fiicts m liirti itni\c 
 Itinr pini.'ri-ss ii, nvili/alioii — View ot tlii'ir [tnliry in Its va- 
 rio'is l>raii('ltes~ofi!ti-ir arts — Facts wlueh imliniUr a small 
 prnnress U) civiIi/mIiou — What njimum slmuld be lorincii im 
 ciiiparimt \\\**so einUratllclory lacl.t— iJeiiius nf tliejr re- 
 l.iiiuii— Pcriivinii uHiniirchv iiinro iu»*ierit~its pohcy fouii'i- 
 eil oil reht'HUi-SiiiR'ilar elfects of this— Peculiar htati- ot 
 projuriv anions the Prruvmns— 'Hn'ir |)iiltlic wmik.* ami 
 .tils-roaiU—hncl^'CH—huJlilliiKii— Their uiiv\arlikn !*iiiti* - 
 \'\vw of (illuTiloiiiiimtiis .•■ Spiuii iti AiiHTica - Ciiialoa iih<l 
 S.iiior.T— i'aliforiin— Vnciitaii aiiH Hotiihir.is-Ctiih -Tuiu- 
 iiiHii-Kiii^fdoiuol Tii-rra K:iint'--NfA' Kiuxiloin of (iiHiiada. 
 
 As the conrpiesi of the Iwo iireat empires of Mexico 
 ami i'eru forms t!ip most splendid and iiitere.'liiii» pe- 
 riod in the btslorv of America, a view of their political 
 I iustitctions. and a d-vscnptioii of their i ational mnn- 
 I tiers, will exhibit the human species to tiie eouteinpla- 
 ' tion of mtellioeiit observers in u vc* niuguhir sUfre of 
 lis progress. ( HI] 
 j When eom[iared with othei* parts of the New Wo;ld. 
 I Mexico and I'eru may be ■.■oimidered as polished 
 statCii. Iiif'.ead of sni.ui, inpedendeiit, hostil tribes, 
 striio^liiiQ for HuhsisleiH'e amidst wootts and marshes, 
 Ntran;;ers to industry ntul arts, unacquainteii with sub- 
 ordination, and abiiost without the appearance of reou- 
 lar i!"viTiinienl. we tlnd cmintries of ^reat extent sub- 
 jcrled to the dominion of one sovereiirn. llie iulia!>itaiils 
 collected toirether in cities, llie wisdom and forisi;iht 
 of ruler;* emphived in providini; for the mamieiiancr 
 and Heenrity of the people the empire of laws m some 
 measure established, tlie anthority o't religion recoi;- 
 nized, many of the arts essential to life brou^l to some 
 de^jree of maturity, and the dawn of sueb a . are orna- 
 mental be^innm^ to ap|)ear. 
 
 Ibit if the comparison bo made with I .e people of 
 the ancient continent, the mteriuriiv o Aiuencn in 
 improvement will bo conspicuous, and lie 'lier the .Mex- 
 icans nor Peruvians will be entitled to rank w'i*h tbuse 
 nalions which merit the r.:(ine of civiti/.ed. The p.eopb' 
 of both til*' ofcat empiri s in America, like the rude 
 lril>es around tlieui. w< re tutaltv un;n'<piainted will) 'bi- 
 usebil metals, and the pro>>ress whicli they had inade 
 m extcnduii.' ibeir dtuninion over the animal creation 
 was inconsiderable. The Mexicans bad yoiie iio fur- 
 ther than to tame and rear turke\s, dm ks, a species uf 
 Hinall do^s, and rabhil^. I', this feeble essay of in;;e- 
 nuity, the nieaiis of siibsijitence were rendered some- 
 what more plentiful and secure than when men d(>peiid 
 solely on huntiri<r ; hut ihey had no idea of atteinpim^' 
 lo subdue the more rolnisl animals, or of deriving' any 
 ail] from their muusiry m eairvmi; on works of labor 
 The I'eriivians seem to have ne^dected the inferior ani- 
 inalti, and had not rendered any of Ih 'in domestic ex- 
 cept the duck ; but they weie more lortunate in taming 
 tlie Mama, an animal pfeuliar to tlieir counlrv. of a lorui 
 winch bcirs some re>emblance lo a deer, and some to 
 a camel, and ts of a sr/e somev\liAt larger ttiati a sheep 
 1 lulcr the jirotfrtion of man, this species multiplied 
 ■jreatlv. Its wool turnished the I'eruvians willi clo- 
 tbiii;;. Its llcsh with fooil It wa.s even eiiiployid as a 
 beast of bnrilen, ar..! carrn d a moderate loail with 
 much patience and docilitv It was never used for 
 dratiL^bt ; anil the hried bemi; 4'ontiiied to tlii* moiin- 
 l.iiiK.iis country, its shmcc, it we may jud^e liy mi.i- 
 dents which occur in the early Spanish writers, was not 
 very extensive among llio Peruvians in their original 
 state. 
 
 In tracini* the Ime by which nations proer-d lovvanls 
 civih/alion, the disioverv of the iiselul metals, and the 
 acipiisition of dominion over Ihe animal creation. ha\e 
 been marked as steps of c.ipital importance in their 
 proitrcHH In ourcoutmenl. Iunl: alter men had aiiaimd 
 l)Oih. society continued m 'Kit slate wlueli is denomi- 
 nated harb.irous Kven wiili all that coimnaiul over 
 natun wbuh tlii'se conbr, many tiijes elapst? before 
 inilustry becomes so rci.'ul.tr as to render siibsistenee 
 secure, before the arts which supply tiie wants and fur- 
 nish the accommodations of lit(> are brought to any 
 coiijitderable deyree of perfi'ction, and before aey idea 
 istoiiceived of various institutiuns reipiisitu ui a well 
 ordered society. The Mexicans and I'ernviins, with- 
 out knowledge of the usual ni« lals, or the aid uf domes- 
 tic aminaU, labored uiidi'r disndvanta^'es which must 
 have greatly retartled their proj^ress, and in their lush- 
 est state of improvement their power was so lin.ited, 
 and iheir operations so feeble, that they can hardly be 
 consideretl as Imv iir advanced beyond the mlancy of 
 i-ivil hfe. 
 
 After this general obaervatioii coiiecrninft the mo^t 
 sinnular and diMiiit;nishin(f eircunintanees in the slate 
 oi both the preat ernpirea m Aniericu. I kbalt »iideavor 
 
 lo |;ive such a view of the eonsiitutioii of ihe interim 
 police of each us may enable iis lo iseeriani their place 
 m the political scale, to allot llieiii llieir proper blattoe 
 between the rude tribes m the New World, and the 
 polished slates oi the ancient, and to determine how lar 
 they had risen above Ihe former, as well as how much 
 they h'il below tlie latter. 
 
 Mexico was (irst subjected to the Spanish crown. 
 Hut our acipiamtance with its laws and manners is not, 
 from thftt circumstance, mo-e complete. What I have 
 remarked coneernmj^ the d( fe»:tive and iiiacciirale mlor- 
 mation on vvbich we must rely v\itli tespeci lo tiie con- 
 dition aiiu ensltnns of the savai^e lrihe.i ui AiiuTtca, 
 may he appheil likewise lo our knowledge of the Mexi- 
 can empire, ('nriea, am! the rap.icious ad^enlurera 
 who accompanied Inm.had not leisure or capacily lo en- 
 rich either civil or natural history v\\\\ new ohseiva- 
 tioiiS- They undertook their expe<lilion m ipiest of one 
 object, and seenu'd hardiv to ha\e turned iheir evea 
 towards any ot!.er. Or, if during some short inteival 
 of traiHpiillity, when the oc<'upiitions of war ceased, and 
 the ardor of plunder was sus]iended, the institulioiid 
 and manners of ilu> people whom they invailcd, drew 
 their attention, the impiiries of illiterate soldiers were 
 conducted with so biUe faoacity and precision, that the 
 accounts ::iven by them of the policy and ord' r esta- 
 blished in the Mexican imuiarrbv are snperlicial, con- 
 liised. and inexplicable. It is rathe. Irom incidents 
 which ibey relate occasionallv, ihan Innn their own de- 
 dticlions and remarks, that we are enabled to furiii toino 
 idea I't the genius and manners of that people. 'Uio 
 obscurity in winch the i^norinte of lis compierors m- 
 \olved the annals of Mexici>, was mi^inentid by the 
 superstition of tbrsr vvho succeedei' tin m As Uie me- 
 mory ol past events was preservet amotifX the Mexi- 
 cans by li^iires p»mted jii skins, oit colton cloths, on 
 a kiiHi of pasteboard, or on the hark ol I'l-es, ibe early 
 nlls^<l jiiarie.s, unable to comprehend their meaiiui^, and 
 struck with their uncouth lorms, ruriceued them lo bo 
 mornunents of nlolatrv, wlitrb otioht to he destroyed iii 
 order lo facilitate the cimversiou of the Indians lu 
 obi>dience to an edn i issued bv .Itian de /uminaru^a, 
 a rrancisean monk, the lirsl bisiioji of Mexico, as many 
 r'-cords of the ancn nt Mexican story as cinilil bt; col- 
 lected uere committed to the liaines In fonse<pience 
 o\ this fanatii al /.eal of the monks who hrst visaed New 
 .Spam (whn-b ibeir suece.-isors soon be^ian lo lament), 
 whatever knowledjje of remote evinls such riu!'- iiionu* 
 iiienis contained was abno>.t enlirelv lost, and oo mlor- 
 mation remained coneernin^ the ancient revolutions and 
 pulley of the empire, but what was den vt d from tradition, 
 or from some Ira^Miients oltbeir historical paiium^s that 
 esea|K-d the barbarous ri scan lies ot /ummara<'a. I'roin 
 the i-xperience of all nations it is maniie^^t, ibut the ine- 
 inury of past transact lo •* ran neither be l'>iio pre<>ei\ed, 
 nor be Iraiismilted with any lideb'y. bv tradition. The 
 Mexican paintings which an sepposed to have si-rxed 
 as annals of tbeir i>iupire, are lew in number, and uf 
 ainbii;uvjus meaiini>r 'I'hiis, aie .tst the uncertainty of 
 the loriner, and the obscurity ,if the latter, we must 
 ulean what inlelli;ri>nce can be cidlected Irom (he seaiily 
 materials scattered in the Spanish writers. "^ 
 
 * 111 tliu lirst < ilttliin, I >li<ii-rvi'>l Hud iiiri)NM>'iiU'iii e i>l Ida 
 ih'.stnielinii o| Hie uucu'iii .Mtiuaii (laiMlliKs, oi tasioncit dv 
 lilt' /< 111 of '/inmnaratia, v.lialrvi) kixiwu .t^r ilo-s iiui>ht li.nu 
 I I'lm \etl was enlirelv io>t. V.\v.\ t .uxliU iim.Ut ■misl liavo 
 ptTi'enetl Dial the ex[>resHioii was ifiariiirate ; as iii a lew 
 tiufSiiltrrwiirils I oieiitiun Miiiii>aiirieiit |)aiiitink;s toht- still ti* 
 t.iht. M.CIavi^iTo, not sattslii-U vvit'i laving lioM o| Duk iiiae- 
 I iir:i( V, whii'li I corrrch-.l in tin- <o|l>.^< ')iii ut i-Uitioim, hi'iors In 
 reit'ter it iiiorr Khoint: \>\ the ma. etc ui uliirh tie iiuote.s Ihit 
 teiuaiiiiut; pari ot the NtnU-iire. iie fi'prt heii'ls wr.li wrrat 
 a.si'ciitv tilt' ai ci'init \\\\\\\\ I it^vc ol \\w »r;ihtv n);Ui ri.il.t lor 
 u'ltiiii! llii< aiiiK-iit hl->lnrv tif .Mixtt o. V,i| I, A* <-<Miiit of 
 UiUdsn tiM. Vol. n,:tHI. Mv w.i|,l>,lio\\i \ir. iiM'iilirio.,t 
 the Kami' vm:Ii Iliost'ol i'or<|m>rti.i<la. v\ Ito -ii rnih to haw Itrra 
 l« Itei lit '|ii;iitit('il »ltti till- aiK H III moiiimit-iitH ol i|ii> Mi-xi- 
 tans ihiii jni\ Sitani>li inUhor«hoMi works I haif .sei-ii. 
 I.ili. iii\ . r. ll. M. rial iL'iTo h|m^<•ll kiwh u Uesenpimn ot tlm 
 t|<-vtriirtioii of nut lent painl'iii^s m nlmoHt the moiie leniM I 
 ha\«' ii^fl ; ainliiiriilioiis a?f luiadili itiiml reiisoii o| Hi >rt> lit'tng 
 NO ,iin)1 a iiiniihrr ol aiieii'iil pitliituiF:^ kiiovMi I itlm .s^inmar'lx, 
 that llif iiitl.n's havr (Mtroim* hii Koliritous to |ire.H»rve aii.l 
 coiirt'al tlii'iii, th'il It IS ' tlitlinilt, if rioi mi|)ossiiilc, lo make 
 I limn |iiol w II h turn of Miein." Vol. I. -llC. II |:M. .No pomt riiii 
 lie morr oHcertanu'il Ihan that ft-i* ol the Mi'iu'uii hi.ttoiicttl 
 pamlmtts hav« Im-i-ii preserveil, Ttiotuih nrveral NinouHnii 
 iiavn rarnetl on luiiuiries ii.lo the anti'pulies ol ihe Mexican 
 empire, no eiiKiaviiitts troiii .\lfxu an piuiilinttH ha\e tii'ciKuni- 
 iimiiuateil to tiie piihlir, exrt'|it ihoHu liy Purchas, (•miielll 
 Ciirreri, ami borin/aiia. It aitonls iiiesmne Hati^iactton, that 
 111 the i-mirsn ot my ri-!te:.icheN I have diM-oveit'tl two i ullt-c* 
 ttoiis (if Mt'Xlcaii pniillmu's uluih were uitkliowii to innner 
 m<piirers. The cut whirli I pulilinhrtl is un i>xiu-t cot>\ ^f thn 
 onumal, ami j.W\-% no hiuh iiica of the priMue^s whiih tho 
 Mifliraim had mmli* iii lh<' ail oi |>aiiiliti^. I < aiuiot « >mj<'. Uum 
 what cmild imlurt' M. Cjaiifeio tut'ipri'ss somi' Ui^salistae- 
 lion witll me forliavmx puiill<'hi^<l it witlmtil tl.c >t.ii:if i olnn 
 It has 111 tho oriituial iiHiiiim^, p. n\)\. He ini»;hl lin\c recul 
 lectoJ, that neCLS' I'urchas, nur (Juinuili (ativri, nur Luroa 
 
itiitioi) of llio iiitrriOi 
 ii isft-rtam i!u-ir plare 
 I) Uu'ir propiT itl.iliur 
 ■Nrw World, anil iho 
 .1 to (It'trrnniii! iiuw far 
 an well utt liuvv iiiucli 
 
 :o the Spani?*!! crown. 
 \A iiiid inaiincrit im iiol, 
 iiplcKv What t Itave 
 [■ and Miitrriiraii! iiilur- 
 nil ti<>pn-t lo the fOii* 
 ;(' tnl»c» Ml AiiHTica, 
 luiwlfdiif ot'ilif Mcs!« 
 rapacioii.s adu'Jilurt^ra 
 iMiriMir ciipaniy lo en- 
 ry v*iili iii'W olmi'iva- 
 icdilion in ipir.Hl of uiie 
 iivt' liiriird llifir v\v» 
 il soint' i*horl tiiU'i vul 
 oim of war t-easi'd, niid 
 ndi'd, thr inslituiioiid 
 in llit'V mvadrd, drinv 
 iltitt-rale Mildiirtt wt-re 
 and pnriMion. tliiit tho 
 'nlu'v and ord< r calii- 
 ly arc siiprrlioial, I'ou- 
 Ditlu-. trt)ni inntlt'iiti 
 lan Iroin llit'ir own dc- 
 > niulilrd to lonii hume 
 of tluU people, '["ho 
 
 • ot" Its coiiipuTors in- 
 
 • VH ati^iiK'iiud by tlio 
 Ici' tli( in As tliiMniJ- 
 vi't anion;; iho M*'»i- 
 t, oil roltoii i-lotliH, on 
 lark ol I'lTs, iIh! rariy 
 lid llinr niraiiiii^, and 
 roncrivc'l tliini to ho 
 
 .^'lit lo In; dtnlroyi'd in 
 
 I ol lilt! Iiidi.in.s In 
 
 .liiaii di> /iiininara^a, 
 
 tp of Mi'.vii'o, as many 
 
 Hlory as coiiltl Im; I'ul- 
 
 !iirs In const'tpHMice 
 
 s wlio lirsl visiU'd New 
 
 ouM lM-<.'aii lo laintnt), 
 
 i.'(-nis NiK'h riii!<* innnii- 
 
 ri'lv lor^t, iirul iiu intor- 
 
 K-nt n'Vtduiionsaiid 
 
 nvi il iVuMi tradition, 
 
 iiriral painit(i>^s timt 
 
 /urninarai>a. I'roni 
 
 ianili-.-;(. ilial lite inc- 
 
 I'fiij,' prf'>><-i\rd, 
 
 tr.ttlitioii. Thu 
 
 loscd lo have Kt'r\ed 
 
 III rnnnl)er, and of 
 
 ^t the urii-erlaiiity of 
 
 he latter, wo in'i>l 
 
 -led trotii the Hcanly 
 
 writera* 
 
 it iii<-i]iiKi>i|ntMH'e III the 
 
 lllhtlllljH, OCIMHIIMIt'd (ijr 
 
 iv\li'il^i-tlicy iiiixht liam 
 ' '\ leailiT Miusl huvo 
 
 urate ; an III a luw 
 
 it |>.iiiitiri('H totjf Mill I'l- 
 i^ltnhlui tliiNinac- 
 il ethtii'im, liiipors to 
 iti uliirh III- >|iiiite.s lli6 
 ri-|in tini'ls vmIi t;rritt 
 M .iiiiv ni.iti rial.s iiir 
 \.>|. I. Ait-oiint (if 
 liiivvi viT, iiir aliiiiMt 
 I SI I'Mislii liu\t> liern 
 niiii-iils .Il lilt' Men- 
 
 \\ I'tks I \\A\0 SVVn. 
 
 <> a <li's( n|:tii)ii ot Ihfi 
 '•>l the siitiM! liTiiM I 
 al rt-UMPDiil III ne being 
 MiKA\i I J the .Si)aiiiar>lii, 
 itiiitN til |>rt'!<iTV() anif 
 tiiipussiiile. iti niHke 
 li.l.M. N.I point I im 
 r> MrjLiiaii hlAtoncul 
 umli Hrvt'ral ^naiUHrdi 
 
 ■1" 
 
 It:. 
 
 mil KPU'ral ^naniarc 
 
 . liitiicH III thi! Muxiia.. 
 
 uiitiiiuK have tieftieuni- 
 
 liv I'liri-luiH, (•eiiielll 
 
 home N.'itirliirtion, that 
 
 ihsrowieiltMo Killrc* 
 
 'I' unknown Ici loiiiier 
 
 la jn I'Kiiit riiti\ r>l itut 
 
 <• pro'tieiiH Which 11)0 
 
 n,'. I I'.innot loiijerliuii 
 
 rehH home ilissatinfae- 
 
 itlioul Ihi- H.it.-u' euUiri 
 
 Me iniKlil hnvo rei'uk 
 
 till raiiuri, nor Luroa 
 
 6=" 
 
 c 
 
 H 
 
 
^litMP" 
 
 ! I 
 
 i I 
 
 l\\ 
 
 Ijii-i 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 151 
 
 According to tho account of ibo M<^xicani itirin- 
 nulvrn, li.eir ciiipiro wan not oi lon^ duruliuii. Tlit^ir 
 counlrv, an ihcy rrlnttr, waM originally |>osM'»Mt'tl, ratiuT 
 than ))fU|ilL'il, bv hiiiuII iiiilrpemlrrit trilic>^, \\liui!ic modi' 
 Dl lift! and niannerK rcHciiiliIrd those ol the riidcsl suva- 
 y,vH wliirh viv ti.ivr dcscrdicd. Dili aUoitt a {icnod tnr- 
 rt^ttpoiidiiiK to the bcffmiiinK of the lentli ccniury in iln- 
 <'lirintian t>ra, Hcvcnii tribi-H moved in auct-osHivi' mi 
 ^raiioiiH Iroiii unknown rr^ionn lowartts tliu north nnil 
 horlhwrHt, and bctlh'd nt dillrrrnt provinrrs of Ann- 
 huiir, lint am-icnt namit of Nt-w .S|)ain. Thrsr, innrt- 
 civili/rd than tho onirtnal mhahitantu, Itcpin to lorm 
 tlifin lo thr aria of MOfiat hfi;. At Icn^lh, toward." lUv. 
 coinini'Mcnni'iit o\ tlic tlnrrcftnth ci'iitiiry, lh« M( ki- 
 cana, a pfopU' more poli.Hluxl than any of ihc funniT, 
 advani-rd tnnn tho border of the Cdlifonnan ^nlf, and 
 luuk |K)M!ieMsion of the planiH adjacent lo tho f^reat lake 
 near ih« centre of the rounlry After reHidtn^ there 
 about fifty years, they founded a town, Huiee distin- 
 (iul^hed t)y the name of Mriuih whicli, from iiumbb- 
 bejinnmiiH, soon ^rew to be the most coiiaiderable city 
 in the New \N'ond. 'i'he Mexioann, li"itj aller- thev 
 were e!itabbslied in (lieir new pussessioos, eoiituiurd, 
 like oiIht iiiarlut tnhes m Ainenea, tmac«iiumled wilh 
 n.'L'al dominion, and were m»verind m peace, and con- 
 diu led III war, by biich as were eiitilled to pre-emiiieuee 
 by their vMsdoin or thrir valor, liut among ihcm, as 
 in ottier fifties who^e power and ttrniones hecome ex- 
 luii.sive. the siipreitu' .uithontv erutereJ at last m a Mil- 
 fl'.v per.-*oii ; and whiii 'lie Spaniards undi-r ('ortrs m- 
 vadeil the country, Moitte/.unta vvas the ninth monarch 
 in order wim bad swayed the Mexican sceptre, not by 
 beredilary ri^lit, but by election. 
 
 Such IH the tradiiioiial late of the Mexicans concern- 
 ing the proi*reM )f their own empire. Aecordmtr lu 
 thi.t, it.i duraiion was very short. From (lie first ini- 
 (Tration of ihrjr piircnt tribe, tliev can reckon little nioro 
 than three huinlreii vears. I''rom tin; eslalilishinenl o( 
 monarchical pnernuieiit, not ahove a liundrcd mid 
 thirty years according to one account, or a hundred 
 »m' nin-'tv-Mevrn accordin^i to aiiolher compulation, 
 b I'l 'I'lp^i! 'I If. oil one h.iiid, we KUppose ihe Mexi- 
 t .;! >i.iif N' lave iK-en of lusher anli«piity, and to have 
 k ■ ' I '' .urm;^ mich a leii|>th of lime a^ the .Spiiiush 
 accountu i ^ its civilt/ation would iiHturally lead us to 
 conclude, it is ditlicuU to conceive how. animi>; a peo- 
 ple who poKKi'sscd the art of recordmj; event.t by pic- 
 tures, ami who eohsiilereit it as an e^Kenlial part of 
 thetr national education, lo teach llieir < hildren to re- 
 peat ihe hixiorical kou^h which eetebral<'d the exploits 
 cf tlicir ancestor.^, Ihe kuowlt'd;:e of past transactioiiH 
 ehotild he so sleiidiT and Imiiled. If, on the other 
 iund, we adt>pl their own svMtein wUh renpcct lo the 
 ■ntuimdes ot llietr nation, it is no less diMicull to ac- 
 ciumt either lor that iin)>r()ved stale ef rtocuMv, or for 
 tiie evteiiHive doniiiiion to whicii their empire had at- 
 tained when t'lrst visited by the Sp.irmirdH. The in- 
 laiicy of nations in so Ion;;, and, cmii vxlien every cir- 
 cumstance lit favoraiile to their pro>;resM, they advance 
 HO ^lowly towards any maturily ol strength or policy, 
 that the recent oriLfiu of the Meiicmis seems to be a 
 ftlriMi»i presumptnm of si)mii' e.va;,'^eriition in tiie splen- 
 did dchiriptinns which lia\e been ^Mven of iheir govern- 
 ment ami mamiers. 
 
 lint It Is tiol liy theory or con|ectures that history 
 decides Willi re;;.ird lo the state or character of natiuns. 
 It produces hu'is as the louiid.ili>)u ol everv jiuiu'inent 
 which It Ventures to pronounce In collii'imi,' tho^e 
 which must regulate our upmion in the present nupiirv, 
 some occur that sni:i;est an ide.i of eoiisider.tbh- pro- 
 trress 01 civib/.alion in llie Mevicin empire, and oihcrs 
 wbich seem to indiciitc t'lal it hid advinced liut litllt 
 lievond ;lie saxii^rc trihe.4 .irouud it Hoth sh.dl he ex- 
 bilMted to the view of tlie render, ihil, from compaiin;; 
 tliem, he may leterimne uii which t>ide the evub-iice 
 pre poiidf rates 
 
 In llu- Mexican empire, the n^lit of private propcrtv 
 waH pirfoctly understood, and eslabbstied m its full 
 rxteht. Anions several savage tribes, wo have seen, 
 
 i:ina,1lii>UKhl It ni>ii-<i«;ii\ lorolor tin' (inittx whit h they t)i<vt< 
 piiMl^heil, uit'l Ihcy lisv,' mi trr lieirii cenHi|[i'<| on llial uc- 
 Kiunt. He Ml IV ift ii!i.^iii) <1, iliitl tliouf!li ttii' ciitor*. ni itie 
 V^nntniK-i hi ttie lin|><-iul Lilirsrv are r<-riiiirkiii>h l>ruhli tlu'v 
 
 lire lai«l on witliniii nrl, I Mnhntit " luiv ol Itr.t ri'iinrU (o 
 
 liKht <^<i(l Klintle, nf (lie riii)-<« of pi'rs|ici'itvi'," which M. <:ia- 
 vl((*rorf.iuiri'S. Vol. ||. .i:h It Mie |mMiC i'*|»reHH itnv ilo- 
 •ire to hnvi' Ihe seven |isiiiniii;s m(iI1 ui niv iMiHsi-t- ion i-in-tiit <il, 
 I sin ri'sttv (>i euinttiniiir Or ihrin. Tin' |>init |>iittit%||i'<t hv 
 Opniullt t'srrt'ri, n| (he routi' of tiie anritnt Miak aip> ulnii 
 thtiv Irn^elli'i) towariN tin- hike on uhhh llic\ l>uilt ll»' < .i)ii- 
 tsl ol llH'ir enipue. (ih. it. hill, V.»|, jV. |< |^|.) i, iiu. u,.,s\ 
 Imisliiul nionilinent >m iirl lirouuht liom tin- Ni ^\ \\\r, til, ;ni>t 
 yi't s \t'rv slik'hl iniiiixMiiori ol it will Nali^fv vwrv une, 'liril 
 ii>v annalH ot a natmn cunvoved tn this iiiatnier must tiu very 
 tuodgra and nnjwrluct. 
 
 that the idea of a title to tbo separate and cxrbisivo 
 IHiHsession of iiiy object was hardly known ; and that 
 nmoti^ all it was extremely limited and ill defined. 
 Hut III Mexico, where afinculture and indnstry hail 
 made some progress, the dislinciion between prop<'rty 
 in land and property in ^oods had taken place. Hoth 
 111 '. he transferred from one persvii lo another by 
 S.I, or h.irter ; both iiiii»ht descend by inheritan<.'e. 
 Kvery person who <-otild be denounnatcd a freeman had 
 property m land. This, however, tliey lieM by various 
 tenures. Some ])OAses.>i(Hl it in full rioht, and it de- 
 •ceiided to their heirs. 'I'lie litle of others lo tlnir 
 lands was derived from the otlice ordii;nity which lln-y 
 enjoyed ; and when deprived of the tatter, ihey lost 
 possession of the former. Hoth tlicse modes of occu- 
 pying land were deemed noble, and peculiar lo ciluens 
 oi' the highest class. Tlio tenure by winch tlie jjreal 
 !)0<iy of ttie people held their jiroperty, was very dif- 
 ferent. In every district a certain quantity of land was 
 measured out m prnpurlion to tlie number of families 
 This was cuttivateil by tlie joint latior of Itie wliole; 
 lis produce was de|tosited in a common storehouse, and 
 divided ainon^j tliein according to their respective exi- 
 ^M ncies. 'i'he members of the fV//)u//(r, or associa- 
 tions, could not nbeiuite tlieir share .>f the eomiium 
 estate ; It was an indivisible permanent property, des- 
 tined for the support of tlieir families. In consetpicnco 
 of this dislrdnition of the territory of the state, every 
 man liad an interest in its welfare, and llie happiness 
 of the individual was connected with llie public secu- 
 rity 
 
 Another striking circumstance, which distinmiisbes 
 the Mexican empire from those nations in America 
 we liave already described, is the number and ^ri>at- 
 ness of its cities. W'liile society conliiujes m n rude 
 slate, Ihe wants of men are so few. and they sl;uid so 
 tittle in need of mutual assistance, lliat their induce- 
 ments to crowd loijelher are extremely b-eble. 'I'lic' 
 imlustry nl tlie same time is so nnperfect, that it ea <- 
 not sicure sulisistence for any considerable nuinber ot 
 faimhes »-etlted in one spot. They live dispersed, at 
 this periiMl, from choicr , as welt as from necessity, or 
 at the utmost assemble in small hamlets mi *he banks 
 of tilt! river which supplies tliein with biud. or on th.* 
 border of some plain left open by nature, or cleared by 
 their own t.ibor. The Spanmrds. ac<'ustomed to this 
 niode of habitation amoii^r all tiie sava^rc mlies with 
 which tliey were lutherio acquainted, were astunishcd, 
 on entering New Spam, lo lind the natives resulini; in 
 towns of such extent as roeinbled those oi' Kiirope 
 In tiie lirst fervor of their adimnHion, they compared 
 Zempoalla, lhouL;li a town only of tlie second or llurd 
 s:/e, to the cities of greatest note in their own country. 
 When, afterwards, ihey visitid in siiecrssion Tlascala. 
 Chobita, 'I'acuba. 'IV/eueo, and Mexii-o ilsi If, their 
 ama/enient increased so nmch, that it letl ;hem to con- 
 vey ideas of their maijmliide and populousnes.* boriler- 
 iii^r on what is incredible. liven when there in leisure 
 tor ob.servation, and no interest that Icad:^ to deceive, 
 eonjci-tiiral estimaM-s of the nuinber of piople in citicA 
 are extremely loose, and usually much exap'i'i rat"tl. 
 It IS not surprising, then, that Cortes and his coin- 
 |)anions, little accustomed lo such eomputations. and 
 |H>wirfiillv tempted to tna^idfy, m order lo exalt the 
 tiien' of the:r own disco\ cries and coni;uests, stunild 
 have bet ti hi trayed into this cinnmon errf>r, autl have 
 raised their descriptions considerably alHive truth. For 
 this reason, some eonsideralile ali.itement ouubt lo Im- 
 matle tnmi their calcul.itions of the miinlKT ot mhabi- 
 t. lilts HI the Ml ^tean cities, and we may fix iIh> si.iii- 
 d.ird of tlieir populaium mucli hiwi i tliaii tliiy have 
 done ; but si;ll tin y will appenr lo be eities of such 
 eoii>eipirnee as itre not lo iie found but aiming pet>ple 
 wilt) lia\e m.ide some con.^nleiidile jirt)i.'rt ss m the arts 
 !■} social tile [14')] IVom their arrounis, we can 
 Itaritly supftuse Mt xtco, the capital ol the empire, to 
 ba\e con:ained fewer than sixty thou^and mhalntants 
 
 The separatum of profesHnnis anion;/ llii' .Mexican.4 is 
 a svniplum of miproxenn nt no I'-'s reiii'irkable. .\rts, 
 in the early ajjes tj| society, ar" .>o lew aiitl so "imple. 
 'hat each u.ati m sutliciently ninstt r ttf them all, 'o 
 ^ratI!y every dt inaiitl ol his own limitid tlesires The 
 suvaire can form Ins bow, poml his arrows. rv,\T his hut, 
 anil hollow bis canoe, without calling in the aid of any 
 hand more skilful than Ins own. 'I'mie must have aug- 
 mented the wanl.-t of im n. and ripened their mgemnty, 
 beftire the proiluclions of art became st) coiii|^icatetl in 
 tlie;r structure, or so eiinous m tlieir fabric, tliat a par- 
 ticular etiur.-ie of etiucatlun was requisite lt)wards form* 
 iiit» the arlilicer to e^pirlne.-'H in roiilri\ iiici* and wmk- 
 Miaii'-hip In propoiiion as retinenn-iit spreads, tlie 
 
 out into more numerous and jninute subdivibions. 
 Amon^ i\w Mexicans, tins He|iaralion of the arts ncf ea- 
 sary in life bad taken place to a considerable ext'.uit. 
 The functions of the mason, the weaver, the goldsmith, 
 the painter, and of several other crafts, were carried on 
 by different persons. Kacli was ret;ularly instructed in 
 his calling. To it nlonu his industry was confined, 
 and by assiduous application to one object. tOf;clher 
 with the persevernif; patience peculiar to Americans, 
 their artisans attaiiHd to a decree ol neatness and per- 
 fection III work, far beytmd what could have been ex- 
 pected from the rtitle tools which they employed. 
 I'heir various productions were brought into commerce; 
 and by the exchange of them in llin staled markets 
 held m the cities, not only were their mutual wants 
 supplied, in such orderly intercourse as characterizca 
 an itnproved state of society, but their industry was 
 tiailv rendered persevering and inventive. ^[^ 
 
 Tiie distinction of ranks established m the Mexican 
 empire, is the next circimiHtanre that merits attention. 
 In siirveym<; the sava^'e tribes of America, wc ob- 
 served, that conseimisness of equality, and impatience 
 of subordination, are fieiitnnenis natural to man in the 
 infancy of civil life. During peace, the authority of a 
 supchor is hardly felt aiium^ tliem, and even in war it 
 IS but little acknowledged Stran^t rs to the idea of 
 property, the diflerence in condition lesullinj; from the 
 inetpiabty of it is unknown. Hirlli or titles confer no 
 pre-eminence ; it is only by personal merit and accom- 
 plishments that distinction can be ac(piircd. The form 
 t)f society was very tiifl'ereiit amunt; the Mt>xicans. 
 The great body of the people was in a most liumiliatm^ 
 state. A considerable numt)er. known by the name of 
 J/(n/(ii/t/rv, nearly resembled ineoudilion those pensanla 
 who, under variou.s dencmmatnms, were considere<l 
 during th>' prevalence of the feudal system, as instru- 
 ments of lahor attached to the soil. The Mayaqufa 
 could imi clianoe their place of residence without per- 
 misMoii of the superior on whom tliey dtjientled. 'I'hey 
 were conveyed, Itigether with the lands on which they 
 were settleil. frtun one proprietttr to another ; and were 
 tioiintl to cultivate tin- groiuul, ami to perform several 
 kiiitls of servile work. IHhers were rediiceti lo tho 
 lowest form of si'l))erIion, that of diunestic servitude, 
 and felt ttio utmost riijor of that wretched state. Their 
 condition wa^ heltl to be so yde, and their lives ileemcd 
 of .HO bitle value, that a person wjio killed one of theso 
 slaves wiis not ^snlijeited to any punishment. V .,» 
 those con idered n^ freemen were treated by their 
 haugby l-utis n.% beings of an inhTior species 'I'lio 
 nobles, jk ssessed of unipte territoric.*, were d)\ided 
 into various cta.t>es. to each of which peculiar titles of 
 honor belonged Some of these titles, like their laiuU, 
 de>'cendetl frmii father to sun in perpetual sncci^ssuui. 
 Others were aiine.xetl to particular i>tiices, or conferred 
 during tile rs marks of personal distinction. The 
 monarcli, exalted above alt, eiiji>yetl extensive jiower 
 and liupreme dignity Thus the distinction of ranks 
 was coinplclelv est ihlishett, in a line of regular subor- 
 dinalnm, reailung fnun the liiohest lo the lowest mem- 
 ber t)f the lommuintv liach ..< lh(>e kiH'W what ho 
 cmitd claim, and what he owed. The people, who 
 were not allowed to vMar a dress of the same fashion, 
 tir to dwell III tiouses of a form similar lo those oi the 
 nobles, accosted them wnli the most submissive revtv 
 rence. In the preseiirr of their soven lun, they dursl 
 not l.fl ilieir eves from the groiiti'l, or look bun in llio 
 \acv. The iiohles themstlves, when ailmitted to an 
 aiuiieiice of ttu'ir sovereiiiii, enltred barelootetl, in 
 ini'ati ga'menls. and, as his slaves, paiil liim htmnt|;o 
 approaching to adtuatum Thi.s re'»pecl, due from in- 
 lenors lo those abtive thi'in m rank, was presiribed 
 with such ceremonious iimiriicv. that it incorptiraled 
 with the lingiiaof, and influenced it<<t genius and idimn. 
 The Mexican tongue aWountletl in expressions ot reve- 
 leiice anil ctuirtesy. The style ami appellations us<hI 
 Ml the intercourse bt tween equals would have been so 
 nnlxM'jining in the mouth ol one in a tower sjihetc, 
 when he accusted a peiMUi in higher rank, as to tio 
 deemed nn insult I 1-llij ll is only m soeieties, wliteh 
 tune and tlie mstitntmn of regular govermm nt have 
 moulih'd into form, thai we find such an orderly ar- 
 rangement of men into ditbrent raiiki, and such nicu 
 attention paid to their various righla. 
 
 The H))irit of the Mexicans, thus fainiliari/ed nnd 
 beiuled to subordination, was prepared for .siibmittm;* 
 lo monarchical guvernnu'ul. Hut the description of 
 iluir pt>licy and laws, by Ihe Spaniards who overturmd 
 them, are so inaccurate and ctuitradiiiory, that it Is 
 dillicult to dl lineate tlir loviii of their cini^tmitioii with 
 I any precision. Sometimes ihev represent the nion- 
 
 distuictjutk uf LrolLSfiions mcrcaye^, and they brunch I urchs of Mcsico os absolute, duciding accoriiiiig tn 
 
i.ia 
 
 ROHERTSON'S HISTORY OP 
 
 : IP: 
 
 their pleasure with respect to every operation of the 
 atate. On other occasions, we diarovri the tnrrn of 
 established customs and laws, framed ni order to cir- 
 cumscribe the power of the crown, and we mrct witli 
 rights and privileges of the noliles whicli scrincd lo 
 be opposed as barriers against its rncrnachmenls. 
 This appearance of mcunsisienrv has arisen from in- 
 attention lo the innovations of Montezuma upon the 
 Mexican policy. Hia aspinni; ambition subvened Uic 
 original system of government, and introduced a pure 
 despotism. He disretrarded the ancient laws, vjolitrd 
 the privileges held most sacred, and reduced hn sub- 
 jects of every order to the h'vel of slaves, 'i'lie chiefs, 
 or nobles of the firat rank, submitted lo *hv voke with 
 puch reluctance tliat, from impaticTice to shake it oil', 
 and hope of recovering their nshts. nuiiv of them 
 courted the protection of Cortes, and joined a foreign 
 power a^^inst their domestic oppressor It is not then 
 imdcr tlie dominion of Montezuma, but under the 
 govertiment of his predecessors, that we can discover 
 what was iho original form and genius of Mexican 
 policy. From the foundation of the monarchy to the 
 election of Montezuma, it seems to have subsisted with 
 little variation, That body of citizens, which may be 
 diatingnir.hed by the name of nobility, formed the chit f 
 and most rcspectalilo order in the state. They were 
 of various niiiks, as has been already observed, and 
 their honors were acquired and tiansnntled in ditferenl 
 manncra. Their number seems lu have been great. 
 According tc an uulhor accustomed to examine with 
 attention what ii" relates, there were in the Mexican 
 empire thirty of this order. e.irh of whom had in his 
 teriilories about a h indred thousand people ; and sub- 
 ordinate to these, there were about three thousand 
 nobles of a lower etiss. The terrilorics belonging lo 
 the diiefs of 'I'ezeuco and 'I'acnba were hardly inferior 
 in extent to liiose of ihe Mexican fuonarch. Each of 
 these possessed co-npleie territorial jurisdiction, and 
 levied taxes from their own vassals. Uut all fulUmed 
 the standard of Mexico in war, serving with a number 
 of men in proportion to their domam. i.nd mo»t of them 
 paid tribute to its nonarch as their superior lord. 
 
 In tracing those great lines of tlie Me^fican constitu- 
 tion, an iioage of leuddl puhcv. in its most rigid form, 
 rises to view, and wc dl^ce^n its tliree distinguishing 
 characteristics, a iiobiliiy possessing almost iiuiependont 
 authority, a people depressed into the lowest slate of 
 Bubjcclinn, and a king inrrusted with the executive 
 po^%'er of the state Its spirit and |)rinciplcs seem to 
 nave operated in the New World in the same manner 
 as IP the aiu-ient. The jurisdiction of tlie crown was 
 extremely limited. All real and effecUve authority was 
 ret^ :ied by the Mexican nobles in their own hands, and 
 the ahatlow of it only left to the king, .lealuus to ex- 
 cess itf tlH'ir own riglit.H, they guarded with the most 
 vigilant aiuiety sgninsl the eiicroaclnueots of their sove- 
 reigns. By a fundumental law of the empire, it was 
 providtd that the king should not dete. .,ine concerning 
 any point of general im|'ortance without the epproba- 
 lion of a council composed of the prime nobility. I'n- 
 less he obtained their consent, he couh) iiotfugage the 
 nation in war, nor could he dispose of the most con- 
 Biderahle branch of the pulilic reveniM; at pleasure ; it 
 was a['[>ropriated to I'lrtaui purposes Irom which i( 
 could not lie diverted 'jy ti.e regal aulhontv alone. In 
 order lo secure full i llect to those coiistitutional re- 
 flraints, the Mexican noMes d:d not permit their crown 
 to descend liy mheriunce, but dnpOM-d of it Iiy eh-c 
 lion Ttie right of election .■«eenis lo liave been 
 onginatlv vested in the whole body uf nobility. Imt was 
 afterwards coTnmil led lottix rleclurs, of whom the duels 
 of Tezeuro and Taeuba were always two. From res- 
 pect for the f.irnily of their monarchs. the choice lell 
 generally I'pon Mune person sprung from it. liul as 
 th" uclivity and valor of their prince were of greater 
 moment to a peojde perpeiiially enuaged in war, than 
 a strict adhcrenrc ut llie onler of birth, collaterals ol 
 mature age or of ilistingiuslied merit were often pre- 
 ferred lo those who were nearer tlie throne in iiireet 
 descent. To this maxim in iheir pohev. the Mexicans 
 appear to be indebted for such a succession of able und 
 warlike princes, as taised their empire in a short (leiod 
 to that exlraordinarv height of power which it had at- 
 tained when rorirs landed in New Spain, 
 
 While ilic juriMliction of the .Mex-can riionan'h con 
 tinned to be limited, it is iTobwhle that it was i-xercisetl 
 Wt(!i ItMle oiteiitaiion lint as tin ir uiithurilv bc'ii'tic 
 in^re extensive, the ^ph•lRlur of their go^ermuent aug- 
 mented It was in this bst slu*e tiiat the .Spaniards 
 beheld i( ; and ^lnlck with the appearance of Monte- 
 auma*B ( otirt, thev d( scrihe hh (lomp at ureal length, 
 anU with much admiration The number of bia aitend- 
 
 ants, the order, the silence, and the reverence with 
 which they served him ; the extent of his royal man* 
 sion, ih'i variety of lis apartments allotted lo diiriTcnt 
 otiicers, and the ostentulion with which his grandeur 
 wa.s displayed, whenever he permitted his suiijects to 
 behold liitii, seem lo resemble the magniticeiice of the 
 ancient monarchies in Asia, rather than the bhnplicity 
 o( the infant state.-* in the New World. 
 
 Hut it was not in the mere parade of royally that 
 the Mexican potentates exhibited llieir power ; ihey 
 luaiiifested it more betielicially in the order und regu- 
 larilv with which they conducled the internal adminis- 
 tralion and police of iheir durniuituts. Coinpleie juris- 
 diction, civil as well as criminal, over its own imme- 
 diate vassals, was vested in the crown. Judges were 
 appointed for each ilepartment ; and if we iimv rely on 
 the account which ihe Spanish writers give of the max- 
 ims and laws upon which thev founded their dectsions 
 with respect to the distribuiion of property and the 
 punishment of crimes, justice was administered in the 
 Slexican empire with a deyree of order and eipniy 
 resembling what lakes place in societies hightv civilized. 
 
 Their attention in providing for llie support of uovern- 
 ineiit was not less sagacious). Taxes were l.iiil upon 
 land, upon the acquisitions uf industry, and upon com- 
 modiltes oi every kind exposed to sale m the public 
 markets. These duties were considerahle, hut not 
 arbitrary or eMcqual. They were iniiiosed according 
 to established ..iles, and each knew what share of the 
 common burden he had to bear. As the use of money 
 was unknown, all the taxes werr ■ ..u in kind ; and thus 
 not only the nalunil prmluclions of ill the ditVerent pro- 
 vinces lu the empire, hut t-very sj)eeies of manufacture, 
 and every work of ingenuity and art, were colhcted m 
 the public storehouses. From those the emperor sup- 
 plied his numerous train of alleitdanis in [>eace, and his 
 armies during war, with food, with clulhes, and orna- 
 ments. Feople of itilerior coiublion. neitlier possess- 
 ing land nor eng.iged in commerce, were l»ound to the 
 performance of various services By their fttuteii labor 
 Ihe crown lands were cultivated, public works were 
 carried on, anil tiie various houses belonging to llie 
 einiieror were built and kept m repair. [14?J 
 
 The mi|iroved stale of governmenl among the Mex- 
 icans is conspicuous, not onlv m jioinls essential to the 
 being of a well ordered society, Inii in several regul.i- 
 tions of inferior conseijiience with respect lo polici-. 
 The instilution which I have ulreadv inentioncd, of 
 public couriers, stationed at proper intervals, to con- 
 vey intelligence from one part of the empire to the 
 other, was a retineriH'nt in police not inlrotluced into 
 any kingdom of Kurope at that period. The structure 
 uf the capital citv in a lake, with uriilicial dykes, and 
 causeways of great lenglli, which served as avenues to 
 It from ditlerent rpiarters, creeled in the water, with no 
 less ingeiiuily than labor, seems to be an idea thai 
 coiihl not ha\e occurred to any hut u civilized peojile. 
 The same observation may be applied to the structure 
 of tlie aqueducts or eonduils. by winch thev conveyed 
 a stream ef fresh water from a considcruhlu distance, 
 into the city, along one of the eauaewavs. f I'WJ The 
 appointment of a number of pirsons to ch-an the street.^, 
 to light them bv tires kinilhd in dillerent places, and 
 to patrol as waichmen during the tiiuhl, d!!«eovers u 
 degree of attention wiiieb even polished nations are 
 late in acquiring. 
 
 The progress oi Ihe Mexicans in various arts is con- 
 sidered as the MUJst deeis've proof of their superior re- 
 tinemi nt. Curli.* and the e.irly Spanish authors de- 
 scribe tins witii raplun.aiKl uiamtaiii.lh.it the most 
 eelelirated liUropeun artists could not surpass or even 
 equal lliein m ingeniiiiy and neatness uf workmansiup 
 Tlicy represented men, auniidls, and oilier ohjrcts, liy 
 such a dispotilion of various colored feathers, as is said 
 to have proiliiced all the e!leeti4 of light and shade, and 
 lo have imitated ualuru wilh truth and dehcacv 'Hieir 
 ornaments of gold and silver have been dcKcnhed to be 
 of a f.ibnc no less curious. But in forming any idea 
 from general doscriptioriH, concerning the state of arts 
 among nations iin{>erfectly polished, we are extremely 
 ready to ea. In examining the works of people whose 
 ailvances in improvement are nearly the saint with our 
 own, we view them wilh a critical and often with a 
 jealous eve Whereas when conscious of our own 
 Miperiority. we survey the arts of nations comparatively 
 rude, wc are usioni^hed at works executed by Uiotu 
 uii(!er Niich manifest distidvaiitHues. and, m the warmth 
 ol our admiraiion, are apt lo rt present them asiirodui- 
 tioiii more tinuhed ihaii they really are. To the inllu- 
 ence of this iPusion. withoul supposing any inleiition 
 to decetve, we may impute ihe exaggeration of some 
 Spanish authors, m thetr ucounu of tho Mexican artt. 
 
 It is not from those descriptions, but from eonairier- 
 ing such specimens of their arts as are still preaervcA 
 that we must decule concerning that degree of merit. 
 As the hinp in which (-'orles ^ent to Charles V. the 
 most curious productions of the Mexican artis.inflt 
 which were collected by the Spaniards when ihey (irst 
 pillaged the enq)irp, was taken by a french corsair, the 
 remaiiii' of their ingenuity are less numerous than those 
 of the I'eruvmns. Whether a i\ of their works with 
 feathers, in imitation of pain iii^. be slill extant in 
 Spain, I have not learned ; but ^iianv oi' their ormuiients 
 in i!ohl and Kilver. as w"!! .i,-, .arioiis nlensds employed 
 in common lite, are deposited iit Ihe magniticeiil ca- 
 binet of natural and atliticial productions lately opened 
 by the king of Sp.im ; -iiid 1 am mlonuetl by lUTNons 
 on whose judgment and la:*ie I can rely, ihat these 
 boasted ellorts of their art are muouih rejin'sentationa 
 of common objects, or very coarse images of the human 
 and some other forms, destitute of grace und propriety. 
 [149] The justness of t!iet«e observations is eonlirmed 
 by inspecting the wooden prints and cojiper plates of 
 llieir paintings, which have been pubbslicd by various 
 authors. In them every figure of men, of quailriipeds, 
 or birds, as well as every representation of luanimatdd 
 nature, is extremely rude and awkwird* The hardest 
 Ku'Vptian style, still" and imperfect as it was, is more 
 elegant. The scrawls of eiuidren delineate ••bjects 
 almost aa accurately. 
 
 But however low the Mexican paintinns may bo 
 ranked, whiui viewed merely as works of art, a very 
 ilili'erent slalu)n helongs lo lliem when ronsidered as 
 the records of their country, as hisiorical monuments 
 of Its policy and transactions; and ihey become cu- 
 rious OS well as mleresting objects of attention. 'i"ho 
 noblest and most benelicial invention of whicu human 
 iiiL'cmiuv can boast, is that ot wnnng. But the first 
 essays of this art, which hath contributetl uiore ihaii all 
 olh<rs to the iiuprovement ot tue species, were very 
 rude, antl it advanced towards pertrction slowly, and 
 bv a gradual proiiression. When llie wiirnor, eagci 
 lor fame, wished to Iraiistuit some knowled<^^u of hid 
 exploits to si'cceediiig ages ; wlien the jiratitude of a 
 people to their sovereign prompted tliein lo hand down 
 an account of his benetii-eut deed? to poslerily ; the 
 t'lrst method of accomplishnn; this, which >eeuis lo have 
 occurred to them, was to delinealc, in the best munoer 
 Ihey could, hguri--"* representitig the aclion, ot which 
 thev weru solicitous lo jireserve ihi? memory. Of this, 
 winch has very properly been calle<l putiire trritin<s, 
 we find truces among some of tlie most suvagb 
 tribes of America. Wlieii a Ie;ider returns from llio 
 liehl. he strips a tree of its bark, and wilh red paint 
 scratches u|H>n it some uncouth ligurcs which represent 
 
 * As as)M>ciim}i) of ihu spirit aii<l siylti in wlucti M. Chtvi- 
 ceri> niakL-.s liin titt icturt-.n U|kiii iii> iliiilory o( AiiiL-ricu, I sh.iil 
 |>uIiIimIi lii.s ri'ii.arks upon lliis puftsagr. " Thus lar llolwrt- 
 smi; tuwhnin wo answer, iirsi,T>uit there i» no reaittu) to 
 lieliuve lliHt tl..it,(- ru<lr works wt;ru riiiihy Mrxicaii: iccuiiilly, 
 Thiit iit'ithei tin \se kii'ivv uliether thiisu [h-'ihiiiih hi whoso 
 jMtl«iiieiil hrcoiitiitcs, in;iy he perHnnMit lo merit our t-iith, tte- 
 riiuse we have <il»M'rvi>il Ihat itoln-rtiioii truxlH fre<(ueiitly to 
 tliL' testiuioiiy ui (latte, t'orreal, Ibtitfiie/, ami ulhur such au- 
 Ihum, who are enti.'t^ly uuileservuiit ot crciiii : thiritly. It is 
 Mi.xe probahie (h;it llie arms of copper, l<*lu'vecl hy ihoKe in- 
 i«hii,'eiit jn'l«('H to he CLTlnuily Uiitiiilal, are re.illy Mexican." 
 Vol. II. ;t'JI.-~NVIiuh HO author, not entirely Uesiiiule ol in- 
 It irnty or tlmci'miiR-iit, ami \%ho |iu.i soniL> MiliL-itu^lt: aixait 
 ins owncharaciir, a.sseri.-i that he recnvivl lu.n iiilorni:itina 
 conetruinjt any particular point Imm err(»on» " on whoso 
 juil«iiiL'nl uinl lasif he can rvly ;" u vejy nit'iider dc«reo of 
 I amlor, oou shoiiia Ihiiik, iiUKtit iii'lucu the rcidt-r lo ih^Iiuvu 
 that \w (loiM not I'utU-nvor to iniposu upon thi> puhlu- hy iin 
 appeal lu lesiniioiiy aituuelliurunnorlin ol credit. .M> inlor- 
 iiiatum (oncvrhUiKllic Mexican worKsoi .nrt, :MtnUeii m lliu 
 kiii){ uf Spain's cuhiuet, was r'.ceivi-tj lioiri ' iti latu Lurii 
 (Jrantliaiu, snilinssiiilur eMraonliiiaiy iiuui ilnni)urt of Loi»- 
 tiiin to that lU MiiUrnl, ami Ironi Mr. Anhuearon WrtUdilove, 
 (hapluinto Ihu emhaMtty i aii>t it was upon their iu)th«nly that 
 I proiioiuieeil tlutcuulol annor. nicntioiu-il iii tlie (lolu.tobti 
 ol Oriental tuhrir. As they went Ixali ai Mtuliidni iheu pub- 
 he ( har.ictcr, when Ihe firnt udltlon ol the Mistorv of America 
 Wii.s puttliKhc'l, t thou'-'ht It iliiproprr nt ihat linir lu nientiuii 
 their nunie^. th>l (hen ileciNion (-oiii-rriunuautsllerol lante, 
 Ol their tfisiiriiuiiv coiiceruuiK a imihiI ui luI, sta.ut ih ueetl 
 ofconlirmalion, I uil«ht prinluce the oii.lence ol an intelll- 
 ^eht travf Hit, wIiu, iatlescribma lliu rovalcahinel ol MaUriii* 
 takes iiouce that it cuitlaius " s^fceiuii^n.^ ol .Stexiean ai.d Ve- 
 ruvianutrn.silii, va.>es, &c. la eartheiiwure, wretchol both n 
 ta»t8 antl exeration." UilloirsTraveli throunh S|.aui, p. 77. 
 As lJft«u eoaiposeii tus Survey "l New Spam with all tlio zeal 
 auit aeniiioay of a now cunvurt, I havu (uiil hUhi rcKard to 
 \\\h tesliihoay with re«i>«cl to iKunln reliitiiiK I" rchsina. Bui 
 as he reitiilKil m iftveral pnivnictis iii Nuw Hpaiii. whnti tra 
 velluis selduiii visit, add an hn iteeins to have nhservud Iholi 
 inaatieri and laws with an inielhiieai eye, I have availed aijr* 
 Kt 11 uf III'* tiiltrnnatioii with re •perl lonnttters wliire lehtjloiM 
 opiiiioa I oalti have little uittucntc. Correal I iiavi .seuttun 
 <(U»teil, and never restnd uikui hinnvidonce aloiio Tho »ta^ 
 uon la which lt>at(n<:K vvsk uaiphnvd m Aiaenc.i, as well ua 
 11(0 ciedU (jiveu to his vcnieily, iiv prinlmi< hu Hemio Jesu- 
 iii.o aiaonx th" laiK*' colh-etion o| do. uintiits piiiili'.hpd (as 
 1 hui'vve hv nulhonly) at Madrid, A- U. 17«7,juaiiUe» tnc far 
 a^'t'v'aling to jus tuttaanty 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 from rons»ln^ 
 ' "iill pmervcd 
 lii'Krci' of merit. 
 If'liarlcs V. the 
 I'Jiiian arlisans, 
 livhrii they iir»t 
 [Mill comair, tho 
 irons than those 
 |t'ir works with 
 "III! I'jiurit ill 
 |th<>irorn;iiiirnts 
 I'lisils c'ilijiloycil 
 IllliUMillici'luV.v 
 li» liilrly n|ii<ncd 
 IiikmI hy prTsoiis 
 Iri'ly, that ihcsu 
 1 ri pri'si'nlalions 
 IPS of ihu hiiinaii 
 |i" ami |)ro[irii'ty. 
 lins i.s lonlirimil 
 |o|i|«'r pljics of 
 Vird by various 
 of i|iiaclrii|iiMl3, 
 
 ' of inai aliid 
 
 * 'Ihu liardcst 
 I it was, IS more 
 I'hm'alc .'lijecls 
 
 "linus may bo 
 of art. a very 
 coimiilcri'd as 
 lal iiionumi'iiis 
 ly Imtouk: ni- 
 lii'riiinn. 'I'ho 
 "liHu hiiMian 
 iiut tl.c lirst 
 1 n.orc than all 
 rii's. Ki'w very 
 ion hlinvly, mij 
 warrior, cai;ci 
 .>«liilu'o of hid 
 liratiiiidc of a 
 1 (0 hand down 
 |MiMiTiiy ; the 
 .MiMiis to have 
 III' lii'st iihiniii'r 
 I'lion, of which 
 nory. ( )(' ihia, 
 iiiliirr irriliii!,', 
 : most huvnfie 
 inriis from tho 
 will) red jiaint 
 vhli'h ri'iiri'scnt 
 
 »lm:li .M. l'Ijh- 
 AniLTira, I sli.ui 
 
 'lius tar H.itwrt- 
 
 IH no roaHiiii ui 
 
 xican ; iL-t-uiitily, 
 
 riiuuH III wliuso 
 
 ■ritiMirl.iitli, he- 
 ll* fu'.)iu'iitiv to 
 otIiL-r Mirli an- 
 
 I . llur.ll), li I., 
 
 |>'I liy lli..»o 111- 
 
 Mlly Mi-iiiMii." 
 
 (JcXIIIllli- »| 111- 
 
 I'llL-nuiic alMtut 
 Ills liil<>riii.ilit>i) 
 w " on wfKwo 
 ■iitler dciirtio «f 
 ."li-r In nclii.vi) 
 K imlilir l,y im 
 'lit. M) liilor- 
 poMled in Ihu 
 ■ u) latu LoM 
 iimirl iiri.ui|. 
 Ml VVKiiililuve, 
 aullii.nty Ihkt 
 lliu noiu, ttilje 
 Klinllii-irpiib* 
 T* "1 AiiRTica 
 IP lu iiiinitiuii 
 lall'T ol CmIo, 
 tl^i.id 111 iieuu 
 "I an nilulli- 
 nel ul Miidnii* 
 xii'ait ai.il J>0. 
 t>li.'.l both n 
 h f^i'ain, p. 77. 
 Ill all llio iral 
 111" ronard 10 
 'c'lmiun. Out 
 n. wliK'h Ira 
 JisiTVHd thafi 
 availed my- 
 licrt- ii'liffloiul 
 liavi .svlili'in 
 10 Tint al^ 
 1. an vvi'll ua 
 Ht'uau Je»u» 
 imlili^hml (a> 
 stulec me for 
 
 168 
 
 Chn order cf hi* march, the luimbcr of his follovvcrfi, the 
 enemy whtm he ittucked, the scalps and captivcn which 
 ^ liruiight home. To thofp fliinph; annals he tni'^is 
 for reiinw.-t, and sootltea himself with hope that by their 
 mfians hi' shall receive praise from llie warriors of fu- 
 ture times. 
 
 (Compared with those awkward essays of their aavngc 
 countrvmen, (he paintinL's of the Mrxirans may he cun- 
 ftidi-ri-c as works of cun)|H>Kitioii and di^si^n. 'I'htiy 
 were not flcqiiamtcd, it is true, with any other metliod 
 of recording transactions than that uf dtlmuating the 
 objects which they wislitd to represent. But tliey 
 could exliitut n more complex series of events in pro- 
 pressive order, and describe, by a proper disposition of 
 figures, the occurrences of a kin^^'s reiyn from his ac- 
 cession to hi.s dejth ; the pro^resH of an infant's edu- 
 cation from itH birth until it attain to the years of ma- 
 ttinty ; the ditVerent recompenses and marks of distinc- 
 tion conferred upon warriors, in prufiortion to the 
 exploits which they had performed. •Some singular 
 Npecimcns of this picture writm>; have been preserved, 
 which are justly considered as tlie most curious monu- 
 nicnts of art brought from the New World. 'I he most 
 valuable of the^o was published by Purchas in sixty-aix 
 plates. It is divided into three parts. The first con- 
 tains the hiHtnry of the Mexican empire under its ten 
 monarch^. The second is a tribute roll, representing 
 wlia*. each eniiqucred town paid into the royal treasury. 
 The third is a code of their inslitulions, domestic, po- 
 litical, and military. Another specimen of Mexican 
 fuintiug has been published in thirty-two plates, by the 
 present archbishop of Toledo. To both is annexed a 
 full explanation of what the figures were intended to 
 represent, which was obtained by the S[>aniaril.s from 
 indians well acquainted with their own arts. The 
 Btyle of paiti'ing in ill ihtsr is the same Tliey reprn- 
 •rnt thint:s, not tmrds. Thev exhibit imagi>s to tlie 
 eye, not ideas to the uiiderstandinj^. 'J'hey may there- 
 fore be considered as the earliest and mo.^t imjurffct 
 essay of nun in their proiiress towards discovering the 
 art of wTitmg 'I'he defects m this mode uf recording 
 transactions must have liecn cnrly IcU To paint every 
 ucciirrcnct! was from its nature a Vi ry tedious opera- 
 tion ; and a*- affairs became more complicnted, arid 
 t'vents multiplied in >iny society, its annuls must have 
 swelled to HO enormous bulk. Desides this, no objects 
 could he delineated but those of sense ; the concep- 
 tions of tlie m.nd had no corporeal form ; and as lung 
 as picture writmg could not convey an idea of llirse. it 
 must have been a very imperfect iirt. The necessity 
 uf improving it must have loused and sharpened inven- 
 tion ; and llie human uund, holduig the same course in 
 the New World as m the Old, mit*lit have advanced by the 
 name successive steps, first, from an actual picture to 
 the plain hicrni:typhic ; next to the alle<^oricul svmbol ; 
 then to the arbitrary character ; until, at length, an 
 alphabet of letters was discovered, cnpalile of express- 
 ing all the various combinations of sound emploved in 
 speedi. In the paintings of ihc Me.tirans vvi- accord- 
 ingly perceive that this progress was begun among 
 them. Cpon an attentive msjMctiun of 'he plates, 
 which I have mentioned, we may observe some ap- 
 proiich to the plain or sintiile hieroglyphic, where some 
 pnncipiil part or circuin*<tatice in the subject is inudt* to 
 st.tiiil (or the whole In the annals of ihnr kings, pub- 
 hsluil by I'urchas, the towns conquered by each are 
 llui!orinly represented in llie s:iine manner by a rude 
 delineurion of a house ; but in order to point nut the 
 pailirutar towns whicii submitted to their victorious 
 arms, peculiar emblcm«». someitmeB natural objects, 
 and sometimes urtiticial llu'ures, nr*? emploved. In the 
 tribute-roll pubhshed liy the Archbishop of 'I'olcdo, the 
 hou.se which wa.H properly the picture of the town, is 
 oinittcd, and the emideiii uluoa is en.ploved to represent 
 it 'I'he Mexican.^ s*em avcii to hiive made some ad- 
 vances beyond this, towards the um- of the more tiirura- 
 tive and fanciful hieroglyphic. In order to describe a 
 monarch who had enlarged his dommious bv tbrce of 
 arms, they painted a target ornamented with darts, r.nd 
 placed it bctweun him and those towns which he sub- 
 dued. Hut II IS only in one instance, tho notation of 
 DiunbfTs, thav wp discern any atieiii|ii to exhibit ideas 
 which had no corporeal lorm. The Mexican painters 
 had invented artMicial maik^, or siijns uf conrentum 
 for this purpow* By means nf these, they computed 
 Uio veurs of tlieir kings" reign!", us well as the aaioum 
 of Inbijto to be paid into the royal treaiurv Tlie liumn 
 of a ciirle represented unit ; and in small numberf 
 the ci,inputali(m was made by repeating it, lArivr 
 numbers were expressed by a peculiar mark , and ihrv 
 lud such as denon .' all mtegial numbers, from twvKtr 
 -JO jight thuakand. lliu short duration of lotur eiuiitf* 
 
 prevented the Mexicans from advancing further in that 
 long course winch conducts men from the laiior of de- 
 lineating real objects, to the simplicity and ease of 
 alphabetic writing. 'I'heir records, notwithstanding 
 some dawn of such ideas as might have led to a more 
 perfect style, can dc considered as little moT'.; than a 
 species of picture-writing, eo far improved as to mark 
 their sujieriority over the savage tribes of America ; but 
 still so defective as to prove that tliey had not proceed- 
 ed far beyond the first stage in tiiat progrt ss v\hich 
 must bn completed before any people can be ranked 
 among pohslud nations. [ir>OJ 
 
 Their mode of computing time may be considered 
 as a more decisive evidence of their progress m im- 
 provement. 'I'hey divided their year into eighteen 
 months, consisting of twenty days ; amounting in all 
 to three hundred and sixty. But as they observed that 
 the course of the sun was not completed in that time, 
 they added live days to tho year. These, which were 
 properly intercalary days, tliey termed aupernumerarxj 
 or waste i and as they did not belong to any month, no 
 work was done, and no sacred vilo performed on them ; 
 they were devoted wholly to festivity and pastime.* 
 'I'his near approach to philosophical accuracy is a re- 
 markable proof, that the Mexicans had besiuwed some 
 atteiuion upon inquiries and speculations to which men 
 in a very rude state never turn their thoughts. 
 
 Such arc the moat striking particulars m the manners 
 and policy of the Mexicans, which exhibit them to view 
 as a people considerably refined. Hut from otlier cir- 
 cumstances, one IS apt to sus|)€Ct that their character, 
 and many of their institutions, did not differ greatly 
 from those of the other inhabitants of America. 
 
 Like the rude tribes around then., the Mexicans were 
 incessantly engaged in war, and the motives which 
 prompted them to hostility seem to have been the 
 same. They foiiyht in order to graiify their vengeance 
 by sheddnig the liiood of their enemies. In battle they 
 were chielly intent ou Inking prisoners ; and it was by 
 the number of these that they estimated the glory of 
 victory. No capti\e was ever ransomed or spared. 
 All were Kacriliccd williciit mercy, and iheir (lesh 
 devoured with the same barbarous joy as among the 
 fiercest aavages. On some occasions it aro.-ii: to even 
 wilder excesseH. Their jiruicipal warriors covered 
 themselves with the skins of the unhappy victims, and 
 danced about the streets, buastmg of their own valor, 
 and exulting over ihctr enemies. lAcn m their civil 
 mstitutiuns we discover traces of that barbarous dis- 
 position which their system of war itispired. The four 
 <hief counsellors of the finpire were distiupuislipd by 
 titles, which coiild have been assumed only by a peo- 
 ple who delighted in bkod. [151] This ferocitv "f 
 character prevaded amo..g all the nations of New 
 Spain. The TIascalans, the people of Mechoacan, and 
 otlier states at enmity with the Mexicans, dehglited 
 equally in war, and treated their prisoners with the 
 same cruelty. In proportion as mankind combine in 
 social union, and live undi>r the influence of equal lawn 
 and regular [>olicy, their manners soften, sentiments of 
 humanity arisi*, and the rights of the species come to 
 lie undirstood The fiercen"ss of war attates, and 
 even while engaged in liostuity, men remember what 
 they owe one to another. 'Hio savage fiL'hts to de- 
 stroy, tho citizen to conquer The former neitiicr 
 piiies no* spares, the latter has acquired sensibility 
 winch tempers hi6 rage To Oi.s sensibdity the Mevi- 
 caiis seem to hive been perfect strangers ; and amimg 
 them war was carried on with so much of itn original 
 barbaritv. that \\v. cannot but susjiect their degree uf 
 civiliialion to have been very imperfect 
 
 Their funeral ritea were not Icbs bloody than those 
 of the nioftl savage Irilfea. On the death of any dis- 
 tinguished peraonage, mpecia ly of the emperor, a cer- 
 tain number of his attendant) were chosen to accom- 
 pany bun to the other world ; and those unfortunate 
 \icliins were put to death without mercy, and buried 
 111 the Maini! tomb. 
 
 Though tbi ir agriculture wa} more extensive than 
 that of the roving tribes who liusted chiefly to their 
 bow fur hiod, it seems not to have supplied them with 
 sudi Bubsistrnce as men ret,ure when engaged in 
 "fforls of active uidu?trv The .Spaniards appear not 
 to have been struck with anv superiority of tho Mexi- 
 cans over the other people ol America m bodily vigor 
 Ihuh, accorJiig to their observation, were of such a 
 h rt'le frame as to be unable to endure fatt^ue, and the 
 
 • 'llif M. iiciin TTi'ide III roinimtina linie, aiut every nilipr 
 pnrticuliii .1 Mttttit to Tlieir cnrnnolrtrv, lisvt- N en tuiiitiiliT- 
 nlily e)i>' -tatfl by M. Claviftrro. vol. i. t8n; vul. ii. *Jd6, .be. 
 Ttw otHM -vitltnns aiiil thiiorios of tbo Mniu-ans conceniinij 
 *lkt«o nut I u Uiscuver a nT*>atcr pmprrss in fpeciil»tivo 
 u>»..t wu t)Xk<l among any i^eojtle ir 'ixfy Nnw WuiM. 
 
 strength of one Spaniard exceeded that of several In- 
 dians. This they imputed to their scanty diet, on poof 
 fare, sullicient to preserve life, but not to give firmncaa 
 to their cunstilutiun. Such a remark could hardly 
 have been made with respect to any people furnished 
 plentifully with the necessaries of life. The difficulty 
 which (?urtes found in procuring subsistence for his 
 small body of soldiers, who were often constrained to 
 live on the spontaneous productions of the earth, seems 
 to confirm the remark of the Spanish wiiters, and 
 gives no high idea of the slate of cultivation in tho 
 Mexican empire. 
 
 A practice ihal was universal in New Spain appears 
 to favor tins opinion. The Mexican women gave suck 
 to their cliildren for several years, and duiing that Urn" 
 they did not cohabit with their husbands. This pre- 
 caution against a burdensome increase of progeny, 
 though necessary, as I have already observed, among 
 savages, who from the hardships of their condition, and 
 the precariousness of their subsistence, find it impossi- 
 ble to rear a numerous family, can hardly be supposed 
 to have continued among a people who lived at cuso 
 and m abiinrtnnce. 
 
 'J'lie vast extent of the Mexican empire, which has 
 been considered, and with justice, as the most decisivo 
 proof of a considerable progress in regular government 
 and police, is one of those facts in the history of iho 
 New World which seems to have been admitted with- 
 out due exanmiHtion or sufficient evidence. The Spa- 
 nish historians, in order to magnify the valor of tiioir 
 countrymen, are accustomed to represent the domirooa 
 nf Montezuma as stretching over all the prorinci'S ol 
 New Spain from the Nortliern to the Southern OceOD. 
 But a great part of the mountainous country wa^ pos- 
 sessed by the Otomtrs, a fierce uncivilized people, who 
 seem to have been the residue of the original inhabi- 
 tants. The provinces towards the north and wei»t of 
 Mexico, were occupied by the Chichfmecas, and other 
 tribes of hunters. None of these recognised the Mex- 
 ican monarch as their superior Kveii m the iiilprior 
 and more level country, there were several cities and 
 provinces which had never submitted to the Mexican 
 yoke. TIaseala, though only twenty-one leagues from 
 the capital of the empire, was an indepeiulenl and hos- 
 tile republic, (^olula, though still nearer, had been 
 subjected only a short tune before the arrival of tiio 
 Spaniards Tepeaca, at the distance of thirty leagues 
 from Mexico, seems to have been a separate state, 
 governed by its own laws. Mecboacar, the frontier ol 
 whicli extended withm forty leagues of Mexico, was u 
 powerful kingdom remarkable for its inqdacahle enimty 
 to the Mexican name. By these hostile powers tho 
 Mexican empire was circumscribed t-n every quarteri 
 and the high ideas which wn are apt to form of it from 
 (he description of the Spanish historians, should be cod- 
 Bidcrably moderated. 
 
 I n consequence of this indcpendt nee of several statca 
 in New Spam upon the Mexican empire, there was not 
 any considerablu intercourse between its various pro- 
 vinces. Kven in the interior country not far distant 
 from the capital, there seems to have been no roads to 
 lacilitate the cninmunicalion of one district with ano- 
 ther ; and when the Spaniards tirst attempted to pene- 
 trate into its several provincs, they had lu open their 
 way through forests and marshes fortes, m his ad- 
 venturous march from Mexico In lloudtiras, in iri'^sri. 
 met w.ili obstructions, and endured hardships little infe 
 nor to those wiili which he must have struL'^led in tho 
 most uncivili/cd regions of America In some placet* 
 he could hardly furcc a passage throuuh im|iervioua 
 woods, and plants orerflowed with water. In others 
 he found so little cultivation, that his troops were fre- 
 quently in dinger of perishing by famine Such facts 
 correspond ill with the pompous description which thft 
 Spanish writers give of Mexican pohce and industry, 
 and convey an idea uf a country nearly suuilar to tlint 
 possessed by the Indian tribes in North .\merica. Hero 
 and there a trading or a war path, as they are c«l!rd m 
 North .\merica, led from one settlement to another ; 
 but generally there appeared no sign of any estubliMiied 
 communication, few marka of industry, and fewer 
 monuments of art. 
 
 A proof of this imperfection m tiieir commercial 
 intercourse no less sinking is their want of money, or 
 some universal standard by which to estimate the valuo 
 of commodities. 'I'he discovery of this is among tho 
 steps of greatest consecpience in the progress of na- 
 tmns Until it bus been made, a\\ ti cir (runs«ctton>> 
 must be so awkard. ho opt rose, and so liuit'ei). that we 
 may boldly pronounce ihat they have adv.tu< *ii Hut a ht* 
 lie way in their career. The inventioti of suvh i ckto- 
 incrc «l ktandard is of lucu high antiquity in nur hem » 
 

 154 
 
 ROUKUTSON'S HISTORY OP 
 
 ^ (' 
 
 pliftt*. ami riM*B io fir bfyond the rr& of aiitlirtuic hin- 
 lory, at lo apprar uliJ:oHt cufval wiili thr cxisli-nct! of 
 •ocirty. The prrcioun int'tuU sirm to have I'Pf n f-arly 
 einpioyrtl for ttiia piirfiose ; and from llicir pftrinarirnl 
 value, their divitobihty, and many other 4)ualitii's, they 
 are hrlter adapted to avr^'o as a romiiion standard than 
 anv otht-r suhMance of which nature has K>vt>n ua the 
 command. Dut in the New World, where those nu'tuU 
 abound moat, the use of them was not known. The 
 exigencies of rude tribes, or of monarchies iniperfcctly 
 ciTilized,did not call for it. All iheircummtTcml inter- 
 course was curried on by barter ; and thiir ignorance 
 of Any common staiidard by which to facilttate that 
 eicban^e of commodities which contribiiteri so tnn.'h 
 towards the comfort of life, may Ite juatly nii't.tiomd 
 as an evidence of the infant stale of (heir jwhcy lint 
 even in the New World the inconvenience of wantmsr 
 some general instrument of commerce In-^an to be Ittl 
 Qud some elVoris were makni^ towards supplying that 
 defect. The Mexicanti, amon^ wlioii) the iiuinber and 
 greatness of their cities uave rise to a more eiiended 
 commerce than m any other part of Aiiurica, li.id lie- 
 ffun to employ a cotninon standard of value which ren- 
 nered small*>r trnnsactions much more easy. As cho- 
 colate was ilie favorite drink of persons m every rank 
 of lifr, the nuts or alni'jiids of cacao, of which it is 
 compO(>ril, wi.re of mwU universal cutiKumption, that, 
 in their slated mar'.ets. these were willingly received 
 in return for i.oii;moditie3 of small price. Thus they 
 cnnie to he cM^idered a:" the insinimrnl of cornmerce 
 and the vahie oi what unc wished to dispose of was 
 estiinatet! bv the numhi-r of nuts of the cacao, whii'li 
 he mi^»!it expert iii exrhange for it, This seems to l>e I 
 the luino.st lenuih wliici) the Americans had advaiu i-d 
 towards the discovery of any expedient for supplying 
 the use of money. And if the want of it is to be held, : 
 on one hand, as a proof of their barharicVi (Ins expe- I 
 dieiit for supplvni<; lh;it want should Ite admitted, on 
 the other, as an evidence no U-hs ;->niistymu of soiiie 
 pro^^es8 which the Mt xicins had made in lefmeiiu iit 
 and civdization beyni.d the sa'.n^e tribes around liu-in. 
 
 In such a nidi* st.ite wcrr manv of the Mexuun pro- 
 vinces when firs' isitcl by tlieir coiiciiierors. K\en 
 their cities, exit ii^i <. and populous us ihey were, seem 
 more til to he lie habitation of men just enuT^in^ 
 from barbarity, tl >t.i (he residence ot a polislied people. 
 Tlie drscriplioii of Tlascala nearly re.ii'inhli"* thai of 
 an Indian villai^fe. A number of low sirag^linK huts, 
 sca([4Ted atKJiii irregularly. a<. cording' (u ilie caprice oi 
 each proprietor, built wiiii turt and suine, and limtrlu-d 
 with reeds, without any liu'ht hut what thev received by 
 a door, so tow tnai it cuiild not be entered upri;,dit. In 
 Mexii o, thou^li from the peculiarity oi Us siiuatton, the 
 disposition of the houses was more orderly, the struc- 
 ture of the (rreater part WHS eijually mean Nur does 
 tlie fabric of their leruples, and other public edifice:*, 
 appear to have been such as entitled ihem to the lii^i) 
 praise bestowed upon tiiem bv many Spanish authors. 
 As fur as one can gather from their obscure and inaccu- 
 rate descriptions, tin; ^rcat (emple of \fexic(), the niusl 
 famous tit New Spam, winch has been represented as 
 a inauniticent building, rui:^ed to such a hei>;ht. that the 
 ascent lo it was by a tli^'hi ot n hundred and fourteen 
 steps, was a solid mass of rarth of a sijuare form, faced 
 partly with storio. Its base on ruch side extended 
 ninety feel ; and decroasiiij» (gradually as it advanced 
 in hei<;ht, it terminated m a fpiadranple of abniil thirty 
 foot, where were phiceil a shrine of the deity, and two 
 altars on which the vtctimH were sacrificed .\il the 
 other celei'raleil temples ol New Spam exactly resfin- 
 bled that of Mexico, [l-'i*! Such structures convey no 
 hi)jh idea of j)ro<;ress in art and ingenuity : and one can 
 hardly conceive that a form niore rude uikI smiple could 
 have occurred to a nation in ils first elt'oits towards 
 erettiiiii any yr'*"* work. 
 
 (ircater ^klll and uiijenuity wcru displayed, if wv 
 may believe the Spaninh historians, in the houses of the 
 emperor, and in those of the principal nobility There 
 aotne elegance of design was visible, aiul iico iiinodious 
 arraniJenu'nl of tite apartinei.ts was attended to. Dut 
 if bnildinKscorrps|K)ndii(i^ lo such descrijilions had ever 
 existed in the Mexican cilier', it in proltabft ih.it ^ome 
 remains of ihein would still be visible Kroiii the man- 
 ner in wiuch ( 'ortes condiicU'ii the siege of Mexico, we 
 con indeed easily account for the total destruction of 
 whaleverhud any appciintnci' of hplendor in (hat capital, 
 iiulas only twocnturies and u half nave elapsed since 
 the conquest ol New .Spiiin, it seems idtogether inc»e- 
 dible that in a period so short, every v*'stige of this 
 boasted elegance and grandeur should have diHap|ifrared; 
 ftl^ that in the other citie<4, particularly in those which 
 dj'l not aulTcr by the destructive hand of ttm con«iuer- 
 
 or»,therearenotany ruins which con be conaidered as 
 monuments of llieir ancient magnificence. 
 
 Kven in a village of the rudest Indians, there are 
 buildings of great! r extent and elevation than common 
 dwelling houses Such as are destined for holding the 
 conned of the tribe, and in which uU assemble on oc- 
 casions of public festivity, maybe called stately rdi- 
 liees, when compared with the rest. .As among the 
 Mexicans the distinction of ranks was established, and 
 property was uneipiallv divided, the number ot distiii- 
 giiished structures in their towns would of course (rr 
 greater than lu oilier parts of America. Ilul these 
 neein not to have be*, u ritluT t-o Nolid or ir:ignificent as 
 !o iiient tlie |Hmipous epithets which sonic SjmhiisIi lU- 
 thor.H employ in desi >ihing ihem. U is probable that, 
 though more ornamented, and built on a larger scale, 
 they were erected with the ^a^ue sl-ylit materials which 
 the Indians employed in their common t.iuld.ngfr, 1 S-'^i*] 
 and Time, in a space much lesa than two hundretl and 
 (iltv years, may liave swept away all reiimins of them 
 
 [i.ijj. 
 
 tromthis enumeration of facts, it seems, upon the 
 whole, tu. be evident, that the slate of society in Mexico 
 was considerably advanced beyond that of the savage 
 tribes which we have delineated But it iti no less 
 inaiiirest that, with respect to many particulars, the 
 Spanish accounts of their progress appear lo be highly 
 embellished. 'J'here is not a mure freipieiit or a more 
 fertile source of deception in describing the manners 
 and arts of savage nations, or of such us are imperfectly 
 civili/.ed. than that of applying lo them the names and 
 phrases appropriated to the instilutioiis and refmeinenta 
 ! of polished life. When the leader of a small irihe. or 
 ilie head of u rude commnnity, is dignilied with the 
 limine of King or Kinperor. the place of his residence 
 , <:an receive no other name than that of his palace ; ami 
 I whatever his attendants may be, they must be called 
 j h.s court. I "nder such appeilation.* they acquire, in our 
 '■ estiiiiHiiun, an unportance and dignity which does not 
 ! bi long to them. The illusion spreads; and giving a 
 I false color to every part of the narrative, the iinagina- 
 , lion IS so nnich carried away with the resemblance, 
 ! that It becomes dilVicult to discern objects as tliey 
 1 really are. The Spaniaids, when they lirsl touched on 
 ihe Slexican coast, were so much struck with the ap- 
 pearance of attainments in policy and m the arts of life, 
 far superior lo those of the r\ide tribes with which lliey 
 were hitherto acipiainted, that they fancied they had at 
 Icngtli discovered a civilized people in the New World. 
 This comparison between the people of Mexico and 
 their unculiivated neighbors, they appear to have kept 
 constantly in view ; and observing with admira- 
 tion many tliinus which marked the pre-eminence 
 of the former, they employ, in dcsciibing their im- 
 fierfect policy and inhint arts, such terms as are ap- 
 pli'-alile to ilu' m^^titutions of men far heyuiid them ni 
 improveuicnt. Uoih *hese circumstances concur m de- 
 tracting from tlie credit due lo the descriptions of Mexi- 
 can manners by the early Spanish writers, liy draw- 
 ing a parallel between them and those of people so 
 inuoh less civilized, they raised their own ideas too 
 high Uy their mode of describing lliein, tney conveyed 
 ideas to oiher.s no less exalted above truth. Later 
 writers have adopted the style of the original histo- 
 rians, and improved upon it. 'I'hr colors wuh which 
 L)e Sobs delineati s the character and describes the 
 actions of Montezuma, the splendor of his court, the 
 laws and [tulicy uf Ins empire, are the same that he 
 must have employed m exhibiting to view the monarch 
 and institutions of a highly polisht'd people. 
 ; B it though we may admit, that the warm imagination 
 i of Uie Spani>>h writers has added some embellishment 
 I tu their descriptions, tins will not justify llie decisive 
 I and pi'rem|it(>ry tone with wlurb several authors pro- 
 j iiounce all their accounts of the Mexican power, policy, 
 I and laws, lo be the licttous of men who wished to de- 
 I eeive, or wlio ''elighted m the marvellous. There are 
 I few hisiorical facts tiiat can be ascertained by evidence 
 I more uncxccptionahte, than may be produced in support 
 I of the material articles in the dcscri|»tion of the iMexi- 
 ! cm constitution ami manners. liye-witnesses relate 
 I what tbey beheld. Men who had resided among the 
 j Mexicans, both before and after the comiuest, dcscriho 
 I institutions and customs which were familiar to them. 
 I Persons of professions so ditrerent that objects nuitil 
 j have prc%enU:d themselves to>tlieir view undtT every 
 I various us-iect ; soldie.s, priests, and lawyers, nil 
 ! concur in their testimoiiy. Had (.'orles ve nlurcd 
 •o impose upon his sovereiijn. by exhibiting to hini 
 a |Mctnre of imaginary manners, there wanted not 
 I eheiniea and rivals wliu were (jualilied to detect his 
 ! deceit, and who would havo rejoiced in exposing it. 
 
 But according (o the jiiit remark of an author, vrhone 
 ingenuity has ilhistraled, and whose t lotpiencc h-u 
 adorned, the history of .\nierica, this supposition ia ill 
 Itself us improhahle as th)> atienipt would have beena'>i 
 dacious. \\'lio. among the de. troyers of this great em 
 pire, was so erilighleriid by science, or so attentive ta 
 the progress and operaiiuns of men m social hie, as to 
 frame a ficlitmns sysii'iii of policy so well combrned 
 and so eon^^istent. as that which lliey dehneate in then 
 Hccounta nf the Meiieaii government I Where could 
 they have borrowed the ide.i of many institutions in 
 legislation and police, to which, ut that period, there waa 
 nothing parallel m the nations vMth which tlu^y woro 
 ncipinmled .' There was not, at the beginning of the 
 sitl«-entli centMi'v. a regiilltr islablisbment at' posts f;)r 
 conveymg intelhfjence to the sovereign of any kmgdoni 
 111 Ktirope. 'J'he t>a:i]e observation will apply to wliut 
 the Spaniards relair wuh respect to the ritruciure of the 
 ciiv of Mexico, the regu'iiiions concerning Us police, 
 and various laws establislud lor the udni.nistrution uf 
 justice, or securing the happiness of liie eotinnunity. 
 Whoever is accustoimd lo contemplati- the progress of 
 nations will often, at very eaily i*!..;:! s of it, tlccover a 
 premature and nnexpectt'l dawn ol those ideas which 
 gave rise to institutions that are the pride and nrna- 
 ment of its most advanced period. Kven in a state as 
 imperfectly puhshetl as the Mexican empire, the happy 
 genius of some sagacious obst rver, txciietl or uided tiy 
 cireumstan''es unknown to ns, iniiy have mtroduceil 
 institutions which are seldom found hut in sociutiea 
 highly rehned. Itut it is almost nupos^ible that the 
 illiterate compierors of the New Worhl slionld havu 
 formed in any one instance a conception ol cuslonia and 
 !aw9 beyond the stan.lard of iinprovcinenl in their own 
 age and country. t>ril t'ortcM had been capable of 
 this, what mdiicement bad those by wlioni he wass.j(Hr- 
 seded to continue the ihception ' Why .Wiould t'orita, 
 or Mntolmea, or Acosta, ha\e amiiseil their soti'rei^n 
 or their tellow-cili/.ens with a tate purely labulotis ! 
 
 In one purlicular. however, the guides whom we 
 must follow liave represented the Mexicans lo be more 
 barbarous, perlia|»s. than they really were, Their reli- 
 gious tenets and the rites of iheir worship are descritied 
 l)y them as wild and cruel in an extreme degree. Kt;- 
 ligion, which occujucs no cimsiderable place m tlia 
 thoughts of a savage, whose conceptions of any su- 
 peiior power are obscure, and his Sc-cied rites lew aa 
 well as simple, was lorined, annuig the Mexicans, mlo 
 a regular system, willi its (Oinplete tram ol priests, 
 temples, victims, and feslivals. 'I'his, of it.sell, is a 
 clear proof thai the stale of the Mexicans was very 
 ditFerenl from that o( tiie ruder American tribes. Dut 
 from the extravagance ol their reb^nons notions, or the 
 barbarity o( their rites, no conclusion can be drawn 
 with c*'rtainty concernmg the degree ol their ci\ili2a- 
 lion. Kor nations, long after tlieir ideas begin lo en- 
 large, ond their miuiners to rebne. adhire Iti »\sliinsof 
 superstition founded ou the crude concepiions ol early 
 ages, l-'roin the genius of the Mexican religion we 
 inav, however, forma most jusl coucbisum witli respect 
 to Its mnueiice upon llie character ol llie people I'lie 
 aspect of superstition in Mi-xico v\a.- gloomy atiJ. atro- 
 cious. Its divinities were < lulhed wiUi terror, and de- 
 bglited in vengeance. They wcce exiubtled lo the 
 people under detesiahle forms, whicJi *re.»ti'd horror. 
 The figures of serpents, of tigers, and ol mher destruc- 
 tive animals, decorated their 'einples. IVar was ihfl 
 only principle that inspired their \ouries. Tasts, mor- 
 liticaliuns, and penances, all ngul, and many of itiein 
 excruciating lo uii extreme drgrit, were liie means 
 employed lo appease the wralli ol iheir god>. and ihu 
 Mexicans never approached iheir ultirs wiihnut sprink- 
 ling them with blood itrawn troni liieir o\mi bodies. 
 Hut. of all ollerings, human si'critices were dieiued the 
 most acceptable. This religious belief min;:liM;j with 
 tho implacable spirit of vengi ance, and audiiig new 
 force to It, every captive taken in war was brougiit to 
 the temple, was devoted as a vicimi to the ileily, atid 
 sacrificed with rites no less solemn than cruel, [loftj 
 The hear'- and head were ibe portion const cratud to 
 the gods ; the warrior, by whose prowess the pn.-'oner 
 had lu en seized, carried oil' the body to feast ujkui it 
 with his friends. iJniler the impression of ideas so 
 dreary and terrilde. and accustomed djily to scMes ol 
 bloodshed rendered awful by religion, ihe heart of niau 
 must harden and be steeled to every scuinnent of hu 
 muiitv- The spirit of the Mexicans was accordingly 
 unfeeling ; and the genius of their religion so tai couii 
 ti'rbalanced the nilhuMice ot policy and arts, th.it nob 
 witlistaiiding their progress in botli, their manners, in 
 stead of softening, became more fierce. To what cir- 
 cumstaiiccs it was owinj( that aujiurstition assumed 
 
SOUTH A M Kill C A. 
 
 t59 
 
 inch « droftdfiil form amonfi tho Moiicinii, we hivn 
 not MtiHiciuiil knowledKf) of their hi:«lory io (trtrrmiiir 
 Uiit its influtnc? is visibli', and produced an rllcct Umt 
 is ain^uUr lu tt t* history of the liiiinun Hpcrioii The 
 nianiiors of tie people in the New W'urhl, who had 
 made (ho gretlest progrexs in the artii of |K)hry, were, 
 ill fceTcral reii|>ects. the most fiTuno'in, stid the bur- 
 hanty of so,iie of ihcir customs exceeded even lliuve of 
 the savage slate. 
 
 Tlie empire of Peru hoasis of a higher aiilupiity ilinn 
 thill of Me.trco Accnrdmg to the trudittniiary aecoiinls 
 coUerted hy the SpHiiiardH, it hud sul)'4i)itL'd futir hun- 
 dred vearn, Uiidrr twelve surcrHmve iiiurmri'li'*. Hul 
 the kni'wh'dgu of 'heir ancinit story, which the IVru- 
 vians ro^dd cotnmunirale to their eon<pierorN, iittiKt 
 have he<>i) hoth iinperfert and iincerdiin [ir>ftj Like 
 the other Anieiicun iiatHHin. they were (olally nnjie- 
 qiiiinted with (he art of venting, tiiul deit'jtute of (lie 
 ofily iji/uiis hy which the memory of pnnt tranR4irliOMS 
 ean bi; ptcservd witli any degrer of iicruraey. Kvcn 
 among people to whom (he uhu uf letters i^ known, 
 iho tjru where the aallienticily of luMory commenrrs 
 IS mneli pontrnor to the introduetion of writing. Th.it 
 iiuhle invention rontinued every where to he Ions' snh- 
 ■ervu'nt to (tic mmnion hnsiness and wants of life, he- 
 foi'e it ivas employed in ret'ordtng events with u vn-w 
 of lOiiv^'Vini/ tiifor .ation front one age to nrodier. liut 
 in no roiintry chd evcrlritilifion iilone carry down his(o- 
 ncal knor. Irdg^, in hkv Jul! continued 8(ream, during 
 a piriud of half the Irngth that tho monarchy of Peru 
 ^)i ttnid to have »nhsisted. 
 
 The Qitfpos, or knots on cords of dilferent colors, 
 w)r:ch are ct K'hrated by auUiorrf r>nd ut the marvellous, 
 kK .fthey had iH'f->n regular annals of tin- empire, iniper- 
 fet'.ily anpplu'd the plaer uf writing. Accordnig to the 
 obsrure deHrnjHiofi of them by AcoMtn. which Uarci- 
 lusso de la Ve^'a ha v adopted with little variation and 
 no iiiTprovrnuMtl, tlie '|uipu>i seem to tiave been adevire 
 for rendering calcnlulioi; more exptditious and accu- 
 rate. Hy llie various colors ditlerent ottjects were 
 denoted, and by eaeh knot a iliKtnict niiniber. Thus 
 un account was tiiken, ami a kind of regmter kept, of 
 tilc iidiahitai ts in each provmce, ur uf the several 
 product ion:s collected there foi p'lbiic ine, Uut hi these 
 KiiotN, however varied or combined, no mural or ■%]}■ 
 •tract idi^a, no operation or ipialitv of the mind rouhl 
 be represented, they eontribuitd little luwardH pre- 
 serving the memorv of ancient events and iiiHittutioiw. 
 Ity the Mexican painMiigs and symboltt, rude as tliey 
 were, more knowledge of reniot.<? tranwuctiouH mm'iiis 
 to have been conveyed than thi; Peruvians could derive 
 fnirn their boasted tpiipos Mad the latter been i ven 
 of more extensive use, and better adapted to supply 
 the plaee of written records, they pensliej hO generally. 
 together with other ntonnnients ui' Peruvian ingenuity, 
 in the wri'ck occasioned by t'le Spanish conipietl, and 
 the civil wttrs subse(pieut to i(, that no arcessiun of 
 bglil or know|edg(« comes from (hem All I in zeal oi 
 (■arcilasHO de la Vega, for the boiior of that race of 
 monarchs from whom he descendetl, all the industry ol 
 bi!> researches, and the superior advantages witli which 
 he carried (hem on, opi'iied no source uf inlormtiion 
 unknown to the SpaniMli authors wl.o wrote before mm 
 In hiH lii'i/.il Ciiinnu H.'arif.t, he contines luniftelf to 
 ilh. strati wtial thev had related cuiicernmg the uiitiipn- 
 tu"i atid nuttiiiir:oii'« jf Peru; and his illu.stnitiuns, like 
 their aecountv ure derued entirely from tho tradition- 
 ary tales current among l,i* eiMiiitrynien. 
 
 Very tittle iiredit th<M >« din> to the niimite details 
 which have been given «»! tlie exploits, the battles, the 
 conipu>si.s. and private etiaracler of the early Peruvian 
 munarchs. We can n-si upon iiothiug m their ^lo^y a^ 
 auihentic, but a tew factn so iM<erwo\en in the nysteni 
 uf their religion and poliev, as preserved the meiuorv 
 of them Iron) beiuix h'^t ; and upon (he description ot 
 such cus(oins and ni^liliitions a> eontinued m force at 
 the time of the cunipiest. and fell uuib r the immediaii- 
 observation ol the Spaniards. Hy attending carefulU 
 to these, and endeavoring to Hep,irati< them fiom vvhal 
 appi'ars to be talnthnis or of doubtlul aulliuntv, 1 have 
 tatiori'd to lorm an idea ot the Peruvian government 
 ami mnnners 
 
 The people of IVru, as I have already observed, had 
 not ad\aiiced iM-yond the rudest lorm ot savage lile, 
 when Maiico t'apac, and his consort Manni < k-otio, 
 appeared to mstruet and eiMti/e them. Who ihe^i 
 fxtraurdiiiiry per.sonagei were, wbetlnr tliey iio;»irte>l 
 their 8\*teiu of legi^l.ition and knowledge ol' arts I'rom 
 iiome country more improved, or, if nalivos uf Peru. 
 how they acipnr*yl idcus so far Mip«»rn" .u tlwse of Uw 
 peopio whom ttivv addresse<l, are •ircuinslances with 
 itMpccl to which the Peruvian iraduiuu conveys nu 
 
 information. Manco Capac and bia consort, taking:; 
 advantage of the propeuMty in (he Peruvians to super- 
 Ktition, ami particularly of their veneration for the Sun, 
 preteiided to be children of that glorious luminary, and 
 (o deliver their instructions in his nnme, and by autho- 
 rity from hirn. 'I'lie multitude listened and believed. 
 What reformation in |>ulicv and manners the Peruvians 
 aacribt' (o those toniiders of their empire, and how, from 
 the pff-ceptH of the IncA and his cmisurt, (heir ances- 
 tors giaduallv acipnred some knowledge of those arts, 
 and some relish for that industry, which reiHler sub- 
 sijttenre secure and life corifortable, hath been lorniiTly 
 related. Tlioi'e blessing i were originally eunl'med 
 v.ithm natrow nrecincts; but in process of time, the 
 snceessurs of Xlanco ('apac extended their dominion 
 over all the regions that itretcli to the west of the 
 .Andes from <'hi;i to C^iilo, establishing in every pro- 
 vince their peculiar policy Piid religious lustitnttons. 
 
 'I'he most singular and striking circnmstiince m the 
 Peruvian government is the nillnencu of religion upon 
 Its genius and laws. Ueligious ideas make b.ieh a fee- 
 ble impression on tho mind tif a savage, (hat (heir ellict 
 upon Ins sentiments and manners is hardly percepli- 
 Ine Among the Mexicans, religion, reduced into a 
 regular system, and holding a considerable place in 
 their public institutions, operated with conspicuous edi- 
 cucy m forming the peculiar clurarter of that people 
 Mut in Peru, the whole system uf policy was founded 
 un religion. The Inca appeared not only as a lirgisla- 
 tor, but as the messenger of Heaven. Mis precejitf. 
 were psri'ived not merely as the injunctions of a supe- 
 rior, but as the maiidites of (he Meity. His race was 
 to he held sacred ; and in order to preserve it di.-ttincl, 
 without being poltutiHl by any mixture of less noble 
 blood, the Sf>ns of .Manco ('upac married their uwii } 
 Sisters, and no person was ever ailmiKed to tlu; t'ir.one 
 who eould nut claim it by such a pure deitcent To) 
 thostt i'luidiin cj the Sun, for tliat was tlie appellation i 
 bestowed upon all the ulispring uf (he llrst Inca, the { 
 people looked up with ilie reve.enee due to tiemg;* ol a 
 superior 'irdcr. Tin, were •leenied to be under tin- 
 lui'iiediale protection of the deity from whom they 
 issued, and by I.m" ev^.v order of the reigning Inca 
 was supposed to lu- dictated. | 
 
 Prom those ideas two consequences resulted. The | 
 authority of (he Inca was unlimited and ahsolute in the i 
 most extensive meaning of (he words Whenever the | 
 decrees of a prince are considered as llie commands ol 
 the Mivinitv, It IS not only an act ot n.-belliou, but oi 
 impietv, to dispute or oppu.se his wilt. Ohedience be- 
 cuim s a duty uf religion; and as it would be profane 
 to eonttol a monarch who is believed to be under (he 
 guidance uf Heaveii, and presumptuous tu adxise linii, 
 nothtng ri-nianiM but to sut)iml witli tniplicit respect 
 This iiiu.tt neresfiantv be (he etl'ect of every govein- 
 nient estahlish«-d on pretensinnr' of mttrcuurs't with 
 .Hiiperior |K)w'er* Such accordingly was the blind sub- 
 mi-sstoa which the Peruvians yielded (u their sove- 
 reigns The persons of Inghest rank and greatest 
 powt'r in their donmuons scknowletlged them tu be ut 
 a mure exalted nature ; and in testimony of this, when 
 ailmitteil into iheir pri'.^eiice, they entered with u bur- , 
 den U|>on their shoulders, us an emblem of their servi- 
 tude, and ^vlllmgness to bear whatever the Iiica was { 
 pleased to impose Among their s-ibjects, force was ' 
 not retpnsite to second their -umman.ls Iv. ery olbcer > 
 intrusted with the execution of Itieiii was re.-ered and, I 
 according to the account of an intelligent v-bserver < f 
 Peruvian manners, he might proceed alone from one | 
 exlreiuity of the empire to another w.lhout meetin;rj 
 opposition; for, on pruducing u Iri'ige from the royal i 
 fiinlit, an orn.imeiit of the he.id peculiar to th'; reigning 
 I Ilea, (he lives and torluiies ul the peupte were at Ins 
 disposal { 
 
 .\iiuther conseipionce of establishing governiiieitt in | 
 Pirn un the foundation of religion was. that all crimes' 
 were punij-hed ca[utally. Thi'y were not considered 
 .1:; transgressions ut human law> hut as insults utfurud 
 to the Meitv llaeli, withoii* any dislmction between; 
 such as were slight and ^<ich as were atrocious, calleil 
 tor MMgeaiice, and <'ould Im expiated only by the blood 
 of (he otb'iider ( 'onsiniautly to the same ideas, pun- ] 
 i.tlnmnt toUowt d the tre.opass with inevitable certainty, . 
 Itecause an olb nee against Heaven was deemed such a] 
 le^ii enormity as could not be pardoned Among a [ 
 people of corrujiteil murals, luaxmis ut jMrisprudence i 
 so severe and nnreleiiling. hy tendering men ferocious 
 and desperati', would be mure apt to multiplv ermies 
 ttnii 10 restrain them Hut the Peruvians, ot Min|fle 
 mamiern and urisuspieiuus faith, wi-re held m such awe 
 by this rigid dr-cipbue, that the number of utl'enders 
 was extremely small. Veneration for monarclts en- 
 
 lightened and d-rrcleil, an they believr<l, by the divmily 
 whom they adored, prompted them to their duty ; iho 
 dread of punif.'.nieid, which they were (aught tu con- 
 sider tn nuavoMlabte vengeance inlbcled hy ntVendotI 
 Heaven, witldr.id (hem from evil 
 
 Tho system o( sniterstttion, on which the Incan in- 
 grafted their pretensions to such high authority, was of 
 a genius very ditrerent from that estaltlisbed among the 
 Mexicans Maiico (^apac turned tho veneration of hi* 
 followers entirely towards natural objects. The Sun, 
 as the great source uf light, of joy, and fertility in the 
 creation attracted their principal homage. 'I'he Moon 
 and Stars, as i n opcruiing with him, were entitled t'9 
 secondary honurs. Wherever (he propensity ii. (ha 
 human mind (o acknowledge and to adore some anpe- 
 rior pow(>r takes this directum, and is employed in cuii- 
 templating the order and benellcence (hat really exists 
 m nature, the spirit ol Huprrstidun is mild. Wherever 
 iniagiiiary beings, created by the fancy and the fear« of 
 men, are snppo.sed to preside m nature, and become tho 
 objects uf worship, superstition always assumes a moro 
 severo and atronuus jurm Of the latter we have an 
 example among the Mexicans, nt the former among tho 
 people of Peru The Peruvians hud not, indeed, made 
 such progress in observa'ion ur inquiry, as to have 
 attained just conceptions uf the Deity; nor was thern 
 m their language any prujier name or appellation of tlin 
 Supreme Power, winch intimated that iliey had formed 
 any idea uf ium as the Crtulur arid (loveriior of tho 
 world. 
 
 Hut by directing their veneration to that glorious lu- 
 minary, which, hy its universal and vivifying energy, is 
 the best emblem uf Jbvine beiieiicence, the rites and 
 observances which they dtemedacciptabie (o Ium were 
 innocent and humane. They olfered (o tim Sun i part 
 ol those proiliictions which his genial warmth had called 
 forth from the bosom of the earth, and reared to leatu- 
 rity. They sacnliced. as an oliiution of gratitude, soiiio 
 of the animals which were indeliK d to his mllueme lor 
 nourishment They -resented to him choice specimene 
 of those works uf ingenuity which his light had guidud 
 the hand of man in forming. Hut tlie Incas never 
 stained his uli,trs with human blood, nor could they 
 conceive that their beiielieent lather, the Sun, would bn 
 delighted with such horrid viclims [IT)?] Thus tho 
 Peruviifti!., miaeijuamted with those barbarous rites 
 winch oiiuguish seiisihility, and suppress the teebngs 
 of nature at the ^igtit 'if hninun suM'enn^.>, were formed 
 by the spn>t of the superstition which they had adopted, 
 tu a national c^aracter mure gentle than that ol any 
 peojde in America. 
 
 The inlluenc'j of this superstition operated in the 
 same manner u))on their civil mstitntums, and tended 
 to curri ct in them whatever was adverse to gentleness 
 of charicter 'Hie domitnon of the Incus, though the 
 mo.si absolute of all di'spodsms, was imiigated 
 bv Its alliance willi religion. The mind was not hum- 
 bled and depressed by the idea of a turced subjection 
 to the will of a superior ; obedience, paid (o one who 
 was believed to be clothed witli l>i\ine authority, was 
 willingly yielde'!, and implied no degrailatiim. Tlir 
 sovereign, conscious that (he submi.ssive reverence o( 
 his peoplu llu\^ed tVom then belief uf Ins heavenly 
 descent, was continually reimuded uf a distinction 
 which prompted him to imitaie that In nelicent power 
 which he was suppo.sed tu represent. In cunseqnenee 
 of those impressions, (here hardly oceurn in the tradi- 
 tional history of Per.i, any instance of rebellion against 
 the reignmg pnnce. and umong twelve succesaivo 
 monnreh.4 tliere was nut one tyrant. 
 
 Kveii the warn in which the Incas engaged were car- 
 ried un with a spirit ver>' ditlerent trum that of other 
 Ameriean iiaduii^ Thev toiight r<o'., like ravages, to 
 destroy and to exterminate, or. like the Mexicans, to 
 glut bloiKl-thirstv divinities with human Nacrilices. 
 They cimipiered, iii order to reclaim and civilize tho 
 vanquished, and to ditl'use the knowledge of their own 
 iiistilutiuiis and arts. Prisuiicrs seem not to hive been 
 exposed to the insults and tortures which were their hit 
 in every other part of the New World. 'I'hn Incas tonic 
 tho people whom they subdued under their protection, 
 and admitted them t't a participation of all the udvanta- 
 ges enjoyed by their original fubjecls. 'I'Ins practice« 
 so repugnant to Amerieiin lerocity. and resembling thft 
 humanity ol the must |>ulislied nations, must be ascribed, 
 like other peculiarities which we have observed in Uio 
 Peruvian manners. <o the gi>mus of (heir religion, 'lbs 
 lueas, eoiisidermg the homage paid to any uther object 
 th.iii to the lieavi iilv powers wliirb tliev iiilored as im- 
 pious, were fond of gaming proselytes to their favorite 
 system. The idols uf * very conquered pruvnice were 
 : curried in ttiuniph to (he jjreal temple at {'u*co, and 
 
150 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY UK 
 
 placed there »■ trophiea of tho mipcnor powrr of the 
 diTinity who w«s the protector of Ctinr cinpirn. The 
 pcoplf were Ireatrd with lenity, and iuMtructi'u in the 
 reli^iDiis tf nets of their new mastiTH, Ihiit the coiii(uerur 
 mifiht ha\n the glory of havnig addtd lo the number ol 
 Uie voturies of hia father the Sun. 
 
 1'he fltate of property in IVru waa no leaa ainf^ilar 
 than that of reh^ion, and contributrd, hkewiae, towardH 
 
 {[ivinff a iniM turn of rharnrler to the ptople. All (he 
 anda capable of cultivation were divided into three 
 ahnrea. One wan contierralcd to the Sun, and the pro- 
 duct of it WHS uppltcd to tlie erection of trinpira, und 
 furniithii-K whut waa rcquiaite toivurdM n^lcbrntniir the 
 
 iiublic rites of religion. 'J'he becoiid U'loUKid lo the 
 nea. and waa (>et apart aa the provision niude by the 
 community fur the supjwrt of uovernineut The third 
 and largest share was reserved for tlie maiuteiiance of 
 the people, among whom it waa parcelled out. Neither 
 tndividuala, however, nor rommunttirs had a right of 
 exclusive propt'rty in the portion set a\wtt for their use. 
 They possessed it only for a year, at the expiration of 
 which A new diviaioii w.ia made in proportion to tho 
 rank, tho number, and eiigenciea of cblIi fiimily. All 
 tliose .anda were cultivated by the joint industry of the 
 community. The j>eopIe summoned by a proper oiricer, 
 repaired .n a oody to the fields, and performed their 
 rommon taak, while songs and musical inatruiucnts 
 cheered them to their lalmr. Uy tliis singular distri* 
 bution of territory, as well aa by the mode of cultivat- 
 ing it, the idea of a common intereit, and of mutual 
 aubserviency, was continually niculeaied. Kach indi- 
 vidual fell ins connexion with those around him, and 
 knew that he depended on their friendly aid for what 
 increase he was to reap. A state thus constituted may 
 oe conaidered us one great family, in which the union 
 of the nienib^tH was so complete, and thn exchange of 
 good offices so [•erceptible, as to create stronger at- 
 tachment, and to hind man to man in closer intercourse 
 than Buhsialed under any form of society eMtablmhed in 
 America. From this renulird gentle manners and 
 mild virtues unknown in the savage state, and with 
 which the Mexicans were little acquainted. 
 
 But, though the institutions of the Incas were so 
 framed aa to strengthen the bonds of alfectiun among 
 their subjects, there was great inequality in their con- 
 dition. J'hc distinction of ranks wua fully estahip "d 
 in Peru. A great body of the inhabiianta, under the 
 denomination of Ytniacoiias, were held in a stale of 
 servitude. Their garb and houses were of a form dif- 
 ferent from those of freemen. Like the Tamcnca of 
 Meiico, they were employed in carrying hurdens, and 
 in |)erfonnmg every oilier work of drudgery. Nexi lo 
 them, ii' raiik, were such of the people as were free, 
 but distinguished by tio oHieial or hereditary honors 
 Above them were raised those whom the Spaniard^ 
 call Orejottfs, from the oniainents worn in their ears. 
 They formed vvliat nmy be denominated the order of 
 nobles, and in peace as well as war held every office uf 
 power or trust. And the head of all were the children 
 of the Sun, who, by their high dcKcent and |>eruliur 
 privileges, were us much e.cnlted above the Orejones, 
 aa these were elevated above the people. 
 
 Such a form of society, from ttie union of its mem* 
 bera, as well as from Mie diHtinctiun in their ranks, was 
 favorable to progress m tlie arts. But the Spaniards, 
 having been ucquuiiiied with the improved state of 
 various arts in Mexiru several years before tliev diKro- 
 vered Pi-ru, v ere not ho much struck with what they 
 observed in the latter country, and describe the ap- 
 pearancea of mgenuity there with less warmth of ad* 
 miration. The Vei'u\iuntt, nevertheless, had advanced 
 far beyond the .Mexicans, both in the necessary arts of 
 bfe. and in such as have some title to the name of ele- 
 gant 
 
 In rem, anriculture, the art of primary necessity in 
 aocial life, wca more extensive, and carried on witli 
 greater skill than in anv p<irt of America. The Spa- 
 niards, in their progre&s through the country, weru so 
 fully supplied with provisions of every kmd, that in the 
 relation of their adventures we meet with few of those 
 dismal scenes of distress occasioned by famine, in 
 which the conquerorH of Mexico were so often inxulved. 
 'J'he quantity of fioil under cultivation wan nut left to 
 the discretion of individujl.i. but re^rulated by public 
 authority in pro|)ortion to the exigencies of tho commu- 
 nity. Kven the calamity of an unfruitful aeason was 
 but little felt ; for the product uf the lands consecrated 
 to the Si>n, as well as those set apart for the Incas, 
 being deposited in tho TamhiLs, or public Hturehouses, 
 it remained ihero aa a statu! pruvisiun fur tunes of 
 acarcity. As the extent of cultivation waa deterniined 
 WfLth auch provident attention to the demands of tho 
 
 stale, the invention and induslrk- of the IVruviims were 
 called forth lo extraiirdinnry exerlions, by certain de- 
 fects peculiar to their climnte and soil. All the vast 
 rivers that llow from the Andes take their course enst- 
 word to the Alhintu: Oeeiin. I'erti is watered only by 
 some streima winch rush down from the mountains 
 like toirenta. A great part of the low country is sandy 
 and barren, and never refreshed with ram In order 
 to render such an unprnmising region fertile, the inge- 
 nuity of the IVruvians had recourse to various ex|H-di- 
 ents Ity means of artilicial canals, comtucled willi 
 much patience and consiilerahle art from the torreutit 
 that poured across their country, ihey conveyed a regu- 
 lar i*uiiply of tnoisture lo their fields [IftH) They en- 
 riched the soil by inunuring it \Mth the dung of sea 
 fowlf. of wluch thry found an inexhaustible store on all 
 tho islands scattered along the coasts In describing 
 the eiistoma of any nation thoroughly civilized, auch 
 practices would hardly draw attentiun, or be mentioned 
 as in any degree remarkable ; hut m the history of the 
 improvident race of men in the New World, they are 
 entitled to notice as amgular proofs of industry and of 
 art. The use of the plough, indeed, was unknown to 
 the Peruvians They turned u|> the earth with a kind 
 of mattock of hard wood. Nor was this labor deemed 
 so degrading as to be devolved wholly upon the women. 
 Both sexes joined in performing this necessary work 
 Kven the children of the Sun act an example of indus- 
 try, by cultivating a (iehl near t^uzco with their own 
 hands, and they dignified this function by denominating 
 it their triumph over the earth 
 
 Tho superior ingenuity of the Peruvians is obvious, 
 likewise, in the constniction of their bouses and public 
 buildings. In the extensive plains which atretch along 
 the Pacitic Ocean, where the sky is perpetually serene, 
 and tho climate mild, their houses were very properly 
 of a fabric extremely slight. But in the higher regions, 
 where lain falls, where the vicissitude of seasons is 
 known, and their rigor felt, houses were constructed 
 with greater solidity. They were generally o( a square 
 form, the watts about eight feet tugh. built with ttricks 
 hardened in the sun, without any windows, and the 
 door low and atraight Simple as these structures 
 were, and rude as the materials tn^iy seem to be of 
 which they wcic fonned, they were so durable that 
 many of them stdl subsist in ditVerent parts of Peru, 
 long after every monument tliat might have conveyed 
 to ua any idea of the domestic state of the ottier Ame- 
 rican nations baa vanished from tho face of the caith. 
 But It was in the temples coiiHecruted to the Sun, and 
 in the buildings destined for the residence uf their mon- 
 archs, that tlic Peruvians displayed the utmost extent 
 of their art and conlrivaiicc i'he descriptions of them 
 by such of the Spani.<h writers as had an opportunity 
 of contemplating them, while in somo measure entire, 
 might have appeared higldy exaggerated, if the rums 
 which still remain did not vouch the truth of tlieir rela- 
 tions. These ruins of sacred or royal buildings are 
 found m every province of the empire, and by their fre- 
 quency demonstrate that they are monuments of a 
 powerful people, wlin must have subsisted, during u 
 period of some extent, in a state of no inconsiderable 
 improvement. They appear tj have been cdihcea 
 various m their dimenaiona ; somo of a moderate size, 
 many of immense extent, all remarkable for solidity, 
 and resemhiiitg each other in the style uf architecture. 
 The tenqile of Pachacamac, together witli a palace of 
 llie Inca, and a fortreas, were so connected together as 
 to form out! i;reat s;nicturc altove half a league m cir- 
 cuit. In Ibis prodigious pile, tim same aingular taste 
 in building is couspictioua aa in other works of the 
 Peruvians. As they were unacquainted with the use 
 of the pulley, and other incclianical powers, and could 
 nut elevate the larj:e slunes and bricks wliirli they em- 
 [iloved in building to any considerable height, the walls 
 of this edifice, in which they seem to h.ive made their 
 greatest eti'ort lovvaids magnitiience, did not rise aliove 
 twelve feet from the ground Though they had not 
 discovered the use of mortar or of any other cement m 
 building, the bricks or stones were joined with so much 
 nicety, that the aeams can hardly be discerned. [IfiOJ 
 'fhe apartments, us far as the distribution of thein can 
 be traced in die rutn<i, were itl disposed, and atVordcft 
 little accommodation. There was not a single window 
 in any jiart uf tho building ; and us no light could enter 
 but by the door, all the apartments of Ijrge.tt dimen- 
 sions must either have been perfectly dark, or dluini- 
 nated t>y some other means. But with alt these, and 
 many other imperfeelious that might be nientiuued in 
 their art of building, the wurka ot the Peruvians which 
 still remain must he considered as stupendous etforta 
 of t people unacquainted witit the use of iron, and con- 
 
 vey to us a high idea of the |>owcr |K>aafaaed by their 
 ancient inunarchs. 
 
 These, however, were not the noblest or most useful 
 works of the Incus. The two great roads from ('uzco 
 to (juito, extending in an uniiilerrupicd stretch alK>vr* 
 fifteen hundred ituler are entitled to still higher praiao 
 The one was conducted lhroitf;h the interior and moun- 
 latiious cmntry, ihe otiier through the plains on the 
 sea coast From the langiuigu of admiration in which 
 some of the early writers express their astonishment 
 when they first v". wed those roads, and frnin the mom 
 pompous deseript'ou of Liter writers, who hbor to au|f- 
 port some favorite theory concerning America, one 
 might be led to coinpire this work of the Inras to the 
 famous military ways v\hieh remain as monuments ol 
 the Human power ; but in a country where there was 
 no tame aniinul except the llama, whieh was nevei 
 u»ed for draught, and hut liltle as a ^enst of burden, 
 where the high ro:ida were si'ldoiii trod by any but a 
 hui; 1 foot, no great degree of labor or art was re- 
 qui..ite in forming them, 'fbe Peruvian roads were 
 only fifteen feel in breadth, and in many places sti 
 alightly formed, that tune has ell'jeed every ve.siige ol 
 the course in which lliey ran. In tho low country 
 little more seems to have been done than In plant trees 
 ol to fix posts at certain intervals, in order lo murk tho 
 proper route to travellers. To open a path through tho 
 niounliinous country wiis a in(*re, arduous task. Kmi- 
 neni-ea were levelled, and h.tlluws filled up. and for tho 
 preservation of the mad it was fencetl with a bank ol 
 t'irf At proper distanees, 'I'ainlios, or storehouses, 
 were erected for the accominmlatioii uf tlie luca and 
 his attendants, in their proi^ress ihrougli his dominions. 
 From the manner in which the ro.id was originally 
 formed in this higher and more impervious Pinion, it 
 has proved more durable ; and though, from llu> inat- 
 tention of the Spmiurds to every object but that of 
 working their inines, nothing has been done towardu 
 keeping it in repair, its course may still be traced 
 Such was the celebrated roud of the Incas; and even 
 I'rnin this description, divested of every circumstance 
 uf manifest exagueralton or of suspicious aspect, it 
 must be coiiHidered as a striking pr> 'an extraordi- 
 nary progress m improvement an ;icy. To tho 
 savapo tribes of America, the idea oi t^cililating com- 
 munication with places at a distance had never occured. 
 To the Mexicans it was hardly known. Kv(n in the 
 most civilized countries in Kurope, men had advanced 
 far in rehnemenl, before it became a regular object ol 
 national police to fonn such roads as render nitercuurse 
 commodious- It was a capital object of Unman pidicy 
 to open a communication with all llie provinces of then 
 extensive empire by means of those roads which are 
 justly considered as one of the noblest inotiuments both 
 of their wisdom and their power. But during the long 
 reign uf barbarism, the Hoimm roads were neglected or 
 destroyed ; and at the time when tlie Spaniards entered 
 l*eru, no kingdom in Kurupe could boast of any work 
 of public utility that could be compared with the great 
 roads formed by the Incas. 
 
 The formation of those roads introduced another im- 
 provement in Peru equally unknown over all the rest of 
 America. In its course from south to north, the road 
 of the Incas waa tnlcrsected by all the torrents which 
 rull from the Andes tuwards the Western Ocean. 
 From tho rapidity ol their course, as w( 11 as frnm the 
 frequency and violence of tin ir inundation, these were 
 not forduble. Some expedient, however, was to bo 
 found for passing them. The Peruvians from their 
 unacquamtancc with the use of arches, and their in- 
 abil 'V lo work in wood, could not construct bridgea 
 cilJi< , of stone or timber. But necessity, the parent of 
 invention, suggested a device which suppli'.d that de* 
 feet. They tunned cables of great strength, by twist- 
 ing together somo of the pliable wilhs, or osiers, with 
 wiiich their country abounds ; mx dI Ihene cn.hlrs they 
 stretched across the stream |iarallel lo une another, and 
 made them fast on each side. Tliese they bound tirn ly 
 together by interweaving smaller ropes m) close as to 
 form a compact piece af net-work, which bemg covered 
 with branches of trees and earth, they passed along it 
 with toleruiile security. [UiO] Proper persons wero 
 appointed to attend at each bridge, to keep it in repair, 
 and lo assist phssengeiei. In thu level cour^lry, where 
 tho rivers hecamu deep and bread and still, they aro 
 passed in haJ:iis,at floats ; in the construction, as ^velt 
 aa navigation of .vhich the ingenuity of the Peruvtaita 
 appears to be far superior to ttial of any people m Ame- 
 rica. Thcbe had advanced no further in nav,d hIuII 
 than the use of the paddio or oar ; tho Peruvians ven- 
 tured to raise a mast, and spread a sail, by means o( 
 wluch their balzaa not onlj wont nimbly befoie iho 
 
 *iL 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 wind, b'lt contil vrcr ami taik win. prrut celerity. — 
 Nor w(ri) tlir inKcniiiiy uiul art of tliu I'enivtjDM roii- 
 fintd flo fly to oltjt'ctn of rsHcntial utililv Tlify Imd 
 inadu Kuriu! [iro^rrM in arln, wluch iii-' >o • 'illcd t-li> 
 pant. They [KisHCHScd llir prfciuuft t . .Uiht tn ^n-uliT 
 ahiindancp tltiin uriy pcupU' of Aiiirrit «. 'i lii'y ulttiiiiird 
 fjuld in the siinie inannrr with iho Mf-xtciriK, tiy uturch- 
 lii^ in the rhanm-lii of nvem. or v^u^hln^ ihu larth in 
 witich partii-leM of it wt^rn cuntiiinrd- lint in order to 
 piornro silver, lliry extrlrd no inconNiihri'ilL* de^'ree 
 of skill and invention. They hfid nut, iiuhtd. attained 
 the art of ninkniK a nhaft into (lie huvvt'ln of the earth, 
 niid )irnetratiii;{ lo the riches conreah d there ; but ihey 
 liolhiAcd deep caverns on the hanks of nvir^ and tl:e 
 BidcHof inuiiiUains, and emptied ^ni li \eiiiM as did not 
 d:p suddenly heyond their riiieh. In oiher phire-*, 
 wfierfl the vein hiy near the siirriire, ihey diiij pits to 
 inch a depth, that tim person mIio worked helow could 
 throw out the ore, or hand it up in Imrtkets, 'I'liey hiid 
 discovered the art of smelting umi relniin^ tins, either 
 by the simple upplu-ation of (ire, or, where the ore \\u-i 
 mure slnhlioriior iinprei*nated vvidt fnrei^rn Hiibsiuin-en, 
 by placing it in small uveiiA or fnriuicei, on lii^h 
 ({rounds, so artiticiallv constructed that the draught of 
 air perfornied the function of a bellows, an enL'ine with 
 which they were totally nnac(|uainted. I)y this simple 
 device, the purer ores were smelted with facility, and 
 the quantity of silver in Peru wa» so considerable, that 
 many of the utensils employed in the functions of com- 
 mon life were made of it. ^»eve^al of those vessels and 
 trinkets are said to have merited no small dearer o( 
 estimation, on account of the nrutnesH of the work- 
 manship as well as the intrinsic vulue of M e nutermls. 
 Uut as the conquerors of America were well aciinainted 
 uilh tho latter, but h<id scarcely anv e<Hiceplioii of ilie 
 former, moht of the silver vessels and triiikt Is wire 
 melted down, and rated according to the weiijht and 
 tinenesaof ihc metal in the divisiun o{ the h|>oiI. 
 
 In other works of inero curiosity or ornament, their 
 ingenuity has been highly celebrated. Many specimens 
 of those have been diiir out of the (iunrajt, or iiuiundH 
 uf earth, with which the IVnivtans covered (he bodn s 
 of (he dead Among these are mirrors of \ur1011.4 di- 
 metisiuns, of hard shining stones highly polished ; ves- 
 sels of earthen ware of dillerent forms ; hjtehet}*, and 
 other instruments, some dcKtmed for war, and others 
 for tabor. Some were of tlint, some of co|)p( r, hiir- 
 deiied to such a degree by an unknown process, as lo 
 supply the niacc of iron on several oecasioiis. Had 
 the use of tliose tools, formed of eopper. teen general, 
 the progress of the IVrnviuns in the arts iniglit have 
 been such as to emulate that of moie cultivated naMuns. 
 Itiit either the metal was so rare, or the operation by 
 which It was hardened so tedious, (hat tlieir instru- 
 ments of cop|>er were few, and tto extremely small, that 
 Ihey seem to have been emph>>ed only in simhter 
 works. Hut even to such a circuniMirihed use ol tht:^ 
 imperfect niet<il, the IVriivians were imlehted fur their 
 HU|H-riority to the other people of Amencu m various 
 arts. The sanieohservuiiun, however, may be n|)plK'd 
 to them, which I formerly made with respeet lo the 
 arts of the Mexicans, i'roni several speennens of IV- 
 ruviaii utensiU and ornainenls, which are deposited in 
 the roval cabinet of Miidrul, and from some preM rved 
 in ditlcrcn' collections in ulher parls u( Europe, 1 have 
 reason to believe that (lie workinaii?hip i» nmre lo be 
 odintred on account of the rude touls wiih ^ \v\i it was 
 executed, than on account of Us inlrniMic tn atness and 
 elegance ; and that the IVru\ians, thuugli ihe most 
 improved of all the Americans, were not advanced hu- 
 yoiid the infancy of urls. 
 
 lint noiwithslatidnig ^o many particulars, which 
 seemed lo indicate a high degree of nii|irovemenl in 
 JNtu, oilier circuinslancea oi-eur th;it suggest the idea 
 of a soeiety sliU in the hrst stages of its transition from 
 barbarism to ci\ihzaliuii. In all the dominions of the 
 Incas, ('nzco was Ihe only place tliat had the appear- 
 ance, or was enlitb-d to the name, of a eitv. Kvery 
 where eUe the |H-uplu lived iuuhiIv m detached habita- 
 tions, dispersed over (he country, or, at the ulinost, 
 settled together in small villiges. Hut until men are 
 brought to assemble in iinmerouH bodies, and ineorpo- 
 rated in sucn close union as lo eiijoy tVetiuenl inter- 
 course, and to feel mutual dependrnce, Ihey nevi>r im- 
 bibe perfectly tho spirit, or assume iho mannerK of 
 social life. In a country of immense extent, with only 
 one city, the progress of manners, and the nnprorement 
 either of the necessary or more ret'med arts, must liave 
 been so slow, and curried on undf>r Nuth di^advanlages, 
 tliat It is mom surpri^^mg the Peruvians shonhl have 
 advanced so far in relinetneiil, than iliat they did not 
 jtrocecd further. 
 
 I In consequence of this state of hnperfcct union, tho 
 sejiaration of professions in Peru was not no complete 
 as among the Mexicana. The less closely men asso- 
 ciate, the more simple are their mamiera, and the 
 fev\er their wants. The craft* of common and most 
 
 I necessary use in life t\o not, in such a state, become so 
 
 I complex or dilliculi as to reinler it rei|UiNile that men 
 
 ' shotihl be trained lo them by any particular cui.rse of 
 education. All the arts, accordingly, which were of 
 ilaily and indispensihle utility, were exercised by every 
 Peruviun indL-icnminately. None but the arti.sts em- 
 ployed 111 works of mere curiosity, or ornament, con- 
 stituted a separale order of men, or were distinguished 
 from other citizens. 
 
 I'rom ihe want of cities in Pern, another conscquencu 
 followfd There was little commercial intercourse 
 among the mhabitanls of that great empire. The ac- 
 tivity uf commerce is coeval with the foundation of 
 »itii*s , and frtHu the moment that the members of any 
 coiniin:nity fettle m considerable iiinnbers m one place, 
 
 i itsoperations become vigorous. Theciti/.en must de- 
 
 ! peml for subsislenee or (li4> labor of lliose who cuttivalo 
 the ground. They, in return, must receive some equi- 
 valent. Thus mutual mtercuursc i^ established, and 
 the productions of art are regularly exchanged for the 
 frniis of agriculture. In the towns of the Mexican em- 
 pire, stated markets were held, and whatever could 
 supply any want or desire of man was an object of 
 connnercn. Hut in Pern, from the singular mode of 
 dividing property, and the manner in which the people 
 werp settled, there was hardly any species of commerce 
 carried on between dillerent provinces and the com- 
 munity was less acquimted with that active intercourse, 
 which is at onco a bond of union and an uiccntive (o 
 improvement. 
 
 Dot the unwarlike spirit of the Peruviana was the 
 most rtmarkabU; as well as the most fatal (defect in 
 their character. The greater part of the rude nations 
 of America opposed their invaders with undaunted 
 ferocity, though with iitlle conduit or success. The 
 MexicjTis maitilaiiu'd the Rtr.iggle in defence of their 
 liberties, with such pe^^everlllg h)rlilude, that it was 
 
 ' With dillieulty the Spaniards triumphed over them. 
 
 ; Peru was subdued at imce, and almost without resist- 
 ance ; and the most favorable opportunities of regiiin- 
 iiig their freedom, and uf cnishuig their oppressors, 
 were U.st through ih" tiinnhty of the people. Though 
 the traditional history of the Peruvians ri'present^ all 
 the Incus as warlike princes, frequently at the head ol 
 armies, whnh they led lo virtory and conqtiist, few 
 symploms of such a martial spirit appear m any of iheir 
 operations .subsequent to the invasion of thf^ Spajnards. 
 The mtluence, perhaps, of ihu.M' nistilnttuns which ren- 
 dered their manners grntlc, gave their minds this iin* 
 manly softness ; perhaps the eonstont serenity and 
 nuhlness of the climate may have enervated the vigor 
 iif iheir frame; perha|>9 some principles m their go- 
 vermncnl, unknown tons, was the occasion of this 
 political debility. Whatever may have been the cause, 
 the fact IS certain ; and there is not an instance m his- 
 tory of any people so little advanced m retineinenl. so 
 totally di'^tiiule of military enterprise. Tins character 
 has descended to their poalerity. The Indians of Pervi 
 are now more lame and depressed than any people of 
 .^merlca, Their feebli! spirits, relaxed in lifeless inac- 
 tion, seem haidiy capable of any bold or manly ex- 
 ertion. 
 
 Ilut, besides these capital defects In the political 
 state of Pern, some detached circuinstanoes and facts 
 occur III Ihe Spanish writiTs, winch discover a cunsidt: 
 ru'ile renunnder of barbarity in their manners. A cruel 
 custom, that pievailett in some of tho most savage 
 tribes, subsisted .miorig the Peruvians. On (I.e death 
 ol the Incas, and ot oihiT eminent persons, a conside - 
 rable number of their attendants were put to death, 
 anil interred around their ( I'liacas, that they might ap- 
 
 ' |>ear in the next ivurld with their hirmer dignity, and 
 tie serv( (1 with itie same respect. I hi Ihe death of 
 lluana (.'a|tac, the must powerful of their inonarchs, 
 above a tlioitsnnd victims were doomed lo accompany 
 him to itie tomb. In one particular their manners ap- 
 pear to havi' been niori> ttaibarous than those of most 
 rude tribes Though utquainted with the use of hre 
 111 preparing maize and other vegetables for food, thi-y 
 
 I devoured both llesh and tisl perficity raw, and aston- 
 ished the Spaniards with a practice rtpugnantto the 
 
 ' ideas of al! civilized people. 
 
 But though Mexico and Peru are tlic possessions of 
 Spam III ihe Ni w \\'urld. winch, on ac<-ounl botii of 
 tin ir ancient and present state, have attracted (he great- 
 est attention ; her other dominions there are far from 
 
 ' being inconsiderable either in extent or value. The 
 
 1«7 
 
 I greater part of them was reduced to subjection during 
 the first part of the sixteenth century, by private adven- 
 turers, who fitted out their small armaments either ill 
 Ilispaniola or in Old Spain; and wero we 10 follow 
 each leader in his progress, we should discover the 
 \ same dann^ cuurajre, the same persevering ardor, the 
 : same rapacious desire for wealth, and the same canacity 
 for enduring and surmounting every thing in oruer to 
 attain It, which distinguished the operations uf Ihe S|)a- 
 iiturd.1 in their greater American conquests. IJut, in- 
 stead uf entering into a detail, which, from the aimi- 
 larily of ihe transactions, would appear almost a repe- 
 tition of what has been already related, I shall satisfy 
 myself with such a view of those provinces of tho 
 Spanish empire in Anicica, which have not hilhertu 
 been menlto.ed. as v^'j convey to my readers an ade- 
 quate idea of its greatmss. fertility, and opulence. 
 
 I begin with the countries conligunns to the two 
 ereat monarchies of whose hisiory and institutions 1 
 nave given some account, and shall then brie Hy describe 
 the other districts of Spanish America. The jurisdic- 
 tion of liic viceroy of New .Spain extends over seviraj 
 provinces which were not subject lo the dominion of 
 the Mexicans. ']'hc countries of Cinaloa and Sonom 
 that stretch along the east side of the Vermilion Sea, 
 or (iulf of California, as well as the immense king- 
 doms uf New Navarre, and New Mexico, which bend 
 towards tho west and north, did not acknowledge tho 
 sovereignly of Montezuma, or his predecessors. These 
 regions, not inferior in magnitude to all the Mexican 
 empire, are reduced some to a greater, others to a leas 
 degree of subjection to the Sjiamsh yoke. They ex- 
 tend through the mosi delightful pari of the tcmperato 
 zone ; their soil Is, in general, remarkable fertile , and 
 all their productions, whetlier animal or vegetable, arc 
 most perfect in their kind. They have all a conimunl- 
 eation either with the I'acillc ocean, or with 'he Oull 
 of Mexico, and are watered by rivrrs which not only 
 enrich them, but may become subservkMit to commerce. 
 The number of Spaniards se<llcd in these vast countries 
 is iiulei'd extremely small. They may be bald to havo 
 subdued rather than lo have occupied them. I3ut If 
 thr population in their ancient eslublishmenls tn Amo- 
 rica shall continue to increase, they may gradually 
 spread over those provinces, of which, however invt- 
 ling, ihey have not hitherto been able tu take full pcM 
 session. 
 
 I One circumstance may contribute to the !>pcrdy po- 
 pulation of some districts. Very rich mines both "/ 
 I gold and silver have been discovered in many of the 
 I regions which I have mentioned. Wherever these aro 
 I opened, and worked with sucihss, a multitude of peo- 
 I pie resort. In order to supply them with the necessa- 
 ries of life, cultivation must he increase 1, artl.'^ans of 
 various kinds must assemble, and inilusiry as well as 
 wealth will be gradually ditl'used. Many examples of 
 this have occured in dillerent parlsof Ainer. 'a since they 
 fell under the dominion of the Spamards. Populous vil- 
 lages and large luwri.s have suddenly arisen amidst unin- 
 habitable wilds and mountains ; and the working of mined 
 though far from being ihe most proper object towarda 
 which the attention of an ti.faiit society should be 
 turned, may become the means both ol prumoliug use- 
 ful activity, and of angimnting the number of people. 
 :\ recent and singular :n.-itance of this has hap))eiied, 
 which, as It Is but little known in Kiirope, and nmy hu 
 produciive of great elFecls, merits attention. The 
 .Spaniards settled in the provinces of ('inaloaand Su- 
 iiura hiid been long distjrhed by the depretlations of 
 some tierce tribes of l:ulians. In the year 1765, Iho 
 iiiciirMoiis of llio-te savage.-t became so fretpient and so 
 destructive, ihat the Spanish inhabitants, in despa.i, 
 applied lo the .Marquis tie Croix, viceroy of Mexiro, 
 for such a body of troops as might enable them lo drive 
 lho.-«e formidable invaders from their places of retreat 
 111 the mountains Hut the treasury of Mexico was so 
 much exhausted by the large sums drawn from it, in 
 order to support the late war against Great Uritam, that 
 the Viceroy could all'ord them no aid. The respfcl due 
 to his virtues accomplished what his otFicia. power 
 could not eti'ect. lie prevailed with the merolj<ints of 
 New Spain to advance about two hundred the isand 
 iH sua for defraying the expenses of the exp- ii'ioii. 
 The war was ccmducted by an otl'icer of abihtiet. ; and 
 after being protracted for three years chnflv by ihe 
 dilliculty of |)ursning the fugiiive.i out the mtunlams, 
 and through detiles which were almost impat^iablr. it 
 (ernnnated, In the vear 1771, in ihe final ^ublnlsslon of 
 the tribes which had been so long the object of terror 
 to the two pr'ivinci'B In the Lourj-e of this service, 
 ihe Spatuin't marched through countries into which 
 [ they Bceoi not to have ptnetraleii belcre ttwt lime, ^nU 
 
168 
 
 ROBERTSON*S HIRTOUT OP 
 
 diicovered mincR of turh value ai wi« ■stoniahinfr rven 
 to uwn acqimiulrtl with the rtcUcn roiiUiiitd in the 
 mounUina nl' the Nfw W'orlil. At ('iiii'^uilln, in tlic 
 
 t>rovinc« of fjonors, they entrrrd a )>l«iin of fourti-ifn 
 eaguea in extent, in witich, at tho ilrplh of only six- 
 teen inchea, ' "lund f{oltl in ^rtiina of ancli a aixe, 
 that aoinu ,■ '< < weighed ninu marks, and in auch 
 
 aiiantitiea, that ir, <i short time, with A few Uborera, 
 lev rollected a thonaaiid niarka of gold in firaniN, even 
 without taking (imo to wash the earth that had heen 
 dug, which appeared to bo ao rich, that nrrionn of akill 
 computed that it might yield what would Iw f'(|Uiit in va- 
 >ue to a million of pcsua Before the end of the year 
 1771, above two thouund pcrnona were aettted inCnut- 
 gnilU, under the aovcrnment of pro[>or inagintratca, and 
 the inapcction of several ceclesiaatics. As aevoral 
 other minea, not inferior in richncsa to that of ('ine- 
 
 fpnlla, have been diacovereil, both in Sonora and ('ina* 
 oa, [161 J it is probable that these neglected and thinly 
 inhabited pioviticea may soon become as {wpulotia and 
 valuabio as any part of the Spanish empire of Aine- 
 ricB. 
 
 The peninsula of California, un the other side of tlin 
 Vermillion ^Sea, seems to have been less known to iho 
 ancient Mexicans than the provinces which i have men- 
 tioned. It was discovered by ( -ortes in thn year ITiJO. 
 During a long period it continued to be so little fre- 
 quented, that even its form was unknuwn, and in most 
 charts it was represented as an island, not as a |>enin- 
 aula. [ 102] Though the climate of this country, if we 
 may judge from ils situation, must be very desiruhb', 
 the Spaitiards have made small progress in peopling it. 
 TowartU the close of the last century, the Jesuits, who 
 had great merit in exploring tins neglecteil province, 
 and in civilizing ila rude inbubilantif, imperceptibly ac- 
 quired a dominion over it na complete as that which 
 tney possessed in their missions in Paraguay, and they 
 lalwred to introduce into it the same policy, and to 
 govern the natives by the same maxims In order to 
 prevent the court of Sjtain from conceiving any jea- 
 lousy of their designs and operations, they seem stu- 
 diously to have depreciated the country, by represent- 
 ing tho climate as m> disagreeable and unwholesome, 
 and the sod as so harrrn, that nothing l)ut a zealoiM 
 dci*ire of converting the natives could have induced 
 them to settle there. Several public spirited citizens 
 endeavored to undeceive their sovureigna, and to give 
 them a better view of ('ulifornia ; but in vain At 
 lenirth. on the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Spa- 
 nish dominions, tlic court of Madrid, as prone at that 
 juncture to suspect the purity of the Order's intentions, 
 as formerly to confide in them with implicit trust, a{>- 
 pointed Don Joseph (ialvez, whose abilities have since 
 raised him to the hii^h rank of minister for the indies, 
 to visit that peninsula. HiS account ol tho country 
 was favorable ; he found the pearl fishery on its coast 
 to be valuable, and he discovered mmes of gold of a 
 ▼cry promising appearance From its vicinity toi'inn- 
 lo.i and Sonora, it is probable that, if tho poputution of 
 these provincea shall increase in the miinnrr winch I 
 have supposed, California may, by detiriM's, receive 
 from them such a recruit o( iulmbilanta, ns to bo no 
 longer reckoned among tho desolate and useless dititiict:* 
 of the Suanish empirn. 
 
 On tlie east of Mexico, Yucatan and lloMduras 
 was comprehended in the government of New 
 Spain, though anciently they can hardly bo said to 
 have formed a part of the Mexican empire. These 
 large provinces, stretching from the bay of Cani- 
 pcacb/ beyond Ca]K firacios a Dios, do not, lik<' 
 the otter territories of Spain in. the New World, de- 
 rive their value either from tho fertility of their soil. 
 or the richness of their mines ; hut they produce in 
 greater abundance than any part of America, the lu<{- 
 wood tree, which, in dying some colors, is so far pre- 
 ferable to any other inateri:d, that the . onsuinption of 
 it ill Knrope is considerable, and it has become an arti- 
 cle in commerce of great value. l)urinjr a long pe- 
 riod, no Kuro|)ean nation intruded upon tht; Spaniards 
 in those provinces, or attempted to obtain any sharo in 
 this branch of trade. Hut after the conqucMt of Ja- 
 maica by the English, it soon appeared that n formida- 
 ble rival was now .."ated m the neighborhood of iheSpa- 
 niflh leiritories. One of the firstobjccta which tempted 
 the English settled in that island, was the great profit 
 arising from the logwood trade, and the facility of 
 wresting some portion of it from the Spaniards. Some 
 adventurers from Jamaica made the first allempt at 
 Cape Catoche, the soutlicasl promontory of Vutatan. 
 and by cutting logwood there carried on a gainful 
 tradic. When most of the trees near the coat't in that 
 place were felled, they removc<l to the island of Trisl, 
 
 Ml the hay of CamfH'achy, and in later times their prm* 
 cipul station has bt en in tlie liav of llonduns. The 
 Spamardn, alartned at thm crirKmelunent, endi>avored 
 by negotiation, reiiiunstrat:ci>s, and open foree, to pre- 
 vent the English from obtaining any luoling on tliot 
 part of the American continent. Uut after struggling 
 against it for more than a century, the disusierA ol ihe 
 lui t war extorted from the court of Mudnil a retuclunt 
 consent to tolerate this setllement of foreigners m the 
 heart of its territoriis. 'I'he pam which this hunittting 
 concession m-casioned seems to have prompted the 
 Spaniards to devise a methtMl of rendering it of little 
 conscfpience, more ellei-tuil than all the etibris of ne- 
 gotiation or violence. The logwood produced on the 
 west cOBiit of Yucatan, where the soil la drier, is m 
 quality far superior to that which grows on the marshy 
 grounds where the English are settled, lly etuourug- 
 ing the cutting of this, and permitting the iiu|Mirtation 
 of It into Spam without fuymg any duty, such vigor 
 has been given to this branch of commerce, and the 
 logwood which the Englisii bring to market has aunk so 
 much in value, that their trade to the hay of llundiirah 
 has gradually declined [Ifl^lJ since it obtained a legal 
 sanction ; and, it is probable, will soon be linally aban- 
 doned. In that event, Yucatan and Honduras will 
 become possessions of considerable im|H)rtance to Spain. 
 
 Still further east than llnnduras he the two pro- 
 vinces of Costn Kica and Versgua. which tikinvise ne- 
 long to the viceroyaliy of New Spuin ; but both have 
 been so much negle<!ted by the SpHiiiards, and are ap- 
 parently of such small value, that they merit no par- 
 ticular attention. 
 
 The moNt ini[>ortant province depending on the vice- 
 royalty of IVru IK ('lull. The Iiieas had established 
 their dominion ni some of its northern dn'tricts ; but in 
 the greater )>art of the country, it*( ^;allant and high 
 spirited inhabitanis maintained their indepemleme. 
 The Spaniards, allured by the fame of its opulence, 
 early attempted the conquest of it under Diego Alma- 
 gro ; and after his death Pedro do V'uhlivia resuiifd 
 the design Hoth met with tierce o|iposit.imi. The 
 former relm)uiKhed the enterprise in the manner I have 
 meiitionnd. The latter, after having given many dis- 
 plays both of courage and mihldry ^kill. was eut oil. 
 together with a considerable body o' troops under his 
 rommand. EranciNca dv Villagra, V'aldivia's lieute- 
 nant, by his spirited conduct checked the natives in 
 their career, and saved the remainder of the Spaniards 
 from destruction, llv degrees all tbi' champaign coun- 
 try along the coast was subjected to the .Spanihh do- 
 minion. The moiintainous country is still possessed 
 by the Puelches, ArauL-os, and other tribes uf its ori- 
 ginal iiibabitunta, formidable neiglilmrs to the Spa- 
 niurds ; with wIhiiu during the coursn of two centurie.'t, 
 tliey have been obliged to mamtain un almoftt per|ietual 
 hostihty, suspended only by a few nilcrvaU of insecure 
 peace. 
 
 That part of <!7hili, then, which may properly be 
 deeiutd a S|)amKh province, is a narrow district ex- 
 tended along tho coast from the de!it-rt uf .Vtacainas to 
 tho island of (/hihte. above nine luindn d miles. Us 
 climate i« the most deliLMOtis in lln^ New W iirld. and is 
 hardly equalled by that of any regnin on the incv of the 
 earth. Though l>ordi-ring on the Torrid /one, it never 
 fetlsthe extreinily of heat, being screened on the east 
 by the Andes, and refreshed from the west by cooling 
 sea breezes. 'I'hc temperature of the air is so nnhl and 
 equable, that the Spqniards give i*. the preference to 
 that of the southern provinces iri their native cou'-iry 
 The fertility of the sod eorres(iondH with the benignity 
 of the climate, and is wonderfully accommodated to 
 European productions, 'i'he moat valuable of these, 
 corn, wine, and oil. ahound m ('hili as if they had been 
 native to the country All the fruits inmorted from 
 Europe attained to full maturity there. The animals 
 of our hemisphere not only multiply, but improve in | 
 this delightful region. The horntd cattle are of larger 
 size than those of .Spain. Its breed of horses surpasses, 
 both in beauty and spirit, the famous Andahisian race, 
 from which they sprung. Nor has nature exhausted her 
 bounty on the surface of the eurth ; she has stored its 
 bowelf with riches. Valuable mines of gold, of silver, 
 of copper, and of lead, have been discovered in vanoci 
 parts of it. 
 
 A country di^LJnguished by so many blessings, wo 
 may be apt to conclude, would earlv become a favorito 
 station of the Spaniards, and must have been cultivated 
 with peculiar predilection and core. Instead of this, a 
 great part of it remains unoccupied. In all this extent 
 of country, there are nut nbovo eighty thousand white 
 inhabitunts and about three times tlejt nuinhor of Ne- 
 ' grccs and peupl) of a mixed race. The most furtde 
 
 •oil i:i Atneriea lies uncultivated, and oome of ita mfM^ 
 prnniiNmu mines remain unwruu^ht Sliunge as thin 
 neglect ol the Spanuirdft lo uvml tliciitNehen of udvaii 
 tages which seemed to court their ar-ceiitance may ap- 
 |M!ar. the causes of it can be traced The only inter- 
 course of Spmn with its rolonies in the South Sea wa« 
 carried on during two centuries by the annual Heet to 
 I'ortu Ut'lto All the protlnce of ibeiie tMiloiiiea wof 
 shipped III the ports of Callao or Arica in IVru, foi 
 Panama, and carried from ihenctt across the latbmua. 
 .Ml the commodities which they received from the mo- 
 ther cduntnes were conveyed from Panama to ilie same 
 harbors Thus buili the exports and iin|H}fls of Chili 
 passed through the hands ol merchants M'ltled In Peru. 
 riiene had of course a prolit on eich ; and in both 
 tran tactions the Chilene felt their own subordinalum 
 and having no direct intercourse wmIi the parent state, 
 they depended u|Hm anoiher pro\ nice for the diNiKiHal 
 of their nroducltonn, as well us b>r the supply of iheir 
 wants, rndei- such discoiirugeinentn, population could 
 not increase, and industry was destilnte of one chief 
 incitement. Hut now that Spam, from motives which 
 1 shall mention hereafter, ban adopted u new syotem, 
 and carries on Iiit commerce with t!)i> colonies m tho 
 .South Sea by ships which go unual ( 'a|H' Horn, a 
 direct mtercuur^e is opened between 4'hil. and the im> 
 ther country The gold, the silver, and the other cimii- 
 nuHlities of the province, will he e.vc|ianged in iIm own 
 liarlHirs for the manufactnris o*^ Europe Chili may 
 s|teedi|y rise into that iin|M)rtaiice umnng the Spanish 
 settlenn-nt^' lo which it is entithd by Mh natural advan- 
 tages. It may become the graiiarv of Fern, and tho 
 other provinces along the Pucillc ( icean It may sup- 
 Illy them with wine, with cutlle, with horses, wiih 
 lemp, and many 'the articlet lor which they now do- 
 peitd upon Enrop '. I'hongh the new system has Inen 
 CHtablmhed only ' iVw years, those elfeets of it begin 
 already to be ub»-' r«ed If it shall be adhered lo with 
 any steudinesH f' iialf a centurv, omt may venture to 
 foretell that popi. atiori, industry, and opulence will ad- 
 vance in this province with rapid progress. 
 
 'i'o the east of the Anden, the provincts of Tiicuman 
 ami Kio de la Plata lioidcr un Club, and like it wero 
 depemh nt on the vireroyalty of Peru. I'liesc regiona 
 of irnmeiiHe extent stretch in length from north lo south 
 above thirteen hundred indes, and m breadth moro 
 thiiiih thousand This country, which is larger than 
 mo^t Ei.ropeaii kingdoms, naturally forms itself into 
 two great divisioiiN, one on the north and the other im 
 the south of Kio de la Plata The formor comprehends 
 Paraguay, the famous missuni* of the Jesuits, and se- 
 veril other districts. Hut aHtlMputi.* have long sub- 
 sisted between the couriH of Spuin and Portugal, con- 
 ceiiiing Its bound.ines, which, it is probable, will bo 
 soon liually ascertained, eillier ttinicibly or by the de- 
 cision of the sword, I clioose to reserve my iccou it of 
 this northern division, nnld I enter upon (he history of 
 Portuguese .\mericj, with which it is intimately con- 
 nected ; and in relating it, I nhall he able, from authen- 
 tic nialernds supplied liolh by Sp.un and Portugal, to 
 :;ive a full and accurate tlescripliun of the op4'ralimiS 
 and views r.f the Jesuits, in rearing that singular fabric 
 u( policy in America, winch has drawn so much atten- 
 tion, and has been so iinperleclly understood. Tho 
 latter division of the province contains the governments 
 of Tiicuman and Buenos Ayres, and to these I sliull at 
 present conliue my observations. 
 
 The Spaniards entered this part of America by tho 
 river De la Plata i and thcugh a suacession of cruel 
 disaslerH befell them in their early attempts lu ehtablibli 
 their dommiun in it, they were encouraged to pernist 
 in the dcHign, at first by the hopes of discovering mines 
 in the interior country, and ultiTwards by the neeesNily 
 nf occupying it, in ordi>r to prevent any other natioi 
 from settling there, f*nd penetrating by this route into 
 their ncli pONsessiuns in Peru. Hut e.xcepi at Huenoa 
 .\yres, i ley have made no settlement o( any conse- 
 t|uenc<> in all the vast space which I have mentioned. 
 There are indeed, scattered over it, a few places on 
 which tliev have bestowed the name of towns, and lo 
 which they have endeavored to add some dignity, by 
 erecting tliem into bishoprics ; but they are no bettei 
 than paltry villages, each with two or tbreo hundreu 
 inhabitants. One circumstance, however, which wat- 
 not originally foreseen, has contributed to render thii 
 district, though thinly peopled, of considerable impur 
 tunce. The province of Tucuman, together with tin 
 I country lo the south of tbn Pkta. instead of being co- 
 ', vered with wood like other parts of America, furnife 
 I one extensive open plain, almost without a tree. Tho 
 t soil IS a deep fertile mould, watered by many streumt 
 ' descending from the Andes, and clothed in perpetual 
 
flOUTII AMRIUGA. 
 
 rortliiro In l\x\* nrli |HiMtiirn0r, tlic hortcinml nttlo 
 iiiiporli'tl by iIh' S|iariinriU rroiii Ki]rii|>p Imva iiinlli|ilir<l 
 to A (li'^rro Miniii hIiimmI I'trn-di lic|ii-r TIiih Iijm 
 ciiubloil tlic iiilmhiUntit nut only lo ()|tiMi a tiitrroiivi) 
 trade will) INtu, l>y ■u)>|ilyini; il with rnttlr, liorHm, 
 ■nt) iniiltiA, )iut III carry tin n (Miriiuirri'r nu Icnm luni'li- 
 ciiil|by thu <ixtiuriuiioi) (>l IiuIin tu Kuropr. Truin Itutli, 
 tho colony lian <lrri\rit ^nut iulvllrltll^^H. lint iln 
 cuininutliuiii niluulion for t-iirrvin<; on roDlraband trudtt 
 ha*) hui'it tint oIimT nouho nl' lU |iroH|H'rily. Wlnlr Utv 
 court uf Madrid adlirnd (o iih unritMit iiy«ti'ni. wilh 
 rfHiirrl 'O lilt co'iiiiiiiiiicaiioii vmIIi Aint-rica. llie river 
 Do la IMiita l.iy mi nnirli nut u( tlin i-uuntn uf Simiimli 
 navi){atiun, tliat nilfrloiicrti, alnioal wiiiioiit any rmk uf 
 boinH oitlicr olmorvnl ur olmtructtd, 4'ouM ikkk in Ku- 
 rofican nianti fact urea in nticU <|uaniitit'fl, tliat llicy nut 
 only ftU|i|ilicd tlio wantn ot llif colnny. Iiut wcrt* run- 
 vi'yt'd irilu all tlir riiNimi diHtru-Uuf I'uru. Wlii-n 
 tho Porlii^iicfir ill llraiil rxlriidrd tlirir M-ttlnncntik to 
 Uifl hankii nt llio dn la I'lata, a new rlunnri wvh 
 0|HM)rd, liy witii'li pruliibiii'd ruininoditirH llowtd iiiio 
 llio S|iaiiith tt'irituiic!! with Mill iiuirr t.inlity, and in 
 ^rcatur almndanrr. 'I'lim illruiil tritllr. hnwi'vrr dctri- 
 inoiital to tlin panMit itutr* rutiinlnitrd to llif iiirrfiipii) 
 of the arttlrrni'nt vvtiinii had tlii< iininrdmti) bi'iictit ol it, 
 and Hnrnun Ayrra laranio i>ruiltially a |m>|mi1oiih and 
 0|)iilrnt town. \Vh.it niiy bi> tho rllt'cl oi' iht^ altrra- 
 tlun iatrlv nindv in thf ^ovrrnnitMit of thia rolonv, ihr 
 iiaturo o( wliirli ahall ho drccribcd in thu aiiliHri|iii'iit 
 Hook, rannot hitla-rto bo knoivn. 
 
 All tho other tcrntoricN uf Sfiain in tho Now \Vorlil, 
 (he iHtandM rxi'cpli'd, of whono diMruvcry mid rrdiirtiun 
 I havn fomuTlv ^ivrii an Hcrotnit, jro roin|ir(-hondi'd 
 under two khmI divtaiona ; tho fortntT dcnoiniiiati'd the 
 Kingdom of 'I'lerra 1* irnio, tho provniiTH of whirh utrotch 
 feluiiK the Atlanltc, front tho odtttorn frontier of New 
 8|mtn to tho month uf the ( Irinocu ; the latter, tho New 
 Kin;{doin of (iranada, aituated in tho interior cuiintrv. 
 With a abort view uf tliuac I ahatl cloao tliia purl uf my 
 work. 
 
 To llin raat of Vera^iia. tho InAt province anbjrcl to 
 thr virorny of Moxicu, lioa the iilhimiM of Ihirien 
 Though It waa in thii pait of thu continent that the 
 SpaiiiiirdH first bo^an tu plant cotunioH, thoy Iiavo made 
 no connidorablo pro^reas m p<'oph^^ it. Aa tho coun- 
 try IS rxtrrnu'ly niuiintainoua, iie|u(fod with rain during 
 ft ^o(»\ part of tho your, roinarkuhly iiidiraltliful, and 
 contains no nnnoa o( ^roat value, tho SpaniufdH wuiihl 
 probably havo abandonod it nllot^etlior, if they hfid n<it 
 been allured to continue by the excellcnco ui" tho har- 
 Ixrr uf Portu Bellu un tho one aoa. and that of I'ananui 
 on V other, 'riiono havo been calhd the kevn to tho 
 CO. .inicatiun between the norib and M>u(b mm, lie- 
 twren Spam and her inoMt valuahte culonioA In con- 
 inpieitco of tbnt udvuntajre. I'aniina ha*! btreoine a con- 
 pidcrublo and tbnvniK town. 'I'lie peculiar nuxtoufine«a 
 of Its clnnaie has prevented Purto Delhi from mcreat*- 
 in^t m the aaine proportion Ah tho intorcourNo will) 
 the settlenicntA in tlie I'acilic Ocoitn is now i arried on 
 by another channel, it ix probable that both I'orlo Hrllo 
 and Panama will doclino, when no Ioniser noiiriNJied 
 and enriched by that commerce tu which lliey were in- 
 debted for their proMtoritv, and ovon their exiHtenco 
 
 Tho provinces of ('arlhaj.'! na urui Santa Marl ha 
 •trel< h tu the eantwurd of (be islliuni!* oi D.irien. Tlio 
 cunntry ittill conttiuien imiurilainouN, Imii iIh vallovN 
 be^iii to expaiH*. arc well \walered, and extrontelv br- 
 lilc. Pedro do lleri'tlia jitiltjecte'l iIuh part of Ainoncn 
 to tho crown of Spam about llie year l^'A'i. It ik 
 thinly peopled, ami of cuufM ill cultivated It produces. 
 however, a variety of valuable dni;;*, unit aoire pre- 
 cioiH atones, particularly omcraldH. Hut iIh eliicf im- 
 purtance if derived from the harbor of CariliH^eiia, the 
 aaleat and boMt fortilled of any in tlie American do- 
 niimonn of Spain In a nitualion ho favorable, cum- 
 inerce ttooii be^jan to llourish. As eariv ax the year 
 IT) It, It Roenifl tu have boon a 'own of Kome note Hut 
 when <'artha>rena wna choHOii as the port iii which the 
 galeons ahould lirst be^in to trade on tlieir arrival from 
 Kuropo, and lo which ihey wero directed to return, in 
 order to prepare fur their voyajjo bumo^anl, the eom- 
 tnerce of its inhabitants wan ho much lavond by this 
 arrangement, that it aoon became one of ibo must popu- 
 lous, opulent, and beautiful cities in America. 'I'bere 
 in, however, reaMUt to apprehend that it has reached Us 
 biRhcat point of exaltation, and that it will bo ho far 
 atfecled by the change in tho Spamsh system uf tradi 
 with America, which has Withilrawn trom it tho desiri- 
 bic visits of ihe iialouns. ns tu feel at lenvt a temporary 
 decline. Hut the weallh nuw cultecled there will suon 
 lind ur create employment fur itself, and may bu turned 
 with advaulu;jo into suiuo new channel. lia liarbur la 
 
 »o aafo, and ao conveniently situated for rccriving com* 
 moditiua from Knro|»e, ita merclumta havo been solon^ 
 accuatumetl to convey thciio iiitu all tho adjucont pro- 
 vinces, that It IN iiruhahle they will still retain this 
 brunch of trade, and l-urlliayena eonliniie lo bo a city 
 uf ureal irnportanco. 
 
 'riie provincoa cunliKuuiia to Santa Marthii on tho 
 euHt, was liral visited by Alonso do Ojedd, in tho year 
 I'lUU ; and the Npaniurifs, on their laiidiiiK there, huvmjj 
 ubserved some liuls in an Indian vilbi);o, built u|M>n 
 piles, in order lo raise ihem above Ihe nla^nated water 
 which covered the plain, wore led to bestow upon ii 
 the name ol Vetir/ucla, ur little Venice, by their usual 
 properimtv to bnd a resembliinco between what they 
 discovered in Anienca, and the ubjecls which wero 
 familnr lu them in Kuro|to. They madu some attoiiipta 
 tu setlbi there, but witb lilllu auccesa The Ihial re- 
 ducliuii uf tho pruvmco was accomplmhed by means 
 very dilVeront from ihuno to which Snain waa mdibted 
 bir lis other aciimsitiuns in the Now Wurhl. Thu 
 amhitiiiri of Charles V. ol'ion enquired lum in operations 
 of such vunelv aiul evli nt, lliut his reveiiuos wort! iiol 
 sutlicient lo defray tho expense of carrying them into 
 exocutiun Ainoiii( other oi|iediriita fur supplying tho 
 deficiencv of his funds, ho hail Imirowed lartfo sums 
 Iruin tho S'eUers uf Auusbur}^, the inusl opulent iiier- 
 cbunts ut that lime m Kuropu. Hy way ol rolributiun 
 hir iboHO, or in hopes, perhaps, of oblamm^ a new lOkri, 
 he hestowid upon llioin tho province of Veno/uela, to 
 be hehl as an berediiary t'lef from thu cruwii uf ('astilo. 
 on eoiidiiion that within almntid tiino they should ren- 
 der themselves masters uf Ihe cuunlry, and establish a 
 colony ttiero. I'nder the direction uf such persnns, it 
 mi^lit have been expected that u setllemeul wuuld have 
 been estahlislu'd on maxima very diiroront from ihosu 
 uf the Spaniards, and better calculated to encoura;.'o 
 such us(:lul industry, as mercantile propriolurs mi^ht 
 bavo known lu be the most certain source of prosperity 
 and uputenco. Hut unfortunately they committed llio 
 oxeciiliun of their plan tu sumu of those soldiers uf 
 fortune with winch (ionnany ahuunded in the MXieenlli 
 century. I'liesi' adventurers, impatient tu umans riches. 
 thai they im^ht speedily ahanduii a station which they 
 Mtoii disco.vered to ho very uncimilortahle, mslcad of 
 pluritin;; a colony in order lo cultiv.ile unil improve llio 
 country, wandered Iruni district tti ilistnct m search of 
 mines, plundering; tlia natives with unfeeling rapacity, 
 or oppressing; thorn by the impusition of inluierahle 
 tasks. In the course of a lew years, iboir avancu and 
 exactions, m cuinpuriMUi with winch thus4> of the Spn- 
 iiiards wore mudorute, desolated the province so cum* 
 pletely. that it cuuld liardlv .itlord them sulisistence, 
 and the Vetsers ri'liiKpiislioil u propcrtv from which the 
 iiH rmiiderale conduct uf their a^jents left them nu hupe 
 uf ever denvini; any udvanta^e When the wretched 
 remainder of the (leriuans deserted Venezuela, tho 
 Spaniards a^iiiii tuok possessiun uf it \ but iiotwith- 
 standiii^ many natural advantaues, it is one ol their 
 nioHt lanumshini; and miproductivo sottlcments. 
 
 'I'ho provinces of I'araccas and (Humana are the last 
 ol tho Spanish terntunes un this const ; but in relating 
 the origin and operations uf the morcnnlde com|iany in 
 wliich un excliisivo riirhl uf tradu with them Ium been 
 Vented, I shrill hereafter have occasion tu cunsider their 
 state ami pruduclions. 
 
 Tho New Kin<rdum uf (tranada is entirely an inland 
 country of ^real extent. This important aitdilioii was 
 maili! tu the doniimotis of Spain ahuut the year lAIJtt, 
 by Sebasliau de Hetialcazar and (iun/.alu Ximenes do 
 (^uosad.i, two of the bravest and most uccomplihheil 
 oMictTs emploved in the coinpiest uf America Tht> 
 former, who commanded at that time in Cjtiitt>, attacked 
 It from tho south ; tiie latter made his invaMOii Iruni 
 Santa Martha un the north As the ori|;ina! inh<ibitaiit.s 
 of this reKion were further advanced iii luipruvemcnt 
 llian any po(<pti> in America hut the Mexicans and Pe- 
 ruvians, liii'v defended iheniselves with ^reat resolution 
 Riid ^ood euniluct. Tlie abilities and porsevercnco ul 
 Henatca/.tr and (juesaila sumiuuntod all opposition, 
 though not without encountering many dati^era, and 
 reduced the country iiitu ibn form uf a Spanish pro- 
 vince. 
 
 The New Kingdom of Granada is so fur elovaiod 
 above the level uf the sea that, though it Hpproaclu'8 
 almost to the equator, thu climate is remarkably tem- 
 perate The fortuity of its vallvys is not mfcnoi to 
 that of the richest districts in America, and its liiKhor 
 ^loiinds yield ^^ohl and preciou.'* stones of various kinds 
 It IS not liv diirijini; into the bowels of the eurth that 
 this ^uld IS found ; it is minified with t'io sud near tlie 
 fiirfaco. and separated frum it by repeated waDhiu^ 
 with water. This operatiun is earned on whully by 
 
 m 
 
 Negro alavea ; for though the chill auhterranetn air ha* 
 lieoii discovered, by ox|)enence, l» l»e sj fatal lo thein, 
 that Ibey ciiniiot be employed with advantage in tho 
 deep silver mines, ihey are more capable uf perforin- 
 m^ tho other siieeios of lutwr than Indians. As thft 
 natives in the New Kingdom of (irariadu are exempt 
 front ihat service, which has wasted their race so ru* 
 pidly m other parts of .America, ihu country is aiill 
 romarkahly |H>pulous Some districts yield gold with 
 a prubisiun no loss wonderful than that m thu vale ol 
 ('ineguilU, which I have birnierly mentioned, and it la 
 uflen fuund in large prhtan, or grams, which maniftial 
 Iho abundance iii wbu h it is priHliicod. On a nsing 
 ground near Pamplona, sm^rtn laborers hivu collected 
 III a day whit was equal in value lo a thousand pesos. 
 A late govurnur uf Suiita Pu bruught with him to Spain 
 a lump uf puro guhl, estimated to bo wurtli seven hun- 
 dred and forty pounds sterling This, which is jier- 
 baps tho Icr^esl and liiiost specimen ever fuund in the 
 Now World, IS now deposited in the royal cabmot of 
 Madrid Hut wiihout loundmg any calculation on 
 what IS rare and extraordtnary, the value uf the guM 
 usually collected in this country, particularly in the 
 provinces of Popayaii and ('huco, is of considorablu 
 amount. Ita towns are populous and lluuri-'iing Tliti 
 number of inhabitants m almust every part oi .he cuun- 
 lry daily increases, (.'ultivation and industry uf varioua 
 kinds begin lo bo enciiuraged, and to prosper. A cun- 
 Hulerabte trade is crirrted on with Curthngena, the pri>- 
 duce of the mines, and other commodilies, being con- 
 veyed down tho yreul river of St .Magdalene lo that 
 city. On another quarter, the New Kmudum of (ira- 
 nadii has a cuinmumcution with thu Atlantic by ilia 
 river Orinoco ; but the country which sirelclics ulung 
 Its banks towards tho east, is little known, and iin|ter- 
 fectlv occupied by llie Spaniards. 
 
 BOOK vin. 
 
 Vuiw onitfl inlcrioi i(<u'i>riun<Mit. coininercn, Ac. o{ the Spa 
 iiihIi niliMiiL'S— l>L'|Mi|iii|.ttiiiii ul Aiiiuricu— lirst ollucts uf 
 thi-ir Mt-itltMiii-tits -not the ciiuHfiiuouce nf niiy iiyiitrm of 
 |M>liry— nor li> Ik> Iini»ui<->1 In rehh'ii>i)'~Nuii)t)ur 4i| Indiana 
 liiill ruiniuiiiini— Fiuiiliiiiienlal inaxims on whtcti the Spu- 
 nitli nyiili-iiior ciiluiiixatiiiu M fouittlu(l~( Gondii u n of dllter* 
 nit (inlcri of inoti m Ihnr colonies— t!|ia|ietuu«s—(*rr»lea 
 — Netfrors— I'ulians— Kcclf^iiaHticnl sintn and (sihcy — t^Ua- 
 rariiT of ttt'ciil.ir slid re^'uhir clergy— Small progress uf 
 IMuiHtiaiulv arnoiii; the iialives— .Mines, cluerohjuct nf their 
 attention— Nb>de ol' working these— their produce— Eil^cta 
 or t'licoaruginx lliis hihtiok of induilry— Other corn 
 inodiiii-H ur S|iaiii)ih Ainerlca — Fust elPects uf this new 
 cniiuiifrce with Aniericii on S|)nin— W)iv the Spanuti 
 colonies have not livuu u« henuliciat to the parent ntato as 
 those of other nations— Brrorti in thu t)|ianish syHtein of 
 reKuliitiiiKlhis coiiitniTiT — coniined Itmne port— earned on 
 liy aiiiiiiiil ftiTlN -Contnihand trade— Uucline of Suaiit Indh 
 in population ami weallh — Ht-inodie.^ projKi^ed- View of 
 the wiHi* rettuliiiioiiH of thu UourtMfii princuH — A nuw aii'l 
 limrf Itlteral syntiMii irdrtNluced — tH>nelinal eltects of lliis— 
 urohiililc coiiNe'iueucoH— Tradn ln'twcfUi New S|iain und llio 
 l*hili|)iiine<i~~Ilt-v(-niie of Spain fiom Aniorica— whuitco it 
 ari.-<uH— to what it aimuints. 
 
 Aktkr tracing the projjress of tho Spaniards in their 
 discuveries and cunqiiesis during more than half a cen- 
 tury, I have conducted them to that periotl when thoir 
 authority was established over almost .dl the vast re- 
 gions in tiio Now World still subject 'o their dominion 
 i'ho etieet of their settlements upon the countries uf 
 wbic!) they took posse.HMion. tho niaxnmt which they 
 adopted in formino iheir new colonies, tho mteriur 
 structure and puliry of these, together with the mllu- 
 enco of their progressive improvement upon the parent 
 state, and upon the commercial uuercuurso of nations, 
 ar<^ the ohjectH to winch we now turn our attention. 
 
 The tirsl visible consequence uf the establishments 
 made by llu; Spamrirds in America, was tlie dimiuutioa 
 nf tho ancient lohaliilants, to a decree equally astomsh- 
 mi; and depluruhle. I have already, on dilVeronl occa- 
 MiuiiH, mentioned the disastrous r.illuonco under which 
 tne connection of the .\mericana with tho peojite ai our 
 hoinisphcro ciunnienced. both in the islamls and in 
 several parts uf the cuntirKiU, nnd havo touched upon 
 various caiiset: of their rapid consumption. Wherever 
 tho inhabitants of America bad resolution to take anna 
 in defence of their liberty and rights, many pori.shed iti 
 the unetpial contest, and were cut off by their ticr.-e m- 
 viders. Hut the greatest desolation followed after the 
 sword was sheathed, and the conquerors wore settled 
 in tranquillity. It was in the islands, and in tliuso pri»- 
 vmces of the continent which stretch from the Uulf o( 
 Tnmdad to the confines of Mexico, thai the fatal elFccta 
 of the Spanish doininiun were first and* most aensihlv 
 Icll. All those wore occupied either by wandering 
 tribes of hunters, or by such us had made but tniaU 
 pro>rress in cultivation and mdustrv. When they weiu 
 cuuipetlud by their new masters to take uu a fired rcaU 
 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 'SIM m 
 
 » ill 
 
 116 
 
 2.2 
 12.0 
 
 u mil 1.6 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 s 
 
 ,\ 
 
 ^\^ 
 
 ^9) 
 
 V 
 
 4^ 
 
 
 N> 
 
 O"^ 
 
 ^#»" 
 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 
 %^ 
 

 Q, 
 
 C/j 
 
ICO [ 
 
 dence. and to apply to rogiilar labor ; when tasks were 
 imposud upon ihrm di»proportionc(l to their Htrcngth, 
 and were enacted with unrelenting severity, ihny po.s- 
 Besscd not vigor cither of miud or of liody lo siisliiiti 
 this unuaual load of oppression. Drjection and du- 
 gpair drove many to end their lives by violence. Fa- 
 tigue and famine destroyed more. In all those exten- 
 sive regions, the original race of inhabitants wasted 
 away ; in some it was totally extinguished. In Mexi- 
 co, where a powerful and martial people distinguished 
 their opposition to the Spaniards by efforts of courauo 
 worthy of a better fate, great numbers fell in the field ; 
 and there, as well as in Peru, still greater numbers 
 perished under the hardships of attending the Spanitfh 
 armies in their various expeditions and civil wars, worn 
 out with the incessant toil of carrying their baggage, 
 provisions, and military stores. 
 
 But neither the rage nor cruelty of the Spaniards 
 was so destructive to the people of Mexico and Peru, 
 as the inconsiderate policy with which they established 
 their new settlements. The former were temporary 
 calamities, fatal to individuals: the latter was a per- 
 roament evil, which, wil.i gradual consumption, wasted 
 the nation. When the provinces of Mexico and Peru 
 were divided among ttie conquerors, each was eager to 
 obtain a district from which he might expect an in- 
 stantaneous recompense for all his services. Soldiers, 
 accustomed to the carelessness and dissipation of a 
 military life, had neither industry to carry on any plan 
 of regular cultivation, nor patience to wait for its slow 
 but certain returns. Instead of settling in the valleys 
 occupied by the natives, where the fertility of the soil 
 would have amply rewarded the diligence of the plartcr, 
 they chose to fix their stations in some of the moun- 
 tainous regions, frequent both in New Spain and in 
 Peru. To search for mines of gold and silver was the 
 chief object of their activity. The prospects which 
 this opens, and the alluring hopes which it continually 
 preacnts, correspond wonderfully with the spirit of en- 
 terprise and adventure that animated the first emigrants 
 to America in ever' part of their conduct. In order to 
 push forward those favorite projects, so many hands 
 vere wanted, tliat the service of the natives became 
 indispensably requisite. They were accordingly com- 
 pelled to abandon their ancient habitations in the plains, 
 and driven in crowds to the mountains. Thie> sudden 
 transition from the bultry cliiUite of ihe valkys to the 
 chill penetrating air peculiar to high lands in ihe torrid 
 zone ; exorbitant labor, scanty or unwholesome nourish- 
 ment, and the despondency occasioned by a (.pecics of 
 opnrrssion to which they were not accustomed, and of 
 which they saw no end, alfected them nearly as much 
 as their less industrious countrymen in the islands. 
 They sunk under the united pressure of those calami- 
 ties, and melted away with almost equal rapidity. In 
 consequence of this, together with the introduction of 
 the small-pox, a malady unknown in America, and ex- 
 tremely fatal to the natives, the number of people both 
 in New Spain and Peru was so much reduced, that in 
 u few years the accounts of their ancient population 
 appeared almost incredible. [16*1] 
 
 Such are the mott considerable events and causes 
 which, by their combined operation, contributed to de- 
 populate America. AVithout attending to these, many 
 authors, astonished at the suddenness of the desolation, 
 have ascribed this unexampled event to a system of 
 policy no less profound than atrocious. The Spaniurd.s, 
 08 they pretend, conscious of their own inability to oc- 
 cupy the vast regions which they had di.-icovcnd, and 
 foreseeing the impossiliihty of mamliiining their au- 
 thority over a people infinitely superior to tiiemselves 
 in number, in order to preserve the possession of Ame- 
 rica, resolved to extenuiiiiLte the irihabitunts, and, l)V 
 converting a great part of the country into a desert, 
 endeavored to secure their own duniinion over it, [Iti.'iJ 
 But nations seldom extend their views to obje.Us so 
 remote, or lay their plans so deep ; and for the honor 
 of humanity we may observe, that no nation ever de- 
 liberately formed such an execrable scheme. T'.'- 
 Spanish monarchs, far from acting upon any p" tvs- 
 tem of destruction, were uniformly solicitous for the 
 preservation of their new subjects. With Isabella, 
 zeal for propagating Ihe Clirislian faith, together 
 with the desire of communicating the knowledge of 
 truth, and the consolations of religion, (o people desti- 
 tute of spiritual light, were more than ostensible mo- 
 tivcu fcr encouraging Columbus to attempt his disco- 
 veries. Upon his success, hIic endeavored to fulfil her 
 piouH purjiose, and manifested the most lender concern 
 to secure not only religious instruction, but mild treat- 
 ment, to that inotfcnstve race oi men subjected to her 
 crown. [106] Her successors adopted the samo ideas ; 
 
 ROBEUTSON*S HISTORY OF 
 
 and, on many occasions, which I have mentioned, their 
 authority was interposed, in the most vigorous exer- 
 tions, to protect the people of America from llie op- 
 pression of their Spanish subjects. Their regulations 
 for this purpose were numerous, and often repealed. 
 They were framed with wisdom, and dictated by hu- 
 manity. After their possessions in Ihe New World 
 became so extensive as might have excited some ap- 
 prehensions of difficulty in retaining their dominion 
 over Ihcm, the spirit of their regulations was as mild as 
 when their selilemcnts were confined to the islands 
 alone. Their solicitude to protect the Indians seems 
 rather to have augmented as their actpiisitions increased: 
 and from ardor to accomplish this, they enacted, and 
 endeavored to enforce the execution of laws, which ex- 
 cited a formidable rebellion in one of their colonies, 
 and spread alarm and disaffection through all the rest. 
 But the avarice of individuals was too violent to bn 
 controlled by the authority of laws. Rapacious and 
 daring adventurers, far removed from the seat of go- 
 vernment, little accustomed to the lestraints of military 
 discipline while in service, and still less disposed to re- 
 spect the feeble jurisdiction of civil power in an infant 
 colony, despised or eluded every regulation that set 
 bounds to their exactions and tyranny. The parent 
 state, with persevering attention, issued edicts to pre- 
 vent the oppression of the Indians ; the colonists, re- 
 gardless of these, or trusting to their distanre for im- 
 punity, continued to consider and treat them VJ Haves. 
 The governors themselves, and other otl'icers employed 
 in the colonics, several of whom were as indigent and 
 rapacious as the adventurers over whom they presided, 
 were too apt to adopt their contemptuous ideas of the 
 conquered people ; and, instead of checking, encou- 
 raged or connived at their e-xcesses. The desolation of 
 the New World should not then be charged on the 
 court of Spain, or be considered as the eilect of any 
 system of policy adopted there. It ought to be im- 
 puted wholly to 'ihe indigent and often unprincipled 
 adventurers, whose fortune it was to be the conquerors 
 mid first planters of America, who, by measures no less 
 inconsiderate than unjust. counleracttJ the edicts of 
 their sovereign, and have brought disgrace upon their 
 country. 
 
 With still greater injustice have manv authors re- 
 presented the mtolerating spirit of the Roman Catholic 
 religion, as the cause of exterminating the Americans, 
 and have accused the Spanish ecclesiastics of ani- 
 mating their countrymen to the slaughler of that inno- 
 cent people, as idolaters and enemies of God. But 
 the firt' nisiionaries who visited Americn, tlionirh 
 weak and illiterate, were pious men. They early es- 
 poused the defence of the natives, and vindicated their 
 character from the aspersions of their conqueror.i, who, 
 describing them as incapable of being formed to the 
 ollireaof civil life, or of comprehending the doctrines 
 of religion, contended, that they were a subordinate 
 race of men, on whom the hand of nature had set the 
 mark of servitude. From ihe accounts which I have 
 given of the humane and persevering zeal of the Spa- 
 nish missionaries, in protecting the lielpless Hock com- 
 mitted to their charge, they appear in a light which re- 
 flects lustre upon their function. They were ministers 
 of peace, wJio endeavored to wrest tlie rod from the 
 hands of oppressors To their powerful interposition 
 the Amerii'uiis were indebted for every reurulation tend- 
 ing to mitigate the rigor of their fate. The clergy in 
 the .Spulli^h settlements, reguhu as well as secular, are 
 still considered by the Indians as tlieir natural guar- 
 dians, lo whom they have recourse under the h;'rd- 
 shqis and exactions lo which they are loo often ex- 
 posed. ll()7J 
 
 But, notwithstanding the rapid depopulation of Ame- 
 rica, a very considerable number of the native race still 
 remains bolh in Mexico and Peru, espewally in those 
 jmrts which were not exposed to tlie first t^ury of the 
 Spanish arms, or desolated by the first efforts of their 
 industry, still more ruinous. In Ciuatimala, Chiapa, 
 Nicaragua, and the other delightful provinces of the 
 Mexican empire, which slrelch along the .South Sea, 
 the race of Indians is still numerous. Their settle- 
 ments in some places are so pojmlous as to merit the 
 name of cities. [108 J In the three audiences into 
 which New Spain is divided, there are at least two mil- 
 lions of Indians; a pilifut remnant, indeed, of its an- 
 cient population, but such as slitl forms a body of peo- 
 ple superior in number to that of sU the other inhahi- 
 t;tntsof this extensive country, flODj In Peru several 
 districts, particularly in the kingdom of Q'iito, are oc- 
 cupied almost entirely by Indians. In other provuues 
 they are mingled with the Spaniards, and in iniiiiy of 
 their soltlcmunts are almost iho only persons who 
 
 practise the mechanic art.s, and fdl most of the inferior 
 stations in society. As the inhabitants botli of Mexico 
 and Peru were accustomed to a fixed residence, and to 
 a cortian degree of regular industry, less violence wae 
 requisite in bringing then to some conformity with the 
 European modes of civil ife. But wherever the Spa- 
 niards settled among the s-a 'age tribes of America, their 
 attempts to incorporate with them have been always 
 fruitless, and often fatal to llie natives. Impatient of 
 restraint, and disdaining labor as a mark of servility, 
 they either abandoned their original seats, and sought 
 for independence in mountains and forests inaccessible 
 to their oppressors, or perished when reduced to a stale 
 repugnant to their ancient ideas and habits. In tKo 
 districts adjacent to Carthagena, to Panama, and to 
 Buenos Ayres, the desolation is more general than 
 even in those parts ol Mexico and Peru of which the 
 Spaniards have taken most full possession. 
 
 But the establishments of llie S|>aniards in the New 
 Wjorld, though fatal to its ancient inhabitants, were 
 made at a period when that monurchy was capable ot 
 forming them to best advantage. By the union of all 
 its petty kingdoms, S])ain was become a powerful state, 
 equal to so great an undertaking. Its monarchs, hav- 
 ing extended their prerogatives far beyond the limits 
 which once circumscribed the regal power in every 
 kingdom of Curope, were hardly subject to control, 
 either in concerting or in executing their measures. 
 In every wide-extended empire, the form of govern- 
 ment must be simple, and the sovereign authority such, 
 that its resolutions may be taken with promptitude, and 
 may pervade the whole with sufficient force. Such 
 was ;he power of the Spanish monarchs whe: they 
 were called to deliberate concerning the mode ol 
 establishing their dominions over the most remote pro- 
 vinces which had ever been subjected lo any European 
 state. In this deliberation, they felt themselves undei 
 no constitutional restraint, and that, as independent 
 masters of their own resolves, they might issue the 
 edicts requisite for modelling the government of the 
 new colonics, by a more act of prerogative. 
 
 This early interposition of the Spanish crown, in 
 order to regulate the pobcy and trade of its colonies, 
 is a peculiarity which distinguishes their progress from 
 that of the colonics of any other European nation. 
 When the Portuguese, the English, and French took' 
 pos.«cssion of the regions in America which they nov- 
 occupy, the advantages which these promised to yield 
 were so remote and uncertain, that their colonies were 
 suffered to struggle through a hard infancy, ulmoAt 
 wiiliout guidance or protection from the parent stale. 
 But gold and silver, the first productions of the Spanish 
 settlements in the New World, were more alluring, and 
 immediately attracted the attention of their monarchs. 
 Though they bad contributed little to the discovery, and 
 almost nothing to the conquest of the New World, they 
 instantly a.ssumcd the function of its legislators ; and 
 having accpiired a species of dominion formerly un- 
 known, they formed a plan for exercising it, lo which 
 nothing similar occurs in the history of human affairs. 
 
 The fundamental maxim of the Spanish jurispru- 
 dence, with respect to America, is to consider what has 
 been acquired there as vested in the crown, rather than 
 in the state. By the bull of Alexander VT., on which, 
 as its great charter, Spain founded its right, all the re- 
 gions that had been or sliould be discovered were 
 bestowed as a free gift upon Ferdinand and Isabella. 
 They and their successors were uniformly held to bo 
 the universal proprietors of the vast territories which 
 the arms of their subjects conquered in the New World. 
 From them all grants of land there flowed, and lo them 
 they finally returned. The leaders who conducted the 
 various expeditions, the governors who presided over 
 the different colonies, the officers of justice, and tlio 
 ministers of religion, were all appointed by their uiilho- 
 rity, and removeahle at their pleasure, 'i'he people 
 who composed infant settlements were entitled to no 
 privileges independent of the sovereign, or that served 
 as a barrier against the power of the crown. It is true, 
 that when towns were built, and formed into bodies 
 corporate, the citizens were permitted lo elect their 
 own magistrates, who governed them by laws which 
 the community enacted. Eve" in the ino.st despotic 
 states, this feeble 8|)ark of liberty is not extinguished. 
 But m the cities of Sjianish America, this jurisdiction 
 is merely municipal, and is confined lo the regulation 
 of their own interior commerce and police. In what- 
 ever relates to public government, and the general in- 
 tererti. the will of the sovereign is law. iSo political 
 power originates from the peo|ile All centres in tho 
 crown, and m the officers of its nomination. 
 
 ^Vben the voiu^uests of tho Srmniards in America 
 
I he inferior 
 I of Mexico 
 |i(!0, and to 
 vlctico wae 
 ly with the 
 ft the Spa* 
 fcrica, their 
 Icii iitwtiya 
 Inpatient of 
 servility, 
 Ind sought 
 Piificessihle 
 1 to a titale 
 In tho 
 Jia, and to 
 licral than 
 Iwliich the 
 
 SOUTH AMEPIUA. 
 
 Ifll 
 
 wcru co:i;|pIru d, ihcir nioiiiirclif, in rctmin;^ ihv. phm of 
 inltTtiul polii'v lor Uu-ir iitw doniiNinns, divuh .1 ihcrn 
 lino iwn inl!llt■n^t■ ^uviTuriHiiIs, one suhjcct hi Uie 
 vitLToy of New S[i.iin, ihi! otiitr lo llu: vicciov of 
 IVrii. Tiic juriMhctioii of ihc furincr cxiciuh-d over 
 all tlic proviriLcs l)c!oii;^iny to Spaiii in llio norllicrn 
 division of ilin Ainericuii coiilim-nt. rndcr that of tiie 
 latter was cniiijiriliciidi^d wlhitrvrr shi' |'0^st■ss('d in 
 So.ith AincTica. 'Jhis urrautrcincnt, which, from the 
 bcgiimitig, was aUendi-d with many inconvt'nicncics. 
 brcanic mtolcrahlc when ihc rciiiolu province.- of each 
 victTOjally hcj^an lo improve in industry and popula- 
 tion. 'J'hc people compliiinrd of thi-ir subjection lo a 
 superior, whose place of residence was so distant, or 
 so inaccessible, as jlinost excluded lliein from any in 
 lercourse with the seat of |iOverrnnenl. 'I'lie uuthoritv 
 of (he viceroy ovcrdistriclsso far removed from his own 
 eye and obsiervalion, was unavoidably both feeble and HI 
 directed. As a remedy for those evils, a third vicr- 
 royally has been established in the present century, at 
 ISanla Fede lJoi;ota. the capital of the new kinjjdom of 
 Granada, the jurisdiction of which extends over the 
 whole kingdom of Tierra Firmc and the province of 
 Quito. 'I'liose viceroys not only represent the person 
 of ibcir sovereign, but possess his regal prerogatives 
 within the precincts of their own governments in their 
 titmost extent. Like him, they exercise su]>rcnie au- 
 thority in every depart i ent of govr rnment, eivil, mili- 
 tary, and criminal. Tliey have the sole right of nomi- 
 iiaiing the persons who hold many oHices of the highest 
 importance, and the occasional privilege cf snpplying 
 those which, wiien they become vacant by death, are in 
 the royal gift, until the s ccessor appointed by the 
 king shall arrive. The external j)omp of their govern- 
 ment is suited to its real dignity and power. Their 
 courts are formed upon the model of that of Ma- 
 drid, with horse and foot guards, a household rcg\ilarly 
 established, inimerons attendants, and ensigns of corn- 
 mind, displaying nuch magnilicence as hardly retains 
 tne appearunce of delegated authority. 
 
 Hut UF the viceroys cannot discluirge in person the 
 functions of a supreme magistrate in every part of their 
 cxlensivo jurisdiction, they are aided in their govern- 
 ment by otficers and trilninats similar to those in Spain. 
 The cotiduct of civU affairs in the var'ous provinces i.nd 
 dislrictf, into which the Spanish dominions in Ame- 
 rica are divided, is coininilted to magistrates of various 
 orders pnd denominations ; some appointed by the king, 
 others by the viceroy, but all subject to the command 
 of the latter, arid amenable lo his jurisdiction. The 
 adinini itration of justice is vested in tribunals, known 
 by the name o( AtidHnrfs, and formed u[)on (he mode! 
 ol the court of Chancery in Spain. These are eleven 
 in number, and dispense justice to as many districts 
 into winch tho Sp,inish dominions in America are di- 
 vided [170] The number of judges in the Court of 
 Audience is various, according to the extent and im- 
 portance of their jurisdiclion. The station is no less 
 nonordble than lucrative, and is commonly lilled by 
 persons of such abilities uid merit as render this tri- 
 bural txtremely respectable. Both civil and criminal 
 causi«8 come under their cognizance, and for each pe- 
 culiar judges are set apart. Though it is only in the 
 most despotic governments that the sovereign exercises 
 in person the formidable proro(;alive of adminislering 
 justice to his subjects, and. in absolving or condemn- 
 ing, consults no \am but what i.t deposited in his own 
 breast ; though, in all tlie monarchies of Kurope. ju- 
 dicial aulhorltv is eominittitl to the it. agistrates. whose 
 deciiions are regulated by known laws aiu! eslubhslicd 
 forms; the Spanish viceroys have oOen aitempled lo 
 intrude themselves into tlie seat of justice, luid, with an 
 BinlMiion which their distance iVom the con'ml of a 
 superior rendered bold, have umpired <it a power which 
 their mante'-does not venture to assume. In order lo 
 check a us'iri ation which must h:i' e iiiuihililed 'uatice 
 and security in the Spatitsh co!o:iies, in sulijecimg ihe 
 lives and property ol all lo the will of a single man, the 
 viceroys' have been prohibited in the most explicit 
 terms, by repeated laws, from interfering in the judicial 
 
 1)roceedings of the ('ourls of Aiidience, or from de- 
 ivering an opinion, or giviiig a voice, with respect to 
 any point lit gated beloic them In some particular 
 eases, in whic i any question of civil right is involved, 
 wen the political regulations of the vicerov may be 
 Drought under the review of the('ourt of Audience. 
 which in those instances nmv be deemed an inU'r- 
 mediale p«»wer placed between him and the people, as 
 B constitutional turner to circumscribe his jiuisdution 
 Bui i» legal restraints on a person wlio represents the 
 sovereign, and is 'Mothtdwith his authority, are little 
 ftuiied to the geni.^i i>f Spanish policy ; thr* bcsilatiou 
 
 12 
 
 [;ind reserve with which it confort? i;iis power on the 
 I ('ourls of Audience are remarkable. They may advl^e, 
 , lliev may rcn.onstran- ; bin, in ihe event iif a 'irec; 
 i collision between their opinton and the will of the vice- 
 I rov, wliiit he determines innsi be carrj, ■! nilo execution, 
 and noihmg reniains for thi m, liiit to '.ly ihc nuttier 
 before the ",ing and the Council of the Inilies. Hut lo 
 be eiuith'i lo reiiionstrate, and inform against a person 
 bt.'fore whi in all others must be silent, and tamely suh- 
 ■.lit to his decrees, is a [)rivilegc wliich adds dignity to 
 tlie Courts of Audience. This is furUier augmented 
 by onoliier ciremnstance. Upon ihe death of a vice- 
 roy, witho. t any provision of a successor by the king, 
 the snprenij power is vested in the (vouri of Audience 
 resident in the capital of tiie viceroyaity ; and the senior 
 judge, assisted by his brethren, exercises all the func- 
 tions of the viceroy while the othce continues vacant. 
 In matters which come under the cognizance of the 
 .Viidiencrs, in the cMirseof their ordinary jurisdiction, 
 as courts ofjnstice, their sentences are tinal in every 
 litigation concerning property of less value than si.\ 
 thousand pesos ; hut when the Ruiijecl in dis|)ulc ex- 
 ceeds that sum, their decisions are subject to review, 
 and may be carried by appeal before the royal Council 
 of the Indies. 
 
 In this council, one ol the most considerable in the 
 monarchy for dignity and power, is vested the supremo 
 government of all the Spanish dominions in Americi. 
 It was first established by Ferdinand in the year 1511, 
 and brought into a more perfect form by Charles V. in 
 the year i')£4. Its jurisdiction extends to every di>- 
 partmenl, ecclesiastical, civil, military, aiul commer- 
 cial. All laws and ordinances relative to the govern- 
 ment and police of ihe colonies originate there, and 
 nmst be approved of by two-thirds of llie members be- 
 fore they arc issued in llie name of tire king. All the 
 offices, of which tlie nomination is reserved to the 
 crown, are conferred in this council. To it each per- 
 son employed in America, from the vicewv downwards, 
 is accountable. It reviews their conduct, rewards their 
 services, and inflicts the punishments due to their mal- 
 versations. Before it is laid whatever intelligence, 
 either public or secret, is received from America ; and 
 every scheme of nnproving the adminislration, the po- 
 lice, or the commerce of the colonies, is submitted to 
 its consideration. From the first institution of the 
 Council of the Indies, it has been the constant object 
 of the Catholic monarchs to maintain its authority, and 
 to make such additions from time to time, both to its 
 power and its sph-ndor, as might render it formidable 
 to all their subjects in the New World. Whatever 
 degree of public order and virtue still remains in lint 
 country, where so many circumstances conspire lo rehix 
 the former, and to corrupt the latter, may be ascribed in 
 a great measure to the wise regulations and vigilant 
 inspection of this respectable tribunal. 
 
 As the king is suppoied to be always present in bis 
 Council of the Indies, its meetings are held in tlic [ilace 
 where he resides. Another tribunal has been instituted 
 in order to regulate such commercial afHiirs, as reipnred 
 the immediale and personal inspection of those ap- 
 [lointed to superintend them. Thi-^ is called (\t.sa tlr/a 
 Vontratacion^ or the bouse of trade, and was eslabbshed 
 in Seville, the port to which commerce with the New 
 World was contined, ap early us tlie year 1501. It 
 may be considered both as a board of trade, and as a 
 court of judicature. lu ihe lormer capacity it takes 
 cognizance of whatever rekiles h) the intercourse of 
 Spain wiih America, it regulates what commodities 
 should be exported lliither, and has tlie inspection of 
 such as are received in return. It decides concerning 
 the departure of the fleets for the West Indies, the 
 freight and burden of the sbip.s, their etpiipment and 
 destination. In the latter capacity, it judges with 
 respect to every question, civil, conimercial, or crimi- 
 nal, ari.iing in consequence of the transaclions of 
 Spain with America ; and in both these departments 
 i 8 decisions are exempteil from llie review of any court 
 hut thai of the Council of the Indies. 
 
 Such is the great outline of that system of govern- 
 ment which Spain has established in her .\merican 
 colomes. To enninerate the various subordinate boards 
 and olRcers employed in the admini.stration of justice, 
 in collecting the public revenue, and in regulalini; the 
 interior police of the country ; to descritie their dilVer- 
 ent functions, and to inquire into the mode and effect 
 of their operations ; would prove a detail no less intri- 
 cate than minute and uninleresling. 
 
 The first object of tlie .Spanish monarchs was to se- 
 enre the productions of the colonies to the jjarent .^ta'e, 
 by an absolute prohibition of any intercourse wiih 
 foreign nations 'J'liny look possession of .America by 
 
 right of conquest, and conscious not only of the fceblo- 
 IM.SS of their inlant seltlcmeiits, but aware of the dif- 
 ficulty in establisliing their dominion over regions po 
 cxtiMiMve, Of in retaining so many reluctant nultona 
 under the yoke, they driaded ihn mirusion of strangers ; 
 lliey even shunned their inspection, and endeavored to 
 keep them a-l a distance from iheir coasts. 'J'bis .^^pirit 
 of jealousy and exclusion, which a< first was natural, 
 and perliajis necessary, augmented as their possessions 
 in America extended, and the value of them came to 
 be more fully understood. In consequence of it, a 
 system of colonizing was introduced, lo which there had 
 hitberlo been nothing similar among mankind. In tho 
 ancient world, it was not uncommon lo send forth co- 
 lonies, But they were of two kinds only. Tliey were 
 either migrations, which served lo disburden a state ol 
 its superfluous subjects, when they multiplied loo fast 
 for the territory which ihey occupied ; or ihcy were 
 military delHchnienls, slationed as garrisons in a con- 
 quered province. The colonies of some Greek repub- 
 lics, and the swarms of northern barbarians which 6cl- 
 lied in different parts of Kurope, were of the first spe- 
 cies. 'J'he Homan c^jlonics were of the second. In 
 the former, the connection with tho mother country 
 quickly ceased, and they became independent slates. 
 In the latter, as the disjunction was not complete, tbe 
 dependence continued. In their American settlements, 
 the Spanish monarchs took what was peculiar to each, 
 and studied to unite thorn. By sending colonies to 
 regions so remote, by establishing in each a form ot 
 inffrrior policy and administration, under distinct go- 
 vernors, and with peculiar laws, they disjoiiicd them 
 from the mother country. By retaining in their own 
 hands the righl.s of legislation, as well as that of im- 
 posing taxes, together with the power of nominating 
 the persons who tilled every department of executive 
 government, eivil or mihtary, they Rccnred their de- 
 pendence upon the parent state. Happily for Spain, 
 the situation of her colonies was such as rendered it 
 [tossible to reduce this new idea into [iractice. Almost 
 all the countries which she had discovered and occu- 
 pied, lay willim the tropics. Tbe productions of that 
 large portion of tbe globe are different from those of 
 Liurojie, even in its most soulhern provincofi. 'i'ho 
 qualities of the climate and of the sod naturally tbiii 
 the industry of such as settle there into new channeU. 
 When the Spaniards first took possession of ihe-.r 
 dominions in America, tlic precious metals whicli 
 they yielded were the only object that attracted 
 their attention. Fvcn when their eflbrls began to 
 take a better direction, they employed themselves 
 almost wholly in rearing such peculiar productions 
 of the cliinat-o as, from their rarity or value, were 
 of chief demand in the mother country. Allured 
 by vast prospects of immediate wealth, they dis- 
 dained to waste their industry on what was less 
 lucrative, but of superior moment. In order to rendei 
 It impossible to correct this error, and to prevent them 
 from making any efforts in industry which might inter- 
 fere with those of tiie moiher country, the estabhsh- 
 meul of several species of manufactures, and even the 
 culture of the vine or olive, are prohit)ited in the Spa- 
 nish colomes, [171] under severe penalties. They 
 must trust entirely to the mother country for the ob- 
 jects of primary necessity. Their clolhcs, their furni- 
 ture, their instruments of labor, their luxuries, and even 
 a considerable part of the provisions which they con- 
 sume were imported from Spain. Duriirg a great part 
 of the sixteenth century, Spain, possessing an extensive 
 oinmerce and flourishing manufactures, could supply 
 with ease the growing demands uf her colonies from 
 her own stores. The produce of ilieir ''ines and plan- 
 tations was given in exchaniie for these. But all that 
 the colonies received, as well us all that il> 'y gave, w as 
 conveytd m Spanish bottoms. No vessel beloii'iing to 
 the colonies was ever perniitted to carry tho coiumndi- 
 ties of America to Kurope. Kven the comincrciul in- 
 tercourse of one colony with anoliier was either abso- 
 lulely prohibited, or hunted bv many jealous restric- 
 tions. All that America yields flows into the |K>rts ol 
 .Spain ; all that it coiisuiiu-k must istue from them. No 
 fbreiuner can enter its cojomes without express per- 
 mission ; no vessel of any foreign nation is received 
 into their harbors ; and the pains of deatli, with confls- 
 cation of moveables, are denounced against every inha- 
 bilaiit who presumes to trade v.ith tiiem. Thus the 
 colonics are kept in a state of perpetual pupilage; aiid 
 by the introduct.'on of this commercial ilependence, a 
 lefineinent in policy of which Spain set the first exam- 
 ple lo Kurojtean nations, the supremacy of the parent 
 stale hath been maintained over reiiH)te colonies during 
 two centuries and a half 
 
 .»,V.'-'> -■-■■ 'tSriJli*. ^mJ 
 
163 
 
 RODEKTSON'S HISTORY OF 
 
 Such arc iho capital maxims to which the Spanish 
 moiiarchs mcciu o hive ntti'iiilcd in forming ihnr new 
 ijotllpnicnts in America. IJiil llicv coiihl not i)lanl with 
 the »aine rapidity that they i)>itl dt'^slroycd ; and Ironi 
 many roncurrni^ causes, their prouress Ims ht en ex- 
 tremely blow in lilhu;; up die inunensc vuid which their 
 devastations liad occasioned. As soon as the r.ij>n fur 
 discovery and adventure he<;an to ahate. llie Spaniards 
 opened their eyes to dangers and distresses wliich iit 
 first they did aot perceive, or had despised. The nn- 
 mtiou" hardships with which tlie niendiers of infant 
 colonies have to strugirU', the diseases uf unwhuU'Somc 
 climates fatal to the coiistitntinn of Europeans; the 
 difiiculty of lirmying a country covered with forests 
 into culture ; the want of hands necessary for lahor in 
 aomn provinces, and the slow reward of industrv in 
 all, unless where tiie accidental discovery of mines 
 enriched a few fortunate adventurers, were « vils uni- 
 \er8ally fell and ma^riilied. Uiseouraj^ed hy the Mew 
 of these, the spirit of iniuration was so much damped, 
 that sixtv years iifier llie discovery of the New World, 
 the numher of Spaniards in all its provinces is com- 
 puted not to have exceeded lifleen thousand. [It'-i] 
 
 The mode in which property was distrihuted in the 
 Spanish colonies, and tlie regulations estahh^hed with 
 respect to the tniiisTUissJon of it, whether hv descent 
 or hy (iaie, were extremely unfavorahie to population. 
 In order to promote a nipul "ucreaso of people in any 
 new setllenieiit, jiroperly m tund ou}»ht to he divided into 
 small sliares, and theahrnation of it should he rendered 
 extremely easy. Hut llie rapaeiousness of t!ie Spanish 
 coiupierors of the New World paid no regard to this 
 fundamental maxim of polii-y ; and, as tliey possessed 
 power which enuhhul them to jiratify the utmost extra- 
 vagance of their wishes, many seized districts of great 
 extent, and held them as rnvomicndas. i)y decrees 
 tliey ohiained the privdeire of eohvertiM|j; a part of these 
 ii;lo Mfiijorax^os, a species of fief, introduced into tlic 
 Spanish system of feudal jurisprudence, whicli can 
 neither he divided nor alienated. Thus a f;real portion 
 of landed properly, under this rigid form of entail, is 
 withheld from circulation, and descends from father to 
 son unimproved, and of little value either to the pro* 
 
 {U'ietor, or to the communily. In the account which 1 
 javc given of the reduc'ion of Peru, various examples 
 occur of enormous tracts of country occupied hy some 
 of the coiujuerors. The excesses in other provinces 
 were similar; for. as the value of the lands which the 
 Spaniards acquired was originally estimated according 
 to the number of Indians winch lived upon them, Ame- 
 rica was in general so thinly peopled, thiit only districts 
 of great extent could alford such a numl)er o tahorers 
 as might he employed in the mines with ary prospect 
 of considendde gam. The pernicious e(i'e.:ts of those 
 radical errors in the distrihulion and nature of property 
 in the Spanish settlements are felt throng.* every de- 
 partment of industry, and may he consideied as one 
 great cause of a progress in popuhtion so u.uch slowci 
 than that which has taken place in hett'i' constituted 
 colonies. [I73J 
 
 To this we may add. that the support of the enor- 
 mous and expensive fahric of their ecclesiastical esta- 
 blishment has been a burden on the Spanish colonies, 
 which liHS greatly retarded the progress of ptipii latum 
 and industry. 'I'lie payment of tiilies is a heavy tax 
 on industry : and if the »'xactioii of ihem he not regu- 
 lated and circumscrilied hy the wisdom of the civil 
 magistrate, it becomes i'llolcrahle and ruinous. But, 
 instead o( any reslraini on the claims of ecclesiastics, 
 the iuconsiderat4* zeal of the SjMuish legisljiors admit- 
 ted them mto America in lliiir full exleul, and at once 
 imposed on their infant colonies a burden which is in 
 nu slight degree oppressive to society, even in its mo>t 
 Hnprovetl slate. As eiirly a.i llie year loOl, tiie pay- 
 ment of tilhes in the coloiiie.s was enjoined, and the 
 mode of It regulated bv l.iw. Every article of primary 
 necessity, toward* wluih ihe attention of new settlers 
 nui.st iialundly be turned, is suhjeoted to that grie\i>ns 
 LKaetion. Nor were the demanda of Ihe clergy con- 
 fined lo articles of simple and easy culture. Its more 
 artificial and operose productuiiis. such ua sugar, indigo, 
 and cochineal, were soon declared to be titheable ; 
 and thus the indu 'ly of the planter was taxed in every 
 stage of ita progress, from its rudr-st essay to its high- 
 est improveineut. To the weight of tliis legal imposi- 
 tion, the bigotry of tlie American Spaniards ha.-* made 
 iiiativ vuluntury iidditiono I'roin their fond delight m 
 the external pomp and parade of religion, and from 
 Huperstitious reverence for eeclesiaslics of every deiio- 
 minalion, they have ln'stowrd profuse donatives on 
 i'hurclies and monastarirs, and have unproliluhly wasted 
 \ larue piuportion of that wealth, which ni'ght havo 
 
 ! nourished and given vigor to productive labor in grow- 
 
 I ing colonics. 
 
 I Itut >o fertile and inviting are the regions o( Aine- 
 ! rica. wlndi tlu' Spaiiiaul- hiivr occupied, that, notwiih- 
 I standing all the cireuuistaiu'ei which hiive cliecked 
 j and leiarded jiopulalion, it has gradually increased, 
 and filled the colonies of Spmn with citizens of various 
 1 orders. Aiinmg these, the Spamaids wtio arrive from 
 Kurope, dislmguished by tlie naine of C/utprloncs, are 
 the first in rank and power, l-'roin the jealou.s iitten- 
 lioti nf the Spanish court to secure the depenrleuce of llie 
 co!' c's on llu! |iarent slate, all departments of conse- 
 ipu nre are filled by persons sent from Kurope ; and in 
 order to prevent miy of dubious tidehtv Iruu he ni.' em- 
 ployed, each must hring proof of a clear descent from 
 u family of Old C/irtxhuns, untamted with any mixture 
 of Jewish or Mahoinelan blood, and M'.v.or disgiaeed 
 by anv eensnre i)f the Iiiipiisition. In such pure hands 
 power IS deeuK .i to oe sufely lodgid, and almost every 
 I'unction, from tlie viceroyalty downwards, is committed 
 to them alone. Kvery person, who, hy his birth or re- 
 sidence in America, I'lay he suspected of any attach- 
 ment or interest adverse to the i.iother country, is the 
 oliject of distrust lo such a degree, as amou.Us nearly 
 to an exclusion from all oilices of conlidencc er autho- 
 rity. [174] IJy this conspicnoiis predileetio.i of the 
 court, the (!"hnpetoiies are raised to such pre-eiMtnuiwH 
 in America, thai they look down with d.sdain upon 
 every other order of men. 
 
 The character and slate of the Cn'olrs, or descend- 
 ants of Kuropj^nns settled in America, the second class 
 of subject.* in the Spanish colonies, have enabled the 
 (^hapelones to acquire other advantages hardly less 
 considerable than those which they derived from the 
 partial favor of government, Though some of the ('re- 
 olian race are descended from the conquerors of the 
 New World ; though others can trace up their pedigree 
 to the noblest families in Spam ; though many are pos- 
 se.ised of ample fortunes ; yet. by the enervating iiitlu- 
 ence of a sultry climaie, l*y the riiior of a jealous go- 
 vernment, aiifl hy their despair of attaining that dis- 
 Ijnction to which .r.ankind naturally aspire, the vigor of 
 their minds is so entirely broken, ihat a great part of 
 Ihem waste life in luxurious indulgences, niiiigleil with 
 an illiberal superstition still more debasing. 
 
 Languid ami miemerprisinif, the e.-w,i„Mons of nn ac- 
 tive extruded commerce would he lo ti,'.Mn jo runiher- 
 somc and oppressive, that in almost every part of Ariie- 
 rica t'' di-cbne engauitig in it. The interior trallic ot 
 every colony, as well as any trade which :a permitted 
 with the neighboring provinces, and with Spain itself, 
 is carried on ehielly Itv the Chapetones ; who, as the 
 recompense of their indus'ry, amass immense wealth, 
 while the <.'reoles. sunk in sloth, are satisfied with the 
 revenues of their paternal estates. 
 
 From this staled competition for power and weallli 
 between those two orders of citizens, and the various 
 passions excited by a rival.ship so interesting, their 
 hatred is violent and implacable. On every occasion, 
 symptoms of this aversion lireak out. and the common 
 appellations which each bestows on the other are as 
 contempiuous as those whicli llow from the most deep- 
 rooted natioiiul ant'paihv- Tin; rtmri ol Spain, from a 
 rebnemem of distrustful policy, cherishes those trids 
 o'l discoi.i, and knuenls tins mutual jealousy, which not 
 only |.re"*c:i** the two most powirbil classes of its sub- 
 jects in li.c r»ew World from coinhininy against the 
 parent state, but prompts each, with the most vigilant 
 zeal, ti> observe the motions and lo counteract the 
 scheme* of tht other. 
 
 The iliird class of iidinbitanls in the Spanish colonies 
 is a niix'd race, the ollfpriUii nthtr of a Kuropean and 
 a Negro, or of a Kuropean and Indian, the foriner 
 called MiltUtors, tin- hitler Mtsftzox. As the court of 
 Spam. so:ici'ous to incorporate its new vassals with its 
 ancient SI bjecls, earlv encouraged the Spaniards setlle 1 
 m America to marry the natives ol^ that country, 
 several alltaiices of this kmd wete foruud in their m- 
 laiit colouiea. Hut it has been more owing to licen- 
 tious indulgence, than lo compliance with this iiijnnc- 
 lioii of their sovereigns, that this mi.\ed brei d has mulli- 
 pbed so uri'atly as to consiiliite a considerablr part of 
 the population in all the Spanish s( tllenu'iils. The 
 seviral stages of descent in this race, and the gruilual 
 varialiuiis of shade uiild the African black or llie copper 
 color of America brighten into a Kuropean coinph'.xion. 
 ari> accurately marked by the Spaniards, and eacli d:s- 
 tinguisiii'il by a peculiar name Those of the hrst and 
 secoiul geiieralioiis are considered and tre.iled as mere 
 Indians and Negroes; but ui the ihiid descent. Ihe 
 cliarai.teri>lic hue of the h>rimr disap(u-ais ; and m the 
 fifth, the deeper tint of the latter is so entirely ellaeed, 
 
 that ihev can no longer he distinguished frjin Europo 
 aus. and become eiililled lo all their privileges. It ife 
 ehielly bv this mixed race, whose frame is remarkubly 
 robust and li.irdy, fhit the mechanic arls are carried or. 
 in the Spamsh tseltlernents, and other aciuc luuctions 
 in society are discharged, which the Iwo higher classes 
 of cili/ens, from pride, or trom indotence, disdam tc 
 exercise. 
 
 The Negroes hold tlie fo'irth rank anwng the, inhabi- 
 t'ml? of the Spanish <olonies The introdviction of 
 tl at unhappy part of the human species into America 
 io,»ether with their services and snllerings there, sha' 
 he fully evplained in another place ; here they aru 
 Mic itioned ehielly in order lo point out a peculiarity in 
 iheir situation under the Spanish dominion, '.n severa 
 of their settlements, particularly in New Spain, No- 
 groLP ar'" inosMy cnqiloyed in domestic service. They 
 tonr d pnnc.pal part in the train of luxury, and are 
 che. Bhed ami caressed by their superiors, to whose 
 vanity and pleasures they are etpially subservient. 
 Their dress and a))pearance are hardly less splendid 
 than that of ilicir masters, whose manners they imitate, 
 and whose passions they imbibe. Klevaled by this dis- 
 tinc ion, they have assumed such a lone ti siiperiorilv 
 ovei the Iiid-ans. and Inat them with such insolence 
 and scorn, that the antipathy between the two races has 
 beccme iinplacablo. Kveii in I'eru, where iNegnn'S 
 seem iv. *»u more numerous, and are employed m field 
 work as well as domestic service, they mairitam their 
 ascendant over the Indians, and the mutiuil hatred of 
 one lo the olher subsists with eqvial violence. 'I'ho 
 laws have industriously fomented this ave^^ion, lo 
 which accident gave rise, and, hy most rigorous injunc- 
 tions, have endeavored lo prevent every intercourse 
 that might form a bond of union between the two races 
 Thus, by an artful policy, Ihe Spaniards derive strength 
 from that circumstance in population which is the weak 
 nc-^s of other Kuropean colonies, and have secured, as 
 associates and defenders, those very persons who clse- 
 wlure an; ottjects of jealousy and terror. 
 
 The In<liaiis form the last and most depressed order 
 of men in the country which bi-Ionged lo their ancestors. 
 f have already traced the progress of tlie Spanisn ideas 
 with respect lo the condition and treatment of that peo- 
 ple ; and have mentioned the most important of tlieir 
 more early regulations, concerning a matter of so much 
 coiiseip.ience in the administration of their new domi- 
 nions lint since the period to which I have brougnt 
 down the history of America, ihe informalioi: and ex- 
 perience acquired during two centuries have enabled 
 the court of Spain to make such improvements i:. *.hi9 
 part of its American system, thai a short view of the 
 present condition of the Indtatis may prove both cuiicus 
 I and intertwtinii. 
 
 liv the famous regulations of Charles V. in 1543. 
 which have been so often mentioned, the high piclen- 
 sions of the conquerors of the New Worhl, who con- 
 sidered Its mhahiiants as slaves to whose service they 
 had acquired a lull riLdit of property, were linally abro- 
 ualed. From that period, the Indians have bei n re- 
 puted freemen, anil entitled to the privileges ol sub- 
 jecls. When adinilted into this rank, it was dee meJ 
 just th^t they should eonHibule towards the siipjiort and 
 improvement of the society which had adopted them ivi 
 memberis. Ibit as no cotisiderable beiielit could be i .t- 
 pecled from the voluntary edorls i^ men unuc(pia:nted 
 with regular mduslrv, and aver.-e to labor, the court ol 
 Spam b'und it necessary to tix and secure, by proper 
 regulation'*, what it thought reasonable to exact Iroiu 
 them. With lliis view, an annual tax was imposed 
 upon every nude, fiom the age of •'inhteen to fifty ; and 
 at, the s;,ir.e Jmh" tl,,. uature as -veil i.s the exieiU id' llio 
 scrvn-r.i. whidi they might he r.-qmreu to perl'irm, was 
 ascer'ained with pieeituon. Th-i Iribule ■. iries in d.i- 
 h'l'. ut nrovmces ; but if we tike that punl m New 
 .''qiam as a medium, its annual ainount is nearly foul 
 s ullnigs a head ; no exorhilaiit sum m eounlries where, 
 as ii; :\.c. r.u'i'cc of wi'alth, the value of money is ex- 
 tremelv low. [Hit] 1 iie right of levying th s tribute 
 likewise varies. In America, every Inilian in either an 
 liiimediate vassal of the crown, or depends upon somt 
 suhp-:t to v.lioin the district ill which he resides has 
 hei u ^rallied for a limited time, uiubr the denomina- 
 lion of an tm-i)m}iniht. In the former case, about 
 thr( e-roiirlhs of the tax is jiaid into the royul treasury ; 
 111 ihe later, the same proportion of it itelongs to iho 
 holder of the grant When Spam tirst look pusBcssion 
 of America, the greater part of it was parcelled out 
 amoii'.: us conquenut,, or those who fir-*! seliled ihcro, 
 and but a small porium reserved f r Ihe e r nvn. As 
 lliose grants, which were made for '.wv lives only, ru- 
 verted successively to the sovereign, U' ' ad it in his 
 
 ^SA 
 
.SOUTH AM KRIC A. 
 
 power citlirr 'o (l;M"usr lii> fuvors \>\ [»raiu. lo ih'w pro- 
 (iririur.H. <u '.1 nuu'intni 'ii> oAn rcvcijin' hv v.ilu.ihli' 
 uiriicxnt.) US [I7)ij (If liii'sf, liir l.iUrr hits hi'iti irv- 
 (j':eiilly flioncii ; llit' minilur o\ Iiitli.mf* now (ii'|niidiii<j 
 iinMii'tliiilcIv (III lli(! <'ruwn is rnurli urciUr lluiri in llio 
 lirsl Hiiijn* iiticr llif itumiicsi. ;iik1 iliis hr.uifli of tiic 
 roviil ri'veiiun roiiiiimcs lo cxti'tul. 
 
 'l\n: lurif til lirisini; Iroiii ilie services of the Inili-nis 
 necrues (m'Iht lo Uie croAn. or lo the hoMcr of tin- 
 ciifomnntiti, arronlirii; to the rhiiic rule oliserved in (he 
 |>!iynient of tribute. Tliose .serviceH, hovvcver, wlitrh 
 can now be le^nlly exarleil, are very (blVcrent from the 
 taHk.-4 oriirinally itu|i()se<l upon liic Indiuns. 'Die nature 
 of tho work wliich tliey must perforin ih dclined. and 
 an eipiitablo reeoiupeiii^e is ^ranird for their labor. 
 The stated servicis deuiaiidcd of the Indians luav ho 
 -Jivided into two branches They are eitiiet ouipb)ved 
 in works of primary necessity, wiihout which societv 
 caruiot subsist cuuiforiablv. or are couipdU'd to labor 
 in the niir.es, from which the Spanish colonies derive 
 iht'ir chief vabii* and iniporf.iiice. In consequence of 
 the former, they are obliged lo assist in the culture of 
 mai/.o, and other ^rain of necessary consumption ; in 
 tending cattle ; in erecliuf^ edifices of public utility ; 
 in building bridi^es ; and in fonning bi<;h roads ; hut 
 they ci.nnoi be constrained lo labor in raisni}; vines, 
 ohvcs, and sugar-canes, or any species of culliv.'tioii 
 whicli has for it"* object the gratiticalion of luxury or 
 commercial profit. In consequence of tlic lalttr, the 
 Indians are compelled lo undertake the more unplea- 
 BBut task of extracting ore from the bowels of the earth, 
 and of refniing it by successive processes, no less un- 
 wholesome than operose. [I77J 
 
 'I'he mode of exacting both these services is the same, 
 and IS under regulatmns framed with a view of render- 
 ing it as little oppressive as possible to the Indians. 
 T!i"v arc called out successively in divisions, termed 
 Mitax. and no person can i>e compelled to gn but in 
 his turn. In Peru, the number called out must not 
 exceed Itie seventh part of the inhabitants m any dis- 
 trict. In New Spain, where the Indians are more nu- 
 merous, it is tixed at four in the hundred. During 
 what time ihc labor of such Itulians as arc employed in 
 agriculture continues, 1 have not been able In h*arn 
 (178] Hut in Peru, each '»//(/, or division, destined 
 for the mines, remains there six months ; and while 
 engaged in this service, a laborer never receives less 
 than two shillings a day, and often earns more than 
 doiible lliat sum. No Indian, residing at a greiter 
 distance than thirty mdes from a mine, is included in 
 the mita, or division employed working it ; nor are the 
 inhabitants of tde low country exposed now lo certaiTi 
 defltKrtion, as they were at hrsl when under ihr- do- 
 minion of the conquerors, by compelling ibem to remove 
 from tliaf warm clinuile to tlie cold elevated regions 
 where inmeruls abound. [179] 
 
 The Irulians who live in the principal towns are en- 
 tirely subject lo the Spanish laws and magistrates ; bii( 
 in their own villages they are governed by eaziqucs, 
 Borne of whom are the descendants of their ancient lorcis, 
 others are named bv the Spanish viceroys. These 
 regulate the |)ctty atVairs of tlu: people under (liem, ac- 
 cording to ma.\ims of jufttice transmilled lo them bv 
 Iradihon from their ancestors. To the Indians tins 
 jurisdiction, bulged in sMcb frieiidlv hands. alVords some 
 consolation ; and so little formidable is this dignitv to 
 their new masters, that they ofieii allow if to di sccnd 
 by hereditary right Tor the further relief of men y.o 
 nmch exposed to opprissioii. the Spanish court h^is 
 HpjKiinted an oHicer in every district v%ith the title of 
 I'rotec'or of the Indians. It is bis function, as the 
 name implies, lo assert the rii^bts of the Indiaiis ; to 
 appear as their defender in the eourls of justice ; and, 
 by the interposilion of his auihorily, to st t houmls to 
 the enrroacbments and exactions of bis couiitrvmen. 
 A certain portum of the reserved fourlh of the annual 
 trilnile is destined for the salary of the ra/iques and 
 protectors; another is nppiietl to tlie inaitiieiiance of 
 the clergy employed m the instuiction of the Indians 
 Another part seems to be appropriated for the beiietit 
 of ihe Indians themselves, and is apphed for the pav- 
 inenl of their Irinnle in years of famine, or ulicn a |>ar- 
 ticular district is allecicd by any extraordinary hn'al 
 calamity. Ilesidcs this, jirovistou is made by various 
 Irtws, that hospitals siiall lie founded m every lU'W set- 
 tlement for the reception of Indians. Such bo>))Mals 
 l.ave aeeordiULdy been erected. Itoili for the mdigeni 
 tnd infirm, in Ijina. in C-uzco. and in Mexico, wiuie 
 ho Indians are tre.ited with tenderness and lunnaniiv. 
 
 Such are the Iea4!ing principles in the jurisprudence 
 •ind i^J.icv by wbieb the Indians are now governed in 
 ttto proviticcj belonging to Sfiain. in tho!>o regnU- 
 
 tions of the Spanish monarchs, we discover no traces } 
 f)f llial cruel svsietn of extenninaliou, which they have 
 been charired with adopiiuiy; and if we atlmit tli.it llic 
 necessity of sccitring subsistence Inr ibeir eoUuiies. or 
 (he adviiiil.tges dcnved Irom working the miMe."«. gi\c 
 tlu-in a riL'hl to av.iil llieinsi'hes id" the labor of thr In- 
 d I ins, we must allow, that the attention with which j 
 they regulate and recompense that labor is provuh-nl j 
 and :*agacious. In no code of laws is greater solicitude | 
 displayed, or precaution*; multiplied with more prudent . 
 eoncern. for tlie preservation, the security, and the hap- 
 piness of the subject, than wii discover in the coileciion 
 of the Spanish laws for the indies. Hut lho.se laiter 
 regulations, like the more early edicts whicli have been 
 already mentioned, have too ofien proved inelVectual 
 remedies against the evils which tliev wen; intended to 
 jirevent. In every age. if the same causes coi.tinue lo 
 operate, the sauK! fllecls must h)llow. From fiie im- 
 mense distance between the power intrusted with the 
 execution of laws, and that by whose aiUhortly they 
 are enacted, the vigor even of the most absolute go- 
 vernment must relax, and the dread id" a superior, too 
 remote to observe wiili accuracy or lo punish with de- 
 spatch, must insensibly aitate. Notwithstanding the 
 numerous injunctions of the Spanisli monarch, llie In- 
 dians still siilfer, on many occasions, both from the 
 avarice of intlividtials. and from the exactions of the 
 magistrates who ought to have protected them ; unrea- 
 sonable tasks are imposed ; the term of their labor is 
 prolonged beyond the peiiod tixed by law, and they 
 groan under many of the insults and wrings which are 
 tlu^ lot of a dependent people. [180] From some in- 
 formation on which I can depend, such oppression 
 abounds more in )'eru than in any other colony. Unt 
 it is not general. According to the accounts even of 
 those aulhors who are most disposed to exaggerate the 
 sutl'erings of the Indians, they, in several provinces, 
 enjoy not only ease but atlluence ; they possess large 
 farms ; they are masters of numerous herds and Hocks ; 
 and. by the knowhdge which they have acipiired of 
 Fiiropean arts and industry, are supplied not only with 
 the necessaries hut with many luxuries of life. 
 
 After explaining the form of civil government in the 
 Spanish colonies, pud ihe state of ihe various orders of 
 persons subject to it, tlie peculiarities in their ecclesi- 
 astical constitution merit consideration. Notwithstand- 
 ing the s.iperstilious veneration with which the Spa- 
 niards are devoted lo the Holy See. the vigilant and 
 jealous policy of Ferdinand early prompted him to take 
 precantitms against the inlrodnction of the Papal domi- 
 nion in America. With this view, he solicited Alex- 
 ander \'f. for a grant to the crown of the ti'hes in all 
 the ncwlv-diseovered eounirien, winch be obtained on 
 condition of his making prov's.on for the religious in- 
 struction of the natives. :."0.i after Julius II. con- 
 ferred on hnn and his successors, the right of patronage, 
 and the absolute disposal of all ecclesiastical benehces 
 there IJul these Pontifl's. unacquainted with the value 
 of what he deinanJed, bestowed these donations with 
 an inconsiderate bberuhly. wbieli their successors have 
 often lamented, and wished to recall. In consequence 
 of those grants, the Spanish monarchs have become in 
 elfect the heads of the American church, In them the 
 administration of its revenues is vested. 'I'lieir nomi- 
 nation of persons lo supply vacant benefices is instantly 
 continued by the Pope. Thus, in all Spanish America, 
 authority of every species centres in the crown. There 
 no collision is known between spiritual and temporal 
 jiir!>d!ct!on. The King is the only superior, his name 
 alone is heard of, and no dependence upon anv foreign 
 power has been introduced. Papal bulls cannot be 
 admitted inlo .\inerica. nor are tlu-y of any force there 
 until thev have been previously examined and appro\ed 
 of by tlie roval council of the Indies; and if any bntl 
 should be surreptiiiouslv introduced aiul circulated in 
 America witliout obtaining that up])robalion, ecciesia?t- 
 tics are required not only lo prevent it from taking 
 effect, but to seize ul! ihe ccpies of it, and Iransinil 
 them to the ccuticil of the Indus. To this liniuation 
 of tl.e Papal jurisdiction. e(piallv singular, whether we 
 consider ttie age and nation in which it was devised, or 
 the jealous attention with which Ferdinand and Ins suc- 
 cessors have studied to numtain it in full force, Spam 
 IS indcbled. in a great measure, for the uniform tran- 
 quilliiy which has reigned in her .Anurican iloimnious 
 
 The hierarchy is esiaidished in America in the same 
 form as in Spain, with its lull tram <)f archbishops, bish 
 ops, deans, and other dii^natanes. The inferior clergy 
 are divided m'o three classes, under the dei.ominaaon 
 of ('urns, I )o>- 1 1 III Hi 'ft, and MiNSUitirros. The first are 
 parish priests in tho.<e pails of lh« country wliere the.Spa- 
 mards have settled Tiie so* oiid have the charge of 
 
 such di.''tricta as are inhabited by Indians svjhjecled lo 
 the .Spanish government, and living under its protec- 
 tion. The third are employed in msiructing and con- 
 verting llutse tierccr tribes which tlisd.iin subiiit.''-«it'(i lo 
 the .Spiinish yoke, and live m ri'inote or iii.uce.-^sihlo 
 rei^ions lo wbirh llie Spaiii.fh arms h.ive not pi netrated. 
 So numerous 'ire the ecelesiastic.-i of all tlio.^f variiMiu 
 orders, and such the profuse liberality with which many 
 oi them are endowed, that thi^ revenues of ihe church 
 in America are immense. The Kitmish superstition 
 appears with its utmost ponqi in the New World. 
 ( 'hurehes and convents there arc inagintictnt, and richly 
 adorned ; and on high festivals, the disj.lav of gold and 
 silver, and precious ."tones, is siicli as cxcci-ds the con- 
 ception of a Kuropean, An eccle-siastical esiabhsh- 
 ineiil so splendid and extensive is imlavorahle, as has 
 been lornierlv observed, lo the progress of rising culo- 
 iiies ; but in countries wher** ricbis abound and the 
 people are so delighted with parade ihat religion must 
 assume it in onter to altraci their veneration, 'bis pio- 
 pensity to ostentuiion ha3 been indulged, and becomes 
 less pernicious. 
 
 The early institution of monasteries in the Spanish 
 colonies, and the inconsiderate /eat in inul'iplving them, 
 have been attended with consequences more fatal. In 
 every new settlement, 'be lirst object shoiihl be to en- 
 courage population, and lo incite rverv citizen to con- 
 tribute towards augmenting the number and sirenglh 
 of the community. During the youth and vigor of 
 society, whib^ there is room to spread, and susU;iianco 
 is procured with facility, mankind increa.se with amaz- 
 ing rapidity. I!ut Ihe •Sjiantards had hardly taken pos- 
 session of" America, when, willi a most preposterous 
 policy, they began to erect convents, where perstms of 
 both se.xes were *»hut up. innler a vow to deleaf the 
 purpose of nature, and to counteract the tir.sl of Iilt 
 laws. Intluenceil by a misguided piety, which asc.ibes 
 transcend.iiU merit to a stale of cehb.u'v, or allured by 
 the prospect of that lislhss ease winch in sultry eh- 
 males is deemed supreme lelicnv. numbers crowded 
 into those mansions of sloth and sU]perstii;on, and are 
 lost to societv. As ruuie but persons ul .Spjiush ex- 
 tract are admitted into ihe monaslenes of liii' New 
 World, the evil is more sensiblv felt, and eveiy monk 
 or mm may be emisidcreil as an active person with- 
 drawn from civil life. The improprMtv i>f such foiia- 
 tialionj m anv situation where the extent of territory 
 requires additional hands to improve it. is so oluioiis, 
 that some 1 '.itliolie si-iies ha\e expre.-sly prohibited 
 any person in their colonies Irom lakitig the monastic 
 vows, Fven the Spani.sb monari:iis. on some occa- 
 sions, seem to have bei'ti alarmed wiili the spreading 
 of a spirit so adverse to llie increase and jirosperity o( 
 iheir colonies, that they have endeavon-d to ctieck it. 
 Hilt the .Spaniards in America, more ilioroughly under 
 the iiilbienee of superstition than their countrymen ;n 
 Kiirope. and directed by ecclesiastics more bigoted and 
 illiterate, have conceived such a high opinion of iiionas- 
 tic sanctity, iliat no regulations can restrain their zeal ; 
 and. by the excess of their ill jiulged i)ouniy. religions 
 houses have multiplied to a degree no less amazing than 
 pernicious to socie'y. [181, j 
 
 In viewing the stale of colonies, where not only tho 
 number hut ndluence of ecclesiastics is so great, the 
 character of this powerful body is an object th.it merit* 
 particular attention. A considerable [lart of (he secu- 
 lar clergy in Mixico and Pern are natives of Spain. 
 As persons long accustomed, by their educ ition, lo iho 
 retirement and indolence of academic life are more 
 ircapabie of active enlerpri.-*i', and less disposed lo 
 strike Jito i.ew pa'hs than anv order of men, the eccle- 
 siastical adventurers by v hoin the American church is 
 recruited, are cotnmonlv such a>, Irom merit or rank : 
 hf'e, have httle prospect of success m their own coun- 
 try. Accordingly, ihe secular priests in the New 
 World are sldl less distinguished than their brethren in 
 ■Spain for literarv accomplishments of any sjtecies ; and 
 though, bv the a'liple provision '< has been mado 
 
 for the American church, many o: k^ members enjoy 
 the ease and independence which are fa\oralde lo tho 
 culti\ation of science, the body of secular clergy has 
 hardly, during two centuries and a half, produced ono 
 aiiliior whose works convey such useful mforinalion. or 
 possess such a degree of merit, as to be ranked among 
 those which attract the atlentuui of etibghli-ned na- 
 tions, Ilut the greatest pari of the ecclesiastics m the 
 Spanish seltlemenls are regulars. ( )ii the discovery ol 
 America, a new field opem I to the pious zeal of tho 
 monastic orders ; and, with a becommg alacrity, they 
 iminediatcly sunt forth missi^maries to hibor in it. Thn 
 lirst attempt to instruct and convert ihe Ainenc ins was 
 made by monks; and as soon as the conquest ol anv 
 
 i 
 
 
,164 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OT 
 
 I 
 
 ii 
 
 province was complrted. and its ccclcsiastiral cKtn- 
 blishment bpjjnn to nasurnc some form, the Popes por- 
 mitteJ ihc nii!*»ioii;irics of the four inctHiicjiiit nnlfrs, 
 &B a reward for tlii'ir scrvici'.*, tn arrt'pi of piinn-lital 
 charges in Amcricii, to perform nil spiriliiul fiinclioii!*, 
 and To rrcrive the tithes and oilier einoluinenls of the 
 bciiefire, without depeiuhng on tho jurisdirtion of thi; 
 bishop of the diofe.'*ft. or licinj; subject to Ins censure.s, 
 In corisecpicnce of this, a now ciireer of usefulness, an 
 well ns nfw objects of ambition, presented iheniscives. 
 Whenever a cull is nKule for a fresh supply of mission- 
 aries, men of the most ardent and aspiring rnnids, )m- 
 patient mider the restraint of a cloister, we.iry of its 
 insipid iniiforinity, and fiitiiriicd with the irksome rejie- 
 tition of its frivolous functions, otVer llieir sirvicc with 
 eagerness, and repair to the New World in quest of 
 liberty and distinction. Nor do tliey pursue distinction 
 without success. The liiijhest ecclesiastical honors, 
 as well as llie most bicralive preferments ifi Mexico 
 and l*ern, arc often in the hands of regidars ; and it 
 is chiefly to the monastic orders that the Americans arc 
 indebted for auv portion of science which is cultivated 
 amonj; them. 'I'hey "re almost the only fSpanisb eccle- 
 siastics from whom we have received any accounis 
 either of the civil or nalural history of the various pro- 
 vmces in America. Some ol them, tlioutfh deeply 
 tinged with the indelliule superstition of their profes- 
 sion, have pnblislied books which »:ive a fivorable im- 
 pression of their ahiliiies. The natural and moral his- 
 tory 01 the Now World, by the Jesuit Acosta, contains 
 more accurate observations, perhajis, and more sound 
 Bcicnce. than are to be found in any description of re- 
 mole countries published in the sixteenth century. 
 
 Hut the same disjrust with monastic life, to which 
 America is indebted tor some instructors of worth and 
 abilities, tilled it with others of a very ditlercnl clia- 
 racler. 'I'lic giddv, the prolligate, (he avaricious, to 
 wtiuni the poverty and riifid discipline of a convent are 
 intolerable, consider a mission to America as a release 
 from mortttiralion and bondage. There they soon ob- 
 tain some paroehi'il charge ; and far removed by their 
 situation, from the inspection of their monastic su- 
 periors, and exempt, by their character, from the juris- 
 diction of their diocesan, they are bSidly sul)jected to 
 any control. According to tiie testimony of the most 
 Jealous catholics, many of the regular clergy in the 
 Spanish settlements are not only destitute of the virtues 
 becoming their profession, but regardless of tiiat exter- 
 nal decormn and respect for the opinion of mankind, 
 which preserve a semblance of worth wheie the reality 
 is wanting. Secure of impunity, some regulars, m 
 contempt of their vow of poverty, engage openly in I 
 commerce, and arc so rapaciously eager in amassing i 
 wealth, liiat they become the most grievous oppressors i 
 of the Indians whom il was their duty to have protected. 
 Others, with no less flagrant violation of their vow ofj 
 chastity, indulge with little disguise in the most disso- 
 lute licentiousness. [18«J 
 
 Various achemes have been proposed for redressing 
 enormities so manifest and so otlensive. Several per- 
 sons, no less eminent for piety lh:in discernmrnl, have 
 contended, that the regulars, in conformity to the 
 canons of the church, ouglil to be confined within the 
 walls of their cloisters, and should no longer be per- 
 mitted to enroach on the functions of the secular clergy. 
 Some public-spirited magistrates, from conviction of 
 its being necessary to deprive the n'lrulars of a privi- 
 lege bestowed at first with good intention, hut of 
 which time and experience ha : discovered the per- 
 nicious elfects, openly C0(mtciiaticed4bc secular clergy 
 ill their atH-inpts to assert their own rights. 'I'he 
 prince D'Ksqmhrhe, viceroy of I'eru under PhUlip 
 ill., took measures so decisive and elfeclual for cir- 
 cumscribing the regulars wiihm their proper sphere as 
 Atnick them with general consternation. [IHUJ Tliey 
 had recourse to their iisual arts. They alarmed the 
 superstitious, by representing the proceedini;9 of the 
 viceroy as innovations fat;d to religion. 'I'hey em- 
 ployed all the refinements of intrigue in order to gain 
 persons in power; and seconded bv the powerful influ- 
 ence nf the .lesiiits, who claimed and enjoyed all the 
 privileges whicli bulonge<l to the Mendicant orders in 
 Aincriia, they made a deep impression on a bigoted 
 prince and a weak ministry. The ancient practice was . 
 tolerated 'I'he aluises which it occasioned continued 
 to increase, ind the corrujition of monks, ex 'inpl from 
 the restraints of disctplmo, and the inspection of any 
 superior, became a disgrace to religion. At last, as the 
 veneration of the Spaniards for the monastic orders bn- 
 
 8 an to abate, and the power of the Jesuits was on the 
 eclinu, Ferdinand V[. ventured to apply the only 
 effectual remedy, by issuii.g an edict [June 23, 1757,J 
 
 proliibi*|n<T regulars of every denomination from taking ] 
 the charge of anv pansli with the cure of souls ; ami | 
 declaring that un the demise of tlie present iiicumlit-iils, j 
 none but secular priests, subject lo the jurisdiction of 
 iheir diocesan.^, shall be presinlcd lo vacant beiiefice.s. 
 If this regulation is carriiil into execution witli .sieadi- 
 ness in any deureo proportional lo the wisdom wit!> 
 which it is tVamed. a verv considerable reformation may 
 take place m tlie ercle-iasiirul >iale of Spanis-h Ame- 
 rica, and the secular c!tr:fy mav gradually become a 
 respeclable body of men. The deportment of many 
 ecclesiastics, even at present, seems to be decent and 
 exemplary ; oIlH'rwi^e we can liardlv suppose that they 
 would be field in such Wi\i\\ esiimalion, and [joss<\ss such 
 a wonderful ascendant over ihe minds of their roun- 
 irymen throughout all the Spanirli selllements. 
 
 IJut whatever merit the Spanish ecclesiastic? in 
 America may possess, the success of their endeavors in 
 communicating the knowledge of true religion to the 
 Indians, has been more imperfect than might have been 
 expected, cither from the degree of their /eal, or from 
 the dominion which ihev hadacipiired overthal people. 
 For this, various rea-^ons may be assigned. The (irst 
 missionaries, in iheir ardor to make ]uoselvteii, admitted 
 the people of America into the (christian eliurcb with- 
 out previous instruction in thiMloctrines of religion, and 
 eveii before they themselves had acipiired such know- 
 ledge in the Tiulian language, as to be able to explain to 
 the natives the mysteries of faitii. or the precejils of 
 duty, nesting upon a subtle distinction in scholastic 
 theology, between that degree of assent which is 
 fouridcd on a complete knowiedire and conviction of 
 duty, and that whxh may he yielded when both tliesii 
 are imjierfect. they ado|>ted ihis strange practice, no 
 less inconsistent with the spirit of a religion which ad- 
 dresses itself lo the undtTslandmg of men, than repuij- 
 nant to the dictates of reason. As soon as any liody 
 of people overawed by dread of the Spanish power, 
 moved by the example of their own chiefs, incited by 
 levity, or yielding from mere ignorance, expressiMl the 
 slightest desire of embracing the religion of their con- 
 querors, they were instantly baptized. While this rage 
 of lonversion continued, a single clergyman baptized 
 in one day above live thousand Mexicans, and dtd not 
 desist until he was so exhausted by fatigue that he 
 was unable to lift his hands. In the course of a few 
 years after ihn reduction of the Mexican empire, the 
 sacrament of bapM.^m was administered to more than 
 four miiliona. J'roselyies adopted with such inconsi- 
 derate haste, and wiio were neither in.strucled in the 
 nature of the tenets to which it was supposed they had 
 given assent, nor taught the absurdity of those which 
 (iiey were reipiired to relinquish, retained their veneri- 
 lion for their ancient superstitions in full force, or 
 mingled an attachment to its doctrine and rites with 
 that slender knowledge of (.'hristianity which they had 
 accpiired. Tficse senliiuents the ntu' converts trans- 
 mitted to their posterity, into wliose minds ihey have 
 sunk so deep, that the Spanish ecclesiasticn, with all 
 their industry, have not been able to eradicate them. 
 The reliijious institutions of thnir ancestors, are still 
 remembered and held in honor by many of the Indians, 
 both in Mexico and Peru ; and whenever they think 
 them-'elvt . out of reach of inspection Iiy the Spaniards, 
 they assemble and celebrate their idolatrous rites, 
 
 Bui tV.'s is not the most unsnrinountable obstacle 
 to the progress of Christianity among the Indians Tlie 
 powers of their uncultivated u'ulerslandings arc so 
 limited, their observations and reflecihipj reich so little 
 beyond the mere objects of sen.se, that t!:ey acem hardly 
 to have Oie capacity of forining abstract ideas, and 
 possess not laii'juage lo express tliem To such men 
 the sublime and sjuriiual doctrines of (.'liri.uianity must 
 he, in a great measure, incomprehen-sible. The nu- 
 merotis and splendid ceremonies of ihe Popish worship I 
 catch the ce, please and interest them ; but when ; 
 their inslruclers altcmpl lo explain the articles ol' faiih | 
 with which those external olisrrvances are coimecle'. 
 though the Indians may listen with patience, they so 
 little conceive the meamuii of what thev hear, that their 
 acquiescence does not merit ihe name of belief. Their 
 indilVerence is still greater than their incapacity, At- 
 tentive only to the present moment, and eiinrossed by 
 the objects before them, the Indians so seldom reflect 
 upon what is j)ast, or take thought for what is to come, 
 Ihat neither the promises nor threats of relii^ion make 
 much impression upon them ; and while their foresiglu 
 ra.ely extends so far as the next day, it is almost iui- 
 jiossiblH to iiisjurtr them with solicitude altoul the con- 
 cerns of a future world. Astonished eipially at their 
 slowness of comprehension, and at tJui.r insensibility 
 some of tlifi early missionaries pronounced them a race 
 
 of men so brutish as to he incapable of understanding 
 the lirst pnncplisof religion, .\ coimcit held at l.inm 
 decreed, that, on account of tiiis mcapanty. lln'v ouuht 
 lo he excluded tiom the sacranicul of the Kncharist. 
 Though Paul III., by Ins famous bull is-ued intheyta* 
 trj:J7, lU dared them to be ratio lal creatures eiriled to 
 all the privileges of (.'hiislians ; yet alter the lapse oi 
 two centuries, durin>j which they have bet ii mem 1m id 
 ofilie church, so impeilict are their attainments in 
 kiiouledge that very lew po.ssess such a portion of spi- 
 ritual discennneiit as lo be deemed worthy of beiiitt 
 admitted to the holy cmnmiinion. From this idea ol 
 iheir incapacity and imperfect knowledge of reliijioii, 
 when the zeal of Pliilip M established the inquisiiion 
 in America in the year l."»7l), the Indijiis were exempted 
 from the jurisdiction of lliat se\ere tribunal, and sldl 
 continue v ider the inspection ol llieir diocesans. Fven 
 after ihe mut,i perfect instruelion. their fauh is held to 
 he feelde and dubious ; and lliouyh some of them have 
 been taught the learned languages, and have gone 
 through the ordinary rourse of academic education with 
 applause, their fVailty is slill so niucli suspected, that 
 few Indians are either ordaincu priesis, or received into 
 any religious order. [ \H^] 
 
 From this brief survey some idea may hv. formed ol 
 the inlerior state of the Sj)anisli colonics. The various 
 productions with which they supply and enrich the mo- 
 iher couiitr)', and the sy.slem of commercial intercourse 
 between them, come ne.\t in order lobe explained. If 
 the dominions of Spain m the New World had been of 
 such moderate extent as bore a due proportion to tlio 
 parent state, the progress of her colonising might have 
 been attended with the same benefit as lhat of other na- 
 tions. Itut when, in less than half a ceiunry, her incon- 
 sideralc rapacity had seized on countries larger than all 
 Kurnpe, her inabibiy to fill such va.st regions with iii- 
 hahiiants suflicient for the cuitiva:ion of them was so 
 obvious, na to give a wrong (tirection lo all the clForts 
 of the colonists. They did not form compact settle- 
 ments, where industry, circumscribttd wiliiin proper 
 limits, both in its views and operations, is conducled 
 with that sober persevering sj)irit which gradually con- 
 verts whatever ii m its possession to a projier use. and 
 derives thence the greatest udvanlJL'c Instead q\' this 
 the Spaniards, seduced by the houndtes* prospect wfiicli 
 opened to them, divided their possessions in America 
 into governments of great extent. As their number 
 was too small to aileinpt the regular cuUiire of the im 
 mense provinces which they occii| d rather than peo- 
 pled, they bent llieir attention to a few objects t.'.ac 
 allured tliein with ho]ios of su'Men and eicrbitant 
 gain, and turned away with contempt from iho hum- 
 liler paths of industry, which lead more slowly, but with 
 greater certainty, to wealth and increase of national 
 strength. 
 
 Uf all the methods by which riches may ho acquired* 
 that of searching for the precious metals is one of the 
 most inviting to men who are either unaccustomed to 
 the regular assiduity with which the culture of the earth 
 and the operalion.s of commerce must be carried on, or 
 who are so enterprising and rapacious as not to he sa- 
 tistied with the gradual returns of profit which thev 
 yield. Accordingly, as soon as the several coimtrics 
 in .\merica were subjected to the dominion of Spain, 
 this was almost the only mi.>ihod ol acquiring wealth 
 which occurred lo the adventurers by whom thev were 
 conquered Such provinces of the continent as did 
 not allure them to settle, by the prospect of iheiralTord- 
 ing gold and silver, were totally neglected. Tliose in 
 winch ihcy met with a disappointment of the sanguine 
 expectations they liad formeil. were abandoned. Kvim 
 the value of the islands, the first fruits of their disco- 
 veries, and the first oliject of llieir atifntion, sunk so 
 niiM'b in their estimation, when the inmcs which had 
 been Ojiened in thein were exhausted, that they were 
 tieserted by many of the planiirs. and left to bo occu- 
 pied by more industno'i.s possessors All crowded to 
 \I< -.ico and Peru, where the quantities of gold and sil- 
 ver found among the nalives, who searched for iheru 
 With hltlc industry and less skill, promts*'d nn unex- 
 h,iusted store, as the recompense of more intelligent 
 and persevering efforts. 
 
 During several years, the ardor of ih'ir researches 
 was kept up by hope rather than success .\t length, 
 the rich silver mines of I'otosi in Peru were acctdenl- 
 ally discovered in the year IHVr) by an Indian, as ho 
 was clambering up the mountains in piirsuit of a llama 
 which had straved fVoni his (lock. Soon after, tho 
 mines of Sacoiecas in New Spam, hllle inferior to the 
 oilur in value, were opened. From that time succes- 
 sivt> iliM-overies have been made in both colonies, and 
 stiver mines are now ro numcro is, that the working ol 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 tlium, and of Bomc ft'w mines of gold in the provinces pemirious industry, an is now enijiloyed in allnrinj; I 
 of Tierra Firnir, iind tlie new kinydoin ol ( lr,iiiadii, has , thnn towjirds it. *' l'ro|eets of iinninfT," snys a yood ! 
 bcrOMie the eapilid occupation of ihe Spinuiirds. and is j judixc of llit^ poliliciil eonducl ol niitioiis, " inslracl of 
 rediiceil inU) a t*ysh ni no less coinphcali d ihaii ni- j repiaeini; the e.ipit.il employed ni ihein, tOffetlnT with 
 terestnii;. I'o de^crilie the nature iit tlie \arioiis ore.*, the ordm.iry (irotil of stt)Lk, coniin'>"ily ali^orli holli eapi- j 
 the mode of e.\lraelm;: theni jnini '.K' howels of the j lid and prolit. They are t!it , /ojrels, thcrefDre, to ' 
 carlli, and to expl.ini i\w M-veviii pio^-ef^ses hy which which, of all olhcM. a prudent hiw^nver. wln» desired to 
 ihe niet-ils art* .--ip.iraKd from the siihslances with I nicreuM' the capilal oi his nation, would least choose to 
 
 uhtcli they are tnnii^led, eitlier hy the action of lire, or 
 ihe attractive pow .th of niercnry, is the province of 
 the natural philosopher or chynnst, rather than of the 
 historian. 
 
 The exnherant profusion with which the mountains 
 of the New World poured forth their treasures as- 
 tonished mankind, who had heen aecustonied hitherto 
 lo receive a penurious supply of the precious inelals 
 from the more scanly stores contained m tlie nnnes ot 
 the Miicii-nt lienn:>pliere. According lo principles ul j its approhation, aui^inunts that inconsiderate credulity 
 
 apita 
 ^ive any extruordniary encourii^i'incnt, or to turn to- 
 wards liieni a t;reater share of that capita! than would 
 iXO ro thrill ol Its own accord. Such, in reality, is the 
 iihsiird contidence which all nn'ii have in their own 
 yood lorlune, thai wlierever tiiere is tlie least prohn- 
 Inlity of success, too threat a sliare of it is apt to go to 
 tfiein of Its uwii accord." Hut in tin; Spanish colonies, 
 iiovernment is studious to cherish a spirit which it 
 -•liould have lahored to tiepress, and, hy the sanction of 
 
 eompiitaliuu. which appear lo bv e.vlremely moderate, 
 tiie ipiantitv of (rold and silver lliat lias heen regularly 
 entered in the jtorts of .Spain, is eipial in value to four, 
 nnlhons hierhng annually. rccktMiing front the year 
 WJ'i, in winch Ajiierica was discovered to the present 
 time. Tiiis. in two hundred and eighty-three years, 
 amounts to eleven hundred and thiriv-tvvo millions 
 
 which has turned the active industry of Mexico and 
 I'eni into such an iniprojier channel. To this may hv 
 imputed the slendes progress which Spanish America 
 has made, during two centuries and a half, either m 
 useful manufactures, or in those lueralivo hraochcs of 
 cultivation winch furnish the colonies of other nations 
 with their s^laplo connnodilies. In comparison witli 
 
 Iimnense as this sum is, the Sjianish writers contend, (he precious metals every hounly of nature is so much 
 that as much niorc ou^^ht to he ad<le'l to it in considcra- despised, that this extravagant idea of their value has 
 lion of treasure which has heen extracted from the mingled wiih the idioin of language in America, and 
 nines, and imporlcd fraudulenily into Spain without ' (he Spaniards settled there, dcnoininatc a country nrli. 
 
 paying duty lo the King. Hy this account, Spain has 
 drawn Irom the New World a supply of wealth 
 umountmg at least to two thousand imtlions of pounds 
 sterling [185] 
 
 The nnnes, which have yielded this amazing tpnin- 
 tily of treasure, are not worked at the exjM'nse of ihe 
 crown or of ihi- puhlu-. In order lo encourage private 
 adventurers, the person who discovtrs and works a 
 new vein is entitled to the pioperty of it. lljion lay- 
 ing hh- claim to such a discoT(rrv helore the governor 
 of the province. :i certain extent of land is !neas:red 
 oil', and a certain nmuher of Indians allotted '.iin, 
 under the ohligation of his opt'iiing the mine witlim a 
 limited time, and of his paying the customary duty to 
 the King tor what it shall produce. Invited hy the 
 facility with which such gran'.s are ohuined, and en- 
 couraged hv some sinking examples of success in this 
 line of ai'vcntnre, not only tho sanguinis and the hold, 
 but the tiinid and ditiident, enter upon it with astonish- 
 ing ardor. With vast objects always iit view, fed con- 
 timiallywith hope, and expecting every moment that 
 fortune will unveil her secret stores, ai.d give uji the 
 wealth which they contain to their wishes, they deem 
 every ether occupation insipid and nnlntere^'lmg. The 
 charms of this p.irsuit, like the rage for dei p play, are 
 so hewitchmg, and lake soch full possessioi; of the 
 mind, as even to give a new bent to the natural tem- 
 per. I'nder its iuHnence the cautious become enter- 
 prising, and the covetous profuse. I'owerful us ihis 
 ciiarin naturally is, its force is augmen'ed hy the arts of 
 an order of men known in i'eru hy tho cant name of 
 scarcluTs. These arc commonly persons of desperate 
 fortune, who, availing themselves of .some skill in 
 mineralogy, accompanied with the insiiiuatiiig manner 
 and contident pretensions peculiar to projectors, ad- 
 dress the wealthy and the credulous. Hy plausible de- 
 scriptions of the a|ipearance8 which they have disco- 
 vered of rich veins hitherto unexplored ; by producing, 
 when reipnsite, specimens of promising ore \ by atlirin- 
 ing, widi an imposing assurance, that success is eer 
 
 not from the fertility of its soil, the abundance of il 
 crops, or die exuberance of its pastures, but on accouiil 
 of the minerals which its mount. ims contain. In cpiesi 
 of these, they abandon the delightful plains of Peru and 
 Mexico, and resort lo barren and uncomfortable regions, 
 where they have built some of the largest towns which 
 they possess in the New World, As the activity and 
 enterprise of the Spani.irds originally took this direc- 
 tion, It IS now so dillicult to bend ihein a ditl'erent way, 
 that although, from varicnis causes, tiie gain of working 
 mines is imich decreased, the fascination continues, and 
 almost every person, who lakes any active part in the 
 commerce of New Spain or Peru, is still engaged in 
 some ydventure of tin . kind. [IHfiJ 
 
 13ut though mines are the chief object of the Spa- 
 niards, and the precious metals wiiicli these yield lonn 
 the jirincipal article in tlicir emmnerce with America; 
 the ierlile eoiinlnes winch they ]iosse8s there abound 
 w ilh other commodities of such value, or scarcity, as to 
 attract a cousideral)le degree of attention. Cochmea! 
 IS a production almost peculiar lo New Spain, of such 
 demand in commerce that the s:ile i.i always certalu, 
 and yet yields such jiroht as amply rewards the labor 
 and care employed in rearing the curious insects of 
 which this valuable drug is composed, and preparing it 
 fur the market, t^ninipnna, or Jesuits' Uiirk, the most 
 salutar ' siiniile, jierliaps, and of most restorative virtue, 
 that Providence, in compassion to human intirinity, has 
 made known unto man, is found only m Pern, to winch 
 11 allord.-i a lucrative branch of coinm rce. Tiie Indigo 
 of (lautimala is superior in (pialiiy to that of any pro- 
 vince ill America, and cultivaied to a eonsiderable e.t- 
 tent. Cacao, though not peculiar to the .Spanish colo- 
 nies, attains to its highest state of perfection there, and, 
 from the great comsumption of chocohite in Kurope. as 
 well as in America, is a valuable coimnodily- The 
 Tobacco of Cuba, of more exquisite llavor than any 
 brought from the New W'nrld ; the Sugar raised in 
 that i.--land. in lli.-'iiaMiola, and in New Spain, together 
 with drugs 111 various kinds, may be mcnlioiied among 
 
 fdil (0 persuade. An association is formed; a sinal 
 sum 18 advanced by each copartner ; the mine i: 
 opened ; the searcher is intrusted with the sole direi* 
 lion of every operation ; unforeseen ditlitmlties occur 
 new demands of money are made ; bul, amidst a sue 
 cession of disappointments and delays, hope is never 
 
 tain, and that llie expense must be Iritling, they seldom | ihr natural productions of America which enrich the 
 
 " ' Spanish commerce. To these must he added an 
 article of no inconsiderable account, the e.\port,iiion of 
 hides ; for which, as well as lor inaiiy of tho^e which I 
 have enumerated, the Spaniards arc more mdcbled lo 
 ihe woiidert'iil fertility ol the country, than lo their own 
 foresight and industry. The doincslic animals of 
 extinguished, and the ardor of expectation hardly | Kurope, particularly horned cattle, have mnllipbed in 
 abates. Tor it is observed, that if any person once et.- ; the New World with a rapidity which almost cxccinIs 
 ters this seducing padi, it is almost impossible to ;'!turii, | belief. .V few years after the Spaniards settled there, 
 lii.4 ideas alter, bo seems to be possessed with another i the herds of tame caliie became so numerous that iheir 
 hpiril ; visions of iinaginaiy wealth are continually be- j proprietors reckoned ihein by thousand!!. Kess utten- 
 fore his eyes, and he Ihinks", and speaks, and dreams of lion being jiid to them as they continued to increase, 
 nothing else. they were sutiercd lo run wild ; and spreading over a 
 
 Such is the spirit that must be formed, wherever the i country of boundless exieni. under a mild elimute and 
 active exenooh of any society ai-e chielly employed in 'Covered with rich pasture, their number became im- 
 working mines ef gold and s'ilvet. No spirit is more ' mense. They range over the vast plains winch extend 
 ■dvcrso to sn.:h improvements in agriculture and com- ! from Ibienos Ayri^ti towards Ihe Andes, in herds of 
 mercc as render a nation really opuhint. If the system I thirty or forty thousand ; and the unlucky Irafeller wiio 
 of admimatration in the Spanish colonies bad been once falls in among them, may proceed several days 
 founded upon principles of sound policy, the power and before he can disuntanglo himself from amo ; ihe 
 tjigpMuity of the legislator would have been exerted i crowd that covers the face of the earth, and seems to 
 «ith iB inucn ardor in restraiuing its subjocta from Buch ' hart no end. They are hardly less numerous in New 
 
 lOr, 
 
 Spain, ami in several other province's ; thny arc killed 
 merely for the sake of their bides ; and the slaughter 
 at certain seasons is so great, that ihc stench of llio 
 carcasses, which i're left m the tield. would iiitect the 
 air, if large ueks of wild dogs, and vast Hocks ol 
 L'ii!lnhi:<is, or American vultures, the most voMcious 
 of all the feathered kiiul, did not nistanlly devour 
 lliein. The number of lliose bides exported in every 
 (leet to Kurope, is very great, and is a lucrative branch 
 of commerce. 
 
 Almost all these may bt. considered as staple com- 
 modities peculiar to .\merica, and ditferent, if wc except 
 that last mentioned, from the productions of the mother 
 country. 
 
 When the importation into Spain of thoso vnrioui 
 articles from her coloniesfirsi became active and coii- 
 sidcrahle, her interior indusirv ami inamifaclnreH were 
 m J state so pro^perous, that with Ihe product of lliese 
 she was able both to purchase the coinniodtties of the 
 New Worlil, and to answer i's growing dem.intls. I'n- 
 der the reigns of Kerdmand and Isalielluand Charles 
 \' , Spain was one of the most industrious countries in 
 Kurope. Her manufactures in wool, and llax, and 
 silk, were so extensive, as not only to furnish what was 
 siitlicient for her own coiisiimpiion, but to alford a sur 
 plus for exportation. When a market for them, for- 
 merly unknown, and to whuii she alone had access, 
 opened in America, .she had rerourse lo her demesiic 
 store, and found there nn abundant supply. [187J 
 This new employment must nalur-illv have adiled viva- 
 city to the spirit of indusirv. Nourished and invigo- 
 rated hy It, the manufactures, ihe population, and 
 wealth of Spain, might liavt? gone on increasing in the 
 same proportion with the growth of her colonies. Nor 
 was the slate of the Spanish marine at this period less 
 tlourHlnng llian that ol its manufactures In the be 
 g:nning of tlit; sixteenih ceiitnrv. S|iain is said to have 
 possessetl above a thousand merchant sliips, a number 
 probably far sup<'rior to that of any nation in Knropo 
 111 that age. U\ the aid which foreign trade and dome-*- 
 tic industry give reciprocally to each other in their jiro- 
 gress, the augmentation of hutl; must have been ra|iul 
 and extensive, and Spain might have received the saino 
 accession of o]iulence and vigor from her accpii.-'itioiis 
 in the New Woild that other powers have derived from 
 their colonies there. 
 
 lint various causes prevented this. The same thing 
 happens to nations us to individuals. Wealth, whiLh 
 tlows 111 gradually, and with moderate increase, feeds 
 and nuuti.shes that activity winch is friendly to com- 
 merce, and calls it forth into vigorous and well con- 
 ilucted exertions ; but wiien opulence pours in suddenly, 
 and with too full i: stream, it overturns all sober plans 
 of industry, and brings alon/ with it a tasie for what ia 
 wild and (\vtrav'igant and daring in bustness or in ac- 
 tion. Such was the great and sudden augmentation of 
 power and revemio that the possession of America 
 tirongiit into Spain ; and some symptoms of its per- 
 nicious influence upon the political operations of that 
 inoiidrchy soon began to appear. For a considerable 
 time, however, the supply of treasure from the New 
 World was scanty and )>recarious ; and rho genius of 
 ('liarles V. conducted public measures with such pru- 
 dence, that the elfects of this mtlucnce were little per- 
 ceived. Uut when Philip II. ascended the Spanish 
 throne, with talents far interior la diose of his father, 
 and remittances from tiie colonies became a regular 
 ami coii.-«iderahie branch ttl revenue, the latal operation 
 of this r.ipid change in the stale of the kingdom, both 
 on the monarch and his peojile. was at onr:(> conspicu- 
 ous. Philip, jiossessing that spirit of undaunicd assi- 
 duity which often characterues ihe ambition of men of 
 moderate talents, entertained such a high opinion of his 
 own resources that he ihought nothing U)o arduous for 
 him lo undertake. Shut up himself in the solitude of the 
 Ksciirial, he troubled and annoyed all tho nattons around 
 him. He waged open war with the Dutch and Knglish ; 
 he encouraged and aided a rebellitnis faction in France ; 
 he eompiered Portugal, and maintained armies and gar- 
 risons in Italy, Africa, and botli the Indies. Itv such 
 a multiplicity of great and complicated operations, pur 
 sued witl> ardor during ihe course of a long reign 
 Spam was drained both of men and money I'ndi'i 
 the weak administralion of his successor, Philip III., 
 [A. D. 1011,] the vigor of the imtion continued to de- 
 crease, and sunk into the lowest <lecline, when tho 
 inconsiderate bigotry of that moicirch expelled at onco 
 near a mi'ilioii oj" Ins most industrious subjects, nt the 
 very lime when the exhausted state of Ihe kingdom 
 reipiired some extraordinary exerlioii of political wiN- 
 doni to augment its numbers, and lo revive its strength 
 Early in th'j scyunt^^th century, Spain <V«U auch «; 
 
 £4 
 
138 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OF 
 
 li 
 
 Oimiiiiition in the numher of her people, that from ina- 
 liiiiiv to rfrrm* her iinnicN n\\c was oijliiiri) to i-oiilnict 
 her tipiTalious. Ilrr llourishiu^ inainifacturrs were 
 fiillfii into (lecuy- llrr iU;c\», wliich had brim ilir Itr- 
 ror of all Kiiropf, witu rniiicil. IltT extensive lb- 
 rei^ti eniniiHTCt; wa^ lost. The trade brtweeii iIitltT- 
 fnt parts of her own (loiniiiion was intcrrupteil, and 
 the ships wliich attt'ni|ited to carry it on were take n 
 und iilundcrcd hv rnennoa whom she once despised 
 Kvi'ii uirnculinre, the prlniary nbjeot of industry in 
 every prosperous slaie, was nej»lecled, and one of the 
 most fertdc coiintriea in Kuropu hardly raised what waa 
 sulFieu-nt for the jtupport of lis own inhahitanla. 
 
 In proportion as tiie population and niaiuifactnres of 
 'he parent slate declined, the demands of her coloincs 
 (ontmued to inerrase. The Spaniards, tike iheir mo- 
 narchs, intoxicated with the wealth which poured in 
 annually upon them, deserted ihc paths of industry to 
 which they had been accustomed, and repaired with 
 eafierness to those reirions from which this opulence 
 issued. Hy this ra^e of emioration another drain was 
 opened, and the !stren;.'th oi the colonies augmented hy 
 exhinstin!r that of the mother country. All (hose erni- 
 grants, as well as the adventurers who had at first set- 
 tled in America, depended ah'iiolutely upon Spain for 
 almost every article of necessary consumption. Kn- 
 ga<»ed in more aliurint; jind lucrative pursuits, or |)re- 
 vented liv restraints which government imposed, they 
 tMuld noL turn ilicir own attention towards eslabtitihiii<r 
 »he manufactures re<;uisite for coirifortnble subsistence. 
 'J'hev received (as I have observed in another place) 
 their cloihinti, (lieir furniture, whatever ministers to the 
 rase or luxury of life, and even their instruir.cnts nf 
 labor, from Kuropc. Spain, thinned of people and de- 
 creasiny in industry, was unable lo .-:u[)ply their "row- 
 ing demands. She liad recourse to her neighbors. 
 The manufactures of the Low Countries, of Kngland, 
 of I'Vance. and of Italy, wlncli her wants called into 
 existence or animated with now vivacity, furnished in 
 abimdance wimtever she required. In vani did the 
 fundamental law, concerniufr the exclusion of furei^Mi- 
 er? from rrade with America, oppose Ibis innovation. 
 Necessity, more powerful than any statute, defeated its 
 opt.iation, und constrained the Spaniards themselves to 
 concur in eludiriff it. 'I'he Hnyhsli, the I'Vcnch. and 
 Dutch, relying on (he fidelity and and honor of Spanish 
 merchants, who lend their names to cover the deceit, 
 Bend out their manufactures to America, and receive 
 the exorbitant price for which Iheyarc sold there, either 
 in specie, or in the rich comu.oditiesof >he New World. 
 Neither the dread of danger, nor the allurement of 
 profit ever induced a Spanish factor to betray or de- 
 fraud the ))er»on who confided in him : and that probity, 
 which is the pride und distinction of the nation, con- 
 tributes to its ruin In u short time, not above a twen- 
 tieth part of the commodities exported to .America was 
 of Spanish growth or fabric. All the rest was the 
 property of foreign merchants, though entered in ♦.he 
 name of Spaniards. 'I'he treasure of the \ew World 
 may be said henceforward not lo have belonged to 
 Spain. Ucfore it reached Kurope it was anticipated as 
 the price of goods purchased from foreigners. That 
 v^'eatth which by an internal circulation, would have 
 spread through each vem of industry, and have con- 
 veyed life and movement lo every branch of manufac- 
 ture, flowed out of the kingdom with such a rapul 
 course as neither enriched nor animated it, On the 
 other hand, the artisans of rival nations, encouraged 
 by this quick sale of their counnodities, improved so 
 much in skill and industry as to he able to atlbrd them 
 at a rate so low, (hat the manufactures of Spain, which 
 could not vie wiiii tlieirs either in quality or cheapness 
 of work, were stdl further depressed. This destructive 
 commerce drained otf the riches of the nation faster 
 and more eomph:tely than even the extravagant schemes 
 of ambition carried on by its inonarchs. Spain was 
 •o much astonished and distressed at ')cholding her 
 American treasurefi vanish almost as soon as tiiey were 
 imported, that i'hilip III., unable to supply wiiai was 
 requisite in circulation, issued an edict, by wbicii he 
 endeavored to raise copper ?uoney to a value iii cur- 
 rency nearly equal to that of silver ; and the lord of the 
 Peruvian andMezica i mines was reduced to a wretched 
 expedient, which is the last resource of petty impo- 
 verished states. 
 
 Thus the possessions of Spain in America have not 
 proved a source of population and of wealth to her in 
 the same manner a« tliose of other nations. In the 
 countries of l^uropt, where the ifpirit of industry sub- 
 sists m full vigor, every person settled in such colonies 
 as are similar in their situation to tliose of Spain, is 
 MippORcd (0 givo Mii|»Ioyiaent to tbrce or four at home 
 
 in supplying his wanl«. Cut wlitrevor the mother 
 country caiiriot afford ibis ^tqiply. every ei ;ii:rafil iimv 
 he coiisiden d as a citi/<ii lo-i to the eoniiniiiiiiy, and 
 strangers must reap all the benefit of aiiswurnig Ins 
 dei'uinds. 
 
 Such has been the internal state of Spain from the 
 close of the sixlcenth century, a.'id such lirr inability 
 to supply the growing wants of Iier colonies. Ttie 
 fatal ellects of tlusdi^-proportiou bel^veen iheir demaTtds, 
 and her capacity of answering ihe.u, hau; been much 
 increased by the mode in wlucli Spain has endeavored 
 to regulate the iinercourse between the mother country 
 and her colonics. It is from her ideu of monopolising 
 ihc trade with America, and debarr.ng her subjects 
 there from any communication with foreigners, that all 
 her jealous and systematic arrangements have arisen. 
 These are so singular in thi-ir nature and conse<piences 
 as to merit a particular explanation. In order lo secure 
 the monopoly at which *ihc aimed, .Spain did not vest 
 llie trade with her colonies in an exclusive company, a 
 plan wliich lias been adapted by nations moif? commer-^ 
 eial, and at a period whci; mercantile policy wan an 
 objecl of greater atleruion, anil niiirht to have been 
 belter understood. The Diitrh g.iv« vn the wiiole 
 trade with their colonies, both in the Kasl nA West 
 Indies, to exclusive companies. The K.ii,tish, the 
 French, the Danes, have iniilatcd their e.tan.j]e with 
 re.sppct to the Kast Indian coinmerce ; am', the two 
 former have laid a similar restraint upon some branches 
 of il.eir trade with the New World. The wit of man 
 cannot, perhaps, devise a method for checking the pro- 
 gm^ss of industry and population in a new colony more 
 effectual than this. The interest of the colony, and ol 
 the exclusive com|)anv, must in every point bo diame- 
 trically opposite ; and as the latter possesses such ad- 
 vantages in this unequal contest, that it can prescribe 
 at pleasure the terms of intercourse, tlu* former must 
 not only buy dear and sell cheap, but must sutf-r the 
 mortification of having the increase of its surplus sio(;k 
 discouraged by those very persons to whom alone it 
 can dispo.se of its productions. 
 
 Sjwin. it is probable, was preserved from falling into 
 this error of poUcy by the high ideas which she early 
 formed concerning the riches of liie New World, f !old 
 and silver were coinmoilities of loo iiigh a value to vest 
 a monopoly of them in private liaiids. The crown 
 wished to retain the d.rection of a commerce so invit- 
 ing ; and, in order to .-secure lii.it, ordained the cjrgo 
 of every ship fitted nut for America to be inspected by 
 the ollicers of the Cuxa dr Cuutratanon in Seville be- 
 fore it could receive a licciusc to make liic voyage , 
 and that, on its return, a report of the eommudiiics 
 which it brought should be made to the same board 
 before it could be pnrmitled to land them. In conse- 
 quence of this regulation, ail the trade of Spain with 
 the New World centred originally in the port of Seville, 
 and was gradually brought into a form, in wliich it Itas 
 continued, with little variation, from the middle of the 
 sixteenth century almost to our own times. For the 
 greater security of the valuable cargoes sent to Ame- 
 rica, as well as for the more easy prevention of fraud, 
 the commerce of Spain with its colonies is carried on 
 by fleets which sail under strong convoys. These 
 fleets, consisting of two scpiadroiis, one distinguished 
 by the name of the Oalmns. the otlier by that of the 
 FloM, ir? equipped annually. Formerly they took 
 their depari,;''*^ from Seville ; but as the port of Cadiz 
 has been fju.ta more commodious, they have sailed 
 from it since the year 1720. 
 
 The (Jaleons .i'^stined to supply Tierra Firme, and 
 ihe kingdoms of F'tu and Chili, with almost every 
 article of luxury or necessary consumption, that an 
 opulent people can denuiid, touch first at ('artbagena, 
 and then at I'orto Hello. To the former, the merchants 
 of Santa Martha, (--'araccas. ihe New Kingdom of Clra- 
 nada. and several other provinces, resort. The latter 
 is the great mart for the rich commerce of Fern and 
 ('hili. .-Vt the season when the (ialeons are expected, 
 the product of all the mines in these two kingdoms, to- 
 gether with their other valuable commodities, is trans- 
 porti d by sea to Fanama. From tlieu>'e, as soon as 
 the ajipearance of the fleet from Europe is announced. 
 Lliev are conveyed across the isthmus, partly ou mules 
 an; ,j- rtly down the river Chagre to I'orio IJelln. This 
 paltiy village, the climate of which, from the jiernicious 
 union of excessive heat, continual moisture ; and the 
 putrid exhalations arising from a rank soil, is more fatal 
 to life than any j'crhap.^ in the known world, is imme- 
 ditftely filled with people. From being the residence 
 of a few Negroes and Mulalloes, and of u miserable 
 garrisQu felieved every three mouths, Forto Uello as- 
 sumes suddenly a very different «spcct, and its streets 
 
 ore crowded with opulent merchants from every corner 
 of I'eru and the adjacent provinces. A fair is opened, 
 tlie wraith of :\nierira is e.schanged for the mariufu'- 
 Itires of llurope; and, during its prescrilnd term of 
 forty dayH, the rich) si trallic on the f,ice of Uu- e.iriti le 
 begun and llnislied with lli.tl sMiiplicilv of t^ull^a('IMm, 
 and that unboiimhd rouildence, wjiicli aeeomp.itiv ex- 
 tensive eonnnerte llJ^H] The l-'iftta boldu lis coi ise 
 to \'era Cruz, The trea.-^ures and coiniMuihtics ,)( 
 .\ew Spain, and the depending provinces, whirli were 
 deposited at i'uebia de los Xngelcs, m e.xpeclal on id 
 its arrival, arc carried thither; and llie < omiuerci il 
 operations of Vera (.'ru7., eunducted in the same man- 
 ner with those of Forlo Delhi, are inferior to ihem only 
 in importance and value. Uoth fliels, a-* soon as they 
 have completed their cargoes from America, reiidez- 
 vona at llie Havana, and return iii company lo Kurope. 
 
 The trade of Spain with her colonies, while thus let- 
 tered and restricted, came necessarily to In? conductod 
 with the same spirit, and upon the same principles as 
 that of an exclusive company. Being eontined lo a 
 sinijle port, it was of course thrown inlo a lew hands, 
 and almost the whole of il 'vas gradually enixroi-scd by 
 a small number jI wealthy houses, fonnerlv in Seville, 
 and now in Cadi/. These by eomluriations, winch 
 ihey can easily form, may altogether prevent that com- 
 petition which preserves commodities at their uatiiral 
 price ; and by acting in concert, to which they are 
 prompted by their mulnal interest, they may raise or 
 lower the value of them at pleasure. In cousequenco 
 of this, the price of Furopean good:* in America is 
 always liigh, and often exorbitant. A hmulred, Iwc 
 hundred, and even three hundred per cent., are protits 
 not uncommon in the commerce of Spam with her colo- 
 nies. From the same engrossing spirit it frequemiy 
 h;»ppens thai trader'* of the second order, whose ware- 
 huuse» do not contain a complete assortment of (0in< 
 modilies for the American market, cannot purchasu 
 from the more opulent merchants such goods as they 
 want ai a lower [trice than that for which ihey aro 
 sohl in the colonies. With the .same vigilant jealou.sy 
 that an exidusive company guards against the intrusion 
 of the free trader, those overgrown monopolists endea- 
 vor to check the progress of every one who.sc en- 
 croachments ihey dread. This restraint of the .Ame- 
 rican commerce lo one port not only affects its domes- 
 tic state, but limits its foreign operations. A monopo- 
 list may acquire more, and certainly will hazard less, 
 by a confined trade which yields exorbitant protit, than 
 by an e.vtensivo commerce in which ho receives oi,lv a 
 moderate return of gain. It is often his interest not to 
 enlarge, bill to circiimscrihe the sphere of bis nc'.iviiv; 
 and instead of calling forth more vigorous ex' riions oi 
 commercial indu.stry, it may be the object oi bis atten- 
 tion lo check and set hounds lo them. Uy some .-uch 
 maxim the mercantile policy of Spain seems to have 
 regulated its intercourse with America. Instead o» 
 furnishing the colonies with European goods in sncU 
 quantity as might render both the price and the protit 
 moderate, the merchants of Seville and Cadiz sccmu lo 
 have supplied them with a sparing hand, that the eager- 
 ness of competilion, among customers obliged to pur- 
 chase in a scanty market, might enable the Spanish lac- 
 tors to dispose of their cargoes with exorbitant gam. 
 About the middle of the last century, when ihe exclu- 
 sive trade to America from Seville was in its most 
 flourishing state, the burden of the two united sqtia- 
 dronsof the (ialeons and Flota did not exceed twentv- 
 seven thousand Ave hundred tons. The supply which 
 such a fleet could carry must have been very inadequate 
 to the demands of those populous and extensive colo- 
 nies, which depended upoi. it for all the luxuries and 
 many of the necessaries of life. 
 
 Spain curly became sensible of \wr declension from 
 her former prosperity ; and many respectable and vir- 
 tuous citizens employed tlieir thoughts in devising me- 
 thods for reviving the decaying industry and commerco 
 of their country. From the violence of the remedies 
 proposed, we may judge how desperate and fatal the 
 malady appeared. Some, confounding a violation of 
 police with criminality against the slate, contended 
 that, in order to check illicit commerce, every person 
 convicted of carrying it ou should be punished with 
 death, and confiscation of all his effects. Others, for- 
 getting the distinction between civil otfences ard aciM 
 of impiety, insisted that contraband trade shouli' bo 
 ranked among the crimes reserved for the cognizance 
 of the Inquisition ; that such as were guilty of it might 
 be tried and punished according to the secret aiid sum- 
 mary form in which that dreadful tribunal exercises iti 
 jurisdiction. Others, uninslructed hy observing llio 
 penacio'is effec's of monopolies in every ciuntrv where 
 
SOi; lit AMERICA 
 
 from every corner 
 
 A I'.iir i.-4 opcrn'i!, 
 il for rlu> iiiiMiul'ii'- 
 rcsrrtliHl n-riii of 
 ui'c of ilii- p.irrii If) 
 ily of lraii>iirrion, 
 ell iic((»in|„iiiy ox- 
 .1 linM'j lis cot ISO 
 I coMiinodiltr^ .)t' 
 im-i's. wliicli were 
 
 in <'.\|ic'criii on ol 
 ! llio (O)nriiorfi;il 
 II) the siiiiio iiiun- 
 iTior Id tliciii only 
 s, ill 8O0M a?* tiiry 
 Ainrrica, rciulcz- 
 iipaiiy to Kuropo. 
 's, whili! thus (I't- 
 
 lo he (;oiiiliiclod 
 iiiif principles ud 
 ili confiru'd to a 
 into a few hinuls, 
 lily engrossed hy 
 rijcrly in .Sovilli*, 
 iliKiiiiions, which 
 rcMMit tliiU coin- 
 s at ihrir iiiilural 
 
 which they .iro 
 icy may raise or 
 
 In corisL'cpienco 
 
 in Anierifa is 
 A hiin(lr(!d. Iwc 
 cent., arc protii^ 
 in will) her rolo- 
 rit it fretpieiuly 
 er, whose warc- 
 irtincnt of torn- 
 :aniiot piirchaso 
 I jjoods an they 
 
 w hu h they aro 
 iifiiaiir jealousy 
 1st the inlrusiiin 
 lopolists endca- 
 OMO whose en- 
 It of the Aine- 
 leets its doines- 
 13. A inonopo- 
 ill hazard has, 
 ant profit, than 
 rceeives oi.lv a 
 i interest not to 
 of his iic'iviiv ; 
 tus ex' riioiis oi 
 cl at hid alien- 
 liy some ^•^lch 
 seems lo have 
 a. Instead ot 
 floods in siicli 
 and the profit 
 Cadiz seiMii to 
 that the ea^'cr- 
 oblijrcd lo piir- 
 le Spanish fac- 
 xorhitant yam. 
 leii the c.xclu- 
 13 in iis most 
 
 united sqiiu- 
 xcecil twentv- 
 
 siipplv which 
 ery inadequate 
 xli'iisive colo- 
 
 luxuries and 
 
 lension from 
 lahle and vir- 
 dtivihinir me- 
 nd cotnniert» 
 ihn remedies 
 and fatal the 
 violation of 
 c. contended 
 every person 
 unishcd with 
 Others, for- 
 ices aid acin 
 shoult' t.v 
 cognizaiicc 
 ty of It might 
 ret and sum- 
 exorcises Its 
 )bscrving thn 
 luntrywhc'rt 
 
 Itiry have hccn etitahliitlted. have proposed to vest tlie 
 iMili' with America in cxcluMve <oihpames, which in- 
 l(i(>t would niider the ri.ost vigilant guardians of the 
 Npiiii.-*li coimiierce ayamat tiie tiicroachnient ol' the 
 inii'.Iojiirs. 
 
 itesidcs these wild prnjecls, many schrnies. lietlcr 
 di^iesled and more henelicial. were suL'^osied. IJiit 
 iiiulcr the tcelile monarchs with whom the rci;r'i nf tli(^ 
 Austrian line m Spain < loscd. incapacity and indecision 
 ire coiispicuouH in every dcparlinent ol ^(ivcrnmi'nt. 
 liL-lead ol takiU'T for Ihetr mndcl ihe actne aduunislra- 
 tiou ol Charles V.,tliey alfecled H) iinilaH tlie cautious 
 jirticrasiinatnitr wisdom ol' IMiilipll.; and dcstiiute of 
 Ins talents, tlicy deliheraled perpttuaily, hut determined 
 liothiii;,' .\o remedy was applied to the evils under 
 whicl' the national cominercv, domestic as well as 
 foreiyn lanmiishcd. 'I'hesn evils continued lo m- 
 cri'ase ; and S|>ain. with dominioni* more exteimivc 
 and more opulent than my Kuropcan state, post^essed 
 in'iiln r vij.'ur. nor money. [IH'JJ nor industry. At 
 li'iiL'lh, liir vutleiit e oj a ^re.it uationid cun\ulsion 
 roused the sluinlicrin^ ^'cnius of Spam. The etlbrts ol 
 till' two contcinliii},' parties in the civil war kindled hv 
 tin* dispute coiici'riiin;^ the succession of the crown at 
 llie he^uiniiiM ol' this century, called forth, in some de- 
 jrree, ihc aii-nenl spirit and vi«^or ol' ihe nation. Whili; 
 mm w.'-ie llius fitrmiii^', c.ip.ilile (if adopting senlimetits 
 more lihcral than those which had innuencid the coun- 
 c.ls ot the monarchy durinj; ihe course ol' a century. 
 Spam thrived from an unexpected source tlie means of 
 a\iii|jui; r.self of their talents. Tiic various po^vurs 
 v\hola\ornl liie pretensions either of the Austrian or 
 liuuihon candidr'le for tlu- Spanish throne, sent formi- 
 dahle llccts and armies to their support ; France, Kni(- 
 land, and IlutlanJ remitted nnmenso ruiiis to Spain. 
 These were sjient in the provinces which hecame tlic 
 theatre of war. Purt of tlie American treasure, ol' 
 which foreitrners had drained the kin^fdom, llowed hack 
 thilher From this era one of the most int( tiiL'cnl Spa- 
 nish anlliors daies the revival of the monarcliv ; and. 
 however huimlialin;^ liie truth mav lie, he acknowhdires. 
 th.it 11 IS to her enemies his country is induhted for the 
 acipiisition of a fund of circnlalni^ specie in some mea- 
 eiire adequate to tiin exij^encies of the puhlic 
 
 As soon as the Uourbons obtained quiet possession of 
 (he ihrnne. ihey discerned this cbanjje in lln; spirit of 
 the people and in the state of the nation, yiid look ad- 
 vantage of It; for altliouirb that fannly lias not given 
 nionarclis to Spam remarUal)le for superiority of genius, 
 they have all lieen beneticent princes, alteulivi^ to the 
 happiness of their subjects, and solicitous to promote 
 it. It was. accordniL'ly, the tirst object of I'liiiip V. to 
 suppress an innovation wliicli had crept in during the 
 course of the war. anil had overturned the whole system 
 of the Spanish commerce with America. The Knglish 
 and i)uich, by ibeir superiority in naval power, having 
 acqiiiied such conimaud of the sea as to cut off all 
 inlercour^e between Spain and her colonies, Spain, in 
 order lo furnish her subjects in America those necessa- 
 ries of hie without which they could not exist, and as 
 tlie only means of receiving from thence any part of 
 their treasure, de))arted so far from the usual rigor of 
 its maxims as to open the trade with Peru lo her allies 
 the i'reiich. The merchants of St. Malo, to whom 
 l.onis \\V. granted the privilege of this lucrative com- 
 merce, engaged in it with vigor, and carried ii on upon 
 principles very dilferent from ihoM: of the Spaniards. 
 They supplied Peru with liuropean commodities at a 
 moderate price, and not in stinted quantitv. The 
 goods w'nic;h they imjiorted were conveyed lo every 
 province; of Spanish America in such alnindance as 
 had never been known in any former jieiioil. If thia I 
 intcrcoiirs(! had been continued, the exportation of 
 European commodities from Spain must have ceased, 
 and tilt; dependence of the colonies on the mother 
 country have been at an end. The mos; peremptory 
 inji;neiious were therefore issued [1713,] pioliibiting 
 the admission of foreign ve.-'sels into anv port of Pern 
 or tJhili, and a Spanish squadron was employed to 
 clear the South Sea of intruders, whose aid was no 
 longer n<-cessary. 
 
 Ilul though, on the cessation of the war which was 
 lenninated by the treatv of rirecbt. Sp.iin oblained 
 relief from one encroachmnnl on her comnu.'rcial sys- 
 tem, she was e'xjiosi'd to another which slie deemed 
 tiurdly less perni(;ious. As a;i inducemeul that might 
 
 frevail with Queen Anne lo conclude a peaci-, which 
 'ranct and Spain desired with equal ardor. Piiilip V., 
 not only i-onveyed lo CJreat Britain the Assicnto, or 
 contract lor supplying llie Spanish colonies with Ne- 
 groes, whicli had formerly been enjoyed by France, but 
 granted it the more extraordinary privilege of sending 
 
 {annually to (be fair of Porto IMlo a snip of five hun- 
 dred tons, l.iden with Knropean commoditicj'. In con- 
 j sequence of Ibm, UnI|^ll lactones wen- exlabbshed at 
 <*arlliagena, Panama, \ eca I'm/.. Iliu iios .\\rrs, and 
 oilier Sp.iuish sellicmenls. The veil with which Spain 
 hai! Imberto covered Ibe state and iransactioiH of her 
 colonies was removid. The agents of a rival nation, 
 residing in ihe towns of niost extensive trade, and of 
 chief resort, had the best opportuniiiis of becoming 
 acipiainted wiih the interior condirion of the American 
 provinces, of ob.serving their stall d and occasional 
 wants, and of knowing what coinmodilies might be im- 
 ported into them with the greatest advantage. In con- 
 sequence of mlonnalion so aviihenlic and expediiious, 
 ihe merchants of Jamaica and oiher Knglish colonies 
 who traded lo llie Spanish niain were enaliled lo assort 
 and proportion their cargo) s so ex:ictly to the demands 
 of the market, that the ronnaband eoninicrce was car- 
 ried on with a facility ami to an extent imknown in any 
 former period. This, however, was not the most fatal 
 consequence of the Assienio lo the traile of Spain. 
 The agents of the Mnlish South Se,i (.'onipany. under 
 cover of the importation which tliev were auilion/.td to 
 make by the ship sent uniiually to Porto Hi No, poured 
 in thetr connnodities on the Sjiariish conlinent without 
 limilalion or restraint, Insiead of a sinp of five hun- 
 dred tons, as slipnlaled in the treaty, they usually em- 
 ployed ono which exceeded nine hundred tons in bur- 
 den. She was accompanied by two or three smaller 
 vessels, which, moo nig in some neighboring creek, 
 supplied her claiides:iiiely with fre.^h hales ot ifuods lo 
 replace such as were sold, The in.speclors (d' the fair, 
 and ollicers of the revenue, gained by exorbitant pre- 
 sents, connived at the fraud. [I'JOJ Thus, partly hy 
 the operations of the company, atid partlv by the 
 activity of private interlopers, almost the whole trade 
 of Spanish America was engrossed by foreigners. The 
 immense commerce of tlie (ialeons. formerly the pride 
 of Spain, and the envy of other nations, sunk to 
 nothing [1737] ; and the squadron itself, redureil from 
 fifteen thousand to two thousand tons, served hardly 
 any purpose but to feicli home the royal revenue 
 arising from the lifih on silver. 
 
 While Spain observed those cncrachment.s. and felt 
 so sensibly their piTiucious rtfects. it was iuqio.^siliU; 
 not to make some elforl to restrain th.iin. ller first 
 expedient was to station ships of force, under the appel- 
 lation of ffuui'da cnsfas, upon the coasts of those pro- 
 vinces to which interlopers most frequently resorted. 
 As private interest concuried with the dulv wincli they 
 owed lo the public, in rendering the ollicers who com- 
 manded those vessels vigilant and ai'lue, some check 
 was given to the progress of the conlrahand trade, 
 though in dominions so (extensive and so accessible by 
 sea, hardly any number of crui.scrs was sulVicieiit to 
 guard against its inroad.s m every quarter. This inier- 
 ruplion of an intercourse which had been carried on 
 with so much facility, that the merchants in the British 
 colonies were accustomed to consitler it almost as an 
 allowed branch of comnierci-, excited murmurs and 
 comjiluinls. These, anlliorized in some measvire, and 
 rendered more interesting hy several unjuslitiable acts 
 of violence commitled by the captains of the Spainsh 
 guarda coslas, preci|nluled (ireat llntain into a war 
 Willi Sjuin [ 17;J'JJ ; in consequence of wliich the latter 
 ohtained a liii.d rele.ise from the Assiento. ami was left 
 at liberty lo regula'e the commerce of her colonies 
 without being restrained by any eng.igement wilh a 
 foreign power. 
 
 As the formidable encroachmetils of the Knglish on 
 their American trade, had discovered to the Spaniards 
 the vast '■onsmn[ilioii of Ijurojteaii gc»oJs in their colo- 
 nies, and taught them thtr advantage of accommodating 
 their importations to the occasi<Miat demand of the 
 var.uus provinces, they perceived the necessity of de- 
 vising some method of supplying their colonies, tbf- 
 ferenl from their ancient one ol sending thither jieriodi- 
 liil lieets. T' at mode of comnumicaliuii had been 
 found not on', to Ik; uncertain, as iln; depiriure of the 
 (ialeons aua Plota was souietimes retarded bv various 
 accidents, and often prevented hy the wars which 
 raged in Kurope ; but long experience had shown it to 
 bu ill adapted to atfoitl America a regular and timely 
 supply of what it wanted. The scarciiy of Kur<>pean 
 goods in the Spanish settlements frequently became 
 cvcessive; their price rose lo an enormous height; 
 the vigilant eye of inercaiilile attention did not fail to 
 oh(!ervo this favorable opportunity : an ample sn[)ply 
 was poured in by interlopers from the Knglish. the 
 French, and Dutch islands; and when the Cialeons at 
 length arrived, they found the markets so glutted by 
 (his illicit commerce, that there wan no demand for tho 
 
 w 
 
 rommodities wr.h wliuh they were loaded. Ii urder 
 to remedy this, Spain has permitted a considerable part 
 of her commerce with America to be carried on by 
 nu'isfir .tfiifi/t. Thesi' are htled out during Ihe iii'er- 
 \als between tbi! stated seasons when the (iaiions and 
 Flola .^dil, by inerchanls in Seville or Cadiz, upon 
 obiamtng a license fiuin the coun':il of the Indies, lni 
 which tiiey pay a very iugh premium, and are desun-d 
 lor those ports m .\menca where any exiraordmary 
 deniJiid is foreseen or expected. Jlv this expedient, 
 such II regular supply of the comiiudit'es tor whnii 
 '.here iH the grealesl demand is conveyed to liie Aim- 
 rieaii market, thai the interloper is no longer allured hy 
 liie same prospect of excessive gain, or the people in 
 the colonies urged hy the same necessity to engage in 
 (he h.i/ardou.-* adventurea of contraband trade. 
 
 In jn<q)orlion as "xperience niambsied the advanta- 
 ges of carrying on irade m lliis mode, the miinb( r of 
 register shijis increased; and at lenglh, m the \e.ir 
 17'1H, the (ialeons. alter having been eniphnid ujt- 
 wards of two ceiiinries, went (in. illy laid aside, from 
 that period there has been no intercourse wiin < 'hill and 
 Pern hut by single shqis, despatched Irom lime to time 
 as occasion requires, and when the inerehanls expect a 
 prohlalile market will open. Tin se ships sad round 
 ('ape I loin, and convev directly lo the ports )n the 
 Soiilh Sea the productions ami inannlacturtM of Kurope, 
 fur which (he people settled in those counlries vvi re lur- 
 inerly obhged lo repair to Porio Bello or i'anaina. 
 Tlie.se towns, as has been formerly ohserved. must 
 gradually decline, when di prived ol lliai. Cdinmerce lo 
 which they owed their prospeiilv. Tins (iisadvant.ige, 
 however, is more than compensated by the benelieial 
 eti'ecls of this new arrangement, as ihe whole continent 
 of South America receives new supplies ot limope.m 
 commodities with so much legul.irily, and in such 
 abuntlaiiee, as must not only conlribute gre.itly to the 
 happiness, but increase the popnlaiion ol all the euh)- 
 iiies sedled (here. But as all ihe register ships des- 
 tined for the .So lib S;-,is neisl still taki! tlieir departure 
 Irom Cadiz, and are obliged to reiurn tluuier, tins 
 hranch of tbi* .\niericau couiniero'. even in its new 
 and improved form, conlimies subject to the re.stramls 
 of a species of nionoptdv. and feels those purmcious 
 elfects of It which I have already de-eiibed. 
 
 Nor has the atU^nlion ol .Sp.nii bii-n conlincd to regu- 
 lating the trade with lis more nourishing colonies; it 
 has extended likewise to the reviving commerce in 
 thuse setdemenls where it was neglecled, or had 
 decayed Among the new tastes wliicn the people of 
 Furope have acquired in consequence of nn|i(>rting thn 
 production.^ of tliost; counlries which they conquered m 
 .\merica, that for cho:'nlate is one ol the most uni- 
 versal. The use of tins liquor, made with a paste 
 formed of the mil or almond of the cacao tree com- 
 jiounded with various ingredients, the Spaniards first 
 learned from the Mexicans; and it has appeared to 
 ihem, and lo the other Kurupean nations, so palatable, 
 so nourishing, and so wholesome, that il has become a 
 commercial article of considtrable importancu. The 
 cacao tree grows spontaneously in several piris of the 
 torrid zone ; but the nuts of the iiest qiiahty, next to 
 those of (Juitimala on the South Sua, are produced in 
 the rich plains of t.'araceas, a province o' Tierra Firmc. 
 In consequence of this acknowledged sujierionty in tho 
 quality of cacao in that pruvmci!, and lis conimuincalion 
 with the Atlantic, which facihlates the conveyance lo 
 Kiirope, the culture of the cacao there is more e.xten- 
 sive than in any district of America. But Uie Dutch, 
 hv the vicinity of their vitlements in tlie smalt islands 
 of Curazoa and Buenos Ayre^. to the coast of Carac- 
 cas. gradually eng^o^s^ed the greatest part of the cacao 
 trade. The tralfic with the mother country for this 
 valuable commodity ceased almost entirely ; and such 
 was the supine negligence of the Spaniards, or the de- 
 fects of thetr commercial arrangements, that they were 
 obliged to receive from the liands of foreigners this pro- 
 duction of their fiwn colonies at an exorbitant price. 
 In order to remedy an evil no less disgracetui than per- 
 nicious to his sniqects, Philip V., in the year ll'Zri^ 
 granted to a body of merchants an exclusive right tQ 
 the commerce with Caraccas and (Juinaiia, on condition 
 of their employing, at their own expense, a sutUcient 
 number of armed vessels lo clear the coast of interlo- 
 pers. This society, distinguished liOinetinvtJs by ihe 
 name of the ('oinpany of <iuipu:>coa, froia the province 
 of Spain in which it is established, and sometime-s by 
 that of the Company of Caraccas, from llie district ol 
 America to which it trades, has earned on its operaUons 
 with such vigor and success, that Spam has recovered 
 an important branch of commoccc which she had suf- 
 fered to be wrested from her, and is plentifidly suppheU 
 
 wnJtriM^i 
 
1G8 
 
 with ail nniclr or oxtcnnlvo ronautnption at !i rnudrrato 
 pricr. Nnl only tlir |)ur(Mil uliilc. liiit thr colniiv ol" 
 CnracraN, li.i^t ilcnvcd urcnt ai)v;tiitii;:rK t'rotii iIiin iiieii- 
 tuliurt ; for ulihoi)<>ti. iil itir tirni iiM|icct, it may <i|i]K'.tr 
 
 to llO OWV of lIlOSC lll'lll(l|i(illC«i \\lu)H(! tl'in]('(l<'y !•* I'> 
 
 clirck llir spirit of miliintry itiHtcinl of ciillm'.' it forili lo 
 ripw c'xcrtuitn. n li.in Ihtti jtri'vcntt'd from opTiiliiiii hi 
 lliis ihiUiiuT by sPMT.iI ji.ilut.iry rrijiihilioii!* fiiiimd ii|Kin 
 fnr^sl^'ilt of xui-li \nu\ rllccts. iind on [utrposc to oli\iiite 
 llirin. 'rill* iiliintiTN in (lie Cir.utMH iirt' nv\ li'li lo 
 il('|H'ii(l entirely uii llie eompiiny, ciiIut fur llie iinpurtii' 
 tion of I'liiropeini eorntiioilitu s or (he nAv o\ (heir oaii 
 
 IiroJtirlioiiN. The inhaliitiitils of the ('auary iHlamU 
 nvv thu pnvilr^^p of snuhiii^ (hither iiniiiially u re^iKler 
 ship of eoiiRuierahU^ hunlrn ; and from V'eraCrviz, iii 
 New Spam, a free iraile ih permilted m every port eoiii- 
 prehended in tlie eharler of llie roiiipaiiy. In conse- 
 qncnre of this, there m fltieii ti coinpcltlion, that hoth 
 with respcrt lo what the cohmio!* piirehaso and what 
 tlioy scU. \\\v price seemH to he fixed at itH natural and 
 eipiitablc rale The eoinpany ha.s not tho power of 
 raisini; the former, or of <irj;radini; the latter, at plea- 
 Bure ; and areordini»K", cilice it was CHtahiished, lliu 
 increase uf culture, of populalioi], and of live Mc. k, m 
 tfie province uf Curaecus, lias been very conrtidctable. 
 
 Dut QUI it is slowly that nations roliii'piish any sy:Uctn 
 which timo has rrndcred venerable, nml as it is still 
 niorp slowly that comincree can bo diverted from tho 
 channel in v^hich it his long been aecustomeil to llow, 
 Philip V , '11 his new renulatious concurnini; the Ame- 
 rican trade, paid such deference to tiie ancient maxim 
 of Spain, concerning the limiiation of importation from 
 the New World lo one harimr, hs to ob!:i.'L' both thf 
 register ships which returned from TiTU, and thi-r...- of! 
 the Guipnscoan ('oinpany from ('araccas, to deliver | 
 ihoir cargoes in tho port of (.*adi2. Since his reign, j 
 Bentiinenls more liberal and enlarged begin to spread iii 
 Spain. The spirit of philosophical impiiry. which it is 
 the glory of the present age to have turned from frivo- 
 lous or abstruse speculations to tho business and atluirs 
 of men, has extended its intlucnce beyond the ]*yre- 
 necs. In the researches of ingenious authors concern- 
 ing the police or commerce of nations, the errors and 
 defects of the Spanish system with respect lo both met 
 every eye, and have not only been exposui with seve- 
 rity, but arc held up as a warning to other states. Tlie 
 Spaniards, stung with the reproaches oi these authors, 
 ot convinced by tlieir arguments, and admonished l>y 
 several enlightened writers of their own country, seem 
 at length to have discovered the destructive tendency 
 of those narrow maxims, which, by cramping com- 
 merce in all i>s operations, nave so lung retarded its 
 progress. It is (o the monarch now on the throne that 
 Spain is indebted for the tirsl public regulation formed 
 in consequence of such enlarged ideas. 
 
 While Spain adhered with rigor to her ancient maxim 
 concerning her commerce with America, she was so 
 much afraid of opening any channel by which an illicit 
 trade might find admission into the colonies, that she 
 almost shut herself out from any intercourse with them 
 but that which was carried on by her annual fleets. 
 There was no establishment, for a regula-' ommunica- 
 tion of cither public or private intelligence, between 
 the mother country and its American settlements. From 
 the want of this necessary institution, the operations of 
 the state, as well as the business of individuals, were 
 retarded or conducted unskilfully, and Spain often re- 
 (reived from foreigneis her lirsi information with respect 
 to very interesting events in her own colonies. But 
 fjbougti this defect in police was sensibly felt, and the 
 remedy for it was obvious, tliat jealous A|)irit with which 
 4he Spanish monarchs guarded thu exclusive trade, 
 restraincql thcin from applying it. At length (.'horles 
 III. surmounted iliofin cou.siderations which had de- 
 terred his piedcc,ctiSor8. sud in the year I7tH appointed 
 |)acket boats to he dcspatclijcd on the first day uf each 
 month fcQin Corugua to tiie Havana oi Porto Rico. 
 From th>'!nce letters are conv.ey.cd iu smaller vessels to 
 Vera Cru? and Pgrto Ijellu, an^ traijiajnitted by post 
 through the kingdoms of Tierra Firme, f^r^nada, Peru, 
 And IVew ^pyin. With no less regularity p^ieket boats 
 sail onee in two monllia to Uio de la Plfita, Cor the 
 jQccominodatiou of the provinces to the ea^t of t\)e 
 ^ndes. Thus prgvtsion is made for a speedy and cet- 
 iaio circulation />f intelligence throughout the vagi 
 tdorainiou'i of Spaiu, from which equal advantages must 
 fedound to the political aud mercantile ioterest of 
 ibe kingdom. With this new arrangemcut a scheme 
 *ji extending csmmerce has beeo more imnpedi^tely 
 conHected. Each of the packet boats, whic^ arc yes- 
 «tilB of sowo coo8i4er»lile burdea« is jUIovrp^ W .tttK** 
 
 HO iJKRTSON'S IIISTOUV OF 
 
 in half a Imiding of such entnmodities as arc the pro- 
 duct ufSp.tiu, and mo'^t in demand in the ].ortH whither 
 tliey are bound. In return for ihefiC, they may bring 
 liouM' to Turuyna an equiil (piiintitv of American prn- 
 dMciions, ThiK may be cmisulereii us the fir.-*t relixa- 
 lion of lbo<4i' riL'iil laws, which confined the tr.iile witti 
 llie .New World to a sini;le port, and the lir.'^t atleiiipt 
 to admit the rest of ihe kingdom lo some sh.ire in it. 
 
 It was soon followed bv one more d'-cLHive. In ihe 
 yar iHut, (.'h.irhs III. laid open ihe trade to tlie wind- 
 ward Inlands, Cuba, Ilispaniola, Porto Kico, .Margarita, 
 iind Trinidad, to bis subjects m every province of Spain. 
 He permitted them to sail from ce.tain ports in each 
 province, which are specified in the edict, at any sea- 
 son, and with whatever cargo they deemed most proper, 
 V, iiliout any other warrant than a s.mple clearance from 
 l\\v custom-house of the place wh.iico they took their 
 departure. He released them from the nuineruus and 
 oppressive duties imposed on goods exported to Ame- 
 rica, and in ])lace uf the whole substituted a moderate 
 tax of n\x in the hundred on the coiumodities sent front 
 Spain. He allowed them to return cither to the same 
 port, or to any other wiu-re tlie/ mi,iht hope lor a more 
 advantai^eous market, aiid there to t liter the huine-.vard 
 caryo on payment of the usual duties. This ample 
 jirivilege. which at once broke through all the fences 
 which the jealous policy of Spain had been laboring for 
 two cciituries and a h.ijf to throw round it.-* commercial 
 intercourse with tlie New World, was soon alter ex- 
 tende<l to I.ouisiana, and to tho provinces of Yucatan 
 and Campeachy. 
 
 The propriety of this innovation, which may be con- 
 sirlered r.s tlie most liberal et'.brl of Spanish U-gislation, 
 has appe.'.ird from its elfects. Priof to the edict in 
 favor oi ihe free trade. Spam derived iiardly any beneru 
 from its :iegtecled colonies in HisjKtnutla, I'ortu Uico, 
 Margarita, ai/J Trinidad. Its coniini'rce with ('uba 
 was inconsiderahit', and that of Vucil:in and t'am- 
 peachy was engrossed almost entirely by interlopers 
 Hut as soon a> a general tilierly of trade was pennitted, 
 the intercourse with those provinces revived, and has 
 gone on with a rapidity of |irogression i>f which there 
 arc few examples m the history of nations. In less 
 tiiau ten yfar.*, tiu* irz'}'* of Cuba has been more than 
 tri|jled. Kven in those settleuicii's wherH, from the 
 lingui.shmg state of industry, grea'er efforts were re- 
 quisite to restore its activity, their romnierec has been 
 doubled. It is computed thit such a nuinbci of ships 
 is already employed in the frcf trade, that the iCMinage 
 of them far exceeds that of the (>ateo:>s and Flola at 
 the most llourisliMig era of their coumurcc. The 
 benelits of this arrangement are not conlined to a few 
 merchants eslalilished in a favorite jiort. They are 
 ditfused througti every province of tlie kirgdoui ; and, 
 by opening a new -narket for their various [iroductions 
 and manufactures, must enconiage ana add vivacity to 
 the industry of the farmer and arlifici'r. Xor does the 
 kingdom protit only by wlut it experts ; it derives ad- 
 vantage likewise from what it receives in reiurij, and 
 has the prospect of being soon able to supply itself 
 with several commodities of extensive coiiAumption, 
 for which it formerly depended on foreigners. The 
 consumption of sugar in Spuiri is jHThaps as great, in 
 proportion to the number of its inliabilauts, a3 that of 
 any European kingdom. Put though possessed of 
 countries in the New W'orid whose soil ai'.l Lii.Mate 
 are most proper for rearing the sugar-cine , though i!"! 
 domestic culture of that v:dual)tu plant in the kingdom 
 of (iranada was once coii'iiderable ; sucl. has been the 
 fat,il tendency of ill judged institutions in .\mcrica, and 
 such the j)ressure of improper taxes m Kiirope, tb.'it 
 Spain has lost almost entirely this branch of industry, 
 which has enriclied other nations. This commodity, 
 which has now become an article of primary necessity 
 in Kurope, the Spaniirds were obliged to purchase of 
 foreigners, and had the mortification lo see their coun- 
 try dramed annually of great suins on that account, 
 liiit, if that spirit which the permissioii v( free trade 
 iiaH put in motion shall persevere in its efforts with the 
 samo vigor, the cultivation of sugar in Cuba and Porto 
 Rico may increase so much, that in a few years it is 
 probable that their growth of sugars may be equal to 
 the demand of the kingdom. 
 
 Spain has been ind'iced, by her experience of the 
 beneficial consequences resulting from having relaxed 
 fiV'/iewhat of the rigor of her ancient laws, with respect 
 to t^ commerce of the mother country with the colo- 
 nies, t9 permit a more liberal intercourse of one colony 
 wit^ aiiolUer. By one of the jealous maxima of the 
 old system, ^ the provinces situated on the South seas 
 were prohibii^j under the most severe penalties, from 
 holding %ny c9r{it9ji;au>itioa with udo another. Though 
 
 each of these yields peculiar prnduciion.^, the reeiprorul 
 exeliauge of winch miLilit have added to tli'- li.ippUieNS 
 of their respectivf inii.ibilants, or have facibhiti d tlieir 
 proiiress in industry, ho moIiciIo is was llie Council ot 
 llie Indies to prevent their receiving imv t*iippiv of their 
 wants but by the perindir.d thels Irom Muio|ie. thiil. in 
 order to guard a^.'auu't ihi'*, it cruelly debiured the Spa- 
 niards m Peru, in tiie southern provinces of .Ni-vv .Sp,n(i, 
 m finatimata, and the new k ni>dtiin of (iranada. from 
 such a corre-'potKlniei' with their ft Now sn'tjecls a.-! 
 tended maiiilestly to their mutual pn* ;.«. ntv. nf ,tll 
 the mnneroiis restriclii>ns ili'Vjtied by .Sjiain tor srcu'iiig 
 the excluMive trade with her .Xinericau .•^ettleiiM'iilH, 
 none perhaps was more illiberal, none seems iit h.ivo 
 been more sensibly felt, or to have produced more 
 hurtful etU'Cts. Thi.'* grievance, coeval with tiie m iile- 
 lUf-^its of .Spiiin in the eoiinlries situated on the Paciiie 
 (tceaii, is at last redressed. In Ihe vear 177-1. l^'liarles 
 III. piil'lislu'il an edict, <:ranttii<; lo the four gre it pro- 
 vmres wlucb I have mentioned the j)ri\de:4e of a freo 
 tridi! with each otiier. [U)'i\ What uiav be the ell'ects 
 yf opening this commimicalion between eouutries des- 
 tined liy liieir siluiititm for reciprocal inlercourse, can- 
 not yet be determined by experience. They can hardly 
 fail of hemti benetieial aud extensive The motn es for 
 granting this permiHsion are manifestly no less laudable 
 than the principle on which it is I'ounded is liberal ; aud 
 botli discover the progress of a s[)irii in Spain, far ele- 
 vated above the narrow prejudices aud maxims on 
 winch her system for regulating the trade and conduct- 
 ing tho government uf her colonies was originally 
 founded. 
 
 At tho same time that Spam has been intent on in- 
 troducing regulations, suggested by more enlai*i»ed 
 views of policy, into her system of .\mencan commerce, 
 she has not been inattentive lo the interior governiheut 
 of her colonies. Here, too, there was much room foi 
 reformaliun and improvement ; and Don .loseph CiaUez, 
 who has now the direction of the department uf Imhan 
 atfairs in Spain, has enjoyed the best opportunities, not 
 only of observing the defects and corruptio.i in the [O- 
 litical frame of the colonies, but of discovering tho 
 sources of those evils. After l>eing employed sevtn 
 years in tlie New World on an extraordinary mission, 
 and with very extensive powers, as inspector-general 
 of New Spiin ; after visiting in person the remote pro- 
 vinces of Cmaloa, Souora, and California, and makin-^ 
 several important alterations m the state of the puhco 
 and revenue ; he Iwgan his ministry with a general 
 rcf'.vmation of the tribunals of justice in America. In 
 coiiseipience of the progress of population and wealth 
 in the colonies, the business of the ('ourts of Audience 
 has increased so much that the number of judges of 
 which they were originally composed has been found 
 inadetjuate to the growing labors and duties of the 
 ollice, and the salaries settled upon them have been 
 deemed inferior to the dignity of the station. As a 
 remedy for both, he obtained a royal edict, establishing 
 an additional number of judges in each Court of .\u- 
 dience, with higher titles, and more ample appoint- 
 ments. 
 
 To the same intelligent minister Spain is indebted for 
 a new distribution of government in its American pro- 
 vinces Kven since the establishmenl of a third vice- 
 royally in the new kingdom of (iranada, souieat is tho 
 exte.it of the Spanish dominions in the New Worbl, 
 that several places subject to the jurisdiction of each 
 viceroy were at such an enormous distance from the 
 capitals in which they n-sided, that neither their atten- 
 tion nor authority could reach so far Some provinces 
 subordinate to the viceroy of New .Spain lay above two 
 thousand miles from Mexico. There were countries 
 subject to the viceroy of Peru still further frorn Lima. 
 The people in those remote districts could hardly he 
 said to enjoy the benetit of civil govtrnment. Tho 
 oppression and insolence of its inferior ministers they 
 often feel, and rather submit to these in silence than 
 involve themselves in the ex[H^nsc and trouble of re- 
 sorting to the distant capital, where alone they can (itwi 
 redress. As a ren>edy for this, a fourth vicerovalty has 
 been erected, [Aug. 1770J to the jurisdiction of wliirh 
 are subjected the provinces of Rio de la Plata, iJuenos 
 Avres, Paraguay, Tucuinau. Potosi, St, Cir.: de !j 
 Sierra (>harcas, and the towns of Mendoza ami S'. 
 Juan. Hy this well judged arrangement twu aihm. 
 tages are gained. All the inconveuiencies occasioned 
 by the remote situation of those provinces, which li.ui 
 been long felt, and long complained of, are in a great 
 measure removed. The countries most distant from 
 Lima are separated from the vicetoyalty of Pern, and 
 united under a superior, whose seat of government hi 
 Buenos Ayret will bo commodious and accessible, 
 
.SOUTH AMKHliJA. 
 
 IH) 
 
 Th*' i-onlriihauil tr.iilt. with ihc I*orlu[;iit'tio, whirh watt 
 lifcotiu' ^<i r\lfn'<ivi- im iiiiinI iiuvi put a liiial sIojp tc 
 thf r .porialMHi »! romiiioiliuiH Inuii Sji.un lo tifi 
 RoulluTii roIuiiirM, iiiiiy lit' I'licfki'fi muri! tln)riniL,'iilv. 
 and \Mth ^riMirr l.iriliiv. wlitri liic Ntiiirrtiu' ui<i;iiNtr.iU>, 
 by tiif* vu'Miily to iln* |i|.ui'h in vUmli it \mih carrml on. 
 fan VH'W lis JlU>^ir^■^h iiiiil clU'L-i.'* Willi U\n uvmi iw?* 
 l)uii I't'iliii /i-Viillua, v> lid lias lilt II raiM'tl tu iImh ik w 
 ui^iutVi ^Mth a|)|u>iniiiifnlM ciiimI to tliiiMr of tiic ntlu-r 
 Mi-rniVH, IS \t'('ll U('i|iiainU'il Imlli wuli lljf slali- .ilnl tLr 
 iiil(-r('>lH nl llir {'(MintncH uvir wluili lie iy to |'ri ^xlr. 
 Iiiiviui.' MTVcd Ml tlirin lun>;, iind with di»tiiiclioii. Ih 
 thm dminnnlirniiciit, Hiici-oiMlinK ilmt wlii^li took |>larr 
 ol tlio rri'clion of llic vicrroviiliy of ilit- m-w kmiidimi 
 of (iruiiudu, ulinosi uvo-lliird pari^ ul llic I rrntonts ori- 
 ginally rtiilijcfl to tlic vifcroys* ul' I'crii, tin: now lup|i(d 
 otr fruni llinr junsdi'lion. 
 
 The Iitiiitst ol* ilir vu'iroy-dly of New S|i;iin Uavv 
 likewihL' lirni coiii'idiTahly cirriiinscrilpi'd. and wiili no 
 Icsn proprit'tv and liiM-rnniutit I'mir of it?t mnit rcinoir 
 piovnici'^, ^onor.i, (iti.iloii, l '.iliturina, ami New Na- 
 varrt', have lucii loniu'd iii'o a M'paiati- ijincriiiin nl 
 'i'lir C'lu'valuT du rmix. who im iiitriislid with tins 
 roiniiiaiid, t:) not di;rnili'0 with tlic tilh' ol vu'oroy, tiur 
 ttucs he ciijov the a|ip(>. itiiH Ills hi-lonuriiii,' to thai rank ; 
 Imii hiH pirisdji-lKiii IS ahowclhiT nuli'pi'iidLfil on tli<- 
 Vlt-rroyalty oi Nrw Spai.i, Tin; t'rtrtion nl ihi.-* l.l^t 
 ^uviTninnit hrrrns to ha\i' lu-fii Niiii^c^utl nut oiilv l>y 
 tl.ti cciiflidcralion of the n-nii)lt> >iination of thoM' pro- 
 vineeH from Mivviro, hut hy atlcnliun to tlir late tliM-i)- 
 vcriett made tlirrc which I have nitnitoncd. t'onntrics 
 
 nioniirchfi of the Aui»lrian liiir, ua proiTrcRAniudt apinar gloho. In tht; infancy of thm (rado, it win rnrrit'd ou 
 ronsidiraiili*. iiihi is sutHrii nl tuahirin iht'jciilunsy. and I with rall.io. on ihr roa-^t of I'trn ; hill (Vipcriiwn'r ha? 
 lot-all forlli the iiiOMt vii^oruii.H iiroru of tlm nalunis ! m^ diM-uvcn-il ihf tinproprirtv of tixin^ upon ili.it u 
 now Ml poi!t('i4Kion of the hirrat vc ir^idt' whirh llir Spa- | l!iu poil ul corntniinicalioii w ith Mainl.i, Ihn ttlaplo ot 
 nnrds ai:n al wri-slmi; fnmi lln'in. ( hu- (■in'unistani-u , lli'Toinmciri' hrivM'.-n ihr Ilasi ami W'l si \\.\h riMiovt'U 
 Jii.iy nndcr ihn.x* l^^l■rlll^n^ ol Spain a^i nhjirt til niorr Irimi Cillao lo Arapulcu. on the roi^l ol .Sew .Spun. 
 MTiuiiN ;tll( iilion lo llii- oil. IT Muri)|ii'an powers. I'lii'V i .Xl'lir vaiious ariiin^< iiiruls i; has Iummi lMO'.i::hl into 
 afr not to ht> am-nhtd wholly lo iliu tnllucii'T of ihc a rf|^i;lar I'unii. Onu nr two r<liips dcpaii unnnally hoiii 
 crown and Um niiriiHliTH. 'I'ht- fi'iitiiiutilD and spirit of Acapuico, which aro ptTinitlciJ lo rarr> on' Nilvir to 
 (lie piopic seem (o Atcotid tlx' provident Ctrr ol Ihtir | Ihi^aniuunl ol live hniiilrcd li iiONand pesos; hut llii'\ havu 
 lnon.ln■h.^. and to ^i\c il t;rcat(r ctlcct Thr nation ' hardly any ihinii cUr ol vahh- on hoard; in return loi 
 has a.iopU'd iiuirr liht^al ideas, nut unl^ Mth itspcct to | which ihcy llrnl^ h.ick hpiccs, drn^s. chtna, and japan 
 cointiifrcc. hiii. ilonicslic policy. In all un laUT Spa- i v\arcs. calicoes, cinnl/, inu.slins, silks, and every prrciood 
 ni»h writers, defiTls in llie arrunj^enu'tit of lluvr coiiniry j article witli which the heiiij{inly of tin- clnnale, or thfl 
 coiiceriuii}; both are acknowh-dued. and remedies pro- i ingenuity of Ha people has eiiahled the li.tsi lo »npply 
 pu^cd, which luniuratice rendered their aiice.siors inca- j the rest of the wo.iil. For siune lime the tnerchanls 
 pahk- of discerning, and pride would not h.ivc utlowed of IVrii wen- adiintted (u participalt! iii this irallic, -iild 
 iheiii lo coiifcsH [IIKIJ Mut after 'dl that tlie Spaniard.s j nii<rht Mend annnally a Hhip to Ac.ipiilco, to wall the 
 iiave done, much renlaln^ to i\o .Many periiictous iiisti- I arrival of the ves^d.s from Mainla. and n-i'eive a pro- 
 tulions and al>usc», deepiv Hicorporali d with the -syslein I portional sh.ire of the couuiiDdiues which ihev im- 
 of lulenial poiicv and la.xaiion, which h.is heen lonj* e;i- | purled. At leii;,'lh the lVrn\ians were excluded from 
 tahli-licd Ml Spain, must he .ihoh^hcd hefore industry ' this trade hv most ri^oroi.i edicts, and all the CDmino- 
 and inanufuclurcj can recover an extensive activity. diiu » from the llaal rusiervud solely for tliu coiiftuniplion 
 
 Still, however, the coiiimercial re^nilalions of Spain j uf New Spam, 
 wiih respect lo Inr eoiomes are lou ri^jid and systema- j liuoiisecpu nee of this induli,'ence, .he inhahil tuts o( 
 Ileal to he carried into complelei \ecutioii. 'I'lio leyis- ! tlial country enjoy advaiilaijes mikno.Mi in the other 
 laluie that loads trade with impositions luo heavy, or ! Spatn.-^h colonies. 'I'he niaiiuf.icUire.^ of the Mast aru 
 letters it hv re.>trjction3 loo M'vere, defeats its own | not only more suited lo a warm cliinaie, and mure 
 niteiiuon, and is only mitlnplvini^ the iiidueemeiils lo »>lu>wy liian those of Kurope, hut can he ."old at a lower 
 violate Its slatules, and proposing a hit^h premium to , price ; while, at (he sain< 'iiiie, the proliis upon theni 
 'I'he Spamarils, holh m l'!u- , are so eon.Milcrahle 
 
 eiicoura|xe illicit tratlic. I'he Spamarils, holh m l'!u- ; are so con.Milcrahle as to enncli all liio-^e who are em- 
 conlamiuir the richesl riimes of t^oM that have hilherlo I rope and .\iiierica, heiri^ circumscrihed in their niuliiai , ployed either in hriii;4m<.' tlicni from Manila or vendinjr 
 been discovered in the New World, and winch proha- intt rcii:;r.-^e, hy the jealousy of the crown, or oppressed ^ them ui New Spam A?, the mlercMt hoili of the huvel 
 bly may rise into ftreater importance, reipured the iin- by lU e.xaiiions, have their mv( ntion conlmually on the : and seller concurred m favorinij this hranch of com- 
 inodia'e inspection of a t.'overnor to whom ihey should [ slreteh how to elude its edicts, 'i'he vi^iilance and m- j merce. il li.is continued to evleml in .-pile of regulations 
 Im specially committed .\s every cou-^ideraiion of crenuitv of private inteiest discover means of eirecliri"^ ' concerted with ihe most anxious jealousy 'o cnciim- 
 duly. of interest, and of vanity, must concur Ml prompt- I this, which puhlic wisdom cannot foresee nor piihlic i scnhe it. I'nder cover of wli, it tin- laws permit to ho 
 ing those new <;overnors to encourajic such cverliuiis [ aulhoritv prevent. This spirit, coimleractini; that of j imported, yreat (pianiilies of Imha i;i»tKl.> are poured 
 
 w.s, pervades the commerce of Spain with Ame- ; into the markets ot New Sjiaiii ; [ItUJaml wluwi ihu 
 
 i lend lo dittu.>e opulence iiiul prosperity throu^rh tht; the law.s, p 
 
 nca 11) 
 inems 
 very odicers appomted to 
 
 provinces committed to their ehari:e, the henullcial 
 
 t:l1ecls cf (his arran^einenl may he cuM>tderahle. Manv 
 
 districts in America. Ioul' depressed hy the lan;4Uorarid 
 
 frelilcness natural to |irovinces which compose the e.\- | ofieii employed as lustrutneiUs incarryinij it on ; and the 
 
 iremilics of an overgrown empire, may hu aiiimaled 
 
 •Kilh vi^or and activity when hron^hl si> near the tseul 
 
 of power as to feel its inviijorating influence. 
 
 Such, since the accession of the princes of the house 
 ot liourhon to the throne of Spam, has heen the pro- 
 grcHs of their regulations, and the <;radnul expansion of 
 their views with respect to the commerce and yovern- 
 Uieiil of iheir American colonies. Nor has iheir atten- 
 lion heen so entirely eii»fro.^sed hy what related to the 
 more remote parts of ilieir dcmniions, a.s to render 
 them iie<;lecll'ul of what was still more iinportaiit, the 
 reformation of domestic errors and defects in policy. 
 Tullv scnsil)le of the causes lo wlilcli the deelensioii ol 
 Npam from her former pruspiTity out,'hl to Ih> imputed, 
 they iiave made il a ^'real ohjecl of then policy lo re- 
 vive n spirit of iiiduslry ainonn their suhjecis, ami lo 
 give such extent ai.d perfection to their inaiiiifaclures 
 us may enahle ihetii to supply the demand.s of Americ.i 
 Irom their owi: stock, and to e.\ehide forei^nertt hoin a 
 hraiieh of (!oininerce wli..'h has heen so fatal to ihe 
 kini^iloni. 'I'lii.s ihev have endeavored (o accomplish 
 by u variety of edicts issued .snice the [icice of I'lrechl. 
 'I'hey have granted hounlies lor the ciicoura|iemi'nt ot 
 iiome hraiiches of industry ; they have lowered the 
 tu.xcs on others ; tliev have entirely prohitnted, or have 
 loaded with additional diiLies, such forei>^n luaimfaetures 
 as come in compitition with their own ; ihev have 
 insliluied societies lor ihe im[)roveuient of trade and 
 agriculture; they have planted colonies of Inuiband- 
 mcn m some uncultivated districts of Spam, and divided 
 amon<; them the waste fields ; they have had recourse 
 to every e.xpedient devised hy commercial wisdom or 
 eoinmercial jealousy, for reviving: their own liuhisiry, 
 and disconnlenuncing that of oilier nations, 'i'hese, 
 liovvevcr. il is not my province to explain, ur lo in<]mre 
 into their propriety and cli'ects. There is no etVort of 
 Icgislalion more arduous, no exprrimcnl in policy more 
 uncertain than an alletnnt lo revive the spirit of iiidus- 
 Iry where it has declined, or to introduce it wlierc it is 
 unknown. Nations, already possessed of extensivo 
 commcrec, enter into competition with such advantages, 
 derived from the large capitals and extensive credit of 
 their merchants, the dexterity of their manufacturers, 
 and the alcrlncss acquired by habit in every depart- 
 ment of business, that the state which aims at rivatliiia 
 or snpplantinir them, mu.st expect to slru^;^le with many 
 diHtcuities, and be content lo advance sh)wiy. If the 
 quantity of productive industry, now m Spain, bo eom- 
 paied with that of the kingdom under the last listless 
 
 11 Its branches; and from the lushest dispart- j Klota arrives at \'era Cru/.. Irom Duiope, it olien I'mds 
 overnmenl descends lo the lowest. The | the wants of the jieople alieady supplied hy cheaper and 
 
 heck coiitrahand trade are I more uceejilahie commodilies 
 
 There is not, in tin' commercial arr.ini;ements of 
 tmards instituted to restrain and puntsii it are the chaii- | S|)ain, any eircumslancu more inexpttcahle than the 
 nels through which it tlovvs. The king is supposed, hy | pernussiori oi this trade between New Spain and the 
 the niost intelligent Spanish writers, to he defrauded, | I'hihppmes, or nrjre repugnant to ilsi fundamental 
 hy various arlitices, of more than one half of the ri* venue | ma.xnii of holding the colomi s m perpetual depeudeiiLM 
 which he ought to receive from America ; and as long | on the mother oomilry, by prohibiting any commercial 
 as It is the mierest of so many persons lo screen thosi? intercourse that might suggest to them the idi-a of re 
 arlilices from detection, the knowledge of ihem will 
 
 never reach the throne. " How many ordinances," says 
 (-'orita, '• how mariy mstructioiis, how many letters from 
 our sovereign, are sent in order lo correct abuses I and 
 iiow little are they observed, and what small advantage 
 is derived from them I To iiu* the old observation ap- 
 pears just, that where there are many physicians and 
 many medicines, there is a want of healili; where there 
 are many laws and many juilges, there is want ol jus- 
 lice. We have viceroys, presidents, governors, oydors, 
 corrigidors, alcaldt^s ; and thousands of algua/.ils attound 
 every where ; but notwithstaiidirig all these, publu 
 abuses continue to multiply." 'I'lme li.is increased the 
 evils which he laimnied as early as the reign of Philip 
 11. A spirit of corruption has infected all the colonies 
 of Spain in Anierir:a. Men far removed from the seat 
 of gowrmnent ; impatient to acitnire wealth, that they 
 may return speeilily from what they are apt to consider 
 as a i^tale of exde m a remote utiheallhful country ; al- 
 lured hy opportunities too templing to be resisted, ami 
 sCilueed by the t xanipte of those arojndthem; Iind 
 their sentiments of honor and of duty gradually relax 
 In private life they yive themselves up lo a ilissolnte 
 lu.xuiv. while in their public conduct they become mi- 
 inimlfiil of what ihey owe to their sovereign and to 
 their I'ouiitry. 
 
 IJelore I close this account of the Spanish irade in 
 America there remains one detached iiuL important 
 hranch of it to he ii;eiitioned. Soon after his ac<:ession 
 to iLe throne, I'hibp 11. formed a s.'heme of planting a 
 colony in the I'hilippme islands wliuh had been ne- 
 glected since the time of iheir discovery ; and he ac- 
 coInph^hed it by means ol an armament tilted out from 
 New Spain [ I5f)4]. Manila, m the island of l.uconi.i, 
 was the station chosen lor the capita! oi this new esta- 
 blishinenl. From it an active commercial mleicomse 
 began with the (Chinese, and a considerable nmnher oi 
 that industrious jieoplc. allured by the prospect of gain, 
 settU'd in the Philippine islands under the Spanish pro- 
 tection. They supplied the colony so amply with all 
 the vabiuble productions and inaiiufaclure-t of the Kast 
 as enabled il lo open a trade with America, by a course 
 of imvigation ihc k)n^st from land lo land on our 
 
 ceivmg a supply of their wants from any other tpiarter. 
 This permission must appear still more e.xlraordiuary, 
 from considering that Spam herself carries mi no direct 
 trade with bet seitlemenis m ibe Philippines, and graiilii 
 a privilege to one of her American colonies which alio 
 denies to her subjects m lOuiope. Il is probable that 
 the colonists, who originally took possession of the 
 Philippines, having been sent out irom Ni^vv Spam, 
 liegan this intercourse with a country which iney con- 
 sidered, Ml sonu- measure, as the p.ireiit state, before t ho 
 court of Madrid was awan; ot its conseipiences, or 
 could establish regulations m order lo [.revent it. Many 
 reinonsiranees h.i\e liceii presentt d against this trade, 
 as de'riinenlal lo Spam, by diverlinu into aiioiher chaii* 
 net a larire portion of th,a treasure v\hii'h ought lo llovv 
 into the kin>:doiii, as tenilmg to give rise lo .i s{)irit of 
 M. dependence m the colonies, and lo encourage innu- 
 merable frauds, .iirainst which il is impossible to guard, 
 in transactions so lar removed from the mspe(;'iori of 
 government. Put as :i reipiire.> no slight ellort of po- 
 htii-al wi.sdom and vi^or lo ahi)h*.h any pr.ictice which 
 numbers are interested in supporting, and lo which 
 lime has ailded the sanction of its authority, the com- 
 nierce betwee" New Spam and .Manila seems lo be as 
 considerable as ever, and may be coiisidereil its oi o 
 elm t cause ol the elegance and ;.pIendor conspicuous 
 in this part of the Spanish donmnons. 
 
 But nolwlth^taudlng this general corruption in tlio 
 colonies of Spam, and the diminution oi' ihe income ho- 
 longing to tlie {lubhc, occasioned by the illicit mipnria- 
 tions made by foreigners, as well as by ilr various 
 iVaiiils of which the colonists themselves are guilty in 
 their commerce vvMh the parent slate, the Sj mish mo- 
 narehs receive a very considerable revenue oin their 
 American iloimnioiis. This arises from taxes >f various 
 kinds, which may be divided, into three Ciiptta branches. 
 Ti.e lirsi contams what is paid to lb-; king, as lovereign, 
 or supc nor lord ol the New World ; to this cL' is belongs 
 tlie duly on the gold and «ilver raised from the imm'B, 
 and the iribtile exacted from the Indians: the lormer 
 is lermetl by the Spaniards the ni^fit nj .sr^umiy, iiio 
 laiier H the duty of iuixsalagc. The sett-nd branch 
 com|tfrhcmU X\\** numerous duties upo.. vomniereo 
 
 mat n.pai-^ 'rj^/ 
 
170 
 
 I 'I 
 
 which nrcompany ami o(i|)r<'(i» it in cviTV Mrp of it* 
 
 pmun-'*'*. fruin \Uv ^trcili nt triin^artiniiN nl' thr wlmh'- 
 hd\v iinTih.inl In llic |irliy Ir-illii' o| thr vcruirr hy ro- 
 tml. Thf third iiK'hi<)<'!' wlhii ni-rrum in ilir kinu, iiit 
 b'ad uf llir I'hiiri'h, hiuI adininiiitrator of rt'rlritiai^tD'jl 
 tttridH in the New WUrld In ronti('i|iirn<-(' of (hiM lie 
 rtfi'ivii (lie tir:*t fniii^. wrmiiirt., N(tnil«. and olhrr npi- 
 rilvial rrvrntici. Irviril hy llu' ii|in»li)hi* i-haiiihir ni 
 iMinijir ; tttnl m i-iitiHril likrwinr to tiic |>rt)h( unrni^ 
 (Vuni the hjU* dI' the hull ol ( 'ni/ado Thin hull. VNhirli 
 i" piihhshrd i-vrry (wo yruM. cDhMMis an .ilinulntiun 
 fioin p.i«l utU'hCPf* h" thf Pope. and. innoini oilier mi- 
 niimiiir*. a ptTinission to ral Hrvcral knidn ot' p'ohihil* d 
 food (hiriiiij Lent, and uii mcMyrt* dav^ Thr monk;* 
 rinph)\i<d in (h>tprrMn^ lliox- ImlU rxlul thrir virlurH 
 witli all tho frrvor of I'ltrrrstrd cloipicnrr ; thr p4'Op|r, 
 i>;noru(it and rrrdnloiK, hKini with unphcil a^hrnt : and 
 I'vrry prfttun iii the .Spaiii?*h r(ih»iiir.H. of Kitropran. or 
 (-'rrnhtin. or niixtd rare, piirrhaHm a ImiII, whirh itt 
 dreiiu'd o-frtrntial to hi«i salvation, at thr ralr *.fl ujion 
 it by (lovrrnrnrnt. [1U.">J 
 
 What may hv thr aiiioimt of thodr various fuitdfl, it 
 is alinosi iinposmldr to drtrrniinr witli prrcision. 'I'ht! 
 extent of thr SpaiiiHh doininion> in Anicrira, (ho jra- 
 lousy of Kovrrnmrnt, which nndrrs thrin inarcessildr 
 to forrijjiirrs, the mysterious >ih'iic(! which thr SpaniiirdM 
 are arrusioined to ohscrvr with rrsprrt lo thr interior 
 state of their mlonips, roiiilunr in rovenni; ihiH suhjrrt 
 with a vril which it is not ea.'»y (o rrmovr. Hut an 
 ftccount, apparently no lettii arciiratr than it in cu- 
 rious, has lately hren puhhshrd of thr royal rrvriiue in 
 New Spain, from whirh we may form somr idea with 
 respect to what is collrcird lii thr oilier proviiicei, 
 Aecordmj; to that ncrount the crown does not receive 
 from dii !h«! drpiirtmrnt:* of taxation m New Spam 
 above a million of our ii.onry, from which one half 
 must hr deducted as the expense of the provincial es- 
 lahhshmeiit. [1!MJ] IVni. it is prohalde, yirhU a t^uni 
 not inrerior to (hts ; and if wc suppose tliat all ihu olhrr 
 r.'^Muns of America, itichulm^ the islands, funiish a third 
 olure of etpial value, we shall not perhaps he fur widr 
 from the tnitli if \vr conrlude that the net public reve- 
 nue oi' Spain, raised in America, doro not exceed a mil- 
 lion and a half sterling This falls far short of tlie im- 
 mense sums (0 which suppositions, founded upon con- 
 ifcture, have raised the .Spanish revenue in America. 
 [I'JTJ It IS remarkable, however, upon one account. 
 Spam and Portu«jal are the only European powers who 
 drrtve a direct revenue from (lieir rolonirs. All thr 
 ■dvaiilayr that accrues to olhrr natioiis from their Ame- 
 riiMii dominions arise* from the exclusive enjoyment of 
 their trade ; hut besides this, .Spam has brought her 
 colonies towards increasing the power of the state, and. 
 in return for protection, to bear a pro{>ortional share of 
 the common burden. 
 
 Accordini.'ly. the sum which I have computed to be 
 the amount ol thr Spanish revenue from America arises 
 uliolly from the taxes collected there, and is far from 
 being the whole of what accrues to thr king from his 
 doniinioiis in the New World. The bravv dulir.'* im- 
 posi'il on the coniinodiiies exported from Spain to 
 America [11*8]. as well as what is paid hy those which 
 »he send* home i return : the (a.v upon the Neijro 
 slaves with which Africa supplies the New World. lo- 
 ^eilier with several smaller branches of linancc, hr. »(t 
 large sums into the treasury, the precise extent of 
 which I cannot pretend to ascertain. 
 
 Uut if the revenue which Spain draws from America 
 be great, the expense of administration in her colonies 
 liearj proportion to it. In every department, even of 
 her domestic police and linances, Spain has adopted a 
 system more complex, and more encumherrd with a 
 variety of tribunals and a multitude of olficers, than 
 that of any European nation in which the sovereign 
 possesessueh extensive power. From the jealous spirit 
 with which Spain watches over her American settle- 
 ments, and her endeavors to guard against fraud in pro- 
 vinces so lemote from inspection, hoards and orticera 
 have been multiplied there with still more anxious at- 
 tention. In a couiiirv where the expense of living is 
 great, the salaries allotted to every person in public 
 oflicc miist Ito high, and must load the revenue with an 
 immense burden. The parade of government greatly 
 augments the weight of it. The viceroys of Me.xico, 
 Peru, and the new kin:;doir, of tiranada, as representa- 
 tives of the king's person, among people fond of osten- 
 tation, maintain all the state and dignity of royalty. 
 Their courts arc formed upon the model of that a*. Ma- 
 drid, with horse and foot guards, a houseliold regularly 
 established, numerous attendants, and ensigns of power, 
 displaying such pomp as hardly retains the aj.pcarance 
 of a delegated authority. All the expense incurred by 
 
 ROHEUTSON'S lIlSTiHtV (»r 
 
 siipporliiii: the e\irr)ial and pi'rmanciit order ul goverii- 
 miht is delVaved bv llic crown The vicerovs have, 
 , hesidrs, peeuJMr .ippHmiiiicia*> tuiiid In Uicir exatled 
 j »tati»n Till' f jiaries Iixed hy |.»\\ arc iiidei d t xlrenirly 
 |moderle; lii.il ol' the viceroy of I'eru is tnily thirty 
 llidusaiiit duel's ; and that of thr viceiov of Mexico 
 j twenty thousand ducats. l>f lato ihi y have hern raised 
 I to lorty thotiMand, 
 
 Thenr salines, however, conslitute tint a r>n*all part 
 of ihi' reNcmir riijoved by the viceroys. Thr exercise 
 of nn absohile aulhonly rxtending lo every department 
 of govcrnmeiil, and ihe power of disposing of many lu- 
 crative nll'-ces. nllbifl them many opportuiutirs of accu- 
 niula'.it'g wealth To these, whiili mas lir cunsiJcred 
 as legal and allowed emolunienls, large suiii'^ arr often 
 added by (i::actions. which, in countries so far removed 
 from llie seat of govrrrnieni, it is not e.isv lo discover, 
 ami impossible lo resli.im. Uy inoimpuliMng soiiia 
 branches of ccmnune. by a liicralnr cmuerii in oiliers, 
 by conniving at the frauds of mrrchants, a viceroy may 
 raise such an annual revenue as no subject of anv Eu- 
 ropean monarch enjoys. [I'.I!(J Krom itir Rin;;lr article 
 ofpresmts niadr to him on thr annivi rsiiy of his A'l/mtf- 
 [(/(((/ (which is always obsrrved as a liiu'li 'estival), I am 
 informrd that a viceroy has been known to rrceive sixty 
 thoiij-aiid pesos. According to a Spanish s.iving, tho 
 legal rrvrnnrs of » viceroy are unknown, hts real pro6ts 
 lirpriul upon hisopporlunitir.s and his con.-'ciriicr, Sen- 
 stblr of this, the kings of Spam, as 1 have luriiierly 
 oliTr^rd. grant a coinniiasion to their vicrroys only for 
 a few years. Tliis circumstance, bowtver, rendera 
 them ot*trn more rapacious, and adds to the iuiirnuily 
 and ardor whrrrwilli thry labor to improve rverv rao- 
 mrni of a power which tlirv know is hasirnmg last to a 
 period ; and sliort as .Is duration is, it u-«ually atl'ords 
 sufficirnt time for repainiiLr a chatterr*! fortune, or for 
 crr:iting a nrw one. Hut even in situations so Irving 
 to linmaii frailty, iherr are inslancrs of virfiir that re- 
 mains uiisediiced. In (lie year 177*. tlie Mar.piis do 
 ('roix linislied the term of his viceroyalty in New Spain 
 with unsuspected inteirnly ; and. instead of bringing 
 home exorbitant wraith, returned with the admiration 
 and anplanseof.i grateful people, whom his govern- 
 ment had rendered happy. 
 
 BOOK IX. 
 
 Decline of Hnain nnd failure of her colonlEntlon.— Sopa- 
 rntbm or Itrnzil and Independence of the several States 
 of Houth America. 
 
 \Vk now enter upon ii period where nn entirely 
 now phase of eireumstunees is nroM'ntrd, a period 
 wlileh differ.-* from till others in the worbl's history, 
 und which murks n nrw era not 4uily in the polity 
 mid limits of the nations, but in the iietive elements 
 of hutnun progress. To iimlrrstaiul the initure of 
 the ehi'iiges in nrminizatiim ami government among 
 the various divi>hms of the South Ainrriran eon- 
 tinent, which wc >|iall have to follow, it Is neeessary 
 lo lake a grn«'ral but somrwhal eomprelieiislvij view 
 of the eomiitiona that were now surroundinir the 
 luitions of Europe, and also of thr puliry rhosrii by 
 Si>aln as a guidimee In the manaireinVnt of her 
 e.ilonies. We have seen in the previfpus chapter, as 
 throui^h a cloud of other historical facts, thr gradual 
 weakening t)f Simni.sh power. The brilliant lustre 
 that surrounded the throne of Ferdinand and I.-^a- 
 bello, and which shone with undiinini>bed splendor 
 thmiighout the bmu^ reign of Charles V., waned 
 rapidly ilurlng the rnio of his bigoted and despotic 
 Bon. Philip II., on the rrBl;rniition of Charles, en- 
 tered upon the j;nuidest Iiriitage wliirli the world 
 had Boeu siner the downfall of tho Kouian empire — 
 one which has had no pundlel. save in the imperial 
 sway of Great Britain at the present tiay. 
 
 The sovereignty of Spain wae aeknowledged not 
 only in ?.Iexieo ainl throughout the larger portion 
 of South Ainrriea, hut in iilmost all thr islands of the 
 Atlantic, in the Low Countries, and in Italy, in the 
 northern portion of Africa, aud throughout'many of 
 the riehe^t islands of Asia. Her ariuirs were the 
 finest in Europe, and her navies carried the flag of 
 CaBtile into every known portion of tlie seas. No 
 prince ever assumed the regnl authority with better 
 jirospcets. none ever had had a grander dominion or 
 a finer opportunity to enhuuce the glory of his 
 country, and muic tv\\ Into a lower drgradution. 
 
 ArrogiUit and tyrannical in the highest degree, 
 Philip II. ,iddcd to the worst qualities of the human 
 heart ft blind infatuutiou for the Church. The ter- 
 rors that bignalized tho reign of his English wife, 
 Queen Mary, were as nothing eompared with the 
 Rtudird rrueltieB \.-Iirreby he drlighteii to torture 
 tho.s ' of his HUl>jects whi> refused to accept the ex- 
 tremest doetiinrs of the Papacy. To his perjured 
 eonseieuee tlie viul.ition (tf soleuin obligations was 
 no crime, but a virtue, lie ruled with tlie rcfluc- 
 
 ' ■■ .•..« ... ^. .•.■••••■<.>> 
 
 he epirit of iiideprndenee 
 Hid mulve ItM'tfMt. llis 
 
 inent of infntny. To hfm the honor of Spain wiw ii 
 lauuhinf;-Btoek'. lie (Iiihl' Irei'l'H In «hreds to llio 
 winds, ttiut he iniirht tb lii:;e lin ^(^> . Ir^ with blood, 
 till at le iiith rehelll^ii res.- out of popnl.ir despeni- 
 tjoii, uiKi Ini' f I ir of Spiinlsli power began to M>t for 
 ever. 
 
 It wtif not in the dismal hulls of the Inmiisitlon 
 only tlixt the Hliiidow first lirLzati to fall. 'I lir nlro- 
 eitle^ w lileh Philip attempted to Justify ar* " Aet^ of 
 Kaith" 'vould ulonr liaxe sut.ieed to brand hlin as 
 pre-eminent in erucltv and rrliifimis biu'otry. But 
 these have not lirrn alwj>M ineiunpiillldr with tho 
 hitrher powers of government. There was, however. 
 In Pliilii's character, noHUlHeieiit redeeming (luulity. 
 , lie was the foe to liberty in every form, nn lie was 
 also Ihe enemy of toleration, lie atleeted to dcsplsu 
 ' bis projde, and dtdnt; so he forlnidr them the riglils 
 to wliieli they were riitltlrd, and strove by every de- 
 vici' within his reach to tleprive them <if the few that 
 I bey iilieady bad. lie set laws ut deliaiier. wniiii; 
 i'Piirr>sive iaxrs from both rich and poor, trampled 
 upon ancient privilei^es, set vinh-nl rchtrictions upim 
 tr.ide and ind'i>try, iind, in short, rrdiierd thr wliolo 
 of'lhe nat'-.ii to ii state of terror aud tiegradatlou, 
 lint he did not erusli out the 
 that even In (hose days ei 
 Moori.^h subjects Intbe Houtheni pro\ luces broke 
 out into open rrludlioii. The I'Memings in tlu> north, 
 under the guldiuiee of the Prince of tlrange, on- 
 spired to free themselves from a furt'lgn yoke which 
 had become Intolerable, and a similar wish spread 
 through the Italian provinces of the kingdom, Tho 
 severest mriisures were t*iken against tlHise who had 
 rebelled. The public executioner was a funetltmary 
 uttucbed to all the armies of Pliiti)t which were ^ellt 
 to control his sulijeets. Hut towns laid waste, whole 
 , regions desolated, and men, women, and children 
 ■ slaughtered lis victims to tlie nioekery of justice, 
 did not iirevciil the Dutch Uejiulillr. the retiiidiation 
 ! of the Papacy in tlie Low Countries, the ch-etioii of 
 I 11 Stadtlioldef In the person of Prince \ViUiuni, Hud 
 ; therelty the first and grciitcst blow that was struck 
 I ut the tyrannical supremacy of Spain. 
 
 But these rcbellioiifl we're not the only fruits of 
 'cruelty and fauuticlsiii. The vast wealth that had 
 j begunto pour into Spain fnmi her American dencn- 
 [ deneies was abs-irlicd in their suppression. Men, 
 i and niomy too, were lavished in warlike expeditions 
 I in I'Vance' and Portui;;al. and in the ^reat armada 
 that dissolved so miserably when hurled against tlio 
 homes of Kiighuid. The nldll^triert of the country 
 were paralyzed. Moimpidies estublishcd ti) force 
 the colonics into trade with Spain failed. Foreign- 
 ers, and especially the Knglish, supplied the ctdo- 
 nists witli urticles'wiiicli they could not procure In 
 the p.irent country, and thus began to undcrinino 
 the whole falirie of Spanish commerce. The cur- 
 rents of gold and silver which had been llowing from 
 Mexico and the ^o^lth were turnetl away from those 
 norts in Spain whither the government had mi use- 
 lessly ordered that that they slnmld be directed, and 
 lieiicefortb they went to euri<-li the treasuries of Lou- 
 don aud Amsterdam. For tnule then as now was 
 gi>vei'iictl by enterprise, and could not be created 
 1 thoui;h it nuiiht l)r ruined l)y imperial deerccs. 
 ! The evil infiueiiee of this decline in the national 
 ] vigor was made more evident after the death, with- 
 ' out issue, of Charles 11. The treaty of Itrecht, 
 which clo.-^ed the ctuite-t that liatl been raging lie- 
 twecn the Archduke I'tiarlcs and Philip of Anjou 
 since the demise of that prince, furllicr advanced 
 the disruption of the empire. The balance of power 
 < had ulreaily boconir a ficiion in Kuropran juditics. 
 To maintain it, Philip, when securcil on the throne, 
 was obliged lo renounce all claim to the French 
 crown; and u Hiinilar renunciation was tuken from 
 his brothers for tlie king<lom of S]mtn. But this 
 was not deemed sulficient, and accordingly, Minorca 
 and (tibraltar passed into the possession of England, 
 Sardinia became an api)unage of the house of Savoy, 
 and Austria took a part of the Low Countries, Milan, 
 Naples, aud Sicily. Independent of tb"se direct 
 : losses Kit territory, the war of succession further 
 ' eripided the internal resources of the country, which 
 has at all times been remarkable for a lack of that 
 j vitality and power of resuscitation which is a ehar- 
 ' actcrislie of more vigorous jn-ople. The provinces 
 I which had advocated tho cause of Charles were 
 I never forgiven by I'hilip, who deprived them of what 
 privileges they possessed, treated them in all re- 
 spects as conquered und rebellious, and thus main- 
 tained a constant drawback to the permanent 
 strength of his kiugdum. The suprennicy of tho 
 house of Bourbon was In many respects an udvan- 
 tagc. The princes of that house, or their ministers, 
 were shrewd, politic, and capable of perceiving tho 
 several directions in which it was neci^ssary to work 
 in order to cheek, If not to stop, the downward career 
 of the naticmal Infiuencc. Aud it cannot be denied 
 I that they did check it in some measure. Native in- 
 : dustries revived, and with them a new impulse was 
 I given to foreign trade. But it is doubtful whcilier 
 I the advantages were uot fully couutorbalanced by 
 
HIHTOHY OK 
 
 «riinif 
 
 •till itrt'iiliT evIN. The .■miiitri 1 mnu Invcilvod 
 
 In ll.ln^'.T.m^ iiml rsinm^ll'ii; w'.ivi vvlilcli It I'oiiM 
 li.it iiir.inl, mill t\uw lint .mlv iilLiialnl ilii' innnil 
 H\-.ii|iiilliy iif mill. p. 1.- « lilcli ,|i,,ii|,| I, u,. i„vii Mnuri'.l 
 im rrl.iuln, hut it liiinilli'il ih,. niurllliiic ii.iwrrn In 
 liiliM c'ViTv iiciumI.hi for w.'iiki'ilMu' S|MilM lit k:\, iiihI 
 tliiTiliv^lrlkiiiK the liriivi.' I lii.iu«i.ii ,i |,|.„.,. h|„tc 
 lliv wiMilil 111' miiHi iirntiiil. All iillriiinl wiia 
 iim.lr 1.1 ri'iiiiilliiti' l!ii. IriMlv uf llnilil. Iliii luinllv 
 liiiil II hrciiiii,. kiiiiMii. » III. II II Ill-Ill, !i « imiilniii iimilc 
 IlK iipii .|iriiiii.r 111 111" MnliLTniiiiiii. nn,! in i|,.sir,.v 
 
 lim 11 H|i,iiihli ili.|.| tliiil liii .ilT III.. I «t' iif ,Si,.iiv 
 
 ^lm»■l•ll Unit ilii. liiilu, in,. ,,f III,. ,.,ii|.|n, ||,„| uir,. ulV 
 I..1 f,ir iihiitcl, that |.|iiii.|..»l.iii i.. ili,. iluim,., n'f 
 iilli.'i- Kiin.|ii..iii |i,in,.i» liiiil ii.iH li|.i.,.iii..|iiu.i.,^»i|v, 
 S,iiiiii w.irt nil l,iii._'|.r llii. iiiii,i,.r.il i.f |.;iir,i|i.., Imt, I'm 
 
 '.'ii' ■ triir.v, iiiiiKl jli'lil niil.iiii nlmi i.i iiiiiIiuii'k,., 
 
 wlili'li II f,.\v iii'iMTitliiim lii'Lir,. ..Ill' Kiiulil li.ivf 
 iilTi'i-liil til iI.'miiIk,.. It iii.,.|| 11, , I III. Hii|i|iii,.i.,| tliiii 
 
 Hill llilttllfllll Wll. Il|.,.,.|iti'.l Wllllillll lll.lllV IllTl'l' 
 
 ulniL'!.'!!'!". Cm Til.il ih,iIiii.H i;iin. tlii. |.\'|.|i»i. f..r 
 
 i.iiiti'.'llii),' til,. HiiiHTl.irli.v ,if Kiii,'l,iiiil, mill iiniirliilil}- 
 Willi iviiiillrt Unit H-iTi. iiiiiii. ,ir Wt.i niiniMi.< In 
 ^|.lllll. 
 
 III till' wiir li<.|w.,.,.|i Kti|;liiiiil mill l.>iiiii.|., wliU.li 
 lirnl,,. till' nhiii-l iii'ii,.,' ,if .\1.\ liilliii|ii.lli. mill m|ii. 
 lilli',! ,iiiiiiiiMiiill|,.« fur Wll liliiiii 111 t,i ill.iil.iv hl^ 
 :r..|lill.-i 111 till' N.irtli Aill|.i.ii.|ili('.iliiiili.<, tin. ill lUln-a 
 tiKit li,.f,'ll 111,. irr,.iil iiniii...H uf l.iiiiln XV. ^ii,.|.|iil II 
 ii'iis.. iif liTiiir mill i.iiii,ii.niiiili.ii tlirniiijli.iiit tlii. 
 
 I'l'lllllKUlll. lt«l|« fl'l|.|.|| tllilt ||||. M||.|.,.„»f||l uci. 
 
 rniln iirdi.iiii;.. II. w.iiilil mil ,| iv tln-ir |irii(;|.,.Hn ill 
 
 till' l''ri.|ii.li frniitii.r, nml bh iiriv.|.' iIii. •■ fuiiuly i 
 
 liirt" uf till- prliiii.n uf ll.iiirliiiii, wliirli ilrii.-ni.,l 
 ^liiilii Into II Hur Unit wii< uf nil i,ilii.|-, th,. muai ,1m- 
 i.ntruii. Iiitii ivlilili l.'i-.iiii-,. IkiiI nvi.i- |.iitiri.||. I|i-r 
 ii.vli'H wiTi- williiiu'li il nir.iv.-l, mill Kiii;li..|i sii- 
 l.r,.iii.ii-_v m-i-iin-il nut unlv iiV.i- t'n- ini-aii, Imt in 
 111. till iiiiil Aiii.-il,-ii. Tin. 'n-i-v 111,-iiiiH tiiki-u 111 ill'- 
 f .ml till. stn-iiiiUi uf tin- iiiitiuii |ii-,iv.-il the i-iuisi-h uf 
 
 ll.< ili-.-ttrin-lii.ii. Till- II. mil i ipm-t was iii,.| |.v 
 
 111,. Iiiiiii,.|ll;iti.ili.|.liiriiti..iii.f will- hv Kiiu'lmnlii'iilin't 
 S|.iiiii, iiiiil till- ,-|ii-..il.v lu-., uf ili,.'l-.|iiii,|s uf Miiril- 
 iiii|iii., (iri'iiiiilii, St. Vliii-i.|ii, mill St. I.iiile \m'ii. tin- 
 llr.sl mill vi-rv ..irly cuiimiiiiiiii.,..., uf It. Ilavnnini 
 f.illiiwi-il if." I -rui-tuiii-i- uf Iwii niiintln, mill i-iniii 
 
 till' l'liii,|.i ;i. Mirri-mliri.il In IlKi' i in,.,- t.i .i 
 
 llrlll.^li i-iiiiiiiniiii|i.|-. I'll. «.-, mill utlii-r lulmilal imi- 
 i|iii.Kti fi-iiiii l-'iiiii,.,. iiH wi-li II, ;,piiin, liil til II pnic,- 
 hii-li 1,'ft till- luiiiT puwi-r i-iirlaili-il iniili-rliilly In 
 lii'r Aiii,.|-|i-iii piiKsi'sKliiiiH, Inipiivi'rlHlii'il In In-r 
 tr.-iiiiiiry, iiml ili'inurallzi-il In nil that Is ii'i[iil»||,' tu 
 
 II Ktruiii: mill liilliii'iiUal piupln. Hiit II illil nut 
 liri.v..nt n..w i-ir.ii-is t.i ri'!;iiln ii purliun, at Ifust, uf 
 III. Il- fiiriiii-i- nm.|.iiil.iiii-v. ntiil it \viii< willi niiiii- zi'iil 
 til Ml illsi-ri'lliin Unit tin- Spanish C'liuit at Ifiiu'th 
 yii-M,.,! tu til,. r,'pr,.m'iitntiiiiis uf hi'r ul,l iillv, tu lake 
 lip anna ami julii In lln- i-unfi-ili-ralliiii au'ii'iiiKt Kin;- 
 1 .ml iliii-ln^' hi' Biriiirul,. <Vilh thi' tliirt|...n nilunii-.i 
 uf Aini'ili-a. 'rin'ili'i-laratiuiiuf war liy (Iri'iit Hi-ttaln 
 ii.r.ilnsl lliillaml, an a i-iinsi'ipii.'ii,.,. uf tin' Dutch 
 tr..iily with 111,' (-unfi'ili'i-ai-y rurini'il liy Ih,. l-".iiipri'S-i 
 
 III iiii-sla fur an iiriiii.il in.iitriillly, !<tr'i.nf,'Uii.|i,'il Ilii' 
 hii;ii.ii of s^iaiii 111 iiiiikini; tlii.s i.uiii-i.sahui tu lln» ilc- 
 iiianii- uf Fraiiiu. ami sli,' fiilrri'il ii|iiiii ii ('ainpaii;ii 
 nil the liiinli-rH uf MexU-u with iiiiiri' than usual eii- 
 ( I'lry. Fliii-lilii, whiili at the prevliius peace »lie hail 
 i-siliaimeil fur llavaniia, wii.i i-eeuveriil, ami In the 
 Kpiee uf a few inuiilh.-i the Spanish lla^ waveil over 
 many uf the Kmll-li furts iluwii the euiir-e uf tin- 
 Mississippi. Hilt till- teiiiis wliieh were iiilliiiati-lv 
 III 111., fur the transfer uf these pussessiiiiis tu tlie 
 Iniieil States K.iveriiineiit w,-re nueunipeiisatiun fur 
 III' iiltiT ruin wliieli this war Inul eauseil In the 
 Sp.inisli puwer. 'I'lie jii'iieral peaee uf IWi fuiiinl 
 her Willi the Ins-i uf Uie Bahanin islaiiils. ainl a still 
 mure liii|iiiverislieil ciiiiHIInn In rei;iii-il tn inlerinil 
 r .-iiiirees than hail ever lieeii esperieiiie,! in all Inr 
 iliwiiw-aril i-areer since the tiiiic uf t'liarles V. 
 Kvery etlurt ha,l been siraiiicl, every available iiiaii, 
 and iiinrc than iiU iivailalile nmnev, linl been u-eil 
 t ) sustain a strangle w-hicli nut unly Kfl tiic nallnii 
 enfecbleil ami Irretrievably puur, lint witlnnit th,. 
 ineaiis uf reeoverliij; its fornier Iif-. The slmek 
 which hail (l,.privc,l tlio Spanish i-i-nw n fruni lime tu 
 time nf its West Inilliin posscssinns hail iilsn ruined 
 the trade , if Spanish Bubjecis iipuii tin' s,-as. 
 
 It is reinarkalile that tliruHi;li.iut tli- uiu'ipial eon- 
 tint which KiiKland wai;,'d (liiriiiir tlie striiic-le uf 
 the Nui-th Aiiierieun ciilonios fur iml |ieiiilenc.', the 
 en,'ri;ieB of her merchants never relaxeii. 'I'heir 
 ■ ipi'Mliniis widened. Every now ciiniiuest was iii- 
 Bianllv taken adviintaKe of. And thus, when pi-aec 
 was (leclarcd, the einiinieree nf Kin^land was snd- 
 denly found to be mure prusiicruus I ban even the 
 must suiiguinc could have antlei|iiiteil. This wa-i 
 line ti) several causes. The se|)aratiu:i uf the 
 V. Ionics and the stimulus which they received fi-uin 
 liidepenrtcnce was one of lliein. Increase uf teirltury 
 In all i|iiartcrs of the world was anolher. lint vi'i'V 
 iniicli of the aeeussion was due to losses sii.ilaiiied 
 by Kraiiee and Spain. The navies nf tiie.^c twn puw- 
 cra were for all pnictlcal purposes annihilate 1, ami 
 
 I forulitii Irailn could nut In lliuse ilayn lie iniilntatiiei! 
 
 I wlnTi. all iiiarilliiic suiinimici w-iis lu»l. M,irciivcr, 
 the rcstrlilliiiis whiih S|ialii Inid bniit perslstiiilly 
 inipus.il iipiiii li.r SiiiiUi Aiiiirii-iii (uiili.s wi-re 
 
 i iinilerliillv l.iuH,.ii..il. In tlie West linllis. liny well, 
 vlrliliilh '.li-ll-uye.i. If llii-le liii.l li.cli im iniUnil 
 riailj lit till- inuniinl In lake mluiiit.liv uf lli..»|. 
 
 ,.iri.|iiiist.|. CCS, a -p. iilv. peaiifiil i p. titlun wuiild 
 
 have iirailiiallv i-i-siieii.itiil furelun Irad.-, Iml even 
 lln-ii Simiii, wreck. il mnl liiiiiillliil.il u" "he wiis, 
 cuiil.l mil liiiM- l.i-|it iiaci- Willi millniisor i ini'u'y and 
 ,-iil,.r|irl»e. As it wns. tin' uecaslun was iiul alfuriled. 
 KiiKlainl hail mil furiulleii her nialerial inlcresls 
 Willi.- eiiHHi;e,l III the nviTllirnw uf b,'r i-iiciiilc». and 
 
 I wllh new lli-Ms laid niien. wlUi i-uiiMi.irallvely iarue 
 ri-siiiirci-s ,if liuth men nml iinHii-v -till b-fl, ami with 
 ,.|iin|ileli' eiiiilrnl ,.f 111.' seas, -he fiiiinil nn liimi-iilly 
 In iiiiiiiii|iiillzlni; llie lartti-r share uf Unit i-uiniin'ice 
 wliiili was iiuw in its Infain-v, Iml which uvvcd Its 
 • levciuiiiiienf M.rv lar..'..|v In tlie uvirlbruw n' 
 Sp.iiiish tniillUnns'. Tims tin- par.ilysls uf Spain wa.. 
 r,-ii,l,.r,-il lint unly cuini.lile, lull pcrnimiiiil. The 
 
 ' cuuiitrv, lit a lliiie'w Inn Inr best cllurt- were iiec !..,l 
 
 I tu i-efuriii tl .ilunlal svstcni, i.iy prusliatc and 
 
 Ihnnilliiili'il, unable In kei'ii I'nie willi the new si'ii- 
 'dincnls she liail assistcii tu ailvaii,-,-, ami iilterly lii- 
 
 ! cnmpeti'iit In iiicet tin- cniiseipieiices of tlieiii with 
 eiltn-r vli^ur nr stal,-sinaiislii|i. 
 
 ; The pulley wlil,-li S|iaiii liinl fruiii III,' llrsi ailiipti-d 
 t.iwarils lief |. ninnies was in. I ,-al,-lllilteil I. be pcr- 
 
 ' niiincnt. If the iiareiit cunntry had I'l-t.ilncd nn- 
 diniinisbeil tlie iinwi-r left In till' cruwii uf Spain by 
 l-'erillnmnl an- Isabelhi. the result inusl have been 
 the same, an.' .h,' ,..i|uiili-s wuiilil still linve siiec-ss- 
 fiillv i-.-s|st,..| everv etr.iri l-i liuld tlicin In 111,' r,-strl,- 
 Hulls that Ihev bail had linp. ' ipun tliciii. lint In 
 Ilie , iiiiililii.il tn wlileli II was i. .' n-ilii iil It was 
 tllljiussliile lliat the llidepi iideii. >' the far illstmit 
 pinvinces uf Suiiih .Vincrlca cnii i be iiiiiih luim'ir 
 dclaveil. The espcrii iii-e u' i.ic llrilisli Nuiib 
 Aiinrlean culunl.s testllles n.llli.iciilly tu this, I'Vi.n 
 if th,. i.um.liisiiin wi.re i .nic t,i ^\ bbli uiir pre-*''-' 
 ai.i|uaint iin-e with pii' i. I aril 8..ii.ii scieiic-' n . 
 InevPably l..iiil. as ili i.y pnsslbl,' Issue f , ,1 ,iiic,l 
 eiiiise-. ".\ vast I. iluiiial empire en .mil I ^,i\criii-il, 
 ,.v,-n Ihuiiub the system be fnin ;t I'll a Inisis uf 
 lln- ntiiinsi liberality, fiuiii ui.e - at eenli-e, iinw- 
 I'cr stroll;^ il may lie. i'-ii!„'i..ii,l . ■ ,1 In the ci^bt- 
 ceiitli ceiiturv to dn so, am! mlb . Hut the llr.tisb 
 |ieii|il,' |irullt'eil by the i.ssuii In u nlvcii them; and 
 adnptliiK a systini nf ilecentralizall.iii, a furni in fact 
 nf 111,' uranilest dcvelupinciit uf --u -ilel|iiil piv.rii 
 iiieiil, tli,.y iinw ,-uiilrnl their iniii.i-iis.' eulunial 
 empire with suci-ess. .*-|ialii refused tin- li-.-smi. II. i- 
 systeiii in it-clf was (nn- Inr iiinr,- ,iesiiiitic tiinn an, 
 ever adnpted by Km;!. .ml, but It was adhered tu w itii 
 stiiblinrii pertinacity, and ended, as w-a.i tu I .- ex- 
 peeled, In the seces".sliin of the pruvlnces frnin tin' 
 parent state. 
 
 Sinn,' Spanlsli ^vritci-fl have sought tn ,i,-f,'iid Ilie 
 c. ilunlal pulley nf their cunntry mi the Krnuiid tliiil 
 It hud fur its ninilel tlie t-u-tmns uf the must siii-ei'-s- 
 ful eulmiizinv' iiallun uf aiilbpiity. Ilm tlii- ,.ir,irt 
 lat.ks the lii-st eli-ment of stt-i-n^th'. If the .-sp.iniards 
 Willi lirst eriissed the Atl.intie. ur the mniiiiri.hs tlicv 
 left hehlnd, ever Uiunirhl uf the ,-nliiiili'S Unit niiec 
 hnd frini;ed the .NJiiliierrniican. their linltatinii uf 
 them was very pnor. In their relatiuns to tlie 
 lnirent cunntry, the Suiitli ..Vmericaii setileuieiiLs 
 liuro no reseinblam-e, or iit the best a very rcmule 
 one, to eilln'r Uic A"/ ""'I'"' or th,' 'i'*i>'.'"i nf the 
 llreeks. Tlicie was imt the licpeiub'lic,' eiijnycd tiy 
 the furnicr, inn- the liid,-|'|.|nii'ii,.e w'lii,.|i sii^iializcd 
 the latter. The enlmiisls wer,' sciirccly citizens uf 
 Spain, and assiirciiiy they were nut iii,liilL;,-il with 
 nnythiiii; like the pn'iitii-ni iii-i\iict;i.> Unit emiHtantly 
 were ilc,..irded by the (i|.,.,.ks tn tii.ir iniu'riitiiiir 
 ,-,iiiiitryiiieii. Tlie (.ninpariumi, in fad, nowli.re 
 hill. Is triiuil. Spanish cuiunizatiuii was nut an 
 ur^nnlzeil systi-in. It was nn system al all, only 
 the rude liii't iiatni-iil i-.-siiit uf tbe ilisenvei-y. In aii 
 iii^c uf adveiitnrc. uf a ri,-b, new land, rull uf mim-rnl 
 resunrccs. The Si'aiiish cnlunies wer,- nut inililary 
 scttlein.-nts like tin- ini-derii Kreiich, n.ir wen- Un-y 
 free aihlitiuns tu tin- parent cuniniiinily like m.'st 
 uf the niuilerii Kiiijllsh. Men w-i-iil lut' the iiewly- 
 fuuiiil land as niiventiircrs, tluvsinl I as Ivrimls, and 
 th,-y were treated by Spniii "as little better tliaii 
 slaves. Spiiiii inuUed up. in lier suns as sunn as they 
 had crussed the Atlantic as iiiei-,.|y su iiiaiiy aiieiils 
 wliereby the cullers uf the public treasury cnuld lie 
 tlileil w-iih K'dd mill silver; and as su many f.iuis 
 wlio liinl risked tlieir lives i;i"atiiituusly tu" make 
 the native iinpiilaliuns snbinlssive in her yuke. We 
 have seen the iiiimcns,' suiiri-cs fruiii wbii-li iiiuni-v 
 was iiiide In Iinw IVum lliem liitu the Spnnisii 
 tr.. usury. Tlie kins tuuk tlie linn's sliai-e always. 
 Ills lilies lirnni^iil him iinmens,' rcM'iiiics. Tliey 
 were deriv,',l fruiii duties iinpo.s,-,! up..'.i ciiimcr,.,-, 
 fees I'lilil bi him as the Head uf the t'hiiieb. the 
 India-i IriiuiU' or duly of vassahce, nml a liiily im- 
 p iscil iiiinii the pi-eciuns metal-, ui' llu- " rii.lus uf 
 slL'nui-y," besides uuiuberlesi 8m.,l!e.- snureei uf 
 
 eiiinlliiiu'iil. nlileh Hire iipei-llii-il Willi beeuniliiK 
 cure and eiifui-eeil wllh everv nceessnry rlfur. I his 
 exleiiilcil niefh'.il ..f tiMitl.ni i-iini lied Ilie ri.\,il 
 cuibrs III hmiie. bill It lira. II d Ilie wiallli liiid 
 biirdii.ed tin- liidnstry uf lln- i-uimilsts ami iiiiti\e 
 l.upiiiiitimi. mnl was litt. nib-il by iin e'|iilvn|..iil ml- 
 viiiil,n.'es. I'lie Spnnl-li cubuili-s d. rlvc.l absuiiit..|v 
 
 IIU 'n-nclll fr Ilnlr i.unm'iiluii »itli Siiilii. Iliey 
 
 did II.. I incd iiillil irv pr.iteelimi ; nml when smin- 1.'( 
 
 U I did 1 It, l)iey dill mil U'll it. I'licy wi-l'i' 
 
 lint nilv allied In tlnir euinnn n-nil intei-cs'.s ; fur 
 tlii-si- wer,' Kliaikieil by Spanish oi-illiinnces, ami a 
 full licveinpmeiil was' fnrliid.len tu th in. Thiv 
 existed nut IIS euiiininnlUi's Unit bud an liiinieillnte 
 iiitei-i-iil in tliclr iiwii life, bill inerclv as lunU fur the 
 ,'tirli-liiiii-iit uf tlii-lr Sp.inlsh in asl. rs. It Is sunie. 
 
 wliiil siirpi-lslm; lliat fr tin- tliii,. wlnii ('ml,./. 
 
 Iiarburiiiisly put In Uie tiirtiiri- tin- brave eniiier.ir 
 liiiutiinuziii uf Mexleii, and when ruli-du iniirdcred 
 lln- Inst uf 111.- Ilie.is all'iizcu, iliiwii In tbe piriuil 
 wiililn wbli-ii We lire iiuw must liiiiiieillal,-ly iii- 
 t,-resti'il, the Spanlsli i-uimiics siibmilli-d willi a|i- 
 piii-,-iil e,|iimilnillv tu tlnir uppr.. sur-. l-'ur inure 
 llniii three i-entiiries Ui,-y siilTereil tlie Inirdesl yuke 
 that has eier liei-ii linfii,. by pruple with similar 
 rclntliiiis tu a illst.inl iiuwef. The caiis.s which 
 were aili-tfed fur till- rebclllun uf the Niirlli Amcrleaii 
 i-ii|iiiii,-s w,.r,'Us iiuUiini;, either In dcitree nr In dura- 
 
 timi, wli,-n i ipared wllh the i\i-iiiiiiy wliieli the 
 
 S|imiisli enlmiisls sn iuni: and su iiatien'tlv cmliired. 
 1 1 isiiillli-iiit tnacciiiint fur this. \V,. sliali picsenily 
 ,.|iiiie 111 see the Iniliieiiie w-lilch till- American ilii- 
 ilm-.illmi uf liiile|i,-inlciici' had, lint llie aualliy nf 
 the Siiulherii piupie eaniinl lie aei-niiiit.il fui- bv 
 siippiisiii;; lln- want uf example, lllstury Is full uf 
 iierlnils, and act', iiiid nysteiiis, uf iippi-i-s'slmi. lint 
 it Is al II full uf the Bliiiu'tfles of pcupli' uf variuns 
 iialiiiiialllies In atlniii fr.-e.l.ini, ur al bast In lllerate 
 tb,.|iisi'lvi.s frniii the uiiiiiiu; biirdi-ns impuscil by 
 lyr.mnlenl rulers. If the Spanish ,.,iliiiilsls wanteil 
 liistnry 111 siippl\ them witli euiinsel, .hey iiei-il mil 
 liivi' 'ir-'iie fill- r..i 'iislriielliins li.iw tu 'i,-t. Tln-v 
 Willi allri.tid t.i ha.e stiidl.d the ilistllntluiis ii"t 
 lir,',',.,' iniirhl liave seen In tbe enlltesl in-tween 
 (iircyra nml Cmliiili, and e-pei-iuiiy If they ev- 
 miiiii,.|l the eaiisi-s nf it willi sulllel,-iit cire, an 
 ,-\niii|ili- whicli II inii^ht tn have been i|iiite w itbin 
 tlieir piiv 'r In Iniitnle. Nur cnuld they hnv,- fni- 
 Inwi'd any |iiirUiiii uf hisiurv, ancient iir ninibrii, 
 nali.inal ur cuiunlnl, mnl fiillcil tu tiiid tin- lei sun 
 whii-li withiiiit duiibt tliev iii'i-,l,',I. Tli,-ir |ila,-iil 
 siibinissiuii mil. I be attrllnited In ainilher e.iiise, 
 and tin- iiinst likely mi,' that snuiiests itsi-if Is that 
 the pi-iipl,- In till- i-nlunies sliarcl In the ,-iif,-,-l.|e- 
 
 I ' nt wliieli distruycl Uie old iiutimial spiril uf the 
 parei.; e..iiiili-y. Certain It must be that Uie nnii 
 Willi lirst ,.aiii..il the Spanish llau viciurimisiy 
 tbriiinzb Mcxii-n niiil Suiitii .'Vmeiii a. vvinild nut have 
 briiukei' tlie insults Unit wer, In-uiicil iipuii the 
 l^ein-rnti .IIS Hint sueeccded tlieiii. Tills deiicneraey 
 was amither of the results of Spanish pulley. Tli'ii 
 iiiiliv,. races w,.re iint sav-.'^cs. They were p,-upii) 
 ,if a h|.,'li il>-(;ri-i' uf clviliziliuii, vastly diirin-nl riiiiii 
 till- liidlun Ii-lbes uf Nnrtli Aim-rh-ii, and lapable, 
 niidi-r a w isc iiilinini-tr.itimi, uf Iniviii!.: ben made a 
 siiiii-,-e ,if streii(.'Ui iiisb-ail uf wiakness to Uie 
 Spanisli setUers. Dm Spain has never been );iiid,',l 
 by liiiiiiaiilly nr I y stjitesiii.inslilp. The prnsperity 
 si'ie once enjnyed w-as nut a pi-odiict uf llie l.iii -f, 
 and nuthliii; in her lilst,iry I'M-r ri-sitlt,'il fniin ilie 
 f.irmer; for II liiis no iixlslem-e. Her pulley li-uiii 
 the lirst was not to (-onelliiilt' the natives, but t.i 
 de.driiy llicni. Kxt,-riiiiiiatiiiii was Uie rul.- of i-un- 
 illlet f'l-iiln Curie-,', ibiwn tu the mealiest Spal.i.i.l 
 Unit i-vi'r set fiiui in ..\mi.rli-u. The l''i-eiii-li rub- in 
 llayii w.is ni.lcd fur ti-eaehcry i-.-nl crneili, but tin. 
 nninberuf iiatives who li.nl pn'vlnusly ralleii under 
 111,' niiirderuns Iniiuls nf the Spaniariis in tliat island 
 aliiii,' has bell eumpiited variuiisly iii fium a niilli.io 
 In fmirteen biimireil Uinllsallil pers.nis uf all /-^el 
 ami bulb sexes. The visit nf Dl-tro de Velusiinez lo 
 Ciibii. and the cnminestrt that Imineilialeh' fulluwed 
 It, wer.- sii;iiiill/i.il by biiniint; at Ihi' sink,' all t'.ie 
 iialive chiefs, and su'me live tlinusund ui tlieir piin- 
 ,-ipiil iiilhereiils. In Purtn llleu, the inhabii.oii,; 
 were rei-klessly tnunU-red uii,i,-r nn preteiie,' wii.ii- 
 ever, cxc..pt tu siitiut,' the Spanisti ^rcil fur unlive 
 liliiiiil In ilainaica, ilurin;; the lime thai ihc 
 Spaniards held ciiiilml there, the same thin:; ueeiii- 
 red. It is said uf John de Ks,iuiincl ami hi- fullu.v- 
 crs lliat they never shi-athed their swords as luni; as 
 
 II ii.itive iniiabitunt remiiliu'd within reach uf tii -ir 
 arms. Triiildad also w-lti'cssed a sliuil.ir sy,|.-ii, uf 
 exit-riiiliiatioii ; so too liid .Mexico and all lln- Suiit'i 
 Amerlean colonics. T'liesc murders wi'i-e nut nunc- 
 einniiunii'd by iitlier outrii|;es of the vilest ki-'d. The 
 wliule Spanisli dnmlmitiun was a rule uf lieinls. 
 Men were sobiected to tuitiir,-, mutilatiun. and liur- 
 rililc dealliK ; wiinien and yuuiis (;irl8 were fui-cd 
 
 111 sn'imit iirst In Uu! inos't sliocklin; uuliiv;is, and 
 
 .then to till- cruel ,1,'utbs which only the iniinis of 
 
 mulls'., rs ,- .iild cmiceive. Ami Ibis was not ihe 
 
 I nil rely ti-mpiirnry cumlilion that sif;iiidl«e,! t.ie 
 
 I ! 
 
 mmmmmsss^ 
 
173 
 
 eitryiif llu" S|»uiliir.lB u|kiii tin' l.ui'l of tlw Ni-w 
 Willi I. 11 n-.m II iiiTiMiiii'ii fiMtiiri" of tlii'lr ("In- 
 iiiz;iti 111. Tlu' liiKl fur liln.iil, llii' li'iiilriirv In liur- 
 liirlr tnlMimaiiliy, Im-t rviT liccii iiml flill Ih u purt 
 iif till' Spuiii li iiiitliiniil c'hiiriictor. II Inm hiiIj'ItiI 
 lilt 1 1'vcrv M-l iif tl;e iiiiliiiiiiil lifi', iinil U liiin lioiiio 
 till" Iruili iif ilci' ^MTiii'y ami »iuikiu'«n, im wi'll im 
 c'liniiii^' fur tlii' Mpanlanl ovuii of to-diiy ii crilaiii 
 iimoiiiit of loutli'.iiK iml I'oiiU'iiipt on tlio imrt of 
 oiviH/tMl iiiitioiiH. Men who worn aiiltiiitoil from 
 (jiMii'iulluii to KiMionitioii liy iirliicipli^D ntu-li hh llii'sn, 
 no iiinltor wlii'tlu'r lluiy nmlildd in tliu piiroiit coiiii- 
 try or In tlio provlni'cs of tlio Wi's.1, coulil not full 
 to' sink III iiiiiiiiiiiciis nnd vlK"ur. Much u nnru iiiuHt 
 bi'doiiin t'lToiiiliuitii ; iinil It aid, In every plaee wlicr- 
 cviT it luid found n fooling. No iintlon In Europe 
 ev T siuili Ki> low 118 Simlii, nnd the di');radutloii 
 wliii'li !■* snITeiiid In the I'l'iiiuHulii is iind ever lias 
 lii'eii uliared In by the setllera In every Spanish 
 ooliiny IhrouLjIioul' the world. Sneh liihiR the con- 
 dilioii t > whieli those people found tlieiiiselves re- 
 dm ed iit the elose of tlie eltfhteenth eentnry, It is 
 not too iiiueh to siiy that the disliitejfratloii of tlie 
 I'liiiiire followed almost as a mattir of eourse. 
 
 For Spain was not only weak In herself, both 
 inoiiilly and pliysleally, a^'well at home as lu the 
 colonies, hut tlie cireiiinstunees with wlileli she had 
 to eontend were stroiiK. We innst briefly glaneo at 
 tliese. The event wlileh more than any other af- 
 feeled the eourse of polities all over the world, dur- 
 liis the lattiT half of tlie last eeiitury and tlie llrst 
 half of the present^ was the sceessioii of the North 
 American colonies from Brltlah rule and their dec- 
 laration of indcpcndeiiee. Uul the elleeta of that 
 seeesslon were not foreseen bv the riiilni; powers of 
 the time wlien It took place. If Eiiftland could have 
 
 pri 
 in 
 
 irediclod the immense liciiclit< that she has derived 
 ic ffi-eat North Ameriean 
 liepiilillc, tlie eoloiil -ts would have been cncouratfeil 
 ratlier than warred aifulnst in their eilorUi to attain 
 a separate nationality. Nor is it likely that Louis 
 XVI. w.inM liave ulibidcd tlie assisiimce that lie 
 rendere.l to the ciiise of tlie colonists, if he had 
 been lile to foreshadow the spreail of repulilie.in 
 Ideas wlileh he tliiiB liel|M'il to sow, and wlileh ultl- 
 nialelv hil liiiii to the sealfohl and Hooded Ills coun- 
 try Willi the blooil of Its noblest citizens. The 
 policy udojiled by tlie French leaders in those times, 
 IIS well as diiiliii; the laii^'uld war of IHl'J, was that 
 wlii.li .c iiied to them to lie the best adapted to 
 humiliate tlie lulUiii that h id for m.niy centuries 
 been tlicir Ir.uiitioiial foe. Yet, in reality, it was the 
 jioliey til it WIS most lienellcial to tircat Kritahi and 
 lior eoloiiiis. and the most danirerous that could 
 ]iosail)ly have In en devised for the peace and in- 
 ter. sta of hotli i'r.ime ami Spain. Ten years after 
 the ind penileiice of the I'liited States had licen 
 formiiiy aekii.iwledii .1, the head of the Kreiieh 
 kin;; fell .it tlioeomiiiaiid of tlie NatlonaH'onventlon. 
 The j^er.iis of diseoi .eni had (.Town Into revolution, 
 and with aiti-rn lin^ leniis of violence and cxtermil 
 traiuiiiiiity, it has eoiittniied to Imperil tlio social 
 fieeuri.y of the people, and even more than once to 
 cndan^jir t!ie political existence of the nation, to the 
 present time. 
 
 i'liMUuh the military supreinacy of Napoleon, the 
 8paniarits were a few 'years later coiniicllcd to cede 
 tlio wlioie of tlieir extensive possessions in the val- 
 ley of the .Mississippi, which in turn were transferred 
 by llon.iparte to the I'nited States, in order to 
 weaken Kniiiainl, a result w liieli the transfer utterly 
 failed to aecompllsh. T'lie uitiinalc exhaustini; w ars 
 whieli Spain siillered ut the liaiids of the Frciieli 
 cmpiTor, and which increased the liopcs of Inde- 
 P''iidt'nee In her colonies, was another of tile fruits 
 of tlie Ameiiean revolution, which she had so eager- 
 ly nliettcd. Indeed, every hope which Spain and 
 f ranee had founded on the action of the thirteen 
 colonies was disappointed. Not a single anticlpa- 
 lioii was reaiiied ; but, on the eiiiitniry, tiio utmost 
 iierii resulted to the iieopic of both nations. France 
 list internal peace, and Spain was soon deprived of 
 tlie itrealest and most valuable portion of her once 
 inaiiiiilicent colonial c'lipire. 
 
 No event In history ever exercised so world-wide 
 nn intliienee as that aithiii of the Ameriean colonies. 
 Tile few events we liave sfleeleti for mention were 
 tlie direct and iininediale eonaeiiuenees of It. But 
 the aekiiowledu;ment and rceo,'iiltion of the L'nileil 
 States, more tliiiii their own deeiaration of iiide- 
 peiidenee, produced an illect which was fell far and 
 wide among the nations. If it stimulated tlie ciitiaitte 
 of l'.iris, and produced a .Marat and a Koluispleire, 
 it also vibrated a eliord In the he.irts of everv op- 
 pressed people, from the extreme limit* of Chill to 
 the northern frontier of .Mexico. Tlie llrltlsh colo- 
 nists of North Ainct'ieu liad shown to ail CfdonlstA 
 cvervwliere that it was possible to wage a war of 
 freeilom a;;a[ii8t a distant power, and, under favour- 
 ubie eoiiditioni, with sneccaa. These eondithins did 
 not occur In the ease of Si>aln during the eighteenth 
 centary, but they did In the early part of the iiiiie- 
 teenlli, and whenever taken advantage of, the end 
 
 HISTORY OP 
 
 was favorable to the cause of Indepciidenee. Dur- 
 ing the time that Inlcrvened before the opporlunily 
 came, the prlneipies that had tieen so siireessfiilly 
 iniiinlained in llie war of the Ki'voliitlon streiiglli- 
 eiied, and the love for Uieiii grew more mature. The 
 pixiple of Soiilli .Vnieriea lost iiotliing by ii« lay. it 
 was lictter that lliey did not act as the French in 
 France tiad done, iipo'i the iin{iiiise of the moiiient. 
 'I'iiiic served to more dei'piy Ingrain tlio desire for 
 freedom liitollie lioari. of the masses; and when the 
 blow at last was sli .. k. It came with miillipiieil 
 force, and was driven home with increased (Mer- 
 inination— the determlnalioii that diii not cobipre- 
 liend defeat. The prudence thus iiu|illed must not, 
 howc^vcr, be attributed wholly, or perhaps in large 
 part, to the colonists. It was necessltatetl liy eir- 
 ciimstanees. Spain, dur'ng tlie .Ameriean revidii- 
 tionary war, was not strong. .M no time duiiiig tlie 
 great wars with Napoleon was she strong. Hut so 
 liiiig as an alliance Willi France cuiitiniied, tlie 
 colonies could not safelv have entered U|ioii the 
 struggle for freedom. Nloieover, even so late as 
 the last cenlury, inor.il ii.Mnences dhl not exercise 
 the same force, nor did they move with tile same 
 speed, that Iliey do i. " The full elToct of the 
 declaration of Ameriean liiileiicndence was not felt 
 in the South for many y> irs after it liad been made. 
 It was long before the knowledge of Its existence 
 reached I'erii, still longer before its full meaning 
 was appreciated, and longer again before the Spanish 
 colonists fully undcrstoiui that the cause wlileli liati 
 been so siieees.-fiiUy nialntahied in tlio North, was 
 theirs to win also. If only they were wiiiiiig to bide 
 tliclr opporlunily anil act with unity and decision. 
 Nevcrtlieless, a ^'clliig of liii|iallence at the rule of 
 Spain was early perceplilile. lint It assumed for 
 r,onie years a passive loriii. it was, however, the 
 llrst monition of future convulsion. It arose slmul- 
 tanooiisly in all the colonies, and was proliahlv kept 
 ill abeyance for a lime by a native insnrreetlon in 
 I'cru, which, altiioiiuh It' was sustained with vari- 
 alile success for two years, was at last, iirtnight en- 
 tirely under subjectio'ii by the Spanish troops, who, 
 as was tlieir en.--toni, hai'liaroiisly put to death the 
 chief ineii of the party In relieilioii. and their ramllies. 
 This ln'gan six years "afler tlie " Deeiaration of Inde- 
 iieiiden. ■'," amrwasthc re-'iilt of Spanish oppression. 
 It was purely a native rising. The dcscendanta of 
 tlie iiicas, from the time when lluamt Ca|iuc hail 
 been mimlcred liy I'i/.arro, had never ceased to de- 
 mand from their eomiiieiors certain numinal privi- 
 leges, ill eonsideratlon of tlieir rank and former regal 
 power. Through a scries of generations this was 
 jier.--istentiy rclused, and the refusal was In some 
 instances acconipiiiiied with acts of barbarous 
 cruelty, as a warning that the demand should luit be 
 repeaii'd. Hut it was repeated, and with such earn- 
 estness and pertinacity that the concession was at 
 length granted, and the Spaniards consented to ae- ; 
 knowledge a title which lliey had three centuries i 
 before tried to etfaee liy tlic' execution of the last [ 
 liiea at Cuzco. Scarcely had tile concession been j 
 made ere the Spanish aiilhoritics repented of their] 
 generosity, and recalled the act. Stiyii Tupac, In | 
 whose person this insult was olTered, Immediately 
 raised the standard of revolt, and, declaring that the 
 moment had come when his coniitryinen should free ' 
 theniscivcs from the tyr.uinieal yoke of the foreign- 
 era, soon gatiiered around him a powerful and 
 spirileii ariiiy of native warriors. For tlic siiaee of 
 two yens tlie contest was nialntained. During llic ' 
 earlier part of that |ieriod success attended upon 
 the native troops, lint the Siianiarda, hicreasing tlieir 
 ellorts and their forces, at leiKth gained a decisive 
 victory. C'ondorcanqni, the head of the rebel move- i 
 incut and coiiiiiinnder of the armies of tiie I'cnivians, i 
 was taken prisoner and executed. Ills fiimlly, iii- 
 elnding his w ifc and ehildren, sliared a similar fate ; 
 and were soon after followed to the ecalfold by a 
 large number of their adherents. 
 
 fiy these means Spanish Biipreniacy was once more 
 ini'hitaliied. But it w.is not to be (if Uing duration. 
 At tlial time tiie district known as I'erii extended 
 over the Kocky Mountains, and comprised a vast 
 area of territory. The Insurrection of the natives 
 had shown the expediency of etiecting a closer eou- 
 ccntnition of autliority : and to thai cud the iirovlnce 
 was divided. Potosi", l,a I'lata, t'harcas, Paraguay, 
 and Chhinitos were formed Into the province of 
 Buenos Ayre-, under a new vieeroyalty ; and Vene- \ 
 ziieia, Caracas, (luateinala, Cuinana, and Chill wcro . 
 set apart iiiulcr anotlier administration, but whose : 
 southern limits were left very undetlned. This ap- ' 
 peared to be a measure of sound iioliey, but it had 
 not ail the cU'eet that was Intinded. It strengthened 
 the Inlluence of Spain for a brief period, but it did 
 not reconcile the people to her rule, nor did it pre- 
 vent tlieir ultimate Inilcpendence. For a few years, 
 nothing of importance truiispired, bill the fiellug In 
 favour of freedom was grailually growing stronger, 
 and the eomlition of tlio pareiit country was be- 
 coming more suitable for tlio purposes o^ the colo- 
 nists. 
 
 We must here return for a moinont to the work 
 that was being iiroseciiled by Nii|ioleon. i.ir It now 
 began to exeriiso a u'le.iler aiil a more illreet in- 
 lluence upon the (iesliiiv of South America. Tlie 
 Nalloieil Ciiivciilloii of Franco having deelare.l ilui 
 iiilriilion lo propagate republli'nn ideas thronu'linut 
 llii' monarehies of Kurope, by ciieouiiigiiig all dls- 
 aifeeled siibjccls of these iiiitloiis, ainl supporting 
 tliein in any revolt that tliey might nnderlake, the 
 Britliih government doimiiideil an oxiilanai' ni, wiilcli 
 btiiig refused, the amlaissador of tlie late king rc- 
 ciived notice to imit the kingdom, and in eoiise- 
 (|iieneo war was deidared. Kvcntfiil as this war 
 was, it concerns iis only In so far as It placed Spain 
 at the iiiercy of the French. A part of those ariiiles 
 of tile repnblle which overran the west of Fiirope, 
 found an easy eonipiest in the Penlnsuia, and it was 
 Willi comparatively small cITort that the goyeriiment 
 at .Madrhl was brought to the feet of Napoleon. It 
 Wdiihl have been well If the hnniillatlon had ended 
 there, but |iresently wo lliid the Spanish goyeriiment 
 yielding to the Bolicitatlons of the eoni|iieror, and 
 Joining In the war against ICngland. One of the 
 llrst events tliat followed Ibis rash enterprise was 
 the destructhni of the Spanisii ileet off ('a|io St. Viii- 
 cuiil. Tills was at the inoniiMit a grievoiiB loss to 
 France, but I' was ar more serious to Spain, and it 
 left her more tle'i ver at the mercy of tiie man wlio 
 then ruled the dc^tillieB of her powerful ally. Na- 
 iioleon was not slow to avail hlinsclf of the fact, nnd 
 Ills policy soon struck the llnal blow at Spanisii su- 
 preinacy everywhere, even while ho was using the 
 ellemliiate rulers at Madrid to servo his own ends. 
 Having fought his way, liy vhdciicc and Intrigue, lo 
 llie Inipcrial crown, ill' planned the design for invading 
 Fiigland, as the only Knropean power wiiich, remain- 
 ing uncoiKpiercd, seemed likely lo olTcr any active re- 
 sistuiice to ills iinliinitcd eonti*ol over the iilfairs of 
 ttie Continciit. In this sclicmo ho again compelled 
 Spain to join him, and to di'vote her entire cHortji 
 with his to destroy British supremacy on tlio 
 seas. By that means he hoped not only to otl'cet 
 the destruclhm of British eommcree, but also lo 
 remove the only olislacle that presented itself to 
 tlie full play of his own ainbitioii. But the victory 
 of Trafalgar destroyed all his hopes, and shattoroil 
 the maritime power of Spain to a drgreo which ren- 
 dered it iielph'ss. It was the last cltort of a fallen 
 state, and It failed. T'lie once miglity force whieli 
 had been wielded by Ferdinand and' Isaliella was 
 now coinpli'tcly gone, and the resist;ince which tlio 
 Spanisii (lOVernment at tliat inoment could have 
 olfcrcd against any Insurreclion in her coioniea 
 would have been coiiiparativeiy futile, lint still tliu 
 apathetic people of Soulli Aincrira were slow to 
 avail themselves of the opportunity that now Inul 
 eonie to them, rhey seemed still to lack a stimulus 
 to aiiioii. An iitlack iiiade liy a sinall Brilisli force 
 in 18117, upon Hueiios A,^res, 'might have been made 
 avallalilc, but It was no*. The niitive '"'"iMuintH 
 were pas:-lvc, or they opposed tlie iissiiihin' , and It 
 reniained for otiier causes at leiiglli to rouse them 
 into a movenient for freedom. 
 
 Since tiie cv.ieuatlon of Hra/.il by tiio nuLCli, that 
 rich countrv had rciiiaiiied in the peaceful i» isscs- 
 sloii of the Portuguese. It had partaken of iiiaiiy of 
 the restrictions whieli had innieded tlie progrcsii of 
 the Spanish colonies. The House of Bragaii/a has 
 shown, in siiccessivo gcncnitions, a marked genius 
 for goveinmeiit, iiut in tlie early days of South 
 American Bottlement. there was lio higher value at- 
 biclied to colonics tliaii the w ealtli that iliey nilglit bo 
 made to bring to the Imperial treasury. Any pro- 
 gress whieli Bra/.il had made was due to its own 
 magiiillecnt resources, for their development was 
 restricted and bound down by the most vexatious 
 decrees from the parent state. * But again, Napoleon 
 unintentionally eontributod to change all this. When 
 Spain was no longer of any use to him, he sought 
 now cxtiedlents to demolish the trade of Kngland. 
 Ills Berlin decree docl iring the Britlsii ports to be in 
 a slate of blockade, was one of these. But the 
 friendly einnmcrclal relations that had existed lic- 
 tweoii Portugal and Kngland were an Impi'diment to 
 Its operation. He therefore sent a s|ie(ial onibiissy 
 to Lisbon Willi a request that llie (Jovcrmnent shoiilil 
 at once close It* porta against (ireat Brilain, and 
 tliat every Gnglisliimiii then In the country should be 
 arrcBtod and his property eonliscated. 'I lie request 
 was backed by a threat that war would be tlio con- 
 sequeneo of refusal. But the reply was not Availed 
 for, though, if It had been, the nature of it may very 
 readily be anticipated. Portugal could not have 
 conipliod with sucli an order. Tier honour sbxid in 
 the way In one dlrcctioii, and treaties which slie had 
 made, with England woiiM also have precluded sub- 
 nilBsion. Nevertheless, ihe Prince liegcnt, to avoid 
 war, utlempted a eoinpromlse ; ho did consent to the 
 first part of the demand, ami the ports were cloBcd, 
 Meanwhile Portuguese vessels In French pirts inul 
 lieeii Bellied, and In a tew weeks a large French army 
 was on the niureli for Portugal, under the coniiniinil 
 of Marshal Jutiot, carrvliie with him a foruioi deu- 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 178 
 
 larntioti from Nftpoloon llmt the Iioubo of BrncranKa ' the mnst coiiBpicnouH in tlio hlstctry of South Amcr- 
 wiiH ilopoHi'd. Drclhiin^ a eontcst on tonnn i)f In- Inm Indcpo.iKtt'nrn. Hut thin fort hud hecn iinidc the 
 etpiiillty which riMidcrcd ilcfciit limvttulilo, ttm Kc- riMMptuch- fnr S|miiiHh piirtunrrH, who, tuklntr a fii- i 
 Kent ni'ilrcd llir wlinh- of the niitioniil troupH to the vourahUi opportiiiiKy, rosn to the niiinlii-r nf ilft-cii ' 
 fli'u coaHt, iind with IdH family and u Iuit^l' hody of hnn.ln-d n>;iiinht tht- piiri.ion, Ivillod the; ^;imr(ls. and 
 adhiiiontM h-lL thu cou try for Bra/.lt wIumi JiuhjI tonk tlic rltacUd ; upon which event, the phice wuh j 
 waH eroHHln^ the frontier. The reception whieli he evaeuiitt'd liy the iiiHurKcntH, wlio, l)eiii>; euinpelled | 
 received In tln^ Anieilean eulony wiis of the niiml to aerept tlie lennH of pc:iee ulTcred them liy Mipn-| 
 iMithusIimtic de:scriptl(Mi. luid tin' policy immediately t-i'venlo, tmco more declared alle;;l»nee to Spain. 
 Inaiiiiur.tted liud a niurked eiTeet upon the wealth : Miranda was made nrlHoncr and Hcnt to Cadiz, where, | 
 iin.i dcvi'lopnient (tf tlie euuntry. KcHlrictlons were after nuveral yoin-H' confinement, ioiidod with IrouM, | 
 removed from trade, tii«> portH were opened to com- in a dunp'on of a Hnndi forircHK, he died ndKcr- j 
 ineree, taxe?* were adjusted, prlvilcKi'H extended to aldv. j 
 
 the people, prinllnt; prcrtscs were inirodueed, educa- 'iMio ill fate of hln eldeftain Hthnulnted Hollvar t.o< 
 lion waH promoled, ui.d in a viry biicf n\n\vo the renewed exertions In the eauHe of lihcriy. 'VUv , 
 province liiid cnlTevl upnn a lu^w era of i^xiHlcnce, p;irent eouidry lay prostrate ut the feet of Napoleon, i 
 wliK-h ^erved niil a llitie to ^^ive tlie neli^Idiorln^^ and he wisely coiieludi-d that Ilui opportnnity wiih 
 Hpaidsh eulonlc!* tiii! impulse that, they Hcenu'd l<i one that Khoiild not ho Ioh). Aeeom|iiuded l>y a' 
 reipiire. Hniall hand of Ichh thiui a thouHand adheri'iit.o, he : 
 
 1 he Htruixtrle Tor i?ulepemienco now hroke out with sucecHHlvcly drove the Spanisli troops fnnn ntation 
 great violenee In liotli (MiiM and Ituenoa Ayre.-i. In to Nlatiini, till he arrived at Ho^^nUi, at that time the 
 the hitte; pinvince tin; people Kuddcniy ro.ie with a centre of government of New (iranada. Here he 
 det'i'mliniii'in that was in marked eoniraHt with the was duly honored h> he Conj^resrt of that province, | 
 apparent indill'erenee llmt liad mo UiuiX eharaet -rl/ed wliieh happened to l<e in Hcssion at the tinu<: ; and, ! 
 tliein. They were nniHsaered with unrelenting; fury, after havini; been fornialty niaced in ouprunn^ coni- 
 and tlu' utmost ci-ueliies were put into operation to ni.uid of the forces of the nmnr^ct'Hts, he eontlnuetl 
 Huppress thi'.iu. But lliese mL'a.-.ureM liad tlieir ac- , hU HueccHHfid man'h to (,'nr:icaH, receivintr daily n«'W 
 eiKHiouu'il elTect. The sidril. tiiiit longed for free- ! acipusitlons tohlt* Htrenutli us he proceeded. Si^vcral 
 dom had now ;;rown Into n n-Holule deterridnatioii to . Hkirmlslie.s to<>k place with r^inall handH of the 
 secure it. BcfoP- a year had passed away, tiie peo- ! enemy, in whieli, heinur unlforndy HUccesfnI. llie 
 pie redoulded their elT(»rts, and this time with more j tniops took fresh conraire to "make an attack , 
 Buceeas. 'I'ljcy d -piMcd the Vlci'r.'y, drove him | upon the Hpanisli jjencral himself. In this Monte- 1 
 from the eounlry, aliolisiuMl all cmltlenH of Spanish ■. v; rde was slirnidly defeated, mid sueli was the : 
 imlhority, and appointed a provisioind j,'overumenl. ; r.ipldity witli whieli Uw. native army now advanceii, 
 from anioiii; thema -IvcM. | that tlie Spaniards were i;lad to come to tennrt. 
 
 A similar ^ll■u^'^rl.'. wa* la-lnii- enacted ulnio.'t j C.iraeas soon after capilnlated, an<l Bolivar entered 
 
 Hirnultanenudy hi I'hlil, al:hoi',''h at oiie ilme a 
 Span'ihh army from tliu neig;it)-irint; province of 
 I'era tlir.Mteiiod lt» obIilv.*rat' I'le lio;i,s of tin- pC"- 
 l)|r. Tlic t'olniiy hail i»eeii divided into thirl", mi tii.-.- 
 tr^ct^, the whole heiui" at that tinie nil .er t'.ie .u;ov- 
 cniorshlp of (ieneral I'arrasen. i''.ir soaiv* tlmoslriel 
 unanimity cnidd not lie In-Miii^ht alio. it aiii'Mii; ti.c 
 iiihahitailts in llicse several diairiels, hnl at len;;ili 
 an insurrrtdion was hneeeH:iriilly init ated, a'ld i. ar 
 ra-eo was dep;»?<L-d, The contest v .is \\a'::i'il wiili 
 nnprecedentcd vitdeni* ' on bo.h Hides, 'I lie i^icat 
 Kipiare uf Saiiltiii;o h<M>ame tin* scne of some oT (he 
 nios? dcriperale •■onlhcts between llie pco!,li> and the 
 Spaid.-*h iro »ps. The .--treetH Ilowed with bio )d. 
 Worn. 11 aitil childrtM) fell beftn't; the mu.Hkt^t siioi^ 
 and bayonet cliarL^U' of the infuriated soldi) rs. Btit 
 de-pite repealo I reverses, and the neees-ity for a 
 j)ersl>tent and 1 niLi'-e intintious cITort on the part of 
 tlie patriot', t'.ie cnrrt nt id sucd-bs for four lonu 
 years ran in their favour. Durini; th.^ wh^de of this 
 period th<' country reinaincJ in t.ie bands of a pro- 
 visiipiial government, ail atlempts by tlie Spanish 
 antliorilie;* 1 1 remove it lieinx un->ncee,-sfnl. One of 
 til ablest leailers of the people — Don Juan Carrera 
 - was at the lie id of tiie popular f.nces, and the 
 energy and skill with which he d<'f(Mided the cause 
 ieit tfitle room lor failur.-. [■'liidini; it, at last, im- 
 po,".sible tt) rc;i,dii tlie siiiiremacy by means at their 
 disposal in tlie provinci's, tlic Spaniard.-* contented 
 themselves with a defensive strateijy, but unule ex- 
 ertions at till' simu time to ralt^e an army in i*crn, 
 wiiieli still remained biyat to the (dd tia;;. With I defeat' 
 these fresh troop.^ Chili was in\aded by the Spanish | ments, 
 
 (i ucral i'aroj i. He was met a ^liort way across th 
 frontier by Carr.'ra and twice defeat d. On the 
 Bic'iud occa.-ion he was forced to retreat towards the 
 boundary line of ihe provliue, tint b lii^; met on his 
 way liy strong rciiiforccineiiis, be aj^ain jrave battle 
 t » t'he pni'suin^i columns of the enemy, ami tbls time 
 Willi more suee 'ss. C'arn r:i ..as ». etc (led, his troops 
 jtiit to Iliyiit, and llie fXie.it eau-e for whieli they bad 
 tiken uji arms f,-!! |),ir.ily/..-il - Imt n it dead. I'aroia 
 oveirau the country and lail it w.t.-te. Villages an(i 
 
 Ihe place In triumph, prochiimini; hiiii'^elf dictator 
 and liber itor of the western provinces. 
 
 lint, unhappily, the aucee.-<s was not of lonj; dura- 
 l.i in. 1 tii^ man who had t'lus carried the popular 
 <'anse to ho i;lorbius a result, failed to rtdnin the 
 coulidencc he hid gained. TbeJilleof '' dietalor," 
 wht'li he Ii.hI a^-isumed, wa^t not to be in bis iniiid an 
 I'lnpty n iinu. Not eontent with the luinouru he had 
 won, lie be. an t> show an iiiclinaHoii for securing 
 to liiinsi if in idinost despotic power. At least, he 
 was siispi'ct-d by tlie people of this desire, and the 
 'uspiciim was probably not without very good cau.ie. 
 Dissciir i(Mi:i, uecordiiiv;ly, aro^^c, and although <i junta 
 of the leidiug Inliabitants prevailed upon Bolivar to 
 retain llie ; upn-iiic uulhorlty, the Spaniards were 
 (piiek to take advantage of the tone of dUalTeetion 
 which they iiiitlecd. (">n one occasion, idmrtly after 
 a hcssion of the .Junta, at which the general had ex- 
 pressed hi- (I -el-; i( Ml to accede to the wishes expressed 
 to him, the news came that a Spanisli force was 
 marching upon l.a l*uerta. IJoUvar hastened to try 
 and form a junction with the small army miih-r 
 Marino, and suci-ceiled ; but the conibined forces 
 wi re immediately altaeked, and dcfcited with yreat 
 sliuirliier. Caracas was ntaken, and Bolivar tli-d to 
 Tunja, in New (iranada, wlua-c CJonyress gave him 
 incna cd powers, making him eommander-in chief 
 of till' army, anil entrusting to him an important 
 nd.ssion against the <ndv remaining Spunisli (-trong- 
 h(dd in tinil province. This was not carried out, but 
 he took Santa 1<'<'', ftu'ccd Bogota to capitulate, and 
 the Spanish troops In several minor engage- 
 In llie midst of these hucccsm's, news wa-i 
 
 brought him uf the expected arrival of i-tnmg rcii 
 foreements for the enemy from Spain, wheri'upon 
 he somewhat hastily left the country, and sailed for 
 damai<-a. 
 
 I^l^ conduct, ill thus, as It weri\ deserting the 
 cause at a critical tuoinciit, when his iircseiieii was 
 most likclv to he iici' b d, has been greatly con- 
 deniiied. lint, much a an unfavourable criticism 
 may apparently be jusliiied. more light thau we at 
 |»resinit possess, <ir perhaps ever can possess, to 
 
 towns were rutliK-.-'sly pillaijed, women and ehildren j show the ulterior motives that h.c h.id.'sliould be 
 insniied and Imlchered at tlu' p'.easur.' of the pro- ; reipilre<l before he is tiiieipilvoeally blamed. The 
 illgatc Sii.misli tioops ; anil, thus struck down, the ; sineer'.ty of Bolivar should he judged by the great 
 
 work which he accomplished. There Is no reas' 
 to (piestion either his cimrage or his patrlidlsni. 
 Personal ambition sometimes swayed his jmlgmeiit; 
 hut the dillleulties that he had to etieonnter were 
 uxet^odlngly great, and although at times the means 
 he took to surmount lliem were of a character dif- 
 ferent from what nil:;lit bu expected, as we rcvlew 
 them at the present distance, ami through the mist 
 
 country had ouen more to owii aljogianee to th 
 t>rannieal rule of its former maiteiv. Tlie siibniis- 
 si'm was not for 1 mg, however. The sweets of 
 liberty once t isted, were not to be thus eisily put 
 aw:iy forever; and In the next struggle Clilll not 
 only vindicated herself, Imt aided, wltu stnne foreii^u 
 assistftueo, to hceure the independence vt her nelgli- 
 hour. 
 
 The spirit of Insurrection thus dominant hi the | of imly partial knowledge, they were gerorally at 
 South, was no less active livthe North. While Chili ; tcndeif by success. 
 
 was striking lur tlr.sl blows ft)r fri. dom, the people I lie renndned several numths at Kingston, during 
 of Kcuador made several attempts to free themselves '■ the whole of which time the Spanish genend, Morillo, 
 from Spanish rule at (julto, and the movement rceetv- 1 was devastiting New <jrcnada almost unimpeded, 
 ed tlie sympatliy of the population tliroui^hout V'cne- ' nnd punishing the native populatlmi with the ernel- 
 zuela 'SciciMl hotly contested battles were fought, ; tie* iniierent In his race. But Bolivar wa.-i not Idle. 
 In which the popular troops pdneil signal sueet'a.es. At the eoimneucemcnt of the Revolution, he had 
 The fortress of I'u.'rto Cabello, tnie of the most Im- visited Kugland, to pun liase arms and to enlist the 
 portaiil in the province, fell hit" their iiaiulH. and sympathies of the British puiple. The friends he 
 was plae.'d r^oon after under the ketplng of the math' on (hat occasion now stood by him. Tle-y 
 I'mious Bolivar, wh ise name, witli that of .\Itranda, titled out a vessid nf war, fully e'.inipiicd, and 
 Ilia superior hi command at Iha', time, are aiiiopg stored with arms and animuiiltion for the thousand 
 
 mon, r11 of which ho duly reeelvod whon under the 
 protection of the British' ling. lie also collected 
 several negro regiments In llaytl, already drilled and 
 under \i.'vy fair dlHclpltne. The organization of ihU 
 force received Ids constant oerKonal attention ; aid 
 with It he at length set sail for Venezuela, llero 
 the clVort^ of the Spaniards had not ben very ener- 
 getically directed. Slorlllo unwisely contented hlni- 
 self with ovenunnlng ttrenatla, ant) tlu' neideuanta 
 whom Bidtvar had jert tiehind him, taklnt* ailvantago 
 of the error, had concentrated their alttMitlon chlelly 
 upon the neighbouring province, which renniineil 
 (Irni ill the no nlar (ratise. For a long time, how- 
 e\cr, per.-onid jeatousieH and rivalries among theso 
 leaders was a nd^chlevouH and almost fatal Impedi- 
 ment to the ed'orts of the eominander in-chief, who 
 fiiflcred several <Iefeats before he, received tiio 
 acknowledgment that was due him from his ov\ti 
 partv. Treaeherv in the p'lpular ranks also milled 
 to tlie dltlieullics' that he had to contend with, and 
 notwltlislandlng all his elTorts, thi^ Spaniards in a 
 few months obtained porf.-essltai of u vast territory 
 which had long denied their anthorlty. 
 
 But at this <l irk stagi' of all'iirs, a ray of hope sud- 
 denly gleamed upon the Insurgents. 'I'he Knullsh 
 captain who had been entrusted with thf vessel sent 
 out to Bolivar In tiie We t Indies, had shortly before 
 appetircd olT the coast of iinlana, where, in coneevt 
 with a native ehiefiain, a t^nccessful alt u-k was 
 made upon tin- Spanish forts, and In a few wcel.n 
 the entire province was freed from fiu'clgli yoke. 
 
 This sudden good fortune inspircil new hope> Into 
 Ihe people; iind almost blniuilaiieously willi an iii- 
 teiided expedidon into tireiiaila there appeared upon 
 theeoiist.i llotilhi from Kngland with strong rein- 
 forecini-iits in men, money, arms, and amiml'lon for 
 the popular cause. Bolivar now acted with dcter- 
 niineil rcsolulbm. (.'olleetlng all the forces at t is 
 eommand, be crossed the Anth-H, and feigning u 
 inaii'h through Vcnezucda, he, with a few rcgimeiita 
 of iuigllshnien, marched direct upon Bogota, driving 
 the few Spanish troops that he met with lief;ire lilni, 
 and without iiincli delay entering the eily i.i triiim{'h. 
 Here he re-i-stabllsbed the Congress aie'l org.uil/.ed a 
 govt rnment, placing Ceneral Saiitander In (ddef 
 command of the forces, and dellnlng ttie authority 
 of various subordinate deparlmcnts. l-'roni thia 
 time thi^ star of Spain did not recover Us aseendaiiey. 
 Morillo gradually retired before the victorion.- armies 
 of the iieiiple, and soon aflercoindudcd a six mouths' 
 truce. 
 
 But all dillleulties had not ceased. Bolivar hud 
 scarcely recognized Ids Irinmpb before the newa 
 was brought him that Arismcndl, om^ of his most 
 trusty generals, had permitted himself to be chosen 
 vice-president by the (.'ongre--s of Angostura, over 
 an otiiecr who hail bt^'ii jthiceil in that position liy 
 the Cominandcr-in-Chlef. An imniedlale iidMiiice 
 was made U|)ou Ihe place, Arlsineiuli \\as taken 
 juih(Mn'r and exiled, the formci' \ Ici'-piesidenl wart 
 replaced, and in a few months the two Congresses 
 of .New (inaiada and Venezuela were called to- 
 grther. and the provinces were at once united Into 
 (inc republic under the title (>f Colombia, with 
 Bolivar as President. 
 
 Although in one sense the eompiestwas uoweorn- 
 plele, the Spaniards continued for some time to give 
 trouble. Seven of the provinces td New tirenada 
 htiU remained subject to them, as also dlii two of 
 the provinces iiu Venezuela. Tiicy likewise lield 
 'Cartagena and I'anama. .As soon as Morillo had 
 ■ coinpleted the arrangement for the six nnmtli>* 
 , truce, he returned to Spain ; leaving (icneral .Miguel 
 I dc la Torre In chlrf ('(niiimmd. His departure wiih 
 : regarded with some suspicion by Boll\ar, who 
 feared that reinforcements might possibly be suit 
 I out In response to the represcnt.dioiis of the generul. 
 I He tu'verthelc-'S faithfully adhered to tlie t rum 
 1 under which lie had agreed to snspimd liosLllitleH. 
 ; But directly after the expiration <.f the period 
 agretd upon, determined to allow the enemy no 
 further opportunily of regaining strength, Bolivar 
 made a dchpcrate attiu'k ujio!' the army under La 
 Torre at i'arabobo, before which the royalist troops 
 gave way on all sides. The energy and rapidity 
 I with wiiii h the niovoiueiit was elii'cted jiaralyzetl 
 resistance. The native troops cut down their oppo- 
 nents in every direction, showing little mercy; but 
 rather a re.-olve to avenge the tyranny under which 
 they had so long sniTcred. Their losses in this short 
 j hut Inipoitant eonlllet, have been set by "'une as 
 I high as H,(NH) men, but while this Is probably III 
 ' exccBS, the actual amount was eertalidy very great. 
 j The whole of their l)aggage and lield artlUcry fell 
 Into the possession of the patriots, who thus gave 
 the Dual tilow to Spanish rule In Venezuela. It was 
 the decisive action of the nvolution. Cartage: a 
 soon after eanitulated, and the Spaniards were 
 driven succepHlvidy out of Buerto Cabe'Io and the 
 provlnecH of (Jcnfto, (iuayinpiil and IVto, all of 
 which were at once Incorporated Into the Bepublle 
 of Colomtda. 
 
 Simultaiieousb, wlllt tlic rising of the people in 
 

 174 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 Baoiios Ayros, of wliicli mention liaa. been iniule, or 
 aa sooii iifUT us the force of the niovoment eoiilj be 
 r.iilized, tiie l'.ir.i;iiiiyiiii8 iilso took ttrtloii in tlie 
 c.uiHe of iiiiii'penJeiU'o. Uiit tlielr elVorts were noon 
 (l>.-euietl, null til'-' liiHiory of llieni pret^ents little ttiiit 
 in uf interest. Then diHatlectlon took the form, in 
 thv^ Ilrot insomce, (tf active orgaiiiziition. Tlie le.ui- 
 ci'« Were truKtUtl by the |)eo|ile, uml a Juntt eoui- 
 1 1 iiiig a uuuiuer of the j>rlncipai inhabitant.-* was ut 
 once Ibrniett. As souu as this became known, the 
 Spanish aiithurilies tittcd out an army in Uueuos 
 Ayres under (Jeneral Belf^rano, l)ut it was defeated 
 with eonsiderable loss ; and from that time no iin- 
 
 fiortaut ollorts were iiiadu by Spain to strengthen 
 ler position in that rejtioii. We sliall have to n^eur 
 to tlie events in Paraguay, which was not fully 
 acknowledged as an inUepeu.ieut state till a recent 
 date, but in the ineanwiiiie we must return to the ^ 
 more striking occurrences tinit were taking place on 
 the opposite side ot tlie continent. I 
 
 The victories gained by Taioja over Carrera, the ' 
 leader of the iiatiiot forces iu C'iiill, led to the sub- 1 
 jpction of th.it province for a space of about three 
 years. The work was, Uiirlug that Interval, advanced 
 quietly in La I'lata, where regiments of armed men 
 weri: being claudcotinely but very etrcclually drilled 
 under tiie auspices of lieneral !San Martin, a leader i 
 oniy second to bolivar iu patriotic zeal and militury 
 genius. Nothing could evince the apathy of the , 
 ispunish comman<lcrs in America ut this time, more 
 completely than the mistake of alluwing this army 
 to be raised, equipped, and disciplined within terri- : 
 tory over wlilcu tuey at lea^t alfeeted to hold some 
 control. But no means, cerlninly no cITectual 
 means, were taken to interfere with the proceedings 
 uf San iMarlin, who, when ail was in reudine^s, 
 crossid tlie frouti.^r, marched into Cliili, gave liatlle 
 to the Spaniards at Cliucabuco, and d feated them 
 with great loss. The tide of fortune was changed 
 iu a KUbse(|Uent engagement, but success was as 
 cnorvaung to the Siianiar,;s as defeat. In this in- j 
 Blance more so, for, wliile leting in complacency 
 over the result of a victory gained again.-t tlie In— 
 Burgents at Chancharayada, tiie Chilian general slid- j 
 demy fell upon them with a strong force and routed ! 
 tliem conipietely, imtting all, exceiJt a very small i 
 number, to the sword. This victory was decisive, 
 though not linal, since tlie Siianish troops Ivept up a 
 (lesuliory system of warfare, clinging pertinacioii:<ly 
 to a few minor posts in the country, from wiience 
 they liad to be di.-placed by successive .itt.icks. It 
 took j)lace in the year 18. S, but a constitution was 
 not tliLilly completed till fifteen years after. During 
 the greater jiart of the interval, the nifairs of the 
 province were in the hands of a dlctiilor, and it is | 
 worthy of note that after the framing of the t'onstl- 
 tutioii nearly live years were occupied in consider- 
 ing aud umeiiding the drafi, before it w.is proiiiul- 
 gaied. But although this delay is strangely dlll'erent 
 Irom what a more energetic people would be likely 
 to tolerate, it wa.s prohahlv in great measure due to 
 tlie events that were enacting In the adjacent prov- 
 ince of fern. 
 
 This was the last of the colonies to give up al- 
 legiance to Spain. It his liecii a i|iiestion whether 
 the division of the suutlicrn provinces into tltree 
 separate jurisdictions, to which allusion has already 
 been maiie, dcliiycil or hastened tlie expulsion of ili'e 
 iSiianiards. Oiitlie one side, it is ur^ed that if the 
 division had not talvcu place, the loyalty that so 
 ioiig marked the Peruvians would have lieen shared 
 in t>y the whole of the provinces. On the other, it 
 is argued that If the division had not taken place, 
 Peru would have been carried along in tlie cmreiil 
 that roiled over I. a Plata and Chill, and tliat U lii- 
 dependence would have be.'U ace Miipltshed earlier 
 than it was. it matters little which view Ix; taken, 
 but the second seems to be the more reasonable, and 
 to be the bet.er warranted. Vet it only deluye 1 tlie i.^- , 
 sue a very sliort time. The events taking place In Chill j 
 were ii.it without their dlect upon tlie Peruvians, j 
 who beg.in to desire for themselves a ^llare of the j 
 freedom wiiieii tiicir neigijlionrs had won. Two i 
 years elapsed, during wiiicli the strengtii of the I 
 popular party tially increa.sed, till, at the end of that 
 time, San .Martin marched willi an army out of Chili, j 
 and succeeded, withoit niucli ditlleulty, in gaining 
 po-session of the capital. Itemaiiiing long enough ; 
 1 1 recruit the energies and mnnliers of his troops, ' 
 lie tlien attacked the Spaniards in the Held, aiid 
 drove tlieiii, after a sneee-slon of victories, irit'i tlie 
 interior. The inilnpeiideiice of the province was 
 forthwith proelaimed, and San Alarlln iiuincd pro- 
 tector. Bat the eni:iiiy were not yet tiiially defeated. 
 The Chilian general had tiecii unable to' follow up 
 Ills Bucce.ises, partly from 1 lek of iiien, and partly 
 from a w.iiit of nc.il among the people, who, while 
 li.artily sympatlii/.ing in ilie cause and hating the 
 Hpuniards, iie\ertlicle-s seemed to very niuidi prefer 
 thai the work of lilierution should he done for Ilieni, 
 tlian that they should he put to too much trouble 
 themselves. The Sp.r.iisii e imiihiinler ki'pt up for 
 ■ iniu time a haiMssing waiT:<i'e, wlilcli Sun .>la''tin 
 
 found himself unable to stop, and under those clr- 
 ciimstances lie sent messengers to Bolivar asking 
 for assistance. This was reuiilly granted ; but the 
 companilive failure which had reiniered the demand 
 necessary, combined with objections that had been 
 t:iken to other parts of his pidicy, liitd rendered San 
 .Martin iiiipoinilar. Diirin.r a temp nary absence of 
 tlie general, some Sp iiilsli forces had again entered 
 Lima, and raised once more the standard of Spain. 
 Bolivar, therefore, marched directly upon the capital, 
 the enemy deserting it on bis approac'i. lie did not 
 delay, but immediately setaliout crossing the Andes, 
 dcici'inincd to follow the Spanish troo])s till they ! 
 w ere either defoited or driven out of the country. ' 
 
 At the head of about ten tliousand men, he overtook 
 them on the plain:, of Jtniiii, and gained a great vic- 
 tory, the enemv being, to all appearance, utterly de- 
 moralized. Bofivar re'urned to i.,iiiia, leaving (icnerul 
 Sucre, a Colombian otilcer of much repute, to com- 
 plete the work, ho lilmrelf undertaking to reorganize ■ 
 uiid establish the government, which, nndcr Sau 
 Martin, had already grown inueh in need of reform. 
 But the tenacity with which the Spaniards clung to 
 their cause and to their i)osses8ions exceeded his 
 anticipations. Tliey concentrated at Ayaeueho, u 
 town and deimrtment on tlit* eastern slope of the 
 Andes, where they took up a strong position, and 
 prepared ftir what they could not '"uTl to see winild 
 be a llnal struggle, In the event of an unfnvourable 
 result, it wa.s'their lust stand ; but, like an animal 
 at bay, they did not shrink from the attack. Their 
 nimbers ut tills time were about nine tliouaand, and 
 the native army that was ajiproacliing them under 
 Sucre did not amount to six thousand, but they were 
 well disciplined though rough troops, and flushed 
 with many previous viclorles! They were lighting, 
 too, for llltcrly and nationality. 1 
 
 No time was lost in prelihiinaries. As soon us 
 Gcnenil Sucre had brought his troops well ii]!, he 
 gave the order, anil they rushed upon the enemy 
 with such Impetuosity that the Spuiiisli lines g.ive 
 way at tlic lirst o.i.n't. ' But, urged on by the untir- 
 ing" elforti of their olllcers, tlicy rullied, and for 
 three hours the light was waged wltli untlinehlng 
 determination by both sides, (ienerai Sucre set 
 un admirable e\ani])le at the tietid of his men, and 
 Ills personal courage In grc^it measure di^terniined 
 the day ; for williin tlie time mentioned the Span- 
 iards wcic irretrievably beaten. Their commander, ; 
 Lascrnu, who was also viceroy of the province, 
 was taken prisoner, anil .heir losses amounted 
 to nearly ;i,tHM) in killed, wounded, and prisoners. 
 The loses of the native army iliil not exceed a 
 tbinisind. | 
 
 I.aserna at once ugrceil to a capitulation. He 
 surrendered the rest of the army on the fleld, and 
 agreed to give u|i all the fortilled places, troops, and 
 munitions of war, that then remained in I'eru— thus 
 virtually signing away all claim which Spain had 
 ever had to her South American ijosscs.-lons, and 
 ending for ever her doininion cm the continent of 
 South .\meriea. This occurred on the ninth of Dc- 
 cenilier, IHii. 
 
 The subsc(|ueiit history of tlie several American 
 republics is. lor the most part, made up of a long 
 scries of internal dissensions, inlersp';rsed oecasion- 
 utly Willi inteniutloiuil dispiiles. While it Is not 
 onr pnrpo-e to llieorise on the causes whieli liave 
 jiroliulily led ti M'ry much of the civil discord, it is 
 not out* of place to refer tliem very prohubly to the 
 ilellcieney in slatesiiian:-lii|) which was, for the most 
 1)U t, illsfiluyeil by the men who gelded the colonies 
 1 1 iiidcpi'iid'eiice. Motives of iieisonal interest too 
 orteii Intliirnecd tlics ■ iiieii, who also showed a want 
 of attention to detiils which, ullhougli apparently 
 unimportant at the moinciit. liave proved of great 
 c iiiscipience since. At this day, many of tlie 
 b.iunduries of tl."se republics are undetined, and, 
 conseiiiiemiy, are a coiii-tant source of irritation. 
 The illllleulty of urranghig tlicse would not be great, 
 cspeciallv while the jiopiilulion is compurulively 
 siiiull. But interiiul je.iloiisles iiresent a gieater 
 obstacle than uny iiilicrent in the mattj'r under ilLi- 
 
 Iiute ; and the "development of the republics lias 
 leen proporlionallv relarded. 
 
 The policy followed by Bolivar himself, after the 
 I nttle of Ayaeueho, was in some respects Inexplic- 
 able. By the constitutions he iirciuiied, slavery was 
 abolished, but the abidillon was only on paper. 
 Slavery einilinned to be nraeticully a Peruvian Insti- 
 tution" till It »U8 formiilly put down by proclama- 
 tion in 1S..*». no one ha\ing previously altempted to 
 follow oul the law as originally framed. During 
 Bolivar's dictatorship, lie conceived the plan of 
 separating the southcusterii part of the province, 
 and lorming it Into a republic by itself. I'lils was 
 eltected, and Bolivia came into existence neconling- 
 ly ill iSJ.'i, with (ienenil Sucre as I'rcsidenl, and 
 Bolivar as eonstlintion maker. But tranquility did 
 not long endure, (leiieral (hunurra aspired to the 
 cliief maglstpiey, and Saere was banished, and very 
 speedily dfit-r tliat ass.isslnated— the respective in- 
 Uuonees of Bolivia and Peru being the cause for 
 
 several years of a scries of revolutions, anil the per- 
 petuatliin of anarchy and misrule. Marshal Santa 
 Criiz held the prcsideney for ten years, and was suc- 
 cessful in keeping the country hi a state of eoiii- 
 paralive repo.so. But he did so mainly through tlio 
 fact tliut lie united in his functions the two opposite 
 factions raised up In the first instuncc by Bolivur. 
 lie was at the same time Preshlent of Peru. This 
 oceu|>atlnn of the chief olllee in both States, wliicli 
 might have been tunu-ii to good account if there 
 had been the men to t^ike advantage of it, served 
 only for a time to satisfy those ojipostng and tur- 
 I Inilent Interests. A revolutionary movement ut 
 I length succeeded in the overthrow of Santa Cruz, 
 notwithstaiuling a popular demonstration in his 
 favour that sooii afterwards occurred. The laud was 
 now laid waste by civil war, to e.irry on w lileh tlic 
 best resources of the peoiilc became very severely 
 taxed ; and a country which began it« life under 
 ■ auspices tlie most favonratile, has been cursed with 
 poverty and much misery, through the Implacable 
 animositv of indlviilnalB who aspired to the supreniu 
 command of the government. Dr. Linares, who, ill 
 1S.5S, became dictator, though nominally prisident, 
 liau been the leader in nine unsuccessful iitteinpta 
 to upset the de fnvlo chief ; and he hud few sym- 
 pathizers, when, after a brief exercise of uulhorily, 
 lie WII8 cast into prison by some of his own siibor- 
 dinates. A new iiresident, named by Congress, was 
 next deposed by means of an insurrection raised by 
 (ienerai Mclgarejo, who, by sheer force of arms and 
 some militury geiiluB, rctiiliied bis position at the head 
 of the republic till he saw it united in an aHlance with 
 I'cru, Kcuador, and Chili, against Spain. Whether 
 sincere or not in the wish expressed, he now dcelured 
 that he would not continue in the iircsiileney ; and 
 he went so far as to order an election, ut the same 
 time proclaiming that he would not become a can- 
 didate. But when the popular voice turned in favour 
 of ills predecessor, who had been duly uppointed hy 
 Congress, but whom he now held in" close eontine- 
 nieiit, his resolve melted away, and in support of 
 bis own claims, he kept the country In a state of 
 civil war for seven years, ut tlie end of wliicli flnio 
 the lenders of the'opposlle faction were fiirced to 
 escape within the liiiiit^s of the Argentine confedera- 
 tion, lie now boldly assumed the position of dic- 
 tator, forced the Congress to acknowledge him in 
 tliat capacity, and went through the farce of pro- 
 eluiming anew the eonstltiilloii, and promi.-lng to 
 restore to the people the rights which had been 
 nominally secured to them by that instrument. For 
 it was only a farce. Mclgarejo continued to exer- 
 cise supreme control fill after two nnsiieeessful 
 attempts had been made to supplant him by (General 
 .Moniles. The third— which occniTcd in ISil— was 
 siicccssful, and the dictator lied into I'eru, where he 
 was soon after murdered. Bolivia is no exception 
 to the otlier Simth Amerieaii re|iiiblies, in having 
 thus brunded her early history with assassination, 
 civil war. anarchy, and discord ; lint if the peo| le 
 have snlTereil, not only in file lives of their bett-r 
 citizens, hut also in tlie detriment that lias thereby 
 fallen upon the niattm.il interest.-, of flieir own eoiii- 
 niuiiity, file fault lies entirely at their own doors. 
 Alfiioiigh the Spanish rule wu"s bad, the descendants 
 of the Spanish colonisfs have certainly failed, a.- a 
 general rule, to prove to the winid their capacity for 
 self-government. 
 
 The inliinalc relations lietwecii i'lTU and Bolivia 
 following naturally from flieir pesiliun and former 
 union leii to inclilents more closely iiittrwovcn tliaii 
 have yet been fully developed. One of the most liii- 
 portant events in tlie long presidency of Santa ( ruz, 
 to which refeienec lias been iiiade, was the Invasion 
 of Peru iiy that general ut the lieuii id' u Boliviuu 
 army, gaihered together ut the liulfation of the 
 i'eruvians, and wliieli resulted in the fe.epciiury 
 destruction of their untononiy. As in the .-t:.le«e 
 liuve jll^t been considering, there ftiiinwcii to tlie 
 ileelaratlon of Independence 11 sense of populiii- liis- 
 ail'cetlon and the develop" cut of pci'MPiiai jealousies 
 among would-be leaders in liie refinblie of Peru, it 
 was one of the factions thus formed, that with more 
 zeal than patriotism, invited Santa Cruz to come to 
 their aid. He dhl so, and fought inuiiy fierce battles 
 wit!i the opiiosing parties ; but be then forgot the 
 clrciiiiit-tanees under which his presence had been 
 Bidlelted, and forthwith taking advaiitiige of Ids suc- 
 cesses, lie overr.m the whole country, placed the in- 
 jiabitants under contribution, and had llilll^elr pro- 
 elaimed jmitector of the uiilled republics. The con- 
 federation thus formed laitcd till the overllirow of 
 Santa Cruz In Bolivia ut ilie insurrection of IKIllI, 
 lieuded by Velazco. The misfortunes of the Presi- 
 dent in Ills own stJile, encouraged the opjionent fae- 
 tioiis In Brazil to a new revoliition, and it was thus 
 tliat file confeilenitlon was brought to a close sliiinl- 
 faneoiisly with Veliizco's success in Bolivia, ticne- 
 ral (iumurra succeeded to the I're idcney if the 
 i'eruviau lepiiblic tlins separated once nii'r' from its 
 neigblionr, and iirobalily would have ellectcd some 
 uictul works. But his'deuUi in tlie butth' ut Ingavl 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 lui\ in/; 
 tiiilion, 
 n'lH U\ 
 
 llL'lt T 
 
 H'rcby 
 
 I coin- 
 tlonrs. 
 
 !lillUlU 
 
 lily fur 
 
 Uulivhi 
 fornuT 
 
 II tliiiii 
 )sl iiii- 
 
 (ruz, 
 viiMiini 
 Ii\iuii 
 if thci 
 UM-Miy 
 
 ll' Hi! 
 (> Illll 
 il-lllfi- 
 
 m.-'ics 
 II. It 
 
 iiHiro 
 111' Id 
 ..IIU'S 
 >l tlio 
 
 lii'i'ii 
 
 1 I-IK'.- 
 
 hc In- 
 
 r i.ru- 
 
 cun- 
 
 w I if 
 
 is:i!i, 
 I'real- 
 il fuc- 
 I lliti^ 
 ^iiniil- 
 IUmm:- 
 
 f tllR 
 
 ini ilH 
 tidino 
 njjavl 
 
 once more created n vacancy, which this time It 
 seemed (lilllcult to till. For sevcml years the coun- j 
 try was tlie scoiu' of civil wars, ciiniliu'tcil Kcncnilly . 
 U|iiiii iiriiu'l|ile» lit the iitinuHl liiirl):irily iiiul ciifiiul- 
 Ized with ucts of unH|iiii'ing cruelty, Biieli im coiilil 
 ouly liiive been |mriillelcd uiiilcr tlie iilil 8|iiiiilsli 
 rule, it w.ia nut iiiilil 144i>, when (iencrul Ciislilla, 
 after a ucrics of tiuccetisful eonttlcU, wu8 choucn to 
 the presidency under the Constitution, tliiit any- 1 
 thiii|r like peace was restored. L'listilla lind been 
 oriKiiially an ollieer in the iipunlsh service, lint he 
 joined the uriiiy of Independence mime time aftiT 
 tile liberation o{ Colombia, uiid wuh altuched to the 
 Btali'of (icnera! (ianiurni. After iicting us Miniater 
 of War for a Biiort spiice In tlie Peruvian rcpuiiiic, 
 lie liceanic Bceond in command of the army that In- 
 vaded Uolivia, and Ids numination to tiic presideney 
 arose out of the reputation lie iiad aci|uired in these ' 
 inovonients. Th.i scleetiou, viewed from a l*eruvian 
 I't.Diidpoliit, was amply justitled. Kxccpt that Ids! 
 policy was marived by extreme relit;ioUB ui);otry, he 
 udiiiiuislcrcd the uoviriimeiit with considerable 
 alidity. At the end of his term of olBce, ho was 
 succeeded by (ieneral Kchiiiliiuc, but avaiiinj; lilin- ' 
 self of the uiipuputarity of this man, lie insti,i;ated an ' 
 insurrection, and at length, after several iinportaut 
 Bkirmislies, he gained a complete victory over the 
 I'rosiiient's army in the neighborhood of Limn. This 
 once more placed him in supreme autliority, and he 
 at oiiec elleeted several necessary reforms. To liim 
 must he ^ivcn the credit of abidlsliing slavery, and 
 uf establishing a Constitution that gave the I'oru- 
 vians tile iirlvilego of universal sultra^e, Itiit he 
 also prohibited tiie exercise of all religions except! 
 the lionian Catholic, and imposed heavy penalties 
 upon any pcr.'«in iiif ringing against tlie decree issued 
 In the niaiter. A incisure of this kind was strictly 
 in accordance with the spirit of the people, and it 
 was looked on mtiier as an act of iiniral justice than 
 as one of iiitoleraiiee and bigotry. It was juslilied 
 by the surroanding.s, and therefore must not be 
 juJged liy the nioiv liberal sjiirit of the present 
 day and iinild cireumBtanccs wiiicli are diilennt. 
 I'lvsideiit Cii.-tilla, wlio altlniugli at hist in the 
 Bjianish .-ervice, was a I'enivlan liy birth, served Ids 
 country well, both in tlie Ihid and in tlie executive, 
 but lie did not escape the ordinary fate of South 
 American rulers. An insurrection of a formidable 
 chai'ucter was riUsi-d against him; one too, that was 
 then novel in s'liie a-picts. This was instigated by 
 one Vlvaneo, a man of much pcrsuiial uinbitioii and 
 power of liurigue, but far Inferior to Castiila in the | 
 quaiilic.ilion.s for government. Vlvaneo worked 
 upon a phin that hail not hitherto beiii attempted, 
 llie vessel wiileli had been sent out to Uolivar 
 from I'^iiglaiul with stores and Hmtnnnition to aid 
 his cause, had now grown into a very considerable 
 navy. Vlvaneo slircivdly judged tliat to giiiu this 
 woiild he to place hlin.self in a po^iilion beyond the 
 reach of Castiila. He therefore proceeded 1 1 wiu 
 over to his Interests the eoiiimaiiders of one vess I 
 after another, till, with the exce|ition of two .-mall 
 steamers, one of which was then on a distant cruise, 
 lie had the whole IVruvian licet at his dis|iosal. 
 With this he attempted to take Callao. I'rciiii.-iiig 
 hi.i intentions, Castiila had iirevioiisly garrisoned 
 tliat place witli a force uf f.nir hundred and forty 
 men, mostly Kiigii.-liiiien, under the eomniatid of a 
 for.igii artillery oilier. The attack be.;aii from the 
 licet in early nioniing, Vivaneii not doubting that 
 the forts would be uii ilde to make any scriou- reply 
 to his artillery, lint in this he was disappointed. 
 'I'hc cannonade was so vigorous and so well sns- 
 taiiii.'d that Vlvaneo was otiiigcd to give up the at- 
 tack and to haul olt his idiips, but nut until he had 
 siiilered consid'-rable loss, lioth in incii ami material, 
 lie cunteiited iiiinself now with taking pos:esslon of 
 Buiiie uf the islands belonging to Peru, and a part of 
 the coast of the iirovincc of .Vreipiipa, ami thereby 
 Kucecc.led ultiintitcly in bringing almut a diplomatic 
 dilference between the goverinii'eiits of Castiila and 
 tile Cnited States. 
 
 Many portions of tlie malnlanil are rieli in deposits 
 of guano, but the Peruvian laws gave permission to 
 foreign nations to collect tiial produce only from tlie 
 Clilneiia Islands, in opposition to that law, luit 
 armed with a letter of authority from the Insurgent 
 
 their ships from the coast of Arennipa. The 
 uvi'inment of Castiila resented this illegal liitcr- 
 
 generat, several United States captains unilertouk to 
 load 
 Kuveinn 
 
 lereiiec, denying >'lvaneo'8 right to exercise any 
 authority in the matter, and tliey seized the ships 
 and ill prisoned the captains uf two of tlieiii. The 
 men were liberated a day or two afterwards, liut 
 the U'aeliingloii govcnimeul demandeil the payment 
 of an Indeiniiity, and upon the deinand being re- 
 fused, tiiey withdrew their representative from 
 Liiiia. Tlie refusal, however, was stiililiorniy maiu- 
 ti.ined, and public opiniuii lias generally conceded 
 that the ai'tioii of the L'nited Slates was Hoinewliat 
 liasty, VIvaneo's pusitlon never having been other 
 than that of a rebel against t!ie esiablished goverii- 
 nieiit of the cuuntiy. The occurrence serveil, him- 
 
 ever, to cauflo Castiila to deprive Vlvaneo of wliat 
 footing he had gained on the mainland, and a<-eord- 
 Ingly an expeiiitiun was sent against Arci(iiipa al- 
 most iinmediately after the arrest of the foreign cap- 
 tatiiH. The rebels olTercd a vigorous resistance, but 
 the place was taken by storm, and m iiiy of the gar- 
 ri.son rere inassaereii. 
 
 Castiila now grew ambitions of more territory. 
 ife sent a strong force into Keuador, and in a short 
 s])ace succeeded so far as to venture upon the nomi- 
 nation of one of ills own olIlccrB to the presidency 
 of tliat state. Kut ho failed to maintain lilm tiieri^ 
 and tliereliy increased the number of Ids owr. ene- 
 mies at lioino, who, not strong enough to resist tlie 
 energy with wliicli he defended the government, 
 sought to assassinate him. His popularity witli tlic 
 army saved him more than once, and except for Ids ' 
 unsiiecesdful elforts to annex the territory of 
 Bolivia, lie might jierliaps have remained some time 
 longer In power. lie was succeeded to the Presi- 
 dency, In l!^i2, by (jenenil Han Uamon, but in tlie 
 fullowing year we find him In turn taking part In an < 
 insurrectionary movenient, and in tills kind of occu- 1 
 pation he continued, at intervals, till his death In 
 18(17. Although Imbued with the restless and revo- 
 lutionary sjiirit of ills countrymen, Castiila was a 
 sagacious ruler, an able soldier, and a man of much 
 energy and personal inlluencu over his fellow-men. 
 Peru owes much to him, but tlio control that he 
 exercised during his presidency was the stnmgcst 
 testimuiiy they gave to his merits. i 
 
 A coninion danger is often one of the best means 
 of reconciling disputants ; and a furcign war lias 
 often allayed civil discontent, at any rate for a time, 
 'i'his kind of remedy was ollcred to Peru, and In a 
 nieasuro It was successful, but not as com]ilctcly as 
 the Interests of the people recpiircd. Tiie cireuni- 
 stanee has already received a passing mention, hut 
 it must now be treated at some leiigih in order to 
 throw a trim light upon tlie conditions tliat sur- 
 rounded it, and to set forth in iirujier colours the , 
 perfectly unjiistiliable policy to which the Spanl.sh 
 governinent ap})ears to be ever ready to lower itself 
 for the purpose of gratifying evil passions. [ 
 
 Some land-owners in Talambo had procured a few , 
 colonists from the Basipie provinecs of Spain to , 
 work on their plantations. A dispute having arisen 
 between somi^ of them, the exeitcmenl ' spread 
 raphlly among all, and they sought to settle the dif- 
 ference by reeourse to violence. In the struggh? 
 two persons were killed and three or four were 
 wounded. The Peruvian courts Inimediately tool; 
 cognizance of the all'air. The utlenders were 
 speedily brought to trial, and judgment pronouno'd. 
 The ileeislcin of the h)wer court was appealed agiinst 
 in the ordinary way, and the .'.i..'.l oiiinion of the 
 superior bench was about to be rendered; which 
 shoidd have ended the ease legally, and therefore 
 satisfactorily. But before tills coiiid lie reached, an 
 envoy frum Spain made Ids ap|iearance on the 
 scene, in the person of one Senor .Mazarredo, with, 
 at his liaik, the Siianish Admiral Piiizun, and a lleit. 
 .Mazarredo made a request of the Pernv.an govern- 
 ment tliat ho should at once be recognized in 
 the charaelerof ciimniissloner, witli which he had 
 been Invested for the pni ;>use of arranging tlie (pies- 
 tion of indemnity for aUeged injiiiy su.-tained by 
 iripanish suljjects. But this woultl have been equiva- 
 lent to admitting that Peru was still a dependency 
 of epaiii, more cspeeially as the latter power had 
 never otiieially aeknowledgi'd tlic iiiile)ieiidcnco of 
 her former "colony. The I'eruvian government 
 therefore replied, ulieringto facilitate tlie mission of 
 Seiior -Mazarredu in every way possibh- ; but as the 
 term "eoininissloner " could not be detlned under 
 any iiiternatirmil law, and as they were desirous to 
 enter intii friendly relations with Senor Mazarredo, 
 they preferred to recognize liini as coidldentlai 
 Ui^ent, a designation that was well understood. 
 
 Thus far there are three points lobe noted the 
 view acted upon tiy Spain that the disturbances at 
 Talambo came vvltldn her powers of intervention 
 because she had never recognized the autonomy of 
 theUcpublle ; next, the fact that the Spanish goveni- 
 iiicut interfered wlieii the whole matter was in the 
 I'eruvian courts, and there awaiting judgment ; and 
 thirdly, the evident intention of Spain to make tlie 
 mutter u pretext for war. This last point is at once 
 made plain. Tlio fcccption of Scnur Mazarredo by 
 the Peruvian govornment was all that any reasonable 
 power, acting botii honestly and hononralily, could 
 tiesire. There w.is no necc.isity to admit tluy right 
 of the Spanish court to Interfere at that jtiiieture. 
 But, as an act uf courtesy, and to show the willing- 
 uess of the ltc|iublic to treat the whole question 
 upon an amicahle basis, Scnor.Maz, nio was oITcrcd 
 recugnition, not in the way that he dcinanded It, 
 widen was linpussibic, but in the only way that was 
 possible, and which, while it ultercii tlie forinaiitles, 
 left tlie practical nature of tlie iiilssion untouched. 
 
 The Spanish envoy iit once refused to aecido 
 to any modilleatlon of his deinand, and forth- 
 with leit Lima, liking the bellieuso precaution of 
 
 175 
 
 first addressing n momurondum to the foreign 
 powers, in wliiHi he siininicd up the claims of Spain 
 
 against Peru, and gave his own account of his n p- 
 
 tioii at Lim.i, and the n.iture of his coiiiiiinhicatiun 
 with the Peruvian government. Ho went to Cil- 
 lao. and thence, with Admiral Pinziin, sailed to the 
 Cliinelia Islands, where, coiiceiitratlng th • Spanish 
 fleet, they lost no time In moving to Intercept tlio 
 Pcnivian squadron at Cullao. This, again, was an 
 act tiiat was perfectly unwarranted by any interpro- 
 tutlon of International law or custom. Hut Spain 
 shows little regard for the amenities of civillzatliin 
 in her dealing with weaker r.o'vers. Tlic act was 
 cue of force, not of right. It '"ailed, nevertheless. 
 The Peruvian fleet, being umilile to compile with 
 any elmnee of success against its more powerful 
 enemy, took refuge under the foits of the city, and 
 Pinzon, rather than run the risk of attacking them 
 under those eunditions, withdrew tiie licet and re- 
 turned to the Chinclm Islands. Here a formal ile- 
 inand. In the name of both Ptiizon and Mazariedo, 
 was sent to the commander of a Spanish transport 
 tliat happened to be in harbour, and also to the 
 governor of tlio Islands, for their iinmculatc suneii- 
 uer; llfteen minutes only being allowed lor the 
 reply to be determined on. This reply was nut a 
 refusal, but a protest; the Spanisii force being an 
 overwhelming one compared with tliat at tiie dis- 
 posal of .Mazarredo. It was met by the lanuing of 
 .VH) Spanish marines and sailors, and tlio immediatu 
 hoisting of tlie Spaiiish flag at the port and the 
 gubernatorial residence. The govenior. captain of 
 the jiort, and principal olllcers of tlie transpoit, wi^e 
 also arrested and placed under close guard. 
 
 As soon as these proceedings lieeame known ut 
 Lima the utmost excitement prevailed, and u degieu 
 of patriutisin was exhibited such as had never lnen 
 displ lyeil under the internecine civil qiiarnls that 
 had marked the previous history of the country. All 
 classes united In one oiler of their services in ile- 
 fenee of the national liimour, and both men and 
 money, to the hill extent of the people's aliility, 
 were inimediately iilaccd at the disposal of the 
 government. The foreign residents also iiiel and 
 proirered their assiSLaiicc and sj-mpatliy. Sev- nd 
 companies of (jiermans and Italians were at uimo 
 organized for actual service ; tlio citizens of the 
 United States passed rcsulntions of eondulcnce, 
 drawn up majbe with more zeal than dl-ereliun, hut 
 fully expressive of lirni sympathy; the Knglish suit 
 liuiiic an apjieai fur Ilritisli intervention against 
 Spain; and even the Spanish residents tiieniscives 
 ciiteivd their pruicst. '1 hey electeil a deputatiun to 
 wait iipun Adnilrai PInzoii for the purpose of requesl- 
 Ing ol liim the deliverance of the Peruvian pro- 
 vinces; they also passed resolutions expressing 
 their gratitude tu the Peruvian antliorltlee and the 
 Poi-nvian people for their noble eondnct tuwaids 
 them during 'he exeitemeiit ; and they adopted 
 rci-oiiitiuMs to i-ciid at once a eomniission to Spain to 
 lav before t^uecn Isabella a statement declaring that 
 all Spaniards resident in Peru enjoyed the must 
 ample guarantees, and needed iiii additional prutee- 
 tioii from the liuine governinent. 
 
 The feeling whieli thus fur a moment beeaine 
 dominant in Peru, was hardly less intense in the 
 uther South American republics. In Chili it was 
 dovloped most strongly, and led to some chiingcs 
 in the ministry. Sigiior Toconial, the Minister of 
 the Interior, and Sigiior Saolarria, the .Minister of 
 Finance, n.'.l^ned in favour of Alvaro, Covarrublas, 
 and Alexander Keycs, who were thonght mure 
 nearly tu represent the pupular sentiment ; and 
 Congress at once decreed that Spaiii-h war-vessels 
 should he forbidden tJi use any Chilian port, i Itlicr lo 
 coal or relit. T'wo million dulliirs were likewise 
 voted for the purpose of increasing the navy liy the 
 addition of two steam frig.ites from Kngland, and 
 resoliitUins were come to, with great unanimity, in 
 favourof making common cause with Peru in case of 
 open hostilities following the acts of war committed 
 liy Piiizon and Mazarredo. 
 
 Strange as it may seem, tlic spirit of dlsscnsiun 
 among themsilvcs, which we have had occasion 
 often to note as cliaractertstic of tlie people of these 
 countries, was not allayed by the danger that threat- 
 ened in Peru. An appeal was made to Congress by 
 the govenunent for n grant of ton millions, and for 
 permission to ineroasc the army and navy, the for- 
 mer to any required extent, the latter to thirty 
 thousand men. This, and more, was Ininicdiutely 
 conceded, the money grant being raised to llfty 11111- 
 lions, with the condition only that the manner of 
 expenditure should he fully reported to Congress. 
 Otters of aid came In from Chill, Holivia, F.euador, 
 Colonihla, Vonczuclu, and the Argentine Kepnhlie ; 
 and tiio jioliey of an imniodiatt; declaration of war 
 by Peru against Spain was reciMnmendcd. But tlie 
 Peruvians could not make up their inliids. In other 
 weirds, they could not agree amongthem elves what 
 should be done. Congress met anushuwed anything 
 except unanimity, ft was only after a twenty day 
 discussion, of very stormy cbaractir. that they sue- 
 
 H 
 
 i\ 
 
me 
 
 170 
 
 ci'C(l(^l In pasulni; tt law of two clauses, but of a 
 very v.i ;iiu ill ir.icIiT. In tlic llr.-t part the executive 
 was rLMj.iiiiHl t.i make use of every orillnary anil cx- 
 tiMiiiiil.iary means wlileli were legally wltlilii Its 
 ji-iwi^ra to (k-fcnil by force the Integrity of the na- 
 tional lerrit'.'ry. In tile second, llie executive was to 
 in.iiie war uiion Spa.n, as a last resource, U th j Chlncha 
 Islands were not restored uuil tii<' Hag saluted; to 
 obtain which end it was empowered to employ, in 
 conforjuity with its constitutional privilegos, every 
 means allowed by the law of nations for entering 
 Into oUlcial relations with the Spanisli government 
 The laelc of decision here displayed was followed, 
 very naturally, by dissatisfaction at the manner in 
 which the executive dlscliurged their now functions, 
 and the ministry had to resign. Signor Caideron, 
 who now assumed the olBee of Foreign Minister, at 
 once addressed a letter to the diplomatic body which 
 evinced an inlontinn on his part of acting with tlic 
 energy demund.'d by the voice of the people. He 
 knew that the sympathies of the foreign representa- 
 tives were witli him, for those had already met and 
 expressed their regret at the manner In which Pinzon 
 and Mazarredo had violated the law of nations liy 
 their acts of hostility. But he went no further than 
 his predecesiors liad done, and Congress tlien began 
 to recognize the expediency of acting with more 
 resolution. Still their advance was of a very licsita- 
 tive cliaracter. They agreed upon certain resolu- 
 tions, and, what wa.- the more remarkable, the vote 
 was unanimous. These resolutions were to the 
 efleet that the executive siiould give the necessary 
 orders for eireeting the removal of the Spanish 
 forces from tlie Ciilncha Islands s""! should report 
 to Congress witliin eigiil days ; also that the execu- 
 tive slioulU not open any negotiations witli the gov- 
 ernment at .Madrid until the restoration uf the Islands 
 bad tieen ucconiplisiied. 
 
 But time was still wasted. An nllimatnm accord- 
 ingly reached Lima from the autlioritles at Madrid, 
 before anytiiliig had been done to vindicate the na- 
 (ionai honour ; and it iip|)cars to Inive friglitcncd the 
 IVruvians consider ilily. Tlie Spanish government 
 now demanded a full and immediate satisfaction for 
 nil the alleged grievances, and in defaidt of their re- 
 ceiving it, tlio envoy, (ien. l*areja, was to proceed at 
 once witti the l>oinbariiment of all tile maritime 
 porta and the destruction of tlie Peruvian licet. In 
 tills diienuna a convention of tlie si.K rt^pubiics was 
 called to meet at Lima for con8nit.ition.and advice. 
 it was there decided that in the event of any further 
 liostilities on the part of Spain tile seven states 
 would act In accord^ and a notillcatlou to tiiat effect 
 was transmitted to Vare^a. Hut he rernsed to ac- 
 Lnowledge the convention, and declined to hold any 
 conimiinication whatever except with the TeruYian 
 government. More tcniporiziiig followed this re- 
 solve, and a coniniis.-ioner in the person of VIvanco 
 was .■^ent, witli full powers, to the (.'hinclia Islands 
 to treat with the .Spanish aiiinirai. The basis upon 
 vvhieli he was to act was a general concession to tlie 
 demands of Spain, on condition tint Spain would 
 neknowiedge tlie indep; ndence of Peru, and retire 
 li'oiu the islands. At one lime tills mission looked 
 li.u'ly to be successfiil, but a com|ilcte agree- 
 ment seeming afterwards improbable, Pareja ap- 
 jie.ircd Willi his squadron before Cullao, and upon 
 tiiat a treaty of peace was speedily arrived at. Hy 
 t!ic terms agreed ujion, Sp lin was to restore the 
 Ciiincha isluiids, and Peru was to accredit a minister 
 to the government at itadrid ; to receive tile Spanish 
 <!nvoy as a " Special Commissioner" In the matter 
 of tile Taiamlio riots ; to conclude a treaty of peace, 
 n.nlty, navigation and eomineree ; to liquidate all 
 the eiainis of Spanish subjects ; and further to pay 
 an iiideiiiullicatlon of three million pesos to cover 
 tic expenses incurred liy Spain since tile refusal of 
 Pern to treat with her about the conclusion of 
 peace. i 
 
 The treaty was duly signed and concluded, and 
 a mutual intercliange of salutes followed. But It is 
 lia.'dly to be supposed that an arrangement so liu- 
 inillatlng could receive tlie uuanlmous U|iproval of 
 the people. It gave rise to inucli excitement and 
 liidlgnatlon, ttiid to some dangerous encounters be- 
 tween Peruvians and Spaniards, both In Lima and 
 <.).illao. Colonel Prado, tlio governor of Arequlpa, 
 beaded the malcontents, and openly declared that 
 tlic President had insulted the Kepulilie by the 
 
 Iieaee ho liad concluded. In this lie was sustained 
 ly t'.ie entire population of Areiiuipa, Cuzco, Puno 
 and ilogncqiic ; and the wtiole of tlie southern por- 
 tion of the state declared for Prado and war. This 
 Keal for the national cause In that particular locality 
 w.is probably due largely to the state of feeling In 
 Cliili, where, from a sympathy for Peru, the people 
 had been driven into a personal feeling in the matter 
 In dispute, and tlius one republic urged on the other. 
 i<paln had protested against tlie part taken by Chill 
 It the beginning of the year, but mutual explana- 
 tions followed, and the prospect of any further dtf- 
 lieulty for a time disappeared. The Spanish govorii- 
 ineiit, liowcver, subseiiiiently rei>iidiattMl tlic, acts of 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 J 
 
 its cuvoy, and ordered Admiral Pareja, as soon as he 
 had settled with Peru, to go with a squadron to Val- 
 paraiso and demand iniinedlate and more ample 
 satisfaction. 
 
 Tills order was obeyed. Pareja arrived at Valpa- 
 raiso In tlie Ville do .Madrid, and sent a despatch to 
 tlie Minister of Foreign Affairs, In which ho stated 
 the object of his mission, aud the grievances of 
 which he had to complain. These were of the most 
 puerile kind. One was that some Cliliiau citizens 
 who had uttered some cries hi the street opposite 
 "her Most Catholic Majesty's Legation," had not 
 been sulllclently punished ; another was that a 
 Chilian newspaper had published something against 
 Spain and against the things that were dearest to 
 Spaniards ; and there wore others respecting the 
 refusal of the Chilian authorities to allow Spanish 
 men-of-war to coal In Chilian ports. For these 
 grievances the admiral now demanded satisfaction, 
 and gave four days for consideration. If an answer 
 was not returned by the expiration of that period, 
 diplomatic relations between Spain and ChUi were 
 to cease, and the demand was to be enforced If 
 necessary. But the spirit evinced by the Chilian 
 government is In marked contrast to the temporiz- 
 ing pnsllianlmlty of the Peruvians. The Minister 
 of i oreign Affairs, S\,nor Alvaro Covarrublas, in a 
 despatch dated on tlie fourth day after the demand 
 had been made, reviewed each section of I'areja's 
 letter with considerable skill. He averred that tlie 
 alleged disturbances. If so tliey can be called, which 
 had taken place before tlie Spanish legation, Invoked 
 no Insult wiiutcvcr to the Spanish Hag, and tliat that 
 fact iiad already been acknowledged by the Sjianish 
 government, and by Admiral Pareja himself. Tlie 
 iiubiication of tlie articles complained of in the San 
 Martin newspaper, had been olready dealt with ; 
 and with reference to the non-coaling of Spanlsii ves- 
 sels in Chilian ports, the Minister insisted that that 
 decree had been Issued when there appeared to be 
 a state of ai^tuai hostilities In existence. Under the 
 circumstances the Cliliiau governincnt refused to 
 admit any degree of culpability In the premises ; 
 and Seuor Covarrublas ended his disjiatch by " pe- 
 reiiiiitorily and ttrmly refusing the liumiliatiiig and 
 disgraceful proposal tiiat tlie Spanish flag should be 
 saliitcd by tlie guiia of the Kepubiic." 
 
 This was not the kind of answer that the Spaniard 
 had looked for. lie therefore offered to give the 
 govornineiit a further respite of two days duiing 
 wliicli to rccoiK'ider the determination. But tlie gov- 
 ernment stood firm, and in the course of a reply to 
 a second ultimatum tlie Foreign Minister used these 
 words : — 
 
 " Tlie government of the Uepubllc henceforth re- 
 fuses, whatever future contingencies may arise, all 
 demands for Indemnilieation arising from the eiii- 
 pioyment of tile forces at the command of tliu Span- 
 ish Admiral. The entire ami exclusive responsi- 
 bility of the incalculable evils which the coming 
 coiillh't will bring to Cliiii and her people, foreign 
 as well as native, must rest upon tlie oppressor, 
 upon tlie government of Spain and its agents, who 
 wish to submit tlie Kepubiic to the most tlistrcsslng 
 and injurious proceedings, witliout a siiadow of 
 justice, witliont even a plausible pretext. Conse- 
 ([uentiy, this govcrnnient will reclaim from that of 
 Spain the ainplest and most complete reparation for 
 all damages that may be sustiiliicd by Chill growing 
 out of the present dillleultlcs." 
 
 The most energetic measures now followed. The 
 entire diplomatic corps met in Valparaiso, and sent 
 a strongly worded i)iotcst to the Spanish admiral. 
 But this lay unheeded. Congress was convened, and 
 a declaration of war against Spain agreed to unani- 
 mously. The executive was antliorized to raise a 
 loan of twentv miilioiis for the purposes of the wor, 
 and uulimiteit power- were furtiier conferred upon it 
 to increase boili the army and navy to any strength 
 that nilglit be nccea ary in defence of tlie country. 
 All embargo was laid upon the property of Spaniards 
 witliin the Uepublic. Spanish subjects were placed 
 under close vigilance of the civil authorities. Cus- 
 toms ilntles were relaxed. Means of communication 
 between many places in the interior were opened up. 
 
 Telegraphs were coiistrnctod ; and the ministry, 
 cordially aiderl liy Congress, succeeded In maintain- 
 ing perfect eonlldenee in the national credit. 
 
 Meanwliiie the Spanish admiral, with ciiaracteris- 
 tic bravado, iiiKlcrtook more than he found he cimid 
 accomplish. The force at his ccnninand consisted of 
 six frigates— the Villa do Madrid, Kesoluelon, Nu- 
 inancia, Blanca, Berenguda, and .Marquez do la 
 Victoria ; besides two gunboats. lie therewith de- 
 clared the lilockade of forty ports ; but was glad 
 almost Immediately after to reduce the number to 
 six. Even this be found hlinseif unable to main- 
 tain, and again he reduced the number to four ; a 
 sad falling off from his Hrst pretensions, and one 
 which involved a mistake of very considerable im- 
 portance In case it shoulil be availi'd of. But not- 
 wltlistandlng this, sinno Chilian vessels of war— the 
 Usmeralda, corvette, and the cteamcrs Indcpendencia 
 
 I and Malpa— got through the blockading squadron, 
 I and were soon after heard from In two or three ae- 
 itlons, which rcllected great credit on the Chilian 
 navy. A launch belonging to the Spanisli frigate 
 I Kesoluelon fell In with the Inilependencia, a small 
 I tug, off tlio coast, and brought lier to with a sliot 
 i across her bows. Forty men immediately after 
 boarded tlie steamer and claimed her as a prize. 
 But her officers and crow iirot^stod against tills sum- 
 mary proceeding by seizing the Spaniards, placing 
 tlicm fii Irons, taking the launch In tow, and deliver- 
 ing up the whole of them In the port of Maule. Tills 
 Hrst success was soon after followed by another of 
 more importance. The Esmeralda, wliUe cruising 
 off Panudo, descried the Spaulsh gunboat Covadoii- 
 ja, and at once gave chase. She rapidly came up 
 with her, ond, getting Into close quarters, managed 
 to pour shot after shot into her witli telling effect. 
 The Spaniard replied vigorously, and the contest 
 was carried on by both sides with groat spirit for 
 about half an hour, when the Sjmnlsh captain 
 hauled down his flag, having two men killed and 
 fourteen wounded, tils gun practice had been so 
 wild, that notwithstandiiig he had expended as 
 many round shot as he well could witliin the time, 
 the Esmeralda was absolutely unhurt The Cova- 
 donla, altliough needing repairs, was a useful vessel 
 to the Chilian navy. The prisoners secured In lier 
 were seven officers aud a hundred and (Iftccn men. 
 For this action, which produced a great moral effect 
 on both sides, tlie commander of tiie Esinoraida, Uoii 
 Juan lo Kobolledo, was promoted, and received the 
 liighest honors from the people ; but Admiral Pareja, 
 oil hearing of the oeciirreuce, eommitted suicide. 
 Tlie command of the Spanish squadron thus devolved 
 upon Commodore Nunez, whoso lirst act was a 
 further acknowledgment of weakness— the raising 
 tlie blockade of every Cliilian port except Valparaiso 
 and Caldera. 
 
 Except for the broach of faith of which Sjiain 
 was guilty In disavowing the action of her Cliiirge d' 
 Affaires In Chill, and making new demands upon tlio 
 Chilian government, it is quite possible tiiat tlie dis- 
 affection' sliown in Peni over the treaty made with 
 Pareja miglit have died away witliout producing any 
 very serious conse(piences. But the tone that was 
 adopted by Covarriililas vcrv much strcngtliened the 
 policy taken by Colonel Prado In Arequlpa, who 
 found his adlicrents rapidly Increasing from dav to 
 day, not In his owu district only, but throughout tiie 
 northern provinces. lie now declared openly against 
 the government. Colonel Noya was appointed com- 
 mander of the revolutionary forces In the nortli, and 
 sustained at first a few reverses. But Prado inarclicd 
 with ten tliousand men upon Lima, being reinforced 
 upon his way by a number of Noyii's troojis, who 
 had retired from tlie coast for that purjiosc. Arrived 
 about six miles from the capital, (iencral Prado in- 
 countcred a force of about half the number of his 
 own army, and a furious battle was tlie result The 
 revolutionists suffered severely, butmaiptaiiied their 
 giimnd, and on the following day entered Lima with 
 but little ojipositlon. They marched direct to tlie 
 principal platz, intending to seize possession of tiio 
 jiaiace and tlie President^ In tills attempt they met 
 witli a determined resistance from u band of" gov- 
 ernment troops under Ccladores, every one of whom 
 perished in the ciniflict In the iiiidsi of the tumult 
 the President escaped to an English man-of-war that 
 was lying In the oiling, and twii days afterwards the 
 MinlBterof War surrendered both lilmself and the 
 fort of Santa Catiilina to the revolutlonaiy general. 
 The presidency was now conferred ii|ion Genend 
 Canseco, and the whole population speedily con- 
 sented to acknowledge the new govcrnnient. Pezet 
 was oiliclally declared to be a traitor and an assassin, 
 and an attempt was made, but unsiiccessfnily, lo 
 liavc hhn given uji from under the protec.lon of tlie 
 Bruisli flag for trial and condemnation. Ills frleiiils 
 and adherents were removed from olllce, and some 
 of them ordered to leave the country. Yet this ar- 
 rangement was but temporary. The elevation of 
 Canseco was perhaps a mistake, excejit so far as it 
 proved to himself tiiat hi; was not tlic man for the 
 jieople at this crisis. In a few montlis anottier revo- 
 lution was accomplished, this time without any 
 shedding of blood. Canseco was rcmovcil anil 
 (Tcncral Prado elevated to the Dictatorship liy the 
 unanimous voice of tile nation. This choice was 
 fully jiistifled by events, (iencral Prado had already 
 shown himself a man of singular energy, and one 
 quite competent to ace tlie state of public opinion 
 and to feel tiie pulse of tlie nation. The fuiida- 
 : mental basis of his pidicy was still the same— a nioro 
 ' dignified attitude towards Spain. But he saw tlie 
 necessity of preparing tlie way for what lie foresaw 
 i must tie ttic consequences of sucii a policy. Ae- 
 cordlngly, the state of the public treasury received 
 i his first attention. He insisted on the exercise of 
 ! an increased economy In every deiiartment. Several 
 ' otilces wore abolished, and the admlnistiatioiiof the 
 law was made more simple and speedy. Taxes 
 I were levied upon many articles of exportation, and 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 177 
 
 privileges 1111(1 iiionnpiilli'X, Knintt (1 by iinn'lou»gov- 
 CTiimmls, 1111(1 which .vieUhnl ii(>lhiii);t(>tlK^r('V('iiiU'S, 
 Wi'ta frtoppc'il. Muiiiiwliilc, ii(!K()tiiUi(iiW'vv(!re beiiiK 
 aolivdy ciinica nii wllh the Chlliiiii tiDVcriiinciit, uiiH 
 ua it iissured ut their »iicce8nf ill issde, n nimibor (if 
 vcbscIh were 8(.'lze(l uiid detained in the lisirbnurof 
 Dullno, uiuh r 8iis|)l('i(iii of their lieiii); iii|^'(i;;id in 
 carryhig 8iiii|ilies to the Spaniard-". A (Kfensiveand 
 (illenslve Iniaty between tlio two repuhlies was eon- 
 eluded on ihe 5th of Deeenibor, ISC'i, ratllled on the 
 l^itli u( the »anio month, and war apiiiist Spain de- 
 clared on till' Utli of the followiii;; January. 
 
 Thu aetivity thus displayed waa not allowed to 
 abate. The deelanition of war waa received tliroii)j;h- 
 iiiit both republics with the irrealeat entliUBlaain and 
 even rejoleiiiK, ua iin cvl lenee that tlie national 
 Iionour would now be vi';dleated. The Peruvian 
 8(iiiiidron alnioat imniediiitely set sail to join the Meet 
 of the ullie,<, but aullered aevere loas In tlie founder- 
 ing of one of their hirgeat aliipa, the Ania/.otiaa, of 
 44 guii.'f. The coinliined force eonsl.>(|(.d of seven 
 vussel.H, with 167 rilled guna of heavy calibre. It con- 
 centrated Ural near the Island of Chllnc, and here, on 
 the 7tli of Kebniary, aided the land lialteries in the 
 port of San Carlos in resistiiiL' an »ll;ick from a part 
 of llio enemy's aciuadron. 'fiie alfair lasted nearly 
 two houra, at the end of whleli time the .Spaniards 
 retired without haviiif? either received or^jivcn much 
 daniu^je, mid returned to Vulpiraiao, tlie only port 
 under blockade, where they pniiiarej to eoininit one 
 of the most dastardly ads that lias been recorded in 
 the history of ci\ilized warfare— the hoinbardnieut 
 of an uidefended city. 
 
 Tlic time that intervened before tliia was taken lul- 
 vantago of by the diiiloiiiatic corpa and forei^fii 
 comniandcrs to attempt to elleet some kind of an 
 arrangement as a preliminary to pcaei;. But Admi- 
 ral Nunez would not consent to iiielude I'ern or any 
 of the sister republics in the terms, and the Chilian 
 iiiinister very lion(Uirablv r(^fiised, therefore, to 
 listen to them, (leneial l\ilpalriek and CominocUire 
 Hodgers, of the riiilod States I'aeilie lleet, espe- 
 cially exerted theiiiselvcH in the iutereats of peuee, 
 and viith a view to tlic protection of the lives and 
 property of United States citizens in Valparaiso. 
 JJut their eltorts were rendered nugatory bv the ol)- 
 stiiiaey of the Spanish adniiriil. The arrival of 
 Commodore De Coiiiey, of the British I'aeilie srpiad- 
 roil, brought about li meeting of the diiilomatlc 
 corps, and further elfoits to arrange terms that 
 would save the city. But thcv, too, were useless, 
 and were followed by a manifesto from the Spanish 
 admiral, which, for talsillialion of tlie ciicunistaneei. 
 1111(1 grand'liKpieiil jnstilication of his own eondnct, 
 could scarcely h;ive been surpassed. Tills went forth 
 on the :i7th of the month, and witli it a notice that 
 the bonibardment would comineiiee on the aist. A 
 nie.'ting of foreign residents was held, and the pro- 
 tection of their resiicclive guveriimeiita waij 
 Boliciied. But at tills juncture a diilerence of 
 oiiinion arose among the' representatives of foreign 
 iiowera. Oeneral Kilpatriek invited tlie Knglisii, 
 Krcneli, Ilailaii and I'eruvia i ministers to meet him. 
 But the two tlrst named, very re.isonably, and in ac- 
 cordance with internallonul law, (leeliiied, on the 
 ground that force could not be used, and that except 
 with that nothing could lie done in tlie direetion 
 wliieli all had at heart. Two strong-worded protests 
 were now jireparcd, ami forwarded to Admiral 
 Nunez, the one signed by the eomnils of France, 
 Kngland, and the Argentine Kepublle ; the idlier by 
 the conauls of the United States, I'ortiig.il, Dcii- 
 iinirk, Austria, Hanover, I'riisaia, BremiMi, Swilzer- 
 land, Oldenburg, Brazil, Italy, Colombia, Sweden 
 and Norway, Hamburg, Sail Salv.idor, and the 
 Sandwich Islands. The fiilhnviiig is the eoiicliiding 
 paragrupli of tlicae jirolests, wliieli were nearly 
 Identical In form : — 
 
 " History will certiiinlv not present in Us annals 
 any event which can rival in horror tin' picture 
 which will be presented by the bomhardment of this 
 city. It will be an net of "vengeance so teriilile that 
 the civilized world will shiuMcr with horror in eoii- 
 templating it, and tlie reprobation of tlii^ eiitiri^ 
 wiirld will fall upon the power which may iiavi^ car- 
 ried It out. The burning and destruction of Valpa- 
 raiso will be Ihe certain ruin and destruction of a 
 llourlahlng city ; hut hi your excellency well per- 
 Huaded Unit it will also be an eternal blot upon 
 Spain, v'alpamis.i will rise from her ashes, out 
 never will the stain be wiped out which sullies tlie 
 Hag of Spain if your excellciiey persists in carrying 
 out so cruel an attempt. If, notwitlistandlng all, 
 yinirexcellcncy carries ll; out, we aliall llnd ourselves 
 under the inevitable m^eessity of protesting in the 
 moat aolenin manner, aa, in elleet, we do now |irotcat 
 au'aiiist BUeli proceeding, as againsl the biteresls of 
 our eonstitiienta, resenlng to our governni(!iits the 
 right to n^elaim from the goveniment of her Calholle 
 M.ijesty the eiiorinoHs taiurles wiileb these citizens 
 will aiilfiT. Wo protest In the face of the civilized 
 world, ugiilnst the eonstininnttlon of an net whUdi iii 
 In coutradlctlon to the (.ivilizatlou of the age." 
 
 strong and truthful an this language was, it was 
 receivecronly In contemptuous silence. In response 
 to another appeal from the foreign residents. Com- 
 modore Hodgers expreased Ida inability to Intervene 
 on the part of the United States furtlier than he had 
 already done ; and a proclamation issued by the 
 Chilian minister urgbig the people to have eoiill- 
 deiiee, tliat, come what might, nothing dishonour- 
 able woulu be acceded to by the government, re- 
 signed them apparently to the fate which the brutal 
 Nunez had promised them, lie was for once true to 
 his word, even though it won for him and for the 
 whole Spanish nation the just execration of the civil- 
 ized world. 
 
 On the inomlng of the 31st of March, tho British 
 men-of-war SuUeJ and LeanUer, the French frigate 
 Kgerle, and tho United States lleet, anchored at the 
 entrance of the port, and soon afterwards the Span- 
 Isli B(|uadron, consisting of the Kesoluelon, Nuinan- 
 cla. Villa de Madrid, Bhuiea, Veiieedona, I'aiinete 
 de Maule, and the Bercnguela, approached the city. 
 The Kesoluelon took up her station opposite the 
 railway depot, the Villa do Madrid and Blaiica were 
 about 000 yards from the Custom House, and the 
 Vencedona lay close In shore and gave her attention 
 chielly to hiispltala and private houses. Shortly 
 after nine o'clock two guns were tired from the 
 Nninaneia, as a signal to begin, and at eight min- 
 utes paat, the tlrst shot was lired from the Blam^a, 
 amid alioiita of " Viva el Kelna " from the seamen of 
 the lleet. Not a liaiid was raised, nor a gun tired to 
 realst this most dastardly attack. The city was. In 
 fact, unprotected. Under these eirciinistances, for 
 tliree long hours the Spaniards went bravely on, at 
 the end of v.'hich time tliey had tired some ;i,(K)tl 
 allot into the city, ehlelly ii:i and 08-poundera. Two 
 days previously," Nunez had aeiit a retiucat that the 
 hospitals, and other buildings of a like kbid, ahoiild 
 be (llstingiiislied with a while Hag. This was done, 
 but it wiis not heeded by the Spanish gunners, who 
 paid no regard to the nature of the places they were 
 destroying. Hospitals, ehiirches and jirivate houses 
 aull'crcd the same fate as the Custom House. Bourse 
 Intendencia, and other iiublie edlllees. Red hot 
 shot were used In large iiiiiiibers with the object of 
 setting tire to the city ; and tiiey were sueeessfiil. 
 A large porllon of It waa destroyed by lire, and 
 every building along tlii^ shore utterly demolislied. 
 
 At eight minutes after twelve o'clock, a algnal 
 appeared from the Numancia to cease tiring. The 
 licet then got under way, and came to their old 
 ancliorage, thus bringing' to an end the act which 
 was forever ■'> redound to the Ignominy of the Span- 
 ish character. The value of projicrty (lestroyed was 
 estimated at over ten inllllonsof dollars, of w'liieh by 
 far the greater portion belonged to foreigners. 
 
 Ill the manil'eslo prepared by the diploiiialie body 
 for the infoimation of tlicir respective governmcnis, 
 the nature of the bombardiiieiit was boldly de- 
 scribed, and the document atands as an olllcial record 
 of the liiliuimmlty with wiiich the Spaniards acted 
 on the occasion. For that reitson, if for no other, it 
 aliould be retained. It was aigned in order by the 
 consuls of Portugal, France, Kngland, Hamburg. 
 Prussia, Denmarl;. Belgium. Netherlands, Unite(l 
 States, Sandwich Islands, Bnnneii, Oldenburg, Han- 
 over, Bnizil, Saxony, Argentine Confiuleratkm, Italy, 
 Sweden and Norway, Austria, Salvador, Switze'r- 
 land, (Tiiateinala, Liibeek, and Colombia ; and it 
 eiidiMl in the following terms : — 
 
 " It is a notorious fact, witnessed by tho whidc 
 population, that one of tlic frigates atatloned In 
 front of I'ianeliada street, mostly occujiicd by French 
 commerce, tired directly on that part of the city, and 
 at a distance of about one liuiidred and llfly metres 
 from the (ioveriior's house, at which bnilding an- 
 other vessel was directing her shots. It la eriually 
 
 notorious that another frigate cupled In liring at 
 
 the railway station situated at the extreme eiul of 
 Valparaiso", llred her whole broadside, on two aepar- 
 ate occasions, on the centre of the part called Al- 
 mendral, distant about half a kilometre from tin* 
 railway buildings, wliicli p.irt of tlie city included 
 no govenimeiit property, but contains the hospitals 
 ami charitable insdtntlons which were under the 
 safeguard of the word of tin.' coinmander of her 
 Catholic Majesty's s(piadron. It is not lawful to 
 ])rcsiiiiie that the aliove-mcnlioned commander 
 wished to break bis word ; but as the lire of her 
 Catholic Majesty's ships was not returned from 
 aiiore, and the coiiiiiiaii(lerof each one of tln^ veaaels 
 eoiild take up his position at will, and without re- 
 Bcrve or fear of being attacked, there is no reaaon to 
 Buppoac that the above-mentioned fads eouhl have 
 originated In a false movement, or have had aueli 
 fatal conseiiucnces. In support of this exposition, 
 it Is the duty of the undersigned to mention that 
 various projectiles struck the Civil Hosplt.il. Among 
 tluMii a grenade, wbieli liap[)ily did not explode, fell 
 In the room wliere tin; Si-ters of Mercy were e(d- 
 Iceted, together with the gir's from the Asylum of 
 Salvador ; that the Hag huisled by Ihe A'rgeiitine 
 Conauiate-Ueiieral has been traversed by a ball; 
 
 that various shots have passed tho olte of the build- 
 ing where the French priests are altuated ; that tho 
 Matriz cliureh, serving on that day aa an liiHrmary, 
 has sulTcrcd conslderabh; damage caused hv various 
 projectiles, and that all Ihe above bulhlings are 
 situate far from anv state property." 
 
 Siieii was the oltleial form in which thla action 
 on the jiart of the Spanish government was do- 
 serlbcd ; and so It will ever stand as a truthful ehargo 
 of barbarism, cowardice and inhumanily against the 
 people of Spain. The Immediate eltect througlnmt 
 Kurope an(l America, and all elao within the sphere 
 of civilization, was a loud and universal cry of 
 shame. The senao CTerywhere experieneed was ono 
 of horror and execration ; and tlio world aeknow- 
 ledgcd, and will ever avow with unanimous vidce, 
 the deep infamy into which Sjiaiu in her humility 
 had fallen. 
 
 Kven Nunez himself seemed at last, when he felt 
 the curses of his fellow-iniMi, to recognize the base- 
 ncbS of his crime. For after fourteen days he de- 
 clared the blockade of Valparaiso at an did, and he 
 drew off his fleet aa though cognlzint of the dis- 
 grace that he had brought up(m his Hag. liullf,outof 
 regard to the possibility of any sense of humanity 
 remaining his, we credit liiiii with this degree of 
 penitence for his Inhiuitous act. It did not long en- 
 dure. He sailed with the sipiadron direct from Val- 
 paraiso to Calhio, where be arrived on the li.'ith of 
 April. He Immedlabdy Issued a manifesto, announc- 
 ing tlie blockade of the port from the 27th, and giving 
 six days for the departure of neutral vessels, ami 
 four days for the removal of women and children 
 and private property from tlie city. He stated his 
 Intenthm to bombard the place on the 1st, of .May, 
 and no time waa lost, as It hud been at Valparaiso, 
 in attempts at iiaclUcation. A fog only delayed the 
 fiilllllment of the threat to the second of the sanio 
 inontli. But the Interval that had already piissitd 
 since the declaration of war, had not be(ni wasted by 
 the Peruvians. Seeing that the Spanlurda were not 
 civilized enough to spare an unprotected city, they 
 had been doing their utino.st to phuti^ theirs in a 
 state of defence. They had erected nine formidable 
 batt(Ties; six on the "west and thrive on the north 
 side of the town. They had also two iron-elads and 
 three small gunboats "in the harbour. The guns 
 mounted In the batteries consisted of Hve 24-pound- 
 ers, twenty-six 3. '-pounders, four SOO-iiouiider Arm- 
 strong rlllea, and live 4.'>0-pounder Blukely riflea ; 
 and every |ireparation was made to give the enemy 
 a ineriled reception. 
 
 At eleven in the morning he got under way, in 
 response to a signal from the Hag ship, and formed 
 in two lines oitposite the opposing forts. The ships 
 on tlie north shle wen' the Villa de .Madrid, Altnan- 
 za, and Bercnguela ; while tlie Numancia, Hlanca, and 
 Heaoluclon look up positions opiiosite the wc...terii 
 fortes ; the gunboat V eneedona lying oil betW'H-n the 
 two, to render assistiinee to either aa occasion might 
 recpiire. The first shot was llrcd from the land, and 
 struck the aide of the Numancia. This was the sig- 
 nal for both ships and baltt'rhis all round to open 
 lire, and In a very few minutes the action was gene- 
 ral. At Urst the' tiring was wild and uncertain, but 
 when the Peruvian gunners got the range of thu 
 vessels, their shots began to tell with good effect. 
 In twenty minutes the Villa de Madrid made signals 
 of distress, and was towed out of range, with lu^r 
 rigging badly damaged and her machinery disabh^l. 
 The Bcrenguela soon followed suit, having received 
 a shot near tlic water line that went eoinplet(dy 
 through the hull and placed her In an almost sinking 
 condition. The other shl|is, with a short interval in 
 thu ease of two of them, maintained the Hglit during 
 tlie whole afternoon, but without In any degree 
 aluekcnlng the Hre from the land. It was not till 
 pastHvc o'clock, when the Spaniali admiral, seeing 
 all ilia (iforts futile, gave the signal to cease firing, 
 and took his ships away. One battery of two guns 
 was blown iiii at the beginning of the eiigagcnient, 
 and two guns were dismounted ; but, with these ex- 
 eeptiona, there was a continuous tiro maintained 
 throughoiit the day from every gun on the land sllb^ 
 The Spaniards aullered heavy losses in killed and 
 Wounded. An .\rnistrotig " projectile that went 
 tliroiigb the steam-pipe of the Villa de .Madrid 
 killed (ighteen men and wounded twenty-one others. 
 The admiral himself received sevenil wounds, but 
 none that were fatal, and all the ships except the 
 Vencedona were so materially dainaged as to be al- 
 most disabled for further olT(mBlve operations. 
 
 The lesson thua rendered was sulllelent for tho 
 Spauhirda, who ininii preferred bombarding de- 
 fencelcas clllea to facing an enemy's battery, and 
 tlu^y duclhied to Interfere with either Chill or Peru 
 for some time to eoine. In fact, they have never 
 Interfered with ao iiiueliencri;y since. But their at- 
 tempt Inid thus far bad one good result. Fearing a 
 combination of all the American provinces against 
 them, tlie authorities at Madrid, as soon as war 
 against Cliill was dcterndned on, sought to gain th.i 
 good-will of the Central lepublks by acknowledging 
 
 tumm^i 
 
r<8 
 
 niSTORT OF 
 
 their imlincndciico ; a concussion wlilch they hail 
 always hitliiTti), with much sluiw ot ilrlcrinhmtlnn, 
 refused to iiiiil^e. To this cuusi; llondiinis, (iuutc- 
 nulla, Nlcaniffua, Sulvador, and Costa Ulca owo 
 their rceoLinitiou. 
 
 liul while ijpuin remained Inactive the Peruvliins 
 conthitied, with much perseverance, the defensive 
 works that thoy had hccun. Their lleet was phieed 
 under the command of Admiral John K. Tucker, for- 
 merly an ofllcer In thenavy of the Confederate States 
 of North America ; and (iencral I'rado, to whoso un- 
 tlrluK exertions durln;^ the bombardment of Callao 
 nincn of the success of the Peruvians was due, de- 
 voted hlmsolf to the financial Interests of the 
 country, and to the intellectual iniprovenicnt of the 
 ))eoi)le. The whole system of taxation received a 
 thorough reformation, and the customs duties were 
 protected as they never had been before. So satis- 
 factory to the nation was the jjovcrnnient of this 
 man, that at the ensnlng election for President, which 
 took place at the expiration of liio term of his lile- 
 tatorship, ho was unanimously chosen by the people 
 throughout the repul)lle to that jiositlon. Yet the 
 revolutionary spirit would break out. Castillu llrst 
 raised the Hag of Insurrection In the south, but died 
 suddenly ero any mischief coidd bo done by him. 
 General Canseco, wiio Iiad once before been vice- 
 president, soon after took up tiie work where Cas- 
 tilla left it, and after several 8ucce.*sc8 agair.st gov- 
 ernment troops, he forced Prado to resign the presi- 
 dency, and the latter fortliwitli retired into Chill. 
 There was no reason for this, save the restless and 
 revolutionary spirit that seems to be Inherent in the 
 ijpanish American character, and, as we shall see. It 
 was no Indication of tiie iicrmanunt will of the na- 
 tion. Tito (|uestlon that now agitated thcni was one 
 of religious toleration. By tiie rtrat Chilian consti- 
 tution tlie Roman Catholic religion was cstabllsiied 
 hi tliat republic to the exclusion of all others ; but 
 in tlie year 1M>5 au Important umeniiment was 
 agreed upon. The i.''W then made pern)its worshij) 
 wttliiu private buildings to persons who do not prtifcss 
 Uonuui Catliolle doctrines, and it also permits sueli 
 persons to establish and sustain private scliools for 
 the initiation of their own children in the teachings 
 of tlicir religion. But while Ciiiii was thus advanc- 
 ing in tile way to religious toleration, Peru was re- 
 ceding, and in the beginning of tlie year lS(i7 Con- 
 gress passed the three following resolutions — the 
 lO'st unanimou.sly, the second witii three di^.^enticnts, 
 and the third by a majority of forty three against 
 forty ; — 
 
 I. That the Koman Cathr.Mc religion is to be the 
 religion of tiie State, and as siicli to be protected 
 anil inaintuined liy the State. 
 
 II. That tiie Siate cannot and will not recognize 
 any other religion. 
 
 ill. That public worship by any other sect or dc- 
 iiominatlou will not be allowed or practised iu the 
 republic. 
 
 In jnstlco to the Peruvian Congress, it must be 
 statetl tliat tliese resolutions were pas.sed only after 
 a long and violent discussion ; but, nevertheless, 
 tliey won a place in the statutes of tlie country — an 
 evidence of tiie intolerance of tiie jicoplc, aiuf as a 
 warning to persons of any but tlie Koman Catliolle 
 religlou who miy chance to coiiteiuplate u residence 
 within the republic. 
 
 Closer relations were now sought between the rc- 
 liublie and tliose of Chili, Keuador, ami Bolivia, ami 
 treaties of fricndsliip, commerce, and navigation, 
 identical in terms, were conclndccl with eaciL Tiie 
 jiriucipai features of tills treaty, wliidi |ire3cnts 
 many points of interest, are the f. .:;>,„ nig: — 
 
 AuT. I. — There fhall exist Inviolalile peace and 
 perpetual fricndsliip between tlie republics of Peru 
 and Chili. 
 
 AuT. II. — The eilizens of eacli ot the contracting 
 jiartlcB will enjoy respectively in llie territory of tlie 
 other the saiue personal gu;irantees and civil riglits 
 tliat are enjoyed by their own citizens without limit- 
 ation, and all tlie rights conferred by iho constitu- 
 tion and laws to jicrsons, property, corrcsponilencc, 
 and commercial liberty to make contracts and navi- 
 gate, and in one word, to exercise any legal calling ; 
 to aciiuire property, and trailifcr the same, cither by 
 vendue or by will", in conformity with International 
 riglit, private and modern, and in compliance witii 
 tlie siiocial laws of other of tlie republics. It is not 
 prohiliiteil to tlie citizens of either of the contraet- 
 iiig parties to navigate coastwise, or upon tlic rivers of 
 each, or to ports not dcclan-d pints of entry to 
 general commerce, In vessels of any size or tor.niige, 
 always submitting themselves to the rules, rcguia- 
 ticms, laws and ordinances, hpeclal or otherwise, of 
 the port or ports. 
 
 AuT. III.— Tlie principle of equality of flags is ac- 
 cepted in Its fullest sciise, ami to this end vc;-sels iic- 
 longing to each country arc to lie eon-idcred as If 
 Ihev were registered uiuier the laws of eacii country. 
 
 AiiT. IV. — Comiuerco between the high contract- 1 mensures to draw close the bonds onrt make them 
 Ing partlc3 will bo treated by tiie rule of conipleto I more practical and more permanent to the union of 
 liberty and rcciproelty. In eonsetiucnce, the natural ! the allies, a.lju.sting more ileniiltcly tlio l''ederal 
 >r manufactured jirodnct of each will bo udmilted ', Pactn and tlio allied constitution. 
 
 Into the tenitory of the other free of duty, local or 
 otherwise, restricted only to tho llmltatioiiu and 
 modifications that are expressed iu tho two articles 
 that follow. 
 
 Art. v.— With reference to wheat and Hour, this 
 special rule is established. The llrst year of this 
 treaty the duty on wheat and Hour will bo only .e- 
 
 i dueed In Peru one-fourth of tho present duty, tho 
 remaining throe-fourths aro to be paid ; on tlie fol- 
 
 : lowMng year the otlier fonrtlis aro to bo reduced one- 
 liaif, ami tiie next year aro to be free. Tills, how- 
 ever. Is not to prejudico more liberal dlsjiosltions 
 that, through special circumstauces, may be adopted 
 by the Peruvian nation with respect to theso two 
 articles of Chilian production. 
 
 [ AitT. VI.— In three years, to be counted from tho 
 day in whieli tills treaty eonie.-* In force, tho to- 
 
 ! baceo of Peru shall bo admitted free, botli iu its 
 hitroductioii and sale in the Hcpubllc of Chili. It is 
 also stipulated that in tho future neither one of the 
 contracting parties sliall bond tlio products, natural 
 or manufaetnred, of the other. 
 
 AiiT. VII. — Tiioro are no llseal duties, town duties, 
 or any other kind of imposts, to be placed upon tlie 
 products, natural or manufactured, that aro to b 
 
 ' The flrst Assembly will meet at tho place wlicro 
 tho allies shall designate. When closing the sessions, 
 tho Assembly will (leslgnato the jiiaee of meeting of 
 tlio following session, taking into consideration tlio 
 nature of tho uucstioiis tliat It has to treat upon, tho 
 iirinclplo of alteniity, and all other eircuinstancos 
 liiat merit to be taKoii into consideration by tliu 
 plcpipotcntlaries. The expenses that are attendant 
 U|ioii the sitting of Congress shall he paid by tho 
 government In wlioso torritorj' they shall hold their 
 session. The prlndiilo of common citizenship and 
 tiie organization of a federal service, dijilomatic and 
 consular, would probably ho the result of the Federal 
 Union." 
 
 While it is necessary to remember that this pro- 
 posal of tho Peruvian Minister was, probably, meant 
 to be only tentative, it Is, nevertheless, of value to 
 the, political historian. In tho comparison he will 
 make between It and tho Constitution of the United 
 States of North Amorlca. The important rcspect-i 
 in which it differed i'l jirinciple from the document 
 that bound together the thirteen colonies are eurlons, 
 and It would have been Interesting to observe tho 
 operation of the jilan In actuality. But the time had 
 not come for any such Intimate union as it Implied. 
 
 exported for the consumption of cither of the iiartles i An event soon occurred which went to show that 
 to tills contract. I the tics between tho republics were not as strong 
 
 AitT. VIII.— The high contracting parties reserve ! as tlio past had seemed to Indicate. Tiie probability 
 
 of Spain engaging iu further liostilltics had bccoino 
 exceedingly small. The revolution that has left 
 that miscrablo country In a state wcll-nlgii approach- 
 ing anarchy, and which has prevailed down to tlio 
 present time, liad begun, ana soon Queen Isabclhi 
 was to be an exile in a foreign land. With distrac- 
 tion pervading every town and hamlet at homo, 
 there could bo no thought for waging an inglorious 
 war abroad. But pride would not sanction a pcaee 
 which misfortune had already virtually proclaimed, 
 and tlius the formal state ot war yvas allowed tu 
 continue. 
 
 To strengthen lior maritime resources, the Chilian 
 government hud had two corvettes built In England, 
 but the relations remaining the same with laiii, tho 
 Biitisli governmeiit had refused to perm them to 
 sail for their destination. Negotiations >. ere there- 
 upon entered Into witii Lord Stanley, then British 
 xnr --■■-■- • . .. . 
 
 expressly tile riglit to suspend, during tlie period of 
 ; the ])re3ent treaty, by mutual ugrccment, any of tho 
 
 present articles. 
 
 I Akt. IX. — The present treaty will be observed and 
 j in full vigour, for tlio term of twelve years, to coin- 
 ! inence and run six months from the excliango of the 
 , ratlHeatlons, but will continue obligatory upon both 
 
 l>arties although the time has expired, for the space 
 
 of thirty nionthn .iitir ■■ither one of the parties has 
 , notllied tlic other of his intention to end It. This 
 I dispo.sition docs not alTcct In tlic least the clauses of 
 I peace and fricndsliip, which arc perjietual. 
 
 It may bo Imagined that an engagement so closely 
 uniting the interests of the several republics would 
 be but a first steji towards confederation, and this 
 was tlie view taken by tlie Periivlaii government, 
 wlio had at the same time had tiiat proposition under 
 
 j coubideration, and had forwarded a memorandum Minister for Foreign AiTairs, for Bceuring tli(! dc- 
 uiion the subject to Chili and Bolivia. Betivceu the partnro of tho two vessels, on tho basis of a similar 
 
 ; two latter states there had long remained a source of I privilege being granted to Spain, whose goviTiiineiit 
 irritation in dillerenccs in regard to llie boundary line, j had also had two Irou-elads recently built In England, 
 But these were now entirely settled, and while Peru i and which were similarly detained. For some rea- 
 was tieaty-niaking and conteinplating coiifeilenitlon, ' son, which has never been very clearly explained, 
 Cliill was (piletly attending to Interiiai allairs. A . the Peruvian Clnirgi* d'AITaires in London protested 
 
 : postal treaty was negotiated witli tireiit Britain, a against the terms of the agreement. Protests weri) 
 large loan was also raised in London, and tlirough ; also made by foreign residents in tlic repniiiie; hut 
 tho mediation of France, an exciiangc of prisoners i tliese rested on tho belief that the sailing of the four 
 
 j was agreed upon witii Spain ; but the clilef eltorts of i vessels would lead to fresh acts of hostility, which 
 tlie peojile were directed to internal iniprovcmcnts, I wonid bo prejudicial to commerce. The same view 
 to remedying the evils brought about by the war, ! may have aetuatod the Pcrnvian representative, and 
 to tho forlilication ot Valpanilso and a 'few otlier , so it was regarded by the Chilian Ccmgress, whero 
 places on the coast, and to the iiromotlon of iiiiiiii- \ ctlVirts were at once made to show that the arrango- 
 gration. Oilers of mediation by tiie United States { mciit projioscd would, under any eireiimstanccs, bo 
 to cU'ect a treaty of iicace between the allies and moat advantageous to the repuhlies. But the elr- 
 S|iain proved inclfectual, but the republics were con- j cumstance caused a sulllcicnt amount of coolness 
 tent, w iselv, to remain on llie defensive, and it was ! between Peru and Cliiii to at once set the project ot 
 probably the necessity for this proceeding that sug- confederation in the background, and it gave lisc. 
 
 gestedtoSenor Barrcuccliea the project of confede- 
 ration. Tile following is the plan he sketched for 
 this design : — 
 
 Every year, sueeeeding the 1st of March, 1808, 
 
 probably unjustly, to the impression abroad that 
 the relations between tiicm had never been as cordial 
 as they had appear, d to be. 
 Botli republics, In common with tliose in tho 
 
 there siiiili he an assembly of plenipotentiaries from i North, have since devoted tliemsclves actively to 
 the republics of the Union, tliat shall deliberate on llio devchipmcnt of internal resources, to Btrength- 
 tlie measures to establish and maintain the federal [ eniiig the social and political condition of tlio 
 ties, oecupying tlieinselvcs In preference witii tlic |icople, and to promoting tlie general advancement 
 following : Toievisetlietreatyof alliance of January I of the natl'/ns. In Chili, a parly of jirogrcss has 
 IJ, 18li0, spccillcally stipulating all the conditions rela- 1 risen into activity, pledging itself to iinmiote tho 
 tive to the state of war witii Siuiin, and all that has I enuallty of all citizens before the law, the securing 
 relation to tiie adjustment of iieace ; examine and j of individual lllierty, and tiie fullest exercise of 
 decide, the (|uestioiis tliat may arise between any of ! mnnieipal government. But It has been impeded in 
 the allies, whether it has rclalion to the cxceulion j Its action, clilcliy tlirough 'he Infiuencc of tiic 
 and observance of existing treaties, or any other I clergy, and next through the want of decision and 
 motive; to give uniformity, so far as possible, to tlie ( unaniniity that has characterized Its leaders. In 
 legislatures, political, civil, criminal, commcreial and ! ISIi'.l, the iiopuhition of Chili was not less than two 
 public inatruetlou ; also cu.stom-liouscs, type of | millions, but the number of votes did not exceed 
 money, extradition, etc., etc., in tiie four reiiunlics ; 
 to establish in common, roads, post houses, tcle- 
 grajilis among tliemsclves and in connection witii 
 otlier nathfiis ; to adopt an intcrnationai plan of Im- 
 migration from Europe ami the United St)it<'s; 
 to exanilne existing treaties with foreign powers, 
 whether political, commercial, or for navigation, or 
 jioHtal, or for an}* purpose whatever ; ami t\x the 
 lasls ujion whieli such treaties can he made, estal 
 
 thirty thousand. The president, too, was less tho 
 liead ot a republic than a dictator and dispenser of 
 patronage. These anomalies were fully recognized, 
 tiiougli tiicv have never been fully remedied; but, 
 making duo allowaneo for the spirit of dissatisfac- 
 tion witii every ruling power, which wc have seen to 
 be a feature of the Spanish-American character. It 
 must be allowed that for some time after the de- 
 parture of the Spanish fleet, there was left behind a 
 lishing tlic principle that no treatv can be sanctioned | very fair amount of contentment with the proceed- 
 without iirevlous examination iiiid common apjiro- 1 Ings of the government. Nor Is it without cause, 
 val ; to write and stipui.ite with foreign governments i Tho South Ainoricaii republics have all been niak- 
 for treaties that would be of practical utility to tlie ; Ing rapid strides In prosperity and the arts of peace 
 niiion and likely to pi-omotc a good nndcrstanding , during the last Hve or six years. Chill, after long 
 with all other nations ; to accord tlie necessary refusing, at last consented to o proposal of media- 
 
SOUTH AMEllICA. 
 
 170 
 
 ^ 
 
 tlnn, made; by tlie Unltid Stiilcii, for n ciiucliiHlon of 
 tlio (lilleroiuTA with f^iiuln, uiul Mid ftri^iitiht troublo 
 tliut hart bIiicu ot'tnirri'd Ir.iH b'.-i'ii u KoriuH of opuni- 
 tiniix iiguiii8t till' Anuicuiiljiii IndlnnH, in wlilcli tliu 
 Boveriiinciit (llupliiycd iiiucli uirt/,')' iiiid tiict. Awrl- 
 culturo nnd iiiiiuatrial cxliU)itlunB, tiiu ciin^tructiiiii 
 of railwiiya, tlie oponing of new niinon of coppur 
 niid Bilvor, tlio catiibliBliui«nt of uocliinutiziition 
 Bocletlcs, tlio developinont of agriculture, and ttio 
 promotion of education, arc tliu works to whlcli 
 Chill has l)con now for some time dovotliig herself ; 
 and the frnila of this pulley are already very ap- 
 jmrent, not only in the IncreiBcnl wealth, InduBtry, 
 and liupplneBB of the people, hut in tlio enhanced 
 Btabillty of their political InstitutlunB. 
 
 Nor can leas be said of lier Bister rcnnbllcs. In 
 ISIKt, Peru took a step In refercnco to tlie rebellion 
 with which Spain was coiiteinling in Cuba ; but 
 otherwise her policy, too, has been dlrec^ted to tlie 
 exploration of new territory, the hastening of com- 
 Diercial progress, the accomplishinent of treaties of 
 amity and conimeree with foreign nations, and im- 
 ])rovenieiit in the arts of peace. Her remembranee 
 of tlie treachery of Sjiain was shown in a manner 
 dlHerent from that chosen by Chill, and It must bi^ 
 attributed to the boinljardmciit of C';illiio that the 
 liHUrgentB of Culia received recognillon from the 
 governinent at Lima, As nil exuiiiple of a somewhat 
 vague an<l peculiarly worded olllcial doeument, the 
 decree of the Peruvian I'resident Is not without 
 value, independently of a certain kind of curiosity 
 that it i>osHesses from all attendant clrcuniBt:inee«. 
 It ran thus : — 
 
 Lima, May 13, 1SC9. 
 Josfi Bat.ta, 
 
 Con-ililutional Prt'siiknt oflirii ; 
 
 Whereas tlio Insurrection in Cuba has for ItB ob- 
 icet the independence of tlie island, and that the 
 bunds are broken that bound Cuba to the govern- 
 ment of S|>aln, there are two parties that carry on 
 tlie war with a political object, and should be rc- 
 garilcd by other nations in a spirit consonant with 
 international riglit : 
 
 And as tlie governinent and the people of Pern 
 pyinpathlze witli the whole c.iuse i>rochiiiiied by tlie 
 Cubans ; and as the eomniander of the revolutionary 
 fiiri'Cs of Cuba has asked the recognition of the 
 party as bolligereiits : 
 
 And as Peru should recognize the political status 
 of the Insurgents, not considering them as subjects 
 of a governinent actually at war witli Peru, and 
 without prejudice to the manifestations tliat Peru 
 may hereafter make in tiieir lielialf, I decree : — 
 
 I. That the government of Peru recognizes as 
 belligerents tlie politleal party that Is now struggling 
 for Culian independence. 
 
 II. The citizens, siilps, and other appurtenances 
 of Cuba, serving tlie cause of independence, shall 
 bo considered as friends of Peru. 
 
 The Minister of Foreign Atl'airs is charged witli 
 the execution and eirculation of this decree. 
 
 (Signed) 
 J. A, Baiikengcuea. 
 
 JOSE BALTA. 
 
 No practical result has issued from this manifesto, 
 wliicii in no respect, us a matter of pnlilic policy, 
 had anything to Justify it. Tlie act tended rather 
 to demonstrate a sentiment unworthy of a nation 
 than to display the sagacity or wisdoni of tlic Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 In the engernes'i of the governni'Mit to develop the 
 Industiial resources of the country, and linding the 
 ellorls to attract European Immigration unsuecess- 
 ful, as from their nature tliey must be, an attempt 
 was made in 1H70 to intnidiiec^ coolie labor, on a 
 more systematic scale than had hlliierto been 
 adopted. Money was suliseribed and an assoeiation 
 of tlic wcaltlilest planters was formed for the pur- 
 pose of introducing into the country a better class of 
 Chinese. But the movemeiit receive. 1 a serious 
 clieek. For a long time tlie coolies had been suli- 
 jcctcd to harsh trcutmeiit from native labourers, and 
 this had been resented by freiincnt risings that in 
 some Instances were attended with fat;d conse- 
 quenccB. Tiiesc were generally put down without 
 iiiucli dilllculty, ai d soon came, in fact, to lie re- 
 gjrded aa an essential concomitant of the system 
 wlileli had to be endured. In this wav people were 
 placed off tlieir guard, nnlll, at an opportune 
 moment, a largo number of Chinese on some planta- 
 tions north of Lima rose suddenly and murdered 
 the overseers and nil other olllcera, except one, 
 about the place; having first stilijeeted the women 
 and children to the grossest aliuscs. The Insurrec- 
 tion was well planned, and the men, to tlio number 
 of some l,aOO, acted under tlie leadership of one of the 
 principal head men. But tliey received a check in 
 an unexpeeted moment. Flushed witli their success 
 on the plantations, they proceeded to the assault of 
 a small village, which they ransacked, and tlieuce 
 
 advanced to a plantation adjoining. Tlie owner of 
 tills place, having heard of their approacli, placed 
 his wife anil children for safety in u small eliapel, 
 unil, collecting all the llroarms and ammunltloii at 
 liaiid, he and a friend tlien also cntitred the jilace 
 and barricaded the doors, detorinlned to defend It 
 to tlio last. A vlgourous attack was mado by the 
 rioters, liut lu a short apace sixty of their number 
 had fallen from the ritie-bulletB of the littlo gar- 
 rison, and a retreat ujion the village was detorinlned 
 on. The Inhaliltants there had erected a barricade 
 in the meantime, and a small armed band of forty 
 men were ontrusted with thu defence, Tlio Cliincsu 
 attack ujiun tlieiii was furious tu desperation, and a 
 hot hand-tnhand cuntlict ensued. In which the 
 coolies used their lung-bladed knives with tearful 
 etioct. At this juncture, the two defenders of the 
 cliapol, having llrst jilaced the women and children 
 111 safety, aiicT gathered up a few recruits, attacked 
 tlic iiisurgentB on the rear, and, after aBhort contest, 
 put tliein to liiglit. Thu loss to the white population 
 was forty persons, killed, while mure tlian three liuii- 
 dreil of llie Cliinesc perished. <Ju the following day, 
 two companies of inilitJiry appeared on the scene, 
 but the coolies liad lied into tlio lUountahiB, where 
 they formed a dangerous feature lu the border 
 population. 
 
 Hardly had the excitement caused by this disas- 
 trous failure of tlie planters to obtain labor fairly 
 subsided, before u wide-spread conspiracy to u|)sel 
 tlie government was discovered, iuvolving a Bcheine 
 for obtaining possession of tiio iron-clad licet. 
 Through the ministry receiving timely notice of tile 
 intentions of tlie conspirators, tlio plan failed, and 
 the loaders were arrested. A new sensation next 
 arose in a twofold direction. Tiio etlorts of the 
 United States to annex San Domingo gave rise tu 
 strung opposition In all the Soutli American repub- 
 lics ; wliere it was regarded as a blow directed at 
 their own independence, (,'liill formally protested 
 against It. But in Peru it yielded In great degree to 
 another excitenient, produced liy the ueelared Inten- 
 tion of the Italian residents in Limatu eeletirate tlie 
 anniversary of Italian unity. This raised a religious 
 tumult. The Koman Catliolic clergy denounced It 
 as an Insult to the church ; and to avoid disturb- 
 ances, which otherwise would have been Inevitable, 
 tlio governinent issued a decree forbidding tlie 
 demonstration. The incident, ncvertlieicss. Is jircg- 
 nnut witli illustration of the scnsitlvo character of 
 the peoido under the Inlluence of an equally sensi- 
 tive ecclesiastical domination. 
 
 It would be dilllcult, perhaps impossible, to trace 
 step by step the develupmcnt to which tills pecu- 
 liarity of iiatloiinl character leads in the various 
 forms of local disatrcction, or jiopular Insurrection 
 as they appear in tliese republics, and notably in 
 that of Peru. The coolie trade was a constant 
 source of irritation. Tiie pulley of tlio President 
 was also not by any means calculated to allay the 
 natural predisposition to ungovernable excitement ; 
 but Willie all this must be admitted, tlie fact still re- 
 nriiiis that of all the South Amorican republics none 
 have made such rapid advaiiccs In every direction as 
 Peru. It was, therefore, nut withuiit a feeling even 
 of amazement, that the world In 18?3 heard of an- 
 other, and the most cruel rovolution tliat had yet 
 disgraecd tlie republic. In tlie short space of live 
 days the city of Lima witnessed a scries of events, 
 which is more remarkable than any that can be 
 found tu the liistmy of South America. The two 
 candidates for tlie presidency that year. Dr. Arenas 
 and Don .Manuel Prado, represented respectively 
 the party of tin; administration and the democracy. 
 Congress had been sitting in secret session since 
 the thirteentli of July, imt it was generally uiider- 
 dcrstuod that Prado would be elected. To prevent 
 tlii.s, (icncrul Gutierrez, the .Minister of War, wlio 
 exercised an undue and dangerous inlluence over 
 President Ka'ta, hud been striving to Induce him to 
 annul the pruecedings. How far he sueccedcd Is 
 not clCiiilyVnown, but as suun as Balta discovered 
 tliat the success of Prado was well-nigh secured, lie 
 witiidrew from the scheme, or pronounced his de- 
 termination tu have iiuthing tu du with it. Imme- 
 diately uiKin tills becinning known to tlie Minister 
 of War, (Jutlerrcz lllled the (luvernment Bouare wltli 
 troops, dispersed the Congress at the point of tlie 
 bayonet, took Balta prisoner, placed him under 
 close mllit.iry gnurd, and declared the city under 
 martial law, and himself President of the Kepubllc. 
 At tills unexiiected and despotic proceeding, tlio 
 people were fur the niumeiit utterly Btnick down 
 with iistonlshinent and surprise. But the feeling 
 did not last long. Gutierrez attempted Immediately 
 to form a cabinet, but noliody would join him, and 
 he had to witness one of the most remarliable pro- 
 tests that has probably ever fallen to any one at the 
 moment of winning, as he thuught, the supremo 
 power. Places of Inilness wen; suddenly cliised, 
 as If by Olio tacit but unaiilnioiiB consent of tlio 
 owners. The lleet set sail and stood out to sea. 
 The soldiers dropped out of the ranks and openly 
 
 deserted. The diplomatic corps formally refused to 
 recognize (iutierrez in any way. The newspapers 
 were not published ; and in nil dircclioiiB the entire 
 social macliincry of the city Ktop{ied, and refused tu 
 jiroceed for a siiort time in any direction. The protest, 
 at the time, was nurolutely passive and negative, but 
 none tho lees strong, ft was, too, only the lull 
 whose very deadness predict* the fury of the coining 
 storm. Nor was It long ere this was heard. Sllves- 
 tro Gutierrez, brother of tho dictator, being hooted 
 by tho populace at a railway station in Lima, drew 
 a revolver and Hred upon the people, whereupon ho 
 was Instantly shot down, and the next moment ho 
 lay dead in the street. The mob fell upon tho body, 
 stripped It of Ita clothes, mangled it witli their 
 knives ond dragged it through tlie public thuroiigli- 
 farcs. Gutierrez, hearing of the death of his brother 
 and chief supporter, Imniediately dUpatelied a guard 
 from the barracks, with orders to proceed to the Ini- 
 prlsoued President Balta and assa.ssiiiate him witli- 
 out a moment's delav. The order was cxceuted. 
 Balta sick, and In bed, was shot as he lay, by three 
 of tho inurdcrcrs, and his body was dragged down 
 and pierced with the bayonets of the soldlerg. This 
 outrage roused the peoiile to fury, and sliimts of 
 " Down with Gutierrez," "Deatii to the murderers," 
 rosounded throughimt the city and reached the earn 
 of tiio dictator In the gubernatorial palace. Priidu, 
 and tlie leaders of the pupular party, bad, ut tho 
 llrst assault made by Gutierrez on Congress, lied, 
 either to the foreign legations or to ships in tlie har- 
 bour for safety ; but Colonel Herenela Zevallos now 
 came forward and jilaccd himself at tlie head of tho 
 people, amid the wildest demonstrations of applause. 
 Gutierrez, seeing that his own fate could not long 
 remain undecided, took eommand of the few troops 
 that remained true to him, and marched at their 
 head, pistol In hand, to tlie fort of Santa Cutalina, 
 w liere he determined to defend liimBclf. Upon this, 
 Zevailos took possession of tlie Government build- 
 ing, assumed direction of state ttlfalrs, appointed u 
 Cabinet and p oceeded to re-establish order, which 
 ho found no diillculty In doing. He was saved tho 
 trouble of attacking the usurper. By degrees almost 
 all the troops whom Gutierrez had taken with liiiii 
 left the fort. Finding tiieii that to attempt a de- 
 fence would be Impossible, lie had recourse to a 
 disguise, with the Intention of escaping l>y liiglit. 
 He had succeeded in passing tlirougli a great part 
 of the city, when suildenly a passer-by recognized 
 iiini. Tile alarm was immediately given, and (iu- 
 tierrez lied fur refuge liito a druggist's shop ; but 
 only to be drawn out an Instant after i)ierc--d with 
 Innumenible wounds. The body was well-nigh torn 
 to jiicces, and beaten beyond reeognilton. it was 
 dragged to tlie public square and tlK^re hung ; and 
 on the following day, togetlier with tho bodies of 
 Sllvestre Gutierrez and aiiotlier brothc.-. It was sus- 
 pended from the high towers of tlie cathedral ; and 
 afterward all three were burned to dust In tho pub- 
 lic place. 
 
 lliero Ib something exceptional and thcrcforo 
 cxtraurdlnary In the scene thus presented of a 
 po]>ular rising in favour of the legitimate govern- 
 ment, and to destroy a usurper. And the order 
 with wlileli it was conducted is noteworthy. Tho 
 people undertook of their own accord the protec- 
 tion of tlie public buildings, and only one instanco 
 of anything like vicdenee against either public or 
 jirivate property was recorded ; and tliat was com- 
 paratively unimportant. 
 
 T!'« establishment in this way of Signor Prado in 
 
 tho Prosidcuey, has been an event of the utmost lin- 
 
 portjincc 111 the future welfare of the Kepubllc. Ita 
 
 foreign policy has presented littlo of moment. It 
 
 may be summed up almost entirely in commercial 
 
 treaties, protestations against the settlenient of tho 
 
 United States Company at Samana, and co-opcrativo 
 
 negotiations in the matter of an iiiteroceanlc canal 
 
 in Central Anicriea. Tlie PrcBident took euro to 
 
 surround hiniself with the ablest men in tlie Kepub- 
 
 ] lie, and his admlnistratlun, devuted to the internal 
 
 I Interests of the state, anil guided by a wise and 
 
 j tciiipcr.ito jiolicy, did much not only to allay tho 
 
 } feverish excitement of tlie people wliich had bo long 
 
 prevailed, but to raise Peru to the position it now 
 
 I occupies us the llrst nnd the most prosperous of tho 
 
 South Ainerlcan republics. 
 
 Since her Hrst attainment of independence. Chill 
 has been perplexed with boundary dilliciiltics. In 
 j the south, tlicso still continue, the limits of tho 
 state there being very imperfectly dellned, and quc8- 
 tloiis of jurisdiction between Chili and tlie Argentino 
 1 Kepubllc are constantly arising. But In 1873 a treaty 
 ; was concluded with Bolivia, ty which further trouble 
 In that direction will. It is hoped, be prevented. 
 ; In this the eastern limits of Chill arv declared to bo 
 the highest sunimlts of the Andes, anil the twenty- 
 fourth degree of south latitude the dividing line. 
 As in Peru, tlio attcnUon of the govcniment has of 
 late been more steiidlly devoted io Internal develop- 
 ment, to the edueatlun of the peoiile, tlic pnmiotiuu 
 of trade, tit construetiou of railways uiid telegnipha, 
 
180 
 
 IIISTOUY OP 
 
 mill' 
 
 ^ incouraKcnient of inlnliie mid nfjrifultiirc, nnd 
 iiMiiliiienlH (if tli« Ittws. Till! iiiont imllconhlc 
 fuuturo 111 all tills Is the uiiiioaninio iif ii iiiiiri' tolrr- 
 mit ruilliig 111 nuittiTd of rpllKl"". wlilrli lililn fulr to 
 (levcloii far bejoiiil tlm limits of tlic C'lillliin Ki- 
 liulillc, mill to remove ere loiii; oiii' of the KriMitcst 
 (itwtai'ii's to till! 81'ttlemciit of IVotcstaut Iniiiil^raiitu 
 In that part of the worlil. 
 
 The iiL'i'esslty for surh extciisioii of IHii-nil opin- 
 ions liiis at no time been more I'vlilont than It is lii i 
 I'erti at the present moment, where rell;;liiUB hl^totry ' 
 Is Impeding the pro);re»» of eilmatlon, fetteriii); the 
 bands of the Kovernnieiit, ercnlliiK loeal disiillee- 
 tlons uinoni; the people, und eoverlnj; with a cloud 
 of darkness the most promlalnK state npon the eon- 
 tlnont. Whatever may be the polltleal position of a 
 nation, lis people are not free when their fullest 
 liberties arc eontracted by the intervention of a re- 
 ligious priestcraft. 
 
 Wliilo the events hero recorded were passinp; on 
 the western side of the South American Continent, 
 otlicrs searcoly less Important were attractliis atten- 
 tion on the east. The imniciilate results of tlio 
 escape of John VI. of Portugal to his Hrazlllan pos- 
 sessions have been already seen, and it would have 
 prevented some future troubles, in all probability. If 
 lie had resolved at once to separate the eolonv from 
 tlio parent country. But after the battle of Water- 
 loo and the removal of Napoleon to St. llelciui, the 
 king became anxious to return, and he sought to 
 satisfy Ills Brazilian subiecis by assninlng tlie title 
 of King of Portugid, Algarve and linizii. Hut tiio 
 Portuguese Cortes were anxious to reduce lirazil to 
 lU former jiositlon as a colonial dependency, and 
 their action was strongly resented. An order tlmt 
 the iirlnce regent should return to llrazil for his 
 education compl.ted the Indignation of the people, 
 and an insurrection being openly declared. Dim 
 Pedro iilaeed hiiiiscdf at the head of it, and soon after 
 the Independence of the empire wiis pnielainie;!, 
 with the regent as Hrst emperor. Ills eonniatloii 
 took place six weeks afterwards, on tlu' 1st of Oe- 
 eeniber, ISliJ. The act was not acknowledged by the 
 Portuguese government till three years later, and In 
 1831 the Emperor of Brazil became, by the death of 
 Ills father. King of Portngal. He at once resii;ned 
 the crown In favour of his inf:mt daughter. Dona 
 Maria, and thus for n time allayed the fears of Ills 
 subjects, who began to tliinlc tliut they were once 
 more to be dependent on the parent stale. A dis- 
 pute which led to a declaration of war against the 
 Arg'-ntine Kepnblle was soon after settleil through 
 the intervention of (ireat Britain, but disalleetion 
 still continued throughout the northern jiarl of the 
 empire, and after a succession of insurrectionary 
 movements the emperor abdicated in INii in favour 
 of his son. lie now returned to Portngal, and with tlie 
 assistance of English and French vessels. es|ioHsed the 
 cause of his daughter ogainst Don Miguel, who hail 
 Hsurped the throne, and he uitimately suecceded in 
 vindicating tlic rights of the ipiecn, and sending the 
 pretender into cxVlc. But his influence was no more [ 
 felt In Brazil, where a regency continued till 1*41, in ' 
 which year the heir to tlie tlifone was declared to be ■ 
 of age, and he was crowned on the l^tli of July. | 
 
 Brazil had for many years looked with alarm on 
 the strengthening of the provinces that lay on her 
 southern boundary. This appears to have been an 
 hereditary sentiment, founded in ISKl, if not exist- 
 ing before, when the Portuguese took possession of 
 Monte Video, under the pretence of destroying tlie 
 revolutionary tendcneics of Artigas. Accordingly, 
 when the iirovlneeson the Parana and Uruguay 
 united themselves with Buenos Ayres, the Braziliaii 
 government was dismayed, and, soon after forcing a 
 declaration of war, blockaded the city of Buenos 
 Ayres ; but, as we have already said, jieaee was ulti- 
 mately made through British Intervention. It was 
 during this time that a popular leader among tiie 
 iieopie of Buenos Ayres arose in the person of Juan 
 Manuel de Kosas, a descendant of an anelcnt 
 Spanish family, and a man full of ambition, daring, 
 and adventure ; butwlio, from a life of rough eultuie 
 among the henlsmcn and working classes geneniliy of 
 the Interior, had trown into a spirit of antipathy to 
 the reflnement of the aristocnitic classes of the sea- 
 board. The people were thus divided: Kosas lieading 
 a party which snppnrtcil a federal form of government 
 for the several provinces, In oiiposition to the eon- 
 stitntion of isi). This had been framed on the 
 basis of a small but powerful aristocracy, who now, 
 In eontradistlnelion to the party of Kosas, styled 
 themselves Uritiirios. Rosas gained a large nuinber 
 of adherents from the provinces, and gradually so 
 Increased Ms influence that In 18J7 he mrmallv pro- 
 tested agft'nst the eonstitutl m, and tn a brief time 
 wielded sullielent power to place the nominee of his 
 party, Dorrego, in the position of governor of 
 Uuenos Ayres. The treaty of peace which Dorrego 
 made with Bi'azii through the ministry at Loiitlon 
 secured the recognition of Uruguay as an indepeii- 
 ilont state ; but three years after a eonfedeiatlon was 
 
 formed between tln^ provinces of Buenos Avres, 
 Santa Fe, Corrlentes, and Entro Klim ; nnd within 
 another year it embraced llie wliole of tlie reinaliilng 
 lirovlnces. Thus was fullliled, Willi a trifling excep- 
 tion, the programme lirst marked down by Kosas 
 and Ills friends, and Brazil began to look with dis- 
 trust upon the rising power of the confederation. 
 Meanwhile, however, suspicions arose among the 
 people as to the sincerity of Kosas, and several lii- 
 Biirreetlons were started to elTeet a change In the 
 government. These were readily put down, till the 
 feeling took root in the ranks of the army, when, 
 under the leadership of (iencral l.availe, the goveni- 
 meiit was attacked, and Dorrego being taken 
 prisoner, he was shot without a trial. The success 
 was of short duration. Kosas was not the man to 
 submit to defeat. He immediately organized a new 
 force, and with the active co-operation of I.opez of 
 Santa Fe completely overthrew LavuUe and all his 
 hopes, Kosas occupying the position to whicli he 
 bad aspired, and having the army completely under 
 his control, ready to obey his behests at any mo- 
 nieiit. An opportunity presently occurred, through 
 the raiild changes of revolullonary action, by which 
 tlie supreme authority in Buenos Avres was at bis 
 disposal, and lie was not slow in availing himseif of 
 It. He was elected governor of Buenos Ayres in 
 18;B, and held the iitllce with advantiigi' to the 
 eoimtry till the expiration of his terni in ISll. Five 
 times he refused to be nominaled for re-election ; 
 but when the terms were altered and the word 
 governor was changed for dictator, be eagerly ac- 
 cepted the proposall and held it, with tlie sanction 
 of the people, till 1' v>. During tlio intervening 
 jieriod he ruled witli .item despotism. Keeords of 
 the time descrilf ■ him generally as a tyrant of the 
 worst kind, a bloodtlilrsty and uiipcruiuihius ruler, 
 who never hesitated to commit the most flagrant 
 liijnstlee when self-interest or the fiiltlilment of ids 
 personal wishes demanded it. But a future genera- 
 llcin will prolialily judge him less harshly. He held 
 enpreiiie power during a period of consiilerabie. ino- 
 ineiit In the future interests of the country he 
 loved, and it is very doubtful whelhiT any man of 
 le~8 character would have borne it as well" thrnugli 
 the dangers that beset it. He devoted himseif 
 with all his energies to extend the territory, 
 or lit least the iiutliority, of Buenos Ayres to the 
 jirovinces of P.iraguay and Uruguay, and he bos 
 been condemned for a jiollcy of iiggrandizciiieiit. 
 But any C"n.leiiination til it iii'rtalns to lilm for that 
 jioiicy'liel' iLTS with eiiuul justice to Brazil. The 
 governnieiLt of the emperor had alivavs seen tlic 
 value of the provinces that lay to the iSniziliiin side 
 of tlie Parai a, both on aeeount of tlieir iiitriiisie 
 value, and also as tlierehy making the river the 
 boundary line against a rcpulilie whieli tliey 
 never lilied. Rosas saw in like manner the cxpe- 
 dienev of adding those provinces to Buenos Ayres, 
 as well on aceimnt of their wealth in resources and 
 their breadth of seaiioard, as from tlie check that 
 would therelty be given to the aiiibltlon, pcrliaiis to 
 the propagaiuiism, Of the Brazilians. Paraguay had 
 the good fortune at tliis juncture to be under the ex- 
 ecutive control of Franela, a man hardly less nota- 
 ble than Kosas himself, and who proved himseif 
 quite competent to keep tlie territory he ffoverneii 
 free from any serious danger on cither sitie. Moreover 
 the Brazilian goveniment, much as it feared Kosas 
 and his policy, cared not to risk a war for the eon- 
 quest of both Paraguay and Uruguay at the same time. 
 Tliey contented themselves for some time with di- 
 recting their attention npon the latter province only, 
 and agents of both the empire and Kosas were at 
 work for some time propagating the views of their 
 respective governments. As usual, intcnial disorder 
 soon furnished an occasion for interference. Two 
 parties hod arisen in Uruguay, and Brazil gave open 
 siipiiort to the one headed by Rivera, which declared 
 Itself In open opposition to the |)oliey of Rosas, and 
 which presently had tlie active support of tlie 
 Freiicli. The faction favourable to tlie confederation 
 was under the guidance of Orlbe, a direct ogent o' 
 Rosas, and working entirely under his direction, 
 eoiuiition of war soon followed the active interven- 
 tion of Kosas, but it was little more. The Interven- 
 tion of the French was nnwarranted, and was soon 
 ended ; and the authorities at .Monte Video then saw 
 the expediency of coming to an agreement with 
 their opposite "neighbours. But the peace thus con- 
 cluded did not last long. Brazil {lersisted In looking 
 with a jealous eye npon the rule of RoeiLs, and under 
 the pretext that treaties made in 18i.S and IHK) had 
 been broken, the emperor's government applied for 
 assistance to Englaml and France. Kosas had 
 meanwhile closed the Parana to vessels belonging to 
 Paraguay, and had threatened restrictions uiion tho 
 State of Uruguay except npon speellied eondltions. 
 Tlie appeal from the Brazilian court was speedily 
 fcdlowed liyllie npiiear.inee of a combined French 
 and Kngiish squadron at the mouth of the Rio de la 
 Plata. Buenos Ayres was blockaded and the Argen. 
 tine fleet taken possession of. The allies also seized 
 
 the Island of Martin OarciOj and declared tho Parana 
 open to the navigation of Paraguay. Kosas oltcred 
 a delcnnlncd reslstJUice t> these proeecdings, but 
 with little etlect except to himself. The contest 
 lasted for three years, during the whole of wliicli 
 time tho eonfedcmtlon sulTered great losses, ami the 
 reputation of Kosas in his own country was much 
 weakened. Noticing this, tho governor of F.iitro 
 KloH, who had always sympathlzod with the Brazilian 
 side of the question, placed hlinself at the beuil of 
 the party opposed to Kosas, and co-operating with 
 his enemies, gave battle to the Argentine dictator 
 at Monte Caseios, and utterly defeated him. Kosas 
 managed to escape to England, and with ehaructcr- 
 Istle Ingr.ititude, the people wlioiii he hail advaneid 
 greatly In material prosperity, and whom. In fact, ho 
 bad been the chief means of converting Into a 
 nation, hailed his departure with oxiiressloiis of de- 
 light. Lopez now thought to secure the dictatorship ; 
 but the conqueror of Kosas, with a triumphant 
 ariny.behliul htm, was not to be denied, and in less 
 than six inontns Unpiiza beeanio dictator, and ut 
 once published ft deeree iii ! nowledging the indepen- 
 dence of Paraguay, and opening tlio tributaries of 
 the I.a Plata to free navigation. 
 
 But it is not to bo expected that a ruler from 
 Entre Khis would long be toleraU'd. Having to 
 visit Santa Fe, his absence was turned to an opjior- 
 tunity for Indulging once more In revolution. Ur- 
 quiza was sunimarily deposed, and ^Isiiia chosen 
 governor of Buenos Ayres, Independent of the eon- 
 fedcriitlon. Tills led to civil war. Alslnn was. In 
 turn, removed, and tlio confederation in tho midst 
 of the turmoil framed the constitution tliat waA 
 destined to endure for some time, and Into which it 
 was hoped that Buenos Ayres would ere long bo 
 drawn. Th'-'. constitution was framed upini the 
 model of ,,iat of the United States of North America. 
 It went Into operation in 1H.51, the seat of govern- 
 ment being flxed at Bajaila del Parana, In Eiitru 
 Klos. It did not hove the ImmiMliato eirect desired. 
 Buenos .\yrcs formed a new constitution for herself j 
 but at the same tlnio a treaty was concluded with 
 the confederation, which brought It and Bueiius 
 Ayres Into much closer relations. The favourublo 
 prospect thus funned was destined soon to be de- 
 stroyed. Some refugees under Cieneral Flores at- 
 tempted the Invasion itf Buenos Ayres from Santa 
 Vr, liut were repulsed by (iencral Mitre, ami pur- 
 sued into the province whciieo tliey had escaped. 
 This led to expostulations, but the conduct of Flores 
 was nplield by his government, and the ciuifedeni- 
 tiini annulled the treaties of Wii and lN.^i."> roilhwilli. 
 Urqiiiza at once began to levy duties on vessels from 
 Buenos Ayres bound up the tribubiries of the I.a 
 Plata, and'tiostliitles ensued which lasted four years, 
 and ended In the niiioii of Buenos Ayres with the 
 confederation. But national scnlliiieiit was not 
 satistlcd, and when, In ISIK), the deputies from 
 Buenos Ayres were refused seats In the Congress, 
 on the ground of Irregularities In their election, the 
 occoslon was taken h) renew the civil war. (ieneial 
 Mitre, to whom the command of the army of Buenos 
 Ayres was entrusted, having gained a complete vic- 
 tory over the Argentine troops, was elected provis- 
 ionally to the presidency pending certain aniciid- 
 nients to the constitntion. In these Buenos Ayres 
 was made provisional capital of the eonfeileratiiui, 
 and In IbtU Mitro was chosen President of the Argen- 
 tine Republic. Entre Klos wast Included in the eon- 
 federation, but not Willi the approbation of Urqulzii, 
 who, nevertheless, soon after accepted the govenior- 
 shlp of that iirovince, and gave in his allegiance. 
 
 Matters being thus apparently settled In the eon- 
 federation, disturbances of n more prominent char- 
 acter broke out In Uruguay. At the election in 
 IHOl, Aguirre, the representative of the reactionary 
 party, was cleetiMl President; upon which Flores, 
 the defeated candidate and reprcscntallve of tho 
 liberals, jdaced himself at the head of an insurrei- 
 foil, and at once received the aid of Brazil. An 
 imperial force even Invaded tlie iirovlnce ogaliist the 
 . Ijcted president of the people, thus eoinmitting 
 the government ot Rio to a monstrous intiirferenco 
 with the constitutional rights of a neinhbourlng 
 nation. War against Brazil was immediately de- 
 clared. Flores laid siege to the town of Paysanda, 
 and a Brazilian licet bloekoded it on the side of the 
 sea. It wos nobly defended by a garrison of loyalists, 
 less tiiaii seven liuiidn>d strong, which held out long 
 after the city Itself had been laid in ashes, and at 
 last fell victims to treachery. The garrison were 
 treated by the BrazUiaiiB with much cruelty, and 
 their commander. General Gomez, was shot — for the 
 crime, we presume, ot being faithful to his goverii- 
 nicnt and country. The iiisurgcnta unu their 
 Brazilian allies tlieneo marched on to tlic capital, 
 nnd Monte Video was declared In a state of block- 
 ade. Upon this, Agulrro resigned the presidency, 
 anil being aneceeded provisionally by VlUalba, a 
 member of the Senate, negotiations were opened 
 with the enemy, und a treaty of peace was soon 
 agreed upon. Ueueral Flores shortly after entered 
 
SOUTH AMEUICA. 
 
 181 
 
 Mniito Video III triiiin|>li, BiipiHirtiMl liv a lirl^udr of I 
 llmnllliiii tri)i>|i>i, uiiil iiHHiiiiii'il till' lUTHldrno)'— tliu4 | 
 M'llliiK at dt'lhince the |iriiu'l|ilt'H of tliv coiiHtltulloii 
 wlili'li 111' -iwiiro til iiKiiiilalii, iiiiil liy the iilil <>( i 
 fniei),'!! liii.viinelH suliverlliix the will of the people, i 
 mill I'eplai'iii); the I'reHldunl whoiii they hail eliiMeii. ! 
 Much Imih liern said for tho piirpoiie of JuMtirylii^ Uie 
 I'oiidiiet of the Hruzllhtn Ko^'^rnnieiit In thin liitiT- 
 veiilliiii, hut nitieh more iiiiiHt lie Huld hefiire any 
 Hiieli Juxtllleatliin nil the frleiiiLn of the empire dexlie ] 
 eaii lueome |iohHllile. Tho fiieln »peuk for tlieiii- 
 Ki'lvefl, Nothing eiiii alter them, and uiileHu they 
 were altered iiotTiliijj hut the utter eoiiileiiiiiatloii lif j 
 Brazil for ar. uiiJuntllluUle and cruel war would lie i 
 piiiiHllile. I 
 
 l,iipez, the President of Tarafjiiay, hail not failed 
 tn neiid the proti'iit of IiIh Htatc aij^aiiiHt the iielloii of 
 llrazll In thin iiiader. Hut hid prole.-t« were iweived 
 at Kill de •hiiielro with iiiHoleiiee, and he retalliited 
 speedily hy Relzlui; a ilruKlllaii veniiel wlileli he 
 found on her way up llie raraiia, and detahiliii; her 
 erew and iMiBSCiijjera as prlHonern of war. On the 
 next day tlie reprertentatlvc of Mrazil at AsHUiielon 
 wiiH forinally iiotiiled that an IiIh i;overnniuiit had 
 refiitird iitte'iilloii to the prote.st.i of the Tretilileiit, 
 the river would heneeforth he elo.^ed to hni/illaii 
 veHHelH, and tho Imperial Ihii; treated an that of an 
 enemy. The llrazlllaii .Minister thereupon deiiiunded 
 and received ills passporLs, iiiid in Ic-h than a iiioiith 
 a I'ariiKUav.iii army hail eniered the Hrazillan 
 luovince of Malto lirosao, from which eoinmunlea- 
 tloii with the eapilid was now eoiiiplelely ent off. 
 After hoiiibariliii;; and eaiTyiiii; liy a-xault the fort 
 of Novo Colmhra, the mosi important in the 
 IHoviiiei', all the iiriiieipal eiUes, ineliidini; at last 
 the eapilul, fell into tlie iiamls of llie InvaderK, 
 
 The treaty of peace wliicli the traitor Florea en- 
 tered into with Itnizil did not contain any lefereneo 
 to l*ara;|uay, whose I'l'cKldcnl had thus iiohly de- 
 fended the cause of lilierly, In liehiilf of the Uru- 
 ^ii'iyans. it was followed hv an oili'UHivc alllanee 
 a;;aiiisl i.opez on the part of llrazll, Uruguay, and 
 the Arneiillne Kepiihiie, ellcctcil through a 'treaty 
 whose political importance is too ^'nat to justify its 
 not reeciviiifja place here. Kor a Ioiik time it was 
 kept secret, ami it was not till tin' war had heen 
 eoiitliiiied several montlis that It piined publicity, 
 iiiiieh til the annoyance of the Blj^uatorics. It waa 
 us follows ; — 
 
 "The coveniments of the Oriental Rppuhllc of 
 I'ruKUay, of Ills Majesty the Emperor of Brazil, and 
 of the Aih'eiitlnc lieiiiihlie (aKainsl llie last two of; 
 these war has liecn dechireil liy llie K"^'<'''"""'"' "' ! 
 raraniiay, anil the llrst is in a slate of hostilities, hav- ; 
 iiij; Us internal security Ihreitencd hy the same (fov- , 
 enimeiituf l'araKiiay,"whicii, alter iiavinjr dlsturhed 
 it^ relations willi the nciixldioiirini; pivernnients hy 
 the iiioHt allusive as well as atri^rerisivc acts, has 
 violated its territory, lirokeii Holeinn treaties, and : 
 disregarded tin' int'eriialional law of eivllized na- 1 
 tioiis iiy commlttiii^ the most unjnstlliahle acts),' 
 jiersuadeil that the peace, seeurily, and well-lieini; ; 
 of thi'lr res|iectivo nations are iiiiiiossllile wlillc the 
 actual f:;overiiiiieiit of I'arauuay exists, and that 
 the i^rcatest interests deiiiumr as of liiiperioiis 
 necessity that said fjovcrniiiciit he set aside, with- 
 out, liowever, any oll'ence to the sovcrei;rnty, inde- 
 pendence, and iiitcirrily of said repulilic and Its 
 lei-riliiry, have re.--oived to enter into a treaty of, 
 alliance, oircnsivc and defensive, in order t.i oritaln 
 the oliject set fortli iiliove, and to this end tliey have 
 appointed as their plenipotentiaries, to wit: His 
 K.xcelleiiey the Provision.tl (ioveriior of the Oriental 
 He|iuhlie of Uniituay ha-i appointed 1). Don tiarlos 
 de Castro, i:>ecretary" of Stale for Foreii,'n .Mfairs ; 
 His .Majesty tlie Kinperor of llrazll has appointed! 
 His K!;celle"ncy, I). Doll Octaviano do Almeida Itosa, 
 uf Ilia Couiu'li, Deputy to the tienoral Le;;i^latlve 
 Assemlily and Olllclal of the Imperial Older of the | 
 Kosu ; IiIh Kxeclieney the I'rcsiileiit of the Artjen- 
 tliie t'lnifederatloii has uppiiiiited Dr. Dos Hiilino de 
 Elizalile, Secretary of >Hiale for t'orclKii Allairs. 
 After liavin;; exeliunsed their respective credentials 
 and foiiiid them in ^uoil and due form, tlieso pleiil- 
 polentlaries have agreed upon and entered hito the 
 tiillowlng treaty of alllanee : — ! 
 
 "AuticlkI. Tho Oriental Hepuhlle of Uruguay, I 
 His Majesty the Kinperor of Brazil, and the Argentine 
 Itepnhlie, contract an offensive and defensive alllanee 
 in the war which has been provoked by the govcrn- 
 iiient of I'araguay. I 
 
 "AnT. II. Tho allies shall use all tho means at' 
 their disposal by land or on the rivers, uceordlnji; as 
 may lieeoiiie necessary. ; 
 
 ".\UT. HI. As hostilltlc!! will have to begin on the 
 poll of the Ariieiitlne Ko|iuhllc, or on the adjoining 
 holder of the Paraguayan territory, the eoiiiniand-in- 
 eliief and direction of "the allied armlet, bliail fall to 
 the charge of Brlgadler-tiencral Don Bartolome 
 Mitre, I'resldent of the Argentine lte|iuhlie and 
 Geucial-iu-C'hiet of its army. Ihc naval forces of 
 
 tho allies shall be under the liniiicdlate orders of j 
 VIee-Adniinilllie Vlseoiinl ileTaniiiiidaiv, ('onimand- 1 
 liig-ln-t'lilef tlie Hiiiiadron of Ills Majesly the; 
 l''.in|ieriir of Brazil. The land forces of the Oriental { 
 Bepiiblic of I'riii'ii.iy, one ilivlshin of the Argenlliie 
 troops, and another of Brazilian, to be deslgiialed by 
 their lespectivo superior olliccrs, shall form an iiriiiy i 
 to be under tho Imiiieillate eiimmand of Brlgadlef- 
 tieneral Don Vananelo ii'lores, I'rovisional (lovcriior 
 of the Oriental llepiiblie of l!rnguay. The land 
 forces of Ills Majesly the I^iiiperor of Brazil sliill 
 form an army under tlie Iniinedlate command of 
 llrlgailler-tieiieral Don Maiiiicl Idiis Osiirlo, Its lien- 
 erariii-Chief. Allhoiigh the liigli contracting parties 
 are agreed in not eliaiigiiig the theatre of the war's 
 operations, iievertlicless, in order to preserve the 
 sovereign rights of tlie three nations, they now 
 agree to follow the principle of reciprocity as re- 
 gards the chief comiiiand of Hie allied army, so as 
 to provide for any case v\'iileli nilgiit require the 
 war's operations to be Irunsferrcd to Uriental or 
 Brazilian territory. 
 
 "Anrs. IV. and V. refer to the internal order and 
 regulation, as well rs pay, etc., of the troops, and 
 the mutual settlement of accounts oceusioiicu therc- 
 
 "AiiT. VI. The allies solemnly bind themselves 
 not to lay down their iiriiis unless by common con- 
 sent, nor until lliey have overtnriicd the actual 
 goveriiinent of I'aragiiay; iieltlier shall tiiey separ- 
 ately treat of or sign any treaty of |ieace, truce, 
 armistice, or agreement whatever, lo cud or suspend 
 the war, except it lie mutually agreed to. 
 
 ".VuT. VII. .\s the war is not waged against the 
 people of Paraguay, but against its government, tlie 
 allies may udiiiit into a ParHgiiayan legion all the 
 citizens of that nation who may wish lii aid in the 
 overthrow of said governmeii't, and will fnniish 
 them with whatever they may need, in the form and 
 under the conditions ttiat shall he agreed upon, 
 
 "AiiT. \TII. The allies liiiid themselves to respect 
 llie indcjieiideiite, sovcrelgnt}', and territorial in- 
 tegrity of the liciinblleot Paraguay. In eonseiiuenee, 
 the people of I'anigiiay shall la! enabled to choose 
 whatever goveniiiieiit and institutions may suit 
 them, without liaving to submit, as u result of the 
 war, to Incorporathin Willi any of the allies, or hav- 
 ing to iieeept the protectorate of any of them. 
 
 "AiiT. iX. The liidependeiiee, sovereignty, and 
 territorial integrity of the KcpuliUe of Paraguay 
 shall, ill aceordiiiico with tlie preceding Article, be 
 guaranteed collectively Ijy the high contracting 
 parlies for the term of live yiiiirs. 
 
 ".\UT. X. It Is agreed between the high eontract- 
 liig parties that the exeiiiptioiis, privileges, or con- 
 cessions wliieli they may obtain from Hie governiiieiit 
 of I'aiaguay shall be eoninniii to llieni all— gralnit- 
 oiislv should they be so olilnliicd, ami iipoucommoii 
 ciiiKlitions, if they should be obtained coiiilKloii- 
 ally. 
 
 " AuT. XI. After the present giiveriinient of Para- 
 guay shall have been overlliiown, the allies sliall 
 proceed to make arrangemeiits with tlie newly con- 
 stituted autliorlty, in order to secure tlie free navi- 
 gation of tho rivers I'arami and Paraguay, so that 
 tlie laws or regulatloiiH of said Uepiililu^ may not 
 obstruct, Impeile, or tax the transit across or iiavi- 
 gatloii along said rivers tiy Hie iiii>reliaiits or war 
 ves.-els of the nllled States, iiiiund to |ioiiit» within 
 their respective territories, or within territory which 
 may not lieloiig to Paraguay; and they shailreipdro 
 proper giiaranlces to secure the elfcctivciiess of Miid 
 arrangenu-iits, but on condition that said arrange- 
 ments conccriiliig river policy — wlu'ther as regards 
 the al'iireiiieiitiiined rivers or the Uruguay as well — 
 shall be drawn up In common accord between the 
 allies, and whatever other littoral States may, wlHilii 
 the period agreed niion iiy tlie iillics, accepi tho iii- 
 vil.itloii that may be extended to them. 
 
 "Aitr. XII. 'llie allies reserve to tlieinselvos Hie 
 right of concerting the most suiljible measures to 
 guarantee iieaee with the lte|>iiblie of Paraguay after 
 Hie overthrow of its iiresent governnieiit. 
 
 "AiiT. XIII. The allies will, at the proper time, 
 iiaiiic the plenipotentiaries w ho shall rciircseiit tlieiii 
 in eiiiifercnce to make whatever agrceineiits, eiinveii- 
 tioiis, or treaties may be necessary with tho new 
 government that sliall bo cstablislied In Piiriiguay. 
 
 "Airr. XIV. Tho allies shall exact from said 
 goveriiinent payinent for the oxpenscs caused by 
 this war— a war which has been forced upon them ; 
 and also reparation and liideninllleatloii for the 
 injuries uiid wrong done to their private as well as 
 public properly, and to tho persons of their cUlzciis, 
 previous to any express declaration of war ; likewlsu 
 for the Injuries and wrongs ean.sed Bulisei|uenlly, In 
 vlolaUon of tlie inineiples that govern in the laws of 
 war. The Oriental Iteiiubllo of Uruguay bIuiU, 
 moreover, exact an Indi'iiinity proportionate to tliii 
 Injuries and wrongs w iiieh the govcrninenl of Para- 
 guay has done her in the war, Into which it ciiiii- 
 pi'lleii her to enter for the defencu o£ lier rii^diis, 
 threatened by said goveriiinent. 
 
 "AltT. XV. Provlden for the miinner and form of 
 tho setHements to be miide, under the prceeilhig 
 AHliies. 
 
 "Aiir. XVI. In order to avoid the diseussionii 
 and wars that arise out of i|nestioiis relating to ter- 
 ritorial bounilarles. It is agreed that the allies shall 
 reipiire of the government of Paraguav to make ii 
 M|ieelal treaty with each one to ilellne their resiu'elivo 
 lioiiiidaries, on the following basin :— 
 
 "The Arp-ntlne Bepnblle shall he separated from 
 the Kepublle of Paraguay by the rivers Parana and 
 Paraguay up to the points whero said rivers touch 
 Braziiliin soil, such |iolnt In the ease of the I'ara- 
 guay Itlver being on its right bank at the Balilii 
 Negra. 
 
 "The Kmpiro of Brazil shall be sepaniled front 
 Hie Uepubllc of Paraguav. on the side of tho 
 Parana by the ilmt river ubovu tho falls called tho 
 Seven Cataracls, the line running from the inouHi of 
 said river along its whole coiirHe to its source ; ae- 
 I'ordliig to the new map of Monchez, said river Is Hiu 
 Vgiircy. th> the left bank of the Hlver I'anigniiy, it 
 shall be separated hy the Klvcr Apa, from its iiioiiHi 
 lo Its source. In the Interior, they shall be se|>arateil 
 by the Maracnyn range of nionnlaliis, the eastern 
 slopes of w lilcli belong to Brazil, and the western to 
 Paraguay, between tho two points at which Hi« 
 shortest straight lines can be drawn respectively 
 from the said range to tho sources of the Apa and 
 V i; urey. 
 
 "Alir. XVII. The allies mutually guarantee to 
 each other the faithful fiilliUmeiilor the agreements, 
 coiiveiitlons, and treaties that may be necessary to 
 niako wltli the government that Is'to be estahllslied 
 in I'arngiiay, in aei'ordance witli the stipiilatlons of 
 the present treaty of alllanee, which shall remain in 
 full force and vigour until those stipulations sliall 
 be respoeted and fnllilled by the Hepuhlle of Para- 
 guay. In order to ohtuiii this resull, Hipy agrci' that 
 In case one of the liigli eoiitractliig parties fan lo 
 olitaln from the government of Paraguay the fulllll- 
 nient of its agri'diieiit, or Hint the latter government 
 attempt to annul Hie stipiilallons agreed to with thu 
 allU'H, the othi.TS shall actively use all their cMorls 
 to obtain their lultilliiieiit. If these arc useless, tho 
 allies shall join together all their means to render 
 clfeetlvo the stiinilations made with llicm. 
 
 ".\iir. XVIII. This treaty shall remain In secret 
 until the principal object of the alUunce be ob- 
 tained. 
 
 "Aut. XIX. Suchstipiilatlonsof tills treaty as do 
 not need legislative ratltliMtion shall begin to liavu 
 elTcct IIS soon as they shall be approved by their 
 respective goveniiiieiils, and tlio remainder inime- 
 diatciy after Hie cxeliaiige of ratitlcatlons, whlcli 
 shall take place within the period of forty daya 
 from the date of this treaty, or before, It pos- 
 sible. 
 
 " III tesllmony whereof, we, ele., etc., have at- 
 taelicd our names and seals. In the city of Buenos 
 Avrcs, this llrst day of .May, in the year of our 
 Lord, ISlM. 
 "(Signed) 
 
 "C. TlR CvsTiio, 
 
 " J. Octaviano Dp, Almeida Uosa, 
 
 " lUriNO De Klizalue. 
 
 " PUOTOCOIi. 
 
 "Their excellencies the Plcnlpotenliaries of tho 
 .\rgentiiio Kepiiblic, of Hie Ornntiil liepnlilie of 
 Uruguay, ami of His .Majesty the Kinperor of Brazil, 
 have agreed : — 
 
 " I. 'I'liat, in execution of the treatv of alliance of 
 tills date, the fortilleaHoiiK of lluiiiaita shall be de- 
 molished ; and it sliall not be permitted to cri-ct 
 olhei's of a like iiatiiro, lliiil niiglil impede Hio faitli- 
 fiii exeeiition of said treaty. 
 
 " II. That, it being one of the necessary measures 
 lo guarantee a peace with Hie govei'iinieiit 'hat shall 
 be eslablislied In Paraguay, there he left in Paraguay 
 neither arms nor mmiitioiis of war; such as may bo 
 found there shall ho divided lu uqual parts among 
 the allies, 
 
 "III. That the trophies or booty which may be 
 taken from the enemy shall bo divided among tho 
 ullies capturing Uic saiiio. 
 
 " That tho coininaiider of the allied armies shall 
 concert tho measures neccbsury to carry into effect 
 what is liereln stipulated, 
 
 "And tlicy signed this pr\)locol in Puenos Ajtch 
 on the llrst diiy of May, it)t>5, 
 
 "(Signod) 
 
 " CAiiiog Dr Cartho, 
 
 "J. (Ktaviano Di: Ai-meipa Rosa, 
 
 " Uiii.Mi De Ki.izai.iie." 
 
 Brazil having been the moving power in this pro- 
 eeediiig, Hie ilisgraco of It niiisl fall upon the eiii- 
 plre, Coualdoring thu circunistuiiccs under wliicU 
 
183 
 
 HISTOUY OP 
 
 till' troiity wim iiiu>li\ iiml tliiit tliii Jimllllcitlldii uf It 
 ri'ntt'il ii|>(iii lui untruth, tliii mily cndll that > mii lie 
 fiiutiil for llni/.ll »u« in tlic fmt'lliui lnTK"Vi'niiuint 
 win iisliiuiii'ilot wliiitlt liuilclcMii'. They wnir v;i lly 
 illolurbi'il, or preliMKlwl ti> \m «i), ivlii'u tlii' iinnu- 
 nudit that hull Iwcn rii'.llluil with the snuthurii n\- 
 i)Uhllcs beiMinui known to the worlil, luiil when Ihi'y 
 found publli: opinion ilonounelnK tliviu for their 
 troiiilicry. Thu whole proieeillnn U very uliuple 
 anil very b.<il, niiil It eiinnot be niaile In ttir by any 
 I'ltort {o K^w It an iippenrunee of eoniplleily. 
 Auulrre was llie legally eleeteil preslilenlof Uruifuay. 
 Bni7.il, by lnterferlii;{ in L'ru({a.iviin allulrs, ami sup- 
 pi )rtlni; the hmurifent KloreH In IiIh rebellliMi ti^ahmt 
 ALCtiirre, eoininilteU u work whii-h no ar;;iiinent eun 
 Ju-tify, uikI one whieh Uriizll dare not have utteinotiil 
 in tile uilaira of any power uipial to heriielf in 
 strentcth. Lopez did a perfeetly JUHllllable ait hi pro- 
 tiMtliii; uir.ihmt thlH uinvarnintiiblo Intirfercnee, and 
 In tal{tni{ thu part of bin republiean nei^'hhoura'jainat 
 Imperial Imperllnence 'Ine union of the repuliileH 
 ui;iiiniit him at tlie diet4itioii of Urazil was therefore 
 iin aet of treachery to theprliieipleit thev theni«elve» 
 profcKiied, und of ln;;ratitude to t!ie nulion that liud 
 voluntarily Btood by one of tlieiu in defenee of 
 liberty and eonslltutlonal riijht-'. Brazil wan the 
 llrat oltender, und althongli liy force of annii and 
 superior rcrtourect* she at last dentroyed tlie I'reBi- 
 dent of I'nriiifuay and placed hla country at lier 
 merev, the name of l.opcz will ever be coupled with 
 the fume that belonKn to valour and patrioti.sm, 
 while thiit of the empire nmut perforce be content 
 wltli the dUu;raee tlnit uttachet to un abuse uf power. 
 
 I.opez had had reason to distrust the loyalty of 
 thu Argentines for some time, and without wuitlns; 
 for av.y formal decluratlon on their part, ho fol- 
 lowed tlie same course th;it he had pur.-uu'il against 
 Brazil, lirst seizing an Argentine vessel on the river, 
 und afterwards sending an army of invasion into 
 Argentine territory. Alutual declarations of war 
 uow took place, the republic leading olf on tlie llllli 
 "f April and the Congress of I'araguay following 
 suit two days later. 
 
 These iioiiees were followed by ucllve exertions on 
 botii sides to prepare for u vigorous campuigu. 
 I'lmiguay having on her part to re-lst the com- 
 bined force of BrazU und lier Burrouniiing neigli- 
 Uours, found it necessary to put fortii the lull 
 power of her jieople. The position she had guined 
 ut the outset wa-, novurtheless, lo-t. An Aigentine 
 ar.ny under (ieneral I'ariuero, aided liy a Briiziiiun 
 llejt, recaptured the city of Corientea, "where Lopez 
 liad e.-tablished u provisional government, but b.-ing 
 unatile to hold thu pl.ice, it was uhandoned on the 
 following day. The victory, nevertlicies^, bclongul 
 to tile allies, who took three guns, u standard, anti n 
 eoiisiderable quantity of arms and ammunition, ami 
 gained thereby a moral ailvautiigeof wldeh some of 
 tliem were much ill need. The elleet was, liowever, 
 boon to lie destroyed. A few days afterwards un 
 army of Paraguayans under (ieneral Lagriina, to tlie 
 number of eight "tlioiisand men, forced the passage 
 of tlie Uruguay at San liorja by means of a numlier 
 i)f tlat-bottonied boats wbie'' thev had with them. 
 Before noon, under cover of a few |iieee» of ar- 
 tillery und In face of a Are obstliuitely malutained by 
 u Brazilian force on the other side, they had nearly 
 nil the troops landed on tiiu enemy's territmy, and 
 the force lie had sent to resist tliem was ilrivcn 
 back upon the town. Here the Brazilians, reinfoiecd 
 by a battalion of infantry and two hundred and liftv 
 cavalry, prepared to make a stand. But tiny fell luck 
 at the lir.st uttnek, and the Paraguayans ciitered tlie 
 jdace. Kestiiig there one day, Lagriuia led his army 
 to Uaquy, and soon lifter occupied tlie important 
 town of Uruguvana. The Impolicy of this move- 
 in. 'Ut, successful though it was, somi became mani- 
 fest. Tiie allies concentrated tlieir forces betwUL'u 
 the Uruguay and Parana, where, at a review of the 
 ulilednriuies, it wasfonnd they mustered 'JO,(X)0 men, 
 of wlioni ;i,0OI) wi're cavalry, and tliirty-lwo pieces of 
 eannon. Florea, a few days after, el'rei'ted a junc- 
 tion with Parinero, tliereby increasing tlie men at 
 his eoniniand to «,0',K), besides forty pieces of artil- 
 lery. With tills conjoined force he attacked a part 
 of tlie army of Lagrinia, consisting of ;t,OOU men, 
 whicli had been In eonimunication with the toini of 
 Uruguvana, but from wliieli it was now cut oil by a 
 suiitl Braziliiu sipiadron In the Ulo Grande. The 
 battle livik place clotc to the town Uestauraelon, and 
 was furiously contested by botii sides. 
 
 But tile Paraguayans, overpowered by numbers, at 
 last liad to yield, tiiough not till more than a 
 fourth of tlieir nuinlier had been killed. The allies, 
 whose loss did not exceed iil), took 1,000 prisoners, 
 including tlieir comnniudcr, und by their victory not 
 only cleared the way for the rcMef of Uruguyana, but 
 cut oil all means of retreat from the army then In 
 possession of tlie city. 
 
 While tiiese tliiugB were going o;i on land, the 
 naval forces of the opposing nations were not idle. 
 Tlie Paraguayan llect. consisting of eiglit steamers, 
 ■lid blx rafts armed with heavy guns, desuciidud thu 
 
 Parana, came In view of lliu Brazilian squadron of 
 nine ships on the 11th of .hiiie, at tlie mouth of the 
 Wiacliui'iM, und without stopping, at once gave balllc. 
 iSeldom has a naval contest I'ciii fought with more 
 d.s|icrale lielcrmination on both rliies. At the first 
 onset a Bni/lllan vessel w.is bourdcd, and her Hag 
 hauled down by men from the Paraguayan vessels, 
 but bIiu whs Immediately afterwards bouiilcd from 
 another of thu Imperiul squudron, thu crew over- 
 powered, und her Hag replaced. Commanders on 
 liotli sides strove to place their ships ulongsldu the 
 ' enemy, and througlnmt the day a scries of liandto- 
 hiuurconlllcts, In one of wlilcli the Paniguayan ad- 
 miral was wimndcd, characterized the llglit. A miiro 
 bloody strnggte has seldoin been recorded. It lasted, 
 without liilemiission, from lialf past nine in ttie 
 morning till si.>£ in the evening, nor did the Paraguay- i 
 
 ■ uiis then retire till tliree of their ships hud gone 
 uground and been destroyed, another sunk, six of 
 tlieir i.lfts lost, and IKtXI men had been killed or 
 wounded. The Brazilians stilted tlieir loss at three 
 liundred ill killed and wounded, and serious dauiuge 
 iloiie to every vessel hi the Ueet. | 
 
 This, and the surrender of tlio garrison in Uru- ; 
 giiyana, which speedily followed (he victory ot 
 Uistauraeloii, led to thu evacuation of the proilnce 
 of Corrleiitus by thu Paraguayan general, who re- 
 treated uumolcfltcd and in good order into his own 
 territory. The allies (Iiereupon, without Beeklng to 
 folhuv him througii tlie floods and inarches (iiat liad 
 liecii swelled by the heavy rains, planned an Invasion 
 of the province by the Parana. The Brazilian fleet, 
 of sixteen ships and seventy-seven guns, ucconliiigiy 
 assembled at the mouth of the Paraguay to carry the 
 
 ■ allied forces u|) the river. It being the Intention of 
 I the eommanders to cimceiitrate (licni at Paso de la 
 
 Patrla on (he frontier, and to make an attack upon 
 the fortri'ssof Humaita, where the Paraguayans took 
 extraordinary measures of defence. I 
 
 ; Still determined as long as possible to act on the ' 
 : olTeuslve, a force of Piiriigiiayans about (UIO strong j 
 i crossed over to tile .\rgentiiie side of the river, near i 
 ' the frontier, and being relnroreeil by 4,lKH) troops, 
 that crossed immedialely utter, gave battle to an I 
 army of about the same strenglh under (ieiicnil 
 Homos, but after a resolute struggle, which was 
 continued wlMi varying fortune throughout the 
 greater [lart of the diiy, the ParagnayauB were at last 
 : forced to reeross the river, leaving their ilead and 
 wounded on thu field, licveises of this kind did 
 not almte their energies or resointiou. for two 
 moiitlis tliev eontinued to luirass the enemy, Invad- ' 
 lug his t;Tritory and Inlllctinghcavy loss, every con- 
 test being accompanied with greiit slaughter. By 
 tliut time tlie Bra/tllun fleet had taken up position, 
 [ one division being opposite the Paso de la i'utriu, and 
 the other at tile junction ot the PaiMguiiy and 
 Parana rivers. Tiic uiiles soon posseBsed tlieinselves 
 I of 11 small Island In front of itaplcti, which was re- 
 1 garded of niueh strategic Imporuince ; and in aiief- 
 I fort to recover possessiiin of it, a Paraguayan force 
 I under Captain Idmicro lost nearly a thousand men, 
 I besides HDD muskets and thirty caimons, the com- i 
 I luander hiiiiself being taken prisoner. 
 I The allies now entered the territory of the re- ' 
 1 ni.bllc. On the Kith of April, ISIKl, they luished '. 
 I foiward an army of l.'),000 men, under thu Brazilian i 
 ] general, Osorio, landing them, without opposithni, I 
 i on the Paraguayan side, and at the juiictlon of Uie | 
 two rivers. They advanced cautiously from this, i 
 under cover of the fleet, defeating at Intervals vari- ; 
 ons detaelmieiits of the enemy — never more than ' 
 3,t)00 strong —till they became complete mastera of j 
 the Paso de la Patria and tlie fortress of Itapicu, ! 
 which they destroyed. In this advance the allies I 
 took several priso'iiers, a standard, and two fine i 
 pieces of artillery. But Lopez hastened to remedy j 
 the disaster, una thu eileet It hud hud upon his { 
 troops. l)ii tlie'Jd of Muy, at the head of 8,01)0 men, i 
 he advanced upon the position of (ieneral Flores, | 
 anil In a short time put the whole army to lllght, not, 
 liowever. till the allies had lost nearly seventeen 
 hundred in killed and wounded, among whom was 
 a large number of olllcers. Klorcs lost all Ills ' 
 artillery and a great quantity of b 'ggngo. At this ; 
 moment, when the utter destruction of Ills army i 
 scumed imminent, he was suddenly and uucxpccteil- 
 ly reinforced by a iileked body of Brazilian troops, ! 
 under the coin'mand of Osorio, and by these the 
 fintunu of the day was turned. They charged upon 
 the enemy, uuder a heavy lire of artillery, and suc- 
 ceeded in cutting completely througii Ida lines, 
 compelling him to fall back and, tlnally, to retreat 
 from the ground liu had gained in the morning from 
 Flores. I'ho Brazilians acknowledged that the 
 regiment under O.iorlo, wlilcU aceomplislied this, 
 and which had gone Into tlie conflict nearly seven 
 liundred strong, mustered ouly forty-one uicu at the 
 close of the day. 
 
 The same ilesperato Indlllercnce to everything 
 save victory characterized the whole of this devas- 
 tating and uiijiistlttablu war — the Paraguayans, 
 lighting as they weiu against euurmous udds, cepe- 
 
 cially signalizing themselves for daring and inlrcnhl- 
 
 Ity. liiree weeks after the event Just ri riled, 
 
 nicy asseinhled an army of l:i,(l(KI Infanlry und K.OOII 
 cavalry at Tugnllz, Hlicirlhcy attacked a coinblned 
 and stronger force of the allies, tmt were every wliere 
 repulsed, after live hours' lighting. Their loss s on 
 tilts iieeaslon were placed at 4,.')70, killed. and v.iiund- 
 ed, four iileces of artillery, five standards, Ihree 
 reglmentiil colors, and a large quantity of arms und 
 ammunition. The allies also Butl'crcd' consldenibly, 
 losing :i,!<17 hi killed and wounded, and they appear 
 to have niilTured still more 111 mnnil , for ilicy did 
 not follow up their success, but allow, d Lopez to 
 occupy the same ground he liad held before, and. In 
 u measure, gave reason to justify a re|iort win riln 
 he aflerwards clalmeil llio victory. It is iloublful 
 whether. If ho hud acted vlgoiirously on the oltensh e 
 the next day, hu might not have' Inlllcted a more 
 decisive blow upon the enemy, but this he could not 
 at that time do. Iliivlng a few days aft<'i' received 
 some heavy guns, he resolved then upon the at- 
 tcinpt,'aiid on the I4lh of June, Ihree weeks iiguln 
 after the battle of Tugnllz, he began a vlgouioiis 
 lire with (18 and llO-poiind shot upon the camp of 
 the allies, who also hud remained inactive during thu 
 Interval. Thu cannonade was tremendous. It wiis 
 estlinutcd that more tliun Ihree thousand heavy shot 
 fell into the midst of the enemy, who had no 
 artillury ivltli which to rutuni tlie fire, ami who 
 suircrcd the entire loss of tlieir baggage, c.iiiip 
 material, and tents. 
 
 The allies now began to ace that the work llicy 
 liud undertakcu was no* to be ucconipllshed wlthiml 
 much dlfllciilty und inuiiy sacrlllces. A conference 
 of the several commauders was tlierciipou siini- 
 moiicd, and, after a long illseussion, It was resolved 
 to make u Blmultuneous iittack upon the encniv willi 
 all their forces. The fleet, led by the Ironclad Ulo 
 de Janeiro, and carrying seven thousand troo|is, 
 steamed up the river on the Jd of Seplcniln r, but 
 their progress was cheeked by a masked baltery 
 near Curupaitl, from which a liiavy flic was opeiitd 
 US they ailvuncetl. The Puraguuyans here lirst 
 availed themselves of the use of torpedoes, and onu 
 of the lirst resullD was the destruction of the lilc du 
 Janeiro by that means. The coinniaiiiler of the 
 forces. Baron Porto Alcgrc, then landed tliree thou- 
 sand iiien at a s|>ot a little lower down the river, the 
 Admiral meanwhile keeping up a sharp lire upon 
 the forts. The troops advanced uiifliiicliiiigly, under 
 u storm of grape, until they came Hltliln thn e hun- 
 dred yards, when, with loud vivas, they stormed the 
 place, drove out the garrison, and In Ii few miiiuics 
 had the Paraguayan Hag hauled down. Their loss 
 In this alfulr wus not less than 1,;,00 men, besiiles 
 tlie frigate, for which they took nine guns, three 
 Hags, und some ammunition. 
 
 An attempt was soon afterwards made to arrange 
 terms for pe.ice. Presidents Lopez and -Mitre met 
 for this purpose, but nothing was iieconipllshcd ; 
 and the allies saw no coiirse open to them but to 
 renew their energy. They therefore deterniliu'd li> 
 attack the fortress of Curupuiti, two miU's further 
 up the river, uiul one of the stronge.^t In the re- 
 public. It WUB gurrisoned by ir>,lKH) men, und de- 
 feniled by flfly-six heavy guns. On the luiiil side 
 tliu nature oftlie country materially added to ilu 
 Btrength, being surrounded on the lower sides with 
 deep marshes, which the Parngnayans had further de- 
 fended with works of considcralilc ingcnuily. Tlie 
 fort was bombarded on the 'iiiX of September by all 
 the vessels of the Heel with very little eU'ect', al- 
 though the Urliig was continued without Intermis- 
 Blon for more than four hours. Three of the largest 
 iroii-chuls then closed In to within a liundred and 
 Illy yards of the walls, and opened a rapid iiiid con- 
 tinuous lire. But it was returned with equal vigour, 
 and the vessels received so iiiucli damage that It 
 becainu evident that success could not be secured 
 from the river side, (ieneral Mltrc, who, at (he be- 
 ginning of the attack, hud udvunccd from Curuzii, 
 had by this time carried tlie first line ot cnlicncii- 
 nients, tlie enemy retiring before him, with their 
 guns, into Curniuiiti. But the allies found that the 
 niovement was to tlieiii no gain. They had now to 
 advance through the wide swamp that Burrounded 
 the fort, and that, too, under a merciless the from tlio 
 eiiciny's artillery, and In about four feet of water. 
 With much determination und a bmvery worlliy of 
 a better cause, they persevered in the attempt for 
 nearly two hours, but found that they could neither 
 advance before the pitiless storm of grape and 
 round-shot that iiiowud through them, neither 
 could they make any Impression upon the ciieiny. 
 Under these circuniBtanccs they rutreated, leaving 
 tlvu thousand of their number dead behind them, 
 and giving up all hojio of making any further 
 progruss In the war for that year. 
 
 Curupaitl was meanwhile further slrengtliened. 
 General Flores rested with his troops at lioiiiu In 
 Monte Video. President .Mltio retired to Tugnltz, 
 und active exertions for a renewal of the caiiipaign 
 iu the following yuur was ruverted by tliu uUlus to 
 

 tlielr rc'"iii cllvo ({"ViTiiiiii'iilii. Ily llicnc llii' |mik1' 
 tliin iif ulTulrH wiw (■(iUHlilenil wllh niimlilf r.ilili' 
 niixlcty, iMit no iilti>nitti>n whk in.ulc In the {•Iitiis, 
 mill 111 I ho hcitlnnlntf nf the fulliiHind viur u fiiiihrr 
 I'ir.pi-t t'P umIii iMi«-iim.lmi of ('iinii>u(ll win niudi' 
 with nil the iitn'ni;tli of llii> ii|||,'h. Thr nioilc iif 
 pnu'cduri' illlTrriMl lltlli' or ndthlim fnun that trh'il 
 In'rciic, unci It met with ii Kinilliir rcKnll. The 
 Kni/llhin lriiii-eliuln wero nlniust illsulileil liy tlie 
 tire fnini th(^ fnrt, iind the tiiiopH n! the iillleh who 
 tiled to e.irry the pliiee liy ii«»iiiilt on the lund xlde 
 were more tliiin deiimiile<l. To explain tlielr ilefent, 
 tliii llriizlliiiiifi rtent out II report that their com- 
 iiiiiiiiler, tlie MiinmU de (.'uxliin, hiiil heeii iiei;othil- 
 In; with (ieiierul Dliiz, who, for ii huiii of three 
 hundred thouHaiid dollurA, hud uu'reed to uilinit tlie 
 llni/.lllun troops to that iiiirt of the forlre-is whleh 
 was ent^uiiteil to lil« keeplni;. There did not appear 
 to he liny trulli in thin, or If there was, Diaz eiin 
 liardly lie aeeused of treaehery. lie iilloweil tlie 
 KruzllhuiH to eome almost up to the forlllleatloii, 
 ■when Biiildenlv a withering' artillery lire was opened 
 upon them from every side. Dismay Instantly 
 Kel/.ed all rankn, and .vliile every diseharice from the 
 fortress cut them down, tho.se who were uhle sought 
 safety ill a preeliiltoiis retreat. This misfortune 
 very mueh eiioled the ardour of the allies, whleh 
 was further iesseneii liy an Insiirreetioii that liad 
 just previously hrolieii out In some provliiees of the 
 Ar|{eiitiiie Confederation, and wliieli called for tlie 
 presence of IVesldent .Mitre and a lari^e force of the 
 Ari^enliiie army. Tlie alliei sulTered also exceed- 
 ingly from cholera and fever, ae(|uired In the niardiy 
 illstrlctji, where their operations iiad reeentiy heeii 
 nitieli ciHitliied, tSo that it was not tilt towards the 
 end of August that iietlve worli was recoiiimenced. 
 It was then determined to pass tiy Curnpaiti, wlileli 
 liad so »ucee>sfiiliy witlistood the liest clTorts of the 
 Hllies, ami forcinii tile passinxe of the rivers, to ad- 
 vaneo to lliimaita, a place of about eipial streni^tli, 
 but wlileli had now lieen rendered, as it was tliou;(lit, 
 iuaecesslbie by land batteries iinil torpedoes. Tlie 
 passai^e by Curupaiti was aeeompiislied without 
 serious loss, tiotwlthstaiidlii;; tliat iiiaiiy of tlie ships 
 were stnieii, ut pidnt-iiiauk ilistance, with projectiles 
 varyliiii from Sd to ■J.'ii) pounds weii;lit. Thus en- 
 couni;^ed, renewed advances were made by land, and 
 A series of eneouiiters, tvaj^ed with varyiiij; success, 
 mark the history of the next few iiioiitlis. The 
 losses on both siiles eoiili'iucd to be euoriiioiis ; and 
 the heroic natUK \.t iliu defense, csiieclally wlien 
 one remembers that the forces at the disposal of 
 l.opez were not more than oiie-h:ilf the iiunil)er of 
 those jilaced In the Held by the allies, is worthy 
 ot all admiration. Kor every reverse suttered liy 
 tiieinselves, the I'arai^uayaiis iiianau'ed to obtaiu 
 coinpensation liy an cipiivalcut (tuinai;!^ Intlieted 
 upon the enemy, and a;;aiii the year closed witii 
 lltlh? or no variation in the poaiMon, beyond the In- 
 vestment of llumaita liy the allies, the destruction 
 of several 8hip.4 of tlie enemy's squadron by the 
 I'arasuayniia, ami the loss of s.'ver.il tlKUisaiub of 
 lives 1)11 both sides. The resources of Lopez, who 
 had entered upon the strii}ci;le with full jireparation, 
 aiipeared to be boundless ; mid only equalled liy Ids 
 own and his people's determiiiiithiu to defend their 
 country to the last extremity. Ills position, too, 
 was Btrmifjer in every respect than that of the 
 enemy, who surpassed liini only In numbers. This 
 comliiion, however. Is Bmnetlines too much uiider- 
 r.Ued. The allies would, cveeiit for the bonds Willi 
 whleh they had bound themselves In the reniarkablo 
 treaty tj;lven above, have t;hully brought the war to 
 a close. Yet so loti-^ us they had theVorld open to 
 tlnnn heliiud, mid the determiniition to be ab.^oliitely 
 reckless of the lives of tlielr citizens us an incentive 
 in the conduct of the war, it iiiu.'t have been evident, 
 ut this state oven, that success of some kind would 
 ultimately I'c theirs. 
 
 Hrazil Biiirered least from this war. It was rc- 
 uioved a sutllclent distance from the inimedialc 
 wene of the eontliet to feel it but little, except in an 
 increase of taxation, lint tlie war was not popular. 
 *v*.any of the subjects of Don Pedro openly avoweil 
 the iiijnstlcti of It, and more especially v/hcu It now 
 became evident that the burden of it all must fall 
 chielly upon the Krazilian people. The Aritentine 
 Hepubllc and UrUjiuay liavlni; been coiniielleil to 
 relax their efforts, iievv respoiisibilities were thrown 
 iilion the Kovermnent of the Kniperor, and they 
 f<iuiid it no easy matter to raise money to meet the 
 Increased demand that was beliii; mude upon them. 
 The despatch of tt lar);o body of the National IJuard 
 to the seat of the war wiw stronj^ly coiidemned, and 
 |iro<luccd a feelinjf of Kcnernl discontent thront^hoiit 
 the country. Nevertiieiess tlio Emperor would not 
 desist froni the undcrtukinj;, and with more obstl- 
 naev tii.iii wisdom, he repentcdly refused otl'ers of 
 !iie(liatii:n from foreijjn Kovernnients. in his speech 
 to the Brazilian parliament, delivered at this jierlod, 
 occurs the foUowiii/^ passaiye : — 
 
 "In all the provinces the public tranquility has 
 tcmalned uudisturbed, and the quietness with whlcb, 
 
 SOl'TII AMIMilt'A. 
 
 in Kciierul, the late elect oils wore condnite.l Is an- 
 othir proof of the live which the llrazlllan people 
 fei 1 f..r the national liintltntlons. Thanks to Divine 
 providence. In the iriiiiler [part of the I'.mplre the 
 slate of piildle lieallh Is satisfactory. 'I'be ^coul■l.'e 
 of cholera inorlnis, w iilcii appeared In the city and In 
 some l.iealities of Ilio .laneiro, M. I'cilro do Klo 
 (Irande do ISul unil 8antu t'atlnirlnu, rapidly ilc- 
 
 ' creased, and was les< diMidly than on Its lirst appear- 
 aiiee. The );overiinieiit look all possible precau- 
 tions. The war provoked by the I'resldeiit of I'ara- 
 
 ' K'tay has not yet .irrived at the desired result; but 
 Tlraiill and the Ari;.'iitlne and Oriental repuldles — 
 
 I faithful to the ailiaiiee contracted betwc'ii tiieiii — 
 
 { will shortly obtain it. In the dIseliarL'e of so sacred 
 a duly the tovernnienl lias derived tlie most valii- 
 
 , able iis-lsiunee from tlie liidefatlpible efforts of all 
 llrazllians, and coiilldes entirely In the valour of the 
 
 I army, iiuvy, national tfiiard, and the voliinteers, to 
 
 ' whom is due the deepest gratitude of the nation. 
 
 ! Tiie cholera niorhus, which unhappily invaded the 
 Klver I'hitte, lias made coiisiderahle r.iva^fes aiiionif 
 the allied forces in front of the enemy. I deeply 
 lainenl the death of so niaiiy br.ivc ones who lonu'ed 
 so ardently to risk their lives In battle' for their 
 country. The coverninenl of I'crii otfered Its (;ooil 
 olllccs'io llrazll ami the allied repiildics, as preliin- 
 iiiarv to the mediations of tin' same republic and 
 those of Chill, Bolivia and Keiiador for the re-estab- 
 llshinent of peace with I'ara^'uay. Ui'eciitly tlie 
 Hoveriiment of the I'lilted States ciltered its kindly 
 inedlatlon for the same purpose. The allies, pr ite- 
 
 I ful for these ollei's, eoiihl not, however, aeeept 
 them, as they were not consistent with the national 
 honour. I Uave the pleasure to coinmiiiiicati' to you 
 that llrazll Is on jie.ieeful terms with all otIiiT fon iprii 
 powers wiiose friendly relations the i;oveniiiieiit 
 seeks to eiilllvate. A decree ex|ilaiia1ory of Arlicle 
 VII. of the Consular coiiventlon celebrated witii 
 Kranee has lieeii slu'iied lii I'arls, and Is now in fori'c, 
 
 I thus puttim; an end to the dlsa^'ieeinent whleh Wiis 
 evinced throunh the fracture of that convention on 
 the subject of inheritances, and llie e;overiinieiit 
 anllclpiites olitalniiii; a similar result witli respect to 
 other conventions of a like nature. 1 am haiipy to 
 announce to von that by dceri'e of Dee. 7t!i, In l.isl 
 year, the navln.itlon of 'the Amazon, of some of Its 
 iitlUients, and of the rivers Tocantlns and San Kraii- 
 elsco, Is from the 7tli of Se)iteiiiber next, fr.e to 
 the nierebanl vessels of all nations. This meas- 
 ure, which coincided with the cxiiei latloiis of Itia- 
 zilians and foreigners, promises tlie. most important 
 henclltii to the emiilre. The public revenue con- 
 tinues to Increase, but the cxpendlliire, especially 
 what the reciulreineiits of the war have (iccasioiieil. 
 lias increased to such an extent us to produce a de- 
 licit in the State bnduet wlileli 11 Is of the utmost 
 importance to provide t.ir, bv means wliieli Jndi;meii! 
 and patriotism will sii!,"-,'est to you. The servile 
 clement in the empire cannot but merit op|iortunely 
 your considenitioii, providlu;; In such a manner that, 
 "respectliii; actual iiroiierty, and without n severe 
 blow to liur chief iudnstry— af;rleiillure— the grand 
 interests which bcloii',' to" cmaiieipalloii may lie ul- 
 teiided to. To promote colonlitation oiiglit to be the 
 olijeet of your partieular solicitude. Public iiistriie- 
 tioii Is tt subject worthy of not less care. Amoin; 
 the measures called tor'by the service of the army, 
 
 i the most Important are liiose of a law for reerultiiit;, 
 of a penal code, and of military law. ICx(ierlencc 
 
 1 shows that an ulleiallon of the rank of naval otllcers 
 is absolutely necessary. Likewise the eonvenience 
 has been recoirnizcd, by jiractlee, of nnidifyiiur the 
 ori,'anlzatlou of the National (iiiard, prlncipallv for 
 the purpose of (greater mobilization in extraordinary 
 
 ' cireuinstances." 
 
 I Tlie stress w liieh the Emjieror here lays upon the 
 alleu'ation that I'rcsidcnt Lopez had provoked the 
 war had no cllect outside ot the empire, and very 
 little, if any, in it. The fact was too clurim; that 
 Lopez had not provokeil the war, and the conlradie- 
 tion of it in ail imperial speueli docs not alter it. 
 Nor IS one much advanced In nppveelation of wiiat 
 tlie iMiiperor chose to eon.-lder to be in iieetirdaiice 
 w Itli llraziliuii honour, wlien be refused to aeceiit an 
 liuuourable tcrinination to a dishonourable war on tlie 
 ground that the "honour" of the empire stood iu 
 the way. Tills speech \.\ Indeed, a well-marked 
 instuuee of Imperial subterfuge uiid disingenuous- 
 ness oil tlie one hand, uiid tif an Ill-concealed iit- 
 tempt to mislead his jicoplu Into mistaking a dis- 
 graceful treaty f ir a eoiniiuct of necessity, on tlie 
 other. It is one of those instances which young 
 nations so often give, of mlstaknig violence for 
 power, and noisy rioting for display of national 
 dignity, liul the world is not deceived by such 
 denionstratlons. 
 
 At the eml of the year an effort wns made by the 
 Ilritish governmeiif, through tlnir tiecretary of 
 Leg.ition at lluenos .Vyres, to mediate for the pro- 
 niolion of peace. Ami ugaiii it was unsuccessful. 
 Neither side would yield auythluL', nor aeeeiit any 
 comiironii,-c, up.iii wliieli ulone the buiis of peace 
 
 I8;i 
 
 I conM rest. Notiiltii; staved the work of the belll- 
 g.'ielits. The lieglniilng of IMIS fouml the llrazll- 
 jiaiis still Investing the fortress of lliimilla, and on 
 the I'.ltliof l''eliruary,si\ Iron-clads niccia'ded. tlioii).;li 
 not with.Mit lieavv ilamagc, in forcing the pu.^sagc 
 of the river ut thai jilaee tliroimh a iiolntblimk lliii 
 ; from Isil pii'ees of heavy ordnance. An outlying 
 ' work, armed witii twenty guns, was at the same 
 time lukeii by storm by' the llrazllians under tin) 
 .Mai'ipils de Caxlas. 
 I The passage of the river beyond Iliiinulta being 
 thus attained, .\suiieioii lay alinost at the mercy of 
 the enemy, ami (leiieral Liipcz saw the ncces.-ilv foi 
 at once adopting new tactics. He withdrew to 
 Teblcuarl, a strong Inhiiiil position, whltber he re- 
 moved all Ills material, and (iroeeedeil at once to 
 strengthen the place by a line of earthworks. Ilu 
 abumloned Curupaiti, 'w liich was entered by tlm 
 allies Us soon us the I'aragiiayan garrison left. In- 
 Ulecd. a [lortlou still remulned wlien the udvaniu 
 giiunl of tlie enemy approached, anil a slight skir- 
 mish eiisned. In which about 71X1 men were either 
 Ullleil or woiindeil on bidli sides. .Meanwhile, three 
 Iroii-elads, after teni|iorarlly reiaihing duinages re- 
 ceived at llumaita, steameif up to the cuppal, and 
 ; eommenccdubomlMirdment whleh was eontlmied for 
 three hours; the arsenal, eustomhonse and several 
 private Imlhllngs being considi'nihiy injured. The 
 only resistance oireied was from a siiiull fort nrineil 
 Hithslxly-elglit-iiounders, Bltiiuteduttheupproaelito 
 I the town, iiut tliesc iirodueed little impressbiii on 
 . the Iron sides of the Ilrazlllun vessels. Ail uttenipl, 
 ! well devised but not well executed, was made by a 
 strong force of Paraguayans to capture the clglit 
 i Iron-elads wli]cli were stlatloncd between llumaita 
 . and Ciirn|iMltl, but it did not succeed, and the re- 
 ' imblleans snliered severely. Two of the vessels 
 were boarded, but the otliei- ships directed their tire 
 upon lliein and swciit the dciiis, killing friend and 
 : foe with iinrcleiiting Indill'ereiice. A series of 
 similar reverses next awulled the repulillcun arms. 
 Several of their slil|is were sunk, and In a iiiiniher 
 of skli'inlshes on laud they sutlercd iiincli loss. Hut 
 the result of an attempt upon llumaita gave them 
 fresh conruge. (ieiieral Osorlo, seeing the necessity 
 of capturing this |ilaee, us tlic^ only renialnlng ini- 
 , I>edliiieiit to the freedom of the river, uttaekeil iniu 
 I of the outlying works on the llllli of July with a 
 force of UI.IKKI pli'ked troops. Iluvliig carried one 
 of the redoubts ut tlie point of the buvoiiet, lie sent 
 for reinforcements to the Murqnls de tuxlas, liavliig 
 in the ineantlmc the greatest dltllciilty to retain tlie 
 ground he liud gained. Hut the general, Instead of 
 complying with the reipiest, ordered a retreat. 'I'he 
 order was com|)Ucd with ; but the sound of tlitc 
 bugle bei'ame u signal for instant confusion. .V 
 panic selzeil the troops, and nelllier Osorlo nor Ills 
 olllcers could restrain them from precipitate lllglit. 
 As they emerged from the redoubt, the garrison 
 open.'il upon them a tremendous tire of grujic from 
 every gun that cimld be bionght to bear, and thus 
 mowed them ilowii from all siilis. Osorlo had two 
 horses killed under liliii. In about half an hour, all 
 of Ills start were shot down except two, and two 
 entire battalions were annihilated. The loss to the 
 Bnizllluns was aekiiowiedgcd by themselves to be a 
 thousand men ; but it was uetuully much greater, 
 iiroliubly not less than 'J,.M). A feiuilse hcareely 
 less Importiint was also suffered liy the allies, two 
 days later. In an nltempt to capture a battery that 
 had been recently constructed by the rc|>ublleans to 
 j iiarass the allie'd iiosition ; b'lit notwitlistunditig 
 j these events Lopez resolvccl to ubundon the rlviT 
 : line, und to stand upon the defensive in the interior. 
 j Tlie evaenatlon of lluniaita was accordingly begun 
 I oil the I7tli or iNth of July, und was continued for a 
 1 week without the Brazilia'iis gaining any knowledge 
 of w hat was going on. First, the families were re- 
 moved, alioul a hundred boats having been pro- 
 vi.led for the pur|)ose. Tbeii fcdlowed the sick, the 
 ■ prisoners, niiinltlons of war, food, and llmilly the 
 g.irrisoii, the outiiosts being nialntuliied ull the 'while 
 1 1 deceive the enemy. It was not till smiie of these 
 bad to be withdrawn, that the allies awoke to the 
 knowiedgo that the great work before tlicin whleh 
 they hud sntl'cred so mueh to secure, was compara- 
 tively oinpty. Then the most vigorous nicasnrcs 
 were taken to destroy wiiat there was left of the 
 garrison, and of the people. In doing this th« 
 allies shot down several women and children, liut 
 ' their efforts resnlled in nothing more prolllabie than 
 the loss of life. \'. they hud ]ierinitl<'d the evaena- 
 tlon It would liave been efteeted, und the allies 
 : might liave inarched Into the place without blood- 
 shed. Hut It was a craving for I'uraginivan blood 
 that chletly lutlueueed the troops of the allies. If we 
 1 may judge from their acts, niid. In this insUinee, 
 tlicy could not resist the temptutloii t.o sluy, uiiy 
 more tlinii tliey had evcrbcciuible to resist it before, 
 lioiided to r(>s'lr.taiiee by tlie brutal coiidmi of the 
 allies, tlie small fraction of the garrison wiiieli still 
 remained, determined not to yield tlio place. Two 
 ', oUleufs 6cut to dciuaud the "surreti Jer wero shot. 
 
IM 
 
 At liwt, the ullles fliiilliiK thnt the coiirae Umf had 
 inimtivcl wiM licit llki'lv til ri'Kii't In a npmiity open- 
 ii.itloii of l)ii< f<irtri'HH,'ciii)5i>THt'il t<i II [irn|Mt.siil nnidc 
 tliciii Ity 11 Koiiiiui Ciitlitillc |irl<-dt, iiiit* fi^iiiicin 
 KiiMu^nitti, who ollt'ri'd to clTtM-t a (■niiiiiiiiiilriition 
 with thii riMitililU'uiiH iind to nri'iiiiKi' fur u ciipltuhi- 
 tliiii. In thin III' wiiH KiU'i'i'xnfwl ; lln' Kiirrliion oil- 
 t liiilni; hiiiiiiiinilik' k'nim. On llii' llllh of Aiiuiint, 
 IH (illlci'rn mill 1,'i'tO nvn, with Colniiil Miirtima, 
 thi'lr (oniiiiiiiiiliT, III thuir IkmiI. inarchnil out of the 
 pltti'c" i»» lii'st they fonid ; fur tlicv liiiil hc'ii llirco 
 iliiyH witlioiit food, iinil live liiinilri'il of thi^ iiiinilii'r 
 WITH cither nick, woiindi'il, or prostriiti'd by Htiirvii- 
 tliiii. Til'' iillli'i'rs rctaliii'l tlu'lr nwurdu iiinl nv 
 ci'lvi-'d piTiiilHHioii to ri'tUli' III iiiiy of tlin i'e|>nl>lli'ii 
 tliiit tlii'y niiuht 8i'l"i'l. 'I'lii' foVtri'ss wim li few 
 (liiVH later nizid to llie )(rouiid. 
 
 l.'ipi'Z had tttlien up i\ pcisUlon iin the line of the 
 Telilcnarl, hut with the hili'iitloii, ax It appeared, of 
 unliiff It til renl't the advanee of the enemy upon 
 the Interior. Cromilnjj the Juean , a iilreaiii that 
 lloweil Into the Tehleinirl, the enemy tmik pii»ni'««lon 
 of Motile rudiintitu ulon^ the hankrt of the river and 
 routed tho Paranuayan tioopH In two or three 
 HklrnilHlieii. Four Hinall nionltiir.i iioir proeeeiled u|i 
 the Tehieuarl a diMtnnee of ten miles, and with the 
 UHMlHtaneo rendered hy then", the lepulilleaiH were 
 driven haek from their whole line of defenee, leav- 
 liiif hehlnd llicm ncveral (juiH andahirue (piantllyot 
 iiriivinlon.'* and inuiiltlonH of war. At every point, j 
 however, the progress of the allien was opposed, al- 
 wayH with lo«n to holli and often with very ipieH- 
 tloinihle ifain to either, nllliouiih the (Jeiicnil result 
 WHS admittedly favourable to the allien. On the irdh i 
 of November they liad advaiieed, under (ieueral I 
 Caxlai, to Vllleta,"oeeuplcil at the time by I'renldeiit 
 I.opez. An attempt wan inadu to take the plaee by 
 storm, and afterwardn to I'lTeet lt< reduetlon by 
 ineann of the iron-eladn on the liver, but In both the 
 allien wer>' repulned with eonniderable lonn. In the 
 followinu: month Lopez voluntarily abandoned the 
 
 fionltliin, hi eonnenuenee of a nevere defeat niiffereil 
 ly a I'araifiiavan foree of i.tVM men under (leiii'ial 
 C'aballero, who were att leKed In rear by an over- 
 whelmln;; .irniyof Hrazlliinn under t'avlas, and after 
 u nevere iiiid loni; fltflit eompbt iy raut''d. 
 
 The liraziliann, havlii); oeeupied Villeta In force, 
 proeeed 'd to ill:<liiil'.ti' the enemy from a line of 
 BtroiiLchiddn at Ant^ontnra, Lotnan Viilent jin^, and 
 thi'lr eiimmunlentlons, Tliene workn nuiuiiled about 
 Blxly ifiiiiH and were defemled by ".mill I'arairuayann. 
 The atlaeklni; foree wan double that number, iiut- 
 wltlmt indina; the lonsen they had Hustalne.l. The 
 llri-t iiH^aull wan made upon the eeiitre of the enni- 
 mnnieitloiis, whieh the allien nueeecded In takliiK, 
 thereby euttlngolTAnjontura from I.oma-iValentina-, 
 nnd eiipturlnu' at the name time twenty-two itniin 
 and Home amnmiiitloii. A eolumn of eiivulry beini; 
 sent to the rear of the latter place, a vi:,'iMiroun elTort 
 wan made to obtain iionse-slon from the front of the 
 outer line of cntreiielimeuts, and at the name time to 
 
 fireveiit any cseane of tliu |rarrlnon. At niinset they 
 lad neenred the llrnt line of defence, taking sl.'cteeii 
 iruiis and a lanje ipiantitv of provinloiin, and they 
 held their ponltlnn IhroU2;liout the ui^ht. Uelnforee- 
 meiitn beliiir hurried to the front from I'alnnis, on 
 the 'Jlth of Deceniber T,oi»e/. wan niiimnoiied to 
 surrender But the proponal wan liidiu:naiitly re- 
 funed, the President deelarin;; it to be tiie Intenthin 
 of lilmnelf and bin people to defend tlie eaune of 
 I'araifu.iy to the lant extremit-' Preparations were 
 conHeipieiitly made for an atta, by tiie whole allied 
 fore. Hatteries were eonstrm leil from whlcii tlie 1 
 tire of all the t^iuiR at the dlnposal of the enemy i 
 C'Hihl be eoncentriited on Loinas V'alentlmin, nnd oil ! 
 tho mornlm; of the :;7tli a furious cannonade wnn i 
 directed asalnst the plai'e. A force of 11,0(10 men i 
 uniler Marsiial Caxian marched at daylu'eak to at- '■ 
 tick tiie rear, while ii similar force uiidcr (ieneraln 
 Olies and Castro made a similar attempt uiiiin tlie 
 front. .Marnhal Caxiin carried the lirst redoutit at 
 the jiolnt of tlio bayonet, eaptnrins llierewilh four- 
 teen ){uiis and larije suppllc-" of f<i'Hl and animiiiii- 
 tlon, together witli ail the banitiiue and much of the 
 t'lirrospondeneo of tliu Prcnideut himself. I.opez 
 escaped to Cerro I.eoii. 
 
 On tho followlni; day a suinmnns to surrender was 
 sent to Ani;o»tuni, but the llai; was tired upon, nnd 
 preparations were in consequence made to carry that 
 |)laco also liy assault. Dut ut nl<'lit a message ar- 
 rived Informing the Rarrlnon of the defeat mid de- 
 fiftrtureof Lopez from Loinas Vaientlnas, xipmi hear- 
 ng which a flajf of truce was sent out wltli a request 
 that permission inlijlit lie granted to verify the re- 
 port. This was acceded to, and the Paracuiiyan olll- 
 cers were eseortoil throm^h the lines of tlie allies to 
 Loriian Vaientlnas. As so:>n as they reiiizeil tlie 
 actual condition of affairs ttiere, an o'lTer of eapilu- 
 Iiition was sent to tlie allies, who granted tlie terms 
 asked for ; and six liours after, on the llOtli of lle- 
 ri'inber, the garrison marched out wltli tlie honours 
 of war to tlie number of 1,'.J00 men. Tlie allien dc- 
 Ntrjyud tho.works and advanced to Asuncion, which 
 
 niHTOUY OK 
 
 thMTMItored, hut found ilenerUMl. They then hiir- 
 1 ri*a on to Orro Lecni, where tliey expected to cap- 
 ture the Pri'slilenl, but he wan tlieii nelllier to hii 
 seen nor heard of, allhongh It became noon after 
 known that he wan occupying a ntrong position tifly 
 milen from tlio ca|iltal, with u foree of live ur xlx 
 ' tiiiiiiHand men. 
 
 Much of llie nyinpalliy which had at llmt been re- 
 ceived by the Prenident from foreign renldents In 
 Paraguay wan lonl to liliii in tliene reversen through n 
 niiirit of \loh'nt opposllion whtcli lie hail displayed, 
 for Mcveral montim past, to tlieiii and to the repre- 
 scntatlven of their n-npectlve governments. In the 
 beginning of the year a conspiracy aualnsi the life of 
 the Prenldi-nt was said to have lieeii dineovered, and 
 iiirt nn-'pii'ions of treachery wcri' further Increased 
 when llie allien fori'ed the pan-iige of lliinnilta and 
 appeared before .Vntincion. In tills iitTair tlie iianien 
 of several foreign connnin brgiiii presently to be 
 mixed up, and Loiiez took violent iiiearni to accoiii- 
 pllsli their removal. Mnlimquent evenln caused hliii 
 to direct his aniinonlty clilelly against .Mr. Wanli- 
 biirn, the represent itlve of the United Staten, wliiiin 
 he accused of imrtielpatliig In tlie eonsplniey, nnd 
 who ultiinalely lial to take refuge on a t'nlled Stales 
 nlilji of war, whence he nent an liidlgiiint piolent 
 and denial of the iiceiisatlons against lilni to the 
 Prenident. A new minister in tlie pernon of (ieiie- 
 riil McMahon wan soon after nent from W'lnhingtoii 
 In the ship of Hear-Adiiilr.il Dtivin, and aeeompariled 
 by neveral Vessels of the I'nited States nipiadronthi'ii 
 In Paraguayan waters. He wan well rici'lved by Pn sl- 
 ilent Lopez, who at once eoiinented to renew the 
 ino-t friendly reiallons with the United States, and 
 to com|>ly with any request einanatlng I'roiii tlie 
 governinent at Washington. Hut amicably an the 
 matter had ended, Lopez liad iiiati rially w'eakened 
 the Hyni]>atliy that the Justice of his caiine hitlicrlo 
 had aroused, nnd tiierewllli (lie strong moral assist- 
 ance that he liad enjoyed. Hut lie did mil despair 
 of the ultimate succi'«'s of his ennsc, or relax iiin ef- 
 forts to sii.-lalii it. Having retreated to Ancurrn, lie 
 there reernited liln nhaltered foreen to nearly 1I,(MI0 
 men, and prepared once more to raise about him a 
 new stronghnid of defence. In this he was aided by 
 tile laxity of t!ie allies, who tliroiigh tlie illness, 
 fi'Igned or real, of Marshal Caxias, were now under 
 llie command of the Marsiial liiiilherme de Souza. 
 Their advanee tliroU','ii the eoiinlry dillered little 
 from previous experienci <, except that It was ae- 
 compiinted by greater losses oil the part of the allies 
 than they luid experienced In the preeeillng year. 
 The hrsl attack upon Aseurra signally failed, and, 
 clianglng their tactics, the allies souglit to make 
 themselves mastern of Perebeliny, an outlying 
 work, which was In fact the key to Aseurra. In tills 
 they were successful after a ntubliorn contest, when 
 more than a thousand men were put /**»/•* d,- tutmlHit. 
 Lopez lit once abandoned Aseurra, and being forced 
 to accept a battle under most unfavourable condi- 
 tions, was defeated witli a Ions of 1,^UU men and 
 twenty-three guns. 
 
 He 'now retreated slowly nnd In good order to 
 St. Kstaninlas, olintlnately enntesting every mile of 
 ground wiiere the enemy nttenipteu to ('heck hln 
 moveinentn ; and tlndlng that the latter w ere not 
 disposed to follow liliii with the same vigour, he 
 hirtlier retired to San •loaiiuin, and thence to Paiia- 
 dero, carrying on a guerilla war, for whieh llie nature 
 of the country was excellently adapt*'(i. Hut ids 
 siippiicn were now scanty, and ills troopn did not 
 niinilier more than l,."iOO men. He was eompeilcd In ' 
 eonseqiience to ieavt! beliind him all his heavy guns : 
 and n number of women, and to take refuge In tlie 1 
 monntaiiis of Manicayun, wiiencc, as was expeet^'d 
 by the cneiiiy, he Intended om.'e more to olitain sup- 
 plies from llic Hraziiiaii province of Malto (iroaso. 
 (iiner.il t'aniara, acting upon this suspiehni, 
 liiistencd to defeat any project of the kind, and to 
 inirsiie tlio President to his last Ktroiigliold. Ky a 
 well devised pl.iii, in wliieli the forces under hisco'm- 
 mand acted witli unwonted energy, the Paraguayan 
 outposts were secured, and tlie camp in wlileli "the 
 small band of half-starved republicans iiravely re- i 
 inained to defend their beloved general to the hist, was ' 
 completely Invested. Lopez was now secure in the 
 hands of his enemies, but they were not content 
 Willi the prize they had saerillccd so iiiueh to win, 
 but would have also the lives of as many Panigiiny- 
 aiis as could be had. Acting under the Ininicdiatc 
 orders of (icneral Ctiniara, a murderous tire was 
 opened by his troiips upon the now well-nigh de- 
 fenseless enemy. The slaughter was terrible, the 
 republicans being out down without olTering any re- 
 sist.ince, until the whole of them were cither slain or 
 wounded. Lopez himself, wltli a fev/ of his brii'.e 
 comiianions, ntlempted to esciijic into tlie bush, liut 
 lie presently fell on a grassy hank, faint from 
 loss of blood and fatigue. There (icneral Caniarn 
 rode up to him, nnd accounts dilTer as to what fol- 
 lowed. On th(? one hand it is alleged lliiil Caniara 
 suinmoiied liim to surrender, and then struck him 
 with the flat side of his sword, whereupon the 
 
 President died I Tho other la that Cunmra Irnped 
 from Ills home, and ran the prostrate Prc-ldent 
 llirongh the body. At thin time It Is Inq imsibhi 
 to virify llie triilh of elllier of tliene slalemenln. 
 Probably It will ever remain liii|ioitHlble lo do so; 
 
 In thai cane we shall have only to ai pt what seems 
 
 to ho the more probable one, anil llieii then' can lie 
 little doulit but Unit the repuliilion of (Icneral 
 Caimira ninnt sulTcr. The war, iinjustlv begun by 
 the Hnizlllann, had been coiidneled throi'ighont with 
 the greatest bnrbarlty by the allleil armien, acting 
 donbllenn under Inntrnellons of their respective 
 goveniinenls; and everything hiillealen tliat the 
 lei'llng with whieli tliev folioweil up I're-ldent 
 Lopez wan one of hatred and resenlmeiit, and not 
 siieli an nlioiild have inllneiiied the iicllon o( ii 
 gi'ni'roiin foe. Cruelty was a |iromliieiil trait In llie 
 allied generals, and lienee tlieie Is every reason in 
 favour of tlie Irntli of the nluleinent lliat" I.opez was 
 In fact murdered liy Caniara, and none whalever In 
 niippor* of the alimird tiieory tlial he died through u 
 Idow received from the tial side of a nword. Hrazll 
 and the allies were In nliorl disgraced at the begin- 
 ning of tlii^ war, and dlnliononred at the end of It. 
 
 Laic In tile preceding year the allies had cslabilnheil 
 a government at Anuiieloii, and by iiicaiis of thin a 
 |ii'ovlsiomil Irealv wan In turn eon'eluded with tiio 
 allien immediately after tlie death of Lopez. Peace 
 wan declared to In' rentoreil, ami the rivern Parana 
 and Paraguay were opened to commerce. Arrange- 
 nieiitn were aino elTi'etcd for the organization of n 
 perinaneiit government, and the fiiiining of a coiisll- 
 tulloii giiinling perfect religions lllierlv, a full suf- 
 frage, and niipplylng nieann for proinotliig inimlgra- 
 lion, protecting property, and guarding against iiiij' 
 monopoly of power by a self-elected lilelator. This 
 wan not done without many tlireatened dintiirlainees 
 on the part of the pcoiile, w lio, w bile galled by the 
 tyrannical rule of tlie llrazlllaiin and theh' allies, saw 
 all the loreii,'ii resi leiits, anil witii llieiii mneli wealth 
 of llie eoniiry, being lii'lven away. Hut tlii'se din- 
 turhanees were promptly put dowii by tlie Hrazlliaii 
 troops, Willi on more than one oeciinioii lli-ed ii]ioii 
 the people indlscriinlnately, causing imneeessary 
 bloodshed, and thereby iiicreiising the liatrcil that 
 was felt towards tlierii. 
 
 The Kmpi'i'or of Hra/ll, r.-ferring to the termina- 
 tion of the war In Ills address to tiie Itriizillan Parlia- 
 ment, naiti : — 
 
 " I eoiigratnlatc myself and you on the happy and 
 glorloiin terininatlon of the war we have nii..Miiied 
 duriii'g live years, itlwayn with honour to our arms, 
 against the ex-Presidentof tlie lepiilillc of Piiraguay. 
 'I lie well-groiindeil hopes wiiieli 1 iiianirested at tho 
 opening of the last leginialive session have been 
 realized of seeing our valiant nolillcrn led to a lliial 
 vietorv, under the eommand of my inueii loved anil 
 valued soninlaw. Army Marsiial llie Coinle d'Kn. 
 Tlie Irnst which I reposed in Hrazlliaii llrniness and 
 patriotism lia.s lieen amply justllhd, and hl.-lory w ill 
 hear witnes . in all lime that the presenl geiieiatloii 
 showed Itself constant and imsiiaken In the uiiaiii- 
 inoUB Intent to avenge the honour of Hrazil, Tho 
 rejoicing of the whole populntloii of the I'lnplrn 
 over the glorious eveiitj( whlcii liiivi! placed an end 
 to saeritlecn no noble, the enthnslasm with wiilcti it 
 has shown Its gratitude to the volunteers, tiie na- 
 tional guard, tlie army, and llie navy, are its due 
 homage lo iteroisin, and tlie merited reward of llielr 
 proved ilevotloti t^i the national cause, llie valua- 
 llie and legal co-operation of our brave allies assisted 
 ' greatly to tlie results obtained In the long, nliibborn 
 j struggle 111 which we were engaged. 
 1 " If Brazil laments lac Ions of iiiatiy of her gal- 
 lant elilldreii, tiiere riMiialns to the memoi-y of 
 their deeds illustrious exanqilcs ol patriotism and 
 bravery." 
 
 Such were the wonln by which the Ktii|ieror at- 
 tempted lo gloss over tlie war of which he had lieeti 
 guilty, to brand witli legallly an liiterfi'reiice with a 
 niitio'trn liberty, and to panidi' before the world 
 Hraziiiaii virtues wiiieli lite world hail obsllnaleiy 
 refused lo see. 
 
 i It is a relief to tnni for a niomcnt from this to 
 ' notice a nioveinent tiint was now eotniiig into proini- 
 i nencc in the Interior of tlie empire, and w hicli rc- 
 i fleets honour in place of dlbcrcdlt upon the national 
 \ reputjitloii. Kor some years there had been grow ing 
 up a liberal party bent upon thenbolitimi of slavery, 
 i It hiul hitlicrlo made but slow progress, pari iy on 
 I necountof tlie firm opposition of the principal slave- 
 holders, and partly from purely political inlluences. 
 Hut it had now become recognized on all sides that 
 the time had arrived when something must he done 
 towards emancipation ; and tiiiiny owners of slaves 
 accepted tlio fact so far as to free their own siines 
 on conditloii of serving for a lixcd term. The 
 Emperor had also done the same witli many imiier 
 his control by paying tlieir value into the public 
 treasury. Hut the views he eiitertaitied were not 
 fuliy participated In by his niinistry, and some delay 
 accordingly arose in the iutruduciioii of a uieasuro 
 into Parllument. 
 
SOITTH AMEUU'A. 
 
 Ill tlicyiMir IM()7 llic fnlli)»lti>cii|i|iiMir«lip|iiiv<! lu'rn 
 \\\r IiiiiiIh for II mliiuiii' wlilrli nut, wllli miiKt ii|>|]nilpi|. 
 tliiii iiniiiiiK ciTtalii Mii'Miliiri nt llu' cxi'i'iitlvi' : - i 
 
 I. MluviTV III I'li-c liii.illy In till. jTur IIKHI, II. 
 Iliu Ktati' III liiiliMiiiiIfy lliono I'lUxi'iia wlm nmy Htlll 
 own r-luvcn ut Unit |ii'iliiil. III. Knnn the ili'ili' iif 
 |in>iiiiil|{iitliiii iif thin ili'ircc, nil ililldri'ii Imrii of 
 HJinci uR' tip 111' friT. IV. TliiiHiM'lillilrni wlm may I 
 liL' I'lliiiMli'd In till' liiiiiiiK (if lliclr |>iiri'iilH' iiiantira 
 nliill HiTvu tlii'iii till llicy riMch tlii'tr Iwcnllilh 
 M'.ir, iinil will tlii'ii liii rinliircil to frii'ilniii. V. 
 riu'H' iiri' tcp liK i'hI.iIiIIhIiimI riMirtH ipf iMniiiiil|iiUlpiii 
 III nil Mil' toniiK tip cnfiiri'i' tliN hiw uikI niti' tip llu 
 jiriiipir I'xi'cnliipii. VI. A llxcil iiniuiiiit will liii Mi't 
 UHlil' fiir till' i'nniiii'l|iiillun ut llui uliivcn nf tliu 
 null Ml, iiml till' H.iiiic liTiim will lii' iikiimmI iiijipii tip 
 elfi'i't till' lilifnitliin nf tin- n1iivi'p4 ipwiiciI hy rulliflniiH 
 (irili'i'ft im injy 111' iiiuili' to |iiirrliuHii tlio inu'iliini iif ! 
 ttiip.iii lii'M liy III!' L'livirnnu'iit. VII. 'I'lii'rii nbmilil 
 III' uii|irip|prl-ii('(l II fiiiiil fur tin' aiiiiniil iiuri'liUHi^ iif ii 
 (rrliiln niiinliir ut kIjimk, hip tliiit hut rt<w niiiy liu In 
 liiiiiiliii{ii wIk'Ii till! Iiiiur ipf gunerul ciiiuiicljiiitloii 
 in lit liuiiil. 
 
 Till' Ki'iier.il fi^ntiiroH of thlt plan were iiltlnialily 
 ailiiiptc'il, Ipiu lit |pr''p<i'nttli('»iilijiirt liiul nut uilvuiu uij 
 niiltli'li'iitly In tin' |iiililii' niliid, uUIiiiukIi it liit<> liuun 
 iinilur I'lPimliU'i-.itlmi fur ni'i-iTil yt'iiri*. A ciiiihitvu- 
 tlvt' iiiliiMry, iivrrsi' to iilpiplltlmi, wn» ii\Mt in pnwcr. 
 Till' Kniiii'ror, liuwi'Vi'r, rt'iiiiilni'il llrni In liin rciiiilu- 
 llipii. un.l uft 'I' lliiillni; Hint, witli IiIa |ir('ii>Mit('Hlplni't, 
 CiPiiKri'ii.H wipiilil (111 iiiptlilii); iiiipre In tli" rii|iilroil 
 diri'i'lliin, liu I'liiim'nli'd Hipnii'wlnit uliriiptly, iifli'r ii 
 Hliiprt ilUi'u.^i.iiiPii Willi liU iiilnlnlurH, tip ucn'iit tlii'lr 
 ri'!ii;;n.itliiii lutlii'r than furi'^ii thu prliiclplu fur 
 wlili'li Ik' cipiiti'iiiU'il. 
 
 The llinltcil t'lnuiiiipAtliin wliUli liuil Ix'oii tlins 
 fur rlli'ili',1 li:iil lii'i'ii iitti'iiiU'il liy the iiin^t fiivipur- 
 
 iihh^ <'ijnm"|ni'i h, ami tlio KinpiTipr InaUtMcl that a 
 
 fnitliiT ailvi'i II thii umiil wiirk niiiHt liu iiiailc. 
 An 11 |iri'lliii, flip, uiiil til liviilil iiniK'ci'a-'ary 
 
 .''PinpllcatliPiih, ('iiiniii'iiinlKti wiii at hint iiuri'iMl 
 iipipii. ami till' iiiini.'itry Inlniiliict'il a incaHiin' uliiuli 
 priiviileil tliat tile Kiiipi'nir inlitht he rcliuvuil fnini 
 uiiy paynii'iit Tnr Ihi' nI.ivi'.-4 frL-t'il hv lilin, hut prunilH- 
 lii); iiiiililnK niipiu except annllleial ri'i;Utnithp|i iif all 
 the Hlavi'rt n the empire us a preliniln<iry 8ti'p tip 
 ttcllon In tlie future. The t^ipverniiient fleenreil a 
 niajiirlty In the liiiime iipini thin hill, hut It did not 
 Hatl.-«fy the Kiiipenir, and during ttie next inipiith 
 there was a ehaiiue iif inlnlslry, the Vlneiiuiit de 
 Hail VIeeiite, a «tripn<;uli(illtli>iii.'<t and ulilc utateKinaii, 
 beliiK at the head of the new eahinet. 
 
 I'lrllanieiit did nut meet a);uiii till the fullnwIiiK 
 May, hilt ineanwiillellie eauiie iit eimiiu'lpatiiin had 
 made Hteady and iiinre r.ipid prii;;i'e-H. A lilll wit.-^ 
 intrudneud'lii ,June after a viite taken upon tlio ah- 
 Rtniet prnpoHJtliin fipiind in tlie Kniperiir'H Hpeeeli at 
 theopenini;, and in Septeinlji.'r it panned tlie Senate 
 amid general rejoicing, by a iiiajnrity of 44 ujjainst 
 
 as. 
 
 Tlie provi.-dims of this measure redoiiiul to the 
 Rood sense nf the Hrazlliaii peipplu no less than to 
 the statesmanship iif their rulers. Aitliiiui;li pro- 
 fessedly based upon the uttliPii loni; hefiirc taken liy 
 the Hritiali Ki'^i'f'iii'i'nl, liiey, nevertheless, difler 
 iiiueli In detail, and even In jirlneiple, a|>]proaeliin|; 
 more nearly tlie plan of 1S(17. Children burn of 
 slaves after the liiite of the aet Here tn bo cun- 
 Bidered free. Willie Illinois they remain lii tiie j 
 control of the masters of tlielr mothers till eiijlit 
 years of a^e, tlie masters beiiiij respinisibic for their 
 care duriuy; that period. At this ai;e the mother's 
 master has the option either to necive from the 
 government u coiiipeii'iatioii of (KH) milreis, or to 
 avail himself of the minor's services up to the full 
 BRO of twentynne years. In the former ease the 
 Knvernmeiit lakes eliar);o of the miniir and of his 
 ediieatliin. Every minor may free himself by a 
 coiiipeiisation in money to his niotlier's master, the 
 amount beiiii; regulated by estiinatin;; the biilanee 
 of his term of service, unless any special aijrecment 
 Bbonld exist. Tlie ina-ter is ohlii;ed to feed and 
 educate tlie ehlldren born of the dau,i;liters of his 
 female slaves, as loni^ as thi? mntliers' services con- 
 tinue ; but if the female becomes free lier eliildrcn 
 under eiijlit years of ajf are to bo delivered to her 
 without any coiii{ieiisatIon, uiilcas tliev remain witli : 
 tlie master hy mutual consent of both mother and 
 ina>ter. In "case she Is sold, her children under 
 twidve years of age follow licr, the new master as- ! 
 sumlnKtherlghts andobllirutioiisof bis predecessor, i 
 Tlifc scTvieos of the children of female slaves cease : 
 In case it is decided by a court tliat the masters of 
 their mothers have 111' treated or beyond measure i 
 punished thcin, or neglected their support and educa- 
 tion. Tlie government may deliver tlioBe children 
 born of female slaves after the date of tiie law, 
 when they are given up by or taken away from their 
 masters to privileged societies. Tiicse societies are 
 tli"ii entitled to the services of sueli minors through- 
 out tlip terms of their minority. Tlicy may hire 
 them out, but they are obliged to feed and eilueate 
 them ; to reserve a porllou of their wugea for their 
 
 own ii^e, and to prnvlile tljcm siillable i'iii|ployineiit 
 
 whin Ihey 1» e oi 'igc. If tlm minors are pliieid 
 
 In piibilc iiisliliitlons. IK they may he at the option 
 of Ihcgiivcriiiiieiit, the state then assiinics all obli- 
 gations. 
 
 In every province of llie empire a ciiiiilii number 
 of slaves are to be set free aiinnally, tlic niiinber de- 
 pi'iidlng npoii the funds at disposal for the iinr|iose. 
 This einancipalliin fund is forincd out uf the slave 
 tax, a lax paid on transfeirliig slaves, the proeceds 
 of six yearly lotteries and a titlii' of all other aiithor- 
 ir.f'l lotteries, a special tax iinposed by the bill, an 
 aniiiiiiit devoteil froiii the linperlal and muiilclpal 
 Ireusurles, and fnnii coliecllons, doiiallinis and lega- 
 cies di'volcd to the piiriinse. .Slaves have a claim to 
 nianuinissiiiii at any tiine n inn they can pay llie 
 ran'oin llxcd upon cither by agr- cineiit or csllmalc. 
 The I'ompensutiipii may also consist In a contract 
 for serviees, iirovldcd the term does not exceed 
 seven years. In all ea»cs of selling or transferring 
 slaves, the sc|iaration of husband froiii wife or eliil- 
 drcn under twelve years of age from their parents Is 
 entirely prohibited. Hcsides these provisions for 
 the gradual manniiilsslon of the slaves the follow- 
 ing were decland free hy the act : I. 'llie slaves of 
 the nation ; the governinent being responsible for 
 their proper employini'iit. II. Those given to the 
 crown In iisiifmct. III. The slaves of the various 
 religions societies within seven years. IV. Slaves 
 bcloiiging 1.1 vacant hilicrltance. V. Slaves who 
 save the lives of tlielr masters, or the parents or 
 clilidrinof their inaslers. VI. Hlavcs given up by 
 their masters on acciiiint of physical Inllrmltles ; 
 the I'csponsililllly of feidiiig tliein still reniainiiig, 
 however, with the masters. 
 
 The operation (pf this measure has fully realized 
 the expectations (pf Its promoters. It Inn s.itlslled 
 the slave owners, anil, as a rule, no dissatlsfaetion 
 has been felt among tlielr slaves. (Inly In one or 
 two Instances have anything like dltllculllis occurred, 
 and tlicse have ticeii promptly met by the vigilance 
 of the anlborltlcs. burliig the twenty-four years 
 since llie llra/.ilians lir.st began to entertain the' Ideii 
 of aliolitlon, the nnnihcrof slaves has fallen, aciord- 
 ing to latest returns, from '.'.OllO.IIOd to l,lllli,i!r>'J, and 
 the proiliictlons of the eoiintrv have been propor- 
 tionately liiireasing. When this act was passed in 
 IS7I, fciirs were cnterlalned liy many that tlie same 
 degree of prosperity could not be m'aiiilalned under 
 lis operations, but these fears also proved ground- 
 less, and Brazil Is at this moment more iirosper- 
 oiis than at any time under the system of slave la- 
 bour. 
 
 liatincalious of the treaty of peace between Brazil 
 and I'araguav took place In March, IH7I. The 
 amount of indemiilty to be paid to the government 
 of tlie Kniperor was tlien fixed at *;)IHI,n(KI,IKK), and 
 provision was arriinged, through a Joint coiiimlssion, 
 for its pa.vment and the settleineiit of losses caused 
 to public properly. The rivers Parana, I'araguay 
 and Uruguay wen? opened to the commerce of all 
 nation", this liberty not heing extended, however, 
 to traders from poVt to port of the same nation. 
 The same privilege was granted to sldjis of war be- 
 longing to the riverain states, as to merchant vessels ; 
 and they are also declared free from all dues and 
 formalities. One article capeelallv pronounces the 
 adherence of both powers to the (Icciarallon of the 
 Paris Congress of IS.'ill ; and while the Emjieror 
 binds Iiimsclf to respect the Independence of the 
 Kepubile of Paraguay In ncrpctulty, and to giianin- 
 tee It for live years, provision Is also made for the 
 submission of any Inleniational disputes that may 
 In future arise, to tlie good oflices of a frienilly 
 nation, before having recourse to hostilities. Care 
 Is taken, bov.'cver, to hold security for the due fultil- 
 mcnt of the frnis of the trcat.v, and the govern- 
 ment of the Eiii|ieror Is allowed to keep In the terri- 
 tory of the Kepuldie such an army as be might con- 
 sider necessary to ensure the proper execution of 
 the agreement entered into. An extradition treaty, 
 and another of amity, commerce and navigation, 
 were signed at tlie same time. 
 
 The boundaries between the two .-itatos were thus 
 defined : " The bed of the Parana, from the month 
 of the Iguassu to the Salto (irande das 8pte Qiiedos. 
 Erom these falls the line runs along the highest 
 divide of the Sierra de Maracnju to It* tcnnination, 
 thence, as nearly as possible. In a straight line along 
 the highest ground to the Sierra Amambaliy, follow- 
 ing the highest divide of the Sierra to the principal 
 source of the Apa, and down the river to its Junc- 
 tion with the Pamgnay. All the streams flowing to 
 the north and east belong to Brazil, and those to 
 the south and west to Paraguay. The Island ol 
 Eecho dos Morros, In the Upper Paraguay, was as- 
 signed to Brazil. 
 
 The completion of this treaty by Brazil without 
 reference to her allies, created a feeling of eonsidor- 
 alile annoyance in the Argentine Coiifedcration, 
 which, at (ine time, seemed to render anotlier war 
 Iminlnont. It was clearly a breach of the spirit. If not 
 the letter, of the original treaty between the alllas. 
 
 18S 
 
 andthegipVerniiii'iitoflhrt'onMhMttMttningly pro. 
 teded agalllsl II. Ho itrollg WM tb» ICttiT sell! to 
 Hill de .taiielro bv Hr. Tejedor, the Argenline .Minis- 
 ter of Foreign AlfalrH, that the Brazilian giiveriiiiicnt 
 considered the (iiientiiiii of ri senllng II bv 'tnother 
 But pxplunallons iiltlinately allav'il 
 ■|.\ iiegol 
 tj'rminated In the mutiiiil iledslon that the Argen- 
 
 appeal to arms, 
 the exeltcincnl, 
 
 and fr|i'iidl.\ iiegollatloiis too 
 
 ilau'il 
 I uller 
 
 tine (Nmfedenithin slioiild prepare n sejiarato treaty, 
 wherein to neltli' the boiindarbs lietwecii the tun 
 states. A boundary dispute between Bolivia and 
 tlie (.'onfcderalloii was also left to he ilciided In a 
 
 similar iiiiti r, and aiiolher lietwcen (hill and tlie 
 
 ('onfederiitliin rciiiuliH sllll a source of iniich Irrll.- 
 tiiiii. Tills liwolvcs the |io:'sesslip|i of Patagonl.!, 
 wliicli is claimed liy tlie Argentines, and llieir right i 
 are lilspntcd by the Chllhiiis, wlio, amhllious of 
 marillme supremacy, dexire to secure tlie eiiiiiinaiid 
 of the htraits of Magellan. Tlie Andean chain eer- 
 taliily never was admitted by Chill as her boundary 
 ill Putagonlii. A treaty between the two eipuutriea 
 in INiiil provided that eacli should respect the ull 
 jfiiuiilrliii of ISilt, when the llrst blow for liidepen- 
 delice was struck. At that time Patagonia was lii- 
 (luiled In the territory known as the Wiii'iik I'/iih'. 
 But if any dispnte should sulpsei|ueiitly arise, the 
 treaty further |ir(pviiled tliat tlie ijuestlon between 
 I the two countries sbonlil be aiilpiidtted to the me- 
 diation of u frienilly power, Cliill has long desired 
 a settlement In this way, and the Argentine govcrn- 
 I ment Is now showing a lilsposltlipn also to bring tini 
 matter to an end by arlil:rutl(iii. Whatever might 
 be the result, the feeling Is gcuindly prevalent 
 Ihroiighout the republics, tliougb Instigated by the 
 Argentine governinent, tliat the struitji should Im 
 regarded as neutral territory, and tills view Is ei|iially 
 I strongly entertained bv the maritime piiweri of 
 Euroiie. In his lust address to the Argentiiie Con-- 
 gress, referring to a current rumour of further dilll- 
 cultli'H having arisen upon tlie liouiidury (|Ui'sIIipu 
 between that repiiblle and Brazil, President Sar- 
 mieiitii s dd : " Tliere Is no dispute w Itti Brazil wbhli 
 could lead to a war, and we are bound to udbcre to 
 tiie lionourable ciigageiiient we have made witii 
 Chill, miituallv to spare ourselves an unnecessary 
 extieiidltiire of money, blood, and time, and iiii'< to 
 sutimit to the caprice of the wind ami waves, or tlie 
 incapacity of a general, misunderstandings wlilrli 
 may be peacefully' settled by an honuumblu arbi- 
 trator." 
 
 Although none of the republics have been entirely 
 free from attempted Insurrectionary movements dur- 
 ing the Interval that has elapsed since the terminatinii 
 ' of the war, the vigilance and energy of the res|ieetiv,i 
 govcrnmeiits have, In everv case, sulliccd to put 
 down ail activi! demonstnitlous of discontent, mid 
 the energies of the jpcopic, there, as well as in Mio 
 empire of Brazil, have been mainly devoted to tlie 
 arU of peace. Attempts t^i create a current of Eu- 
 ropean emigration to South America failed tlirough 
 the liielliclency of the organization adopted for the 
 purpose, and subseiiucntly from a breach of faith lu 
 non-fullilmcnt of the engagements entered into by 
 the governinents or their representatives. The un- 
 favourable ellcet of this mistake still remains, and 
 time and lionest administration of jiubllc alTaira 
 alone will remove It, 
 
 A dillerence which for some time existed iictwccu 
 the Cblliun Ciovcrnment and that of the Uiiiled States, 
 with reference to the detention of a ship called the 
 ! (JiMtl Jiflitnt, was ultimately proposed for settlement 
 by ttrbitnition. The (limit Idliirn was a whaling 
 slilp, but on a suit Instituted against her on sus- 
 picion of being engaged in sning<;ling, an embargo, 
 I under judicial decree, was made by liic governinent 
 I of Cliili. This occurred in \Xi:'., and tlie (piestlou 
 having been made a cause of rcinoiistrance by tlio 
 aullioritles ut Washington, it long remained in abey- 
 ance. Arrangcuienta were at length completed be- 
 tween the .Minister for Foreign Alfairs at Santiago, 
 and the Minister Plenipotentiary of the United Slates 
 : of Nortli America, for submitting it to tlie arldtra- 
 I thin of the Italian Charge d'AIIaires. This proposal 
 I having been brouglit before the Committee of (iov- 
 ernment and Foreign Affairs, a favourable rceom- 
 mciidation was sent to Congress. In this the Com- 
 mittee expressed the opinion that tiie submission 
 of sucii (luestioiiB to the Impartial and strict Judg- 
 ment of on arliltrator, who will decide tliem uiidi r 
 the inspiration of the highest Justice, is the only 
 rational method of bringing them to a satisfactory 
 conclusion. But the Coiiimlttce odded a curious ex- 
 pression of sentiment as to the Judginent which tlio 
 Italian arbitrator, acting under the inspiration of the 
 highest Justice, sliould give. They pronounced that 
 the republic Is not fairly under any oldigation to 
 pay any sum, or rather, that It ought not to be con- 
 deniued in any of the damages claimed liy the United 
 States (ioveniment, because, taking into consiilera- 
 \ tion the time when the Coinl Jirtiirn was detained, 
 the motive that caused her detention, tiie authori- 
 ty that issued tlie order, and the Impossibility, at 
 that time, of aduituisteriiij; iiuick and speedy justice, 
 
IflO 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OF 
 
 iipIIIkt tli(^ (sovcrimicnt. (if tlw rcpulilli' nor llic 
 aiitliiirlllc'K (iiniTiillv Blmuld bi' liliimi'il fur any net 
 Involvliijj rcKponsllilllly. lliivlni; llnis, with more 
 will thmi illncn'tliiii, f.'tlcii'd tlicfi-riMlniii iif llio ftrlil- 
 triitnr, the ('iiniiiillli'r i-xjiri'iisiMl tlio tlumKht tliiil, 
 iin II WUK, (if III! Ililiiifi', linivirliint to give »(lllH^ Irrc- 
 fr.iKuhli' iPHtiiiKiny !•> "tlicr nntloiiB tlml tlio rcimliUc 
 In niiiiiiiilcd by »iMitlmiMit» of ^ocd *'" "i"' Jui-tlci' 
 to fori'lRn powcrH. It bccnmo ndvlfnlilc, uotwltli- 
 (iliUKlInK their lU'iiinl of ic«iioimlblllty, to ciiiimwor 
 the I'n'sldriit to nottlo tbii ()ii('iitloii In thn nuiniior 
 pronoHcd, mid i) hill for tlio piirixmo wii8 thereupon 
 driiflpd, iind neoniinouded to llie llousv of Kepre- 
 Hentutlven. 
 
 The proeeedlnu tlins no fur lulvnnreil exhthltfl the 
 oxt(Mmion of the pritu'lplii of Hettliuff tfc certain elasB 
 of Interniitioniil (UnpiiteH by KUlimltlinv: them to the 
 nrliltnitlon of ii nniiposed hnpiirtliil tribnnid, bnt it 
 eunnot ho exrtinined witli etire in oil It,-* detiiilf, wUh- 
 (Mit exiioKlnij the eonipliciited form** whieh even 
 nnder tne new, iind In sonic rcspeett* Hlinple, conHtl- 
 liitlim of the Soulh AmcriiMin rcpnhlicH, nnittcra of 
 tlilH kind have to ^o thr(iup;h. 
 
 The prcjndieis wliich the people of Chill cntertiiln 
 airidnMt forcl;;n('n* are doing much t(> impede the 
 protfress of tin' country. Forelifiicra arc thereby 
 pivvcnted from •(cttllntr in the republic, and forel);n 
 capital and enterprise arc In like iniinncr excluded. 
 In all trades and profcsaion.H the nntlvcs arc protected 
 against alien innovatlouH, and immigrants tind It dilll- 
 ciilt, If not Imiioasiblc, notwitlistdinliuK special abib 
 ltiC8 and (|nalilleatlon8 posscnaed by tliciu, to outer In- 
 to the purauitdf their special cuilini;. A more liberal 
 policy in Ibis respect would have placed the republic, 
 lon^ ere this, in advance of itj* present nositidu, but 
 It Is less due to the conduct of the aulhorilies than 
 It is to the illiberal Icmleneics of tlio national char- 
 uctcr. A remedy will therefore not very readily be 
 found until time" lia« helped to riiisc up a more cos- 
 mopolitan feciini'' aniont; the population. This may 
 be assisted by the pivemmciit, wbieli cxhibita iit 
 tile Mresent time, in vurioiis wiiys, a ijooil liitentioii 
 to p'roniotc the nnitcrlal Interests of the country. 
 With that view, a second iiiternatloniil exhibition of 
 the pniduet.s of ii);riciillure and industry of Chill 
 and all fiircii;n countries is liciiu; prcpiifcd for the 
 autumn of Ihi- current year, and bnihlinus for tlio 
 iiiirpo.HC have tieeu creeled al Siiiitiai^o, which an* 
 Inirliiy creditable to the arcliifectiiial tx-tc iniii utili- 
 tarian ch:»racter of tec irovermiieiit. The foreign 
 tr.idi' of tlh' country, which ttiis is cxpeet/il to stiiu- 
 nbitc. amounlvd, ill ISoi, to ab.ait SSO.uiHI,^!!) ; In 
 isr.' it was $71.7S(),:KS. of whidi the imports were 
 valued at $:M.(k"ir,ll.'S, and the exports at *;iT,l'.'.\4(;0. 
 And, ascvideiKeof the rapid advances tiiat are la Inir; 
 made, it is wurlhy of notice that these llcurcs very ] 
 larirely exceeded ihnse of ISTI. .Viriieiiltiiir is in 
 an advanced .»tate. lleinii. tlax, silk, ami wheal, of 
 the tirst ipiaiily, are ]iro(iuecd in abundance, 'riie 
 miiiitit; interest, too, has a('(piired a .^reat develop- 
 ment. It. has been claimed tliiit the copper pro- 
 ('uecd in tlic republic is two-lhirds of the total pro- 
 duce of the world, but this claim is not su>taimd ; 
 the amoiinl is, however, l.irire. The silver mines of 
 Copiap.i, lluasco, Klor-idii, and others, arc remaik- 
 a'lie for tlicir ncluicss ; and u'old, in sntlleicnt (juan- 
 til> to be remuner.itive. is found in many |iails of 
 the coiitiiry. C'oal dcposils, liotii here and in I'cru, 
 are found' aloii>i: the coast. Many of these arc 
 workiil oil a larije scale, and l-.a\c, to a certain ex- 
 tent, att.'eted the trade Willi the mines of Newcastle, 
 and olliers in Australia. Iron ore is found variously 
 thr.iuixli;oU the greater part of the sonthcru re- 
 IMililics. 
 
 .\ more just policy than lias hitlierto been adopt- 
 ed towards foreigners, would be more udvaet.iscoiis 
 than any artilicial, ami too often delusive, mea.-nrea 
 for proiiiothig eniiitration, and it « nuld serve, beyond 
 iinijlit else, t.i citccl the development of these L'leat 
 /ntural res.iurees, whieh cipialiy alioiind in the Kast- 
 cni and Western rcpuldies. as' well as tlironi;lMul 
 the ciilirc empire of Brazil. Tlie spirit of old Spaii- 
 iji' excuisivenes-i has done, and is doinu'— for it bus 
 no( vi-t dieii out -inucb bi retard the material pro- 
 (iress of the wliolp of Smth .•\incrica, even us tlie 
 s.inic tipanih spirit of disaltectiou has kept the rc- 
 pulitieau iiorti.'ii of tlie continent hi a permanent 
 (iiiidition of political and social dlsqiiicliide. That 
 this is slill iniMhicvously at wcirk is apparent In an 
 iiiiident which, while we write. Is recorded in the 
 Arirentine Republic, where, in the darkness and ei- 
 lenec of tlie nishi, twenty human lieini.'s have been 
 a sassinated, bv the autliorily of the )t(iveriiineiit, in 
 tlie province of Kulro Kios, for havim; formerly t.ikcn 
 p.irt Willi Lopez. The i;iivcrmin lit ha\inir idlered 
 an amnesty on condition tliat the* ■ nieu would t;i>e 
 thei.iselvcs up from their hiding-places In the forest 
 (■r .lala, they trust- d in tie- sain tity of the iruaraii- 
 trc tiitl- ti\"en. and presented tlielnselves bef.ire th.' 
 aulliorities. But their tril-t was ill iilaced. Thev 
 wcr^' arrcstc'l. tlirown into jail, iitid in le-s than Ihr-e 
 iiiubls all liad ceased to exist. They were rnllilcssly 
 luurderuil by the orilcrs of that same (jinerumciit 
 
 which, (inly « few daya before, had promised thorn 
 Immunity from pnnlsrinipiit. It la etimes like llicsi; 
 that now most dIsKrarn tliii South American re- 
 publics. 
 
 HellKloun freedmn la another neecssltv, lioforn 
 complete nalhinal iirosperity can bo attained. Ill 
 Uio Western rcpiiblies, cspeciiilly, party fcoUiijr on 
 the ipiostinu of religions (llsahiliiica liiia run hijili, 
 and been a fertile topic of dlacnsslon. In the ('liilian 
 Congress It Is now iindertroliii; debate, and althoiiKli 
 the opposition party art" violent In tnvoctlve, the aup- 
 portcia of the caime rest uiioii IorIo uiiiI the I'xperl- 
 ciice of history, and are eontldunt of siieceBS. Tho 
 pniposal to remove, or at Icist to lessen, their dls- 
 iibilities, has received the Niinetion of soiiio of tho 
 
 ina.-!, Kroin diis he ndvaiK-cd to a loilter proinontdrvj 
 whieii he iiiimed VVii- Siiiilli Horn, and whicli is iiiniii- 
 feslly <'ii|ie lie T'res I'linlas, alioiil live dcurces norlh 
 ot llie line .All the cireiiinsliiiices euiiliiincd in Ilio 
 short ulislracl ol Ins idiinnd, wlm-h is lianilcd down to 
 us, cdiiceniliiu' llie iip|ii',iiiiiice mill stale of the cdiiii- 
 tries (III ihc coasi iil ,\lriea, are rdliliriiicd iinil illiis- 
 tniled by a eoiii|iarisdii willi the necoiinls of nidilcrn 
 nnvii;at(irs |-:\eii liaise ciremiislaiiccs which, from 
 llicir sceiiiin;; iMipriihaliihly, have hecii produced lo iii- 
 valldiile Ihe ercdiliihly of Ins rclalloii, tend lo rolirin it. 
 Ho dliscrves, that m ihc coiiniry lo the soiiili „\ I ■erne, 
 u prol'diind silence riij;iied iliroii|;h llie day ; bin diiriM)^ 
 
 clernv, and It has boon sliiU'd bv a liluh olllcial In : J»" ""-'lit imnnncraliie tires were kindled nliais; the 
 
 the republic, that in Mouth America, as In F.iiropo, | ™"l<» "' 'I"' rivers, and ihe iiir res alcd with tlio 
 
 tho time Is at hand wlicn no ceelesiastlciil authority | noise of pipes imd drums and cries oljdv The Mima 
 win he aUowod to snslain alleged rlKhts of the I'opc, 1 thiiif;, ns Kainiisio observes, siill lakes place. The i x- 
 cmilrary both to tho laws of the country and to tho cossive hcul ohhijcs the .\( yrocs hi lake ^heller in llic 
 
 prineiplea thus Indleated, totfethi r Willi the nnt r ni; ,i,,, .„„ „„, , ,i„,.. .,,||,. ,„,, ,.„ , i.„ , , ,, , , ., 
 
 eltorts that are I.elnK miiilo tlir. i.Khont the whole o7 , """ "' '' "" > ""' > ,""' '' ''' "",l'l t:!" '■"J"v I .0 
 
 the continent Ui promote odueatioii and tocneimniKO P''""-'""' >" '""»"' and d.inem.r, 111 win. Ii ih, y s,,, ml the 
 conimerco and every form of Imliistrhil pursuits, to '">■''"• liaiims, 1 1 Id I-. In niioilicr [ilai c, he mcii- 
 cimstrnct railroada 'and tclennipha, lo ilcvelop the '"""• ''"" '•''" "» liiiriiiiii; with tn.-renls ot lire. What 
 mineral and ai;rieuUunil resonrecs of Ihe several orriirtcd lo M. .Vdansoii, on the same coast, may 1 \- 
 einintrios, and liy all means to advance the Interests iilaiii this: •• .\» soon," says he, " as the hiiii dippci) 
 of the people. Justify the antielpalhm that an era of iienciuh Ihe honzdii, iind iiielil (iverspicad llie carlli 
 prosijei Ity has been oiitcre.l upon from which the ' ,viih darkness, die sea lent ns" its Irien. Iv b;;hl Wliilo 
 world at laritc must bonctlt. For rtcsp tc a the ,i„, „.,„„ .,1 .„,, ,„ ,1,1 1 1 .1 , . 
 
 Ininbles, inlorind and oxternal, wlileli have been re- -"" ''"","' ""^, ''-•I I '""f; '"I 'I')' "V ""'fl'". d 
 
 corded In cimiiection with the liistorv of the repub- ;'"'"'"' '" "',' ""'"' "" "" ""'■ "'"" "'' "'"'''' '" " 
 
 lies, thev have advanced to a lii)fii i|et;ree hi inatcriali bininioiis inelosiirc, wIn-.-li siirr idcd us like a lareo 
 
 proirrcss ; and they form already a noble vindication I ■'"'^lo "' ''lys. Iroiii whence ■.larlcd in ilic w.ike ol iIk 
 of ihe striifjiiics for ludopcndenee, iw widi ns aii-!alii|i a lonir stream nf a liylit. ' Voy. to .Sncyal, p. 
 other (jrcat tribute lo the virtues of political and 17(1. This appcanuice of the sea, o|ps.'r\cd hy llnnicr, 
 
 elvil liberty. 
 
 N T K S A X II 
 
 IxOTK [I] TaOK (0. 
 
 II. I.U.STHATION.s. 
 
 — T'vro wii 
 
 iluatcd at such a 
 distance from the .Xinbian (iiill', o, i(cd Sea, us made 
 it itnpraclicaiilc in cdiivey coniiiKiditics iVoiii liiciu-c lo 
 that city by land currianc. T'liis induced the I'liiciii- 
 ciails lo render lliciiisclvca iiiusu rs of l\ii nmrnrit or 
 Khintirulurti, the nearest port in the .Mi-dilcrrancan to 
 llie lied .Sea. T'liey hiiidcd Ihe cariToes which they 
 purchased in .\raliia, Kllnopia. and India, at Klalli, tiic 
 safest hatlior in ihe Keil .Sea towards the .\orili 
 Tliciicc they were carru il liy land 10 lihinocuhira, tiic 
 distance not iieiiiir very eonsulcralile ; and, liciii^ rc- 
 sliipped in lliat port were traiis|i(iile(l to T'yre, and ilis- 
 tnlmlcd over the world. Straluin licojir edit. Casaiib. 
 lib. XVI p H'Jf* Uiodur. Sicul. Uiblioih. llistor. edit. 
 Wcssclmyii, hh. i. p. 70. 
 
 .NoTK ['J), p 70 — I'ho Pcri|ihis Ilannonis is the 
 only aiiihciilie inonnment of die ('artliajrintaii skill 111 
 naval nll.iirs, and one of the lost eiinoiis frai,Miienls 
 transiinllcd 10 us by anlapnly. T'lie learned and nidiis- 
 Irio s Mr Uodwcll, in a dissctiaiion prehxed lo ihc 
 rcrijiliis of Ilaniio, in the edition of llie .Sliiiur ticojjra- 
 piicrs jMihlislicd at Oxford, endeavors to prove that tins 
 IS spiirioiir- work, llie eoinposiiidii of sdiiie (ircek, 
 who asKuined llaiilio's inline. Ibil M. ib^ .Monlesipncn, 
 in his ri-)s|iril des Loix, hh. m c. 8. and .\I. de Itoii- 
 ffatiivitie, in a dissertation piihlislied lom. xxvi. of the 
 Nieiiidires de i'.Vcadcinic des Inscriptions, iVc. have 
 cstahlislicd Us niiilienticity by armiments wliicli to mo 
 appear imaiisweralilc, Uamnsio has accdiii{iaiiied his 
 translation of dnii ciirioiis voya^'o with a dissertation 
 teiidin); to illustrate it. Uacolle dc Viapt'i, vol. i. p. 
 in. .M de lluiijrainvillc has, with great Uarniiif; and 
 ■luiilv, treated the same subject. It appears that Man- 
 no, nccordinu to llie inot'.p of ancient navigation, under- 
 took this voya|rc in small vessels so eonstmctcd that 
 he could keep close in with the coast. He sailed from 
 ficdcs to the island of (.'erne in twelve davs. This is 
 prohahly what is known to the inodenis liy the name of 
 the Isle of .-Vr^iiiin. Il becaine the eliief station of tho 
 C'artliatrinians oa tliat coast; and M. do Hongainville 
 coniends, that tiic cis,eriis fuiind there are nioiiuineiits 
 ol the I arthaiiuiian power and iiii,»eiiiiily. IViyCecdiiio 
 from ('erne, and still lol'uwiinr ilie windtnu of tlie 
 coast, he urrMid in sevcnieeii days, at a proinontorv 
 which lie oiled The WcmI Hum, probably Capo I'ali- 
 
 has been mcniioncil as an aryimieiit ay.iiii.a the uiillicn- 
 licity of Ihi! I'cripliis. It is, hovNcMr. a phi rionicnoii 
 very coininon in warm cliniales ('apl.iiii Cook's 
 second voyage, vol. 1. p I.'i. Tlie renpliis of llaniio 
 
 has hecii tr.inslated, and every point wiili rcs| 1 10 it 
 
 has been illnslrated with inncii learnin;; and lii^'eniiiu, 
 in a work published liy Hon I'cdr, Kodnj; I'anipo- 
 niaues, cnlllled, .\lili;.,'iicda>l lliarilnn.i ih' Carl,i;;o, eon 
 el 1' ripio de sn (Iciicral llaniioii traibicuio c liiiisirailo. 
 Mud. n.lli, Ito. 
 
 NoTK. [;t] p. 70.— I.oiiir iilicT 111,. iiavit;alioii of 
 the I'nienici.in . and of I-jidoxiis round .Virici, rob Inns, 
 the most inlclli(;ciit and best iiiliirnicd liisiorian ol 
 aiiiiipiiiy, and parliciilarly distiii<;iiislicd liv Ins alien- 
 tidii to (;ei.'^iapliical rcscaiclics, Hlliinis, liial il was nut 
 known. 111 ills nine, wliellier .\lrica was a cdiiliiniid 
 coiitinenl slretciinin to the .-uiiili, or wheilicr 1: was 
 eiiconipassed |.y Ihe sea I'olyliM llist lib m I'liiiy 
 the iiaiiiralist usscris, that llierc can he no coniiiniiiic.i- 
 tion bctwei-n tiic soiithcm ami nortbcrii lcni|.cr.iio 
 /.ones, riniii Hist. Natiir. edit, 111 iisimi. Ihipli. 'lio. 
 hli. u. c. (IS. If they li.id nivcii lull cndil ui tin' 
 accounts of those voyages, the hirincr could not liaie 
 cntcrtaiiicd such a doiilit, llie laitcr could not liavs 
 ilchvcrcil such an o|iniioii. Sir.ilio ineiiiions llic vov- 
 a^e of I'hidoxns, lint treats il as a faliiiioiis tale, liii. 11. 
 p. l.'i.'i ; and, ucciirdinj; lo his account of it, no ollici 
 jnilKnioni can lie lornicd with rcspeci lo 11. Sirabo 
 seems not to li.ivc known any tinii;,' wiili tirUiiiiiv con 
 ceriiiiig the I'oriii and stale of ilic souilnrii parts ol 
 .\irica. (ieo>;r lib. iMi, p. 1 bSO. rioicmy, llie most 
 iiiipiisitive and learned ol all liie ancieiii i^co^rai'licrs, 
 was cc|iiully imacipiamted Willi aiiv pans ol .\lnca siiii- 
 ated a ft.w deorecs lu-yoiid liic (-.juihocli.il line ; lor ho 
 supposes thai tiiis (Treat coiiiinciil w.is noi surrounded 
 by the sea. but that it strclclicd, wiliioiil iiiu rruplion, 
 towards the .^oiilll pole ; and he so far mistakes ils true 
 hiinre that he dcscniica the coiiiinent us he -uiiiiiu,' 
 iirodder a-id iiroad-r as it advanci d lowards the rcif.i-.. 
 I'loieinr)! (leojrr. iih. iv. c. U. Unciii I'araihla (iciwr. 
 vctcris nova, p 81). 
 
 NoTK [4J. i> 71.— A fad recorded bv Sirnbo 
 atTords a very sironj; mid siii;;ular projf of ihe il>iio- 
 raiicc of the ancieuls witli respect to the siiiiation of llio 
 varioas parts of the earth. When .•Mcxaiidcr inarcliKl 
 alolif! 10 hanks of the llydaspcs mid .Acesiiie, two of 
 the rivers which fall into the Indus, lie observed that 
 there wcru many crocodiles in tliose rivers, ami ih.ii the 
 country produced beans of the same species wilii iho.sc 
 which were conmioii in I'+'vpl. l-'roin these circiini- 
 stuiices he eonclilded that lie had iliscnvered the soiirco 
 of tho Nile, and prepared a Heel to sail u'owii llic Hy 
 duspra lo F+'vpl Strab. tleimr. lib, xv p. l(l'.;b 
 T'his aiiiaziiii; error did not arise Irom unv ienorance ol 
 yeouraphy peculiar 10 iii.it inoiiiircli ; for we arc in- 
 binned liy Sirabo, llial Alcxaiidei applied Willi pallieu- 
 lur attention in order to uccpnre tlie knowlcd^je of lliia 
 Bciet'.co, Slid had uceurale maps or descriptions of llic 
 
Countries ihrotiKh which hr Minri.-h('<I. I.iti. ii. p. 120. 
 Tut in his b^c the kituwlcdiro ot l)io f iriH-kH did nol 
 extend bryond Iho liiiiiln uf llie Meditcrruntun. 
 
 NoTK '!S]. p. 71. — Ah ihr lliix iiiul nlliix of llir mni 
 in rt'inurkiihly ^rcul al tho riiuiiili ul' tii<; river Iiidii.H, 
 thiK would rriuliT \\w |ih('iiriiiiriioii more luniiiduldL' tii 
 Uio (ircvktt. Viircii (ito^r vn|. i. p, *^,')I. 
 
 NoTK jTi]. p. 71 "It is prtilmMc thfil the imciuntM 
 wcrr Hiddoin tndih rd In ii(l\.iiit-(> mi t;ir iih ihv. mouth ol 
 Ihi! (iaii^CM, citht-r hy iiioii\(i ol cunoMty or vmws of 
 routiiKTciid iidvitnliigc. In iiMi'^ciiui'ncc uf thin, thrir 
 ide ' roncrriiMii,' tlic pot-itKni ul ihal j^re il rivtr \m\h vi-ry 
 rrroncuMN. I'lulniiv pi. ices thai hriimh of iht (iuiii^cs, 
 whitdi Uv (hstiiiiruishi's hv ihr ii.inic of thr (irci't Mouth, 
 ill (he hundred iiiid fortv^iiUi denree ot httuf.tude frnii) 
 hiH |ir>l nieridiaii in the roriuiiuic lKlami:t. Itut its 
 true hni^ntude, coinputed fiuui that iiiendiaii, is now 
 deterNiiueil. hy asiroMotnn-iil ohHerviitionH, to he only a 
 hundred and hve de»,'reeH A m'O^raplier no eiiunent 
 nniMt have heen helruyed Into un error of tins iii.i^ni- 
 ludi' hy the niiperfeeliun of the iriloruialion vslucli hi- 
 liad reeeivt d ronernun^ lliuse dihlaiit remons ; and 
 this ullords a striking prttof of the inlcrcourM: with lh<'iii 
 heinj^ i-xlreine|y ruir. With respect to the rounlnes 
 of Iniha lieyond the (iani/en, his intethj^ence Wiis still 
 more dt leeiive, and hi;* errors mure enorinoii.H. I shall 
 have oeejiHion to observe, ni aiiolher place, ih.U he ha^ 
 plared the eountry id tlie .SercH, or i 'htna, no h-><4 than 
 Hixty (h'^reeii further eadt than its true position. M. 
 d'Ahville, one of the inOHt learned and intelligent of iUv, 
 modern m'o^rapluTN, han .set this matter m a eli.ir lii^ltl, 
 in two diMsertalionn ptihlislied m Mum ile rAcadein 
 des luflcripl. lVc. torn. x.\xii. p. 573. tiUl. 
 
 NoTK [7]. p. 71. "It is reninrkahle, that the dis- 
 coveru;s of the ancients wvxc niade chii lly hy land ; 
 thoH» of the miidt riiH are canied on elittrlly hy sea. 
 'i'hi: proyresf o! eomiuest led to the former, thai ol 
 cuininercu to the hitter. It ih a judicious uhservation 
 of Strnho, liiat the eoiupiehls of Alexander (lie (ireat 
 made known the Mast, tlio.se id' the Kiimins opened tlie 
 Went, and those of Mithndates Kiny of routus the 
 Nurdi. lab. i. p. '2t». When dmcovery is carried on 
 i>y land alone, its proirress must be slow and il.s o[>era- 
 lions conlined. When it u earned on o- ;v hv sea, its 
 RphuTK may he more extenttive. and tis advances more 
 rup:J ; hut it labors under peculiar deh'cts. 'riiouirh 
 it may make known the poKiiion of ddlerent countries, 
 and ascertain their boundaries as tar a.s llie-e are deler- 
 inincHl by th(> ocean, it haves us m iiftKjraiice with re- 
 Bpecl to their interior state. Above two centuries and 
 a half have elajised since the liuropeans saih-il round 
 tho southern ^iromonlory of AlVica, and have traded tn 
 most uf Its i.'irts ; but, in a considerable pari oi thai 
 great conlnu'iit, '.hey liave done little more llian Burvry 
 Its coa.sts, and innik its capes and harbors. Its Uiterior 
 regions are m a ;;real mea.suie unknown. The an- 
 cii-nls, who had i very iniperbet kmiwledi^e of Us 
 coasts, except where they are washed hy llu* Medi- 
 terranean or Hed Sea, wen; accii.stonied tti peiii'trale 
 into Its in'ir.d provini-es. and, if we nuv rely on thi 
 testiiiHV.ji jf Herodotus and Diudoriis Sicuius. lud e.v- 
 ph'nt many parts of it now aboLjelhrr unknown. In- 
 Ata both modes of discovtrv he united, the ;_'i'iiirraplu- 
 cjI knowled}^e uf the earth must remain incomplele and 
 iimccurale, 
 
 NoTK [M]. |j. 7!2.-"'riiP notions of the ancients con- 
 cernin;^ such an excessive deirree of heat m the torrid 
 zone as reiulcred it unmhabituble, and ihetr persisting 
 in tins error hniy alter they bei^an to have stinie com- 
 iiiercial intercourse wi:h m veral part-^ ot India Ivihl' 
 within (he tropics, inu.'^t appear >o Mu^ular and ah>urd, 
 that It may not he unacceplalde to some ol inv reader^ 
 to produce evidence of their lioldin>r ilus opinion, and 
 to iiccoimt fur the apparent inconsistence of their 
 theory with their experience. I'icero, who liad be- 
 stowed attention upon every part of plnhisoplv known 
 to tho iinctcnts, seems to \u\r htdieved tliat .ne torrid 
 sour was iiinnhabitablc, and, of eonset)uunce, lliat there 
 could he no intercourse between the northern and 
 BOulliern temperate zoiich. lie mtrodiiccs Al'ricaniis 
 tlius addressing the youn^ir Scipio : " Von sec tlu-s 
 eurtli encom[fas8ed, and as ii were Ipouiid in hv certain 
 lones, of wlucii two, at lliii greatest distance from each 
 Other, and sitstdinm^ 'lie opposite poles of heaven, are 
 frozon with perpetual cold , the middle one, and thr. 
 largest ot all, is burnt with the heal of (he sun ; two 
 aro habilubhi \ itie peoide m the Houlhern uiio are unti- 
 (oJea to us, with wuuiu we have tiu coiinucliun." 
 
 SOUTH AM IMUC A. 
 
 Sdiutniim Sn/niiiiifi,c. 6. fiemmus, adreok pliiIoAoher, [ 
 r 'it'i'inporary with H'tcrro, deiiiers the same doctrine, ; 
 not ii.. ^ "■ • lar work, but in Ins I iijy.iyfj nv 'Inkio/khi, i 
 a irffttise purely srientitie. "When we speak," aays j 
 be, "of tlieMiuthern temperate zoim ami its inhabitants, i 
 and conceriiinK those who are called aniipodf s, it must 
 be alwavH understood, that we have no certain know- j 
 iedjte or information coiirernm^' (lie southern temperate j 
 zone, whellitr it b(i inhabited or nol. Hut fr(un tho, 
 spherical (ii:nr(l of the lurlh, and the course which the 
 sun bnhis between lh(! tropics, we conclude that tlierc , 
 IS aiinther /one sitnattd to the south, which enjoys the 
 same dej;ren of temprratiire with the nortlu rn one 
 which we inhabit." Cap. xm, p. Ml. np. I*ct-.ivn Opus 
 de Doclr. 'I'empor. in (juo rranoloui-iin sive Sy.Hteinata 
 var. Anctorum Amsl. 171*5. vol. M. The opinimi <d 
 iMmy the naturalist, wilh respect to both these points, 
 was the s.'diie : "There are hvc u.'-isMins -d the earth, 
 which are called zones. All that pori:<ji wliieb he., 
 near to the two opposite jinles is oppns^rtl with v<lie- 
 incnt cold and eiernal ln>st. 'I'liere, unhle-srd with 
 the aspect of milder stars. per|ietiial darkness rctL'ns, or 
 at the ntim .t, a feeble lif^hl retleeted Imin surrounding 
 snows. 'I'he middle of the earth, in wlm h is the orbit 
 of the sun, is scorched and burnt up wiih fl.nnes and 
 (ii'ry va|K»r. IJclween these torrid and frozen th^-lnetj* 
 he two other portions of the earth, wluch are lemperale i 
 but, on account of the hnrnini.' ref»ion interposed, there 
 can he no eoin.nunicatiun lielween them. Thus Hea- 
 ven has deprived us of three parts of the earth." Lib. 
 n. c. fiS. .Strabo delivers (lis opinion to tho same 
 clfect, m terms no le?s explicit ; " The portion of the 
 earth whndi lies near the eipiator, in the torr:d Z(jnc, is 
 rendered uninhahilahle by heat." I.iti. n p. 151. To 
 lhe.se I im;;lit add the authority of many other respecta- 
 ble pliilosojiliers and historians of anti'pnty. 
 
 In order to i'xplain the sense in winch this dnctrin* 
 was licnerallv n eei\ed. v^e may observe, that I'arnie- 
 iiides. as wn are informed i)y Strabo, was the brst who 
 divided the earth into live zones, and extended the 
 limits of the zone which he supposed to be umnhalnia- 
 ble on account of heat bpyond the tropics. Aristotle, 
 lis we leiirii likewise I'rom Strabo, lixcil the bounilarn s 
 of lUv. dill'erent zones in the same manner as tiiey are 
 di'lined liy modern ^.'eoyraphers. Hut the progress ol 
 discoverv haviii;f tfradually demonstrated that several 
 iei;ions of the earth v\huli lay withm the tropien were 
 not only habitahle, hut pofMilous and ti rlite, this induced 
 later yeonrapliers to circumscrilie the limit* of the torrid 
 zone. It IS nol easy to a.tcertaiii with precision the 
 boundaries which they allotted it. I'Vom a pas^al;e m 
 Strabo, who, as far as I know, is the only author of 
 anliijuity troin whom we riceive any htnt concerning: 
 this subject, I should conjecture, that llioie who calcu- 
 lated aecordmji to tlin measurement of the earth by 
 Kratusilu nes. uiipposi d the torriil zone to comprehend 
 near sixteen deijrees, about eii.'ht on each side of the 
 erpiator ; whereas such as followed the coinpul itfon ot ■ 
 I'osidonius allotted about twenty-tour di-iirees, or some- 1 
 what more tliaii twelve dcijrees on e*ch side of the 
 eipialor lo the torrid zone. Strabo, lib ii p 151. Ac- j 
 cordimr *o the tormer opininn, attout two-tli:rds of (hat '■ 
 portion of the earth which lies between the tropics was , 
 ctiniidired as habitable ; acconlini; lo the laUcr, ahoiit 
 one-l.alf of it. \S'ith ih:s rcslru'Iion, the doctrine of 
 the aiicient-i conctrninii the torrid zone appear* less 
 ab.siird ; and we can conceive the reason of their as- ; 
 sertiiii; this zone to be unmhahilable, even after they : 
 had opened a ct)imniintcat!0:: with severid places within 
 ihe tropics. When men of science spoke .\\ the torr'd 
 zone, tlicv considered it a.> it wa-* limited by the deti- 
 nitioii uf ;;eo;(iapherit to si.xtceii, or at the utmost lo 
 tweiitv-Iour iteiirces ; and as they knew almost nothiU)^ 
 of the couniries ncarci lo the cipiaiorthey mitrhi still suit- 
 pose them to he uninliabitahlc In loo>e and popular dis- 
 course, the name ot the torrid zone contiimcd to be yivcii 
 to ul! that poition of the earlli which lies wilhm the tro- 
 pics, ( 'icero seems to have heen unaci|uamted with iho-i* 
 ideas of ihc later jjeo^raplicr* ; ami. udlicrmj* to tliC 
 division ot I'armcmde.-i, describes the toriid zoih' as 
 the largest of tlic live. Some of the annenls rejtvted 
 ihc notion coucerninj; the tnlolerable heat of the torrid 
 zone as a popular f rror This we are told by Pbitarch 
 was the sentiment of Pythagoras; an I we learn tVoin 
 Strabo. that Kralosthencs and I'dlvbius had a't'»pted 
 the aami' opinion, lib. ti p 151. I'tolemy seems t;> 
 have paid no ri'<:ard to the ancient doctrine diid opinions 
 concerning the torrid 2.<j\w. 
 
 NoTK [0]. p 71. — The court of Iti.pnsiiion, v^liich 
 etrectiially checks a cpiril of liberal in«piiry. and of lite- 
 I rary iinprovemenl, wlurever U u csUblisiK^d, was m)- 
 
 187 
 
 known in Portugal in iho fifteenth century, when llta 
 ncopleuf that country hej'an their xoy ayes o( discovery. 
 Nlure than a century elapsiil hehire ii was mlrnduced 
 liy .luhii III., whose re'gn commenced A. L). 15*21. 
 
 NoTK [ H»J p. 75. — An instance of this ib related by 
 llakhivt. upon the authority oftht^ Portuguese historian 
 (Jnrciade Kesende. Some Knyhsh merchants having; 
 resolve d to open a trade with the coa»l of Guinea, John 
 ii. of Portugal dr Mpatclud ambassadors to I'ldward I\' , 
 in ordi r to lay before hiin ihtr n^ht v\hu'h be had ar- 
 ipiircd hy tht Pope's hull to the dominion of thai conn 
 liy, and to retpiest of bim to prohibit hts Hiil>jecls to pro- 
 seeiile their intended vo\.i^;e Ddward w.im .»o much 
 satislied with Ihe exclusive litte of the Portuym-sr, that 
 he iH.^iieii his onlers in tin- ti nns v hicii they dejored. 
 Hakluvl, Navi^^aUoiis, X'uvaj^es, and Tratlics of tlio 
 Mn^jlish, vi>i II. part, ii p. i. 
 
 NoTK fll]. p 7fi — The time of < 'ohunhiis's death 
 may he nearly ascertaim d by the ''•dlowt:i(; circum- 
 stances It apjie.irs Irom lh(! fraymi nt of a Idler ad- 
 dressed by hiin to I'erdimnd and Isabella, A. i' l.'iDlt 
 rhal he had at that time )ic< n en^at^ed forty year.4 m a 
 sea!arini.f bfe, In another b tti r he inlorms tliein that 
 hi: went to Hca at th(r aye of fotirleen : from those fact« 
 It follows, that he was born A. \). I M7. Life ot 
 f'lirista. ('oluinhus. hv his son I'on Perd'nand. (^hurc- 
 hid'." (,'ullection of Vuyapes, v»d. ii. p. iHi, 4S(5 
 
 NoTK [12] p 77 — The spherical fiijnrc of the earth 
 
 was known to Ifie ancient neoyraphers T.hcy invented 
 the method, still in use, ol computing the longitude and 
 latitude of ditlt rent places. Acconiiny to iheir doc- 
 trine, the eipialor, or imaginary line which encom- 
 passes the earth, rontained three huridred and siily 
 decrees; these they divided into twenty-four parts, or 
 hours, eacli eipial to lilieen dei/rees. 'Ihe country t»f 
 the Sinjt or Snur, bein^' the furlh'-st part of India 
 known lo the aiK ii iils, was suppostd by Marinns 'I'y- 
 nus, the most emnnnt of the ancient geographers be- 
 fore I'tolemy, to l)e blieeii hours, or two hundred and 
 twenty-live deirrces lo the cast of ihe lirst meridun, 
 passiiiiT through the Fortunate [sh-^nds. ]*;utt:rn'i'i 
 (ieoyr. lib. i, c. 11. If this supposition was well 
 founded, the country of the Seres, or China, was only 
 nine liours, or one hundred and ihirly-livc degree.-* wsi 
 from the Kortutiate or Canary Island ; and ihc naviu'a 
 lion III that direction wa.i much shiirti r than by 'l-n 
 course which the Portuguese were puraning. Marco 
 Polo, m his travels, had des<-rihed cotmlries, parlKU- 
 larly the island of fJi|iango or Zipangri, supponed :a i>o 
 .hipan, considerahlv tii the ea-tt of atiy part of Asia 
 known to llie ancifnts. Marcus P"dii» de Region. 
 Oriental lib. ii. c. 70. lib m c. *i. Of coutm:. ihis 
 country, as it extended further to the east, wai s'.iil 
 nearer lo the Canary Islands. The conclusion* of Co- 
 hmibus, though drawn from inaccurate ubserva'.ions, 
 v^ere jusl. It the suppositions of Maruuis h.td been 
 well toundi'd, and if the countries which Marco Polo 
 visited, had he( n situated to the ea?tt ot 'ihose whosn 
 ioiigilude Marinus had ascertained, ihr proper and near- 
 e-t course to the Kast Inihes must have tn^en to steer 
 directly west Hcrrera. dec 1, lib i. c *J. A more ex- 
 ten-'ive knowbilifc of the ylobe ha.4 now discoverid 
 the great error of Marinu.H. m supjiosuiff * 'luiu to Iw t'lf 
 tcfn iii)urs. or two hundretl and tw( nly-(ive decrees 
 cast from the Canary Ulands ; and that even Ptob my 
 was tnisidken. when he reduced the hniiiitude of China 
 to twelve hours, ur one hundred and (liihty degrees. 
 The 1 jn;;itude of the we^tl rn frontier of thai vast em- 
 pire IS seviu hours, or one hundred and lituen degrtea 
 from the meridian of the Canary UUnds. Uul Colum- 
 bus followed the hi;ht which his age aifoidtd. md reliid 
 n[H>n the autlLoritv of wriiers. who wea^ at that tiu.e 
 regarded as the mstructerf and gutdca uf mankind in 
 the science of geojjrapny. 
 
 XoTK [13] p 79 — As the Portu^iMC, in trtakinj 
 their discoveries, dui not di part far from the coa.-t 'I 
 .\Iiica. ihcv concbuled that birds, v^hi^e ihght ihev o:^- 
 ^orved with great aitcution. did nol vcnl'ire toanv con- 
 dtdersble distance from land In the intancv of navi- 
 gation It was not known that bird* olien stretched ihcT 
 lliglit to an nnmense distance from sny shore In »aiU 
 lug towards the West Indian Islands, birds are often 
 seen at the distance of iv%o hundred leaiT'ie* I'rom ih* 
 nearest coast Sloane'* Nat llivt of Jaiiu a. vol t. 
 p illt Caleshv saw an o.vl al sea w!nn I.ie ^:'n w ^ 
 MX bnndrt'd leagues di^latll from Und Nat H:si of 
 Carolma, pn f. p i, Ht«l Naturcllc de M Uuirun^ 
 torn. XVI p. U'i. From which it ap[H?ara ihil Uus ind; 
 
188 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OF 
 
 cation of land, on whirh Columbus scorns lo have rc> 
 lu-d with some coiiliiJcncc, was exlrcniely uncertain. 
 I'his ohficrvation is cunnrincd hy Cupi. (.'ook, tho tnoat 
 extensive and experienced navigator of any Dge or na- 
 tion. " No one yet knovvi* (saya he) to wliat distance 
 any of the oceanic birds go to Aca ; for my own part, I 
 do not believe thai there is one in the whole tribe that 
 can be relied on in pointing out the vicinity of land." 
 Voya^o towards the South I'ole, vol. i. p. 275. 
 
 NoTK [14]. p. 81. — III a letter of the Admiral's to 
 Ferdin.ind and Isabella, he de»crtbc8 one uf the har- 
 bors in Cuba wi'.h all thf enthusiastic adinirjtion of a 
 discoverer. '* I discovered a river which a galley 
 might easily enter: the hcauty of it induced me to 
 Aound, and I found from five lu ei^ht fathuin:! of water. 
 Having proceeded a consideruliI<! way up the river, 
 every thiny invited me to aelile there. The beauty of 
 the rivet, the clearnes.s of the water through which I 
 could see the sandy (>otlom, the multitude of palm 
 trees of dilfercnt kmd.s, the tallest and fineMt I had 
 Been, and an infinile number of other Ur^'e and flou- 
 rihhing trees, the bird.i, and the verdure of the plums 
 &re 80 wonderfully beautiful, that Ihi.s country excels 
 all others as far as the day surpasses the nifrht in 
 brightness and splendor, so that I often said that it 
 wonid be in vain far nie to attempt lo g've your llif^h- 
 ness a full account of it, for neither my ion^iie nor my 
 pen could come -.ip to the truth ; and indred f am »(i 
 much amazed at the .ii^^ht of such heaiity, ibal I know 
 not bow to descriU: it.'' Life of Coluiiib. c. 30. 
 
 Note [15J. p- §1- — The account which (Jolun^.l-ui 
 gives o( ihe humanity and orderly hehavic: of th': iw- 
 tivcs on ihis occa.sioii is very striking. '•thLltir.^ 
 (says he in a letter to Ferdinand and Is.ib(.lla) haMr.;; 
 Iteun iiifonned of our misfortune, e.xpre.sscd great gnrf 
 for our Io.-»3, and imiiiediiitely sent aboard all iho peo- 
 ple in the place in many hir;^^ canoes; vvc soon un- 
 loaded the ship of every thin;r that was upon deck, as 
 the king gave us great as-HLitance : he himself, with his 
 hrolhcrs and relations, look :ill possible rare Uut every 
 thing should be pru[>erly done, both aboard and or: «)>nre. 
 And, from time to tune, he sent ^iomc of his relations 
 'A'cepiiig, to beg of me not lo be deject(<d, for lie 
 would give me all thai t.u had. [ ran assure your 
 Highnes.ses, that no mi:rh rare could not have been 
 taken in securing our elFrcts in any part of JSpain, as 
 ail our pro|K>rty was put togetlier in one place near his 
 palace, until the houses which be wanted to prepare for 
 the custody of it wrre emptied. \lc immr^liately placed 
 D guard of armed men, who watched during the whole 
 liigtii and tliose on shore lamented as if Uiey hdd been 
 in:ieh 'nterested m our loss. The people are .so atrec- 
 lionale, r-o tractable, and so peaceable, tb»t I swear to 
 your Higliiic;"es, that there i.s not a liotter race of 
 men, nor a better rnmilry in the world. They love 
 their neighbor as thfiinselven ; their conver.sjtiun in (he 
 sweetest and mildest in the world, clieerful and ^^Iwavs 
 accompanied with a smito. And although it is true 
 that thcv go naked, yet your Higlines.scN may be as- 
 sured that they have many very coimnuMKible customs ; 
 the king .s served with great state, and his hcliavior is 
 ao decern that it ih pleasant lo see him, as it is likewise 
 to observi: the woiidiTrul memory whicli llnse people 
 have, and their dt.sire of kiiownig every thtrij;. winch 
 leads Ihem to impJire into Hscauhe and effects." Lijc 
 of (-olumbu.-i. c ;J2 It is probable that the .Spaniards 
 were indebted for Ihis oiriciuus attention to the Ofiinion 
 which the Indians eiitertdiiit-d of them as a superior 
 order of beintj's. 
 
 Note [\fy]. p 8'-i — K\ery monument of such a 
 man a™ (,'obnnbii' is valuable. A leiler which he wrote 
 to l''cr<Jinand arnl Nabelta, descnhing what passed on 
 this occasion, exhibit!! a most striking picture of his 
 intrepiditv, bis buniiinity, Ins prudence, his public spi- 
 rit, and cmirllv adilress. " I would have been less 
 concerned for this misfortune had I alone been m dan- 
 ger, both beraune my life is a ilebl that I ov\e to the 
 Supreme Creator, and because I have at otlier timc.-t 
 been exposed to the most iinmineut hazard. l)ut what 
 gave me inliiute grief and vexation was, that after it 
 had pleased our Lord to give ine fjiib to undertake this 
 enterprise, in which I lutd now been ^o succchsfitt, that 
 Tiy opponents woiiM have been conviiK'r'cl, and tlu^ 
 glory of your Higliiie-'.ses, and the extent of your ter- 
 ritory. I'lcreasel by me ; it shouhl pleai-e the Ouiiie 
 Majesty to sloj) idl by n.y death. All this would ba\(: , 
 ucen more tolerable had it not been attended witii the 
 lots of ibose men whom I had carried with ine, upon 
 ptomise of the ^leutest ' rospcnly, who, st'em^ them- 
 
 selves in such distress, cursed not only their coming 
 along wall me, but that fear and awe of me whu h 
 prevented th< m from ret timing, as they otien bad 
 rusoivcd to have done. Itiit lie-iides alt (his, my 
 sorrow was greatly increased by rtcollecting that I had 
 left my 'wo sons at school at (.'ordova, destitute of 
 friends, m a foreign country, when it could not m all 
 probability be known that I bad done such service)* as 
 might induce your llighnesseii to remember them 
 And thoiigli I comlorled myself with tne faith that our 
 Lord v\ould not permit that which tended so much to 
 (he glory of hi.-i (.'hurch, and which I h.id brout.dit about 
 with fit much trouble, to remain inijterftct, yet I con- 
 sidered, that, on account of my sins, it wa.-> lits w.ji to 
 deprive me of that glory which I might have attained in 
 i this world. WInle in this confused state, I Ibought on 
 the good fortune which accompanies your Ilighiiesses. 
 and imagined that allhougb 1 should peri.-^h, and the ves- 
 sel be lost. It waH possitdc tlial you miijht nomehow 
 come to the knov^ ledge of my voyage, and the success 
 with which It wu.s attended. I'or tlmt reason I wrote 
 upon parchment with the brevity wiiich the situation 
 recpiircd, that I liad discovered the lands which I jiro- 
 mised, m bow many days I liad done it. and what ccurse 
 I had followed. 1 mentioned the goodness of the co-m- 
 Iry. the character of the inhabitants, and that vi iir 
 Highnes.ses' subjects were left in po.MHessnin of all that 
 I had discovered. Having sealed this writing. I ad- 
 dressed It lo your liiglinesses, and promised a thou- 
 s.ind ibicats lo any person who shoiihl deliver it scah-d. 
 so thai if any foreigner found it, the promisi'd reward 
 migli[ prevail on lliem not to give the inrormation to 
 another. I then caused a great cask to he brotighi to 
 me, iind wrapping up the parchment in nn oiled cloth, 
 and alierwards in a cake of wax, I put ii into the ca.sk, 
 anil having slrij.oed it wt-il, I cast it into iht; sea. All 
 the men believed that it was some act of devotion. 
 In; urimiig ihal this mi^ht never (-hance to be taken up, 
 as the t!;ii)g approachid iiearcrto Spam, I made another 
 acket like tSe first, hud pb.ced it at the top of the 
 
 \ 
 
 poop, so that, if the ah.;) sunk, the cask remamin 
 
 above water might bo conMuitted to the guidance uf 
 
 fortune." 
 
 NoTK [17]. p. H2 — Sumo Spanish outhofH, with the 
 mrauiie:>s of national ji-atou?/, huve einlcavored to ih;- 
 tract from the glory of CoUnnbua, hv insinuating that 
 he was led to tfic discovery (it ine Nev^ World, not by 
 his own inventive or eii'eqjrisinj; genius, but by infor- 
 mation whtcli he had rec(:ived. .According to their ac- 
 count a vessel having been driven from its course by 
 easterly winds, was carried before them far to the 
 we-il, and landed on the coast of an unknown country, 
 from which it returned with dilHculty ; the pilot and 
 three sailors being the only persens who survived the 
 distresses which the crew sulfered from want of pro- 
 visions and fatigue in Ibis long voyage. In a fewdavs 
 after their arrival, all ibe four diet! ; but the pilot hav- 
 mi' beei* receiv('d into the bouse of Columbus, his in- 
 timale friend disclosed lo him before his death, the 
 secret of the discovery which be had accidentally made, 
 and left him bis [lapers containing a journal of the voy- 
 age, which servr-d as a guide to (■olumbiis in his un- 
 tertakiiig. (iomara, as far as I know, is the first au- 
 thor w!io published this story. Hist, c. 13, Kvery 
 circ'itnstauce is destiiuie of evidence lo flupport il- 
 .Neither the name of the vessel nor its destination is 
 known. Some prelenil that it belonged to one of the 
 seajfOrt towns in .'\iid<dusia, and was sailing either to 
 the ('anaries or to .Maileira; others, ihat it was a IJis- 
 eayner in iLs way lo I!ngiaiid ; others, a I*i)rtuguesr 
 sliip trading on the coast of Tiuinea. The- name of the 
 pilot IS alike unknown, as well as that of the port in 
 which he laiidtd on bis return. Aecordmi,' lo some, it 
 was 111 I'ortug.tt ; according to others, in Madeira, or 
 the A/.or( s. The ytar m which this voyage w,is made 
 is unless uncertain Mmison's Nav. Tracts. Cliurchill 
 III. 371. No iiienlion is made of this pilot, or bis dis- 
 coveries, by And. IJernaldes, or Pet. Martyr, the con- 
 temporaries of (,'oluinbus. Hrrrera, with bis usual 
 judgment, passes over it in silence. Oviedo lakes no- 
 tic(^ of this report, but considers it as a tale fit only to 
 amuae the vulgar. Ilisi. lib. ii. c 2. As ('olumbus 
 held liii course directly west from the (yanaries, imd 
 
 I never varied it, some later authors have supposed that 
 this unifurmily is a proof of bis being guided by some 
 previous mformation. Dot they do not recollect the 
 prmcijfles on v^liieh be fouudeil alibis llOpf^s of* suc- 
 
 . fesi, lint by h(ddiiig a westi-rlv eoiirxe be must cor- 
 taiiily arrive ut those regions of the east described by the 
 ancients, llis firm belief of bis own system led him to 
 
 I tako that courisOf and to pursue il without dcviilioii 
 
 Tho Spaniards are not the only penpln who haT« 
 called in (piet<tiuii Culuinhus's claim to the honor ot 
 tuning discuveri'd America. Some <ierinun mill or« 
 ascritied thih honor to Martm llehaim their coontrvm in. 
 He was of the nobb- faimiy ot the lb liaiins of Si itwani- 
 bach, cili/ens uf the \\t>\ r.iiik m the tiiipenal town uf 
 .Nuremberg. Having Mudit il under the celebrated John 
 .Muller, better known by the name uf KegiootOntanua, 
 
 ac/pured such knowledge of cosmo^rapliv as excited 
 
 h< 
 
 a desire of e.vploring those; regions, tlie situation and 
 (jiialiiies of which he bad been iiccustomed, under tha* 
 able mahlcr, to investigate anil ilescribe. I nder tho 
 patronage of the I)iitcbe'*s of HorLMindy he repaired In 
 Lisbon, wbittier the fame of the I'ortiiguei-e di.^covericH 
 inviled all the ailvenlurons sfurits of the ai:e. 'i'herc, 
 a:^ we learn from Herman Scbi-del, of who;^); ( 'ftioiu.ioti 
 .)/r/;n/f, a (ierman translation was printed at Nurein* 
 berg, A. I>. \^M'.\, his nieril as a co^lno^rapller raised 
 him, in conjunction wilh Hie^'O Cano. lo the cominund 
 of a s*|uadron filled out for discoverv in the year l-ts:t. 
 In that vovage lu^ is saiil lo h.ive (tisiover<d llie king- 
 dom of (.'oii^o. He srtlhd in the kihL,Mhim of I'aval, 
 one of the X/ores, and was n particular friend of i.'o- 
 lunibiis. Herrera, die. 1 lib i. e ti Magellan had 
 a terristrial gloiie made by lleh.iim. on which bf; de- 
 monstrated the course that be propowd 'o hold irj 
 search of the communication with liic .*^outh Sea, wiiicb 
 be afterwards discovered, fiomara Hist. e. Ill, Her- 
 rera. i\vc. 11 lib, II, c. HI. In lite year 111)2. iteliaim 
 visited \\\v relalmns in .Nurt nduTL'. and lefi vvilli tlieiii 
 a map drawn with hi.^ o.- n hand, wbab is .siill preservt il 
 among the archives of the family. Thus fir llie slory 
 of .Martm Bebaim seems to be well aulheniicated : but 
 the account of bis having discosered any pii:t of thi' 
 New World appears to be merely eonjectural. 
 
 In the tirst edition, as I b.id at that lime luirdb^ any 
 knowledge of Hebaim hut what I denvt d from » ,riut- 
 loiis (bsj^ertation ' l)e vero .\ovi ()f!;is Inventore,' pul)- 
 li-bed at Frankfort, A, I), 1714. by Jo |-"rid Stuvc- 
 iiiiis, I was induced, by the autborily of Herrera, to 
 suppose tlial Hetiaim was not a native of (armany ; 
 b.ul from more full and accurate information, communi- 
 cated to rm- by Ihe learned I)r John Iveinhohl f'or^ler, 
 I am now satisbed thai I was mistaken Dr. Forsler 
 lias l)een likt^wit^e so good as to lavnr me wiih a copy 
 of Ilehaim'H map. as puhli.-^lit <! by ni)|ipelmi:yer in bis 
 account of the .Miibemalii-iaiis and Ariists o! Nurem- 
 berg Troni this ntip the iinpertection of cc>.Mnogra- 
 phical knowled;;e at thai period is maitifesl. ):ardly 
 one place is laid down in its true situation. Nor can 
 I discover from ilnny reason to suppose that ilehami 
 bad the least kno\vle(lge of iinv rcuoon in .\merica. He 
 delineat(-s, indeed, an aland to which l.e ^/ives the name 
 of St Brandon, 'iliis, it is imagined, may be soiue 
 part of (iuiana, supposed al first to be an island. He 
 places it in the same latitude with the (Jape \erd isles, 
 and I Rus{)ect it to be an imaginary ishu.d which Ins 
 beeti admitted into some ancient maps on no better 
 authnrily than the legend of the Irish St. Brandon, or 
 lJr(;ndan, whose story is so childishly faliulnus as lo he 
 unworthy of any notice, (iirald. ('ainbrensis gp. Mis- 
 singham riorilegium Sanctorum, p 427. 
 
 'I'he preteiiMioiis of ihe Wel^h to the discovery of 
 America seem not to rest on a foundation much nioro 
 solid. In the twelfth century, aecorchng to I'owell. a 
 dispute haviny arisen tmiong the sons of Owen !tuy- 
 netb, King of North Wales, concerning the succession 
 lo his crown, Madoc, one of their number, weary of 
 ihis contention, bi took himself lo .sea in ipieil of a 
 more <piiet selllement. Wf steered due west, leaving 
 Ireland to the North, aiul arrived m an unknown coun- 
 try, which apipeared to bim so ilesirahle, that be ro 
 turned to \\ ales and carried ibilher several of liii 
 Hilherenis and companions Tbi^ is said to have ha[i- 
 peiied about the year 1170, and afier that, be and his 
 eo'onv were heard of no more. But it is to be obierved, 
 that i'oweil, on whose leslimony the authenticity (.f 
 ihis slory rests, published his bisif}ry above lour centu- 
 ries from the dale of the event which be relates. Among 
 a people as rude and as illiterate as Ibe Welsh at that 
 period, he memory of a traiiHaelion so remote must 
 have been very imperfectly preserved, and would re- 
 ipitrc to be confirmed by some author of greater credit, 
 and nearer to the era of Madoc's voyage than I'oweil. 
 Later anliipiaries have indeed nppeahd to the testi- 
 mony of Meredith up Kees, a Welsh bard, who died 
 A, I) 1477, But he too lived at such a di-^tance ol 
 tune from the event, ib.il be cannot l>e coii'-idercd as a 
 witness of much more credit liian J'owell. Besities, 
 hi-* verses, published by Hakhiyt, vol, ni. p, 1., convey 
 no information, but thai Madoc. dis'>atislied with his 
 domcfitic suuation, employed himself m searching *ho 
 
 A 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 "cetin for npw nosR^-Mion^. iiiH even if w.; ..ilinit ihc I 
 ■i^iiit-iiiicity of I'owrll's ^'ory, a 'I*" '- "l tullow ihit 
 tj'<' iiiikiiijwii country wlnrli .Mi"ln,: diwovertd l.y st. rr- I 
 i'l.'.wt:.-,!, Ill such a coufM; hs lo ItMve In.Utui in liii- 
 riorUt. wan any pjrt ol Ainrnca. TiKs iu\ai s'^ill nt 
 (in: \Vi-l»h in lliL' twi-Udi ccnhiry was liardly ciju.d to 
 siicli a voyaiTo. If lir muhIi! any diHcovi ry at all, il i.s 
 n.urc probufilft that it was Madiira, or wmik; o:!ii r r>| 
 tilt- wtsUTii laU-.s. Thti iillinily nf thi; \\'iW.\ l.iiii^n.iL''- 
 With sotiio (]iah;cl« ^|lokt•n in Ann.TM-.i, ha>i Ijcrri niiMi- 
 lioni'd as a circufiiHt>iiire whn-li coidiniis ih<: truth of 
 Muduc'H voyage, liut ttiat alliiiity has hctn uUsi r\cd 
 in HO h;w insianrfts, and in wjnieoi thou is so ohM-un-, 
 or so fanciful, lliat no cont'lufuori i:aii he drawn Ironi 
 the casual rcfieiiihlancc of a small iiuinhcr of words. 
 'I'litrt- i.i a hird, which, as far as is yut known, h found 
 only on tin; coasts ol South Ann-ric.i, (ro:n I'orl iJi-Mn- 
 to thr Nirails of Ma^<-!liin. It is dishni|ui^lied liy the 
 liniMc of l*,-ti'^r,int. This word in the W'vW.i Inij^ium- 
 eundics W'hitthnul. Almost all the aolhor.-* who t:ivor 
 the |»ri'l<;nsioiis ot the Wtdnh to lh<; discovery ot Ainu- 
 ric.i, mention this as an irri-fr.iL:-t!'!c proof ol thr alli- 
 nity of the WcMi ]an;.n.ai:c uHli tn.il .-j.okcn in tins 
 rt-^'ioii of Ami-rica. JJnt Mr. I'cnifU, wl.o lias t;ivt'n 
 a description ul tlwi I'cnoum. ohhcrvc?. that idl the hirds 
 of tins (TtMius have hiack heads, "so ihat wu mnst re- 
 »ij,'n every hope (adils he) foiinch (| on this hypolhesis 
 ol retrieviii;r tin- fy'amliriaii race in the .\ew World" 
 IMidos. '1 r:in>art. \ol. Iviii p. IM, iVc. liesidcs Ihis, 
 if till; WeUh, towards the clo-ic of the twidfih century, 
 had settled in any part of Ann-riea, st)iiie lemanis ul 
 the (^hrisliai) do<:trine and rites must hav(r Itet-n lonrid 
 amon^ their docemhints, wlu'n liny were discoverMJ 
 ahout three hnndr( d years po>tiTU)r to thrir migration ; 
 » period n» short that, m the course ol it, we cannot 
 welt >supprjse that ail Kuropean ideas and artn would 
 lie totally hjri,'nrteii. Lord I.yttleton, in Ins notev to 
 the httti hook of hii^ History of Henry H., p- WiX, lia^ 
 CTamuied what IViwell relates concernin;^ the discove- 
 ries made hy Madoc, and invahdales the truth of his 
 Htory hy other ari^uments of ^reai weit^ht. 
 
 The pretensions of (he Nor^vt t^iatts to the discovery 
 of America se(>in to hv. Ix-tter founded than thohc of the 
 (leriiians or Welsh, 'i'lie iidiahitants of .Sctndiiiavia 
 were remarkalite in the middle a;_'es for the holdness 
 and e.xtenl of iheir maratinie excursions. In H'iX, the 
 Norwi'(;iansdivo\ered and planted a colony m Iceland. 
 In !>8«, I hey discovered (ireenUiul. and estahlished 
 selltementH there, l-'rom that, some of their naviga- 
 tors proeeediil towards the v\e-il, and discovered a 
 country more invitniir than those horrid re;^ioiis with 
 which they were ai.tjUainted. Accor'linj^ to iheir re- 
 preheiilatioh, this eountrv was sandy on thecna-its, hut 
 III tiie interior parts IcMd and (covered with wood, on 
 which aecount they j.ra\e it the name of JhUc-lanil, 
 and Maik-liind, and liuvinj^ afterwards found some 
 lil'ints of the vine which hore nrjpes, they called it 
 \Vin-lituil. 'I'he credit of this story rests, os far as I 
 know, on the authority »tf the ftai^a, or chroiiicde of Kini* 
 Olaus, composi'd hy Snorro Sturlonides, or '*!ilinluxi>iiy, 
 pulilished liy iVrinskiold, at Siockhohii, A. IJ. Hiir/ 
 As .Snorro was horn in the year 117'J, his chronicle 
 liii[{ht he compiled ahout two centuries alter tlu^ event 
 which he rejutes. His account of the iiavi^^alion and 
 discoveries of Hioni, and his coinjianion ('Xj, is a very 
 rude eonlused tale, p lUI. 1 10. WZd. It is impiis.^ilih 
 tu discover from hiin what part of America it was m 
 which the Norwemaiis landed. Accordmii to his ac- 
 count of the lt;nj,nli of the days and niylits, it must h:ive 
 been as far north as the tifty-eiMhih deort e of latitude. 
 on 9unie part of the coast ol Lahradore, ap|iroachiii;f 
 near to the entry of Hiid.-'On's Straits, (irajies cer- 
 ttiiiity are e i the production of that country Torti^is 
 BUppose» that there is an error in the text, hy rectify- 
 ing of which llie place where the Norwegians landed 
 Inay he tiupposed to he situat4-d m lalilii.le -Vy'. Hnl 
 lieilher is that the ri'trion of the vine m America 
 I'Voin pertisino Snorro's tale, I hhould think that the 
 situation of Nev^fonndhind correspori<ls heot with that 
 of the country discovered hy the .\orwe^lans. ( irapes, 
 however, are not the production of that harreii f^latul 
 Other conjeclures are mentioned hy M. Malh t. Introd 
 a rilist. do Daiinem. L7&, 6iz 1 am init sutricienliy 
 4C'|uaiiited with the literature of tlio imrth to examine 
 them. Il seems manifest, that if the Norwc-ifians did 
 discoTer any part of America at that period, their at- 
 ICMiipt lo ])lant colonies proved iinsui cessi .], and all 
 kiiowlo yu of it was boon lost. 
 
 NoTB [IS), p 82.— Peter Mart\r, ub AnHhria. a 
 Mdaiiero ^e. tleniaii, residing at that time in the court 
 ol Spain, whcse lettern contum uit pccouiit of ihu trans- 
 
 actions of that period, in the order wherein they oc- \ 
 currtd, descrihes the sentiments with winch he himself 
 and his learned eorrespondeiits wire allected in very , 
 striking terms " I'r;i' helitia prosihii^-'C te, vixipie a I 
 lacliryniis prat ;jaudio lemperassc, ipiando lileras adn- i 
 [lexisti meas (piihus, dt; antijiodum orhe Ial4'nu hactu- 
 iius, te ctrtioi'ciii leci, mi suavissime I'ompoiii, insimi- 
 asti. V.t tills Ipse hteris colhi^o, ipiid senseris, ^{^n- 
 si.iti aulein, tantiij'ie rem fecisti, (pianli virmn snmina 
 doctrina insigniium decuit. (Juis nam-pie cilms '•uhli- 
 inihua pra-stari potest myt nns, isto suaMor I ipioil eon- 
 dirnnitum ^'ralmn ! A nit: fjcio coiijeciuram. iieati 
 >entio ^plrllus meo^, iptando accitos allotpior pnidcntes 
 ali'|uos ex his qui uh ea redeimt provincia. iinphcrnt 
 amino:* pecuniaruni cumulis au^endis iniseri avail, iihi- 
 dinihus ohsonii ; nostras nos mi iiles, po-.t<piam Ueo 
 pleiii ahijuaiulo ft'ernnus, conleiiifdando, huju?^ceniodi 
 rcriini notiliu demulciaiaus." Dpisl. IW, I'umpomo 
 I.elo. 
 
 NoTK [19]- p- M — So firmly were men of science, 
 ill thai ai,'e, pi f-uadcd tlial th( countries which Cohim- 
 hits li.id diicovered \\t re connected with the Dasl In- 
 dies, that IJi.-nahlcH, the (Jura d(, los I'alacios, who 
 •seetns to iiave hiien no incoiibiderahlc proficient in the 
 knortlidtre of cusmo|^'raphy. contends that t'uha was 
 not an ij^land, hut a part of the eonlment, and united to 
 the donnmons of tluMlreat Khan. This he delivered 
 as his opinion to C'olumhus liiiii.->f If, who was his gui^t 
 for some time on his return from his seconil voyai^e ; 
 and he supports il hy several argnmenis, mostly foundtd 
 on the aulliority of iSir John Mandeyille MS. priits mr. 
 Antonio (iidio, who was secrolary to the magistricy ol 
 lienoa towards the close of the lifleenth century, piih- 
 h'-hed a short aeeotiut of the navigiitions and discoveries 
 of Ills countrynian (-'olumhiis, annexed to his Upunctila 
 Hislorica de J{thus I'opuli (jcnuensis ; in which he 
 informs us, from letters of (Johimhus wlucli he liiiiiscll 
 had seen, that it was his opinion, found) d upon nautical 
 ohxTvation.s, that one of the islands he had dis<'overed 
 was distant only two hours or thirty degrees from ("at- 
 tigara, whi.h. in liie cliarts of the L'eo;^r iphers of that 
 a;,'e, vvas l.tid down, upon the authority of I'loleiny, tih 
 vii. c. !J, as the most easK.Tly place in Asia. l"'roin this 
 he concluded, that if some uiikno\vn eonlment did nut 
 ohstrnct the navigation, thert; mu.-t he a short and easy 
 access, hy holding a westerly course, to this extreme 
 region of the liast. Muratori Scrij)tores Rtr. Italica- 
 riiin, vol. xxiii. p. 301. 
 
 XoTK ['-OJ. p. 84 — IJernalde.^, the Ciira or Hector 
 de io.s i'alacios, a contemporary writer, says, that live 
 hundred of lliesi' captives were stmt to Spain, and sold 
 piihlndy in Seville as sl.ives ; hut that, hy the change 
 of cliMMle and their m.ihility to hear llie fatiijue of hihor, 
 they all died m a short tune. MS ^cncs mc. 
 
 Norr, [*1 ]. p 80. — (.'oluinlms seems lo have formed 
 sonic very singular opinions concerning tiie countiies 
 which he hiid now dt.scoyered. The vioh:nt swell and 
 agitation of the waters on the coast of Trinidad h d him 
 to conclude this to he the lughest part (d the lerraipie- 
 ous glohe, and 'u; nnaginnl that various ein:uinslances 
 concurred in proving that the sea was here visihly cdc- 
 vated. H.iving adopted this i.rroneous principle, the 
 apparent hcauly of the r-ounlry induced him lo fall in 
 with a notion of Sir John MandeviHe, c. lOiJ, that the 
 terreslri.it paradise was the highest I^md in the earth ; 
 and he helieved ihat he had t>een ^o fortun.ite as to dis- 
 cover this happy ahode Nor ought we lo think it 
 strange llial a person of so innrh sagacity shtuild he 
 inlhieiiced hy the opinion or reports ol sucii a f.tlMilous 
 autiior as .ManileviHe. (Johimhus and llie other disco- 
 verers were ohiiged to folhiw siich guides as they could 
 nnd ; and it appears liom sever.d pas.-ai.res m the rnaiiu- 
 flcrijit of Andr. Hernaldes. the friend of I 'ohiiiihiis, that 
 no iiKtOMMder.ihle degree oi credit was given to ihe tes- 
 timony of .Mandeville in that ago. Uernatdes fre'jUcntlT 
 quotes him, and always with respect. 
 
 N'orK [*'U], p. H7. — It is reinarkd)le that neithi-r 
 (itunar.i nor Oviedo, tin- most ancient Spanish histo- 
 rians of America, nor Herrera, consider Ojeila, or his 
 companion Vespucci, as the lirst discoverers of the con- 
 tinent of America. They nniforndy ascrihe this honor 
 to Columlui.i Some h.ive -upposiil that national ri'- 
 senlinent against Ve-jiucci, (or ile--erlinL' the service of 
 Spam, and entering into that of I'ortuiial. iiiav liavi: 
 prompied theve writers lo conceal the actions winch he 
 perhiniied. Hut Mariyr and tlen/ont, hoili Italnns. 
 could not he warped hy llie Siiine prejudice. Mariyr 
 was a conleiii|Mjrary author ; he resided in the court oj 
 
 180 
 
 S[)ain, and had the hcst opjKii.unily to he ciaclly i> 
 
 forniid with respect to all piihlic transactions ; and yet 
 neither in his Decads, ihu first general history pnbli!*he(J 
 of the New World, nor in his l'!juslle, which eontaiq 
 an nccoiint of all the remarkahle events of his time, 
 does he ascrihe to Vespucci the honor of having first 
 discovered the c(Uitinrnt. ilenzoniwent as an adven- 
 Uirer to Anu riea in the year ID-Il. and resided there a 
 His.derahle iimr!. He uppears to have heen aniinalcd 
 with a wnnn zcitl for the honor of Italy, his native 
 country, and yet does not inenlion the exploits and dis- 
 covt nes of Vespucci Herrera, who compiled hia 
 general history of .\merira fiom the most authentic re- 
 cords, not only tollows ihosr early writers, hot accuses 
 Vespucci of falsdying the d.ites of hoth the voyaged 
 which he made to the New World, and of confounding 
 the OIK! with the oiher, in ordi;r tliil he might arrogato 
 to himself ihe glory of having dis(ov( red the continent. 
 Her dec. 1 hh. iv. c. U. H< asserts, that m a judicial 
 irifpiiry into this mailer hy the royal fis< al, it was 
 proved hv the testimony of Ojeda hiin-^elf, that ho 
 touched at H:'-panii.»la wiien returning,' toSpain from his 
 tirst vov.i:.'e ; whereas \'espu'ci gave out that ihey re- 
 turned directly to (,'adi/, Irom the coast of I'aria, and 
 touched at Hispaniola only in their second voyage ; and 
 thai he h.id finished the voyage in Ww. months ; whereas, 
 according to \'espur-ci'» account, he hiitl employed 
 seventeen months in performing it. \ aggio prmiodc 
 Am \'espucci, p. IJG. \ lag. secundo, [i. \^i. Herrera 
 U'lvesamore full account of this iiHpiest In another 
 p.irt of his Decads, and to the same cllect. Her. dec. 
 I. hh. VII. e. 5. fvolumhus was in Hispaniola when 
 Ojeda arrived there, and had hy that time come to an 
 aorecnunt with Iloldan. who opposed Ojeda's attempt 
 to excite a new insurrection, and, of conseipienee, his 
 voyage must have been posterior to that of iho ad- 
 iiiir.il. Life of (.'ohmiiius, c. 81. Accfirdiiig to Ves- 
 pucci's account, he set out on his first voyage May 
 lOth, 1497. Viiig. priino, p. 0. At that lime Co* 
 lumhiis was in the court of Spain preparing for his voy- 
 age, and seems lo have enjoved a coiisiderahh; degree 
 ol favor, 'i'he all'.nrs of the New World were at ihii 
 juncture under the direction of ;\titonio Torres, a friend 
 of (Joluinluis. It '\r, not pro!Ml)le tiiat, at that period, a 
 commission would he granted to another person lo an- 
 ticipate the admiral hy undi:rtaktng a voyage which hft 
 himself intended lo |(erform. ToiLseca, who palroiiized 
 ( tjcda, and granted the license for his voyage, was riot 
 recalh d to court, and reinstated in the direction of 
 Indian alfairs, until the ilealh of I'niK e John, which 
 happened Septemher, 1197. (I', Mariyr, Kp. 182.) 
 sever.d nionlhs posterior to the time at whicii \\ spiicci 
 pretends to have set out upon hi.-ivowige. A life of 
 Vespucci was puhhshed al I'lor) ncc liy the Ahate IJan- 
 dun, A. \). 1V15. 4to. It is a work of no merit, writ- 
 ten with little juilginent and less candor. He contends 
 for his countryman's title to tiie discovery of the con- 
 tinent with all (he hliiid zeal nf national partiality, hut 
 produces no new evidence to support il. \\'e learn 
 fr.Mii him ihit Ve^piicera account of his voyage was 
 puhlishid as early as the year I.'JIO, and prohatily 
 sooner. Vita di Am, Vtsp, p. fj'-I. At what time tho 
 name of Amkimi .\ came to he first given lo the New 
 World IS not certain. 
 
 NoTB [23.] p. 02. — The fr)rm emploved on this 
 f)cca.'>ioii hcrved as a model lo the Spaniards in all their 
 siihseipient c(ui'pu;sts in America. Il i.-i so extraordi- 
 nary III its nature, and gives u.s sucli an idea of the pro- 
 
 eedii 
 
 of the 
 
 ^I'^i 
 
 ards 
 
 nr.d the [irmciplrs upon 
 which they founded iheir rigiit to the exlentsive domi- 
 nioiiH which they acipnred in the New \\ orld, that it 
 will merits the attention of the render. " I Alonso d« 
 Ojtd.i, servant of the most high and powerful kings of 
 <'astiU: and I.eoii, the compieinrs of harharous nations, 
 their inessenger and eaplain, notify to you, and declare 
 in as ample torm as I am capahK', that f iod our Lord, 
 who 1.^ one and eternal, created thi' heaven and ihu 
 earth, and one man and one woman, of whom you and 
 we, and all the men who have heen or shall he in the 
 world, are descended. Dnt as it has c«me to pass 
 through the miinher of generations during more than 
 five tliousand years, that they have Ix^en dii'prrsed into 
 dilh'rent parts of the world, and are divided into various 
 kingdoms and provinces, because one country was no 
 aide lo contain them, nor could they have found m oni) 
 t!ie means of siihsistencc and preservation : thereforo 
 ( iod our 1.01(1 gave llic charge of all K\\aM' people to one 
 man named St. I'eter, whom lie constituted Ihu lord and 
 head of all the human race, that all men, in whatever 
 place they arc^ horn, or in whatever faith or place they 
 arc educated, nii^iit yield obedience unlu him llf 
 
 m 
 
 j: 
 

 100 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORV OP 
 
 huth sutijvctrj llie wholn wnrM to his jiirisiliction, and 
 coiiiiiKindcd Iiini to (:)tatlll^l] his ruHulrncu in Uoinc, as 
 the most proin-r yhn'v. Tor llic ^ovtinintMit of the worM. 
 He likewHu prouiisid tnid gave him |iowi>r to estitbli^h 
 his autliunty in every othtT part of lliu world, and to 
 jiidj^c and p)wni all ('^lri8liilIl^. Moors, .lc\\>, (ieiiliUs, 
 and all olhrr pi-oplc uTMliatovrr sect ur hMtii ihcy mny 
 he. To him is j^ivtn ihc name of /'"/ye. which signi- 
 Hc8 admiraMt'. j^ri'iit bthcr and gnardian. hecanKR he is 
 the lather and coventor of all men. Tliose who lived 
 in the Inne of tins holy Tiilier oheycd and acknowltdfiud 
 him us their l.urd and Km<j, and ihe Huperior of ihe 
 tmiver^e. 'I'iic same has been observed with respect to 
 them who, since his lime, have been chosen to llie pon- 
 tificate. Thus It now continues, and wdl cuniinuc to 
 the end of the world. 
 
 ** One of these l*ontitr«, as lord of the world, hath 
 made a grant of these island's, and of tho 'i'ierra Firme 
 of the ocean .sea, 10 the Catholic Kings of Castile, Don 
 Ferdinand and Doima Isabella, of glorious [nernory, and 
 their successors, our sovereigtia, with all they contain, 
 as is more fully expressed in certain deeds passed upon 
 (hat oc'.'asion, which you may »('*■ it you Jesirc it. 
 'I'hus His M.ijcsty is King and lord of the-jo islands, and 
 of the continent, in virtue o( this donation ; and, ns 
 King and lord aforesaid, most of the island.* to which 
 his title bath been notified, have recognised His Ma- 
 iesty, aiid now yield obedience and subjection to him 
 us their lord, vohintanly and without resiitqucc ; and 
 instautlv. as soon as ihey received information, they 
 obeyed the religions men sent by the King to preach to 
 them, and to mstruct them in our holy ifaith ; and all 
 these, of their own free will, wuho\it any recompense 
 or gratuity, became Christians, and continue to bu so ; 
 amT His Majesty liaving received them graciously 
 under his protection, has commanded that they should 
 be treated in the same manner ashis-uher subjects and 
 vassals. Yon are bound and obliged to act in the same 
 manner. Therefore I now entreat and r'lquirc you to 
 consider attentively what I have declared to you ; and 
 Ihut you may more perfectly comprehr'id it, that you 
 take such time as is reasonable in order that you may 
 ocknowlLdge the Church 1.-.3 the suprrmr and guide oi 
 the universe, and likewise the holy father called tho 
 Tope, in his own right, and his Majesty, by iiis appoint- 
 ment, as King and sovereign lord of these Islands, and 
 of the Tierra Firme ; and that yovi e.jusent tiiat the 
 aforesaid holy fathers shall declare and preach to you 
 the doctrines above mentioned. If youUo this, you act 
 well, and perforin that to which you are bound and 
 obliged; and His Majesty, and I in his name, wilt ic- 
 ccivc you Willi love and kindness, and will leave you, 
 your wives and children, free and exempt from servi- 
 tude, and in the enjoyment of all you possess, in the 
 same manner as the inhabitants of tlio islunds. Ue- 
 sides this, His Majesty will bestow uron you many 
 privileges, exemptions, and reward*, lliu if you will 
 iiot comply, or maliciously delay to obey -ny injunction, 
 then, with the help of (Jod, I ivill enter your country by 
 force, I will carry on war against you wiih the utmost 
 violence, I will subject you to the yoke of obedience to 
 tho Church And King, I will take your wives and 
 children, and will ninke them slaves, and sell or dis- 
 pose of thcin according to His Majesty's pleasure ; I 
 will seize your good-*, and do you all the mischief in 
 luy power, as rebellions subjects, who vVjiI' not acknow- 
 ledge or submit to their lawful sovereign. And I pro- 
 test, tliat all tlie bloodshed and cal;imiUi-» which sliall 
 follow are to he imputed .) you, and not to Mis Ma- 
 jesty, or to me, or the gem! uueu who serve under me ; 
 and as I have now mmlc tins declaration and requisi- 
 tion unto you, I require tlu; notary here present to 
 grant me a certificate of thi.5. subscribed in proper 
 form." Hcrrera, dee, 1. hb. vii. c. 14. 
 
 Note [24]. p. 04. — Hiilboa, in his letter to the king, 
 observes that of the hundred and ninety men, whotn lie 
 took with him, there were never aliovc eighty tit for 
 Hcrvice at one tune. No imieh did ihey sutfer from 
 hunger, fatiu'ue, and sickness. Uerrcra, dec. 1. lib. z. 
 c. 10. W Mart, deoad. 2UH. 
 
 NoTK i'i^i]. p. 9.'). — Fonseca, IJishop oTalencia, the 
 principal director of American AHairs, hud eight hun- 
 dred Indians m properly; tho conunendator Lope de 
 Conchillos, his chief associate in that depTrtnieiit, 
 rtcveii hundred ; and other favorites had considerable 
 numbers. 'J'hey sent overseers to the islands, and 
 hired out ihoso slaves to lliu planters. Herrera, dee. 
 1. hb. iz. c. U. p. 'A'i5. 
 
 Note [20]. p. 98 — Tliough America is more plenti- 
 fullj Kupphed with water than the other regions of the 
 
 globe, (here is no river or etream of water in Yucatan. 
 'I'his peninsula projects from the continent u hundred 
 leagues, Init, where broadest, does not extend above 
 twenty fi\e leagues. It is an exlennive plain, not only 
 witiinut nionniains, hut almost without any inei^uahly 
 of ground, 'i'hc inhahilants are supplied with wal<-r 
 fioni pits, and, wherever they dig them, find it in ubun- 
 danci\ It IS probable, from all thone cireumstunces, 
 that this eonnlry was formerly covered by the sea. 
 Herrera; Descriptio Indian Occidenlalis, p. 14. llis- 
 loire Naturelle, par M. de liulfon, tom. i. p. G9.'). 
 
 Note [27], p. 98 — M Clavigero cfntmrcs me for 
 having represented the Spaniards who sailed with (,'or- 
 dova and (irijalva, as fancying in ihe warmth of their 
 imagination, that they saw cities on llie coast of 
 Yucatan adorned with towers and cupolaA, I know not 
 wliat translation of my history ho has consulted (for 
 his quolatiou from it is not taken from the original,) 
 hut I never imagined that any building erected by 
 the Americans eould suggest ihc idea of a cupola or 
 dome, a structure which tlieir utmo.'^l skill in architec- 
 ture was incapable of rearing. My words are, tliat 
 they fancied the villages which they saw from their ships 
 ** to be cities adorned with towers and pinnacles." 
 IJy pinnacles I meant some elevation above the rest of 
 the building ; and the pasr-age is translaled almost lite- 
 rally from Herrera, dec. 2. lib. iii. c. 1. In almost all 
 the accounts of new countries given by the Spanish 
 discoverers in that age, this warmth of admiration is 
 conspicuous ; and led them to describe these new ob- 
 jects in the most splendid terms. When Cordova and 
 his companions first beheld an Indian village of greater 
 magnitude than any they had beheld in the islands, 
 they dignitied it by the name of Grand Cairo. U. 
 Uiaz, c. 2. From the same cause Unjalva and his 
 associates thought the country, along the coast of 
 which they held their course, entitled to tho name of 
 New Spain. 
 
 Note [SS]. p. 99— The height of the most elevated 
 point ni the Pyrenees is, according to M. Cassini. eix 
 thousand six hutidred and forty-six feet. The height 
 of ihe mountain (lemini, in the canton of Ih'rne, is 
 ten thousand one hundred and ten feet. Tho height of 
 tho IVak of TeiieritVe, according to tlie measurement 
 of P. Feuille, is tliirteen thousand one hundred and 
 seventy-eight feet. The height of Chiinhora/.o, the 
 most elevated point of the Andes, is twenty lhoui*and 
 two hundred an 1 eighty feet ; no less than seven thou- 
 uand one hund.ed and two tcet above the highest moun- 
 tain in the ancient continent. Voyage de L). Juan 
 Clloa, Obserialions Astron. el Physiq. tom. li. p. 114. 
 The line of congelation on Chimborazo, or that part of 
 the mountain wiiicb is covered perpclually with snow, is 
 no less iliau two thousand four huiiitrcd feet from its sum- 
 mit. Prevot Hist, (iener. dcs Voyages, vol. lii. p. CU6. 
 
 NoTF [29]. p. 99.— As a particular descripliou make's 
 a stronger impression than general aisertions, I sliall 
 give one cf Rio de la Plata by an eye-wttncss, i*. (.'at- 
 lanco, a Mudenes^e Jesuit, who landed at IJueno.s 
 .\yres in 1719, and thus represi-nts what, he felt when 
 such new objects were first presented to his view. 
 " While 1 resided in Furope, and read iu books of his- 
 tory or geography, that tho mouth of the river do la 
 Plata was a hundred and fifty miles in breadth, I con- 
 sidered it a;i an exaggeration, because iu th:s hemis- 
 phere we have no example of such va.it rivers When 
 I approached its mouth, I had the most vehement desire 
 to ascertain the truth with my own eves ; and I found 
 the' matter to he exactly as it was represenU^d. This I 
 deiluee particularly from one circumstance : When wo 
 look our departure from Monte Video, a fort situated 
 umre than a hundred imlrs from tho mouth of the river, 
 and where it.s breadth is considerably diiuinished, we 
 saded a couiplete day before we discovered the land on 
 the opposite Side of the river ; and when we were in 
 the mi(!dle of the channel, we could not discern land 
 on either .-iidc vuu saw nothing but the sky and water 
 as if we had lieen in boiiio great ocean. Indeed we 
 should have taken it to he sea, if tho fresh water of the 
 river, which was turbid like the Po, had not satisfied 
 us that it was a river. Moreover, at lluenos Ayres. 
 another hundred miles up the river, and where it is still 
 much narrower, it is not only imposrtible to discern the 
 op[io^ite coast, which is indeed verv low, but perceive 
 
 I the house* or the tops of the steeples in the Portuguese 
 seltlement at (,'oloma on ihc other side of the river," 
 I.eltrra prima, published by Murutori, II ChnsUanc- 
 
 ' siiiio Felice, &c. i. p. S57. 
 
 I Note [^0], p. flO—Newfounduiiid, part of Nova 
 I Scoiia, and ( tinada, are the countries which lie in t.ie 
 1 same piirallel of lalilude with the kingdom of Franco; 
 land in every part of these ihe water of the rivers is 
 I Irnzen during wniter lo the ihickiiess of several feel ; 
 ; liie em ill is covered with Miow as deep , almost all tho 
 I hnds fiy during thit season from a climate where they 
 I eoiiM not live. Tlu- country of the Fskiuiaux, jiart ol 
 I Labrador, and the countries on the south of Hudson's 
 1 Day, are iu the same par<d!el nith (ireat Hritain ; and 
 , yet in all these ihe cold is so inlense lluit even the in 
 dnstry of Furopeaus has not atlcmplLd cultivalion. 
 
 Note [31]. p. 99.--Arosta is the first pliilo.><o|ihrr, 
 as far as I kuovv. who ciidtavored lo account for tho 
 diilerent degre(>s of heat iii the ohl and new continents, 
 by the agency of the winds which blow in cieh. His 
 loire ?dor<il. \c. lib. ii. and ni. M. dt; Ihitlbn adopts 
 this thuory, and has not oulv improved it by new ob- 
 servations, hut has emjihned his aiiKiziiig powers ol 
 deaicriptivi' etoipirnce in < niht llishing it and placing it 
 in ihe mo.Nt sinking light. Some remarks may bo 
 added, which tend to illti.-^irale more ftilly a doctrim^ of 
 much imnortaiice in every nnjuiry eoncerniiig tlie tem- 
 pt ratine ol various climates. 
 
 WIkui a cold wind blows over land, it must in its 
 passage rob the surface of j'Oine of its heal. IJy means 
 of this the coldness of the wind is abated. Put if it 
 continue lo blow iu the sanu^ direcluni, it \m11 come, by 
 degrees, to [lass over n surface alrtady cooled, and will 
 suli'er no longer any abatement of its own keenness. 
 Thus, as il advances over a large tract of land, it brings 
 on all tho severity of intense frost. 
 
 Let ihe same wind blow over an extensive and deep 
 sea ; the superficial water must be immediately cooled 
 to a certain degree, and the wind proportionally 
 warmed. Hut the snperlicial and colder water, be- 
 eoming specifically heavier than the warmer water 
 below It, descends ; what is warmer sujiphes its place, 
 which, as it comes to be cooled in its turn, continues 
 to warm the air which passes over it, or lo diminish its 
 cold. 'Ibis change of the superticial water and suc- 
 
 . cessivu ascent of that which is warmer, and the conse- 
 quent successive abatement of coldness in the air, is 
 
 ! aided by the agnation caused in the ^e:l by the mecha- 
 nical action of the v\ind, and also by the motion of the 
 tides. This will go on, and the rigor of the wind will 
 continue to diimnisb until the wliule waier is so far 
 cooled, that the water on the surface is no longiT re- 
 
 j iuovtd from the action of the wind fast enough to hin- 
 i der It fiom being arrested by frost. Whenever the 
 I surface freezes, the wind is no longer warmed by the 
 water from below, and tt goes on with undiminished 
 cold. 
 
 From those principles may be explained the severity 
 of winter fronts in exteiLsivt^ coulmenis ; their mildne.ss 
 m small islands ; and the superior rigor of winter iu 
 those parts of North America with which we are bes* 
 acquainted. In the north-west part.-* of Kurope, tho 
 severity of wintt r is mitigated by the west winds, 
 which usually blow in the months of November, De- 
 cember, and part of January. 
 
 On the ollu r hand, when a warm wind blows over 
 land, it beats tlie surf.ice, wliieh nn st therefore ceaso 
 to abate the fervor of the wind Hut the same wind 
 blowing over water, agitates ii, brings up the colder 
 water from below, and thus is eoulinually losing soino- 
 what of Us own heat. 
 
 Put the great power of the sea to mitigate the heat 
 of i.u? wind or air passing over ii, proceeds from the fol- 
 lowing eircuiuslance : that on acfiHint of the transpa- 
 rency of the sea, its surface einnot be healed to a great 
 degree by the sun's rays; wlureas the ground, sub- 
 jected to iheir infiueuce, very soon acquires great heat. 
 When, therefore, the wind blo\'.s over a torrid coiili- 
 nent, it is soon raised lo a lieat almost inioltTahle ; but 
 during its passage over an extensive ocean, it is gra- 
 dually coolvd ; so that on its arrival at the furthest 
 .*!horn it is again fit for respiration. 
 
 Those prnicqiles will account for the sultrv '.cats ot 
 large contMients in the torrid zone ; for the nulrl cli- 
 mate of islands iu the same latitude ; atid fo' the Mipe- 
 rior warmth in summer which lar^eeouiineut^, situated 
 in the temperiite or colder zoiies of the e.irth, enjoy 
 when compared with that of islands. The In-at of a 
 climate depends not only upon ih*- imtneduite elleet ot 
 the sun's rays, but on their conimiud operation, on tho 
 etVect whi<'h they have formerly pnidiierd. and which 
 reniains for seme tune in ihe trronnd This is ihc rea- 
 son why the day is warmesl about two in the aftt rnoon, 
 the summer warmest about the middle of July, atiH 
 the winter coldest about the middle uf January. 
 
SOUTH AMEUICA. 
 
 101 
 
 I? 
 
 
 Tho forcfits wiiicli cover Aiiuirica, and hintlcr the 
 8Uiil)eiims from hcatinj; tbt! yrouiid, arc u frrt-at cmiso 
 oC the tuinpi.Tatc chiiiiit*) in the eqmitorial parts. Tho 
 ;roiiii(i, not hciiig lieatrd, cannot licit the air ; and Ihe 
 c3\v», whu'h U'ccivc the riiya ihlcrt'cjjU'd from the 
 linmnd, have not u mass of matter sutliciiMit to absor'' 
 heat enough fur this pnrposc. Uisidcs, it is a known 
 fact, thiit the vegrlativc [lowerof a plant oi-casmim a 
 pcrspiralion I'rom the U'aves in proportion lo the liirat 
 to which they are exposed : and, from the natnre of 
 Dvaporution, this per^pl^atio^ produces n cold in tiie 
 lc:if proportional to the perspiration. Thus the effect 
 of the leaf in lieating the air in contact vviih it is prodi- 
 giously diminished. For those observations, whicli 
 throw much additional li<;ht on this curious sunject, I 
 am indebted to my ingenious friend, Mr. itobison, 
 profcssof of natural phdosophy in the university of 
 Edinburgli. 
 
 Note [il3J. p. 99. — The cliniate of I3r'i/,il has been 
 described by two eminent natiir.ili.sts, I'lso and Mar- 
 grave, who oliserved it with a philosophical accuracy 
 lor which we search in vain in the aceonnis of many 
 Other provinces in America Koth represent it as lem- 
 pe'atc and mild when compared witli tlic climate of 
 Atr.ea. They ascribe thi-s cliicHy to tlie relreshmg 
 wind which blows continually from tho sea. The air 
 is not only cool, hut chilly through the night, insomuch 
 that the natives kindle tires every evening in their lulls. 
 Piso de Medicina Unsilicnsj, lib. i. p. 1. &c. Mar- 
 gravius llistor. Uerum Natural. Brasilia?, lib. viii. c. 3. 
 p. 264. Nieuhoir, who resided long in Urazil, con- 
 firms their description. ChurehiU's Collection, vol. ii. 
 p. 26. Uumilla, who was a missionary many years 
 among the Indians upon the river Oronoco, gives a 
 similar Icscription of the temperature of the climate 
 there. Hist, de rOronoque, lorn. I. p. 26. P. AcDgna 
 felt u very con.sidcrahle degree of cold in tlie countries 
 on the banks of the river Amazons. Hclat. vol. ii. p. 
 fi6. M. Diet, who lived a considerable time in (Jay- 
 cniic, gives a similar account of the temperature of that 
 climate, and ascribes it to the same cause. Voyage de 
 la Trance, Eipiino.x, p. 330. Nothing can be more 
 dillerent from these descripliom* than that of the burn- 
 ing heat of the African coast given by M. Adanson. 
 Voyage to Senegal, passim. 
 
 NoTK [33]. p. 99 — Two French frigates were sent 
 Ujwn a voyage of discovery in the year 1739. In lati- 
 tude 4'P south, they began 'o feel a considerable de- 
 gree of cold. In latitude 43°, thoy met with islands 
 of (loaling ice. lliitoire des Navigations aux Tcrres 
 Australes, toin. ii. p. 256, &e. Dr. Ualley fell in 
 with ice in latitude 59^. Id. torn. i. p. 47. Commo- 
 dore IJyron, when on the coast of Patagonia, hUitude 
 f)0^ 33' south, on the fifteenth of Decentber, which is 
 midsummer in that part of the glotie, the tvveiity-hrst 
 of December beiii^ the longest day there, compares the 
 climate to that of Kngland in the middle of winter. 
 Voyages by llawkesworth, i. 25. Mr. Hanks having 
 landed on Terra del Piiego, in the iJay of (.Jood Suc- 
 cess, latitude 55"^, in the si.xteenth of January, which 
 corresjionds 10 the month of July in our hemisphere, 
 two of his attendants died in one night ol extreme cold. 
 and all liie party were in the most imminent danger of 
 perishing. Id. ii. 51, 52. Uy the fjurteenth o\' March, 
 corresponding to Se|>lember m our hemisphere, winter 
 was set in with riijnr. and the mountains were covered 
 with snow. Ibid. 72. Captain Cook, in his voyage 
 towards the South Pule, furnishes new and sinking 
 in.'^tances of the extraordinary pnrdoinmance of cold in 
 this region of the globe. " Who would have thought 
 (says he) that an island of no fjreater extent than 
 sevenly leagues in circuit, situated between the latitudo 
 of 54^ and 55 \ should in tlie ver\ height of summer 
 be, in a manner, wholly covered, niiny fathoms deep, 
 with frozen snow ; but more e^pecially the S. W. coast ! 
 'J'he v"ry summits of tlic lofty mo -ntiims were cased 
 witii snow and ice ; but the (pian' ity that lay in the 
 ▼alleys is incredible ; and at the bottom of tim bays, the 
 coast was terminated by a wall of ico of considerable 
 'eitilil." Vol. ii. p. 217. 
 
 In some places of the ancient lonlinent, an extraor- 
 dinary degree of cold prevails in very low latitmles, 
 Mr. liogle. in his embassy to the court of the Delai 
 l.ama, pas.-*ed the wintrr of the yi-ar 1774, at (Miam- 
 jianning. in latitude 31^^ 39' N. Ho often found the 
 thermomeler in his room twenty-nine degrees under the 
 freezing point by Fahrenheit's scalr ; and in the middlt 
 of .\pril the stamlnig waters wi-re till frozen, and heavy 
 ■howers of snow freipiently fell. Tlie exiaordmary 
 elevation of the euuntrv seems to ue the cause of llus 
 
 excessive cold. In travelling from fndQstan lo Thibet, 
 
 the ascent to tho summit of the Boutan Mountains is | 
 ver\' great, but the descent on the other side is not in 
 equal proportion. The kingdom of 'I'liihct Is an ele- 
 vated region, extremely bare and desolate. Account 
 of Thibet, (ly Mr. Stewart, read in the Uoyal Society, 
 p. 7. The extraordinary cold in low latitudes in Ame- 
 rica camiot be aecouiiled for by the same cause. Those 
 regions are not rem:irkahlc for elevation. Some of them 
 are countries depressed and level. 
 
 The most obvious and probable cause of the supe- 
 rior degree of cold towards the southern extremity of 
 America, seems to be t!ie form of the continent there. 
 Its breadth gradually decreases as it stretches from 
 St. Anlonia southwards, and from the bay of St. Julian 
 to the Straits of Magellan its dimensions are much 
 contMcted. On the east and west 'ides it is washed 
 by the Atlantic ami Pacific Oceans. Prom its southern 
 point it is proliable that a great e.xte t of .sea without 
 any considerable tract of land, reachci to the Antarctic 
 pole. In whii^hever of these directions the wind blows, 
 It is cooled before it appro;iches the .Magi !' mic regions, 
 by pa.'sing over a vast bodv of water ; nor i^ 'he land 
 there of such extent, that it can recover any consiJera- 
 hle degree of heat in its progress over it. These cit- 
 cutnstances concur m rendering tlie temperaturo of 
 the air in this district of America more similar to that 
 of an insular, than to that of a continental climate, and 
 hinder it from acquiring the same degree of summer 
 heat with places in Europe and Asia in a correspondent 
 norlliern latitude. The north wind is the only one that 
 reaches this part of America, after blowing over a great 
 continent. Hut from an attentive survey of its posi- 
 tion, this will be found to have a tendency rather to 
 diminish than augment the degree of heat. The south- 
 ern extremity of America is properly the termination 
 of the immense ridge of the Aiiden, vMch stretches 
 nearly in a direct line from noith to south, through tho 
 whole extent of the continent. The most sultry re- 
 gions in South America, Uuiana, IJrazil, Paraguay, and 
 Tuccuinan, lie many degrees to the east of the Magel- 
 lanic regions. The level country of Peru, which en- 
 joys the tropical heats, is situated considerably to the 
 west of them. The north wind then, though it blows 
 over land, does not bring to the southern extremity of 
 America an increase of heat collected in its passage 
 over torrid regions ; but before it arrives there, it must 
 have swept along the summits of the Andes, and he- 
 comes impregnated with the cold of that frozen region. 
 
 Though it be now demonstrated that there is no 
 souiherii tontinent in that region of the globe which it 
 was atlp|u^ed to occupy, it appears to be certain from 
 Capia I. (-ook's discoveries, that there is a hrge tract 
 of lat.i' I ear the south pole, which is the source of most 
 of the :ce spread over the vast southern ocean. Vol. 
 ii. p. 2.10, 239, tVc. AVhether the inHucncc of this 
 remote frozen continent may reach the southern extre- 
 mity of America, and alfect its climate, is an iui^uiry 
 not unworthy of attention. 
 
 Note i34]. p. 100.— M. Condamine is one of the 
 latest and must accurate observers of the interior state 
 of South America. " After descending from the Andes 
 (says he,) one beholds a vast and unilorm prospect of 
 water and verdure, and nothing more. One treads 
 upon the earth, but does not see it ; as it is so entirely 
 covered with luxuriant plants, weeds, and slirub;i. that 
 it would reiijuirc a con.siderable degree of labor to clear 
 it for tho space of a foot." Relation abregee d'un 
 Vovage, (Jte. p. 4H. t)ne of tho sir.gularities in the 
 forests IS a sort of osiers, or withes, called /if:jii'0.t by 
 the Spaniards, luims by the French, and mhhis by the 
 Indians, which are usually employed as ropes in Ame- 
 rica. This ir. one ofllu! parasitical plants, which twists 
 about the trees it me( ts with, and rising above their 
 highest branches, its tendrils descend perpendicularly, 
 strike into the ground, tnke root, rise up around another 
 tree, and thus mount and di^scend alienutely. Other 
 tendrils are carried obliquely by the wind, or some ac- 
 cident, and form a confusion of interwoven cordage, 
 which reseinl'les the riyning of a ship. IJancrofi, Nat, 
 Hist, of tiuuina, 99. Theao withes are often as thick 
 as the arm of a man. Id. p. 7ii. M. iJoguer's account 
 of the forests in Peru perfectly resemble.* this descrip- 
 tion. Voyages au Peru, p. 16. Oviedo gives a similar 
 description of the forest.^ in other parts of America. 
 Hist. lib. ix. p. 144. I). The country of the Moxos is 
 so much overllowed, that tliey are obliged to reside on 
 the summit of some risini; eround during some part of 
 the year, and have no ^'ommunicatiou with their coun- 
 trvmen at any duttance. Lettres IMiliantes, toin. x- p. 
 IH'/ Garcia gives a full and just dcseiiplion of the 
 
 rivers, lakes, woodf, and marshes in those countries ol 
 America which lie between the tro|iic8. Origcn de lun 
 Indios, lib. ii. c. 5. ^ 4, 5. I'he incredible hardship* 
 to which Gonealez Pizarro was exposed in Qttemptm»{ 
 to marcli into the country to ttic cast of the AndcBi 
 convey a very striking idea of that part of America iu 
 its original uncultivated state. Gareil. do la Vega, 
 Uoyal Comment, of Peru, part ii. book iii. c. 2—5. 
 
 NoTK [3.')] p. 100. — Tho animals of America seem 
 
 not to have been always of a size inferior to those in 
 other quarters of the globe. From antlers of the moose- 
 deer which have been found in America, it appears lo 
 have been an anim:il of great size. Near the banks of 
 the Ohio, a considerable number of Iiones of an im- 
 mense magnitude have been found. The place where 
 this discovery has been made lies about one hundred 
 and ninety miles below the junction of ihe river Scioto 
 with the Ohio. It is about four miles distant from the 
 banks of the titter, on the side of the marsh called tho 
 Salt lick. The bones lie in vast (pianttlies about fivo 
 '>r six feet underground, and the slr.ittim is visible in 
 the bank on the edge of the Lick. Jaurmd of Colonel 
 Ucnrgc Cro^'lun, MS. pnirs inc. This spot seems to 
 be accurately laid down by Kvans in his map. These 
 hones must have belonged to animals of enormous bulk; 
 but naturalists being acquainted with no living creature 
 of such size, were at tirst inclined to think they were 
 mineral substances. Upon receiving a greater number 
 of specimens, and after inspecting tliein more narrowly, 
 they are now allowed to be the bones of an animal. As 
 the elephant is the largest known quadruped, and tho 
 tusks which were found, nearly resembled, both in form 
 and quality, the tusks of an elephant, it was concluded 
 that the carcasses deposited on the Ohio were of that 
 species. But Dr. Hunter, one of the persons of our 
 age best qualitied to decide with respect to tiiis point, 
 having accurately examined several parcels o( tusks, 
 and grinders, and jaw-bone-i, sent from the Ohio to 
 London, gives it as his opinion that they did not belong 
 to an elephant, but to some huge carnivorous animal ol 
 an unknown species. Phil. Transact, vol. Iviii. p. 34. 
 iloncs of the same kind, and as remarkable for their 
 size, have been found near the mouths of the great 
 rivers Oby, Jeniscia, and Lena in Siberia. Slraldcn- 
 hcr<rj)aicript. of yorlh and East Paris iff Kurnpc and 
 Asia, p. 402, &c. The elephant seems lo be coiilined 
 in his range to the torrid zone, and never multiplies 
 beyond it. In such cold regions as those bordering on 
 the frozen sea, he could not live. The existence of 
 such tari^e animals in America inigiit open a wiitc tield 
 for conjecture. The more we contemplate the face of 
 nature, and consider the variety of her productions, tho 
 more we must be satisfied that astonishing changes 
 have been made in the terraqueous globe by convul- 
 sions and revolutions, of which no account is preserved 
 in history. 
 
 Note [36]. p. 100. — This degeneracy of the domes- 
 tic Kuropean animals in America may be imputed to 
 .•jomc of these causes. In the Spanish settlements, 
 which are situated cither within the torrid zone, or in 
 countries bordering upon it, the increase of heat and 
 diversity of food prevent sheep and horned cattle fioin 
 attaining the same size as in Europe. 'I'hcy seldom 
 become «o fat, and their llesli is not so juicy, or of such 
 deliealo Havor. In North America, where the climate 
 is mure favorable, and similar to that of Kurope, tho 
 (piality of the grasses which spring up naturally hi their 
 pasture grounds is not good. Mitchell, p. 151, Agri- 
 culture is still so much in itj infancy, that artificial 
 food for cattle is not raised in any quantity. During a 
 winter, long in many provinces, and rigorous in all, no 
 proper care is taken of their cattle. The general treat- 
 ment of theii horses and horneil cattle is injudicious 
 and harsh in alt the Fnglish colonies. These circum 
 stances contribute more, perhaps, than any thing pecu- 
 liar in the quality of the climate, to the degeneracy of 
 breed in the horses, cows, and sheep of many i3\ tho 
 North American provinces. 
 
 NoTK [37J. p to,).— In the year 1518, tho island of 
 Hispaniola was adiicted with a dreadful visitation of 
 those destructi\e insects, the particulars of which Her- 
 rera describes, and mentions a singular instance of thu 
 superstition of the Spanish planters. After trying vari- 
 ous methods of exterminating the anis, they resolved 
 to implore protection of the saints ; but as the calamity 
 was new, they were at a loss lo find out the saint who 
 could give them the most eti'ectual aid. They east 
 lots in order to discover the patron whom they should 
 invoke. The lots decided m favor of St. Satuminus 
 
^ 
 
 103 
 
 ROHKKTSON'S HISTORY OF 
 
 They ccleliratt'd hi.f fcntival with Kreat solc-imiily, and 
 iininrdtolely, uiKIh ihv historian, the calamity bt'uun to 
 abate, llcrrcra, dec 2. hb. iii. c. 15. p. 107. 
 
 NoTB [38]. p. 100.— The author of Ucchorchca Phi- 
 losophiqix'tf tiur U>s Ainericaiti!) siijipOKcs this dillrrcncc 
 in heat tu be ctpial to twelve d^'^Tces, a''d tlmt a [il:ice 
 thirty degrees from the Ciiuator in the old continent i.s 
 aH warm as one situated eighteen denrces frorn it in 
 America, lorn. i. p. U. I)r. Mitcia 11, after observa- 
 tions carried 01) dnrii);r thirty Ycar», cuiiieiuls tliat llie 
 ditfercncc is equal to fourteen or fifteen degrees of lati- 
 tude. Prcaeiit State, &c. p. 257. 
 
 NoiK[39J. p. 100.— uaiumry3d. 176:), Mr. Bertram, 
 near the head of St. John's river, in Kast Florida, ob- 
 served a frost po intense that in one niglit the ground 
 was frozen an inch tliick upop the banks of the livcr. 
 The limes, citrons, and banana trees, at St. Augustin, 
 were destroyed. Uertram's Journal, p. 20. Other in- 
 ittance? of the extraordinary operations of cold in the 
 Bonthern provinces of North America are collected by 
 Dr. Mitchell. I*resent State, p. 200, &c. February 
 7th, 1747, the frost at Charleston was so intense, that 
 a person having carried two quart bottles o( hot water 
 to bed, in the morning they were split lo piccc^f, and 
 the water converted into solid lumps of ice. In a 
 kitchen where ihero was a fire, the water in a jar in 
 which there was a live large eel, was frozen to the bot- 
 tom. Almost all the orange and olive trees were de- 
 stroyed. Description of South Carolina, 8vo. Lond. 
 1761. 
 
 NoTK [40J. p. 100. — A remarkable instance of this 
 occurs Ml Dutch Ciuiana, a country every where level, 
 and so low, that during the rainy seasons it is usually 
 covered with water near two feet in height. This ren- 
 ders the soil 80 rich, that on the surface, for twelve 
 inches in depth, it is a stratum of jierfect manure, and 
 as such has been transported lo Uarbadues. On the 
 banks of the Kssequibo, thirty crops of rutan canes 
 have been raised successively ; whereas in the West 
 Indian islands not more than two is ever expected from 
 the rirhcst land. The expedients by whieli ilie planters 
 endeavor to diminish this excessive fertility of soil are 
 various. Dancroft, Nat. Hist, of Guiana, p. 10, tkc. 
 
 NoTB [41 J. p. 103. — Muller seems to have believed, 
 witiiout dullicient evidence, that tiie Cape had i>een 
 doubled, lom. i. p. II, &.c. ; and the imperial academy 
 of St. Pclersburgh give some countenance to it by the 
 manner in which Tsckukolskoi-twss is laid down in 
 their charts. 13ut I ain a.ssured, from undoubted 
 authority, that no Russian vessel has ever sailed round 
 that cape ; and as tiie country of Tahutki is not subject 
 to the Russian empire, it is very imperfectly known. 
 
 NoTB [42]. p. 102. — Were this the place for enter- 
 ing into a long and intricate geographical disxjuisuion, 
 many curious ol)seryaii<i'is might arise from couq)aring 
 the accounts of the two RuEsian voyages and the charts 
 of their respective navigation.s. One remark is appli- 
 cable to both. We cannot rely with absolute certainty 
 cu the [HJsition which they assign to several of 'be pla- 
 ces which tliey visited. The weather was so extreiuely 
 foggy, that they seKloin saw the sun or stars ; and tlie 
 position of the islands and supposed coittiticnts was 
 commonly determined by reckoning, nut by observa- 
 tion, liehring and Tscinrikow proceeded much fur- 
 ther towards the cast than Ivrenitzin. The hind dis- 
 covered by Dehriiig, which he imagined lo be part of 
 the American conlinent, is in the 236th degree of lon- 
 gitude from the first meridian in the isle of Kerro, and 
 in bS'^ 28' of latitude. Tschirikow came rpon the 
 same coast in loii'Mtude 241 ". lat''-,.de 5*:''. Muller. i. 
 
 248,24!). The fun rv 
 
 1 •' 
 
 Ji3;jccil 60 degrees 
 
 from tlie port of V »■ ., 
 
 
 -t;i which he took 
 
 his di'|urturc, am' i ;,ii 
 
 . •■• 
 
 . •'<. lijt from the 
 
 charl of Kn-, ■: 
 
 •*. ■' , 
 
 'hat he did not 
 
 Mail further i" 
 
 ,-, .1.. . 
 
 . atiSili dc!,'ri-e, 
 
 and only 32 'h . ■ 
 
 ' tr- 
 
 VI 1,. In 1741, 
 
 Uchring and 'J :t|' 
 
 
 ..■■•- 1 rcturninir, 
 
 held a course which tta 
 
 ) 
 
 ■ ,,. • juth of that 
 
 chain of islands, wi,j< 1) ti; 
 
 .) ilt^-.^ 
 
 : , ,':,J ohaervini^ 
 
 the mountains and rugged aspect ol the headlands 
 which they descried towards the north, they supposed 
 thern to be promontories belonging to some part of the 
 American continent, which, as tfiey fancied, stretched 
 as Tir south as the latitude 50. In this maniur thi.'v 
 are laid down in the chart pulilished by .Muller, and 
 likewi.su in a manuscript chart drawn by a mate of 
 BuUhiig's ship, coniinmiicaled lo me by Mr. Profe&ior 
 
 HobiKon. Diit in 17RU. Krenil/in, after wintering in 
 the island Alaxa, stood so far louards (he north in liis 
 return, that his course lay liirough the inkldle of what 
 Ik-bring and Tschirikow had supported to be a conti< 
 tient, which he found to be an open sea. and that ihey 
 had inistakeri roekv isles for the beadlnnds of a conti- 
 nent. It is probable, that the countries discovered in 
 1741, towards the east, do not belong to the American 
 continent, but are only a cuntiuiuition of the chain of 
 Inlands. The number of volcanos in this region of the 
 globe is remarkable. 'I'here arc several in Kanit- 
 chatka, and not one of the ishinds, great or small, as far 
 as the Russian navigation extends, is without them. 
 Many are actually burning, and the mountains in all 
 t>car marks of having been once in a state of eruption. 
 Were I disposed to admit such conjectures as have 
 found place in other inquiries eoneerning tlie peopling 
 of America, I might suppose tliat th's part of iho earth, 
 having manifestly fluU'ered \iolent convulsions from 
 earthquakes and volcanos, an isthmus, which may have 
 formerly united Asia lo America, has been broken, and 
 formed into a cluster of islands by the shock. 
 
 It is singular, that at the very time the Russian navi- 
 gators were attempting to make discoveries in the 
 north-west of America, the Spaniards were proset utiiig 
 the same d»:ign finm another quarleiv Iti 17ii'J, two 
 small vessels sailed f'oiii Loretio in Oidilbrma to ex- 
 plore the coasts of the country to the north of that 
 peninsula. They advanced no further than the port of 
 Monte-Rey, in latitude 3(i. I3nt, in several suere.'isive 
 expeditions fitted out from tlie port of St. lllas in New 
 Galicia, the Spaniards have advanced as far as the lati- 
 tude i')8. (iazrta dc Mmhiil, .March 10, and .May 14. 
 I77G. Hut as the journals of those voyages have not 
 yet been publi.>hed, I cannot coiuparo ttinr progress 
 wiili that of the Russians, or sliow bow near the navi- 
 gators of the two nations have approached to each 
 other. It is to be hoped lliat the enlightened mini.ster 
 wlio has now tlie direcliun of Amerieaii utfatrs in Spain, 
 will not withhold this information from the public. 
 
 Note [43]. p. 102. — Our knowledge of the vicinity 
 of the two continents of Asia and Anu'rica, which was 
 very imjierfect when I publibhed tlie History of Amerti-a 
 in the year 1777, is now complete. Mr. Coxe's 
 account of the Russian Discoveries between Asia and 
 America, printed in the year 1780, contains many curi- 
 ous and important facts witli respect to the various 
 attempts of the Russians to open a communication witii 
 the New World. The history of tb.e great voyage of 
 Discovery, beijun by Captain Cook in 1770, a!id com- 
 pleted by Captains Clerk and (iore. published in the 
 year 1780, communicates all the inforinatiou that the 
 curiosity of mankind could desire with regard lo this 
 subject. 
 
 At :ny request, my friend, Mr. Playfair, Professor of 
 Mathematics in the University of Kdinburgh, lias com- 
 pared the narrative and charts of those illustrious navi- 
 gators with the more imperfect relations and maps of 
 the Russians. The result of this comparison I com- i 
 muhicate in his own words, with much greater coiiti- ' 
 dence in his scienlitic accuracy, llian I could have ven- 1 
 turcd to place in any observations which I myself might I 
 have made upon the subject. j 
 
 *' The discoveries of (>aptain Cook in Ins last voyage j 
 have conlirmed the conclusions which Dr. Rober;son j 
 had drawn, and have connected together the facts- from I 
 which they were deduced. Tiiey b.ive now rendered j 
 it certain that Ueliring and Tschirikow touched on the i 
 coast of America in 1741. The former discovered] 
 land in latitude .')8"', 28', and about 230" east from I 
 I'erro. He i.as given such a description of the Bay in 1 
 which he anchored, and the high niounlaiti to the west- ] 
 ward of it which he calls St. Klias, that tlioug!i the 
 account of his voyage is much abrulged in the Unglish 
 translation, ('aptaln Cook recognised the place as he 
 sailed along the western coast of America in the year 
 1778, The isle of St. Ilermogenes, near the mouth of 
 Cook's river, Schumagins isles on the coast of .Vlashka, 
 and Poggy Isle, retain in Captain Cook's chart the 
 names which they had r-.oeivcd from the Russian navi- 
 gator. Cook's V'oy. vol. ii. p. 347. 
 
 " Tschirikow came upon he same coast about 2° 
 30' farther south than Dehring, near the Mount Edge- 
 cumbe of Captain Cook. 
 
 ** With regard to Krcnitzin, wo learn from Coxe's 
 Account of the Russian Discoveries, that he sailed 
 from the mouth of the Kamlchatka river with two ships 
 in the year 1708. With liis own ship he reaclird the 
 island of Oonolashka, in which lliere had been a Rus- 
 sian settlement since the year 1702, wh'-re he wintered 
 probably in the same harbor or bay where Captain 
 
 Cook afterwards anchored. The oiher ship winferrd 
 at Alashka, which was .supposed lo be an island, lhout;h 
 it be in f.icl a part of the American continent. Kro 
 nitzin accordingly returned without knowing that either 
 of his ships had been un the coast of .\iiieriea ; and 
 this is the more surprising, because ('a|)tain (.'ook has 
 informed ns lliat Alashka is understood to be a great 
 continent, both by the Russians and the natives of 
 (Jonolashka. 
 
 *' According to Krcnitzin, the ship which had win- 
 tered at Alashka had hardly sailed 3()'* to the eastward 
 of the harbor of St. Peter and St, Paul in Kamtchatka ; 
 but, aeeordiiig lo the more accurate charts of ('aptain 
 Cook, it had Mailed no les.i than 37" 17' to the eastward 
 of (bat harbor. There is nearly the same mistake of 5° 
 in the longitude which Krenilzin assigns to Oonolashka. 
 It is remarkable enough, that in the chart of those seat, 
 put into the hand of (Japtain Cook by the Russians un 
 that wland, there was an error of the same knid, and 
 very nearly of the same extent. 
 
 " IJut what is of most consequence lo he remarked 
 on the subject is, tliat the discoveries of Captain Cook 
 have fully verilied Dr. Robertson's coineclure ' that it 
 is probable that future ii-.ivigaturs in those seas, itff 
 steering farther to the north than Bebring and Tschiri- 
 kow or Krenitzin had dune, may find thiit the continent 
 of America approaches still r.ean r to that of .\sia. See 
 p. 102. It has accordingly been found that these two 
 continents, wiiich in the parallel of ,'>r»'^, or that of tho 
 southern extremity of Alashka. are about four hundred 
 leagues asunder, !ipproa<'h continually to one another 
 as iliey stretch together toward the north, until, witliin 
 less than a degree from ihe polar circle, they are ter- 
 minated by two capes only thirteen league.s distant. 
 Tiie east ca)te of Asia is in latitude fiO^ 0' and in lon- 
 gitude 100' 22' east fiom (Jretnwich ; the western 
 extremity of America, or IVmce of Wales' Ca\H}, is in 
 latitude 05"' 40', and in longitude lOP 45'. Nearly in 
 liie midtUe of the narrow strait (Hehring's .Strait) which 
 separates these capes, are the two islands of St. Dio- 
 mede, from which both continents may be seen. Cap- 
 tain Kin^ informs us, tlial as he was sailing through this 
 strait, July 5, 1770, Ok; fog having cleared away, he 
 enjoyed the uU asure of seeing from the ship the eonti 
 neiUs of Asia and America at the same moment, to 
 gether with the islands of St Diomcde lying between 
 them, (book's Voy. vol iii. p. 244. 
 
 " Beyond this point the strait opens towards tho 
 Arctic Sea, and tiie coasts of Asia and America diverge 
 so fast fioin one another, that in the parallel of 69" 
 they are more than one hundred leagues asunder. lb. 
 p. 277. To the month of Ihe strait there are a num- 
 tierof Islands, Clerk's, King's, Anderson's, «Vc. whicn, 
 as well as those of St. Dioinede, may have facilitated 
 the migrations of the natives from tlic one continent to 
 the otiier. Captain Cook, however, on the authority 
 of the Russians at Oonolashka, and for other good rea- 
 sons has diininislied the number of islands which bad 
 been inserted in former charlsof the northern .\rchipclagO' 
 Ue baa also placed Alashka, or the promontory which 
 stretches from the conlinent of .-\merica S. W. towards 
 Kamtclialka, ai the distance of Ovo degrees of loiigi- 
 tiide firther from the coast of Asia than it was reckoned 
 by (Ik; Russian navigators. 
 
 " The geograpliv of the Old and New M'orld is 
 therefore equally indebted to the discoveries made in 
 this memorable voyage ; and as many errors havo 
 been corrccterl, and many delieiencies supplied, b*- 
 means of these discoveries, -^o the accuracy of some 
 former observations has been i'stablisbed. The basis of 
 the map of the Russian eiiqure, as far as regarded 
 Kamtchatka. and the country of tho Tsehutzki, was tho 
 position of four places, Vakulsh, Oehotz, Bolcheresk, 
 and Petropawlowski, which had been determined hv 
 the astronomer Krassdnieow in the year 1744. Nov. 
 ('ommenl. Petrop. vol, iii. p. 405. tVc. But the accu- 
 racv of iiis observations was contested by M, Kngel, 
 and .M. Robert de \'aui,'ondy ; ('oxe, Append, i. No. 2. 
 p. 207. 272. and the former of these geographers ven- 
 tured to take away no less than 2S degrees from tho 
 longitude, which on the faith of Krassilnicow's observa- 
 tions, was assigned lo tho eastern boundary of the Rus- 
 sian emp-ire. With how little reason tliis waa done, 
 will npficar from considering that our British naviga- 
 tors, having deterinined the position of Petropawlowski 
 by a ureal number of very accurate ohservationn, found 
 the longitude oftliat port 158"* 43' K. from (.Jrecnwich, 
 and its latitude 53 ' 1' ; aijreeing. the first lo less than 
 seven minutes, and the second to less than half a ml* 
 nute, with the calculations of tlie Russian aslronnnier 
 H coincidence wbieli. in the situation of so reinot4> a 
 place, does not leave an uncertainty of more than foui 
 
 i 
 
 l4 
 
 m 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 103 
 
 ,. 
 
 it 
 
 Knglish miles, nml wliirli. f(ir i!io rrcdit of !*rii-ri'-o. I 
 dettcrvRH to \w. puriicuhirly ri'iniirkal. 'riuM-hii-r error ' 
 in liiu Itiisniiiii Miiips has lircii in not rxUMuIirii^f tliu 
 boiiiiu'iricd ot lliat empiru siiniciontlv towards llm '.msi. 
 For as thorr was iintliin;r to connrci llio iatu! nf tin; 
 Tacliiit/ki ami the norili-cisi poitil of Asia wilij tliost- 
 plin•c^ wlitrpof the position haJ been carrfully asccr- 
 tuinnd, cjfci'pi the imperfort accounts of Hciiriiiir's and 
 Syrid's vovu^cs, considiTtililt! orrors noiild not fail to 
 be iiilrodiicfd, and thai point was laid down as not 
 more than 13!J^ 2' oast of the meridian of Pelropaw- 
 lowski. Coxc, App. 1. No. 2. IJy tlie observations of 
 rapiiiin Kin^. the ditFerence of longitude between I*e- 
 tropawlovvski and Ihe Kast Cape is 31° 9'; that is, 
 d"* 7' jjreater than it vvas supposed to bo l»y the Rus- 
 sian geographer.*." It appears from ('ook's and ICiiijr's 
 Voy. iii p. 273. that the continents of Asia and Ame- 
 rica are nsually joined tonolhcr by ice dnrinij winter. 
 Mr. Saniwellrontinns this account of his superior ntficer. 
 *' At thi8 place, viz. near the hititudo of 66° N, the 
 Iwo coasts are otdy thirteen leagues asunder, and aliout 
 midway between ihem lie two islands, the distance 
 from each to either shore is short of twenty miles. At 
 this place the natives of Afiia could lind no dilHculty in 
 passnig over to tlic opposite coast, which is in sight of 
 their own. Thi-t in a course of years such an event 
 would happen, either through design cr accident, cannot 
 admit of a doubt. Tiic canoes which we saw among 
 the Tschulzki v^ere capable of performing a much 
 toiiifcr vova^e ; and, however rude they may have 
 been at some distant period, we can scarcely suppose 
 them uncfpial to a passage of six or seven leagues, 
 people nnght have been carried over by accident on 
 floating pieces of ice. 'J'bey might also have travelled 
 across on sledges or on foot ; for we have reason to be- 
 lieve that the strait is entirely frozi-n over in the winter ; 
 80 that, during that season, the continents, with respect 
 to the cotnrrnniication between them, may be consi- 
 dered as ofw land." Letter from Mr. Samweli, Scot's 
 Magazme for 1788, p 601. It is probable that this in- 
 tere.ilnig portion of geographical knowledge will, in the 
 course of a few years, receive farther improvement. 
 Soon after the publication of (Captain Cook's last vo- 
 yage, the great and enlightened Sovereign of H.n^•sia, 
 attentive to every thing that may contribute to extend 
 the luMinds of science, or to render it more accurate, 
 formed the plan of a new voyage of discovery, t:i order 
 to explore tliose parts of the ocean lying between Asia 
 and America, which (captain Cook did not visit, to ex- 
 am'ne more accurately the islands which stretch from 
 one contmcnt almost to the other, to survey the norfh- 
 easl coast of the Russian empire, from the mouth uf the 
 Kovyma, or Kolyma, to the North Cape, and to settle, 
 by astronomical observations, the position of each place 
 worth notice. The conduct of this important enter- 
 prise is committed to Captain Hillings, an Knglish offi- 
 cer in Ihe Russian service, of whose abilities for that 
 station it will be deemed tlie best evidence, that he 
 accompanied (!^aplain Cook in bis last voyage. To 
 render the expedition more e 'ensively useful, an emi- 
 nent naturalist is appointed to a'^'^nd Captain Hillings. 
 Six years will be recpii.^ite for accomplishing the purposes 
 of the voya;»e. (-oxe's Supplement to Russian Disco- 
 veries, p. 27, &c. 
 
 NoxR [44]. p. 103 —Few travellers have had such 
 opportunity of observing the natives of America, in its 
 various districts as Don Antonio I'lltia. In a work 
 latelv published by him. be thuA describes the charac- 
 tcristicrtl features of tlie race: '* A verv small fore- 
 head, covered wnb hair towards its extrennties. as far 
 as the middle of the eye-bnnvs; liitle eyes; a thin 
 nose, small and bending towards the u|)per lip ; the 
 countenance broad; llie ears |ari:e ; the hair verv 
 black, lank, and coarse ; tlie limbs well turned, the feet 
 Bmall. the body of just proportion ; and altogether 
 smooth and free from hair, until old age. when thev 
 acquire some beard, but never on the cheeks." No- 
 ticias Americanas. (Sic. p. 307. M. Ic Chevalier de 
 Pinto, vsho resided several years in a part of America 
 which I'lloa never visited, gives a sketch of the gene- 
 ral aspect of the Indians there '*They are all copper 
 color with .-foine diversity of shade, not in proportion to 
 their distance from the equator, but according to the 
 degree of eirvation of the territory which ihey"iiihabit. 
 Those who live in a high country are fairer than those 
 in the marshy low lands, on the roast. Their face is 
 round, fnrthet removed perhaps, than that of anv peo- 
 ple from an oval shape Their forehead is small, the 
 extremity of their ears far from the face, their lips th'ck, 
 their nose llal, their eves black, or of a chesnni color, 
 amall, but capable of discerning objects at a gre^it dis- 
 
 tance. Their hair is always thick and sleek, and with- 1 five and seven inches in height. Phil. Trans, vol. Ik. 
 (Hit a.".; tendeiiey to curl. They have no hair on any p. 22. Thc-^e. however, seem to have been the very 
 part of their body but the head. At the tirsi tispect a | people whose size had been rated so liigli in the year 
 MUiitierii American appears to he mild and innocent, | 1761 ; for >everal of them bad beads and red bai/.o of 
 
 thi! same kind with what had been put on board Cat)- 
 
 14 
 
 but on a more lUlenti'.e view, one discovers in his 
 coimienanre somelhing wild, distrustful, and sullen," 
 MS. pnirs mr. The Iwo portraits drawn by hands 
 very different from those of coininnn travellers, have a 
 near resemblance. 
 
 NoTB [4r>]. p. 104. Amazing accounts are given 
 of the persevering speed of the Americana. Adair 
 relates the adventures of a Chickkasah warrior who 
 ran tlirough woods and over mountains, three hundred 
 computed miles, in a day and a half and two nights. 
 Hist of Ainer. Ind. 396. 
 
 NoTK f46J. p. 104. M. (lodin T,c Jcune, who re- 
 sided fifteen years among the Indians of Peru and 
 Quito, and twenty years in the French colony of Cay- 
 enne, in which there is a constant intercourse with the 
 (iaiibis and other tribes on the Oronoco, observes, that 
 the vigor of constitution among the Americans is ex- 
 actly in proportion to their habits of labor. The Indians 
 in warm climates, such as those on the coasts of the 
 South Sea, on the river of Amazons, and the river Ori- 
 noco, are not to be compared for strength with those 
 in cold countries ; and yet, savs he, boats daily set out 
 from Para, a i'ortuguese settlement on the river of 
 Amazons, to ascend that river against (he rapidity of 
 the stream, and with the same crew they proceed to 
 San Pablo, which is eight hundred leagues distant. No 
 crew of white people, or oven of Negroes, would be 
 found equal to a task of such persevering fatigue, as 
 I'nc Portuguese have experienced ; and yet the Indians 
 being accustomed to this labor from their infancy, per- 
 forin it. Ms. pr.ncs mc. 
 
 Note [47]. p. 105. Don Antonio Ulloa, who visited 
 a great part of Peru and Chili, the kingdom of New 
 Uranada, and several of the provinces bordering on the 
 Mexican Gulf, while employed in the same service with 
 the French Mathenialicians during the space of ten 
 years, and who afterwards had an opportunity of view- 1 
 ing the North Americans asserts " that if we have seen 
 one American, we may be said to have seen them all, 
 their color and make are so nearly the same." Notic. 
 Americanas, p. 328. A more early observer, Pedro 
 de Cieca dc Leon, one of the conquerors of j*eru, who 
 had likewise traversed many provinces of America, af- 
 tirins that the people, men and women, although there 
 is such a multitude of tribes or nations as to be almost 
 inimmeralde, and such diversity of climates, appear 
 
 , nevertheless like the children of one father and mother. 
 
 I Chronica del' Peru, parte i. c. 19. There is, no doubt, 
 a certain combination of features, and peculiarity of 
 aspect, which forms what may be called a European or 
 Asiatic countenance. There must likewise be one 
 that may be denominated American, common to the 
 whole race. This may be supposed to strike the tra- 
 veller at lirst sight, while not only tiic various shades, 
 which distinguish people of different regions, but the 
 peculiar features which discriminate individuals, escape 
 the notice of a transient observer. Hut when persons 
 who had resided so long among the Americans concur 
 in bearing testimony to the similarity of ttieir appear- 
 ance m every climate, wo may conclude that it is more 
 remarkahln than that of any other race. See likewise 
 (iarcia Origen de los Indies, p. 54. 242. Torquemadd 
 Monarch. Indiana, ii. 571. 
 
 NoTK. [48J p, 105,— M. le Chevalier de Pinto ob- 
 serves, that in the interior parts of Hrizil, he had been 
 informed that some persons resembling the while peo- 
 ple of Darien had been found ; but that the breed did 
 not continue, and their children became like other Ame- 
 ricans. This race, however, is very imperfectly known. 
 MS. pcn/:s me. 
 
 NoTK [41)]. p. 105. — The testimonies of different 
 travellers concerning the Patagonians, have been col- 
 lected and slated with a considerable degree of accu- 
 racy by the author of Recberches Philosophiqucs, &c. 
 torn. i. 281, 6l.c iii. 181, &.c. Since the publication 
 of his work, several navigators have visited the Magel- 
 lanic regions, and like their predecessors, differ very 
 widely in their accounts of its inhabitants Hy Coin- 
 modure Hyron and his crew, who sailed through the 
 Straits in 1764. the common size of the Patagonians 
 was estimated lobe eight feet, and many of them innch 
 taller. Phil. Transact vol. Ivii p 78. Hy Captain 
 Wallis aii<I Carteret, who actually measured them in 
 1766, Ihey were found lo be from six feet to six fcot 
 
 lam Watiis's ship, and he naturally concluded lliat they 
 had got lhc«e from Mr. Hyron. Hawkesw. i In 1767 
 they were again measured by M. Hongainville, whose 
 account differs little from that of <>aplain Wallis. \'uy. 
 12U. To these I hhall add a testimony of great weight. 
 In the year 1762, Don Uernardo Ifiegnez do Kchavarri 
 accompanied the Marquis do Valdelirios to Huer.oi 
 Ayres, and resided there several years. He is a very 
 intelligent author, and his rejnitation for veracity nnlin- 
 peached among his countrymen. In speaking of the 
 country towards the southern extremity of America. 
 " Hy what Indians," says he, " is it possessed I Not 
 certainly by the fabulous Patagoiiians who are supposed 
 lo occupy this district. I have from many eye-wit- 
 nesses, who liave lived among those Indians, and traded 
 much with them, a true and accurate descrqition o" 
 their persons. They are of the same stature with lh»j 
 Spaniards. I never saw one who rose in height two 
 raruji and two or three inches," i. e. about 86 or 8 1 332 
 inches Knglish. if Kchavarri makes his computation 
 according to the ram of Madrid. This agrees r^arly 
 with the measurement of Captain W'allis. Keyno Je- 
 suitico. 238, Mr. Falkner, who r''sided as a mission- 
 ary forty years in tfie southern parts of America, says 
 that the Patagonians. or I'uelcbcs, are a large bottled 
 people ; but I never heard of that gigantic race which 
 others have mentioned, though I have seen persons of 
 all tlie different tribes of southern Indians," Introd 
 p. 26. M. Dobrizbotfer. a .lesuit, who resided eighteen 
 years in Paraguay, and who had seen great numbers of 
 the various tribes which inhabit the countries situated 
 upon the Straits of iMagelhin, conlinns in every p-.'int, 
 the testimony of his brother missionary Falkner. Do- 
 brizbotfer enters into some detail with respect to the 
 opinions of several n*ithors concerning the stature of 
 Ihe i*ata<;onians. Having mentioned the re|H)rtM of 
 some early travellers wilii regard to the extraordinary 
 size of some bones found on that coast which were 
 sn|)posed lobe human ; and having endeavored to show 
 that these bones belonged to some large marine or 
 land animal, be concludes, " de hisce ossibns crcJe 
 quiequid hbuerit, dunmiodo. me siusore, Palagones pro 
 gigantibus desinas habere." Hist, de Abissonibuu, 
 vol. ii. p. 19, &.C. 
 
 Note [50], p. 106. Antonio Sanchea Ribeiro, a 
 learned and ingenious physician, published a disserta- 
 tioii in the yca-r 1765, in which he endeavors to prove 
 that this disease was not introduced from America, but 
 look its rise in Europe, and was bronirlit on by an opi* 
 demical and malignant disorder. Did I chose to enter 
 into a disquisition on this subject, which I should not 
 have mentioned if it had not been intimately connected 
 with this part of my inquiries, it would not be dittifult 
 to point out some mistakes with respect to the facts 
 upon which he founds, as well as some errors in the 
 consequences which he draws from them. The rapid 
 communication of this disease from Spain over Eu- 
 rope, seems however to resemble tfie progress of an 
 epidemic, rather than that of a disease iransmittcd by 
 infection. The first mention of it is in the year 1493, 
 and before the year 1497, it had made its appearance 
 in most countries of Europe, with such alarming symp- 
 toms as rendered it necessary for the civil magistrates 
 to interpose, in order to check its career. Since iho 
 pulilicalion of this work, a second edition of Dr. San- 
 chez's Dissertation has been communicated lo me. It 
 contains several additional facts in confirmation of hi.^ 
 opinion, which is supported with such plausible argu 
 ments, as render it a subject of im^utry well Ueservmp 
 the attention of learned physicians. 
 
 Note [51]. p. 106 — The people of Otahcite have no 
 denominaiion for any number above two hundred, which 
 is sntficient for their transactions. Voyages by Hawken- 
 worlh, ii. 228. 
 
 NoTK [52] p 107. — Ah the viow which I h»ve given 
 of rurle nations is extremely different from that exhi 
 bited by very respectable authors, it mav be proper lo 
 produce some of '.he many authorities on which I I'ounil 
 my description. The manners of the savage tribe:* in 
 America have never f)een viewed by persons more c* 
 pable of observing them with discernment, th^n the 
 philosophers employed by France and Spurn, m th» 
 year 1735, to delernnnc the figure uf the earth. M- 
 Hougucr, D. Antonio d'Ulloa, and D Jorge JuaUi TO 
 
 m 
 
m 
 
 wtiiid long among the natives of the least civih/cd pro- 
 vinces III Prru. M- (Ic la Condamint* had not only the 
 euiiic advantHgcs with thciii lor ohscrvatiun, Init, in \m 
 voyu^c duwri lltu iMuru^iioii, ho hdd an opportunity of 
 hiMpruinig llie !«tiitf ot (iio various nutioiiH soHtod on its 
 hunk». in ltd Vii!<i courae across the continent of fioulh 
 America. There is a woiulerfiil resemblance in their 
 rpiireaeiitatioii of the character of the Amcrirans. 
 '• They are all extremely indolent," snys M. l)ouf>ner, 
 ** they are stupid , they pass whole days sitting in the 
 same place, without moving, or speaking a sini^le word. 
 It is nut easy to descrilic the degree of their inuitt'ercnce 
 for wealth, and all i(h advautafres. One dues not well 
 know what motive to pro[>osc 'o them, when one would 
 iwrsuade them to pcrlorm any service. It is vain to 
 olfer them money ; they answer, that they are not hun- 
 gry." Voyage an Peron, p, 102 " If one considers 
 them as men, the narrowness of their understanding 
 eeems to ho incomputihle with the excellence of the 
 soul. Their imbeciliiy is so visible that one can hardly 
 form an idea of them dill'erent from what one has of the 
 brnlea. Nothing disturbs the tranquillity of their souls, 
 equally insensible to disasters and to prosperity. 
 Thon^'li half naked, they are as contented as a monarch 
 in his most splendid array. Uichesdo not attract them 
 in the finalleitt de;irec, and the authority uf dignities to 
 whirh thev may aspire are so little the objects of their 
 ftinbilion, that an Indian wilt receive with the same in- 
 ddiereiic'j the ollice of a judge (Alcade) or that of a 
 haiigniHii, if deprived of ihe former and appointed to the 
 latter. Xotniug can move or change them. Interest 
 has no power over iheni, and they often refuse to per- 
 form a ^inall servirc. ibouyh certain of a great recom- 
 pense. Fear n.dkf » no impression upon them, and re- 
 speel as tittle. Thetr disposition is so singular that 
 there is iu> method of inthiencmg them, no means of 
 rousing tiicm from that inditfercni>e which is proof 
 Dgainst all the endeavors of the wisest persons; no ex- 
 pedient which can induce them to abandon that gross 
 igiMUance, or lay a^iJc that careless negligence which 
 liihconet rl iho prudence atid disajipoint the care of such 
 as .Tre attentive to their welfare." Voyage d'L'tloa, 
 torn, i n;tft. ;jr)6. Of those singular qualities he pro- 
 duce? mjnv extraordinary instances, p. 336. :)47. "In- 
 scnsibilitv," says M. de la ('ondamine, **is the basis of 
 the Ameiican character. I leave others to determine, 
 whether this should be dignitied with the name of 
 apathy, or disgraced with thai of stupidity. It arises, 
 wiihuul doiib!, from the small number uf their ideas, 
 which do not exieiid beyond their wants. Cilultons 
 even to voracity, when they have wherewithal to satisfy 
 their appetite. Temperate, when necessity obliges 
 them, to such a degree, that they can endure want 
 wilhunt seeming to desire any thing. Pusillanimous 
 and cowardly to excess, unless when they are rendered 
 desperate by drunkenness. Avt-rse to labor, inditforent 
 to every motive of glory, honor, or gratitude ; occupied 
 entirely by the object that is present, and always de- 
 termined by it alune, wiihout anv solicitude about fu- 
 turitv ; incapable of foresiuhr or of reflection ; abandon- 
 ing themselves when uiultir no restraint, to a puerile 
 joy, which lliey cxprcs by frisking about and immode- 
 rate tils of lauitjiter ; willwut object or design, they 
 piss their life without thinking, and grow old without 
 advancing beyond childhood, of which they retain all 
 the delects. If this description were applicable only 
 to the Indians in some provinces of Peru, who are 
 slaves in every respect but ihe name, one might be- 
 lieve, that this degree of deiieneracy was occasioned by 
 the .servile dependence to which ihey are reduced ; the 
 example of the modern Greeks being proof how far ser- 
 vitude may degrade the human species. But the In- 
 draiis in liie missions of the Jesuits, and the savages 
 who rttdl enjoy unimpaired liberty, being as limited in 
 their faculties, not to say as .stupid, as the otiier, one 
 cunnot observe without humiliation, that man, when 
 abandoned to simple nature, and deprived of the advan- 
 tages resulting from education and society, ditfers but 
 little fcom the brute creation." Voyage de la Rtv. de 
 Ainaz. .V^ 53. M. de ('hanvainn, an intelligent and 
 philoso[ihical observer, who visited Marlinico m 1751. 
 and resided there six years, gives the following de- 
 ■cfiption of the Caraibs : '* It is not the red color of 
 their complexion, it is not the sini;ulirity of their fea- 
 tures, which constitutes the chief difference between 
 them and us. It is their excessive simplicity : it is the 
 hmiled degree of their faculties. Their reason is not 
 more enlightened or more provident than the instinct of 
 brutes. The reason of the most gross peasants, that 
 of tlie negroes brought up in the parts of Africa most 
 remote from intercourse with Kviropeans, is such, that 
 we discover apptfarances of intelligence, which, though 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OF 
 
 I imperfect, is capable of increase. But of this the on* 
 j dtTstandiiig of tlie ("larnibs seem* to be hardly siisrep- 
 llihle. If sound phiIo.-o[)hy ami relii^ion did not ntlord 
 i us iheir light, if \vn were to deride acrordmi.' (o the 
 \ lir>t impresi«ion whit h 'lie v.'ew of ilial people makes 
 upon the mmd. we tilioiild he disposed lo believe that 
 Uiey do not hilong (o ilie same speries with us. Their 
 stupid eyes are tht true mirror of their souls ; it ap- 
 pears to be without functions. Their indolence is ex- 
 treme ; they have never the leasi solicitude about the 
 moment which is to succeed that which is present." 
 Voyage a U Martinique, p. 44, 45. ftl. M. de la 
 Borde, Tcrtrc, and I^orhefort, confirm this description 
 "The characteristics of the (."alifornians," says P. 
 Vcnegas, *' as well as of all other Indians, are stupidity 
 and insensibility ; want of knowledge and reflection ; 
 inconstancy, impetuosity, and blindness of appetite ; an 
 e.xcessivc sloth, and abhorrence of all labor and fatigue ; 
 an excessive love of pleasure and amusement uf every 
 kind, however trifling or brutal ; pusillanimity ; and, in 
 line, a most wretched want of everv thing which con- 
 stitutes the real man, and renders him rational, inven- 
 tive, tractable, and useful to himself and society. It is 
 not easy for Kuropeans, who never were out of their 
 own country, to conceive an adequate idea of those 
 people; for, even in the least fretpicr.ted corners of the 
 clobe, there is not a nation so stupid, of such contracted 
 ideas, and so weak both m body and mmd, as the un- 
 happy Californians. Their understand. ng comprehends 
 little more than what they see ; abstract ideas, and 
 much less a chain of reasoning, being far beyond their 
 power; so that they scarce ever improve their first 
 ideas, and these are in general false, or at least inade- 
 quate. It is in vain to represent to them any future 
 advantages which will result to them from doing or 
 abstaining from this or that particular immediately pre- 
 sent ; the relation of means and ends being beyond the 
 stretch of their faculties. Nor have they the least no- 
 lion of piirsuini; such intentions as will juocure them- 
 selves some future jjood. or j/nrd them against future 
 evils. Their will is pronnrlional (o their faculties, and 
 all their jjassions move in a very narrow sphere. Am- 
 bition tbev have none, and are more desirous of being 
 accounted strong than valiant. The objects o( ambi- 
 tion with us, honor, fume, reputation, titles, posts, and 
 distinctions of superiority, are unknown among ihem ; 
 so that this powerful spring of action, the cause of so 
 much seeming uood and real evil in the world, has no 
 power here. This disposition of mind, as it gives them 
 up to an amazing languor and lassitude, their lives fleet- 
 ing away in a perpetual inactivity and detestation of 
 lai>or. so it likewi.^e induces them to be attracted by the 
 first object which their own fancy, or the persuasion of 
 another, places before them ; and at the same time ren- 
 ders thrin as prone to alter their resolutions with the 
 same facility. They look with indifference upon any 
 kindness done them ; nor is even the bare remembrance 
 of It to be expected from them. In a word, the un- 
 happy mortals may be compared to children, in whom 
 the dcvelopcment of reason is not completed. They 
 may indeed be called a nation who never arrive at 
 manhood." Hist, of California, English Transl. i. 
 64. 67. Mr. Ellis gives a similar account of the want 
 of foresiirht and inconsiderate di.*iposition of the people 
 adjacent to Hud.>*on's Hay. Voyage, p. 194, !£).'). 
 
 The incapacity of the Americans is so remarkable, 
 thut negroes from all the diiVerenl provinces of Africa 
 arc observed to be more capable of improving by in- 
 struction. They actpiire the knowledge of several par- 
 ticulars which the Americans cannot comprehend. 
 Hence the ne'jrocs. tliough slaves, value themselves as 
 a superior order of beinus, and look down upon the 
 Americans with contempt, as void of capacity and 
 of rational discernment. I'lloa Nolic. Americ. 332, 
 323. 
 
 XoTE [53J. p. in7.--Dohrizhoffer, the last traveller 
 I know who has resi<led among any tribe of the ruder 
 Americans, has explained so fully the various reasons 
 which have indticed their women to suckle their child- 
 ren long, and never to undertake rearing such as were 
 feeble or distorted, and even to destn)y a considerable 
 number of iheir offspring, ns lo throw great liubt on 
 the observations I have made, p 144. 154. Hist, de 
 .\bis8onibus. vol. li. p. 107. 231. So deeply wore 
 these ideas imprinted in the minds of the Americans, 
 that the Peruvians, a civilized people when compared 
 with the barbarous tribes whose manners I am descri- 
 bing, retained them ; and even their intercourse with 
 the Spanianis has not been ubio lo root tliem out. 
 When Iwmsare born in any family, it is still co.isidertMl 
 as an ominous event, and the parents have recourse ti 
 
 rigorous acts of » -'Uication, in order to avert the CEr 
 
 lainities wuh whifh they are threatened. When a 
 child is born with any rhiformily, thry will not, if Ihey 
 can pos?.ib|y avoid it, bnni; it to he kijitised. and V. is 
 with ditliculiy lliey can be broiiglil to rear it. Arriagft 
 l:;.\tirpac. de l.i Idolal. del Peru, p. 32, 33. 
 
 NoTK [54] p. 108 —The numi.er of the fi.th in \U4 
 rivers of .South Aim rica is bo extraordinary as to meril 
 parliculdi notice. '• In the Marairnun (says P. Aciigna) 
 flsh are so plentiful, that, without any art, they may 
 lake them with the hands." p. 138. " In the Orinoco 
 (says P. Gumilla,) besides an infinite variety of othci 
 tish, tortoise or turtle abound in such numbers, that I 
 cannot find words to express it. I doubt nut but (hat 
 such as read my account will accuse uie of exaggera- 
 tion: but I can affirm that jt is as ditiiculi to conn, 
 them as to count the sands on the banks of that river. 
 One may judge of their number by the ninazmg con 
 smrp.fon of them ; for all the nations contiguous to 
 the river, and even many who are at a distance, flock 
 thither at the season of breeding, and not only find 
 sustenance during that time, but carry uH' great num- 
 bers both of the turtles and of their eggs." Hist, do 
 rOrcnoque, ii. c. 22. p. 59. M. Do la t.'ondnmme con- 
 firms their accounts, p. 159. 
 
 Note [.55]. p. 108— -Piso descriljcs two oi thesp 
 plants, the Curuniape and the (iiuijana'Ttmho. 1; la 
 remarkable, that though they have this t'utal effect upon 
 fishes, they are so far from being noxious to the human 
 species, that they are used m mediLine with success. 
 I'iso, lib. iv. c. 88. Bancroft menijons another, tlie 
 Hmrtrc, a small quantity of which is (iuflieieni to mo- 
 briate all the fish to a considerable distance, so that in 
 a few minutes lliey float motionless on the surface of 
 the water, and are taken with ease. Nat. Hist. )f 
 Ciuiana, p. 106. 
 
 NoTK [56]. p. 108.— Kcmarkable instances occur uf 
 the calamities which rude nations suller by laimne. 
 Alvar Nugnez Cabrca de Vaca, one of the most gal- 
 lant and viituous of ihc Spanish adventurers, residi-d 
 almost nine years among the savages of I'lorida. '1 ht-y 
 were unacquainted with every species of agriculture. 
 Their subsisiencu was poor and precarious. •• 'J hey 
 livo chielty (says he) upon roots of different pianis, 
 which they procure with great dilbculty, wandering 
 from place to place m search of them. Komeiimei 
 they kill game, sometimes they catch fish, but m such 
 small quantities, that their hunger is so extreme as com- 
 pels them lo eat spiders, the eggs of ants, worms, 
 lizards, serpents, a kind of unctuous earth, and, I am 
 persuadeil, that if in this country there were slonea, 
 they would swallow these. They preserve the bones 
 of fishes and serpents, which they grind mto powder 
 and eat." The only season when they do not sutler 
 much from famine, is, when a certain fruit, which ho 
 calls Tunas, is ripe. This is the same wiili the Opui' 
 tia, or prickly pear, of a reddish and yellow color, wiiti 
 a sweet insipid taste. They are soinctiines obliged to 
 travel far from their usual place of residt'iicc m order 
 to find them. Naufragios, c xviii. p. 20, 21, 22. la 
 another place he observes, that tliey are fretpienlly 
 reduced to pass two or three days without food, c. a&iv. 
 p. 27. 
 
 NoTK [57], p. 108. — M. Fcrmin has given an accu- 
 rate description of the two species of manioc, with an 
 account oj^ its culture, to which be has added some 
 experiments, in order to ascertain the poKtonous quali- 
 ties of the juice extracted from that species which he 
 calls the bitter cassava. Among the Spaniards it is 
 known by the name of Yuva brava. Descr. do Surin. 
 tom. i. p. 66. 
 
 Note [68]. p. 108. — The plantain is found in Asia 
 and Africa, as well as in America. Oviedo contendM, 
 that it is not an indigenous plant of the New World, 
 but was introduced into the Island of Hispaniola, in 
 the year 1516. by Father Thomas de IJerlunga. anil that 
 he transplanted it from the Canary Islands, whither the 
 original slips had been brought from the Kast Indies. 
 Oviedo. hb. viii. c. I. Hut the opinion of Acosia and 
 other naturalists, who reckon it an American plant* 
 seems tube better founded. Acosta Hist. Nat. lib. iv. 
 21. It was cultivated by rude tribes in America, who 
 had little intercourse with the Spaniards, and who were 
 destitute of that ingenuity which disposes men to bor- 
 row what is useful from foreign nations. CiuiuU. ut 
 186 Wafer*! Voyage, p S7. 
 
 1*1 
 
 
 r 
 
 h 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 NnTB [59]. p. 108.— It is remarkable that Acoata, 
 ont: of the rnosl accuraic and hcnl inlnnncd wrilcrs 
 concerning th«; W'vm Indicit, athnns ihdt niui/r, ihon^h 
 ciilii\dU*d in till) (-untnii'nt, ,vu!4 nut known in (he 
 i^Undn, ilir nih.ilutantH ut' which had none ttul tuHflada 
 hriad. Iii«t. Nat. hh. iv. c. Ifl. Hut I*. Martyr, in 
 the lirst hunk ol hm lirat Uerud, which wua wnticn in 
 the >e.ir Mlr<t, upon the return of (^oluinhus Iruin hiH 
 tirst voyage, cipresaly inenliunH inajzo aa a plant which 
 (he islundrrs cultivated, and of which they niadt; l>reud, 
 p. 7. (Jornora likewme aascrta that they were ac- 
 ipiaintcd Willi the cuttiiic of inaizo. Hiator. Uener. 
 cup. '^8 Ovicdo descrihea ir.aizc without any intiina- 
 lioii ul iiH heing a jdanl that waa not natural to Hia- 
 paniutd. I.ih. vii. c. 1. 
 
 NorK [ftOJ p. 109— New Holland, a country which 
 fornirrly wa.i only known, has lately been visited by 
 intelligent oliMrver:}. It lies in a region of the globe 
 whiru It inu»t enjoy a very favorable climate, aa it 
 utretclu's from the lOih to the 38th degree of aoulhern 
 latitude. It m of great client, anil from ila square 
 form must be much mure than equal to all Kurupe, 
 'J'he people who inhabit the vdrlous parts of ir appear 
 t(i be ol one rucu. They are evidently ruder than most 
 of the Amuricaiis. and have made still lens progress m 
 iiiiproviMiieni and the aria of life. There la not the 
 led>t appearance ui tuliivatioii m any part oi this vaitt 
 region. The llihabllallt^ are extremely few, so.thal the 
 country appears ulinost desolate. Their trihea arc still 
 mure meor.sidcrablc than those of America. They 
 depend for sub-smtence almost cniircly onlishing. They 
 do not settle in one place, but roam about in quest 
 of loud. Uolh sexes go stark naked. 'I'heir habi- 
 tations, utensils, &.C. are more simple and rude than 
 those o( the Americans. Voyages by Ilawkeswortli, 
 iii. B'i'Z, \c. This, perhaps, is the country where man 
 has been discovered in the earliest stage of his pro- 
 ^reaa, and exhibits a miserable specimen of hia condi- 
 tion and poweis in that uncultivated siute. If this 
 country shall be more fully explored by future navi- 
 gators, iho comparison oi the manners of Us inhabi- 
 tanls with those of the Americans will piovc an in- 
 structive article in the history of the human sjiecics. 
 
 Note [61]. p. 109. — P. Gabriel Marcst, who tra- 
 velled from hi!* station among the Illinois to Michili- 
 markinac, thus describes the face of tlie country : — 
 *' We have marched twelve days without meeting a 
 single human creature. Sometimes we found ourselves 
 III vast meadows, of wbirh wc could not sec bound- 
 aries, turougii which there flowed many brooks and 
 rivers, but without any path to conduct us. ISomc- 
 times we were obliged to open a passage across thick 
 furesls, through bushes, and underwood hllcd with briars 
 and thorns Someiimes we had to pass through deep 
 marshes, m which we sunk up to the middle. After 
 being fatigued through the day, we had the earth for our 
 bed. or a few leaves, exposed to the wind, the ram, and 
 all tne injuries of the air." Lettr. Editiantes, ii. SfM). 
 Ur. Birknell. m an excursion from North Carolina to- 
 wards the mountains, A. D. 17^)0, travelled fifteen days 
 witboui meeting with a human creature. Nit. Hist, of 
 North Carolina, 38'J. Uirgo de Ordas, in attempting 
 to make a seitlenient in Soutli America, A. D. 1&3U, 
 marched tifly days through a country without one in- 
 habitant, llcrrera, dec 5. lib. i. c. 11. 
 
 Note [62]. p. 109. — I stron<jlv suspect that a com- 
 munity of goods, and an undivided store, are known only 
 among tlie rudest tribes of hunters ; and that as soon 
 as any ^jiecies of agriculture or retriilar industry is 
 known, the idea of an exclusixe right of prop'Tty to the 
 fruits of them is introdMCcd. I am coniirmed in this 
 opin.on by accounts which 1 have received concerning 
 the state of property among the Indians in very diN 
 ferent regions ol America. " The idea of ttie natives 
 of lirazil concerning property is, that if any person cul- 
 tivate a field, he alone ought to enjoy the produce of 
 It. and no other has a title to pretend to it. If an indi- 
 vidual or family go a hunting or lishmg, what is cauglit 
 belongs to the individual or to the family, and they 
 communicate tio part of it to any but to their cazique, 
 or to such of their kindred as happen to be indisposed. 
 If any person in the village come to their hut, he may 
 pit down freely, and eat without asking liberty. 13ui 
 this ia the consequence of their general principle of hos- 
 pitality ; for 1 never ohservul any partition of the in- 
 crease uf their lieids, or the produce of the chase, 
 which I could consider as the result of any idea con* 
 cerning a community of goods. On the contrary, they 
 uv so luUiih attached to what they dsem to bo their 
 
 I properly, that it would bo extremely dangerous to en- 
 
 I crodch iqion it. As far an I cur. see or can learn, there 
 in not one tribe of Indians m South America among 
 
 , whom the communily of goods which han been so highly 
 extolled is known. The circumstance m the govern- 
 ment of the Jesuits, most irksoino to the Indians of 
 
 j i'araguay, was the community of goods which tbove 
 fathers introduced. This was repugnant to the original 
 
 I ideas of the Indians. They were acquainted with the 
 rights of private exclusive properly, and they submii- 
 
 I ted with impatience to regulations which destroyed 
 them." M le Clieval, do Puuo. M.S. penes me. 
 " Actual possession (says a missionary who resided 
 
 [several years among the Indians of the live nations) 
 
 I mvea a rii»bt to the snil : but. whenever a possessor 
 
 I sees fit lo quit it, anuther luis a« good right to take it 
 as he who left it. This taw, or custom, respects not 
 
 1 only the particular spot on which he erects his house, 
 but also his planting-ground If a man has prepared a 
 particular spot of ground on whicli he designs in future 
 to build or plant, no man ha.'< a right to incommode 
 him, much less to llie fruit ofliis labors, until it appears 
 that he voluntarily gives up bis views. But 1 never 
 heard of any formal conveyance from one Indian to 
 another in their natural state. The limit of every cantoii 
 IS circumscribed ; that is. they arc allowed to hunt as fai 
 as such a river on this band, and sncli a mountain on the 
 other. This area is occupied and unproved by individuals 
 and their families : individuals, not the communily, have 
 the use and profit of their own labors, or success in 
 hunting." MS. of Mr. Gideon Hawtey, ;«/(t» me. 
 
 Note [63]. p. 109. — This diirerencc of temper be- 
 tween the American.-* and Negroes is so remarkable, 
 that it is a proverbial saying in the French islands, 
 *' Kegarder un sauvage de travers. c'cst le battre ; le 
 battre, c'est le tuer ; ballro un Negre, c'esl le nourrir." 
 Tertre, ii. 490. 
 
 Note [64]. p. 109 — The description of the political 
 state of the people of ('inaloa pertectly resembles that 
 of the inhabitants of North America. "They have 
 neither laws nor kings (says a missionary who resided 
 long among them) to punish any crime. Nor is there 
 among them any species of authority, or political go- 
 vernment, to restrain them in any part of their conduct. 
 It is true that they acknowledge certain caziques, who 
 arc beads of their families or villages ; but their 
 authority appears chiefly in war, and the expeditions 
 against their enemies. This autliority the caziques 
 obtain not by hereditary right, but by their valor in 
 war, or by the power and number of their families and 
 relations. ISoinetimes they owe their pre-eminence to 
 their eloquence in displaying their own exploits." 
 Kibas Hislor. de las Triumph, &c. p. 11. The state 
 of the Chiquitos in South America is nearly the same. 
 " They havh no regular form of government or civil 
 life, but in matters of public concern they listen to the 
 advice of their old men, and usually follow it. The 
 dignity of Cazique is not hereditary, but conferred ac- 
 cording to merit, as the reward of valor in war. The 
 union among them is imperfect. Their society resem- 
 bles a republic without any head, in which every man 
 is master of himself, and, upon tlie least disgust, sepa- 
 rates from those with whom he seemed lo be con- 
 nected." Kelacion Historical de las Missiones de los 
 Chiquitos. por P. Juan, Patr. Fernandez, p. 32, 33. 
 Thus, under very dilferent climates, when nations are 
 in a similar state of society, their institutions and civil 
 government assume the same form. 
 
 j Note [65]. p 111. — "! have known the Indians 
 (says a person well acquainted with their mode of life) 
 to go a thousand miles for the purpose of revenge, in 
 
 I pathless woods, over hills and mountains, tlirough huge 
 cane swamps, exposed to the extremities of beat and 
 cold, the vicissitude of seasons, to hunger and thirst. 
 Such is their overboiling revengeful temper, that they 
 utterly contemn all those things as imaginary trifles. If 
 they arc so happy as to get the scalp of the murderer, 
 or enemy, to satisfy the craving ghosts of their de- 
 ceased relations." Adair's Hist, of Amer. Indians, 
 p. 150. 
 
 I Note [66]. p. Ill — In the account of tho great 
 j war between the Algonquins and Iroquois, the achieve- 
 jments of Piskaret. a famous chief of the Algonquins, 
 ! performed mostly by himself alone, or with one or two 
 ' companions, make a capital figure. De la Potherie, i. 
 ,297, tScc. Colden'a Hist, of Kivo Nations, 125, &c. 
 
 Note [07] p. HI. — Tho life of an unfortunate 
 leader is often in danger, and he is always degraded 
 
 195 
 
 from tho rank which ho had acq tired by his fomMtx 
 
 exploits. Adair, p. 388. 
 
 NoTK [68]. p. 111 — As tho ideas of tho North 
 Americans, with respect to the mode of carrying on 
 war. are generally known, I have luunded my oliBer^a- 
 tioiiH ehielly ujrnn the icstiinony of the aultior.'t '^hodu- 
 scribe them, iiut the same maxims look place among 
 other nations in the New World. A judicious missiOM- 
 ary has {{iven a view of the military operations of thu 
 people in Gran Chaco, in South America, perfectly 
 sunilar to those of the Iroquois. *' They arc much ad- 
 dicted lo war (saya he), which they carry on frequently 
 amonu themselves, but perpetually against the Spa- 
 niards. Hnt Ihey may rather be cnMed thieves (hsn 
 soldiers, fui they never make head against tho Spa- 
 niards, unless when they can ai^sault them hy stealth, 
 or have guarded against any mischance t>y spies, who 
 may he called mdefiitig^lile ; Ihey will watch the set- 
 tlements of the Spaniards for one, two, or three years, 
 observing by night every thing lliat pa.s.ses with the ut- 
 most soliciludc, whether they may expect resistance or 
 not. and until they are perlectly secure of the event, 
 they will not venture upon an attack ; so ihut, when 
 they do give the assault, tbry nro certain of success, 
 and free from all danger, 'i'hese spies, in order that 
 they may not be otisiTved. will creep on all tuur like 
 cats in the night ; but if tliey are discovered, make 
 tlicir escape with much dextenly. Hut. although they 
 never choose to face thu S|>aiiianl.i, if they bo sur- 
 rounded in any place whence ihey cannot escape, they 
 will fight with desperate valor, and sell their lives very 
 dear." Lozano Descript. del Gran Chaco, p. 78. 
 
 NoTK [60], p. 111. — I.ery, ^^ho wns an eye-witnest 
 of the proceedings of the Tuup'iinm'-vs, a Uni:>tlian tribe, 
 m a war against a powerful n<itiuii uf tlici/ enemies, 
 describes their couijge and fenicUy in very sinking 
 terms. Kgo cum Uallo altcro. |muIu curiosius, ina^no 
 nostro pencuto (si cnim ab bo.snbuu capii ant Icsi fuis- 
 semus, devorationi fuissemus duvoii,) buibarns nostros 
 in miliiiam euntes comitah volui. Hi, numero 4(H)0 
 capita, cum boslihus ad littus decertarunt, tanla feroci- 
 tate, ut vel rabidos et fuiiosos quusquu supcrarent 
 ('um pnmum bnstus conspexcre, m inagnos atque edi- 
 tos ululalus perrepcrunt. Hajc gens adeo ffra est et 
 truculeiita, ut taii'isper dum virium vel lantillinn restat, 
 contmuo dimiccnt, fugamque minquam capessanl. 
 Quod a natiira illis indilum esse reor. Testor mterea 
 me, qui nun semel, tiim pedituin t un cquilum copiaa 
 ingentcs. in aciem mstructas hie conspexi, taniu nun- 
 quam voluptate videndis peditum legionibus armis ful- 
 gcntibus. quanta turn pugnaniibui istts percussuin 
 iuisse. Lerv Hist. Navigat. in Brt*sil. ap de Ury, iii. 
 207, 208, 2t)9. 
 
 Note [70]. p. 111. — It was originally the practico 
 of the Americans, as well as of other savage nations, to 
 cut otV (he heads of the enemies whom they slew, and 
 to carry them away as trophies. But. as they found 
 these cumbersome in their retrcit, which they always 
 make very rapidly, and often through a vast extent of 
 country, they became satisfied with tearing oil" their 
 scalps, 'i'his custom, though most prevalent in North 
 America, was not unknown among tho Southern tribes. 
 Lozano, p. 79. 
 
 Note [71]. p. 112 — The terms of the war song 
 seem to be dictated by the same fierce spirit of revenge 
 " I go to war to revenge the death of my brothers ; I 
 shall kill ; I shall exterminate ; I shall burn my eneinica; 
 I shatt bring away slaves ; I shall devour their heart, 
 dry their Hesh, drink their blood ; I shall tear olf iheii 
 scalj)s, and make cups of their skulls," Uossu's Tra- 
 vels through Louisiana, vol. i. p. 102. I am informed, 
 by persons on whose testimony I can rnly, that as the 
 number of people in the Indian tribes has decreased 
 so much, almost none of their prisoners are now put to 
 death. It is considered as better policy to s|)are and 
 to adopt ihoin. Those dreadful scenes which I have 
 described occur now so rarely, that missionaries and 
 traders who have resided long among the Indians, never 
 wero witnesses to them. 
 
 Note [72]. p. 112. — All the travellers who have 
 visited the most uncivilized of (he American tribes, 
 agree in this. It is confirmed by two remarkable cir- 
 cumstances, which occurred in the rompiest of ditleren* 
 provinces. In tho expedition of Narvaez hito Fluridft 
 111 the year 1528, the Spaniards were reiluced to such 
 extreme distress by famine, that, in order to preserve 
 their own lives, they ale such of their comoanions m» 
 
 i 3 
 
.-»-''* 
 
 196 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OP 
 
 hippeiuHl to die. Tliia appeared bo shorking to the 
 DHlived, who were ncciifltoinrd to devour noun tint pri- 
 •oiirm. UiHl it tilled thrm wilh horror und nidii^iniiiori 
 AgrtiiiHt ihe Sparuurds. Tonpiuiimdu >^niurrh. Iml. ii. 
 p. 584. NH'ilidgiON de Alv. NtigneH (.flIuTit de Viicu, 
 c. XIV. p. 1>*). Uiiniig the sir^c of Mexico, lhuni>ii Iht- 
 Mexiraiid dovjured with greediness the SpaiiiitrdN itnd 
 TlairaluiiH whom they toi)k prisoners, the utmost rl^u^ 
 of the fainine wtiich they sutlered could not uiduee 
 them tu touch the dead bodies of their own couiitryinrn. 
 Bern. Diaz del Castillo Conquist. de la N. Ktipayna, p. 
 166. 
 
 NoTK [73]. p. 113 Many singular circumstances 
 concernin<r the treatment of prisoners among the people 
 of Brasil, aro conliiined in the narrative of Stadius, a 
 German oflicer in the service of the Portuguese, pul>- 
 lialied in the year 15.'J6. He was taken prisoner by the 
 Toupniamhuii, and remained in captivity nine years. 
 He was often present at thuse horrid festivals which he 
 describes, and was destined htinself tu ihn same cruel 
 fato with other prisoners. But he saved his life by his 
 extraordinary eflurls of courage and address. Uc liry* 
 hi. p. 31, tVc. M de l-ery. who accompanied M. de 
 Villagagnon in his expedition to Brasil in the year 
 1556, and who resided soiuo time in that countrv. 
 agrees wiih Staduis in every circumstance of import- 
 ance. He was frequently an eye-witness of the man- 
 lier in which the Bnisdiuiuf treated their prisoncr.i. De 
 Bry, iii. 31U. iSeverul striking particulars omitted by 
 them, aro mentioned by a i^ortugueae author. Purch. 
 Pilgr. IV. 1394, &c. 
 
 NoTK [74]. p. 112.— Though I have followed that 
 opinion concerning the apathy of the Americans, which 
 uppeared to me most ratiomil, and supported by the au- 
 Umrity of the ino6t respectable authors, other theories 
 have been formed with regard to it, by writers of great 
 ominence. D. Ant. L'lloa, in a late work, contends 
 that the texture of the skin and buddy habit of the Aine- 
 licaus IS such, that lliey arc less sensible of pain than 
 llie rest of mankind. He produces several proofs of 
 this, from the manner in which they endure the most 
 cruel chirurgical uperationa, Ac. Nottcias Arnerican- 
 ■8, p. 31.'), 314. The same observation has been made 
 by surgeons in BrasU. An Indian, they say, never 
 complama under pain, and will bear the amputation of 
 ft leg or an arm without uttering a single groan. M^S. 
 ytjtes mc. 
 
 Note [75]. p. 112— This is an idea natural to all 
 Judu nations. Among the Homans, in the early periods 
 of their coinmonweulth. it was a maxim that a prisoner 
 "tum di-cessmse videtur cum captus est." Digest. 
 Ub. xlix. tit. 15. c. 18. And afterwards, when the pro- 
 gress of retinement rendered them mure indulgent with 
 respect to this article, they were obliged to employ two 
 fictions of law to secure the property, and permit in 
 return of a captive ; the one by the Lex Cornelia, and 
 the other by the Jus Postliminii. Hcincc. Elem. Jur. 
 Civ. sec. ord. Pand ii. p. 294. Among the Negroes 
 the same ideas prevail. No ransom was ever accepted 
 for a prisoner. As woon as one is taken in war, he is 
 reputed to bn dead ; and he is so in elfect to his coun- 
 try and his famdy. Voy. du Chcval. des Marchais, i. 
 p. 369. 
 
 Note [76]. p. 113. — The people of Chili, the most 
 gallant and high-spirited of all the Americans, are the 
 only exception to this observation. They attack their 
 enemies in the open field ; their troops are ranged in 
 regular order ; their battalions advanco to the charge 
 not only with courage, but with discipline. The North 
 Americans, though many of them have substituted the 
 European fire-arms in place of their ov n bows and 
 irrows, stiU adhere to their ancient maxims of war, 
 and carry it on according to their own peculiar system. 
 But the Chilese nearly resemble the warlike nations of 
 Europe and Asia in their military operations. Ovallc's 
 Relation of Chili. Church. Cull. iii. p. 71. Lozano's 
 Hist. Parag. i. 144, 145. 
 
 NoTK [77]. p 113. — Herrera gives a remarkable 
 proof of thii. In Yucatan, ttie men are so solictioub 
 ibout their dress, that they carry about with them mir- 
 rors, probably made of stone, like those of the Mexi- 
 Cina, Dec. iv. lib. iii. c. 8, m which they delight to 
 view themselves ; but the women never use them 
 Dec. iv. lib. x. c. 3. He takes notice that among the 
 fierce tribe of the Punches, in the new kingdom of 
 Granada, none but distinguished warriors were per- 
 mitted either to pierce their lips and to wear green 
 
 stones in them, or to adorn their heads with plumes of 
 fentliers Dec. vit, lib ix c. 4 In some provinces 
 ut iVrii, lliougli that empire litul iiiiide considerable 
 projjresM in civih/.iiliun, the !>iiue of women was little 
 iiiipru\ed. All the toil of culuvatioi; and domestic 
 work was devoI\c'd upon them, and they were not per- 
 mitted to weur brueelets. or other ornaments, with wbieli 
 the men were fund uf deckmg themaulves, Zarate 
 I list, de I*eru, i. p. 15, 10. 
 
 NoTK [78j. p. 113. -I have ventured to call this 
 mode of annumling and painting iheir bodies, the lircua 
 of the AmencaiiH. This in agreeable to their own 
 idiom. As they never stir abruad if they are not com- 
 pletely annointed ; they excuse tiiemflelves when in 
 this situation, by saying that ihey cannot appear be- 
 cause they aro naked, (iumtlla, Hist, de I'Urenonue. 
 1. 191. 
 
 Note [79]. p. 113— Some tribes in the province of 
 Cmaloa, on the gulf of Ciilifurnia, seem to be among 
 the rudest people of America united in the social state. 
 They neitijer cultivate nor sow ; they have no houHcs 
 m which they reside. Tliose in the inland country sub- 
 sist by hunting; those on the Meacoast cbielly by lish- 
 ing. Both depend ufion the spoiitaneoim productions 
 of the earlli, fruits, plants, and routs of various kinds. 
 In tiie rainy oeatiun, as tlu-y have no habitations to af- 
 ford thein shelter, they gutlier bundles of reeds, or 
 strong grabs ; and bindtng them together at one end, 
 tliey open them at llie other, and titling them to their 
 lieads, they are covered as with a large cap, which, like 
 a penthouse, throws otT tlie rain, and will keep them 
 dry for several hours. During the wiirm season, they 
 form a shed with the branches of trees, which pro- 
 tects them from the sultry rays of the sun. \\ hen 
 exposed to cold they make large fires, round which they 
 sleep in the open air. llistoriade los Triumphoa do 
 Nuestra Santa Ve entre Centres las mas Barbaras, 6lc. 
 por. P. And. Perez de Kibas, p. 7, &c. 
 
 NoTK [80J. p. 113. — These houses resemble barns. 
 *' \Ve have measured some winch were a hundred and 
 fifty paces lu'ig, and twenty paces broad. Above a 
 hundred persons resided in some of them." \\'tlsoir8 
 Account of (iuiaiia. Purch. I'llgr. vol. iv. p. 12()3. 
 Ibid. 1291. '*The Indian liuuses," says Mr. Barrere, 
 "have a most wretched a]ipearance, and are a striking 
 image of the rudeness of early tunes. Their huts are 
 commonly built on (>ome rising ground, or on the banks 
 of a river, huddled sometimes together, sometimes 
 stnigghng, and always without any order. Their aspect 
 is nielancboly and disagreeable. Une sees nothing but 
 wliat is hideous and savage. The uncultivated fields 
 have no gayety. The silenco which reigns there, 
 unless when interrupted by the disagreeable notes of 
 birds, or cries of wild beatits, is eiiremely dismal.*' 
 llelat. de la Prance Ecpiin. p. 146. 
 
 Note [81]. p. 113. — Some tribes in South America 
 can send their arrows to a great distance, und with con- 
 siderable force, wiliiout the aid of the bow. They 
 make use of a hollow reed, about nine feet long and 
 an inch thick, which is cutied a ^itihacane. h\ il lliey 
 lodge a small arrow, with some unspun cotton wound 
 about its great end ; this conlines the air, so tliat they 
 can blow it with astonishing rapidity, and a sure aim, 
 to the distance of above a hundred paces. These small 
 arrows are al iy.-> poisoned. Fcrinin. Desc. du Sunn. i. 
 55. Bancrufl*."* Hist, uf Ciuiana, p. 281, &.c, 'i"he Sar- 
 bacane is much u^cd in some parts of the East Indies. 
 
 Note [82]. p. 113. — I might produce many instances 
 of this, but shall satisfy myself with one taken from 
 the Kskimaux. '-Their greatest ingenuity (says Mr. 
 Kllis) IS shown jn the structure of their bows, made 
 commonly of three pieces of wood, each making part 
 of the same arch, very nicely and exactly joined to- 
 gether. They are coiiiinonly of fir or larch ; and as 
 this wants strength and elasticity, they supply both by 
 bracing the back of the bow with a kind uf thread, or 
 line, made of the sinews of their deer, and the bow- 
 string of the same material.". To make them draw 
 more stilHy, they dip them into water, which causes 
 both the back of the bow and the string to contract, and 
 consequently gives it the greater force ; and as they 
 practice from their youth, they shoot with very great 
 dexterity." Voyage to Hudson's Bay. p. 134. 
 
 Note [83]. p. 113. — Necessity is the great prompter 
 and guide of mankind in their inventions. There is, 
 however, such inequality in some parts of their pro- 
 
 gress, and some nations get fo far (he start of olhert 
 m circumMtanecH nearly "iitiil.ir. that wo miist ascrit»o 
 this to some cveiitH m llieir bturv, or to some [leculi 
 anty in their situation, \Mth winch we are imacfpiainted 
 The people m the i>hiiid o\ (Ualuile, lately discovered 
 in the South Sea, far excel ino^t uf the Ainenca. f S. 
 the knowledge and practice uf the arts of ingen.i.l), 
 and yet they Imd not invented any method of boiling 
 water ; nnd having no vcHseJ that cutild luMr the lire, 
 they had no mure idea that water euuld be made hot, 
 than that it rould be made solid Voyages by llawkes- 
 worlh, 1. 4G6. 484. 
 
 NotK [84]. p. 118.— One of these boats, which 
 would carry nine men, weighed onlv sixty jmunds. 
 (Josnol. Uelal. des \'oy. a la Virgin. Uec de Voy. an 
 Nord, loin. v. p. 403. 
 
 Note f85]. u. 113. — A remarkable proof o( this is 
 produt'ed by I'lloa. In weaving hammucks, coverlets, 
 and other coarse cloths which they are aecustomed to 
 manufacture, their intliislry has discovered no inoro 
 expediiious method than to lake up tliread alter thread, 
 and, after counting and sorting Ihem each time, to pass 
 the woof between them, ho that in finishing a siiull 
 piece of those stutl's they frei|uently spend mure than 
 two years. Vuy.ige, i. 336. Bancroft gives the saii.o 
 description of tlie Indians of Cuiana, p. 255. Accord- 
 ing to Adair, the ingenuity and despatcli of the North 
 American Indians are nut greater, p. 422. From one 
 of the engravings of the Mexican paintings in Purcha.i, 
 vol. iii. p. 1106, I think it probable that the people of 
 .Mexico were unacquainted with any better or more 
 expeditious mode of weaving. A loom was an inven- 
 tion beyond the in:'<>nuity of the most improved Ame- 
 ricans. In all their works they advance so slowly, that 
 one of their artists is two months at a tnbaL'co-nipo 
 with bis knife before he finishes it. Adair, p. 423 
 
 Note [86]. p. 114.— The article of religion in P. 
 Lafitau's Mcrurs des Sauvages extends to 347 .edious 
 pages in quarto. 
 
 NoTK [87]. p. 114. — I have referred the read^^r 'o 
 several of the authors who describe the most uncivili/.ed 
 nations in America. Their testtmuny is uniform. That 
 of P. Hihas concerning the pcujde of Cmaloa coin- 
 cides with the rest. *' l was extremely attentive (sav? 
 he), during the years I resided among them, to aseer- 
 tain whether they were to be considered as idolaters ; 
 and it may be altlrmed with the most jierfeet exactness, 
 that though among some of them there nuiy be truces 
 uf idolatry, yet others have not the least knowledge uf 
 tiud. or even of any false deity, iior pay any formal adora- 
 tion to the Supreme Being who exercise.^ dominion over 
 tl.o world ; nor have they any conception of the jirovi- 
 deiicc of a ('reater, or (iovernor, from whom they expect 
 in the next life (he reward of tlieir good or the punish- 
 ment of their evil deeds, Neither do they publicly join 
 in any act of divme worship." Kibas Triumphoa, <Scc. 
 p. 16. 
 
 Note [88]. p. 114. — The people of Rrasil were so 
 much atlVighied by thunder, which is frequent and aw- 
 ful in their country, as well as in other parts of the 
 torrid zone, that it was not only the object of religious 
 reverence, but the most expressive name in their lan- 
 guage for their Deity was Toupaii, ihc same by which 
 they distinguished thunder. Piso de Medcc. Brasil. 
 p. 8. Nieuholf. Church. Coll. ii. p. 132. 
 
 Note [89]. p. 115. — By the account which M. Du- 
 inont, an eye-witnesss, gives of the funeral of the great 
 chief uf the Natchez, it appears that the feelings uf the 
 persons who sutlered on that occasion were very diH'er- 
 ent. Some solicited the honor with eagerness ; others 
 labored to avoid their doom, and several saved their 
 lives by Hying to the woods. As Ihc Indian Brahmins 
 give an intoxicating draught to the women who are to 
 be burned together with the bodies of their husbands, 
 which renders them insensible of their apprachmg fate, 
 the Natchez obliged their victims to swallow seieraJ 
 large pills of tobacco, which produces a similar elicct. 
 Mem. de Louis, i. 227. 
 
 Note [90]. p. 115. — On some occasions, particularly 
 in dances instituted for the recovery of persons A-ho 
 are indisposed, they are extremely licentious and inde- 
 cent. De In Potheric Hist. Ac, ii. p. 42. CbdHov. N. 
 Fr. iii. p. 319. But the nature of their dances iscotn- 
 monlv sDch as I have described. 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 107 
 
 r f 
 
 NoTK fOlJ. p 115— Tho OthomaroaM, a tribe 
 ■entnl on tlic hmiku of the Orinoco, rmploy for tho 
 sainr imriio-o' a cumim^'itiori wliirli they ciill Yiipa U 
 IH fnrini'tl of llif sii lU of nn unliiiowii [ihinl rpducrd to 
 [iow(hT. and rtTlain n\n'\U hurru-'i and [inlvrrizfd. Tho 
 I'trtTie of ihtH when drawn up inio tlic nosiriln wre bo 
 vioKmiI that ihcy rcsciiiblf nmdncss rathir than Intoxi- 
 cation Ounnlhi, i. SHO. 
 
 NoTK [021 p. lift— Thotidh thii ob«erv«lion holdn 
 true anions llio nrraler pnrt of the ^oulhrrn tnbrs, tbrrr 
 arc some m which the iiitcinpfranre of the woiiien is an 
 rxci'HHivo an that of tlio men. liancroft's Nat. Hiit. of 
 (jiiiaua, ]>. <27&. 
 
 NoTK [ftii] p. 110 — Even in the most intelligent 
 writrrs coiifiTtiinn the uiannrrs of the Americans, one 
 mcels wilh niconsiHtenl and inexplicable circumstances. 
 The Jesuit Charlevoix, who, m conscijuence of a 
 controversy between hm order and that of the Krancis- 
 rans. with respect lo ihe talcnti and ahihliea of the 
 North Americans, is disposed to represent their intel- 
 IrcHial ns well as moral qualities in the most favorable 
 lii»ht. asserts, that they are ciijiaRed in continual iieyo- 
 liations with their neighbors, and conduct these with 
 the most re'ined address. At the »ame lime he adds, 
 " tliat It behooves their envoys or plenipotpntianes to 
 exert tlieir abilities and eloiiuence. for, if the terms 
 which they otl'cr are not accepted, ihey had need to 
 stand on their miard. It frequently happens that a 
 blow with the hatchet is the only relurn (riven to their 
 
 Kroposiimns. Tiie envoy i^ not out of danger, even if 
 i« IS so fortunate as to avo;d Ihe stroke ; he may ex- 
 pect to he imrsucd, and. if taken, to be burnt." Hist, 
 N. Kr. iii. *'»I. What occurs, p. 147. concerning tlie 
 manner in which the TIascalans treated the ambassa- 
 dors from Zeinpo.illa. corresponds with the fact related 
 by ('harlevoix. Men cipahle of sucli acts of violence 
 Btttii to he iiii.icquaiMted wiih the first [irinciples upon 
 whicli tiie intercourse between nations is tomided ; and 
 instead of the perjietual nejrotiations whidi Cliarlevoix 
 mentions, il seeniK almost inqiossible that there should 
 bo any corresjiondence whatever among them. 
 
 NoTK. [Olj. p. 117. — It is a remark of Tacitus con- 
 .rerning tho fiermans, "(Jaudent muneribus. sed ncr 
 data iinputant. nee acceptis oliliganfur." ('. "Zi. An 
 author who had a good opportunity of observing the 
 principle which leads savages neillier to express grati- 
 tude for favors which Ihey had received, nor to expect 
 any return for such us they bestowed, thus ex[.'lain.s 
 their ideas • " If (say they) you give me this, it is be- 
 cause you have no need of it yourself; and as for me. 
 I never part with that which I think necessary to me." 
 Memoire aur le Oahbis ; Hist, des I'lantes do la 
 Guiane Francoise par M. Aublut, torn ii. p. 110. 
 
 NoTK [Oij]. p. lis. — And Bprnaides. the contempo- 
 rary and friend of Columbus, has preserved f^ome cir- 
 cumstances concerning the liravery of tlie Caribhees. 
 which are not mentioned by Don Ferdinand (.'ohirnbus, 
 or the other historians of lliat period whose works have 
 been published. A Caribbean canoe, willi four men, 
 two women, and a bov. fell in unexpectedly with the 
 fleet of Columbus in his second voyage, as it was steer- 
 ing through their islands. At first tliey were struck 
 almost stupid with astonishment at «uch a strange 
 spectacle, and hardly moved from the spot for above an 
 hour. A Spanish hark, with twenty-five men, advanced 
 towards them, and the Hcet gradually surrounded tiiein, 
 HO as to cut otr their communication with their shore. 
 " When they saw that it waa impossible to escape 
 (says the historian), they seized their arms with un- 
 d.*i;nted resolution, and began the attack. I use the 
 L-»prtssion v-ith undaunted resolution, for they were 
 few, and beheld a vast number ready to aasault them. 
 They wounded several of the Spaniards, although they 
 bail larguts, as well as other defensive armour ; and 
 evr-n after tiieir canoe was overset, it was with no little 
 dltlieuUv and danger that part of them were taken, as 
 they coiilimnid to defend themselves, and to use their 
 bows with great dexterity while swimming in the sea." 
 Hl^t. de D. Fern, y Ysab. MS. c. 119. 
 
 Note [90]. p. 118. — A probable conjecture may be 
 formed with respect to the cause of tho distinctien in 
 character between the (^aribhees and the inhabitants of 
 the larger islands. The former appear manifestly to 
 he a separate race. Their language is totally dilVerent 
 from that of their neighbors in the large islands. They 
 themselves have a tradition, that their ancestors came 
 originally from Aome part of the continent, and, having 
 
 conquered and exterminated the ancient inhabitants, I 
 took possession of their lands, and of their women. 
 Uochefort. 'AH\. 'IVrtro. M». Hence ihey call ihem- | 
 telves Hanarer, which sigimlieM u nnn come from i 
 bt'vond sea. Lahat, \\. UH. Aecoidingly, ihe Carib- i 
 bees still use two distiiu'I l.lll^u.lge^, one peciilhir to ! 
 the men, and ttie other to the wtnrien. 'i'ertre. ".1(11 . I 
 The hinguage of the men has nothing coinnum wiib | 
 that spoken in the large i>latulH. Tho dialect of (lie 
 women considerably resembles it. I.abat, 1*9 'I"his , 
 strongly eunfirms the tradition which I have mentioned 
 The Caribhees theinselvrs imagnie that they were a 
 colony from the (ialalus, a powerlul nation of (Juiaiia, 
 in South America, 'I'ertre. 'MW. Uochefort, IHH, 
 But as their fierce inaniierHB|)projch nearer to those of 
 tlie people in the northern cimtinent, tliaii lo those of 
 tho natives of South America; and as their language 
 has likewise some atlinity lo (hat spoken m Florida, 
 their origin should lie deduced rather from iho former 
 than from the latter. I.al)at, 128, Jkv. Herrera, tb'c, 
 i. lib. IX, c, 4. In their wars, ihey still observe their 
 ancient nraetice of destroying all the males, and pre- 
 lorving the women eillier for servitude or for breeding. 
 
 NoTK [97] p. 197. — Our knowledge of the events 
 which happened in the conquest of New Spain, is 
 derived from sources of information more original and 
 authentic than that of any transaction in the history of 
 America. The letters of Cortes to the Kmperor 
 Charles V, are an historical monument, no*, only first 
 in order of time, but of the greatest authenticity and 
 value. As Cortes early assumed a command indepen- 
 dent of Velasquez, it brcainc necessary to convey such 
 an account of his operations to Madrid, as nnght pro- 
 cure biin the approltation of his sovereign. 
 
 The first of Ins despatches has never been made 
 public. It was sent from Vera Cruz, .fuly IBth. 1519. 
 As I imagined that it might not reach the KmjTeror 
 until he arrived in (iermany, for which he set out early 
 in the year ITiSO. in order to receive the Imperial 
 crown ; 1 made diligent search for a copy of this 
 desj)alch, both in Spain and m (iermany, but without 
 success. This, however, is of less consequence, as it 
 coiild not contain any thing very material, being writ- 
 ten so soon after ('ortea arrived in New Sjmin. Hut, 
 in searching for the letter from Cortea, u copy of one 
 from the colony of Vera Cruz to the Kniperor has been 
 discovered in the Imperial library at Vienna. Of tliis 
 I have given some account in its proper place, see p, 
 122. The second despatch, dated October IJOlb, l.V-iO, 
 was |)iihli.^lied at Seville A. 1-), 1522, and the third and 
 fourth soon after they were received. A Latin trans- 
 lation of them appeared in (iermany A. D. 15112. Ra- 
 inusio soon after made tliein more generally known, by 
 inserting them in his valuable collection They con- 
 tain a re',^ular and minute history of the expedition, 
 with many curious particulars concerning the policy 
 and manners of the Mexicans, The work does honor 
 to (.'ortes ; the style is simple and persjucuous ; but as 
 it was manifesily his interest to represent his own ac- 
 tions in the fairest light, his victories are probably ex- 
 aggerated, his losses diininishud, and his acta of rigor 
 and violence softened. 
 
 The next in order is the Chronica de la Nueva 
 Kspagna, by Francisco Lopez de (iomara. publislied 
 A, U. 1551. (ioniara'.s historical merit is considera- 
 ble. His mode of narration is clear, tlowing, always 
 agreeable, and someiinics elegant. But he is fro- 
 qucntly inaccurate and credulous ; and as he was the 
 domestic chaplain of Cortes after his return from New 
 Spain, and probably composed his work at his desire, 
 it is manifest that he labors lo magnify the merit of his 
 hero, and to conceal or extenuate such transucticnis as 
 were unfavorable to his character. Of this, Herrera 
 accuses him in one instance, Dec. li. lib. iii. c. 2, and 
 it is not once only that this is conspicuous. He writes, 
 however, with so much freedom concerning several 
 measures of the Spanish Court, that tho copies both of 
 his Historia de laa Indias, and of his (.Chronica, were 
 called in by a decree of iho Council of the Indies, and 
 they were long considered as prohibited hooka in 
 Spain ; it is only ol late that license to print thcin has 
 been granted. Pinelo Biblioth. 5S9 
 
 The Chronicle of Gomara induced Bemal Diaz del 
 Castillo to compose his Historia Verdadera do bi ('on- 
 quista do la Nueva Kspagna. He bail been an adven- 
 turer in each of the expeditions to Now Spain, and was 
 the comp<imon of Cortes in all his battles and perils 
 When he found that neither bo himself, nor many of bis 
 fellow soldiers, were once mentioned by Ooinara, but 
 that the fame of all their exploits waa ascribed to (for- 
 tes, the gallant veteran laid hold of his pen with indig- 
 natiooi and composed his true history. It contams a 
 
 prolix, minute, confused narrative of all ( 'Ortoi'i o\\fx\' 
 
 tions, m such a rude vulgar style as might he rxpr.'ted 
 from an illileriile soldier. Hut as he relates irinnac* 
 lions of which he was witne.ts. and in whicii he per- 
 formed a considerable piirt, Ins account hears alt tho 
 marks of aulheniiciiy, and is accoinp.iiiied with such a 
 pleasant iturntr, wiih such interesliiig details, wiih such 
 aiuustng v-imly, and vet ho pardonable in an old soldier 
 who had l)een (as he boasts) in a hiin<lred and niiieteeii 
 battles, ns renders his book one of the most s'lngiil.ir 
 that IN to b(i touml in any language 
 
 I'et, Martyr ub Angleria, m a treatise De IiiKulis 
 nuper inventis, added to his Decades de Kebus Oceani- 
 ns et Novo (tiiie, gives some account of Cortea's ex- 
 pedition. But he proceeds no further than to relate 
 what happened ufl( r his first landing. This work, 
 which IS brief and slight, seems lo eontain the infornu- 
 (ion transnntled by Cortes in his lirst despatches, em- 
 bellished with several particulars cominiinicaicd to the 
 autlior by the ollicers who hrouglit the letters from 
 Cortes 
 
 But the book to which the grenirr part of modern 
 hislorians have had recourse for information concerning 
 the conquest of New Spain, is Historia de la Conquista 
 de Mexico, por D Antonio de Sobs, first published A. 
 D. 16H1. I know no author in any language whoko 
 literary fame has risen so far beyond his real merit. 
 De Sobs is reckoned by his countrymen one of the 
 purest writers in (he Ca.-tliltian tongue; and if a 
 foreigner may venture to give his opinion concerning a 
 matter of which Spaniards alone are tptalified to judge, 
 he is entitled to that praise. But though Ins langnago 
 be correct, his tavte in composition is far from being 
 just. His peiiods are so iiivich labored as to be often 
 ^t.l^, and sometimes tumid ; tl;e figures which he em 
 ploys by way of oriiament are frequently trite or im- 
 proper, and bis ob.servaiions supenicial. These ble- 
 mishes, however, might easily he overlooked, if he were 
 not defective with respect to all *he great quahtica of 
 an historian. Destitute of that patient industry in ru- 
 searcli whicli coiiilucts to the knowledge of iriilh ; a 
 stranger lo that miparlialily which weighs evidence wilh 
 cool attention ; and ever eager to establish his favorite 
 system of exalting the character of Cortes into that of 
 a perfect hero, exempt from error, and adorned with 
 every virtue ; he is less sobeitous to discover what was 
 true llian to relate what might appear splendid. When 
 I.e attempts any critical discussion, his reasonings are 
 fallacious, an 1 founded upon an imperfect view of facta. 
 Though he HOinelimes (pioles the drufiatchru of ('ortes, 
 he seems not to have consulted them ; and though he 
 sets out wilh some censure on (iomara, he frequently 
 prefers his authority, the most doubtful of any, to that 
 of the other contemporary historians. 
 
 But of alt the Spanish writers. Herrera furnishes the 
 fullest and most accurate information concerning tho 
 conquest of Mexico, as well as every other transaction 
 of America. Tiie industry and attention with which 
 he consiiltt.d not only the books, hut the original papers 
 and pul)lic records, which tended to throw any light 
 upon the subject of bis inquiries, were so great, and he 
 usually judges of the evidence before him wilh so much 
 impartiality and candor, that bis Decads may be ranked 
 among ttu; most judicious and useful historical collec- 
 tions. If, by attempting to relate the various occur- 
 rences in the New World m a strict chronological 
 order, the arrangement of events tn his work bad no* 
 been rendered no perjilexcd, disconnected, and obscure 
 that it IS an unpleasant task to collect from dttt'erent 
 parts of his hook, and piece together tho detached 
 shreds of a story, he might ju3tly have been ranked 
 among the mo.st eminent historians of his country. 
 He gives an account of tho materials from which he 
 composed his work, Dec. vi. lib. iii, c. 19. 
 
 NoTK [9S]. p. 119 — ('ortes purposed to liave gor.e 
 m the train of Ovando when he set o\it for his govern- 
 ment in the year 1 502, but waa detained by an accident. 
 As he was attempting in a dark night to scramble up 
 to the window of a lady's bed-chamber, with whom he 
 carried on an intrigue, an old wall, on the top of which 
 he had mounted, gave way, and he was so much bruised 
 by the fall as to bo unfit for the voyage. Gomara, 
 Cronica dc la Nueva Kspagna, cap. 1. 
 
 Note [99]. p 1 19 — Cortea had two thousand pesos 
 in tho hands of Andrew Dnero, and be b( riowed four 
 thousand. Those sums are about equal in value to 
 fifteen hundred potmds sterling ; hut as the price of 
 every thing was extremely high in Americ.i, they made 
 but a scanty stock when applied towards the cquipmnn* 
 of a military expedition. Herrera, dec ii. bb. ili.r 9 
 B. Diaz, c. 30. 
 
1D8 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OF 
 
 NoTB [100] p. 119— Th« namPH of thoiie Rallnnl 
 olfiLTrN, wfiiih will iiftpn occur in the mihucijiicnl «lory, 
 wiTt' Jiiari Vrl<)iii|iipz ile l<i'on, AIodhu Hcriiniitlt'/ 
 1*1)1 tiH'iirri'ro, FritiiciNro tie Moiitcjo, (Mirintoval ilt^ Oliil, 
 Jii.iii (Ic Kiii'iilaim*, |-V.iiK'ii«('o i)i> MorLi, IViIro lU* AU 
 vai.tili), t'raiK'iHCii ill' .S.ilci'il.i, Jii.in Ju KsC4>l).ir, (.liiirH 
 do .\>>rti'it. Cnrtt'H hirnit«*ir roiniiiiindril thr Cipilaiiu, 
 ur Atlitiinil. Krniu'iHco do Oro/eo, an ntViccr rnnuiMl 
 in ihr WAT* o( Italy, hH<l the cnniindiiil o( (lie nrtillcry. 
 Tlic ex|itirit'uee(l AUmiiioii acted as chief pilut. 
 
 NoTK [101] |>. 110— In thone difTerent conflictN, 
 the S|Miiiardii IdmI only two men, hut had a cnnviderahle 
 nuuiber wounded. Thoii){h there ho no occaiiun for 
 rerourRti to any Hiiiternatural cauHe to account cither 
 for the ^reatnem of their victoriei, or the Hmallncm of 
 their loan, the Spaniiih hiHtorians fail not to ascribe 
 both to the |tatronat{e of St. J.i^o, the tutelar iiaint of 
 their country, who, aHthey relate, fnu^fht at the head of 
 their eiMinlrvinen, and, by hid proweKB, jjavo a turn to 
 till' I'aio of llie ballle. (iiitn.'ira i« the tir«t who men 
 tiiiiirt tlim a|t|i;irition of St. Jaruei*. It it auuiHini; to 
 uhncrve (he einbarraxHtuenl of U t)ta/ del CaHtitIo, or- 
 .M^iiini'ii hy ibe Hiruji!{le telween hi* uuperHtitioii and 
 hiK veracity The fttrui -r dlii|ioKed hirn to believe thin 
 niincli', (he latter rcHlraiicil him tVom attei«tin^r it. ** 1 
 acUnovvleil,'e," Hays he, " that all our exph»ilH and vic- 
 tories are owiri:; to our l^ird Jcmus ChriHt, and that in 
 thi.H bailie (here wax hucI a number of Indians to every 
 )ne of us, that if each had thrown u handful o( earth 
 'hey miirtit have buried us, if by the great mercy of 
 Uod we had not been protected. It may be that the 
 pernon whom Himara inuntionti as having appealed on 
 a mottled ^rey horMC, wai thv f^lorious apotitio Si^nor 
 Salt Jaj^K, or, Si^nor San Pedro, and that I, as bein:; a 
 tiinner, wan not worthy tu see him. Thin I know, tint 
 I rtaw Krancixco de .\iorla, on such a horse, but as an 
 unworthy tranutrressor, did not deserve to hco any of 
 the holy apostles. It may liave been the will of (tod, 
 dial it was so as (vomara relates, but until I read his 
 rhronicle, 1 never heard among any of the conquerors 
 Ihjt eucli a thing had happened.'* Cap. '3\. 
 
 NofK [103] p. 120. — Several Spanish historians re- 
 late this occurrence in Huch terms as if they wiHhed it 
 should be believed that the Imlians, loaded with the 
 presents, had carried them from the capital, in the same 
 fliort space of time that the couiiers performed ihat 
 journey. This is incredible, and (loinara mentions a 
 circumstance which shows that nutbing extraordinary 
 happened on this occasion. Thi*i rich preftent had been 
 prepared for Grijalva, when he touched at the same 
 place some months before, and was now ready to be 
 Jelivcred, as soon as Montezuma sent orders for that 
 purpose. Uoinara Cron. c. xwii. p. 28. 
 
 According to B. Diaz del Castillo, the value of the 
 Milver plale representing the moon was alone above 
 twenty thousand pesos, above five thousand pounds 
 sterling. 
 
 NorK [103.] p. 131. — This private trafBc was di- 
 rectly contrary to the instructions of Velasquez, who 
 enjoiiied, that whatever was acquired by trade should 
 be thrown into the C/minon stock. I)ut it appears 
 that the soldiers had each a private assortment of toys 
 and other good.<t proper for the Indian trade, and Cortes 
 ^ined their favor by encouraging this underhand barter. 
 B. Uiaz, c. 41. 
 
 NoTB [104]. p. 12^. — Gomara has published a cata- 
 logue of the various articles of which this present con- 
 sisted. Cron. c. 49. P. iMartyr ab Angleria, who 
 Biw them atler they were brought to Spain, and who 
 seems to have cxamitied them with great attention, 
 ^ives a description of each, which is curious, as it con- 
 veys some idea of the progress which the Mexicans 
 had made in several arts of e''igince. De Insulus nu- 
 pcr inventis Liber, p. 354, 4tc. 
 
 Note [105]. p. 123. — There is no circumstance in 
 the history of the conquest of America which is more 
 buestionable than the account of the numerous armies 
 brought into the field against the Spaniards. As the 
 fvar with the republic of TIascala, though of short du- 
 ration, was one of the most considerable which the 
 Spaniiards waged in America, the account given of the 
 riascaluH armies merits some attention. The only 
 authentic information coxioerning this is derived from 
 three uutho^s. Cortes in his second despatch to the 
 Emperor, dated at Segura de la Krontera, Oct. 30, 
 1.620. thus estimates the number of their troops; in 
 Um hrei boitje tiOOO; la the second battle 100,000; in 
 
 Ihe third battle 150,000 Kelat ap. Hanius iii 22H. | 
 I Dernat Diaz del (7aktillf>, who was an eye witneHS, and 
 en|ifiii{ed in all the actionn of thiH war, thus reckons 
 tluir niitnbers : in the lirHt battle, 3IMH), p 13; in (he 
 . seeond batlle 0000, ibid; in the thirl battle riO.OOl), 
 p. 45. Oornarn, who was ('orleH*s elMplnin after his 
 return to Sp.iiii, aiitl published his Cni'ttrii in l.Vi'J, 
 follows the I'oinputalion id' (/ortes, except in the se- 
 eond battle, where he reckons the Tlasculans at 00,000, 
 p, 40. It was manifestly the interest of ('ortes to 
 magnify his own dangers and exploits. For it was 
 only by the merit of extraordinary services that he could 
 hope to atone for bis irregular conduct in assuming an 
 independent command. Bern. Diaz, though abun- 
 dantly disposed to place his own prowess, and that of 
 his fellow-conquerors, in the most mlvantageous point 
 of lif^ht, had not the same temptation to exaggerate ; 
 and It is probable that bis account of the numbers ap- 
 proaches nearer to the truth. The assembling of an 
 army of 150,000 men, requires many previous arrange- 
 menls, anil HUch provisions for their nut>sistence as 
 seems to be beyond the foresight of Americans. The 
 degree of cultivation in TIascala does ni)t seem to have 
 been so great as to have furnished such a vast armv 
 with provisions. Though this province was so much 
 belter cultivated than other regions of New Spain that 
 it was called the rountr}/ of breads yet the Spaniards 
 in their march sulfered such want, that they were ubli- 
 grd to subsist upon 'Vunns^ a species of fruit which 
 grows wild in the fields, llerrera, dec. ii. lib. vi. c. 5. 
 p. 182. 
 
 Note [lOfl]. p. 123. — These unhappy victims are 
 said to be persons of dislinrtion. It seems improbable 
 that so great a number as fitly should be emjdoyed as 
 Hpies. So many priKoners had been taken and dis- 
 missed, tind the TIascalans had Kent so many mcMfageH 
 to the Spanish quarters, that there appears to be no 
 reason for hazarding the lives of so many eotLniderable 
 people in order to procure information about the posi- 
 titm and folate of their camp. The barbarous manner 
 which Cortes treated a people unacquainted with the 
 lawsof warestaldisbed anion*; polished nalionx, appears 
 so shocking to the later Spanish Wiiters, that they di- 
 minish the number of (hose whom he punished »>o cru- 
 elly, llerrera says, that he cut off the hands of seven, 
 and the thundts of some more. Dec. ii. lib. ii. r. 8. 
 De Soils relates, that the hands of fourteen or tifieen 
 were cut olV, and the thumbs of all the rest. I<ib. ii. 
 0. 20. Uul Cortes himself, Kelat. p. 228. b. and atU>r 
 him Gomara, c, 48, affirm, that the bands of all the 
 fifty were cut otr. 
 
 Note [107]. p. 124. — The horhes were objects of 
 the greatest astonishment to ail the people of New 
 Spain. At first they imagined the horse and the rider, 
 like the Centaurs of the ancients, to be some numslrous 
 animal of a terrible form ; and supposing that their food 
 was the same as that of men, brought flesh ami blood 
 to nourish them. Kven after they df^irovered their 
 mistake, they believed the horses devoureit men in bat- 
 tle, and, when they neiglied. thought that they were 
 demanding their prey. It was not the interest of the 
 .Spaniards to undeceive them. Herrera, dec. ii. lib vi. 
 c. 11. 
 
 Note [108]. p. 124.— According to Bart d<' J..s 
 Casas, there was no reason for this massacre, and it j 
 was an act of wanton cruelty, perpetrated merely lol 
 strike terror into the people of New Spain. I\*e'.'' . <i. ' 
 la destruyc. p. 17, Ac. But the zeal of Lan ('.Lia.-, 
 often leads him to exaggerate. In opposition to him, ' 
 Hern. Diaz, c. 83, asserts, that the first missionaries 
 seiit into New Spain by the Emperor, made a judicial 
 inquiry into this transaction ; and, having examined the 
 priests and elders of Cholula, found that there was a 
 real conspiracy to cut oil* the Spaniards, and that the 
 account given by Cortes was exactly true. As it was 
 the object of Cortes at that time, and manifestly his 
 interest, to gain the good will of Montezuma, it is im- 
 probable that he should have taken a step which tended 
 so visibly to alienate him from the Spaniards, if he had 
 not believed it to be necessary for his own preservation. 
 At the same time, the Spaniards who served in America, 
 had such contempt for the natives, and thought them 
 so little entitled to the comn. n rights of men, that 
 Cortes might hold the Cholu.aus to be guilty upon 
 slight and imperfect evidence. The seventy of the 
 punisliment was certainly excessive and atrocious. 
 
 Note [109]. p. 124.— This description is taken al- 
 most literally from Derual Diaz del Castillo, who was 
 
 NO iin.iequainted wilb the art of eompoHilion as to !)• 
 inrapabb' of enibeltiiilHnu liis narinlive f e relates in 
 a r'liripli' anil rude Ntvie what paxHi-d in his own imnd 
 ani) ibittof his fellow soldiiTH nil lhat oci-.iiiiou ; ** and 
 let it nol be Ibouijlit Htrange," oavH be, " (bat I fiboiiid 
 write in this manner of what then happened, fur it 
 ought to be constdereil, that it is one llinig to relate. 
 another to have beheld ihinKs that were never before 
 seen, or heard, ur spoken of among men.** ('ap. t>8, 
 p. 64. b. 
 
 Note [110]. p. 120 — I) Diaz <Ie| CaiUillo, gives us 
 some iilea of the fatigue and bardrthips they underwent 
 in performing this and other parts of duty. During thr 
 nine months that they remained in Mexico, every niaii| 
 without anv distinetiim between olVuers and siddiers, 
 slept on his arms in his (|uilted jacket and gorget They 
 lay on mats, or straw spread on the floor, and each was 
 obliged to bold himself as alert as if be had been on 
 gi/hrd. ** This," adds he, ** became so habitual to me, 
 that even now, in my advanced a^e, I alvvavM ^leep in 
 my clothes, and never in any bed. When I visit my 
 Enromirn'h^ 1 reckon it suitable to my rank to b.ive a 
 bed carried along with my other bagijage, but I nevei 
 go into it ; liut, according to ciiNlom, I lie in niyeloibex, 
 and walk frequently during the night into the open air 
 to view the stars, as I was wont when in seivice." 
 (^ap. 108. 
 
 Note [111]. Jt. 120. — Cortes himself, in liis Necond 
 despatch to the Kmperor, does not explain the tiMitlves 
 which imiuced him cither to condemn ijualjiopoca to (be 
 flames, or to put Montezuma in irons. Kamus. iii. 23(1. 
 H. Diaz is Nileiit with respect to his reasonx for the 
 former; and the only cauHC he asniirns tor the latter 
 was, that he inight meet with no interruption in exe- 
 cuting the sentence pronminced against ijtialpopoca, 
 c. xev. p, 75. Uul as .\lonte/.uina w.is bin privniier, and 
 absolutely in bis power, he had no reasmi to dread Idtn, 
 and the insult ottered to that monarch could have no 
 effect but to irritate him nnneressarily. (iinnara sup' 
 poses that <\irtes hail no other object than to occupy 
 Mont4'Zuina with his own distress and sulferin^^rt, that 
 he might u'ive less altentioN lo wli.it befcl i^u-ilpopoca. 
 Cron. c. 80, Herrera adi)pts the same opinion Dee, 
 ii. lib. viii, c. 0. Hut it seems an odd expi'dienl, ifi 
 order to make a person bear one injury, to load bini willi 
 another that is greater. De Solis imai>ines, thai Corlis 
 bad nothing elso in view than to intimidate .Moott zmni., 
 so thai he mit;ht niaK-' no attempt to rescue the viiiiiiu 
 from their fate ; but (be spirit of that monarch was sa 
 submissive, and be. had so tamely given up the prisoiiers 
 to the disposal of Cortes, that he bad no cause lo ap* 
 prebend any oppo.sition from him. If the explanaiioii 
 which I have attempted to give of Cortew's prtweedinua 
 on this occasion be not admitted, it appears to nie, tbul 
 they must be reckoned amoni; the wanton and b arba 
 rous acts of oppression which occur too oOen in the his 
 tory of the conquest of America. 
 
 Note [U2]. p. 120. — De Solis asserts, lib. iv, c. 3, 
 that the proposition of doing liomat»e to the king of 
 .Sjiain came from Montezuma himself, and was niaile in 
 order to induce the Spaniards to depart out of his donu- 
 -lions. He describes his conduct on thin occasion as if 
 i( 'i-"!! been founded upon a scheme of profound policy, 
 .mi' tvxecuted with such refined addreNs as to dcn-ivc 
 Cir'.es himself. Hut there is no hint or circumstance 
 i' the contemporary historians, Cortes, Diaz, or Go- 
 mara, to justify this theory. Montezuma, on other occa- 
 sions, diticovered no such extent of art and abilities 
 The anguish which he felt in performing this bumbling 
 ceremony is natural, if we suppo.se it to have been in- 
 voluntary. Hut, according to the theory of De Solis, 
 which supposes that Montezuma was executin't Mial 
 he himself had proposed, to have assumed nn appc.ir- 
 ance of sorrow would have been prejiosterous, and 
 inconsistent with his own design of deceiving the Spa- 
 niards. 
 
 Note [113]. p. 127. — In several of the provinces, 
 the Spaniards, with all their industry and inHuenc-', 
 could collect no gold. In others, they procured only a 
 few trinkets of small value. Montezuma assured 
 Cortes, that the present which he offered to the kins; of 
 Castile, af\erdoin|^ homage, consisted of all the trea- 
 sure amassed by his father; and told him, that be had 
 already distributed the rest of his tfold and jewels among 
 the Spaniards. U. Diaz. c. 104. Gomara relates. 
 that all the silver collected amnunttd to 500 marks 
 Cron. c. 83. This agrees with the account given by 
 Cortes, th:it the royal firth of silver wiw 100 n>arks. 
 
 H 
 
 .J 
 
HOUTH AMERKJA. 
 
 .^.I 
 
 Rclttl. SnO. 1), Ho that {\w mini lotui of iilvcr wiim 
 unly 4000 oiiiKft, nt (lit* ru(o of t'l^lit (imiora a mnrk, 
 wiiicii tli'iiiuiiHlruiOK lliu |iru|iortioii ul niUcr lo j^ohl (n 
 ttivo Itti'ii cxci'i"*ii ^ly small. 
 
 NoTK [UAJ. p. I'jr— Oe Solin, lih. iv. c. 6 citU iii 
 qut-Niiuit iIk- Initit nt tliH tr>inrt>ii'iiuii, iVuiii no litiit i 
 rea^iiii ihiiii Ui>it il wiim iri(:niiii'>U'iiL Willi that jinuliMi'-r 
 wlticti di!tliM;^uiHli('.>4 Uir cliaraLlcr of (JtirliH. Ilui lie 
 xigtit ii) liuvii riTullfi'ud ttiu iiii|i('IuoNiiy ol Inn zi'al ut 
 TiifCttta, wliieli wuh iio Icnit iniprudnit. lie at^.-^crtM, 
 .h«l Oiv uvidcDCo lor il rt'MtH ii[ioii ilie ti-Ktnnony <it II 
 Dia [ill (.'uHlitln, ol (ioiiiiira. and ul llrrnru. liny 
 •11 cpriciir, iitdi'i'di in ini'ntioinn^ llim iiicoiit4idr'r.il(- bliji 
 wtiicli ( orU!s took ; ttiid lln-y l>'id I'nod n^uHuii to do 
 ao, tor Corit'S liinuuH' rulali'v ihiH i i|')oil In Ihn Hi'cuiui 
 ditii|mich lo the KnipLTor, uiid iii'ii>- lu ^lory ni it 
 Curt. Ril.it. Uariuiti. tii. MO. i) Tlim Ih one in- 
 iliiiicr, uiiu>n^ iiidiiy, ut L)u Sotl.<t'H having cuiisnltcd 
 with htilc attention thu luitt-rtt ulCoitt^H lo ('hark'N V. 
 from 'vliuli till- inoHt anthtnlir inforinatioii withrcti|icct 
 to liin o|it'raiiuni iiiuHt be dcnvfi! 
 
 Nunc [1 UJ. p. 137. — llurreru nnd do Soli« suppoj^c 
 that Vclantpicz wuii eiiconni^t-d to iM|viip this arnianitnt 
 •t|{aintil CitT'.vn by tliu ui-cuiinl which hi; rtTcivtd IVoin 
 Spain conccninii^r (liu rt'ceptioii ol (In* B^'t-ntii Hcnl hv tint 
 t'olony ol Vera l.'rii/,, and tin; warniUi wih whn-li Fon- 
 9tch lli^itiop ul lliir^'uH tiad fsjtouMi'd lint inli-n-iit, and 
 condi.tnnt'il iht; proci-fdin^s ul (.'urtrii. llcrrcra, dt-i-. 
 ii. III). IX c. la. \)u .Sulni, hi), iv. c. 5. Hut tho chro- 
 nolu^u.-al order ol'cvi-iitH rcfuteitilnH Hupjiosiiion. I'or- 
 tocarrcro and Montfjo saded Ironi Vfra l/rnz, July V(i, 
 1510 llcrrrra, di'f. 11. Iih. v. c. 4. 'I'ticy landed at 
 St. Lucar in Ocioiier, aecordin;.; to llcrrura, (hid. l)u( 
 I*. Martyr, who ullendid (he court ut that tunc, ami 
 coinnaiiiieali'd every uccurreneu of moment lo Ins eor- 
 rcapundtnit.s day hy d.iy, menliuns the arrival ot these 
 agents lor thu first time in Dceeinher, iind HpcaliH ot R 
 as a recent event. Dpist. 050 All the historians 
 agree that thu a^ent.i ul (>ortes had their I'lrsl auilienre 
 ol thu l-imperur at Turde^ilhiH, when hu went to that 
 town lo visit his mother m Inn way to St. .la<;o de (^'oin- 
 poxti'ita. Ilerrera, dec. ii. Iih, v. c. 4. De SuIih, lih. 
 IV. c. fi. Jlul tiie llnijMTor .set out from Vallidohd for 
 Tordc«illas on the II th of Man-h. Ifv-iO. and V. Mar- 
 tyr meriltmis hi» having; seen ut that tnue tin? |lre.^ents 
 tuude to Charles. Kpist Ititio. The armanieni under 
 Niirvaez nailed from (.'ul»a in April 15*J0. it is maiii- 
 fost 'hen that Velusijuc/ could nut receive anv account 
 of what passed m ihm interview at turde^illa^ previoun 
 lo tilH liostitu preparations a^rainst ( -ortcrt. Ills real 
 motived Hcuiii lo hu ttiosc whicli [ havo inonlionud. 
 The patent appointing Inm AiIiIuhIikIo ol' New Spain, 
 with juch extensive powers, hears date Noveniher 13, 
 1540. lierrera dec. >i hi) in. c. 11 He miijht ru- 
 cuive il ahout the l>e<{inmng of January, liomara lakes 
 notice, that as isoon as tins patent wa;* delivered to him, 
 lie bpfjan to equip a Hcul and levy forces. Cron. c. 00. 
 
 NoTB [llCJ, p. Iii7.— i)t! Holla contends, that as 
 Narvaez hid no interpreters, hu conld hold no inter- 
 course wiih the people of tiie provinces, nor converse 
 with 'hem in any way hut by si«;ns, tliut ii was cipially 
 imposMble for him to carry on any eonimuniralion with 
 Monrcznrna. Liv. iv. c. 7. Jiut it is upon thu au- 
 thority uf Cortes himnelf that I relate all the paiticn)ar» 
 ol' Narvaez's correspondence bulh with Monte/uma and 
 with hi8 subjects in llie maritime provinces. Itelat 
 Hamua. in. '-^44. A. C. Cortes alVirms tliat there was 
 a mode of intorconrse between Narvaez and the Mexi- 
 cans, but does not explain how ii was carried on. Uer- 
 nal Uiaz suftplies this defect, and informs us that tho 
 three deserters who joined Narvaez acted as interpru- 
 lers, having ac(piirctl a competent knowludi^u of the 
 languaiic, c. 1 10. Witli bis usual minuteness ho men- 
 tiotis iheir names and characters, and relates, in chapter 
 128, how they were punished for ilieir perfidy, 'i'he 
 Spaniard.-i hud now resided above a year amony thu 
 Mexicans ; and it is not surprisinf^ that several amon'T 
 thorn should liavo made sonic proficiency in speakinir 
 tlieir laiif^inige. This senms to have been tho case, 
 Hcrrera, dec. 2. lib. x. c. 1. Both D. Diaz, who was 
 present, and Hcrrera, tho most accurate and best in- 
 formed of all the Spanish writers, airree with Cortes in 
 hin account of tho secret correspondence carried on with 
 Montezuma Dec. 2. lib. x. c. 18. 19. De Solis 
 BMins to consider it as a discredit to Cortes, his hero. 
 thai Montezuma should havo bepu ready to engage in 
 a correspondence with Narvaez. He siip|ioses that 
 monarch to have contracted such a wonderful aOection 
 fur thu Spaniards, that bo was not aolicitous to be deli* 
 
 vered from them. After the indignity with whirh he 
 had been treated, «urh an alleeiiott m incredibh' ; and 
 even De .Soh--^ in uMi^^eil to acknowledge, that it mii»l 
 ht' hitiki'tl upon an one ol lli< niiraehs wlnelt Cud li<id 
 wrought to tai'iliiate the conipieHi, hh. iv c. 7. The 
 truth IS, .Moiile/uma, however nineh overawed by his 
 diead ol the Njianutdii, wu» (Xtuinely impatu'iil lo re- 
 cover his liherly. 
 
 Nort [117]. p. 120 — Tlieco words I havo borrowed 
 from the anonymonri Account tti the Kuropeait Settle* 
 ini'iitM in Ameriea, pni)li»htd hy Dod.^ley. m two vo- 
 lumes Hvo ; u work of so iniich imrit. that 1 bhonid 
 think there is hardly any writer in the age who ought lo 
 be asliumed of ucknowjcdgiiiy hiiiuvU lo bu tliu author 
 ul It. 
 
 NoTK [USJ p. 130. — Thu enntoinpurary hiiitortaii9 
 diller eunsnUrublv wilh respect tti the Ioms ut the .'Spa- 
 niards on tins oceusion (orteMiii his hucoiul di hpatch 
 to the Kinperor, makes tho iinmher only \<yO. lletat. 
 ap KumuH. 111. p. 210 A Hut it was inamlestly bin 
 inlerest, ut thai juncture, lo conceal Irom the court (d 
 Spam tim lull exli'iit of the lo'.s which he liad sustained 
 Ue .Sobs, alvvay.<^ Htudiou.s to dimini.sh everv mislDrlune 
 that befell his country men, rate.t ilieir los*( ut about two 
 hniidred men. \aU iv c, 10 Ii Uiuz allirniM that 
 ihey lost HVO men, and that onlv 440 o^caped troiii 
 .Mexico, c 12H. p. lOH. IJ. ralafo.?, Ilifhop of 1,uh 
 Angeh'ri, who seems to have impiired into the early tran- 
 sacliuiiM of Ins eomitryineii in New Spam wiih great 
 alteiition, conlirms the uccount of IJ. Duz with respect 
 to the extent of their loss. Virtndes iltl Imlio, p. 22. 
 (iomaru «tales their luhs at 4.')0 men. ("ron c. 100 
 Some niotilh-^ ufterwards, whuit'ortes hail rectivid 
 se\eral reinlorecmenl», he mn^^tered his troops, and 
 found them to be only 500. Kelat. ap. Kainns. m. 
 p 2.')r>. Iv Now, 'js Narvaez brought 880 men into 
 New Spam, and about 400 ol Cortes's doldiers wi te 
 then alive, it ise\ident that bis loss, in the retreat truin 
 .Mexico, must have been inucii mure considerable than 
 what he mentions. \i. Diuz. soiicittnis to magnity the 
 duiiger.<-' and sutli rings to which hu and his fellow con- 
 ipiuK "-s were exposed, may have exugijerated ihcir loss ; 
 hut, in my opinion, it cannot well be eslunated at luss 
 than 600 men. 
 
 NoTtfllO]. p. i;J2, — Some remains of this great 
 work are still visible, arid the spot where the brigaii- 
 tines were built and lannclied is siill pointed out lo 
 strangers. Tonpiuniada viewed them. Monarq, In- 
 diana, vol. i. p. 5J1. 
 
 NoTK [120], p. 133.— The station of Aivarado on 
 
 the causeway of 'I'aculia was the nearest to the citv. 
 Cortes observes, that there ihey cniilddistmctlv observe 
 what passed when their countrymen were sucriticcd. 
 Kelat. up. Kanius. in. p. 273. iv U. Diaz, wlio be- 
 longed to Alvarado's tiivision, relates what liu beheld 
 with his own eyes. C. 151. p. 148. h. 140. a. Kike a 
 man whose coiinge was t-u clear as to be above suspi- 
 cton, be describes with Ins usual simplicity the impres- 
 sion winch this spectacle m.ule npoii hiin. " Uefore 
 (savahe) I saw thu brea.sts of my companions opened. 
 their hearts yet lliitlering, olleTtd to un accursed idol, 
 and their (lesh devoured by their exulting enemies ; I 
 was accustomed to enter a buttle not unly v.-itbout fear, 
 but wall high spirit. IJut from that tiuie I never ad- 
 vanced to light with the Mexiraiis wnliout a secret hor- 
 ror and unxn ty ; my boarl trenibted at tlu! th',".:i:his of 
 the death which I had seen them sutler." He takes 
 care to add, that as !>ooii as tlie combat began, his ter- 
 ror went otf; and indeed, his adveiiiurons bravery on 
 every occasion is full evidence of this. U. Dui, c. 
 156. p. 157. a. 
 
 NoTK [121]. p. 133. — One circumstance in this siego 
 merits jiarticular notice. The accov.nt which tho Spa- 
 nish writers give of the numerous armie.-* employed in 
 the attack or defence of Mexico suenis to bo incredible. 
 According to Cortes himself, he had ut one lime 
 1.50.000 of auxiliary Indians in his service. Uolat. 
 Uainus. ill. 275. K. Comara asserts that they were 
 above 200.000. Cron. c. 13G. Herrcra. an author of 
 higher authurity, says they wore about 200,000. Dec. 
 iii. lib. i. c. 10. None of ihe contemporary writers 
 ascertain explicitly the number of persons in Mexico 
 during tho scige. Uut Cortes on aovcrul occasions 
 mentions the number of Mexicans who were slain, or 
 who perished for want of foo<l ; and. if we may rely on 
 those circumstances, it is probabio that above two hun- 
 dred thousand must have boun shut un in tho town. 
 
 lOtt 
 
 Itut llie fpinntity of provmionit neccHMry for \\\v r* dihitt- 
 
 eiice of KUi'h VHDt imi|tiiud''ii Hfnemttied in oni p'licft, 
 during three monilirt, in so great, ihal it rctpiiret no 
 much lore!>tgltt and arrangement to euliect tin ne, m d 
 l.iy Ihem up m maga/ineN, so ii.« to be eerlaiii of a rt gn 
 lar Mupplv, that uiie can hardly lubeve lli.it thin tonld 
 be avcomphslu d m a coiiniry wheic :i|,'neullurf uusiin 
 inipt rfect at in the .Mexican empire, win re there wern 
 no tame uninni)'*, uml by a people naltirallv mo impruvi- 
 deiil, and no meipulde of executing ii cr.oplKated plan, 
 aH tnu most improved .\niericaiis '1 he Spainardt, 
 with all iheir care and attention, tared very poorly, and 
 were often reduced to extreme dislreiiA tor want ol pro- 
 visions. U. Diaz. p. 142 Cortes Kelat. 27). 1>. 
 Cortes oil one uccanioii mentions slightly tlie subsist- 
 ence of hiM army ; and, alter ackiioMJedging tliat they 
 were often in great want, udds, tliat they received kUp- 
 plies Irom the p<'oplu of the couulry. of lish, and ut 
 some Iruit. which he culls ihe cberrii s ot ihe tountry. 
 Ibid. U. Diaz says that they had cakes of maize, and 
 serasas de la litrra ; and v. lien the rea.sun ot lliest wai 
 over, anullier frnit, whicii he calls 'funis; but their 
 most coinlortublu subsistence was a rotit winch tho 
 Ii'diaiiH use us lood, to which he gives llie name of 
 Quiiiliii, p. 142. Tiie Indian uiuiliaries bad one 
 ineaiiM of snbsisiince more than the Spaniards. They 
 fed upon the bodies of the Mexicans wlioiii they kdli'd 
 ill battle, ('ortes Helat. IVO. C. 1) Diuz tonlirmo 
 hi.4 relation, un>l adds, tluil when the Inilians relurni'd 
 trom Mexico to their own country, iliey carried with 
 them large ipiuiitities o| llrsh of (he Mexicans salted or 
 dried, us a must acceptable jireseni to their trunds, that 
 they might ha\e the pleasure (d leeding upon the bodicn 
 of their enemies iii lln-ir lelivals. p 157. De Sulis, 
 wlu) seems to eonsidcr il as un impiitalion oi • n dil 
 lO his cunmrMiieii, dial ihey hhouM act m coih ah 
 
 auxiliaries who led I'pon human tle!-h. is »oi< ^ to 
 
 prove that Ihe Spumaids endeavored lo pre\' 
 associates Irom luling the bodies of the ,\ie,\K.. 
 V. c. 24. Hut ho has no aulhonty for this lif ...^ 
 original hihtoriuns. Neither Curtew liintfilf t, *' 
 Diaz seems lo bavt^ bud any such scruple \ and uti 
 many occasions ihuy meniiun tin.' Indi.in repasts, which 
 were become familiar to Ihem, without any mark of 
 abhorrence. Kven with tins udditioiial slock of loud 
 for tlie Indians, it was hardly pos!<il)Ie to procure sub- 
 sistence fur uriiiics amounting to such in inbers us wn 
 Iind III the .Spanish writers. I'erliups the best solution 
 uf the ditliculty is, to adopt ihe opinion of Ii. Diaz del 
 (.'uslillo. the most artless of all the Utstui nuiorcs pnnn- 
 itfo.%. " When Coinura (says he) on some occasions 
 relates, thut there were so many thousand Indians our 
 auxiliaries, and on others, thut iheie were so inai^y 
 tliousand houses in this or that town, no regard is lo bo 
 paid to his enumeration, as he bus no uMlhorily lor tt, 
 the numbers not being in reality the lilih of what ho 
 relates. If wu add together liio dill'erenl nuirtbers 
 which he mentions, that cuunlry would cunlam mure 
 niillions than there are in Castile." ('. 120. liut 
 though .<oinu considerable deduction should certainly be 
 made from itio Spanish accounts of llie Mexican lorces, 
 thev must have been very numerous ; for nothing but 
 an nnmunsu superiority m number could have enabled 
 liiem to withstand a body of iiiiio hundred S|mniaid8, 
 conducted by a leader uf such abilities as Cortes. 
 
 NoTK [122]. p. 135. — In relating thu oppressive and 
 cruel proceedings of thu compierors of i.'ii'W Spain, I 
 have not followed Ii. de las Casus us iny gu.'de. His 
 account of tliein, Kelat. de la Dcstruyc. p. 18, Ac. is 
 manifestly exaggerated. U is from the tostimony ol 
 (.'ortes bimsulf, and of Ciomaiu wliu wrote under bis 
 eye, that I have taken my account of the punishmLiit 
 of tlie Panucaiis, and they relate it wilhout any dis 
 approbation. B. Diaz, contrary to bis usual custom, 
 mentions it only in general terms, c. IG2 lierrera, 
 aolicitous to cxteuuute thi.s barliarous action of his 
 countrymen, though ho mentions 63 caziques, and 400 
 men of note, as being condemiicd lo tlic llamrs. as.serls 
 that 30 only were burnt, and the ro.<tt purdoned. Dec. 
 3 lib. V. c. 7. Uut this is contrary to iho tesiimony 
 uf tho original historians, particularly of (iomara. whom 
 it appears he had consulted, a.^ bo adopty several of his 
 expressions i' this passage. The punishment of C'.ia- 
 timozin is related by the most authentic of the Spanish 
 writers. Torquemada has extracted from a history oi 
 Tczeuco, composed tn the Mexican ttmgue. nn uccoun* 
 of this transaction, more favorable lo Cautinio/Jn ifur. 
 that of the Spanish authors. Mon. Indiana, i. H'iSi. 
 According to the Mexican account. Coiicn liad searci.;!y 
 a shadow of cv denco to justify such a v\anton act of 
 cruglt^t U. Diaz aflirms, that Gautuuozin otmI kia 
 
J 'ill 
 
 200 
 
 Mlow-suflfrers anscrtrd their innocence with their last 
 
 breath, and that many of the Spanish soldiers con- 
 dcnuicd this action ot' (.'ortcs as equally imntcessary 
 and iinjtist, p. *^U0. b. 301. a. 
 
 NoTK [123]. p. 135. — The motive for undertaking 
 thia expedition was, to punish Clinsioval dc Ohd. o\w 
 of his olHcers who hud revolted uj;a'nht hini, and anned 
 at estahhshint* an indept ndent jiirisdiclion. Corles 
 
 ^ardrd thi** uisurrcotion as of such diin;;erous cxani- 
 \. md dreaded so nutch the abilities and popularity oi" 
 Its author, that in person he led the body of troops 
 destined to suppress it. lie marched, nccording to 
 Uoinara, three 'liousand miles, through a country 
 abounding with thick forests, rugged mountains, deep 
 rivers, thinly inhabited, and cultivated only in a few 
 places. What he siiflercd from famine, from the ho.s- 
 tilily of the natives, from the climate, and from liard- 
 ships of every species, has nothing m history parallel 
 to it, but what occurs m the adventures of (lie other 
 discoverers and conquerors of the New World. Cor- 
 tes was emploved in this dreadful service above two 
 years; and though it was not distinguished by any 
 splendid event, he exhibited, during tbe course of it, 
 greater personal courage, more fortitude of mmd, more 
 perseverance and piiience than in any other period or 
 scene in his life. Herrcra, dec. 3. hi), vi. vii. viii. ix. 
 Oomara, Cron. c. 163—177. U Uiaz. 171—190. 
 Cortes, MS. pcucs mr. Were one to writo a life of 
 Cortes, the account of this expedition should occupy a 
 splendid place in it. In a general history of America. 
 as the expedition was productivo of no great event, 
 tho mention of it is sutlicumt. 
 
 Note [l*i]- p. 13n. — Acco'^ding to Ilerrora, the 
 treasure which Cortes hrougla with him, consisted of 
 fifteen hundred marks of wrought plate, two hundred 
 thousand pesos o tine gold, and ten ilioiisand of in- 
 ferior standard, many ricli jewels, one in particular 
 worth forty thousand pesos, and several trinkets and 
 ornaiuenis of value. Dec. i. lib. in. c. S. lib. iv. c. I. 
 He alierwards engaged to give a portion with his 
 daughter of a hundred thousand p(■^os. (ioinara Cron. 
 c. 237. The lortune which he left his sons was very 
 considerable. Hut, as we liave before related, the sum 
 divided among the couqucrors, uii the first reduction of 
 Mexico, was verv small. Tin a* appears, tlien, to be 
 Bome reason for suspecting that tlie accusations of Cor- 
 les's enemies were not altogetlier destitute of founda- 
 tion. Thev charged him with lutMiig apphed to his 
 own use a disproporiiOMale share of x\h- Mexican spoils , 
 with having concealed the royal treasures of Monte- 
 zuma and (iuatimozm ; with defrauding tho king of his 
 fifth ; and robbing his followers of what was due to 
 them, llerrera, dec. 3. I;b, viii. c. l^. dec. 4. lib. in. 
 c. 8. Some of tlu' conquerors themselves entertained 
 auspicious of the same kind willi lespecl to this part of 
 his conduct. B Diaz, c. 157. 
 
 NoiK [125]. p. 136- — In tracing (he progress of the 
 Spanish arms in New Spam, we have followed Cortes 
 himself as our most certain g\iide. llis desjintchrs to 
 the Kmperor contain a minute account of his operations. 
 But the unlettered coiupieror of Peru was incapable ot 
 relating his own exploits. Our inforinution with respect 
 to them, and other transactions m Peru, is dt rived. 
 however, from contemporary and respectable authors 
 
 The most early account of I'lzarro's transactions in 
 Peru was published by Kraiicisco de Xerez. bi3 secre- 
 tary It 18 a simple, unadorned narrative, earned down 
 no further than the death of Atahuatpa. in 1533 ; fur 
 the author returned to Spam in 1534, and, soon after 
 he landed, printed at Seville his short History of (be 
 Conquest of IVru. addressed to the tlmperor. 
 
 Uon Pedro Saiicho. in oHicer who served under Pi- 
 zarro, drew up an acroun' of liis expeditioi., which was 
 translated into Italian by Kamusio, and mserteu in his 
 valuable collection, but lias never been published in its 
 original language. Sancbo returned to Spain at the 
 same time with Xerez. (ireat credit is due to what 
 both these authors relate concerning tiie progress and 
 operations of Pi/.arro : but the residence of tbe Spa- 
 niards in Peru had been so short, at the tune when they 
 left it. and their intercourse with the names wf<s so 
 fliender, that their knowledge of the IVruvian mi'nners 
 and customs :« very imperfect. 
 
 The next conlemiMirarv historian is Pedro Cieza de 
 Leon, who publisiied his Cronica del Peru at Seville in 
 1553. If he had finished all that he purposes in the 
 general division of his work, it would have been the 
 inoat complete history which had been ptibliRhed of any 
 region in the N' w W'orld. He waa well qualiticd to 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OF 
 
 execute it, having served during seventeen years in ! 
 .■\merica, and having visiicd iit person most of the pro- 1 
 vinces concerning which he had 0'-ca>ioii to wnle. ; 
 Hut only the hrst part of his ehronicle has been prmled 
 Ilconlamsa description of Peru, and several ol liie j 
 adjacent provinces, with an account of the iiistiiuiioiis 
 and customs ot the natives, and is written \\ltll^o liille 
 art, and such an apparent regard tor (riiih, thai one 
 must reizret llie loss of the ot;,i i parts of his work. 
 
 This loss IS, imply supplied by I* "> .Xnyusiiue Zarate. 
 who published, in 155.'). his His" t a del Uescubninieiilo 
 y Conquesta dc la Provincia uel I'eru. Zarate was a 
 man of rank anri education, and employed in Peru ds 
 comptroller-general of the public revenue. His history, 
 whether we attend to Us matter or coinposilion, is a 
 book of considerable merit : as he had an opportunity 
 to bo well informed, and seems to have been inquisitive 
 with respect to the manners and transactions of the 
 Peruvians, great credit is due to hir. lesumony. 
 
 Don l3iego Kernandez published his Historia del 
 Peru in 1571. His sole ohjict is to rei.'te the dissen- 
 sions and civil wars of the Spaniards in that empire. 
 As he served in a public station in Peru, and was well 
 acquainted liolh with the country and with the iTiiicijuil 
 actors in liiose singular m( nes wliich he describes, as 
 be possessed sound uiiderstaiidingand great impartiality, 
 his work may be ranked aimmu iliosu of the lustorians 
 most distinguished for their industry in research, or 
 their capacity in judging with respect to the events 
 which they relate. 
 
 The las* author who can bo reckoned a.'iong the 
 contemporary historians of the contpiest of Peru is Gar- 
 cilasso de la Vega, luca. For though the lirst part of 
 his work, entitled (\mimrntin}i>s Hcalcs did (hif^in tic 
 los Incus Rnci dtl I'rrii. was not pubhslied sooner 
 than the year 1009. sevcnly-six years alter the death 
 of Atahualpa the la:*t Kmperor. yet as he was born in 
 Peru, and was the son of an uilicer of distinction 
 .ini'jng the Spanish conquerors, liy a i'oi/n, or lady of 
 tlit^ royal race, on account uf whicii lie always took the 
 name of Inca ; as he was master ul the language spoken 
 by the liicas, and acfpiamted with the traditions of bis 
 countrvnien, his autlionty is rated very high, and often 
 placed above that of all the oilier hisiurians. His 
 work, however, is little more than a coiumeiitary upon 
 the Spanish writers of the Peruvian story, and composed 
 of quotations taken Irotn the authors whom 1 have 
 luentioned. J'his is the idea which iie himself gives of 
 ii. lib. i- c. 10. Nor is it m ihe account of tjcts only 
 that be follow, them servilely. Kvcn in explaining the 
 institutions uid rites of his ancestors, his mloriiiation 
 seems not to be more perfect than ilieirs. His ex- 
 planation of the Ijuipos IS uliiiost the sunie wiih that of 
 .Acosta. He produces no spc ciinen of Peruvian poetry, 
 but that wretched one which he borrows from iilas 
 Valera. an early nussiouary, whose meiiioirs have never 
 been puhlisheil. I.ib. ii. c. 15 As tor coinpositiuii, 
 arrangement, or a capacity of disimguislmig between 
 what IS fabulous, what is probable, and what is true, 
 one searches for them in vaiii in the commentaries of 
 the inca. His work, however, notwith^taiidiug its 
 great defects, is not altogether destiiute of use. Some 
 traditions vvhich he ricnvid from bis coMiirvih--n are 
 preserved in it. His knowledge of the I'eniviar lan- 
 guage has enabled him to correct ?ome errors of the 
 .sp.inish writers, and he had in^erled in it some curious 
 iUcts taken from autuurs who>e works were never pub- 
 lished, and are now lost. 
 
 NoTK [I2(i] p, 130 -One may form an idea both 
 of the liardships which tliev endured, and of the un- 
 healthy climate in the regions vshich they visited, from 
 the extraordinary mortality that prevailed among them. 
 Pizarro earned out 112 men, Abnagro "lO. In less 
 than nine months 130 of these died. l''ew fell oy the 
 aword ; most of them were cut oil by diccasca. Xeres. 
 p. 180. 
 
 NoTK [127], p. 137. This island, says llerrera, is 
 
 lendered so uncomfortable by the unwholesomeness of 
 Us climate, its imperu'trable woods. Us rugged inoim- 
 lams, and the multitude uf insects and reptiles, that n 
 IS seldom any softer epithet than that of \nlenial is cm- 
 ployed HI describing it. The sun is almost never sf en 
 there, and tiiroughont the year u bardiv evpr erases to 
 ram. \)vc. iii. lib. x. c. 3. Oainpier touched at this 
 isl.ind in the year IGH5 ; and his account of the climate 
 IS not more f.ivorabje, Vol. i. p. 1V2 He, during his 
 cruise on the coast, visited moAl of the ,i|ac4's where 
 PizaiTo landed, and his description of them tlirowa light 
 on tho narrations uf the early Spanish bi^'uiian;). 
 
 NoTK [128]. p. 138.— By this time horovi had mul» 
 tiplied greatly in tlie Spaniah settlemeits on tbe con- 
 tinent. When (fortes began his expedition in the yeni 
 1518, thungii his anuamenl vmls more ennsiderabU 
 than that ol Pizarro, and coinp<i>ed of ]iersous ^^iqienor 
 111 rank to those who invaded Peru, be could procure 
 no more than sixlei>ri hoises. 
 
 NoTK[I29] p. 139— In the year 1710, I). Aid. 
 
 riloa iiiid 1). (ieorge Ju'::. lavelled from (liiavaqnil to 
 Molnpe by the same -o..le which Pizarro took. From 
 the description uf tht;r journey, one may form an iilcu 
 of the ditlicully of h;s nianh. The sandy plains be- 
 tween St. Michael de P:eura and .Motupc extend 1)0 
 miles, without water, without a tree, a plant, or any 
 green thing, on a dreary stretch of burning sand. Voy- 
 age, tom. 1. p. 399, &c. 
 
 Note [130J. p. 139. — Tins extravagant and uufea- 
 souiblde discourse of Valverde has been censured by 
 all historians, and with justice, lint ihongh he scem-i 
 to lune been an illiterate and bigotled monk, nowiso 
 re.>euil»hng the good Olincdo, who accompanied (.'ortes; 
 the absnrdity of bis address (o Atnhual))a nutst not be 
 charged wholly upon hnn. His harangue is evidently 
 a translation or paraphrase of that lorin, concerted by a 
 junto of Spanish divines and lawyers In the year 1509, 
 for explaining the right of their king to the sovereignly 
 of the New World, and for directing the otHcers em- 
 ployed in America bow they >hould lake possession of 
 any new country. See Xole 23. The seutiihent.s 
 contained in Valvcrde's harangue must not then be im- 
 puted to the bigotted imbecility of a particular man, 
 but to tliatof the age. Hut (lomara ami Hi iizoni relate 
 one circiimsljnce concerning Valvt rde, which, if au- 
 thentic, renders him an objict not of contempt only 
 hut of horror. They assert, that during the whole ac- 
 tion \'alverde continued to ex< ite the sokhers to ^laugh- 
 ;er, calling to them to strike the eiieinv not wi;h the 
 edge hut with the points of ibeir swurds t'oin ("ron. 
 c. 113. Henz. Histor, Nov, Crbis. lib, lii, c. 3 Sueh 
 behavior was very ditlercnt from that of the Hotnan 
 Catholic clergy in other parts of Americi. where tliey 
 nniformlv e.xerted iheir inllueiice to protect the In- 
 dian.*, and to moderate the ferocity of their country- 
 men. 
 
 NoTK [131], p. 139. — Two dilferent systems liave 
 been formetl cimccrtung tbe conduct ol .\tahualpa. 
 The Spanish writers, m order to justify the violence oi 
 tht ir conntrvmen. contend that all thi> Inca's piDte:.- 
 Mons of friendsbi|> were feigned ; and that his intention 
 m agreeing loan interview with Pizarro at Caxamalc.i, 
 was to cut otV bill) and his followers at one blow ; that 
 for this purpose be advanced with snch a nutnerouti 
 body of atteiidants. who bad arm^ concealed under 
 their garments to e.\ecule :!iis ^cheme, This is the 
 areouMt given by Xeres and '/crate, and adopted by 
 llerrera. Hut it it had neeu the plan of liie Inca to 
 destroy tbe Spaniards, one can h.irvlly im.igiue that lie 
 v\onld have permitted them louLireh ihrourh the desert 
 of Motupi', or have neglected to deteiid Hie pusses in 
 the mouMtams, where they might liave hi en iUtis-ked 
 with so mnch ailvanijge. It ihe P* ruvtan.* nu'iched 
 to Caxamalca with an intention to fall upon the Spa- 
 niards, It is uiionceivahle that of so great a body of 
 men, prepared for action, not one .-heuld alttiupi to 
 make resistance, but all tamely snller ih<nisetve.s tube 
 butchered by an enemy wl'jui they were arniid to at- 
 tack. .Vtahualpa's mode ul advancing to ilie niterviow 
 has tbe aspect of a peaceahl.t procesMon, not of a mili- 
 tary enterprise. He himselt and his lullowers were \v 
 their habits of cerenionv, preceiled, a.s on d.ivs of s»- 
 lemnity. by unarmed harluiigers. Thongh rude nationa 
 are frequently cnnmng anil lalae ; yet it a scheme ot 
 deception and treachery must be imputed eilU< r to u 
 monarch that had no great reason to be ahirined at >i 
 visit from strangers who vulicited admission inio hii 
 presence as I'nends, or to an adventurer so daring and 
 .so little scrupulous as Pizarro, one eannol hesitate m 
 determining where to fix tbe presumption of uudt. 
 Kven amidst the endeavors of tbe Spanish writtrt- to 
 palliate tbe proceedings of Pizarro. one plainly per 'eives 
 lliat It was hi',* intcnt.on. as well as his interest, tii 
 8t>iz(^ the Inca, and (hat he had takeit measures for 
 that purpose previous to any suspicion of <hat mo- 
 narch's designs. 
 
 Carcilasso de la Vega, extremely solicitous to vmdi- 
 rnto his countrymen the Peruvians, from il.e rriiite of 
 having conceriea the destrucnon of I'lzarro and hi4 
 followers, and no less afraid to charge the .Sp.miarda 
 with improper conduct towards the Inca, has fratueil 
 
 ^ 
 
■ 
 
 SOTITH AMi:U IC A 
 
 201 
 
 Another eiyt*toin. He relatrs. that n man of mdjrstic 
 'iinn, wi'h u ionir hcunl. ami ^iirnients rrncliiny lo the 
 {(toumi, havin<: a|ipt'ar(il in a vision (o Virarorha, lliu 
 I'l^htii Inca, and ihTlared that hu Wj.s a rhild id" iliu 
 Sun. tint nu}iuirrh huMt a It ni|)h' in honor oi ih\^ pci- 
 Biin, and ciTrU'd an una;;!' vt hini. rtM-nilthMti as nt'iirU 
 QHpostilile tiie Miipdar lorni in whifh he hud (xhihiltd 
 liiintth to h;s vu-w. In this innplr divme honors wire , 
 |>uid to httn hy itir nanu> ol Niracui-ha. IV i. hh. i\ 
 c. 21. lili. V. c. "ii^Z. \\ hen thf Spmiards first appeared 
 in I'eru, tlie length of ihtir litardM, and iht- dress they 
 wore, flnu-k evcrv pt rsor. so imu-h wiih Iheir likeness 
 lo the linage uf Virarocha. liiat llicy su[| o>(d thcin lo 
 hv chihlreii of tlie Sun, who had dcscdKhd from hea- 
 ven to earth. All eoi.ehidcd lliat ihe fatal period of 
 the JVruviaii empire was now approaching, and that 
 the throne wouhi lit' oeeiipicd hv nt \\ pn.'si'ssors. Ala- 
 hnatpa Imnsi'll, eonsititTini; the .Spaniards as mt-sscn- 
 gers troin lieavtMi, "Aas so far from enteriannnii any 
 thoughts of retiistnii; (hem, that hr deltTrnnitd to yield 
 implicit olietlieiiet' to tlieir connnands. l''rom ilit-se 
 senUinenLs tlo^sctl his protcssions of love and respect. 
 To those wrre owinn the cordial n'ctptioti of Soto and 
 Fertlinand i'lzarro m his camp, and the suhnnssive re- 
 verence with which lie himself udvanced to visit the 
 Spanish general m his ipiarters ; hut from (he ^ross 
 ignorance ot IMulipillo, the interpreter, the declaration 
 of the Spaniards, and his nn^wer to it, wcrt' so ill ex- 
 plaiied, (hat. hy their iiniiual inahihly to eumprelicnd 
 each other's mteniions. the fatal rencontre at (.'a.\anial- 
 ca, with all Its dreailful conseipietiees was orca:^ioned. 
 It IS lemarkahle, that no traces ot lliis superstitious 
 vcnenlion of the I*ernvians for the Spaniards are to he 
 found e'*her in Xeres. or Sancho, or Zarate, previons 
 to the mteniLw r.*. '.'axamalea ; and yet the two lor- 
 iiier served under Pizarro Lt that imie bih) the latter 
 visited i'eru soon al'UT the coiKjuest. If either the 
 Inca himself, or his messeni;crs, had addressed the 
 iSpaniardd in llie wortis which Warcitasso puts m their 
 nioulhi!, ihev must have bt^en slru-.'k with such suhtms- 
 f ive declarations ; and they 'vould certainly have 
 tivailed *hemselves of llu'in to accomplish itieir own 
 desitxnH Willi greater facility. (larcilasso himself, 
 though his nirrative of the intercourse hetwet ii the 
 Inca and the .Spaniards, jireettling the reiiconire at( 'axa* 
 iiiulca, IS louiided on tin: supposition of his licheving 
 them to h( V'lracoclias, ortiivnit; tieings, p. li. lih. i. e. 
 1 7, <Sic., yet, with his usual inattention and maccnraey, 
 he udmit!t III another place that the l'< ru\ lans ijid not 
 recollect tln^ resemhlance hetvveen them and the god 
 Viracocha, uiiiil the lalal thsasters suhsecpien; lo the 
 defeat at ('axamaica, and then unlv hegan to call them 
 Viracochas. 1*. i. Iih v. c. *«!. This is contirmed hy 
 Herrera, dec. v. lih. n. e. 1-. In many dillereiit parts 
 of America, if we may lulievc the Spanish writers, 
 tiieir cou!iIryinen were coiisidert d asih\me heingswlio 
 had descended tVom heaven. lint m lliis insiaiice, us 
 ill many winch occur m the imercourfo heiwiea na- 
 tions whose piotrri'ss in refinement is very nnei[iial. the 
 ideas ul those who used llie e.\prt'ssion were ddterenl 
 from those who heard il, for siicii is the uliom ot llu- 
 Indian langua<:ek>, or ^ucll is the simplicity of those 
 who speak them, that when they see anv thmir with 
 wh'.ch they were h)rmerly nnacipiainted. uiiu ol which 
 Ihey do not know the iirigm, tliey say that it came 
 down iVoni heaven. NiiL'nez Kam. in. 3*47. ('. 
 
 The account which I have given of ihe senliment.s 
 aiid proceedings of the Peruvians, appears to he moie 
 natural and consistent than either of the two preceding, 
 and is bettor supjmrled hy the facts related by the con- 
 temporary historians. 
 
 According lo Xercs, p. 200. two ttioujiand iVruvians 
 wt-r*! killed. Sancho makt s the mimlier ot the sbin 
 ■ix or seven thousaiul. Kam. ni. 274. I). Ily (iai- 
 cilasso's account, live thousand were massacred. I', ii. 
 bb i. c. 25. The number which I have mentioned, 
 being the niedmin between the cxlremes, may probably 
 bo nearcit the truth. 
 
 NoTK[132]. p. '39— Nothing can be a morti stri- 
 king proof of this, than that three Spaniards travelled 
 from Caxamaica tn Cuzco. The distance between 
 them is six nuudred miles. In every place throughout 
 litis great extent of country, they were treated with all 
 tlie honors which the IVruvians paid lo iheir sovert igna, 
 and even to iht-ir divinities. Under pretext of amass- 
 ing what waa wanting for the ransoti of the Inca, they 
 demanded the plates of gold with which the walla tif 
 the Temple of the Sun m Cuzco were adorned ; and 
 though the priests were unwilling lo ahenale those sa- 
 cred ornaments, and the people refused to violate the 
 ■hnuH uf their God, tho three 8pajiiardi, with their own 
 
 hands, robbed the Temple nf purt of this vulnahle trea- i which ;lisimgu!i.hes the one sex. mingled with the sen- 
 sure ; and Mich was ihe reverence of the natues lor i sihility and lirihrniss |etiih:tr lo llie udier. l^ittiy 
 their persons, that though ihiv bihild ihis act of sain- ' de M. (.iodin a M. tie la ( 'undanniie. 
 h'L'c wilhastoiiu-hineiil, they t!id not at'iinpl to prevent 
 
 Zaraie. hh. ii. c. G. 
 
 or tlistmh (he eominission of it. 
 .Sancho aj). Uamus. ni 375. i). 
 
 Note ri33J. p. 141 — Aceordinu' to Ilerrera, the 
 
 s|(Oil of Cuzco after setting i\part the King's /'Jlli, 
 was di\ided among 480 persons Kac!i rcened 4U00 
 
 pesos. This amounts to l.it'JO.OOO pc»^os I'ec. v. ■ ^ , ~.^ 
 
 lib. vi r. 3. Hut as the general and otht r ollicer? were ' Iriend.' and companions wi re so much afraui of i:i\mg 
 ei. titled to a share far greater than ihal of the private ' oHeiice lo I'lzarro, that they durst nol t nicrtam. or 
 men, llie sum total must have risen much beyoi;d what j even con\erse with them. One may conceive what 
 
 I hav(! mentioned, tioinara. c. 123. end Zavale, hh, 
 
 II c- 8, satisfy themsrUes wiih aPserUng in ijeMcral, that 
 the plunder of theCnzco was of grcatt r value liian 
 the ransom of Ataliuahm. 
 
 NoTi: [138]. p-142 — Iltrrera gives a strik^oi: pic- 
 ture ol iheir indigence. Twilve ^it nili iiieii. \\lio tiAd 
 been otlio rs of di^tlnctlon tindtr Ainagio. kul'.id m 
 the same house, ami having hut one cloak among ihem, 
 it was worn alt< tmiielv hv hiiii vvho had occasion to a|H 
 pear in public, vnIiiIc 'he rest, Ironi ihe want oi adicent 
 dress were obliged to keep v illun tlitors. 'I heir lorinel 
 
 NoTK [134] p. 141 —No exiudition in the New 
 World was conducled with more persev ring courage viii. c. G 
 than ihal of Alvarado. and in none were grcatt r hard- 
 ships endurid, Maiiv of tiie persons engaL'ed m it 
 were, like lluir leatler. veterans who had servid under 
 Cortes, mured lo all ihe rigor (d American war. Such 
 of my readers as have not an opjiortnnity of perusii.g 
 the striking dtseripiion of their sntUrings hy ZaraU-. 
 or Ilerrera, niav lorm some iiha of llie nature t>l tin ir 
 march from the spa-coast to i^uilo. by consulting the 
 account which i). Ani. I'lloa gives of his ov\n jourmy 
 in 173G, nearly in ihe same route. \o\. lom i p. 
 IIH. iVc . or th.il nf M. H(»nguer. who prticeeihd from 
 I'uerlo Vit.o to Uiiito hy the same road which .Mva- 
 
 was the condition, and what the indignation of men 
 once acctisloined to power ami opuhnce, whin they 
 ft It themselves |)Cor and despised, w itliout u roof under 
 which to shelter their In ads, while ihey btlicld tithe rs, 
 whose tneiits and terviceswere nol tipudto theirif, 
 living in splendor in smn[)tiJons iditices. L)ec. 6. hb. 
 
 NoTK [139]. p, HT*. — Ilerrera, whose accuracy en 
 titles him to great credit, asserts, that Cionzalo I'lzarro 
 possessed domains in the neighborhood ol ( Inupusacn 
 de la Plata, which yielded liim an annual revnmo 
 greater than that of the Aichbishop of Toh Jo, the 
 best endowed see Knrope. Dec. 7. lib. vi c. 3. 
 
 NoTK [140). p. 147.— All the Spanish writers dc- 
 scitbe lus march, and ihe tlistres.-<es id both parlies, 
 verv minulelv. Zarute observes, that hardly any paiallel 
 lo It occurs in histttry, eilher with respect to the length 
 
 rado ttmk. ' He compares Ins own journey with that of i id" tiie retrtal. or ihe ardor of the pursuit. I'lzarro, 
 the Spanish leadi r, and hy the comparison gives a nmst , according to his compnliitimi, followed the vicert)y up- 
 striking idea of ihe boldness and patience td' Alvarado 
 
 in forcing his way through so many obstacles. Voyage 
 de I'erou, p. 28, A:c, 
 
 NoTK [135], p. 141 — According to Ilerrera, there 
 was entered on account of the king in L'old, 1. ').'). 300 
 pe.-.os, and ri.-ii'OG marks (each 8 otinccii) of stiver, he- 
 sides several vessr-ls and ornamenls, some of gold and 
 others t)f silver; on account of private persons, in 
 gold 4yi*.000 pesos, and 54.000 marks of silver. Dec. 
 5. lib. VI. c. 13. 
 
 VNards of three thousand miles. Lib. 
 
 to. 
 
 NoTK [13G]. p. 142,— The Peruvians not only imi- 
 tated the niilitarv arts of the Spaniards, but had re- 
 I course to devices td their ov\n. As the cavalry were 
 !the chief objects of llieir te-ior. lliey emleavored to the priest issues 
 1 ;"Mder till in incapable of acting by means of a long j good and cheap 
 
 Note [M*^] p. I'18 — II nniounted, accortlmg to 
 Pernandez, 'ha best inltrmed historian ol that ptnud, 
 i to one million four bundrtd lliousanil pe><os. I ib. li. 
 Ic. 70 
 
 Note [142] p. 141). — Carvajal. from the beginning, 
 'had Lieen all advt'cute tor an accommotlatiou wnu tius- 
 lea. Pmding P, -.ario incapable ot holdeig ihal bold 
 'course winch he originally siiggesiitl, he ri roinineiided 
 ! to him a lii:!eiy Hi'bmission to his Mivireign f* ilio 
 I sales! meuiiure. W'i.i'ii die president s oilirt; wdc 'ir-t 
 ! coinmiimcalea to <"arv,ijal. " IJv our I.ady, (savs lie m 
 'that strain i-l butiomu ry w'uich w:is lainilui' 'o bin.,) 
 acuMi:, bulh-. lie give- Ifie'ii both 
 let tis not only acce|it tin m, luil 
 
 I't riiunde:: 
 
 thoig wilh a sione fistened to each end. This, when i wtar them as relupies about our necks." 
 I ihn wn by a skilful hand, twisted about the hors^^ and [ hb. ii. c. b3. 
 ! Its niter, and eniai.ghd them so as to obslriu t iheir l 
 
 i motions. Ilerrera tnenlions llns as an mveiilioii of their I Noik [143] p, 149 — Dnrmg ihe rebelltoii ot (Jon- 
 own. Dec. T). lib. viil. c. 4. IJul as 1 have observed, p. zalo Pr/ano, se\eii hundnd mc:i wete killut m bailie, 
 113, this weapon is conunon among several barba- , and lliree hundred and eighty wt re hdiigul ur hrbeudeil. 
 rous tribes towards the e.vtreimlv of South -Vinerica : , lleireia, dec 8 lili. iv , e. 4. Abi>ve three hiu dred ul 
 and II IS more i-robahle that, the Peruvians had ot'serveti ] these were cut otV by Carvajal. i eniandez, lili. u. c. 
 the dcxlenly wi.h which iliey used it m Imnting, and ' 01 Zaraie makes llie nmntier ol tht,se put lo a vio- 
 on this occasion udopied it ihrniselvcs. 'l"he Spaniards ; hut deaih live huiidred. l,ib. vu. «: 1 
 were coiistderablv annoyed liy it. Ilerrera. ibitl. Ano- I 
 
 ther instance of ibe mgenuitv id the IVrnviaiis deservt s Norr. [114]. p I.'d) — In my impiiries conrerning 
 mention, liy turning a river out of its channel, ihey ! llie manners and puhcy of ihe .\lt\uaNs, I h.ivt re- 
 overllowed a valh-y. m which a body of ihc enemy 'ii.ved much iidormatmii from a largo aiamiscripl of 
 was posted, so suddenly, that il was with the nlinosl ; Pon Alonso de Ctjrila. one of the judyt s m itie I ttuit 
 ditliculty t..c Spaniards made Iheir escape. Ilerrera, ! of Audience ul Mtxico. In the year loiVd, J'!.!:;. II. » 
 dec. 4. lib. vm. c. ft. ! in order to dis.over 'he mode ol b vymg tnbuie lu-m 
 
 'his Indian s'ibjeels, that vmmiIu he n.osi henelKial to 
 
 NoTR [137]. p. 142.— Herrera's account of Orella- ' the t lowii, and least opprtssive to tliem. nddrtsscd a 
 
 na's voyage is the most minulc and apparenilv ihe must ! mandate to all the Courts of .Xudieii'-e ui Amen.^a. i-n- 
 
 accuraie. It was probably taken Iron, the journal of joining ihem toaiiswer certuimpierie-' whit h he pioptt'-ed 
 
 Ul ihitii eonceruuig the ancient lorm ol government 
 I stabhshed among ihe variouh nations of Indians, ^nd ihe 
 inoile m which ihey had bt en uccustomtd It) pay ta.xes 
 to ilieir kings or duels. In ohi-dieiice to this mandiite, 
 near si'vep months in the voy.ige. M. de la Cmida- i Idriia, who bad resided nmelren years m America, 
 mine in '!ie vear 1743, sailetl Iiom Ciienca lo Pura. a J loMrleen ot which he passed m New .Spain, cumposid 
 settlem .'id of the Portuguese at the miiu'.h (d" the rivtr. the work of which 1 nave a ciipy. He aciiuamis lus 
 a navi ;alion much lont'er than that of Oielijiia. m less sovereign. lliJt he made il an oli|ect. during his reai- 
 than four months. N'ovage. p 170. IJul ihe two ad- deme in America, and ni all its privinces wliuh he had 
 venturers were very dillerentlv piovidi il lor the vtiy- visiud, lo nupiire diligently mlo liie manners and cus- 
 age. This hazardous umh rtaking lo wnich umbition toins of llie natives ; that he had conversed h ^is pnr- 
 proiujited Orella. la. and to which the love of science ptise with many aged a'lid mtelligeiil Indians, and eon- 
 led M. de la Condamine. was undertaken in the year ifevdtcd sevt ral ot ihe Spanish Pcdesiaslics, who undcr- 
 HGO, by Madame iiodiii des ( fdonais iVoin conjugal ' slood the Inttian language most pertecily, pur'icuUrly 
 adeclion. The n.irralive of the huidsbips which she i tome id iIiosl- who landed m New Spam s'.xjii al-.^r tho 
 su lie red. ot the dangers to wluch she was exptistti. antl t ctuHiuesl Coritu appears to be u mint)! some b-irti- 
 uf the disasit.:' which beled her. is tuie ol the most I ing, and to have curried on his iiupiiries wiin iii<- Jl'U 
 singular and alK cting stones m anv language, exhibit- | geiice and accuracy to which ho pretends. (ireatAi 
 ing in her conduct a Mtriking picture of tiie furtiludu credit m due tu hia tuHtimony from one cttcumstAUc& 
 
 (hellaiia himself. Put the dales are not distineily 
 niarku!. Ilni nav.giition tlown ihe Coca, or .Napo. 
 tiegan early in Pehruary, l.''»4I ; unit he arrived at iht 
 mouth td' the nver on the 2Gih of August, iniving spent 
 
Ul 
 
 I ! 
 
 11 
 
 m$ 
 
 His work wat> not composed with a view to piiblica- 
 lion. or in s ipport of unv |iiiriiriildr ihpory, hut conlains 
 8iin|il<- lUo.i^ti hill iii>^\(-r.s to qii<>ri('8 |)ro|iO!<ed tu hiin 
 oiHi'Mllv. r;toii<iii ItrrriTj does no: mention liiin 
 antuii«; (he auiliurs wliuni h(; had fullowctl a^ (.'uid'^s in 
 his ll.^torv. I jiiut.ild Mi|>|)0»i\ truin srverrflfiiclsof' wnicli 
 he ukv.* notice, a^ well as from several expressiuii^ 
 whit'li lie use5, tli.il Itiis memorial of Corita was nul 
 acknuwn to htiu. 
 
 NoTK [M3]. p. 131. — The early Spanish writers 
 were so tia.<ily and inaccurate in esitmaliut; the nuniher.i 
 of people in ihe provinces und town» in America, that 
 it '.A impossilile to ascertain (hat of Mexico itself with 
 any decree of precision. Cones dencrihea the exlenl 
 o.:J populoiisness of Mexico in jjener.il terms, which 
 iiu|»lv ihal it was not infenor to the jjreiitest cUies in 
 Europe, (jornara is more explicit, and alfirma. that 
 tlii-re were 60.01*0 houses or families in Mexico, t^ron. 
 c. 78. Herrera adopts his opmuin. Dec. 3. Iih. vii. c. 
 13 . and (lie ^jeiieral.ty of writers follow them implicilly 
 wiilionl inipiirv or scruple. Accordiiii; to this account, 
 the inluhilania of Mexico must have been ahoutUOO, 000. 
 Tonpiemada, with his usual propensity to the marvel- 
 lous, asserts. th;tt there were 1*0.000 houses or fami- 
 lies tn Mexico, and conspipienlly about 600.000 inha- 
 bilanis. I. lb. 111. c. CU. 13ut m a very judicious ac- 
 count of the Mexican e^uinre, by one of (,'ortes's olfirers, 
 the population is tixcd ai fll>.000 people. Kamusio, 
 iii 309. A. Kven by this account, which jirobably is 
 im.ch nearer the truth than any of the forCffoini;, 
 Meiico was a great city. 
 
 NoTB [146]. p. 151. — It is to P. Torribio de Uena- 
 ven'c that I am indebiivl for this cniious oliservalioii 
 Pal.ifoi. Bishop of Cnidiid do la Puelija I*o.s Anijeles. 
 conhriiis atid illusirales it more fully Tiie Me.xican 
 («yi he) IS (he only laniiuaiic m whuli a termination 
 itui "Mtirii: respect. .•tiltir<i.< rcci'.ri'.ntuilfs i/ (/«■ rorfrsm. 
 niav Ite .itrued to evcrv word. liyadJiiiii (he tin.d .syU 
 lahlti zni or aztn to any word, it becomes a proper e.\- 
 |.re--'on<jf Vfiieifttion inlhoinonih of an inferior. If, 
 ii -iieakiniT loan eniulthe word Frtther is tobeu?cd, 
 'A •!«*../.', but an lulcrior says Tiilztn. One priesi 
 apeakmt; to another, culls him TeopiX'/nr; a person of 
 inlVnor --ank calls iimi Tri>pixretzi/i Tlir name of the 
 cin(Hror who reigned when (\»rtes invaded Mexico, 
 was Miiiitczunid , but Ins vass.ils. from reverence, pro- 
 nounced It .ytoithzumuzin. Torribio. MS Palaf. 
 Virtudes del Indio. \). 6.'i. The Mexicans bid not only 
 reverential nouns, hut, reverenti;d verbs The manner 
 n wiiicii tiiese are formed from the verbs m common 
 UBt is explained by D. Jos. An^'. Aldama y Guevara in 
 hia Mexican Grammar. Nu. 188. 
 
 NoTB. [I47J p 1.V2 — From comparinir several pas- 
 ■aires in ( 'orita and lltrrera. wo may collect, with some 
 deurcM- ol accnrarv. the various modes in which the Me- 
 Xicatis ctiutribiued towards the support of novcriimenl. 
 Some persons of the tUst oribT seem to hive been ex- 
 empted from the pavineiil of any tribute, and as their 
 Oiilv diilv to the |:ublii', were bound to perifonal service 
 in war, and to follow the banner of (heir sovereign witli 
 their vass.ds. *. The immediate vassuls of the crown 
 were hound not onlv to pergonal militirv service, but 
 paid a certain proportion of the produce of their land.-* m 
 Kind. 3 Those who held otlices of honor or trust 
 paid a certain .^hareof what ihev received in conscipience 
 of holdinij these. 4. K.ich ('iiiiulla\ or association, 
 cultivated some part of (he field allotted to it, for the 
 behoof of the crown, and deposited the produce in the 
 Toytl granaries. 5. Some part of w hatever w as brought 
 to the public markets, whether fruits of the earth or the 
 Various productions of their artists and manuiacturers. 
 Was demamled for the public use, and the merchants 
 who paid this were exempted from every other tax 
 6. The .yfatfe'/ifs or adscrtpti ^lihir, were hound to 
 cultivate certain districts in everv province, which may 
 be con*idered tn rrntrn lands, ani\ broui»lit the incrr-a<*e 
 in(o public siorehouses. Thus the sovereiLni received 
 some'pnrt of whatever was useful or vabiable in (he 
 cnii.itry, whether it vva.i the natural production of the 
 rod, or aci]iiired hv the industry of the people What 
 each contributed towar<)s the siipport of government 
 •eems to have lieen iuconsiderable Cnrita. in answer 
 to one of the queries put to thi' Audience o*" Mexico by 
 Philip II . endeavors to estimate in money the value of 
 wh»t each ciiizen iniirbt be supposed to pay. and does 
 not reckon it at more than three or four mils, about 
 eighteen pence or two sbillni;;s a head. 
 
 NoTX n^l V 1^>* --■t'O"^*^ who secni to have 
 buoa ttJ much sstouithed at this* a« with any iiuitaiu:e 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OF 
 
 of Mexican ingenuity, gives a particular description of i 
 
 i(. Aiong one of the causeways, says he, by which i 
 they enter (he city, are conducted two conduits, com- j 
 posed of clav tempered with mortar, about two paces in i 
 iireafith. .iiid laised about si.x feet, hi one of them is ; 
 conveyed a .-.tream of excellent water, as .arttv. as the j 
 body ol a man, into iIk- centre of the cilv, and supplies j 
 all ihe intiabitaiits plcMlifully. Tlie other is empty, that 
 wiieii It IS necessary to clean or repair the former, the 
 stream of water may be turned into it. As this conduit 
 passes alony two of the bndijcs. where there are breeches 
 in the causeway, throu|^h winch the salt water of the 
 lakes llows, it is conveyed over them in pipes as larije 
 as the body of un ox, then carried from the conduit to 
 the remote quarters of (he city m canoes, and sold to 
 the inhabilanls. Kelat. ap. Ramus. 241. A. 
 
 NoTK [140]- p. 152. — In the armoury of the roval pa- 
 lace of Madrid arc shown suits of armour, which are 
 called Montezuma's. They are composed of thin lac- 
 quered copperplates. In the opinion of very intellijrent 
 judt^es, ihey aro evidently eastern. The forms of the 
 sdver ornaments upon them, representini^ drajjons, tVc. 
 may be considered a conlirmation of this. They an; 
 iiiiimlely su|»erior, in point of workmanship, to anycHbrl 
 of American art. The Spaniards probably received from 
 them the Philippine islands. The only unquestionable 
 specimen of .\icxican art, that I know of in Great Bri- 
 tain, IS a cup of very hue yold, which is said to have 
 beloiiij'ed to .Montezuma. It weiirhs .')oz. 12dwt. Three 
 drawiiij,'s of it were exhibited to (he .Society of Aiiti- 
 (piaries, .lune 10, 176;'). A man's head is represented 
 on this Clip. On one sule the full (a-e. on the otlier 
 the prohh', on the tliinl the back parts of the head 
 The rebtrvo is said to have been produced by pnnching 
 the mside of the cup, so as to make the representation 
 ol a lace on the outside, Tlie features are <:ross, hut 
 n-presented with some deirree of art, and certainly too 
 ruile lor Spiimsh workinanslnp. This cnp was pur- 
 cliased by Kdward Karl of Oxiord, while be lav in the 
 harbor of Cadiz v-ith t^'e tleet under Ins command, and 
 i*» now in the possession of Ins {grandson, Lord Archer. 
 I nm indebted tor tins infonnation to mv respectable 
 and int.'emoijs ir.end Mr. Barniii^ion. In the sixth vo- 
 lume of ilie .\rcha'oloifia, p 107, is published an accomit 
 ol some masks of Terra Cotta. broiit;ht from the hury- 
 inji •'round on the American continent, about .•seventy 
 miles Irom the British seitb.'ment on the Mosquito shore. 
 They aie said lo be likenesses of chiefs, or other emi- 
 neni persons. From the descriptions and eiiiiravinirs 
 of thein. we have an additional proof of tbo imjierfect 
 state of arts aino ,[» the Ainericaii«. 
 
 NoTK [130J. p. l.')3.— The learned reader will per- 
 ceive how much I have been indebted, in this part of 
 my work, to the yuidance of the Bishop of (iloncester, 
 who has (raced the successive steps by which the hu- 
 iiiLin mind advanced in tins line of its protrress, with 
 much erudition, and t^reater in;.'enmty, lie i.s the first, 
 as tar as I know, who formed a rational .iml coiisistent 
 theory conecr imjf the various modes '>f writmi; prac- 
 tisul by nations, aecor<liiij; to the various denrecs of 
 their improvement. Div. J^ei^ation of Moses, ni. 60, 
 ^Vc. Some important observations have been added 
 by .M le President de Bro>scs, the learned and inlelli- 
 m nt author of the Traile de la Formation Mecanique 
 (ies Lan^'ues, tom. i. SOA, Ac. 
 
 As the Mexican paintiiies are the most curious 
 monumenis extant of the eaibest mode of writmn, it 
 will not be improper to give some account of the means 
 by which they were pre^e.vi.l from the jieneral wreck 
 of every work of art in Ainencii, and commnmeated lo 
 the public. For the most earlv and complete collec- 
 tion of these pnbbsiied by Purchas. we are indebted to 
 the attention of that curious itupiirer, Hakluvt. Don 
 Antonio Mendoza, viceroy of New Spam, having 
 deemed those iiaintiiigs a [troper present for Charles 
 v.. the ship ill wliieli tbey were sent to Spain was 
 taken by a French cruiser, and tl.ey came into the pos- 
 session of Tlievet. the Kimij's ucograpber. who. having 
 traVL-Ucd hmisr If mto the New Worl ' and described 
 one of Its province 8. was n curious observer of whatever 
 tended to illustrate the manner.^ of the Americans. On 
 Ins death, ihcv w(~re purchased bv Ilakbivt. at that time 
 chaplain of the Kiigli>li ambassador lo the Frofich 
 court ; and being left by him lo Purchas, were pun- 
 lished at the d.sire ol the bariied antiipiarv. Sir Henry 
 Spelman. Purchas. in 106;'). They were translated 
 from KiiLdish into Fienrh by Melcbr/.edeck Tlievenol, 
 and published in his collection of vovasicK. A 1) liiHil 
 
 Tlie fcecoiid specimen cf Mexican piclure-writmg 
 wtu pubhffhcd by Dr. Franris Guuielli Carren, in two 
 
 copper-plaits. The first is a map, or representation ol 
 
 the progress of tl:c ancient Mevirnns on their first ar- 
 rival m ine country, end of the various -^fations in which 
 they settled, befoii' iliey founded the eapitid of their 
 empire in the lake of ^iexlco. The second is a Chra 
 nolotjieal Wliecl, or ("irclc. represenriiij; the manner in 
 which they conqpiiled und marked their cycle of tifty- 
 iwo years. He received both from Don (.'arlos de Si- 
 guenza y Congorra, a ddinent collector of ancienl 
 Mexican Documents. But as it seems now to be a 
 received opinion (founded, as far as I know, on no good 
 evidence), that Carrerl was never out of Italv, and (hat 
 his famous (iiro del Mumh id an account of a fictitious 
 voyage, I have not mentioncii these paintings in the 
 text. They have, however, manifestly the appearance 
 of being Mexican productions, ind are allowed to be 
 BO by Boturini. who was well qualified to determine 
 whether they were genuine or supposititious, M. ('la- 
 vigero likewise admits them to bo genuine jiaintings oi 
 the ancient Mexicans, 'i'o me they always appeared 
 to be so, though from my desire to resl no part of my 
 narrative iqton queb'ionable authority, I did not refer 
 to them. The style of painting in the former is eonyi- 
 derably more perfect than any other 8[)eciinen of Mexi- 
 can design ; but as the original is said to have been 
 much defaced by time, I suspect tin:*, it has been im- 
 proved by some touches from the hand of a Knropean 
 artist. Carreri, (_'hurchill, iv. p. 487. The Chrono- 
 logical Wheel is a just di Imealion of the Mexican inodo 
 of computing time, as described by Acosta, lib. vi. c. 
 2. It seems to resemble one which that learned .le- 
 suit had seen ; and if it be admitted as a genuine monu- 
 ment, It proves that the Mexicans bad artilic'al or arbi- 
 trary characters, which represented several things be- 
 sides numbers. Fach montli is (here represented Viy a 
 symbol expressive of some work or rite prcubar to it. 
 
 The third specimen of Mexican painting wav disco- 
 vered by another Italian. In 17'.i6, Forenzo Botnrmi 
 Benaduci set out for New .Spam, and was led by se- 
 veral incidents to study the language of the Mfxicans, 
 and to collect the remains of iheir tii>(orical inonmnciiti*. 
 lie j>ersisted nine years in his researches, with tlie en- 
 thusiasm of a projector, and the patience of an aiiti- 
 (jnarv. In 1746, be published at Madrid, Idra dt una 
 yucra Histinui (iincrol dr la Aniiricd Scptoitrmiuilf 
 contaitiirig an account of the result of Ins inqnirirs ; 
 Hiid he added lo it a catalogue of Ins American llistori- 
 cal Museum, arranged umii r tliirty-si\ dillereiil heads. 
 Ills idea of a New History appears to me the work of 
 a whimsical credulous man. But bis catalogue of 
 Mexican maps, paintings, tribule-roHs, calendars, Ac, 
 Is much larger (ban one could \u\v expected. I'litor- 
 tunalelv a ship, m which be b nl sent a (-(msiderable 
 pjrt of them (o Furope, was lakm by an Fiiglisli pri- 
 vateer during the war between ( Iieat BriJain anil Spain, 
 which commenced m the year 1 T.VJ . and it is probable 
 that lliev peiished l)y falliiiL,' into the bands of ignorant 
 Cit[)tors. Bofurini hnnselt' mcurred the tlisplcasure of 
 the S[ianish court, and died m un bo>pn,il at Madrid. 
 'I'be history of which the lilnt, \e. whs only a prcsprr- 
 fiis, was never jMiblished, The remainder of Ins j\lu- 
 senm seems to have been dispersed Some part of it 
 came mlo the possesMon of the ]ireseiif :\rcbbishop of 
 Toledti, when be was primate of New Spjiiii ; and he 
 published from i( that curious tribute-roll which I have 
 mentioned. 
 
 The only other collection of Mexican paiiitings, as 
 far as I can learn, is in thi' Imperial Library at \'n una. 
 iJv order of their ImiMrial Majet-ties I have obtained 
 such a specimen of these as I desired, in ei^ht paint 
 ings made with so much lidebty, that I am informed 
 ibe copies could hardly be dlstlllLMIl^hed from the origi- 
 nals. Accordini: to a note in this Cm/* j Mrxtrtintis, il 
 np[tearH lo have been a present from I'mmanuel. King 
 of Portugal, lo Pope Clement \ 11 who died A I). 
 ITi'V,]. Aft( r passing tbrougii the hands of sever.il il- 
 lustrious proprn tors, it fell mlo those of the Cardinal 
 of S.ixe-Fisenach. who presented it *o the Fmptror 
 I.eojiold. These paintings are mamtesily Mexican, 
 but ihey are in a style very difb'reiit frfun any ni the 
 former. An engraving has been made of one of them, 
 in order to gratify such of my readers as may deem 
 this an object worthy of their attention Mere it an 
 object of .snrttcienl importance, it might perhaps be 
 possible, bv recourse to the plates of Purelius. and the 
 Archbishop of 'I'oledo, as a ki v. to form plausible eoii- 
 jectiires roiicermng the meaning of this picture. Many 
 of the figures are evidently similar A. A are (argel-i 
 and darts, almost jn the same form w itli those pidibsb'd 
 by Purcluih, p. 1070, 1071, Ac. B B are b^uri'i. 
 of temples, nearly reBtinbbng ibo^e m Pi;rch„M\ d 
 UOU and Uia, and ui Lorenvuna. Pluti: U t 
 
 m 
 
SOJJTH AMERICA. 
 
 SOS 
 
 is a bale of manlier, or cotton cloths, the li^iire of 
 which ocrvirc iii .iliiio^it e\t'ry pliite of Purchas nnil 
 IjortMi/.iinn. K. K. K sut'in to hf Mt'xicnii caw- 
 lains 111 the r war dros.s, the raiitj^^tic onininfiits tif 
 whirh reseiiihU' the tijriires in I'lirclDs, p. 1 1 ID, 1 1 1 I, 
 Slin. I si)uiil(l .suiipost; litis piclurf lo he a inlMii)!- 
 roll. lift thfirnioth' of tmliiig niiiiihcrf* occurs l'rc<|mfiily. 
 1). I). 1).. <.Vc. AcLonhiii; to Hotiirnii, l\\r. i\unU\ ol 
 (-niii|>iitaiiot) by the iiiiinlicr of kiiot;i was known to ihc 
 MexuMOs us well as to the Prnivums, p. 85. and the 
 manri'.T in which the number ol' units is rcprpsentcd in 
 the Mexican painlui^s hi my posscspion s(;enis to con- 
 firm this opinion. 'I'hcy plauily resemble a string of 
 knotu on a cord or slondtir rope. 
 
 Smre I puhlislicd the formt-r edition, Mr. Waddilovc, 
 who IS still pleaded to continue his friendly attention tu 
 procure me information, has discovered, in die Library 
 of the Ksrurial. a volume in folio, consisting! of forty 
 sheets of a kind of pa^toboard, each the size of a com- 
 mon sheet of writini; paper, wiih yreat variety of un- 
 couth and whimsical tit^ures of .^Iexlcall panuini;. in 
 very fresh colors, and with an explanation in Spanish 
 to most of them. The tirst twenty-two sheets are the 
 sijins of the months, days, ikc. About the middle of 
 each sheet are two or more larire tij^ures for the month, 
 surrounded hy the sitjns of the days. The last eighteen 
 hhects are not so filled with tiijures. They seem to be 
 si^ms of Uetties. and imai^es of various objects. Ac- 
 cording to this Calendar in the Kscurial, tiie Mexican 
 vear contained ilvSfi davs, divided nilo 'Z'Z months of \'.\ 
 days, Kach day is represented by a dttl'erent sign, 
 taken from some natural object, a serpent, a doi:. u 
 lizard, a reed, a house. ^Vr. 'I'he sifres of days in the 
 Calendar of the Ilscurial are pr''''is(ly the same with 
 those mentioned bv IJotunni. Idea, iS;c. p 45, Hut, 
 if we may 'jive credit to that author, the Mexican yeir 
 "ontamrd llfiO davs, divided iiuo 18 months of 20 days. 
 The order of davs m everv month wa» computed, ac- 
 cording to him, tirst by what he calls a tndervnnanj 
 prntTiTssion of days from one to thirteen, in the .same 
 manner as m the Odl'»iidar of the Kscnria!, and then by 
 a septenanf |)roi;rrssion of days from one to seven, 
 making in all twenty In this ('alendar, not only llie 
 niiins whi-'h distinijmsh each day, but the <)ualaies snp- 
 po>ed to \w peculiar to each month are marked There 
 arc c( rtain weaknesses which seem to accompany the 
 human mind through every stiiire of its progress m ob- 
 Bcrvalion and science. Slender as was the knowlediie 
 of the Mexicans in asironomy, it appears to have het ii 
 already connected with judicial astrolojjy. 'I'he fortune 
 and character of persons born in each month are sup- 
 posed to be decided hv some superior intbience pre- 
 doimnaiit at the time of nativity. Hence it is foretold 
 in the Calendar, that all who are horn in one muntb 
 will be ricli, in another warlike, in a tlnrd luxurious, &c 
 The pasteboard, or whatever substance it may he on 
 which the <'alcndar in the Kscnrial i« painted, seems, 
 ny Mr. Waddilove's description of it. to resemble nearly 
 that :•.; 'bn hi-^t-'ial Library at Vtc'ina, In several 
 particulars the Ui-urcs bi-nr i^onie likeness to those in 
 the plate which I have published. The tij^ures marked 
 I), which induceil me to conjecliire that this paititiui; I 
 mJL'lit he a tribute roll similar to ttiose published hv 
 I*nrcha9 Hiiu the Archbishop of Toledo, Mr. Waddilove 
 supposes to be si^ns of davs ; and I have such conti- 
 dciice in tlie accuracy of his observations, as to enn- 
 ehide Ins opinion to be well founded It appears, from 
 the characters in which the e.Tphinations of the tiijures 
 are wriitrn. that this curious monument of Mexican 
 art has been ohiained soon after 'he; conquest of the 
 Kinpire. It is sintzutar that it should never have been 
 mentioned by any Spanl^h author. 
 
 NoTK ri51] p. 153 — The tirst was called the Prince 
 of the Deathful Lance ; the second the Divider of 
 Men; the tlnrd the Shedder of Blond; the fourth liie 
 Lord of the Dark-house. Acorta, lib. vi. c. 2b. 
 
 \orK [LVi]. p. l,-).}.— The temple of (^liolula, which 
 wa.i deemed more holy than any in New Spam, wa^t 
 likewise the most constderahlc. Jtiit it was nothing 
 more than a mount of solid earth. Aecordini» to Tor- 
 quemnda. it was above a quarter of a leanne in circuit 
 at the base, and rose to the heii,'ht of forty failunus, 
 Mon Iiid lib iii. c. 19. Kven .M. (/Uvti;ero iieknow- 
 |ei|jes that all the Mexican temples were solid struc- 
 tures, or earthen moun's, and of consefpience cannot 
 be considered as any \ -idcsnce of their having \\\u\i.' 
 miy coi.sidcrable progro.<9 iu the art of building. ('Iu\it'. 
 ii.807. 
 
 ' Frotjl inxpputini; various figures of lempb s in the 
 (uintinga engraved by Purchas. 'here seems to ho some 
 KUdoii for f(i»ptctmg Umt all their tciuplub weru con- 
 
 structed in the same 
 lilO, 1113. 
 
 manner Seu vol. iii. p. IIU'J, 
 
 XoTK [1531. p. l.M — Not only in Tlascala and Te- 
 peaca. but e\eii in Me.\ico Usdl, iIh; houses ol the peo- 
 ple were mere huts built with turt' or mud. or the 
 liranchcs of trees. 'J'hey were exiremcly low and 
 shirht, and without anv furniture hut a lew < artlien ves- 
 sels. I, ike the rudcsi Indians, several families reMdfil 
 under the same roof, without liavmg any separate aparl- 
 incntH. llerrera, d(c "Z. lib. vii. c. 13. Iih. x. c. "Z'i. 
 dec. 3. Ill), iv. c. 17. 'J'orqucm. lib. m. c. -3. 
 
 NoTB [154J. p. 154. — I am infnrmed hy a person 
 who lesitled long m New Spam, and visited almost 
 every province of it. that there is not. iu all the extent 
 of that vast empire, anv monument or vestige of any 
 building more iineient lliun the conquest, nor of any 
 bridge or liighway. except some remains of the cause- 
 way from (iiiadaloupe to that gate of Mexico by which 
 (-'ones entered the city. MS. pturs mc. 'I'he author 
 of another account in manuscript observes, "That at 
 this day there does not rtinain even the smallest vei- 
 tiije of tlie (XL-itenee of any ancient Indian building. 
 pui»lic or private, either in Mexico or in any province 
 of New Spam. I have travelled, says he. through all 
 the countries adjacent to them, viz. New (ialicia. New 
 Biscay, New Me.\ico, Sonora. ('inaloa, the New King- 
 dom of Leon, and New Santandcro. without having 
 oh.served any inonument worth notice, except some 
 rums near an anrienl village in the valley //*• Ca.\a.s 
 (iiiiuiiis, in hit. N, 3-'. 46'. long. a58-'. 24'. from the 
 i>land of Tencrilfe. or 400 le igues N. N. \V. from 
 Mexico," He descnhf s these rums minutely, and the\ 
 appiNir to be the remains of a paltrv l>uilding of turl 
 and stone, plastered ovit wiih white earth or lime. A 
 missionary informed tliat gentleimm, that he had dis- 
 covered the rums of another edifice similar to the for- 
 mer, about a hundred leatfues towards N. \V. on the 
 hanks of the river St. Pedro. MS. firncs me. 
 
 These testimonies derive great credit from one cir- 
 cumstance, that they were not given in support of any 
 particular svstem or ilieorv. but as simple answers to 
 queries which I had proposed. It is probable, how- 
 ever, that when these gentlemen assert thai no rums or 
 monuments of any ancient work whatever are now to 
 he discovered in the Mexican empire, they meant that 
 there were no such rums or mojuments as conveyed 
 any idea of grandeui or magnihcence in the works of 
 its ancu-nt inhabitants. For it appears from the testi- 
 mony of several Spanish authors, that in Otiimlm, Tlas- 
 cala, Cholula, tVc. some vestiges of ancient buildings 
 are jitill visible. Villa Segnoi Theatro Amer. p. 14J. 
 308. 353. D. Fran, Ant. Lorenzana, formerly Arch- 
 bishop of Mexico, and now of Toledo, in hi^ introduc- 
 tion to tlint edition of the Cartas de Kclacion of (for- 
 tes, which he published at Mexico, mentions some rui.is 
 which are still visible in several of the towns through 
 which ('ortes passed in bis wav to die ca|ntal, p. 4, iVc. 
 But neither of these authors gives any dcscripuon of 
 them, and they seom to be :-o very inconsiderable, as 
 to show only that some biiildiuiis liad once been there. 
 The lar«:e mount of earth at Cholula. which the Spa- 
 niards dignified with the- name of temple, still remains, 
 but without any steps by which to ascend, or any facitiir 
 of stone. It appear^ now like a natural mount, covered 
 with yrass and shrubs, and pu^stltly it was never anv 
 thing more. Torquem lili, in c. 19 I have received 
 a •ninute description of the remains of a 'tiuple near 
 t.'nernavaca. on the road from Mexico to Acapulco. 
 It ix composed of large stones, tiii-d to each other as 
 nicely as those m the huihhiigs of the Pei-iiviaiis. which 
 are iiereafter mentioned At the foumLlion it forms a 
 square of twenty-live yards ; l>ut as it rises iii lieight it 
 diminishes in extent, not gradually, but hy bciug'con- 
 tractetl suddenly at regii!:>r distances, so that it must 
 have resembled the figure B. in the plate. It termina- 
 ted. It IS said, III a spire. 
 
 \oTK [155.] p. 154 — The cxag^^eration of the Sj,a- 
 nish hiitorians. with respect to the number of human 
 victims sacriliceil in .Mexico, ap[.ears to be very great 
 .According to (!omara. there was no year in winch 
 twenty thousand liuinaii victims were not oifercd to thir 
 Mexican Divinities, and in some years ihev amounied 
 to lilty thousand, Croii. c. 229. ' Thi' >kulU of those 
 unhappy pcisi)in wcri' ranged in ui-iler m a building 
 erected for ihal purptjse, and two of Cortes's otlicers. 
 who had counted them, informed (iomara that their 
 nn;uher was a hundred and Ihirlv-six lliousand ihal 
 c. 82. llertera's account is sliil more incrediblr. that 
 thetumber of Vi.rlinis waw hq iireut, that tivo thousjiid 
 
 have been sacrificed in one day. nay, on some or- 
 casions, no less than tvsenty thous.uid. Dec in. lib. 
 n. c. Ifi. Toiquemada goes beyond both in e\iravi», 
 gaiu'e ; for he asserts that twenty iliou>and ehiUiren, 
 exclusive of oiher victims, were slaiightereii annually. 
 .Mini. Ind. lib. vii. c. 21- The nio>l r.spet lahh' au 
 tlionty III favor of Mich high numbers is tli.it ot /u 
 murraga. the first Bishop ot Mexico, who, in a letter ii' 
 the chapter-general of his order. .\ D Iti31 . asserts, 
 tnat the Mexicans sacriticed annually twt nt\ tliou>aud 
 victims Davild. Teatro Kccles. I21i. In oppo.^i.ion 
 to all these accounts, B. di; las (.'asas nbsi'rves. itiat il 
 there had been such an annual waste of the human 
 species, the coiuitry could never have arrived at iliat 
 degree of populou^Miesa for which it was remarkable 
 when the Spaieards first landed there. This reasorii.>i^ 
 is just. If the nuinher of victims in yll the provinces 
 of New Spain had been so great, not only must pi>pu- 
 lalioii have been prevented from increasing, but the 
 human race niust have been exterminated m a shor 
 time. For besides tiie waste ol tin- spt c les hy ^ueh 
 numerous sacnlires, it is observable that whertxer the 
 fate of captixes taken in war is cither certain death or 
 perpetual slavery, as men can gain notlimg hy t-uluiut- 
 ting speedily to an enemy, ihey always resist to the 
 utterniost, and w^r becomes bloody ami destructive lu 
 the last degree. Las (^asas positively asserts, that the 
 .Mc xicans never sacrificed inon^ than fdty or 'i hundred 
 persons in a year. Sec Ins dispute with SepuUeda, 
 sul joined to his Brevissima Relacion. p 105. Corn^s 
 does not ^peclfy what immber of victims was saertiiced 
 annually ; but B. Diaz del ('aslillo relates that, an in- 
 quiry having been made with respect to this by the 
 Franciscan monks who wer^ >ent into New Spain nn- 
 niediately after the conquest. It waj found that about 
 two thousand five hundred were sacrilicid i'very \e.i) 
 in Mexico, C.2U7. 
 
 Note [L56]. p. 155, — It is hardly nccessar\' to ob- 
 serve, that the I'^uvian Chronolo^^y is not unlv ob- 
 scure, but Tepugnaiit to eoncluMons deduced lioiii liic 
 moftt accurate and extensive observations, concenung 
 the time that elapses during each reign, in any given 
 succession of rrinces. Tne medium ha.-- been loiind 
 not to exceed twenty years. According to .\co>ia and 
 tJarcilasso de Id Vega, lluana <'apac. who d,ed abo.it 
 the year 1.527, was the iwelfth Inca. .Accuidmi.' tu 
 this rule of computing, the duration of the I'eruv an 
 monarchy ought not to have bi-en reckoned above two 
 h'lndred and tony years ; but thi^y airirtn th.a it h.id 
 subsisted lour hundred years. Acosia. hb. vi. c. 19 
 Vei^a, lib. i, c. 9. By this account each reign is e\- 
 teiided at a inejium to lliirly- three years, instead of 
 twenty, the number ascertained by Sir Isaac Newton's 
 ohser\.»lions ; but »o impcrtect were the PeruM.ni tra- 
 ditions, liiut though the total is boldly marked, the 
 nuinher of years in each reign is unknown. 
 
 NoTK [157]. p !55, — Many of the earliest Spain>h 
 writers assert that the IVruvians otlen-d hutnaii >acri- 
 tices. Xeres. p. 190. Zarate, lib. i, c. 1 1. Acosta. hh. 
 v. c. 19. Bet (iarcilas.".o de la Vei;a contend.s, that 
 tl'ouijh this barliarous practice prevailed aiuorii; their 
 uncivilized ancestors, it was totally abolishril liy the 
 Incas, and that no human vii-tiui was ever oliered n; 
 anv temple of tiie .Sun 'l"liis assertion, and thr- ht.uisi- 
 i hie reasons with which he ciutiriiis ii. are snilicuMt to 
 refute the Spanish writers, whostr accounts serui lo l-i- 
 founded rritirelv upon report, not upon what they thein- 
 seivcs had ob.servcd. Vega, lib, ii. c, ■». In one ol 
 their festivals, the Peruvians otFered c ikes of bread 
 moistened wuh h!ood dra-vn iVoui tlie ar.ns, ihe lye- 
 hrows, and noses of their childieu Id lib vn c. »». 
 This nto may liave been derived Iroin their ani'unt 
 practice, in their uncivilized state, of sacrincmg human 
 victims. 
 
 N'oiK [158] )) 150 — The Spaniu Is have adopteil 
 both those customs of the ancient Pcruvinns. They 
 have preserved some of the aipieducts or canals, made 
 111 the days of the IncBs. and have made new ones, by 
 which they water every Held that they cultivate. L'Uoa 
 Vttya^c. lorn i. 432 477. They likewise continue to 
 iHe un<iii(i, or the dung of set fowls, as manure L'llo i 
 gives a doscri|it>un ot the abnosi mcttdiMe quantity ot 
 It ill the kinall islands near the coast. Ibid. 481. 
 
 NoTK [1.59]. p. 1.5(1. — The temple of Cayainho. tha 
 palace of the loca at (^allo m the plain of Lacatungo, 
 and thil of Atun ( 'nnii.ir. are descri'iid hv I iloa, loni, 
 i. 2.Sr». iVtr who inspected them wilh greal care. \\. 
 de Condaininc p'lblistied d CLruu-i me.ito.r concuriuiig 
 
204 
 
 ROBERTSON S HISTOR? Of" 
 
 i! 
 
 r- 
 
 ibe mills of Auin-Cannar. Mem. do I'Acadpiaic do 
 Berlin. A. D. 1746, p, 435. Arosta describes llie 
 ruins of ('uzco, which he bad examined, l-ib. vl. i*. 
 14. (jurrihii>so. in his usual style, gives pompous and 
 confiisfd descriptions of several temples and other piih- 
 '.ic edilice.t. l-ih. iii. c, I. c. 21. lih. vi. c. 4. Don. 
 
 Zd|mta, in a lartre (realise roncennng Peru, wbu'h 
 
 has not hitherto been published, communicates some 
 intorination with respect to several monuments of the 
 ancient i^eruvians. which have not been mentioned by 
 other authors. MS. pcnrs mc. Articulo ix, Ulloa de- 
 senhes some of iho ancient Peruvian fortifications, 
 which were likewise works of great extent and solidity. 
 Tom. i. 3Ul. Three circumstances struck all those 
 observers ; the vast size of the stones which the Pern- 
 vijns employed in some of their hmldings. Acosta 
 measured one, whicti was thirty feet long, eighteen 
 broad, and six in thickness ; and yet. he adds, that in 
 the fortress at Ciizco thern were stones considerably 
 larger. It is ditficnlt to conceive how the Peruvians 
 could move the.se, and raise them to the height even of 
 twelve feel. The second circumstance is, the imper- 
 fection of the Peruvian art. when appbed to working in 
 limber. IJy the patience iiud perseverance natural to 
 Americans, stones may be formed into any shape. 
 merely by rubbing one against another, or by the use 
 of hatchets or other instruments made of stone ; but 
 with such rude tools little progress can be made in 
 carpentry. The Peruvians could not mortise two 
 beams together, or give any degree of union or stability 
 to any work composed of timtier. As they could not 
 form a centre, they were totally unar(juainted with tlie 
 use of an-hes in building ; nor can the Spani.-^h authors 
 conceive how they were able to frame a roof for those 
 ample structures which they raised. 
 
 Tiie third circums-tanco is a striking proof, which all 
 tlie monuments of the IVruvians furnish, of their want 
 of ingenuity and invention, accompanied witli patience 
 111) less a.stonishing. None of the stones employed in 
 tliose works were formed into -iny particular or uuifonn 
 sh-^pe. which could render tliem tit for heiiig compacted 
 tOL'ether in building. The Indians took them as (hey 
 leil from the mountains, or were raised out of the ipiar- 
 nes. Some were scpiare. some triangular, some con- 
 vex, some concave. Their art and industry were (in- 
 ployed m joining them together, by forming such liol- 
 lows in the one as perfectly corresponded to the projec- 
 tions or risings in the other. This tedious operation, 
 WiUch miglit have been so easily ahridged by adapting 
 the ^^urfilce of the stones to each other, either by rub- 
 bing, or bv their hatchets of copper, would be deemed 
 incredihle, if it were not put beyond doubt by inspect- 
 ing the remains of those buildings. It gr.es them a 
 verv singular a[tpearance to a Kuropean eye, Tliere 
 IS no legutar laver or stratum of building, and no une 
 utore reseinliies anotlier in dimensions or form. At 
 th'j iame time, bv the persevering but ill directed indus- 
 try of l!ie Ind.ans. thev are alt joined with that minute 
 liii,cly which I hive mentioned. I'lloa made tins oli- 
 nervation concerning the form of the stones in the t'or- 
 iress of AMin-C'aimar. V*oy. i. p. ^^H7 Pernio givch 
 II similar desi-ription of the fortress of (>uzco, the ino.sl 
 perfect of all the Peruvian works. Zapata MS. penes 
 me. AccordniL' to M de ( ■ondainme, there were regu- 
 lar strata of Imildmg in some parts ol Atun-('annar, 
 which he remarks as singular, and as a proof of some 
 progress in improvement. 
 
 Note [160] p. l.')6. — The appearance of those 
 bridges which bend with their own weight, wave wuli 
 the wind, and are considerably agitated by the motion 
 of every perjion who passes along them, is very fright- 
 fr' -.*. (irst. But the Spaniards have found ihem to be 
 the easiest mode of |ia!»sing the torrents in Peru, over 
 which It would be dilKcult to throw more solid struc- 
 turts either of atom* or timber, 'i'iiev form those 
 bang'iig bnd'ics so strouif and broad, that loaded inulei 
 pass along them. All the trade of <'u7.co is curried on 
 bv means of such a bridge over the river .\purnnac. 
 Ulloa. tom. 1. p 338. A more siinplo contrivance was 
 emitloycd m passing smaller streaunt : A b.)<)ket, in 
 which the traveller was placed, being suspended from 
 a strong rope stretched across the stream, it was 
 pushed or drawn from one side to the other. Ibid. 
 
 NoTK I' 161]. p \M — My information with respect 
 to those events is takrii Iroin Suhriu hrerr de la e.xpe- 
 dicion mililar de Sinora y (,':naloa. su exito fell/, y 
 vantojoso esiado, en 'pie por eonsecuentia de ello, se 
 ban pile '-III unilias provim-iiis. ptihlii^Iird at .Mexico, 
 June 17;h, I7'< |. m f>rdcr to satisly the curiosity of the 
 merchants, who liad ruriit<!hcd the viceroy with money 
 
 for dcfraving the expense of the armament. The 
 copies of this .XoticKi are verv rare in Madrid ; but I 
 have obtained one, wh'ch has enabled me to communi- 
 cate these curious Ijcis to tiic public. Accordini; to 
 this account, there was found in the mine Yecorato in 
 Cinaloa a gram of gold of twenty-two carats, which 
 weighed sixteen marks four ounces foiirochavas; this 
 was sent to Spain as u present fit for the king, and is 
 now dej)osited in the royal cabinet at Madrid. 
 
 NoTK [162]. p. 158. — The uncertainty of geogra- 
 [ihers with respect to this point is remarkable, for Cor- 
 tes seems to have surveyed its coasts with great accu- 
 racy. The Archbishop of Toledo has published from 
 the original in the possession of the Marquis del V'alle, 
 the descendant of Cortes, a map drawn in 1541, by the 
 pilot Domingo Castillo, in which California is laid 
 de.vn as a peninsula, stretching out m arly in the same 
 direction which is now given to it in the best maps; 
 and the point where Uio Colorada enters the gulf is 
 tnarked with precision. Hist, de Nueva Espagna, 327. 
 
 Note [163.] p, 158 — I am indebted for this fact to 
 M. I/Abbe Kaynal, tom. iii, 103 ; and upon consulting 
 an intelligent person, long settled on the Mosquito 
 shore, and who has been engaged in the logwood trade, 
 1 find that ingenious author has been well informed. 
 The logwood cut near the town of St. Francisof Cain- 
 peacby is of much better quality than that on the other 
 side of Yucatan : and Mq Knglish trade in the liay of 
 Honduras is almost at ,in end. 
 
 NoTK [164] p. lliO — P. Torribio de Benevenle, 
 OT Mololmea, has en iiin r.ied ten causes of th<; 
 rapid depopulation of Alnico. to which he gives 
 the name oi' the Ten Plagues. *.!anv of these are not 
 [H'culiar to tiiai province. 1, The intrnduciion of the 
 small pox. This di-*c;ise was tirst brought into New 
 .Spiiiii in the year lo'.^!!, by a .\egro-siaM. wlio attended 
 .N^rvacz in Ins expedition against (.'ortes. Torribio 
 allirms, that one half of the people in the provincis 
 visited with this di-temper died. To this tnortality, 
 occasioned by the small pox. Tonpicni-ida adds the de- 
 structive etfects of two conlagioiis dislempers winch 
 ram'd III the year 154.') and 1576. In the former 
 H1K),<I00, in the latter, above two iniliions perished, ac- 
 cording to an exact account taken by order ot the vice- 
 roys. Mon. Iiid. i. 64*.; The small pox *as not 
 introduced into Pern for several years iifter the nivasinu 
 of the Spaniards ; but, thi<re. too, that distemjier proved 
 very fatal to the n'.lives. (iarcia Origin, p. 88. 2. The 
 numbers who were killed or died ul lanune in tlwir war 
 with the Spaniards, particularly diiruiu the siege ol 
 .Mexico. 3. Tlie great famine that followed alter the 
 reduction of .Mexico, as all the people engaged, either 
 on one side or otiier. had neglected ;lie cultivation of 
 their lauds. Something similar to this happened in all 
 the other countries compiered by the Spaniards, 
 4. 'J'hc grievous tasks imposed by the Spaniards upon 
 the people belougiiig to tiieir ile|)artimieiilos. 5. 'I'lie 
 oppressive burden ol' taxes whicli ihev were unable to 
 pay. and from which they could hope loi no exemption. 
 U. Tlie numherscmployed in colleeting the ^old carriiil 
 down by the torrents from the iiiounldiiis, who were 
 forced from tlieir own babitatious. without any pro- 
 vision made for their subsistence, and subjected to all 
 the rigor of cold m those elevated regions. 7. 'I'iie 
 iinnieuse labor iif rebinldiiig .Mexicii, which Cortes 
 urged on with such [»r» cijulate ardor as destroyed an 
 incredible number of people 8. Ttie number of 
 people condemned to servitutle, under varioii.-* pretexts, 
 and emi)loyed in working the silver mines. The.se, 
 marked by each proprietor with a hot iion. like bis 
 cattle, were drivtm in herds to the inoimtams. i). The 
 nature of the labor to which they were suhjeeled there, 
 the noxious vapours of the iniiica, the coldness of the 
 clmiale, and scarcitv were so fatal, that 'I'orriiuo 
 aliirins the counlrv round several uf those mines, par- 
 ticularly near (niaxago. was covered wuU dead bodies, 
 the air corrupted with their steiicii. and so many vul- 
 tures and other voracious birds hovered alioiil for their 
 prey that the sun was darkened with their flight. 
 10. The Spaniards, in the ditlereiit e.xpeditioiis winch 
 they undertook, and by tbe civil wars which they car- 
 ried on. destroyed m.Luy of the natives whom they 
 compelled to serve them as 'I'lini'mrx, or tamers of 
 burdens. This last mode of oppression was particu- 
 larly ruinous to the Peruvians. Prom the number of 
 Indians who perished in Uoiualo Puarro's expedition 
 into llie countrn^H to the east .)! the Andes, one may 
 lorm some idea of what tliey sull'cred in similar ser- 
 vices, and how fast they were wasted by them. Tor- 
 ribio, MS. Corita, in his iireve y Summana Helacion, 
 
 illustrates and confirms several of Torribio's obnei- 
 vations, to which he refers. MS. peucs mr. 
 
 Note [165.] p. 160 — Kvcn Montesipiieu has adopted 
 this idea. lib. viii. c 18. But the jiassion ol that 
 ureat man for system sometimes rendered him inai:en* 
 t:ve to research ; and from his capacity to reline, he 
 was a[it, in some instances, to overlook obvious and 
 just causot). 
 
 Note [166]. p. 160 — A strong proof of this occurs 
 in the testament of Isabella, where she discovers the 
 most tender concern for the humane and mild usage of 
 the Indians. Those laudable sentiments of the queen 
 have been adopted in the public law of Spain, and serve 
 as the introduction to the regulations contained under 
 the title 0/ the goud treatment of the Indians. Ueco 
 pil. lib. vi. tit. X. 
 
 Note [167] p. 160.— In the seventh Title ol the 
 first book of the lierofulacmn, which contains the laws 
 concerning the powers and functions of archbishops 
 and bishops, almost a third part of (hem relates to what 
 is incumbent upon them as guardians of the Indians, 
 and points out the vanous methods in which it is ttieir 
 duly to mterpo.=je, in order to defend them from oppres- 
 sion either with respect to their persons or property. 
 Not only do the laws commit to them this honorable 
 and humane otl'iee, but the ecclesiastics of America 
 actually exercise it. 
 
 Innumerable proofs of this might be produced from 
 Spanish authors. lint I rather refer to (Jage as ho 
 was not disposed to ascribe anv merit to the popish 
 clerii'v to which they were not fully entitled. Survey, 
 p. 14*.i. I'J'-i, Ac. Henry Hawks, an I^ngbah mer- 
 eliant. who resided live years ni New Spain previous to 
 the year 1572, gives the same favorable account of the 
 pojnsh clergy. Hakluyt, iii. 466. By a law of Charles 
 V. not only bishojis, but other ecclesiiistics. are em- 
 powered to inform and udinouish the civil magistrates, 
 if any Indian is deprived of bis just liberty and rights 
 Hecn):ilac. lib. vi. til. vi. lev 14 , and thus were con- 
 stituted legal protectors of the Indians. Some of iho 
 Spanish ecclesiastics refused to grant absolution to such 
 of their countrymen as po.ssessetl i^nr^miendas, and 
 considered the Indians ns slaves, or euqdoved them in 
 v»'orking their mines. Uouz. Uavil. 'I'eatro. Kccles. i. 
 1.57. 
 
 Note [1681. p. 160.— According to (lage, Chiapa 
 dos Indos contains 4000 families ; and be mentions il 
 only as one of the largest Indian towns m America, p. 
 104. 
 
 Note [169.] p. 160 — It is very dillicull to obtain an 
 accurate account of the state of populaiion in those 
 kiniidoms of Kuropr where the police is most perfect, 
 and where science has made the greatest progress. In 
 Spanish .Xinertca. where knowledge is still m its in- 
 fancy, and few men have U isiiro to engage m r-;- 
 searches merely spectdative, little attention has iteeii 
 paid to this eunous ni.pnry. IJut m the year 1711, 
 Plnbp V. enjoined the viceroys and governors of tht 
 sevcr'il provHices in .\mcriea. to make an actual survey 
 of the people under the:r jurisdiction, and to transmit 
 a report coucerning their number and occupations. In 
 eonseqiunce of tins order, the Conde de Piien-i 'lara, 
 \'icerov of New Spam, appointed D Jos Antonio de 
 Villa ScLMior y Sanchez to execute that commission in 
 New Spiuii. From the leports of the magistrates m 
 tlie several districts, as well as from his ownohserva- 
 liou.^ and lone a<'quaintance with most of the pro- 
 vince.*, Villa St'i/nor pnblislied the result of liis ,n- 
 qunics in hit> Tntfro Aniericunit. His report, however, 
 is imperfect. (.)f the nine dioces-;es, into winch ilio 
 Mexican em[ ire has been diviibd, he has publi.'«)ied ail 
 account of five only. viz. the archbishop of Mexico, 
 the bishoprics of Pmbla dc los .\ngeles, Mechoacan, 
 O.izaea and Nova (ialicia. The bisliopiics of Vu- 
 cataii. Verapa;^, ('iiiapa, and Ciuatimala. are enttrely 
 omitted, though the two latter compiebeiid countrie5 
 in winch the Indian race is more numerous than in anv 
 part of New Spain In his survey of the extensive 
 diocess of Nova (Jalicni, the situation of the dill'erent 
 Indian villages is described, but he soecifies the num- 
 ber of people only m a small part of it. The Indians 
 of that extensive province, in which the Spanish domi- 
 nion is nnperlectly established, are not registered with 
 the same accuracy as in other parts of .New Spdin. Ac* 
 cording to Villa Seguor. the -n'tual state o\ pojiulation 
 iti the live dioccHses above menlioued is of SpaiuardSt 
 negroei. mulottots. and mestizoB, m the diocoftue4 ot 
 
S^OUTH AMERICA. 
 
 £05 
 
 Mix ICO 
 liiDS Angi'le* 
 
 Mechoacan 
 
 Oaxaca 
 
 NavaGnlicia 
 
 Families. 
 
 lori.coa 
 
 30,«00 
 
 30,810 
 
 7,^06 
 
 10,770 
 
 At the rate of five to & family, the total num- 
 ber is 
 
 Tiulian families in the diocess of Mexico 
 Ia)s Angeles ----- 
 
 Meclioacan ------ 
 
 Oaxaca ------ 
 
 Nova Galicia - - . - - 
 
 190,708 
 
 953.r.40 
 
 119.511 
 88.240 
 30,196 
 44,2S2 
 
 294,391 
 
 At the rate of five to a family, the total liiinibcr is 
 1.471,955. W'n may rely with urcat certainly on tliis 
 coinpnlation of iho nutnlier of Indians, as it is taken 
 from the Matrifnln, or register, according to which 
 the tribute paid by them is colh'cted. As four diocesses 
 of nine arc totally oinitted, and in tliai of Nova <iabcia | 
 the numbers are nnperfecily recorded, wc may con- j 
 elude that the number of Indians in tiie Mexican eni|iire 
 exceeds two rmlhons. 
 
 The account of the tnnnbcr of Spanianis. &c. seems 
 not to be eipiallv comiiUle. Of many places, Villa 
 Segiior observes in general terms, that several >^pu- 
 niards, negroes, and |>c'ople of mixed race, reside there, 
 without sjH'Cifying their nmnber. If, therefore, we 
 make alIo».\ancp for lliese, and tor all who re-^ided in 
 the four dioeesses omitted, the nundx r of Spaniards, 
 and of Uiose of a mixed race, may probably amount to 
 a nnlUon and a half. In some jjlaces V'llhi .Segiior dis- 
 tinguishes hetwefii Spaniards and tiie three inferior 
 races of negroe*', mulalloes, and mestizos, and marks 
 their number sfparalely. Hut he generally blends ilium 
 logellier. Hui from the proportion observable in those 
 places, where the mnnber of each is marked, as well 
 as from the account of the stale of population in New 
 
 3 pa I 
 
 hv other authors, it is manifest that the mimlier 
 
 of negroes and persons of a mixed race lar exceeds 
 that of Spaniards. Perhaps the latter ought not to be 
 reckoned above 500,000 to a million of the former. 
 
 Defective as this account maybe, I have not been 
 able to procuie such intelligence concerning the num- 
 ber of people in Peru, as might enable me to form any 
 coiiji-cture e.pially satistying with respect to the degree 
 of Its population. I have been mrorined that m the 
 year 1701, the proK dor of the Indians m the Mceroyally | courts are fixed, that they can derive little benefit from 
 
 authors whom I thougni worthy of credit. But I have 
 nhiiimed an emiieeration of ihe iiihabilants of tin .owns 
 in the province of t^'iiUo, on the accuracy of winch 
 1 Ciin relv ; aiKl I commuicate il to the |iul)lic, both in 
 gratify curiosity, and to rectifv the lnl^taken notion 
 which [ have mentioned. St. Vt:w sco de Quito cun- 
 ta iis between .'>0 and 00.000 peoph: of all the dilferenl 
 races. Ilesides the city, there are in ihe ('inr< I'liniintt^ 
 twenty-nine mras or parishes e.-tabhshed in the prin- 
 cipal villages, each of wbicli has smaller hamlets de- 
 peiidmg upon It. 'I'hc inhabitants of these are mostly 
 Indians and me.sli/os. St. Juan de I'aslo has between 
 and HOOO inlu.bi'ants. besides twenty-seven di-pend- 
 enl villages. St Mtuuel de loarra, 7000 citr/eiis and 
 ten viHayes. The disiiict of Havalla, between 18 and 
 •^O.OOt) people. 'I'be district of Tacuna, hetwetui 10 
 and 12.000. The district of Ambalo. between H and 
 10.000. besides sixteen depending villaues The city 
 of Hiobamba, i)etween 16 and 20.000 inhabitants, and 
 nine depeiiilinrj viHanea. The district oi Cbimbo, be- 
 tween and HOOO. Tlie city of (luayaipnl. from 16 
 to 20.000 mhahitai.ls, and fourti.rn depending villages. 
 Tlie district of .\tuasi, between 5 and 6000 inhabitants, 
 aixl four depending villages. The city of f'lienza. be- 
 tween 25 and 30.000 inliabiiants. and nine populous 
 depending TiIla'Tcs. The town of l.axa, from 8 to 
 10.000 inhabitants, and fonrleen depending villaiiea. 
 This deszree of iiopulation, though slender if we con- 
 sider the vast extent of the country, is far beyond what 
 is commonly supposed. I have omitted to mention, in 
 its proper place, tlial t^nito is the onlv jirovmce in Spa- 
 nish America tliat chii he derionnnated a mannfactnrin>/ 
 conutrv ; bats, cotton slutfs. and coar.-;e woollen cloths 
 are made there in such (]uantities as to he snlbcient not 
 onlv for tiie consumption of the province, but to turnisli 
 a considerable article for exportation into oilier parts of 
 .Spanish America. I know not whether the uncuinmon 
 mdustrv of this province should be considered as the 
 cause or the eO'ect of its jiO|)nlousness. Hut among 
 the o-teiitatntus inhahitanis of the New World, the 
 passion for every thmi; that comes from Knrope is so 
 violent, that I am informed the niainifactnres of Cjuito 
 are so much undervalued as to he on the decline. 
 
 NoTK [170]. p. 161 — These arc established at the 
 following places : — St. Domiiigo in the island of His- 
 paniola, Mexico in New Spain, liiina in Peru, Panama 
 in Tierra rirme. Santiario in (iuatiinala, (iuadala.iara 
 in New (ialii-ia. Santa I''e in the .New Kingdom of 
 firanada, l.a Plata in the country of I.os ('harcas. St. 
 Prancisco de Quito, St. Jai^o ile Chili, Huenos Avres. 
 To each of these arc subjected several large provinces, 
 nd .•^ome so far removed from the cities where the 
 
 of Peru compul.'d that Gl2, '(HO paid tribute to the king 
 As all females, and persons under age are exempted 
 from ihis tax in Peru, the total number of Indians 
 oughi by that account to be 2,449,120. MS. penes me. 
 
 I shall mention another mode by which one may 
 compute, or at least form a guess concerning the stale 
 of population in Ni'w Spam and Peru. According to 
 an account which I have reason to consider as accu- 
 rate, tiie number of eo[ues of the hull of Crnzada ex- 
 ported to Ptrn oil each new pntdicaiion, is. 1.171,953; 
 to New Spain. 2,010, 326. I am inforincd thai but 
 few Indians piircjiase hulls, ami that they arc sold 
 chiefly In the Spanish iidiabiiantH, and those of mixed 
 race ; .^o thai the number of Spaniards, and people of 
 a mixed race, will amount, by this mode of compula- 
 tion, to at least three nnllioiis. 
 
 The iiumher of inhabitants in many of the towns in 
 Spanish America mav give us some idea of the extent 
 of population, and rorie(*t the inaeeurate but popular 
 notion entertained in (ireat Brilam concerumg the 
 weak and desolate stale of their colonies. The city of 
 Mexico contains at least l.iO.OOt) people. It is remark- 
 able tii.it Tonpienunla.who wrote ins Mnmfn^uia Imtiann 
 about the year 1612, reckons liie mahitants of Mexico 
 at tliat time to he only 7000 Spaniards and 8000 In- 
 dians. I,il'. iii. c. 26. TuebU de los .\ngeles con- 
 tains aliove 60,000 .Spaniards, and people of a mixed 
 race. Villa Segnor, p. 247. (luadalaxara coiUams 
 above 30,000 exclusive of Indians, Ibid. ii. 206. l.ima 
 contains 54,000. Ue (,'osme liueno Uescr. de Pern, 
 1764. Carthagena contains 25,000. Polosi contams 
 25,000. Hueiio, 1767. Popayan contams ahove 
 20.000. riloa, 1. 287. Towns of a second class are 
 Mill more numerous. The cities in tiie most thriving 
 flciilenients of other Kurojiean nations in America can- 
 not berompared with these. 
 
 Such are the detaclied accounts of the niiml)er ol 
 imopU^ ic several towiia, which I found scaltureii in 
 
 their jurisdiction. The Spain sli writers coinmonlv 
 reckon up twelve (."ourts of Audience, Itnl tliey include 
 thai of Manilla, in the Philippine islands. 
 
 NoTK [171] p 161— On account of the distance of 
 Peru and ("liili from Spam, and the dilbt ulty of carry- 
 ing commodities of such bulk as wine and oil across 
 tht' isthmus of Panama, llie Spaniards in tliose piovinces 
 l.ave been permitted to jilaiit vines and olives : but 
 they are strictly prohduied from exporting wine or oil 
 to any of the provinces on the Pacitic Ocean, which 
 are in such a situation as to receive them from Spam. 
 Keco. lib. i, lit. xvii. 1. 15—18. 
 
 NoTK [172]. p. 162. — 'I'liis compulation was made 
 by IJenzoni, \. 1). 1550. tilty-eiiiht y»'ars after tlie dis- 
 covery of .America. I list. Novi Orhis, lib, in c 21 Knl 
 as Hen/.uni wrote with tlie spirit of a nialecontent, dis- 
 posed to detracl from the Spaniards in every particular. 
 It is probable that his calculation is considerabtv too 
 low. 
 
 NoTK [173] p. 162. — My information with resjiect 
 to the diviMon and transmission of projjerty in the Spa- 
 m.^i colonies is iniperlect. 'I'lie Spanish authors do 
 iioi explain tiiis fully, and have not perliaps attended 
 sutliciently to the etbcts of llieir own institutions and 
 laws. Solorzano de .lure Ind (vol. li lib, n. 1. 16.) 
 explains m some measure the mtrodn'-tmn of the tenure 
 of }{(ii/ti) astro, and ineiitions some of its etfects. Vdia 
 Segnor lakes notice of a singular consequence of it. 
 He observes, that m some of the best situations in the 
 city of .Mexico, a good deal of ground ia unoccupied, 
 or covered only with liie ruins of the houses once erec- 
 ted upon It ; and adds, ihal as this ground is held by 
 riglit of Mai/nrftnon, and camioi be alienated, that de- 
 solation and those ruins become perpetual^ Tcatr. 
 Amer. vol. i. p. 34. 
 
 Note [174]. p. 162. — There is no law that excludes 
 CrcoUs bom (iliices ciih( r civil or eccle.-iastic. On the 
 couliioy. tlierc are many Ciiliihts. which recommend 
 liie ioiiterrnii.' pl.iees oi trusl iiuLscriminiUelv on ihe 
 naiivt's tit Spam and America. Helancourt y Pigucioa 
 Derecho. iSlc. p. 5.6. But. notwiihslanding ;.ucli re- 
 peated recoinmendalion.s, preh.Tim nt in alino.-,t every 
 line IS conlerred on native Spanmtds. A remarkahle 
 proof of this is produced hy ihe author last cj loled. 
 Prom the discovery of America to the vear 1637, three 
 Imudred and sixiy-mne liishops. or arehbi>hop-i. have 
 luen a|i|ioinled to the diOerent ilioceses m tti;it coun- 
 trv, and of all that number onlv twelve were Creolt". 
 p, 4t>. Tills predilection for Pnropejin^ seems still t(» 
 coMlimie. Uy a royal mandate. i}>?<ued in 17*^6. the 
 cliaj)ler of the cathedral of Mexico is direcU'd to noiiii- 
 iiate Kuroptaii ecclesiaslich of known merit and uhili 
 ties, that the King may appoint them to supplv \ac.otl 
 heiietices. MS. jicncs iiu\ 
 
 NoTK [175]. p. 162. — Moderate as tliis triliiite may 
 ap[iear. such i,-^ the extreme poverty of the Indutns in 
 many [troviiices of America, that the exacimg of it is 
 intoleraMy oppressive. Pegna Inner, par Paroci"'s de 
 liidios, p. 192. 
 
 NoTK [176]. p. 163. — In New Spain, on acco.uit of 
 the extraordinary merit and services of the hrst con- 
 (pierors, as well as the small revenue arising (r»>m the 
 country previous to the discovery of the mines of Sa- 
 catecas, the tnaiunrnUas were granted fur three, and 
 sometimes for four lives. Uecopil. lib. vi, til. ii. c. 
 14, vVc. 
 
 Note [177], p. 163.— D. Ant. I'lloa contends, tl.at 
 working m mmes is not noxious, and as a proof ••( this 
 informs us, that many .Mestizos and Indian.-,, who do 
 not belong to any llep-irtimienio. vohmtarilv lure ihein- 
 ^elves as miners ; and several of the Iiubans. wlieii ti.e 
 legal term of their service expires, continue to work 
 111 the mines of choice. I'.nlrrtcn, p. 265. IJut liid 
 opinion eoncernmg the wholesoineness of this occupa- 
 tion IS contrary to the expcriei.ce t»f all ages; and 
 wherever men are allured l>v high wages, they will en- 
 gage in any species ot luhor. however latiguing o. per- 
 nicious It may lie, D, Hern. Carillo .Mlamirano relates 
 a curious fact incoin|)atible with this n[)inion. Where- 
 ver mines are wrouglit. says he, the mimher ot Indiaiid 
 decreases ; Init in the province of Campeachy. w.-.cre 
 there are no mines, the number of Indians has increased 
 more than a ihird smce the coinpiesi of .\merica, ihoui^h 
 neither the sod nor climate be so favor.ible as in Peru 
 or Mexico. Colltert Collect. In anollier memorial 
 pr( sented to Piiilip III. in the vear 1609. ("aptaiii .loan 
 (ionzales de Azevedo asserts, that m every di>tricl oi 
 Peru where llie Indians are compellid to lal-or in the 
 mines, liieir numbers were reduced to the hall, and in 
 .some places to the third, of what it was under the vicc- 
 royaliy of Don Fran. Toledo in 1581. Colb. Collect. 
 
 NoTK [178], p. 163 — As labor of this kind cannot 
 bt* prescribed wilb legal accnracv. ihe tasks seem to he 
 ill a great measure arbitrary, and, like the services ex- 
 acted l»y feudal superiors in cmra jiiuto, ant mesne. 
 from their vassals, are extremely burdensome, and often 
 wantonly oppressive. Pagiia llmer. par Parodies do 
 Iiidios. 
 
 Note [179]. p. 163, — The turn of service known in 
 Peru by the name of Mi/a is calh i| Tanila in New 
 Spam. Tiiere it continues no longi r than a week at a 
 time. No person is called to serve at a greater dis- 
 tance from Ins habitation llian 24 miles. This arrange- 
 ment IS less oppressive to the Indians than thai csla- 
 Idished m Pern. Memorial of Hern. Carillo Altaini 
 rano. ('olbcrt Collect. 
 
 Note [180]. p. 163.— The strongest proof of this 
 may be deduced from the laws liiemseUes. Hv the 
 multitude and variety of regulations to prevent at)uses, 
 we may form an idea of the number of abuse.-* that pre- 
 vail. Though the Uws have wisely provided that no 
 Indian shall he obliged to serve m any mine at a greater 
 distance from his place of residence than thirty miles; 
 we are miormed, in a memorial of D. Hernan Carillo 
 Altamiraiio presented to the king, that the Indians ol 
 Pern are often compelled to serve in mines at the dis- 
 tance of a hundred, a hundred and lifty, and even two 
 hundred leagues from their babiialion. Colbert Col- 
 lect, Many mmes are situated in pans of the cnimlry 
 so barren and so distant fiom the ordinary habitaitona 
 of th*" Indians, that the n'-cessity of procuring Itboters 
 

 IK V 
 
 I 
 
 200 
 
 to work there has ol)li^f(l the Spanish Tnoniirchs lo 
 ■ilii[>eii«e wall tiu'irown rc^iil.ttioim in tir' criil insijiiircs, 
 and to [lurmil tlu; viceroys lo coih[hI tlir [uoplc of mori' 
 rt'iiioic [iroviiiccs to ruMort to iliosi' riiit;.'s. Ksirtiloiin 
 fjd/.ojtiivl. i'crul). 1:1). i. c Iti. Uiit. in jiiatico to llieiii, 
 It wiiouiil he ohserviMi thut tliey \\:t\o. hc-cii Riinlioim to 
 allovmle thi^ oppression as much ah pu^sililc, l)y riijoin- 
 intf iliu victroys lo employ every meiiiotl m urtk-r to 
 iitJiice the Indiana to setttc m doiito part of the coiuilry 
 adjdCL'nt to iho iniues. Id. ibid. 
 
 NoTK [181]. p. 163. — Torquemada, after a long 
 enumeration which has the appearance of accuracy, 
 concludes the niiinhcr of monasteries in iNow Spain to 
 be four hundred. Mon. Ind lib. xix. c. 32. The 
 number of Monasteries in the city of Mexico atoiio was, 
 ill the year 1745, lifly-live. Villa Se^nor Theat. Ainer. 
 i. 34. UUoa reckons up forty convents ni Lima ; and 
 mentioning those for nuns, he says that a small town 
 nnirht bo peopled out of them, the number of persons 
 abut up tb'Te is ao ^reat. Voy. i. 4*29. I'jiilip ill. in 
 m letter lo the Viceroy of Pern, A. U. 1G20, observes, 
 thai the number of convents in Lima was so (rreat. that 
 they covered more ground than all the rest of tlienty. 
 Solorz. lib. ill c. "ZX n. 57. Lib. lii. o. 16. Tor- 
 quem. hb. xv. c. 3. The first monastery in New 
 Spain was foundf:d A. L). 1525, four years only after 
 the conquest. Torq. lib. xv c. 10. 
 
 Ac<:ordiiig to Ciil Gonzalez Davila, the complete 
 catabli:»h(nent of the American church in all the Spa- 
 nisii eetllements was. in the year IGIU. 1 patriarch, G 
 arclibishops, 32 bishops, 31G prebcnd-i. 3 alibots, 5 
 royil chaplains, 840 convents. Tealro Hcch^siastico 
 de' las Ind. Occident. Vol. i. Pref. Wlicn the order 
 of Jesuits was expelled from all the Spanish dominions, 
 the colieL'e.H. professed bouses, and residences which it 
 possessed in the provmre of .\ew Spain were thirty, in 
 Quito tiixteen. in tiie \ew Kingdom of (Jranada thir- 
 tocN, in Peru seventeen, in Chih einlneen, in P.irat;uay 
 i;i!>nieen: in all, a hundred and twelve. Collectiou 
 General de Providencu!) hasla aqui tomadas sobre 
 esirananiento. iVc. do la Oumpd:,niia, part i. p. 19 
 Tlie number of .Jesuits, priesis, and novices in all these 
 amouiiied to 2245. MS. pnux inc. 
 
 Ill the vear IG44 ihocilyof .Mexico presented a peti- 
 ti(»n to the knii;. pravinj^' thai no new monastery miijlit 
 be founded, and that the revenues of those already 
 established ini^^ht be circuinscnhed, olherwi.HC the reli- 
 gious bouses would soon acquire the property of the 
 whole country. The petitioner-^ request likewise, that 
 Ihe bishojis miijht be laid under restric'ions in ronfer- 
 riui! hoi) orders, as there were at that time m New 
 Spam above SIX thousand cleriiyiuen wiihuut any living,'. 
 Ibid. p. 10. These abuses must have been rnonnouH 
 indeed, when the auporsliuon of AnuTiran Spaniards 
 was shocked, and induced to remons'raic against them. 
 
 NopK [132], p. 100. — This description of the man- 
 ners of the Spanish cleri,'v I should not tuive vt ntured 
 to tiive upon t' ^stimonv "f Protestant aulbors alone, 
 as tliey may peeled ol prepidice or exai,'i^eratioii. 
 
 Gaiio. in part ..r, who had a bftler opnorlnniiy than 
 any Protestanu to view the inierior slate of .Sparusli 
 America, describes the corruption of the church which 
 he had forsaken with so much of the acrimony of a new 
 copverl. tbil I should have distrusted his evidence, 
 though it communicates some very curious and Mtrikinij 
 facts Bui IJen/.oni mentions the prollwiicy of eccle- 
 fciastics in AiiUTica at a very early period after iheir 
 ftcttlement there, llisi, lib ti. c. 19. 20. M TrezK-r, 
 an intelbsfent observer, and zealous for his own religion, 
 piints the dissolute manners of the Spuniih ecclesias- 
 tics in Peru, particularly tiie rci^'ulirs. in slronyer colors 
 than I have employed Voy. p 51. 215, iVc. M 
 Gentil conlirms this account. Voy. i, 31 (Correal 
 concurs with both, and add.i many remarkable circiim- 
 etances. Voy. i. 01 15.'). lOl. I have ttood reason lo 
 believe that the manners of the reirular clerify, parlicn- 
 larlv in Peru, are siill extremely mdefeut. .\cosla 
 himself acknowled.v^'i that ifreal corruption of manners 
 had been the consequence of perinitfnij monks lo 
 ftirsake the retirement and discipline of the cloister, and 
 to luini^le a*r,iin with llie world, by ii:.derlakmir the 
 charge of ihelndian parishes. De Procur. Ind Salute, 
 lib. iv. c. 13. Ac. He mentions p.ir:icularlv those 
 vices of which I have laken notice and considers the 
 temptations lo them us so formidable, ".hat he leans to 
 the opiinon of those wh-) ludd that the regular clergy 
 hIvjuUI not he employed as parish prtents. Ltb v, c 
 211. Even the advocates of the regulars admit, that 
 inaiiv and irreat eiiormitKs altounded amon^ th(! monks 
 v( (liHoToul orders, when set free from the restraint of 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORV OF 
 
 inonantir discipline; and from the toneof their dcfoiire, 
 one may conclnde iImI the eb.iru'e lirou^'lit ajrinnst them 
 was not (Icstitiite ol 'mill. In the Kreneh colonies the 
 state of ttie re-^iil.ir i Irri'V is nearly the same as in the 
 Spanish setileMH-nls, and llic saino consequences liavo 
 followed. M Miet. miperior of ibe secular priesfft in 
 Cayenne, inquires, with no less appearance of piely 
 than of candor, into the causes of this corruption, and 
 imputes It cbietly lo the exem|)tion of regulars from the 
 jnrsdiction and censures of their diocessans ; lo the 
 temptalions to which •' . , arc exposed; and to their 
 engaging in commerce. Voy. p. 321). It is remarkable, 
 that alt the authors who censure the licenlionsnn.ss of 
 tlie Spanish regulars with the greatest seveniy. concur 
 in vindicating the conduct of the Jesuits. Formed 
 under a discipline more perfect than ttiat of tho other 
 monastie orders, or animated by that concern for (he 
 honor of the bociety which takes such full possession of 
 every member of llie order, the Jesuits, hoih in Mexico 
 and Peru, it is allowed, maintain a most irreproachable 
 decency of mannen. Krezier, 223. (ienlil. i. 34 
 The same praise is likewise due to the bishops and 
 most of the dignified clergy. Frez Ihid 
 
 A volume of the (Jazetle de Mexico for the years 
 1728, 1729, 1730. having been eommnnicated to me, 
 I find there a striking confirmation of what I have 
 advanced concerning the spirit of low illiberal supersti- 
 tion prevalent in .Spanish America. From the news- 
 papers of any lation one may learn what are ihe ob- 
 jects which chiefly engross lU attention, and winch 
 apfiear to it most interesung. The Gazette of Mexico 
 is (i|b-'d almost rutirelv with accounts of religious func- 
 tions, with descri|i'iuns of processions, consecrations 
 ol churches, be, ;iti' liom* of samta. fc^itivnls, autos de 
 fe, iVc. ■■il o iiercial atrairs, and ove-i the 
 
 transact' !>*> c( . , . occnpv but a small corner in 
 this magazine of niurithly intcllM^etice. f'rotn the titles 
 of new hooks, which are remil.irlv iuherled iM ihis 
 (iazeit" • .ippf^ars that two-durds of them arc tnititCi. 
 of 8c:iuu( ;t»o Lhi;«jli'»v or of I'l'^'i'ish devotion. 
 
 I 
 
 NoTK [183] p I'lt — Sninr/..ino, al'ter mentioning i 
 the corrupt morals of some of the regniar clergy, w:'h| 
 that cautious reserve which became a Spanish layman 
 in lOiirhiiig on a suhiect so delicate, gives his opinion 
 verv CTplicitly, and with mucii lirmness. against roin- 
 miilmg parochial charges lo monks, lie produces ihe 
 testimony of several respectable authors of his country, 
 boll) divines and lavvvers, in contlrination of his opinion 
 De Jure Ind n. lib. ni. c. 10. A sinking proof of the 
 alarm excited by the attempt of the I'rince dKsquilacbe 
 lo excludt! tiie regulars from parochial cures, is con- i 
 tained m the Colbert collection of pipeis. Several] 
 memorials were presented lo the king by the procura- 
 tors for the monastic orders, and replies were made to 
 these in iia.ne of the secular clergy. .\n ea;;er and 
 even rancorous spirit is manifest on both sides m the 
 conduct of this didpute. 
 
 NoTK fl84.] p. 104 — \ot only the native Indians,! 
 but the .)/''A/f:".v, orchildren of a .Spaniard and Indian, 
 were oriLnnallv excluded from the priesthoott. and re- 
 fused adinissuni m'o any rehgi-ms order. But hy a 
 law issiii'd Sept. 2Hlh, 1588, Piulip II. required the 
 prelates of .Vmerica to ordain such mestizos born m 
 lawful wedlock, as they should find to he pniperlv 
 qiinlilied. and to permit them lo take the vows in any 
 monastery where ihey had gone through a regular 
 noviciate. Kecopil. lib i. lit. vii. 1. 7 .Some retrard 
 seems to have been paid to this law in ,\(;w Spun; 
 but none iii Peru. L'p"" 'i representation of thi- to 
 Charie.s H. m the year 1097, he issued a new edict, 
 ( nforcing the observation of it, ami professttii; his 
 desire to hive all bi.s suhjects. Indians unci mestizos, 
 as welt as Spaniards, adinilted to the eiijoymeni of the 
 same privile;.'es. Such, however, was liie aversion 
 of thi! Spaniards in America ti) the Imlians and their 
 race, that this seenis to have produced little ellect ; 
 for in the year 1795 Philip V. was obliged to renew 
 the injunction m a more [leremptory tone. Hut so un- 
 surmountat)le are hatred and contempt of the Indians 
 among the Peruvian Spaniards, that llie prcseiit king 
 has been conslrained to enforce the former edicts 
 aiM'W.bya law published September 11, 1774. Ileal 
 Cedilla. .MS /»r;i/-.v mc 
 
 M Clavigero has contradicted what I have related 
 concrrnnig the ecclesiastical stale of the Indians, par- 
 ticularly their exclusion from ihe saerainetil oi the eu- 
 cbarist. and from holy ordeis. eiiher as seculars or re- 
 tiubirs, in such a manner as cannot fad lo make a deep 
 impression. He, from hi.s own knowied^e, asseiia, 
 '* tbat in New Spain not nnlv aru Indiaim permitted to 
 
 partake of the sarnunent of the altar, hut that In,1iDD 
 pr.i'.its are so numrrous that they inav be counted b*" 
 bundred.s ; and among ihrse have lieen inanv bundredh 
 ot rector**, canons, and doclors, .tml, as report goea, 
 even a verv learned bishop, \l present there are nianv 
 priests, tind not » few rectors, among whom there havi? 
 been three or four our own pupils *' Vol II 3tH, «)cc. 
 I owe It. therefore, as a duty to (be public as well an 
 to myself, to consider each of these points wilh care, 
 and to explain the reasons which induced me to adopt 
 the opinion which I have published' 
 
 1 knew that in the (Jiiristmn church there is no dis 
 tinction of persons, but that men of every nation, who 
 embrace the religio. of Jesus, ar" equally entitled to 
 every Christian priv.'ege which they are qualified tc 
 reccnve. I I. !"w lik 'wibc that an opinion prevailed, 
 not only among most of the Spanish laity settled in 
 .America, but among "many ecclesiastics (I use the 
 words of Ilerrera, dec. ii. lib. ii. c. 15), that the In- 
 diana* were not perfect or rational men. and were nol 
 possessed of sucli capacity as qualified them to partake 
 of the aacramenl of the nllar, or of any other hcnetii ol 
 our religion." It was against thi;i opinion that lias 
 ('asaa contended with the laudable zeal which 1 have 
 described in Hooks III. and VI Itut as the I3tshop ol 
 Oarien, Doctor Sepulvida, and other respectable eccle- 
 siastics, vigorously supjiorled the common opinion con- 
 cerning the incapacity of the Indians, it became nccea- 
 sary, in order lo determine the pomt, that the authority 
 of the Holy .See should be interposed ; and accordingly 
 Paul HI. issued a bull, A. I), 1537. in which, after 
 rondemning the opinion of those who held that the In 
 dians, as being on a level with brute beasts, should be 
 reduced lo servitude, he declares that they were really 
 men, and as such were capable of cunhracmg the (Jbris- 
 lian religion, atid participating of all its blessings. Mv 
 account of this bull, notwithstanding the cavils of X{ 
 Clavi;;ero, must appear just to every prraon who tako) 
 the trouble of perusing il ; and my account is the same 
 with that adopted by Torquennda, lib xvi. c. 25, and 
 by ( Jarcia, Grig. p. 31 1. IJul even after this <ieciaion, 
 so low did the .Spaniards residing in America rate tho 
 capacity of the natives, that the first council of I^iina 
 (I call It by that name on the Bi.thorily of the best Spa- 
 nittl^ authors) disLountenanced the admission of Indians 
 to the holy communion Torqiiem. lib. xvi. c. 20. In 
 New Spam the exclusion of Indians frooi the aacrament 
 wus still moio explicit. Ibid, .\fter two ceniuriea 
 have elapsed, and nulwith.^tandmg all the nnprovement 
 that the Indians insy be supposed to have derived from 
 their intercourse with the .Spaniards during that period, 
 we are informed hy L). Ant, IJlloa, that in Peru, where, 
 as will appear in the sequel of Ibis note, ihey are sup- 
 posed to l>e better instructed than in \ew Spam, their 
 Ignorance is so prodigious that very few are (lerinitted 
 to communicate, as being altogether de.siitnte of tho 
 requisite capacity. Voy. 1.311, (Sec. Solorz. Poht. 
 Ind I. 203. 
 
 With respect to the exclusion of Indians from the 
 priesthood, either as seculars or regulars, we may ot>- 
 scrve that while it continued to be the common opmi?u 
 that the natives of America, on accmmiof their ii)i:apa- 
 cily, .should not he periniited to [i.irtake of tne holy 
 sacrament, we cannot suppose tliat they would be 
 clothed with that pacred character which entilled them 
 to consecrate and to dispense it. When Torquemada 
 composed bis Miinarqtna Indiana it was almost a cen- 
 tury after the I'onquesl uf New Spum , and vet in his 
 time It was still the general practice to exclude Indians 
 from holy oiders. Of this we have the must satisfying 
 evidence. TorquiuiiMla having celebr.tled ihe virtuea 
 and graces of the Indians at great length, aad \Mth all 
 the complacency of a missionary, be stalls as an objec- 
 tion lo what he had asserted, " If tiie Indians really 
 (iOssesH all the excellent qualities rt'hich you have de- 
 scribed, why are they not permitted to assuine the reli- 
 gi(nis habit I Wliy arc they not ordained priests and 
 bishops, a.* the. .lewish and Gentile converts were in 
 the pnmilive church, cspeci illy as they iniifbi be cm- 
 [tloved with such superior advantage to oiber persons 
 in the instruction of iheircounlryinen!" Lib xvii. c. Hi. 
 
 In answer to this objection, which ^stahliKbes, in iho 
 most unequivocal manner, what was the general prac- 
 tice at tbiit. jienod, Torquemada olisrrves, that althou;jh 
 by their natural disposili us the Indians are well fitlfd 
 for a sul)ordiiiate aitualiu i, Ihey are destitute of all the 
 ([uabties requisite in any station of dignity and a.iiho* 
 rity ; and that they are in general so adilicted lo 
 drunkenness, that upon the sliLditi-st temptation mio 
 caniml promise on their behaving wilh the decency sui- 
 table to the clerical cliaracier The propriety of ex- 
 cluding them from It, on these accounts, was, ho ob- 
 
 ii 
 
 m 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 207 
 
 I 
 
 porvcd, so well jualiiind by experience, that when a fo- 
 
 roijjnrr of frrnit crmliiion. who cmiig from Siuiii. cnn- ' 
 ricuiiuMi Um! jirarlu'i' of Ihi* Mlwumh rhiiirh, hn \\.\n I 
 coitViMcrd of his iin.st.)k(! iii .i piitilir ilts|iiit.ilioii wiih ! 
 tht'lcariH-il and iiio^l rrli;,Moiis Kiiii.iT I) Jn.iiulr (i.mn.i. 
 aiul htH nirartioii is siill riLiiil. TunpiLMiuKla iikIci il 
 ackiiowlctl^cH. 11?* .M. (JliiviiriTo iihscrviH with iiih'^n-f ' 
 ol cxullaliui). thai in lim own tinu' !*oinc Imliaiis h.id j 
 hi't'ii a(li)iiLli>il into iiionaitf'rn'fl ; hut, \\n\\ the .in of a | 
 (iispHlaiil, ho lur^o's lo iiinitioii thai Tonjurinaila njm-- | 
 ciliL-.s only lv\o cxaiiiptrs ut this, aiiil t ikr» rioiirr iii.ii 
 in liolii iii!slaiiL'('H lho^c !ri<lians hail hci'ii aihoiitcil t>v 
 liiislakc. Krlviiitr upon th(! aiithonlv *>! 'I'onpiriiiad.i 
 with r(-<;ai(l lo .S<-vv Spain, ami ol I'lin.i wilh ir^.ird lo 
 I'rni, and r<iii.ii(h'iin;r iiic huiiiihalMi^ (h'jircr^snni of the 
 Iiidiain> III all ilic Sp.irii-^h M-liliiiicnL.-., i i-(ni<-liidrd lh,U 
 they were not adiinlti-d iiilu (In: (MMlcsia^tical ordtr, 
 which iM lii'ld in ihi' higlit.-Hl vcuerutioti uU over iho N'tw 
 World. 
 
 Uut wiini M. Clavii^iTO, upon liis own knowlfd<f0 
 a.H.st:rtt:d f.icis so rcpuaii.iiil to tlic coucln^ion I h.id 
 loinn-d, I t)(>^aii to dusini^l ii, and to wi.sli lor fiirllirr 
 inlorination. In order to olilani tlu.-t, I iip|iht-d to a 
 Spiniirtli nolth-inan, lii;;h in othcf, iiiiil (^niiiii'nl tor his 
 uhihtics. 'Alio, on dithrcnl oci-asioiiH, has prrniitti d nir 
 tu liavo liio honor and hcin^lii of corrr^|iondiii>r with 
 hint. I havi h( (.11 lavorrd with Iho lullo\Mn^ aM.s\v<-r : 
 *' Whal yon havt^ written court rnnig thr adniis.iion ol 
 Iiidiaiis into holy orders, or iiilo inoua>terii-H, in ilook 
 \ Hi., f'spi-t lully a.i It IS c.iplained and limited in Nolo 
 ]i\.\.\\'lll. ol ihr tpiarto edition, is iii ^rrueral aeon- 
 rdte, and confortnalile to the aiiUiortlieM which you 
 qiiotr. And alllion^h iht.' rou^re^ution t)f the eouueil 
 rf^ol\ed and ileelared, VvU. i;j. A. IJ, UiS'J. that ihu 
 circuinslaiK't* of hiMiijr jm Itidtan, or niulallo, or incs- 
 ti/.o, did not disipial.ly any porstni troni heiii^r ailiutlted 
 into holy order.s, il he w.ii jiiis>c>sed of wn.it was re- 
 quired hv llie e.iMOUs to rnlllU' htm to th.tl privilege ; 
 tnis only pro\es mii'Ii ordiuaiioiis to he Ic^^al and valid 
 {vi whii'li Si>lor/..nio anil the Spanish lawver.-i aiid his- 
 torians tpioied hy hnn, I'ol. Ind. hh. u e. "Z'J, were per- 
 suaded), huL It neither proves the propriety of admillinir 
 Indians lulo h(dv orders, nor wliat was then liie euni- 
 nion pr.ieliee wiUi re>pei'l lo tins , hiit, on ihe eoiitrarv, 
 it shows ih.it liiero was some donht eoiieurnuij* iht; or- 
 daininL^ ol Indians, and some repuirtiance toil. 
 
 " Siiii'e that lime llieru have In-en some examples of 
 adnutliiiur Indians inio holy orders. \\\: have now at 
 Madrid an a;;rd priest, a ualivf! ut 'I'laseala. llis naiinr 
 in \). Juan t.'iTilo do ('astilla A<piihnal (Jaltehnltle, 
 descended of ii caznpie converted lo ('hristianitv »oon 
 nfler the compicsi. lie sindird the ccclesiaslical fici- 
 eni^cs 111 a seiuniary of I'lirhU do lus Angeles. 1U> 
 was a candidate, iieverlheU'ss, for (en years, and it re- 
 quired miieh interest helorc Bishop Ahren would con- 
 sent lo ordain him. Tins ecclcjijstic was a man of 
 utiexcepiioiialdu eharacler, modesl, self- denied, and 
 with a ):ompet(;nl knowledan of what relates to hi:* 
 clerical functions, lie came to Madrid above thirty- 
 lour years ayo with tliu I'olo view of Hohcitinj^ admis- 
 sion for the Indians into the colle<res and M'luiiiartes in 
 New .Sjiaiii. that il. after heiii;,' well mslrneti'd and tried, 
 they snoiild lind an ineJm.iliuu to enter into ilie ecclesi- 
 asficjl .sljie. they nni^iii enilirace it, and perform its 
 functions wiili the "ireale* . henefil to their countrymen, 
 whom they could addr'>s in (heir iiativi! tonjxuii. lie 
 hasohtained various rei^ulatious favorahle to his scheme, 
 parlicularly that the flr^t colleifc which hocainc vacant 
 in coiiseijuenci^ of the cxchision ot the .lesuils should 
 he set apart lor this purpiMc. Ijut tieiiher these rei^,i- 
 latioiis, nor any simd-ir ones inserted m the laws of the 
 Indies, have produceil any etri-ct, on account of objec- 
 tions and representations from the {»r<!ater [tart of per- 
 sons of ehief cimsideration employeil in .\ew Spam. 
 Whether their op|)03ition he well foimdrd or not is a 
 problem dillicnlt lo resolve, and towards the solution 
 of winch several distinctions and inodificalions are 
 refjuisitc. 
 
 " According to the accounis of this errjcsiaslic, and 
 the information of other persons who havo resided in 
 the Spanish dominions in .\inerica, yo'i may rest as- 
 sured, thai III ihe kingdom of 'I'lerra Kinne no such 
 thii J? i* known as either an Indian secular priest or 
 morirt ; and that m New Spam (here are very few eccle- 
 Biasiics of Indian race. In Peru, jierhaps. the number 
 may he greater as in thai country there are more lii- 
 Jians who possess the means of acquiring such a 
 learned education as 's necessary for persons who 
 aspire to the clerical chji:(Cler." 
 
 NoTK [ISr)) p Ifift -I'/.iari/. an accurate and cau- 
 tioua Cdtcululur, seems lo admit, that the quantity of 
 
 silver which docs not pay duty, may be stated thus 
 hiiih. Aecordiii;^ lo llerrera theri! wa?* not above a 
 third of wh'il was e.xlraciird from l'ott>Hi thai ji.iid ihe 
 kini^'s llllli. Dec H, lib, n. c. IT). Solor/atio n-scrls 
 hke^Mse, I hat the ipi milt y of silver whit h Is fi.iudiileiillv 
 CHi-iilati'd, IS far •;r< <iii'r Ih.ui lli.it winch is re;4iilarlv 
 si, iTupcd, after paviii;,' Itie tilili. IJ- Ind. .lure, vol. it. 
 hh. \. p Hlli. 
 
 N'orK[IH()J p Ki.'i. — When ilie mines of I*oiosi 
 were diseiivered in the year l;')!'), the veins were so 
 near the siirlace, that ihe ore was easily e.xiracleil, and 
 so ricli llial It was relinrd witb liille troimle and at a 
 small expense, merely hv llie action ol fire. The sini- 
 pli! mode of retinm^r ity luston alone continued nnlil the 
 year I'i7-1, when iiie use of merenry in retinin^ silver, 
 .IS well as ^'old, w.i.h disi-overed. 'I'lio:*!- mineM havui<r 
 been wroiit^iit without interruption lor (wo ciMilnries, 
 
 lh(^ veins are now sunk ^o tle,-p, that (he expen.«.(! ol 
 extraciiii;^ ibe ore is tireitly iii. rca.sed. Ilchides this, 
 the richness of the ore, ccnitrarv to whal happens in 
 inosi oilier mnips, !• is become less :is llie vein coiitiniKMl 
 lo dip. The vein i .is likr^MM* ditniiiislied to such a 
 dei/ne, that one is ama/( d that the Spaniards should 
 pei.-<isl in workinii '^ ' )lht^r rieh iiiines have been siie- 
 ee^Hi^ely iliseovered, hnl in ^'ener.d tlur value ol the 
 ores lias deere.iseil so much, whih; the expense of ex- 
 trarLtn^r tliein has au;;inented. ihat llie court o\' Spain 
 in the yeir \TM\ reihiced the duty pavablc lo the kiu^ 
 iroin a /('///( to a tfufh. All the quiv-ksilver used in 
 I'eru IS extracted from the famoii.-i mine of ( Jiiaiica- 
 beliea, discovered m the year l-'iti;! 'I'h'; crown has 
 reserveil ihe property of tins ninn.' to itself ; and llie 
 persons who pnrehase the ipiicksdver p.iy iiol uiilv tiie 
 price of It, but likewise d fifth, as a duly to the kiii|^ 
 Ihil in the year l7fU this duty on (pncksdver was aho- 
 hshed, on accoiitit of the meriMM; of expense in work- 
 in;,' mines. Llloa, Kntrelenmnenlos, xn —xv, \'oy- 
 a^^e, 1. p. r>{).'». fi^lj. In coiiseipienco of tins al>oblioi) 
 ol \\iv J ijlli, and some sub.-ieqnetit abatenienis of price, 
 which became necessary on uecounl of the incrtMsm^i 
 expens', of uorkiii'^ mines, qun-ksilver wnseh was (or- 
 merlv sold al eii,'hty [le'-os the ijuiutal, is now didivered 
 by the kini; at (he r.ilt,- of sixty pe.-sos. (Jampoiuams, 
 l')due. I'opul. II. K)«, note. 'Ihe duly on jruiii ts re- 
 duced lo a fwf.nfnth, or live per cent. Any of my 
 rtfaders who are desirous of bein^T aci|Uiiinted wilh (be 
 mode m which tln^ Spaniards eondiut itie workiu<r ol 
 their mines, and the retinenient of the ore. will linil an 
 accurate description of the ancient nualiod hy A<-osta, 
 lib. IV. c. l — i;i, and of their more recent improve- 
 ments 111 the mctallnr>ric art, hy (.ijinbo.i '^Jominenl. a 
 las ordenanz. de Mmas, c. 2'^. 
 
 NoTK [1H7] p. Ifir) — Many reinarkalile proofs oc- 
 cur of the advanced stale of industry in Spain at the 
 bei^mmnil of the sixteenlh century. The umnluT of 
 cMties in Spam was considerable, and they w(;re peopled 
 fir beyond the proportion that was cotmnon m oilier 
 p.irts ot I'iurope. The eans(!s of this I have expl.itnid 
 I list, ol (Iha. v. p. 68. W'here'ver cities are popnloiis 
 thai species of indnstrv v\birh is peculiar to them m 
 creases : artifieers and manufaclnrers abmind Tiie 
 eirect of the American trade in t,'ivinif activity to these 
 Is rnamfesi from a sm^mlar fact. In the vear lol,'), 
 while Spam continued to depend on its own mduslry 
 for the supply of Us own colonies, so much work was 
 bespoke Irom the manufacturers, that it was supposed 
 they could hardly linisb it in less than six years, t'ain- 
 poni. 1. 'lOli. Such a demand must have put much ni- 
 duslry m motion, and have excited extraordinary ef- 
 forts. Accorilini,dy, we are informed, that in the bemn- 
 nin^ of Thibp II. 's reiirii. the city of .Seville alone, 
 where the ir.ule with .\nierica centered, t,Mve empiity- 
 nient to no fewer th:in Hi, DIM) looms in silk or woolen 
 work, and that above UIO.OOO persons had occupation 
 in carryint; on these manufacturt^s ('ampom ii. 47'J 
 Hut .so rapid and ()ernicions was the operalion of the 
 causes which I shall enumerate, that before I'bibp 111. 
 ended hi.-i reitin the looms in Seville were reduced to 
 400 llztariz, r 7. 
 
 Since the publication of the first edition. I have the 
 satisfaction to fiml my ideas eoncernin<i the early com- 
 mercial interroursc between Spam and her colonies 
 conhrined and illustrated hy I). Hernardo \Var<i, of the 
 Junto de Comercio at Madrid, m Ins I'roifirto Ev.tmn- 
 iniro, part u r. i. " Under the reigns of Charles V. 
 and Philip II." says he, " the manufactures of .Spain 
 and of the Low (^Minlries snhjeet to her dominion 
 were m a most dourishiiii^ Htaliv Those of !•' ranee and 
 Iln'.'land were in their infancy. 'I'he renuhlie of the 
 United I'rovir.ces did not then eiibt. No Kurupoan 
 
 iKiwer but Spam h-nl colonies of nnv vabie in the New 
 \Vorlil. S|(,nn co dd supply her setileineiits there v\iib 
 Iht^ prudiiclMHis ot her o.vii sod, the labrics ^\roui!ht b) 
 ibe liantls of her emu ariisins. anti all fhe reeeived in 
 rctiMu lor tlieoe hetonu'id lo hnself .ilone, Tiieii ihe 
 eicbisiori of lorei:^u iiMMulacIures wa-* proper, bec.oiso 
 ill mii^'hl be reiidt-reil rll'echial Then Spain ini<.du lay 
 I heavy duties upon i,'oods exported lo America, or im* 
 I ported iVom it, and niii>hl nupo.M! what resuainis sjio 
 deeini'd pioper iijion a i^onuniTce entirely in her own 
 I bands. Itut when time ami successive revolnlions had 
 occasioned an alteration in all tho-^e crcunctancea, 
 when llie niannbicturi's of Spam he<jan to dechne. and 
 the demands of .\mvrica wert; su|ipb( d hy loreij^ii fa 
 brics, the orii^inal maxims and re^ul.iiions of Spain 
 should have been at^i-oni'ood.iled to the eh.itiL'e in hel 
 situation. Tiic pulny lliat was wise al one period be- 
 came absurd in thn other." 
 
 NoTK [I8SJ. p. Kifi — No bale of ^oods is ever 
 opened, no che.it of trea-^ure is examined IJoth are 
 ri-r'cived on the credit ot the persons lo whom tl-ey be- 
 long , and only one itistanee of fraud is recorded, ^Inr- 
 m^ the loti|^' period in whii h trade wascarnetl on with 
 ihis liberal contldeiice. All the coined stU'cr that was 
 broui^itt ftotri Peru to Por'o-bello in tht^ ve.ir l(>r>l w.is 
 lound lo be ndulteraled, and tu be intn:ih>tl Milb a lifih 
 part ot ba.se melal. The Spanish mercbanl.-t, wiiti sen- 
 iiinenlK siiitibh; to their usual mte^intv. sustainei the 
 whole loss, and mdenimlied the biiei^ners by whom 
 iliey were CMnfdoved. 'I'be fraud was detected, and 
 llie treasurer of the reyi'iiue in Peru, the aiilhor of it, 
 was publiely burnt. H I'lloa. KelahliH. de Mannf., 
 lVc. hv. II p iOZ. 
 
 NoTK tlHO.J p. Ifi? — .Many striknig proofs nreur ol 
 the scarcity of money m Spam. Of all the immenso 
 sums wbtcti have litren inijtorled frmii Americii, tho 
 amount ot which I shall afterwards bavc> occasion to 
 menlion, Moneatla asserts, that there did not remain m 
 Spam, in lOl'.), above two bundred milltons of jir.tiKi, 
 one half m coined money, the other in p'. ic and 
 jewels Restaur de KsjiaL'tia, disc iii c. I , I )/,- 
 lan/. who published his valu.ibb' work in IT^t, eon- 
 tends, thai m money, plate, and jewels, then; did not 
 remain a hundred million. Theor. tVc c. !I. (!ain- 
 {Himines, <ui (be aulhorily of a renion-^lranee from (lie 
 rominuniiv of men b'lnls in Toledo to Pliihp 111 , rn- 
 lates. as a eeriani proof how scarce easli h.id becime, 
 lh.it persons who b'lil money received n third of llio 
 sum which they advanced an mlerest and preniiuin 
 Ivbie. Popul i."'U7. 
 
 NorK[19f»Jp Ifi?— -The account of the mode in 
 whieb the factors of the South Sea company condu.-ted 
 Ibe trade in llie fair of Porlo-hello. wliic-h was opened 
 to them hv the .\ssieriio, I hav<- taken from Don Dion. 
 Alcedo v llerrera. president of the c-ourt of .\udieuc6 
 III t.^iiito, and lioveriior of thai province. Don Diony- 
 sio was a person <)f sni'h resperiable character lor 
 probity and discernment, that bis lestimony in any 
 pomi would be of much weiudil ; hut ^.Teater credit is 
 due to It III till-' case, as he was an eve witness of (be 
 Iran-actions which lie relates, and was often employed 
 111 deteclmuaiid autheudcatini^^ the tramls which he (ti»- 
 scribe.i. Il IS probable, bowi-vrr. iliat bis repreM-n- 
 
 of the 
 
 talion. I)einif composed at the cotnmeiiceim;iit 
 war wbieh broke out between (Jreal llritam and S|taiu, 
 in ttie vear 173!(. niav. in some instances thscover a 
 poruoii of the acrimonious spirit natural at that junc- 
 ture. His detail of facts is curious; and even 
 Kniilisb aulhors conhrin ii m Koine clei»ree, liy adinit- 
 tniii both that various frauds were practised in the 
 transactions of tlic annual shqi, and (hat the contra- 
 band trade from Jamaica, and oilier IlritiKh fobimes, 
 was become enornionsly (»reat. but for the credit of 
 the Knalish nation it may bo observed, that those frau- 
 dulent operations arc not to he considered as deed^ of 
 the company, hut as the dishonorable arts of iheir 
 factors and ayeiits. The company itself sustained a 
 coi siderai)h? loss hy the AsHiento trade Many of its 
 sonants acquired immense fortunes. Anderson ('hro- 
 nol. deduct, ii. :W8. 
 
 NoTK [lUI] p 1B8. — Several facts with respect to 
 the institution, the progress, and the effects of this 
 company, are ennons. and hut little known lo Kni;!ish 
 readers. Thounh the province of Venezuela, or (Ja- 
 racca.-i, extends four-liundred miles alonn the coast, and 
 IS one of the most fertile in America, ii was so much 
 net^lecled hy the Spaniards, that durinir the twer.ly 
 years prior lo the establishment of the company, only five 
 
i^\ 
 
 It: ^1 : 
 
 208 _^ 
 
 •<i.ipH Hiiilcti Irnin Sjmin lo that province; and. during 
 six'i-rn vc.irs. trorn 17011 lo 17*2. iiol a single sliip 
 arriv(<i rrom ilic < imu-cas in Spam. Noitciiis ilr Htal 
 Cainiani.i ih; Curiiccas, p 2*^. During \\\\h pcruKi 
 Spiiin must li.tvi* hrrn ituppltcd ulmo^t rnlirclv wtth a 
 large (piiiutity of cacao, which it coMf^umcH, liy ruiri^:i- 
 rrs. hcfore the erection of llie company nrithtr to- 
 hacco nor hidea were imported from (luriccas into 
 Spain Il)id. p. 117. Smcc the commerciDl o,>cra- 
 lions of the company, hogun in the year 1731, thn im- 
 portation of cacao into Spain han increaArd amazingly. 
 During thirty years aubaripient to 1701, the num- 
 her of J'anrfja.<i of cacao (each a hundred and ten 
 poundf)) importer! from Caraccas wa» fi'lU.al.'i. Du- 
 ring eighteen year* subsei^uent to 1731, the nunihnr 
 n\ janrfTtis imported was SHU. 247 ; and if we sup- 
 [>nse the imporlalion to he continued in the xaine pro- 
 jmrtioii dunng the remainder of thirty years, it will 
 antoniit to I 1 18,746 /anr^faj, which is an mcrease of 
 805,531 fanrfrui. \u. p. 148. During eight years 
 Bnl)se<)nent to 1756, there have heen int|iortf'd into 
 Spain ity the company 88,482 arr(*ft(jj» (each iweniy-fivf 
 pounds) of tohiicco ; and hides to the number of 
 177,354. Id 161. Since the publication of the No- 
 tirias de Compania, in 171;*, its trade seems lo be on 
 the increase. Durinir the years aubsetpient to 1709, 
 it has imported 179,156, fanrfias of cacao into S|)ain, 
 30,208 arrohas of tobacco, 75,496 hides, and 221,432 
 ppHOrt Ml specie. Campomancs, ii. 102. The Inst ar- 
 licle IS a proof of the growing wealth of the colony. It 
 receives cash from Mexico in return fur the cacao, with 
 which it supplies that province, and this it remits lo 
 Spam, or lays out in purchasing European goods. But, 
 Dcnides this, the most explicit evidence is produced, 
 ihut the quantity of cacoa raised in the province is 
 doiiblo what it yielded in L731 ; the number of its live 
 Btoi'k is more than treble, and its inbabitants much aim- 
 mented. The revenue of the bishop, which arises 
 wholly from tithes, has increased from eight to twenty 
 thousand pesos. Notic. p 60. In consequence of 
 the augmentation of the quantity of cacao imported inio 
 Spain, lis price has decreased from eighty peso.n fur 
 the funepa lo forty- Ibid. 61. Since the puliltcation 
 of the tirMt edition, I have learned that (tuvana. includ- 
 ing alt the extensive provinces situated on the banks of 
 Orinoco, the Islands of Trinidad and Margarita arc 
 added to the countries with which the companv of Ca- 
 raccas bad liberty of trade by their former charters 
 Heal Cedula, Nov. 19, 1776. But I have likewise been 
 Informed, that the institution of this company has not 
 been attended with all the beneficial etfects winch I 
 have ascribed to it. In many of its 0)ierations the ilti- 
 boral aud oppressive spirit of monopoly is «till conspi- 
 cuous But in order to explain this, it would be neces- 
 •ary to enter into minute details, which arc not suited 
 to the nature of this work. 
 
 NoTK [192]. p. 168. — This first experiment made 
 by Spain of opening a free trade with anv of her colo- 
 nics, has produced eflects sn reipirkable, as (n men* 
 some further illustration. The towns to which this 
 liberty has been granted, arc Cadiz and Seville, for the 
 province of Andalusia; Alicant and (^arihagena, fur 
 Valencia and Mnrcia ; Barcelona, for Caialonta and 
 Aragon ; Santatidor, for Castile; Corugna, for (inlicia ; 
 and Ciijon, for Astiirias. Append, ii. a la lOduc 
 Popul p 41. These are either the ports of chief triidt? 
 in their respective districts, or those most conveiiienily 
 nitualed for the exportation of their re-^perlive jiroduc- 
 tions. The following facta give a view of the increase 
 of trade In the settlements to which the new regulations 
 extend, Prior to the all.iwanre of free trade, tl'.e 
 dudes collected in the custom house at the llavanna 
 were computed to be 104.208 nc^os annually During 
 the live years prercedmg 1774. they rose at a medium 
 to 308.000 pesos a year In Yucatan the duties have 
 arisen from 8000 to 15.000 In Hispariiola, from 
 3500 to 5600. In Porto Rico, from 1200 to 7000. 
 The total value of goods imported from (Jiiba into 
 Spaii. was reckoned, in 1774, to be 1,500,000 pesos 
 ^onc i'opul. i. 450. Ate. 
 
 NoTK [193], p, 169 —The two treatises of Don 
 Pedro Kodriguez (>ainpomdiies. Fiscal dfl n:al Consi'jo 
 y Snprr.ino (an ntlicer m rank and power nearly similar 
 to that of Atlornev-Oeneral in England), and Director 
 of the Royal Acadwny of History, the one entitled 
 Discnrso sohre el Fomento de la Industria Popular ; 
 the .nber Discurso sobre la Kdncation Popular de los 
 Artesanos y su Fomento ; the former pul>lished in 
 1774, and the latter in 1775, atVord a striking proof of 
 diie Abnost uvury pmnl uf inipurtance with ru:tpbcl 
 
 ROBERTSON'S HISTORY OF 
 
 to interior pnhco. taxation, agriculture, manufactures, 
 and trade. doriii>stic as well ;is foreign, is exanuiit d in 
 ihe cour^e of the.^e work« ; and llii re are not many 
 autlioi's, even m llie nations most eunneiil for commer- 
 cial kiun\tfM!<jr, who have earned on their iiii[Uirii'.s 
 with a more ijiurutii^b kunwbd^r of lho)»e various sub- 
 jects, and a more perfect frcciloin rr(uii vulgar anil 
 national prejudices, or wlio have tniiieil more liap|iilv 
 the calm re«earches of philosophy with the ardent /cal 
 of a p';nlic spiriied citizen. These hooks are in high 
 estimation among the Spaniards ; and it is a deriNive 
 evidence of the progress of their own idea*", iliut ihey 
 are capable of relishing an author whoau sentinmnis 
 are so liberal, 
 
 NoTK [194], p, 169. — The gnleon employed in tliat 
 trade, instead ol' the six hundred toiih to which it is 
 limited by law. Itecop. lib xlv. I 15, is commonly from 
 twelve hundred to two thousand tons burden. 'I'he 
 ship from Acupulcu, taken by Lord Anson, tiiHtead uf 
 the 500.000 pesos permuted by law, had on board 
 1,313,843 pesos, besides uncoined silver equal in 
 value to 43,611 pesos more. Anson's Voy. :)84. 
 
 NoTB [195). p. 169.— The ])rice paid for the bull 
 variea a'.cording lo the rank of ditlerent persons. 
 'i'hosc in the lowest order who aic servants or slaves, 
 pay two reals of plate, or one shilling ; other Spaniards 
 pay eight reals, and those in public otlice. or who hold 
 encorniendas. sixteen reals. Sulorz, de Jure Ind, vol, 
 li. lib. iii. c, 25 According to (."biltun, an Krigbsb 
 merchant whu resided long m the Spanish settlements, 
 the bull of Criizado bore a higher price in the year 
 1570, beintr then sold for four reals at the lowest. 
 Ilaklnvt, ni. 401, The price seems to have varied at 
 dilferent periods. Thai exacted for the bulls issued m 
 the last Preilifanon will appear from the ensuing table, 
 which will giv(' some iiiea of the proportional iiumbcr«! 
 of the dill'erent classes of citizens in New Spain and 
 Peru. 
 
 There were issued for Now Spain- 
 Bulls at 10 pesoij each - - - 
 at 3 pesos each 
 
 at 1 peso each - - - 
 at 2 reaU each 
 
 4 
 
 22,601 
 
 164.221» 
 
 2,402,300 
 
 2,649,32;; 
 
 For Peru — 
 
 at 16 pesos 4i reals each 
 at 3 jtesus 3 reals each 
 at i peso 51 reals each 
 at 4 reals each 
 at 3 reals each 
 
 3 
 
 14,202 
 
 78.822 
 
 410.325 
 
 668,601 
 
 1,171.953 
 
 Note. [196] p 169. — As Villa Segnor, to whom we 
 are indebted fur this information contained in his Tliea- 
 tro Ariiericano, published in Mexico A. D. 174(!. was 
 accornpant-gencral in one of the nioal considerable 
 departments of the royal revenue, and by that means 
 had access to proper information, Ins testimony with 
 respect lo this point merits great credit. No such 
 accurate detail of the Spanish revenues in any part of 
 America has hitherto been piibliKhed in the Knglish 
 language ; and tlie particulars ol it may appear curious 
 and interesting to some ot my readers. 
 
 From the bull of (-rtizado. published every 
 two years, there ariaes an annual revenue 
 
 in pesos 15'J,000 
 
 From tlie duty on silver - - - 700.000 
 
 From the duty on gold - - - . 60.000 
 
 From ta.t on cards - - . . 70,000 
 From tax on pulque, a drink used by the 
 
 Indians 161,000 
 
 From tax on stamped paper - - 41,000 
 
 From ditto on ice - - - - 15,522 
 
 From ditto on leather - - - 2,500 
 
 From ditto on gunpowder - . - 71,550 
 
 From ditto on salt .... 32,000 
 
 From ditto on copper of Mcchoaehan - I.OIM) 
 
 From ditto on alnrn ... 6,500 
 
 From ditto on Juego do los gallos • - 21.100 
 
 From the half of ecclesiastical annate 49,000 
 
 1,381,1721 
 
 From ntyal ninths of bishoprics, &c. 
 From the tribute of Indi.ins 
 Friim Abavala, or duty on sale of goods 
 From the Almajorifusgo, custom house - 
 From the mint .... 
 
 1.381,172 
 tiH.HOO 
 6.^)0.000 
 721.875 
 3'( 3.333 
 357,500 
 
 3.552,680 
 
 This sum amounts to 819,161 sterling,; and if wo 
 add to it the profit accruing from the sale of 5000 
 quintals of quicksilver, imported from the mines ot 
 .Mnindan. in Spam, on the King's accunnt. and what 
 accrues from the Arfriii, and some other taxes which 
 Villa Segnor does not estimate, the public revenue in 
 new Spain may well be reckoned uhovc a million 
 pounds sterling money Theal, Mex. vol i. p, 38. iVc. 
 Accurdmg to Villa Segnor, the total produce of (he 
 Mexican initu-s amounts at a inedmm to eight nnlliona 
 of Pesouin silver annually, and to 5912 marks of gold. 
 Ibid, p, 44. Several branches of the revenue have 
 been explained in the course of the history ; some o( 
 which there was no occasion of mentioning, require a 
 particular illuslration. The right to the titfirs in the 
 New World is vested in the crown of Spain, by a bull 
 of .Alexander VI. Charles V. appointed them to be 
 applied in the following manner : ( >ne fourth is ullollotl 
 to the bishop of the dioceas, another fourth to the dian 
 and chapter, and other oOkers of the cathedral. The 
 remaining half is divided into nine eipial parts. Two 
 of these, under the denomination of Ion ilns yorrnoa 
 realr.i, are [)aid to the crown, and constitute a branch 
 of the royal revenue. The oilier seven parts are 
 applied to the maintenance of the parochial clergy, thu 
 building and support of churches, tind other pioua 
 uses. Recopd. lib. i. tit xvi, I,ey, 23, «.Vc, Avcn 
 daiio Tbesaiir. Indic. vol. i p. 184. 
 
 The Alcavala is a duty levied by an excise on thft 
 sale of goods. In Spain it ainonnis to ten per cent. 
 In America to four per cent Salurzaiio, I'olit. Indi- 
 ana, lib. VI. c. 8. .Xvendano, vol. i, 18(». 
 
 The Abnojtinfasm, or custom paid in America on 
 goods imported and exported, may amount on aii 
 average to llfteen |ier cent Recopil. lib. vm. tit. xiv. 
 Ley. 1. Aveiidano, vol. i. p. IH8 
 
 The Arrno, or tax jiaid on account of convoys to 
 guard the ships sailing to and from .Xim^nca, was tirst 
 imposed when Sir Francis Hiake filled the New Wurld 
 with terror by his expedition to tiie South Scii, It 
 amounts to two per cent, on tiie value uf goods. 
 Avendano. vol. i, p. 189, Kecopil lib. ix. lit. ix. 
 Ley, 43, 44 
 
 t have not been able to procure any accurate detail 
 uf the several branches of revenue in Peru later than 
 the year 1014. From a curious maiiiiMTipi coniainmg 
 a state of that viceroyally in all ils departments, pre- 
 sented to the Marquis of Montes-Claros by Fran. 
 Lopez (,'aravantes, aixomptant-gencral in the tribunal 
 of Luna, it appears that the public revmne, as nearly 
 as I can conipnte the value of the money in which 
 Caravaules states his accounts, amounted m dnciis at 
 \s. Wd.io 2.372.708 
 
 Expenses of government - - 1,242,992 
 
 Net free revenue 1.129.770 
 
 The total in sterling money 
 FxpL-nsea of goyernmcnt 
 
 Not free revenue 277,735 
 
 But several articles appear to be omitted in this 
 computation, such as the duty on stamped paper, lea- 
 ther, ecclesiastical annats. Ac. so tliat the revenue <i| 
 Peru may be well supposed equal to that of Mexico. 
 
 Li computing the expense of goveriunent in New 
 Spam, I ma; lake that of Pern as a standard Thern 
 the annnal cstabbahmenl for defraying the charge oC 
 administration exceeds one half of the revenue col- 
 lected, and there is no reason fur supposing it to be less 
 in New Spain. 
 
 1 have obtained a calculation of the total amount of 
 the public revenue of Spain from \mericd and the l*hi- 
 lippines, which, as t,ie reader will perceive from the 
 two list articles, is moio* recent than any of the former. 
 
 Alcavulas ( Fxcise) and Aduanas (CustOiUs), 
 
 &c. in pesos fuertes . - - 
 Duties on gold and stiver . . - 
 
 2.500.00C 
 3 000,000 
 
 fi.600,000 
 
THE HISTOIIV OF NORTH A M K R 1 A. 
 
 209 
 
 !,6H0 
 
 
 Uroujlit forward 
 
 Dull of (■in/..i(lo .... 
 
 Trihiiii' of llw inihiiii" . - . - 
 
 l)v iiiilo of i|iiii'k»iln'r ... 
 
 Papir ii|iorlwl on llin kinjj's account, anil 
 sold III ilio royal warcliousca 
 
 Stuiii|ird paper, toliacco, and oilier small 
 diinrs - 
 
 Duly on coinage of, at llie rate of one real 
 do la I'lala for each mark - 
 
 Fiom the iradi' of Acapulco, and tlio coasl- 
 nm trade from province to province 
 
 Asrtionto of Ne^roe.H .... 
 
 Kroin the trade of Malhc, or herh of Para- 
 guay, formerly monopolized liy the Jo- 
 luils 
 
 "''rom other rovciiues formerly belonging 
 10 that order 
 
 ri..MHI.(HIO 
 
 l.UDU.DOO 
 
 2,0110.(11)0 
 
 SOO.OOO 
 
 3UO,U0O 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 ,')00,000 
 200,000 
 
 500,000 
 400,000 
 
 Total 18,000,000 
 
 Total in stcrlini,' money X2,700,009 
 
 Deduct half, as llie expeiuse of adniini»tra- 
 
 lion, and there reniaiiid net free revcnuo XI, 350, 000 
 
 NoTK [107]. p. Ifi'J. — Ati author Ioii;t converHant 
 ill comiiiercial bpccni.ition liar* computed, iImI troiii the 
 mines of New Spam uloiie the kini^ received annually, 
 US llin fifth, the »um of tMO milltons of our iiioiiey. 
 Harris, (/'olh'ci of Voy ii. p It'll. Aecordiri> to this 
 calcntution, the total produce of the mines iiin.st he ten 
 millions sterhni; ; a sum so cxnrhitaiit, uiid so little cor- 
 responding nith all accounts of the aiiiiiinl impor'ation 
 from America, that the infurmatioii on which it ia 
 founded must evidently he erroiienua. According to 
 Cainpomaiics, the total product of the American mines 
 may lie computed at thirty millions of pesos, which, at 
 at four shillings and sixpence a peso, amounts to 
 7,42,5.000/. sterling, the king's fif'jfi of which (if that 
 were regularly paid) would he 1,4S.''>,000/. Hut from 
 this auin must he deducted what is lost hy a fraudulent 
 withholding of the 6fth due to the crown, as well as 
 the aum necessary for defraying the expense of admini- 
 stration. Kdiic. Popular, vol. li. p. 131. nolo. Both 
 iheao aums arc considcrablo. 
 
 THE 
 
 NoTK [19H]. p. Ifi'J. — According to Uern. de i;iloa, 
 all foreign goods exported from Spain in .Xnicrica pav 
 duties of various kinds, unioiniling in all to more than 
 2.') per cent. .Vs most of the gootU wiili which .Spain 
 supplies her colonies are foreign, such a tax ,ipoii a 
 Irane so extensive must yielu a coiisiderahle revenue, 
 lletahhs. de Maiinf. et dii (Joiuiiieree tl'Ksp. p. l.')l. 
 He computes the value of goods exported annually 
 from Spain to .America to he aliout two inillioiis and n 
 half sterling, p. U7. 
 
 NoTB [199]. p. 109— The Manpiis do Scrralvo, 
 according to Oage, hy a monopoly of salt, and hy cm- 
 harking deeply in the maiiilla trade, as well as m that 
 to .Spain, gained annually u million of ducats. In one 
 year ho remitted a million of ducats to Spam, in order 
 to purchase from the t^oiido Olivares, and his crea- 
 tures, a prolongation of his government, p. 61. Ho 
 was successful in his suit, and continued in olHco from 
 1624 to 1C35, douhlu the usual time. 
 
 HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 BY JAMES GRAHAME, ESQ. 
 
 277,735 
 
 EDITOR'S PREFACE. 
 IlATiNa presented to our readers two interesting worka, " Belknap's Biograpliiua of Iho Early Discoverers of America," and "Rohcrlson's History of South America,," 
 works which wdl hold a high rank ill the estimation of many generations yet ui.bom, wo shall now begin in good earnest, upon the History of llie North American Colo- 
 nics which in little more than two centuries have grown up into a great nation, whose history will hereafter bo sought for, not only hy Americans, but by every civilized 
 nation under the sun, as most of the reform going on in the world sprung from the influence of our institutions. Several writers of distinction have made great reaearcboa 
 among tbo worin-oatcn pages of manuscripts, pamphlets, and partial histories to obtain a knowledge of the rise and progress of this nation from its beginning up to it* 
 pr:>senl growth. Foreigners have taken a deep interest in the subject, and several of them have written on it with great candor and ability. Among these historians no 
 one stands higiicr, in the estimation of the judicious and discriminating, than James (j'rahame, Esq. Ho writes without prejudice, in a stylo of neatness and perspicuity 
 which often rises to eloquence. Every history adds something to enlighten the puhlic. Like stars in the miHy way although of ditfcrent magnitude and brightness 
 these works shed a lustre on each other and increase the glory of the hemisphere of knowledge. 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 TnF composition which \ now deliver to the public, 
 IS the lir.st of a threefold scries of works, which, when 
 coiniileliid. will form Y'/if Histi'rt/ of Ihr llmleil Slii.'rs 
 of ynrtfi .iturrim. from the I'lti illation of the JCiit^lixh 
 Colonics to the ilstahhshmrnt nf thnr liulrpendenrv.. 
 My plan is restricted to the history of those provinces 
 of North .^nlcrlcl (originating ail except New York 
 and Delaware, from Uniish cotomzatinn,) which, at the 
 era of the .Vincrican RBVolnlion, were included in the 
 United States ; the illustration of the rise and fornia- 
 tion of this great republic, being the end of my labors. 
 
 The [ireseiit work, the first of the projected series, 
 emhrarcs the riseof »nch of those Stales, comprehended 
 within my general plan, as were foundeil prior to the 
 British Revolution in 10S8, and traces their progress 
 till that epoch. In some instances 1 have found it ne- 
 cessary to carry forward the history of p«j-ticular slates, 
 somewhat beyond this precise boundary , parllv because 
 the inflnr-ice of the lirifsh Revolution did not immc- 
 diataly extend to tliein, and partly in order to exhibit a 
 roinpleto view of certain interesting tranaactiona, of 
 15 
 
 which the account would otherwise he broken and dc- 
 feclivi). A second performance, for which \ have 
 already collected a considerable mass of materiah, will 
 embrace the ftiriher history of these earlier states, 
 toj^ether with the rise and ]iroi;res« of those which were 
 subsequenlly formed, till tlie coinmeiu'ement of the 
 Ameriran Kevolution. This f^econd work, which like 
 the present, will occuiiy, I believe, two volumes, I con- 
 aider the inodl ditlinilt ami important portion of mv 
 labors. Two additional volumeo, f trust, will enable 
 me to complete my j»eneral plan, and embrace the his- 
 tory of the revolutionary war, and tlie cstablish:nent 
 and consoluhition of the North American Kejnihlic. 
 
 In the collection of materiaU for the composition of 
 this work, I have been obli^jed 'o incur a deijree of 
 labor and expense, which, had I originally foreseen, I 
 doubt » I cuuld have ventured to encounter. Conai- 
 durini; the connection that ao long subsisted between 
 Great Britain and the Ameriean States, the information 
 concerning tlie earlv history of many of these provinces, 
 which the public libraries of Great Britain arc capable 
 of aupplynitf, is amazingly scanty- Many valuable 
 worka illustrative of the history and statistics both of 
 particular states and of tho wholt; North American 
 
 commonwealth ;* a defect the more discreditablo, as 
 these works have long enjoyed a high repute at the scats 
 of learning on the condnenl of Europe, and as the 
 greater part of them might be procured without diHi- 
 cully in London or from America. 
 
 Alter borrowing all the materials thai I could so nro 
 cure, and purchasing as many more as I could fmd in 
 Britain, my collection proved still so defective in muny 
 respects, that in the hope of enlarging it, I undertook a 
 journey to fJottingen ; and in ihe library of this place, 
 as I had been taught to expect, I found an ampler col- 
 
 * In till! Advocjiic'R' Library of Eiiiiibiirsh, for example, 
 there is nnt a Miiijle separate history of Rhoile hland, Con 
 nci'tirut, New Hampshire. Maine, Marytancl, New Jersey, of 
 IVnnsylvania; there is nut onu of the statisttca) works of 
 I'ltkinor S(>yl)crt ; and allhouKh there are the tirHt vulurnea. 
 rt'spectivc-ly, of Itutrhinson's History of Majtsictiussetta 
 ami of Hazard's Hi.tturical L'ollcctioiut, nuike oi the posterti>r 
 vohimttsor these uUerestm;; works have everl>cen procured. 
 Hut the negative catalogue uf the Advocates Library, in tUia 
 department, is too ropuius for further ((untation. 
 
 Tottiu llritiKh Museum 1 am indi'Ucd for thA poniial of 
 several works of very great rarity; particularly Unnlon'a 
 duncriptmn of New York,afid Arclidah*'s Desi-riptloii of Caro- 
 lina, iliit this colleclici^ tlioush much richer Ihnn the Ad 
 voc?ates' Library. Is yet exceedingly defective tn Amentan 
 liiHtory. 
 
810 
 
 THE niSTOK V OF 
 
 I 
 
 loolion of NurtI) Ainrricnn liu<raiur<.<, ihnii any or iridcril 
 all tlie til>rari(>H nf llntiiin rotild Hii[>|ily. Kroni tlir 
 rustiiinTH ul lliu (iiiltin^i'ii liilirary. aiUrd tiy the 
 liIuT.tlity with wliu'li lis ailmiiii!ilruti>rs ;iri> ulw.iys wil- 
 liii;» l() rt'iuiiT It Hiih«(Tvu;iit to llic [M)r[»)WH ol literary 
 iinnnry, 1 Imve ilerivcd tho ^ri'ati'f*l d(lvanta;;t' ariit 
 asMslaiHT. Vi't even iliis adiiiirablc r('|)ositury nf his- 
 tory iri not L'lilirrly [lortVct ; niitl I havt- s\i\\ to lainnil 
 my iiialtitily to procire Hoiiir work^ ilhiHtralivu of 
 inv siihjrrt, whirli, whalcviT may he tht-ir value, it 
 would ti.ivi! hct'i) t«uti>^ta('t<>ry to have had an (>)i)iurlii- 
 niiv »r iicnisiii;;;. Ilonkin'n llititory of I'rovkU'Mte in 
 (urticular, Vundcrdonck's IIiHiory of \fW Mcilirrlaiids, 
 and Holni's lli.slory of .Swrdcland in Aintrici. arc 
 books which I h:ivu hecti hitlii-rto unahlu (o {irecurr. 
 'I'hr h-arnt'tl Khi'hni,' has ciiariirtiTi/cd llie first of tlicst! 
 a.H a hook not rasilv nu't with ; and that I am not 
 chir^rahle with nfi^iij,M'iit ini|iiiry, may he mferred, I 
 think, from tlie fad, that I liave surccuded in [iromir- 
 inij and coiisiillinjj various works whudi Kltcliiiix coii- 
 fl'^•^l•s Ins inalnhly to ohtuin, hcsidi's many of wliosn 
 I'Xislcncc! lie M't'ins not If* have been awarn* Kvcii 
 tlioso whu'ii for tho [ire-Hrnt I am ohhgcd to diapunse 
 with, as well as various other works of mfrtijucnt oc- 
 currence and applu'ahle to a later iioriion of lime, I 
 ■till liope to procure for the elncuiation of llin vast and 
 varied snlnect of my second composition. 
 
 History addresses her lessons to all mankind; lint 
 when bhe records llie forimies of an exislin;f j)eople, 
 it is to them that her admomlioiis arc esjiecially di- 
 rected There his never heen a |U'Oplt' on whose 
 character tlu'ir own historical recollectioiiit were calcu- 
 Jated to exercise a more ammaliiiij or salutary mtlu- 
 emu, than the nation whose history I have midertakeii 
 to relate. 
 
 In national societies established after the manner of 
 the Uniled States of North America, history does not 
 be<,'iiiwith obscure or falndous h'i,'ends. The orii,'in 
 of the nation, and tlio nso and )irogress of all its m- 
 BtitiJtions, may be distinctly known. The people may 
 obtain an accurate and famdiar ac«piainlance with the 
 character of their cirliest national ancestors, and of 
 every suecceding veneration throu<.'h which the inheri- 
 tance of the national iiaine and forliines has devolved 
 to themselves. When this inlerestiiii^ knowledge is 
 blended with the inl'ormaiion iliat tlieir existence as a 
 jTOple originated in the nolijest etforts of wisdom, 
 fortitude, and magnanimity, and that every successive 
 acquisition by which their hberty and happiness have 
 been extended and secured, has arisen from the exer- 
 cise o( tho same ijualaies, and evince' .heir faithful 
 preservation and unimpaired elbracy,— respect lor an- 
 tiiiuily becomes the motive and tiie pled^n; of virtue ; 
 the whole nation feels itHelf ennobled by ancestors 
 whose renown will continue to the end of time tiie 
 honor or reproach of their successors ; and the love 
 of virtue is so interwoven with patriotism and with 
 national ylory, as to prevent the one from becoming a 
 sellisli priiici])le, and the o:her a spleinlid or mis- 
 chievous illusion. If an inspired apostle niiirht with 
 complacency proclaim himself a nlizcn of no mraii 
 rihj, a .\orth American may feel grateful exultation m 
 avowing himself the native of noij^Mioble land, — but of 
 a land that has yielded as jt^reat an increase ot ^lory to 
 (tod and of happiness tn man, as any other portion of 
 the world, since the first svllable of recorded time, li 
 ever had the lionor of producing. A noliler model uf 
 human character could hardlv In; proposed to the iiiha- 
 tants of .New Kngland, Pennsylvania, and otlier> of the 
 North American Staler", than (hat which their own early 
 history supplies. It is at once their interest and their 
 honor to preserve with sacred care a model t>o richly 
 fraut^hl with the instructions ui wisdom and tlie inciie- 
 ineiiis of duly. Tint memory (d the saints and heroes 
 whom they clai.'n as their natural or narional ancestors 
 will bless all those who account it blesst d ; and tiie 
 ashes of their fathers will tTi\u forth a nobler inlluence 
 iLan the bones of (he prophet of Israel, m reviving 
 piety and inviijoratinf^ virtue. .So mncii, at the same 
 tiiiH., of human weakness and imperfection is discerni- 
 Me III the conduct, or is attested by tho avowals of 
 these eminent men, and so steady and explicit was 
 their reference to heavenly aid. for all the {^oud they 
 were enabled to jterforin or altain, that the admiratinn 
 they so stronyly claim never exceeds a just subordina- 
 tion to the ylory of the Most lli<;b, and enforces the 
 
 * 1 am inflebtcii toilie jinvati' mlliTtionf. ol ^:ll:^^us indivi- 
 duals fur tliC perusal uf snrrn' verv rareaiiil imt less jnltTcst- 
 Ini? works; uiul in partitular I ln-t,' h-ave to aiknt)^\|eil;.'e tin; 
 knulness w.tii which the v&Uiable lil)rarv of the hite (irori;i> 
 Chalmers was snhrnittcd to my i-xaininatum, Ijv Ins nejihcw 
 aiul ttiecutori Mr. James Cliahiiers f>f LutiUon. 
 
 scnptmal testimony (o the riches of divine grace, and 
 the relleeted lustre uf htnnnn virtue, 
 
 The most important relpll.^lte of historical composi- 
 tions, and that in which. 1 suspect, ihey are commonly 
 mist di'feclive, is truth — a rcipusite, of which even 
 the .tincenty of lh<> liislonan is insuillcieiit to assure us 
 In tracing ascertained and imporiant facts. cMIht back- 
 ward in*)i their orij^iiial, or forwanl into their operation, 
 the hisiuri.m frequently encounliTs, on either hand, a 
 perplexing variety of dissimilar causes and diverjfinu 
 etiects , amont; which it is no less ditlicult than im- 
 portant tu discriminate the peculiar springs of action, 
 and to preserve the nior.d sln.Mm of events. Indis- 
 crnmnaie detail would produce intolerable fati^rtie and 
 confnston ; while selection itievitalily infers the risk of 
 error, The sacreil historians often record events with 
 little or no reference to Iheir hisluricid pedi^free ; and 
 have thus given to some parts jf the only liislory that 
 is infallibly authentic, an appearance of improbability, 
 whicii the more reasoning productt(njs o{ uninspired 
 narrators have exchanged, at least as freqnentlv.'for 
 siibslaniial inisrepresenlalion. It may be thought an 
 mi[iriu!ent avowal, and yet I have no desire to coneea!, 
 that, in eidinming and comparing historical records, I 
 have often been forcibly rcmmdtul of Sir Robert Wal- 
 polf'fl assurance to his son, that " Hi.stintj must f>c 
 /(//.ST."* Happily, this apophtliegm applies, if not ex- 
 clusively, at least most forcibly to that which Walpole 
 probably regarded as tho mam trunk of history, but 
 which IS really the most insignihcant branch of it, — 
 ihn intrigues of cabinets, tin; secret machinations and 
 designs of ministers, and the contests ot trading poli- 
 ticians. 
 
 In surveying the contests of human brings, it is dif- 
 ticnlt, or rather it is im|)Ossible, for a man of like feel- 
 ings with themselves, to escape entirely tlu' contagion 
 of those passions winch the contests arose from or 
 engendered. Thus partialities are secretly insinnaied 
 into the mind; and in balancing opposite testimony, 
 these partialities lind a sure, though secret means of 
 exerting their inlluence. I am not desirous of con- 
 cealing llial I fell such partialities wiihm invself ; and 
 if my consciouhtiess of their existence uhoold not ex- 
 empt me from their inlluence. I hope the avowal, at 
 least, will prevent the error from extending to my 
 readers. I am sensible of a strong predilection in 
 favor of A'lierica, and the ni/uiiiul .vn/c in the great 
 controversies between her jteople and t!ie Ilritish go- 
 vernment, which must oi'ciipv so prominent a place in 
 tlie ensuing pai;&s. Against the intluence of ihis pre- 
 dileclion, 1 hope I am sullicientlv on my guard; and 
 my apprehensions of it are moderated Ity thi- recollec- 
 tion that there is a wisdom which is divinely declared 
 to be inlfomi jxirltali/jf, und icifhimt hypocrisy, and 
 attamabh^ by all who seek U in sincerity from its hea- 
 venly source. 
 
 I am far from thinking or from desiring it should he 
 thought, that every part of the conduct of America 
 throughout these controversies to winch I have alhuled, 
 was pure and blameless. Much guile, much evil pas- 
 sion, violence, and injustice, dishonored many of the 
 councils and proceedings of the leaders and assemblies 
 of America; and it was the conduct of one of the 
 States, the most renowned for piety and virtue, that 
 suggested to her historian tlie melancholy olpservation, 
 " that in all ages and countries communities of men 
 have done that, of which most of the individuals of 
 whom they consisted would, acting separatalv. have 
 been ashamed. '^t iiut mingled masses are justly 
 deiioinmated from the elements and (pialilies that pre- 
 ponderate 111 their composition ; and sages und patriots 
 will be eipially voted out of the world if we can never 
 recogntxe the lineaments of worth and wisdom under 
 the ratis of mortal imperfect ion. There exi^ts m 
 .some romantic speciilitivc minds, a plalonic love o| 
 libertv, as weil as virtue, that consists with a cordial 
 disgust for every visible and actual incarnation of either 
 
 •Horace W.iIjM.li 's woiks.— A curmiis illustration rtf his- 
 fiiricidiriHccur:icv \\:\s rrlalcl tiy the l.tte I'riisuliMit .leirirr.son 
 1.1 an iiilellii:eiiri:ri-h>li tr.tv.^liir. The AM.o Uayiial, in his 
 History of till! Hil'isli ?i(-Ule!iu'iiIs in Amerira, has rLTninileil 
 rt u'liiarkablo story which unplies tins existence of ft j)articu- 
 h^r law ill New ICn^huiU. Some Aiiivricans l)eing in coinpnuy 
 uiili the Abbn at I'aris, 'luesttoiicd t)it* truth of tliu story, id- 
 Ifu'Uiu lli;it no suili law hail ever existed in New Enfjiaiul. 
 'I'he Aiilie iiiiimtauicl tlie auli.ent icity ui his history, till hu 
 %sas liiterniiilt'd liy Dr. Franklin, u ho was present, und aftur 
 listening lor some lime in silence t'l the dispute, saiil, *• I can 
 account lor all tins : you took tho aneeilole Imrn a iit'Wspaper, 
 of uliK h I was lit that lime editor, ami, liapiieiini;; to be very 
 shoit of news. 1 loiuposed and inHcrttnl the wtioie story." 
 Hall's Travels in(':iiiada and the iJliltud Status, p. 3H3, 3t>J. 
 
 f IliUehiiisiurs IlisStry of Mussacliiisults, vol. i. \\. IStl. 
 Tins observation ndeired to the dispute bctwoen Miiss;irliu- 
 aetts Olid the conttderaled Slates uf Nuw Kiiffland m lOlU. 
 
 of these principles; and which, whon not corrected by 
 
 sense and eiperience, conducts to endless error or m- 
 cnratde mmanlhropy. 
 
 Whoever exnmmes the histories of iiidividtiaU or 
 communities, must expect to be disappmiited and per* 
 plexed by tiuinljcrless incoiisislennes. Much error 
 IS produced and coiilmnrd in the world bv niiwilhng- 
 mss or inabibly to make candid conccistons, or indutHi 
 to distinguish candor from sinceriiv — to ailiinl in an 
 adversary (be exct Hence that condemns onr vehemer' 
 {hale; m a friend or hero, the delects ihal sully the 
 I pleasing image of virtue, thai diminish our exiil.alion, 
 I bid tis cmsf litiin man, and sliew us thf end of all 
 \^jici/tcti(in. With partial views, we encounter the oi>- 
 I posite |iariialilies of anlai^miisis, inul bv mutual com- 
 mission iind perception of injustice, render e.icli other's 
 misapprehei'.sion.^ incurable. It sliould be the great 
 end of Ins histoi-v to correct the errors by winch expe- 
 rience is llius rendered nseli'ss : and tins end I liavo 
 proposed, in bumble reliance on Uivmu (Juulance, to 
 pursue. 
 
 Ilaslings, January, lf<'i7. 
 
 HOOK I. 
 
 VIUtJINIA. 
 
 OIlAPTKIl I. 
 
 Cabot despatched l>v Henry the Seventh— vlidts tJicCoa.il o| 
 North America— NeKlect ot Henry In proili tiy Cabot 'a Uis 
 i-ovi-ry—and of his iinmedmie Siiccessorh— KeiKi' of Eliza- 
 bi til— fiivorarple to riiiiriliinr A"lveiitiires~Klse ol tho Slave 
 Trade— Sir Walter Ilalei«h— i>rnj.cts a colony in N<trtl» 
 Ainf!ncii--lirsi Kxpedition trills— Kli/abetli iiaiups Iha 
 Counlry Virirniia — tiienivilhr despalcln-.l |jv HaleiKh— 
 estabitslies a folonv at Uoallo,-kk-'^1l^^llrhllles of the Co- 
 lonists -their U.'inri. -Tse ol Tol.iic<<. uilr«Mhiced in 
 KiiKlund- I-'ailher Klf'irtsid ltalt#.;h- trnninate nnsiiccess- 
 
 fidly— Acces uf Janus totbe h:ni.'li>h (ro^Mi -lio.4iio|il'a 
 
 Voynite — Its Hirects -Jatm Minnies Niirlli A rica Ijelwecii 
 
 two Coiiiiianies—Teiior ot tloii (liarters— Ho\al ( ode of 
 LawH-Tlie lirs*. Hoily m I'oi. mists embarked by the l.on 
 don ("ompanv— arrive in the H.iy of diesapeak— found 
 James Town -Disseiitlons ol (be i ^>lol)l.^ls-Hostlllt v of 
 the Iiuliaiis -Distress and ('nnliision of Dn- Colony- Servi 
 res of Ciipliiiri Smith — In- H taken l'ri-opierb\ the Indiain — 
 hlsLibeiatii'Ti— he preserves IheC.lonv -Tiie Cotonislsde- 
 cfiMrtl bv Appearances ot Coid -Srinlli Surveys tlit; H.iy 
 of (In -iape.ik- il.cled I'n-sl.lenI ol tlir Colony -Nriv 
 Chaiter -l.ord Ibl.iw;ne api'-'liited Covemi.r Ne«)->ut, 
 (tales, ;ind SoiiH'is sent onl to presulr till Lord Delauare's 
 Arrnal-^ire wrecked on the Co.iht iil llcnnuda.s— tapt.i.n 
 Smith Uetiuns to Kot^laiid. 
 
 Ir was on tin' third of Atigu.^t, H93, a little bof'im 
 
 snn-ri>e, that ('hristophcr ("obimhus, nnderti^kmg the 
 most memorable enlerjirise that human genius ev.-i 
 planned or human skill and coura<re ever performed, 
 set sad from .Spain for the di?'Co\ery of the western 
 worlil. On the \'M\\ of October, about two hours 
 before midnight, a light m the island of .San Salvad'.Jf 
 was descried by (.-'obimbus from the deck of his vessel, 
 and .America for the first time beheld by Kuropean 
 eyes* Of the vast and important eonseipienees that 
 depended on this spectacle, perhaps not even the coii' 
 prehensive mind ol Columbus was fully sensible ; bu* 
 to the end of time, the heart of every human beiiiL, 
 who reads llie storv will confess the interest of thai 
 eventful moment, and partake the feelincs of that illus- 
 trious man. On the following day, the ailventiirem, 
 preceded by their commaiider, took possession of the 
 soil ; and a connexion that was to subsist lor ever was 
 establisncil between iOurope and America, 'i'he rros* 
 was planted on thi; shores of the western world , and 
 in the hour that wi'.nessed tins great r(;-uiiioii oi man- 
 kind, th(! knee was bo^veil to that Itemg who has pro- 
 claiiiK'd himself the brother of the whole human race, 
 and the author of a common satvition lo .ill the endti 
 of the earlh. 
 
 'i'lit! intelligence of ibis successfiil voyage was re- 
 ceived 111 Kurope with the utmost nur|irise and arlmira- 
 tion. In I'ingland, more espe<-ially, it was calculated 
 to produce a very powerful impress(«i, and to awaken 
 at once emulation and regret. While Columbu.n waa 
 proposing his schemes with little prospect of success 
 at the court of .Spain, he had despatched his brother 
 
 * Dr. llolK>rlM)n i.sof opinion that the Ancieiit.s had no notion 
 of the existtnici- uf the western worbl, mid hiM collectnd Iioin 
 ancH;nl writers many proois,not onlyofignoniice, liut rj| most 
 tiarbarous error respeclim,' the territorial reaource* of tho 
 eartli : Jlist. of America, I). 1. Vet a Hoiiian writer, tu whose 
 sentiments he has not adverted, is supiHixed to haw pruptie* 
 sied the discovery of America 14UU yean beh)rK this event 
 to4k place. Tho passage uccuis in unu of Sencca't tra^odieM 
 
 " Veiiient aimis 
 
 Serula seris, <|uibus uceanus 
 
 Vincula reruin laxtd, el inuens 
 
 Tateal tellus, Tiphysi(]ue novos 
 
 Uetei-Ht orbes; nee sit terns 
 
 Ultima Tliule." 
 
 MIDU4. Act U. Ctwnic. 
 
hnn not rorrrciid by 
 ► iiiillcHN iTfor or m- 
 
 irn of iuiltvidiiiilH or 
 iMappoiiitiMl uihI prr- 
 ■lu'icH. Murli I'trur 
 '■ \vi>rl(t l)V uii\vi||iii|;{- 
 :)rici':*!'ii)ri?*, or nidoiMj 
 rity — to iiitiiiit HI an 
 (ifiiiiiH our vcliciiiur'- 
 I'liTiH ili.iL Hully the 
 
 llll^ll IMir t!Xul.ilttO[|, 
 
 w Uf* thr end of all 
 vr rrii'oiiiiltT tins ojw 
 itrit) Itv iiiuiuiil rum- 
 ■. rciuirr i.m'Ii otlirr's 
 should be tlir ^rt'ut 
 rrors hv wliirli i-xpo- 
 uiid tliiH i-hd 1 huvu 
 Uiviiiu (juklutice, to 
 
 dc 
 
 iilh— vlsitd theCdasl at 
 to |>ro|ii hy <'(il>ut'M Dim 
 CHfioro— llfiKii ot Kli/a- 
 iirfH— KlNi' el the SUvo 
 •IH a n.hmy in Norlli 
 Kh/iiljfth niiitiPH the 
 p.'iii'hixl l>v Hult'iKli— 
 ^ll^fnrtlun■s of llic To- 
 iiiitcni intrtMliK-i'tl lit 
 - ttriiiiiiatr uiisiic<-i''*s- 
 U'h^h (■(..« II -C.siiol.l-. 
 Niiiili Aiiitricn tii'iwfi'ri 
 :irtt'rs-Rn>al ^ i'.lr of 
 ciiiliiirkiMl liy (ho I.mh 
 »f l'lics;i|ti!iik — Itiurul 
 ('"loriisis-IloHliljtv III 
 I t>l llic C.ilniiv- SiTVi 
 ri-oii.Tl>v tin- ir).li:ui>- 
 
 "(IV -Till' Cfplntlists.lr- 
 
 until .Siirvcvs Itw ll.iy 
 I'l III.- r..|iiriy -Nriv 
 i (JoviTIiiT- Ni;\\|J.tlt, 
 ■ Irllll I.nr.| Drlltwart-'fl 
 ol Krrmuiia.t— fiij>l.i.ll 
 
 |m!)2. ii hll!e b.-lTP 
 iiiub'ri.^kinji tbo 
 laii ycimis rv.'i 
 I'Vfir prrloriTird, 
 ot' iht^ rtcstrrii 
 [ilioiit two tiuurs 
 ui Sim S;ilv:id'jr 
 ct'k ot hiM vfsM'l, 
 irld liy Knrojicari 
 on!«('(|iM'nrrs (luit 
 lul I'vcii thr coir 
 illy si'iisildc ; Im- 
 ry human bcniL, 
 inlt-rrst of lliaL 
 ( of tliat illiis- 
 (lic iidvnittirtTti, 
 
 lOhSCMSIOtl of llio 
 
 sisi for rvor was 
 ricii. Thi' cToa-i 
 ■ Irni world , arid 
 ri;-iiiiMiii of rnari- 
 n;,' who hii.H pro- 
 ii'lf iiuinan r:nH'. 
 I 10 all ihu fiidd 
 
 111 voyage was ru* 
 irprisc and aibiiira- 
 It wa.s ralciddlfd 
 ni, and to awaken 
 ill' rolurnl)on wan 
 ijsprct of tiUfceHS 
 Itched hiH brother 
 
 ciL'tiln ha<) Hi* tiotmii 
 I hai ri.llciiod irom 
 nor'ilite, hut r)l ijioHt 
 il icHiiurrt'it ol tlie 
 lan wrilrr, to whose 
 'il Ni have proiihe- 
 belori! Ihis ovi-iil 
 Sciicca't iragoiiieii 
 iiii» 
 
 Act II. Cttimu. 
 
 dill 
 
 iili^i 
 
 NORTH AM I:K I C A. 
 
 narthnlomow to ihr rourl of llrnrv .. ' Vllth ni Ktij{- ' bnjrlv havi- rcHiinicd \n* viivayi »* in Ihf mrvicc of I'n'f- 
 land. iIhtc id solicit patruiia<.M' anil uIVit llir Iniits of ! land, lint lie found tlia' in Iiim abpti'iiif llir kuit,''M ardof 
 dl^co^t'^v. Uartjioloui'-'.' wa^ lakcn priM)ti(T by piralcK, ' for diM-ovc-ry liad ^ri-allv abiilt-d. Scaled on ii thro^tc 
 and alli-ra loriL' di Icntion Wiis rtduci d (o Mjrh poverty ' whii-h In- liad LMMicd by conipirnl in it roiintry vx 
 tli.il on liiH arriMil ui l.oiidnii he w.is c<nnpell<-il, by the Inuxtf d bv civil w.trn. involved in liottilitieH willi Nrni- 
 lahor <d MiH liainU. Id procure (lie nie.iii-* ol arrav in^ land, and li.ira>sed hv lIc' niHurreciiottr* of Iuh toihp cit 
 liunndf 111 haluinnentt ><ji'e<I to In^ nilerxnw vMtli a atal the inachuiatioiii of pretender^ to his crown, 
 monarch. On inch nb^jhl rircninfilaiiceH tiie tale^ ol i llenry bail little leisure lor llie cKeculioii of diMatil pro- 
 naiioiiM. at tiiiieM, Nccni to depend i wlule in reabty. i jeclp* ; and hm sordid di-po^iilion found bttle allraclion 
 
 III the pro'ipert of a coloni.t' ^-ellle 
 likely to be productne of nniiiidiate 
 lluwas eii<.Mi5( d. too. at tins tiine, in nc^j 
 
 vhich WAH not 
 pecnui.irv ;.Min. 
 iitialiiiii tlie mar 
 
 ria^e ol hi^ ftoii wi 
 uiiil must, tlierefoi 
 
 lierefore, have felt hinitclf adilitioually di-^in- 
 clu'cd lo pur>ue \ pro|ect lli.it contil not lad (o L.'i\e 
 uioliri<>e lo this jealous prince, who it.imn <1 liie wnidc 
 conlinenl of Aimrica, in vtilue of a donilion Irom llic 
 I'opc Nor were the snbieclM of Menry in a condition 
 lo avail liieiiiKcIvcs of (be ample held that ('Hbol'.-i dis- 
 cny.Ty h:id opened to their entc^p^l^e and activitv. 
 'I lie civil war-" had di.'Si))ated ucaltb, n pri'ssed coin- 
 ini rce, and even e.\( hided the i)ii<.di^)( people from 
 Mli.irnit; in ibc ^M'ikt.iI impro\<-nicnt which the iiatiom* 
 ot Kiiropc had now beiiun lo experience. All llie ad- 
 viuiiaoe-i, then, llial DoL'land, lor the present, derived 
 
 (roin the vova^'e of ("abut wa>(. that rn^ht of proj.erty la !*vslcni "O over^'rown wilh a' 
 which if4 suppoMi'd to an-e from prioritv of discoverv — ; tiutrv, whercii r il oblained adin 
 
 »n 
 
 for inanv viMifft aliHorbcd bv the wafft und nilrii.'nni i.f 
 the cuutineni . autl the miMMalion^ in rcl:)>iiin<t diHJ* 
 irine and recb'^ia-Htical coiistinitiun that aliiiidid itii 
 cloNC. lonntl ample emplovrncnl at hoiiir lor the mii.iU 
 of Ihe kmu', iiiid of the ure.il bulk of the people Ii wan 
 during tics rei:.m that the lull IihIh <it the U< lormation 
 brnkc liirili III tiennanv, and waH rapidiv dilhi»id over 
 i'iurope. Henry, at lirxl, rr:<o|nlely oppo<ied hniiNcll lu 
 the advcrHaricH of tlm cbnrch of Komi-, aiid i-wn at- 
 templed, bv hin pi n. to stem the pro:,'te-H -il iln' inno- 
 v.itiouH Hot btH hiili<sei|ue(it coutr<iver>.\ witli tha 
 I'apal .Sie evcitcd and Nanclioned a ><piMt ol n:'|Ujry 
 amonif liw ownsuhjecl . \*. Inch >pread l<ir bevond bis 
 eTpcclatioiiH and dc^'irc', and eluded all bis allcmpts lu 
 cmitrol and rc.'traui it A di^cu^nnni ol the pM ten- 
 sioiiH of the chnrt II ol Itomc natiinillv l>i';.-ot nnpory 
 into her doctriiH >* ; for her u'f'ind prr tetiHious to intal- 
 libihty binned the onlv authority to which miiIIiv ol tbcMt 
 doctrincH v\ere indebted tor their reception. The wry 
 art (lilt had iieen empNivcd (-av- an miieuioiis philoM)- 
 pher) to weave tl,c whole ot the ptiplvji oisliiut loiiH 
 into one coherent nv*>tein, and lo iii<ikc ever; s'lper- 
 tttiMoiiH devicf^ repoKC on the aiitliorilv and conduct* lo 
 the ncjirandisrnient of the church ol ItoMie. now emi- 
 trihuled to ai'cehratc ami complete her dowul.dl. In 
 
 the spirit ol m- 
 could not tad Uj 
 
 tlicy ar<- over ruled, rml bv cjr<um.>taiiciM. bul by 
 tint Ml I Mi,' vMio airan;,'es and di^po'cs ciri'um>tance.H 
 in haiiiiony vvilli iti<- predetermm itioiis of Ins ovmi 
 will I he propo<>itionH of Itartliolome.v VM-re favora- 
 bly reccivtd bv Hciiry : but bctore a delinilive nrran^e- 
 nieiil w.o* eoncluded. Hartholomew w.is recalled by the 
 inlelli;'euce iji ii Ins broiher's ptaiiN had al Icru^lh lieeu 
 iiiiiriioned and adopted by rerdinaiitl and I>ah(lla ol 
 .S|,:,IM. 
 
 If ili<! (MiitiniiH Ictnptr and frim-il ilinpitMitiiir) ui 
 llctirv ( niilnlxlli'il (!' (Iliiuiil^li Ins rrnrrls tor the 
 illiilutliiilTlU'llt ol u li:i/illi)r)us HMI i\,i<'lisi\r iiiiilr rlak- 
 Ilii:. llir ustoiilsitin;,' KiiiTcspt Willi wlili-h Its actu.il |prii- 
 Hcrutioil Ity otIliTs li.ul lici ll attilMliil, ri'Vlvi-ii tlii- lor- 
 iiiiT |iro|>'i'tH ul Ins iimikI, unil \\liriti <1 it to ii ilrL.'rc<' ol 
 l'MtiT|ins(' lliat siniwcd lillil liotll liistrilrttil iind pni- 
 vnki'd tiv Ills d s,i}>|toi itini'iit III tins (li.s|)nsiinni lie 
 livtinn-d n-'idily to tin* projjos.ils ol our (><il>.ito or t'li- 
 
 luit. II \ I iirl ri'sidiiii; 111 llnstol ; wjio, Iroiii iumm- i u rifjlit wliu-li, Ircnii tlir ixliiit ol till' lirnliirv. the mild- i lirticl rrror ; and rvcii a siiii;lh iiislaiirc of siirli clc- 
 
 (liTliiiX t'l"-' iIiscoviTU'W of ColniiilMis towards tin- soiitli- 1 iiiss of its cliiiiatr, ami tlir li-rtilily of its soil, aljordctl I ti-flion. liy loosi- tiiiij,' tin' i-oniiT-stonr ol iiil.illiliilitv, 
 west, had loniifd the Djiliiioii tliat lands nili^lil liki-- i ati alii|ilc [iro.iprct of a.iviilitaLM (Mis cololiizatlon. Mot i sliook tlic whole (dilirn to its l.<iind:iIloii 'Ihe |.ro- 
 
 wise he disciin-rrd towards tin' iiortli-wrsl, and now | froio the iirnuiistaiii:cs in wliii'h llir iiat was plaiTd, : (iri'ss of tins spirit of iiii|iiiry I'Vernsed a pinvedid anil 
 
 oUcri'd the kmj; to rondni't an ixprdllloii 111 lliis direi- I or rather from tin' de»l;!lis of thai rroviileiiee wlileli 
 lion, llenry, proiiipled liy Ills avarieu and stun;; liv | i;overiis nreiimslanees. and renders tlnni siihserneiit to 
 his disappomtnii lit, eaL'erly I'lnliraei d the proposals ol ; the destinies of nations and indimlinils. was IhiLdand 
 Caliiit, and not only granted hiiii a eoniinisMon of dis- i prevented from oreiipyinf; tins imporlanl lii'ld, till the 
 covery, Imt, on two sniise.pient oerasions, issued simi- | nioral and reliL'ions advaneenniit whieli her people 
 lar niiiimissions for thu discovery and uppropnation of' were soon to nnderuo, had ipnilitled her to Iteeome the 
 iillknowii lernlories, | parent of North AiiieniM ('.iliot hiidnii,' that lleiirv 
 
 The eomiiiission to Caliot, the only onii wliirh v^'as | had ahaiidoned Ins eoloni.d projiets, soon alter trans- 
 prodoetive of interesliiij; (•unse.pienees, was (.'runted I ferret! his services to the .Spaniards ; and the Miiohsli 
 on tlici rith of .Manli, llUo, (ihoiit two years allc r tlm I seemed eonlenleil lo surrender llieir diseovenes and 
 return ol roluinliiis troiii .\iiieriea,) and einpowerid j the diseovi'rer to the snperuir fortune of thai siieee^^sful 
 this adventurer and his sons to sid under ihi- 11, in oflpiople, 'I'lie only lllimi diatc fruit that Iji^l.ind de- 
 
 I)ii;riaiid 111 ipiest of eouiilries yet nn.n-cupied hv any i rived from Ins enterprise is said to h,ive lueii the iiii- 
 ihristian slati' ; to taki' posses.sion of thiuil in the naini' i portation Irom .\ilieiiea of the hrsl turkeys' that had 
 of llenry. and pi, ml the liliiihsll haliner on the walls I ever hein seen lil Ihirope. 
 
 of lh( ir c.islhs and eitiis, and lo maiui with the in- j It is remark.ihle, lh.it of tin se first e.vpeditioiis to the 
 
 h,iliitants a tr.illii- *'xcliisi\e of all coniiielilors. and 1 western world, hy Sp.im and Kn;;l.iiid. not one w.is 
 rxeni|iled Iriiiii enslonis ; under the eondition of pay- I eilher projertiil or eommanih d liv .i eiti/.i n .il the stale 
 
 ills; 1 I'lllll part ol the In i' protit on every voya;;e to I which supplied the sidiordinati' lulveliliirets. defrayed 
 
 fill' crown. .Miout two years after the dale of Ins coin- | the expense of the eipiipment, and riMipid llie henetil 
 
 inission. (1-11I7.J Cahilt, with Ins seeolid miii, Selias- [ of the enterprise 'I'lie honor of tli.- arliieveinenl was 
 
 llaii. emliarkiil al llnstol, III a ship turnished hy the ! thus nion' w idely distnhnled. The .'Spanish udvcnlur- 
 kiiin, anil was attenihd liy four small vessels e.pilpped i ers wen- condiH'led hv ('oliimhiis, a native of (lerioa ; 
 
 the liniilisli. hy .lohii (hiliot. a citizen of N'eniei' : and 
 
 though Sehastian ( "allot, whose .superior genius soon 
 
 assumed the chief ilirection of the enlerpnse, had liilii- 
 
 elf heeli horn In l^n^l.ind. it was hy the ixperii'lici. 
 
 of (;uliol is associaled. : imj nislnielions of Ins lather thai liis't;enius had heen 
 
 The naviL'ators of that at;'.; weni riol less innucnccd 1 trained to naval affairs, and it was lo the father that 
 
 hy the opinions than incited hy the example of (.'o-jlhe projection of the voyane was due, and tin' chief 
 
 hnnhns, who erroneouslv siipposeil that the islands lie j coniiiiand mlrilsted. Happily for the honor of the 
 
 liad discoverfd 111 his tirsl voyaite wen- outskirts or | IJn-lish nation, Ihe parallel extends no farther ; and 
 
 dependencies of India, and not l,ir rem.iti' Iniin the the Inatment winch the two discoverers expirieii'-cd 
 
 Indian coiitilienl. Inlliieneed liy tins notion, Sihastiaii | from the countries thai had emplovi d them, .lillend as 
 
 (.'allot conceived the hope that hy steerini; to the north- | widely as the histories of the two enipins which they 
 
 west he iniL'ht liilhl the dcn.i'ii. and even improve ihe I respectively coiilriliiited lo found, Ciiliimhus was 
 
 performanccofCiilnmhiis, and reach India hy a shorter ! luadeil wilhchuns in the coiinirv which he li.id the 
 
 course than Ins predecessor hail taken. I'lirsiimir tins mlorv of disi oveniiL', and died the'viclim of ;ni;ralilude 
 
 track, hi; di.scovered the islands ol .NcwfounilUnd and j and ilisappuinlment ainoiii; the people wlioiii" he had 
 
 St. John; and still coiitiinnn;; lo hold a westerly 1 conducted lo so much wealth anil n-now i :■; ol, 
 
 course, soon reac-hed the coiitm, iil of .North .America, I alter spending' some vears in the service o'' , , v. so 
 
 and sailed aloiiij it from the contines of l.ahrador to , experienced her iii!;r.ililiide ; and returnili", in ins old 
 
 the coa.st ol Vir^' Thus colidu,-lcd hy Cahot, who |a^'e. to IliiL'laiid. he ohtained a kind and iMini.r.dilc n- 
 
 wus liilnsell suidiil liy the l-iihus of Coluinleis, did i c. pnoii faun Ihe rnilion which had. as v.l. ilenved only 
 
 ihe Knyhsh achieve tin; honor of heiiii; the second lia- jharnn hopes, and a seemiiii.lv r. hii.piisiied title from 
 stem wiuld. and the lirst I hn expedition lie nieiveii the iliiinitv of kniirhthiiod. 
 
 hy the meichants of thai city. .Sehastian Cahot ap- 
 pears to have ^n•atly excelled Ins father in (,'etims and 
 nauilcal science ; and it is to Inn) alone tli.il liisloriaiis 
 have ascrihed all the duscoverics with which the name i 
 
 ii.'u inai. ii.i.i iisi.e.i iMe«esieiii niuni.aiiu ti.e tirsi | Ins cxpcililioii I le Mieiveil the ilii;iiity ol Uiiu'lithood 
 that had discovered tiial v.isl cnnlineut that sintchcs I the appomtmeiit of lirand I'dot of Tjc'land. aird a pen 
 Irom Ihe (iiill ol .Mexico towards Ine .\orlh I'ole. For | slim that enahled hnn to spend li;s old a"e m circiini 
 it was not till the followtiiK year tl-l'.IS] that Coluinlius, i stances of honor and comfort. 
 
 ill Ilia second voyaijr, was enalihid lo complete Ins own Krom tlrs pcrioil till ihe reiL'ii of Kli/.alielh, no uene- 
 discovery, and proceed heyond the islands he hud liral | ral or dehherate desinii was formed m IhiL'land for the 
 
 piisitioii of lerrllorv, or the eslalilislimeiit of colo- 
 
 II .\merica. Duriii!; the nui.'u of llenry the \'lllth, 
 
 f the l-jij;lish iiovernmcnl were 
 
 vl&ttcd, lo the i-ontineni of .Viiirri 
 
 (,'alioi. ilisappoiiiled III his main olijeot of thidmj; 
 wi's'i ni passaye to India retiiriidl to Kniiland to rehile i Iheviu'or and attention 
 
 the discoverieii he had already ellected. wilhoul at-'- " - - 
 
 tcmptiiii.' cither hy acttlciiieiii or coii.piesl to fain a 
 foutnii! nn the .Vin.Tic.ui coiiliiietil.* He would vvil- 
 
 .iin|.. 
 
 ;.Iuirctnll'« Cnlleitloll ul Vi,>)ii;es, lll'jll, Mr 
 an his return, a iIihiI "t liii' u lioU' Neilh Ainellcaii 
 Thu liilcicsiniit.locuMienttatlached lii«h;,h was a purtrait 
 "t Ihi! Naviijuur, iiiii a brief accuuiil uf his n.jaue) » as Iwin 
 
 ialiervi 
 
 I Willi. 
 
 lall, aii.l 
 
 IS Sll|.p.. 
 
 ■ tin' wl 
 
 d 1 
 
 .n.'iltli: 
 
 1 ilail.rv 
 
 lll'l. 1 
 
 iillckM 
 
 .11. Hist 
 
 lit tin- 1. 
 
 su,^jifiHl(!il In the I'rivv 
 ti> have [lefishci hv 11 
 thi'reiu'iiorWilhoiilht 
 War, y.il. \. \>. IC.'.r 
 
 • Whv tills liir-l recrived llie nainp il cnjov^ in niiuliml. 
 h;i^ iiev.r l.«-i-ii s.itisfa.-ti.nly expl;ui:i"i. IJy the Frfmli il 
 was called "t;<M| ti'lnii«',"nii account ot its Ainerii an oniiina); 
 Anitrica boinKthen jjeiierally termed Wujiern bidii. 
 
 iihitarv mllueiice on ibe cli.ii,i<-ier and bnlum ot every 
 naMon m winch it l'I'IIii d ailimssioo A subject ot in- 
 tellectual cxcrci^r bad at leni^lh been lonnil, thai could 
 interest the dullc'.t, and en^ros.s the most vii/oroun 
 facullies ; tbo contaL'ion of lervenV /eil and eariic^l 
 niipiirv waH rapidlv propa^titrd . a univers.d promotion 
 of miiid attended lln' spread of the relormed lUutrines, 
 and every nation into which tin v Ibiwcd v\as eb'valul 
 in the !4calc of moral and intellectual bein^'. Inlro- 
 iluci-d into lliii^lind by the power of a han^hly, ea- 
 pticious, and b.irbarous tvrant, wIiohc oliject was nut 
 till' I UMTicipaliun of his ^ohjects, but the dehveran< o 
 ot hiiu>ilf from a po\M'r wincli he wrisled Irom ibif 
 I'o|.c only to ex.rciM; w ilb tn.t own haiid-> , it was some 
 time hehire lhe;<e doctrines worked tlutr way into thti 
 imniU (d the people, and, expellini^ the corruptiuiis and 
 adulterations uf the royal teichir, atl.iined tlieir full 
 tukturitv of inllueiice and vi^Mtr. Hesidcs b-uveinn^ 
 tlie national creed wiib much of thu ancient Hnper- 
 .tlilUHi, lleurv encninbered tlie national worship with 
 many of the popisli msiiiiitiou» : retauiinir wlialever 
 was calculated to provi^ u uselul auxdiary lu ruyul au- 
 thority, or to ^rality llic poinji and pride of Ins own 
 sensual imai;ination. In the cuinpoMlion ef the ec- 
 clesiastical hudv, he preserved the powerful bicrurchy, 
 and m the solemTJitus ot vvor'^hip itic ^otm'ous cere- 
 monial ol the cluirrh of Koine. !lut In; lound it 
 easu r lo eslabltsh ecclesiastical runstiliitions, than to 
 limit the stream of human opmiun, or s'ay the Iteaveiily 
 shower by which it was slowly but ^'radiially reiiiforcid 
 and enlarged ; and in an nller a^e, the repn:)nanco 
 'hat manilestiil itself between the constitution of ihn 
 llfiuhsh chunh and the rebmoiis scnlimenls of lint 
 iin^disli people, produced conseipiencrs of very ^ real 
 miporlancf> in the history uf L'jii.dund and the s "^:- 
 (tient of America. 
 
 The rupture between Henry the VIHlhand the Uo- 
 man see removed whatever obstacle the |)opisli dona- 
 tive to .Spain iiii<<lit have interpose.l to the appropriation 
 of Aimrican territory by the liuyhsh crown : hut of 
 the two immediate successors ot thai monarch, the oiitt 
 iieiilecird this advaiitiiLTc. and the other renounced ii. 
 |)iiriii;: the reii.Mi of Kdward the Vlth, the court of iho 
 royal tumor was disir.icted by tiiction, or occnpitd by 
 the war will. Scolland ; anil the alttntion of tiir kiii^r 
 Old people was eni,'riisscd liy the care ol extendni;^ and 
 ciuitirnnii^ the estabhshinent of the protc-tr-nt doc- 
 trines Introduced by Henrv, and patronized bv Kd- 
 ward, these doctrines multiplied iheir converts with n 
 facility that savored soiuewhat of the weii,'ht ot Inininti 
 authonlv, and the iidbicnce of Mcular .ntere!<tM ; till, 
 under the dinction of Providence, iho same earthly 
 power that bad been employed to facilitate the intro- 
 duction of truth, was permitled loatieuipt it.- siippris- 
 sion The royal authority, wtiieh llenry had blindlv 
 tiuide subservient to the t- stublishnn nl i)i the protca- 
 taiil doctrines, waH now employed by Mary v^itli eipial 
 blindriet)H as lui instnmionl to silt and purilv the pro- 
 li slant bodv. lo se|i!irate the ticmnni? Irom ihe nusoiimi, 
 atid lo enab!' Hie true believers, by more (ban mortal 
 furtiliidc, faUUtalncs>i, and patience, *.o make full proof 
 
 S 
 
— 1 
 
 S19 
 
 of rhriAli.U) chariu-trr arul divirir |^M<'r, 'I'lti^t |)riiit-(t 
 ri'iioniii; Itu* rorinr^ioii lM't\M-(M) Kri^'litrid iiitd ilic 
 chiin'lt n| Konir, luid iimit-d iti ni<irriiii;(' tu I'liilip ul 
 Spoil), wii.H tioiMid liy doiililc ticx to niritin liom t-oii- 
 ti'-^liiit; llir S|i.iiiiHh rl.iiiiiM uri Aiiifririt. I' \\,in nui 
 till ihi- n-iu'ii lit i:ii7.ilii ill, •li.il titi- oli.M.u-lt-M i-n.itnl t>y 
 (lit- |irrlni<*iiiii^ iit' S|>.tiM were liihilly riiiiiiM'd, .did tlip 
 |irti,|n'i'l 111* ii(lli!*inn wiili llii' df*i^ij?< of tli.it |K)\Sfr, ^o 
 f.ir IriMii ii|i')i',iriii;.' olijcrliniiiitilc, |ir<'!4<'iiifd ttu; vtiuii^- 
 (-Kl iillriii-liriiM 111 till* iiiiiiil.t ot till' Kii<.di!4li. 
 
 IliiF, itlilii<Ui;ii diiriii>; tins Uiii^ juriiKl ilii- n(!cii|ialinit 
 oC AiiitrHM had Imimi uttrrlv m^lirlrd, tiiu iiitva) rr- 
 »iit)rct-H adapted lo iIm' litrm.ilhMi and inaiitlinaiu'c ot 
 coloiiu's vvcrr diliir*'Mllv rultiV'ili'd iii lini^latid, aihl n 
 viyiiruiis iiiijnilsr was niiniiiuiiicalrd tu llit' i*|iirit i*t 
 roiimiirt'ial iiiicrprist' I iidi r tlic diriTimns ul Ciliui, 
 in lilt' rt'1'11 1)1 llniry the V 1 1 lili, llw lin^li^li mm r- 
 i-lia>ils visiifd (he rua^l of llr.i/.d, atid traded wttli the 
 seUh'inents dI ihu INirtii^^iiese, In llie rei^'ii ol Kd- 
 ward tlie Vllh. (lie llnhertr?* on the liaiik'< til" New- 
 foiiiidlaiid, whu-h liad heeii |irevMiiisIy e>lahhslied. wvtv. 
 extended .ind eneoiiiaiied ; and an asMieialmn ol' nd- 
 veiilurer^ Inr ihe di^eovery of tunv eouiitries was iiieor- 
 porated hv rnyal eharter. liven Marv eontnlMiU-d I<» 
 proinoie tins direeium ol' the iiatunial s|iiril ; she 
 |oii!ided lh(> <'()i'pi>raliMn o\' MerelikiitH tu Uussia, and 
 rndeiMireil lo proleel llieir irallie, hy eslaUhr.hini^ a 
 iVtendly relation with tho sovereign ol' that eouiitry. 
 DnrniL,' her rei^jn. an allenipt lui^hly creiiitahle tu the 
 imtluiial eiier:_'V. and not wholly nnsueeessrul. was made 
 to reach India hv hud ; and a eoinnirreuil intercourse 
 waa ostahlished with the eoa-^t of \trica. Many synip- 
 tonis eoiwjtired to induMti- with what steady vi^or and 
 persevering .mlor the people of ijiirhiiul ini;ilit he ex- 
 jiecfed to iiitpnne every opporlniiily of exereiMiii; and 
 i'Xtenihni,' tin ir ri»>oiirces. and liow hi^h a rank tin v 
 were desUned tu hold in the scale of iialiuns, win n the 
 sireiimh of their character should he ihoroiii^lily deve- 
 loped hv the proi^ress of their recent iinprovement, and 
 the principles and policy of (heir i^oveniiiK'iit shotiM 
 mure happily concur wiih the genius and seiilinicnts uf 
 the people. 
 
 The Spiniards in the iiieantiino had extended ilieir 
 ultieinenlit over the eonltneiil of South America, and 
 achieved an extent of coinpiesi and acee.ssejil of tre.i- 
 O'.ire that daz/led the eyes and excited the crnnl.ition of 
 all Kurope. 'i'he inure active spirits ainunj.* Ihe Sji.i- 
 liisli peoiile, restr.tuicd at hoin<> hy (he llitia r.d ;:eniiis 
 of llieir yuverniJH'iit. ea^'erlv rushed intu the uutjet of 
 enterprise presented to iIm-iii on the vast theatre of 
 iViexieo and I'eru. The paiitnisin of the natives ol 
 tin >e rctjions allured the uivasitui of hijjotn lony wed- 
 ded tu ;i f.)ith (hat reeojiiis'd eompulsion as an in-'ru- 
 liieiit of con\ersion ; and their wealth and elleiiiiiiaev 
 nut less powerfully tempted thf^ cupidKy of rut n :n 
 wlioin prid(! inllametl ihe desire of riches, wliih' it in- 
 spired contempt of mctuslry, Thus everv ]irosp(ct thai 
 eould address tiself pri v.nhtiL' to iiumaii desires, ur 
 to the peculunties of Spam-*h character, r<Mitrihu(e<l to 
 promote (hat ueries of rapid and viijorous invasions, hv 
 which the Spaiiiard.i ovcrr.m so lari»e a portion of the 
 coiitiiiunt ol St.'ulh America. The real and lastiii),' 
 illeot of iheir dcijuisiitions has corresponded in n man- 
 lier very salislac(ory lo (he moral eye, wiUi the charac- 
 ter and merit oi iho achievementit hy which Itiey were 
 earupd. The history oi the expeditions uhich termi- 
 hated in the coiiijuesl of .Mi-xuo and l*eru dis)il.ivs, 
 perhaps, more strikniudv ihaii any uihrr poriion of ihe 
 records of the human race, what amaxin;; vxt rtiuns llin 
 mind of man can proiuj.'t him to altenipl, and riustain 
 iiim (o endure — how Menially ho is capahlc uf inisili- 
 rectmi; thceiicruies with which hi.'^ ('reatur has i ndowed 
 liini — and Innv fatally di-^posfd lu exercise ihem more 
 vi^M)rouslv m the comini^^Ktn of wirkediiess than the] 
 prai'ticp of virtue. W'iiolly revolted from (iotl. in liie 
 darkness of a disordered nalure, aii<i ne\er whullv re- 
 turning; in (hi> lih' to an entire suhurduMtion, men seem 
 to he capaide of ohi:jinmLr a mure perfi'ct co operation 
 of tiicir active facullies. and ri.'irt? extensive coiilrilni- 
 tiui. of the resoureeri of ihi-ir nature iu tiic prodiictioii 
 of evil than lo the pro--eeution of t,'nod * To considiT 
 l!iL' courai^e, the patience, the viijor, the furlitndi', 
 evinced hy the rontpierors of iSoiUh America, in eon- 
 junction wilh the sordid, unjust, and liarharou;* ends to 
 which lliey weri' mule suhiervH lit. mi|.'ht deifrade these 
 virlnos for ever m our esteem, if we did not recoiled 
 that enertry is (he i,nfl of (lod. and the ahuMJ of it the 
 iiiveiiOon of man ; and that tzenius and valor, even 
 wlipii employed to dehase ,ind oppress inaiiktiid, are 
 
 • (f v<Miieeximi{.Ies xn theliislurvi.f llii' worlil. .iml even in 
 lIlP rolniiizatiun <1 (NortlnTFi) AitnTica, seem to (hspilti! tluit 
 poittioii|U)oy ctiii only turn auniveisalijitua gcncial maxim. 
 
 TU i; iiis'i'ou V OF 
 
 not more justly ohtioxioii!! to repioneh, than the wmo 
 which ollen wa.«tes the Hlren|;th it wan uivcii lo reNlore, 
 ur the juutl \\ hi( h noun limes ahml^es ihe lile it was 
 meant lo juoluiiu' The intlexihle pritle and delihenh^ 
 tvraiiiiy ol these adventurers, Iht ir ari'ut^anl iliNre^.trd 
 I'f the rights ni human iMiure, lunl calm fiurve" ul Ihe 
 ih Md.ition ul empires anti deslrurtiun ol happinesH and 
 life, IS rer. tiered llii> more strikiiii^ aii<l m^trueiive hy 
 llii' Imimhlv itf their own oriyiiial circnm.-^lanees, which 
 seem<'d lo level and mute them hy hahit ami sympathy 
 with the mass uf maiikiiiil. WJieiice we n asunahly 
 cunchide, th.it thr illu'^iun'* of royalty are not mdispeii* 
 sjlily reipii^Ke lo distend the heart with pride and to 
 iiavdcn it with erueltv, and ihal I'yrrlnM and Alex.uidi r 
 wixv compuied iif the hann- material willt Curies and 
 I'l/.arro. lin- coiiipieBls of the .Sn.un.ird-* wire ac- 
 coin|)]isln d with such rapidity, ami lollops ed with such 
 h trharous oppresMini. thai a verv few years siilliced not 
 only enlirelv lo snlijuifate, lint almost whullv lo e.xtir- 
 pile, Ihe slothful arni elVennnate idolaters whom it t\,'s 
 the will of (iod lo destroy hv tl eir hands, The «( t- 
 tlemeiits that were founded m the ccni pn rctl eonntries 
 jprodiiCi'd, from the nature of the miil, .i \ii*t inlliix of 
 i.'uld and silver into Spiun, and llnally exi rcisctl a most 
 pernicious inlliu-nce on Ihe liherty, indiisUv, and pros- 
 peiity of Inr people. Hut it was loni; lielore the hit- 
 ler harveU ul tins ^'olden shower was rr.iptd ; ami in 
 an a^e so it.rnoraiit o\' political science, it could not lie 
 toreseeii llirou<.h the pomp and renown wiih which the 
 ac<}uiMlnm of so much empire, and the uilmimstratnm 
 ul so much treasure, seemed lu invest ihe Spatiish 
 monarchy, 'i'he achievements of the oriL'inal uilveii- 
 tnrers. eml»e||ished hv ttie romantic genius of Spam, 
 and softened hy nalional partiality,* had now uccupnd 
 the pens of Spanish hislnriaiis, and <vxcit<'tl a thirst h)r 
 similar projects, and hopes o] Miiiil.tr i nrichtinnt in 
 every nation where the tidin^'s were iiLide known. The 
 study of the Spaiutli laniiuaL^e, and th" acipiaintanee 
 wiih Spanish literature which the marriai.'e of Philip 
 .md Mary introdiieed into Km^l.md. awakemd the more 
 actiTC spirils in this counlrv to Miinlar views and pro- 
 jects, and ^'ave to the rl^mJ; spirit of aiKeninre -» 
 
 strotii' I 
 
 fi ;- •"r< • I " 
 
 determination towards tho continent of 
 
 Am 
 
 IIIH. 
 
 'J'lie reiijn of Kliznbeth was prodnclivis of the lirsl 
 attempts that the KiiLdisli had ever nnide lo ostabltHh 
 a permanent seithrnenl in Americi. Hut maiiv causes 
 eontrihuied to iiilerhlc thiir cxertiuris tor this piirpusc, 
 and lo retard ihe accomplishment ul this ^rcit de.«ii,'n. 
 I'liP civil ^'ovemment of Kli/iihelh in thu comimuice- 
 im nt of her reiirn was hitrhly acceplahle to her snh- 
 p'cts . and her commercial poln-y, ihoUL'li freipientlv 
 piTverled hy the iiiteresfs ol arhilrarv power, and the 
 principles ot a narrow nnd erroneous system, was in 
 the mam. perhaps, not less laudahly tlesii^ned than jn- 
 dieiously din 'Mi 'I lo tiie euliivalion of their resources 
 and ihe promuiiun uf their prusperity Hv permittm(» 
 a free expuriation of corn, siie pronnMcd at once the 
 a^ricultnri! and the commerce of Kuiflunil ; and hy 
 treaties with foreiu'n powers, she ende.ivored to esta- 
 hlish commercial relations In tvvppii their suhjecls and 
 her own.t Sensihle how much t!ie strength ami safety 
 uf tin: state and the prosperity of the people ninsl ih-- 
 pend on i navai iorce, .ihe look everv means lo eneu,i 
 ruiiv, naviL'atioii : nnd so much increaHed the ship|*ni:; 
 of the kmi^ilom hoth hy huildniii lart;e vi'ssels herst If. 
 and liy proumiin^ sh![»-liuildinir iunon^ the mereh.inls. 
 th.it she was sty|i;d hy hi-r subjects ihe Kestorer ol 
 naval iilory, and the Queen of lln; northern seas. Ki- 
 i.'idlv just in discharijmj; the ancient debts of the crow n, 
 ts well ,is 111 fullilhiiLj all her own eiiLfaj^ements, >el 
 lorhearniL; towards her people iri tin' impo,>iiiott of 
 taxes ; Iiuijal in the expenditure of her resourees. and 
 vet eyiueiutf .1 steady viL'or in the [iroseciiliun of v\e!l 
 (lirecli'd projects ; ihu policy ot her civil uoyernmrnt 
 lit once cimveyed the Wisest lessons to her subjects, 
 
 • Tia'li IS [ii.iv.Miii.iily ihi' 'l.ni,*liifi ni Tmie; ami tin* luo- 
 verli lia.-i Imimi ri-ni irkaljlv verilii-U ny llic pniijress of 1. 1101:111 
 npnimn wii!i ri'sincl In liu' coniinit of the S|nuii;^h cnn-iu- r- 
 urn lit Si. Ill h Aiiiiri.-a. Some sji.cirMei.s ot" llii; mimraniT tiril 
 [..-ovaile'l at a [Tfltv lale piTiml in Ki^'Uli'l on Mils su''jt 1 1 
 will I..' foun'i in Ni-ti- II. 
 
 t She o!.!.iiin'<i Ir'un .hilni Hasihilos, the c/nr of Muscnvy, a 
 patinr wtn.-ti ri<nf'Trr.l tin- wliol,. traile ul his do'iiutMns uu 
 til*' liufii-ti. With tins L'raiit the tyrant, whii livi-.i m .-.n- 
 I'lHial .jrea-lufa revitjl ctf ins suliiprts, jiurcliasi:<l frurn l-:ii;a- 
 I'llti the a^•-n^all<•e <it an asyhiin frnni their furv in lln^'laiil. 
 lint liii snri Tin-Mil. re revuKcii it, au'l ainwerod t.i the liufiirs 
 ri'ni')n-.lraaics. that In' was iletiTininetl tu roli tnithcr Ins own 
 sulijfti-i n<ir fiT'-iimers i.y suNiccUinr to tnonttpi'in's wh.it 
 sI)omI'1 Ite free t.) ail nianknul. Cain.li'n, p. i'X\. So superior 
 was the tninineriial poiiry wlneli nalnral insticf tani;lit this 
 l>:irliarian. to tin' system wlinh Kli/ahetli ilcrived fmtn he/ 
 liiiHste'l tcairitnu' ami renownrtl niiiiily. and wituli loaded Iho 
 freedinn and industry of her tieupk' with patents, iiionopoUes, 
 and exc!u:jive cumpauien 
 
 umt happily ronciirred with the ueneral frame of Ihclf 
 neiilimi'titM and eharaeler. I'erhapM ihere never was • 
 liumaii bi-itiLt (assuredly lievei a woman) so liille amm- 
 Ide, who, as .1 sovertu^n, vyas so popular and Mt iimcli 
 resiD'cted 
 
 I'urm^ a reiirn "O favorable to coiimuTcial niter- 
 prise, the spirit th.il hail been lonn ^Towinir tip in thu 
 minds uf Ihe lln^dish was called lorili mui vi^'orourt 
 and perseyeriiii,' exertion. I nder the p.itruna^'e (if 
 I'mlUy, Karl ot Warwick, ami eonducudbv .Martin 
 r'rolusin r, an expnlllnm vv.in desp.itclnd lor (he dm- 
 riiyery ol ,\ nurlli-west pis^aoc lu Imlia, hul allerex- 
 plurm:' 1 he ci Lists ul I,.iliradoT and ( Jreetilainl, l''rolii>her 
 was coiiipi III d III return willi the tidiniis ut ths.ippuint- 
 imiit. [lo7H ] ll theanlur ul Ihe lin^lish wasdamind 
 hy the result of tins eiiti iprise, it v\as tpnckly revi eil 
 hy ihe succesnl'id ixpeditioa ul Sir I'ranr ''•■tke, 
 who, with u feelde si|Uadrun, iindt rlook u 
 plishdl the tiame enterprise that lor sixt) J 
 
 lurmeil the peculiar ylurv of lln- l'urtut.Mies( ,^alor 
 
 Magellan, anil ohtaineil for lln^^taiid lIu' nuiior ol heiuir 
 the sccuitd ii.ition lhal had eumplelely iurcuriiiiavt<;aleu 
 the yiohc. A ^uieral enlliUHiasm Was excited by this 
 splendid arlneveimuit, ami a passion fur nuval exploits 
 laid hold of tlie spirits of almost all the emim nl leaders 
 iti the nf.'e. 
 
 Hut still ii'.i project of etrecMii);* a p* rmanent settle- 
 metit uhroad had been rnterlaimd or ultempted 111 
 Kn<.dand. The bapjuness that was enjoyed by tho 
 subp-cts of |-!li/.abelli enforced lliusr alliaclions that 
 hiiid the hi arts of men to their iiaiive land, and which 
 are r.irely sMrmonnM d hut hv the experienci' ot 111- 
 loler.ihle hardships .11 home, or (he prospect ol sudden 
 enrichment abroad ' Hut llie lerrilorv of Norlh Ame- 
 rica held out none of the nllu:'eme',is th it had inviled 
 ami rewarded the .Spanish advc'lurers; il presented 
 110 hopes hut of distant ^'ani, and invited tin exertions 
 but of pati'-ni mdu.stry. The prevalence ol the pro- 
 testant doctrines m Kn^laiid, and the mcreasm>r tn- 
 Ib'eiiee of a sense of rt liL'ton uii the minds uf the peo- 
 ple, disinclnii'd many to ahatuhm the only country 
 where the Ueformalion aiipiared to be securely f>tu- 
 hlished ; eiiL'russed the iiiuids of others with sehemea 
 fur ihe improveimnt of the eonsMtution and r ' of 
 tlieir iiatnuial clinrch ; ami prub.ibly repressed o 
 
 ardent spirits the t pnlemical thirst ot advei ^ 
 
 recunciled them to thai nntderaie eompelei 
 the slate u( society in l!uii|,iiid rendered e.isii, .. 
 hie. ami the simplicity of m.iiniers preserved Irom eon- 
 tem|il 
 
 Hul if the iminedtate intbience of reli^iions prmeipip 
 was imfavorahle to projecKs o| enuuralnm, it was to tht* 
 further develupuieni of this nuhh- principle '(lal liii;,'- 
 land was suuii to be indehted lur her j:reatest .ui'l 
 most illustrious colonial establishment. The eetdesi- 
 Hslieal ))obcv uf Idi/aheth was lar from ^ivnit! (hu 
 same ye.eral salisfac'ion lliat Iht civil Government 
 allordril If) her suhjecls. Inlierilini,' the arrui^mil tem- 
 per, the lofty jjreteiisiuns. I'lid ambitions taste ul her 
 lather, with iitlle uf his zeal and none of his bigotry, 
 rehi^ions considerations often mui;.ded with her policy ; 
 )>iil ri liL'ious siuitimeiils liad but little, if any. milneiicu 
 un Inr heart. I. ike hini. she wi.'^hed lit adapt the es- 
 tahlishmeiits o\ chrisluimly lo the pomp and vanity of 
 rovalised human nature ; ami by a splendid hierarchy 
 and ^'oriicous cereniunial. imdiate an a;:reciiiant be- 
 tween ihe liiltiness uf her heart ami the hiiimhty uf the 
 U'uspel. Hut the pe'seeulnm thaf the Knulish piul( s- 
 laiits had tindi'r;;une Iroin M try had not only deepeiicd 
 and purilied the re hiiiuiis sentiments of a i,'real body of 
 (lie people, but assuei.itcd with many of (he ceremonies 
 retaineil in the nalnnial church the idea of po|)ery ami 
 the reciilleeliou uf prrseciitiun. This ri'puonance be- 
 tween the sentiiiienl.s of the men who now liei.Mn lo 
 he leniied purilans, ami ihe eecle^iaslieal policy of thu 
 Kiii/lish euvernmint, conlimied (o increase duriiii' iho 
 whole rejoii uf Kh/.ahelli : hut as the mlliience which 
 It exercised on llie eoloni/,itiiMi ol Amerie,i did not 
 ap))ear till the fullowin:,' niirn. I shall deft r the furlher 
 a'-eiMinl vif It till we come tu trace its elb-cis m thu 
 rise and pru^ress iif the colonies ol New lln^dand. 
 
 Murmu' this reiu'ii. there was nilrotiuced into I'nn- 
 land a brani;h of th.it inhuinan tratlle in mirro st.ives, 
 which aftarwards engrossed so lar^e a portion of her 
 comir.erei.il wealth and adventure, and converted a nn- 
 inerons body of her merchants into 11 conhderacy ol 
 robbers, and much of what she termed her trade into 
 
 * Wli') IS lie lliat li::'.li]udi;iiiciit, conrai;e, and any liu: istr) 
 nr (pialil\, vMlli undt'tstioiilini,', vMJi leavu Ins country. Ins 
 hopes at home, his certain estate, lil-t friends, pleasures, litierty, 
 and tlin prelernmiit lliat Kin:iand doth utford to nil dcKiees, 
 were It Mot to iidvaiice Ins lortiinex by eiijoyiiig hli dt'SCrts P 
 Stmt hi Hist, jf Virginia, dec. il. vi. 
 
n unirriil frnu\o of thoit 
 
 'rlhl|)H llnri' III'MT WAS • 
 
 it wuihiui) Nil htilr iiiiiiu- 
 >*t* |M)|iiilar und .-•o iinirh 
 
 (• to t'Ointni'nMDl nitrr- 
 I liiiiit |;ftn^lll^ U|i Ml llm 
 ilti'il Inrilt mill viu'Dnmrt 
 iniir tin- |.,iirnn.ti:'' *i( 
 nil cniuliii'it il hv M.irliii 
 tlt'>li,iirlii(i lor iIk' llm- 
 ' In liiiliii ; lull itflcrcx- 
 kiiil (irmil.iiiil, rriil'hlii'r 
 ihr tiilitiLiN 1)1 iliH,iji|i(iiiit- 
 Ititt I'in^li^li viiiHiLinipi'il 
 ', It vMi« i|ui('kly ri'Vi.i'tl 
 
 of Sir Kratir "'•'ikc, 
 
 umli I'iDok a 
 lli.il tor MVt> U 
 
 ir l'urtMitiU!*i .^iilor 
 
 ^l.iiitl tilt' liiiiMir 4>l linii^ 
 ipU-tcIv rirriiiiiii.ivt«f.tlrj 
 DiHia w.i^ isriuii liy tins 
 ii>^ioii tor iiiiviil i'\|iloitM 
 «l iill the I'liiiiiiitt Icudcrt 
 
 tjiii' .1 |)«riniititMit srttlo- 
 taiMKl ur iil(('iii|ilt'il 111 
 It \v>iH iMjiiytd hy lliw 
 il tlid^f ,itii!H-litMi.-« llmt 
 r iiiiiiM- land, and v\IiK'Ii 
 )v till' rx|iiTU'iu-t' id in- 
 r till' prosjiict lit MidiU'n 
 
 trrriiorv nl Norili Aiiu-- 
 ;i'iiH",is tint had iiivili-d 
 ivi'Mnrrrs ; it pr('?*riilfd 
 and inviti'd no I'xcrlioiiii 
 i< iircvalcrit'i' ot tht> pro- 
 
 iitid thr liH-rcitsiii^ lli- 
 tiii tilt: tiiitids ol the pco- 
 iidiiii the oiilv cuuiitry 
 ircd lo III' Mi-iircly c-'tu* 
 4 ol othiTs Willi Hchi'int-n 
 -DtiHiiiiuiuii und r' ' of 
 liiihlv r(*prt'f<scd o 
 
 Ihiix ol ad\i'i ' 
 
 I T'lU' foinpfli'i 
 I ri'iidrrrd immi* « 
 rs pri'.siTvt'd Iroiii con- 
 
 ot" ri'lii^ioiis priiin|»Ie 
 
 •irattoii, It was to the 
 
 V prmriplc that Kiijj- 
 
 (I lor her ^rciitf^t and 
 
 lisjiini'iil. Till' ( ri'li'!ti- 
 
 lar linin t.'i\m:^ iho 
 
 liir n\il liovirninunt 
 
 iliny till- iirmifaiit tern- 
 ihitioiiN ta>ic (d litr 
 
 id iiDiK- ol hts hii;i)trv, 
 _dtd with licr policy ; 
 iith'. il any, inllnciice 
 ..-•iMd lo adapt tin- «s- 
 
 tlu- pomp arid \aiiilv of 
 
 hv it ^pli'iidid liK nirchy 
 Ir an ii:.'r(('iihiiil ho- 
 ld ihi' liunnhtv of thu 
 ,i' ihr l!li;ih'>h pioit s- 
 ,id not tMiiv d('('p('iii-d 
 n?s ot" a i.'rral hodv of 
 i:iv nt" (lie fiTfiiumU'S 
 - idt-it o( popery and 
 Tins ri-piit;Miinf(' hc- 
 n who now hi';.Mn to 
 >ia>tu'al polu'v ol tliu 
 
 unrra-sr dumij; llm 
 as the iidlnrni-t' which 
 
 01 Ainrriia ditl nut 
 .h.ill ilrltr till- rnrtliiT 
 I'l Its I'tfiTts in Ih'j 
 il New Kii^iand. 
 itrodiKM-d nin) Kiim. 
 
 trallif in nri^ro :»lavi's, 
 ^ a portion ot hrr 
 
 ', und foiivcrttd u nii- 
 iito 11 (-ontf'dcriicy ui 
 
 tcrini'd her trade into 
 
 aiirai^i', and imy iinl i.stry 
 1 Icitve Ins rouiitrv, Ihm 
 riciids, iilLMSurcs. Iiherty, 
 ith fiMord to all de^'ieeii, 
 ly enjoying tuiiicicrti P 
 
, 
 
 
 1', ' 
 
 I' ' ' 
 
 r- i 
 
 \ 
 
NORTH AMEUrCA. 
 
 213 
 
 lets ot di'Iilirnui; fravi'.l mid atrocious violonco. Tim 
 firat Kiigli>lirnan who hrou^ht this guilt upon hiinself 
 and liis country was Sir Jolm Hawkins, who aficr- 
 Witrds QtUincd so nuich nautical celehrily, niu! was 
 crratcd an adtiuni! and treasurer of the Brilisli navy. 
 His father, an I'xiirrt Knglis'h seaman, liaviuir mad" 
 several voya«?c» to the coaat of Guinea, ijud from 
 thence to Brazd and ihtj West Indies, had acquired 
 coiiMideralilc knowledge of these countries, which \:v 
 ti-ftnsinitted to his son in the copious journals of h> 
 V >ya«TCs and olise.'vations, which he left behind him at 
 his iltath. In these compositions he described the 
 soil of America and the West Indies as endewed with 
 extraordinary richness and fertility, but utterly neg- 
 lected from the want of cultivators. The natives of 
 Kuropc were lepresented as uneipial to the tod of agri- 
 culture in so sultry a climate ; but those of Africi n.s 
 peculiarly well adapted to tlu.s crnploymciit. Torcihly 
 struck with the-^.e remarks. Hawkins deduced from 
 them the project of transporting Africans into the 
 weittcrn world ; and having drawn up a plan for the 
 execution of tliis design, he laid it before some of his 
 opulont neighbors, ami solicited their approbation and 
 concnrrence, A subscription was opened and speedily 
 completed by Sir I/onel Ducket, Sir Thomns Lodge, 
 Sir \Vilham Wutter, anil others, w.'o plainly perceived 
 the vast emolument that might bo derived from such a 
 tralfic. By their assistance Ha vk'ns was enabled to 
 set sail for Africa in the year 15G'J, and, having reached 
 Siirra I-eone.* he benan his commerce with th« negroes. 
 While he IraiV.cked with them ii. the usual articles of 
 barter, he took occasion to yivo them an inviting de- 
 scription of the countrv to wiiich bfi was bound, con- 
 trasting the fertdity of Its soil and tlie enjoyments of 
 its inhabitants with the barrenness of Africa and the 
 poverty of the African tribes. Finding that the unsus- 
 pecting negroes listened to him with implicit belief, 
 and were greatly deliubted with the F.uropean insn- 
 ries and ornaments which he displayed to thcin, he 
 otVered, if any of them were willing to exchange their 
 destitute circumstances for a happier condition, to 
 transport them to this more bountiful region, where he 
 assured ihrin of a kind reception, and of an ample par- 
 ticipation of the luxuries with which he had made them 
 nc(]uainted, as the certain recompense of easy labor. 
 The negroes were ensnared by his flattering promises, 
 and three hundred of them, accepting his olfer, con- 
 sented to embark along with bini for Hispaniola. On 
 the iiiLdit before their embarkation, they were attacked 
 by a hostile tribe ; and lUwkin:* hastening with his 
 ert-w to their assistance, repulsed ti.r; assailants, and 
 carried a nninber of them as prisoners on board Uxs 
 vessels. The next day he set sail with his mixed 
 cargo of human creatures, and during the passage 
 treated the negroes who had voluntarily accompanied 
 him m » dilferent manner from bis prisoners of war. 
 On his arrival at Hispaniola he disposed of the whole 
 cargo to irreat advantdue. and endeavored to inculcate 
 on the Spaniards who bought the negroes, the same 
 distinction in the treatment of them which be him.*elf 
 had ob.*erved. But hnvmg now put the fiiltilment of 
 his promises out of his own power, it was not permit- 
 led to him so to limit the evil consetpiences of his per- 
 lidv ; and the Spaniards having purchased all the Afri- 
 cans at tlie same rate, considered them as slaves of the 
 same conditioii, und consetpicntly treated them all 
 alike. 
 
 When Hawkins returned to Eni;land with a rich 
 freight of pearls, suj.'ar. and i;mger, wluch he had re- 
 ceived in e^chiintre for his slaves, the success of his 
 vovage exciteil universal interest and curiosity respect- 
 iu;: ihis novel and extraord'uiary description of trade. 
 At first the naliim was sliocked with the barbarous as- 
 pert of a tralFic in the persons of men ; and the public 
 feeling hiivuiL' penetrated into the court, the (pieen 
 sent for Hawkins to iutpiire in what manner this new 
 branch of coiiunerce was conducted ; declaring to him 
 that " if any of the .\fricaus were carried away with- 
 out their own consent, it would be detestable, and call 
 down the venijeance o;' Heaven upon tlie undertakers." 
 Hawkins, in repiv, assured her that no expedition where 
 ho had the command should any of the natives of 
 Africa be carried awav without their own free will and 
 ronsent, except such captives as might be taken in war : 
 and be declared that so far from feeling any scruple 
 roncernini5 the justice of his nn,'' rtaking. lie considered 
 It an act of humanity to carry men from a woise con- 
 dition lo n belter ; from a state of heathen barbarism 
 
 * It is renmrknblp! that this shnuM lie the /erv siH»t w)ipre, 
 twocf'hturieit Hner,llie nmsl tlistlriitiiiBheii iUTtirts«if Hu' Kiur- 
 i\hh have twun made to prauiuto thu liburty aiiil haiiitiness ur 
 Ui« AAicani. 
 
 to an opportiui'ly of sharing the blessings of civil 
 society and the -Jiristiaii religion. It is believed, in- 
 deed, and hcems consonant with probability, that Haw- 
 kins, so far from intending that the negroes whom he 
 sold should be coosigned lo a stale of perpetual slavery, 
 expected that they would be advanced to the condition 
 of froo ervants whenever their labors had yielded lo 
 their ma;iters an equivalent for the expense of their 
 purchase. The queen np|)cared to he satistied with his 
 account, and dismiii^.sed him with llie ns^:urance that, 
 white he and bis associates acted with humanity und 
 justice, they should eiijoy her countennncfr and protec- 
 tion. 
 
 The very next voyage that Hawkins umlertook, 
 demonstrated still more clearly the decciifulness of 
 that unction which he had applied lo his conscience. 
 and the futdity even of iho^e intentions of which the 
 fullibnent seemed to depend entirely on himself In 
 his passage he met with an English ship of war, which 
 joined itself lo the expedition, and accompanied him 
 lo the coaot of Africa. On his arrival, he began as 
 formerly to trallic with the negroes, and endeavored, 
 by reiteration of his former topics of persuasion, lo 
 induce tlum to embark in his vessels. But they had 
 now become reserved and jealous of his designs, and 
 as none o( iheir neighbors had returned, they were 
 apprchrn^ivo that the English had killed and devoured 
 them ; i> :>upposition which, however otfcusive to the 
 Engiisb. did greatly and erroneously extenuate the in- 
 humanity of wliich they had been actually guilty. The 
 crew of the ship of war, observing *!ie Africans back- 
 ward and suspicious, began to deride the gentle and 
 ditatof)' methods of proceeding to which Hawkins con- 
 fined himself, and proposed having immediate recourse 
 10 violence and compulsion. 1'bc sailors belonging to 
 bis own Heet loined with the crew of the man of war, 
 and, Qppliuding the proposal, began to make prepara- 
 tions for carrying it into etl'ect. Hawkins protested 
 against such unwarrantable cruelty, and vainly endea- 
 vored to prevad on them to desist from their purpose ; 
 the instructions of the queen and the dictates of con- 
 science were inetfectualiy cited to men whom he had 
 initiated in piracy and injustice, ard who were not able 
 to discover the moral superiority of calm treachery over 
 undisguised violence They pursued tbeir design, and 
 after several unsiiucessful attacks, in which many of 
 them lost their lives, the cargo was at length completed 
 by force and barbarity. Such was the origin of the 
 English brancli of the slave trade, which I have related 
 the more minutely, not only on account of the remarka- 
 ble and instructive circumstance that attended the 
 coinmoiicement of the practice. [See Note 1] but on 
 account of the influence whicb it snbseqmnlly exer- 
 cised on (he colonization and condit on of some of the 
 provinces of North America. 
 
 The spirit of adventure which had been excited in 
 England found a more inviting scene for its exertion in 
 the southern than in the northern regions of Anurica : 
 and when, after twenty years of peace, Elizabeth was 
 involved in hoslilties with Philip, the prospect of 
 enrichment and renown by the plunder of the Spanish 
 colonies opened a new career, which was eargerly em- 
 braced and succes.sfullv prosecuted by the cnierprising 
 spirit of adventurtrs of all ranks in England, .\ccord- 
 in^dy, for many years, the most eminent and popular 
 exploits of the English were performed in the predatory 
 wars which they wa^ed with the colonies wiid cidonial 
 commerce of Spain. Even in scenes so unfavorable 
 to the production or di.splay of the better tpiabties of 
 human nature, the manly character and moral t^upe- 
 rionty of the English wore frequently and siKuatly 
 evinced. Drake and many others of the adventurers 
 in the same career were men equally superior to ava- 
 rice and fear, and who, bow willing soever to encoun- 
 ter danger in quest u( wealth, thought it not valuable 
 enongli to be obtained by cruelty or fr'uul. 
 
 And yc'. it was to this spirit, so unfavorable to in- 
 dustrious ;olonizalion, and so stronirly attracted to a 
 more coe lenial sphere in the south, that North Anicrica 
 was ]u<.i. bttd for the tirst attempt to colonize her ter- 
 ritory. Thus irregular and incalculable (lo created 
 wisdom) is the iidbn^nce of human passions on the 
 stream of human atTairs. 
 
 The most illustrious adventurer in Tngland was Sir 
 Walter Ilaleigh, a man endowed witli brilliant genius, 
 unbounded ambition, and utieonquerahle aetivily ; 
 whose capacious mind, stronuly impregnatei^ with the 
 enl'- ihiasm, credulity, anil sanguine expertation pe- 
 cul i\T lo the age. no sm^^le project, however vast, 
 co.ild fill, and whose ardent spirit nosiuj^Ie enterprise, 
 however arduous, could abiorb. The extenl ol bin 
 capaeity ccnbined acquirements that are cuiniiiouty 
 
 esteemed remote, and almost incompatable with each 
 other. He was. at once, the most industiious scbolnr 
 and the most accomplished courtier of hir. age ; n pro 
 found and indefjtigahle ))rojeclor, yet a gallaiU soldier 
 so contemptible (says an old writer) that he iniybt have 
 been judged unfit for action ; so active that he seemed 
 to have no leisure for speculation. Whatever was suli- 
 lime and brilliant, touched his kindrcdsiul; and what- 
 ever he c.ndertook, he seemed to have been born for. 
 Enconlrolled by steady principle and sober calculation, 
 his fancy and bis passions so far prevailed over his 
 moral sentiments, as sometimes to sully his clmracter.* 
 and something of tb" boundless and trunscendenl so 
 mingled with his designs^ as freipiently to mar his con- 
 duct, and discomlit bis undertakings. But, though 
 adversity might cloud his forumes. it could never de- 
 press his spirit, or strip his genius of a single ray. 
 The frustration of his ellbrts and the wreck of his prt»- 
 jects served oidy lo display the cvhaustlcss opnlcnco 
 and indestructible vigor of that muid. of which no ac- 
 cumulation of disaster nor variety of discouragement 
 could either repress the arder or narrow the range. 
 Amidst disappointment and impoverishment, pursued 
 by royal iiatred, and forsaken by his |)opuIarity, he con- 
 tinued to project and attempt the foundation of em- 
 pires ; and in old age and a prison he composed the 
 History of the World. Perhaps there never was a 
 distinguished reputation so much indebted to genius, 
 and so little lo success. So powerful indeed is the 
 association that connects merit with success, and yet so 
 strong the claim of Ualeigh to evade the censure that 
 this rule implies, that it is with the greatest dillicuhy 
 that, even amidst uninterru]ited disaster, v\e can bring 
 ourselves to consid(>r him an unsuccessful man. He 
 had unfortunately adopted the maxim tliat " whatever 
 is not extraordinary, is nothing ;"t and his mind (till 
 the last scene of his life) was not sutricienlly pervaded 
 by religion to recognize that nobility of purpose which 
 ennobles the coininonet>t actions, and directs to iho 
 attainment of a dignity that consist less in performing 
 things great mi themselves, than in doing ordinary 
 things with an extraoidmary elevation of soul. What- 
 ever judgment may be formed of his character, we musl 
 acknowledge that in genius he was worthy of the honor 
 which he may jierbaps be considered to have attained, 
 of originating the fceuleinents that grew up into tbo 
 North American republic. 
 
 In conjunction with bis half-brother and kindred 
 spirit, Sir Humphry (lilbert, Ualeigh projected tbo 
 establishment of a colony in that quarter of America 
 wliich Cabot bad visited ; and a patent for this purjioso 
 was procured without dilHculty in favor of Gilbert, from 
 Elizabeili. [ISTS] This patent authorized bun to dis- 
 cover and appropriate all remote and barbarous lands 
 unoccupied by chrislian powers, and to hold them of 
 the crown of England, wiib the obligation of paying 
 the fifth part of the produce of all pold or silver mines; 
 it permitted the subjects of Elizabeth to accompany 
 the expedition,^ and guaranteed to them a continuanco 
 o( the enjoyment of all the rights of fiee denizens of 
 England ; it invcsttd tiilherl with the powers of civil 
 and criminal le^iislation over all the inlnbitants of the 
 territory he might occupy ; but with this provision, 
 that Ins laws should be framed with as much conformity 
 as po.seible to the statutes and policy jf England, and 
 should not derogate from the supreme allegiance duo 
 
 * Dneoftlie iiiK^l ttMUULl:iblt- charges tii wtuchthc rliamclrr 
 of Raleii,'li lias luen e\(io.sed is ilenvcii trmii Ihu inuiistrmis 
 lirlioiM with vvlucli Ins account ol (juiaim is rejilLte. But 
 Hiiino aiul the iuIiit writers who tiavi; Itmdeil luin ^v|th tim 
 uuilt of tliisc tniioi\s iiave very unfairly oinitti-d i,o notico 
 Unit nut oiii- oi'iliriii is relatrilon lusuwii avithoiity. Me has 
 ituTelv rfpnUcil (im doiitit in a iiiaiiner very little credituljln 
 to his'iiwn jikIlmik'HI) the fables timt were related to tniti liv 
 lilt' ii;in\csVMlli wlioin he conversed. Savages and barlia- 
 ri'iiis sire veryjirono to practi^u such deceits upon travellera. 
 Ttii> ll.irhai y Nioiirs nut only descrilied a petrif.cd city to Urucu » 
 hiu [HTsi^ted intlieirsiury till theycatnc near to the ^luce. 
 
 t l.loyd. fiTl. Tills wUl reiiiind the clnssical render uf tli« 
 visinn of iili<iiiid iiiMiii-iisuin nUiiutuTniiue, that wanned the 
 faiu'V of Cii (TO, I'lit eiMiUl not uetuatc his d)Hi)nsitiuiiur uttlU'< 
 (Mice his conduit Hilh tlu; same power whldi it excited over 
 the coi.re|iiions, the undertHkuit(s, and ttie fortuu^ii of Ka 
 leiKh. To the Knulislunan inuy. wttnft>'tuiil}UMUrc,tie »)i|ilit'(| 
 that Iteniitilul u{iestroi<lie to the iiieru'ry ui the lloiniui— 
 "adniirntiile pontcr'" mltUis luxviiiuin ; el unu pru&ciiptuj 
 sa!culi>, pioitcnhcH tyrauni.m onuiibuit." 
 
 t Strange ns U may ui)|K)ir,this pro\;Bim was ..t»>ohitely 
 necessary to evade the ott-stiuctton uf Ite exiktinK law o| 
 Kn»:hMid. Ily the aitnont law, as declared in the tireat Char* 
 ter of Ktnt{ .lo)ui,i(U nien tiUifht |i*> I'mdy uu*. uf thekin»;doni, 
 snvini; their fnllti due tu the Knu{. But nu «urh r lnusv up* 
 pe:irs intht) eliuUTuf IiIr siiceeiitior; and duitnn the rfttlii u' 
 Kli/aheth it wa» enaeted, that any Hui>!eet UepHrtnig th« 
 nalin wiUiout a liiense uniier the (Ircai Seat thutUd fi>rfe:t 
 luH I'vriionril t'KtiUe, and U)su Itio profits of his lainU for hfo. 
 t)9 Klii.CRp, 111. Even now a klittttif England inny riijuniBhy 
 j ot Ills Kutijectn not tu leavo the kiiigJoin, ur liaviitR telt It, to 
 I return, tmd enfurco hli iiyuncliou by the »vveie«i i'viialliea 
 
214 
 
 THE IlISTOUY OF 
 
 i! 
 
 
 W I 
 
 10 the Knglish crown. The enJuraiico of this patent, 
 in so far as related to the appro|iriation of territory, 
 wn» limited to sn years; and nil persona were pro- 
 hihitcd frcun establishing themselves witliin two hun- 
 dred leaciics of any spot which the adventurers might 
 occupy during that period. 
 
 'I'he extraordinary powers thus committed to the 
 leader of the expedition did not prevent the accession 
 of a numerous body of subordinate adventurers. f!il- 
 bert liad gained distinction by liis services both in 
 France and Ireland ; and the weight of his charm Ur 
 cotu'iirriiig with the spirit nf the tunes, .ind powerfully 
 aiiled by the zeal of liaietgh, whose admirable genius 
 peculiarly litied him to obtain an ascendant over tho 
 minds of men. and to spread the coniaginn of his own 
 e'lthiisiasm. soon collecied a sudicieiit body of associ- 
 ates, and effected the eijuipment of the first expedition 
 of British emigrants lo America. Uut in the com- 
 position of this body there were eleinenls very ill lilted 
 to establish an infant society on a solid or respeclahlc 
 basis ; the olficers were disunited, the crew licentious 
 and unoovcrnable ; and happily for the credit of Kng- 
 land, it'was not the will of Providence that the adven- 
 lurers should gain a footing in any new region. Gil- 
 bert approai hing the comment too far towards the 
 north, was dis.nayeu by the inhospitable aspect of the 
 coast of ('ape Breton ; his largest vessel was sliip- 
 VNrecked; fl580] and two voyages, in the last of 
 which he himself perished, finallv terminated in the 
 frustration of the enterprise and dispersion of the 
 adventurers.* 
 
 But the ardor of Raleigh, neither daunted by diffi- 
 culties nor damped by miscarriage, and continuallv 
 refreshed by the siiggesiions of a fertile and uncurbed 
 imagination, was incapable of abandoning a project 
 that had gained his favor and exercised his genius. 
 Applying to the queen, in whose esteem he then held 
 a distinguished place, he easily prevailed with her lo 
 gr.'int him a patent, in all respects similar to that which 
 had been previously intrusted lotiilbert [l.'>84.] Not 
 less prompt in executing than intrepid in projecting his 
 schemes. Ilaleiirb quickly dcsp.ilched two small ves- 
 sels commanded by .-Vmadas and Barlow, to visit the 
 diiitricis he intended to occupy, and to examine Ihe 
 acconimodations of their coasts, the productions of the 
 soil, and the circumslances of the inhabitants. These 
 ollicers, avoiding the error of Gilbert in holding too far 
 north, steered their course by the Canaries, and, 
 approaching the North -Xmerican continent by the 
 Gulf of Florida, anchored in Uoanoak bay, which now 
 makes a part of Carolina. Worthy of the trust reposed 
 in them, they behaved with great courtesy to the in- 
 habitants, whom they found living in all the ru<le in- 
 dependence and lalwrlrss, but hardy, simfilicity of sav- 
 age life, and of whose hospitality, as well as of the 
 mildness of the climate and fertility of the soil, they 
 published the most llattering accounts on their return 
 lo Kngland. The intelligence dilfiised general satis- 
 faction, and was so agreeable to iilizabetli, that, in 
 »'xercise of the parentage she proposed to assume over 
 the country, and as a memorial that this acquisition 
 originated with a virgin queen, she tlioiiglit projier to 
 bestow on it the name of Virginia. 
 
 This eiicoiirauing prospect not only quickened the 
 diligence of Raleigh, but, by its indiience on Ihe public 
 mind, enabled him the more rapidly lo complete his 
 preparations for a permanent set'lemeiit ; and he was 
 soon enabled to equip and despatch a squadron of 
 tevcn ship* under the cnminand of .s-.r Richard (iren- 
 ville, one of the most trpiierou* spirits of ilie time, and 
 eminent for vahtr in the age of the brive. But this 
 gallant leader unfortunately was more infccled wiib 
 the spirit of predaiorv enurprise Ihrn so prevalent 
 miionii the I!ni;lisli, tban endued with the qualities 
 mhich bis peculiar duty required ; and commencing his 
 rxpi-dilinn by cfuisiiig among the West India islands 
 and caplurma the vessels of ,Spain, he fimiliari/.ed !.;i- 
 folloHC.-t to halms and views very remote from pacifir 
 industry, patience, and moderation .At length he 
 landed a hundred and eight nient [.Aug I.'iS.'i] at. Raa- 
 
 • H;ikliivt. 111. H.I. Ilaklitvt lias jirevcrveil (p. Ill a very 
 niaslirh |i.'rl..MM.iiln' from llii> \>tn n( Sir lluni|>hrev llilliirt. 
 «ntillf<l "A lli^ronrsf id piovp a paifintc tiy the uorUiv/ost. 
 til llin Kail lnilii>«,"\r. Tlie ilylc nf ilim irnalise pLicoM 
 ttliiaullior nil a levflwith ItiR most distiitauUIiml wnli'rs pf 
 Ml ane. Ill the HnuRo of Commons he w as hiililv adinireil 
 for Inn sliHini-nce, aiiit not less rsipriiicil fur hii palrioliain and 
 Intpiinlv. The inoitt n<linirahln fniurH in his clinrHvler was 
 Ins htronn oiifl I'cfviMit plclv. In the cxlrf niitv nf (imucr at 
 •c«, hi) was olmcrvcd «ii|hw illiinovi',1 in Ihe stern of his ship . 
 with a nihil? Ill his hsii.l, ami often hcani tn mv, "Courage, i 
 oiy Inits ! wt' arc nsof'iir heaven nl snii nn nl land." | 
 
 t Smith 11. 1. llnliirHnn has rrruiicouily slated ib» num- 
 txr lit a Imndted and einlily. I 
 
 I iioak, and left tlicni there to attempt, as they best 
 ' could, the arduous task of founding and maintaining a 
 ! social establishment. The command of this feeble 
 { body was euinmitted to Captain Lane, assisted by 
 I some persons of note ; of whom the most einment were 
 I Amadiis, who had conducted the former voyage, and 
 Thomas Ileriot, the celebrated improver of algebraical 
 I calculation, a man whose sense and virtue might have 
 I saved the colony, if they had been shared by his asso- 
 t ciates, and whose unremitted eiuleavors to instruct the 
 I savages, and diligent inquiries into their habits and 
 character, by adding to the stock of human knowledge, 
 I and by extending the example of virtue, rendered the 
 I expedition not wholly unproductive of benelit to man- 
 kind, and honor to their (;reator. The selection of 
 such a man to accompany and partake the enterprise 
 rellects additional honor on his friend and patron Ra- 
 leigh. Heriol endeavored to avail himself of the admi- 
 ration expressed by the savages for the guns, the clo^k, 
 the telescopes, and other implemcnls that attested the 
 superiority of the colonists, in order to lead their minds 
 to the great Source of all sense and science. But 
 while they hearkened to his instructions, they accom- 
 modated their import to their own depraved notions of 
 Uivino Nature ; they acknowledged that the God of the 
 strangers was more powerful and more bcnelicciit to 
 his people than the deities they served, and discovered 
 a great anxiety to touch and embrace the Bible, ami 
 apply it to their breasts and heads." In the hands of 
 an artful or superstitious priest, such practices, and dis- 
 positions would probably have produced a plentiful 
 crop of prentcnded miracles and imaginary cures, and 
 terminated in an exchange of superstition, instead of a 
 renovation of nature. But Ileriot was incapable of 
 flattering or deceiving the savages by encouraging their 
 idolatry and merely changing its direction : he labored 
 to convince them that salvation was lo be attained by 
 acquaintance with the contents of the Bible, and not by 
 an Ignorant veneration of the exterior of the book. By 
 these labors, which were too soon interru|)ted, anil 
 which have obtained but little notice from the historians 
 of the visible kingdoms of this world, he succeeded in 
 making such impression on the minds of the Indians, 
 that Wingiua, the king, when attacked by a severe dis- 
 order, rejected the assistance of his own priests, and 
 sent to beg the attendance and prayers of the Knglisli ; 
 and his example was followed by many of his subjects. 
 But unfortunately for the stability of the settlement, 
 the majority of the colonists were much less dislin- 
 guished by piety or prudence than by a vehement im- 
 patience to acquire sudden wealth : their first pursuit 
 was gold ; and smitten with the pursuasion that every 
 part of .\inerica was pervaded by the mines that en- 
 riched the Spanish colonies, their chief ell'orts were 
 directed to the discovery and attainment of treasures 
 that happily had no eiistencc. The natives soon dis- 
 covering the object which they sought with such 
 avidity, amused them with tales of a neighboring coun- 
 try abounding in mines, and where pearl was so plenti- 
 ful, tiiat even the walls of the houses glittered with it. 
 Eagerly listening to these agreeable fictions, the adven- 
 turers consumed their time and endured amazing hard- 
 ships in pursuit of a phantom, to the utter neglect of 
 the means of providing for their future subsistence. 
 The detection of the imposture produced mutual sus- 
 picion and disgust between them and the savages, and 
 finally led to open enmily and acts of blood>hed. The 
 stock of provisions hronghi from Kngland was ex- 
 hausud ; ihe additional 8U| plies they had been taiiaht 
 lo expect did not arrive ; and the liiislilily of the In- 
 dians left them no other dependeiu ■ than on the pre- 
 carious resources of the woods and riveis. Tims 
 str,iiieiied for provisions and siirroiindeil by enemies, 
 the colonisls were reduced to the extremity of distress 
 and danger, when a prospect of deliverance was niiex- 
 pecledly presented to them by the arrival of Sir l''raiicis 
 Drake with a (leet which he was conducting home from 
 a successful expediiion against ttie Spaniards in the 
 West Indies. Drake agreed to furnish them wiili a 
 reiuforcenient to ilieir nninbers, and a liberal supply of 
 provisioua ; and if this had been efl'eci"d. it seems pro- 
 bable that, from th" ample aid soon after Iransmitled 
 by Rah'igh, the colonists might have been able to 
 maintain their fuutiiia iii .\merica But Drake's iiileii- 
 liona were fruslrated by a violent hloriii winch carried 
 out tu sea the very ship which lie li.id freighted wiih 
 these iieees>ary supplies. .\iid as he could iint alhird 
 to weaken Ins fleet by a further contribution for their 
 
 ' Ileriot, apod .Smith, B. i. p. II llrncd lisa nrd escaped 
 the liiipulaluiii of deiMn. Iliil Irom this iliarire lie niia de- 
 finilc'J hy llislinp Criibet, who declareil (hat " J(u|)ol's deep 
 uiiiio was williout dross," Htitli, |i, W. 
 
 I defence or subsistence, the adventurers, now romp)«'nlv 
 exhausted and discouraged, unanimously determined to 
 abandon the country. In compliance with their unitf d 
 request, Drake accordingly received ihem on board hia 
 vessels, and reconducted ihein to England. [l.'iSG.] 
 Such was the abortiive issue of the first colony plaiitcd 
 by the English in .'\merica. 
 
 Of the pol;:;'nl conseipiences that resulted from ihii 
 expedition, the catalogue, though not very copious, it 
 by no means devoid of interest. An important acces- 
 sion was made to the scanty stock of knowledge re- 
 specting North .\merica ; the spirit of nulling adven- 
 ture received a signal check ; and the ime of tobacco, 
 already introduced liy the Spaniurds and rurtuguese 
 into other parts of Europe, was now inipuried into 
 England. Tins herb the Indians esieeined their iirinti- 
 p.il medieine, and ascrilied its virliies lo the inliubila- 
 tioii of one of those spiritual beings which ihey sup- 
 posed to rcaide in all the extruordiiiary productions ol 
 nature. Iy.inc and his associates, acipiiring a relish for 
 its properties, brought a quantity of tobacco wiih theiii 
 to England, and taught the uso of it to their couiilry- 
 inen. Raleigh eagerly adopted, and wiih the help ol 
 some young men of fashion, cncniiraged the practice, 
 which soon established and spread itself with a vioor 
 that outran the help of cour'- id defied the hiiider- 
 
 ancn of kings, and, creating and almost universal 
 
 appetite in human nature, i ed an important source 
 of revenue to England anil multiplied the ties that 
 united Europe with .\iiierica.* 
 
 But the disasters that attended this unsuccessful un- 
 dertaking did not termmale with the return of l^ane and 
 his followers to England. A few days after their de- 
 parture from Roanoak, a vessel, despatched by Raleigli, 
 reached the evacuated settlement with a plentiful sup- 
 ply of whatever they could reijiiiro ; and only a fort- 
 night after this bark set sail to return from its frinlleea 
 voyage, u still stronger reinforcement of men and pro- 
 visions arrived in three ships eipiipped by Raleii>li, and 
 commanded liy Sir Richard (irenvilic. Disappoinied 
 of ineetmg the vessel that had preceded linn, ai.d un- 
 able 10 obtain any tiilmos of the colony, yet uiiwilliiig 
 to abandon the possession of the country, lirenvillo 
 landed fifty men at Roanoak. and leaving iheiii in pos- 
 session of an ample supply of provisions, reiurned to 
 England tocoininumcate the state of alliiirs and obiaiii 
 further directions. 
 
 This succession of disasters excited much gloomy 
 speculation and superstitious surmise in England, but 
 could neither vanquish the hopes nor exhaust iho 
 resources of Raleigh. In the following year [1587] he 
 fitted out and despatched three hhips under the coin- 
 maiid of ('aptaiii While, wiih directions to join tho 
 
 i small body that (treiiville had established at Roanoak, 
 and thoncn to transfer the settlement to the bay of 
 t-'liesapeak, of which the superior advantages had been 
 discovered in the preceeding year by Eaiic. .\ chartei 
 of incorporation was granted to \\'hite and twelve ol 
 his more emineiit assuciales, as Governor and Assist - 
 tants of tho city of Raleigh, in Virginia. Instructed 
 by Ihe calamines that bad iH'fallen the former expedi- 
 tions, inure ellicacions means were adopted in ihu 
 equipment of this sqiiadruii fur preserving and coiiliiiu- 
 ing the colony, 'i'lie slock of provisions was more 
 abundant ; the number of ineii greater, and the means 
 of recruiting their nuinbers aliurded bv a compeient 
 inlermixtiire of women. But the full extent of the 
 preceeding culainltles had yet to be le^ir led : and on 
 l.indlllg at Ruailnak in quest of the deliK-llliienl lliat 
 (irenville had placed there. While and his eoinpanions 
 eonhl find no oilier trace of lliein than tl e signilicanl 
 meiiiorial presented by a riiiiuJ lori ;,iiil a parcel u4 
 scattered bones. The apprebeiisiohs exeiled by llil* 
 melancholy spedat !e were conlirnud by the inlelli- 
 geiice of a friendly native, who infurined them that tliei: 
 coiintryinen had fallen victims to the enmity of tho 
 Indians. Instructed rather than discouraged by this 
 cnhiinity, they endeavored to etl'ecl a reconciliation 
 with the savages ; and, deterinilnug lo relimin at Roa- 
 noak, they proceeded to repair the houses and revive 
 the colony. t)iio of tho natives was baptised into the 
 ehrisliaii faith, and, retaining an unshaken allachment 
 to the English, eontribnled h's elVorls lo pacify and 
 conciliate his conntryinen. But finding iheinselves 
 destitute of many articles which they judged essential 
 tu their comfort and preservation in a country covered 
 
 * III the year IdSU, llial is, lliirty-six years iifli-r lis lirsl 
 llllroihiellnii liilo Kiiuliiiid, anil seven years aflrr lis lirst 
 ciillivalioii III an lliiiilish eolniiy, the annual iiM|H>rl nl inlmccn 
 lino KiiKlniid ainnuiiie.l lo an luuidied and iorly-IMn thousand 
 aiitl eli{ht\-live (moiios weijilil. Slilli, p 246. V*'t Hits quale 
 tuv appears quite liisiiniiiii-ant when coiiipaied with the ^i« 
 lent coniunii>tiou ul tobacco ui Dnlam 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 216 
 
 rs, nowromptetolv 
 nsly deterininod to 
 
 with linMr uniKd 
 iheni oil bonrd hia 
 Kngliini]. [l.")8fi.J 
 irat colony plaiiic'd 
 
 resulted from thii 
 ot very roiuoiis, it 
 ) iinporianr. acces- 
 t of knowledge rc- 
 of niiniiit; adieu* 
 ic line of lolmtco, 
 Is and i-orlii^ije»e 
 ow iiiiporied into 
 'eiiK'd liicir pniu i- 
 * to the inlwluta- 
 <A which ihey sup- 
 ry productions o( 
 liiiniiir a reh.sh for 
 ohacco with them 
 t to their coiintry- 
 tl with the help ol 
 aged the practice, 
 itself with a vtaor 
 deHed the hiiuler- 
 J almost univer}<ut 
 important Hoiirco 
 lied the tie^ that 
 
 iinauccessful iin- 
 L'turnof J^aneand 
 lys after their de- 
 tched hy Kaleigh, 
 h a plentiful sup< 
 : uiid only a fort- 
 froiii Its fnmk'fca 
 of men and pro- 
 
 1 hy KaleiL'li, and 
 e. L/isajipoiiiied 
 dt.-d hill), iii;d tin- 
 ny, yet uiiwilhnjj 
 iuniry, (Jrenville 
 "ing I'liern in poa- 
 110118, re'urntd to 
 ttlair:! Olid ohiaiii 
 
 iviih forestd and peopled only by a few scattered tribr^ 
 of ravages, the colonists deputed their governor to 
 solicit 'or them the requisite supplies ; and White pro- 
 ceeded for this purpobc to Kngland. On his voyage 
 thither, ho touched at a port in Ireland, where lie is 
 said to have left some specimens of the potatoe plant 
 which he htd brought with him from America. Dot 
 whether this momorublo importation was due to him, 
 or, as some writers liavc maintained, to certain of lh(' 
 earlier associates of Ualcigh's adventures, it must be 
 acknowledged that to the enterprise of Raleigh and the 
 soil of America Ureat linlain \a indebted for her ae- 
 quaiiitanco with the potatoe, and with tobacco, the sta- 
 ple article of diet, and the most cherished as well as 
 must iniiucent luxury of a great proportion of her 
 people. 
 
 White arrived at a juncture tbe most unfavorable for 
 the success of his mission. All England was now en- 
 grossed with the more immediate concern of sclf-prc- 
 ■ervation : the formidable armada of Spain was prepa- 
 ring to invado her, and the whole naval and military 
 resources of the empire were under requisition for the 
 purposes of national defence. The hour of his coun- 
 try's danger rjiild not fail to 6nd ample employment 
 fur the geiie.ous spirit of Raleigh : yet he mingled with 
 his disltm^iiished elforts to repel the enemy some exer- 
 tions for the preservation of the colony he had planted. 
 For (his purpose, he had with his usual promptitude 
 eejipped a smalt squadron which he committed to the 
 rjiiduct of Sir Richard (Jrenville, when the queen in- 
 terposed to detain the ships of force, and to prohibit 
 Grenvilie from leaving Kngland at such a crisis. [1588. J 
 White, however, was enabled t" •■eimbark for America 
 with two vessels ; but yielding to tiic temptation of 
 trying his fortune by the way, in a cruise against the 
 Spaniards, he was beaten by a superior force, and to- 
 tally disahled from pursuing his voyage. The colony 
 at Roanoak was therefore left to depend on its own 
 feeble resources, which probably the hope of fo- 
 reign succour contributed to render the less available. 
 What Its fate was may bo easily guessed, but never 
 was known. [I5SU.] An expedition conducttnl by 
 W^hiie in the following year found the territory cvacu- 
 oted of the colonistH , and no further tidings of their 
 destiny were everohta ned. 
 
 'J'his last expedition was not despatched hy Raleigh, 
 but by his successors in the American patent. And 
 our history is now to lake leave of that illustrious man, 
 with whose schemes and enterprises it ceases to have 
 uny furtlier connexion. The ardor of his mind was 
 not exhausted, but diverted by a multiplicity of new 
 ■nd not less arduous undertakings. Intent on peo- 
 pling and improving a large district in Ireland which the 
 queen had conferred on him ; involved in the conduct 
 of a scheme, and expcnt'O of an armament for estab- 
 bshing Uon Antonio on the throne of Portugal ; and 
 already revolving his last and wildest project of an ex- 
 pedition fur the discovery of mines in (>uiana ; it be- 
 came inipostiible fur him to continue the attention and 
 prolong the ell'orls he had devoted to his Virginia 
 ciiloiiy. Desirous, at the same time, that a pruject 
 which he had carried so far should not be eiitirelv 
 ubandoiicd, and hoping that the spirit of commerce 
 would preserve an intctcourse with Virginia that might 
 terminate m a colonial establishment, he conrA'nted to 
 BKKtgii his patent tu Sir Thnmas Smith, and a company 
 of mercliants in London, who undiTlook to establish 
 and maintain a tratllc between Kngland and ^'irgiiiia. 
 The patent wdich he thus transferred had already cost 
 him tlie enormous sum of 40,000/., without atlording 
 him the slightest reluiii of pecuniary proiit : yet the 
 only personal consideration for wliieli b<^ .stipulated with 
 the assiynees was » small share of wliatever gold or 
 silver ore thev might eventually discovi-r. It is iinpos- 
 fiilile to cunsider the fate of this Ins earliest and mo^t 
 dluslnors project— the unrivalled genius to whicli it 
 owed its conception — the steady vigor with which it 
 was pursued — the insurmountable patience with which 
 It was revived from disaster and disappointment — and 
 the surprising tram of incidents by which the design 
 was so often hatlled, and success only brought no near, 
 lliat It miglit seem as if by some fatabty to elude his 
 grasp, without acknowledging that the course of this 
 world it overruled by a higher Power than the wisdom 
 of man. and that human exertion has, m itself, lu) clFi- 
 cacy to accomplish its designs. The same Almighty 
 Deing that eiiatiles created agency to advance a certain 
 liMigih, enjoins that it prevails no fartluT ; aud it glori- 
 fied alike hy the magiiitudu of human elforts, and the 
 fi\iltire uf human designs. 
 
 It appeared very sth.Mi that lUleigh bid traniferred 
 ttif |M*.unt to lisniis verv diUeront fruia \u» own The 
 
 last mcnliohed expedition, which was productive of 
 nothing hut tidings of the destruction of those ad- 
 venturers whom White had conducied, was the most 
 coiisiderabte ctlurt that the London company performed. 
 Satisfied with a paltry tradic carried on by a few small 
 ve-isels, they made no attempt to take po^session of 
 the country : and at the period of Klizabeth's death, 
 not a single Knglishman was settled in Anierira. 'I'hc 
 exertions of Raleigh, however, had united t; - views 
 and hopes of his countrymen, by a strong association, 
 with settlements in Virginia, and given a bias tu the 
 national mind which only the eiicouragement of more 
 favorahle circumstances was wanting lo develop. IJut 
 the war with Spam, that endured till the close of 
 Klizabeth's reign, allured men of enterprise and activ *y 
 into tlie career of predatory adventure, and obstructed 
 the formation of peaceable and commercial settlements. 
 
 [16011. J The accession of James to the Kngliah 
 crown, was by a singular coincidence, an event no less 
 favorable to liie colonization of America, than fatal to (he 
 illustrious projector of this design. Peace was imme- 
 diately concluded with Spam ; and Kngland, m the en- 
 joyment of uninterrupted tranquillity, was enabled to 
 direct to more bloodies.* pursuit.-* the energies matured 
 in a war which had strongly excited ihc spirit of the 
 nation without impairing its strength. Krom tbe ina- 
 bility of government in thit age to collect and blend all 
 the resources an*' 'vield with its own hand all the dis- 
 posable force of t !i empire, \^'a^ was chiefly productive 
 of a series of partial etfurts and privateering expe- 
 ditions, which widely dili'used the allurements of am- 
 bition, and multiplied the opportunities of advancement. 
 This had been remarkably exemplilied in the war with 
 Spain ; and many anient spirits to which it had supplied 
 opportunities of animacing exertion and tlattering as- 
 cendency became impatient of the restiaint and inac- 
 tivity to which the peace consigned them, and began to 
 look abroad for a new sphere oi enterprise and exertion. 
 
 The prevalence of this disposition naturally led to a 
 revival of the projects for colonizing North America, 
 and was the more readily guided into that direction by 
 the success of a voyage that had been undrriaken in 
 the last year of Klizabeth's reign. IJartholoinew Uos- 
 nold, who planned and performed this voyage in a small 
 vessel containing only thirty men, was led by bis expe- 
 rience in navigation to suspect that tbe right track had 
 not yet been discovered, and that in steering by the 
 (Canary Islands and the (julf of Florida, a circuit of 
 at least a tliousaiid leagutis was unueccssarilv made. 
 In prosecution of this conjecture, he abandoned the 
 southern track, and, steering moro to the westward. 
 was the tirst who reached America by this directer 
 course. He found himself further north than any of 
 Raleigh's colonists had gone, ond landing in the region 
 which now forms llie province of Massachus.=etls* bay, 
 he carried on an atlvanlageous trade with the natives, 
 and freighted his ves.sel with abundance of rich peltry. 
 He visited two adjacent island.-*, one of which he named 
 Martha's Vineyard, the other Klizabeth's Island. The 
 aspect of the country appeared so inviting, and the 
 climate so salubrious, that twelve of the crew at first 
 determined to remain there : but retlecting on the 
 melancholy fate of ihu colonists at Roanoak. theii reso- 
 lution failed ; and the whole party reluctantly quitting 
 j this agreeable quarter, returned to Kngland after an ab- 
 j scenceof less ihan four months. 
 
 The report of this voyage proiluced a strong impres- 
 ' sion on the public mind, and led lo important conse- 
 ' queiices. (iosnold had di«,-overrd a route that yroatly 
 ^ 'Jiortcned the voyage to Nortli Amenta, and found a 
 hi'altliy climate, a fertile sod, and a const iiboundiniT 
 i with ( xcellenl harbours. He had seen many fruits es- 
 ■ ti'cmcd 111 Kurope growing plentifully in the woods; 
 I and having sown some Kuropean grain, had toiind it 
 I grow .vith rapidity and vigor. Knciniraged by his suc- 
 ' ces't, and perhaps not insensible to the hope of liiiding 
 ' gold and silver or BOinn new and lucrative siihject of 
 commerce in the nnexplorcd interior of so fine a 
 ''ounlry, he endeavoretl to proi-ure associates in an un- 
 I dertaking lo transport a colony lo America. Similar 
 plans began '.o be formed in various parts of the king- 
 dom ; but the spirit of adventure Was controlled by a 
 a.duiary caution awakened by the ncollectiou of past 
 , disappointments. 
 
 These projects were |K>werfiilly aided by the judici- 
 ous counsel and zealous encouragement of Richard 
 
 * 111' apocar^ In havolxMn thn stcon.l ^txhitltinan who 
 limlo'l 111 Now Knuland. Tho first wtis Sir Krancis Drake, 
 wlm ri'inaiiiptl tlicru a ffw d.ivs anil tru'loil with th*? native* 
 III lift rt'tiini Iroiii ilu) Wost Inlies fi l-W. U la i-vim s:inl 
 ilidi DniK*- piTaiLvlud ont> nf Hki lifhaii fltieli uf tliiit rettum 
 lo lifMian! Ills liTrilnrrirs Mudjwt lo queen titUobgtU. Old- 
 inixon's Unt. Kinp. in Aiue; |. H. 
 
 Ilakluyt, prebendary of Westminster, a man of eminent 
 attainments in naval and commercial knowledge, thj 
 patron and counsellor of many of the Knglish cxpcdi 
 tions of discovery, the correspondent of tho leaders 
 who conducted them, and the historian of the exploits 
 they gave rise to. [IG03.] Ijy his persuasion two ves- 
 sels were fitted out by the merchants of Bristol, aitc 
 despatched to examine the discoveries of (iosnold, and 
 verify his statement. They returned with an amjdo 
 confirmation of his veracity. [1605. J A similar expe- 
 dition was equipped and despatched by I>ord Arundel 
 uf Wardour, which not only produced additional Icsti- 
 in<my to the same etUct, but reported so ntdiiy addi- 
 tional particulars in favor of the country, that all doubts 
 were removed ; and an association sutficienlly nume- 
 rous, wealthy, and powerful, lo attempt a settlement 
 being soon formed, a petition was presented to tho 
 king for his sanction of the plan and the interposition 
 of his authority towards its execution. 
 
 The attention of .lames had been already directed 
 to the advantages that might be derived from colonies, 
 at the time when he altemped to civilize the more bar- 
 barous clans of his ancient subjects by planting de- 
 tachments of industrious traders in the Highlands ot 
 Scotland. Well pleased to resume a favorite specula- 
 tion, and willing to encourage a scheme that opened a 
 safe and peaceful career to the active genius of his new 
 subjects, he listened readily to the application, and, 
 highly commending the plan, acceded to the wishes 
 of its projectors. Letters patent were issued [IBDO,] 
 to Sir Thomas Ciutes, Sir Cieorge Somcrs, Richaut 
 Hakluyt, and their associates, granting to them thosu 
 territories in America lying on the sea-coast betwec" 
 the thirty-fourth and furty-filth degrees of north latitui' , 
 together with all islands situated within a hundred mi^.s 
 of their shores. The design of the patentees is de- 
 clared to ho ** to make habitation, plantation, and tu 
 deduce a colony of sundry of our people into that part 
 of America commonly called Virginia ;" and, as tho 
 main recommendation of tho design, it set forth, that 
 '• so noble a work may, by tho providence of Almighty 
 God, hereafter tend to the glory of his Divine Majesty, 
 in propagating of christian rchgion to such people as 
 yet live m darkness and miserable ignorance of tho 
 iruc knowledge and worship of Uod, and may m timo 
 bring the infidels and savages living in those parts to 
 hvimaii civility, and to a settled and quiet governmenl.'* 
 The patentees were re<[uired to divide themselves into 
 two distinct companies, the one consisting of London 
 adventurers, termed the first or southern colony tho 
 ttccond or northern colony composed of merchants be- 
 longing to Plymouth and Itristol. The territory a|>- 
 prupriated to the first or soulhern colony was generally 
 called Virginia, and retained thai appellation after iho 
 second tr northern colony otitamed, 1 1 ItiM, the name 
 of New Kngland. The adventurers were aulhonztd 
 to trant,)ort to their respective lerritorits as many 
 Knglisl subjects as should bo willing to accompany 
 them, ind to make shipments of arms and proviKions 
 for tliCir use, with exemption from custom.- for tho 
 spare of seven years. The colonists and their children 
 were to enjoy the same hherties and privileges -n tho 
 American settlements as if they bad remained or Aero 
 born in Kngland.* The administration of each of tlio 
 ' colonies was committed to two boards of council ; tlm 
 I supreme government being vested in a board resident 
 in Kngland, to be nominated by the king, and directed 
 . )>y such ordinances as lie miglit enact lor their n!>e ; and 
 I the subordinate jurisdiction devolving on a colonial 
 { cuuncit f'tpially indebted lu the appointinunt and sub- 
 Ijocted to the instructions of iho king- Liberty lo 
 t search for and ojieii mines (winch, under all ihe feudal 
 governiiients, were supposed to have been originally 
 reserved by the sovereign), was conferred on the colon 
 ists, Willi an ajipropriation of part uf the pruduce to 
 ihe crown ; iiinl the moro valuable pnviU-geif unre- 
 strained liberty of trade with other nalmns was also 
 extended to ihein. Tho president and council within 
 the colonies were aiitburised tu levy duties on foreign 
 eoinnuKlities, which, fur twenly-unc years, were to tio 
 applied to tbe use of tho adventurers, and afterwards 
 to lie paid inio the royal exchequer. 
 
 • Tills iiruvi&ion (whi'lhei «uttge<ti-ii liy the cnulinu dI tint 
 prinro or the iip)>r(-lionslon »rUic cniuiu-slit) occurs m alinutt 
 all the culuntnl tharturs. It is. ho\\»'Vi'r,<)iii)iU'(l lit llic iiiik^t 
 accurate ol tliuni all, tho rhaitL>rMt lVlln^>lv)ullil. wliuli uus 
 attwnlively ruvuetl ami ailnmtu.i by thm cminenl li^wycr lo 
 hunt KtH>iii'r tiuiiilloril. Wlieti King William \Mts hIhiul lu 
 ri'Ucw Ihu charter ot Mniisurhii^ettK, after the Ki'volulnui, Im 
 w»s ailvisud hy l\\v atdtrst lawjiT-s in Ktii^laiul thui mk h f| 
 provision was nuKaluiyi the |i w nL'(v^s(lll> iiiU-irini; tliul 
 the culjiuals were Kriifli^hnici,. ainl tjoili rnliiliM i-f llifi 
 r-ghlt nixl Ijurtliineil with tho ilu- .cs atlactiud tu thiit Cl-AtU> 
 ter. Ch&Uiiets'i Annals, p lA. 
 
210 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Tho terms of this charter strongly illustrates both 
 the character of the monarch who grnnipd, and tho 
 designs of the persons who |)rocurcd it. Neither of 
 these parties seem to have intended ur foreseen the 
 foundation of a great and opulent society. The urbi- 
 trary spirit of the royal grantor is discernahle in the 
 subjection of tho emigrant body to a corporation in 
 which they were not represented, and over whoue dc- 
 liberations they had no control. There is likewise a 
 manifest inconsistency between the reservation to the 
 coloniiits of all the ptivdeges of Englishmen, and the 
 assumption of tegistalivo power by the king, the con- 
 irol of whose leglttlativc functions constitutes tho must 
 valuable political privilege that Knglishmen enjoy, liui 
 we have no reason to suppose that the charter was un- 
 accepluble to the palrntet^s; on the contrary, its mo.-^l 
 objeciioiiable provisions ure not more cungcnial to the 
 character of the king than conlormable to the views 
 which the leading members of that body plainly appear 
 to have adopted. Their object (notwithstanding the 
 moro liberal designs professed in the charter) was 
 laiher to explore the continent and appropriate its 
 treasures by tho agency of a body of adventurers over 
 whom they retained a complete control, than to es- 
 tablish a permanent and extensive settlement. The 
 instructions to the colonial governors which accom- 
 panied the second shipment sent out by the London 
 company demonstrated (very disagreeably to the wiser 
 emigrants, and very injuriously to the rest), that the 
 chief objects of their concern were not patient indus* 
 try and colonization, but territorial discovery and im- 
 mediate gain. In furtherance of these views they 
 took care, by mixingno women with the first emigrants, 
 to retain the colony in de[)endcnco upon England for 
 its supplies of men, and to give free scope to the cu- 
 pidity and the roving spirit of minds undivided by the 
 hopes and unhxed by the comforts and attatchmcnls of 
 domestic life. 
 
 Lightly as we must esteem the wisdom and lihcralilv 
 of Jameses institutions, it will enhance our estimate of 
 the difficulty of his task, and abate our censure of his 
 performance, if we compare him as a maker of consti- 
 tutions with the most eminent philosopher that England 
 has produced, aided too by the knowledge and experi- 
 ence of an additional century The materials for this 
 judgment will be supplied when the progress of our 
 history shall have reached the setttemenl of Carolina . 
 but I will venture to anticipate it by affirming, that, 
 unfortunately for the credit of philosophy, the produc- 
 tion of James will rather gain than lose by comparison 
 with the performaiice of Locke. 
 
 The king appears to have been more honestly occu- 
 pied with genuine colonizing ideas than the patentees. 
 \Vhile their leaders were employed in making prepiira- 
 tions to securo the benefits of the grant, James was 
 assiduously engaged in the task, which his vanity ren- 
 dered a rich enjoyment, and the well guarded liberties 
 of England a rare one, of digesting a code of laws for 
 the colonies that were about to be planted. This code 
 being at length prepared, was issued under the sign 
 manual and privy seal of England. [1606.] Itenjoined 
 the preaching oi the gospel and the observance of di- 
 vine worship, in conformity with the doctrines and rites 
 of the church of England. The legislative and execu- 
 tive powers within the colonies were vested in the colo- 
 nial councils ; but with this important provision, that 
 laws originating there should in substance be consonant 
 to the English laws, that they should continue in force 
 only till modified or repealed by the king or the siipteine 
 council m England, and that their penal inflictions 
 should not extend to death or demembration. Persons 
 attempting to wiilidraw the people from their allegimice 
 to the English cmwn were to be imprisoned ; or, in 
 cases highly agirravutnd, to be remitted fur trial to 
 England, ruiuults, mutiny, and rebellion, murder and 
 incest, were to be jMinishcd witti death ; and for these 
 the criminal was to be tried by s jury. Inferior crimes 
 were to be punished in s summary way at the discre- 
 tion of tho president and r<ounci|. J.4nds were to be 
 (lulden by the same tenures that were established in 
 England ; biU lor live years after the settlement of earh 
 colony, a community of labor and gains wm to have 
 place among the colonists. Kindness to tlie heathen, 
 and the communication of rsligious itisiructLon to ttirin, 
 were eiijoinf-d And finally, a puwur was reserved lo 
 ttke king and his siireessors to cnijct fu/ttier laws, pro- 
 vided they sbo'jtd be consistent with l)w jurisprudunce 
 of Englatul. 
 
 The»e reguUt'oiis iii the main arc cr<tdituble to the 
 unvcreign who enacted tliuin. .\o attempt w-js made 
 uor riuht pretended to legislate for tho Indian Utiws ; 
 •lid il tiie ancient territories which they rather claimed 
 
 than occupied, were appropriated and disi>osed of with- 
 out any regard to th'Mr pretensions, at lensl, no juris- 
 dictiun was aiisumed over tlicir actions, and, in point 
 of personal liberty, they 'veru regarded as an independ- 
 ent people. This was an advance in equity beyond 
 the practice of the Spaniardi), and the ideas of queen 
 Elizabeth, whose patents asserted the jurisdiction of 
 the English crown and of tho colonial laws over tho 
 old as well as the new inhabitants of her proiected 
 colonies. In the criminal legislation of this code, we 
 may observe a distinction which trial by jury has ena- 
 bled to j>revail over that ingenious and prrhups neces- 
 sary principle of ancient colonial jmlicy, which intrusted 
 the proconsular governors with the power of inflicting 
 death, but restrained them from awarding less formida- 
 ble penalties, as more likely to give scope to the ope- 
 ration of interest or caprice. If the charter evinced a 
 totol disregard of political liberty, ihc cotle, by intro- 
 ducing trial by jury, interwove with the very origin of 
 society a habit and practice well adapted to keep ulive 
 the spirit and principles of freedom. 
 
 The London company, to which the plantation of the 
 southern colony was conunitted applied themselves im- 
 mediately to the formation of a settlement, lint though 
 many persons of distinction were included among tho 
 proprietors, ihcir funds at first were scanty, and their 
 first efforts proportiunably feeble. Three small vessels, 
 of which the largest did not exceed a hundred Ions 
 burthen, under tho command of Captain Newport, 
 formed the first squadron that was to execute what had 
 been so long and so vainly attempted, and sailed [Dec. J 
 with a hundred and five men destined to remain in 
 America. Several of these were of distinguished fa- 
 milies, particularly George Percy, a brother of the Earl 
 of Northumberland ; and several wero officers of repu- 
 tation, of whom we may notice Bartholomew Gosnold 
 the navigator, and Captain John Smith, one of the most 
 remarkable persons of un age that was prolific of me- 
 morable men. 
 
 Thus at length, after a research fraught with per- 
 plexity and disappointment, but I hope not devoid of 
 interest, into the sources of the grea: transatlantic 
 commonwealth, we have reached tho first inconsidera- 
 1/ie spring, whose progress, feebly opposed to innume- 
 rable obstructions, and nearly diverted in its very out- 
 be>, yet always continuous, expands under the eye of 
 patient inquiry into tho majestic stream of American 
 population. After the lapse of a hundred and ten 
 years from the discovery of the continent by Cabot, 
 and twent) two years after its first occupation by Ra- 
 leigh, were the number of the English colonists hinited 
 to a hundred and five; and this handful of men pro- 
 ceeded to execute the arduous task of peopling a re- 
 mote and uncultivated land, covered with wood.s and 
 marshes, and inhabited only by tribes of savages and 
 beasts of prey. Under the sanction of n charter which 
 bereaved Englishmen of their most valuable rights, 
 and banished from the American constitution the first 
 principles of liberty, were the foundations laid of the 
 colonial greatness of Pmgland, and of the freedom and 
 prosperity of America. From this period, or at least 
 very shortly after, a regular and connected history 
 arises out of the progress of Virginia and New Eng- 
 land, the two eldest born colonies, by whose example 
 all the others were engendered, and under whose shel- 
 ter they were successively planted and reared.* 
 
 Newport and his sipiadron, pursuing for some un- 
 known reason the ancient circuitous track to America, 
 did not accomplish their voyage in a sliorter period than 
 four months ; but its termination was rendered pecu 
 liarly fortunate by the effect of a storm which over- 
 ruled their destination to Koanoak, and carried them 
 iriio the bay of Chesapeak. [April, 1607.] As they 
 advanced into the bay that seemed to invite their ap- 
 proach, they beheld all the advantages of this spacious 
 haven, replt'iiished by the waters of so many nrcit 
 rivers that fertilize the soil of that extensive- district of 
 America, and afford. iig commodious inlets into the in- 
 terior parts, facilitate their foreign commerce and mu- 
 tual communication. Newport first landed on a pro- 
 monlary forming the suuthrrn boundary of the bay, 
 which, in honor of the Prince of Wales, he named 
 (>Hpe Henry. Thence coasting the southern shore, ho 
 entered a river which the natives called Powhatan, 
 and ( ., '.jred its banks for tho space of forty miles from 
 
 » , "Illy, or ut k'ttsl liontTally, llitir arcoin[)lisliin(>nt, 
 wfiurli protlnccs ttic lii»ti>m'til priMlirliutis of pot-irv- Ttui 
 HUbsi'<iii«iit [(rcmresis of Anierifa luis cnahleJ one of Iilt srho- 
 i.iri. Ut tjiffci iHir :illt!iition to tliitt (tiii«u nf her hiMury iii \\\v 
 luliuwini! Jiin'H'. — 
 
 ** lu^riiiuni, piotas, nrtes ar iH'ihrn \trtus, 
 Hue prutujite vciiirnl, rt rcfiiia ilUiMtiia t-ondent; 
 JJt duiitinft Itis Virtus cnt, et Furtuna luiiuslra.*' 
 
 its mouth. Strongly impressed with tho superior ad- 
 vantages of the coast and region to which they had 
 been thus happily conducted, the adventurers unani' 
 n)ou:»ly determined to make this flic pluco of their 
 abode. They gave to their infant settlement, as well 
 as to the ncigtibnring river, tho name of their king ; 
 and Jamestown retains the distinction of being the 
 oldest existing habitation of the English in America. 
 
 But the dissensions that broke out among the colo- 
 nists soon threatened to deprive thcin of uU the advan- 
 tages of their wfll-selected station. Their animosities 
 were powerfully inflamed by an arrangement whicli, ii 
 it did not originate with the king, at least evinces a 
 strong affinity to that ostentatious mystery and dnftlcss 
 artifice which he aflected as the perfection of politieiU 
 dexterity. The names of the colonial council wrre not 
 commuiiiraled to the sdvenlnrers when they departed 
 from England ; but the commission which contained 
 them was inclosed in a scaled packet, which was di- 
 routed to be opened within twenty-four hours after their 
 arrival on tho coast of Virginia, when tho counsellors 
 were to be installed in their ofFice. and lo elect their 
 own president. The dissensions incident to u long 
 voyage and a body of adventurers rather conjoined ihun 
 united, had free scope among men unaware of the rela- 
 tions they were to occupy towards each other, and of 
 the subordination which their relative stations nnght 
 imply ; and when the names of the council were pro- 
 claimed, they were far from giving general satibfactiun. 
 Captain Smith, whose superior talents and courage had 
 excited the envy and jealousy of his colleagues, was 
 excluded from the scat in council which the commis- 
 sion conferred on him, and even accused of traitorous 
 designs so unproved and improbable, that none less 
 believed the charge than tho parties who preferred it. 
 The privation of his counsel and services m the diffi- 
 culties of their outset was a serious loss to the colo- 
 nists, and might have been attended with rum to the 
 settlement, if his merit and generosity had not been 
 superior to their mean injustice. The jealous suspi- 
 cions of tho person who had been elected president 
 restrained the use of arms, and discouraged the con- 
 utruction of fortifications; and a misundcrstaiidin;; 
 having arisen witli the Ind.ans, the colonists, unpre- 
 pared for hostilities, suffered severely from one of the 
 sudden attacks characteristic of the warfare of these 
 savages. 
 
 Newport had been ordered lo return with the ships 
 to England ; and as the time of his departure ap- 
 proached, tlio accusers of Smith, afl'ectmg a humanity 
 they did not feel, proposed that he should return with 
 Newport, instead of being prosecuted in Virginia. But, 
 happily for the colony, he scorned so to compnunise 
 his integrity ; and demanding u trial, was honorably ac- 
 quitted, and took his seat in the council. 
 
 The fleet had been better vutualled than the stores 
 of the colony ; and while it remained with them, the 
 colonists were permitted to share the abundance en- 
 joyed by the sailors. But when Newport set sad foi 
 England, [June,] they found themselves limited to 
 scanty supplies of unwholesome provisions ; and tho 
 sultry heat of the climate, and moisture of a country 
 overgrown with wood, concurring with the defects of 
 their diet, brought on disi'ases that raged with fatal 
 violence. Before the month of September one hall 
 of their number had perished, and among them was 
 Bartholomew (losnold, who hud planned the expedi- 
 tion, and eminently contributed lo its accomplit^hmen:. 
 This scene of distress was heightened by internal dl^- 
 Rensions. The President was accused of embuz/lmg 
 the stoies, and finally detected m an atteni{)t lo seize a 
 pinnace and escape from the colony and its culamities. 
 At length, in the extremity of their distress, wliun rum 
 secmeit alike to impend from lannne, and tlit! fury of 
 ihe savages, the colony was delivered from danger tiy 
 a supply which the piety of Smith is not ashamed to 
 ascribe lo the influence of (lod in suspending the pas- 
 sions and controlling the sentiments of men. I'ho 
 savages, artuaied by a sudden change of feeling, pre- 
 sented them with a supply of provisions so atninJant as 
 at once to dissipate their apprehensions of faminu and 
 hostility. 
 
 Resuming their spirit, the colonists now proved them- 
 selves not entirely uninstructed by their misfortunes. 
 In seasons of exigency merit is illustrated, and tho 
 envy that pursues it absorbed by interest and alarm. 
 Their sense of common and inevitable danger sug- 
 (^eitied and enftirced submission to the m<in wll0^e ta- 
 lents were mo»t likelv to extricate them Iruin ilie ditli- 
 euhies with which they were surrounded. Every eye 
 vvas now turned on Smith, und all williii<^ly devolved 
 I on him tho authority which they had foriiicrly evmced 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 217 
 
 •o much jeulousy of his acquiring. This eminent ^)CT• 
 Bon, whose name will be t'oi ever associated with the 
 foundation of civilized society in Ainerca watt de- 
 scended of a respectalilc family in J^mcohislnrc, and 
 born to a competent fortune At a very curly age hi.^ 
 ardent mind hud been s'rongiy HUiitlen with tlio spirit 
 of adventure that prevailed bo powerfully in Kiiglaiid 
 during tlio reign of Elizabeth ; and, yielding tu hm in- 
 clinations, ho had passed through a vast variety o' mi- 
 litary service, with little gain, but great reputation and 
 with the acquisition of an experience the more valua- 
 ble that it was obtained without exhausting his ardor 
 or tainting his morals, The vigor of hit, constitution 
 had preserved his health unimpaired .imidst the general 
 Bickitess , bis undaunted temper retained his sj)trits 
 unbroken, and his judgment unclouded, amidst the ge- 
 n»ial misery and dejection ; and tlie ardor uf his dis- 
 position, which once subjected him to the reproach of 
 overweening ambition, was now felt to ditfusu an ani- 
 mating glow of hope and courage among all around 
 him. A strong sense of religion predominated in the 
 mind of this superior m<iii, combuicd and duly subor- 
 dinated all his faculties, refreshed his contidcnce, ex- 
 tended and yet regulated his views, and gave dignity 
 to his character, and consistency to his conduct As- 
 Duming the direction of tho all'airs of the colonists, he 
 instantly adopted the only plan that could save them 
 from destruction. Under his directions Jamestown 
 was fortilied by such defences as wero siillicient to 
 repel the attacks of the savages ; and, by dint of great 
 labor, which he was always the foremost to share, the 
 colonifits were provided with dwclhngs that alfnrded 
 ahelter from the weather, and contributed to restore and 
 preserve their health. Finding the supplies of the sa- 
 vages discontinued, he put himself at the heud of a 
 detachment of his people, and penetrated into the 
 country ; and by courtesy and liberality to the tribes 
 whom he found well disposed, and vigorously re- 
 pelling the hostilities of such as were otherwise 
 mmded, he obtained for the colony the most abundant 
 supplies. 
 
 In the midst of his successes he was surprised on an 
 expedition by a hostile body of savages, who, having 
 succeeded in making him prisoner, after a gallant and 
 nearly successful defence, prepared to inllict on him 
 the usur.l fate of their captives. Ijis eminent faculties 
 did not desert him on this trying occasion. He desired 
 to speuk with the sachem or chief, and, presenting him 
 with a manner's compass, exp:itiated un the wonderful 
 discoveries to which it had led. described the shape of 
 the earth, the vastness of its lands and oceans, the 
 Ck^urse of the sun, the varieties of nations, and the sin- 
 gularity of their relative position^, which made some 
 of them antipodes to the others. ^ With equal prudence 
 and magnanimity he retrained fitim all sulicitations for 
 bis life, which would only have weakened the irnpres- 
 aion which he hoped lo produce. The savages listened 
 with amazement and admiration They had handled 
 the compass, and viewing with surprise the play of the 
 needle, which they plainly saw, but found it impossible 
 to touch, from the intervention of the glass, this mar- 
 vellous object prepared their minds for the reception 
 of those vast impressions by whieh their captive endea- 
 vored to gain ascendancy over them. I'or an hour 
 alli-r he had finished his harangue they seem to havf 
 reiuained uiHleculed ; till their hiilutuul aentiments re- 
 viving, they resumed their suspeiidcd purpose, and, 
 having hound Inin to a tree, prepared to despatch him 
 Willi their arro.vs. IJut a strurijer impression had been 
 maile on th( ir chief; and his soul, enlarged for a sea- 
 Boii by the admission of knowledge, or subdued by the 
 influence of wonder, revolted from the doininion of ha- 
 bitual ferocity. This chief was iiiinuil Operlianra- 
 iioui;!i, and destined at a future period lo invest Ins har- 
 biiroiis name with horror and celebriiv. Ilotdnig up 
 the compass in his hand, he i,'ave the signal of reprieve, 
 and Smith, though still guarded at a pnsoiirr, was eon- 
 dueled to a dwelling where he was kindly treated and 
 plentifully enlertimed,* Bui the strongest impressions 
 
 * Smith, n. ill. p.V. Slith, p. 5I.--Thiiadmir;ililfttriu(n|ili 
 of kmiwleilt^cand tfcnUis uver li^irh^nty an>l fiTucity has been 
 obscured by the tiiarrtiracy uf Dr. Unbprtni>n, who has as- 
 cnt>cil Siiiith'tt ilclivoraiu-e on llus orcasion to his ariitirf* tn 
 BiiHHiii)( the savaKt-'s with wnnderful arrounts of thi^ virtups 
 of tho cotniiaits. Marshall, the hioxraplier of Washinntnn, 
 haH traiisfLTred tlii.i nud-.Hlateineiit into (he pint's of hts 
 history also. Had Smith reanrled to artifirp, he winild nrilT 
 bavo avBiicd hhnsclf of a rt-soiirce which t^olumhus hiul pn-- 
 vnmsly employed, whiMi hi) rmnd his advuiitairo iii iinposmn 
 on a Navai^e trilMt the prodiciiitii for tho prolurtmn of an 
 eclipse. Hut Smith's attempt wa^ at oncu moio onu'imil eiihI 
 nioro honoralile. The ilwwc uf r.ilumhuH tiad been siuvo-s- 
 fully pMitifted hy a Ilofriim gum.Tiil, and is rclatfd hy Livy. 
 Smith, uniisHi.sted iiy pri'.ndi'iil, and Biiided only hy that " In* 
 •piratlon of tho Aliiilnhiy winch givetb understtuidiny," ap- 
 
 pass away, while the inlluencc of habit remains. After 
 vainly endeavoring to prevail on their ca|)tive to betray 
 the Knglish colony into their hands, they referred his 
 fate to I'owhutan, the king or principal sachem of the 
 country, to whose presence they conducted him in tri- 
 umphal procession. The king received him with much 
 ceremony, ordered a plentiful repast lo he set before 
 him, and then adjudged liiii; to sullir death hy having 
 his head laid on a stone ond eeat to pieces with clubs. 
 At the place appointed for this huibarous execution, he 
 was again rescued from imjiending fate by the interpo- 
 sition of I'ocationtas, the favorite daughter of the king, 
 who, finUing her first entreaties disregarded, threw her 
 arms around the prisoner, and declared her determina- 
 tion to scvc him or die with him. Her generous af- 
 fection prevailed over the cruelty of her tribe, and the 
 king not only gave Nmith his life, but soon after sent 
 htm back to Jamestown, where the benelicencc of 
 i'ocahontas continued to follow him with supplies uf 
 provisions that delivered tho colony from famine. 
 
 After an absence of seven weeks Smith returned to 
 Jamestown, barely in time to prevent tho desertion of 
 thu colony. His associates, reduced lo the number of 
 thirty-eight, impatient of farUier stay in a cour'ry -Ahere 
 Ihey had met with so many iliscouragements, and where 
 they seemed fated to re enact the disaslers of Koaiioak, 
 were preparing to abandon the settlem.-iit ; and it was 
 not without the utmost diiliculty, and alternately cm- 
 ploying persuasion, remonstrance, and even violent 
 interference, that Smith prevailed with them to relm- 
 quit'h their design. The provisions that i'ocahontas 
 had sent to him relieved their present wants ; his ac- 
 count of the plenty he had witnessed among the savages 
 revived their hopes ; and he endeavored, by a ddtgent 
 improvement of the favorable impressions he had made 
 upon the savages, and by a jtidiciouti regulation of the 
 intercourse between them and the colonislB, to etl'ect a 
 '.inion of interests and mutual jiarticipations of advan- 
 tages between tho two races of people. His generous 
 etlorts were successful ; ho preserved plenty among 
 the Knglish, and extended his lutluence and repute 
 among tho Indians, who began to respect and consult 
 their former captive as a superior being. If Smith had 
 sought only to magnify his own repute and estabhsb his 
 dominion, he might easily have passed with the savages 
 for a demi-god ; for they were not more averse to yield 
 the allegiance which he claimed for their Creator, than 
 forward to render it to himself, and to embrace every 
 pretension he might advance in his own behalf, lint 
 no alluring prospect of dorr.;r.:c" over men could tempt 
 him to lorgct that he was the servant of (.iod, or aspire 
 to he regarded in any other light by hi.'* fellow creatures. 
 He employed his best endeavors to divert the savages 
 from their ululalrous superstition, and made them all 
 aware that the man whose superiority they acknow- 
 ledged (lc.«piscd their false deities, adored the true Ciod, 
 and obtained from Him, by prayer, the wisdom tliey 
 so highly commended. The etl'ect of bis pious endea- 
 vors was obstructed by imperfect acquaintance with 
 their langua'je, and very ill ceconded by the conduct of 
 his asaociates, which contributed to perauade the In- 
 dians that his religion was something peculiar to him- 
 self. 'I'he induence, too, of liumun superiority, how- 
 ever calculated to impress, is by no means formed lu 
 convert the mind. It is so apt lo give a wrong direc- 
 tion to the impressions which it jiroduces. and is so 
 reinotn from the channel in wliich Chrislianily from the 
 beginning has been appointed to llcw, that ihu lirMuiu) 
 most successful elforts to convert mankind were made 
 by men who possessed litlb' of it, and who renounced 
 tlie little they possessed. Smith, partly from the ditli- 
 cultiesofhis situation, partly from tlie defectiveness of 
 his instruction, and, doubtless, in no small degree, troin 
 the stubborn blindness and wilful ignorance of the 
 persons be atteinped to instruct, succeeded no f.irtluT 
 than Hcnot had lorinerly done. The savages < xteniled 
 their respect for tlie man to a Ueiiig whom they termed 
 '• the (iod of (.'api.iin Smith," and some of them ac- 
 knowhdged that this Hcmg excelled their own deities 
 in the same proportion that artillery cxcellid uoas and 
 arrow.s, and sent to Jamestown to entreat that Smith 
 would pray for rain when their idols seemed to refuse 
 a supply. 
 
 [ItiOH ] While the aifairs of the colony were thus 
 pruipermg under the direction of ('aptain Smith, a re- 
 irilorce:nenl of a hundred and twenty men, with an 
 abundant stock of provisions, and a supply of seeds 
 
 pt'ftrs iKd to hnvf iiltrred a ^ilnlfIe woni to the savages Ijmt 
 Wiis iii'i sttutly ttui', The triiiiiiph wim vi-ry uri-at ; fi>r ;l 
 wiis ohl;iirii*d Mvt?r tiTority Hii-iilciUcd hy odiniHU'ti mid cnii- 
 rirmed by hultit.itod T(-\<'iit;f rxciU'd by tla- di>ath of huiiiu of 
 ttiti savuygs w bom he hud killed .n deiciidtiig tumaelf 
 
 and inalrumenis of hushandryt arrived in two vessels 
 from Kngland. Universal joy was excited among the 
 colonists by this accession to their comforts and their 
 force. But. unhappily, the jealousies which danger had 
 restrained rather than extinguished, reappeared in this 
 ray of prosperity ; thu iuHucncc of Captain Smith 
 with tho Indians excited the envy of the very persons 
 whose lives it bad preserved, and b.s authority now be* 
 gan visibly to decline. Nor was it long before the 
 cessation of bis Influence, together with tho defects in 
 the composilion of the new body of emigrants, gave riuo 
 to the most serious mischiefs m the colony. I'bc res- 
 traints of discipline were relaxed, and a free tratlic per- 
 mitted with the nativcj, who soon began to complum 
 of fraudulent and uneipialdealinj^, and lo resume their 
 ancient animosity. In an infant settlement, where 
 habits of life arc unfixed, and habitual submission to 
 authority has yet lo be funned, the well-being, and in- 
 deed the existence of society are much more dtqiend- 
 enl on the manners and moral character of individuals, 
 than on the intluence of laws. Uut in recruiting the 
 population of this colony, too little consideration was 
 shown for th' •'' habits and pursuits which must every 
 where form the ha^ ' of national prosperity. This arose, 
 as well from th' pe ^ul'^r views of the proprietors, as 
 from the circuiiistances ol '^c Knglisb peojilc, whoso 
 working classes where by no n.-.'^ns overcrowded, and 
 among whom, consequently, tho perboiis whoso indus- 
 try and moderation best htted them to form a new set- 
 tlement were least disposed to abandon their native 
 country. Of the recruits who had lately arrived in tho 
 colony, a large proportion were gentlemen, a ft-v wero 
 laborers^ and some were jewellers and rejiucrs of ^old, 
 I'lifortunalely, some of this latter description of artists 
 soon found an opportunity uf exercising their peculiar 
 departments of industry, and of demonstrating (but too 
 late) their utter unskilfulucss even in the worthless qua- 
 lifications they professed. 
 
 A small stream of water which issued from a bank 
 of sand near Jamestown was found to deposit in its 
 channel a glittering sediment which resembled golden 
 ore, and was fondly mistaken lor that precious material 
 by the colonists. Only this discovery was wanting tu 
 re-excite the passions which America had so fatally 
 kindled in the bosoms of her first invaders. The de- 
 positation of the ore was supposed to indicate the neigli- 
 iiorhood of a mine; every hand was eager to explore ; 
 and considerable quantities of the dust were amassed, 
 and subjected to the scrutiny of ignorance prepossessed 
 by the strongest and most deceptive of human passions, 
 and misled by the blundering guidance of snperlici.il 
 pretenders to superior skdi. Captain Smith exerted 
 himself to disabuse bis countrymen, and vainly strove 
 to stem the torrent that threatened to devastate all 
 their prospects, and direct to the pursuit uf a phantom, 
 the industry on which their subsistence must speedily 
 depend. The worthless dust havmgundergone the un- 
 skilful assay of the refiners who had recently buen united 
 to the colony, was pronounced lo be ore of a very rich 
 (piality, and from that moment the thirst of gold was 
 inflamed into a rage that reproduced those extravagant 
 excesses, but, happily, without conducting to the same 
 profliiiate enormities for which the followers of (.'orles 
 and Pizarro had been dLstinguished, A!! productive 
 industry was suspended, and the operations of mining 
 occu[)ied all the conversation, eiigro.^sed every thought, 
 and absorbed evrry etfort of the colonists. The two 
 *.T.~:iv.L. iiiat had brought their late supplies returning to 
 Knglaml, tho one laden with this valueless dross, and 
 the othei wiili .djr wood, carried the first remittanco 
 that an Knghi^h colony ever made from America. They 
 carried hack with them also some persons who had 
 been invested and sent out to the colony with tho ab- 
 surd appointments of admirals, recorders, chronologers, 
 and justices of the peace — a supply as useless to Ame- 
 rica as the remittance of dust wa?« to Kurope. 
 
 Koreseeing '.he disastrous issue to which the delu 
 sion of the colonists inevitably tended, (,'a|)tam Smith, 
 in the hojio of preventing some of its most fatal conse- 
 ipiences, adopted the resolution of extending his re- 
 srarches far beyond the range they had hitherto at 
 tamed, and of exploring the whole of the great bay of 
 (vhesapeak, for the pirpose of ascertaining the cualitics 
 and resources of its territories, and promoliug a bene- 
 ficial intercourse with thu remoter tribes of its inhabi- 
 tant.". This arduous der-ign he executed with bis usual 
 resolution and success ; and While his fellow colonists 
 were actively engaged in dissipating the hopes of Kng- 
 land, and rivalling the sordid excesst-s that had charac- 
 lerized tlie adventurer.-) uf Spam, hr singly siisUiineti 
 the honor of his country, and. warmed with a nobler 
 emulatiuii, achiuvcd an enterprise that equaU the moat 
 
I 
 
 818 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 f ulebratcd exploit* of the Spanish discoverers. When 
 we compare the Blemlerness of the auxihary means 
 which he (lossesscd, with the magnitude ol the ends 
 wluch he accompUshcd, the hardMhips he endured, and 
 the dilficultics he overcame, we recognize in tliis 
 •chitivcmont a monument of human power no U'hs emi- 
 nent than honorable, and willingly transmit a model so 
 well c.tculatcd to warm the genius, to animate the 
 fortitude, and sustain the patience of mankind. With 
 his friend, Ur. Russell, and a small company of fol- 
 lowers, whoso courage and perseverance ho was fre- 
 quently obliged to resuscitate, and over whom he pos- 
 sessed no other authority than the ascendant of a vigor- 
 ous character and buperior mind, he performed, in an 
 open boat, two voyages of discovery that occupied 
 more than four months, and embraced a navigation of 
 atwvo thiee ihouMnd miles. With umnensc labor and 
 danger he visited every inlet and bay on both sides of 
 the (Jhesapeak, from Ca|K) Charles to the river Susque- 
 bannaii ; he sailed up many of ihe great rivers to their 
 fulls, and diligently examined the successive territories 
 into which he penetrated, and the various tribes that 
 possessed tbcin. He brought back with hiiu an ac- 
 count 80 ample, and a plan so accurate, of that great 
 portion of the American continent now comprehended 
 in the provinces of Virginia and Maryland, that all the 
 subsequent researches which it has undergone have 
 only expanded his original view ; and hia map has been 
 made tlie groundwork of all posterior delmeations, with 
 little other diversity than what the varieties of appro- 
 priation and the progress of settlements have riecessa- 
 riiy effected. But to come n"»t to see were not his 
 only objects ; to overcome vva& also the purpose of his 
 enterprise, and the attainment of his exertions. In his 
 intercourse with the various tribes which he visited, he 
 displayed the genius of a commander in a happy exer- 
 cise of all those talents that overcome the antipathies 
 of a rude people, and enforce the respect, and even 
 good will, of mankind, liy the wi!«dom and liberality 
 with which he negotiated and traded with the friendly, 
 snd by the courage and vigor with which he repelled 
 and overcame the hostile, he never failed to inspire the 
 savages with the most exalted opinion of himself and 
 his nation, and laid the foundation of an mtercourse 
 that promised the most bcneticial results to the Virgi- 
 nian colony. This was indeed the heroic age of North 
 America : and such were the men, and such the labors, 
 by which the first foundations of her greatness and 
 pro8{>erity were ap|)ointcd to be laid. 
 
 While this expedition was in progress, the golden 
 dreams of tbe colonists were at length dispelled ; and 
 they had awaked to all the miseries of sickness, 
 scarcity, disappointment, and discontent, when Smith 
 once moie returned to them, to revive their spirits with 
 his successes, and relieve iheir wants b) the resources 
 he had created. Immrdiaiely after his return he was 
 [lOlh Sept] chosen president by the council ; and. 
 accepting the otfif'e, he employed hia influence ^o suc- 
 cessfully with the savages, that present scarcity was 
 banished, and exerted his authority so vigorously and 
 iudiciously in the colony, that a spirit of industry and 
 good order began generally to prevail, and gave pro- 
 mise of lasting plenty and steady prosperity. If we 
 compare the actions of Smith, during the period of his 
 presidency, with the enterprise that immediatrly prc- 
 ceeded his elocliou, it may appear, at first sight, that 
 the sphere of his exertions was both narrowed and 
 degraded by this event, and we might almost be 
 tempted to regret the returning rejsonabiciicns of the 
 (.olonists, which, by confining this active spirit to the 
 petty details of their government, withdrew it from a 
 range more congenial lo its excursive vigor, and more 
 advantageous to mankind. Yet, reflection might per- 
 suade us that a truly great mind, especially when 
 united with an ardent temper, will never be contracted 
 by the seeming restriction of its sphere ; it -aiII always 
 be nokilv. a.s well as nsefully employed, and not the less 
 nobly when it dignifies what is ordinary, and improves 
 the models that invite the • idest imitation, and are 
 most level with the opportunities of mankind. Ac- 
 cordingly, when we examine the history of that year 
 over wliich the otHcial supremacy of ('aptain Smith 
 was extended, and consider the results of Ihe multifa- 
 rious deidits which it embraces, we discern a dignity as 
 real, thonuh less glaring than that which invests his 
 celebrated voyage of discovery, and are sensible of con- 
 eequences <^ven more iiiiere«iting lo human :iature than 
 any v%hich that expedition produced. In a stnall 
 society, where the cncinns'iunres of all tli.- members 
 were nearly equal, where power derived no aid from 
 pomp and ciicumstancc, and where he owed his office 
 to tU« appointment uf his associates, ai:d held it by the 
 
 tenure of their good will,* he preserved order and rii- 1 
 forced mondily among a crew of diswolutr and discon- i 
 tented men ; and so successfully opposed his authurily 
 to the temptations to indolence arising from their pre- 
 vious habits and dispo.sitiuns, and fortiticd by the com- 
 munity of gains that then prevaihd, as to introduce and 
 maintain a respectable degree of laborious, and even 
 contented industry. What one governor afterwards 
 effected in this respect by the weight of an imposing 
 rank, and others by the strong engine ' martial law, 
 Smith, without these advantages, and wiih greater suc- 
 cess, accom|iltshed by the continual application of his 
 own vigor and aclivny. Some plots were formed 
 against him ; but tli< he detected and defeated with- 
 out either straining uj compromising bis authority. 
 The caprice and suspicion of ihe Indians assailed him 
 with numberless trials of his temper anil capacity 
 Kven Powhatan, notwithstanding the friendly ties that 
 united hiin to his ancient guesit, was induced, by the 
 treacherous artifices of certain Dutchmen, who de- 
 serted to him from Jamestown, first to form a seciet 
 conspiracy, and then to excite and prepare open hos- 
 tility against the colonists. [1G09.] Some of the fraud- 
 ful designs of the royal savage were revealed by the 
 unabated kindness of Pocahontas, others were detected 
 t)y Captain Smith, and from them all he contrived to 
 extricate the colony with honor and success, and yet 
 with little, and only defensive, bloodshed ; displaying 
 to the Indians u vigor and dexterity they could neither 
 overcome nor overreach — a courage that commanded 
 their respect, and a generosity that carried his victory 
 into their minds, and reconciled submission with their 
 pride. In thus demonsirating (to use his own words) 
 " what small cause there is that men should starve or 
 be murdered by the savages, that have discretion to 
 manage them with courage and industrv " he be- 
 queathed a valuable lesson to his succt rs in the 
 
 American colonies, and to all succeeding settlers in 
 the vicinity of savage tribes ; and in exemplifying the 
 power of a superior people to anticipate the cruel and 
 vulgar issue of battle, and to prevail over an inferior 
 race without either extirpating or enslaving them, he 
 obtained a victory which Ca>siir, with all his boasted 
 superiority to the rost of mankind was too ungenerous 
 to appreciate, or wm incompetent to achieve. 
 
 liut Smith wad not {>crmittcd to complete the work 
 he had so honorably begun. His administration was 
 unacceptable to the company in Knglaiid, for the same 
 reasons that rendered it beneficial to the s-ettlers in 
 America. The patentees, very little concerned about 
 the establishment of a happ) and respectable society, 
 had eagerly counted on the accumulation of sudden 
 wealth by the discovery of a shorter passage to the 
 South Sea, or the acquisition of territory replete with 
 mines of the precious metals. In these hopes they 
 had been hitherto disapjwirtcd : and the state of affairs 
 in the colony was far from beiokening even the retri- 
 bution of their heavy expenditu.'o. The prospect of 
 a settled and improving siatu of society at Jamestown, 
 so far from meeting their wishea, threatened to promote 
 the growth of habits and interests perfectly incom- 
 patible with them. Still hoping, therefore, to realize 
 their avaricious dreams, they conceived it necessary 
 for this purpo.se to remove all authority into their own 
 hands, and to abolish all jurisdiction originating in 
 America. In order to enforce their pretensions, as 
 well as to increase their funds, they now courted the 
 acquisition of additional members ; and having streng- 
 thened their interests l)y the accession of some per- 
 sons of the highest rank and inthieucc in the nation, 
 tiiey applied for and obtained a new charter. 
 
 [2'M May.] If the new charter thus arbitrarily in- 
 troduced showed an utter disregard of the rights of the 
 colonists who had emigrated on the faith of the original 
 one Its provisions equally demonstrated the intention 
 of restr cling their privileges and increasing their dc- 
 pendenci on the Knglish patentees. Tiie new charter 
 was grant "' to twenty-one peers, ninety-eight knights, 
 and a great multitude of doctors, esquires, gentlemen, 
 merchants, and citizens, and sundry of the coqiorations 
 
 * It was Ihe leUimonyof tns soldiers and fellow adven* 
 turer.-i, says Stith, '* that he was cvt-r fruitlul in expedicittii 
 to provide forllic people iitidor his rDiiiinniid.wJHpm tic wnuld 
 rieviT suiter in want nn> thiiii^hc eitlier liad or could procure; 
 that he ratiier choose to lead than Hisiid Ins soldiers into duii- 
 liLT ;" that hi all llicir expediiioiis he partook the coinmori 
 (lire, and ni'ver gave a coiiimaiid that he was not ready lo ex- 
 eniie ; *' that ho would suffer want rather than tiorrow, and 
 tit'irve sootier than not pay; that lie liad nothing in linn rouii- 
 terleit or 8hy, but was opiMi, hoiiesl, and sinrere." Slilh adds, 
 rc.tprrtliii( this tuiindiT ot civili/.'jd xoi-u'ly in Norlli Aiiieru'ti, 
 what the son of Colmiihiis lins, with a nniilu ei;il'«m, recorded 
 of Ilia fattier, that thouifli hal)it Jated to naval manners, and 
 to itiL> rontiiiand of factious and licentious men, lio was never 
 tioard to utter an oalli. 
 
 of London, in addition to the former adventurers ; nnti 
 the whole body was iiirorporried by the title of " Tho 
 TreaBiirer and ('mnpaiiy of .\dveniiir( rs of the (>'ity of 
 London (*>t the first colony m Virginia." Tho bouiida- 
 ries of the colony and the jHiwer of the eorporalioii 
 were enlarged ; the ottices ul president and council in 
 Virginia were obolislied ; n new council was esta- 
 blished in Kngland, and the company empowered to 
 fill all future vacancies m it by election; and to this 
 council was committed the power of new-mndetling the 
 magistracy of the colony, of enacting all the hiws that 
 were to have place in it, and iiomiimtingall the officers 
 bv whom these laws were to be earned into execution. 
 Nevertheless, was it slill provided that the coloiiisis 
 and their posterity should retain all the rights ol Kng- 
 lishmen. To prevent the doctrines of ilie ehureb of 
 Rome from gaining admission into tlie planiations, it was 
 declared tfiat no persons should pass into Virginia but 
 Fuch as should first have taken the oath of supremacy- 
 
 The new council appointed Lord Delaware go\ernor 
 and euptain-general of the colony ; and the hopes in 
 spired by the distingui.shed rank, and not less eintne!it 
 character of this nobleman, contributed to strcii;^tiien 
 the company by a considerable accession of fiinds aiiU 
 associates. .\ vailing themselves of t!ie favourable 
 disposition of the public, they (piickly ei)u!{.ped a 
 sipiadron of nine ships, and sent them out with t\\v 
 hundred emiffrants, under the coninand of (*aplain 
 Newport, who *vas authorized to supersede the exist- 
 ing aduimi8lratt«Mi, and to govern the colony till tho 
 arrival of liOrd Delaware with the remainder of tho 
 recruits and supplies. Hut by an unlucky combination 
 of caution and indiscretion, the same powers wero 
 severally intrusted to Sir Thomas Ciates and Sir 
 George Soiners, without any adjustment of precedence 
 between these gentlemen ; and theyfindii;g themselves 
 unable to settle this point among themselves, agreed 
 to embark on board the same vessel, and to be com- 
 panions during the voyage — thus deliberatelv hazard- 
 ing and eventually effecting the di.sappoinlment of the 
 main object which their association in authority was in- 
 tended to secure. The vessel that contained the tri- 
 umverate was separated from the fleet by a storm, and 
 stranded on the coast of Uermudas.* The residue of 
 the squadron arrived safely at Jametown, but 
 so );ttle were they expected, that when they wero 
 first described at sea they were mistaken for enemies ; 
 and this rumor gave occasion to a very satisfactory 
 prt- -: of the friendly disposition of the Indians, who 
 came forward with tl e utmost alacrity, and offered 
 to fight in defence of tn . colony. 
 
 I'heso apiirehensions, which were dissipated by tho 
 nearer approach of the fleet, gave place lo more sub- 
 stantial and mure formidable evils arising from tho 
 composition of the reinforcement whicli it brought 
 lo tiie colonial body. A great proportion of these 
 new emigrants consisted of profligate and licentious 
 youths, sent out by their friends with ihe hope of 
 changing their destinies, or for the purpose of screen- 
 ing them from the justice or contempt of their country ; 
 of indigent gentlemen loo proud too beg, and loo lazy 
 to work; tradesmen of broken fortunes and broken 
 spirit ; idle retainers whom the great were eager to 
 get rid of ; and dependents too infamous to bo de- 
 cently protected at hon.e ; with others, like these, 
 more fitted to wa.ste and corrupt a commonwealth than 
 to found or maintain one. Tfie leaders of this perni- 
 cious crew, though totally unprovided with legal docu- 
 ments entitling ihem either to assume or supersede 
 authority proclaimed the changes which the eonstitu 
 tion of the colony had undergone, and proceedi'd to 
 cxecjte that part of the innovation which consisted 
 in the overtlirow of the colonial presidency and coun- 
 cil. Their conduct soon demonstrated that their title 
 to assume authority was not more defective than their 
 capacity to exercise it. Investing tlicmselves with the 
 powers, they were unable lo devise any frame of go- 
 vernment, or establish even among themselves any 
 fixed subordination ; sometimes the old commissiuii 
 was resorted to, sometimes a new model attempted , 
 and the chief direction passed from hand to band in 
 one uninterrupted succession of presumption and in- 
 capacity. The whole colony was involved in distress 
 and disorder ny this revolutionary state of its new go 
 vernment. and the Indian tribes were alienated and ex 
 asperated by the turtiuleiicc, injustice, and insolence of 
 I the new settlers 
 
 I • It was this disaster, no douht, which prodiircU the onli 
 nllusioii wliith Slmkespeare ever iiuikes to the leftioiii uf 
 I Ameriia. In The Tenipetit, wliirti was composed alHtiit tlret 
 I years after this period, Ariel celebrates ths stormy coast u( 
 I '• tho still vskM Ueriiiudas." 
 
NORTH AMKRICA. 
 
 310 
 
 This emergency strongly called on ihc man who tud 
 
 •u ol'len rcHCiicd the Htitlement frum ruin, aiinwi tu at- 
 teinpt ilH diihvorance; the cull wuh secunded hy the 
 wiKJicn of iho best and wiseit of the colonists ; and, 
 ftided aM much by the vigor of U\n uwn character, us by 
 the cooperation of these individuils, .Smith oner more 
 asAinned his natural a»cctidant and uHiciiil supri iniicy, 
 and declared his mtenlion of retaining the uullioriiy 
 created by the old commission Idl a re<jal revocation 
 of It and legitimate siiL-crs*turft to linnsell' should arrive. 
 He boldly unpri^oned the chief promutiTH of tumult; 
 and huvni)^ restored regularity and uheiliLMicr, be en- 
 deavored lo prevent a recurrence of the forinrr mis- 
 chiefs by Jeluchinji from Jamestown a pnrtiiui of the 
 new coh>niHtH to form a subordinate Hetilcment at some 
 distance. This was an unfortunate step; and it is re- 
 markable that the oidy M^nai failure in the policy of 
 thit> eminent man seems to have arisen from ihu only 
 instance m which he showed a distrust of his own 
 vigor and capacity. The detadiments which he re- 
 moved from Jamestovvn conducted themselves so nn- 
 prudenlly as to convert all tlie neiylihorini; Indians 
 mto enemies, and to involve (hemselves in continual 
 ditllculty an.l danger. The Indians assailed him with 
 complaints, the detached settlers with retpiisitions of 
 counsel and assistance ; and Smith, who never spent 
 in larnenlini; misfortunes the lime that might be em- 
 ployed in repairing them, was exerting himself with 
 his usual vigor and good sense in re-lressing these dis- 
 orders, when he received a dangerous wound from thn 
 accidental explosion of a quantity of gunpowder. 
 Completely disabled by this intsfortune, and destitute 
 of surgical aid in tlie colony, be was compelled to 
 resign bis command, and take bis departure for Kng- 
 land. He never returned to Virginia again. It was 
 natural that be should abandon with regret the society 
 he bad so often preserved, the settlement he bad con- 
 ducted through diHicukie.s as formidable as the infancy 
 of Carthage or Uoinc had to encounter, and the scenes 
 he had dignified by so much wisdom and virtue. Uut 
 our sympathy with his regret is abated by tlie redeetion 
 that a longer residence in the colony would ttpeedtly 
 have consigned bim to very subordinate oilier, and 
 might have deprived the world ;)f iliat stock of valu- 
 able knowledge, and his own character of that acces- 
 sion of fame,* which the publication of bis travels has 
 been the means of perpetuating. .Such rellections arc 
 not foreign to the purpose, nor inconsistent witli the 
 dignity of history, which may well be allowed to linger 
 with interest on the fortunes of ibis excellent person, 
 and is well employed in teaching by example how 
 powerfully an enlargement of our view contributes to 
 purify the moral aspect of events. 
 
 CHATTKR H. 
 
 Tlie Colony a Prey to Anarchy— and Famine— CJ ate s and 
 Suiiiers arrive I'roin llcrniudas — AtiaiidDiiinunt nl l\w Uolnny 
 detRnnined- [ircventiMl \>y U\c Arrival uf Lord Di'luware- 
 IliH wixe AilininiKlraiiun—his Itoturn to England— Sir 
 Tlinniaji Dale's Adiniiiistrntion— Martial Law estulilislii^d— 
 Indian Cliiufs UaM};ht<>r SLized by Captain Arijal— niiirncd 
 to .Mr. Kolfe— ItiKtituf private Propt rty iii Land iutrodur(>d 
 tntu the Colony— Exprtulmns of Ariiiil ntjitniMt Port Itoyul 
 anil Nnw York— Tolmrro cnlnvated hy the roluiust-i — l-'irsl 
 Assembly of Ki!prest'ri:;itive.s cnnvtMicd id Virginia— New 
 Cnnstilulionof ihu (Jolmiy — hiiriKluri:"ii ol Ntyro .Slavery — 
 Minratlon of ynuMR Women fmtii Kiiulaiid to VirKinia — 
 Dispute heiween the Kiric and Ihc c'oUmy — Conspirairy 
 of the llldldn^ — .Massacri' vi the CoioiiistH— Uisseiitioris of 
 the Lniidon Company— Ttn- ri)m|i;ii'.y dis.iolved— tint KiuK 
 assumuR the (ioviTiuncnt ot Ihr Uoloiiy — his DMatli— 
 Charles I. pur.ines hi."* tallu-r's iirhitrary Views— Tynumiral 
 (iovermneni of Sir John H.irvcy — Sir Wilharn Uerkeley 
 appdiiitcd tiofernor— The popiUar A>stiiilily restorrd— 
 Vtretma csiKtilsi's the Itoyal Ciiii-e— su>hhii'<i hy \iu- Loiik; 
 Pailiaiiieul— Hi'.siramts iinposi-d on the Trade of ihe 
 C"o|oiiy— llevoll of Dm Coiony- Sir WiUiani lU'ikt-ley ru- 
 snnie!< the I'uvernmrnl— Ut-st' ratmn >ii < harlt-t II. 
 
 [IfiO'J.] Smith left th'.- colony inliahited by five 
 hundred persons, and anuiy provKli>d with all necessa- 
 ry stores of arms, pr<',,.*;on8. cattle, and implennnts of 
 agriculture : but the !>ense to improve its opiuirtunities 
 was wanting, and its lurtune departed will) biin. Tor 
 a short time the command was intiusted to Mr. Percy, 
 a man of worth but devoid of the vigor that gives etii- 
 cacy to virtue ; and the direction of aifairs soon fell mto 
 the hands of persons whom their native country had 
 cast from it as a useless burden or intolerable nuisance. 
 The colony was debvcred up to the wildest excesses of 
 a 8editiou*( and distracted rabble, and presented a scene 
 of not, folly, and profligacy, strongly invoking viridic- 
 live retribution, and speedily ovritaken by it. [KilO J 
 The provisions wore i^uukly exhausted ; and tlie In- 
 
 * He liccarnn mo famous m Hnffland Ijeforo his deaili, that 
 hU adventures wero dram.itt9ed and represented on the «(ti{u, 
 la his own great annoyance. Slith, p. 112. 
 
 dians, incensed by repeated injuries, and aware that the 
 man vvliom they so much rospected had ceased to go- 
 vern tin- rolonistfl, not only refused ihern all assistance, 
 but tiiiTUsfcd them with continual attacks. Funiine eii< 
 hued, and curnpleted llieir misery and degradation hy 
 transforming tbein into cannib-.iU, and forcing them to 
 subsist on the bodies of the Indians they had killed, and 
 of their own companions who perished of hunger or 
 disease. Si.x monibs after the departure of Sniiih there 
 remained no more than sixty persons alive at James- 
 town, still prolonging their wretchedness by a vile and 
 precanoun diet, but dally expecting Us hnal and fatal 
 close. 
 
 In ihis calamitous stale was the colony found by Sir 
 Thomas Gates, Sir (ieorge Somers, and ('aptaiii New- 
 port, who at length arrived from Iterniuda.'i, where the 
 shipwreck they bad encountered bad delaint^t them and 
 their crew for ten months. The bounty of Nature in 
 that de'igblful region maintained them m comfort while 
 lluv bill.' the vi's.sels that were to transport them to 
 Jamestow -. and might have supplied them with ample 
 stores for the use ol ihe colony ; but they bad neglected 
 these resources, and arrived almost empty-handed, in 
 the expectation of receiving from the magazines of a 
 thriving settlement the relief that was now vainly im- 
 plored from themselves by the famishing remnant of 
 their countrymen. 'I'heir disappointment waseipiallcd 
 only by the d;fliculty of comprehending the causes of 
 the desolation tbcy beheld, umidst the mutual and con- 
 tradictory accusations of the surviving colonists, itut 
 there, was no time for deliberate inquiry, or adjustment 
 of complaints. It was immediately determined to 
 abandon the settlement, and with this view they all em- 
 barked in ihe vessels that had just arrived from Bermu- 
 das, and set sad for Kngland. Their stores were in- 
 Huflicient for so long a voyage ; but they hoped to oh- 
 t:iin an additional supply at the Kughsh lishing station 
 on the coast of Newfoundland Such a horror had 
 many of them conceived for the scene of tliuir misery, 
 that they were importimale with the commanders lor 
 leave to burn the ftirt and houses in Jamestown, liut 
 SirTl'omaj' Gates could not lind in their or his distresses 
 any reason for demolishing the buildings, that might 
 atl'ord shelter to future settlers ; and h.ippily, by his 
 interposition, they were preserved fromde.-^iriiction, and 
 the colonists prevented from wreaking additional ven- 
 geance on themselves. 
 
 Kor it was not the will of Providence that this set- 
 tlement should perish ; the calamities with which it had 
 been visited were commissioned to punish merely, but 
 not utterly to destroy ; and the more vvorthlefi>i mem- 
 bers being now cut off, and a memorable lesson atl'ordeil 
 both to the governors who collect,* and the members 
 who compose such communities, a deliverance no less 
 signal was vouchsafed by llie Disposer of all events, 
 just when hope was over, and the colony advanced lo 
 the very brink of annihilation. Defore the fugitives had 
 reached ihe mouth of James river they were rnet by 
 I*ord Delaware, who arrived with three ships, contain- 
 ing u large supply of provisions, a considerable number 
 of new settlers, and an ample stock of every thing re- 
 ipiisite for defence or tuliivation. 
 
 This nobleman, who now presented himself as cap- 
 tain-general of the colony, was eminently well lilted for 
 the exigency of the situation in which he was thus un- 
 expectedly involved. To exalted rank, in an age when 
 such dislmciions were regarded with much veneration, 
 he joined a nol)le demciinur, a disir.lerested character, 
 and a manly understanding, 'ihe hope of rendering an 
 important service to Lis country, and the generous 
 pleasure of cooperating in a great design, bad induced 
 bim to exchange Ins ej.se and .splendor at home for a 
 situation of the ditlicultitd of wliich he was perfectly 
 aware: and the same tirinness and elevation ol purpose 
 preserved hifu undaunted and unperplexed by the scene 
 of calamity bo encountered on his arrival m Virginia. 
 Stemming the torrent of evil fortune, be carried hack 
 the fugitives to Jamestown, and began his administra- 
 tion by attendance on Divine worship ; and having held 
 a short consultation on the affairs of the settlement, he 
 summoned alt the colonists together, and addresseil 
 tiiem in a short hut forcible ami digmlied harangue, 
 He justly rebuked the pride, and sloth, and immorality 
 that had produced .^uch disastr>rs, and ( nruestly recom- 
 mended a return to the virtues most likely to repair 
 them : he declared his determination not to hold the 
 
 ~'* 'riurTiiii' lit tiiis'si'iiliMncnr prohahly suif^eHted to Lord 
 Dai-nn the lnllowinK passui;*' in his c.tany uii Planlalions. 
 " It M a shuineful and unMc.i.iud Ihing to taku the srum uf the 
 people, ariil wicked (-(iiidemried men, to l)0 the peoplt: with 
 wliuiii we plant ; and not only ko, hut it spuiletli Itie phuil-t- 
 ttoM ; for tliey will ever live )iki> rogues, and not fall to work, 
 I but be lazy, and douiiaclucf, and si>end vicluulsi." 
 
 sword of justice in vain, but to punish the first recur- 
 rence of oisorder by shi ddicg the blood of the Uelin- 
 <tuents, though he would inhmiely rather shed his own 
 to protect the eolunv from injury. He nominated pro- 
 per ollicers for every deparlment, and allotted to every 
 man hi.i particular place and business. 'I'bis address 
 was received wuh general applause and satisfaction ; 
 and the idle factious humours of a divided multituda 
 soon appeared lo be substantially healed by the sph-n* 
 dor. unity, and authority of Lord Delaware's admini- 
 stration. [lUll J Uy an assiduou;> attention to hiiidn'.y, 
 aiul a happy union of qualities h.ted eipully lo mspiro 
 esteem and enforce submission, be succeeded in mam- 
 tQining peace and good order in tln^ settlement, in ilif- 
 fusing a spirit of indu.<«try and alacrity among the colo- 
 nifils, and in again impressing the dread and reverencn 
 of the Kiiglish name on the minds of the Indians. 
 This promising beginning was all he was permitted to 
 effect. Oppres.sed by diseases occasioned by the cli- 
 mate, he was compelled to (put the country ; having 
 first committed the adimiiisiration to Mr. Percy [3J. 
 
 The restoration of iIikh gentleman to the supremo 
 command seems to have been attended with the samo 
 relaxation of discipline, and would probably liavR led 
 to a repetition of the same disorders, that bad so fatally 
 distinguished bis former government. Rut happily 
 for the colony, a s(|iiadron that had been despatched 
 from Kngland before Lord Delaware s return with a 
 supply of men and provisions, brought also with it 
 Sir 'I'honias Dale, whose commi!?sion authorised him, 
 in the absence of that nobleman, to assume the admin- 
 istration. This new governor found the colonists fast 
 relapsing into idleness and penury ; and though he 
 exerted himself strenuously, and not unsuccessfully, 
 to restore better habits, yet the loss of Lord Delaware's 
 imposing rank and authoritative character was sensibly 
 felt. \Vhat he could not accomplish by milder means, 
 he was soon enabled, and compelled to effect by a sys- 
 tem of notable rigor and seventy. A code of rules 
 and articles had been compiled by Sir Thomas Smith, 
 the treasurer of the company of patentees, from thn 
 martial law of tho Low Countries, the most severe and 
 arbitrary frame of discipline that then existed in tho 
 world; and having been printed by the compiler for 
 the use of the colony, but without the sanction or au- 
 thority of the co;mcil, was transmitted to bim by llio 
 governor.* [4J This code did not long remain mope* 
 ralive. Sir Thomas Dale caused it to be proclaimej 
 as the settled law of tho colony ; and some conspiriv- 
 cies having broken out, be enforced its provisions wuh 
 greit rigor, but not greater than was judged by all who 
 witnessed it to have elf'.cted the preservation of the 
 settlement. Tho wisdom and honor of the governor, 
 who thus became the first depositary of Ihese loimida- 
 ble powers, and the salutary consequences that resulted 
 from the first exercise of them, seem lo have prevenled 
 the alarm which the introduction of a system so do* 
 blrnctive to liberty was calculated to provoke. Dalo 
 was succeeded in the supremo command by Sir Tho- 
 mas Gates, who arrived with six vessels, containing a 
 powerful reinforcement to the numbers and reaourcea 
 of tlie colonists. Tlie late and the present governors 
 were united by mutual frietidshq) and similarity of cl.a- 
 rjcter. Gates approved and pursued the system of 
 strict discipline and steady but moderate enforceineiiC 
 of the martial code, that had been introduced by Dilc; 
 and uiuler the directions of Dale, win* continued in the 
 country and willingly occujned a subordinate station, 
 various bodies of the colonists began to form additional 
 selltements on the banks of James river and at some 
 distance from Jamestown. 
 
 [lOI'J.J An application was now made by the cotn- 
 jiaity of patentees to the king, for an enlargement of 
 their chirier. Tlie accoiinU they bad received from 
 the persons who were shipwrecked on Hermudas, of 
 the fertility and agreeableness of that territory im- 
 pressed them with the desire of obtaining pos.sc-ssioii 
 of Us resources for the supnly of Virginia t Their in 
 creasing influence enforced their request ; and a iicv 
 charter was issued, investing them with all iho islaii.lh 
 situated within three hundred leagues of the ;oa»t of 
 Virginia. .Some innovations were made in the struo 
 ture and forms of the corporation; the term of ex- 
 
 * Stith,p. \'£i. NuthinK tan be nioru faniillil ur erroneuiu 
 than Ur. Kohertsoirn account of llio intpMluction of- this 
 system, wlnrli witliuul lliu sln(htest reason he aimtius to 
 the HdvH'o of l.ortl Uacon, and, in opptitntion to mU cvi- 
 dctire, rvpreseiits as tlit; net of i)io eonipthv. 
 
 t Siith, p. VZa. AUiut this time the patentees promoted s 
 nuh.sirnpii'in amony dov<Hit person.-t in London lor huildir.i^ 
 chiirchi's in tlic eolemy ; hut llie money was diverted to othi-l 
 purpusr>M, and It wa.s nut till souie years after Ihat r:)inri-i)t>« 
 wvre huiit in Virifmia. Oldniulun's Unt. Enip. In Amtr. i 
 
 aai. 300. 
 
sao 
 
 THE IIISTOIiy Of 
 
 5 I 
 
 eiii|itJOit from piirineiit of duties on coininotlilioa ex- 
 ported l)y thoiii was proloiigud ; iho coin|iaiiy wjs 
 ciniiowcred to ap|jrclivnd and remand persona retiirnnig 
 by stcallh from the scttlcmoni, in violation ol' tlicir 
 rnyageincnlii ; and, for the mora ctfvctuji advancuiiient 
 of thu colony and indeinnilication ol llio largo sums 
 that had be«n expended on it, license wa^ given to 
 open lotteries in any part of England. Tho lottery 
 which was set on foot in virtue of this license, wis the 
 first csialilishment of tho kind that had ever received 
 public countenance in England : it brought twenty- 
 nine thousand (lounds into the treasury of the company, 
 but lo.idud It with the reproach of defrauding tho \>co- 
 pie, by alluring them to play a game in which they must 
 certainly bo tho losers. 'I'lio Houso of Coninionii, 
 which then represented tho sense and guarded the mo- 
 rality of England, remonairated against this odious 
 concession of their ignoble sovereign, as a measure 
 equally unconstitutional and impolitic ; and the license 
 was soon after recalled. Happy if their example had 
 been copied by later times, and the rulers of mankind 
 restrained from polluting their (inancinl adininisiration 
 by a system of chicane, and promoting in their sub- 
 jects that gambling habit of mind which dissolves in- 
 dustry and virtue, and is generally tho parent even of 
 tlio most altrocious crimes I Notwithstanding the 
 eagerness of the coinpanv to acquire the Uermuda isl- 
 and.*, they did not retain them long, but sold them to 
 certain of their own members, who were creeled into 
 K separate corporation by the naiiiu of the Soiner Isl- 
 ands (Company. * 
 
 The colony of Virginia had onco been saved, in tho 
 person of its own deliverer Oaptain Smith, by I'oca- 
 hontas the daughter of the Indian king Powhatan. 
 She had ever since mainUincd a friendly intercourse 
 with tho English, and she was destined now to render 
 them a service of the highest importance. A scarcity 
 prevailing at Jamealown, and supplies being obtained 
 but scantily and irregularly from the neighboring In- 
 dians, with whom tho colonists were often embroiled. 
 Captain .\rgal was despatched to tho Potomac lor a 
 cargo of corn. Here he learned that Pocahontas was 
 living in retirement at no great distance from hiui ; and 
 hoping, by possession of her person, to attain such an 
 ascendant over Powhatan as would enforce an ample 
 :ontribution of provisions, he prevailed on her by some 
 •rlilice, to come on board his vessel, and then set sail 
 vith her to Jamestown, where she was detained in a 
 Slate of honorable captivity. But Powha'an, more m- 
 :!'gnant at such treachery than overcome by his misfor- 
 tune, rejected with scorii the demand of a ransom ; he 
 even refused to hold any communication Willi tho rob- 
 bers w 10 still kept his daughter a prisoner, but de- 
 clared that if she were restored to him he would forget 
 the injury, and, feeling himself at liberty to regard them 
 as friends, would gratify all their wishes. Uut the 
 colonists were too conscious of not deserving the pcr- 
 formanLC of such promises, to be able to give credit 
 to them ; and the most injurious consequences seemed 
 likely to arise from the unjust detention, which they 
 could no longer continue with advantage nor relinquish 
 with safety, when all at once the aspect of alfairs un- 
 derwent * surprising and beneticial change. During 
 her residence in the colony, Pocahontas, who is repre- 
 sented as a woman di.ilinguished by her personal at- 
 tractions, made sucb impression on iNfr. Rolle, a youiiii 
 man of rank and estimation among the settlers, that he 
 oll'ered her his hand, and, with her approbation and the 
 warm encouragement of tlie governor, solicited the 
 consent of 1'u.vliatan to their marriage : this the old 
 prince readily granted, and sent some of his relations 
 to attend thr ceremonial, wliich was perforined with 
 cxliaord;nuv pomp, and laid the foundation of a linn 
 and sincori' i'ncndahip between his tribe and ilic Eng- 
 lish. Tins nappy event also enabled tho colonial go- 
 vernment to cnnclude a treaiy with the (Jlnccihomi- 
 nie.*, a brave and martial trilie, who conseiiled t'> ac- 
 knowleilge themselves suDjocis ol the Uriiish inoii.rcli. 
 and style themselves heiicelbrwurd tinglishmeii. to 
 assist the colonials with their arms in war, and to |>ay 
 an annual tribute of Indian corn. 
 
 [1613.] But a material change which now took pla<.e 
 in the interior arrangements of the colony coninbuted 
 
 • Slilh. p. IIT. His said llisl Waller the |)iiel siibse.iuciilly 
 heraiiie a par'ner of this company, aiiJ tliat duririi; Ins tjumsii- 
 meiit from Engliinil he resideJ some tuns lu Uonimilas : a 
 statetiielit tiiat seoiiis to derive some rontirmatlun, from the 
 minute tlescnptloo of the sciMiery and produce "t tlie phlfe 
 in Ids poem, "Tho lliltio of the Somor Isiaiids." It is h 
 pity tliat liia muso of W.iller and of .Marvel, wiiirli travelled 
 u far across the Allafilir as llermiidiis. should iiol have e«- 
 tended her range to that liluslnous coiniiu'iit whose aspect 
 was abis to transform Uishop Berkeley fro ii a inetapliyaician 
 Into a poet. 
 
 to establish its prosperity on foundations more solid 
 and respectable than ilie alliance or tlepnidence u{ the 
 Indian tribes. The indiislrv which had been barely 
 ke[)t alive by the severe discipline of martial law, Ian 
 giiihlird under the discouragement of that cuminnnily 
 of property and labor which had been introduced, as 
 we have seen, by the nrovisions of the original charter. 
 .\s a temporary expedient, this syalein could not have 
 been easily avoided ; and the censure which liistoriuiis 
 have so liberally brstoweil on its introiluction seems to 
 be quite misplaced. The impolicy consisted in pro- 
 longing its duration beyond the time wlii'ii the colony 
 acquired slabtlily, when nnxles of life ciiiiic lo lie tixetl, 
 and when the resources of the place and Ihe proiluctive 
 powers of labor being fully unilerslood, the governinenl 
 might safely and aiivanlageoiisly remit every individual 
 to the stimiilous of his own interest and dependence on 
 his own industry. But at first it was unavoidable that 
 the government should charge itself with Ihe auppurl 
 of its subjects and the regulation of their industry , 
 and that their first experimenia] exertions should be 
 referred to the principle and adapted to the rules of a 
 system of partnership. How long such a system may 
 endure, when originated and mumtaiiied by a strong 
 and general impulse of that (Christian spirit which 
 teaches every man to regard his ollice on earth as that 
 of a steward, his life as a stewardship, and the supe- 
 riority of his powers as designating, not the extent of 
 nis interest, but the increase of his responsibility, is a 
 roblem to he solved by the future history of mankind. 
 But as a |>erinaiieiit arrangement, supported only by 
 municipal law, it attempts an iinposHibilily, and coin- 
 mita the enforcement of its observances to an iiitluence 
 destructive of its own priiici[ites. As soon as the 
 sense of individual inlerest and security begins to dis- 
 solve the bond of cominnn hazard, danger, and ditli- 
 culty, the law is felt to bo an intolerable restriction , 
 but as in theory it retains a generous aspect, and its 
 inconvenience is at tirsl evinced by the idleness and 
 immoralily which it.s secret suggestions give scope to, 
 it is not to be wondered at that rulers should seek to 
 remove the effect while they preserve the cause, and 
 even by additional securities of regulation extinguish 
 every remains of tho virtue they vainly atlompt to 
 revive. 
 
 Sir Thomas Dale, ny his descent from the supreme 
 direction of affairs to a more active participation in 
 the conduct of ttiem. was enabled to observe with an 
 accurate and unprejudiced eye the operation of the 
 colonial laws on the dispositions of the colonists, and 
 in particular the utter incompatibility of this regulation 
 wilh all the ordinary motives by which human industry 
 IS maintained. He saw that every one was eager to 
 evade or abridge his own share of labor ; that the uni- 
 versal reliance on the common stock impaired, in every 
 iidividual, the efforts on which its replenishment de- 
 pended ; that the slothful reposed in dependence on 
 the industrious, while the industrious were deprived of 
 their alacrity by impatience of supporting and conlirin- 
 iiig the alutiiful in their idleness ; and that tho most 
 honorable would hardly take as much pains for Ihe com- 
 munity in a week as he would do for himself in a day. 
 Under his direction, the evil was redressed by a radi- 
 cal and effectual remedy : a sullicient portion of land 
 was divided into lots, and one of them was assigned 
 11 full property to every settler. From that moment, 
 ndustry, freed from the obstruction that had relaxed 
 Its inciteinents and intercepted its recompense, took 
 vigorous root in Virginia, and the prosperity of the 
 colony evinced a steady and rapid advaneement. [1814.] 
 dales relnrniiig to England, the supreme direction 
 again devoKed on Sir Thomas Dale, whose virtue 
 seems never to have enlarged with the enlargement of 
 his authority. He continued for two years longer in 
 tlie coloiiv ; and in his domesiic ailmmislration con- 
 tinued to I rnmote Us re.il welfare ; but he launched 
 into foreign operations little prodiiclive of advantage, 
 and siill less of honor. In (.'aplain .Vrgal, the author 
 of the fortunate seizure of Pocahontas, he found a tit 
 instrumenl, and perluips a eounsellor, of designs of a 
 similar character and ti ndeiKV. The French settlers 
 in .^cadie had, in the year IliOJ, built Pott Knyal in 
 Ih" Bay of Fuiidy, and had ever since retained quiet 
 possession of the country, and successfully cultivated 
 a friendly intercourse with the neighboring Indians. 
 Under the pretext that the French, by settling in Aca- 
 die, had invaded the rights derived by the English from 
 the tirst discovery of the continent, was .Argal de- 
 siiatched in a time of profound peace, to nuke a hos- 
 tile attack on thisselllement Nothing could be more 
 unjust or unwarranted than this enterprise. The Vtr- 
 Iginian charters, with the onforccmcnt of which alono 
 
 Sir Thomas Dale waa intnisted, did not embrace Uw 
 territory v^lm■h he now presumed to invade, and which 
 llie French had peaceably possessed lor ncurly trii 
 years, in virtue of charters liuin iheir sovereign li,'nry 
 the IV til. ,\rgal easily succeeded III surprising and 
 plundering a cuininiiniiy ihat were totally uiisiispicioua 
 ol liustilily, and unprepared for defiuice ; but leaving 
 ho garrison in the jdace, the Frtiieh soon resumed their 
 station, and the expedition pioduced no otliei perma- 
 nent elfect than the recollecuoiis it left in the minds uf 
 the l''reiu-li, and the impression it priMlucetl on the seii- 
 tinienls of the Indians. But a b'W years elapseil Ih*- 
 fore an attack on themselves, by their own Indian 
 iit>iglibi)rs, eipially iniipiitousuiul fur mure fatal aveiigeti 
 the outrage on Port lluyal, and taught the goverimient 
 of Virginia to detest the policy vthicb it had thus sanc- 
 tioned by Its example Keturiniig Iruni ilus expedi- 
 tion, Argal executed a siinilar enierprise against .New 
 York, wlitch was then in possession of ilie Dutch, 
 whose claim v\as derived ftoin Capiain Hudson's dis- 
 covery or visit to the territory m lliO'.l, wlieu he com 
 manded one of their vessels, and was employed ir 
 their service. But -Xrgal inaniiained, tliut lliidsuii 
 being an I'higlisliman, there accrued from his acquisi- 
 suion an indefeasible right to bis country ; and the 
 Dutch governor being iiii|irepared for resistance, watf 
 compelled to submit and declare the colony to be a 
 dependency of England, and tributary to Virginia. 
 But another governor arriving soon alter, with belter 
 iiieana of asserting the title uf his countrymen, tho 
 concession was retracted, and the English claim suc- 
 cessfully dehed. 
 
 [1613.] Due of the first objects to which tlio increaa- 
 imi industry of the colonists was directed, was Uio cul- 
 tivation of tobacco, winch was now for the hrst tune 
 introduced into Virginia. King .lames had conceived 
 a strong antipathy to the use of tins weed, and in bia 
 celebraied L'uaiUcilitajH u^'ui/i.v/ Tuliiiciu, bad endea- 
 vored to prevail over one of the strongest tastes o( 
 human nature by the force of fustian and pedjiilry. 
 The usue of the contest corresponded better with Ins 
 interests than his wishes ; bis testimony, though pressed 
 with all tho vehenience of exalted folly, could not pre- 
 vail with his subjects over tlie evidence of their own 
 senses ; and though be suininoned Ins prerogative to 
 the aid of his logic, and prohibited the pollution of 
 English ground by the cultivation of tobacco,* he luiinJ 
 it inipossihle lu withstand its importation from abroad 
 the demand for it rapidly extended, and its value and 
 consumption daily increased in England. Incited by 
 the hopes of sharing a trade so piolitable, the colonist* 
 of Virginia devoted their lields and labor almost exclu- 
 sively to the culture of tobacco. .Sir Thomas Ualo 
 observing their inconsiderate ardor, and sensible ol tho 
 danger of neglecting tho cultivation of the humbler 
 hut more necessary productions, on which the subsist- 
 ence of the colony depended, interposed his authority 
 to check the excesses of the planiers ; and adjusted 
 by law the proportion between the corn crop and tho 
 tobacco crop iS every jiroprictor ol land. But after 
 his departure, [1010,] his wise policy was neglected 
 and his laws forgotten ; and the culture of tobacco so 
 exclusively occupied the attention of the settlers that 
 even tho streets of Jamestown were planted with it, 
 and a scarcity of provisions very soon resulted. In 
 this extremity they were compelled to renew their cx- 
 aclions upon the Indians, and involved themselves in 
 disputes and ho.stilities, which gradually alienated tho 
 regard of these savages, and paved the way to one of 
 those schemes of vengeance which they are noted for 
 forming with tiie most impenetrable secrecy, maturing 
 with consummate artilice and executing with unrelenling 
 rancor, t This fatal consequence was not liilly expe- 
 rienced till after the lapse of one of those intervals 
 which to careless eyes appear to disconnect the nus- 
 coiidnct from the sulleriiigs of nations, but inipre=s 
 rellective minds with an awful sense of that strong nii- 
 broken chain which subsists undialnrbed by time or 
 
 * Tho f(dlowing prtaniblo to one of his proclamations on 
 this suliject IS highly characteristic ;— " Whereas we, out of 
 the dislil<e we had of the use of tobacco, tending to a general 
 and new corruption h*itli of men's bodies and manners, and 
 uuvcrtiieless holding it of tho two more honorahlo lh,it tho 
 same should he .iiported among other vanities and supcr- 
 lluiticswhicli come Irom lieyonil the seas than be peimlUed 
 to he planted here wUhiu thu realm, whereby to abuse am) 
 misemploy tlie soil of this fruitful liingdom, did pruhlllt the 
 plaiillilK of It in England," 4c. llyuier, vol. xm. p. !tl3 
 Hazard, p. V3. 
 
 tSimlh, 11. IV. Si;th, p. 140, 147, IM, lf>8. Purclias, iv 
 iri7. In the year llilJ was published ul bondoii, " A true 
 Discourse of the present State of VirBima," liy Halph Haniiur 
 secretary to lli5 colony ; a tract » Inch has nu other iiieril Uut 
 Its scarcity 
 
 i i 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 221 
 
 diHtimrc, Atid t»>tli picKcrvc!! arid t^tteiidii tliu moral 
 roNMiMjuriu-OM nf luim^in actions. 
 
 Uiit a nuhltT plant ilian lohiircn wan prciiarin^ to 
 riHr in \'ir|;inii ; unil wt> arc now to cuntrtn|>lati! the 
 tirst indtt'^iiion uf that active [irMici[ilo uf lihorty whicli 
 WHS (IfNtinnl to hci'OMic the must conKulrrutilu staple 
 and appropriate moral produce oC ArmTica. Wlicii 
 tSir 'nionia.<t Dale retnrned to Kn^land, lie had ront- 
 inill'.'d llu* jjovernmrnt to .Mr. (icorj^e VeanUey, whose 
 lax admnnMnitiun, if it removed a lisel'iil reKlniitit on 
 the improvident rn|tidity of the pUnlerR, enabled them 
 U) tanle, und prepared (hem to value, (lie dignity of 
 liidepeniUMiee and the hteH^in^H of tiheriy. lie wus 
 succeeded (I017J* hy Captain Ar^al. a man of coii- 
 nideraiile tulent^ und re!«ohiiion, but 8i>lhMh, liau<;h(y, 
 and tyramiu'al. .\r<ral provnUd with uhilitv for the 
 wutits ol (lie tudony, and mirodiiecd .some UHtful re^u- 
 latioiiH of the tratlie and nilereoiirsu vvtih the Indians ; 
 but lie encmtiliercd personal liberlv with iieedlesd mid 
 inii'Ulc restriiMioiiH. and entor'-ed their ohservanee by 
 a hdr»h and eiMislant exerriite of martial law. While 
 he pretended t(i promote piety in others by punishing 
 abMonec from ehnrch with a temporary ^lJVery, he post- 
 poned ill hiR own practice every otluT coiiAideraiion to 
 (he acipiisitioii of wealth, which he clfected by a pro- 
 fligate abu!})! of the opportumliea of his olHce, and de- 
 fended by the terrors of despotic authority. I'mversal 
 diRConteiil wa^ excited by his adnimistration, und the 
 coniplaiiitH of (he colonlHtn at leiiirth reached the ears 
 of the eompaijy ni Kii^land. In Lord Delaware their 
 interests had ulwavu found a zealouH friend and pow- 
 erful advocate ; and he now consented, for their deli- 
 verance, to resume his former otlicc, and again to un- 
 dertake the direction of their alVairs. He embarked for 
 Viruinia with a splendid train, but died on the voyatre. 
 [1618. jt Ills loiis wus deeply lamented by the colo- 
 nists ; but it was in (ho main, perhaps, an advantageous 
 circuin!>tance for them that an admmistrat'oit of hucIi 
 pump and digni(y vv3s thus tinieously intercepted, and 
 the improvement of their alTairs eommided to men and 
 manners nearer the level of their own condilion ; and 
 it was no less advantngeous to the memory of Lord 
 Liclawarc, that he died in the demonstration of a gene- 
 rous willingness to attempt what it was very unlikely 
 he could have succeeded in etfectin^. The tidings of 
 bis deatli were followed to LngUnd by incrensiii<r coni- 
 plaintj of the odioui and tyrannical proceedini^s of Ar* 
 gal ; and the company bavmjr conferred the ottice of 
 capiairi-gencral on Mr. Yeardley, (he new governor 
 received the honor of kni^'hthood, and proceeded to 
 (ho srene of his administration. [ItilD.J 
 
 Sir George Yeardley, on his arrival in Virginia, tolh^ 
 inexpressible joy of the inhabitants, declared his in- 
 tention of reinstating them in full possession of (he 
 privileges of Englishmen, by convoking a colonial as- 
 sembly. This first legislative body that America ever 
 produced, consisted of the guvernor, the council, and 
 burgesses elected by the seven existing boroughs, who, 
 osseinbling at Jamestown, in one apartment, conducted 
 their deliberations with good sense and harmony, and 
 debated all alfairs that involved the general welfare. 
 The laws which ihey enacted were transmitted to 
 
 i . 
 
 "This year tlicil INicalioiitas. She hail accoinpanie't her 
 tiushiiiul un a vitiit to En^laiKJ, where her history exriled uiii- 
 veriiatinlurest, and the urace and (hcnitv of '..vt iiuinner no 
 lesfi respect niid adiniratioii. Captain Smith introduced her lit 
 till) nueeii, ami tier society was courted tiy the most einineiit 
 of the iiobiliiy. Uut the inean soul of the kinn rrijurded her 
 Willi jealousy, and expressed Hltornate niunnurN at Itotfe's 
 pr<'suinption m inarryin;; a princes.-*, and alarm at the title 
 that Ins posterity inii;ht acquire to thfl sovereignly of Viruuna, 
 Pocntioiitasdietf in the fatili, and with the seiilinients Htid de- 
 meanor of a t'hrisliaii. Slie lel^ a son hy Mr. Rolfe, whose 
 deiiccndants iii VirRinia unile ihe tilood of the uUI and new 
 races of Iho inhabitants of America, Smith, II. iv. Stilh, 
 p. l«-fi. 
 
 t This year was productive of an event innro intnrestmit 
 to the fcelltmsthanlrilhe lurtutu'sof the people ot America — 
 the death ol Sir Walter Ual''ii:h. Alter a career oi daz/lun; 
 hnllliincy, hut not n( unstained vniue, or unclouded popularity, 
 he loutid ni the severe alllntion of his cIumhk -^ccno a remedy 
 for tho errors of Ins own eharactcr, and itie envy hihI odium 
 in u'tiirli they had mvolveil lum : and the sun.<>et of his life, 
 gilded by the pure and Rcnth' iiehi "f rel'iiion, added Ihe 
 tender respect and compassion uf mankind to the various 
 •entiments whicli hii history liad excited. On the niirht be- 
 fore his Rxecutiotiho composed fuino beautiful lines ou his 
 approacliiuff fate. Ferliapi calmer contemplation of death 
 wa.s never evinced than in thu passage where he prays that 
 Heaven would 
 
 " Just at the stroke— wlien my vrxnn start and aproad— 
 Set on my soul an everlasting head," 
 
 His pleisini; to observe hiiw the earlier historians of Amo- 
 nea elaun kindro'l between him and their cnuiitry, and blend 
 uiU' *.aeir narrative occasional reference to his fortunes and 
 fate. When wo eonsidor tho jealousy with which t hi! kin« 
 
 tiirsued hiin, i(scr>Tiis fortunate for America that his Interests 
 ad so Ion;; hern separated from hors. 
 
 Kiigland for the approbation of thu treasurer and com- 
 pany, and are no longer extant; but they aro declared 
 by coiiipi'ient judges to liave been m the mam wisely 
 and judiciously framed, though (as might reasonably be 
 expected) siuiiewhat intricate and nnsysteinatical,* 
 The company sometmie after passed an ordinance by 
 whicli they s'ubstaiitmliy approved and establiHhed this 
 coiiftKiition of the Virginian legislalnre. They re- 
 served, Iniwever. (o ihemselves the creation of n coun- 
 cil of state, which hlionld assi.tt the governor with ad- 
 vice in the executive administralion, and should aUo 
 form a part of (he colonial assembly ; and they provid- 
 ed, on the one hand, (hat the enactments of the assem- 
 bly shoidd not have tlie force of law till ratified bv (he 
 ciinrt of proprietors in Knglaiid ; and conceded, on (he 
 other hand, (hut the orders of (his court should have 
 no force in Virginia till ratified by the colonial nsM-m- 
 bly. Thus early was planted in America that repre- 
 sentative system thai forms the soundest political frame 
 in which liberty was ever einliodied, and at onen the 
 safest and most *?tVicieiit orL'nn by which its eneiuies 
 are ex»,Teised and deveh)ped. So strongly cinbued 
 were (he minds of Knirlishmen in this age with the vi- 
 gorous spirit of thit liberty whieh was rajiidly. advan- 
 cing to a first manhood in their country, that wherever 
 they settled themselves, the inaiilnlions of Ireedom 
 look root und grew np along witli thent. 
 
 It had been happy for the morals and (he prosperity 
 of Virginia, if her inliabitants, like their brethren in 
 Massachusetts, had oftener elevated their eye from sub- 
 ordinate agency to the great First Cause, ond had re- 
 ferred, in particular, the signal blessing that was now 
 bestowed on them to the will and gift of (iod. Li- 
 berty HO derived acijuirea at once its tirmest and no- 
 blest basis — It becomes respected as well as beloved ; 
 the dignity of the origin to which it is referred, inllu- 
 ciices the ends to which it is made subservient ; and 
 all are taught to feel that it can neither be violated nor 
 abused without provoking (he Divine displeasure. It 
 is this preservative principle alone that prevents the 
 choicest blessinos and most estimable i)i)aliiies from 
 cherishing in human hearts an ungrateful and counter- 
 acting spirit of insolence and pride — a spirit which led 
 the Virginians too soon to plant the rankest weeds of 
 tyranny in that field where the seeds of liberty had 
 been so happily sown. 
 
 The company had received orders from tlic king to 
 transport to Virginia a hundred idle diss-olute p'-rsons 
 who were in custody for various misdemeatiuars in 
 London. t These men were dispersed throngh the colo- 
 ny as servants to the planters ; and the degradation of 
 the colonial character and manners, produced by such 
 an intermixture, was overlooked, in consideration of the 
 assistance that was derived from them in executing (he 
 plans of industry that were daily extending themselves 
 11620.] Having once associated felons with their la^ 
 bors, and committed the cultivation of their fields to 
 servile hands, the rolouista were pre|»ared to yield to 
 (be temptation which speedily presented itself, and to 
 blend in barbarous combination the character of oppres- 
 sors witb the claims and condition of freemen. A 
 Uutcb ship, from the coast of tiuinea. Laving sailed up 
 James river, sold a part of her cargo o\' Negroes to 
 the planters : and as that hardy race was found more 
 capable of enduring fatigue in a sultry climate than 
 Kuropcaiis, the number was increased by conlinnal 
 importation, till a large proportion of the inhabitants of 
 Virginia were reduced to a stale of slavery by the sel- 
 fish ingratitude of men who turned into a prison for 
 others the territory that bad proved a scat of liberty 
 and happiness to themselves. 
 
 llut, about this time, another addition, more pro- 
 ductive of virtue and felicity, was made to the numlier 
 of the colonists. Few women had as yet ventured to 
 
 * Ilolfe, apnd Sinith, ». iv. Slilh. p. |fi(t— The As.sctnbly, 
 when Ihey trmsmiited their uwn enactments to Eiisiand, re- 
 quested the nem'ral court to prepare a diKesi for VirKUua of 
 the laws of Hmjlaiui «inl to procure for it the sandiuii of the 
 kins'.* approbation, ndding, " that it was nut til that his suli- 
 jerts should ho governed by any other rules than such as re- 
 ceired iheir infinence from him."— Chalmers, p. 44. 
 
 t Stith, p ii>7— ('aptain Smith observes, that since his de- 
 parture tiom the cohmy, the number of felons and vat;atM»iid.i 
 transported to VirKinia liromtht such evil report on the placi- 
 •' that some did rliiKtso to be hanged «ro they would ({o thither, 
 ami were." Not long after the massacre in IdW, however, he 
 remarks, that " there are more honest men now suitors to go, 
 than ever have been eoTislrained knaves." Many persons 
 liavo been transported as felons to America whom no com- 
 mumly wouUI bu ashamed to recoKUize as fellow citiZLUs. 
 'I'lie crews of the first squadron conducted by Coiumbus to 
 America were partly composed of convicts, pardoned on eon- 
 diiioM of undertaking the voyai^e. In the leiitn of fluirles II. 
 Iicfure the vohuitary etnisjrulion of ilie Quakers, a consider- 
 able ruiiiibur of those sectaries were Iranspurtud as Icluns to 
 America. 
 
 cross tho Attnniic ; and the Kngli^h being restrained 
 by the jirido and rigidity of their character from thai 
 iiicorjiuration with the native .\mericaiis which the 
 l-'rencb and Pordignesc have found so ronducivr (0 
 their interests, and so accordant with the pliancy of 
 their manners and disposition, were generally destitute 
 of (he comforts and connexions of married tile. Men 
 so situated could not regard Virginia as a permanent 
 resultnce, but proposed to themselvoc, after amassing 
 a competency uf weallli as expeditiously as possible, to 
 return to their native rountry. Such views are inco'i 
 sisteiit witb jialient industry, artl with those extended 
 interests that produce or support pa'.riotism ; and under 
 the more liberal system which lie company liad no v 
 begun to pursuo towards (he ''iilony. it was prupos' '1 
 to send out a hundred young women of agreeable per- 
 sons and respectable characters, as wives for the sct- 
 llers. Ninety were accordingly sent, and the speen- 
 ladon proved so proti(able (n the company, that a repe- 
 titiiin uf It was suumesied to the emptiness of their ex- 
 rheipier in the following year, f 16*^1, j und sixty moro 
 vsere collected and sent over. They were immediately 
 disposed of to tho young planters, and proiluced fliicti 
 an accession uf happiness lo Ihe colony, that the 
 second consignment fetched u belter price than ibt* 
 lir.s(. The price of a wife was estimated lirst at a hun- 
 dred and twenty, and afterwards at a hundred and tifty 
 jiounds of tolmcco, of which the selling price was ihcii 
 three shillings per pound; and the subject of the trans- 
 action was held to impart its own dignity to the debt, 
 which accordingly was allowed lo take precedence ol 
 all oilier engagements.* The young women were not 
 only bought with avidity, but received with such fond- 
 ness, and so cuinfortably established, that others were 
 invited to follow their example, and virtuous sentiments ■ 
 and provident habits spreading daily among the idaii 
 lers, enlarged the happiness and prosperity ot ttiH 
 colony. To tho blessings of marriage nalnrally sue 
 ceeded some provision for the benetits of education 
 .\ sum of money had been collected by the English 
 bishops by direction of the king, lor tho mainlenaiice 
 uf an institution m Virginia for the christian educulion 
 of Indian children ; and in emulation of this good ex- 
 ample, various steps were taken by the company (o- 
 wards the foundadon of a colonial college, which was 
 afterwards completed by William and Marv. 
 
 It is remarkable that the rise of liberty in .Xmerica 
 was nearly coeval with lier first dispute with the go- 
 vernment of the mother country, and that the earlies* 
 of those dissensions, which in a succeeding generation 
 were destined to wrest America from t'ngland, oc- 
 curred with a province long distinguished lor ihe ardor 
 of its loyalty to the Knglish cro*^ n. With the increas- 
 ing industry of the colony, the produce of its tobacco- 
 fields became moro than suflicient for the consumption 
 of England, where its disposal, too, was severely 
 hampered by the weak and unsteady counsels uf the 
 king, in granting monopolies for the sale of it, in limit- 
 ing the ijuantities to be mi[>or(cd, in appointing com- 
 inissionera "for garbling the drug called tobacco.'' 
 wilh arbitrary powers to seize whatever purdons uf it 
 (hey might consider of inferior quality, in loadint; the 
 importation with a heavy duty, and, at tho same tune, 
 encouraging the import of Spanish lobacco. The com- 
 pany, harassed by tlie.*io vexatious regulations, had 
 opened a trade with Holland, and eslabbslied ware- 
 houses there, to which they sent their lobacco directly 
 from Virginia ; but the king interposed to prohibit such 
 evasion of his revenue, and directed that all the Vir- 
 ginia tobacco shmild be brought in the first instance to 
 Kngland. A lengtheneti and acrimonious dispute arosu 
 between tins feeble prince und the colonists and colo- 
 nial company. Against the muno)>oly established in 
 Kngland, tluy petitioned the llou.^e uf Cunimutis ; 
 and 111 support of their right lo trade directly with Hol- 
 land, they both contended for ihe general privilege of 
 Englishmen to carry their connnodities to the best 
 market, and pleaded llie particular concessions uf their 
 charier, which expressly conferred on ibem unbmiteil 
 liberty of comnierco. At length, the dispute wa& 
 adjusted by a compromise, by which the compr.ny 
 obtained, on the one hand, the exclusive right of im- 
 
 • Stitli, p. 106, 1V7— A very ditrerenl account has heiii 
 transmittea tu us of the first female emigration to ('ana<ia. 
 About the middle of the seventeenth century the French tio- 
 vernuieut sent out several ship loads of prostitutes to ihis pro- 
 vince, as wives to the settlers. Tliou>?h the Jcmaiid wa.< 
 f^o pressing that ihey were all disposed tif in \cm than tiltcen 
 davs, Ihe colonists showed more regard to virtue in selti dug 
 tlieir mates than their government had Uell'^ in Rssornn^ the 
 cari^o. The tallest, wc arc teUi, were in m;>^t request, la-ing 
 judged Iraift active and vulattle (consequently, it wh:, hopfd* 
 mt)st faithful,) and best able dure tho culd.— NouvcauS 
 
 Voyages de La lloutan. Vol. t. ^ 'Ire ii. 
 
229 
 
 porting lobaccu inlo Iho kingdoiii, and ciigiKoli o" <li'' 
 olhiT, to pay on iiii|iorl iluiy of nMie|.i'nci! per puuinl. 
 uid tu aon<l all llio pruiliicc ill VirKiina tu Kiiijluiiil. 
 
 But a clouil hud hcuii Tor aoiiiv tiiiio galliurni); oyer 
 the colony, and nvin the circnm»tance« that ino..t lor- 
 cilily indicated llio growing prosperity of the pljiitiri 
 were hut inviting andenahling the atorni to hur.it »nh 
 more destructive violence on their lieada. Kitiriially 
 at peace with the Indians, unupprelicnaivu of danj^er. 
 and wholly engroaaed with the prohtahle cultivaliun of 
 ihcir fertile lerrilory, their increasing nuinhers had 
 spread ao eitonsively over the province, that no leas 
 than t'ighty •eltleinents had already hceii formed ; and 
 every planter heiiig guided only by his own convenience 
 or caprice in the choice of hia dwellnig, and more dispo- 
 •cd to ahun than to court the neighborhood of hia coun- 
 trymen, the settlements were univuraaliy atragghngand 
 iincompact. The .Scriptures, which the coloniata re- 
 ceiv.'d aa their rule of faith, bore ample teatiinony to 
 the cruelty and treachery of mankind in their natural 
 state ; and their past experience might have convinced 
 Ihiiiii that the aavagea by whom they were aurrounded 
 could claim no nxuinption from this testimony of Divine 
 winloin and truth. Vet the pious labors by which the 
 evil dispnsilioiis of the Indians might have been over- 
 come, and the mililary cjercisea and precautions by 
 which their hostility might have been overawed or re- 
 pelled, were eipially neglected by the colonists, while, 
 at the some tune, they contributed to fortify the martial 
 habits of the Indians by employing them as hunters, and 
 enlarged their resources of destruction by furnishing 
 them with hre-arms, which they quickly learned to use 
 with dexterity, 'i'hc morriogn of iMr. Holfe and Poca- 
 hontas had not produced as lusting a good underslund- 
 iiig between the Knglish and the Indians us it had at 
 first seemed to betoken. The Indians eagerly courted 
 a repetition of such intermarriages, and were deeply 
 olfi fiideu with the prido with which the Lnglish rcceilcil 
 from their advances, and declined to become the hiia- 
 bunds of Indian women. The colonists forgot that 
 they hud indicted this mortilication ; but it was remem- 
 bered by the Indians, who never forgot or forgave an 
 HlFront. Numberless earnest recoinir.cndaiions had 
 been transmitted Ironi Kngland to attempt the conver- 
 sion of the savages ; but these recoir.inendatiuns had 
 not been enforced by a sullicient attention to the 
 means requisite for their execution. Vet they were 
 not wholly neglected by the colonists. Some atteinjils 
 at conversion were made by a few pious iiidividuul», 
 and the auccesa of one of them undoubtedly mitigated 
 the dreadful calamity that was impending; but these 
 elfnrts were feeble and partial, and the majority of the 
 colonista had contented themselves with cultivating a 
 friendly intercourse and intimate acquaintance with the 
 Indians, who were admitted at all times inlo their habi- 
 tations, and encouraged to consider themselves as 
 familiar guests * It was in the midst of this free and 
 unguarded intercourse that the Indians formed, with 
 cold and unrelenting deliberation, the plan for a gene- 
 ral massacre of the English, wliicli should involve 
 every man, woman, and child in the colony in indis- 
 criminato slaughter. The death of I'owhaton. in 
 1618, devolved the power of executing a scheino so 
 detestable into the hands of a man fully capalile of 
 contriving and maturing it. ()|>ecliancanougli, who 
 succeeded, not only to the supremacy over i^owhalan's 
 tribe, but to his inlluence over all the neighboring 
 tribCH of Indians, was distinguished tiy his fearless 
 courage, Ins profound dissimulation, and a rancorous 
 hutretl and jealousy of the new inhabitants of America. 
 He renewed the pacific treatyt which I'owhaian had 
 made, nnd faithfully kept, with the lOnglish after the 
 marriage of Pocahontas to Mr. Kolfc ; and he availed 
 himself of the tranquillity it produced to prepr.re, 
 during the four ensuing years, his friends and follower..* 
 for the several parts they were to act in the tragedy he 
 projected. The tribes in the neighborhood of tlie 
 English, except those on the eastern shore, whom, on 
 account of their peculiar friendship fur the coloniats- 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 * Slilh, p. 310— To tho romonstranceB of some persons in 
 the colony agninst tht-ir worship of demons, some of ihc In- 
 liisiiis of VirKiiiia nii»\v(!i(^(i that Ihey believed in Iwo great 
 Kptrits, a |{<>"*1 Ai>'l 't" evil one ; that the flrtst was a IpcinK 
 Slink in the enjoyment of everla.<ttlni(intli)lence and ease, wlto 
 Rhowcred down blessihgx indiscnniinately from Iho skies, 
 leavitig men to scramble for them as they chose, and totally 
 indiirerent to tlieir concerns; but that the second was an 
 active jealous spirit, whom they were obltKed to propittalo 
 that ho might not de-.lMy Hieni— Ol.imtxlon, i. aH3. 
 
 t Stilh,p. 153 — Opt (Imncanoti^h, in iniitatinnof thr Fnglish, 
 had built himself u hou-ie, and was so diligliled with the 
 contrivance of a lock and key, thai he nsed to spend whole 
 hoi.rs tn the rcpriiticm of the experiment of lucking and untuck' 
 li'fi U.& door— OldmU ton, i. 23a. 
 
 tin did not venturo to inlniHt with ihu plan, wcro tiic- ! 
 cecMvely L'iiini'd over ; uiid all co-npcraird wilh that 
 Ritiglo-iitinuedneRN and inleiiHitv of purpose chariictcr- 
 mtic of H project of Indian revenue. In a trihu of 
 tttvjgc idulaltTA, (he imHsionft of men ntv left tinpiiri- 
 tii'd by the intluencr of rt-lij^ion, and unresiruined by a 
 Bound or cicvnted inoralily ; nnd human character it 
 not tiuhjcclcd to that variety of iinpiilsu and JmprLsiiioti 
 which It undergood in cilvilized Hucicty, Tho Mcnti- i 
 inents inculcated, and tho diapotfitionn conlniclcd, in 
 thr fiiuiily and in tho trihe, in doinr^tir education and 
 in public life, in all tho nccnea throufrh winch tho 
 savage pnsHoa from his cradlo to hia grave, aru tho 
 aamu ; there ia no contest of oppositn princiitlca or 
 conriictiiig habitd to dissipato hia mind or weaken its 
 detcnninationa ; and the syvtein of morals (if it may 
 be so called) which ho embraces, being tho offspring 
 of wisdom and dispositions congenial to his own, a 
 seeming dignity arises from tho vigor and consistency 
 of that conduct which his moral sentiments never dis- 
 turb or rcproich. The understanding, unoccupied by 
 objects suitable to its dignity, and unemployed by va- 
 riety of knowledge, instead of moderating the paiisions, 
 becomes tho instrumont of their doaigns, and the abet- 
 tor of their violence. Men in malice, but children in 
 understanding ; it is in the direction of cunning and 
 dissimulation that tho intellectual faculties of savages 
 are chiefly exercised : and nrcU in the perfect harmony 
 between their passions and their reHective powers, thut 
 the same delay which wouhi cool the cruelty of more 
 cultivated men, serves hut to confirm their fi' icily, 
 and mature the devices for its gratification. Nut- 
 wiihstiinding the long interval that elapsed between 
 the formation and the execution of their present enter- 
 prise, and the perpetual intercourse that subsisted be- 
 tween them and the white people, the most iinpenelra- 
 hlc secrecy was preserved , and so consummate and 
 fearless was tlicir dissimuhition, that they were iteciis- 
 tomed to borrow boats from the English to cross the 
 river, in order to concert and conununicate the pro- 
 gress of their design. 
 
 An incident which, though minute, is too curious to 
 be oinilled, contributed to sharpen the ferocity of the 
 Indians by the sense of recent provocation. There was 
 a man, belonging to one of the neighboring tribes, 
 ■mined ISeniatlanovv, who. by his courage, crift, and 
 good fortune, had attained the highest repute among 
 hiH countrymen. In tho skirnii!<hes and engagemrints 
 which their former wars wilh the Knglish produced, 
 he had exposed bin person with a bravery that com- 
 manded their esteem, and an impnnily that excited 
 their astonishment. They judged him hivulnerable, 
 whom so many wounds seemed to have approached in 
 vain ; and the object of their admiration partook, or at 
 least encouraged, the delusion which Kcemed to invest 
 him with a character of sanctity. Opcchancanough, 
 the king, whether jealous of this man's reputation, or 
 desirous of embroiling the English with the Indians, 
 Kent a message to the governor of the colony, (o ac> 
 quaint him that he was welcome to cut Nemattanow's 
 threat. iSuch a representation of Indian character as 
 this message conveyed, one would think, ought to have 
 excited tho strongest suspicion an'', distrust in the 
 minds of the Knglish. Though the otTer of tiic king 
 was disregarded, bis wishes were not disappointed. 
 Nemattanow, having murdered a planter, was shot by 
 one of hiK servants in an attempt to apprehend him. 
 Finding the pangs of death coining strong upon him, 
 the pride, but not the vanity, of the savage was sulnlued, 
 and he entreated his captors to grant his two last 
 recpiests, one of which was that they would never re- 
 veal that he had be.ni slain by a bullet, and the other, 
 that they would bury him among the English, that the 
 secret of his n irtality might never he known to his 
 countrymen. '1 ne request seems to infer the possibility 
 of its being complied with, and the di.sclosure of the 
 fatal event was no btss imprudent than disadvantageous. 
 The Indians were filled with grief and indignation ; 
 and Opechancanough inflamed their anger by pretend- 
 ing to share it. Having counterfeited displeat^uro for 
 the satisfaction of his subjects, he proceeded v.ilh 
 equal success to counterfeit placability for the delusion 
 of hia enemies, and assured the English that tho sky 
 should sooner fall than tho peace bo broken by him. 
 Hut the plot now advanced rapidly to its maturity, and, 
 at length, the day was fixed on which all the Knglish 
 settlements were at the same instant to be attacked. 
 The respective stations of the various troops of assas- 
 sins were assigned to them ; and that they might be 
 enabled to occupy them without exciting suspicion, 
 some carried presents of fish and game into the interior 
 of the colony, and others presented themselves as 
 
 guests soliciting the hospitality of their Kngliih friendv, 
 on (he evening before the in>iK.sacre, Ah the fatal hour 
 drew iiigli, the rest, under \unutis pretences, iirid with 
 every ilemonstrutiitncit kindness, ahKcinbled around tho 
 detaelit'd and ungnardeil sttlleriit nis ut ilie cnluniKtn; 
 and lint B senliiiient of euiDpunciiou, not a ra«h eX' 
 presstiin of h:ile, nor an unguarded Umk ot cvultaliuiij 
 liad occurred to discuneert or disclose the designs of 
 their well diseiphned ftroeity. 
 
 The universal destruction of the rolonisls aepmed 
 unavoidable, and was prevented only by the eoime* 
 quenech of an event whi«'h perhaps appeared but of litlla 
 consequence in tho colony at the tune when i( took 
 place — tho conversion of an Indian to the Christian 
 faith. On the night before the mashacre, (hi» man was 
 made privy to it by his own brother, whoconiinumcaird 
 (o him the command of his king and Ins i-oiiiitrymen to 
 share in the exploit that would enrich their race wih 
 spoil, revenge, and glory. The e.xh(trtatiou wa** pow- 
 erfully calculated to impress a savage mind ; but a new 
 mind had been gi\en to this convert, and as soon as 
 hiH brother left him he revealed the alarming init lli- 
 gence to an Englibh gentleman in whose hou^e he was 
 residing. This planter iminediatety earned the iidingi 
 to Jamestown, from whence the alarm was communi- 
 cated to the nearest settlers, barely in time to pre\ent 
 the last hour of the perlidtous truce Irom b< ing (he hist 
 hour of their lives. 
 
 ]$ut the intelligence came too late to lie more gene- 
 rally available. At midday, the moment t|ii-yliud pre- 
 viously fixed for this execrable deed, tlie Indians, rai.s- 
 ing a universal yell, rushed at once on the Knglmh in 
 all their scattered settlementH, and butchered miii, 
 women, and children with undistinguisli;ng lury, and 
 every aggravation of brutal outrage and eiionnoi.s eru- 
 elly. In one hour, thre<! hundred and forty-seM n per- 
 sons were cut oil", almost without kiiownit; by wlinse 
 hands tliey felt. 'J'he alaughter would have been aiitl 
 greater li 'he Engl'ah e^ei' in tfcmo of tlio-^e di>lriela 
 where the warning that saved othersdid n<it reach, hud 
 not Ilown to their arms with the energy of Oe>[ia,r, ?nd 
 defended themselves so liravely as to n piiUe llie aa- 
 sailanlH, who almost univcrsallv di.-'played a eo\>anIi.-e 
 proportioned to their cruelty, and 111 d ul thr si^ihl of 
 arms in the bunds even of the womin and hoy.^. \\liOiii, 
 unarmed, they were witling lo attack uiid destroy. If 
 in 'his foul and revolting exhthilion of huinaniiy, sumo 
 circumstances appear to be referable to (lie prciiliantira 
 of savage life and education, we shall greatly irr il wo 
 overlook, in its more general and imporlunt features, 
 the testimony it has given lo the deep depravity of fallen 
 nature. The previous inas.Hacre of the Krench pniles- 
 tanis on the day o( St. Ihirtliohniiew, and the suhse- 
 (pienl massacre of the Irish protesianls in 1641, pre- 
 sent, not only a barbarous people, but a civilized nation 
 and accomplished court, as the rivals of these American 
 savages in perfidy, fury, and cruelty. 
 
 The cidony had received a wound no less deep and 
 dangerous, than painful and alarming. Six of the mem- 
 bers of council, and many of the most eminent and re- 
 spectable inhabitants, were among the slain ; athomeof 
 the netltements the whole of ttieir popululion had been 
 exterminated ; at others a remnant had escajied the ge- 
 neral destruction by the etlbrts of despair ; and the sur- 
 vivors were impoverislied, terrified, and confounded by 
 a stroke (bat at once bereaved iheni of friends and for- 
 tune, and showed that they were surroundt <i by legions 
 of enemies, whose existence they had never dreamt of, 
 and whose brutality and ferocity t*eemed lo proclaim 
 them a race of fiends rather lliaii men.* To tho iiias 
 sacrc succeeded a vindictive and exterminating war bo* 
 t..i.iulhc English and the Indians: and the coloiustrt 
 were at last provoked to retaliate, in some degree, on 
 their savage adversaries, the evils of which they had set 
 so bloody an example, and which seemed to be the only 
 weapons capable of waging etiectnal war upon them. 
 Yet though a direful necessity might seem to justify or 
 palliate thu measures which it I :giU the colonists to 
 apprehend and provide for, their warfare was never 
 wholly divested of Lunor and inagnannnity. During 
 this disastrous period, tne design for erecting a colonial 
 ccllege, and many other public institutions, was aban- 
 doned ; the number of Uho settlements was reduced 
 from eighty to six ; and the afllictioii of scarcity was 
 added to the horrors of war.f 
 
 if 
 
 * It was long betbro any of thu Uritish colonies were pro- 
 perly on their guard agatiiiit tlio rliarncuits of men capable 
 oi sucli consummate ireu.ncry, and who *'in anger were noti 
 hkc the Kitgiian, laikativc and boisterous, nut sullen and re< 
 vengflul." Trumbull's Connecticut, i. 44. 
 
 t Stith, p. iVJ, 235, !i3ti. As far afc 1 am able to discover, 
 the retaliatory diiccit practised by the colonists in their boa- 
 tihtioM wilt the Indianx has been ^rea'.l; u'crralcd. Ttiruu^b 
 
tl. 
 
 err il wu 
 
 Ifiilnrrs, 
 k- oflalUn 
 
 n- SllliSt'- 
 
 1«41, pri- 
 zed IIUUUII 
 
 American 
 
 »s tlfcp and 
 
 Ul' lilt! HICIU- 
 
 iHiil und rc- 
 
 . . Ht snint' o{ 
 
 iun hud bucn 
 
 ijH'd tlie gc- 
 
 aiid lilt' Bur- 
 
 itoinidfd by 
 
 lids and lor- 
 
 d l>y U'^'oiis 
 
 ■r dri'aiiil of, 
 
 to proclaim 
 
 'Vo ilio III'IS 
 
 iiijn war bo- 
 
 lit' I'olonistrt 
 
 d('[^ri'<'» ou 
 
 ihcy hadfcl 
 
 ilic only 
 
 llpUll tlltMll. 
 
 m juMiily or 
 coloittstH to 
 was never 
 ily. During 
 11^ a coloiual 
 t, was aban* 
 kras reduced 
 scarcity was 
 
 v.e» were pro- 
 \ men tnpable 
 iigcr were not} 
 liiullen and re* 
 
 lie to discovoft 
 Is In ItiL'ir ttos- 
 Itea. TUruugb 
 
 When inipUif^pnce of this cahinity arrivid in Kri^. 
 [and, Il I'xnU'd. wiih nnicli dmapinnlialionof ihf; di'Icc- 
 (ivc (mjIicv and inrirn'irnt pn-ciiiliotis of the roiiipaiiy. 
 d [towcrltd Hyinnalliy with lliu danger 'iiid di:^tn-ft?« ot 
 t\w coloniBla. liy ordrr of thn kmj;, ii supply of iirniH 
 from the Tower was drliveri'd l» iho trr.i!*un'r niid 
 rompanv ; and iri'n.'«el» wi-rr dcupalcliid with (-iiruMXH 
 of mich ariicUi!* ut tlio ivti^jcricy of the [mw M-i'mid lo 
 render must prtHsm^Jy re>|uiHile. Captain Smith tiuh- 
 niilted to th« roinpaiiy ii project, whirh he olfered to 
 conduct, fur eH'cctini; the rcMoratMui uf peace hy the 
 r:(piilsiuii or Nuhju^aliun of thn Hav.i^f-s ; hut, lliou<;li 
 ^(Mienilly approved, it was not adujited. My dint nf 
 the exerttoim they inadn m their own behalf, with the 
 assJHtttnco uf the supplies that were uetuatly itent to 
 thuni fruin lOngland. the cnluni^iit were, barely Niived 
 fruin periHhm^ with huufier ; and il wait not till ofler 
 t lout* siriiijyio with iheir calamities, that they were al 
 UMti^th enabled a^ain to resume their proMpects and 
 extend their settleiueiUs.* 
 
 More ample Hiipplics, and more active assistanee, 
 would have been rendered to ihn ruluniHta from \'M'^- 
 land, but for the disi^eusionv amon^ (ho patentees, 
 which had been spn^^dm^ fur a considerablu period, 
 Olid had at this juncturo attained a height lh)t mani- 
 festly tended lo the dinsolution of the corporation. 
 The romjmny was now a numerous body, and bein^ 
 composed of able and enlerprisiiifj men drawn from 
 every class in society, it represented very faithfully 
 the state of party feeling in the nation ; while its 
 freipient courts atforded a convenient arena in whici 
 the parties tried their Htren<;lh, and a powerful oraaii 
 by vvhteh the prevaibnu ftentiinenla were publicly 
 enpressed. At every mectintr, the proceediii|^s were 
 impeded by the inlri«;ues of rival factious, and the 
 debales intlamed and lenmhened by ihrir vehement 
 lUercatiuiis. At every eleclion, the olFiccii of the 
 company were courted and contested by the most 
 eminent periious in the statu. The distinction be- 
 tween the court parly and tlio country party that was 
 epreadin;; throu^li the nation, was the more reidilv 
 inainuated iulu the counsels of the co npany [ li\'Z',\\ from 
 the iiifreipieiicy and irrtfjularity of its more le>;rilimUe 
 theatre, the parliament ; 3nd various circumstances 
 in the history of the company (ended to fortify and 
 inaintuiu this distinction. Many of (he proprietors, 
 dissattstied with the slender returns that ihe colony 
 had yielded, were disposed to blame the existinj,' 
 uflicers and administration for the disappointment ol 
 their hopes : not a few resented the procurement of 
 the tliird charter, the exclusion of Captain Smith from 
 the direction which he had shown himself so welf 
 qualified to exercise, and the insi^niticaiice lo which 
 they were themsrivos condemned by tlic arbitrary en- 
 larifement of (he association ; and a small but active 
 and iutri;,'uin^' party, who had labored with earnest but 
 unsuccessful rapacity, lo engross the oliicea of tin 
 company, lo usurp the direction of its atliiirs, and to 
 convert the trade of the colony into their own private 
 patrimony by monopolies which they boii^rht from 
 needy courtiers, naturally rantrod themselves en the 
 Bide of the court, and by their complaints and misre- 
 presentations to the kiii^' and privy council, sought (o 
 interest them m the ipiarrels, and infect them with sus- 
 picions of tlio corporation. At the head of this least 
 numerous but most danijeroiis faction, was the notori- 
 ous Captain Argal, who continued lo dispUy a ran- 
 corous enmity to the liberty of the coloiiv, and hoped 
 to coiupas.H by iiilrit»ue and servility al home the same 
 objects which he had pursued by lyraniiy and vioU nee 
 abroail. Sir Thomas Smith (oo, the treasurer, whose 
 predilection for arbitrary government we have alre.idy 
 had occasion to notice, encotirai/ed every coin)ilamt 
 and proposition tlial tended to abndire llie privileges of 
 the coloi^i y. and mve lo Hs ad ministr ation a less^popn- 
 
 tho (1(111(1 of itassKm arut asloniHhnu'iit that tUa riKissiin 
 oxcUed, Iho truiU wiis ii<il ea-.ilv .lisiiTin'il. Sliili s. .rns to 
 havo inistakPii expn'ssn.ns tif iixlii-triiiDn lur th'liiiiTate .it*- 
 BiRUH; and Dr. HotHirtsun li.is iii;iijiiiiied the error l.y n'lisl. ik- 
 ing the puriMues f(ir the execulUin tliev n^'vor atiained Stitli 
 has, wilh suriirisiiiK niarcumcy, charge.! Captain Smith wuh 
 doclariuK, that tlio iiiaHHacru was a foriiiriate circthiisuncc 
 inasmuch as it ontilled ihd colomsis to treat the IhImus !> 
 shivtts, or utterly to extirjiate them. .Siith, p. a33. \\'ti,>ic'is 
 SmUh recites tins Imrbarous undervalue ui rtie ma-isacre «mlv 
 to»:omicnmil. Smilli H. iv. See note II. Tlio coiitonntlition, 
 aivl e*i»ociallytlie endnnmce of cruelly, tends to make incii 
 cruel; y.-l. tntlio lunmr of the rol-miHs he it remembered 
 that ev( n durUii,' the prevalence of those hoslilitios a de- 
 l.herstc altemijt to cozen and snlijiuale a b.Hiy or Vndians 
 was prosecuted as an oiFence airainst tlie law of God. and the 
 Uwa of nature an i nations. Siith, p. 3.|() ' 
 
 • Kven II) Decemb-r. 11123. dm aiMrcay was so great, ilial 
 Wl. sterliriK wan paiJ u,ra lw?shfl»i of mi-ai, m,d 31 st.'rlinil 
 Si.* *51» '** '' chickena. in Vir^mia. l»iifchas'« INlyrS, 
 
 NO HTII AMKUIC A. 
 
 Ur form. The arbitrary alterations of the charter 
 lauijlil all tlie malcontt nts to look up lo the crown for 
 iicli further changes as inii^bt remove liii- rxi'»tni(; oh- 
 Ntrm-tions to their wishes; utul llie coiiiph to aHceii- 
 deiicy which the couniry party ac.piired in th" company, 
 strongly diKpu>cd ihe kiiij,' lo suppress or modily im 
 instiiutioii tliat served to cJitTir>ti public spirit and 
 disMininaU; liberal oplnion.^. The spirit wuicli the 
 company had displayed m their bite dispute with him 
 errnn^ llie restriclioni* of ibeir tobacco trade, the 
 
 223 
 
 Thin arbitrary proceeding excited ath Ufjiruio and 
 
 const! rnalioii in the ahseli.i'led court of prupiielora, 
 llial a loM^ and deep sden.'e followed llie reiitling ul 
 llie order of couiuil. Uul rcMuminjj iheir spirit, they 
 proposed to defend their nt'hts wi.h a reKolution which, 
 if It cdidd not avert ibi ir late, at least rinleemed their 
 characLcr. They indignantly r* lu^ed lo satK'iioii tliu 
 sli^m.i alDti'd to tlieir eiuiduct by the order of council, 
 III siirremler the l^allchl^es wlucd thi'V had legally oh- 
 taihrd, and on the laiih of wliieh tbey had ( xpcnded 
 lar>;e auins uf luoiiey, or to consent lo ttie abobUo:i ol 
 a popular government, and deliver up their cuuntryinen 
 
 I depend- 
 • ntimenls 
 
 COlIf ^ 
 
 freedom witli which his jioluy bad been canvassed 
 
 tlieir deliueratiuiis, ihii Iirmness with which his mca' 
 
 Mures had been resisted, and the conteuipl they bad | m \ irjjima to the dominion of a narrow ju 
 
 shown for the supremacy alike of his wisdom and hii* I cut on the pleasure of the kiny. kt tin 
 
 prerogative in cuinptamin^ lo the House ol Connnons, , lUfv persistrd m spiiu of all ihe threats tiiiu .>ruinineti 
 
 eradicdled from the mind of James all that partiality by wlitch iheir hnuiiisHwas assailed, ana i. a vote, 
 
 to an institution of his own creiiion. thai mij;bt have 
 shellcred It Irum ihu dislike and suspicion with winch 
 he rej^arded Iho intlueiice of a popular assembly. iJ>it 
 the same influence tliat rendered them odious, cau>ed 
 liiein also to appear soniewlmt formidable, and enlorced 
 sonic altenlion to eipiilablo appearances, and deter- 
 fiico to public opinion m wreaking his displeasure 
 upon them. The murnmrs and disconieiils lliat were 
 excited by the intelligence of the massacre, lurmsbed 
 liim with an opporiumty which he did iiul fail lo im- 
 prove. llavin;r signalized his own concern for tne 
 misfortunes ot the colony by sending thilhcr a supply 
 of arms for defence against tlie Indians, and by issuing 
 ills orders to the company lo despatch an ample supply 
 of provisions, he proceeded to institute an impiiry into 
 the cause of the disaster, and the conduct of the com- 
 pany. \ commis.<)ion was directed to certain uf the 
 Kngbsh judges and other persons of distinction, re- 
 |uiriiig them to examine the transactions of the coiU' 
 
 which only Ihe dissenl uf ("aptain Argal mil seven of 
 Ills adbi nil' 4 rt lukred nnl(piite unanimouK, ; ' v hnally 
 rejected .nekirii^'s pri'io^al, atil declared llien lelerini 
 nalioti to di'b'iid thenii^elvisag.inist any process he mighl 
 insiilule. [ It)'.;!.] Incensed at ilu'ir presumption in dis- 
 puting bis '.mII, Jauies directed a VNril of r/iic u-iiirunto 
 lo be isMied Hgtinsl ihe cotnp.my. m order lo try th« 
 V'thditv of iheir charter in the King's Il(>ncli. In the 
 hope of coUeclmg uddilional piools uf iheir inaUdmin- 
 istratum, he despatelied cominissioiu rs lo Virginia tu 
 inspect tlie state of the lohm), and turiideavor lu form 
 a parly theie opposed to the prtteiisions ot ihe com- 
 pany, 'i'ln: commissioners llnding the ctplniu d assem- 
 bly embodied, endeavored VMth great artilic( and mag- 
 inticent promises of military aid, and oilier marks ol 
 royal favor, to detach them from their connexion with 
 tilt! company, and lo procure an addre>s lo the king, 
 expressive of "their willingness to Mubmil tbcmselvea 
 tu bis princely pleasure in revoking llie ancient patents." 
 
 piiiy since its first establishment, and to report lo tlio | Ijut their endeavors wtre unsuccessful. The assem- 
 privy counril the causes tiiat might seem to them tu ! |,ly transnntttd a [.elition lo the king, acknowledging^ 
 
 lliL'ir satisfaction lo tiiid itieiiiselves tlie objects ol Ilia 
 
 have uccasioecd the misfortunes of the coh>ny, and 
 the measures most likely to prevent their recurrence. 
 To obstruct the ellbrls whiclf thu company inighL have 
 made m their own vindication, and lo discover, if pos- 
 sible, additioti.d mattei ol accusation against ibein. 
 
 especial care, beseeching Inin lu contniiie tliu ixiftuig 
 form uf government, and s(dicitiiig, that it the promiseu 
 iniliUry force should be granted to Ibein, it might be 
 subjeclid to the control of their own governor and 
 
 measures still more violent and arbitrary were resorted j bouse uf rt presciitalives. 'i'his was ihe last ussemldy 
 lo. All their charters, books, a, id papers, were seizid, I itmt Virginia was lo enjoy lor a considerable piriod. 
 two of their principal ollicers were arrested, and all ! |ts donitsiic legislation was marked by the same good 
 Icilers from the colony intercepted and earned to tho Lcnst, and patriotism that appeared in ilie rccepiion 
 privy council. Anioiig the witnesses whom ihc coin- | winch it gave to the propositions ol '.he royal commis- 
 niissioners examined was (;aplain Sinilb, who niigiit I suiners. The governor was deprived of an arbitrary 
 reasonably be supposed lo entertain lillle favor lor ibe auihority winch he had hiiherio exercised. It was 
 exihiing consiiluiion of the company, by whitli his ^,„^i.t,,j tint be should no longer have power lo with- 
 career of honor and usefulness had been aliridged, and j Jraw liie inhahiiants fioin their private labora to bia 
 who had recently sustained llie luorlilication uf seeing '0^,1 strvice, and sliuulJ levy no taxes on thu colony 
 his offer to undertake ihe deb-nee of the colony and | |,„i ^^^^.\l j,a t|,(, general a.-*s'embly should luipose and 
 subjugation of the Indians disreyarded by the company, juj,|,ruj,riale. Various other wise and judicious lawa 
 noiwiihstanding the approbation uf a numerous party | ^\,,r,. enacHid, for llic rifunnuliun of maiinir-', the sup- 
 of the proprietors. Smith ascribed the mislurlunes ol | port u\ divine worship, the security of civil and polili- 
 the colony, and the blenderncss of the income that had \ ca\ tVeedom. the regulaiiun of Irall'ic wuh the Indians, 
 been derived from il, lo the neglect of milildry [irecau- I and Inu observance uf precauliuns conducive lu thu 
 
 lions ; the rapid succession of governors, which m- 
 flamed the rapacity of their dependents; the multt- 
 phciiy of otiices, by which industry was loaded and 
 eiiioluineiit absorbed ; uiul, in general, to the inability 
 of a numerous company to conduct an enterprise so 
 complex and arduous. He recommended ihe annexa- 
 tion uf thu colony to the crown, the inlrodiiclion of 
 greater simpliciiy and economy into the frame uf Ha 
 
 general safety. 
 
 Whether the suit lietweeii ibc king and llie company 
 was proi-ecuted lo an issue or not, is a point involved 
 in some unceitainly, and truly of very little importance, 
 for the issue of a suit between the king and the miIi- 
 ject in that age, could never be doubtful for a moment. 
 Well aware of this, the company looked to protection 
 more etlicietit than the law could allord them, and prc- 
 
 government, and aii ubaiidoniuent of thu practice of j .sciited a petition to llio House uf Comniuiis, emii'ie- 
 liansportmg criminals to its sliores*. ] rating tiieir grievances, and soliciimg reilress. Ttnir 
 
 I'tie eommissiuiiers did not communicale any of 
 tlu'ir proceedings to the comiiany. wiio were tirsi ap- 
 prised of liie terms of the report by an order of the 
 king and privy council, signifying to them tlia: iie niis- 
 tiirtunes of \ irginia fiad arisen fruin their mu'overn- 
 
 iipphcation vvas iMirtaiiied by the Iloust! hO r:ordiaily, 
 that had it been presented at an earlier period it iniglit 
 have saved the corporation ; but they hud deferred tins 
 la^l resource till so late a period ui thu sesMon, that 
 there was not time lo enter on so wide an impiiry ; 
 '=* ; and fearing to exasperate the king by preferring odious 
 charges which tliey could not hope to .^tibstantiale, they 
 
 inent, and thit, lor the purpose of repairing them, 
 
 niaje.sly bad resolved lo revoke llic old charter und ; i-barges which tliey could not hope to Mil 
 
 isMie a new one, winch should connuil ihe powers of i 4;ui,jnied their pleading before the House to the dis- 
 
 government to fewer hands. In order to (piiet 'he j eourugement of their tobacco trade, which the Com- 
 
 iiiiiuls of tile colonists, It wa,, docfareil that private oro- \ „i„„^ uecordingly voted to be a grievance, 'i'hey 
 
 perty should be resptcied, and ull past grants of laiid | gamed no other advantage from their complaint, nor 
 
 ' * " "" ' " "' '' ■" The king enraged at their 
 
 remain mviolale. An instant surrender of lliei' privi- 
 leges was reipiired from the company ; and, it. default 
 uf their voluntary submission, they were as.-.tred that 
 the king had resolved lo enlorcn his purpose oy process 
 of law.t 
 
 ' Siiiiiti, U. IV. Sumh's answers to the conninssioners de* 
 moiisirale Uia usual ^uoU sense, inoderatior and liuinauit)'. 
 ill) warmly coiiimemK llie active and Uisinte. eslt-d elt'trts ol 
 many 01 the leiuliit« ineml.ers ol llie cuinpan) lor tho advan- 
 lano ot the ctili.ny. Ureal errors, he uUserves, had inicn 
 c.omunlleil in the aUministraliohiU lis tUTairs; but lie declines 
 t<> particul.tnsu the laulis ol any one imlividual— adding, *' 1 
 liavt' Ml lunch ado to amend my own, I have no leiauri; to 
 luo.k into any other inuirN pariuuiar laihm;!*," 
 
 t Stiih, i>. 3U3, 301. Il wdt in ttiu nuU^l of tlioso di&trac- 
 
 Irom their Imutaliou of it. 
 
 jiresumption, and encouraged by their timidity, issued 
 a proclamation, suppressing ihu courts of llio com- 
 pany, and committing the teinporaray adinmisiralion 
 of the colonial all'aira to certain of liis privy counsel- 
 
 tions. sa)s stith, that llie Muses for Uio tirat time uponeij 
 lltetr lips ill Nkirth Aincru-ii. One of tiic earliest literary pro- 
 ductions of the Knglish colonists was a IranslaMun 01 UviU's 
 Metamerpliosui, composed in I6*i3 by IJeor^je Sandys, tresisu- 
 rer of the Viruinia company. It was uHerwards puijiiittied in 
 tln^land, and dedicated to L'barles the first. Siiilt tvrms U 
 "a laud.'Uile perfoinianco fur tin; tuius;" and Dijiitu nitn 
 tionsthe author witit respect in the pnluce to Ins owu tniti 
 l:iUons from Ovid. 
 
f 
 
 m 
 
 Ion in comuiM'tioii with 8ir Thomaa Smith and ionini 
 other genlli'incit Thv coinpiitiy wam tlius (IihhoIvciI, 
 «ml ita ri^'liitt uiul |inviU>gc(i it'-jliMurtiLtt by (ht^ 
 crown • 
 
 Jainci Hid not aiitrrr the nitwora he hud rrttiirnrd to 
 rrinain lunjf niirxvrciHrd. ll*- i«irtin'il, very nhorlly iil- 
 ti^rwardfl, a himtiuI roiiuiiDiaion, iippoindnij ii ^MiuTriur 
 aiid tvvi-lvu cDiinxt-tlura, to whom i\w vwiiw tliru'tit))! 
 of the olfuirK of (he rolony whh nitruKlid. No iiicti 
 lioii wiiH niadi! of u Iioiikc uf rriircHiiitiilivra ; nor had 
 thf kiri^ tht! Rh^hlc«t intention lo ix-rnui (he conlnni 
 ihce n( nnv auch tnidy. 'I Ih< ronMinM<4iuii aacnbe!! ihtf 
 diaaatrrn ol (he ix'ttlcrrn'm lo iltr popiilur Nhiipc uf the 
 lalf Hyiitrrn, whuh hud itilt^rcfidcd mid wcitktMit'd tlio 
 U'lielichilinlluf net- of liii> kiii^'n hn|)t<rior undiTHtuiidui^r, 
 and. in Rlranis of ihr tnont vulvar und ItinriuiiM ai'lf- 
 coMiplaeciu-y. Hnliri[iulr!* the pruxpc'rily which ihv rolo- 
 ny laiial rapidly ottiuii when lilcsmd with lhc> dirt-clrr 
 rtya of royul wiadom. With thin RiiI'Vprsioii ul hhirty, 
 ihiTO Wim iiiingh'd, howcvei, »onie atlnition lo the 
 intiTcsls of iho cuhMii^tA ; fur, in coniit 'pitnco uf thi* 
 feinunHlraiirv of ihf* r)ii){h&h parhuiunit. \w lasucd a 
 prucUinutioii fL-nrwiiiu Ins forinrr prohihilion of thu 
 culture of lohdcco in Tingldiid. and rrfftnetin^ thu ini- 
 porlation of it to V'lr^nnu and the Soincr Uloti, and lo 
 Toaarla hvlon^in^ lu British auhjccts 'I'hia waa hm 
 laat public ai-t in rrlation to the colony ; [ HVZCt] for hu 
 intcntiona of roni[K)Hin^ j code of lawn fur its doinr.t- 
 tic adininistratiun were frustrated by his death. Uu 
 died the lirat Untish Hovrreign of an established em- 
 pire in America, and closed <« rei^n of which the only 
 illiiatrioua feature was the colunizalion which he im> 
 pelled or promoted. To this favorite object, both the 
 virtues and the vices of his character proved sulwer- 
 vient. If the merit he ini^rht claim from his oriLMnul 
 
 Catrona<;e of the Virginian colonists, bo cancelled by 
 is 8ubse(|uent etVorts to bereave them of their liberties. 
 and if his prosecution of the puritans in their native 
 country ho hut feebly counterbalanced hy his willing- 
 ness to grant them an ai^ylum in New Kn^land , — his 
 ulitMnpIs to civilize Ireland by colonization, connect 
 hun more honorably with the ureal events of his rctgn. 
 Harassed by the turbulent and distracted state of Ire- 
 land, and av.rse to resort lo iiiiluary operations, lie 
 endeavored to infuse a new character into tis popula- 
 tion by ptuntin^ colorues of the Englisli in thu six 
 northern counties of that kingdom. He jirosecuted 
 this plan w:th so much wisdom and steadiness, that m 
 the space of nine years ho made greuler advances 
 towards the reformation of that kingdom than had buen 
 made in ihe four hundred and forty years that had 
 claused since the conquest of it was tirst alleinpted, 
 and laid the founJation of whatever atHuonce and secu- 
 nly it has since been enabled to attain. It is ditticutt 
 to recogniHo the do^rmatical oppressor of the puritans 
 antt the weak and arrogant tyrunl of Virgiiiid, in the 
 wise and huinano legislator of Ireland. The expe- 
 rience of such inconsistencies of character, sugj^c^ts 
 the likehhuud of their existing more frequently and 
 extensively tnan they are displayed ; enforces candor 
 and indul^enci! ; and abates the fervor both of inordi- 
 nate dislike anil extreme admiration. 
 
 T^o fall of the Virginia company had excited the 
 less Bympathy, and the arbitrary proceidings of the 
 king the less odium in England, from the disa)),K>inl- 
 ments and calamities of which the st-lilemcnt had bt.i-n 
 productive. More than a hundred and lilly llioucand 
 pounds had been exjiended on the colony, and upwards 
 uf nine thousand inhahitants had been sent to it trom 
 the mother country. Vet at the dissolution of the com- 
 pany, the value of the annual imports fruii) Virginia 
 did not exceed twenty tlioustitu) pounds, and its popu- 
 lation was reduced to about eighteen hui'dred persona 
 The effect of this unprosptrous issue m facilitiliiig 
 the overthrow of this ccirporation, may be regarded as 
 a fortunate circumstance for America ; for however 
 unjust anri tyrannical were the designs and proceedings 
 of the king, they were overruled lo the production ol 
 
 TMi; HISTORY OK 
 
 ii! 
 
 * It is stated by Chalmers, and repeated by (lorilDn, Ru)>erl> 
 ■on, and Marxliall, that in tlit* proces.* ot <(iio warrantu, jutlg- 
 niunt was pntiiuuiictidiiijiunst thu tuiiipan) Ml June. I()21. It»- 
 bertsunrtilurstothGcuTriiiiiiiMiMiin Aii|{ii.st 16'jt, which rmduubt 
 c»iiiaiiis a il.iinG SL-ttiriR forth that the quo warranto hadUcen 
 issued, and adding, that the cliarter wa<t now Ibi^uDv annulled. 
 Thf same lorui oi wonis ui-curs in thu prior proclauialion in 
 July, 1034 ; but no jud;>:nf'iit of ihi- Couit of Kniif's Hunch is 
 either expresidy mentioiicd or rcli-rrpd to. Captain Smith, on 
 the othor hand, aftur nienlionin); the writ of quo warranto, 
 refers not to miy judifnu-nt upon it, hut tuthe pruul;imatioii in 
 July, a.H haMii^ JiasoU-im) the company. D. iv. p. itiH. Ntiih 
 likewise asotrts expressly, that tin.s proclamation waa Issntid 
 while the ituo warranto was depcndin»i. and that no Mitli^meni 
 on the quo warranto was ever pronounced, p. 32U, 330. Il i> 
 rary niunaterial whelhur Ihc kmt: aceunipli.shed his arbitrary 
 pu*|>uae by superseding or perveiiing the forms of law. 
 
 a most im)>urtanl Itenelit to the eolony. in the removal 
 of an institulinn that would ba\r d.ingeroui>ly loaded 
 and rcslrained its growing jreedoni and prowpenly It 
 IS an obKcrvatiori of the most emiiii iit leaclirr ol poti- 
 iical Acieme. that of all the expetlienln thai could poi<- 
 •.ilily be contrived to stunt the natural growth of a new 
 colonv. the institution ol an exclusive coinptiny m ihi- 
 most cdectual ; and the obnfrvatum is mnply conlirrned 
 liy the experience of history. In Burve\ mt; the cmirtii- 
 lutioim and tracing the progress of the various colonnil 
 establtihincnts which the nations of Kuropi^ have sue- 
 ce*sively fnrined. wc tind a close and mvaridbhi con- 
 nexion between the decline und the revival of their 
 prosperity, and the ascendancy und overthrow of sove* 
 reign mercantile coriionilions Tin adniniistratit'ii ot 
 the Dutch and the l.nglish ^!ast India eompanu's has 
 demonsiratcd on a l.irger and distmcter scule how in- 
 consislenl the genius of tin exclusive rontpany will 
 always prove with the liberty and happmes^^ of itit sub- 
 jjects. and what powerful temptations, und not le>s 
 I powerful means, it possesses of Hacrihnng their lusting 
 I advantage to its own inmH-diate proht, A sovereign 
 j company of merchants must ever consider their power 
 I but as an upendage to their trade, and as deriving its 
 chief value from the nieann it gives thcni lo repress 
 . competition, to buy cheaply the commodities they ob- 
 : lain from their subject customers, und to sell as dearly 
 as possible the articles with winch they supply them— 
 that is, to diminish the nicitenienl und the reward of 
 induBtry to their subjects, by restricting their facility of 
 aci)ninng what they need, and disposing of what they 
 have. Their mercantile habila prevail over their inte- 
 rest as sovereigns, and lead them not only to prefer 
 transitory prnlit to permanent revenue, but to adapt 
 : their adininislrdtion to this preference, and lo render 
 I government subservient to tbeintires: of monopoly. 
 I i'hey are almost necessarily led to devote a large dis- 
 cretionary power on their colonial otticers, over whom 
 j they retain at the same time but a very feeble control. 
 [ Whether wo regard the introduction of martial law 
 into Virginia as the act of the company, or (as it really 
 seems to have been) the act of thu iri usurer and llie 
 ^ colonial governors, the prevalence it obtained displays, 
 ; in either ease, the unjust and arbitrary policy of an ex- 
 clusive company, or the inability of such a sovereign 
 j body lo protect its subjects against the oppression of 
 I Its oirieers. How incapjbte a body of this descrplion 
 must bo to conduct a plan of civil policy on permanent 
 I principles, and how strongly its system of government 
 I must tend to perpetual llucttiution, is evinced by the 
 fact, that, ill the course of eighteen years, no fewer 
 than ten successive governors had been appointed to 
 preside over the province. Kvcn after ihe vigorous 
 spirit of liberty, which was so rapidly gaming ground 
 in that age, had enabled the colonists to extort from 
 the company the right of enacting taws for the regula- 
 tion of their own cominunily, still, us the company's 
 sanction was requisite to give legal esrabtishnietit to 
 the enactments of the provincial legislature, the para- 
 mount authority resided with men who had but a tem- 
 porary interest in the fate of Iheir subjects und the 
 resources of their territories. While, therefore, wo 
 sympathize with the generous indignation which the 
 historians of America have expressed ut the tyrannical 
 proceedings by which the company was dissolved, we 
 must congratulate their country on in event which, hy 
 the means that led to it, 'nculcated an abhorrence of 
 arbitrary power, and by its operation overthrew a sys- 
 tem under which no colony tiaa ever grown up to a 
 vigorou.s maturity. 
 
 Cliarlcs the First inherited, with his father'a throne, 
 [March] all the maxims that had latterly regn! tted Ins 
 colonial policy. Of this he hastened to give assur- 
 ance to his sul)jecls, by a series of proclamations which 
 he issued soon alter hia accession to the crown, and 
 which distinctly unfold. 'd the arbitrary principles he 
 entertained, and the tyrannical administration he had 
 determined lo pursue. He declared, that, after ma- 
 ture deliberation, he had adopted his father's opinion, 
 ihut the misfortunes of the colony had irisen entirely 
 from the popular shape of its late administration, and 
 the. incapacity of a mercantile company to conduct 
 even the most insignilicunt affairs of state ; that he 
 held himself in honor engaged to accomplish the work 
 that James had begun ; that he considered the Anieri- 
 can colonics to be a part of the royal empire devolved 
 to him with the other dominions of the crown ; that he 
 was fully resolved to establish a uniform course of go- 
 vernment llirouch the whole Ilritish monarchy ; and 
 that henceforward the government of the colony of 
 Virginia should immcdtalely depend upon himself. 
 But, unless we should suppose that he meditated even 
 
 thru a violent innovation of tht whole Ilril.ih oonaU* 
 
 Intnm, we niiiNt conclude, from the provisions which 
 h>|lo'V this pieainhh'. that he lonsidered the colonies tu 
 Ntanil in a vi-rv ilitl'erent relation to him from that 
 which the ternltiry of lireat llniain erijoyid, and t<i 
 hawMlesemdeil to him as i personal entule iinlepin* 
 dent ol Ins crown or [Kibtic^l capicity. I'or he pio 
 creded to declare, (hut the wlnde iidmmitiration of tho 
 Virginian government should be vente 1 in tx council, 
 nominated and directed by luntMt'lf, und rcponsible to 
 Inm ulone. \\ liile he exprrnkivd llie ntniost srorn ol 
 the capacity nf a inir<*antile corporition, he did not 
 dimlain to assume its illiberal spirit, and copy Us iii- 
 teiested policy, As a specimen of the extent of tegisU' 
 tive authority which he intefided lo exert, and of the pur- 
 poses to \t Inch he ineunt to render it subservii nt, he pro- 
 liibitetl the Virgmiuns, nniler the most absurd t.iid frivo- 
 lous pretences, Irom At^lling their tobacco to any pi'rsona 
 but certain conmiiKsioncrs uppomted by himsell to pur- 
 ichase It on his own account, Tims the colonisls lound 
 liiemselves suhjeclei) lo uii administration that com- 
 bined the vices uf lM)lh its predecessors — the unlimited 
 prerogative of an arbitrary prince, with the narrowest 
 maxims of a mercantile corporation ; and saw iheir le- 
 gislature superseded, their luws utiolisheil, all the pro- 
 tits of their industry engrossed, und their only vuluublo 
 commodity inonopotr/e(l, by the soyereign vs Im pretend- 
 ed to have resumed the government of the colony only 
 III order lo blend it moie perfctly with the rest of the 
 llriiish empire. 
 
 ( harles conferred tho otlico of governor of Virginia 
 on Sir Ctcorgo Veardley, and empowered him, in eoii- 
 jiinction with a council of Iwdve, lo exercise supremo 
 authority there ; to make and execute laws ; t.i imposo 
 and levy tjxes; to seize the properly of thu late com- 
 pany, and apply it lo public uses ; and to transport the 
 colonists to Kni;land, tu he tried there for oH'encea 
 committed in Virginia. Tho governor and council 
 were specially directed lo exact the oaths of altegianco 
 and supremacy from every inhabitant of the colony, 
 and lo conlorm in every pmnt to the instructions which 
 from time to time the king might transmit lo them 
 flU!{7.] Vcurdley's early death prevented the full 
 weight of his authority from being experienced by liie 
 colonists during his short admimstration. He died in 
 the bpgmnmg of the year t6'J7, und, two years after, 
 was succeeded by Sir John Harvey. During this pe- 
 riod, and for many years aher, the king, who seems to 
 havu inhentetl his fattier's nrejudtces respecting to- 
 bacco, continued lo harass the importation and aale of 
 It by a series of regulations so vexatious, o|tpre8Aive, 
 and unsteady, that it is dillicnit to say whether they 
 excite greater contempt for the tluctuations and cunnco 
 uf his counsels, or indignant pity for ihe wasted proa- 
 pcnty and insulted patience of his people. 
 
 [ irrJ'J J Sir John Hurvi y. the new governor, proved 
 a fit Mi>trumenl in Virginia to carry the king's sysicni 
 of arbitrary rule into complete eiecution. Haughty, 
 rapacious, and cruel, he exercised an odious autho- 
 rity with the most olfcnsive insolence, and aggravated 
 every legislative seventy by the rigor of his excculivo 
 energy. So congenial was his disposition with tho 
 syitein he conducted, and so thoroughly did he perso- 
 nify, as well as administer, tyranny, as not only to at- 
 tiact, but to engross, in his own person, the odium of 
 which a large share was undoubtedly due lo the prince 
 who employed hun. Uf the length tu which he earned 
 bis arlntrary exactions and forfeiturca, some notion 
 may be fonned from n letter of instructions by which 
 the royal committee of council for the cittonii -i m 
 Kngtand at length thought it pnident to • ' k :u^ 
 cesses [July. 1(>!)4.] Il signit • 1. that ' %ing, ol In 
 roval favor, and for liie eiiconr. i 
 
 d( sired tliat tho inlere-' 
 
 ic plantera. 
 
 HT'i acquired 
 
 iipted from for- 
 
 ue present^ tiiight 
 
 Ueeilom and pnvilegu 
 
 "f the pate f " Wo 
 
 late of II eastern 
 
 1(1 indei he rapacl- 
 
 under the corpoiation si. 
 feiture, and that ihe coloi. 
 enjoy their estates with iht 
 as they did before the rce.> 
 might suppose this lo be tin 
 sultan to one of his bashaws 
 
 oils tyranny of the governor seenn< uardh or*- odious 
 than tliR cruel mercy of the prince, who hiterposed to 
 mitigate oppression only when it had reached an oi- 
 Iremc whicli is proverbially liable to inflame the wise 
 with madness, and drive the patient to dea|>air. The 
 mo^t significant comment on the letter is, that Harvey 
 was iieilher censured nor displiced for the excessea 
 which It commanded him to restrain. Thu etfecl, too, 
 which It was calculated to produce, in ascertaining tho 
 rights and quieting the apprehensions of the colonists, 
 was counterbalanced by targe and vague grants of tcr 
 ntory within the province, which Charles inconsidcr 
 
 111 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 -rill lilt- niloiiii'ri tu 
 tu hint troiii that 
 It) rii|oviil, mid !•* 
 iidl i-ntdU) imlr|H-ii* 
 icily I'or Ih' |mo 
 liniiii'«tralt()i) ui ihfl 
 
 t'NU' 1 til i\ IMllllU-lIt 
 
 mill ri-'iHiiiHiliU? to 
 hr titinuHi Hriirii ol 
 iniiuii, hi^ iliii not 
 It, iiiiii ro|iy im iii- 
 
 hi- t'xli'iit "I Iriiiitlti" 
 
 U'T\, rtllllul thi- |nir- 
 mihMTVH in. hr pro* 
 Nt iiliHunl ..ml trivo- 
 i)it-L-o III liny iiiTHijiin 
 il by hiMiMi II to |Mir 
 
 till) l-uluill!lll4 luilllll 
 
 iiNtruliuii thai roiii- 
 MUS — ihr uiiliiiiiti-il 
 Willi iht) n.irfovM-Mt 
 I ; anil navv iliiir le- 
 oliflhi'il. ull the pro- 
 1 itit-ir only valuuhlo 
 iTiMjLju who prcU'inl- 
 l ol the roluiiy only 
 with thu roHt of the 
 
 ovprnnr of Virginia 
 )\vi'ri!il hiin. in coti- 
 lo I'xrrciso tiu|iii'iiitt 
 ,iii> \aw» ; t.i irnposo 
 riy ol iho luUt coni- 
 aiiii to irauHport iho 
 il thcri) for olI'iMici'd 
 vcriior and council 
 c oattm of allr^ianco 
 itaiit of thu colony, 
 ic iiistriictioiis which 
 t tran&iuit to thcin 
 prrvuntcd thu full 
 [ expcricncL'il hy the 
 iraliuii. Hi! (licil in 
 i:i(l, two years alter, 
 ny. During ihis pn* 
 king, who Hueiiia lo 
 ices respecting lo- 
 |iiirl.ilion and aale of 
 xaiiuutf, upjiresAive, 
 o »ay whether they 
 tuutioiiD and caunco 
 
 ■U<|y boatowed on Ina coiirlieni IHA WhIlbgITt ri» (U 
 
 tiuiiKroiiti iiicrimihineiit^ on Hlablivhtd pOMCtMion, 
 Mild i-Acili'd univciHul ilinlniRt of (hr validity of tiili-N, 
 4nd the mahiliiy ol iifopi-rty 'llu- i-lUct ot unr of 
 iUvse ^riintd wan ihr loriii.ilion ol the uliiU- of Mary- 
 land, hv dmnirinhrring n larK« puriion ol tt-rntory that 
 h.al tu'i'ii prt-Moiifly annixid lo Viruiimi Fur inuny 
 yfum tlili* e\Mit pruvid u nourcr of inmh dim onlirit 
 and Ri-nou» inroiivniirnro In thr VirKiiiiaiirnioniMH, 
 who h.iil i<ndra\nritl to iinprovr tlii'ir Iradi- by nHlnct- 
 111^' (hniiM-lvi-!! 10 Ihr i-xpnrt.iluin oiilv <d Inhiii co of 
 HHpiriitr r|iiiililv, and mtw lotiml thi'iiiM-lvi'ii dt-pri\rd of 
 all ihr ailvHiit^ine of llui* ninrilici- hy ihf trannli-nin-i! 
 of a portion of thrir own li-rritory lo ncinhhorB who 
 rufuHcil to unite in tht-ir rcunhilionH. 
 
 Tlif riJ'lnrt 1 |-ri'Hi-rihril hy the Irltcr of the rnyiil 
 
 connnilhe, left llarvi-y hhII hi ponBi-Mfion of ainpli- 
 Hcopc to hi« tyrminy ; and thr coUinml:* ri-ttpi-ctinj;. or 
 ovrrawi'd hy, the auihonty with which he was invchliMJ, 
 
 for a loii^ III tidured U wilhniit n-rimtance. ItouKt-d, 
 
 ut h'n;^th, hy rt'itrraiid pro\ocalion. | Hi^Ml. ] unil ini- 
 pall) III of fartlicr Millcnii^. the VirKiniaii'*. in a iranw- 
 poil of ytiirr.il fijic »ri/id the pirt^un of Har\('y, and 
 hem hitii a priMtner to Knirlarid, alolt^ willi two ilipn- 
 iten from ihnr own body, v%ho wire rhar^ied willi the 
 duly of n pri mr.inii llie pro \aiiiii* ol the ctilony and 
 Ihe iiiiweotiilurt ol the gouriior. Ibit thiir reliance un 
 the jiiMtice ot the kiii^ pr()vi-il in l-e very ill tounded. 
 CharlfH WHii f.iiiil to learh Inn Mihjectn. that if ihey 
 meant lo n lam llieir libertiiM, they niUNl prepaie to 
 dt fi'iid them ; ilial iieitlier enduring' jiatiriice nor re- 
 apectfiil reinonNlr.nire eould amiiI lo relax or divert Iiih 
 urhilrary purpose ; and that if they would obiaiii )U»- 
 liet to ilieiiiM lve>i, itii-v mu»>t deprive hiiii ol the power 
 to withhold It The mil ibitants of \ irirnua liad never 
 irril ited ihe kiMi^ by di:*puliii^. like tliiir b-lle\v-mibjerlH 
 in Kn;^l.ind, the \alidily ol bu* in il or eecleMit^lital 
 cdiriM ; lliev had entered into no eonlot with hiin, and 
 lieilhiT portscxsid (orein iiur prelended lo pri\ilrj;eii 
 which could alarm hiH jealoii»v. 'I'hey had Itorne ex- 
 treme oppresNion ;of whicii he tiad already etiiictd hm 
 conHcioimm--^) \\ uli loii^ patience, unil even wiien 
 driven to despair, had sliown iIkiI lliey neilher impulid 
 their wroiij»rt to hiin in>r doubled hi.-* jiiftiee. Oeleiire- 
 lusH and tippn-HM d. they appealed to htm iik their pro- 
 tector ; ami tittir appi-a! wan enlorcid by e\ery eir- 
 einn!*tarice lli.il 'ould impress u jucl, or move a ^nie- 
 roud nitnd Vet so lar Irom comniist-ralitiii ihcir Mithr- 
 inn[.H, orniln's?uini their wronijs. Cliarb'--* n^/anhd ihi'ir 
 conduel u^ an act of pri'Htim|iluouH a td.icity little ^ho^t 
 Ol rebellion ; and all the applicalimis of ibrir diputieM 
 were rejeiled willi '-aim iiijuslice and nillexihle diHlaiii 
 He relu.^ed i-vi ii to udmit them to b:H presence, or to 
 hear a smtile ariiclf of their charjieM u^aiiiHl Harvey ; 
 and, haMii>^ reiiiMlated thai obnuxiouf uovernor in hi» 
 otlicf. [ lliMT.J In- sent hiin back to \ ir^Muia, with an 
 ample renewal o*^ the powers, winch he had so grossly 
 ahuNi'd. There, elated with his iriinniih. iinil inllamcd 
 with raue. 1 larvey resumed and n^jifravaled a lyrar.- 
 nieul swa\ that lia^ '.-ntaited infamy on liimsrlf and dm- 
 frrace on tiis sovereii^n, and pruvuked eoniplainlH tio 
 loud and veiieinent llial they l<e^;in lo peiietrale into 
 Kn^laiid, and pruilucr an iinpre^^ion on the immlH of 
 the piopli- which could not be daftly disregarded. 
 It IS m llio^e scenes and circumstances in which men 
 feel tbeiiiselveii entirety delivered from restraml. that 
 their natural character most dislinctly betrays itself. 
 Unjoymij ultsolule power over \ irginia, Charles has 
 iii-icrihed his rharaeter more leL'ibly on the liiwtory of 
 that province, than of any other portion of hia do- 
 nnimiim. 
 
 1 10:W ] Had the tjovrrnmenl of Sir.lolm Harvey been 
 conitnued much hunger, it mu.sl have i luled in ilie revolt 
 or till' rum of the colony St> tfrrat was tlie disirens it 
 oeeasioned, a.^ lo exciie the attenluui of tlie Indians, 
 and uwakin itu-ir sbnnheriM>! enniily hy su^^esliui.' the 
 iiope of revenue. n|iei-hai;<-anou((|i, the ancient eiii-'iiiy 
 of ihe cutonists, was now far adviiu-ed in years ; bill 
 age had iiol diinmrd lii» discernment, nor exlm;.'uished 
 his animosity. Sfizini.' the favorable occasion presented 
 hy the dwlructcd slate oi' the province, he again led his 
 wariiors to a sudden and furious attack, wbicli the co- 
 'onistb did not repel without ihe toss of five hundred 
 ■ion. A general war ensued between them and all the 
 Indian tnticM under the iiiHiience of Opechaneaiiough. 
 
 11639. J lint a L^reat change was now at liand, which was 
 to reward the patience of the Virniiiians with a bloodless 
 redress of their grievances. The public discontents 
 wiuch had for timny years been inulliplying in Kngland, 
 were now advancing with rapid strides to a full maturi- 
 ty, and threatened the kingdom with some gr'-at con- 
 vuUiiiii. After a long intermission, (Jharles was forced 
 10 
 
 In contemplate ihr re-asMemblmg ol ii parliunipnt , and, 
 well aware ot the ill bunior whicli lu» government it 
 hiiiin- jd exeiliil, he bad llir >trongiMl reaxon to drrad 
 that ihe diKpli-aniire of the eommohM would he inlhmed, 
 and then wor'^t nuKpiciimN eonlirnitd, by complainU and 
 tleM-nphoiiH of the dcKpotisin tlial had been exercinetl 
 III \irgiiiia. There was yet lime lo nootlie llm irrita- 
 imn, and even neciire the udlierence of ii people who, 
 III hpiie of everv wrong, retained a generomt ailaeh- 
 inerit to ihe priin'e VNbose novereigrily was tell still to 
 iinilc ihi-m wnh llie parent state, and, Irom the pro- 
 p.igalion of the ctMn)>lamts of colonial grievances in 
 I!ni;land, there was every reason lo appretiend that the 
 redri'^H of tbi in. il limgi-r withhtld by the king, would 
 be granlid, to the great delnmeiil of his credit ni.d in- 
 Ibii i.ie, by ihe parhaimiit. To that body the Virnmiaiia 
 had appliiil IU1 n tormiT occasimi, and the encouragr- 
 nii nt Ihey bad met wUh irierea«eil the probability both 
 of a npilition nf ihi ir Jiipbcution and of aaiiccfsHful 
 i^iue In It 'I bescciiiiMderalions alone xeein lo account 
 lor the Mudden and lot.il i lian^e which the colonial po- 
 licy of the king now eviiieiil. Harvey was recalled, 
 and the jjoveriiinenl of Nirgmia commilted to Sir Wil- 
 liam llerkelev, a person not oiilv of MUpenor rank and 
 abililie!- lo bis pri dccesM)r. hut diHtinguifhi d by every 
 popular virtue of which Harvey was dehcieut — of up- 
 ri::lil and hohorabb- character, mild and pnideiil temper, 
 iind manners at once digiuhed t\\\t\ engaging. A change, 
 not less gratifying, was mlruduced into the system ol 
 L;overmneht. Tin; new governor wan matriuled to re- 
 store the ( 'oluiual Assembly, and to invile it to enact a 
 body of laws fur the province, and to mifiruve llie ud- 
 nunislralHiii of )u«tice by iniriHluclion of tiie lorms of 
 Kni^li.-hjuilietal procedure, riiiis. all at once, aial when 
 ihev least exjiected it, \»as re.stond lo ihe coIohisIh the 
 syj-lem of treedom wlneh they had originally deii\i-d 
 Irom liie \ irgima coini)anv ; which had been involved 
 in the sune mm with that eorporalion, nnd ihe rceol- 
 leclion of which had been aihblioiiallv endeared lo them 
 I'V the oppre.'^sion that had succeeded its overllirow — 
 Iriiversal joy and gratiliide was excited throughout the 
 c<donv bv ibi.s signal and hii|ipy cliaiiL'e ; and Uie king, 
 will), amMl.-<l the htistility that was gaihemig around htm 
 in everv oiIuT (iuurter. was addressed m the language 
 of allection and attaehmenl by ihm people, seems lf» 
 haM' been Munewbat struck and softened by the gene- 
 rou> .setitiineiilH which be had so little deser\ed; and 
 wliicb hircihly proveil lo him how clieap and easy were 
 the means hv whicti princes niav n nder their subjeels 
 L'ratef'.l and liappv. And yet hO btrong were th'- illu- 
 sKins of Ills Kelf-love, or so deliberate his artihce, that 
 in his answer to an address of the colonists, he eagerly 
 appropriated the praise for wbith he was indebted to 
 ibeir generosity iilone. and endeavored to extend the 
 application of their grateful exprrssions even to llie nd- 
 mmisiralioii whicli he had abandoned la order lo pro- 
 cure them. 
 
 [imO-l While Charles thus ngam introduced the 
 principles of llie British constitution into the internal 
 governnieni of Virginia, be did not neglect to lake pre- 
 eauiions for preserving its connexion with the mother 
 countrv. and securing lo |]iiglan<i an exclusive posses- 
 sion of the colonial tratle. For this purpose Sir vViI- 
 ham Berkeley was iimlructed to prohibit all commerce 
 with other nations, and lo take a bond from the ma.iter 
 of every vessel that sailed from Virginia, obliging him to 
 land his cur<ro in some part of the king's dominions in 
 Kurope, Vet the prcs.^nre of tins restraint was more 
 than counlerbalaneed bv the Iiheralily of the other in- 
 structions ; and with a free and mild i^uvcrmncnt. which 
 ulliTcd a peaceful a.ovbim, and dislrii)uted ample tracts 
 of lanil to all who sought its proteclmn, tiu' colony ad- 
 vanced so rapidly in prosperity and population, that at 
 the beginimiii of the Civil Wars it contained upwards 
 of twenty thousand inbahiiaiils [lti4I.] Bv ibe vigor 
 and condiicl of Sir \\ illiam Ih*rkelcy, the Indian war, 
 atler a tew expeditions, was brought to a successbil 
 close : Opecbaiicanough was taken prisoner ;'^ and a 
 peace concluded with the savages, winch endured for 
 many years. 
 
 It was happy for Virginia iba'. the restoration of lis 
 
 • Hfverley, p. 52, 53. Il was lliu iiilciition of Sir William 
 Ilcrkilcy, to have setu this renmrkahle persormire to Kiixlan"' i 
 hut ho was shot alter l>einif laki-n prisoner oy a soliher, in re- 
 seiilnieiit of the eHlaiiilties Im had iiiIIm'(i:>I uii the ptuvince. 
 Ho li'igereil under ihu wound lor st'*i'ral days, middled wiUi 
 tho pride and t'lrnuiess uf an old Itoniati. IndiKimiit at the 
 crowds wlio raine lo gaze at tuin tin his denth-hed, ho ex- 
 claimed, " If I had taken Sir William HerkL-iey prisoner, I 
 Would nut have fX|iosed liiin as a »Ik»w to the ueoplt-." Per- 
 h.ips he riMiienitnTed that ht) had savi'd the hlii nl Ca|)tain 
 biiituh. nnd liifjL>ot the iiuiiiljurless instariceH iii winch liu had 
 exposed uthur pritiuuurs tu public derlilun and Unguriug tor- 
 ture . 
 
 :>:»5 
 
 domeslirronititntioilllMMtMiylWwdlnlbU mnniiir. 
 and not deferred till ft toltr pfriod. whill It would pro- 
 Imldy liNvu been accompanied by u rmloration uf the 
 exelusivc rompany To this ronsimunution mhiic of thn 
 membi rN ot that body had hern eagerly louking fur- 
 waid . and nolwithstuniling the diKappomlmeni that 
 their bopen had (in«'ainitl by uie reilress of ihose griev- 
 ancift which would have loicetl their prelen-uoiis, they 
 endeavored to avail ibiiiiNelveH of the avulily with 
 winch everv e<)mplainl against the king was r< leived by 
 the l.img I'ariiaint nt, by presenimg a peliiion in the 
 I nume ot the assi nihly ol Virginia, praying for a restora* 
 I lion uf the ancient palents and government. This peti- 
 I lion, Ihoiigh supfuirted by some of Ihe eoluiiuL. who 
 '■ were justly diKr>atiMhed with the discmirageinenl which 
 the puritan doetrmes and ll'c pn aehers tit them, whom 
 ' tliey had inviled Irom Massacbiisells,* had experienced 
 I from the gnvernmeiil ol Virginia, was, iiiiduubtedly, nul 
 ihe act ol the assembly, nor the expressinn of the pro 
 I vailing Mntiment in Ihe colony 'Ihe assembly bad 
 I laste<l ihe hweels of unrestrietid Ireedom, and wero 
 not disposed to hi/ard or encumber iheir syBteiu of 
 liberiy, by reullachmg it to ihe mercantile corpora- 
 liun from which it had been ongiiiHlly derived Nu 
 sooner wiire ihev apprised of itu' petition lo the Housn 
 (i| Coinmoim than they iransmituil an explirii disavowal 
 ol It ; and at the name same tune presented art address 
 to the king, acknowledging his bounty and favor lu 
 them, and desiring tu eontinue under liiit immediate 
 proiection. In the fervor of their luyulty, they enacted 
 a declaration [HVI'iJ •• that they weru burn under mo- 
 iiarcby. and wouhl never degenerate Irom the cundition 
 nf their births by being subject lo any other govern- 
 inrnt." The only misfortune attending the manner m 
 ".Inch the \'irumians had regained their libi rties, waf 
 that It thus allied ibeir partial regards to an authority 
 winch wan desimed to bo overthruwn in the approach- 
 ing civil war, and which couhl no more reward than it 
 dt served their adherence. During the whole of tho 
 sirugtile between the king and parliament in Kr. gland. 
 they remained unalterably attached to the roya! cause; 
 ami alier Charles the First had been beheaded, and hia 
 sun driven out of the kingdom, acknowledged tho 
 fugiiive prince as their sovereign, and conducted their 
 government under a commission which ho IransmitteU 
 lo Sir William Berkeley from Breda t The royal 
 family, though they had little uppurtumiy, during their 
 exile, [.liine, HioO,] of cultivaling their tnteresl iri 
 \irgiiuu, were no; wholly regardless of it. Henrielia 
 Maria, the (piecn mother, oblamed the assisiaticc of 
 the I' tench goveriunent lo the execution of a schcrno 
 projected by Sir William Davenaiil, the poet, of enii- 
 gratmg m cmiipany with a largo body of artilicers, whom 
 he collected m France, and t'ounding with them a now 
 planiation in Virginia. The expedition was intcr- 
 cepled by the Knglish fleet ; and Davenant, who was 
 taken prisoner, owed his safely to tho friendship of 
 Mdion.t 
 
 But the parliament having prevailed over all op[}08i- 
 lion HI Kngland, was not disponed to sulTer its au- 
 thority to bu (piestioned in Virginia. Incensed at this 
 open dehanre of its power, it issued an ordmanco, 
 [October.] declaring that the settlement of Virginia 
 having been fuunded hy l-!nglisbmen and Kngltsh 
 money, and hy the authority of the nation, ought to ho 
 subordinate to arut dependent upon the Knglish com- 
 monwealth, and subject to the legislation of parlia- 
 ment ; that the colonists, instead vf rendering ibij 
 dutibil submission, had audacimi.sly disclaimed llio 
 supremacy of the state, and rebelled against it ; and 
 that ihey were now tliereloie denounced as noloriotia 
 rolibers and traitors. Not only was all connexion pro- 
 hibited With these refractory eolunisls, and the council 
 ol slate empowereil lo send out alhet and army lo 
 enforce their obedience lo the auihonty nf parliament, 
 but all foreign stales were expresnly interdicted from 
 trading with any of the Kiiglkth selllements in Amerie;i 
 It might reasunably be supposed thai this tatter restnc 
 lion would have created n common feeliii*; throughout 
 all thu Brilisb colonies of opposition lo the Knglish 
 government. But the colonists uf Massachusetts were 
 much more cordially united by similarily uf political 
 senliments and religious opinions with the leaders of 
 
 • This transaction will furin a part of the History of New 
 En ([la lid. 
 
 t JIuuin's En^land, vol. vh. p. 21)5. Chabuers, p. 192. This 
 yi!ar a tract was piihlishedat London hy one KdvMird Wilhama, 
 recommending? Ihe cultuioof silk in NuKinia. 
 
 t J'thnson's I.il'n of Milton. KiH'yclop.i-dia Hntanmca, 
 V. ttby. Uaveiianl repaid Milton's kindness afierthc Kesttom 
 lion. Cowley, ma poein addressed to Davenant, says, 
 Sure 'twas the noble boldness of the muse 
 Did thy deiUc tu seek new worlds infuse.'* 
 
I!- 
 
 n 
 
 M 
 
 200 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 tliu cumnioDwt-a'.Ui, than l>y ulcntity of i-oininercml 
 inicrcal with the iiihahitntiln of Vir^niiia. 'I'hr ri'hj'ittits 
 views iti.il had touridctt thrir colniiiiil estuhhshiiu'iit, 
 hiii;; rt'i^iihitcil all its [johcy, ami prcvaili'ii over cvfry 
 olhtT consuliTJtioii. AntI im .■•ooiut wrrc the pcuiile 
 ol' Ma.t>iU'hii8cii» a|>nrist'd ol' tlu^ parhuinciUary urdi- 
 lintit-r, than they hantciird to I'litorcc its pruhilMliDii ot 
 inlcrcoiirnd with Vir}»iiiia. hy a corrfs|»oiKhiig i'iiai:l- 
 iiifiit of ilu'ir own |(M*islature. 
 
 'i'iie rH'oriH of th« parliarucntary rulers of Kii^daiid 
 wvTo IIS |)riiin[)t and vi^oroti^i as their declaralioiis. 
 Thcv ']iiii'kly dospntched a iiowerlid aniiaiiiint under 
 hv eomiiiarid of Nir tieorge Aysouo to reduce all their 
 enetiiu'8 to t(iiliiMts.>«ioii. Thu eoniinishioiuTs wtioiii 
 they api)Uii)ted to acrompmy thu expedition wore fur- 
 nl^hell with iiistrnetions whieh. if they retleet eredit on 
 ihe viyor of the pjrli.iinrnt, convey a very unfavorable 
 iinpre.thtun of their moderation nnd huinatnly. 'riii'iiv 
 functionaries were cinpowtred to try, ■;) the tirsl m- 
 Btanco, the etiieary of pardons and uIIkt peaceful 
 pro[)osiliona in hnnj^iiiji the coloni>ts to ohedience ; 
 but if then* should prove ineirectnal, they were then 
 to iMnplov every act o( hostdity to set free t!ie ser- 
 vants ami slaves of all llie planters who continued ro- 
 fraclorv, and furin^li them with arms to assist in the 
 suhjnynlion of tluir masters. Such a plan of hos- 
 tility resendiles Iti--^ a war than a massacre, and sn^- 
 gusls the puinful retiectioii that an assenddy, possessed 
 vi alisolute power, and professnijj ihe ylory of (Jod 
 und the lihertv of mankind to be the duel ends for 
 which lliey held it, nevir once projected the 'jheration 
 of the neirro slaves in their own (lj:ninions, except for 
 the purpose of ennvertmg thuiu into an mslruimnt of 
 bloodshed uiid cornpiest. 
 
 'I'lie Kiijilishs-inadron. after reducing the colonies m 
 Itaihadoes and the other islands tt> submit to the com- 
 monwealth, eiilirid ihe hay of I'hcsaneak. [Hiol J 
 Derkeluv, apprised of the invasion, made iiasle to hire 
 tlie assistance of a tew Dutch shitis which were then 
 trading to Virginia, contrary both to the royal and the 
 parliainentary hmmiwIi""" wr.tX with more conr.iiie than 
 prudence prt-paretl to oppose this lorniidahle ar'u.iineni; 
 but ihon^ih he was cordially supported hy the loyalists, 
 ivho lornit'd tht> t>reat ma|oritv of the mhahitaiits, he 
 i'<uild not loti^ maintain m) iine*inal a contist. Vet 
 his ('allanl resistance. tlioni:h nnivadiMi; to repel the 
 invaiiers, enabled him to prcu'ure t.ivorable lernis ot 
 fliibinission to 'lir colony. Hy the articles nf surren- 
 der, a complete indei, .;y was stipulated for all past 
 olleoces ; and the colom^'•*. while ilicy recoijm>ed the 
 anthonlv. were admitted inlo the hosoni ol the com- 
 monwealth, and rxprp,s>ly assured of an eipial partici- 
 Italton 111 nil the privileges of the tree people ol Hn;i- 
 and. In particular it was provided tint (he yeiu'ral 
 usseiublv sboulii transact as hirnifrly tiie atbiirs of llu- 
 settlement, and e(iji>y tb.e exclnsive rii*ht <Tf taxaliiu) ; 
 and that " the people of Virginia shall have a free trach-, 
 as the people nf llni^land. to all pl.ice>' and with nil 
 nations.'* Hrrkcley disdainetl to make any stipulation 
 for hiiuself with those whnni his priiu tph'S of loyalty 
 taui»ht him to con'*tder a* usurpers. Without Icavinj^ 
 Virirmia, he willidrew to a retired situation, whert; lie 
 conlinned to reside as ti private individnal, .inivvrHallv 
 b*'|oved and respec'ed. till a new revolution was again 
 to call hini to presule once more over the cidony. 
 
 liul It was the dependence and not the allianc:^ of 
 the coloiues, that the rulers of the lln^lisb '"oiuiiion- 
 wealth were concerned to iiblain ; nnd in llieir sli. ine- 
 less disrei:ard of the treaty concluded by their con. inis- 
 Btoners, they si«;riallv proved with how little upnty 
 absolute power * ixercised even by those who have 
 shown thein:telv s most prompt to re>ent and most 
 vii^orous to res *! the endurance of its excesses. Ilav- 
 in^ sui.eeedcd , \ obuimini; trom the colonies a reco:»- 
 lulion of the auiluinly which they admim.-stered, they 
 proceeded to the ailoplit>ii of mi'a<ures cab idateij to 
 cntorcc their depeudetM-e on liiiLilaiid, and to secure 
 the excbisivi' possosion ol tlieir lucreasini; coiniucrce. 
 With this view, as well as tor the purpose of p-ovok- 
 iuii iiostihtn-H with the Pntch, by aiminii a bl.nv at 
 their carrvin,! Ir.ide. the parliament not oidv tor.iore to 
 repeal tl-.i- oidinari.c of the precednij; year, which pro 
 hibilcd cotniuerci.il iuten-ourse beiwecn the .'obniies 
 and f'lreiirn slates, but Irat.ieil another taw which was 
 to introduce a new n'ra of conimeicial jurisprudence. 
 and to 1 )und the celebratad navi>;ation system of K\\\f 
 laud. This leiuarkable law enacted that no produc- 
 lion of Asia, Africa, or America, should be imported 
 into Ihe doimmons of tiie cominonwealth. but in ves 
 aeis belou;;ini: to Kn^li^h i)wners or ibe inhaliitanl.* of 
 the Knjjliih coUmies, iind navij;.itcd by crews of rt Inch 
 it>r caiitain ami the inaj'jiity uf the sailors should be 
 
 vected their imprudent temerity m>o inerituncua set 
 vice, and enabled llieiu safely loexuilin the sinjr'darily 
 which lliey loii^ mentioned with Irnuiiph. that tlicy had 
 been the last ot (!ie Dritish subjects who had renounced 
 and Ihe first who ha<. resumed tliLir alli-^'iance tu lh9 
 crown. 
 
 Knglishmen.* Milling iit the same time to encourage ' according lu all appearances, involved a conteM with 
 
 *he cultivation of the staple commodity of Vir;:inia, the the anna of Croniwell and the wl '« resonrcea lA 
 
 nirhament soon after ( UkV.2.] passed nii act coiilirimn^ Kn^t-md. llappdy fur the colony, the distructuHis thai 
 
 al' the royal jiroclamutions against planlinj; tobacco in ensued in Kn;^land deferred the veiiyeaiu-t* which the 
 
 Kn^'i.'iid. , rnlm^ jiowtrs had eipial ability and inclination lo m- 
 
 'I'his unjust and injurion.'* trealnirrit kepi alive in llct upon it, till the sudden and uiuxptcteti lestoration 
 
 Virj^nna llie attachment to the royal canse. which was of Charles to the throne of his ancestors. [ ttiGO,] eon 
 ' farther maiiuanud by (he emij;ralions of the distressed 
 
 cavaliers, who re.-iorted in such numbers to Viri;inia. 
 
 that the population of the colony amounted to thirty 
 
 lhoiL*and persons al the t poch of the restttralion. Knt 
 I Cromwell had now jirc vailed 1 11j'>n,] over the )mrhamentt 
 
 ei.d held ilie n ins of the eommonwealth in his viynro:? 
 
 hands ; and thonirh the discontents of Jie \ ir^Miiians 
 
 were se;retly intlamed i»y the seventy of his pol.cy and 
 
 the invidioius disti'ictions which it evinced, their e*:- 
 
 pressiun was repressed by the terror of his name, and 
 
 the energy which he infvisetl into every departn , nt of 
 
 his adiniuistratioil ; and ntidrr the snpeniiteridence of 
 
 l^overnors appointed by him. the exterior, at Icasl, of 
 
 traiicpnlhty Mas maintauieil in Vir<rinia tiM the |>eriod 
 
 oi his ilealh. Warmly attached by simihirity of reli- 
 
 f;ious and political sentiments to the colonists of Mas- 
 
 sachiiaetts, Cromwell iudulj;ed them with a di'^pensa- 
 
 lion from the commercial laws of the l.onir Parliament. 
 
 while he riiiorimsly exacted their observance in Virgi- 
 nia. 'I'he »'ntorceineiit of 'liese rey'rictious on the 
 
 obnoxious colonists at a lime whi-n Knjiland could 
 
 neither all'ord a suiVicienl market to their produce -.lor 
 
 anndnpiale supply to their wants, and while Massa- 
 chusetts enjoyed a monopoly of the advantai;es of which 
 
 they were deprived, slror-jlv impeacheil the mnjiiia- 
 
 nimity of the protector and the feaihsa justice by 
 
 which he profesHcd to tiiirnify his usurped dominion 
 
 and proved no less burtl.;-nsoine than irritatin 
 
 Virginians 
 
 CHAI'TER III. 
 
 The Navnialiim Act— itt> bnpnlicy— Discontent anJ DiBlrrsa 
 ut the Coltihislh — Niituruiuatioii lU AheiiM— I'lUKress ■>! tho 
 citldiiial Discunteiit— Indian host lilt ieh--Uacuirs Kehi'lluui — 
 Death of Uacuii--aiiii Ueaturatfiui ui Tran<iuillity — Mill nt 
 Attainder pHssed hy ttio t'ohiiual Asscnihiy— Sir Wi)li:iiii 
 
 ' III iki-ivy Hupursedfii liy t'cUimel Jeirroys— Partiality ui the 
 new (joveriuir— Dis|nilL' with tlie AsncihIiIv — Uenewal of 
 Di:sciiiitents— Lord t'ul(H'[ier a|iptiiiited liuveniui —Severity 
 and Rapacity ni Jus AdiiuiuMtr:iiioii -An Inmirrection^ 
 I'unishinent of Ihe insur^eiils— AHutrary Measures uf thii 
 i'rown— James the Stroud— uuKnients the Uuiueiis of thu 
 t'olonisls— t'orni|it luid opiiiossivo (iuveiniiient of Loot 
 Kilintthani— ItuvohitUM) m lliitain— t'oiiiplHiuts of tlie Co* 
 Innies aKainst tin* loriiicr (toiernors tlisconra»;ed hy Kiiii; 
 WiHiatn— KlNxtuf the tlngluli Kuvoliition on tlie AuieiitMii 
 (■(thiMies— Mate oi Viiyiiua at tins i'criud— I'ojmlalum— 
 Laws— Manners. 
 
 TiiK intelligence of the restoration aoor. reached 
 Aim rica, and excited in tht; ditferent colonies very dif- 
 ferent emoii^^nn. In Virginia, whose history wc must 
 still separately j)iii.ti:e, it waa received like 'he surpri- 
 siiitT fullilment oi an afireeable dream, and haded vMtli 
 ibt ' acclanialion;i of unfei^'ned and nni.oonded joy. These 
 Such partial and illiberal policy suhverls ; •'»'"tm»"iil'*. '-*>'ihrmL' by the gracious expicsions of 
 in the minds of subjects tlio.i' srnliineuls which faeili- i *'s»lt'>'"^ *i>il good-will* which the king very readiiy 
 tale the administration of human atlairs and tissure j ▼•""'hsafed, excited hopes uf substantial favor and re- 
 the stability of ;:overiiinent, and habituates them to i ^'^'"|»*""«*' ^ln^'h it was not ensy lu gratify, and which 
 ascribe e\ery burden and restrictitm which Mews of I were late I lo undergo a speedy and severe disappoinl- 
 piiblic exiH'iiirncy may impose, lo causes that provoke ment. Kor a short time, however, the Virginians wero 
 enmity and redouble impatience. In the minds nf ihe ; permittud to indulge their satisfaclion. and some of ihu 
 Viri»iiiiaiis It produc'-d not only this evil habil, bnl.ither' pioceedii gs oi the lirst colonial assembly that waa held 
 
 MO less imlortunalo coiiscpiences ; for relnrtiivr the 
 di; like with which they found themselves treatid. and 
 eiiciniiiternig the paruahty of their adversaries wiili 
 prejudice.^ cpiaMy unjust, they conceived a violenl an- 
 ti|Kit!iy igamst all the doctrmt-*. senluiunts. and prac 
 
 alter the lestoration demonstrate that this event was 
 by no means unproductive of imporliint beuehts to 
 them Trial by jury, which had been discunrumed 
 during I lie usurpation, was now again restored, and 
 judicial proceedings were diseiicniiibered of various 
 
 tices thai seemed preuhar to till' puritans, and rejected i abu"*es and considerably imnroved. It was enacted 
 ll communication of the l.no^xletli'e that fbuirislied in ih.U no county should send more than two burgesses 
 
 lo the SKsemblv ; and that every district wlueli >liould 
 " )ieopli- an hundred acres of land with as many tilhe- 
 able persons," slioidd actpnre the priuiege ol being 
 leprciieDted in that body. The church ot Kngland w.<s 
 t.%tabluhed by law : provision was made for its miius- 
 ters ; t *id none but tht>se who had received their tudi- 
 nalion from some bishop in Kngland. and \^ ho ^llOuld 
 enbscrdie mi engau'emeiit of eonloi.nily id the onlers 
 and CO islitutions of the e.>labli>hrd church, wi re per- 
 mitted to preai-h eilhcr publicly or prnalelv within the 
 colon). A law was shortly niter pa>>rd against the 
 import itioii of ipiakers under the penalty of live ihou- 
 
 iiporters ol them ; 
 
 Massachusetts. Irom liat.cd of th<' authority niuier 
 whose shelter it grew, and of the principles lo whose 
 support il seemed to adullnl^tcr t Al length tlie dis- 
 gust and impatience of the i.ihabilants ot Virginia could 
 no longer be restrained. [KiriH] Matthews, the bst 
 governor appiumed by Croniwell, ibcd nearly al the 
 same period with the protector; and the Viri^mians. 
 though !iot yet apprized of the full extent of iheir de- 
 liverance, took advant.i^e of the suspensuui of aiilho- 
 rily caused by the gourner's demise ; and having 
 forced Sir Wilhani \\t rkcley frmn his retiremeii' niiaiii' 
 mously elected him to pri-side over the colony. J—, 
 
 Ib-rkeley refusing lo act, uiuler usurped anthonly, ihe ! sand ; 'Minds of tobacco on the 
 colonists boldly erected the royal st^mlar-*. -,.,1 pro- i but with a special exception of such ipiakt rs as inigiit 
 clainHd ('harlrs the Second lo he their lawful sove- be trai sported from llnj^land b)r breach of the laws. 
 reign, thus yeuturously mbipling a measure wluch. | 'I'be same I'rineiples nf government which prevatled 
 
 - - - - - - - - in lingland during this reign con^laiiilv entendeil iheir 
 
 '*'''''';r^*';'^!?i'l^'-""l!:.*?;f^.'V"^^^^^^^ inlUien-e, whether ^alntary or banehii. a.-ross the At 
 
 Untie ; and the colonier>, no lon<.;er dtemed by the 
 court the mere prujierty ui the prince, were reeoonc/ed 
 
 letn <i| |n)Lic) occurs in l'.iii,'lish Lt^ttislatiini »>• e-t^\y ;ts tlv 
 >tMr kTHJ, when it wiis enacted \>\ the sliUiDr ol b Itii li. II. 
 i-.t|>. .t. ' that to iticrcHite Die n:ivv of Kiit'lHiid, no t{""<ii or 
 rii.Tctiaiidi/,f»»li.ilt he eitlu-r cX|»orti'(l or niiportixl t'lU oii'y in 
 stiiiiH lndinHuiK to the kiny't sulMrrt*." This t'tiaclincrU *:is 
 l>ri-ni itare, and »ooii lilt into diMUe. An a<'l to f^Mve it to 
 a iMix'ed) ti<-nt in MtUI. wn-t :t-jectud h> Ileiirv Uo' Suih. 
 
 t TIm' |>ritj tlirrs ol an t Id c.ivuIut wti'itiid ii>'<|iiirfd tin* 
 h.Oat. -^o it<'iu ral and invrlcrali- in sr.i'^'iii.s <ii violcnl i>;)t'.y 
 nnilfiiiHMi*-, o' Iti.trimi,' lu-. o|titiio.is ai)>l takinif tin iii in the 
 
 whether hy Assent to lu-* fniMi'ls tir O|l|^»l^HJ0ll l 
 .idv 
 
 exteiisions of the llritish territory, and ciuiMdired 
 iis subp el to p.irliainentary leoist.it ion. The strong 
 declarat ons ol the Long I'arbaineiit inlrndnc* il (irmn- 
 ples whi 'h received the sanclion of tin c-uiris ol \\ i'>l- 
 minstei iCill, and were tiius interwoven witli the labrc 
 uf KnL'liih law In a varn>lv (d ea<>i's which invoUnl 
 dver«irii-!^. an dk played U\ ..n Wiliium licit.', lev in .i liiier| this great coirtiluticnial point, the judges declared that 
 
 .':^;'!!::!::::.'^.':'^.r!;::'';:L^:^:l"'?:.-r^:!';..:::!",:!':r^.!:^ »>rtue of those mmcmies ..i 
 
 nl tin 
 
 -omm 
 
 ui l.iw whit h 
 
 .., -toralion. "l thank tJnd." lie s.ivs " Iherr .ve n.> fr..e 1 I'.' '"'"" "' •"»«. pniicipl 
 
 ..,'io..Ui'.ir prmtiuit ; ,inil I ho)H- wf simllitoi Uavp tlu-nHhuiio I binil the teriitories lo Ijie state. Ibe plantations were 
 
 li'hMi.-d veirt. ¥ It l.'irnuM ii; s hrot^ht hereiiv *iid disot».i- ni all resjects like the other subonlinaie doimmons o' 
 
 di.M..-.. :u.d s,..-H .nlo the worM. rtnd nriMliiui Irts divulgrd ^ ^ „,„| i,|^„ ,i,^ equally bound by ai Is of pal 
 
 iht'in. and liNls aiT.'li.hi tlic t't-st mnerninetil; tlod keip us , , i> * i i . 
 
 Iroini'Mih'" Chain ers, p. 3'jH. Iiaiiii-nt v hen specially named, or when neccj'Siiril) 
 
 J I'li.d CroinweU hid inetlitsted '*oinr important cli.niircs la Rupposid within the contemplation id the legislature 
 
 Vir^invwhirli death i.revNU.'d him Iro.n atieinptm* lo re- 'n^^, tivcli rations ..f the courts of instice were eon 
 
 ;ill/,f. inny tic mtiTrrd ifoin llu- piltdir;ition of a sniitl lie.itis t _.^__ I , 
 
 ill l.i'hdi.i'. in the vii ll.'tT, rnliUed " PuhUc i'o.>d witliont ■ ' " ' 
 
 .iti- int rost." y ' *■ n tiy Dr. Catlord and dfdiiated to the ' * Rn Wiiiiam Herketey, who made a journey to Kngland It, 
 
 111 ltu« litlhi work the |»ri>teclor is a.ln^cl ti 
 i->nn the nufierons atuisi"* crtroit m Viri;itii;i -the flisreijard 
 of rellKloii— (hn iieirlecl uf Kiliictition'-and the rnoidiib'n*. 
 d. ;i!tMi!-* of the planter'" witli 'Ii.- IndiuiH ; on ;i]l w ni-h topics 
 the aulhor d^■^caMt■t M'ry l-.n diii ni tl ik Iinilise. h*. welt 
 an of ll<>' irat-ts l>v II.iiin r. and Wdhaoiv. and some mSiTf, 
 
 \>liii'li I Itave )i«d ot ( -IS t itii r rlsrwlit rr,l fouiiii i:o)>'t s 
 
 in the hhrary af the late lii'or|;p (.'lialiner*. 
 
 roni<rHtuliite1he klllKtiil his restoratton, was reciived al contt 
 With di-duiKUishittt rettiiiit ; and riinilis, ni lionor oi his io\^il 
 ViiuiniaMs, wore at Ins • 'Unnaiion a ii'in inionifai tuiedid \'ir- 
 
 KIIIIIOI hllk. (MdllUtof). 
 
 This was not the tirst rovnl mhe that Aiinitia supplied 
 'jiiecn Klixalx'th wore \»towri made ot Mn r-ilkiiiats. id wlii'.l 
 tiih-idii's r:-loi>isi>i M'M a <|uanlit| to KnglaiiU Cuxe'« UV' 
 icrliitiuii uf C'aro'.!n'>, p. \i). 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 iivolvi'd a content wiib 
 \\\ 'u rt-Huiiri'(>8 vi 
 ly, thu (lislruclioim lliat 
 veiiyt'ance winch Ihtf 
 nmt ini'linatioti tu iii' 
 tin(-\[t(.cU'(l iCMturaUui) 
 ituH^lurH, [lt)tiO,J coit 
 ! iiiii) iiiLTtiuriGUB sor 
 fxuli iti tlu> siri^'iUnly 
 . triuin|ili, iha( tlicy liaO 
 cts vvliu had rciiuuiiccJ 
 hcii all('''iiuici' to Ui« 
 
 III. 
 OiMnhiritt nnil PiiitrOM 
 
 t u■^ - ■ llui-oir<( Ki'i'i'llion— 
 I ol TraiKiuiillty — llill of 
 I Assciiihl)— Sir Williiuit 
 leirrrys— raitiality ul the 
 Asfiumlily— Ui'iiowal of 
 iitctl IJoviTiiui "StviTitjr 
 ilHui— An IiiHiirrcctiiiti— 
 irliitrary Mt;a.stirL>M ul* tliii 
 leiiU ttiu UtiiULMiN itf thu 
 
 -U ((UVftllllHMlt uC Loill 
 
 — t'oinplttinlH of the I'vi- 
 lors ili»i'i)iini»;rd by Kin^ 
 vohition on the Anieiiraii 
 Ins I'criutl—l'opula'.ion— 
 
 lontion soon rcathrd 
 
 ;rciit colonu's vi'ry dil- 
 
 hottn history vvu ntust 
 
 ceivrd like thr Hurpri- 
 
 Iri'atn, and Imikd witlt 
 
 rii.oomlfd joy, Thi'se 
 
 uciouit t>x|ii cations uf 
 
 tlir kin^ very rraiiiiy 
 
 hslaiitial favor and rc- 
 
 ' to gratify, and which 
 
 and wevrre di8a|)|»oiiU- 
 
 iT, tiie Vir!;mians werw 
 
 etion, ami :*vti\v of tlic 
 
 iMsenihly that was held 
 
 r lli.it lliis event wa^ 
 
 itii|Hirlaiit lieitelils lu 
 
 ad hi>en disconiinned 
 
 V ajjain resiored, and 
 
 u'ui.iiMTed of variolic 
 
 kill It wa.s e:iat'Ud 
 
 than two liiir^esMH 
 
 dinirii't wliieh ^hontd 
 
 I with an niariv tilhe- 
 
 he pruiit-^'e ol heiii^ 
 
 hutvh ol l'jiu|,iiid was 
 
 lA iii:ii)t' fur ii.s mnns- 
 
 iid reerut'd Ihrir onh- 
 
 l.itid, mill ^^llo should 
 
 ifoi.liilv |o llir orderb 
 
 led < hurt h, vvi le per- 
 
 jiiivalrlv v\ ithni the 
 
 pa^^ed a<:ani>t the 
 
 •I'tiiihv of hve ihoii- 
 
 iiporters ol iheiii ; 
 
 h ijiiakers aK ini^nt 
 
 I'aeii n| the laws. 
 
 nit whuh prevaiU'd 
 
 itiv extended llieir 
 
 liil. aeroitft the At 
 
 i:rr lUrnied hv the 
 
 ■f. were reeoi»n(/ed 
 
 >rv, and enriMdered 
 
 .itioii. 'I'he htronij 
 
 ii iiilrnihitrd iinnri- 
 
 III* e-Miris ol W'esl- 
 
 >\iii vvilh the lahrie 
 
 \\rn whiell nt\uU» ti 
 
 jndj^es de<-|.ired thai 
 
 niiinon l.iw whii h 
 
 le |ilan(ati(MiH were 
 
 rdinaie (hHiiinitiiiH u' 
 
 loiiiiil hy a< t^ ot ji<it 
 
 or when iiei-c>>^.tril) 
 
 n of the Ie<iif*lalure 
 
 f jiiKtife were eon 
 
 I jnnrni'V l<i fc^tiulaitil lit 
 I, w.m ri'( rm'il ;it nniri 
 , HI honor ol liiM mval 
 niioiiit.e inioloi Vir* 
 
 liat Attn tiiii ^nppllnil 
 HuMlkitiasi. ol wUv.t 
 KiijjUiul CuX(''» Uu 
 
 007 
 
 -*^". 
 
 finned and enforeed hy tic niiirorni tenor o( ll.r \int- 
 Iianirnl.iiv prorcethno^ ; lunl the eolonisls soon per- 
 ceived lh.it ahlion^h the I.on^ I'arliarnent was no nmre, 
 It had hiitlitiihy he«tneatlied lo itN ^n(-ce!>^nr8 tht: »yril 
 whirl) inllneneeil it.t ronnneretid dehheratiuiiH. The 
 lluiiAe of Connitons delerniined not only to retain the 
 eoinniernal sv^^leni which the I.on^ Parliament had 
 mlrodiiced, hut 10 mntiire and I'Xleiid it, 10 'eiider the 
 (i.de of ihe roloines eomplelely suhjeet to (larhainen- 
 larv Ii'oif'lalnre, and ("xeliisivclv unliservh-ru to Knt»ltf-h 
 loiiinierce and navionlion. No sooner wa.-* ("harle.s 
 seat<-d on (he throne, than they voted u dnty of tiv(^ 
 prr fi lit. on all rnerehandize exported from, or imported 
 into, anv of (he dominioiiH In'lont^mtr to (lie erown : 
 and the nuwv sosnni prodnced the eeleitratt-d AartfSO' 
 tiou .1(7, (hr niu.st memoralde Htadite m (he lln^lihli 
 ''onitnerrial eode. ])y tltm t^latiUe (in adilidon (o many 
 ottier imporiani provi.sioriii which are lorei)fn to onr pre- 
 siMit euiiMidiTuMon), it was enacted (hat no commodi- 
 (11 s should he nnpnrted into any Hrili<>h settlement ni 
 Asia, Alrica, or Aineriea. or (XimittHl from (hem, Init 
 111 vessi'U hnill in i'jioliirul (.Tthi- plantation;*, and I'mIv:* 
 ^.ited hv crews of which (he masters and llirt e-tonrlhs 
 of the inarin«T,H should he Kiiolmh ttvilijcts, nnder the 
 penalty of h>rfeiliire ot sliiji ami ear^o ; that iiono hnt 
 n;'liiral-l)orn >nhj>c!M, or such as juid iieen naturalised 
 ^llonld rxerciM' (lu- occnpation of mereliJiit or fui;tor 
 m anv Ilnlill^h >ett!enienl nnder ihe penally of lor- 
 (ritiire ol t;ouds and chattels ; that no snoar, lohaeco, 
 coilon. wotil. inirioo. jjinoer, '.>r woods used in dvino, 
 proiluccil or maiinla<-tnred in the colonies, ^ihould he 
 shi|>peil from lliein to any otiier connlry than lji;>hinil ; 
 am' to yccnre ihe oh^ervance of this t^i;iihttion, the 
 ou nrs were rennirtd hefore sailuii: to oivc honds w:th 
 snr My for vnms proportioned (o the rale ol (heir ves- 
 seh . The re>lrictcil articles have in en termed rH»- 
 vutatnt rohinn-iiifKs ; and when new articles of eido- 
 ind proiluci', as ihe rice (»f Caroliiia. or (he copper ore 
 -if (he northern colontrs, were r.iisid nito importance 
 and hroiii;ht into conumrce hy the uienasiiio industry 
 of the <'olonists. llu-y were suceessivelv added to the 
 lisl. an<t snhjecd'd (o (he same reonhiiioiis. As stnne 
 ctnnpensation to ihr rolonit s lur t!ie>e connmrcial re- 
 Mr.iint'*. liil' p.irli.ini.nl at (he ^alne turn- conferri d on 
 lliiin the e\iliiM\e supply of lohaeco. hv piohihilini; 
 Its enltt\ati(ni in Kn;^land. Ireland, (iiieiiiKev, or Jer- 
 sey 'i'he n,ivioalion act was ^0(MI alter enhirycd, and 
 adflilioiial re-.tr.Mnt« nnpo^etl hy a i.ew l.iw, [ lliOIi,] 
 which prolnhtii'd the iniporiatiori of i'!uropi>an coinino- 
 (lit ts into the rulonH's, except m \e>>.-it Is laden m Kii",'- 
 lund. and nav i^iited and manned accordioo to ihe pro- 
 vishhis o( the oriiiinal statute. More elh final pro\i- 
 sion waN made hv this !;■••■ •"•"■ tMiln'tM..' tiic m n-iltics 
 ultached to the (raiisoression ot the naviijation act ; 
 and till' princtj.lcs of commerend policy tin which (lie 
 v\lioh' system i> founded were opciilv avowed in a de- 
 elarnlii.'i lliat, as i( was (he iiNai^e of other iiations to 
 
 kei'p 111" Irade of their phmtaiions to tl selves, so 
 
 tiie coll i;es lh.it were foniiiled and peoph il hy KiiL'h^h 
 snhji cl^ ouohl to lie retaimd m linn di[iciidence nptni 
 I!no|.iiiu, and made to contrihuie to In r advanlaoe ni 
 (he emphpvnieri( of Knohsh ^htppnlo. the vent of Kfi^r. 
 Ii--h coniinodiin's and in.inMlaclnn's. ami the rernhniiii 
 of llir^liiinl a ^t.lph^ not tmly id the prmlnctions of 
 her colonies, ' :ii aUo «pf micIi comnioditns of other 
 4iMintries as the colomeH iheinseKes niiohf rcipim' to 
 he siipi iu'd with. Advancino a !*te|i tnrtlier in (hi* 
 prosecii.ion ef its encioachiiiu policy, the parliament 
 pioii eth d to tax the Irade of (he several culonn-s w)(h 
 eaclioiher. anil a> theact of n.ivto.uion had lell all 
 (hi colonists at liheny to » xporl l''e (numerated con* 
 iiioilii-es trom one settlement to nnoihiT without pav- 
 mo anv tinlv. (le- exemption w.is siiliM-ipiently wilh- 
 dr.i'.vn. .\m\ ihev wert* Mihiected to a tax e<piivalen( (o 
 whit w.i.-* levied on the coiiMimplion of these citmiiio- 
 dities in I'lnoiand, 
 
 The sysiein pursued :ind estahlished hy (liese rejjn- 
 lation?.. ol ^ecnrmo iti I Inojand a monopoly of (he tr.ide 
 1)1 her colonn'N by ^l^llllnir "p evi ry other t hannel 
 which eoinpetiiion mioht have formed tor i(. and loto 
 Which mterot ntioht have caiiM-d it pn-ferah|y to Mow, 
 evcited the iilinutt di«»i.'n>t and imli^nation in the ninid!i 
 ul Ihe inhahitants ot (he colonie-*. and was jiistly de- 
 nounced hy (hem us a mantfe.st violation of (he iiios( 
 sacred and nnilouhted nights (d mankind. In Kn^Iand 
 it was loiiji apphoiihd le* a master piece of pohtnal 
 sa^'acily, i-nhnced and cheri>hid as a mam source of 
 opiih-nri. and power, and di'teiuied mi the p!ei of that 
 eipeilieocy which its siipposi-d advanlat^es were held 
 «o iihnndantiv (o denionstt^e Hut the philostiphy of 
 |K»liiicaI scieiii e lia- a(n|ily refilled (his iliiheral i\ot- 
 tltnu Hiul woiili! lohjjago liuvu vorrccti-U thu vievss mid 
 
 ninended (he iiistilntions winch it was thought ludanc- 
 tion, hut (na(, Irom the previdence of various jealouMes, 
 and of those ohstmat* and passionate p^epnp^esf^lons 
 (hat constitutt! wilful lontirunce, (he tllecls of philoso- 
 phy have iniicli more Iree lently lerininated in (he pro- 
 duction of knowledoe Pi-Tely speculadve, than vwt- 
 cised any visihle uperado 1 in the improvement of hu- 
 man conduct, or the inc-ease of huin.in h:ippines>*. 
 Nations, biassed hy enmlt]e^ (o their netohhors, as well 
 as partialities to tiirmselves. have hullered uu illiberal 
 Jeaiou^y of other stales lo contract the views they have 
 lonin-d of (heir ov\n interests, and to indrce u line ot 
 policy of which the operation is to procure a smaller 
 portion of exi-.liisive ^.iins, m prelerencc lo a larger 
 condn^ent m the parl:cipatinn of a (general advanla^ie. 
 'I'oo yross sij;hled to use, or (00 pas.*umate to feel, (he 
 bonds (ha( connect the interests of all the inemhers of 
 the ^ri'at family uf mankind, lliey have accnnnled (he 
 exclusion of their rtvaU etpiivalenl lo an exteiiMon of 
 the advanta^^i s re.served lo iheinseives ; eommittini; 
 herein the same error (ImI pervades tlu' pt>licy of slave 
 owners, and Uwdf them to suppose thai, to intlict de- 
 pnssion am! privation on otiiera, is, by necessary coii- 
 seijuence, to enliame their own elevation and cnrich- 
 ment. In such ini.staken pohcy nations are apt to be 
 cunhrnud by the interested representadons of the lew 
 who conlrive to extract n lenijtorarv and partial advan- 
 tao<' from every ahii>e, however t:eneia!ly pernicious ; 
 and if, III spite of the d* h cts of its policy, the pros- 
 perity of the (ountiy should he increased hv the h)n'e 
 of Its natural advaiilaoes, ihis elKcl vvill he eaoerly 
 ascnhed to (he very causes that abridor, (houoli they 
 may he insullicient lo prevent it. The cliscuveries, 
 liow( ver, which ihe cnUivation of political science has 
 yielded, liavi- in tins respect conhrined the diclales ol 
 relioion, and demonstr.iieil that, in every transaction 
 helweeii nations and indivulunls, tht* intercourse most 
 solidly and lastinoty henelicial lo both and each of .he par- 
 ties, i> thill which IS loniided on the [irinciples ol a fair 
 reciprocity and miidnil siihscrvient e , that an indi^po- 
 sili.}n to re}:ard (he interests of others, iinphcA a nar- 
 row and perv(rte<l view ot onr own; and that tt> do as 
 we would he dune |iy. is not less the nia.xtm of prii- 
 (hnce than the preci'pt of piety. .*no coherent inn«l 
 due* philosophy ever be with the dictad-s of l)iviue 
 VMsiloiii. Hilt unhirdin.itely this coherence has not 
 alwavs been rccojmst d even bv iho^-e philo.sophers 
 whose spe('ul.itn>ns have tended lo its display ; unil 
 contimii;; themselves to reasoninos, Millicitnlly char 
 <md eonvmcin;;, no Ooutit. lo pi r^ons contemplatin;' 
 hiiinan atlairs m the Minpiicity and dl^lnteTe^tcd .il>- 
 slraciion of lluorelical survey, the) iiave neo|ecdd to 
 elilorce the aceeplance ul mipi'ri.inl trullis by reference 
 to those principles that ihriv- iln in Irom bivii.e wis- 
 dom, ui'i! .oimcLi them with the »i:onocsl hunelions ot 
 hninan diity 
 
 They have demnnstriite<l* that n parent state by re- 
 straining the conmit rce ot her colonies with other na- 
 I lions, depn-sses tlic industry and proilucliveiuss both 
 I ol the colonies and ol l(»reii;ii nations ; and heme, hv 
 I entct hlin;^ (he <letnaiid ot lorejon purchasers, which 
 I ime't l>e proportioned to llieir ahibtv, and lc.s^enln^ the 
 '•pianlity of t oloninl conimodides actually produced, en- 
 haiico the price of the colonial produce to herself as 
 [ well as lo the rest of the world, and so far diimnishes its 
 ■ power to increase ih.' enjovmenls and anirmenl llie in- 
 I diislry ol her owj, citi/ens as well as ol other ^tates 
 ] Itesides, the moiiopnly of the cohniy trade produces so 
 I liioli a rate of proiii to (he merchants wh^; carry it on, 
 ' a** to attract into tins channel 11 ^leal tieal of ihe cap.- 
 
 * 11). t woiilil, in (he natural cour-e of lliiii;js. be 
 ''iiccleil It) tnher br. indies of trade : and in (Inst 
 ! I'laiiches, (he prolits ninst ( (tnsei|neiitly he augment! .1 
 I ii, propmli.;:: •" "he dimmi'*hed conipelitum ol the ca 
 pit. .Is enipltiyed in lliem Itut wli.itcver rai.ie:'! in any 
 coimiiy die ordinary rale of protii hi;;ln r than il oilnr- 
 wise wonhl be, neces>aiily suhjtcif. ihiit cunnirv to 
 orcat disadvaiita;;e m every branc-h of tr.ule o' winch 
 .die has not the monopoly. Her merch.mts cannot ob- 
 tain this liioher prolii without selling dearer than (hey 
 
 ' Siiiiili'H Wealilioi .Nunons, H. iv. cap, 7. Ttie eiiunent 
 pill lo ,11). Ill I ot vvllo^e reasonin.; I h.ivi* 1 ikU avoreil to (itritt'iit 
 acoinlensi'il i uw tti lliin pjnayr.iph lU the \v\\, is paittt iilarly 
 ii|iiio\|iiiiM tiMhe cliaiv'f ol iiol iiiereiv mvlecliok', hut wilhilly 
 Mippie^sjoj, lilt* rerui.;iiilion ol thai todlirmal ion which iliviiio 
 leniiiiiohv tlcilu'H IroiM an eiila'kjet) ucw ot human interolH, 
 .-.^•^UUllClll^,al^.la^tloll^. [ii (he lust cilition >•! lii^ " Ttiettry 
 1*1 Moral Senlirnt III.-," Iir eoiilil not nli.nii Imtn avowui^' the 
 C(*lieieiii'e whti'll he phniiU ohserv i-d he t ween the tloi t luifM .•[ 
 • lit 111'- re\i laiioii. ;ui>l Ihii tciitiiiii nt!( ot men in all awe.'i aiul 
 ii.ill'ilit oil the 'iitiiril ot N.iCiuic" Hint I'ort lijri |iitcrcf*sioii. 
 I'm 11. ^ '.VaO t.iH tn. ltiil,iiil^ieiMi> ttuence IhImU hotiilietl, 
 lie e\piiii;,<.'il lliis ^lutsasjc Iiuiii tilt* iiulj:iU<|Uunl etlitiunsul the 
 wuik 
 
 Otherwise would do, hoih ihe tommodities jf foreign 
 connines which (hey imiiort mm their own. and the 
 ooods of (heir own conniry which ihcv carry abroad 
 'I'he country thus hnds herself lit-ipH*niJy undersold in 
 torei^n markets ; ami the more .«o, because m foreign 
 states much capital has been forced mio these 
 hr.uuhcH hy her exclusion of hneiotiirs I'lom her colo- 
 nial trade, which wonhl have iibsoitiid 11 p.irt of (hem 
 Tims, by the tiperalion of a inoiiopoiy ul ihe colonial 
 (r.ide, ihe purent state ohlains an overorowth ol one 
 branch ol dl^lant datl'ic. at the i-xpen*^e ol dimiiiisliin^ 
 the advantaoes which her own cili/ens miohi tierivo 
 from (he pnidnce of the colonies, ami of impainno ah 
 (host* other hraiiehes of ncirer tr.ide which, by tho 
 greater freipiency o. liieir returns, allord the lar^e:jl 
 and most heiieficial excitement to the industry of the 
 conntrv. Mer commerce, instead of llovvm^ in a 
 j»reat nnn'oerof small channels, is tauohl to run prin- 
 cipally .11 one ^reat conduit; and hence the whole 
 system of Iter trade and industry is rendered Itsa 
 st'cnie. 
 
 lUit tlio iiijnrtotiR conscfiunnccs of thin cxcluslvo 
 system are not confined to its immediate* opera tioii 
 upon traile. The proon s.-* of our hi^lmy will ubnii- 
 ih'iilly show th.it the ct)nne.\'ion ^vhicli a pari'nt stato 
 seeks lo maintain with its colonics by the aid of mivU 
 u syst'. III. carries within ilselt the principh ti of itn 
 c.tii dissohidon. During the infancy ol lln* colonics, 
 d perpedi.il and vexatious e.\ertitui is reipined Iroiii 
 the parent slate to I'liforctr ami extend her restrain- 
 ing laws, and endeavors no less imretnitlini; are mado 
 by the colonies to obsiruct or elude their operation, 
 livery risiiio hrancli of trade which is hit for a time, 
 or Itir ever. Irce to the colimists, si-rves by ihe f licet 
 of coiiirasl, to rentier more visihUi the th>advanlaj;rs of 
 their situation in the reoidated branches ; and every 
 extension of the reslncdons alVonls un occasion of re- 
 newed discontent. As tin* colonies increase their in- 
 ternal strenoth, ami loiike advances in the pos>essiuti 
 ■md appreciation td tidtional const i|uence, tin* disjo.M- 
 don ot their inhahitants to em.mcipatt* themselves troin 
 such restraints, is coudiinetl with ability (o ellecl their 
 lU liverancc, hy (lie very eircnmstances, antl ut the 
 vt ry ptrio''. wloch will involve (he (raile of (he (lareiit 
 state 111 the ^Tcatcsl hiss ami disorder. And the ad- 
 vaiilaoes which (he ct)!iiinerce of other nations inn.st 
 expect liom the desirnctit)n of lln* iinmoptdy. umli*s tiie 
 vvislns ot the whole worhl with the revolt tif the colu- 
 niiw, ami oues assurance of the most pt>vvcrfn[ assih- 
 (ance lo cttect it. 
 
 A better apology for the system which Knyhiiid 
 ■idnpted towards her colonies, (hail the boasted e.\- 
 pedieiicy of her me.i.svui*.-- vvouhl (hns appear (o supply, 
 may be tlenved from (ne ailnntted iact, (hat her 
 policy on the whole was much less illibcrid and op- 
 jirosive than that which any oilier nation of Knropn 
 ins ever bten known to pursue. While the loiei;*!! 
 trade of the colonies was n'strained, for (lie sup|iOseU 
 advantage of the pan'iit stale, whose Nrospcrity (hey 
 parlot)k, and hy who.se power lliey wen* dcteiuhtl, their 
 internal liberiy was siilfercd lo ^row np under thu 
 shelter of wise and libtral lll.^l;tllllollS , and even tiie 
 commercial restrn-doiis imposed on them were inucli 
 It ss r:^t)rons and injurions than ihe ctdt)nieH ol I'ranee, 
 Spam. Poituoal. and Oenm.irk. wtrt* compelletl to 
 nnilcr^'O t'roin their respective parent countries. Tliu 
 trade of lln* [tntish setllenients was not cotniniKed, 
 accordm<* lo the practice of stum* of (lii*se s[ates, tu 
 exclusive companies, m)r restrictetl, at cording tti (hu 
 praclice of others, to a partn ular ptirt ; hnt, heiuK 
 I lell tree to all the suhjeci.s, and admitied lo all liio 
 h.irhors t)t liiii^land, et*ipl>i\t d a hotly t>| Dntisii 
 d.nlers too numerous iiinl tlisperscd to admit t)l their 
 supersedin<r imitnal coinpetitnm, and unidnn m a 
 .;i iieral tonftdtracv to oppress ihe colonies .mtl ex- 
 tort I xlitirbUatil prolits to (hemselves. This apt>lii<.'v 
 IS t'hvioiisly very unsati.-faclory, as every aitt nipt lo 
 Oil bate injustice must necessarily he. It w.is nroid 
 Willi a very l>ad j/r.ice by the peoph- of Knohmd, iind 
 iilterlv di.->reoarthil hy the mhabitant.-> of .\menca 
 
 111 none ul the .Vmenciin colonies ditl this upprcM- 
 sive system excite greater indionation ihan in \ ir- 
 ^lllla where the laij;er coininen'e and pre eminent 
 loyalty of the people rendered tin; pnssnre uf Ibn 
 bunleii more nevere, and the mlliction of it inoro 
 exasperalm^*^. No sooner was the navigation act 
 
 * It was to VirKinia alone llinl M<>iUes.(:n(-u's jii<«iiih-aloiy 
 pniiClpU' ot lliv HyctltMii i>( rcTil net I'll tiaile c.iiihlhe cutiiiMereiJ 
 Si* liiaio ili'ijrrHBpphcaMi'. " Il iias liet 11 i*-iahli>hi'vl," >n\<* 
 Ihis writer, " that the niolher coiintrv ajoir <-hHll tra<le in thu 
 coionie-i, niitl tliul li'ont very Kotul reason. In > tiiisr tht .li si^n 
 ol the sftllcineiil was the exit iihion ol roimnert t>, and not .„• 
 loanUatiuii ot atity, ur ul a new (uiijhii)." .spirit ni Li^w.t, i| 
 
immmmmmmmmmm 
 
 I 
 
 228 
 
 THE HISTOPY OP 
 
 il 
 
 known in Virginia, and its nlfrcts fxptTirnccd, than 
 thn colony warmly rcrncnstraleil agamsl it as a gricv- 
 aiici;, mitl [utiiioncd narni-'slly for relief. Uiil, al- 
 though the l:]iigliifh moiia.chs wrro accuittomcil at this 
 jjenotl to cxcrciso a liispcnsiny power over the laws ; 
 —III 8U much that when the court at a I.Uer period 
 ventured to adopt a plan of arhitrjry |,'Overninent, 
 even llic act of navigation itself, so great a favorite 
 with the nation, wa» Hiispcmled for a wlulc hy an 
 eserlion of this stretch of prerooativo ; yet, durin;; 
 tho earW period of lu^ reign, ('hartes, unassured of 
 ihe titahility of his throne, and surrounded by iniiiis- 
 lers of eonslitutioiiul principles, was coinpeUid to 
 uhservu the limits of a le^ul adinint^Iration, and to 
 interpose his authority for the enlorctnient even of 
 those laws that were most npugnaiit to his principles 
 arid wishes*. So far from leiuimi^ a favorahio car 
 lo the fitriiiionover Virginia, ("iiarles and \uv ministers 
 adopted measures for carrying llio act into strict exo- 
 cuiion. Iiiielhgence having hecn received that its 
 provisions were almost as generally disregarded as 
 lieieaud, and tha* llio colonial authorities were not 
 prompt to enforce what they saw was so disagrccahle 
 lo till! persons oi whom they presided, instructions 
 were issued to (he govt mors of ihc seltlemcnty, repri- 
 manding them lor the " neglects, or rather con- 
 tempts," which the law had sustained, and enjoining 
 their future attention lo its rigid enlorcement ; and 
 in Virginia, in particular, deinonsiraiiun wa» made 
 of the determined purpose of the Kiiglish goverimient 
 to overcome alt resistance to the act, hy the ereci:on 
 of forts on the banks uf the priii'-ipal rivers, and the 
 appomimeiit of vessel" lo cruise on the coast, llut, 
 nolwilhslinding the threatening measures employed 
 
 10 overawe ihcin, and the vigilance with wliicii they 
 were watched, the Virginians contrived lo evade the 
 law, and to obtain some vent to the accuniulaliiig 
 Btorcs of their depreciated produce by a chindrstiiie 
 trade with the sutildmenl of the Dutch on liiuUon's 
 river. The relief, however, was inconsiderable, and 
 tho discontents, intlained hy tiie hostilities which the 
 frontier Indians now resumed, began to spread so wide- 
 ly as to ni>pire tiome veltran soidiers uf C'roin\\(ll, 
 who had been banished to Virginia, wii'. the- liupe ut 
 rendering ihemseives masiera ol ihe colony, and de- 
 livering It from tho yoke ot Kiiglitnd. A eom-piracy, 
 which has received the name v( Jiirfiiufuaiis I'lut^ 
 was formed lor this purpose; but, haMiig been de- 
 tected tiefore the design was ripe, it was easily sup- 
 pressed by the prudence of Nir William lierkeley, 
 and with no tarttier bloodshed than the execution of 
 four of the conspirators. 
 
 The distress uf the colony continuing tc increase 
 with the increasing deprpciaiion of toliaccu, now con- 
 tined almost eiitiniy to one market, and the augmenta- 
 tion of the price uf all foreign commodities, now 
 derivable only tiom tlie tiupplies whirlt out; country 
 could furnish, various elloris were made from lime lo 
 lime by the colonial assembly tur the reliel ot their 
 constituents. Ketaliatitig to ^ome extent the injustice 
 with which they were ireated, it was enacted by a 
 .-olonial law, that in the payment of debts, country 
 creditors should have the priority, and that all courts 
 of justice sliould give precedence in jiidgim^nt to 
 contracts made within the colony. Acta were passed 
 fur restraining the growth of tobacco ; and attiinpts 
 were made lo introduce a new st-iple, by encouragni^' 
 the plantation of inultierry trees and the mannluciure 
 of mlk ; but neither of ihese de^lgn8 was successiul. 
 [166fi J Numerous French protesiaiic rehigees being 
 attracted lo Maryland hy the naturalualion act wtiicti 
 that settle. neiit passed in their lavor in the year Itilifi, 
 the Virginian assembly endeavored lo recruit the 
 \*-ealth and population ol its territories from this hource, 
 Ity training, m like manner, a siru's ul taws which em- 
 powered Itie governor to I jiiter on aliens taking the 
 uath uf allegiance all the privileges of naturalizadun ;t 
 
 XII. cap 17 riUH was m soiiit) irina.snre irue as ic Vnmiua, 
 tluHit^lt Its lirftt ( liartiT prulVitNt's niur<j i.'iildrKeil <lc.<<i)jtii, ; hut 
 
 11 was iii>l iruu a.4 tn Ni>w Kiitflaiiii, Mar>laiiJ, ur llic ulliir 
 |t(>?<iiTiur t<ctllt'tiiunt<> ol liie Kiit;li!ili. 
 
 ■ Wlicii the parlmiiient, iii lOtM, mtriHluceil the urijUHt and 
 vtnk'iitttct aitainst tlie iiiiportalion ut Irish calili.' iikiu Kni;laii(l, 
 the king wa« so much struck witlt tlie ruinuiistraiice» ut IIil- 
 Iri^lt people a^aiiiKt this memmru, that he nut utily u.ii-il all hiii 
 liilereiittu oppitMe the htll, hut (ipuiily ileclart-U that ho cuuUl 
 iiMt Hive hi.s UK.ii'iit toll withanalocontciL'hL'o. llut the cum- 
 innnii were riNulute, and th« kiiiK was cnmiHlhui lu suliiiil. 
 "Tin- ipirtt t ; Uratiny," says lluiiie, "ot whtih iialionn are 
 MA iuscpptibk- n,s utiiividuals, had exlnfiiu-ly antmiilcd IIil* 
 KiiKh'.h to oiert their aulliuril) uver Ihuir dfucudi-iit stile." 
 \u.44M. 
 
 t It wa« not till after file R,.inlution of JrtHMthat the pupuia- 
 luin o' Virginia rccuived any iki i<fiiii>ui Iniiri tlie iiiil'ii ul theNu 
 «r ulbir (urvljfiieft. iu 1071, Sir \ViU«Ju Ikrkelvy ihu* de- 
 
 but It was provisionally subjoined, that this concession 
 should not be construed lo vest alienv with the power 
 uf exercising any function which they were disabled 
 from performing i)y the ac's of the Knglish parliament 
 relative to tlie colonies. This prudent rehn^nce to 
 a restriction which the culonial letters of naturali/a- 
 tion innst inevitably have received from the coimnon 
 law, was iiileiidi(l lo guard against the losses and 
 disputes which might ensue from the atlempls of the 
 naturalized aliens lo infringe the navigation act. 
 lint the precaution was unavailing; and at an after 
 period many forfeitures of properly were incurred, 
 and much vehement dispute created, liy the Iratlic 
 which aliens in ihe colonies earned on under the 
 authority of general letleis of denization granted to 
 ihem by the ignuraiice ur inattention of the roval 
 governors. Their [ireteiisions, though tiatly op|Mt:,ed 
 to the acts of navigation, were supported by the 
 American courts of justice, but uniformly disallowed 
 by the I'iiighsh government, which, after repeatedly 
 enforcing the principle that the acts of a provincial 
 legislature canniit operate against the general juris- 
 prudence of the empire, at length prolnbiled the 
 granting of farther denizations. 
 
 The disconten's in Virginia, so far from being abated 
 hy the lapse of time, were maintained by the constant, 
 pressure of the coimnercial restrictions, and the repeal- 
 ed attempts to provide more eirectually for their en- 
 forcement. Vanous additional causes concurred to iri- 
 ilame the angry feelmgs of the colonists ; and a conside- 
 rable native population having now grown up in Virgi- 
 nia, the tliscontenls of these persons were no way 
 abated by Ihe habitual regard and lond remembrance 
 winch emigrants retain for the parent state which is also 
 the land of their individual nativity. The defectiveness 
 of iheir instruction,* prevented the tnlhience of ednca- 
 lion from acting in this respect as a .suhslttute lo (>.tpe- 
 rience ; aiu' they knew Iitlle of Kngland be)ond the 
 wrongs which they heard djily imputeu to her injustice. 
 The Indian hostilities, alter infesting the fiontiers, be- 
 gan to penetrate into ihe interior of the province ; and 
 while the colonists were thus reduce I to defend tlieir 
 propi rty at the hazard of liu'ir lives, the most alarniiiig 
 apprt lunsions of the security of that property were 
 created hy the large and imprudent grants which the 
 king, after the e.xiinple of hts father. \ery lavislilv ac- 
 curdi.'d to the solicitalums oi his favorites. [U>7;J ] The* 
 late of ill It parent had warned him to avoid, in generul. 
 rather the arrogance that provoked, ilian the injustice 
 that deserved it ; and. m granting these a[iplications, 
 without embarrassing himself by any inuuiry into their 
 merits, he at once indulged the indulenoe of his dispu- 
 silion, and exerted a hberatitv that co»l him nothing that 
 he cared for. These grants were nul only uf such ex- 
 orbiunt extent as tu be unfavorable to the progress of 
 eultivadun. but, from ignorance or inaccuracy in the de- 
 llnilionof their boundaries, wen fretpiently made lo in- 
 clude tracts uf land that had already been planted and 
 appropriated. Such a eomplica'um of exasperating 
 tircumstaines brought the (liseonteuis uf the colony to 
 a crisis. In the begmmni: of the year U)7r), two slight 
 insurrectioin, which were rather explosions of popular 
 impatiencf than the conseMpience ot matured designs, 
 were easily suppressed by the prudence and vigor of the 
 governor, but f,ave sigiulicant intimation of the state 
 and the tendency of pulilic feeling in \'irginia. In the 
 hope of averting the cri.sis, and otitaining redress oi the 
 more recent grievani-r s which were provoking and ma- 
 turing It, the assembly despatched dcnutipft lu Kngland, 
 
 srnln-s the stale nf \\s populalmn.— " Tl.ot b wo ui Virginia 
 iilM)Vf -lO.ono peiMoiis, jriiri, wutiieii, and childreti; of wh»;h 
 Uiire are a,l)OU liiaik slaves. fi,(HN) rhii-slian borvantn lur a 
 shi.ri lime, and Uie rest have heen honi in Die country, or 
 have eiriiit in tu selih', it serve, in h'ipi. ol Ixsttorinff tlit-ir 
 ciindiiitpii III a grov\iii« ii'uiit; V. Vearly, wu lupin.PH. Ihore 
 tuiiir tn el seiv.tni!* iiit.mi |,51HI. ul winch niu^t are Knghfth, 
 lev? ScuU'li, uuil tewcr liinh i and nut ahovo two o.' iltruc 
 ship.-* Ill neitri'ts m svww yejn>." Auhwers tu llif! I.u.<ls<f 
 Diu Cuniitn'teu ul i;t)U>nies, apiid t l)alnierH,3l i'il. Thri <v\ 
 tneHuis iin|M)rla"ioii8 ut servants nieiitionml hy Sir Willldm 
 ilei keley » ere pmbahly ilmkc.l hy the iroutiles that pret «dert 
 and attended Uunni's ItticllnMi. The liter iiiipurtaliims 
 were mure nvailatdi! than the earlier ones ; the diseases of 
 the country having duiuniihetl in ire'pif-ney an^ viulrnce us 
 tho woods were prngrtssively rut duwn. Thu inurlality 
 aniung the new comers, wu learn Iroin Sir Wjihain Heik'^ley. 
 wa-i at tirst tnuniious, hut had btcunie verymiiina prior lo 
 
 i(i;i. 
 
 • We haw Keen Sir Willinin Herkeley, with the prejudice 
 or a cavahei, buii>t ol Iht* utiserice<d the seditiiUHinlluenL-eul 
 learning, tmt a few ycirs prior to lhnsi< violent diNiurlmnces 
 hy whit h Vngnna was («-euliarly dnlingui'*lied. The eoni- 
 inonwealth parts. and espicially those wli.i wero termed I'u- 
 rilaim, tlioug'i repruarhed as Ihe ene mies of literature, were 
 III reality Its mnitt saccesHrul rullivutorti, and iikmI zealous 
 palnins. The repruacli has been rienrt) related, hlid Iheir 
 <iiiitnsHbh and succesNluHy vnidicattd hy the Utv Mr. Ornie, 
 mhli lafu ot I'r. Julji Uwia 
 
 who, after a tedious negotiation with the king and hi^ 
 ministers, had brought matters lo the point of a liuppv 
 .idjusinient. when their expeclation^ were frustrated and 
 the proceedings suspended hy mtelbgenci.- 01 n formida 
 hie rebellion m the colony. [UwO] A tax which had 
 been imposed by the assembly to di-lrav tiie expense uf 
 the deputation, had irritated the discontents winch tho 
 deputulion was intended to compose; and when thu 
 dilatory proceedings of the Kiiglish government, who 
 disdained to allow the intelligence of past insurreelioiis, 
 or (he appreliensions uf future rehellion, to ipncken, 
 their ilihgence, seemed lo confirm tli<> asMiraiices uf thti 
 factious leaders ui ihe colonists, that t^ven their last 
 sacrifice had been thrown away, the tide of rage and 
 disalfection began again to swell lo the point of rebel- 
 lion. It did not long wait for adtlitional provoration lu 
 excilp, or an able leader to impel, ils furv. Kor, tu 
 crown the colonial distress, the war with the Niisipie* 
 hannah Indians, which had continued lo prevail not- 
 withstanding all the governor's attempts to suppress it, 
 now burst forth wiiji redoubled rage, atid threatened a 
 lornndable addition of danger, hardshiji, and expense. 
 Kveii the popularity of their long-tried and magnani- 
 mous friend. Sir U'llliam lierkeley, was overcast by 
 ihe blackness of this cloud of calamities. The bpirit 
 and fidelity with which ho had adhered to the colony 
 through every variety of fortune, the t>arnestness with 
 which he had remonstrated with the llngbsh govern- 
 ment against the commercial re^lramts, and thedtsinte- 
 ri;stedness he had shown in declmirg. during the nn- 
 prosperous atutc of the culonial linanees, lo accept tho 
 addition which the assembly had made to his emolu- 
 ments, were disregarded, denied, or forgotlen. Tuhia 
 age and incapacity were atlnbnted ihe burdens of tlio 
 m opie, and the distractions of the tunes ; and be was 
 loudly accused of wanting alike honesty to resist the 
 oppressions of ihe mother country, and courage to 
 repel the hostility of the savages. Stich ungrateful 
 Utjustice IS rarely, if ever, evinced by the people, hut 
 when the insidious acts of factious leaders tnve im- 
 posed on their credulity and mtlamed tneir passiuns. 
 'i'he pupniace of liolUnd, when, a few years before 
 tins period, they tore in pieces their benelaclor John 
 l)e \\"itt. were not unlv iernli(d by the progress ol 
 llieir national calamities, hut deluiled bv the prolliu'ato 
 reiauiers of the Or-inge jtarty. To similar inlluenco 
 (and 111 snnilar circmnsiaiiees) were ihe Virgmiana 
 now exposed Irom the artifice and amhiinui of Aa- 
 tlianiel Bacon. 
 
 This man had been trained lu the profession of the 
 law in Kngland, ami, oidy three years before this period, 
 had emigrated to Virginia. 'I'his short interval hatl 
 sutliced to advance him lo a conspicuous siluatimi in 
 the colony, and to indicate the disposition and talents 
 of a ]iopular leader. The consideration he d<'rived 
 Irom his legal attainments, and the esiteni lie acipiired 
 by un nismualmg address, had ipnckly procured bun a 
 seat m ihe council, and the rank ol colonel m the 
 nnlitia. llut his temper was not accommodated to 
 subordinate ollice. and. unfortunaictv, the discontents 
 of the colony soon presented bun with a sphere o( 
 action inure congenial tn Ins character and capacity. 
 Voniig, stinguine. ehxpient, and daring, he mixed with 
 tile inalconients, and, by Ins \ehemi>nl harangues un 
 the grievances under which they labored, he .nllamed 
 then- passions and attracted their favor. He was ini- 
 phcateil III the msurreclion of the pn-cedmg year, and 
 had been taken pr'soner, but pardoned by the governor . 
 hut less uflecled by thu clemency, than encouraged by 
 the impunity which he had experienced, and sensihlii 
 thai t!ie avenue tu legitimate promotion was lor ever 
 chisid against him, he determined lo ca^^l iii nia lot 
 will, the malconli'iil parly, and, taking advantage of 
 their present excitation, he now iigam came forward, 
 and iidtlressed them VMtli arliltce wlneli tiieir uniii- 
 Htnided unilerstandmirs wcie unalde to deled, anil 
 eloipience whici) their imtamed passions rendered 
 utterly irresistible. Finding that the seiitimenis im».-.t 
 prnvalent with his auditory were the alarm and indigna- 
 tion ixciled by ihe Indian ravages, he boldly charged 
 the governor with neglect or incapaeity to exert ihn 
 vigor that was n'tpiimle U\t the general salety ; and, 
 having cxftatialcd un the facility with which the wholo 
 Indian raco might bp exterminated, he exhorted thorn 
 to take arniH in iheirown defence, and accomptith tho 
 tkliverance thoy must no longer expect Irom any olhnr 
 <|uarliT. So Accoplable was this addre.ss and its autlHkr 
 lo ihv dis{M)sitionof (he |)Opular mind, that his exhnii4« 
 tion was instantly roinjdied with, and liia mam object 
 no less successfully otfi'cted A great multitude pro* 
 eeeded lo einbotly thert.RoWea for an expedition ngainst 
 the Indiuiis, ind, ek-cUntf iJacun tu be tlicir goiieril, 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 229 
 
 cominitled ihcinselves to his dircctio?). Ho a^.^urcd 
 lliom, 111 rt'lurn, th.it he woulil nt-vcr lay down hisurms 
 till lie had avttngtd their siitliTings uiul redressrd tlifir 
 ({rifvaiieea. To give aoni'' "olor of jf^^itiiihicy to the 
 aiuhunty ht; hnd uciiuired- • ( , purhaps, expcctintr to 
 prici|iiidt(; matters 'r. iw . eitpinity which hu inu?ri'!it 
 rci|iiirfd that l' .^v '**'ould spet-dily reach, he applied to 
 the (ruveriior for an otlicial rontiriiiatiuii of the popular 
 cluciioii, and offuriid >• ..(.anily to inarch against thu 
 cOMiinon cn'Miiv iJerkelcy, suspficltng hm real dc- 
 aii»iiH. thou'*'.i It prudt-nl to tiMiiporiAC, and try the 
 I'lhci r1 iii'uM)iialioii ; hilt he had to deal with a iiiau 
 wliost! own ariilice kept him uii hi.i ^niard against the 
 mi'ires of oihtTs, and vsho was well aware iliat pronipti- 
 Indu and resolute pirrsi'vcr.iiu'e aloite ronld extricate 
 hiin with saji'ly or crtdit from tin- dangrrs of Ins silua- 
 tiun. I'rusftrd for an answer, arid tinditi^ that the 
 applicants were not lo lit- soothed hy hm concihalnig 
 dtitneanor, Itcrkflt'y isRiied a proclainalion, command- 
 iiiL' llie innllitude, in tlie kiiii;''* name, to dl^pe^se im- 
 mriliatrlv under tlie |)ain!i of rehellioii. 
 
 Itucun, no more disconcrrled hy tho vigor of tliia 
 addresH than he had hern duped hy tho negotiation that 
 precfded it, inslanlly m-JThed to Jamesiown, at 
 llie lu-ad of si;, hunii-ed o'" his followers, and siir- 
 Foundiu'; till! house where the governor and asscnilily 
 were en^'a^ed in their delilieraUoiis. he demanded 
 the cumini.'<sion which Ins p[ocerdni<;s and retinue 
 showed how jiitle he cither needed or regarded. 
 Herkelev, undisma>ed hv the daiiirers that environed 
 hun, cleirly perceived his inahiiiiy lo resi!«t the force 
 of tlie insurgenlii, and yel disdanied to yield to their 
 preteiisiuus. Confronting with nivincihlc courage 
 the men who liad ciiargetl tnm with defect of that 
 virlui', he peremplnrily commanded them to depart, 
 and. wlien they relui^eil, he presfiiteJ his hreast to 
 tlu'ir v\eapui).s, and calmly awaited ttie last extremity of 
 their rage, liut the eouneil, more considerate of 
 their own safety, and fearful uf driving the multitude 
 to despair, hastily prepared a coinunssion, hy which 
 Uaeoii was appointed captain-general of all the forces 
 of Virginia, and. hy dint of the most earnest entreaty, 
 at len;^ih prevailed with the governor to snhscrihe il. 
 The nisurijedis having rewarded their actjuiescenre 
 with insulting aeclauiations, retired in triumph ; and 
 the asM'uihly no sooner felt themselves delivered from 
 the immediate preseiiee of danger, then, passing from 
 the extreuie of timidity to the height of presumption, 
 they ^oled a resolution annulling the rommissmn 
 I'lev I, -' granted, as extorted hy force, denonnciiig 
 llaroi) .. A rehct. commanding his lullowers to deliver 
 hiiii up. and niimmoiiiiig the inihlui to anifs in de- 
 lener uf llie eonsiitution. They found to<» litvle dilli- 
 euhy in prevailing with ihn governor to couhrni, hv 
 ins t«ar>(-tion. this indiscreet assimiption of a vi^or 
 which they were totally incapihle of iiumta-ning. The 
 coiise.}uenceM might hav^huen easily fori.»ern. Hacon 
 and Ins army, lluslnd with their recent triumph, and 
 jnceuseil at this iin|Jteiit monace, which lliev de- 
 lionuced as the height of h;i8onefis uud ireaelie v, 
 'elurneil imiueiliatelv fo Jatuestowu, ar.d rhe jjove'-iior. 
 unsupported hy any etrretivc forte that eoiil-* cope 
 with the insurgents, retired aer*»s« tlie nay lo A uk, 
 on llie eastern shorn. Some of the eoniicni • .■• 
 coinpaiiird hmi lliilher ; the r:'st mired to tlien own 
 |tljiil<itiiins ; the frame of the eolnnial adnnnistr.itioti 
 seemed to he diSM>Ued, and llacoii look unresisud 
 posM'SMion of the vacant g»)vi nuuent. 
 
 The anthonty which he Ii:id thus acjuired hy the 
 vigor of his proceedings. Udcon eiupioved with gre.il 
 address to aild (iiretigth ami reputation to Ins party 
 To give lo this usurped jurisdietutn tiie appearance of 
 a leg I. esliihli.^lunriil. he called a convention of the gen- 
 tlemen of the roniitrv. and prevailed with i luiintronn 
 hody of li.em (o pledge theincelves hy oath to Mipporl 
 his auihcr.ily and rcHist Iiih eiieiuie». A declaration 
 was pnhli-hed. m the name of this hody, setimg forth 
 that Sir William IJerkelev had wickediv fomenteil u 
 civil war among tlie peopli", and that, alter thus violat- 
 ing Ins trust, he had abdicated ihe government, to the 
 wreal asioinshin.nit of the country; thai the general 
 had raised an army for the puhlic Mcrvice, and with the 
 puhlic approiialion ; that the hue governor having, as 
 was reported, laUely informed the king ihat ihe genenil 
 ■ml his followera were rehela, and advised his majeslv 
 to MMul forces to suhdne them, the welfare of ihe colony 
 and llieir true allegiance to his most saered maji sty 
 e<)ually rcipiired that they oppose and suppress all 
 forces wtiatsoever, lilt the kr,g he hilly i.iform d o; ihe 
 true Stan- of the ease hy siielt person- a.* Mhonld he hint 
 to him hy .Xalhaiiiel Ilacon. to whom in the imenm 
 lUI the inhabitaiUK weru required to lake an oath of alle- 
 
 giance. It was remarked hy the wise, thai ihis decU" son winch bhe afipcars never to have understond ttll 
 ' ration, which might have hteu expected to display the | tho loss of her colonies illustrated Us meaning, and th*i 
 ; genuine cause of the revolt, mentioned none of the j conscijucncc of disregarding it. For, alter every 
 , origMiat suhjectH of diseonlent ; and, hence, they justly ; allowance for ihe ability and arlilico of Uacon, it wa^ 
 ' siif peeled tiial the leader of tho insurgents had designs | maiiift'Sl that his inllueiicc had been originally derived 
 
 of his own, to which the discontents of his followers 
 were merely subservient, which extended beyond the 
 temporary precaution of hostilities with the Indians, 
 and had already suggested to him a specious plea, on 
 which he pri>|iosed to mvolvt; the colony in a war with 
 the forci's of the mother country. Vet. such was tho 
 spirit of the limes, and the sympathy with resistance to 
 every branch of an administration which ('harlea was 
 daily rc-ndenng more and inoie odious and sus|)ected, 
 that, wlnn this declaration was imide known m Kug- 
 land, It met with many advocates among the people, 
 and even within tiie walls of that parliament whose in- 
 justice formed the only griuvance that Virginia had yet 
 to coiupiam of. 
 
 Sir William IJerkeley, in the moan time, having col- 
 lected a force from levies among the planters who re- 
 mained well atrecled to him, ai.d from the crews of the 
 Knglish shipping on the coasts, commenced a Bcri<;s 
 of attacks on the forces of the usurper, and several 
 :diarp encouiiters ensued between the parties witli 
 various siicccsh. All tiie horrors of civil war began to 
 descend on the colony. Jamestown was reduced to 
 ashes by the insiirgenls; the estates of the loyalists 
 were pillaged, their friends and relatives sei/cd as 
 hostages, and the rieliest plantations m the province 
 were laid waste. The gofcrnor was compelled, hy 
 the rage of his own pariiians, to retaliate iliese cx- 
 ireinili. s, and even lo{.tecute some of the insurgent.-* 
 hy martial law ; and the animosity of both parties was 
 rajmily imnmiing to a pitch that ihrealened u war of 
 mutual extermination. The superiority of the insur- 
 gent fitrce had Inihtrlo contincd ihe ellorts of the 
 loyalists in the held to mere skirmishmg engagemeuts ; 
 hut liie lidings of an approacliing armament, winch the 
 king had despalclied from Kngland under .Sir .lolm 
 iJerry, to llie assistance ot tlie governor, gave promise 
 of a wider range of carnage and desohiiion. (-harles 
 had issued a proclamation, decKirmg Haeon, a traitor 
 and the soh^ promoter of the nisurreciioii ; granting 
 pardon to all his Inilowers who snoiild forsake linn. 
 and olVenng freedom to all ^laves who ^^ould asMst in 
 supjirenMi.g the revolt. However elated the loyalists 
 might he wi'h the intelligence of the apjjroaching suc- 
 cor, l\w leader of the insurgents was no way dis- 
 mayed hy It ; and !i<s inttueiict: over Ins followers was 
 unbounded. Conscious now that his power and his 
 llie wore inilissolnbly connected, he deterinnii-d to 
 encounter wiiatever force might he sent again»l him. 
 He was aware, at the same time, of llie nuporlance ol 
 striking a decisive blow while the advantage of imin- 
 hcrs reiaamed with him ; and wiin this view having en- 
 l.:rgetl his resources by procl.iimiug a general lorkilure 
 of the projieriy of all who either oppused his pieleii- 
 Mons or even all'ected neuirality, he was preparing to 
 tike the held, when his career was arresti'd by that 
 power \\hicli tfxttuina the riitiaindir uf human irrulh, 
 and can wither in an instant the uplifted arm of the 
 destiuyer. Happily lor lii-s country, and to Ihe nmm- 
 fusl ijvantage nol less of his toliowers than his adver- 
 saries, Haciin nnexjiectediy sickened ami died- (Uii?.] 
 
 How entirely this extraordinary m.in had been ihe 
 so:d of his party, was atrikingly evinced by the etieil 
 of his death on their Rentimeiits and proceedings, 
 'i'he band.-, of tlieir confederacy M'emed to be cut asiu- 
 d.r hy ihe |o!ts of their general, and no successor even 
 i'tliuijiud lo re-uuile them. To iheir sanguine hopea 
 
 .1 re.sulute adherence to llacon, succeeded mutual 
 
 from the general discontent and irrilalion uecasionrd 
 by the commercial restrictions; and it required littlo 
 sagacity to foresee that these sentiments would be ren- 
 dered inoro inveterate and more formidable by thu 
 growth of the province, and hy the increased con- 
 nexion and sympathy with the other colonial settle- 
 inents, which the lapse of tune ami the habitual con- 
 sciousness of comiiion interests and grievances would 
 infallibly promote. Had Uucoii been a more honest 
 and disinterested leader, this lesson would porhap4 
 have been more clearly expressed, and the rebellion. 
 It la proliable, would not have ended with hnuself. 
 iiut, instead of amccrely cmbracmg the cause uf his 
 associates, he contrived to render their passions sub' 
 servient to his own ambitious purposes. The asscrtors 
 of tho interests of Virginia were thus converted into 
 the partizans of an individual ; and when his presence 
 and mtluencc were withdrawn, they perceived at onco 
 that they were embarked in a contest which lo them- 
 selves had neither interest nor object. 
 
 No sooner were the insurgents disbanded, and the 
 legiiimate government restored than Sir Wdham 
 iierkeley convened the colonial assembly, to assist, by 
 lis deliberdlions, in (ho re-estahlishinent of public 
 order. 'J'he acts of this assembly have received from 
 some writers tlio praise of moderation, which, no 
 doubt, they must he admitted to evince in a degree no 
 less honorable than surprising, if wc confine our 
 attention to tho ciroumslance of its having met but b 
 few weeks after Uacon's death, when the memory of 
 insulls and injuries was recent, when the passions of 
 the parlies were yet warm, and the agitations of the 
 contest had barely subsided, liy others, ihey have 
 been loaded with a reproach which they plaiidy appear 
 to deserve, when we recollect that UiL'y were infrac 
 tii'Ms of the treaty with the insurgents. Still, with all 
 their imperfeclions, they will he admitted by every one 
 who IS acipiamted with the history of civil coinmuliona, 
 to form a fairer model than the records o( any other 
 people have ever transmitted of the moderation of a 
 successful parly in a civil war. Uacon, and a few of 
 ins prmripal otlicors, who had perished m the contest, 
 were attamied ; none of the survivors of the* party 
 were punished capitally, but a few of the more noted ol 
 tbein were Riibjeeled lo tines and di.>..ibilnieH ; and 
 with these exce[itions, tlic promise of general indemnity 
 was conlirmed by law. An atlaindir of tne dead 
 seems an arrogant atleui[)t of human power lo extend 
 Its arm beyond the hounds of life, to invade with iia 
 vengeance the inviolable dominion of tlie grave, and 
 to reclaim to the jurisdiction of delegated authority and 
 fallible judgment the otlendcr, who has already been 
 removed by the act of Sovereign Power to abide ilio 
 decree of its iiifjllible justice, it was probably resorted 
 to on this occasion in order to assert the vindiclivo 
 power of the Ijw, without inlnnging tl;.- indemnity that 
 had been slipulated to tlie insurgents. Hut, m Eng- 
 land, It was regarded as un act of .sovcrrigtiiy beyond 
 the competence of a siiburdmale lei»i>Mture, and held 
 lo lie void Irom defect of po'.ver ; ami all the other acts 
 of the assembly m relation to the insurgents wi.-re dis- 
 allowed hy tho king as derogatory lo the terms of hw 
 proclaniulion. Tne attainder, boweve;. was aflerwarda 
 re-enacted, hy passing a bill ;o tnal eHeet, winch was 
 framed in tinglaiid, and transmitted under the great 
 veal lo the colonial assembly. 
 
 The tardy aid which hail been detached from Kng- 
 
 TIUl 
 
 di?itni,-^t and universal despondency; eagerm'ss forM**'"' *'• ^'"' deleuee ot ihe colonial governmenl. dTd 
 balth'. and dreams of ctnupiest, gave place M aii ""^ reach \ trginia till afiei the compUte rc-e>tabli8h- 
 eariiest rmicern to secure tin ir own safely, and ellect ">'""l '*' traii.iuillit) . With the (bet arrived Colonel 
 an acruniuiodalion with ihe anc-ienl government ; and. Jelierys, ai>pointed by the king to Mgnify thu recal and 
 alter a short treaty they laid down their arms, anJ ' succeed lo the ollice of Sir William Berkeley, who now 
 submitiid to Sir Wilhani Iierkeley. ow condition of : ^'^f^^'*! "> I'*''""*' -*" "^""'"**"'atioii of nearly forty yeart; 
 receiving a gent lal pardon. 'I'hus suddenly and provi- i ""^' shortly alter, closing his life, may be sai-l'lo havo 
 deiitialiy was di'-sipaled a tempest that seemed to por- \ J'^'*' "> ^'"' s^TVice of Virginia. This gallant and 
 tend the inevitable ruin of Virginia. Kroin the man I '*'*'""""''''^' '"'" ^^'^^ ^''*""*I"*f*'il *''" ""J'^'hcation of he- 
 whose evil gemus excited and impelled its (ury, this 1 '>^''*'"'t.' ^''*' "'J'"*'""^' '■^''^'> '•^'t"'> ^l'*' r^Val aulliority waj 
 inaurrectiou has hei'ii dislinguished Ity the name of i b^'^" "'^''^ ''"'l'l'*>*''' '" ''I'^'^'t*'" ''•'• f^*""'. ""d to vieaken 
 Huron's Hthtilinn It placed the colony for seven ^1' ^''"** sentiments of loyalty in the colony which it 
 j months m the power oi that daring usurper, involved 
 
 iiiuMiii:^ Ml lue imwer oi iiiai uaring nsurner. invo ved ,. , . , . . 
 
 tb.' inliil.ii»i04 .liir.n.r »ll tl.ot ...r, Tl ,. M II I i »>"' '"'"tsos ami rircninilancos of tlus fel-elh.-n. riiirertii^ mat 
 
 tlie inlululants during all that period in bloodshed and t^rwlly fmrntluit which Ihave «,in(,iml, vet) UiMreJit-iM.. t,I 
 
 confusion, and was productive ol a devastation of pro- Sir William Berkeley, and iinnmriHJualjly lavoral.Ie i.i B* on 
 
 perly lo thi extent of at least a hundred thousand V:''""^ "* "i'' -^t''""""* '"*'".'. ''^^^ *"'*""" "'^^'"I'^'-'-ua's 
 
 vor-.,! Illi.l..ry, III. 5JH. S,r W.llK.n, Kolll,', lli,l.,rv .,f V„. | al,l,. „,,„unn wliul, 1. kW, v l,aj eluri.m.a uf tl,' I .nu- . 
 8lnl», 1. li»-llll. O.almi'rs. 334-335. JSO. All «auiuu .-I | ul Noilll l.\u.>lmu ul llui in-'twa. H i"ii oi ui, |.l«nur. 
 
230 
 
 hat] bt'en tlip great ohjt-ct of his wishes, and in no smnll \ 
 dcarce the elVecl of Ins adminiMralion. to cultivnlti and 
 inainliiin. lloUlin«;aII thr nnnri|tlc'i»of an nUl cavalier ; 
 cndowctl with a characttT well fonnrd to recoinrncini 
 hitt iiriiiciph's ; and |irc»idn»s in a colony where the 
 prevaihnjj senlitnents of the iicoule were ron;;enial with 
 hi8 own, he liad hoiwd lo make Virninia .m a«yluin 
 where the Ifivalty that was lanpnishini» in Kurope 
 mi^ht be renovated by tranHinigration uito a yonng and 
 grownifj body pobuc. and expand lo a new and more 
 vinornns maturity. Unt ihis was not (lie destmation 
 of the provuices of Amenea. StroiiL'Iy nifected with 
 the prejudices of his a|>e and party. Herkcley v^s al- 
 ways more willtni; to make ihe most t»encrm., exer- 
 tions for a people who cninmitled tlieir nilere:*ts to hi.i 
 prol4-ctiini. tlhin to enliiihieti ihcin with the knowledge 
 tliat would have enabled tliem nu.re justly to upprermie 
 and more estciisively to administer Those niterests 
 themselves. Tlic naked republican pruiciple that sub- 
 stitutes the respect and ap])robation of rilizem! to their 
 maiiisirate, in place of the reverence and attachment of 
 subjects to their novereiLni, was held by all the cavaliers 
 in utter al)horrence ; and a more favorahU' specimen of 
 the opposite principle which they momlained, and of 
 that mixed 8v»tem of opinion and sentiment which it 
 tended to produce, will not easdy be found than m .he 
 aJministration of Sir William IJerkeley. The cour.iiie- 
 jus regard he demonstrated for the peopU-, not otdy 
 fxeited their grateful adiniralion. but recommended to 
 their esteem the generous loyalty to his* king with which 
 it was in his language and demeanor insepar.dily 
 blended ; and while he dawned iheir sympathy with his 
 loyalty lo ibeir common sovereign, be naturally asserted 
 his own share in the sentunent as tiic delegate of ihc 
 crown. The exalted dicimrtion which he ihought due 
 to rank and otVwe. be employed to give tdicaev to pru- 
 dence, moderation, and benevolence; and tempering 
 the dignity of arisiocrutical elevation with the kindness 
 of a patriarch and llie mild courtesy of a gentleman, 
 his administration realized lliat elegant resemblance 
 wbicli many have jtreferred to more renl and sulistantml 
 eipiality : a? ihiTC are manv wlio confess that they lind 
 politeness more gratifying than solid henefiiction lie 
 was a wise legi.^lator. as well as a lieiievolent and iip- 
 riglit magislrite; and we nre informed bv ihe editor 
 of the laws of Virginia, tlial ihe most judicious and 
 most popular of lliem were framed bv Sir William 
 Herkeley. When his death was made known, and be 
 was no' longer an object of (lattery or of fear, the 
 assembly recorded the sentiments which the colony 
 cntcrtamed of his conduct in llie graleful declaralnui 
 "ihal he had b'-en an excellent and well deservniL' go- 
 vernor;" and earnestly recdininended his widow lo the 
 justice and generosity of the king,* Happily perhaps 
 for ibcmselvea. the bosom of the king was cpiiie a 
 stranger lo any such sentiments ; and his administra- 
 tion was calculated to dispel instead of conhrming the 
 impressions of cavalii-r loyally, and to teach the \ ir* 
 giiiian colonists that tlie object of iheir late governor's 
 homage was a very worthless idol, and tlie ammaiing 
 nrmeiple of bts political creed a mere dlusion of hn* 
 ■jwn irenerous imagination. 
 
 Tiie most remarkaiile event tliat distinguished the 
 government o( C'nlonel .lefVerys wis the eonrhision ot 
 the Indian war. which had raijed so lung, and contri- 
 buted, with other cau>rs. to the production of the l.tie 
 rebellion, by a treaty winch gave universal satisfaction 
 This too \vas the onlv act of his administration that 
 was atli'nded with rotise.piences so agreeable .lef- 
 f) rvs. together with Sir .lolm iJerry ai:d ( 'oloni-l Mory- 
 son. had been appointeil commissioners lo in. pure into, 
 and report on. the causes of IJacon's n-belhon. 'I'hev 
 connnenced their niquiric s with an avowed prepns.ies- 
 Mon in favor of the insureenis. and conducted liieni 
 Willi ihe most indecent parlialny, The lem|italions 
 which their oHice presented to nnKjnify the importance 
 of ilieir labors, bv new and striking discoveries, and 
 to [irove, by censi.re of the late adminisiration. that 
 Ihey had not been appointed lis arbiters in vain, co- 
 perated. no doubt, to produce the malignity and injus- 
 lice whieii they displayed m a degree lliat would other- 
 wise seem quite unaccountable. Instead of indemni 
 fying. or even applauding, they dirtcountenancrd the 
 
 • llijilm)T^,(i :i3fi. T. I'rcfacc ti' Mc.rvsitn's IvIllK'nof tin- 
 Laws <if Virf-Mina. l-ifo of Sir Willuun lltihelcv. The vciv 
 ^T^pat (inrli.iiiol tlus ciiMnchl [lei-on'N life wliicli wa* I'li Ulilieil 
 Willi Itir hi.lorv i.( tliH lolotiv "lU m-cmlnnxriiNC, I lii'pe, the 
 "nuth iif lti:s iilliision lo his mten'^imir chanulrr. Tlicmlv 
 rrlcf nee I liavn ..iivi-rvnl \n Ills rni.r*'s^i<ifts In the stam nl 
 reliKinn m ihf clunv. or to Ins nwu *.i'iititiu-nts then ii|.uii. 
 WCiirsin Iilf nnsMcfs ti.lhr l.onis nf lin' C'ltniiuUer n) ('(il.i- 
 niHS. where tie snvs, " Our iinnisU rt an- well |iHi«l.fiinl l<v ttiv 
 ronsent nhoiiht Ih- lietti-r ii they wimld pray oftencr ami preadi 
 leu." Chklinera, p. t36. 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 loyalists wiio bud rallied in the time of danger rouiid 
 the person of the governor ; and. having invitc-d all 
 tiu' persons who bad been eiitjaiied in ihe insurrtcl";!i 
 to corne forward and state their grn'\anccs without fear, 
 and uneijiiivocdlly denionsirated the favorable accept- 
 ance wi ich such representations might exp?ct. they 
 revived in the colony all the angry passions hat had 
 been so bapptlv composed, and collecled a inasj of 
 senseless and inconsistent eomplaints which bad never 
 beeri uttered betbre, and winch they compiled mio a 
 liodv of chr.rires against Sir William Herkeh-v and h.s 
 council.* While their follv or maligiiitv thus leiidcl 
 to rekindle the dissensions of the colonists, their in- 
 lem|)erance involved ihem in a dispute that muted all 
 parlies against themselves. Having violenllv taken 
 Ihe rei:ords of ihe a.-^semhlv o*il of the hands of its 
 clerk, the house, incensed at Ihis insnll. demanded sa- 
 lisfaction from JetVerys ; and when he ap|M'ale(l to llie 
 authority of the great sea! of Knglaiid, under whieli 
 the commissioners acted, tliev declared to hnn. in lan- 
 guage worthy of the descendants of Knglishmen. and 
 the parents of Americans, " that such u breach of pri- 
 vilege could not be commanded under the great seal, 
 heeauso they could not fir.d that any king of Kngland 
 had ever done so in former tiiUiM.'* Tlie spirit of the 
 assembly will appear ihe more c.immeiidahle if we con- 
 sider that a body of regular troops, the tirst that had 
 ever bet n sent to Virginia, wtre now stationed in tlu' 
 e(»|ony under the command of Sir .)ohn IJerry. In- 
 formed of ihiM proceeding, the king, in strains that rival 
 the arrogance of his father and grandfather, commanded 
 the governor " to signify the royal indignaiion at this 
 seditious declaration, and lo give the leaders marks 
 of the royal displeasure." Uerry and Moryson hoon 
 after returned lo Kngland, leavmn the eoloiiv in a 
 slate of ferment, and all parties disgusted and ilis- 
 appoinled. 
 
 To ihe other causes of discontent, was added the 
 burtlen of supporting the soldierv. who receiving no 
 remittances of pav from Kngland. lived al free tpiar- 
 ters upon the inhabitants. Their impatience, however. 
 was mitigated by the friendly and prudeni diMiu'anor of 
 an aged otiicer, and venerable man. Sir Ileiirv I'hiche- 
 ley, to A-hnn, as lieiiteii..ii. governor, the administra- 
 tion devolved on the dealh of Jetlervs : [KIVS.] and 
 as, during his presidency, the large and impnn ideiit 
 L'rant-' of the crown that had been so much complained 
 of were recalled, and some olher grH'vances corr* cte<l, 
 a short gleam of prosperity wai shed on the colony, 
 md an interval of comparatixe repo^i* gave the people 
 tune to breathe before the resumpiion of tyranny with 
 a violence which wa lo endure till liie era of the revo- 
 lution. 
 
 It was not to the intentions of i!ie king that the colo- 
 nists were indelMed b»r the mild admiiiistralioii of Sir 
 Henry t'liichelcv. Charles had stiineiune before con- 
 ferred the government on Lord (.'ulptpper, who though 
 very willing to accepi the nnportani ollire. showed >-> 
 liule n'adiness to perform the duties of it, that it was 
 not till lie had been reprimaiidid by the king for his 
 negleet. that hr at lenijtli made Ins vovau'C to \'irL;iiua. 
 [^IfiSOJ His adminislration was conducted wiih llu' 
 siine arbitrary spirit iiiat the royal government h.id 
 now br^jun lo exercise without control m the niotht r 
 couiiirv. ila\ing wnsted from the a>*-;emblv the rinmi- 
 natioii of Its own most contldeiitial otbcer, the secretary 
 who kept lis journals ; having abolished the power it 
 hail hitherto exercised of arhitratini: appf als Irom tin* 
 decisions of ihe provincial iudicalones ; and having 
 endeavored to silence all complaint of his ivrannv bv 
 estal>h^hlng a law that prrihiluleil. under the :$evere»l 
 penalties, all disrespecllul speechi's aL'uinst the gover- 
 nor or bis adiuinislratuui, he relurned, aficr a very 
 short stay in \ irumia. to enjov in Kngland the iiiomv 
 he had contrived lo divert from the revenues of the 
 colonial government. Vet on this ignoble lord did the 
 king confer the commission of governor for hie. and a 
 salary twice as large as the emobmienls of Sir William 
 Herkeley. 'J'he irritation which his jtroceedings had 
 created, sharpened the uen.se nf the hardships which 
 the colomst.'t were now enduring from the di-pressed 
 price of tobacco ; and at lengtli the public nnpationce 
 exploded inatumuhnarv attempt tf) (U'strov all the new 
 tobacco plantations that threaiciied to incrense Ihe di^- 
 pression of price bv inulti|>lvinif sliM larllier the <pian- 
 tities of ppulur-e fKW'J] The insurrection might 
 have procei'di d to verv serious extreimtie-*. if the pru- 
 dence and vigor of Sir lleiirv Cluciieley had not again 
 
 ' 'I'lie niMuory nl Sir WiMiain Heikelev vvnstteti'rvle(l.ii:nin.''l 
 the iiuorepreseitlnlioiis 'U llir r<iiMinisM<iiMTs, hy Ins liruthtT 
 L.inl Herkeii'v (1 (ialmer«, p. :)il)), anil his fame sufTured nn 
 dimine'.iun (rutn Ihtur tepurt 
 
 been exerted lo compose the public diseontcul, and pre- 
 serve the peace of the cohtny To a mind intluenred 
 iiy liberal justice, or siiscepiihie of hniiiaiie iin|iressions, 
 this short and beble niMirrection wa.-* pov\'erfuIly re- 
 commended lo an indulgent coiiMtb ration. It was but 
 a momenlary expres.-.ion of popular impalien''e erealril 
 by undonitted sutfenng : and the earne.-t, thiMiL'h inrf. 
 feciual addresses by which the ussemhlv had reeenll" 
 solicited from the king a prohihiiion nf the increase of 
 tobacco ]iIantalions. hid both snuL^estcd and hceined to 
 sanction the ubjf cl lo winch ihe \nilence of the rioters 
 was (l:;i-cled. Hut lo the king it appeared in ihe light 
 "f .■•n ouinge which Insdignitv could not sufler lo pass 
 without a severe vinibctive retribution ; arul Kord ('ul- 
 pepper. again o'-evniL' itie roval mandale to proceed to 
 Virginia, t aused a number of the insiir-jenls to be tried 
 hir high treason . and by n series of bhMidv execulioii,s 
 (hllused tliat terror which tyrants denominate iramjiiil- 
 lity Having thus enforced a siilunission, nole.-»snr;- 
 j propitious to the colony than the lerment which had 
 attended his fornnr depart'in^. Konl Culpepper again 
 set sad for Knuland. wheri- he was iinmedialely ordered 
 into confmemeni for returning withmtt leave i and on 
 a charge of misappropriating the colonial reveniieB 
 was shortly alter arraigned before a jury, and in 
 eon:iie«,uence of their venlict, deprived of his commis- 
 sion. 
 
 In displacing this nohh-man. it was the injury dona 
 to himself and not the wroiiMS of Ihe colonv. that 
 Charles intended to rerlri-ss Tlie last act of Ins roval 
 authority, of which Virginia was sensible, was the ap- 
 pointment of a .-successor to Culpepper, in Lord Ktling- 
 ham. [lfi»^:».j whose characler wa.s very hllle. if al all, 
 siipernT. and wliom, among other instructions, he ex- 
 pressly comniandul lo suMer no persen wiilun ihe co- 
 lonv to make use of a prin'ing press on anv occasion 
 or pretence whatsoever Along wilh itie new irovernor 
 was sent a fri^'ate. which was appointed to be stationed 
 on ihe coa^t forthe purpose of enforcing a stricter exe- 
 cutuni of the naviLMlion act than that ohnovious mea- 
 sure li.id vet lieen able to oinain, 
 
 fMW.'v] On Ihe death of Charles the Second, hid 
 successor. James, was proclaimed in Virginia vviih de- 
 moiistralions of joy, e.xpressive |es i of ibe acipia nt- 
 ance of the colonists with ihe eharacter of their new 
 sovereion, than of that impitieiil ho| e withvv)u.''h mei.. 
 under the pressure of extreme discontent, are readv l(» 
 hail any chaiiL'e as desinhle Acihimatiotis much niorn 
 ( xpressive of hope and joy had attended the commenet!- 
 ment of the preceding reign : an<l if llie hf!pes that 
 W)"-e enlertained mi llie present occasion were m<irp 
 moderate, they were not on that account the less falla- 
 cious. Till' colonists s<ion learned with regret, that m 
 Ins first |>arliament .laint .^ had procured the imposition 
 of u lax on the consumption of tobacco m Ki.g.and; 
 and m implormg the suspension of ihis lax, winch 
 thn-atened still (.irlhcr lo depreciate iheir only coniino- 
 dily. they descended lo an ah|cctness of enln-aty whn"h 
 produced no other elleet than to embitter iheir disgust 
 with ibe consciousness of unavailing degradatii>n. 
 Though the asst>nibly was cninpelled to present an nd- 
 dre.-^ of febcilation lo the king on the defeat of Mon- 
 iiitMitli'-i inva.^ion of IjiLdaml. the colonisi-! * -nnd <.;) 
 opportunity »)f indulging very dilli rent senliments on 
 lliat occasnm m the kindness with which they treatfd 
 iliose of the insurgents whom .lanu"*, from a saiielv o^ 
 I hhmd>lied. which lie termed the pteninub- of roval 
 niercv. appointed lo be tr inspoited to Ihe plantations ; 
 and even the assembW paid no regard lo Ihe siL'inlic-a- 
 iKMi of the roval desire that ihev should frame a law 
 lo prevent these nnforiun.ite persfuis from ndeemimi 
 themselves from the servitude to which lliev h.ni been 
 consigned. This condui-t. I owever. of the cojone^ls 
 and their assi tublv. iii .«o fir as it was not prompted 
 bv pimple humamlv, indicated merely iheir dissalisfdc- 
 lioii with the kind's trealmnit of iheniselves. and pro- 
 ceeiled from no participation of ihnr w ishcH or opinions 
 in the de.-»ign.< of Monmouth 'I'lie general discontent 
 was increaseri by ihe person.d char.icier of the gover- 
 nor, through whon; ihe rays of roval infliirnci. were 
 iransmilted. Lord Kllingliam, like his predecessor, 
 eni»rafied the vices of .-i sordid disposition on the nrbt- 
 trary administration which he was appointed lo conduct 
 He instituted a court of chancery, in which he Inmsell 
 presided as judge ; luiil. besides multiplviiiL' and en 
 hancmg the fees altached to Ins own peculiar biuciions, 
 he e(Miile'«ceiided to share wnh ihe clerks ihe meaner 
 jpenpnsites of ministerial ollice-* I'or some linin hn 
 [ctniinved to stille the ri'tnonstrances which Ins exlor- 
 linus produced, by arbitrary imprL-onrnenl and oilier se- 
 j verities ; but at length, ihe public dis|tleusure became so 
 ' general and uucoitlrollable, that he luuiid U iin|)oi»itddu 
 
NORTH AMUIIICA. 
 
 2S1 
 
 li«rori(f'ut, and pre- 
 
 I a nnriil itiHurnred 
 iiiiiunt* iin[pr('Hsicna, 
 MX.- iiowrrt'ully r»- 
 nitioji It WiiH Init 
 itnpntirriT rrratrtl 
 rri(\->t. thiMiifli iiirf- 
 cinlily l):i(l nTcntW 
 
 n{ ilip inrnMsp of 
 srt'd anit M'nnril to 
 Irucc of the riolrrs 
 |i|if'nr.'il in ihc h^ht 
 »i not siillrr Ic) jmH9 
 oil ; iiiitl I.onI ('III* 
 i.ihitr lo [iroeml to 
 'iiriMhts to lir irird 
 
 Itlootlv I'vrniliofis 
 i-noMiMKilo [rjii(|iiii- 
 
 lissioil, no U'riH 111!' 
 
 ItTriitnt hIiuIi liad 
 ni ('iil|U'[)|)(r .i*:ain 
 rnntcdiiiirly ordrrcd 
 ■out It'iivr ; utui oil 
 
 foloiiiiil rcvriiiifB 
 '0 a jiirv, and Id 
 lod of 1)18 t-on)iiii9- 
 
 vas the injury done 
 )f \\iv rolohv, that 
 hist net of liis royal 
 risilili'. was the ap- 
 jiiT, in l,ord Kllirii;- 
 vrry lutlr. if ut all, 
 insinictioiis, he vk- 
 rcmi within \Uv rn- 
 SH on any ocriisiDii 
 III llic ni'w uMUcrnor 
 ntcd to lit- stalioiird 
 rniii,» a strictrr I'xr- 
 
 Ull l)l»l!0\IOUS lIU'il- 
 
 va llio Scroiid. hid 
 
 II ^'iri/ttiiu vMih iic- 
 s, of tilt' ii('«iiui ni- 
 liicIiT of tlicir lu'W 
 j 1* v^illi \»lr.,'h iin'i.. 
 >nU'nt. arr rcadv to 
 nialintis nim-li nioro 
 d('<) till- (-oniinnii-o- 
 
 if thr )io|i<'s lint 
 ision wvTf nioro 
 
 mil tin- less f:ill.l- 
 
 iih rc^'nt, lli.it It) 
 
 i-d tlii> ini[iosiiMiii 
 
 rro tn Ki.t.'..iinl ; 
 
 tins lax, wiiicli 
 
 irir onlv comino- 
 
 i)f riilrf.ity whirh 
 
 liter lln'ir disttiist 
 
 I'll,' dt'LT-idation. 
 
 lo prrsint an ad- 
 
 • drtVat of Mon- 
 
 loni?'t9 f'Miiid bii 
 
 it ft'iiliiiu'iits on 
 
 hull ilicy trcalrd 
 
 Iroiii a siini'lv of 
 
 I'lniiidt' of roval 
 
 th(* phiiitatMiiis ; 
 
 d to (lie M;,rintica- 
 
 'ild IriiiiH' a law 
 
 Imm rt dct'iniiiir 
 
 1) thi'v hill) lifi ii 
 
 , of ihn colohi'^tH 
 
 was not |>rtiniptt it 
 
 tlii'ir (liHsatiNfdt'- 
 
 insi'lvrs, and pro- 
 
 Mfihi K or opiniotDi 
 
 icncral disrontrnl 
 
 iiT of till' i»ov('r- 
 
 1 inlliirncb Wfro 
 
 his prrdciM'SHor, 
 
 ition on ihn nrbi- 
 
 nntrd In rondiirt 
 
 vvhti'h lir hiniActi 
 
 lM|ilvinL^ and i n 
 
 Tiiliar tiinclioiis, 
 
 ■rkn llio niraiK-r 
 
 ir soino tiiiip lui 
 
 whirli hts (■xt»)r- 
 
 nit and nlinT sr- 
 
 'umirc Imtjiih' so 
 
 ind il iinjiowHihle 
 
 lo prevent llie complaints of llic colony from hcio^' 
 earned to Kn^'laiid, hr wliich counlry hi- ni coiihi- 
 i]ueiH-e resolved himself to cndmik. in onier lo he prr- 
 fienl at his own arraii/utnenl. (n»8M J He wacaicoin- 
 puiiied hy Colonel Ludwell. whom the a.shenihly iiud 
 appointed their ajjtnt lo ad\oeate llie coinplainla of hia 
 conduct and urge his roinuvul. 
 
 Uul before the governor and hi* accuser arrived in 
 KuKland. the revolution which tho tyranny of James 
 at leiiirtli provoked in that counlry. had transferred iho 
 alli^fianee of all parties lo new sovereigns. The Vir- 
 tpiiuiiis, iho'.ij^li thev readily acpiiesred in llic ehaii||^e, 
 aipearlohave surveved with very litllu einoUon, an 
 event wliii'h coincided with none of iheir anticipations, 
 and to llie prodtiction of which their concurrence had 
 never liet-nilemandi'd. WhaU'Ver niiilht he its reinolir 
 coiiseipiences. its immediate ellect was forcibly lo re- 
 mind iliem of lluir own insiiinilicance, m the appen- 
 d.i^'ea of a distant empire, whu.se political changes tliev 
 were fated to billow, hul unable to coniroi. Tlie most 
 deep-seaicd and lastini; grievances under which liiey 
 labored haviiiij proceeded fioin the nation and the par- 
 iMiiieiil, were such as lln; pres-cnt event cave no pro- 
 mise of imtit?aiiii!.v 'I'heir immrdiate complanils were 
 
 lt> he sut ited U sovereigns of whom they knew ab- 
 
 lobitely nolliiiif; ; and llieir late experience nud abated 
 ;heir trust in princes, and their hope troin chaiigei of 
 royalty 'I'lie coolness, then, with which llie Virjjmians 
 are f-iid lo ba\e regarded the great event of the Kng- 
 IikIi revoluiioii. so lar from implying that their mmda 
 were not touciied with a sense of freedom, may. wilh 
 inucli greater piobabiliiy. be referred to iho ardor with 
 which they cherished a 'regard for liberiy. and the deli- 
 berate reliection with which tlx'V combined it. In some 
 respects, loo, the acts of the new governinenl were very 
 IilUe calculated to convey to them more salisfactory im- 
 pressions of iheeliango thai had taken place, or lo excite 
 ibeir sympathy witli the feelings of tnal portion of their 
 b'llow-.Mibjecls by whose exerliuns it had been eilecled. 
 Notwiihsiaiiding the representations of Colonel Lud- 
 well (who hiin>elf was gratilied with the a[ipomtineni 
 of governor of * 'arolin.i.) Kin^j Wdlum, unwilling. 
 mid perhaps onante. to dispossess such of the olHcers 
 of the old government as were willing lo transler their 
 personal and otVicial service lo the new, continued Lord 
 Kllhiiibam m the governmenl of Virginia , but he never 
 petiimed limber again, and as long aj his cominiwion 
 was sudered to enilure, the administration was con- 
 ducted by a deputy governor. He was removed m the 
 \ear lGU*i, and replucrd by a successor still more ob- 
 loxMHis to the colomsls, Sir Kdmiind Andros, whose 
 Ivraiinicd proceedings under the late reigns, m iho 
 govermiienl of ot'ier American pro»inces, more justly 
 incrued a capital punishment than continuance m 
 odice. If such apponilmcnts remind us that the Kng- 
 hsh inmisiry was still comjtosed of many of ihe per- 
 HOns who tiad dispensed patronage in the preceding 
 reigns, they may also in part bo accounletl for by other 
 consideraiions. Of tho otficers who were thus •indc- 
 iervedly retained, home pretended to grcit local ex|'e- 
 ricuce and oiricial ability. 'I'his was particularly the 
 rase witli Sir Kdmiind Andros, whose atlmmistranon 
 proved highly beneficiiil to Virginia. And llify excused 
 the arbitrary proceedings ibey had condicted in the 
 former rcjigua, by pleading the authority of the sove- 
 reign whose command thfy had obeyed — a pb'a wh:«h 
 always linds favor with a king, when not opjiosed lo 
 wrongs wtuch he dcerus personal lo bimst-lt*. Uesides. 
 the eomplamls of the colonists were not always ar-cu- 
 rate; for anger is a more co[mous than discriminslmg 
 accuser. Justice siilh^red, as usual, from the passion 
 and partiality with which it was comended for ; and 
 the guilty artfully availed themseUes of th« undiHcern- 
 ing luge thoy had provoked in their accusers, to defeat 
 vtr enfeeble the charges thf y preferred. The insolence 
 and seventy, for example, llul had pervaded the whole 
 ot Lord Kiringham's governmenl, had produced many 
 representations of grietances m which the accusers 
 h id either neglected or been unable lo discriminate be- 
 tween the legality of odicial acts, and the tyrannical 
 demeinor or malignant motives of the party by whom 
 they hid been performed. Accordmi^ly, whi.'e S';;'ie of 
 the remonslrancps which the Virginians transiuitleU lo 
 Kngland by <'olonel liudwell were complied with, thein 
 t.t-ie oiiiers (hat produced only eiplanaiiona. by which 
 the Assembly w:is given to understand that it bad mis- 
 taken certain points of Knglish cnnstilutional taw.* 
 
 » H.-veiHiv. (•.«!. VU.ttl.Otl. rti.iliiuTs. 3 IT. **. S.'il*. Oni' oi 
 llir «in'iariri'?ir"iiuilaiiH'il of liv iln' as^emltlv of Virginia Wii-., 
 that l.ofil KiKii^tmin havuiKi 1>V a prut liiinniinn, dei'lareil ih(> 
 r'lval ilisteiit to an art nf aitit'inlily wliu-h repealed a furinrr 
 t«w,e;ivoiii)it<'e that tin- ntirotial'U l.iw whnnow mfnrce. I'lnt 
 Mrax tir'oiitijuxty dL>eiiii'il by (he assembly an art uf legislaliun. 
 
 I Tn the infancy of a free state. coIIimoiin and disputes 
 ' not nnlreipiently arise fiom the discordant claims of 
 the ditlerent branches of its constitulion, belore time 
 , hasgivdi consistence lo tlie whole, and tl Jse limits 
 j which reason linds it dillicult to assign to the respect- 
 1 ivc parts, have been determined by the convenience 
 of practice and the aulhority of 'ircccdenl. 
 
 'i'he revoluiiim of vlie iirilisu goyernmen*., both in 
 Its immediate and Us remote op< ration, wan attended 
 with const ipietices highly bencticial to Virginia, in 
 common with all the existing states of Auuricrt. Cn- 
 dt r the patrunage, and by the pi cuniary nid, ot M il- 
 liaiii and Mary, the college winch had been projected 
 m the reign of James the I'lrsl was established. 'I'he 
 political m>tilutiinis uiub r whicii the manly char, .er 
 o( Knghshiuen i» lormed. had already been planted in 
 tho »oil to which so Urge « t>ortion ol tbeir race hiul 
 migrated : the literary and nvgious ln^lltutlon.•^, by 
 which that character is retined and i;;ipro\ed, were 
 now, in like manner, transported to Virginia ; ami a 
 fountain opene<l within her own terriiory which pro- 
 mised to disjieiise to her children the streams of science 
 and the water of hie. 
 
 lint the most certain and decisive iidluence which 
 the IJrilish revolution exercised on the condition of the 
 colonies, consisted m the abrulgment and almost total 
 overthrow of liieir dependence on the personal charac- 
 ter of the sovereign. A conservative principle was 
 infused by this great yvenl into the brilish constitution 
 at home, and into all the shoots from the parent stem 
 that had been planted in the scttlemi-nts abroad. I'he 
 permanence and the supremacy which the parlianieiit 
 acquired in IJritam, extended the con^titiiuonal superin- 
 tendence of tins (ody to ivery subordi.iaie organ of 
 popular privileges; and if in the oppression of their 
 trade, iho provinces of America still continued lo teel 
 the har.^h dominion, in the .security of their legislative 
 cunstitutions they now began to experience fln! power- 
 ful proleclioii of tne strong. The king stil! continued 
 to appoint the governors of Virginia and ol >oine ol the 
 oilier settlements ; and :nen ol .sordid dispositions and 
 of weak or prolbgate character were lie^uentlv the 
 objects of this branch of the nnal patronaLie. Hut the 
 powers of these otiicers were abrulgid and deliiied ; 
 and the uithience of the colonial assemblies was able to 
 restrain, and even overawe, the most vigorous admiin- 
 stralion of ihe cxecniive functionaries. Whatever 
 evil influence a wii-ked or iirilul governor might exert 
 on the harmony of the people among themselves, or 
 their good will towards the aulhority whuh he repre- 
 sented, he could commit i:o serious inroad on the c<ui- 
 sliiulion of the proviiuM* over which he pri >ideil. Kroin 
 tins period an ecpial and inipartial pi.licy disiiiigiiishtd 
 the liriluh dominion o\er the .\mm rican provinces : the 
 diminution of the person il influence of the sovcreii<n 
 put an end to the ineipialities of treatment that were 
 produced by the ditbTcnt di gms of I'avor with whicli 
 he regarded ihe religious or political sentiments of the 
 people of the respective stales, and consctjuently c.\- 
 linguished, or at least greatlv abated, the jealousies 
 they had hillierto entertained of each other. \ farthir 
 abatement of the mutual jealousies of the slaU-s was 
 produced by the religious toleration which ihe provin- 
 cial governments were hiMiceforward compelled to ob- 
 serve. Kven when intolerant statutes were permuted 
 to subsist, tneir enforcement was disallowed ; aiid the 
 princ;pb's cherished in one statu could no longer be 
 persecuted in another. 
 
 We have now to transfer our inquirie.i to tho rise of 
 the oilier colonies in North .America which were loiuub-d 
 anlecedeiitlv to tiie Hritisb Uevobition. and to tract 
 their separate progn'ss till that era. IIul before vvitii- 
 drawin;^ our undivided atlnition from this, the earliest 
 of the settlements, I shall subjoin a few particulais of 
 lis civil and domes'.ic coodilion ut the period ut which 
 we have now ajrivcd. 
 
 Novwithslandmg the unfayorable cirtumstances lo 
 which the colony h^d been exposed m a gn ater or less j 
 degree e»er niiice the Uestoration. ihc nuinher of its i 
 iidiabilants had continued to increase. The depulie., ] 
 that were sent to t'barles the .Second in Ifi7r>, repre- | 
 sented the population to amount, ut that Im.e, to 5U,<I00 , 
 persons. If their statement were not ctnggerated (as 
 I ihmk il probablv was) we must suppose that llacon's 
 rehelbon. u?ul the aubscmient lyranny, gave a very 
 severe check lo tins lapid increase ; for l think there 
 IS no reason to suppose that the colony contained a 
 much greater number than .Mi.OlU* at the Uevoluiion of 
 lliH8,* I'Vom a table appended to the I'lrsl edition of 
 
 • IV. IluhiTtson, ni.ltnU. si itfS the |»>)>iil:itl<<it nl VirKUUa 
 at tllP ne\oluil''ii tti lia\f exfi'.'.li'.t tUUKK) |iirsi>tis. lUiU pro* 
 tessestuilertve tiis stalcMiont from Chuluitrs. Uul tliurefur- 
 
 Ileveriev's History, it appears, thai, in 1703. the popu- 
 lation of \'irgima (e.\cbisive of 8Utl French refugees 
 Hrul over by King William) amounted to fiU.tiOU souls. 
 < 'f this number, *^l),0*:i were til/ualilr.s (a deiioniinatioii 
 embracing all white men above the age of sixteen, and 
 all negro slayes, male and female, abuve that age;, and 
 ;j.*i, 583 children of both races, and white women. Many 
 circrumstaiices contnhuted tt> give Iree scope lo the ui* 
 crease of the colonial populali.>n, and tocounterbalancn 
 tlie mlluence ot commercial restraint and despotic ad 
 nnnisiration. 'J'lie tiealtbfuhiHss of the betllenieiit had 
 greatly increased; and the diimnutiun of disease not 
 (Mily shut up the drain that had been ongmallly created 
 by a frefpient mortality, but rendered the general strength 
 more available to the general support Tho use ut 
 tobacco now prevailed extensively in Hurojie ; and tho 
 dinimution of Wa price was in some degreu compeit- 
 sated by the increased demand for it In 1671 it was 
 computed, that, on an average, NO vessels came annu' 
 ally trom thigland and Ireland lu Virginia for tobacco. 
 Ill lti7.'i ther« wereex(iorte»l from Virginia above ^^l.OUO 
 hogsheads of tobacco, and in the following year upwards 
 oi' *000 more. In this latter year the customs on to- 
 bacco from Virginia and Marvlaiid. collected m Kng- 
 land, amounted lo i;J5.()U0/. ' Sir William Beikeley 
 rates the ntiiniHT of the militia. m the year IHHl, at 
 nearly HOOO. ai.d adds, that the people were too poor la 
 atlord an efpnpmenl of cavalrv. In the year lt)80 thu 
 iniiitia uinonnted lo SoOH, oi whom KlUO served as 
 cavalry. Our estimato. however, of the increased 
 wealth which the cavalry esti.ii)lisliinenl seems to indi- 
 cate, must bo abated by the consideration of the in- 
 creased exertions whicii the Indian war and Hacoira 
 rebellion had rendered neeesnary. In tin? year 1703, 
 we learn from Heverley, that the inihtid ani'junted to 
 \i'y2'2, of whom ii;tO;j were light horse, and ihe remain- 
 der foot ami dragoons ; and that, as lew of the planters 
 were then destiiute of borse^i, it was considered that 
 the gn ater part of them mig it, if necessary, be con- 
 verted into :iraguons. in I'l'^^ he calculates the num- 
 bers of the imlitia at IS. 00(1 men. Kvery freeman (u 
 deiiommaliun endiracing all xh': inhabitants ( xcept ibu 
 slaves and the indented S4'rvan.s) from sixteen lo sixty 
 ve.irs of age, was enrolled in the mdilia ; and as tho 
 people were accustomed all their lives to shoot in tho 
 woods, they were universally ' .iperl in the use of tire- 
 arms. The militia was commanded by the governor, 
 whose salary was 1000/ a year, till the ap|)omlinent of 
 Lord t 'ulpepper, who, on the plea of peerage, procur*;d 
 It to be doubled. 
 
 The twelve councillors, as well as the govenior, wore 
 a[)pointed by the king , and a salary of ;Jot>/. was a»- 
 sigiK d to the whole body, wbub they divided in propor- 
 tion to the public services wbn-h each performed. In 
 all matters of imjiortancc lheconcurret.ee of itie coun- 
 cil with the governor was indispensably requisite. Tho 
 t'obunal Assembly was composed of llit councillors, 
 who termed themselves the Ipper House, uid exer- 
 ci.sed ihe privilege of the Knghsb House of Lorus, uiid 
 Ihe burge^sc.s, who were elected t»v the freemen of -U** 
 respective counties, ami pi rfornicd the functions ol the 
 Hmise of ('ominons. receiving wages proportioned to 
 their services, and dcnveil, like all llii- other colonial 
 s.ilarirs, friun ihe colonial laxc^. t'ntil Ihi' year ItiHO. 
 the several brandus o." the ftsseinbly had formed ouo 
 deliberative body ; bill in that year the councillors se- 
 Uiiattd iheinselves trom the burgesses, and lornu-tl a 
 distinct house. In conjunction with the goviTiior, tho 
 couiii:illor» formetl the supreme tribunal of the province , 
 from whose judgments, however, in all cases iirolvinjj 
 more than IlOO/ , an apneal lav to to the king and privy 
 council of Kunland. In MJHl ttie province cHJiitamed 
 twenty counties ; in 170^ it contained twenty-live. A 
 (put rent of two shillings lor every hundred acres of 
 land was paid by the plaiiti rs to the crown- 
 In Ihe year IfiHS. tlie piovince contami^d forty-eight 
 parishes, emhracmg upwanU of '-£00,000 acres of aii- 
 proprialed land. .\ cluirch was built lu every parish, 
 and a house and glebe assigned to the clergyman, along 
 rnre ih err<>iii'i>o> ; aril tlial llie >tateint:iil itstMl i.s no le.^N so, 
 SM MIS l<> fnllow, fiy very stuai*; inliieiue, Irom lleverk-y's 
 laMe.ini't.lii'iicil ut Ihe tVit. Tiiere l> no reason l.i Uniiiit the 
 ariiir:u> of lliat tatile ; aiii! ren.-istently Willi it, we iMUmil 
 aitinil the jimiracv of Kolicrtson's I'stiniale, witliont lu-liev- 
 inK that Oik r<>|oii'> haU niUleil 3(i,0INi to its mnnlxTH m ihti 
 course of .Hcveiitern years, notwltliHtanchn« the raviines of 
 rivi! v*.ir anU the Uistress ocrasionod hy i>raniucal mivorn- 
 nient, huU only nlHOtt (UH) to its nuiiiliern thirmK tillcen sut»c- 
 iiuciit veiis "t iiicrea-tPd freeiloin ami |tr»»i>oril¥: 
 
 'Hie AM>e lta>iiul has no carelenslv lonM-lind pi'verlov's 
 l;itile, as l.'lilUiuMctlrtlHKU.i Its returns, an.ltohavesiif.itoNed 
 till- Mm- wni'Miiit ol Iho w lire [Mijiulati. Ill aloiir. 'I'his error lias 
 If.l liiin It. «ushi hismi:! 'iity in cnnjectnrn^' tin- causes why 
 th«' pupulalion of VtrKinia novur afterwurils inu eased so ra- 
 pidly. 
 
239 
 
 TIIK 11 1 STORY OF 
 
 I,: 
 
 t 
 
 wiiha btipenil, which wa« lixtd liy law at 10,000 pounds 
 of lohicco. This mode of reinum-ration obvioimly 
 teiidn lo yivp u sfcnhir rasl lo {\w hiv and cliar.ulLr ol' 
 lUf minihlt'r«, and lo tniaugh' ihcni with coiu-crfis rt'- 
 imiKi froiii their Kpininjl wurUrtv The c<piah/.;ilion 
 which U propoitfs tu i-tri-ct m quite fallacious ; titi- dif- 
 ferent dogrt't's of ftrlility of ditromil panihrs reiuliT 
 iiitr ihe liurdun uu(-<{ual to thu pi'ople, and the vrry dil- 
 fpiint unality ol tho tohacco pruilucod ui dilferrnt mxIh, 
 making the remuneration unequiit tu the cler^ry. The 
 pre^ontatiun lo the livings, prior to the Ku^lixh Uevo- 
 lutiuii, belonged to the governor, but was gviiorally 
 URurpid or controHed by tlie parjshionrrs. Alter the 
 Uevolutiun it devolved into the hand^ of parochial ves- 
 tries. *hich, thiMiiih ori^Miiully elected liy the people, 
 came, in [troeeD» of liiiie, to exercise the power of bup- 
 plyiii^ vaeaiu-ieA ni their nunihers by their own appntnt- 
 nuiit. 'i'he liishiip of London was aceounied tiie dio- 
 ce.Naii of the proMiiee; and a resident eouinii^sary 
 ytiierally a ineniher of tlie council) apponiled liy that 
 ureUle, presided over the clerj^'v, with the power ol 
 convoking, censuring, and even ^uKpending tlu in m 
 cases of neglect or immorality. 'I'iie docirirus and 
 rites of the church o( Knijland were est;dtlished by law ; 
 oitendaiice ondiviiie worshipat the parochial cliurches, 
 and the observance of the sacramenir* of the church, 
 enjoined under heavy penalties; tiie preaching ol dis- 
 senters, and the participation in the ortluKince.- ol dis- 
 senting congregations, vvi-re prohibited, and h ihji-ettd 
 lo various degrees of pniiishtneiit. 'i'liere nas one 
 bloody law, winch subjected (juakers retnrni.ig from 
 banitduuent to the punishment of death ; but no exe- 
 cution ever took place in coiisciineiice o( 'Ins enact- 
 ment, and it was repealed soon alter the revolution ol 
 1G88. The other laws were not then repe.iled, but 
 they were no longer enforced ; and though the statute- 
 book continued lojirohibit tiie preaching and practices 
 of dissenters, the prohihilion was utterly dl^rtgarded, 
 and liberty ol conscience practically realized. In 10H8, 
 almost the whole body of the ptopk' belonged to the 
 estatdished church, lltlier opinions and practices. Iiow- 
 ever, began to arise, and were aided prubal)|y by tlie 
 tnllueiice of the lit e schools, of which a consideruble 
 number were founded and endow* d »oo(i alter tiiat pe- 
 riod ; and the government ht-ing rt str.iiiied fron; eii- 
 foiciiig the intoterjiit laws, endeavored to cliensti its 
 own cliurch estalihshment by heaping teiuporai advan- 
 tages upon Its ininiKters. 'i'liis policy produced its 
 Ubual truits, and introduced so much indolence and 
 worthlt-ssuess into liie order of ihv state der^'v. that 
 at the era ol t!ie American r< volul'on luo-ihirds of ^he 
 ill!latula^ts of \'irgima had become dissenters, and 
 were subject, on that account, tu the ban of their own 
 municipal law. 
 
 Of every just and humane system of laws, one mam 
 object bhould be to protect tiic weak .i»;aHisl the s-lroiig. 
 and lo correct instead of confirming and perpetuating 
 the inequalilies of comli'ion that Irom time to timi 
 arise from inequalities of slreni«th. ^kill. success or vir- 
 tue, 'i'his wise and bt nevohnt principle must lu* sa- 
 criticed, to a considerable extent, in the co.l^' of evrry 
 country where slavery is adimlted. Uy the hnvs of 
 Virginia, all persons hronght mio the colony by sea 
 or land, not having been ihrtsiiaiis in tliesr native 
 ceunlry, were .subjected to .slavery, even though they 
 migbl be converted to ehri.Htianity after llieir arrival- 
 A slave comnnlting a capital crime was appointed to 
 be tried by comnufsioners named bv the novi-rnur, 
 witliont the intervention of ii jiirv ; and if '.lie punisli- 
 iiicnt of death were inllii-ted, indemniliealinn to the 
 extent of the value of the hlave was awarded from the 
 public revenue to the master In tlie year HitiO, u 
 was enacleil th.U the death of a slave occ.isiomd by 
 the correction of a ma>ter. should not be accomidd 
 felony; "since il cannot be prf^umed." says Ihe act. 
 " that prepeiiti-d malice, wliicli alont? iiiaki'" murdt.'r 
 felony, should ttidnce any man lo destroy Ins own es- 
 tate " Hut e.tperiencc jiiis amply refuted tins perni- 
 cions toplnslrv, which ascribes to absolute purser a 
 teudency tu repress human irascihibtv, and accounts 
 avarice and selliMlmrs.i snlficienl motives aiul sureties 
 of justice, humanity, and librralily Nnther inhilels 
 nor negroes, mulattoes nor [ndtans, wen; allowed to 
 
 (turchase eliristian white lerrants ; and if any person 
 laving cliri-stian white servants should mirrv an mtitlel, 
 or a ne^ro. muLittu. or Indian.* all such servants wi-re 
 iiiiide free. Any free while person mtermarrvmg wiili 
 
 * It «uiil»l not luvi' lieen v-^sy t<i iiiiluco tin- fi«nier». u( this 
 law lo tuiic^e iliat a tmu- nn^;tt c«.-in' wlim the leiiij.laiuit' 
 of "irciiiiA v^nuUl ii.'rmi]'<lv Pe.u rtaiii a pn>[HiMiI ot |<ruirioiinu'. 
 tr a huuiity. the inarnntics oi iht- wluti- iiil.iil.iianis ami the 
 Tidiaos. Yi'l a IjiU fur litis parjiohe was aclually iiitroduLiti 
 
 a negro or luulatlo, and any minister celebrating such 
 mnrringe was punished with fine an.*! imiirtsonment. It 
 will excite ihi' niernmeiit ol a satirist, the surprise of 
 a philo.sophi'r, and the mditinani concern of a christiiui, 
 to lind.combineil with such mliumaii and insolent laws, 
 the strictest injiincrions of the worship of that greut 
 pattern oi love and humility who commamled his wor- 
 shippers to do good to and honor all men ; together 
 with many solemn denunciations and penal enactmenls 
 ai»amst Irarcllin}; ci SunJiii/, projiiitc cursins^ or prn- 
 fiincly ;jrt(in'! itrmik. liui thus mnnkind attempt to 
 unite what reli\;ioii has sundered, the service of (lod 
 and the service of maminun : and tu .<uinder what reli- 
 i^ijti has united, the rendering of glory to (lod and the 
 demonstration of good will to men. Justices of the 
 peace were coimnanded to hear and ileterinuie the com- 
 pLiints of all stirts of servants ix< rjif s!iirt:t, against 
 their nnisters ; various rei^uhiiions were made lor se- 
 curiiiL[ mild and dpiihible Irciimi nt to indented ser- 
 vants ; at the elosi- of tlu ir p'Tiod ol service they re- 
 jceived from their masters each a musket, a stiidll sum 
 of money, and a quantity of com; but if during the 
 ; currency of tluir term of wer\ice they slwuld iiresume 
 I to marry without the consent of their master or mis- 
 j tress, they were* punished with an additional year of 
 I servitude. All persons riotously asst niblin^ to tlie 
 
 nun. her of eiulil or more, fur the purpose of destroying 
 
 ! tobacco. Ml re subjectid to the p.iinsuf treason, Kvery 
 I person, nut being a serv.iut or slave, committing adul- 
 tery or foriuc.-\lion. \^as, for the greater olfeiice, lined 
 1000, for ihe lesser r»00 pounds of tobacco VVoinen 
 convicterl of slander were ordered to be ducked, m 
 dcfatitl of their liusliands' con>eniing to redeem them 
 fro'u immersion by payment of a line. There being 
 no inns m the country, strangers were entertained at 
 j the houses of tlie mhabilants, and were freipiently ni- 
 I volved 111 law-suits by the exorbirant claiins iH liu'ir 
 ' host.s for indetimilicalion of the expen?es uf their eiiter- 
 I tainment ; for remedy when of it was i-nacteil, that an 
 , mhalulant nejjlectini: m such circumstances to lore- 
 j warn his ijuesl, and to make an express paction wiih 
 : him, should be reputed to have entertained him from 
 mere courtesy. All these laws coulmued in furce lor*,' 
 ' alter the Itntish Hevolution. 
 
 j It would appear, from the first of the statutes, that 
 I even their Indian neighbors conuni.' into thu territories 
 I of the state were liable iti be madt; sl.ives hy the *-olu- 
 ^ iiisls ; and we are informed by Mr. Jellerson. that the 
 ', practice of »uislavino these people dul at one tune ac- 
 : tuallv prevail Hut with the IndiaM tribes sitiuiltii m 
 tlieir immediate vieimty, and couiprehendtd in tlie pa- 
 cifiration iliecied by Colonel .Uib-rys, the colonists 
 } mamlaint d relations more approachiri>; lo tnrndship 
 I and equality. 'I'he Indians paid, iniieeil, in contormity 
 ! rtilh the treaty of jieace, an annual tribute of lieaver 
 j skins to the coloiual government Hot their tcr itories 
 ! were ascertained by the treaty, and guar.uileeil lo them 
 ! so securelv bv law, that all bargains and sali-s by which 
 ■ the colonists mi;:ht acquire or jiretend right tuauy pur- 
 : lion of till :n. were di.^alluwid and declaieil null .ind 
 I void ; and every wrong they mii;lil sustain at the hands 
 of any uf iho colonists was punished in the same man- 
 ner as if It had been done lo an Knglishm.in. Hy the 
 aid of a donation from that illustrious philosopher and 
 ctiristi..n plulat.lhropisl, the honorable Ktdierl Hoyle, 
 an altempt was made lo render tlie institution, which, 
 from Its *u'.uiders, has been called \\ illiam and Ma'v 
 College, subservient tu the instruclion (d" the Indians 
 Some vonno persons beionifinn tu the ineiidly tribis 
 received m tins manner 'he ilernenls oi ci\il and reli- 
 Ijious edncation ; end the colonisls, setisihle of the ad- 
 v,i!il!ii»es thev derivetl from the posMSMoii o| those who 
 nui^lit be eon-^ulered host.i'jes lor the p.icilic demeanur 
 ol their parents, pievailed wiili some ol the more re- 
 mote naliuns of the Indians to send a b'W ot their 
 cliudrtu to drink cf the same tonntain ol kno\\ledge 
 Hut as the pupL-* wire restored to their respective 
 tribes when ihev attained tlie age that lilted them b)r 
 hnuting and other warlike exercises, it is not likely that 
 this instilutiui nrotbiced anv general or permanent im- 
 pression on the laeter of the Indnins, or made any 
 .idequate cumpcfif ..turn lor the de;;trnctive vices ami 
 diseases which thi liuropeans were iinha|)pily much 
 mure succi'ssful lo imparting- Attempts lo convert 
 barbarians very fiequemly disappoint their prouuiters ; 
 and nut those onlv v\hu have assisted the u'lderlaking 
 from secular ends, hut those also who trulv rei^anling 
 the {)i(ine ^lory m the end, dl^re;.'Hrd, at le.ist in sume 
 
 into tho Hsseiui'lv iliiririK Ihe rev"tii!iiin:irv u,ir, aiil tiiiir 
 havnm lieeii Ivvn'e riad, wiih lusl at tiie thirl ri'a<linj in ron- 
 »e>)iii riro i»f Iho Htiscii.'e "t tlie tiiiuiiIht wJik had mtruiiuced 
 It. Will's l.ifu of iiov riior lleiir) , p. >^11. 
 
 measure, the Divine agency m ihe nu^aiiB Aa an in 
 striiment of civih/.aliun, the prc^aehmi; of the pispol 
 will i'\er be louiul to disappoint all those who have :iu 
 hi^;h( r or tiltiTior views. In a civilized and christtati 
 land, the great bulk of the people are ebiisliaus mi rely 
 III na:iie ; reputation, convenience, and habit, are the 
 sources ut iheir jirolcpsiun ; vices are so disguised, 
 that llie testimonies of christian prea.'hcrs against ihoin 
 olten miss their aim : and a sceiniiii; service of Uod II 
 easily reconciled with, and esteeim d a decent livery uf, 
 the real service of mammon. Hut among heailiens and 
 savages, a ciuivert must change Ins w.iy of hie. xno 
 come his habits, iuid h>rleit his reputation ; and nono, 
 or at least very few, becume pruhssurs unless Irom the 
 inlbience ot real eonvictiuit, mure or les^ laslmg and 
 [ircdonnil. Those who remain iincmiveried. if itiev bu 
 honestly addressed by Iheir missiuimnes, are incensed 
 at the leslmiony against their ev.l ileetls and evil na- 
 ture ; and the conduct uf many prufessm^ clirisiiaud 
 amung their civilized nei^nbors lou ullen eoiicurn to 
 mislead and cuniirm them m error. !tui this topic will 
 derive an ampler illustration Irom occurrences that ro- 
 tate tu otheis of tlu* North .Vmericaii States, than tno 
 early history of \'ir>;iiua is hticd tu stjpply. 
 
 Literature was nut much cultivated ill \'irginiiU 
 'I'here was not nt this periud, iiur tor maiiy years uliur, 
 a single liuokseller's shop in the colony * Vet a his- 
 tory ol Virginia was written some yi'ars afier by He- 
 verlcy, a native of the province, who had taken an ac- 
 tive part m public alfnrs prior lo the Kevuhition of 
 lliHH. The hrst edittun ot this work m 1705, and a 
 later t lun in I'i'Z'i, were published in Knnlaiid. 
 Iteverley ^ a brief and rather a>;reeable analist, and has 
 a|ipendeL i his iiarrati\e uf events an ample account 
 of the m tioiis of the province, and uf the manners 
 of the ci.. al and aliorii;inal inhabitants, lie it» 
 chargeable with great ii;noraiice and incorrectness m 
 those parts uf his narrative that embrace events uccur- 
 ing m Kngl'tid or elsewhere be)ond the immedialo 
 precincts uf Virginia. t>nly tlu^ initial letttrs of his 
 n:ime appear on the lille-page ul Ins book, uhenco 
 Oldmixon was led mto the mistake ol suppo->ui^ hm 
 name lo have been Hullock ; and m some ol the criti* 
 i'al calaluifues ol llermany he has received the erro- 
 neous appellaliou ul liiiil t A much more eni.ir.^ed 
 and elaboraie history oi N'lrginia (but tinlwrttin.iiely 
 carried no lurllier down than the year 10'*4) was writ* 
 ten at a later period by Stiili, also a native of ihe pro- 
 vince, ami on. ot llie ^'uvernurs of William and M.irv 
 < 'ulle>re. .Siiih IS a catiilid, jccnrate and accomplished 
 writer; tediously miiinte m rel.iting the deii.iUs in the 
 Cuurt uf I'foprielurs of the \'irgmia t'umpany, and 
 their disputes with the king, tuit generally iinpres»ivD 
 and interesiiiiLr. A manly and gem-rutis spirit pervades 
 every page ol his wurk, which was lirsl j.>ubli»hed al 
 Wiliiamshurg in 17-17. 
 
 Heverley warmly extuls the huspilality of his coun- 
 trymen ; a cummenddtion which the peculur circum- 
 stances ol their condition riiiders very mneraMv cre- 
 dible, though the preamble of one of llieir laws, which 
 we have already noticed, demtm.strales that its applica- 
 tion wai liy no means nmverhal. lie reproaches them 
 with indolence, which he ^scribes to their residence in 
 scatlertd dwellings, and thtur destitution of thai col- 
 lected life winch mvigoratt s industry, excites active 
 thoiioht, and generat"S adventurous speculation. It 
 may be ascribed also tu the intluence ut slavery in aug- 
 menting jiride and degrading labor. A hie like that uf 
 the lirst Virginian colonists, remote from public haunt, 
 unoccupied liv a crowd ut busy purposi's, uiul sequi'S- 
 tiTed Irom the inlclli^'ence of passing events, is the 
 hb> of those to whom the <oinp.iiiy ol sirano<rs is pe- 
 cuhiirly accept, ibU'. .Ml ihe oilur circmnstances ol 
 such d lot contribute lo tlie priMuolion ut hus|iit.ili|e 
 habits. As lor many uf their hours tin y can imd no 
 such inteiestm;^ occupation, soformuchof their super- 
 lliious [>roduce they can liud no more prolitable iisii 
 than the eiilerlauimenl ul visitors.! The inten si which 
 
 * The literature el North America was si this iniie iiinno- 
 |H))i£t:(l alinoHi L'litireiy l>y New KiiKhiinl. In tlie t<t>Kimiin»; tt( 
 the tlKliteenlh eeutiir>, Ahell U<>»lnn cotitauieil live print ii()i 
 <rtliri-H unit many huukM'lli rs' kluqis. there waK hut (iiic lutok- 
 heiii-r's r-hap in New Yiuk, and nut one in Vnuiiiia, .Marvhuul, 
 nrl'arohiia. NealV Hi.-itory of New EiiKJaml, u, 5H7. "Fniiii 
 the Meuieirs ut Dr. Fraiikhiill niipears that even at s» lalu a 
 ('.riiKl Ji« the >ear ItlTU, there was nut one gomi himksL-llei's 
 slid)) III Ft}nns)tvarua. 
 
 t Wanlen, a lalu Anieruan writer, lins repeateil thi-«ern.f, 
 unit ilesiTil'i'tt as the i<r< .liiilUMi ol llinl, what in reality naa 
 tlie fir^tetlil ion n| Hevii lev's work. 
 
 1 " Mr. Jrfh rsnti loiil iiii' that in hix lather's time It vvus nn 
 uiicoMiiiion ttiln^' lor ^eiiliinien to |iiiNt their serianls on ihu 
 iiiaui roail lor the |»iit(xisi> lU aniicahly wa>lavuiK ami hiiiiKUu 
 to their houses any traveUers 'Alio niiKlit ihain'e in pMa^ 
 UhUN Travels in Canada aitJ ilk Uiiil«>i Slatcn, i\9. 
 
NO urn AMEUIC A. 
 
 nioana As an in 
 'limij of the j,osp«tl 
 
 lli(>>e will) l.iive no 
 vilizfd iiiid clirii^tuu 
 rt< clintttiiius till rt'ly 
 , anil li.ilni, urt- Itie 
 1 arr so diHgiiiscii. 
 ii.'hiT!* ii<riiiii»t lliein 
 ii; Ni'ivii't' ol ( iiul ifl 
 il i\ ili'ci-Mt livery uf, 
 iiiiiuii:; IkmiIu'iih and 
 H W.I) III liti', o\er- 
 iiliitioii ; iiiid rioiio, 
 iturs tiiili'sH Irojii the 
 
 or \vn^ taf'tin^ mid 
 DiiverU'd, il itu-y he 
 imnc!*. ixrv iiiriMiscd 
 diiiU and t-\d IM- 
 irtili'ijHirii; curisiutiid 
 
 ullfii cuiii'ur.i to 
 .'till lliis tuple wdl 
 
 K'nirrt'iu:fs lliut re- 
 
 'Itll Stati':^, lllilll tliu 
 
 ) supply. 
 
 ivait'd in \ iri:iiUiL 
 or many years alier, 
 olony ' Vi't a Ins- 
 vt'iirs afuT liy ii«- 
 hu lud taken an uc* 
 
 1 the lu'viilutiun of 
 u)rk in lido, and a 
 lihlied Ml l'ln;)taiid. 
 ■ahle anuliHl, uiid lias 
 Is an uiii))le aecuuiit 
 
 and lit lilt! inaiiiitnt 
 nludiitanU, lie tu 
 .nU incorroetnotiH lit 
 iliracu e\t'iits oceiir- 
 iiiid the nnniediate 
 niiiial leltt r.H ol' hiH 
 r hiM houk. wlieiice 
 ke til snppo^iiij,' tim 
 I) MMiie ot tlif i'riti- 
 ,s rect ivcd the *rro- 
 niu-h more eiilai^ed 
 > (ImiI nnltruiiiaU'lv 
 ear H»*^|) \\,is wni- 
 a n.itivc (ij ilie pro- 
 It U'llhani and Nlary 
 ,te and ai'ei>inplistu-il 
 lh(! dehalt » in Ihe 
 la Cotnpanv, ant. 
 ;fiu'rally mipresNive 
 riytiM spirit pervaili'H 
 lirst puhlihhcd ut 
 
 Mtahty t»r his (mhih- 
 
 pecuhir etrcum- 
 
 \i'ry ^;enerally cre- 
 
 Id their Uiws, whtili 
 
 thai ilM applu-a- 
 
 lie repru.iehes them 
 
 iheir resuleiice m 
 
 tntiun ul' that eol- 
 
 ^try, fxi'ites active 
 
 •I sptcnlalion. It 
 
 ol i^laverv in uii^- 
 
 A hie like tliat ol 
 
 I Iroiii piihhe haunt, 
 
 es, and se'pies- 
 
 l I'ViMits. IS the 
 
 j| ulrani^t rs is pe- 
 
 i'irL'iiin>taneeM ul 
 
 llion ol hospit.dile 
 
 till y ean lind no 
 
 H'li ol iheir .Hiiper- 
 
 Lore prolilahle wnu 
 
 li'tie iniert Hi vshich 
 
 I It thiM (line MioiiD- 
 lii the t>eKiiuiiiit> of 
 llniiitMl five (inniinK 
 ■ Man but ui)i> iHMik- 
 ■i VuKiiiia, Marvland, 
 ll.iiKl, )i. &H7. From 
 I I'venal itn latu ii 
 ' gutul iHMiksulliM's 
 
 J rcjieati'tl llii-* erriiT, 
 Ixtltiit III reality \va,i 
 
 Ilier'K tiiiir il xvii> no 
 
 ■ir senaiiis .III iliu 
 
 klaVliit! )in<l tiiiii!!lll;j 
 
 t'haiii'e to pMH*' 
 
 aU'A, 418. 
 
 all nion feel in the concprna of thnr fellows, ia refined > Sparta it has over held trno. that none are so completely 
 ftnd rxtcnded hv crowded nnd polished MU'iety ; 'n re- ' t tiiluved a> the sl.iven ul' the (ree. llimian character 
 moth disincl.s. e.Hneriallv if thev he iiihalnted hy men is as much corrnpli d and dejiraved by llie Kpint ol do- 
 
 lavery in a 
 
 whose oriom nr recollerlions eoimctt ihem \vi 
 
 h \ dh 
 
 tent .x)iiiitrv. It nf>>»iinieii the shape of an intense and 
 ipinmewhai indiiicnminaif cnriosiiy — a (piality tor winch 
 th** Americans Save hern always distmtruihhed 
 
 liarilv 
 
 as hv the yoke ot" mtv 
 
 itiide 
 
 slate wherein 
 
 Ulith i 
 
 other to hi.t inch 
 
 it v^'a(« the reinarkahle and ndvan(Hi;eous pccti 
 
 if their 1 jcal mlvialu 
 
 n, mat preven 
 
 tedi 
 
 [.eo| 
 
 lie so early 
 
 hurl. The same wi>di>m which Hssij^ned to man his 
 duties, adapted thein to the developemeiil of his under- 
 
 ul lh< 
 
 le relini'inent oi liif» seiisi 
 
 hitilv 
 
 I'hi 
 
 <levoled 1 1 cemmcrce as llie \'ir^iniaiii* have hren. 
 from coiiiirefTBiin^' m lari,'e towns, and tbrimns crowdid 
 marts of trade. 'I'lie same pecnlianlv helonus to that 
 portion of tlieir ori>;nial territorv that now forms the 
 province \ii Mirvhind, and has iherc heen attended 
 with tlu^ saineclleet The whole of that vast eonntrv 
 IS pervaded hv iiimieroin* sirrams, thai unjiart ferlihtv 
 
 adaptation is- patticularly vi.Mlde in the duties lliat ri'u'n- 
 lale the nnitiial iiilercoiirse o{ men. To violate therein 
 the law of kindness and the principles of eiiiiily, is to 
 warp the niiderstaiidinj^' as well as to corrupt the licart . 
 to lower the diomiy of rational, and tlie happnii sa ot 
 ser.Piiile hcmi;. There is a continnal reciproc.ilion ot 
 evil hclwecn a niafter and his slaves Ills injustice 
 sii,nis liitm to tlieir present slate . and the evil i( 
 
 to the land, and cnrv the produce they have nouriihed i lities that this state fiiofiidcrs tend coiilmually to 
 to ihe jireal highway of nations. Kront ihe hay ol ' provoke his iM.scihihly llis power etl'ecls tlieir dcL'ra- 
 Chesapeak. where all these slre;iiu» uiiile. the jireater ! dation ; and their deoradalion at once tempts and faci- 
 numher of them atl'ord un extensive iia.t;».ition into the ! liiales (ho excesses of hrs power. Hence the com- 
 inierior of the coimirv ; and lli" colniusts, prrceiviiii; | merce lielweeii master and slave exercises and exhiiuls 
 that m order tt> enihark their produce llu v tieedf d not | all that is halelul in human passion and ctMitemptihli 
 to ipiil their plantations, hut mii;lit load the merchant i in human conduct. 'I'he delicate suseeptihilily ol wo- 
 «liips at the doors of their country warehouses, dis- ' men js exposed to the impression of tins spectacle, and 
 
 per'^ed tlieuiselves aloni* the hanks of the rivers, and 
 nniteil Ihe "iweets <d' rui 1 life with the advantaL^ea of 
 commerce, Kxeept ttic small town of WilIiainslKirnh. 
 winch siiececdeil .lamesiown as .'ip eipiial of Virginia, 
 and Annapolis, the capit.il of Marvljiitl, no cities t;rt^w' 
 up for a very lonu period in eiihtr of thc'*e seltleimMils, 
 Tins state of life has proved hi^lilv favoralde to those 
 (wo ijreat sources of national hiippmess. ijood morals, 
 
 of till- oppitrtnnilii's of conl'ederaev. vice, anil .-Niieller, ' 
 that lar^re towns atlnrd, either ipnltetl the settlement at I 
 the expiration of tlieir periods of ftervice ; iir, iin- | 
 presseil with the ■-.■Ivanlaoes which the country po hhe- | 
 rally held hirth \o iiuliistry and morality they mel'cd 
 into the mass of hunihie ami respec!i:hle free laborers. [ 
 Tu this impc.ilant etass of society the virtues of indui- 
 
 233 
 
 purchade of the colonists were delivered from the hold 
 of a slave sliip and the criH-ity of ihe Dutch. When 
 .•lavis were neither nnmerous nor tuniodahle, they ap- 
 pear to have heen kindly treated ;* and their inasters 
 perlia[!H intended to einancipate them at thai conve- 
 nient season for adjiisIioH the accounts of interest 
 
 anil conscience, w 
 
 hich 
 
 iddeil 
 
 ind 
 
 aildition to ihcir iinmher." leiuled still farther to p 
 
 (>ry 
 
 lone. 
 ncss. 
 
 ISo ^reat is the deceivahleiiess of unn>;hleout«- 
 
 Ncjiro slavery linjrered lonif in the settlemeiils of 
 the puritans m New Kn^iand, and of the iptakets in 
 I'eniisvlvania ; \,\n ('anus, «i> distinuui^hed hy let 
 •■ompa.-sion tor the nnforlun ile. tirsl siioiiested its in- 
 iroilnclion into Mexico and Peru; (ieorj^e Fox, the 
 mo.tl intrepid and enlhnsi.istic of rehirnurs, demanded 
 no more ot Ins folhiwers lliaii a mili^ation of Us seve- 
 nty in IJ.irliadoes ; and .lolin I.ocke, the olory of mo- 
 di-rii philoMiphv, and the ch.impton ^yi rehoious and poli- 
 tical ireedoni, mtroilnred it into the fniulainental con- 
 stitutions of Caiolma. Cousideraiions such as these 
 are calculated lo increase at once our charily for man- 
 kind, and our abhorrence of that insidious and fonid 
 dable eMl which has so siL.'naliy liatHctI the penelratiuii 
 of the wise, and Iriumphed over the beiielicenco ol 
 the humane. 
 
 It IS in those colonial plantations where the residence 
 of llie free inhabitants is merely temporary, that slavery 
 exhibits Its worst features, and prod ices its most de- 
 hasmtj ellects, Wlierevr a respectable station.iry po- 
 pulation of freemen exists, a resirdminy principle arises 
 to control and ipialifv lliose evil confeipiences. The 
 har.-'hcr slave law.-* have heen loni» since repeated m 
 
 the imilalive character of cliiUlren lormcd amidst il« 
 
 continual displ.iv. The female .slaves lose alike thi- 
 
 virtues and the riolits of women, and introduce iiilo 
 
 rural life the worst vices and most dangerous tenipia- 
 
 tions of pinlli;.'ale cities. Kvery description of work 
 
 that IS coinmitied to the slaves is performed wilh as 
 
 much iicirlect ami mduleiice as they dare to mdulije, 
 
 and IS so degraded in conmion estimation, thai the |ioor- 
 and Ihe facility of L;aimnL; by nidiistry a inodiTate com- j est treeman disdains to perform it except when he is 
 
 petence and a re.>^pei'ta!-'e -lake ni society. The con* j workiiiL! Ittr himself A.s the mimliers of the si a ve.'^ are j Viri^mia, and the Irealmenl of the slaves in this pro- 
 vuls who were tr.insported to the colony, tnidiiii' none , multiplied, the industry of the free is ilius depressed | vince has lonj; heen noted for comparative mildness. 
 
 by the extension of slave labor, and the sately ul the | An l!ni;lishman who should suppose that humanity and 
 
 slate Is eiulaii;:ered by the slreiioth of a body of inter- delicacy could not exist m u piovmce where sluvery 
 
 ual enemies ready lo conspire against its ir.iiiipu.hty or | prevailed, would cominit as yreat a practical error as 
 
 join Its hrst mvatler t Ttie iinmber of the slaves and [ an American who Nhould maintam the mctnnpatdpihty 
 
 ^dadi.ilors coiitrilHiU'd lo the downfall of Rome; and * ' - . . 
 
 indeed, every body politic, compounded of parts ho he- 
 
 teioi<^'neous as truemen and slaves, plainly contains 
 try and economy were reroinmended by prizes bo'h i within itself a principle of destniclion. .Such a luix- 
 jjrealer and neaier than any other country has ever pre- ' tore tends ali.o to pervert and confound the moral seii- 
 seiited. Labor was so vabial>|e. and land so clica[i. , tiinetils of all manknul. and to de^'rade the value of 
 that a very h-w years of industry could promote the \ those free institutions which are seen to form a canopy 
 laborer lo the rank of a propnetnr ;* lunie ueedid to I fer ihe shelter of domestic Ivrannv, to mock one por- 
 despair of a ccnnpetence ; and none found it practica- ; fion of the people with suoh iiberty and dignity as jail- 
 hle lo amass enormous wealth. Tod. no loiiiier the ' ors enjoy, and to load all the real with sucti ft'ltera as 
 bailee ot hopeless poverty, was respected as the cer- otilv felons should wear. 
 
 tain passport to independence; nor was tiicre a:iKMi<r j Si'cli lon^ coiiseLjucnces have cnill and injustice 1 
 ihe tree population any distinction of rank which -.ndus- I The t^rst introduction of slavery into a country plant.-* 
 try and virtue were unable to surmount. A constant i an evil of which the lull mischief is not felt till m an 
 ai.d iLjeneral prooression, etl'ecled without scramble or ! alter a^c, when il lias attained such an extent that its 
 peril. j:ave a ipnet alacrity lo life; and fellow-tee!- | ejirr^alMn bcjomes almost nnpossihle. This conside- 
 i» i; was not obstructed, nor insolence and servdily j ration, while il increases our uhhorrence ul a sysiein 
 eniiendered, hy numerous mstances of a wide incipiahty | so fiuuglu with cvd and dauner. abates the severily of 
 of eondilion , they were and are undoiiiitedly a happy ■ cur ceiisiit.? o'l iho-^e to whom the system already ma- 
 
 tmcd bv loiii*; endurance has unfortutiately di sceiided 
 
 And even with re;;ard to the race wiio tirsl introduced 
 
 It, we sh.ll' TvH fulhl the duty o( fellow-men. it we 
 
 uiiut to cons.der the apologies which prol)ably misled 
 
 llieir understand'nos, and veiled from their view the 
 
 wickedness they committed and the misery thi-y intro- 
 duced. The nc|jroes thai were first broujjht to \ ir^i- 
 
 nia were enslaved before they came there, and by llie 
 
 pt'Ople Iiul h.'nv happy had tiny been, had tliey ' 
 rii^lnly known llieir happiness ; had they imbibed witi. 
 the KWtelness of then lot, the spirit oi Us author, and j 
 in the abmK..incc of his ^roodncss recoontbod the extent I 
 of his claims ! | 
 
 Two causes have contributed in this and others of' 
 the American provinci's. to impede the operation uiitt 
 nhr;di;e the inlluence of circumstances so ta\orable to 
 happiness and virtue, i^ these, hv far the mosl im- ' 
 portant is the institniion of domestic slavery ; an insti- 
 tution Irauolit wi'h incalculable evil to the morals, man- 
 ners, and lejiciiy of every counlry into which it has 
 gained ailmisston. Tlie slaves iire ii'duced lo a .state 
 of miserv and dejrrailatioii ; to a state whu-li has al- 
 ways bfi'ii lonnd so destructive ;i) virtue, that in many 
 lanj»uat;es a slave and a thief arc ex|iressed by the 
 same word. The masters are pisily loaiicd with the 
 ffiiill of all the wreii'hedness and worthlessiicss which 
 that state mcviiably infers ; every mind is lainted with 
 the evil winch il enoender.<i Hiid displays, and sustains 
 ail abaiement either of liHppJness or virtue. Kverv 
 master of a slave, whether he term himself citizen i)r i sn vaiions on tlie slavepopnliition in Uns province, "whenl 
 
 .u.,..r,, ,s a ,„o,u.r,.h ..,„l.,w...i vv,M, ,„ore "".-onuoUnl | [;;;;-> ,;|--;;;;;|,'M;.»u^.i.a. I^;;^ju^^ 
 
 auiliority than any 8.ivereii»n in huropo enjoys ; and , f,Mi.!nn.in .>t ilie wheel ut lorlmie, aneichauKeoi suinilionis 
 every countrv where slavery is admitted, whether it i amoui; iiu>sit.ii' cvfiu.s; that it may heroine (iruliahie hysnper- 
 calU Itself k-nmiom or rei.ubhc, is a Cinmtrv subicct to . "^*'"^'l u.i. inrciue' Tiio Ahnmhiy has no attrilmte wliicli 
 .1 , "f. ' V- I ti I . I can take si'le with iisiii such a roiUesl. ' Notes on \ir(,Mma, 
 
 ttie (lommii.o ot tyrants. Aay. the more liberal its | ^^ i;^ seneca lel.Ues ili,it it wiis once pnnM.so.l at Home to 
 political constitution, the more severe in general is its '■ diMrmmiaie ihe slave.< hv n (HTuliar hahU ; tmt U was jnsitv 
 system of domestic tyranny; for tVoui the ilavs of ■ «lM'r«*luMiilc.t that there iniahi h.i some .lan^^^^^^^^ 
 
 • " I reiiu'riilier t lie time wlitil ti\ e I'oun.l wi-^ ielt l'\ ;u h ili- 
 tlhlo It-slatortnthe poorol ihepr.ii'ili tie iue-l m,aii I li lav imie 
 years helore tin- i-xecutorscoiil i liixloiiM po.iri'iioiiijii in lie eiill- 
 lltMllo aiiv part ot tins iei.icy ; ant :■! I,<v( it w;is itil uivun lo 
 oneoM wuhmh. So that tlii^ a ay in truth h«< tenm^il Die hcsl 
 puur iiiui'^cuuntryiiUhe woild ' Ueverley, II. iv. p. 3tf. 
 
 of the same (piilities wilh those spectacles of vice and 
 misery t xluhiled in the ^m-at towns and public placea 
 uf Knolund. In both countries, doubtless, hmnaii cha- 
 racter is evil atl'ecii'd by the contemplation of evil , 
 hill m both, the taint is ubstrncted by delusions thil 
 di.s>,'uise. by humanity that deplores, or by virtue that 
 labors lo imtioale ami linatly elface the evil. 
 
 The other cause to whicti I have alluded, as hayiuij 
 exercised an nntavorahle intluence on the prosperity ol 
 VirLtinia, is the inordinate eulliyalion of tobacco .V.s 
 loiii» as Viri,Mma ami Maryland were the only provinces 
 oi .North .Vmerica where this commodity was produced, 
 their inhabitants devoted theinsilves almost tixctusivelv 
 lo a culture which is attended with much mconvenicnco 
 to ihost; eni;aoi'd in it, and no small tlisadyanta>.'e lo 
 ihcir country evin when moiK-ratelv pursued It rc> 
 .piircs unusually fatiuMim^; lalior from the enllivators, 
 ami exhausts the fertility of the soil . and as little 
 food of any kind is raised on the tobacco plantalions, 
 the men ami cattle em[.loyed on ihem are liailly ted, 
 I and the .sod fzradiially iinpoverishcd. This evil cou- 
 { liiiued lon<; to be tell in V iiomia ; but has been di- 
 nnnushcd hy tlie introdiicium into the m.irkets of llu- 
 ropc of the touacco produce of territories more reeenlW 
 cultivated. 
 
 • An lUiislra'aon of tins reinaik mav, perhaps, tic derived 
 (r»>iii the a|lolo^■^llc tlieory which philo-iophical .iiaw owm-is 
 hiUe inlroiliieed mm the worlil. that the iiet;roes are a sepa- 
 i.t'.e and iiiteiior Mce lU iiirii -a iioiuni hy whuh the dtLjr.iila- 
 ti.Mi thai iiieii iiillic: on their lellovvs h> redm ititf liieui to the 
 level ot the hrutecre.Uioii, IS i liiriie.l .m Him who inadn man 
 111 llie iniai;i'ol liie tJodhead, and wtiose w.ird assures us tti.U 
 lie |:i<liiLiiied all souls nlikc. In'ere?<t and prids harden the 
 hearl ; the lU'ceitluliicss ol the iieail perwrts liieuiulerstand- 
 liiii ; and men find il at ree.ilile lo consider those as hiiites 
 wli.Mi'hev Ihmk 11 coiu-enieiit totreatas such. Tiio ht'st 
 leliit Uion ol this ttieorv Ihal I have ever seen is the produc- 
 1 1011 til an .\iiierican w filer. It oc.iirs m [>r. S. Smith's mler- 
 I siiiiti " I-:>sav on the causes ol the variety oliigure and cam- 
 ph-\ion in the liuinan species." 
 
 t " t tieniiiU- lor my country," says .Mr. JelVerson, in hi.t oti 
 
 wilhlheirownmimtKTs. This mtorination iseonveyed lo 
 llieiie-ioes i.y their color; and this col-. r lieina always a mirk 
 til conii-iiii't, even Ihose nenroes whoheeonie tree in conn- 
 tin-s where their .ace is Kinerallv eii-Unod, eonlliou' -iH:cd 
 holh hv Ihe iMOht inilatlim teelmcs and hy tin syini...'h\ Ihi'v 
 must iMiteitam lor menot the s one complexi'il, wilh ai' IIiosl' 
 vvlio ruinain in a utatu ul boiida;;c. 
 
 HOOK II. 
 
 TiiK m:\v kmji.and statks 
 
 <:HAI»TI;u I. 
 
 Attempt.i of the Plymouth Conipanv In colonize the Northern 
 i.'oasts ol America Popliioii e.^t,il'li.-.|u's a eolony al Furl 
 S;iiiil Ceorwe— Snlleiuiiis and KtMurn ot llie Loioninli*— 
 CaplainSiiiitli's Voviiiie itnd Survey oltlie I'ouiilry — w hlch 
 is n-oiied New KiiHland— Mis inellectiial Allciipt to eon- 
 duct at'oloiiv lliithiT— The Conipanv relin.[ni.ih Ihe Ursntii 
 of coloni;.iii-4 New Kiik'tand- llislorv and I haracler ol tho 
 Puiilana -111-.!' iit the Hiowiii>*Ih or liidepeiidtMiIs — A t'on- 
 Kieiialiun ot IndepeiideiUs retire tt> Holland— they resoleo 
 to settle in America— their iiei;utl.il|on with Kinif James— 
 they arrive in Ma.-<sacliu.setts— ;iiid lound New PIvmoulh— 
 ll.irdshiiis—aiid Virtue o( ihe ("■)loniHts -'I'lieir nvil hisii- 
 luliims-Connnumty ol Property- Increase ot civil jiud 
 ecclesiastical Tyrainiy in Ennland -Project of a new t 'olony 
 In Massadnisetis— Sjileni huilt— Charter ol .Ma»s;i-lnisetl!i 
 H.iV ohtanied from ('harlen the First hv an A.ssocirIkiii of 
 Puritans— Kmharkatioii ol \\u\ KmiKranls— Arrival al Saleiii 
 -Their Consiiiiuion m I'liurch and State— Two Person* 
 hanisle-ii from Ihe Colony lor Schism— Inlulerance of soma 
 of the Puritan!!. 
 
 f lliOB ] Whkn Jiitues the First pave bis sanction 
 to the project of coloin/.iiii; the vast div-tnct of i\\)rtli 
 .\inerica which was i-omprehended al that lime un- 
 der the name of Viruima. he made a purttlion of (hi) 
 
 • The treatment of -da7t'^ at Home, latierlv dtsiincuisheil 
 hy the most iMioriiious cruelly, w,is orntmally kind and hu 
 niaiie. Plutarcti. l.tlu uf Coriolamuit 
 
-T' 
 
 234 
 
 THE HISTORY OP 
 
 Mi 
 
 !:!! 
 
 II! 
 
 I' 
 
 ttrrritnrv belwren two tru'liiii; ou(iip:inieH, ami esU- 
 blislicd liir n^siilcncc of llie mir at Luntlun, nml nf tht! 
 other at IMymouth. If tlu> uUjerl of iIiih piiriittori w<ih 
 to ilinitiiinh ihn iru'onvt'tiii'iice uf nioiioi>olv, niitl ilif 
 fiiMi' ilio lirnetit of culoiiuti rrlulioiis iiioru cxlfMisivt'ty 
 in Kn;,'l.ii»i, iho inriins vvt-re very ill luLijitcil to tluv 
 Ctrl. conHcqupntly. the t;tl'cct was far from rorrt'^iiond- : 
 ini; with the dtMinn. 'I'ho resources of tltr adveiiUi-, 
 rem who had already prepared to iindert.tke rolonial 
 projects were divided t>o uiiei^iially. and yel so inncli lo| 
 ttio disidvdtil3i!c uf all parties, ihut (he more povvi-rfiil 
 coinpaiiy fontid iu vi^or and Hiirceits ronsult-nibly 
 ■hridi;ed, while the weaker, witlioul aliihty lo ellet'l 
 the purpose uf its astiociatioii, ntiiiiied only the privi- 
 lege of deharrinij others from altempliiii^ it. We li^ive 
 seen that (he southern eoluny, ihoiitrh promoted hy a 
 rompanv wliieli reckoned anions Uh inemlM rs ooiiie ol 
 the ruhest and ino!!>t powerful ini-n in tlie slate, and 
 c-Tjjoved liie advantaiie of tieuiij Kitiia'ed in the place 
 which (hen alisorlied almost all the coinmeicial weallli 
 Qnd activity ot Kni;laiid. was yel i iiahled. with all these 
 liUvaTita|;en. to make hut slow anil laiiorious advances 
 l» a secure e«tahli>hmeiu. The Plwuoulh company 
 posse.-*Miij; much narrower resources, ami a very infe- 
 riur ttituatiun, ltd etforts were propurliuhally feehle and 
 unavttilin<;, 
 
 The most einltient members of the Plynioulli coni- 
 pmy were Sir John rophain. Chief Justice of Kiiiilaiid, 
 Kir rerdinando (ior*:ei'. the (Jo\ernor of IMymouth furl, 
 and Sir John (iilhert. the nephew of the first patentee, 
 and leader of emiirranls lo America. Animated hy 
 the zeal of (hene men. and especially of I'opliain, who 
 assumed the principal direction ot their iiroceidiiiL'^i 
 the Plymouth company very early despatched a small 
 vessel to inspect their territories; bul had «oon the 
 inorliiicalion of ]eurnin<; thai it had been nt(ackcd and 
 eaptured bv the S|iaiiiard». who still pretended a ri^hl 
 lu exclude every oilier people from llie iiaMijaTion u\ 
 the American seas. 'I'he chief jiii<tic(! and his friend.^, 
 however, were loo nincli bent on (he prosecution of 
 then purpose to be discoura^'ed by this disaster. At 
 his ovMi expense, Pophain ipnckly despatched another 
 Vessel tu resume ibe survty; and ba\inu ricdved a 
 favorable report of ihe uppiarances of the country, he 
 availed himself of the iiiU lli;;encc to raise a Miltiiunt 
 HUpplv of men and money lor the formalion of a colo- 
 ny. [1GU7.J I'lider (lie commaiid ol Ins brother. Henry 
 Po|iham. and of Uate^^ll (nlliert. brother of Sir John. 
 two vessels freighted with a hundred emigrants pro 
 needed to ihe terril<)ry of what **as 6till called Noriliern 
 Virj^inta. and landing in autnum, thry took nossession 
 of a juece of ground near the river Sa^ahailoc, where 
 ihcy bmli Port Saint (ieorj^o The district wliere they 
 csi.\hhshed tln'lll^elves was rocky arui barren, ami (heir 
 pro\ isions so scanty, ihat (hey were obli*:ed, soon after 
 their arrival, to k nd back alt but furty-li\e of iheirown 
 nundier. Tlie winter proved extremely severe, and 
 confiii'd this small remnant to their miserable dwt llin<.r, 
 and a hilptess ;oiiteiii|Jatiun of the dreary waste ihat 
 snrro'Midcd Ukm;. Uisi ase. (he otlsprinfr of famine and 
 hardship, ani^meited (he general ^luom ; and, before 
 the return of Spring, he\Lral of ilicir iiiiniber, and 
 ainon[r ollurs ihetr pr<>bident, Henry IV'phani, had sunk 
 into the urave. Willi the sprini.' arrived a \essel wilh 
 supplies from Kn^jland, but the ii.teliiiiente thai a'-com- 
 patiied these .-supplies n.ore liiaii counlerl)alancid the 
 fcalisfiiction thi-v allurded ; fur the culoiii.>ls were now 
 infoiimd oi the ihalhs of Chiif Justice Popham and 
 Sir John (iilberl, the most povserful of their patrons, 
 and most active of their benefactors. Their resolution 
 WHS coinpletelv vani]ui>bid by so many ml^f>•^tunes ; 
 and sit rxclaimiiif.' against loiitrer contmnance ni scenes 
 t>o di.snial. thov hirsook Uie settlement and returned lo 
 Kiiiilaiid. [lUOS.J which they filh d with the most dis- 
 heartening accounts uf the soil and climate ol .Northern 
 V'iri:niia. 'i'he American historians are caiefid lo noie 
 thai this disastrous expedition ori<.Miiattd with the 
 judi;e who three years before had presided, with the 
 most Kcanddlouii injustice, at the trial of Ualeigh, 
 and condemned to an infamous death, (he man (o 
 wlioin Kngiand and America had been so highly in- 
 debted ♦ 
 
 The frustration of this er.lerprise. and the evil report 
 
 • (till* Ariieriraii wrilrr, huwever, hatt tip^ii hetraxpil \,y 
 carelirssiiesH into nn otjitervaunn at very (lifliTcnt, iliat tiu r«.- 
 
 f>r<>S('nts Italeuili as one of (htM^DiinnnndiTKiif (his iiii!iitrri"^<.'. 
 ai ( ipc'litl'in. .Marshall's l.lfe of Wasliiniftoii, \ ol. i. p. T.I. 
 Tins writer has inislaketi ll!ili,i(»lt fiilliert lor l«ii|!CJ-Mms. Sir 
 Waller wa.s ni Ihis iirnc aiinsninT m the Tiswer. umler sen- 
 teiire of <l(>ath. I have inurt'ilian ntice hud occasion to notice 
 inaicuinrtcs oceurrmn in the lirsl volume of Marshall's (aic 
 of Waslnnutori ; a volmiie wtiirti all who have ri-a<l (tiL-oth«Ts 
 naisl rc^rrct lliat ho ever [Uihlished. Ii haBifreativ otisirucieJ 
 tne popularity uf a moat cxceUent and interesilDK work. 
 
 that w is raised ai^ainsl the land, deterred tho euinpaiiyj 
 for Nome time from anv Innlier attempt to erect a sellle- j 
 rnent 1 1 Notlhern Viru'Uiia, and produced an impression 
 on the iiiinds of the people \erv nnhtvorable to tm\- 
 oratmii lo thit territory. l''or sever.d ye-trs, llic adven- 
 tures of (he company were conlliied to a few lishmtr 
 voyages to (.\ipe Cod, and a (ratlic in peltry and oil 
 with the natives. At leuj^th their prospects were 
 cheered by a i^lcani of belter foilunc ; and tho intro- 
 duction of Cjplain Sniiili into their service seemed to 
 betoken more vigorous and successful enterprise. Sir 
 Kerdmamlo (iorL<es, and some odier h-adniL; members 
 of Ihe Ply mouth (.'onipany, justly appreciatmir ijic 
 merit of (his extraordinary man, inailt? Iia.ile to appro- 
 priate his valitable sirvices. which (he Virginia t.'oni- 
 pany li.id so ntkvvorlhily nei^dected [H'llt] Six years 
 after the return of llie settlers at Saifaliadoc, (wo ves- 
 sels weri' despatched, umier the conimaiul of Captain 
 Sniilh and Caplain Hunt, on a voyaL;e of trade uiuP 
 discovery to the cornpaiiy> t<rrit(>'-'es. Sinilh, havinj^ 
 concluded ins tratl'ic with the natives, lift his crew en- 
 <;a;>eil in hshiiiit on the coant, and, accompanied hy only 
 etoht men, travelled into the interior of the cfMiutry. 
 surveyed its condilion, explored with jjreat care and 
 diliifeiice the whole coast, fr.itn < 'ape ('od lu Penob- 
 scot, and composed n m.ip. in which its appearance 
 was accurately delineated. On his return to Knohind, 
 he pri'senled Ins map. with an acconnl of his travels 
 and observations, to i'rince Charles, who was so 
 much pleasdl with tho country, that he bestowed on 
 It the name of .New Kngland, which it haii ever since 
 retained. 
 
 The success of Captain Smilh's voya^^, B';d the 
 favorable acconiils thai be pave of (he country, thon^di 
 they contnhuled not a litHe to slimnlale the vi<for ot 
 couiinercial adventure, conhl not overcrune the general 
 aversion to a pcrinaneiil settlement in the terrilorv. 
 v\hich the niish>rtiines uf the hrsi colonists had creal< d 
 III Mn^land, and \\hicti was appomltd to preserve thtit 
 <'oriier of (he .Mmi^hly's creation fur (he mhalMlatiori 
 |Of the most lailhlul and i)ppressed of his petiple. Tlie 
 tmpetliinents to a cojoinal estahlishnient in New I!n;!- 
 lai.d were greatly n.criastd bv the conduct of lliuit, 
 wlio had been as>ocialed wiih Siiiitli in the late voyam'. 
 This sordid and protli;_Mte man, un\Mllin^ that the hene- 
 lit of the existing narrow trallic with the company's 
 territories, which was excbisivelv shared bv himself and 
 a ifw olbers who were aware of its ad^anta^'es, should 
 be more ijeiuraitv diiTused by the tormalion of a colony, 
 resolved to deh at the desijiii by embroilinj; his coiin- 
 tryincn with the natives; and fur this purpose, having 
 enticed a iimnher of iliese people on board Ins ship, he 
 set sad with them for Mata^ra, where he had been 
 ordered to (oueli on his homeward voyaj^'e. ai.d sold 
 them for slaves lo Ihe Spaniards. The cumpanv, in- 
 di^iianl at his wickedness, mstuntly dl.^mlssed him from 
 their service ; lutt the mischief was done, and ihe next 
 vessel that returned fioni New Kn^dand brouy;hl intelli- 
 tfcnce of ibe vmdiclive tiostihtn s of iho sava^'es. Cii- 
 diiiiiiayed hy all these ditHcuUies and dan^irs, Smith 
 det( rmined to make an etU'rl for the colonization of the 
 northern territory ; and having; infused his own rcsohile 
 hope and conriioe into some of the Iea<lin^ patentees, 
 he was enabled, hy ilieir assistance, to equip a small 
 squadron, f Itiir),] and set sad at the head of n hody of 
 emi;;rant8 lor New Kni*land. 'I'hns far could energy 
 prevail ; but m a stru|:^te with Ulo, farther advance- 
 ment was impracticable; and (■apium Smith, havmo 
 now accomph'^hcd all that man could do, was destined 
 lo experience that all was iinavaihiijj. The voyage 
 wa.i one iininterrupled scene of disaster. After en- 
 counlermy a violent tempest, hy which the vessels had 
 n< arly perished. .Smith found his authority invaded by 
 ihe mutinous tltsposiiion of ins crew ; and in ihis silua- 
 iKjn be lell an easy prev to a squadron of French 
 i pirates, who confiscated bis ships, and detained linn 
 lonjj in captivity. It was happy for biinself and tor 
 mankind that he lived to return to bis country, and 
 write ihe history uf his travels, instead of reaching New 
 Knt'laiid ; where bis blood woidd proliahiy have stained 
 the I'jiul which his talent and virliie had eonlrihuted to 
 illustrate. [lOP) J Several years afterwards, the com- 
 pany havinir discovend that an Indian named Sifuanto, 
 one of the per^mis whom limit had kidnapped, had 
 exraped from (he .Spaniards, and tumid h s way to 
 iJntain, acquitted themselves to his satisfaction of (he 
 injury be liad suirered, loailed him will) kindness, and 
 sent him back to New 1 ji;:lauit, aloii>; with a small 
 i^X)tedition commanded by one iMrtner, who was in- 
 slrncied to avail lnm-.elf ol .Sqnanto's as-i>larice m re- 
 gaining the friendship uf llie Indians, itul aUlioni;h 
 Squaiito carncfftly endeavored to conciliate the tniiids 
 
 nf hia ruiinlrynicn, end aNAiircd them thai Hunt** 
 treachery had been reprobated and )iniiislied n I'hig* 
 land, (hey refused (o he pncitied, and walelim<j a favor* 
 able opportunity, attacked and danijeronsly wounded 
 Dormer and iiniiiv of his party, who, esCI|pn)^ wiih ilif- 
 liculty from the hoslile return, hit Stpuinio behind to 
 enfoFie at more leisure ami with bi tier succi ss Ins 
 topics of apolo>jy ami concilialion iJifLinsted by so 
 many disuppomlmeiits. (he company laid aside all far- 
 ther tliou^diis of eslahlishni;/ colonies ni New IJi^land. 
 .\ri iiisi|^rnilicant trallic boundi d their own adw-ntnri s ; 
 Jiid (hey made no other exiriine of their domuiiuii 
 over (he territory than hy disposing of small portion:^ uf 
 the mjriheni quarter ul it to private adventurer^, who 
 occupied Ihem in summer as intTcanttle lactones <ir 
 victualling stations for llu^ Ubes uf veasels resorting 
 diere for Irade. 
 
 We hive suliicient assurance that the eonrsp of ihia 
 world is not j»uveriied by chance ; and t'l-.l Ihe >eriert 
 o\ events is regulated by itiviue urdiiiance, ami ad iptiMl 
 to wi-e lhoni;h often inscrutable purposes As il could 
 not (hen he without desiun, su it seem» lo hive been 
 h>r no comnioii object that discouililnre was thus en- 
 tailed en the counsels of princes, the selieuics ut (Iip 
 wise, and the ed'orts (d Ihe btave. il was hir no ordi- 
 nary peiqili! that Ihe land was reserved, and of no conv- 
 mon ipndilies or vuloar superiority that it was ordained 
 to be the prize. New Fnuland was (he »lestined 
 asylutn of oppressed pielv anil liberty of conscieme; 
 and Its roloinzalion, deiiu il to the pretensions ol great- 
 ness and the i-lIor,ts of iiii>>ht, was reserved lor men 
 whom the ^real and mi^hlv despised for (heir littlenesH, 
 overcome trom their wnikrn'ss, and persecnled hir (heir 
 inlegrily. 'J'he recent ^irowlli of (he Virj:iniaii colony, 
 and the repeated attempts to form a settlement in .\ew 
 Kn^land, iiHlurallv turmd to this quarter the eves u( 
 men who felt little reluctance lo iors.ike a country 
 where, hir conscience's sike, they had already imiined 
 the loss of all things; whcni persecution luid loitilied 
 to the endurance of hardshqi, and piety bail tanuhi to 
 dt ^jpise It. It was at thi.t juncture aeci>idm^lv, th.it 
 the project of eoloni/.iiifj New lingljud \\;is iinderukrn 
 hy the puritans ; a bmlv (d men ul whose rise, s< nil- 
 iiients, and previous history, it is proper that we In lo 
 subjoin some accumit. 
 
 Of uU the national churches of Kurope, which at llie 
 era of the iUddrmation renounced the (luclnne and re- 
 volted trom the dominion ot tne setr ut Uome, there 
 was none in which the urigm ol the relt>rm had heeu su 
 discreditable, or the mmiediaie proceeding's to which 
 It gave rise so unrtasonable and ineqnitahh; as Mie 
 church of Pngland. 'I'his arose partly from the cir- 
 cumstance of iIh^ reform in this church having origi- 
 nated exclusivelv with the temporal niaoistrate." and 
 partly from tho character of the indivntual hy whom 
 this interposition of mugistenial authority was einplowd. 
 In (he I'alalinale, in Itraiulenhurgh, llulland. tieneva, 
 and Scotland, where the relorm proceeded Iriun tho 
 general conviction, the doctrine and con.ititution ol the 
 national churcii etprresponded with the religious si nti- 
 nients of the people, 'i'he biblical Christianity lauijht 
 bv (>alvin and l<ulher (vvith varietits ocrasioni d hy 
 variety of human weakness and iiirqnality ot atlain- 
 inenl) siip(;rseded the traditional dtminas i<l the ehnr<h 
 of Kume , and the primitive sinqilicitv of the pn ^tiyte- 
 rian admmislration (with smiiliar varieties of smnlai 
 origin) supersi'ded the pompous pageantry o( her eccle- 
 siastic.il constitution. In iln^land, (lie rehirmatioii 
 ongmadng trom a very ditbrent smirce. its mstitntion.'t 
 received a strong Imcture from qualities p'roporttoniilly 
 ditlerent. 'i'he same haughty and imperious dj.>po>i 
 lion that had piompted Henry the i Jijhih to alioli!-li tho 
 authority of ihe church ol Rome in his dominions, regn- 
 laled all Ins proceedings in construciing a snliMiiute 
 for the system he had taken iiway. .Mteiied by a crew 
 of servile dependants and sortlid nobles, whom he t n- 
 nched vvilh the spoils ot the plundertd moiia.tteries, 
 and by a compliant llonsf! uf Commons, whose pro- 
 
 * It lias heen asserteil hv a host uf Kti^hsh wriiers that, 
 (ivvniK to Una interi«<>.iiion of the lna^l>t^ate, the m\ asion ot 
 su^'jMised righlii aiulol.iMi^lieil |)l>^^L'SMoh!» thul I'liMittl tui 
 the Itt'lorniution wus eotKluilt'il with much ^irater sotjiitty 
 and equity in Kn(ilami than m Sicdlaml. The very ^^v^'r^e, 
 appeara to niu ajustt;r proposition. Henry's rohherics o| ihu 
 ticcloiasiicat orilers were ili(> iiinre inequitalilc in proportion 
 to their tlehlicrHlioM. TlicSinteh iMi|julacQiosem tuinultnoiis 
 mil.^'natuai against tht iro|>prcssiiis. Henry trampled on lht> 
 ili'ieiiceless, nnil arruve'l lus rapine ni Ihe huleinn ap|)att-l ol 
 in<:acts ol hiate. 'llie csgilostoiis of popular juslice an.- 
 utlf DtlL'il w'llh a niarki'il violeiuf-, ami liave- hut a short-lui •! 
 duration. As palprilile devialionn Ironi the urtlmury line ul 
 human dcthiii, their itiHuL'iice docs not ath-ct tjrneral niora'iiy 
 'I'he actiliKi* »< tleKpotlsiii covi-r iheir violence wilhaKratP 
 distiuisr; and HHtociaiiut; iticm with piincipk-s and piectdtnii, 
 ireiidur tlitir evil lulahty pennaneiit 
 
 '-■'^^^m»mmmmmtm 
 
NOUTII AM r.H ir.\. 
 
 285 
 
 tlicm tliui Hunt** 
 
 il |itii)islit'<l ti I'iiig- 
 itl \viit('liin<; a I'dvor* 
 iiil^iTonsiy WDuiitlnl 
 
 ), ('n(M||i|j)i^r V,HU lllf- 
 
 I Si)iiaiiiii l>t-liiiid lu 
 )m tttr Hiicrt MS Ills 
 V l)ir<i!ii)<lt'il liy fto 
 riy laid aMtIo ull far- 
 i H 111 .\fw iji^iUml, 
 ir lUMi udwiiiurt !• ; 
 
 < Df llll'ir lliMllllllllM 
 
 of Miiatl |i')rtiuiiA (if 
 iv iKl^t-httircrfs, x\tit> 
 rtiiiitilc t.uiiirMs or 
 ot vi'».<4i'U ri'Mirliti;^ 
 
 at l!ii' rourno of ihis 
 
 mid I'l.tt tin' MTU n 
 ihaiici', aiiil jd ijiU'd 
 "jiust-s. Ah II I'dulil 
 !«rt'iMn In li'iVf lu-t n 
 iililurr w.it itniK iii- 
 . (lie schni.rs ol lllf' 
 
 It M.1S t'lir nu unli- 
 rvid. and of no 4-tni>- 
 lliat It was ordiiiiird 
 I was the ticsliiird 
 
 ITfV of fOIIMCICIlt t- ; 
 
 jinicnMOiis of irrt'ut- 
 as rthirvi-d for iiu'ii 
 d for tlicir littlniiKH, 
 I piTscrtiti'd for llicir 
 ill' Virginian rt)luiiy, 
 a st'lllnnt'iit lit New 
 i (jiiarlrr l!if eves of 
 I lurHakt' :i counirv 
 had almiily iiiciiiK'd 
 scriitiDi) liail toilMii'il 
 1 {Ht'ty had taught ut 
 IIT atLHiuitHi'lv. lll.il 
 laud v\aH iilidrrmkri) 
 ol wlioce riBf, ^ttl■.l• 
 |»ro|«'r that \\f hf ii; 
 
 iMiropr, wtiich at the 
 
 the ih)i')rini' and ru- 
 
 MT ot Koiiic, tht-ie 
 
 ri U)r!ii had hi-cii so 
 
 iriHTcdiii/s to whu II 
 
 1 iii<'i(iiilidilr ds 'ht> 
 
 partly fmiii Ihf cir- 
 
 ( liunii havii;;:: (in^i.- 
 
 |ra] iiiauisrruir,' and 
 
 indiMdual hy v\liuiii 
 
 lOrilv w.if t'liiplou il. 
 
 1, Holland, (MMirxa, 
 
 pri>i-r<-tl('(l Iroiii ihu 
 
 I ton.^litiitioii ul tlu! 
 
 thi' rflijjiovis M lUl- 
 
 I ('hriMli.iiitiv laiiLiht 
 
 s ona^ioiiid hy 
 
 pialitv ot uttaiti- 
 
 \,i> \'\ llir rtiiin li 
 
 ■ii\ ol (he prt sliylf- 
 
 arii'Di!* of Miiidai 
 
 aiitry of hrr vn'\v- 
 
 1, tlir ri'fortna'iDit 
 
 inc, it-i iiiNtilutioi'.A 
 
 itii-s proportioiii.lly 
 
 imprrums di.*poM 
 
 iL:hih to ahoh^li ttu* 
 
 IS doMiinton^. rii^ii- 
 
 iii-Mhit a siihntiliitd 
 
 \luiu-d hy a inw 
 
 hh'^. \slioiii he tii- 
 
 ,l( nil iiioiia.'«tt<rics, 
 
 ions, vvluisc pro- 
 
 fciitflish urii(>rs that, 
 |ratc, till' iiivaMiiii t>| 
 iliat t-nMii'il iiri 
 |(-h ^icaliT Noliiiity 
 Tin; very fRM'rsf, 
 Iry'H ri>>ilii<riC!i ol lliu 
 liiitulile III proportKiii 
 
 IciMJCllltUlllllllHOIIM 
 
 liiry Iruiiipluii on ilii* 
 Mtti'iiiii u|i|iurt'l III 
 ■ ipiikir jii-'iiti' ;ti); 
 vrliut a >lit>r1-nv(<l 
 :ir ii[(luiar> Inn ul 
 |i-l t;<M)i-ral iiiorii'iiy 
 ■HIT with a ([ra**» 
 
 lik'HIIIIll {>IL'i'L>tltlilt, 
 
 fcsdioii of faiih vrrrrd about with i-vcry viirinlioii of the 
 roval criTd, he paid no rri^pcft whatt-vcr, in the in«ti- 
 tnliorm wliirh ht' siicrcnsivcly c^tahhslnd, to tho Kciiti- 
 nipnt.n of the Imdv ol tin- prtiph'— a portion of hm fuh- 
 iccts to vvlinm' prlitioii^< hr oni'c nnswf red, hy a puhlu* 
 proi-Iaination, that ihi-y were " hut UtmIva and incxport 
 fjik," and nn unlit to adviNi> fiiin an hhnd mm wi-rc lo 
 judjfii of cohirs. III!* ohjcct was to sidisiitulr him-clf 
 nnd his ^iicrrssorn nu heads of the t-lnirch in phifc of 
 thr pope ; and for ihr inaintrnanrr of this usurpi d do- 
 intnuin. hv riUiinrd, Iiolh in tho crn'riionirs of wofMhip 
 mill the cor.-slituiion of ihi' nunnlry. a yrriit dral of the 
 inm-hincrv vhuli his prrihTecttor in the Riipmnacy had 
 found umIuI. 'I'hf iflu'iiicnro of his rhamricr de- 
 trac-ti'd Munewhal from the policy of hi« dovirrs, and 
 vcrv mill h ahalid thiir pohlir njiprrtranre hy that r*how 
 of ijood fai'li and Murerily whieh acrompanicd all his 
 acliorifl. and whu'h was hul (lie nalural result of smrn-i- 
 and vehenii'iit si hi>hi.rsi<. and an uiidouhlin^' ronvic- 
 tioii of tho snpiTiorilv of Ins undiTstaiidinj^ and the in- 
 fallihihlv of his juilj.'m»'iit.* While he rigidly denied 
 the riiilit of pri^aic jud^nneiil to liin suhjeels. his own 
 inorduiate excrriM' of this ritfht rontiniially tempted 
 thnn lo partake the sat.sfaction il peenii-rf to alford 
 hiin ; and the fn'<|miit vurialions of (he rreeds ht; im- 
 posed, at oiire exi Hed a spirit of !«prriiintion aKin to 
 Ins own. and prarii<-allv refuted the on!/ pretriu*'- that 
 rould entitle his judiriiH nt to ihe imphrit nsseiit of fal- 
 hhli- men. Tlie pope, expressly inaiiitnimnij I'.iat he 
 rould never he in the wroiiL', was dl^ahU'd from eorrert- 
 ni;^ lioth his own errors and tlmse heipieaihed lo him hy 
 his preih'fessors. Henry, merely pretendini; to the 
 pnvdejfe of helnj; always m llie ri(.'ht, defrnled this pre- 
 leiision hy the varutv and meoiisistenrv of the ereeils 
 to \^llteil he applied U, \Vlule he insisted oii retaiiiitiir 
 niurh of llic preuhar doctrine of the ehiireh of Home, 
 he attacked. In its lufalhhdity. a doetrin" not only hi^jhty 
 iinport.iiit in itself, hut the sole sarietioii nnd foundation 
 of a ^nal uiativ others, NolwithstaiuliiiLMill his exer- 
 tions, and aid( d itideeil hv some pirt of Ins omii con- 
 duct, a spirit of f' Il I. MLS iiitpiiry heu'an lo ari-^e anioni» 
 the nniltilude ol pi.iicsors wlio hlindiv or inlerestediv 
 had foHowi (1 liie fortunes and the variations of the royal 
 freed : .md the knowlcdL'e of divine truth, comhined 
 with an ardent nuard for simpheity of divuu; worship 
 orisnitr Cirst in ||,(. junhrr elas.ses, spread downwards 
 throutfh the Hueressive j^rades of society in this and the 
 followniu' reigns. 'I'lie administration of inipiiKiiortal 
 oatti.s, and ttie inthrtion m various instances of decapi* 
 talion, tort^ire. and hurnm^, for the crime of heresy 
 durinjf lldiry's riiyn. demonstrate how fully he had 
 cinhraced tlie diaracter as well as the prcieiisions of 
 the Hoinish see,+ and how inetleclually he had lihored 
 to impose his own helero^eneuus creed on the under- 
 Bidnduiijs of his suhjects. K»en in his hfelune. the 
 iiroteMaiit doctrines liad spread far heyond the limitn ()f 
 his own creed, and in their ille^itMuale exlenl had 
 made niinierons proselytes m Ins court and kinjidom. 
 The propaiialioi) of lliem was aided hv the tratislalion 
 and ditiusujii of the Scripture.s, which he vainly en- 
 deavored to prevent, and which en.dihd Iii.h |it'oph- to 
 draw truth hi; tliemseUes unstinletl and unadulterated 
 from Its e\erlastinti wells, 'i'he optjii profession of 
 these itlictl opinuins was in many instances n-pressed 
 hy the terror ot lii> inlU'Vihle cruelty, and hy tiie inllu- 
 ence over his nieastireji wliuh his lay and clorual conr- 
 liers found it easy lo iihl.iin hy feiamni» imphcit suhmis- 
 hum to Ins capriciouH and impcrioii^ temper. The 
 teinptattoiis whicli ihese men were expost(i to nroved 
 filal in some instances lo iheir virtue; and scvt ral of 
 them (even tlie virtuous Cramuer) lliouyht themselves 
 ohh;.M'd ihouiiti rehiet-iiitly to concur in punishing; hy 
 fire and fair^'ol the open profession of the aenliineiils 
 which lliey secretly ehrri.shed in their own hreasts. 
 They were afterwards compelled themselves lo drink 
 ot the same Clip , and enahled to make some atone- 
 ment to the ea i-c of Irulh liy ihf heroisrn with which, 
 in Mary's hhiudy reit,'n, they suirered for the doctrines 
 whuh they had persecuted hefore. 
 
 liy the death of lli-nry the Ki^lilh, his protesttint snh- 
 jects were exempted Irom thr necessity of farther dissi 
 rntilalioii. In the reij>ii of Kdward tho Sixth, thr pa- 
 tliolic doctrines were expuiiircd from llie nalionul creed, 
 
 * The |Mihhc(hH|»n1iiliNii whuh he held withniipof his suh- 
 jects. til'- nMljir-jiiinilol lhrni;:li uiiforturiiitf Lamhert. who 
 (letitctl the it'><iiiiir«ii the icai proscnce, wuR.pt'ihaps reciml- 
 cii at the lime a* an act oi lulmiruhli' zral and iiii>»t « Microns 
 corniest rnsiiiii. Il iiii^'ht have im;ntcd tins pratxc if tin? horrid 
 dcatli l)y wtiiiti he rc\cii;;fd the niijH.l.ncc ot Ins locic, di.l 
 not prove ii to havo hccii nil overflowing uf anoj-imco und 
 vain L'lory. 
 
 t (hie of his lawR (3t Hrnrv VIII. capi. |4 ) liears the pre 
 mm|iliious title nf "An act lor aNiluiiini{ diversity of opl- 
 uuiis in curtain articles concurniDg the Chiiitioii religion " 
 
 and the fimdamental art 
 reeoynivtd nnd isi.dilislii 
 
 i-les of the proti i4l:inl fa'lh 
 I 11,' l:iw. As annui^ thi 
 other practices of the precedrnti reion, the wiak ami 
 wicked policy of eriloicm^ unilornulv ot I:iith .t:id wor- 
 kup hy persecution was nidi ri'tained. liie intluenee of 
 temporal fear and favor contrihiited, no donhl, to eii- 
 eumher the proicstanl church with many n luctant and 
 hvpocritieal professors. In the hope of reconcilmo the 
 iiiindH of men as extensively as possihle lo the Bysteni 
 which they had esiahhshed, the minisiers of Kdwurd pie- 
 served not only the eccle:*iasticiil constiliilioii which 
 Henry hail retntned, hul a.^ much of the ancient cere- 
 monial of wiirsliip as they thought woidd gratify the 
 taste nnd predilections of mitids that still hankrred after 
 catholic paoeantrv They rather yielded to the neces- 
 sity of the limes, than nululu'id tlit tr own sentiments or 
 followed out llieir principles ; and pretty plainly insi- 
 mnled tlieir opinion, that whenever the times could 
 hear it, a further reforinalion shoidd he introduced into 
 ihe eatahhshineni. hy m^ertinu n prayer to ih.il purpose 
 in the I.iiuroy. Hut in this attempt, the rulers of the 
 Kn^lish relormed church encountered a spirit of restst- 
 alice, oriLMnalin^ in the protesUnl hodv, of which they 
 considered themselves the heads, thirini; the lute 
 reion the disatl'eciion that had heeii cherished in secret 
 towards the national church had not contined itself to 
 the doctrines of the eslahhfliment. which many proles- 
 taiilH connected in their opinion and esteem with tlie 
 ceremonial rites and clerical hnhitH that had lor qocs 
 heen (heir inveterate associate and distinctive livery. 
 \\ 111) their enmity to popish iloctrine. thry comhined an 
 aversion lo those ceremoni< s which had proved so suh- 
 servieiit lo popish imjiosture ; which seemed to ow(< 
 their Kiirvivance in tho imtionul mvatem to the same 
 error liiat had relumed so iniKli catholic heresy; and 
 which diverted the inmd from that spiritual worship 
 claimed hy I Inn who is a spirit, nnd has command<-d all 
 nun to worship him in spirit and in triiili. These sen- [ 
 timents, \\hicli were suhseipunlly matured into the | 
 doctrines of the puritans, had already taken possession 
 ol the iiimdri of some of tho l')n^hbh prolestants : hut 
 their o|terdiion was as yet neither very powerful nor j 
 extensive. One of liio most powerful imhealions of I 
 their intltience that has heen transmitted lo us was \ 
 evinced hy Hisfiop Hoojier, who, in the reion of Kdward, i 
 refused to he consecrated to his otlice in what he deemed 
 the superstitious hahils appropri'ited hy the church to ' 
 the episcopal ordtT. His proicstant opinions had ren- 
 dered him an exile from Kni.dand durino the latter jiart 
 ol the precedmi; reion, and his puritan sentiments had 
 het n contirmed liy the conversation of the preshyterian 
 teachers, with whom he associated during his residciict' 
 uhroad. C'raniner and llidlev, who wert^ afterwards j 
 his fellow inariyrs under the persecution of Mary, re- I 
 sorted to arjjuments, threats, I'lilreaties, and nnpnson- ! 
 liieiit, to overcome Hooper's ohjeclions ; and il was; 
 not witho\it very great ditlicnlty that Ins mllexihle spirit ' 
 condescended to terminate the dispute hy a compro- ! 
 misc. 'i'he sentiments which had thus receivid the I 
 sanction of a man so dlstiniTut^hed hy the excellence of ' 
 his character as well as the eminence of his station in ! 
 the church, continued to manifest tliemselves throuoh- 
 out the shori reion of Kdward ; and there was scarcely 
 a rite of ihe estaldished worslnp, or liahit of ihi- clerov, 
 thnt escapcil ohjection and contention. 'I'he dt tenders 
 of ihe practices that were thus assailed did not contend 
 tlial they were of divme appointment, or in tlieinsel\cH 
 of es>enlia! iinportunce. 'i'iiey maintained that they 
 were III themselves inotVensive. and that hy lon^r ( stah- 
 Itshmenland inveterate association they had taken pos- 
 session of the reverence of the people, and altacheil 
 their allcctions to the national worship. 'I'hey admitted 
 that, ns useless appendaoes, it was desirahle lliat time 
 and rensmi should ohhterale these prac'.iees : hut in- 
 sisted that It wonhl he hoth unwise and ilhheral lo aho- 
 lish them forcildy, nnd at the risl. of unhinomif the mi- 
 porlanl sentiments with whicii they had accidentally 
 connected themselves. This reasoning was very mi- 
 aatiafactory to the puriians, who rejected such tem|K»- 
 rizinc poln-y as tho counsel of hikewarm piety and 
 worldly wisdom, and rejjarded with ahhorrenee the 
 inixluro of superstitious attractions with the motives to 
 that which should he entirely a reasonalile service, nnd 
 whatever weioht the aroiiinents of llie pievailmo party 
 may he considered to possess, ihny cerlamly raniiol he 
 allowed lo justify their violent imposition of ohservan- 
 ces, which at hest they regarded a.> inoll'eiisive, on per- 
 sons who considered tiiem as smfiil and pernicious. 
 Hut the doclrines of the puritans, whether supported or 
 not hy superior weiohi of reason, were overhorne liy 
 Ihc weij^ht of superior numhers ; and their senliments 
 might perhaps have gradually died awoy if tliu reion of 
 
 Kdwartl had hern much farther prolonged, or his scpptro 
 Itecn transmitted lo a proteslant successor. Dnl iho 
 reiMii of Mary wa» appointed not only to purify the pro* 
 li'slant hodv, hv separating the true from the false of 
 formal professors, hul Itt radicale every proteslant se^>- 
 iimerit hy exposing it 13 the litry test of papal rago 
 and persecution. 
 
 The adimnislralion of Queen Mary was pro4iuch"0 
 of events that tended lo revive and dis.^eminale the 
 purilaii sentiments, aiul at the same tmie to ronnrni 
 llu! opposition of some of iheir adversaries Diinny 
 the heat of her hhmdy peisecutuui, many of the pni- 
 tesinnls forsook thi'ir country nnd took refuj^e m iho 
 proteslant states of * It rnniny and Sw n/erland. Then', 
 in reonlaimu for themselves the hinns and ordinnnces 
 of divine worship, iheir ancient (hspuies nnliirally re- 
 vived, antl were animate<l Iw tht^ apjuoach of the two 
 parties to an ei|ualiiy of numhers that had never heforo 
 siihsi!>ted hel^een them, and protracted hy the utter 
 want of a tipint of mutual htrheurance. nnd the uhsencn 
 of any Irihimal from which an aiithoriialive decision 
 could he ohiamed. Thi> puritans heheld with pleasure 
 m the continental churches the estahhshmeiit of a eon* 
 slitnlion and ritual which had heen the ohject of Iheir 
 warm approhatton and earnest desire; and they either 
 cfHii|ioseu for lliemselves a formula of religious asso- 
 cnlion on a similar modi t. or entered into communion 
 with the churches estaldished in the places where they 
 resided. Their opponents, on the other hand, cliin^ 
 more lirmly than eviT lo their nncient practices : they 
 refu-'*ed to surrender any one of llie iriNtitntions of the 
 faith, for the sake of which they had forsaken then 
 country ; and they plumed themselves on revivin^f 
 amidst the misfortunes of llieir church at home, an en- 
 tire and accurate model of her ordmanceH in the seeno 
 of iheir hanishment. Iiolh parties were willing to havo 
 united in church fellowship with each other, if either 
 could have yielded in Ihe dispute concerning forms of 
 ollice, hahit>, and ceremonies. |)ul though each con* 
 sidcreil itself stronj»cst m failh. neither felt disposed on 
 that account to hear the inhrmities of the other ; nnd 
 tfiou^h united in the- ureat fundameiitjl points of chris* 
 lain helu I, and associated hy tlie common calamity that 
 rendered iliPin fellow-exiles m a foreign land, their 
 fruitless controversies separated them more widely 
 than tiiey had ever heen helore, and ilitlamed ihem willi 
 mutual dislike and animosity. On the death of Marv 
 holh parties returned lo Kn^laiid : the one jovfully ei- 
 peciin^^ to see their ancient worshij) restored : the olh» T 
 more hrmly wedded lo their puritan Kentimenls hy the 
 opporlumiy ihey had uhtamed of freely induloinir iht-m, 
 and etiteriamin^ (in common with many who had re- 
 mained at home) an increased antipnlliy to tho liatiit;* 
 iiid cerenionies which the recent ascendancy and pro- 
 ceediiiL's of the catholics hud stron^dy nssoc ated with 
 the odious features of popish fraud, delusion, and 
 cruelty. 
 
 'i'he hopes which the puriians derived from the ac- 
 cession ot llh/alielh were secoiuh d hy the disposition 
 of m.iiiy, even of ilirir opponents aiiiono the leadm;^ 
 proteslant churehinen, who had wi'alhert'l the storm at 
 home. Several of the most distmoiiiiihcd persons of 
 this class expressed llie stronocst reluctance, in restor- 
 ino fhc proteslant coiistitiUion to initrwi-ave with it« 
 lundaMieifl.d canons, any suhordinate re<riil.ilions that 
 imolit he injurious to men endeared to ihem hy their 
 coniinon eahiimlv. nnd so recently associated with Ihem 
 as I ontessors for the sulislance, not tin- mere forms of 
 reli;iioii Some of the puriians, no iloidit. were heiit 
 on rediiciti>; liie model of the church to a conformity 
 with their own seiilimenis ; and some of their oppo- 
 nents wire as eu^er to prohihit and suppress every 
 trace of puritan practice, The majority, howevtr, as 
 well as the leadm^j tnemhers of holh parlies were 
 earnestly desirous lo etlect an arconiinodution on tho 
 pnncijiles of mutual forhearance, and willingly agreed 
 that tho disputed hahils ami ceremonies should be re- 
 tained in the church, as observances of a discretiotmrv 
 and iiidillerent rmliire, not to be controverted bv thi« 
 one nor enforced by the other, but left to he conlinnid 
 or abolished by the silent proirress of sentiment and 
 opinion lint the hopes of the zealous and the conces- 
 stons of the candid were frustrated hy the character i>f 
 the quren ; whose strong band and imperious temper 
 soon defaced the fair prospect of concord and happi- 
 ness, and involved the people committed to her care in 
 a lon^ and widonino scene of sirile, inah^tnty. and 
 misery. I-'hzabeth inheriteil llie hauiiiity character of 
 her lutiier and his taste lor splentlid paoeantrv. Ami 
 thonuh bhe had heen educated with her brotiier lOdw.irU, 
 and her understanding had received a strong tincture of 
 prolestunl opinions, her sentiments powerfully biasied 
 
280 
 
 THE HISTOUY OF 
 
 bor in favor of ihe rilM, diiciplin«. and e»rn doclriim Whilpift llunK hiiimrlf on hii km-rn biforo iho qiu-rn 
 
 ui till* ciilli.ilii''i — of every thirty, in Hlmrt, ihul roiild l nnd iniplon d Ixr to u|iliii1il itif finking rliiiii li, und (u 
 lend an nnpoxih^ aft|iert lo (lir inlublinhniont ol vvliirli | Riiticr no iilicrtition ihat would nwv mm ItM^c lo oay 
 slir \\»» the hU|irrniP hrud, und nirrt-usi* ihe Ntru-tncNit | that .shr had inuiHtainttt an trmr lli^ liuniilMiion, 
 of tlir donninon which nhc wuh ri'Nolvfd to nianit.iiii | nto»<t prnlmhly, wum |)roin|>tid nithcr l>y tlittt* ly tliin 
 
 (Var ; lor Illi/.iilM'tli h.ni nhown no iik iniiilion whiitcvt-r 
 
 ovir ihi! drr^v. She nuhhrly ihaiiki'd one of hrr chap- 
 lains lor preichnig in di>ft nrr uf thr real prcnrntc, and 
 Willi hull* ri'viTi'iici 
 
 to initii*alr itn ini|ii rioiis pohcy xo rori^rnnd to her own 
 rliiiracliT. 'J'ht* ctilort-in^ of iin|di(-il dil'crcnrn lo htr 
 
 rfhukcd anoihrr for mon(tollnl^ 
 
 Uie |)opmh notion of an nilirri-nt virtur ni the Hynihul jiulirinitit, and oi ri^id coiilonniiy to tlu! nioili I rthr iiad 
 of the cross. She di'sircd lo make tho clcray |>iU'»Ih, , rn.icii d, was llic ri-snlt nl lur early and Htuhlmrn 
 Ltid not prpuchrrw ; discouraged their ttermonx ; and . choice, and tn.uiiuiituil wtih her u<«ua] M^or and vehe- 
 wouhl havii inliTdicled tlirin from in.irriu^'p had she, incnce ol deH rmiiiatuui. She overhore all opposition , 
 not lipcn rcKtramed hy tlifl riMiioiinlratices of her rni- ' and the priiiia!'- and hin a!<-'*ocidle!» liiin^ eiicouramtl lo 
 nmter l*ori! nurleiyh. L)i!*rei;;irdinj( tho wibIich and i proceed m ihe couihc tliey had he^nn, their zeal enhirjj- 
 piitreatiiM iHilh of churchmen and puniaim.nlie reiiiorid . mi; us it Ilowed. Mton transported them heyond all 
 Kmj{ Kdward'a conntitutions with no other alteralion | luiumU of decency and humanity. Tliey wen- allowed 
 
 nnssunuTs lor ihe tieleclion 
 
 than the ormHition of u few pa-i»*aj;es in the liiuriiy • to eslahlish a court of 
 wliuli were olVeii-ive to the c.iihohci*; and caused a ' of noii-coiilurmily. ^^liich even the privy council reinon- 
 law to he framed for Iho enforcement, hy line, iiiipri- : str.ited a^auisl as a copy of the Spanish iiupiisiti'in. 
 uf n fitnct uniformity ol re- i Hy the asHistaricn of tliitt tyrannical engine, iliey made 
 
 Konment, and deprivation, 
 
 l^loull 
 
 wo ml 
 
 up. 
 
 This was the first «lep in a hue of i freer course f 
 
 Mcventies uf the Uw ; and havii 
 
 iHdicy which tho church of Kn^land has had deep and i rcridere'! intei!rity hazardous, lliey niade pruih'iice uu- 
 listing cause lo deplore, and which, hy compelhii^ | avaihn^r tj the puritans In \ain were they reiinnded 
 thousands of her hest and f.ldest inimslers reluctantly of ihe maxim of the first christian c 
 
 to forsake her cu 
 
 nion. alHicIrd her with a decav 
 
 1, which recom- 
 ided ihe imposition of no greater hurlhen on the 
 of internal piety, from winch, after the lap.-e of many I people than the ohscrvaluni of necegsary llmiiB. For 
 generations, shn has even now Init imperfectly rtvived. the purpose ot impit^ui^ a load of ceremonies, which 
 Hut this Uw Wdi for »ome time very feehly ami mi- v^itlionl the actual prolension of popery they could 
 perfectly enforced. The queen could not at once find [ never repn sent at) oh.servunces es.'.enlial to s.dvalion, 
 a snllicient number of men fitted lo sustain the di^inly i Uiey comnnlied Huch op|iri\-*sion as rciulered tiie cere- 
 of episcopal elevation, and yet willnip to become the! monies lliein.-'elves lentold more ohmniouM to those to 
 inslrmnents of her arbitrary desi>;iis ; tior couM all her' whom e\en indulgent treatment \^onld have failed (o 
 elForts for sonic time eicite general strife and ill-will ' recnniinend them, and roused the opposition of others 
 among men of whom so ni:uiy, llionph ditlerini; t'roni i who would willingly have conijilied wtih the ceremonial 
 
 each other on suhordinate points. h,id hut lately heen 
 united by coinmumiy of senliment and sullenn^ in the 
 noblest cause that can inlerext human iiearts. Her 
 tirst bench of bishops were not only ea>:er to clear ihiin- 
 Ht'lves of the reproach of having; composed or approved 
 the existing laws,* hut by a (general lorhcarance to en- 
 force (hem, enabled tUe puritan miinsters nnd practices 
 to obtain a considerable fooling in the church And 
 though she reprimanded the primale Parker for his 
 li<>L;li|Tence, and at len«;lli stimulatetl hiin to the exer- 
 tion of some sevirities in the enforcement of ihe act of 
 umforinity. it was far from receiving treneral execution ; 
 and by various acts of connivance on the onv »ide, and 
 jirudent reserve on the other, the puritans were enabled 
 to enjoy some semblance of peace. Their tran«piitlity 
 was lengiliened and increased by the sucti-A-Mon ol 
 (■rir.dall tc the primacy. The lil)cral princi) les iit'd 
 humane disposition of this man rev»''*>'.i at*aiiist itie 
 tyrannical injustice which he was re<piired to enforce ; 
 and at the expense of his own iinpnsoninent und thi 
 
 oiilinances if they h .1 been proposed to (hem merely 
 as niatters of con\ciinMit observunce, but revolted from j 
 them, as frau;;ht willi danger uiid mischief, when it \saH ' 
 a'lenipted to hind then, on the conscience, and place 
 tliein on a le\el with ihe mo.>t sacn d otili^'^tion?i. . 
 The nio.*t signal frmt it\ ihi» increased seventy was the | 
 enkindling of greit additional zeal and fervor in the 
 mmdH of the puritans , a rapid imiltiplication of their j 
 numbers hy sliong svinpatiiy with their courage, and | 
 compassion for tin ir sutlcnn^s ; ami a growing abhor- ! 
 rence in llieir body to the order of bl^hltps and the , 
 whole frame of a church which to lliem was an origan i 
 of injustice and tyranny. It is certani that the piinta'is | 
 of thofe times were exceediiiL'lv averse to separate Irom J 
 (he church of t'jiglaiid , and iheir niinisUrs were kIiU 
 more riluctani to ahel n srhisin am! renounce ilieir pre- 
 ferments. They williniily allowed her lo he u true i 
 cliurcii, and merely claimed indulgence m the matter ! 
 of a few ceremonies which dui not alVect her conslitu- j 
 lion. Hut llie injurious treatment they received, held { 
 
 dislavor of Ins temporal sovereign, he pruloniicd the out a premium to very ditleniit considerations, and not 
 duration of lenient polirv. und the peace i^l the church, only inlluenccd their pa.-^siions. hut stinuiljicd their iii- 
 .■\l leiigih, on the death of (Jriiulall, the iiriinacy was ; tiuiries utid extended their oitjections. Cast out ol the 
 beslowed on Wlnlgilt. a man of severe tein|ier. a rigid I r.ational church, tliey were forced fo iri<piire if they 
 votary of the discipline and policy uf the church, and i could nut do without (hat which lluv fuund thev couhl 
 an implacable adversary of tlie puritans, aLiamsl whom | not have; and were easily led to ipiesdon if the fea- 
 lie had repeatedly directed tiie hostility of his )ien, and ' tures of a true church couhl be discerned in that body, 
 was ea^er to be mlrustei! wilh the exercise of a more which not only rejected hiit persecuted them for a con- 
 forinidahie weapon. From this period all the force of- s'lcntiotjs adherence, m a matter of ceremonial ohserv- 
 ihe Uw was Mpeiil :n lif.mterrupleil tlforis to vex the ance. to what they believed to be the will of Christ 
 persons, or violate (he consciences of the p;:ritans A j As (he puritan principles spreatl through the mass of 
 numerous body of puritan ministers were depttved of i society, and encountcretl m their progress a greater 
 their livings; and many of their parhhioners were | variety of character in their votaries, and of treatment 
 punched by fine and imprisonment for fuliowing their : from their adversaries, considerable dillerences and in- 
 inimstry into the fields and woods, wliero they con- eipiahties of sentmieiit and conduct ap[feared in dif- 
 tiniied to exercise ii. (ireat endeavors were used by , ferent portiuns of the puritan body. Soino of them 
 (he wise and good to move the ipieen, ere yet it was , caught ilie spirit of their oppressors, and, in words at 
 (t)o late, lo stay the waters of strife she was letting out i least, rtahated the unchristian usage ihey underwent, 
 upon the land. Hurleii^h and Wulsinghain earnestly . 'I'hey combined the doctrines of the New with the 
 
 intercedi'd for the suspended ininisters, and pressed 
 every consideration of the indulgence due to their con- 
 it(Meiilious scruples, the hmnane concern to which their 
 families were entitled, and the respect which policy de- 
 manded for the sentiments of so great a body of the 
 people by whom they were esteemed and beloved. 
 The House of Commons too showed a desire to pro- 
 cure some relief for the oppressed puritans. Hut 
 
 * In Ilieir letters to their fnenils at lionie and aliniad, thcv 
 not only ro|iiul)ute tlie ulinoxiuus tnsiitutiuns, tint iironnsf* 'h 
 witlistHmi tliem " till they Ke smt liark to liell, Imni wlienco 
 Ihcy cariie," to sow iIlhcdhI, cinifusion, and vain lorniaiity ni 
 Ihn cliurrh nurnet, [mrl in. p. 314. Neal, i. 49. There 
 sefnis lo Itn very liltic diirftrence hetv^-ecn tln'se expres- 
 Bioti'« of Kiuii>)i bi.iliops uikI ihii hiiiifiintte of a Scntcli presliy- 
 Irriaii miiii>ier aUnit tho same Iiiiif, who pniriuumi'.l. ni a 
 aennnn, tliiit tlio ymrn of Kimlund was no tictitr than an 
 athei-^t. mill "all kliii!?< wen- tin' .I.m ilN chihlifh," .'^|M)ttis. 
 
 W'omie's Ui^torv ol th« ( hurcli ,.| S.o'laUil. Td.- dKlficiire \ witli which tliey endured the scveiities ot ecclesiahtical ven 
 w», that thi> '■oiidiict and lanmianeo. '.lie .)i,« were more con- jt.ance. Nor was their .tatinice und niagiMuiinitv less con 
 
 I ipicuoua ill Uic eiiUuranco ut civil tyrami/. A puritan having 
 
 practices of (he Old Ti-itament, in o manner which will 
 not excite the wonder of those who recollect that the 
 very (irst little flock of Christiana who were collected 
 in the world connnitled the same error ; and so far for- 
 got the spirit they had received, as even in (he presence 
 of their Divine Mead to propose the invocation of fire 
 from heaven on the men who bid insulted thcin. Hut 
 the instance), of this spirit were exceedingly rare ; and 
 it was not till the lullowini; reigns that It prevailed 
 either strongly or widely. In general tho oppressed 
 puritans conducted themselves with the fortitude of 
 lieroes and tbn patience of saints ; and, what is sur- 
 prising, they made more zealous and successful etrtrts 
 to maintain their loyalty, than the queen and (he 
 bishops did to extinguish it.* Many, m delianr.u of 
 
 ' Niintherless nistances iniulit he adduced ol the pnlieiict 
 
 aiiteitt llian tliostf o( Uiu ulliur. 
 
 cverv dangpi, followed the prraebintf of thru .nmihlvrt 
 into (he luoliWHVH and lit his, or anseir^led priva't-ly III 
 eonvenlicles, which the iieiieral nvmpalhy, or the ctili- 
 nivaiiee of llieir setret partisans wttlnii (he church, 
 somel tines preservi-il lioni th tectioii Many reluct 
 aiilly abided in the iialional church, nnwe.iriedly pnr> 
 suing their inetltclnal attenipls lo promote parlia- 
 merilary intrrlererice in hi half ol ihe puriliins, und east* 
 tn^ a WHtl'ul eve tm (lie presnmpdve succi'SHuiit ol a 
 ptitice who bad been e.lnc.iteil in a preshylenan t'Ocietv. 
 Some at leii^tb openly disclaimed (he national esin- 
 blirhinenl, and were led, bv (he cruel exces.-^eji of 
 human authority, (o die cnnvieiinn, (hat hmnan an- 
 thoiiiy had no proper place in the admimslrution of the 
 kihudom of ( 'hrist. 
 
 'Ihe proceedings of (be ((uern were, doubtless, ror- 
 dially aheKed by the uimry zeal ol' those ihurcluneii 
 who had partaken of the coi.lroversy th.it had ragi d 
 between (he two parlies during their exile on (lie con- 
 tinent Ml the preceeding reiL'ii. Hii( (he whole eivd 
 and ecclesiastical policv of this reion was mainly and 
 esNentially the olf:^priii<^ of Kh/.dMili's own eliaraeter. 
 The I'uritan writers, beslowmg an undue pn'purlioii of 
 their resentment on the persons wIiom- liiiu-iions rt n» 
 dered thein (he iiistriimenls as well as the apoloijisis 
 of (lieipieen'secrlesiaMical s\ sM ni. b.ive been disposed 
 lo iinpnte the tyrannical baiures uf this !,\,Hieiii exehi 
 sively (o the bishops, and pariienlarlv (o Whitnift, 
 whose inlluence with Lh/ahelh llii'V ascribe lo his con- 
 stant habit of addressing her on bis knees Hut Whit- 
 U'lft, m abetting her eninilv to the Fiinlans. merely paid 
 his court to a disposition which she had already evnn t d 
 in the strongest manner, and swam with the tide of 
 (hat resolute determination which he saw must pre- 
 vail. The atiject homage which he paid her was no- 
 thing more than she was universally ai'cusloimd to re- 
 ceive ; and (he ob^ervatlon wliieli it h.is seemed to de- 
 serve Irom the Punlans, denotes rather a peculiarity 
 in their own manners, than uiiv thing remarkable in the 
 conduct ot Iheir adversary Not one ot her snlijecla 
 ever addres>i d the queen VMihont kin'clmi; ; wlierevrr 
 she turned In r i ve, evt rv one fell mi his knees ; and 
 even in her absence, ihe n"l'ihlv, who were ahmo 
 thought worthy to cover her lal'le, ni.tde three iienn- 
 flexions every time thev appioachcd or rilirid Irnn it 
 It) the perrormaiice of their menial duty.* This waa 
 an exact connterpari of tin' liomaue rendered by the 
 calhohcs to (he Ueal rroeiue, which tin y believed ta 
 reside m the Host ; and (he heiitiments which it It nded 
 to form both in the party receiyniL'. aiul the parlies who 
 rendered it, were conlirined by the langnaL'e of Parlia- 
 ment, in which (he (pieen was couimuallv tiatlertd wiili 
 praises and attrihnies appropriattd (o ihe .Supremo 
 Heiiig. Nor was (his senile system of nian.iers pecu- 
 liar lo llie reign of Klizabelh On the etnilrary. it had 
 been carried even to a greater exieiit undi r the govern- 
 ment of her predecessors ; and her mmisUrs freqnenlly 
 iiotetl and deplored the decay ot lliat fcarfiilneSM and 
 reverenc** ol their superiors winch h.nl formerly cha- 
 racterised the inh nor e>t i s of the realm Seii>K 
 A:<d reason participattd in (he i<:nonniiv and dt iiratta- 
 (ion of manners ; urrouunce disordered the niidi rsiaiid- 
 tng of the prmci', while serviliiv delormetl the Fcnli 
 inetits ol the people: and if ilenrv the Kii;hili, by a 
 royal proclamation, assured the ptqtulace that they were 
 hrutcs, the same populace, in tht ir petitions 'iL'amsl 
 his measures, representetl the promotion of hnr-hofn 
 persons to public trust and honor, as one of (he most 
 serious and inleltrablc grievances that they had to com- 
 plain of. 
 
 'i'lie sentiments which such practices and manners 
 teiiiled to form in (he mind of the queen, enhanced the 
 displeasure with winch she rcL'ardt li tin I'uritans, wlm 
 were fated to offend her by tlnir polilical conduct, an 
 well as their religious opinions. Many of (lie tnoro 
 eiiiment persons uinonir them obtained seats m Parlia- 
 ment, where they endeavored to revive a spirit of liberty 
 and direct its energy (o the protection of their oppre.^sed 
 bretbreii Impelled by the seventy of the restraints 
 
 written a ixiok atrainst ttio danecr winch iniirht attend the 
 l^;l^^la^c o( Ihetiueeli with a pi>pisli prince, was contluintieii to 
 lose Ins riKhl hand as a lil>ellcr. The niKtnnl the hlow wiis 
 struck, he took ofT his hat with hisother hand, and.wavnitr it 
 in the air, cried " tiod save the queen." The puritans wcro 
 iniicli more afriid of the revival of [M>pery in Kiudand. tli;iu 
 of tho seventy itf those ecclesiastical law s under w Inch i.apist s 
 nnd puritans were efiually liahle to oppression. To ihi" i\- 
 liMit tiiey concurred v.iili Ihe ecciesiajitical policy ol Eliza- 
 oetli. 
 
 • Hrnl/.ner'ii Jonrnrv into Kinjland in IS^ (Slrnwlwrry IMl 
 P(rilioii)..i. ,^0. 51. ThH at'jrct ctTeiiioiiial was aboliMhi-d hv 
 Knm James, wlio.llioiish hifthlv pleased with adulation, i<«iiid 
 himself eiiiltarrnssed hy a iiuhU- of displavniit it at ill suited to 
 ills awkward niannen anil uiikoiiiI)' ap^aronce 
 
NoUTM AMKKICA. 
 
 887 
 
 liMiif of ihrii jiiniMtrt 
 ti'titi'ii'')tfil priMt'Liy 111 
 MVin|iiiiliy, or tlir ciMi* 
 iM vMtliiri till) cliurclt, 
 i-i-i 11)11 M.iny rclurt 
 irrli. utivtr.irinlly inir* 
 H to |>rnint>tr harliu- 
 llir iiiinlDiiH, und caxt* 
 ii|j|ivc »iirt'<'K<4ioti ut a 
 n |irt'p<)>vl('riti[) Kixiitv. 
 ii'd till' iiiiliDinil l'^tll• 
 
 \\V ITllCl ('(llTitJ*!'* («f 
 
 lioi). lliHt htiiiiiin »()• 
 * BdiiiirtiatrutioM of itie 
 
 wrrr, donliilf)*!*. cot- 
 of lIlOKC ( liDrcliDicii 
 viTHV 111. It ii.itl r.1^1 il 
 ))Mr ix\\v on llic cuti- 
 Hiit llic wlitilr I'lvil 
 'n>fti w»H iiiaiiilv HM(I 
 Iti'lii')* ovMi rli.irjcdr. 
 ri iiiiiliK- [troportuiti of 
 wlioM- tiiiirtioii^ rt n> 
 
 Vill iOt till' H|JolOi.M>[!t 
 
 II, Ij.nc lifcii diNposi i) 
 
 ot' tlllH iiXNlnil rXi-|ll 
 Hularlv to \VliitL>iH, 
 H'\ ii-rrihc rti iil?* (■nil- 
 Is k(M It Hut Willi- 
 I'unl.uis. iiirrrly |iiii<) 
 ic li.iil iilri'.MJy I'Virirt (t 
 kiirn Willi tlir lull' of 
 Il li<> i^.iw niiii'L pre- 
 lir piiiil her was rio- 
 llv ii('rii!ttoiiir(l to rr- 
 I It li.is Kri'Micd to (Ir- 
 ■s r.iilii r il pcnilianty 
 iirii^ rciiiarkahlf in ihr 
 
 I otic ot her MthjcclH 
 kin't'liiii; ; \\luTOvrr 
 
 II on lii.t kiuM'N ; ami 
 iiv, »lio wt'it- iilorie 
 It'. im.kIi' tliri'f- !>( iiu- 
 liitl or rctiKtl Iritii it 
 <.il tliilv.* 'riii.i ».is 
 iiur rcmlcrcd liy llic 
 litrli llu y IhIii'VciI to 
 
 :.s Mhirli II II iidi'd 
 
 d the piirtH'H who 
 
 irit»niii.M' ol I'iirliii- 
 
 itill> tiallind Willi 
 
 to (lie Supremo 
 
 ol' niaii.H'rn pfcii- 
 
 -onlrary, U had 
 
 iiiidi T ihi' ^ovi'rn- 
 
 nUts frctpH-ntly 
 
 tiartutncM.'* and 
 
 m\ foriimiv cliii- 
 
 (' rf.iliii Scn^f 
 
 .iiiv and dr iirada- 
 
 d ihr iimli rsiaiul- 
 
 jniKMl th«' Fi'iili 
 
 llu- Kii^htli. by II 
 
 I'f that ijii'v were 
 
 JH'llIIOIIH <|fr,U[l>t 
 
 iioiion of linr-/n-in 
 lino ot' ihc niONt 
 ml ihi'V had tt< t-oiii- 
 
 . Il 
 
 mini 
 II 
 I I 
 
 d.-t 
 
 I" 
 
 ict's and iiiaiini'rs 
 it'cn. nihanci'd tin* 
 tho Puritans, who 
 ilit-al c-oi:di)rt. au 
 iinv ol' iho nioro 
 d HratR ni Parlia- 
 e a fipint of librru 
 of their oppri'Rhod 
 of lh« rotrainls 
 
 h nuifht ntiiMid ilit> 
 . waM ronttL'iiiiH'il to 
 tant thi> liJDW was 
 :oi(l, and. wnvinit it 
 The |ii}ritHii!i wiTO 
 
 Uie miritHiiii wcro 
 <ry in Kiivliiiiil. Diaii 
 iiiiiirrnliii-h pa|Hstt 
 
 fiHion. To ihw r\- 
 iral pt>liry ol Eiiza- 
 
 S\W (Strnwl«»Trv llill 
 wnn Htii>ti»lit'(l l>v 
 
 >lUliUlulilll<iil, lo'Mld 
 
 lint It $(i tUauili'il to 
 ranee 
 
 thcv rxt"'^'*''*^**^'*^* ^^ invri«lit(iitf ihn hoktii(Lirii"t of llmt 
 
 n'lltioriiv fnmi wliirh ihi-y oriLiOMlrd. and n':,'iil iuii:( 
 their m-nintifiit'* rather hv the eoti^e.pieiu'ei* they hire- 
 ^.lvv than hv the {trecrdenii that ronlronled lliciii, llieV 
 ipu'rttioni'd the iiio-ti mvi'lriate iihmiert, and olitamed 
 Ihc foiilidf nic ol the pctipic hy !»hoA!ii;f themselvei* 
 the Inderal iiiahlc and tearlenn drfcnderH of iheopprcsmd. 
 In the iinnalM of thcHU limr^, vvc tiiid llieiii coniiniMiIyi 
 Kiip|Hirtiii;^ pelKiona in parlianicnt ii^'unHt monopolies, , 
 and adviK-.iiit.^r inotioim for relurni.ilion o*' rrcleHinMli- i 
 lmI alMiNeH Attraelnitf popular lavor, and willing loj 
 iiiiiler^ro the lni.iu:> td parlianicnlarv atli'nd.iiiee, they! 
 ynitliiallv III iltiplied >!n'ir iiuinlicr!i in Ihc IIoiimo ol' 
 < 'onnnoiis. and aripnred an aM'rnd.int over tt** dehh(<-j 
 ratioiM. 'Ihc <picen, ohHcrvini; iiiat ihr I'liritati!* were 
 llic 'tdle aliiilor'* of ineaHnren cah-iihiU'il lo rc!«lru-l hcrl 
 prcroi»alivi', i\an ea«ilv led lo UM-rihe llic peenliarity ol' 
 Hieir re|iL*ioii<4 and pohtu-al opinions lo llic haiiu^ nour<'e! 
 — n niah^naiit aversion lo (liijintie^. 'ind nnpalience ol 
 mhordin.itnni. Their reUuMance lo lendei lo llie Ih iiv I 
 Ihiil et Temonioiirt hoina!.'e which the nin<«t illn^lnoiiK 
 p< rnoii!^ Ill ihc land rnidend to herHcIf, and ilieir eai^er- 
 in K» lo eontrol her preroi.'rtli\e, which nowhere cNc 
 experieiM-rd rc<<ihtaiicc, appeared to her llu; iiidicaltoii'* 
 of an indolent di!tiei<ard, no le<i of the Siipreinc Hein^ 
 than of hermit — llm aeknowIedL'ed vii-ej;ereiit and 
 rcpreM'iitutivc , a presntnphionn iiiAnrrecnon tif npiril 
 n^aniNl the reverence dne tu <iod. and the hivallv due 
 the pnnee * Nothnio could he more nnjn^l and falhi- 
 cious than llii.i roval re-i!>oinii<.r The religion, itH well 
 at the lovallv. of the INinlaii^, wa« llie low cereino- 
 niouK, only hci'aiiKc tl was the more rellii'livc, pro- 
 found, and HnliHlantiaJ. To preitcvr a tjood ctniitcirnec. 
 ihry meuunlereil the e.\lreiiulics off eclrtia'>li<'al i iijor 
 In «pilc ot everv wrnnu. ihev i viiuM'd a rcf*o!nlc eon- 
 t»1ainv of re^iuTil to iheir «ovcreii.Mi And iicillier m- 
 liniid.iled hy daiii/cr nor dn«|Mrilcd hv ilefcat, lliey main- 
 tuined a i-ontmual edort lo ehci k llie cxccmch of den- 
 potic authority, and to rear niid eheri»htlio pnl he Ithi r- 
 ties of their country. 'I'ht v have hern elmrLMd wilh a! 
 ^oiir and caustic spirit, hy those who hireed ihetn lo 
 rat their hrcad in hillemcsR and carry ihi'ir li\c» mj 
 Iheir lianilK ; of an enniitv lo lilerature, and ati e\clu- ' 
 sue reference to the Hiiilc. hv llio^p who deslroved! 
 tiieir vvntuii,'!*, coinmiitcil tJie press to episcopal liccn- 
 BCTH, and (lepri\cd theni of everv noiircc of comfort 
 and direelitui hut what ihi' llihlo could supply ; of an 
 I'xajjijeraied eHtiinato of l:t'!'.' OiinK^. by those who 
 made such thinirs the cuiisu ot erue! sntrfrini,' nnd 
 enornioua wroui.' ; of a stern jealousy ci civil powiT, 
 by those who made it Ci>nlmnallv their interest iuijuu(>- 
 tion and abridge llie aulhontv hy tvlnch thev were op- 
 pressed Ii IS acknowh d>ird bv an eminent philoso- 
 phic historian, who will not he snsprcted of anv niidue 
 parli.ihly hir these people, lliat the pnnlans were Ihe 
 preservers of rivil and rehijions libcrly m Kiiiilatidt 
 It wa» a scion of the same stock that was debliiied lo 
 propagate these blest-ini:s m Anierna. 
 
 'rlie minds of a consulerahle party amonc the Puri- 
 tans hud been crudiialiy prepared lo tlisclaini the anil.o- 
 rity of Ihe national church, und to deny the lav\ fulness 
 ot holdniir couimuinoti with it ; insomuch, that when 
 these o|)mion9 were llrst puiilnlv preached by Itoheri 
 IJrowii 111 IJHO, Ihev rapidly obtained the ai-sent and 
 open profession of imiliitndes. IJrown. who lmuiciI | 
 the dislniciioii of bestowmi; his name on a aect which 
 denved very little credit from the appellalion, was a 
 
 * InaniH-erh Irnmiln' thrniif. hIii- inH-niiriltlir ritiiinnniji (ahrr 
 n I'aiiiliit ciiiit.'-'f'iiiii (hat flu* Itnew imtM-tlv w|m hiul rci.t or 
 
 r^llerlt'd as iiimli us Iicrsi'li ) dmi hI ver nnaik.-il ilu^ r"ri. 
 
 «iiiiiijiiii9 of the cliiiri"h, filainItTi-.i lirr ;i* in kuit.'iiu' 
 lu'iid, divinely ainv.inlfil ; nnililini. iIOm- p.ipi'i-* v.fn* invrn- 
 raifl I'liftnii'- in ln-r piT^'Ui, dit' iii'Mlfru ■.'■< i iru"* witi- im Ifs* 
 lorniidahir i<iall ktniriy I'Mvi-rnMii'iil. Slir ^.i.lt'il,ih;il slic «a- 
 
 d'-U'viiii i 111 f.n[ii)ri'-> ihrir iniTli.-l.hirHrt in itn-siimpluiMiHlv 
 
 priiiiniiiL' ilm will of liiul Alinejliiy,— ilius prcHiiiiiint, I'v ili"c 
 wmhI t>f her iiumtli, i.> arri'--i ilu' wtaylrsn (•iHir'»t' ii{ tiiMUu'lu. 
 and priK-UiMlly H|iiiro|iri.itm? ihe |k)\vit of ihni Bcini' wh't^- 
 honor f<he iirrtt'iuli-d (n Unduuic. U'KwR.t' Arrou.it ol (^ni-i'ii 
 Kli/ahrtli'» l*iirIiaiinMiH. p. .TJS. Thf rruel law ilinl was 
 p-f^-it'd Ml (hi- ihirlv-lirth yrar ol'thf (piei n> rclmi, aconsl all 
 reru!4aiiis in uiiend tlie nniidiial church, is pniiilnt " An an in 
 rciain tn-r nmjfsty'H mitijecis in ihrirdiie idu'dii-iirt*," nnd was 
 inn'mtiMl. llu llic prcamhif dfclnrcd, (ii rcpifs ihe I'vit prac- 
 in'1'soi " ncdinoijs ^ccnirics and disloyal pprmuii*,"— sri.uny- 
 iiii>tMilt'scrlpiion« orL'iiilt ill the fsiiiiiiiiion nrKlizHhcih. 
 
 t " So absolute indeed was Iho autlumiv nflhecrown that 
 the prcclou'* spark of JitHrrly had l>con kiiu'l-d and was pre- 
 •prvcil by the puritans alune : and it was lo tins srct,wli«>i< 
 prtMcinles appear so rnvolon^ and hahils ho riiliculoii<i. that 
 the Kiifilish owo tliu whole lu'i'doni uf Iheir coiistitiilion." 
 Hume's Knitland, vol. v. p. |.s3. Aiiain, " It was nn)v d'lriiiir 
 the neit Kencration that Uin noble pnncipIeHof libcrlv took < 
 root, and. spreadliiff themselves under tlie shelter of pnritani- . 
 f al absurdities, itecame fashionable amuuK the |H'«>pU'." Ibid. 
 p. 4W>. The only fault that tins histnriau can tiiid wilhihe' 
 puritans I'', that ttiey were cinbued with the only prinriplrs' 
 which can inspi,-* tiitiu with aC'iuruge iniurmountablu i>y any 
 buinai) motive. 
 
 yoiiiiit elrr^\min. of i{ood faiiidy, eiidoweil williarvat- 
 less, d.iniii^' cnaracler, ti I'lerv temper, iiiid a hi'art of 
 eonirovertiy llncounlerinu the wrath ot Ihe eceh-^nis- 
 tics vviih til r> er wrath, and tr.implin^ on their arro^ince 
 with more than clerical pride,* be roamed uhoul ihc 
 coiiiilry irivei;{lnii;{ a^^aiiist hioliops, ecch'^niHticid cuiirls. 
 ceremonn"*, und urdiii.ilion ol iiiinislers, and exnltin^', 
 above all. lit Ihe h.'ast iliat he bad hefii eommiircd lo 
 ihirlvlwo prisons, in so'iu' of which he lOiild not mr 
 his band at noon-dav His ini|ietuous and illiberal spi- 
 rit accelerated Ihe itetlaration of opitiions which were 
 not vet riiatureil in Ihe purii.iii body, and whn b, liul lor 
 his iiiisr.isonal'le inlerpo^Miou nnd pervt riin^ tnlbience, 
 mi^ht Soulier have been ripened into the syth ni ot llie 
 inih pendeiils. The <piei n and Ihc b|^||ops applied the 
 ii^ualrenndy of per-^t I'ntnni lo this mnovalion, with 
 e\en more than Ihe usual evidence of the nntiutess of 
 llieir ptdicy to edict iIm object .Supported by power- 
 ful ar^niiients. mainliiiied with zeal and eonrai;e, und 
 opposed by cniellieH ihal di«.;.'raei d the Maine of n li^iiJii. 
 the principbi of the llrowrnsis spri'ail wnhlv llimu^di 
 ihe land. Itrowii hnnsell, and a coiit^rei^ahon more 
 nnmediali U' alhiched to him. expatriated to Middle- 
 bnrub, ni Zealand, where they were perintlted to tsia- 
 blL-h ibemselvcs unmolested Ibil Wiow ii linl colU ried 
 aroniid hiiii ir|»irils loo coiiLienial to his own. lo pre*t rve 
 Iheir nnioii when the slrouir band of oppression was 
 withdrawn. The conureL'atum crumbled mm parlies, 
 and was koou dissolu'd , and Brown, relnrnuiif to 
 lln^land. jtuiictl ihr nalioiial elinn h. and, coiiUaclini.' 
 dissolute hibits, eiidetl his davs ni indolence und con- 
 tempi Hut llie doclrmcs which he bad been ibe 
 means of inlrodiicmo to public notice had lirmlv rooted 
 llienisi IvcA m the puritan body, and received dailv 
 accession)* to thu nuiiiberi und renpeclabibly of the 
 votaries 
 
 'I'lie Hrownistsdid not ditVerfrom the church of Knif- 
 latid III anv of her articles of taiih. but ihey looked upon 
 her discipline as popi-^Ji ami .u ill t iiri>lian.aiid all her sa- 
 craments and ordiiiatict s ,i>. invalid , ami lliey renounced 
 communion, not only wiih her. ImiI willi e-.iTv otln r 
 proiesiant church tb.it was not conslructed on the same 
 modi hi!* their own, Their model was dinved from 
 ihe closest imilation of the primitive in*t inlious. as 
 di Imeated in scriplnre. Wln-ri a chun h was lo be 
 Uathcred, all who ib sired to be memlier.^ of it, made a 
 coidessuui of their faith before one another, and Hii,'ned 
 a covenant hy which ihev obli^/ed ihe-nsrlvis to walk 
 toiictlier III the older of llie ^o-pel li.nh conorei.M- 
 lun birmed un indipcndent church, and (he adinis 
 sion or exclusion of imuiiM rs rcMded with ihe bietbren 
 composiiii,' It. Their cliurcbollicerji were elected from 
 ainonir themselves, mid sepiraied to iheir f-cveral of- 
 liiesof pnacbiiiij the woid. admimstenno iheir ordi- 
 nancis, and takiiiii care of the poor, by fa>Iiiit; and 
 praver and tiie imposinon of the bands of s(Mne of the 
 breibren. They dnl not allow the prie-slhood lo he a 
 distinct order, or to iM\cst u man wiiii an indchlile cha- 
 racter ; but, as the apponitment of the church conhrred 
 histuncttoii twl'"'l^ 111 Its i-xerciM*. too. w.is limited lo 
 the special lunlv to which he was ultached). so the same 
 anlhonty was sullicicnl lo deprive him of u. It was 
 lawliil for any one of the brethren lo exercise the liberty 
 of prophesying', as it was called, wbieb meant the liiv- 
 iiit; a word of exhorlalion lo the people; and it was 
 ii!»nal tor >onie ot them, alter sermon, to ask .piCNtnuis. 
 and reason upon the doctrines that had bi en preachi-d 
 The cmiilition lo which the puritans were rcilucid by 
 thetr oppressors, favored the acceptame of all that was 
 Mparaiini; and unsocial in the principles o\ ih-- Hrown- 
 isi teachers; for, while every conoreoation bad to as- 
 seinblo by str.dib. u \m,s niiposMble lo maintain any 
 interconr?^.' In'tween their cliur.-hes, or to ascertain how- 
 far they mutually uKrced in doctrine und discipline. 
 
 .\t:aiTist these men, m whose characters wi're united 
 more piety, virtue. conrai.'f. and loyalty than nny ..ther 
 portion of her people displayed, did Kh/abeth and her 
 ecclesiaN'i.-al couiisillors direct ihe whole tury of the 
 law. .b.lm I'dall, one of their riimislers, was irnti in 
 the year l.Mn, for haviri^» published a defence of ihrir 
 lends, which he entitled .1 Ihmnn.strnhun of thf Ihs.i- 
 l>linc irhirh ChiKst hath pir.\rnf>ni in his Won! f„r iht 
 (iormiment of the Churrh in all Tnnrs ami l*lan\s 
 until thr World's I :iul. This, consiatcntlv with Kliza- 
 beth's declaration, that whoever atlackcd the church, 
 slandirpd the queen, wa.s rci»arded us a scandalous 
 
 * Ilisirranilfallicr ha! a chariiT tVoiu Ib-nrv the Ki-hih, 
 conllrnird liv act ol Pari! inicnt, " lmvuic biin iVavt' (o pm on 
 htscap in lb.- pre-rnr.- i.t i|i,. kin-, or bis h.-trs. or anv |„rd 
 spiniual or UMupHritl in thi' taint, and uoi io put ii off bm lor 
 hisowneasi-orpl.-a-uri!." Thc.ap si-enw i. h.iv.> ir.tn.smm.il 
 iM pr. ptTilis with us piivilt'iie^ lo lb.- ijrandiun of hnn wIiom- 
 arro^'antc could solicit sucti a UuiiiiCtiuii. 
 
 libel, and I'dall wan urruiuMiid fur a capital ftloiiy. 
 When he was told I'V one id' the judj/es that a book re- 
 |ilete Willi siiilimenls so iticonsisleni wilb ihr estv- 
 bhshetl mslilntiouN, tended to the overlll^ow'tl.^ of ihu 
 ••lale and ihe ronstui; of rebellion, be replied, " My 
 birds, that be far t'rom me , for we teach Ihal. n fornt* 
 m^ ihm^s amiss, if the prince wdt not consent, tlia 
 wcipons that subjects are lo linht willi all, urc repent- 
 irirr and pra\ers, pain nct« and tears" The judm» 
 od'ered bun his lift- if be wouhl recant , and added, that 
 he was now readv to pnuionncn senlmcf of dealb 
 *' And I am ready to receive it," crnd this iiiaiinaiii- 
 inoiM man; "tor I protest behire ( Jo4i (not knowiiitf 
 that I am to live .ui luuir) that the cansr is ^ood. anu 
 I urn coiileiitid lo reci'ive sentence, so that I may 
 h avc il lo poslrnty how I have sutlired lor the caii^e " 
 lit' was coudenmed to die; and bcin^ siill ur^ed lo 
 siibinil lo the tpicen, be wil!ini:lv expresHcd his sorrow 
 III. It luy of his writin^rs should have ^lven her oll'ence, 
 and diM-lamied anv such wi^li or mleiitiou, but reso- 
 luiely refund lo disown what he believed to he tho 
 cause of irutb uiid of IiIm rty of conscience \\y ihn 
 interest of some powuibd tin nils, n cinnliiionut pardon 
 W.IS obtained b>r limi ; but Ih tore the teriiiH of u conttl 
 he adjUHlcd, or the tpu'cn prt vadeil on to si^n it, be 
 Idled III prison Penrv, <ireenwond. M.'irrow,* und 
 Ihnnis, ol wlioiii the llrMi two were i lerovmetnand tho 
 others 1 lynien, were footi after tried imi similar clkirues, 
 ami perislieit hv llie li.mds ol the exei ulioner. Theso 
 men were olVered a pardon if they would retract their 
 profession ; but, tiispired by a iourai»e whn b no eirlhly 
 motive could overcotiie. tiny eluti[r ui their prmeipleii, 
 and conumltcd their hie to its author. .Souie oiheri* 
 were hauijed tor ilispersinir the w riliuos. ami se\eral 
 hir ntieiidin;; the de<cinirsi-s. of llie ltro\Mii:<ts. Many 
 more endured tiie torture of sevi re imprisonment, and 
 numerous bniidieK wtre reduct d to nnli>;ene(^ by heavy 
 tines As the most virtuous and honorable are ever, 
 on such ih'i'iisions, most expitscd |o d.ini;er, e\erv 
 slroki- of the opjire^sor's arm is aimed at those very 
 |>pi.ili(us Ml Ins iidversaries ilial coii'<lilule Ins mvii ilc- 
 jlence and securily ; uuil, lieme, severities so od:ou.i to 
 mankind, and so calculated to unite by the stronof^t 
 sympailiv the minds of ijii' spcci.itors anil sullerers to- 
 1,'elher, are more likelv to (lii,tiun.h tin- virtue liiaii tho 
 iiumbeis of a p.irtv. Hv dim of lonii couimnanre, and 
 of Ihe exeriioi) of ibi ir iiitlui nee on a oreaier variety 
 of character, they hnallv divenicd a ^reat many of iho 
 puritans of the spirit of niei ktic:*-* and mm ri ■•i-.ianco 
 for which the tatiier-. of the party Ind been so conspi- 
 cuous. Hnt this truit was not i.MlIn red till a Nulmo* 
 • pieni rei^ii ; and their tirst etUirt ^^as not only to inul- 
 nply the nnmbers, but to conlirm the virtue ot the puri- 
 tans When perseculuMi had as \t i luil mviiiorated 
 their torlitudc without inspirino lerociiy, a portion of 
 ihis people was happily condiiclid to the retreat of 
 Anienca, there lo platil and extend ihe prmciphs of 
 Iheir noble cause, while their hreihreii in l!n;;laiid 
 remained behind lo aveuoe its accumulated wronos. 
 
 When the ijiueii was mlormeil. by Dr KeMioNU. of 
 ihe calm pietv which lhe>e marlvrs had displayed, ho'.v 
 ihi y bad blo.Mil their pervecntmii Rovereiu'ii, and turned 
 ihe sc.illnld to which she had coii.^iifued lliein into an 
 altar, whence tliey had praved h)r her lotio and liappy 
 rei;.'n, her heart was touched wiifi a sentiment of nt- 
 mor'-e. and she expressed n lti I that she had taken 
 iheir lives away. Hut repen'iiice with all mankind la 
 loo (dlen but a barren an>.Mii>!i ; and princes have been 
 known lo bewail, even with It ars, the mortulitv of iiuil- 
 lilndis whom thev were conducting to slanL'liter, and 
 the shortness of tint lite winch ihey were rontnhutmi; 
 still farlhiT to abridge Kh/.abetb. so tar t'rom ahatinu, 
 mcrcixd the leoislaiive fevcnties whose eirects she 
 had deplond ; und was fated never to see lier errora 
 nil It was loo late lo repiir them In the year lAWS. 
 a tew months after the executions which we have alln- 
 did to, a new and severer law was ( naclcd against the 
 pnnlans This body was not only exlendmy lUclf 
 every day, but so rnjndiv adopting the independent 
 opinions, that, in the deliale which took place m the 
 Mouse of Commons on the introduc'ioii of this law, 
 Sir Waller Italciijb stated, that the numbers of pro- 
 fessed Hrownisis alone tiien amounted to twenty thou- 
 sand. The hninant} ari^uments, bowever, which he 
 
 • This man, whili* liiiceriiiir In ihr ihinp'on. wtiere Ut 
 awaiii'd his lute, pri'siMind » Hiipplicaiionio piirhanirnt. which 
 ciiniains B friL'hiluI picturi' itf the Iiorrors ot iiiiprisoiniii-ni In 
 ihai aire. " \Vv crave lor all of us.'* In- nay.i. *' but the lllirriy 
 r'iiliiT to die openly or to livi< openly in tht> landnrnur nativity. 
 It" we deserve death, it ticsceiiirth ihe niiiji'sty of jll^tict• not lo 
 «(■« us flosely uiurdercd, yra. started lo disilh witli hunger 
 andcold. Hii.l stitlfd in toiilb^-'Ui.' diinyooiiN,'" kc. Ncal. i. M. 
 IliM tbf )' ill iincnt was coin|>' IK d to lea^c llarrnw iind hil 
 ft'llow BUtli rcra to the incrcv «. t ilto iiuuen and ihu biabops- 
 
I I 
 
 i 
 
 M8 > 
 
 drt.%f.d from tint tfMtl^llMlMlllrtiiltttmiltria to pri 
 vent thi ii.iKKinu' oft law* wnleh vniwimi, th.a unv pi*r- 
 •nil iiltDVi- Rixlctii vcaro of RijiMxlio i>li)ilii>iitt'lv ri'fti»ri)t 
 during liir f\m'v itf •■ mhmiIIi. Id itllriut puhlir \%orN)ti|i. 
 1.I11M1I1I |)r cniMMiitlrd lo |>^l^oll, tii.it, il li«' ihtkihu.,! 
 tliriM' iiKMiliii 111 hiH ri'lii .il. hi' iiiiii't til>jiiri' tlir riiiliii , 
 uiid tliiit, il ill' riiliiT r('lu!4rd iln'* I'niiitiiioii. or n turni d 
 il'liT liaitmiitiinil, lii> ulioiill mitli r ilrulh nn u iVIoii II 
 tlit« iicl \Mi!< not iiuirr lurtiiiiitti- itiaii i'^* |>ri ili-i'i'iiM>rH 
 III .11 r(iiii|ilir>)iiiii{ tlic iiiiiiM ii*'|t'i'| III rliCi-liinii llit' 
 ^ri>\Mli (d |iiiritiiii |iri<H'i|)|i'H, m I'lli-t-u d tit li ii^i llic ttidi* 
 urdiii>ilr ji'irpitiir nl dn\iMi;a i5rf'.it iiijmv ulliit' |iri)li's- 
 norx ol iiii)i'|>i iiili'iicv oul III l!i)<„'l.iiul Oiif IiihIv of 
 tlii'HP fuuitivi-<4 \\,i:* i'i)lli'i-tril nlioul llir cloni' of llir nix- 
 ti'i mil ri'iiuirv, ill Atii^urd nil, vNlit^rc iIk'V lloiirit*i)i'd 
 III \HAVv mill jiiriv for upwards of u liuiidn'd yrtrit. 
 niltiTii rrhri'd to liilli rrrit prolr:<tji)t Alatcs uii tiir roii- 
 tiiH'Dl, VNiinuT with luiid dflu!«uo liii|ir. tlirv rKpri-ud 
 to )m> rt>i'iilU-d lo llinr nalisr l.iiid liv tiic .ircrnHion of 
 Mli^aiictirfl p>U('i'^^^u^■ Tiic rniuindiT conti toted in 
 Ki'ui.uid to (liirlu.iti' lu'l^MTii tltr rviittioii uiid llii' mo- 
 lalion of Iho law, ciMrixlito^ with llieir {itiiiri|i|rK a hirrii 
 iiii|iii(it'iu r arixiiii; rriiiii tlic ^illin^ ri -^iraiiils lluil iiii- 
 iii'drd (licir fxiircffjon ; and )('t ntaiiit'd ni !iii)Miii!t«ioii 
 nv (III' )iO{)(* \vhit'li HI coiiiMioii witti tlir vwWa llicy in- 
 dul^"il of a initi^Miion o\ llirir »iitli'riiii;i> ui (lir di-niiMC 
 of itir iioirn Stiiiir lii!>toriaim lia\(' I'Siin-fHtd no 
 Hiiiall wuiiitt r nt (l)«> unu'r-ilt Ini niipaiiroi-r for a nrw 
 m^Mi tliat v\ait iiiitiitt'Hti'd 111 tilt- cIo<<e 4if I'lizalu'lirs 
 life, mtd at tin* very Aiiddcii dir^i^unt wi.u-li (lie ^omto- 
 mciil of lirr muHM iisor rxprru'iui-d Uut llu-hf Mt'iii- 
 uiii iiH-oiis^iHtrric-icM uroHi' lro-u ilic naiiir caimr lAua- 
 hrtii l).id i-xliaoMlfd ilic patiiiu'c and loyally of a ^rral 
 hodv of tuT sutijt'ct<i ; and 11. r adlicrtMicf (o iuT imlii-y 
 whicli licr Kiii-tTssor »o uiit'xpi'ctidlv iiianilfsifd, dm- 
 nppoihtt'd all tie liopfs liy wliicli tlu't>e virtues liud 
 bi'cn niiMtuintd. 
 
 Tin' liopi'H oi till' puriian* woro drrivej from llu* 
 rdu<'aiio:i of ilir ScottiHli knt;;, and tnipporlrd by iiianv 
 of lii.i dccl.iraiion^. vliicn werr t'ai»i rly rtprated 111 
 Kn<>liiiid .I.iiiir-* liad tu't 11 tirrd a prc^livteriaii ; lit> 
 had puMirlv d-'clarnl llial tlir Ivirit ul Scolland vvuj 
 till' piir(>l i'lii;rfli III tlic world, mid ili.it tin- i;o;:lish 
 l.iltir^y MXiiidt'd 111 \i\ti iMTn like (j/( tU-inuntl-.'nl mita.t. 
 On liiH tt<-4-('!4sioii to the 10n^li!«li crown. In; wati t'.i^crlv 
 a«»ail(d l>y pcdiionx ftoni llii> piiritiiii!* , :i(id at tir^t lie 
 sUovM 1] liiin>t'lf Ml tar diHpo^rd to atlnid to tlinr wi>ti( s 
 an lo appoint u holeiiui confi riiici' hiiwicn ihcia anil 
 the lieaiU ol the i liurcli p.iriv ui ll.nnploii Courl. liiil 
 the hopis iiispirid liy tin;! loiilerrme \\ere compli-tilv 
 di5.ip|iuinled hv itH rr^ult [Jan. ICiOlJ. If .laineH had 
 ever Im II snu-i re 111 preUrrm^ .t pre>l)yleriini to an 
 episeopal ('sijlih>liiiinit, his opinion w.ih iiiiirilv rc- 
 ViTM-d Uy till' oppoihinilv lie now enjityrd of coni| ann^ 
 them with earli oilier, and hy llie \ery dilleriiit treat- 
 ineiii ill' i'xpeneiicid from ine niiiiisiirs of hoiii. In 
 Scotland ne had Im iti nixoUed in pt rpetnal conleNtioim 
 with liie eler^iy. wiio did not recoijiiiM' in In- rei'd of- 
 fice anv !<npreiiiai-y ovt r tluir cliurcii. and who diltered 
 from liim exciM-dinijiv in tlieir e.">lini.ilf of hin pu tv. ca- 
 purity. and atlaiiitnerits. IVecludi il liv lii^ poverlv 
 from a di>plav of ro\al pomp iliat iiii;.'lit have il.i//.led 
 their eyes and hid ihe man In iiinii the kii.i:, he -.tood 
 plainly revealed to llieir keen iflaiue, nil awkward per- 
 Honilirutioi) of conceit and peilaiitrv. ohstiii.ile Imt on- 
 Htfjdy. fraiiijlil willi learnmi.'. voui uf knowhdj^e. Tliev 
 have been accused ol dis-lnrlmiH Ins izovemimnt iiv ex- 
 ercising a censtonal power over It ; Imt il was hmihelf 
 that tir^t tani^ht tliem thus to overstep their fmiciion.H. 
 Kxlendini; Iim administr.itMm into tlieir peculiar pre- 
 vince, where it liad no ri^iht to peiietr:ite, lie seemed to 
 le^iliiui/e a> well as provoki> thi'ir cen>ortal btricture9 
 on hm mtriiMoii, MiM^iliiiL; reliomii with hi'« politics, 
 he alleiiipli d to reinotlel ilie clmrih ; arid (he rii r^'V. 
 ininiilniL: politics witli llieir duimiv. complained of his 
 interterence and censured Ins couTiiment Urfeiiditio 
 inNtiliitiuns not lesn reffpected than hrlo\ed t>v tlie peo- 
 ple, ihey easily uhlanied the victory; and .lame*i met 
 with the same coccess in atteniptiiii.' to control ilie 
 Bentimeiils of the Scotch, that m his tolmcco coiitro- 
 vcrhy he afterwards experienced in altemptim: to pre- 
 vail over the senses of the Knyhsh. One of the mi- 
 iiiotem had cone tlie lenjrth of declarintj that " all 
 kmjis were the drul's children;" and the knit.' retorted 
 the discourtesy when he found hnn-elf safe in l-Jinland, 
 by vehemently proiestini,Mhat " a Scottish preshvierv 
 agrees as well with nion.irchv as (Jod and the devil " 
 The sentiment'* that iialiirally resulte.l from otrended 
 ttrrn^allce and niorlilicii preMimption. were expamled 
 to their anif.le^t plenitmie hy the hla/n of tlittery and 
 adulation wiili which the ditjintarirs of the Kni^Iisli 
 thurcl; fcrtived lum. Uy them lie was readily hailed 
 
 Til K III ST nil V OF 
 
 the •npreine head of iheir est.ililifhmi hi, Ihe prolei tor 
 of Its pri\ ite;.'iii, the t-oiin e i<t ii^^ hpli ndor, the p;itr')n 
 of Its diijnilMs. and \\'hiii'>fl went i>o far an lu de- 
 clare, in the conference al ILimpUm rourt. ihit iin- 
 douhtt (Hy hiK nNi)e-lv spake l>v tin' speci.d a«"i«l.(nci< 
 ol Ood's H|>irit 'rhi!« was ihi l.i-"! impure that Whit- 
 ^itt wa^ al<le lo h iid to roy.d pride ^'tid hillv < 'on- 
 founded al Ihe niii\rrMl explosion of pnrilnn senli- 
 menlft. wliicli he had llaltend liiiiiself willi the hope of 
 liauhL' ahn.isl comph-u Iv exdiii^iM'^hi d. Ins ^rief and 
 concern so \ loli tiilv .illectt d In* n;jed hodv .is to ciuse 
 his dealit \erv shtuilv alier llul lie had alieadv cmi- 
 (riliiiti'd lo revud the ecch siat)lical spinl ol Mi/ahetli 
 m the mind oi her successor ; and J.iine«. inllamed 
 with admiration ol a church which, like a faithful mir- 
 ror, so fairlv rethcted and illustrated his roval pi Flec- 
 tions, hecaiue heiicelor^sard the iletermnieil [i.itron of 
 the eslahhsliment, and the prrsecutor ol iill whoop- 
 noHCil Its institutions Mis natural urro^.inci . t'oriilihid 
 hy such unexceptionahle lestimonv, soared Eo a hei;_'lit 
 winch iioihinu hut rovallv or a diHordend nndeiNtand- 
 in^ has ever ultaiucil , and he who m Scotlanil had 
 loiind himse'f ciirlxd 111 everv attempt tit intertere Willi 
 tliti religious ni'^titulions of his tiwn narrow realm, now 
 thoii^lil jiimself entitled lo dictate llie ecclesiastical 
 policy of foreign nations. ll.ivin^ enteri'd mio a ilis- 
 pule Willi \'orslius, prolessor of theoloijv m a Uiitch 
 iimver .ttv. and findtui.' his adversary in>i iisihle lo the 
 wei^hl oi Ins ar^mm tits, he resolved to make hirii feel 
 at leas' the weiL>ht and leiiuth of Ins arm ; and roused 
 to a de^ree of enerizv and hauuhtiness to which no 
 oilier forei;jn concernmi lit waHrTcridtle to excite him, 
 he renioiK'.traled so vi^;oroiisly with the states of Hol- 
 land, that lo put an end lo his clamor, tliev suhimltcd 
 to the mean injustice of deposing; and hanishin;; tlie 
 profrssor. AViih this saciilice to Ins insultid lo>tic, 
 .l.imen was forced to he conietited, ihouuh he liad en- 
 deavored to rt>use his ri-pnhlican allies to more roval 
 re\eiii.'c, hy lnfo^lUln^ thein " th,it a* lo the hinnin:,' 
 of Vurstius for his hlasphemies and atheism, lie hit 
 Ihein to their own christian wisdom : hut surely never 
 heretic hitter deserved the liaine> " He dul not lad 
 lo reintorce tins ch.iritalile coiin>i-l hv his own t tainple . 
 and m Ihe course of hiH reii.iii huriied .it the s^lke two 
 persons who were so unhappy as to entertain the 
 Anaii III resv. and an unldrtunate lunatic wlio mistook 
 himself lor the Ihily.* and whose frenzy was thus cru- 
 eli\ tre.iti d hv u much more danL'i rous and deliher.itr 
 mvatliT of tiie di\ine attrihules If James had not 
 lieeii restrained hy the ).'rowini; politic. il a>cendancv ol 
 till puritans, tinre would prohahlv have heeii more 
 of such executions m Knuland. He did, however, as 
 much as he dart d; and litidiiiL; in llancroft a tit suc- 
 cessor lo \\ hit^ifl. lie made with his asMsLmce so vi- 
 jiorous a eomiiienceiiient, that m the hisoi.d vear of his 
 riit:n three hundred puritan minislirs were deprived, 
 imprisoned or ham-^liid. To ))revinl the cominmn- 
 cation of li^ht from aliro'ul, the nnportation of anv 
 liooks hostih- to thr rislr.unts nnpos<il hv the laws of 
 the realm or the km>j's proclamations, was loihiilden 
 under Ihi- severest penallie*, to prevent its ri>e atul 
 repress iis spn ad at home, no hooks were sullered to 
 he printed in Knulaiul without the consent of a com- 
 mittee of hishops or their deputies; and arhiirary ju- 
 risdictions for the trial of ecclesiastical olleiiccs were 
 multtphed and cxteniiiil. Tersons su^pecttil of en- 
 tcrliinmi; puritan seniimenls, even though ihev adhered 
 to the churkli, were sultjecled to line ami imprisonment 
 for harely rcpealini.' t«> their families, in the evemiiL'. 
 the siilpsiance of the discourses they liad lieard at 
 church diirin>; ihe dav, under the pretence that this 
 constituted the crime of irrej^ular preaching Soineuf 
 the puritans havinti conceived the ilesiijn of wilhilraw- 
 in<j to \'ir<imia, where ihev lioped that ilisiaiice would 
 at least tmiiLjate the vinlence of oiiprdMon. a miihII 
 nninhi r of them proceeded to carrv their purpose into 
 elfect ; and a lar^rer hoilv were prcparnii^ lo follow, 
 when Bancroft, apprised of their intention, olitauied a 
 proclamation f;jm the kin^, coinmanilm;; tliat none ot 
 ills suhjccts 'iliould settle m Vir;rinia without an ex- 
 press licence umler the yreat seal. Thus harassed 
 and oppressed in Kiiijland, ami deprived of a refiijje m 
 Vir;rinia, the puritans he^an tt> retire m considerahte 
 nuinhers to the protestant >tates of the roniineiii ; and 
 the hopes of the hIiII greater and increasing! tiumhers 
 who remained at home were fixed on ihr House of 
 Commons. In this assemhty the puritan ascendancy 
 
 • OiiP uf ilifnt! vicniiH is icrriiBtl liv h'uller, in tiir. Clniri ii 
 H.-i..ry <li. K. ^^ n. "Our Ki.!.'li>lt Vur-iiitn." Tlio kmtr. in 
 iiiiicatli-it .if Hi'Mfv (he F.ifrliilrrtLfin:r(t«iiy lo l,.iinlirrt, lul.l a 
 |Mi'>iiiial (tiM|iitif uiih iiiiii. an.l ruiKlndril it by Ui-liVLTirij; hiiii 
 tu Itie haiiilt} uf llic cxccuuuiur. 
 
 ut l< ..t!ih became KO manifest, that m spun of ihe kind's 
 
 pr icIainationH for ericourai^m^ miriMul ^ames un Suti 
 dav, u bill was inlrmlnced lor eompeilmi; a more slriet 
 and solemn observance of the d.iv, lo which il i,'ii\e Iho 
 denuniui ■' oil of iheKahbilb; and when one ineinher 
 'objeclid i-i ties as ,1 punl.in .ippelladon, .ind ventured 
 , to |iisiitv ilincinu' hv a ^av iiii'>applicaUon of some pas* 
 I saL'es III scripture, he was. on the sui*ircstion ol Mr. 
 i INm. ex)ielled the house for his prol,imlv. Hut we 
 have now reached Ihe period at whic!i,we must forsake 
 , the III nil stream of Ihe lii^iorv o| ihe pitrilans. to billow 
 . the loiiiini's of llhil ilbistrtou.i br.ineh wliuii wan des- 
 ' lineii to visit and ennoble ihe de-i K of Ann rica. In 
 reviewniK the wtranire sncccsMoii . . even!* which wo 
 ,liave behrld, and ilii> varions imp: ' ssions liny h..vo 
 ' produced on onr iinud^, it may peihaj's occir to sumo 
 as a huniibi>)n<.r consideration, tlial tlir crimes .md b)l- 
 I lies, the cruellies and weaknes!4i <« which would excitn 
 ! no other seuliments bill those ot horror, urief, or pity. 
 ' in an aiii^ebc behobbr, are cajuble of preseiitiiiii llieni 
 selves 111 ••ncli an aspect lo less purilii d eves, as to ex- 
 cite the splenetic mirilieven ot tho'tc whose n.iluru 11 
 di'i^radeil bv Ihe odious or <ib<<iird dHptay. 
 ; i'l the vear Hi 1(1, a con^rcuaiionof I Irowiiists, driven 
 by roval and eccliM.istical tyranny fioin their native 
 I hiiiil. iiad removeil lo I.evden, where Ihev were penmt- 
 led lo establish themseUe-. in peace undtr the miiiislry 
 loflheir pastor, .lohn llobuiNon " Tins excellent per- 
 I son was the fiitlier of the independents, h.ivi'i^' been 
 I the first who reab/etl a middle course belweeii the p.illi 
 I of Hrownism and the I'resbylenan svHiein , lo one or 
 other of which the views and desires of the I'urilaiis 
 ; were muv i^enerally temhiij;, 'llie senlnneiils which 
 he entertained when lie lirst ipntled his country, boro 
 lite inijtress of the perseciilion muler which tliev l;.id 
 I been lonned ; and when he be^an Ins inmistrv at I.ev- 
 Idriihewasa riLTid Drownist . but alter he bad i^een 
 more of the world, and been en.ibled li> converse in a 
 Irieiidly manner wiih leariud and ^ood men of did'ei- 
 . eiit ecclesiastical deiion.malions. he be^an to enterlHm 
 a more cbaritabbi .ipinnm of tho<>e minor ditl'ereni es, 
 which he pla::.iv )iercei\ed mi^ht siibsiet, vvilhoiit m- 
 )urv to the esNeiiliiils ol reliL'ion, ami wilhoui viol.ilni^ 
 chanty, or inciinn: pcrsecu'ion 'rboiiijh he alwavs 
 I iieiint allied the lawfulness and i-xpediency of separatmi* 
 I from those {."Libb^lied proles|iint e'liirches aiiioii^ 
 ' wbicli he livtd. he wiUinoK allowed them the character 
 of true t hiirchi s ; e>teeuied it l.iwful to communicite 
 VMlli lliem in pn u liiMi.' and [iraver, lliouuh not in the 
 sacniineiits and discipline; and Irecly atbmtted their 
 inemberH to parl.ike the sacraineiit witli bis cou^re;^,t- 
 tioii He inainlAined ihal each parlicnlar church, or 
 ••oeietv of ( 'linsluins, was vested with the power of 
 cliootint; Its own ollicers, admiiiistetin^ the l;o^pol or- 
 dinanci*, and exer<*isini» over its own uieinbers everv 
 necessary act of cliscipbne and iiutbonty ; and cmise- 
 tjueiitlv, thai it was comph-letv independent of all 
 cl.i>ses, synod--, cmivocations and councils. He ad- 
 mitted the expeiliency of svnoiis and councils h>r ihu 
 rifoncilnnj ol ililierences aniou^ churches, and tlio 
 iindernii! of Iriendlv advice lo them; but deiitid their 
 competence to exercise iiiiy act of jurisdiction, or au- 
 tliorilatively to impose any articles or canons of doc- 
 tniie. These ^entlmellts Mr. UobniKon recommended 
 to e.*teem liy exeinplifymii, m his lib- and dcmeanot 
 the fruil-* of that spirit by whose teachini; they wero 
 I commumcatetl ; iiv a ciiar.icter, in which the most 
 eminent faculties, and the luiihest uttuirmienls, were 
 ' ah'^orlud bv the predominating power of a solLunn. af- 
 I lectionate pietv 
 
 Knjovinn the counsel and direciUMi of wuch a pastor, 
 'and blessed willi an ailetpiale snn.->e of his value. Iho 
 Ktijilish conyrejjation remained for ten years al I.ey- 
 deti. 111 hinnony with each other, and at peace w'th 
 their nei^^litiors. Hut. at the end of that penoil, thu 
 same pious Me\< s that had prompteil their oriL^mal tie 
 pariure from Kn^laiid mciled them lo undertake a 
 more distant mi^'ration. They beheld wiiii deep con- 
 cern Ihe loose profane ni.inners that prev.iiled vciv 
 ;»enera)lv around thi'in. ami, m particular, the utter 
 ncjilect amon^' the Dutch of a reu'rential tdiservaiice 
 of Shiiday ; and thev reflected with apprehen-'ion on 
 the dangi'r lo which their chiltlren were exposed from 
 the natural contaoion manners so niifavor.ible to serious 
 niely ; their country too, still retained a hold on 
 llieir alfeclions ; and thev wne tolh to ^ee iheir poste- 
 rity united into the Hutch popnbitioii. The fewness 
 of their numbers, and tin- ihiierence of lan^'uaj:e, bir- 
 bade the hope of propapitin^r, m Holland, the princi|>le9 
 
 • t'linhliiil Ufhlivt ;:lii). In Iih Aceonni ul' llir I'lilU-iJ rri>- 
 riiu fs. <li'iicril)t'>i ihciii us a ht .*y nl KiiL'tiHli puiilatid, v\li<i titfl 
 ruMoiicil tu Hi))laiiJ lur pui^iuiii'd ul cuiiiiiicrci'. 
 
1.U iriMfiiriutrilir king'4 
 
 Murtliiiil ^.iiiiivH un Sun 
 tMM|«tlliiii» 11 mow Ntnct 
 
 •IV, (() mIiIi-1) It 1,M1\<* t!io 
 
 iiriii wIm'ii iirii' iiinntifr 
 i|)<'litilini), imhI vrntiiri'il 
 i|>j>li('.iiiiMi ol* mmir |um- 
 tlu- i»iii.'i»»'''iKi)i 1. 1 Mr. 
 
 ll!« |iri»I.MlllV. Hut VSM 
 
 v\liuli.wr iitiiNt CiirHakp 
 >l il)i> iMiriMnx, lt)riillow 
 Itr.irirh whii 11 wm* ili'»- 
 ('»" Is ot Auk ru'ii. In 
 
 )ll 1/ I'VCflli wltii'li wu 
 
 inipn HNUMiH ilicy luivo 
 |»rlij|in m-("ir In nomti 
 
 J*! ?* whii'l) \\iniU\ fxniit 
 )l Imrriir, urirf, or pity. 
 I'll' uC pri'M-ntiii).' llii-m 
 piinfiiil v\in, u* ro cx- 
 I ilui-^t' wluiHp ii.iiiiro II 
 r.l .ii-pLiv, 
 
 iDiiul lliiiwiiiKlit, ilnvi'ii 
 iiiiiy Iroin llicir ii.Uivt* 
 ilnTi* ilirv ttorr pcnnil* 
 I'.uT titiiltr ilir iiuiiii»try 
 ' Tiiift cxctHrtil piT- 
 IK'iiili'iitH, li.ivi'ij.' Ihtii 
 oiirxc lictrtrrti llii'p.ilti 
 'laii AVNtcin , to otii- or 
 ivy>\TVH ol tht' riiril.iiiii 
 I'lic ^friliiiii'iit!* wliK'fi 
 ihmI Ills roiiiiirv. Itoro 
 Miidrr wliirli tlii-v l;.i'l 
 III lii.H iiiihiMirv at I.cy* 
 I'lit ulirr lie Ii.i(] sf-cii 
 il'lfkl to ciMiVfrnc m ii 
 )t) ^oimI iiK'it 1)1' (lilVcr- 
 . Ill' ln'«,'.iii to nilirlHiii 
 io>f iiiiiior ililVrn'm ) H, 
 lit Nii)>?«if.t. wiilioiit in- 
 , aixl witliotil viol.ittii^ 
 I 'l"lioii!»li lie aUvayi* 
 ())riliiiiiv ot'M'p.ir.ilinif 
 hint f'luriJH'!* itiiMMi^ 
 mm! tlii'Jii tln'rli.iracUT 
 v^tul III i-iMnniMMitMli' 
 vcr. iliouifh not 111 tin- 
 
 i-ly uiliiiiiicii 
 \Mlh 111:* coiiurrii.i- 
 rtinii.ir tliiurli. or 
 Willi till' portcr of 
 tiiiL; till' ),Mi!.pi'l or- 
 wit iiiriiiJti'rH I'very 
 loniy ; ,111(1 I'lHiH**- 
 
 Itprmlfht of all 
 ■oiiiii'ils. Ho ad- 
 Ill rinMn'il> fur tint 
 'linrt'lii's, and tint 
 i Itiit iloim-d iluir 
 iirisdidion, or hu- 
 i»r caiions of -Anc- 
 onn rcconinitMidn) 
 If iHid (Iriiifaiiot 
 iiclmii; llicy won* 
 
 wIikIi tho iiiORt 
 
 UtlailKlll'lll.'*, \MTI) 
 
 r ol ft solt'iiin. uf- 
 
 of !«uch n pastor, 
 V of ||i<4 \alnc, Ilip 
 
 It'll yi-ars at I,ry- 
 arid at pcarr wuh 
 ol lliat piTiod. Iho 
 i tlifir on^Mirtl de- 
 ll lo iniilrrtakr a 
 Id Willi dri'p roii- 
 I'lt jircvaiUd \riy 
 rliiiilar. the iilitT 
 lial nii>4'rvaii('i' 
 i appnlifii-iori on 
 iTf ixpoM'il from 
 iivorahlf 10 sprious 
 allied a hold on 
 o MM- llicir postr- 
 n Tilt' Irwni'ss 
 
 of liifi^ma;.'!'. lor- 
 and, (he priiK-ipIt'^ 
 
 "•r (lif I'hUf.l I'ro- 
 
 It I'Utlt.tlid, wild liu'l 
 
 LTCC. 
 
 tl 
 
 I ^ 
 
 i MM 
 
 1: 533 
 

 il 
 
THE HISTORY OF 
 
 2^0 
 
 whifh, with so tivicli ffiitrmnir :iiiil lM/..tr'l, tlirv had 
 htlhiTto iiiumlaiiu'ii ; ami ihe nUlv of iho KhmIinU yo- 
 \rri)ti)eiit rxtinuuiMhed every ho\tv ufEuliTaiiuii lit llicir 
 ii.Ttive liinil. In ihc^u ciri'iim-^iaiiiM"*, it (n-t'iirnnl lo 
 thi'tn that ihry ini^iit roinhinr tin* iiulul^ciiru «tt' llinr 
 |iniriotic allachiiU'rit with the |irn|>a<;alioi) of thrir rt'li- 
 ^noiis priiu'iplos, hy rstnlihshm^ Ihnnsclvcii 'in unnio 
 tiintaiit ijuartiT of ihi< KnirliHh ili)iniinotiH ; am), ulirr 
 mariv days of r.irncHt sii|tphciitui'i for ihii i-iiiiusil :ind 
 (lirt-L'lioii of Ht'avcn, ihrv uiiannnnnsly tlctcrinuud to 
 iraii.tjtorl Ihi'instlvt's and thoir laiinhcM tu ihc Irrri'ory 
 of Aincrira. It whh rcHolvcd that a part of the cun- 
 ^rr^atioii r<lioiild ^o out hclort* iho riHt, to prepare; a 
 Bfttlenifitt for t!iu vvhoh> ; and lliat tlic niuni hody nhonld 
 till then, ruinjin hchmd at I.i'vdrn with llu-ir pastor 
 In choosing the parlicul;ir scvuv of ihtir rf*li:hhr*hniuiit, 
 Ihrv htMitalrd. ftir moiim' ImU', h( Iwtcii the Irrritory of 
 (iiiiana. of which Sir Wahrr ItaU'iizh h.id puhh>h»'d a 
 niOMt dazzhiii; and faucifiit dtsi-ripliDii. and the pnivitit-e 
 of Virghiia, to whirh Ihry latterly ijavo llio pnle- 
 rcncc ; but the hand of IVovidenre was cxertid no 
 ]p!t» ill llic jientra! direrliMii of llutr coiiiiseU, than m 
 tho runlrol of tluir pohiioal prooeedmns, mid iln'ir 
 re»ideiice was orilained tu be established in Nuw Eng- 
 land. 
 
 'Hironjrh the medium of a^cntii, whom they deputed 
 to sulicit the interposition of tho proper itulhnnlieit, 
 they represented lo the KiiHlish p>vernment. *'ihal 
 thev were Will weaned from the dthcale milk of thi ir 
 mother roimtrv, and inured to the dillieullies of u 
 fltran^c hind . tiiat thev were knit lo;relhi-r in i slriel 
 and sacred bond, by viitiio of whirh they ht M them- 
 selves bomid to take rare of the ^nnd nf t .ic\\ other, 
 and of ihe whole; that it was not with ihein an wtlh 
 other men, whom finall thinjfs eould tliseonrd|;e. or 
 small di.teonlenl cause lo wish lliemselvcs at home 
 a^'ain." The knit;, waverin(i between lim tiesire to 
 proitiole the rolomzuttoii of America, and his reluc- 
 tance to Hulfei the conscieiiies of any portion of his 
 subjects to bo emaneipatcJ from his control, refused 
 Intrant them a charter assunn:; the free exercise of 
 their religion, but promised In connive at (heir prac- 
 tices, and on nuaccu.int to molest ihetn. Tt-'V were 
 forced to accept this precarious fleciinly ; but relied 
 with moro reason on their distance from the Spiritual 
 Courts of Kn^land, and from the eye and arm of iluir 
 persecutini; soverei;«n. lluvin^ procured from the \ ir- 
 giiiiu (.'umpany n ^rant of a tract of land, lv!tll.^ as 
 was RUpiiused, within Ihe limits of its potent, several 
 of the congregation sold their estates, and \Mth ihe 
 money eipiipped two vessels, in which a hundred and 
 twenty of their numiier were appointed lo embiirk from 
 An Kn^lish port for America 
 
 All thmfis beinjj ready for the departure of this de- 
 ichmrr;! of tho conjireyation from iJelfi haven, where 
 the', took leave of their friends, for the Knu'lish port of 
 ' >nbarkat|on, Mr. Uubinson held a day of Holeinn wor- 
 ship with hiH people, to implore a hles^in!* upon the 
 hazardous eiiterprife He preaclud a sermon to them 
 from Kira. vni. 'jl ; — / tmuUumtd a fast ihrf at the 
 rirn Ahiira, that we uu^ht aJJ\tft our soiiLt hrforr (iiut. 
 to mcJr of hiin a riijht trin/ for mjt, and for our httlr 
 onei, and for all our Mulmtance. Me concI,ided his 
 discourse with the following nolile exhortation, to 
 which, with all its intrinsic merits, our sentimentH will 
 fail to do jUHiice, if we nei:! ;ct to remember, that such 
 a spirit of rtiristtan liberty as it lirealhes was then 
 hardly known m the world " Hrethren, said he, "we 
 are now quickly to part from one another, and whether 
 I mav ever live to si-e your laces on fanh "iiv more, 
 the ti.»d of Heaven only knows; but whether the 
 Lord has appointed thai or no, I charL'c yoii, hefure 
 <Mtd and his bhssed aiifrfU. that yon follow me no 
 farther than vou Imve seen me follow the Lord Jesus 
 (;hrHt. 
 
 "If (lod reveal any tliini; to von. by anv other in- 
 rtniment ot Ins, be as rrsidy to receiv(> it as ever you 
 were to receive any truth by inv ministry ; for I am 
 verilv persuaded, I am very eitnliderit, the Lord lias 
 more truth yet lo nieak forth out of his holy word. I'or 
 my part, I cnnnot sudiciently bewail the condition of 
 till) reformed churches, who are come to a period in 
 rebuJon, and will jio at present no far<her Uian llie 
 instruments of their refornnitton. The Lutherans 
 einnot be drawn to ^o heyoinl what Luther saw ; 
 whatever part of his will our piod (lod has revealed 
 to<.'alvin, they will rather <lie thar embrace it ; and 
 tho (-'alvinists. yon nee, stick fast where they were 
 left by that i;reat man of (lod, who ^et saw not all 
 thniL'N. 
 
 ** This i> n misery much to be lamenod ; for thmi^h 
 Ihey wer*) burniii;; and ibiniiijf lights in llicir tuut's. 
 
 yet they penetrated not into the whole counselt)f God; 
 b.it, were they now living, would be as willing; to 
 e nhriice farther linht, as that which they first reeeiveil 
 [I'i'-JO.] I beseech you rememhef it, lis an iirticle of 
 yoiireluirch covenant, that you be ready to receirr. trhat- 
 cpir truth shall Iw. made known to you funn the wnttni 
 Word iif (ind. Uemendier tha\ and every other article 
 of your Bacred coveniiiit. Hut I must berewillial ex- 
 hort vou lo take heed what you receive as truth. Kx- 
 amine it, eoiiNitler it, and cimipare it with other Hcri)>- 
 tures of truth U'fore you receive it ; for 'lis not portsi- 
 ide the christian world should eoine solately out of an* 
 licbrislian darkness, and that perfection of knov/ledgo 
 lihoitl.l I're.ik forth at once. 
 
 " I must alho advise you to nbandon, avoiil, and 
 shake oll'the name of Itrowiiist ; 'lisa mere nickname, 
 and a brand for the makin*; reli;rion, and the proles- 
 sors of it. (hHous to the Chrisliiin wnrhl." Ilaviii<Tsai<l 
 thus much, he exchanged with them enibraees and •>( 
 fivtionate f;irewells; and kneelin*; ilown with them all 
 on the sea slinre, commended them. in a ferviMit prayer, 
 to Ihe blcssiiiiT ;uiil protection ol Heaven. Such were 
 the men, nobler than all his tribe, whom the Kii^h»b 
 monarch cast out of his dominions; and such were the 
 Hceiiea of wisdmii and piety, which the eotilrol of Pro- 
 vidence elicited from the Killy, insolence, and bi<tntry. 
 (if ;i tyrant. 
 
 The emigrants, afier liavini; been once driven back 
 by a storm, and lo.-4t one of their vessels, tinally em 
 barked frmii IMynioulh, in the other, <iii the t>ixlh ol 
 September, and. after a \o\\\f and danijeroiis vo\ai:e. 
 re.icheil tlie coast of Americ.i. Hudson's river had 
 been the place of their destinatioiif ami its banks the 
 Hcene of their intended Hetllenient , but the Dutch, who 
 conceived that a preferable ri^ht to thih territorv ac- 
 crued It) them from its diticovery by Captain Hinlson, 
 had maintained there, for some years, a small eniii 
 merciaj establishnient, ami were aelnally projecting! a 
 Hcheme ot'mnre extensive occupation, which they were 
 neither disiiosed to forego, nor yet prepared tiutefeiid 
 III onlcr tniiereai uie.iesii;n of wie Kurdish en.'.nraiits, 
 Ihey bribeil the captain of iheir vessel, who was ;i 
 Utilchnian, lo carry them so far towards the iiorih, 
 tha: the first land which they made was Cape Cml, a 
 re>:ion. not only beyotitl the precincts of their ^'ranl. 
 hut b.>yoiid the lerrilurie.s of the company (Voin which 
 tlie irn 111 was derived. Hut the hiteness of thr seasiui. 
 and Ihe sicklim^s occasioned hy the hardships of a 
 loni» voy.'ee, coinpi'lleil Ihe adventurers to settle on 
 the soil to which their dchliiiy had emiilucted them, 
 and which s-emeil to have been expressly pii pared and 
 evacuate<l fo.' their rece|>'.iun by a pestihntlal disease, 
 which, in the f.trmer ye.ir. had swept away ninetentlis 
 id its savage and idolatron> population. Alter explo- 
 rin;» ihe coast, they eho>.e (or their blation a place now 
 belonirini; to the proxince ot .\tiis.t;i(*!iusetts bay. to 
 which Ihi'y f»ave Ihe nameof.Nevx Plymouth, either 
 as a testimony of respect to the company within whose 
 jurisdiction they fmind themselves situated, o- in com- 
 memoration of the city willi wbii h their last recol 
 lections of Kiii»lanil were asstHiale 1. To remedy in 
 lome measure, Iheir defect ot ftirmal title, they coin- 
 nosed and subscribeil an instrument declaratory id ihe 
 purpose with which they had come to .\merica. re- 
 voijnisinj; the authority of ti.e Kn^disli crown, and ex- 
 preasing llnnr ovmi eouibinatitut into a civil body poli- 
 tic, ami their de'ermination to enact all just and ne 
 eessary laws, and honour them hv a due oliedience-* 
 Here. then, remote from the seen,'^ and [lalhs of Im 
 man grandeur, these men emiKirked on a career o( 
 life, which, if the trill- 'hiinit^ ..I' ,-!i'>nM he di-nved 
 from the motives thai prompt Ihein, the pniuiples they 
 express, and the end.i they coiitemplale, I cannot term 
 otherwise thai: elevated .iiid aihinr.ible. 
 
 The speedy approach and intense severity of their 
 first winter in Anierit-a paiiitiiily eonvineed the settlers 
 that a more unfavouralile season tif the year could nol 
 have been selected for the formation ol their colony ; 
 and that the slender stort^ with which they were pro 
 vided were far short of what was reijnisiie to ettm- 
 forlahle subsistence, and conslitut«Ml a very inade- 
 ipiale prepa ition to meet the rigour of tin' chmaie 
 'i'heir exertions to proviile themselves with siiiialile 
 I dwellings were obhtrncted, lor some time, hy the hos- 
 tile attacks of some of the m'ijjhlioiirin^ lihlians, who 
 had not forgotten Ihe proviH'alion they had receivetl 
 
 • Miirlifr. Ii.i. I'up. ti. 5.1— 4i. Neal i, SO— sj m7. (M 'mix. -it. 
 i. vVt. lliiirt)iii.«on, it. Ap|'»"i I AM Ttii' fratnl, hv whiiii ili. 
 DiHrli liiiil coiiirlvuil I'l ilivfrt llu'-.' rmtiTiint-* (r "M Hnil-ioi,*- 
 river. «a» ili-<.MVfrctl mil man-.l m n himiI'Tiii. wtui h \\n» 
 nalihilu-it iit KnL'l.-iiiil t..-(*.trf ilio rl.Mf uf ijiiit year OIWj. 
 Frtiice'a New KhijIaiitlCUruiinlutfy, p. tjl. 
 
 from (Captain Hunt ; and the eoloni.sl8 had scarcely 
 succeeded in repuisint; them, when tlisease occaHtonru 
 by scarcity of provisions, and the increasing horrora 
 ol the Heasnii efllicted them with n calamily, perhaps 
 less dan};reroua to their virtue, but more deslnietivc to 
 their strength niid numbers than the perils of war.— 
 More than one half of their nundier, including John 
 (*arver, their first f^overnor. perished of hunger ordis* 
 ease before the return of spring; and, during the whole 
 of the winter, but few were capnhle of providin;* for 
 themselves, or rendering; nssistnnco to the rest ; but 
 hope and virtue survived, and rising; into greater vi- 
 gour beneath the pressure of accumulatetl sulferinj;, 
 aurimmnted and einnddcd every calamity. [lOUL] 
 Those who retained their strength became the ser- 
 vants of ihe weak, the sick, and the dyin^,' and none 
 disiiiiiriiishcd himself more in (his lioinmrable duly 
 than Mr. (*arver, the i;o\ernor. He was a gentleman 
 of larue estate, but larjjer heart; he had spent hia 
 whole fortune on this project; and now, willingly 
 eoMtributinif his life to its aeeomplishment, he eX' 
 hausled a feeble body in laboriously discharging the 
 meanest oMices ot kindness and service lo the sick. — 
 When the distress of the colony was at its height, tho 
 approach of a powerful Indian chi'd" seemed to por- 
 leiiil the litter tleslriiction of the settlers ; bill, happily, 
 in the train td" this persona-ie, was the ancient guest 
 and friend of the Kn-;lish, Sipianto. who eagerly iind 
 succeriMfully lahoureil to metliatea good understanding 
 between them and his countrymen. He atfrwards 
 canci>lled the merit of this useful service, an.l .ndea- 
 vouied lomai:ndy hi.s own importance by (ahr,cattng 
 char^'es of plots and conspiracies against sop.e of the 
 neighboring Iribe:*, while at the same lime li<> kept 
 ihi'se tribes in terror, by secret information thai the 
 Ki :!lish were in possession of a cask filled with the 
 plagiii', whi<di only his inllnence prevented tliem fnmi 
 selling abroach for ihe destruction of Ihe Indiana. 
 Hut, before he resorted to ihis inischievous policy, thu 
 eolonisis had become indepemlenl of his services. 
 Some of the neijjhliourintr tribes, from lime, lo lime, 
 'made alarming demon^Iratiorls of hostility ; but they 
 I were at length ctunpletely overawed by Ihe courage 
 I anil resolution of Captain Miles Standish, x gallant 
 ! and skilful ollicer, who, with a handful of men, was 
 li'lways ready lo encounter their u'reatest force, and 
 i anlieipate their most rapid iiiovenieiils.* 
 \ With the rrival of »\iniiiier the health of the coL-« 
 nistswere restored, and their nnnd>ers continued to 
 Ihe reinfor<'ed from time to lime, by successive emi- 
 ' ifralions td' their Iriends from Kurope. l)ul these ad- 
 jililions fell far short of their cxpreiations ; and of the 
 Miain reinforcement wbii b they had looked for from 
 I the accesfiion of the remainder of the rciigregation at 
 Leyden, they wi-re utterly disappointed The uiiex- 
 jiecled death of Mr Kcdiinsoii deprived liis people at 
 Leyden of the only leader whose aniinat'iig counsrls 
 could have overcome the limidily nispiret by the ac- 
 counts of the distresses sustai.ied by ihei friends ill 
 New Knglaml ; and, acconlingly.npon that event Ihe 
 i:rcat«T pail of those who had remained iH'hinil nt 
 Leyileii now retired to join thetther Mn^ilish exiles at 
 .Xnisienlam, anil very few bad the eouraije t > procce*! 
 to .New I'lyinoulh. 'This small loloiiy, bow.iver. had 
 eviiuN' 1 a hardy virtiu' that showe I it was fo.mitl (or 
 endurance; aial having surmounted its tirst misfor- 
 tunes, continued tt) thrive in the cultivation of piety, 
 and iheenjoMuent of lilieity of coiiseicnce and politi- 
 cal freedom.* A mdile atlachnienl was firmed to the 
 sod which had been earned with ' ' u.vh \irtui, and 
 lo the society whose contiimaiit . <ed so manly a 
 
 eonlesr and so si^iiial a victory •••.,. y variety ot 
 
 ill \\ hite they ileiUMiislraled a prop. , respect ho the 
 claims of the original inhabilanls of the couiilry, by 
 purchasing from tbeiii the territory over wliieh llio 
 hettlcmeiil exteinled, they neglected' no preparation li> 
 ilefentl Iiv force what ihey had ac<piired with justitr, 
 and, alarmed by the tidir'irs of the massacre of their 
 countrymen in Virginia. they ereclnl a timber fort, ind 
 adopted other prudent precautions for theii delenre. 
 Tins purchase fnuii savayes. who rather occasionally 
 tranTseil than continually occupied the tertitory, is 
 perhaps ibi' firM instance on record of the full preva- 
 leoee of the prineiplesof justice in a treaty between a 
 civilized and a barbarous people :1(»21— l] The eon- 
 s'liulion of their church was the same with that which 
 
 • M.0I11T. N.mI. VrU'T Mniiyr ilffhirt'H iliai \hv Imnlstiips 
 .■riilnrfiiltv the Hj snittriis In 8.uuh Aiieri.a "rri' «mhnsti,if,e 
 ti.'l SfpioiiiirilR Ci.uM hnvi- siippniicl Hmi iIh- 'i.Tnt»lo(>H «u«. 
 isiiH'.l tiv ihr flrvt n.l.u.lMjt i.l' I'lvino-iti npprsr In Imve rx- 
 M'Htletl iIk'iii (Hiiti III Ouraiiop and intcutay. Hlc HuickiiuHirt, 
 
 llAppri..! IT7. 
 
) 
 
 \ 
 
 m 
 
 which had hi'tii rHtaMinlK'iJ al Ltydi'ii, and iSt'ir 
 eyBteiii of civil ^nverniiiunt was fuiuidi-d on thoHv 
 ideas of thu natural <M|nalit}' among nirn to which 
 thoir ecclt'tiiastitjl {>olicy, so lari>; iiw main uhji-ct of 
 their concern, liud Imbilnatud tlirir niindt*. Thr nn- 
 premo Irgiwlatlvt body was ronijioHid ol'nil thn trri'- 
 imMi who wcri! niciiihcrR of Ou^ cimrcli, and it was 
 not until the year 1G3!) that they I'Htablitihi'd a houtiu 
 of rcprcsenlatives. The executive powtr w«h com- 
 mitted to a <>overnor and oonuLiI ani'.uully <'terted 
 l»y the nu'nibera of the ie«ialiitivc usHend>tv. Tliiir 
 juriMprudeniu' wnn founded on the luwiii ol Kn,<;land, 
 with 8om>' diversity, however, in the ttcalc of puninh- 
 inentH, which wan more nearly approxiinuteil to the 
 Motiuic institutions. C'on!*ider)n>; the protection uf 
 morals nmrc important tluin the pre8frvulion of 
 wealth, thi>y puninhed fornication with llo^<;in>;, and 
 adultery with death» while on foryery llu-y intlictcd 
 ordy a moderate fine. The cU-arin^tind cultlvuliori 
 of the <rrounil, liHlnni;, and thi' curing of tin^h for ex- 
 portation, formed the occupHttun of th<- colomstH. 
 The pceuliarit) of ihrir ttituulion nuturiilly led them, < 
 like the Vir^nniiuiH, for some time, to throw ult thrir i 
 property into a common stock, anti, like incmberH 
 of one lamily, to carry on every woi : of industry by 
 their joint labor for the pubhe bihinif. Hut the reh> 
 gioos 7.eiil which enforcrd tins sclf^denyiiii; poUcy 
 was utuibb' lo overcome the (htHcullies which niUHt 
 always attend it, and whieli are coiitiimally revived 
 and au<;merited in a society ilerivini; its incr:>use not 
 Bo much fiuin iu own internal •growth a:' from the 
 oondueiice of slrun;;ers. About three years afler 
 the fouiidHtion of New IMyinoui!., :; was judi^ed pro- 
 per lo introdnee separation of possessions^, though 
 the full ri>;ht of separate property was not admitted 
 till a much liter period ; and even that ehan<;e is 
 repi't'seiit'Ml as liavm>; prndiiced a <;real anil mani- 
 fest increase of the industry of the pi'opje. The 
 idow iiurease which, for a considerable period of 
 time, the numbers of the colonists evinced, has l>een 
 liseriliefl to the |irolon«;ed operation of tins system 
 of etpiality; but it s^tius more likely that the slow- 
 lli'Srt of the inerea^e (ocensiiund by lie poverty of 
 the doil and the tidin;;s of the hardships attemliri!; a 
 flettb-ment in New Kn;:Iai\<i) was the cause of the 
 retardatiuo of the eompbte establislinient of the i 
 ri;;?iL of private property. In the (irsi soiiely of men j 
 culteetrd by the bond uf Christianity, una adililion- I 
 mllv united by persecution, wv tind an attempt made 
 to abolish individual pioperty; and, from tlr* apos- 
 tolic direction that Hr Ufko vould not .,'ork ikoufd not 
 eaif wu may conclude that the disadv inta<;<' which 
 the operation of this principle is exposed to ir: a 
 floeiety deriving its increase from lliP continual con- 
 Huence of stran;;er8 of di'^nimilar characters, was 
 pretty early experienced. In Pttrnmiay, the Jesuiis 
 formed a setllemiMit where this peculiar disa<lvan- 
 tage wos not experienced, and whicli atrtrtls the only 
 instance of the introduction and proloo<^e<l snbsi»'t- 
 lUice of a state of e(|ualily in a numerous society. 
 But there the irreat fundamental ditfienlty was rather 
 evaded than encountereil I»y a system <if tuition 
 adapted, with extpiisite okill, to confound all diversi- 
 ties of t:ilent and disposition union;; the natives, in 
 an unbounded and (ie>;rading dependence on their 
 Jesuitical instructors, 
 
 [Iti'il.] After having continued for flonie years 
 without a patent for their occupation, the colonists, 
 whose numtters now antiiun*ed to a hundred and 
 eighty, emploved one Tierce as their ai;ent in Kn^- 
 land to solicit u vrant of this nntur*> fnun the 
 Ku'ilish irovernment and the i;rantl council of 
 riynioutli — a new cot^iorutinu by which .laincs, in 
 thir year ItJ*iO, had superseded the ori<;inul I*ly- 
 mouth compauy, unil (o whirli he had «:runted alt 
 the territory lyinv; wiuun the fortieth and forty- 
 eighth df ijreeH of iiorlhi t n tutitude. This corporate 
 body roiitinufd to subfisl for a consideiahle time, 
 notwitbslandinc; a vote of liif House of Commons, 
 in the year utter its cr«^utiim, derlarin;; its privi- 
 leges a grievance, and its patent void, Tif^rce pro- 
 rured a charter from thf council, and caused it to 
 be fraineil jti his own name, with the upproprintion 
 of lar^e territories and privileges to himself and his 
 family: hut, havinir enibarkcfl with a utimerous 
 body of associates, whom he had collected in Kng- 
 Itiid, lo arcompao) him, and assist tn the cnfort e- 
 •T^nt of his di'Hiuins, hi^ vessel wits shipwreeked, 
 and Pierce hiniscK mt (ti-4rnaye<l with the tlisastrous 
 lasue of Ids iiiiuslice. that tie eonfexsed wtuit he liad 
 done, and resi>:ned his patent, Ttie coloiiifits, in- 
 formed of lus treachery, sent over Mr. Wmslow, 
 
 Tin: HtsTou V of 
 
 one of their own number, to resume the solicitation 
 fur a charter, lie appeuts nut to have been able to 
 procure a |iutent from ttie crown, but he obtained, 
 after loni; delay, u ^rant of land and charter of privi- 
 lo^t's from the council. It was directed to William 
 Urudfofd, llie existing governor, and ttie iinmiinities 
 it cont'erred wen- appropriated to liim, his lieirs, 
 associates, and assignees; but Mr. Uruiltord wil- 
 lingly surrendered all that was personal in the 
 ;j;raiit, and aswuciated the •General coiiit of tliu fn-e- 
 nicn lo all tlie priiilcyes it conft rre:!. ity this ;»ront 
 of the ^raiid rtiuni ii of riyinouth, tlie cotonists 
 were aulboriscd Ui choose n >:overnor, councit, and 
 general cmirt, for the eitactin<{ and cxecutinj; all 
 taws wdiich should be jud;;i'd necessary for the pub- 
 lic ^ood. The cotoniul historiuna have inistakeu 
 ttiis ;;rant fur a pati nt from the crown. Hut no 
 sucli patent was ever issued ; and the settlement 
 .if rs'rw Plynionlti was never incorporated into a 
 body politic, but remained a subordinate and volun- 
 tary association until it was united to its more 
 nowerful ne)»libor the colony of Massachusetts 
 Hay. Holli before and alter the reception uf this 
 charter, the colonists were pware of the doubts that 
 m)>;ht be entertained of the validity of the acts of 
 Uoverument which ttiej cxercjsed. Perhaps this 
 detect was not alto;;ether unfavorable to ttie in- 
 terests and happines>) of the si i lers, uiid may havo 
 contribuled to the moderate p . ■ otes and concilia- 
 tory strain liy wtiicli their adni . irution was hono- 
 rably distiuf^uisbed tVom that which afterwards un- 
 fortunately prevailed anions; their nei>;hborR in 
 New England. Hut the soil around New Ply- 
 mouth i- • t so meagre, and the supplies they re- 
 ceived ' .tin l^urope so scanty and infrequent, that 
 in the tenth year of their colonial existence their 
 numbers did rot exceed three hundred. Hut their 
 exertions were not destitute of ^reat and important 
 coiiseiiuences. Th:'y held up to the view of the 
 oppressed puritans in the parent state, a scene 
 where persecuteil virtue miiint retire to, and where 
 only ttie hufdy virtui' that could wittistand perseeu- 
 tiim seemed f:tted to obtain a |iermanent estulilisli- 
 lO'^nt. At the expense of the noblest sacrilices and 
 i'..)st undaunted idForts, this handful of men laid ttie 
 foundations of New Knutand, A lew years after 
 their first estabtishmeiit at IMymotith, a !nessen<:er 
 arrived at ttiis settlement from the i^overnor of the 
 Dutch )dantation on llndson's river, witli letters 
 congratulating ttie Kngtish on their prospi-rous and 
 commenduble enterprise, tendiring ttie good will 
 and friendly services of tlie nutcti, and propo.^ing a 
 rommercial intercourse between the two settle- 
 ineiits. Tlie governor and council of Plymoiitli 
 returned a corteous answer to ttiis < <unmunieation, 
 expressing a thankful sense of the kindness whieti 
 tii'V had received in tlie native eoinitry of itie Hotcti, 
 ano a grateful areeptmice of itie profiled fiiend- 
 stiip. Nottiiiig furtht r seems to have cnsiieil frnm 
 this overture than a series of small coiuniereial deal- 
 ings, an H an occasional interctiange of similar civili- 
 ties, wtiit'*, but a lew yeors after, gave place to ttie 
 most inveterate Jealousy, und a Cf>ntinuat reciproca- 
 tion of complaints between the Dutch and the Kng- 
 listi colonists. 
 
 Various attempts had been made during ttiis in- 
 terval to emulate the sucees^ful eslablistiment of 
 New Ptyuiotilli ; but they ha 1 all failed from in- 
 abilitv to emulate the virtues trom which ttie success 
 of ttiis colony was denved. In ttie year Iti'i'J, a 
 rival colony was planted in New Kngland by one 
 Weston and a troop of disorderly adventurers, who, 
 in spite of ilie fiiendly assistance of the settlers at 
 New Plymouth, 'juickly sunk into such tie|plessneH>< 
 thai some uf tliem condesrended to become servants 
 to the Indians, some ptrisbed of hunger, oltiers 
 turned robbers, und by ttieir depreilations invidvid 
 both themselves tiiu\ ttie cotoiiiitt^ of New IMyniouth 
 in hostilities with the natives, and the rei^t were 
 glarl to find their way back to Knglund. In the fol- 
 lowing year nn ntlemfit of greater importance was 
 made under the patronage of tJie grand r ^tincil of 
 Plymontti, wtiich bestowed on Captain 0"rge.>», the 
 leader of the expedition, the title of governor-general 
 of the wtiole country, w!th an ample endowment of 
 arbitrarv power, and on a cbrgymon whom he hud 
 liroiight wilti him, the olfice of bifitiop and siiperin- 
 tcr.dent of ull the cliuri he". Hut New Kngland wii** 
 not in iiuch a condition lliiit an estatilishoient of this 
 dest riplion i (.iild take root in it ; mid the governor 
 and his liishop, deserting their ctiarge, made hast'* 
 to return to a ctiiuatt uiurv coiigeui&l to the growth 
 
 of temporal dominion and ucclesiastical dignity. Of 
 their followers, some retired to Virjeiitia, and others 
 returned to Pjiglund.* At u later period a similar 
 undertaking, conducted by Captain Wollaston, was 
 attended with u rep"titioii o\' (he same disastrous 
 issue. Vet, all these unsuccessful plantations wcro 
 allempted on land nnue fertile, and at u situation 
 more conimodiuus, than the settlers ui New Ply- 
 mouth eiijoyeil. Tbu situation whicti they pitched 
 upon was that of MassucliusettH Hay, where, u few 
 years alter, a colony, w liieli w as formed on the suiiio 
 principles that had foiindcil New PImiiouiIi, and 
 whose origin 1 now pioceed lo relate, uiruidcd the 
 second exumpio of u auccessful establitibmenl in 
 New Kngland. 
 
 The leigii of Charles the First was destined to pro- 
 duce the consummation and the r<ttribution oi royal 
 and ecclesiastical tyranny, (.'harles committed lliegu- 
 •verninent (d'the church to men who openly professed 
 the most arbitrary principles, and whose inclinations 
 curried them much more strongly to enforce an ap- 
 proximation to (he church of Koine, than to promote 
 agreement aimuig the protessors ol the protestant 
 futth. Abbiu, the Archbishop <d' Canterbury, bi in«' 
 restrained by the luodeiation of his principles and 
 ttie mildness of his tem])er from tending his mstrii- 
 mentalily to ttie designs of the court, was treated 
 willi harshuesH, und, at length, suspended from Ins 
 onice,f [ir>'27] of which the fuiictioufl were commit- 
 ted to a board of prelates, of whom the most emi- 
 nent was Laud, who ufterwardn succeeded to the 
 primucy. From this period, both in the civil and 
 ecclesiastical ailministration of the realm, a system 
 of deliberate and insolent invasion of whatever was 
 most valued by freemen, or most revered by protest- 
 ants, wa-^ pursued with stubborn pride ant! folly, 
 und eiiforcefl by cruelties that at length exhausted 
 the jiatience of mankind. To the liistorian of i'<ng' 
 land, the political abuses that distinguished this 
 period will probably appiur the most interesting 
 features in its history ; und, doubtless, tlu-y coiitii* 
 buted at least us powerfullly us any other cause to 
 the production of the great convulsions that < iisiied. 
 But, us it wa.i ;'ie ecclestustical administration that 
 mainly contributt ' to the peopling of America, it is 
 ttiis branch of the English history that cluelly me- 
 rits our attention, in investigating the souices uf 
 the colonizutioM of New Kngland. 
 
 Not only were ttie ancient ceremonies, which 
 long oppression had rendered so obnoxious, enforced 
 with additional rigor on the increasing numbers of 
 ttie puritans, but new and more oHensive rites were 
 ititroduced into the church. A design seems tn 
 have been formed of ennbling the church of E;ig- 
 hind to vie with the Koini:di see in th'^ splendor of 
 its pageantry, the snperslitious cere iionial of Hh 
 wtuship, and the power of its hierarchy. Laud, 
 indeed, boasted that be had refused the off'r of u 
 cardinal's hat from Rome ; but the ofler was justly 
 considered a mm h more signilicant cireumstanco 
 (tian the refusal; und, having already assumed \o 
 himself till- papal title of His HolinctiS, which ho 
 substituted in place of His (Jruce, his style would 
 have been lowered instead of elevated by the Ko- 
 tnish pKHiiotiim which lie rejeeted. The commu- 
 nion table was converted into an altar, and all per- 
 
 * Tha mnxi im|H>rtnni nri i>f Cnpiiiin Uorirrp' nJniiiiUirHHon 
 that tiQ!* tiriMi (rnniimutt il to im, U eiii* whiili iorunlH nn f-xnhi' 
 iiHliim III" il piiiyni^f ill lliulilinii, wlier*- llie Nfw KnvhonliTi 
 nn- jrriisrii uf hniit'ililt »ll iniKirrr.l, tiill tip<lritl, wt-utiT, In 
 Kiciul lit u i-'iiilty, tint UM>riil,ri>liliI(T— 
 
 ■-Ttiiit )>iiiiier>« niiiy .iii)i|ily iho plaee 
 
 (>l':^tJliTinu f>niiilt«, i-i a plain cuiin. 
 
 Our lirrtlireii nf New Kiitrlaiiil iioo 
 
 (tiuirn iiiali>rHi'ferH (o fxrtine, 
 
 Ami liaitit thf g lilllrsH In llieir Mrad, 
 
 Ol wliiirii llti- ihiinlii'H liiivr Icmk mr<'»l— 
 
 Att liilfly liii|'|ii'nril. In ii inwii 
 
 There liveil n fuMtli-r," kr.l!uililira», Canin i|. 
 Siinia (if n<iri!i's' iifnplf hml rMnuiiiiitnl ilppri'ilniinnw nn ilir In- 
 ilinnn, wlm iiMixti-i) tlial (iin rilif IimkIi'i kIiodIiI Iw> put tn tifiith 
 (LifLi'M RiittKntMl aiiit ilerrivnl ilirrii hy lianpjnii up rrihrr a 
 ilyirif man nr n ilt-ail IxhIv. Ilnit-liiiimiDi i. p. H. Uiitfur'N winy 
 iniilicf, Miitljnun to ilpfnmi' ilic pnriiani*, tian rPKnicii fmiii 
 olilivtmi ail aoi of wtiirh liie mIioUi incr;! or itf luer*'. '.« cxvU\- 
 Hivciv (hii> ti> )i'h nwii pnriv. 
 
 t i"hp pri'ini fotniii >riiy B(i-*li:nril fnr Alihn|'« i!i*irrHrp in, 
 thai, 111 nhoniiiii,' at a dcvr wiili a rroMB Imw, hr tmil arnilent- 
 nliy killi'tl a inuii. Hitt tit> )mit lit-en anlniiiilr aripiiiird of 
 tliH rliarK>*, S'xl ilcctnreit cxempi f'rniii all its ri>tiM>i|iif)ir«A, 
 loTiir bditri' lie W:is ffipii'^iffn-il freni «rrIi'iiln(iurHl fm.rimtiH ; 
 •ml llif rtvil <"nii»i'«nl'hi«li'mp(ir«l iljarrare BPf m lo liavp hv^u. 
 Ilial ti" npiviscil itif |le^^t'^ultnnnr^ll(• piirilaiiN, Ihitt he reCiixfd 
 in III I-I, "I* a >;iTiinin ihni lihil lu'i-n iiri'.irticil in mippnri n( iho 
 kinii'H riclit tn iiix thn p<'iiii|r> witlmiii ilir inii-rveMtinii nfitar- 
 Ii:inM'i>l. anil iti.ii ln> i-onlil iml lii> ptrvailvil ttjtti m rninar- 
 ^liiitri' the inlioniniH prnrrflilint's (nr ihi* (Itvnrre n| ihi'rnunU'M 
 nf Ki*-i'x. W.'liiou'tJ fnurt uiul iltarucitr nf KiitK Jamfs. 
 Kuitar'i Wi<(Uiio3. 
 
 uf^mmiMSSSBSSSt 
 
iii«liiiii <lij;nily. Of 
 Virj^inio, »rul others 
 iitrr mriml ii oiiiiilar 
 tnill Wnllostoll, WM 
 (1it> 9ani(> (linaHtruiifl 
 fill I'lniitntiiiiis wt ro 
 1', mill ut u nit.iBlion 
 illliirn HI N«w I'lv- 
 1 vhicli tiny iiitclitd 
 » Iky, wlnrr, u IVw 
 it'oiiiii'il UM tlii'iainu 
 s'cw riuiiiiiilli, aiul 
 
 I ri'latc, uIVuiiIkI tliu 
 I'lil I'StHlillKliiiK'nl ill 
 
 waailmtlni'd lopro- 
 !• rilributiiiii ot royal 
 Ifmuiiimittiil lliego- 
 vliii i)|i(iily iinilrsHcil 
 hI wIiubc iiii'liiiutiiiiia 
 C.ly to nilurre nil up- 
 oiiii', llinii to |)rniiiul« 
 irH n( llir pruttstuiit 
 ol' Cuiiti'iliiiry, brill" 
 )!' Iiiii |)riiu'i|)l<'!> and 
 
 II liiiding liii inftrii- 
 K couit, was triutril 
 , siispi'iidcd from lii" 
 iii'tiuiifl were (•oiiiiiiil- 
 wlioiii llw most fiiii- 
 rds succoedod to tlio 
 liolli ill till civil mid 
 r tlio realm, ■ ayntcrn 
 mm of wimlcvvi- wa» 
 ut ri'VPrid by prutiBt- 
 uirii pridi' am! folly, 
 ; at Iriislli pxliaiii'tiii 
 1 till' liintorian of l'.»«- 
 ui di!itin>!iiifi1iL'd tliia 
 the moat intiTi'sting 
 lotibtlri's, llwy coiitii- 
 [18 any otlirr i-auN<> to 
 iiviilsions tlinl iiiBiiid. 
 al ndiniiii.itrntioii that 
 pliii"! of Ami'riia.it ia 
 itory iliat c-liiclly iin- 
 jntnij; the aouicca of 
 mil. 
 
 It (■eromonic", wliiili 
 
 III oliiioxioim, inforci d 
 K riaHiii!; iiiiiiibcrf of 
 
 • olli'imivi' rit.-s wiTO 
 
 A <liiii);n niTina to 
 
 ^ till! iIiuitIi of Eiiy- 
 
 iro ill thi! apli'ndor of 
 
 8 L'orriiniiial of itH 
 
 Is hicrnrcliy. Land, 
 
 [ri-riiHi'd till' ofliT of a 
 
 il Ihi- odir was justly 
 
 ilicaiit lininimliiiK'u 
 
 already aRKUiiird lo 
 
 Hdlinen, whiili li" 
 
 rail-, IiIh olyli" would 
 
 I'livatrd h'y tlie Ko- 
 
 I'tld. Till' lOIMIIIIl- 
 
 an nllar, and all piT- 
 
 |iii llorfffF* niliDiiiiHlrHlinii 
 wliii-ti iiiriTii" Hii exniii- 
 
 ((tTf ttii' Nt'W Kni.'IaiiiliT( 
 iDit tirilrlil, wiMMT, in 
 
 t Ihfl place 
 
 iIhIii t'UKI*. 
 
 Iiilnnil line 
 rii^p, 
 |i llivir Htnad, 
 
 • ll'HH IIITil 
 
 |ii town 
 
 kr.HuililimH, rRlitii it. 
 <>il ilpprrilntiniiK i>n Ihr hi 
 [•I hIimuIiI Iw pill III ilrath 
 liv liaiiKiitS up citliiT a 
 |m'. i.p. rt. Uiiiltir'n willy 
 iiliiiiK, liiiH rpfriifil from 
 |iht;i or ilf liiurH ;» exrlii- 
 
 for Alihot'fl ili^Brni-p i^, 
 |h how, hf hml arriilfiit- 
 n iiolcliiiily Rri|iiillrd of 
 Mil all ila roniMMHi*i'ce«, 
 crrli'iilnalii'Hl riii<rli'i|iM ; 
 rrart' at-fiiltn liavr lit-eii. 
 rilaiH. lliBt he rfliixed 
 
 NOIITH AMER[C.\. 
 
 I'li.'ci in liiiiiiuin ol llm 
 Il lllr iniiTVf rilloll nrpur- 
 
 nittol uiili III r IP- 
 
 iln 
 
 III llii> 
 
 itucur iif King lainrfc 
 
 mns commaiiucd to bow to it on cnlerini; the church- 
 All the wcek-Juy tccttires, and all tiflciiioun acriiions 
 Ull .SuiiddV. were nliolislied, and, iiisileud ol ttii-in. 
 {;»inta and uporia were pernntted lo all the people, "12- 
 rfplinjf known reciJ»antK." who were lliii- ^lUl matcti- 
 lesn ahaiirdity debarrrd, an a ptinlslriieiw from proc. 
 tiecs which they regarded wilh the iitinoai deiealalion. 
 Kvery niiniater waa coininanded to lead the royal pru- 
 claination of gamea and sfiorts fruin liia piil[iit, nnder 
 the [lain of dcpriv.ilion. 'I'hia ordinance, like all ilie 
 other iiiiveliieti, v%ur productive oi the greater discon- 
 tent and diMittrhanre, iVoiii Ihe extent to winch pnnlan 
 Kentinienin liad made their way into (tic church, and 
 the number of piirilan nimistcra witlnn the ealablish. 
 inent' whom habit had tauojit to lliicliiale between the 
 perlunnaiiee and the e';u.si(iii of the ancient obnoxious 
 eiiiiona, anil trained lo aubmil, wilhuilt at all reconcibno 
 to ilie burden. Noihing could be more ill tiiiied tbdii 
 an aooravation of the load under which (licse men were 
 laburiii]^ , it reduced niuny to despair, provoked utliers 
 to ihc moat vi-henienl indiirnaliiiii, and di privcd ibe 
 church ol a iiiiineruiis body of her mosl atiaclicd and 
 most pii|iiilar mimalers. Nor were ihcae the only inea- 
 Biires iliut were calculated to excite discontents wtihiii 
 aa well as wiilioiil llie esiahlisluneni. 'riiree-fuiirllifl 
 of ilie Knglish clcrfv were Calvimsis ; hut l.aud and 
 the rulinij prelates beiiiir .\riniiilalis. Ui( y caused a royal 
 proelaiiialliin lo be iss led against the prcacluno of the 
 Calvuiislic leuels : and while the .\riniiiian pulpits rc- 
 sniiiided w.lh the sharpest iiiveclives a;.i.aiiist them, a 
 ainiile sentence that could be construeil into llieir de- 
 fence exposed the preacher to the pains of conlemjit of 
 I' king's aiithonly. 
 
 in the reign of Kli/.abelh, Ihe churchmen had been 
 eager to shift from iheu: selves upon ilie courts ol com- 
 mon law as much a.« pussililc of ihe odium of enlorcing 
 the eccleaia.llical slaliiles Hut I.aud* and his asso. 
 elates, maccesaibte to fear, remorse, or shame, courled 
 the olHce of persecution, and m the court of coinims- 
 sion exercised such arbilrary pow er. and 1 omiuiiled aiich 
 enormoiis cruelly, as pnicuied lo that odious tribunal 
 the name of Ifif fiwttslam 'm/iiixttnm. Fines, niipri- 
 sunmenl, lianishnienl, Ihe pillory, were among tin iiiosl 
 leiuelil of Ihe piiiusliiuenls nillicled by this trilMilial 
 lis vicliiua were Ireipic nily condeinned In have their 
 tlcbli lorn from iheir boilici by the lash of Ihe execu- 
 tioner, their ni)>irils sin, and their ears cut oil', anil 111 
 this coimIiiioii exhibiied lo the people as miinuiiienis ol 
 what WIS termed llii justice of ihcir .sovereign and llle 
 zeal of Ihe piilales t If the ixlenl a.s well as ihe 
 sevinty lo winch lliii; arbilrarv sysleiii was pushed, 
 some iiolion may be lorined from llie a'coiints lliat 
 lli\e been Iransiiiilled lo us uf llie proceedings williiu 
 llie diocese of Norwich alone. In llie articles of im- 
 pcHchiiii III alierwards cxlubiied against Hisbop Wren, 
 il IS staled, that iliirnig Ins possession of that diocese, 
 which Lisied only for two >ears and a half, fifiv iiiiiii- 
 slers were deprivid for not cuinplying wiih ihe iiinuva- 
 liona, mill lliree ihniisaiid of Ihe laily compelled lo 
 abandon ihe kingdom t In perfect liarmoiiy wiiii ihe 
 ecclesiaclical, was ihe civil |Kilicy of fliarles's adinini- 
 stratio* .\rbilrary imposilions aiipeisi ilnl the fiiiic 
 turns of purlianient : Ihe palenla of jmlicial ollice had 
 their tenure allered from llie good behavior of the 
 jiidgea lo llie good pleasure of llie king ; eveiy organ 
 ol hlierly was siisiiended or per\ cried , and the king, 
 doiil at lenglli Jiibjecled lo the exclusive doioimon of 
 a Blcrii and imcontrolled prerogative. Insult was eiii- 
 ployed, as if p iir|Hisely to Blimulaln iho sensibilitv 
 
 • It i^ iin|Hi>iilile lo reail lliG .t|>i'eclieii o( lliis iirelale outhe 
 i.liils III Ihe iiuntaiis villliolU a.<liiiii.>hMielll al lliu alruilKe 
 
 nii'.ilcv 111 Kin. Il Ills ,1 MUH inni|»i»e,l. I...arnini( amleli-. 
 
 liKiu •■ aieiiiii <r.l « nil vulitai lailiiiii mi'l oliscem- iil.al.lty ; 
 
 ami liie iiu)t.t Is i. Iliill tleiltiealioiis nl rlulhlian ii|iliilie!,s anil 
 meic), »illl llie |irii|»i»lliciii „r a|i(iriilia'.ii.ii iil timliclivu 
 ^rlll■llll■^ Ihal iviiiilil hale illMirainl an Aiiiillcali saiaKe. 
 'llic liulit uilltiii liiiii was ilarkiies.s; anil Ins aiiiiialiilaini' 
 
 Willi Ihe lliiiiry III riMmoii »i |.,| nnlvlo illve hllii ilssuraiiei' 
 
 111 lii»s,ii.u anil reiiiinih.ui |iraiiiralt> illsreicnnliiiK it. Tiie 
 seiiienie. |.r,i|i.iM.|l i,-, tin. I,i,h.i|i» m liin .Star riiaiiilier well' 
 always Ki'veier Ihai. ne Mik'neslinni, ,i| tile lay jiidiies. Tiir 
 liishii|is, no iliiiihl, were Irninenlly ekas|ierol|.|| hy ihe aar- 
 insii.h III iheii yi.liois, llaslwirk, iKUore his trial, wrote i> 
 hiurlo I. ami hnnilily |Hlili<inini| ioi a intlaiiie Iruiii Ihe ar. 
 clin-|.i.ni|iai ircasiire, In .sn|i|mrl lini' In prison, ami roiiclii.lnii; 
 lluis: .." lli.w tlioii iairi'st 10 Ihv palace, lieiiiaiii.eth, in Iniilio 
 paliuiii, Jolin llaatwnk." due o| Iho lav jml«e» intheStar 
 Chainher, iiii mio mcaaion, ailUrnsio.t a |iiitilaii 011 hia Irial 
 With • tell of which thv hiahups jirohahly ilnl nol a.liniri' Ihe 
 *p|;liraliun--"llo not iiijliloiiiia oyer niiieh ; neither tnnke 
 Ihyaetl over wise: why sliiiulilal llioii ilesln.vthvsell I" See 
 lloweil't .state Tiiala, Vol. 111. Nim. I34, |m, hj, 14J, i|j, . 
 
 t .Neal,l. lir— 111. Tiiese bis|io|,«. aaiil a inonihiii iit the 
 Loiin Pailianienl, " placeil tin. eirelluncy of priest liimil 111 
 worlillv |s>ni|i ami Bn-alniis.i, anil gave Hit. nlory of the in- 
 
 Viailileljoi lo putures aij,!,, ami altars; Iherelore l.'tHl 
 
 nave ihunini. to yile altCi li.ms ,„ iiupl,,, aiile, u rcUiil, 
 
 and wulioul iialiualaHucUua " tlnwell's Slate Tn.ils iv 37 
 
 17 
 
 which injuries might not have auiriciently excited. A 
 clergvinan having mniumined in a seriiion bclore the 
 king that Ins iiiajesiy*s simple rcipiisition i>( m'oiiey 
 from las subjects, uliliged tlieiii to comply with it " un- 
 der pain of eternal •hinmation ;" (.'harles at first ob- 
 acrved that he owed the niuti no thanks for giving him 
 his due ; but a ceiisure of the Mouse of tjunimons 
 having followed the discourse, the preacher ivas lorth- 
 wiih accoiitiled a projier object of royal favor, and pro- 
 moled, first lo a valuable living, and afterwards lo a 
 bislioprick. .\ sysieiu of such dillusive and exasperat- 
 nig liootihty waged by the govermnent against the peo- 
 ple, wauled only a suiricieiit dtiralion to provoke from 
 universal rage a vindictive retribution the more to he 
 dreaded from the patience with which the heavy arrear 
 of injury had been endured and accumulated. IJut tic- 
 fore Ihe system of oppression had tune 10 mature the 
 groyviiig (JiscDiitenls, and lo produce extremities so 
 perilous to the virtue of all who are called to abide 
 ilieni. It was destined lo give occasion lo eflbris of 
 nobler energy and purer virtne ; and miich good was 
 yet III bedeiliicetl out of all this scene of evil, and great 
 and hap[iv couseipieuces were yet to he ell'ected, by the 
 domunon of I'rovidence over the pa.ssiuns of men. 
 
 'I'lie scTenties exercised on the puritans in Kiigland, 
 and Ihe gradual extinilion ui the hopes they had so 
 long entertained of a luiligatioii nl ecclesiastical rigor, 
 h.id for some lime direcied their thoughts to that di>- 
 laiit lerrilorv in yvhieli their breihren at New Plyinontli 
 had achieved a secure cslalilislinieiit an 1 obtained the 
 eiijoyment of civil and religiuus liberty In the last 
 yejr of James's reign, a few noii-conforunst faimlies 
 had rcinoved lo New Kiiglaiid and taken possession of 
 a corttcr of Massacbiisells Uay ; hut lieiiig dlsappotlitcil 
 in the hope lliev had eiilertaiued ol the aceessit'ii of 
 nuinbers sullicieiit to found a peniKinent society, they 
 were oil Ihe ) oiiit of returning to Knglund, when they 
 rrceiveti the agreeable intelligence of liie apiiroach of 
 a niiiueroiis and powerful reiiiforceiiH nl. Mr. White, 
 a noii-conforinisl ininislerat norcliester,liail projected a 
 new setlleinent at Massachiiseltis Day, and by Ins zeal 
 and aclivily he succeeded 111 forming an associaliou of 
 a number of tlie gentry in his iieighborhood who had 
 llnbibcd the puritan seuMinenls, hir llle purpose of cou- 
 ducting a coiiniy lo that region. 'I'lie views and feel- 
 ings that aetuatid the leaders of this enlerpristi yvere 
 ciuiiiiiilleil lo wriliiig, and i-ircutated among their Irienus 
 miller the title of Hiit'iiit t'tinsiitt ruliti/iJi lur Ihr I'titti- 
 fiilHiii nj tS'iw tCitfjlff/it 'i'lie fraluers of tills remarka- 
 ble and cliaraeterisUc docniueiil, began by adverling In 
 tlie progress of llie .leaiitl eslablislinients 111 South 
 .\nierii-a, and to Ihe d'lty and adyaiiUge of connler- 
 actnig Iheir mthience by ihe propagaiion ol the gospel 
 ill that quarter of the world. They observed that all 
 the other churches of I'.uriipe had been brought under 
 desiilalions , tliat the same l.ite seemed to Impend over 
 Ihe church of Knota'id ; and that it might reasonably 
 be supposed that tiod had piovided this imoccnpieil 
 territory as a laud of refuge for iiuiiiy whom he piir- 
 poseil to save from the general desirucuoii. Kngland, 
 ihey alleged, grew weary of her inliabilants ; Insomuch 
 lliat man, which is the most precious of all creatures, 
 wa.s there more vile ami base than the earth he trod 
 upon ; and children aiul fr;enits (if iiuwcallhy) wern 
 accoiitiled a hiirdensume liiciiinliralice, instead of lieiiio 
 hailed as the choicest eaniily blessings. .\ taste for 
 expensive living, they added, prevailed so strongly, and 
 the means of nidulgnig it Innt become so exelu'sively 
 the objeit of nieii's desires, that all arts and trades 
 were lainled by sordid luaxiuis and deeellliil practices ; 
 and the scimiiaries nl learning aboiiuded wilh so many 
 spectacles and temptations ol dissolnle irregiilarily, lliat 
 vice was there Ilinre elfeelli illy coiniiiiliilcaleil by ex. 
 alllple, lllall knowledge or yirllic yyere imparled by pre- 
 ce|it- "'I'hc whole earth," they proclaimed, "is ihe 
 Lord's gh.deii, ami be lialh given U 10 the sons of 
 .\ilalil til be tilled and linproiiil by tliein : Why, then, 
 should any slaiid slarviiig here lor pl.ices of babllatliiu, 
 aiul. in the iiieaii lime, auller whole eotintries, us pro- 
 lilalilc lor the use of mail, lo lie waste, without any 
 miprovemcnl '" 'I'hey ciincliided by adyerting lo the 
 Bitiiatioii of Ihe cnloiiy of .New riymoiiih, and strongly 
 enforced 'he duly of siip|iorling the lufaiu church which 
 had there been so happily plained .\ctcaled by such 
 views, these maguainmous projectors purchased from 
 the council of I'lynioiilh all Ihe lerrilorv exiiinlmg m 
 lenglli from three iiiih s iiorili of the river Merrimack 10 
 three miles south of Charles river, and, in lireadlli, 
 fioui Ihe .Vtlanlic to the Soiiihern Ocean Then nets 
 were as vigorous as their designr were elevated. As 
 the precursors of ihe main body of emigrants vihom it 
 vas intended to iraiispurl, a (u.all body uf planters and 
 
 Ml 
 
 ! servants were despatched under Mr. Endicot, one of 
 the leading projectors ; who, arriving safely in Masu- 
 
 i chusctis, flti'JH,] were cordially greeted and kindly 
 assisted hy the colonists of New I'lvnioiith. and laiii 
 the foundationc of a town, which they denominated 
 ISalem, from a Hebrew wortl that signifies Peace. 
 
 Hut zealoiib as these projectors were to acconip*;sh 
 their favorite purpose, they very soon perceived ihcit 
 total inahiliiy to maintain elfectiial possession of such 
 an exlensive territory, without the aid of more opulent 
 coailpitors. Of these, by the inllnence and activity of 
 .Mr. While, they obtained a sullicieiit numlier in Loif 
 don, among the commercial men who openly professed, 
 or secretly favored the leuels of the piirilans. These 
 auxiliaries brought an accession of prudent precantion, 
 as well as of pecuniary resources, to the eondiirt of thu 
 design ; and, justly donliting the expedicney of founding 
 a colony on the basis of a grant from a private com- 
 pany of patentees, who might convey a right of pro- 
 perty in Ihc soil, but could not confer jiirisdiclion, c 
 the privilege of goyerning the society which il was pre 
 posed to establish, they persuaded their associates I 
 unite with them in an application lo llie crown for a 
 royal charter. The readiness with which this applica- 
 tion was granted, and the terms in whnh the chaiter 
 was framed, are nbsoliiiely unaccoiinlable, except 011 
 the siip[iosiiion that Charles and his ecetesiasitcal coiiii- 
 sellors were willing, at this lime, lo disenct nilier tlio 
 church, in which tiiey inedilaiedsnch exlensive imiova- 
 tioiis, of a body of men, from whom the most unbend- 
 ing oppastttoii lo their measurea mighi he expected ; a 
 hue of policy which appears nerfecily credible ; al- 
 thniigh, at a subseqiient period, I liey endeavored to 
 coiiiileract it, when ihey were sensible of the relhclivu 
 inllucncc exercised 011 the puritan bodv in Kngland by 
 the spread and prettoiniiiancn of their tenets in Ame- 
 rica. It seems impossible, on any other supposition. 
 In accniint for the remarkable facts that, at Iho very 
 time when this monarch was iniroducnig despotic au- 
 thority into Ihe gnyernineiit of Virginia, he extended to 
 a colony of pnntnns a aunstiliition contaimng all tho 
 nnninnities of which the Virginians beheld Ihemselve* 
 so unjustly deprived ; and that, well aware of the pur- 
 pose of the applicants In escape from the constitulious 
 of Iho church of Kngland, he grat^'-- ■ .hem a charier 
 colilannng ample coilliiienilatioii oi the religious ends 
 they fall lit view, without the imposition of a single or- 
 dinance respecling the coiistiinuon of iheir church go- 
 vernmeul, or the tonus aiul ceremonies of their wor- 
 ship ; nay, so coinpletrly m this instance, did he sur- 
 render Ihe luainns of his colonial policy to lite wishes 
 of the projectors of a puritan colony, that, although ho 
 hail recently declared, in a public pioclamaliou, that • 
 mercantile company WuS iitlerly until to adimmster ilia 
 alfairs of a reinule colony ; yet, on the present occasion, 
 he scrupled nol. in compliance with the wishes of tha 
 mercantile part of the adventurers, to commit the «ii- 
 pieiiie direction of '! e colony to be planted in the pro- 
 vince of .MassHchiiselis llay, lo a cor|ioration conststiiif^ 
 chiefly of merchatits resident in Irfinilon. The nev» 
 adveiiliirers were incorporated as ■ bmly politic ; and 
 their right 10 the lerrilorv which they liad purchased 
 from the eoiincil of I'lyinoulh lieiiig conhrined by the 
 king, they were einpo.vered to dispose of the lands, 
 and 10 govern the people who should setlle uiion them. 
 The lirsl governor of the eompnny and his council wero 
 mimed liy the crown ; the right of electing their suc- 
 cessors was vericd in the members of the corporation 
 The excculive power was ciimimtled lo the governor 
 ami a ciiiiucil of assistants ; llie legislative, to tho body 
 of pruprieiors. who might make and enfcrco statute! 
 and orders fur the good of the community, not iiicon- 
 aisieiit with the hwa of liujland They Qblanied tho 
 s'liiie teiii|iorary exemiiiion that had been granted to 
 tile Virginian company from iiiieriial taxes, and from 
 duties on goods cxporled or importiMl ; and nolwiih- 
 siandiiig Ihcir mignliun to .\iucrica, they and their de- 
 siendaiits iveri' declared lo be einitled to all the rigliU 
 ot naliiral-liorn subjects. 
 
 The meaning of this charter, with respect to the re- 
 ligious rights of the colonists of .Massachuseitt Hay, 
 has giTcn rise to a great deal of discussion. Uy lli« 
 piirilans. and tho puritan writers of that agr, it was 
 umversally regarded as liesloving on them the aiiiplcsl 
 liberty to regulate their worship by the dictates of their 
 own cnnacienee. And this, I think, is maiiifeslly, its 
 import. The grantors wern fully aware, and the Vri.n- 
 leea hid neither the wish nor the power lo conceal, that 
 their object yy as lo make a peaceable secession from a 
 church winch they could no ;, nger conscientiously ad- 
 in re to, and lo estalili..h for themselyes, at Mas^schu- 
 si;lts Uay. .111 ecclesiastical coistitution atiiulat to tbal 
 
943 
 
 which was already r9tal)liahc(l and maintained without 
 IiiolMtalion at Now I'lyiiiouth. A adrnt ac(|inc»i-ciiC6 
 in auoh doniKiis was all that could rcusoiiaWy be ex- 
 |iected rniin the kln)r and his ministers : and when this 
 I'mpha.ic silence on i point which ia quite ludicrous to 
 •upiHisa could havi escaped the attention of cither 
 party, is coupled with t*uch a ready departure from all 
 the arbitrary principles which the kins was preparing to 
 enforce in every other branch of his domestic and colo- 
 nial adminiatration, it seems impossible to doubt that 
 Charles was at this time not unwilling to mdke a tem- 
 porary sacriticc of authority, in order to nd himself of 
 these puritan petitioners, and that the interpretation 
 which they gave to their charter was perfectly correct. 
 And yet writers have not been wanting, whom enmity 
 10 the puritans has induced to explain this ch irter in a 
 minner totally repugnant to every rule of legal or cqui- 
 tuble construction. It is a maxim of law, and the dic- 
 tate of common sense and universal equity, that, in all 
 cases of doubtful construction, tlio presumption lies 
 ■gainst that party whodc oHice it was to speak, and who 
 had the power to clear every ambiguity away. In de- 
 fiance of this rule, these writers have insisted that the 
 silence of the charter respecting the ecclesiastical con- 
 etitution of the colony, implies the imposition on the colo- 
 nists of every particular of the constitution of the church 
 of England.* The most eminent writer of ihiii parly has 
 taken occasion from hence to reproach the colonists of 
 Massachusetts Hay with having laid the foundations of 
 their chu,. h catahlisliinent in fraud. " Without regard," 
 aays this distinguished author, " to the sentiments of ihut 
 monarch, under the sanction of whose authoriiy they 
 fettled in .\merica, and from whom they derived right 
 to act as a body politic, and in contempt of the laws of 
 England, with which the charter required that none of 
 their acts or ordininces should be inconsistent, they 
 adopted in their infant church that form of policy which 
 has since been distinguished bv the name of indepen- 
 dent." He accounts for the silence of the charier on 
 a point which was unquestionably U[iperinost in iht? 
 minds of both parties, by remarking, that "the king 
 seems not to have foreseen, nor to have suspec;cd, the 
 secret intentions of those who projected the measure ;" 
 and he explains the conduct of llic colonists, by pro- 
 nouncing that they were "animated wiih a spirit of in- 
 novation in civil policy as well as in religion." Hut, 
 truly, it eeems not a little unreasoiiabln to make it mat 
 tcr of reproach to the puritans, who were driven by 
 opfiression from their native land, that tliiy did not 
 cross the Atlantic and settle in a savage desert for the 
 purpose of cultivating a more perfect conformity to the 
 sentiments of their oppressor. The provision in their 
 charter, that the laws to be enacted by them should not 
 be repugnant to the jurisprudence of Kngland, coiilil 
 never be understood to imply any thing farther than a 
 general conformity to tho common law of Kngland, 
 aiiitalile to the acknowledged dependence of the tuloiiv 
 on the main body of the liritish dominions. The un- 
 suspecting ignorance, too, that is nnpuled to the king 
 and his counsellors, appears perfectly increJilile, when 
 ^ we consider that the example of New IMymoutb. where 
 ' a bare exemption from express restrictions had been 
 followed by tho establishment of the independent mo- 
 del, was fresh in their recollection ; that it was avowed 
 and notorious puritans who now applied lor perinissinn 
 to jToceed to the land where that con.stitntton was es- 
 tablislied ; and, above all, that, in their appliraiiin to 
 the king, they expressly desired leave to wiihilraw in 
 peace from the bosom of a church lo whose ordinaiices 
 they could not coiisciciitiou!)ly conCorin. Wlieiiicr tin' 
 king and I.aud were, or were not, aware of the inten- 
 tion... of the puritans, they must s 'rely bo allowed lo be 
 the best judges of what they thc.nselves had intendiil 
 to convey ; and tlieir acquiescence in ihc coiisliiniion 
 winch the colonisis of .Mafacliuselis Hay proceeded 
 forthwith lo esiabhsh. denionstr.-ites. m the strongest 
 inaiiner, that they were aware liiry had no vjolalion of 
 the charier to coni|ildin of When tliey al'terwards be- 
 came sensible iluvt the [irogress of piiriian estabtisli- 
 ments m New Kngland increased tlio ferment which 
 
 THR HISTORY OF 
 
 • (.'liBlmers atlcrnjits to siii'|s>rl dm interprf utlon liy rilin..' 
 from ttie rjisner tlie fi)ll,i\vifi« « Liiisi',— " Thtil the oalli of 
 sufieinnry thall itesilmiiinf.TtMl in every nni. wlwi Khali pass 
 to Itie culiinytuinnatiit llifrc." Animin, |t. 141. |lr. ,(i>l,i>rt- 
 soil cites tlie samp wonis fur tlie snine (iiiriM»»r. Dutlltrre is 
 nil siiili rlsuso in Ills charter. There is a clsusp, nm re- 
 HUirnii:, l"lt rnipiiwirinii, tile Koveriiui, ■( lie tliliik |iiu|jer. In 
 ailiiiliilsler tlif eslh of allexiancfl aiu) sii|ireniacy. t'lial- 
 intrs inalies himself elcppilinnly merry niHi Iheii.thuslasin 
 of tho I'lintai.s, wlin " conslilereil the rliartcr as sacreil, 
 tK'cause tliuy suiipfurd il to Iw ilenvol Intin the |>rr,v|iti'ni:e .»f 
 heaven," p. I3tf. Dr. Rnhprtson is less rhmltahlo. Ho tiip- 
 pnsesthe imriliins to liavc wilfiillv mlMnteri.nlijil the charier 
 W'hicti he hiiuiAir nusmpresents. 
 
 their ineasnres were creating in the parent state, they 
 mter|M)sed to check tlic intercourse between the two 
 countries, but tacitly acknowledged that the system 
 which they followid so rigidly in Kngland was ex- 
 cluded by positive agreement from tliu colonial ter- 
 ritory. 
 
 (Soon after the power of the adventurers to establish 
 a colony had been rendered complete by the roval 
 charter, they eiiuippcd and desjialched I'lvc ships for 
 New Kngland, containing three hundred and fifty emi- 
 grants, cTiieHy zealous jiuritans, accompanied bv some 
 eminent non-conformist ministers. 'I'lie regrets which 
 ail eternal farew'ell In their native land was calculatiu 
 to inspire, the distressing inconvenience of a long oy- 
 age to persons nnaccusioined to the sea, and the b>r- 
 midalde scene nf toll anil danger that confronted them 
 ill the barbarous land where so many preceding adven- 
 turers had found an untimely grave, seem to have 
 inished entirely from the inmds of these men, sns- 
 uiiied by the worth and dignity of the pnrfio.se which 
 they had combined to pursue. Their hearts were knit 
 to each other by coinmnnity of generous design ; and 
 they experienced none of those jealousies which inevi- 
 tably spring up in confederacies for ends ineicly sellish, 
 among men unequally qualified to obtain the object of 
 their association, llelimd them, indeed, was the land 
 of their fathers ; hut it had lung ceased lo wear an as- 
 pect of parental kindness towards them, and, m for- 
 saking it, they lied from the prisons and scatfolds to 
 which Its saints and patriots were daily consigned. 
 Hefiire them lay a vast and dreary w ildcrness ; but they 
 hoped •'' '..adiate its gloom by kindling and preserving 
 there .lie sacred tires of religion and liberty, which so 
 many etiorts were made to extinguisb in :he shrines of 
 Eiigiand. whence tliey carried ilicir embers. Thev 
 contidently hoped that tiic religious and political senti- 
 ments winch had languished under such protracted 
 persecution in Kiirojio would now, atleni.'tli, shine forth 
 m their full lustre in .\inerica. Kstablishlng an a.sybim 
 where the professors of their sentiments iniglil at M 
 tunes find shelter, ihey justly expected to derive con- 
 tinual accessions lo the vigor of their own virtue from 
 the resolute character of men who might hereulter be 
 prompted to forsake their native habitations, and be 
 willing, like lliein, to recogni/.c their country wherever 
 th<!y could find the lineaments of tniili and liberty. 
 They did not postpone the pructii'o of pietv till tlu' 
 concbision of tl.eir voyage ; but, occupied continually 
 with the exercises of devotion, they caused ihe ocean 
 which they tr.iversed to resound wiiii unwonted acclaim 
 of jiraise anil tiianksgivmg to its great (.'reator. The 
 •eainen, partaking their spirit, readily joined mail their 
 religions exercises and ordinances, and expressed lintr 
 belief that ihey bad practised the first .lea-Jusln that 
 had ever been kept in the world, .\lier a prosperous 
 voyage, the emigrants had the lia|>piuess of re-uiiiliiis; 
 tliemselvL'S to their friends already estalillshed at Sahni. 
 miller Mr. Kndicot, wlio had been appointed deputy- 
 governor of the colony. 
 
 To the boily o( men thus collected together, the 
 institution of a church appeared the moit iiiieresting of 
 all their concerns, and it occupied, accordingly, their 
 earliest ond most solemn deliberation. 'I'liey bad liien 
 advised before they quitted l-lngland lo agree among 
 theinielTes on the firm of cbiircli gnverninent which 
 was to be established in llie colony ; but, neglecting 
 this advice, tliev bad gone no farther than lo (xpres.< 
 their general concurrence in the principle that Ihr rrfur- 
 nttitwtt of Ihc ii'iurrh }rnx tti br nutrnri'Tfil arrurdnn: tit 
 the imttt'n iriini of dint. Thev now applied to lii.ir 
 brctiiren at I'lymoulh, and desired to be acqn.inilid 
 with tile grounds of Ihe consittiiiioii wlncb bad iliere 
 been esljlihslied ; and, having heard llice liillv explain- 
 eil. iiiiil devol.'d some tune to i\ ililigent comp.in^ijn of 
 till' iiiodrl with the wiirraiils of scripiure wliicli were 
 cited III lis vindication, and nrnevlly bi'soiight the 
 enliglilenmg ahl of linn who alone can teach Ins crea- 
 tures how to worship him with acceptance, they declared 
 Iheir entile npprolmllon of the sister chiirih. and pro- 
 ceeded lo copy bir slriicliire in the eslnlilisbnicnl of 
 their own. They iiniled togeiher in religions socn ly 
 by a covenant, m winch, after a solemn dedication of 
 
 thomselves to live in the fear of (i.ul ,| lo walk in 
 
 hie ways, so fur as he should be pleased In reveal Inm- 
 s'lf lo Ibein, they e.ng,inci| in ,..i,.li ui||,.r lo cullivale 
 walclifuhiess and tenderiies i m ilieir mutual intercourse ; 
 lo avoid jealousies, suspicions, and secret 'sings of 
 spiril ; and in all cases of olt'eiice lo bear and forbear, 
 give and forgive, after tb" example of ileir Divine 
 patiein They promised, in the congregation, to repress 
 Iheir forwardness to display their gifts ; and, in tlieir 
 inlercoutie, whether with niter churches or witii the 
 
 mass ol inanKind, lo .study a conversation remote from 
 the very appearance of evil. They engaged, to aduti- 
 ful obedieiico to all who should he set over them in 
 church or commonweallli, to encoiirago thcni to a 
 faithful performance of their duty ; and they expressed 
 their resolution to approve themselves in theii particu- 
 lar callings, the stewards and servants of (I'rii, ahun- 
 iiiiig idleness as the bane of every cominunily, and 
 dealingliardly or oppressively with none of Ihc human 
 race The form of policy which they adopted was 
 that *hii "> distinguished the churches of the independ- 
 enlf, and which I have already had occasion lo describe. 
 Ihe form of public worship which they instituted, 
 rejected a liturgy and every siiperlluous ceremony, and 
 was adapted to the strictest standard of ("alvinistic 
 simplicity. They elected a pastor, a teacher, and an 
 elder, whom they set apart for their respective olficea 
 by imposition of the hands of the brethren. All who 
 were thai day admitted mombera of the church sigmlied 
 their assent to a confession of faith drawn up by ilieir 
 teachers, and gave an account of the fouiidaiion of 
 Iheir own hopes as christians : i;tl it wis declari^ 
 that no [lerson should thereafter be permitted to sub- 
 scribe the covenant, or be received into communion 
 wiih the church, unlil he had given satisfaction to the 
 elders with respect to the purity of hia faith and the 
 coiiMsicncy of bis conluct. 
 
 The consiitutioii ol which we have now beheld an 
 abstract, and especially the covenant or social cngage- 
 iiieiit so fraiiglii with sentiments of genuine piety and 
 enlarged benevolence, his excited the derision of some 
 writers, who refuse to consider tho speculative liberal- 
 ity which It inilicales in any other point of view than 
 as contrasted with the practical iiilolerance which the 
 colonists soon after I isplayed. Hut however agreeable 
 tbi.s aspect may be to eyes that witch for the frailties 
 of the good iiiid the weaknesses of the strong, this ii 
 not the only light in which it will present itself to hii- 
 iiiane and liberal minda. fhilosojihy admits that Ihe 
 soul IS cmlarged by the mere pur|Hi»c of excellence ; 
 and religion has pronounced that even those dcsigiij 
 which men are not deemed worthy lo perfoiu), it may 
 be well for them to have enteriained in iben minds. 
 The error of the mhabilanis of Salem was the univeraal 
 error of iheir age ; the virtues tliey demonslrated were 
 peculiar to tlieiuKelyes and their puritan brethren. In 
 the rcclesi.isiical eonslitution wliicl: they established 
 hir tlienifelves, and the sentiments winch they .leer- 
 wovn with It, thev remlered a siiu-erc and laudabl.i 
 liomago to the rights of conscience and Ihc require- 
 ments of pieiy ; and these principles, no doubt, excr 
 cised a highly beneficial ndlucncc on the practice which 
 iinhuppily they did noi entirely control. Thn indiienco 
 of principles that tend to Ihc resirainiof hiiinan bro- 
 city and intolerance is frequenily invisible to mortal 
 eyes, liecause it is productive cluelly of negalr.i con- 
 sequences : and when great provocation oi „;jrin has 
 led the professors of tliew' principles to violate the re- 
 straints they impose, they will be judged Willi little jus- 
 tice, if chanty neglect to «ii|'|ily the imperfection of 
 that knowledge to which we are limited while we sen 
 but in part, ami to suggest the eecret and honorablo 
 lurlieurance winch may have preceded the visible action 
 which we condemn or deplore. In the very first in- 
 siance of intolerant proceeding wiih which the odver- 
 sarles of Ihe puritans have reproached this American 
 colony. It appears lo me lh:it the inlbieiice of genuinu 
 piety III nntigatiiig human impatience is very sirikmgl/ 
 apparent It ua notabl" fact that, alllioiigli IbeBOenil- 
 grants were collected Iroin a body emhracnig such di- 
 versity of opiiiioi respecting cbiirch government and 
 llie rights ol worship os then prevailed among the uuri- 
 lalis of Kngland, and though ihey hid 'anded in .Vnie- 
 rica wilhoul baving previously ascertained bow bir they 
 were likelv to ic'rie on this very point, lor the sake li' 
 
 winch llli'V imd incurred lianisi nl train Kiii:laliit the 
 
 cinistlt illnii which was .'opied Iroin Ihe ciiiircli ol .New 
 i'lyinoiilh gavi' sallstaclion lo almost every individiial 
 anion;; tliein 'I'wo brothers, however, ot Ihe name ol 
 llro'vi e. one a lawyir, and Ihe oilier a merchant, IkuU 
 of Ilicin men ol iinie and among the nillnbe.'- of the 
 nrigin.d patentees, dissented Irom this canstitntion. and 
 argiiM.g with vehement ah-urdi,y Ihat all wl..^ adhered 
 to It wouM mlallibly become analiaptisis, endeavored 
 to obtim converts to their opinion, and to eslab'lsh n 
 teparaie congregation on a model more approximated 
 to the loriiis of the cliiirch of Kngland The delecl- 
 iveness of their argument Ihey endeavored to siippl'/ 
 by the vehemence of tlieir clamor ; and thev obtained 
 \ I) lavor.ihle audience from a few wli'.i regarded witli 
 1 unrrieiidly I'Vethe discipline which the culuinal church 
 ' was dis|H>sed lo cxerciie upon uH'jiiduts wuiul tt»\ 
 
I oorivcrttation remote from 
 
 Tli<>y enffa^i'd, to a duli- 
 
 lotild \w »H over them in 
 
 tu oncouraf^o them to a 
 
 duty ; Hiid ihcv nii|imt»cd 
 heinsi'lvfB in thoii nartinu- 
 iid servants of <ifd, shun- 
 
 of every rornininnly, and 
 ly with none of the human 
 which they ndoplcd w»a 
 ^ ohnrchrs of the nuieprnd- 
 [|y hnd nccasion todescribo. 
 hip which they instituted, 
 
 superfluous cerrinoiiy, and 
 ^nt atnndard of (.'alvinistic 
 A pastor, a teacher, and an 
 
 for their respective olHceti 
 of the hrethren. Alt who 
 ibcrs of the church si^nilied 
 of faith drawn up by their 
 count of the foundaiion of 
 ians ; l;»1 it was declari<d 
 eafter be perniittrd to sub- 
 received into connnunion 
 ad f^ivcn satisfaction to tha 
 
 puniy of his faith and the 
 
 ch we have now beheld an 
 covenant or social cngage- 
 nents of genuine piety and 
 L-Kcited the derision of some 
 lider the speculative liberal- 
 ly other point of view than 
 'tical nitolerniire which tli« 
 mI. lliit however a^reeabla 
 that witch for the frailties 
 lesses of the strouf?, this is 
 It will present itself to hu- 
 PhiMuphy admits that the 
 lerc pur[>use of excellence ; 
 ed that even those desi^nj 
 I worthy to perfui'n, it may 
 enteriaincd in theit ■iiiiida. 
 M of Salem was the nnivenial 
 uos they drinoiislrated wero 
 their puritan brethren. In 
 ion which they entablishcd 
 jentimenls which they tn<er- 
 ed a sincere and luudiibl<> 
 DUHCH'tjcc and llic requir*- 
 pniiciplt's, no doubt, excr 
 uence un the practice which 
 cly cuntrol. The nidnencH 
 lie resiriunt of human fcro- 
 puiiitv invisible lo mortal 
 cluetly of iir^utiM cun* 
 provocation ot u!arni lias 
 prniciplca to vutlale llui ri;< 
 ill he judged with little jum- 
 Ijilv the imperlectiuii uf 
 ire Imiiicd while we sen 
 tho secret and lioiiorablu 
 prectded llie visible action 
 lore. In the very tirnt in- 
 ling with which the adver* 
 rrproui bed tins American 
 llic iiitbieiirr of i»euuino 
 patience I5 very ntrikiiigly 
 ( llint. alUiou^h llieaoeini- 
 bodv embracing such di- 
 g church (rovcrniiiint and 
 prcvdded amoiii! the utiri- 
 ilii'V h.ul 'iiiidcd in Aine* 
 Iv n»certitined how f.ir they 
 vrrv point, tor tlie Kjke o' 
 «iiiiiciii bom Ktii:i.iiid. the 
 1 Iroin the chnrch ol Mew 
 Bhiuisl every nidividiud 
 . howM'ver, ot (he name ol 
 he other a nurcLint. Imili 
 nion^ the nmll[ll^' of ttie 
 Itoin thin coiiHtitiitiou. and 
 rdi;y lh.it all \\'..o adt.ered 
 anabaptists, endesvured 
 pinion, and to estab'ish a 
 Id more approxnunled 
 f Kn^'hind The delmi- 
 key endeavored to 6Upply 
 ainiir ; and they obtaihcd 
 few wlio regarded witli 
 which tlio culoiuat church 
 n utV'jiiduri a^uiwl th»^ 
 
 NOIITH AMERICA. 
 
 248 
 
 laws of morality. Mr. Kndi.^ott, the unvernor. called 
 Uieao niiMi. lOL'eiher with the luiiiisterH. before the peo 
 pie ; who. alter tieariiiK' both parties, repealed their 
 approbation of the system they had consen'ed to ; and, 
 as ihi.' two brothers still persiaiid m their d'.iempi^ to 
 create a srhisin in the church, and even endeavored to 
 eicite a mutiny ajjaiiisl the poverninenl. they were 
 judijed until to remain m the colony, arid sent back by 
 the vessels in which they hud accompanied the oilier 
 ei.'n^nints in the \ovai;e from Kn^jhiud * Their ab- 
 aeni.'e restored unity ot fentimrnt lu the colonists, who 
 were proceedmu to complete their setllcinriit and ex- 
 leitJ thuir occupation of the country, when they were 
 inlerrupted by the approach of winter, and the rnvajjes 
 of ilisctse. which ipiickly deprived them of nearly one 
 half of their number, )>ut produced no otlier change on 
 tlicir minds tluii tu cause the sentiments ui hope and 
 fear to converge more ateidily lo the Author of their 
 existence. 
 
 Nolwith^taiidmR the sarcast'C comments which the 
 baiii.tliment ol tlie two individuals whoso cuj*e 1 have 
 jiiMt related has received from some eunneiit writers, 
 the justice of the proceeding cannot fail, I think, tu 
 cuuimetid iti>elt to tlu^ sentitnenls of all impartial men : 
 Olid 1 siiould hardly have thought it necea!4.iry to notice 
 tbt.f charge of intolerance to which the colonisls have 
 been subjected, if their conduct had never given greater 
 •ccasiun to it. lint unfortunately a great proportion 
 of the puntani ut this period were strongly iiitecied 
 wtt.i the prevalent error of their age, t and regarded 
 the peareublo coexistence ol dillereiit sects in the 
 adine cummiinitv as nearly impossible — a notion which, 
 it nnut be confessed, the trealmeiil \\ivy receiied from 
 thfir adversaricri tended very siron^^ly lo enlorce. If 
 11 was right that thev who bad sutlered from persecu- 
 tion, should iheiiisetves abstain from what their own 
 exjicriencc bad letluiirlv shown tu be so tiuN^hil and 
 odious. It was natural tliat lly^.^ to deserts for the sake 
 of particular opiniouh, they should ex|iect to «':e these 
 opimuns tluunsli immoiested and ui'd<«p;::rj. Tht; 
 Bullermgslliey liad endured from their adver^srirS, they 
 regardetl us ime of the leiiilim-i'" coiisetpieiice? ot the 
 pvrniciuu.-* errois tli.i*. these advcrs.ines had imbibed ; 
 and titev cudlomanlv regarded tlieir opponent;, a^ Ihe 
 ene.iues of their |ler^on» as well a^* persecutors of tlieir 
 opinions. I'lie activity of goverr:inent in support ol 
 the national opinion, they were lar trom coiid'-i.inm<.; in 
 the alistracl. They adinitu-d (lie h-giimiacy of Mi<-h 
 interpohilioii, and C(>ndeinncd it only wlieii It .^eeincd to 
 them erroneously directed. liven when oppres>ed 
 iKemselves, they exclaimed against Midiscrimiiidle tole- 
 ration. They contradicted so far their own principles , 
 and maintained tlul liuiuan t>eings mi^ht atid ouglit to 
 punish wiidt tiod alone couUl correct and alter [ Some 
 ui them, no doubi, had already anticipated the senti- 
 meiits which at a later period came to lie geiierallv clu- 
 racleristic of the independents, and which iiubu-ed 
 t''em to reject all connexion between church and state, 
 and di!>dllovv the coiMptlenc<.' ol the inierposiuoii ot 
 human autliorivy lo sustain one church or to suppress 
 another. IJntoruinately some of ttie early votaries of 
 
 • MiUM;r. 11. I. c.ii). *. jttittt. iNe;il,i. I'W. On their rt'turn 
 t» Ijih'i'iinl i|i<> f'leli-ned a heu\ > i-i)in|il:itilt K^'uui^t Hit 
 i.t|<.i,i.<tt:< 111 iip}iri-ssiv-u il<>iiieaimr to lhi;MiHi>lvi-9 ami iMinutv 
 tn V.if: I'hurrh ul bimlainl. '\'\w toUl <liiirL>i;.-irtl whirli ttii-it 
 lotiiplautl i'X|niu-'iceil (rh.ilr?ier«, (i. H»»l f>tioii|[l) tuiiliiiiii 
 tie* i>itiiiiuh ) liuvf t:xj>re»>e.l ul the unileM. id.u.jjiituli ^inrlus 
 with re){iirU lotiie lerti nn[>(irl of the churitr. 
 
 t Tilt! nclu't't i-Kiltiwineitt ot reasitit coulJ not exempt Hie 
 ftriiait'xt dl pliilunopherk thtitt uit(i|t:rance ; nor couul the ci- 
 pvrii-ii('i' ol iferHecuuiiii tully e\incu Us imu^iltre •^veii loiis 
 own vunrnt. l.ot>\ H.iciiii tlioiifjlii thHt uttiliirnniv in relti{ioiu 
 ftL-iiliiiii ni jimI woiatiip wascsKrMittnl to tlie kii|)|Nirl o) ^'oxrrit- 
 iiieiil.ani Hud iiu loliTKtiun ('oul<l with ^ately he crniiti'il lo 
 seciarii-i. Hiioii, Ih- unitate ect-lesue. Liiiriiiv the adiiiiiiit- 
 trttUttn ot ('roiiiwi'll, un eiiinieiit presliyli^ruii iiiiiuslfr, uho 
 iin<l limt^fM i<'|t ilto hiuiil of |ii>Mecuiioit. puhh^lied a trniit'^e 
 ii;.oii«t wli.illiu u.t.s [tlea>r<l lo ti-nii " tins ciirscil iiitolcriihir 
 tolei;itiiHi " Unne's bile of Uwoii. 
 
 'I'., lilt' oi'joclioii tli.tt [•er>ri-iiiioii serve* in nnke men 
 hviMHTltt'N, rtii eoiineiil iiiltlistei in New KiiutiOiil :U)k\m it-il 
 " lltiVtor totur.itu hV|>iHTiti>M aiiillarc.^,Ui;iii linam aiiUllioinH." 
 AnuMmr, lu a work t>uUhnhc<l iii ltVI5, tliu^ txprcsM-n luiii^tell. 
 " It 14 ami ihat men outttiL to tuive Ultt-rty of <-itiidni'iu-i-. ami 
 th.ii It IS t>erst)rtitloii to ili-tur tl))>in ol il. I ran r»tlii'r ^lIUlll 
 iiM):u«ti iiiaii rtMily to tins. It is an s^toriishnient tint th<' 
 brains ot mkminIiou. ' '« partioUpj m snclnnipiou!! i^noraiue." 
 Ui-lkiLii>'!> lltftlof) ot New Hampshire, vol. l. cn|). 3. 
 
 : Noiir liavo roiulflinnuil Ihuin tnoro stroiiKly iU*n \\\r> 
 p4ipi<tii titeoto;tiaus, who ha\'o insiihiiizlv ur«eil tlini ivi»tf 
 rutiun, however congenial to the Uoiiihu catliulir pin* ^lU-. 
 ul suiiiinitiiiK ail prnam judgim-iit to thi- rcttulaiioi) oi ^t in- 
 fsliioli) iloireh, was tolnlly repu^naiit to the lunilimt nial 
 principle of iirotestaiie^in, vvjnt-h ■s.serts the Ku^rert^i \ .>i' 
 
 tinvitto jui/inent uii.l iniliviaual upim<Mi. But iUt-tt ■> n u 
 [icvhurc : tor nhliokift lithe (wrtiLular tlof rnuk of v:iV ;> r 
 liiu:' ho diTiveit, not iiitnK*ili.tti>ly from privittr iu<tii'.- ■ ■•\t 
 ftom iMo r:iiioiis uf the ctiiinh, il iini^l iw t-^ tiif |i.i> -> • tiuitk- 
 iiiuut of uvury catliolir lliui thift church i» in latitvil .. : Mm re- 
 coi(iuti<inof lis authority tu tmact«ucUraiiDMs 
 
 these liberal sentimeutn combined with them a set of 
 
 political opinions which it would not be easy to realize 
 wiihout nubviTtiiig civil society. ()f this, a remarki- , 
 ble instance will very shortly occur in the progress of I 
 our narrative, lint very opposite aenlinients prevailed i 
 among the bulk of the coIoiiinIh of Ma.^sacbusetts. who : 
 came tu America fresh from the inHiience of persccu- ( 
 tion, and had not, like their brethren at New riymoulh, ; 
 thu lidvanijoe of an intermediate residence in a land : 
 where a peaceful co*existeiice of di''erent sects was ! 
 demnnstraled to be not only practicable, but eininenlly ' 
 conducive to the prnniotiun <»f those excellent graces 
 of chriHiian character, patience, chanty, and n kjiirit of 
 forbearance. Much might be urged and will doubtless 
 suggest ilKelf, in extenuation of this enor, which long 
 remained a root of bitterness to <listurb their peact- 
 and felicity. Itut the coiiHiderulums which may be 
 allowed to nntioaie our censure of the intolerant s|Hrit 
 which these people displayed, can lu'ver be permitted 
 to traiiHlonn it into a virtue. It was sharpened by the 
 copious inbisioiis vvhu-li the colony receued of the ftel- 
 inus excited in KngUnd by the mcreised severity of 
 persecution, from winch ihc! victims began to My in in- 
 ereasinu niimtu'rs to Aim rtca. 
 
 The ilriiisli dominion in .\merica underwent, about 
 tilts period, some vicissitudes vvhich m nfter years af- 
 fected materially the prusperily both of New Kngland 
 and of the other colonial e.siablishme;ils in the same 
 quarter of the world The war which the kii g so wan- 
 tonly declared against France iri lb'.i7, and wliicli pro- 
 dnce<t only disgrace and disaster to the British iinns in 
 Kurope, was attended with events of i very ditrereiit 
 complexion in America. .Sir IXtvid Kirk having ob- 
 tained a commission to attack the American dominions 
 of l-'rance, invaded Canada in the summer of lti«8 , 
 and so successful was the expedition, that m July, 
 \i'r*i\i, (Juebec was redoccd to surrender to the arms of 
 Kngland. 'J'hus was the capital of New Fiance sub- 
 diic'l by the Knolisli, about one bundrtd and thirty 
 years before they achieved its bnal coinpiest by the 
 jtword of WoUc 'I'hiH st^nal event was unknown in 
 Kurtipe when peace was re-established betwi r<n Fiance 
 arid Kngland ; and (.'liaries, by the si]bsei|uent treaty 
 ot St. tieruiam, not or, t restored tins vubi.ible actpii- 
 sitioi, to Frjiice. but expressed the cession he niiule in 
 tirnis uf such extensive applicaltoii, as undcMi.ibly ni- 
 tiTfeil a recognition of the I'renrii, und a surrender ol 
 the IJriiish cbiiins to the province ut \i)v:i Sculia. 
 'i'his arranoement inainlesliv threatened no .<>nmll pre- 
 judice to tlie scttlemenib ot tiie Kngbsh i and wc "hall 
 spet dily liiid that what it tlircatciied, it dtd nut fail to 
 produce. 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 The Charter Oovcrruneiit tnnsferreii fri>m Enjlmd to Mnn- 
 »;ii'iiiissptt«— Niiiiieioiis Ennnralion—Fou, illation of Uos- 
 tnii— ILirilsliips lU the .New .^oltlti'* -DisiramhiseMient of 
 |)isM'iilcrs in the t'olony— luliueii' e of the colonial »ier,{V— 
 John CottKii aiitl tiis t'ollenuiirs nnil Snccensors— Wilhains' 
 Schism -I.*- (toiiuK Froviih'iv'e— Kepresentalive Assenihly 
 estnhhsheil in M;nsiu'husKi!tt.t— Anival of l.'tiQh I'elers— 
 ami llflnry Vmir, who is eU'Cieil (i'Mcrnor— roiniiliuion of 
 fonneclicni — mill New Hiivimi — War willi the Peqnoil 
 Indians — Seveniies exe rci-*ui| h> ihi) vh'torious CoIotiisIh — 
 Disturtianri,'!- r.i.oedhy Mrs. Hutchinson -fdhiniz.uioii ot 
 Itliode Uliiixl -iiid i>l New Ihinip^liire .md Maine— Je;i- 
 Unisy, niid fl.uloatwi? fondnrt of the Kmu — Meii-oir''-* 
 adojufd ttKam.-i the l.iheriii*^ »)f M.i**afhii!.Hctis -inn-r- 
 riiplfd liylh.' itvU Wars-Slate -.1 Nl-w Kht;land— I'opu- 
 Islioii -l^HWs— .Miiiiiifr». 
 
 TiiK directors of the Massachusetts Hav company 
 111 i^^ii*land inr.inwhde exerted their utmost endeavors 
 to reinforci- the colonv vviih a numerous body of ndib- 
 tional settlers. Their dc-^ions were promoted by the 
 ri;!or and intolerance of Ii.iud's adniiiiistnilion, which, 
 daily mulliplvino the luirdslnps imposed on all who 
 scrupled entire coidormitv to the e^■cle«l.l.^^lcal ordi- 
 nances, proportutiidbly dimiiiished, in their estimation, 
 the danoer and hardships titleiidini; a retreat to Ame- 
 rica. Many persons bej^an to tre.it witii 'lie cumpanv 
 for a settlement in New Knohiiid, and several ot these 
 were per,,.le of distingnitlied lamilv and titrinne. Ilnl 
 foreseeino the misrule in*e(.arrtble trom the residence 
 of tlif b'^islatire power in Britain, they detnanded. as 
 A previous condition of theHr emiKraiion tlul tlie 
 charter and all the powers of guvcrnment should be 
 transferred to New Kngland. and exiTcised withm the 
 lerntorv of the colony. The company, who hiid inciir- 
 Fim! .\ coni^iderable ex[iense wil!i bttle prospect of 
 j s|it .dv remuneralion, were vt-rv well dispo-^nl to obtain 
 mil ii|iorl;int ani b-. einlir.icing the iin',ts'iie that was 
 proj.nstd to l!ir:u bii'. doubiino it" loi»alitv, thev 
 tUonghl proper to consult Ltwyer^ ol eminence on the 
 subject. iMiJccountable as it must appear lo every 
 
 person in the slighteM degreo conversant with legal 
 considerations, they received nn opinion favorable to 
 the WMhes of the emigrants;* and accordingly it wad 
 determined, by general consent, " that the charter 
 should be transferred, and the government bo settled in 
 New Kngland." To the members of tne corporation 
 who choose to remain at home, was reserved a nhare 
 in the trading, stock, and prohtn of the com|iany, for 
 the term of seven years. By this transaction, one ot 
 the most singular that is recorded in the history of a 
 civilized pcoplf. the lilierties of the New KngUnd 
 communities were plaitd on a sure and respeciabb' 
 basis. Wbrii we consider the niean.H by which this 
 was effectf'd, wc (ind ourselves eiuMunpassed wilh 
 doubts and ditliculiiefl, of which the only solutio.i that 
 1 am able to discover is the opinion I have already 
 expressed, that the king was at tliM tr.ne exceedingly 
 dt^sirous to rid the realm of the puritans, and had unu- 
 i)uivocally signilied to them, that if they would bestow 
 their presence on another iiurt of Ins dominions, and 
 em|)loy their energies in peopling the deserts of Ame- 
 rica, instead of dislurlung bi.^ operations on the church 
 of Kngland, they were free to arrange iheir internal 
 constitution, whether civil or ecclesiastical, according 
 to their own discretion. .\n lingbkh corporation, 
 appointed by its charter to reside in London, resolved 
 Itself, by Us own act, into an American corporation, 
 and transferred its resideiice to .Massachusetts ; and 
 this was openly transacted by men whose principle* 
 renderird them peculiarly olmuxions to tlnur rules, and 
 under the eyes of a prince no less vigilant to observe, 
 than vigorous lo repress every encrojchiuent on the 
 liiniis ot Ins prerogative. So far was Charles from 
 eiiterlaming the slightest dissatisfai-iton at this pro- 
 ceeding, or from desiring, at this period of his reign, to 
 olistrucl the removal of the puritans to New Kngland, 
 that about two years after this change had been carried 
 into ell'cct, when a complaint of drbttrary and illegal 
 proceedings was preferred agamsi the colony by a 
 papLst who iiad been bdiiished from it, and who was 
 supported by .Sir Ferdmai.du (iorges, the king, after a 
 full hearing of the case in the pnvy council, issued a 
 proclaiiMlien not only jostifying but cominendmg the 
 wlude conduct of the eolor.ial government, reprobating 
 the prevalriit reports that he " lu'l no good opintoti o( 
 tliat plantation," and en^aomg not onlv lo inainlam the 
 [irivdeoes of its inli ibitanis, but to supply whatever 
 else miohi contribute lo tlieir fiirtiier i oinfort and 
 pro.^peniy t From the terms of this docntiient (of 
 winch no notice is taken by the writers mimical to the 
 piiritani.) and from the whole complexion of tlie king's 
 conduct towards the founders of this settlement, it 
 would appear tliJt, whatever designs he might secretly 
 cherish of adding the subjugation of New Kngland, at 
 a future period, to that ol bis British and Virginian 
 uutniiiions. his policy at this time w.is to persuade thr 
 leaders of the puritans, that if they would peaceably 
 abandon the contest for their rights ni Knglantl, they 
 were at bberlv to embody and enjoy them in whatcTer 
 institntions they might think fit to estalilish in .-Vmerica. 
 .\nd yet some writers, whom it n impossible to tax 
 With loriorance, as they had access to all the existing 
 materials o\' iMforni:itiun, whum it would justly be held 
 presumptuous to chari;e with defect of discernment, 
 and whom it may perhaps appear unclia*itable to re- 
 proach witli niibgnily »owards the punlan.i. have not 
 scrupled ro accuse the founders of this colony uf etf* cl- 
 ing their (Mills by a policy not less impudi rt than 
 fr.Hidtiil, and by acts of disoiiedience litlle sliort of 
 rcbrllion. 'I'he colonists themselves, notwithsidiiitnig 
 all the facilities which the king presented tu them, hikI 
 
 * There is not the !ilti;hlcst reason tor sup|Misinit *hal the 
 opinion was disl'iinvHt, or th:il it proceedi'd on etruneoun ne 
 loiniaiioii. KviMi at a Mihseipient periiKl, ihc aitoriity-i{iMiu 
 r.il. Stwyer. Kavi.- it iis Ins oltici:il opinion, " that the [>ateiit 
 hiiMiii! (-rented thi> (irantecs and '.h<>ir iissiKiiR. a Imdy rnr- 
 I'or.iie, iliey iiiiitht Iraiisfei their charter, and act in New 
 Kiulaiid," t'liiihiier*, p. 17^. lie had not perused the 
 < h.iili-r with »iilIU-ii-nt altcntxjn. It coiiveyt-d the koil n* tin* 
 roi[H>rilioii and its assuins; but conferred tho |iuvvets of 
 Koveroinent on thi^ cor|H>iation and Us sucei'..oi«rs. lUt nns- 
 lake.liowever, may well seem to ar-iuit the i .iteidccs o| m- 
 tiutional doviatioi\ front the terms of Do u ^'ruiit. 
 
 t N'al i, 137,8. Thu pr.M'lamiiion is very artfully worded, 
 inid Lonta'iis mdicatlons of drep'T dc^iuns, whieh wpre kept 
 III reiervH till tin* preM'il |H>lit y liail priMtitced Ihi* rifeet that 
 wa.-( espcrteil Iroiii it. The ample imimry tiui preieded Unt 
 pnH-l:itn:tti in, tnu«t have niduci^dthe punt&it* it* in*li<;ve, that 
 the wliolf pi.t.-cedings of the t (ilr)ntrtii hnd received the royat 
 approhituni . siid yet the plertr« "i p.'oieriton and security is 
 dexlcroll^|) i|tialllied ndh t|i> < oiiditioii ot Us uppesiintf to Ihe 
 s:iiitiat lion uf the kini; tleo >hi- charter had ht»e(i in all il.init« 
 etfoi Incited rceordioK to lis tru(> nicniiinR— an indit ation tliat 
 « d.(> iniirtit eoiiic wlicii it would )ic mure convenient lor hurt 
 to su(\ lor nvjiusc of ijiiarrcl willi llie lolony. tia.t he sur- 
 riu'dud M extinguistiiiiK liberty in Euffland, the frccduin of 
 Massacbusotts would not lonjt havu surviveUi** 
 
iHHM 
 
 244 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 thtf iirnvontpd librralily and consideration with which ha 
 ithowpd hiniMpir witlint; to grace their departure, were 
 w> fully aware of his rooted enmity to their princi|tles, 
 and so htile able to reconcile hni present conduct with 
 fais favorite policy, that they openly declared ihev had 
 been led by rro\idenre to a land of n !it, ihroiitth wovh 
 that were nniniclli^ibln to themselves, and ihut ihev 
 could u^crihe the blessings they obtained to nothing 
 else but the special mtcrpt'siiion of thnt Itein^ who 
 onIcr,» all the r^irps of his propir, and holds the hearts 
 of princes aial of all men in his \m\\uU It i* indeed a 
 stran^t^ coitfcidrr-cr, tlmt thi* orbitrH'-v prinre, a» the 
 very time when he wup exerriimin the sttcnir^l tles|>o- 
 tism over the royalists in \'ir};iina, sbonld Imve been 
 cherisbini; the principles of liberty among (he piiriians 
 in New Kn^land. 
 
 Having elVected this important rrvolnlion m ihnr 
 system of jjovenunent, the adventurertt proceodrd to 
 make the most vij^orons exertions lo realize thl'desl^n8 
 they had undertaken. In a ^eneriil court, John Wm- 
 thrnp was appointed governor, and Thomas Dudley, 
 dcinty-governor, and eijjhlren ni<siAiants were choKeii ; 
 in wiiom, together with the Iwdy of fnemni wlioMiotild 
 aettlo in New Kn[»land, were vesicd all the ri)r[ioraic 
 rights of the company. W'uh such xeal and nctivity 
 did they prepare for emigration, that, in the course of 
 the ensuing year, above fifteen hundred settlers, among 
 whom were several wealthy and high-born persons, both 
 men and women, who chose to follow truth inio a de- 
 sert, raihtr than to enjoy alt the pleasures of the world 
 under the dominion or errut', ^el sail aboard a fleet of 
 aevciileen ships for New Kngland. On their arrival at 
 Salem [1030] many of them were so i)l satisth'd \Mih 
 its situation, that they explored the country in fpieM of 
 better stations ; and settling in different places around 
 the hay, aceordint; to their various preilileclioTiA, laid the 
 foundation of Boston, Charbstown, Dorchester, Uox- 
 bury, and other societies which have since expanded 
 into consHlerable towns. In each v( tlie^e a church 
 was established on the same model with iliat of Salern. 
 This, together with the care of making provision tor 
 their subsistence during winter, orcu|ii('d ibem entirely 
 for several months- The apiiroaeh of winter was at- 
 ttufledwith a repetition of those trials and distresses 
 through the ordeal of which- every body of settlers iti 
 IS ^w Kngland was long fated to puss, AlHicted wuli 
 aevcre scarcity, which all the ^enennn contributioiih of 
 the other settteinentH m the proviiico were ible but 
 feebly to mitigate, attacked witu various distempers, the 
 consequence of hunger, cobt, and the peculiariiiea of a 
 sod and climate uncongenial to constitution!* formed in 
 L'urope. and lod|;ed fur the most part in booths and 
 tents that atlorded but iinperlect |>ri)t(M'lion from the 
 weather, great numbers of ihem wtre carried to the 
 grave. Hut the noble determination of sptnt which 
 had impellnl (hem lo emigrate, preserved all its force ; 
 the >>iirvivors endured their cdaniities <Mtb unshaken 
 fortitude . and tiie dying e.\pressrd a iiraieful exulta- 
 tion at having at least beheld with 'heir eyes the ga- 
 thering of a church of ('hrist in these desoLite ends of 
 the earth The contnnianre of the pestilence enforced 
 their devout supplications ; and its cessation, which 
 tliey recognised as the answer to their prayers, excited 
 their devotional gratitude. This calamity waft hardly 
 removed when they were alarmed by thi! tidings of a 
 universal coimpiracv of the nei^diboring Indians tor 
 their destruction. The coloniats, instead of relying on 
 their patent, bad. on their first arrival, fairlv purcliii^ted 
 from the Indians all the tracr-* of land which they after- 
 wards {K)s9essed ; and m ihr hour of their peril, both 
 they and the 'ailhles* vendors v. ho nunared them. 
 reaped the fruit of their concurrence or collision with 
 the di'signs of Kternal Justice. The liosidny of these 
 >.ivai;eswas interrupted bv a i^esiileiitial disorder that 
 broke out amonu tlieiiHeUt-s, and with rapid desolation 
 swept vvbnle tribes of them away. Tlii.s disorder was 
 the small po\, which has alwavs proved a much more 
 formidable malady to Indian than lo llurnpean coiisiitu- 
 tiona. In spite of the iiioKt cliantabli- exertions on th^ 
 oarl of the colonists to arrest llie proi»resn of ibe dis- 
 temper hv iheir superior ineilical skdl, nine-lenihs ol 
 the neighbormg savafres were cut off. and maiiv ot the 
 survivors flying fiom the infection, removed their ha- 
 bilaiioiis to more distant regions 
 
 1631 ] When the restoration of plenty, by the arrival 
 ofiupplies from Kn^land, and the almt* -"ent of the se- 
 verity of wmter, permitted the colonists to resume llieir 
 assend>lies for the transaction of piiblir business, their 
 vf>ry first proceetlintrs demonstrated that u groat ma- 
 jority of them were considerably leavened VMtli a spirit 
 of intoluratice, and were delerinnif d in their |tractical 
 •dnuuiairaiton to eiemphfy a thuruugh uitcriniittirc, 
 
 and mutual dependence of church and state. A law 
 was passed, enacting that none shinild hereafter be 
 admitted freemen, or be entitled to anv share in tlie 
 government, or he capable of liein*; chosen magistrates, 
 or even of serving as jurvmen, hut such as had been oi 
 should hereafter lie received into the church as mem- 
 bers. This law at once divested rvery person v*ho did 
 not hold the prevailing opnmins. not mdv on the tireat 
 points of (toctnne, hut with rei>pect to the disctnhne of 
 the church and itie cerenioiueM of worsliip, of all the 
 privileges of a ciii'/en. An unconirolled power of ap- 
 prnvuig or reiecting the claims of thojto who applied 
 lor adniiKsiun into rornniumop with the church, being 
 vestid in >he ministers and Iiadnig men of each con- 
 gregation, the most valuable fivil rij^hls wei.- mjJo to 
 depend on tin ir dec'siini with respect to <piai,!icalions 
 purely ecclesiastical Kveiuit a later petiml, wl)on the 
 colonists were compelled, bv tb'' remonstrances of 
 Charles the Second, to make some alteration of this 
 law, they altered it only in appearance, and enacted 
 that rvrry candidate for the privilege of a fi'ce-nnn, 
 should produce a certificate from some minister of the 
 estafihsbed church, that they were persons of orthodox 
 [innciples, and o( bi)hesi life and convetsalion— a cer- 
 tificate \\hich they who did nut belong to the estabbshrd 
 church necessarily solicited wnh grrut disadvantage. 
 'I'he conseipuiicc of such laws wai« to elevate tlie 
 clergy to a very liiyh degree of mtluciiceand authority;* 
 and, hap[nly lor the roloriv, she was long blessed with 
 a KUcce.sNHm of ministers whose admirable virtues were 
 calculated to counteract the mischief of this inordinate 
 influence, and even to convert it into an instrument of 
 good. 'I'hin;;.'h dissenters from the culonial church 
 were thus deprived of political jinvileoes, it does nut 
 appear that they were subjected to any other incon^u- 
 mence, except where their tenets were considered as 
 blasphemous, or when they endeavored by the propaga* 
 lion of them to detach others from the esiabliwhed 
 church, or bv the practical realization of them to dis- 
 turb the putdic peace. The exclusion from jwlilical 
 privileges to winch they were subjected, seems not at 
 first lo have given them any annovance ; hut to have 
 been felt to be the necessary consccpu nee of that in- 
 (crtexture of church and commonwealth in which the 
 mam emlof political institutions was the preservation of 
 the church estate, and the chief value of )K))itical pii- 
 vileges considered to arise from tlieir subservience to 
 this end. Vurious persons resided in peace within the 
 colony, though excluded from political franchises ; and 
 one episcop*il minister is particularly noted for having 
 said, when he signified Ins refusal to join any of the 
 colonial congregations, thnt as he Imd left I'!n^land be- 
 cause he did not like the lonl bishops, bo they ini^ht 
 rest assured he bad not come to America lo five under 
 the lord brctiiren. 
 
 163*^. J The diminution of their original numbers, which 
 the colunista bad suffered from hardship and (ilsed.^e, w as 
 soon much more ihan comjiensated by the ample re- 
 inforcements which thevcontimially received frum their 
 per-'ccutcd lirethren in Iviglund, [ ItKW] Among the new 
 settlers who arrived not long after the translurencc of 
 the seat of government to Mussachureits, we-re some 
 eminent puritan niinisters, of whom tin; most remarka- 
 ble were Klliot and Max hew, the first protestant mis- 
 sionaries to the Indians, and John Cotton, a man whose 
 singular worth procured, and long preserved, to him a 
 patriarchal repiito and aiiihurity in the colony, After 
 ministering for twenty years in Kn^lafid to a conjirega- 
 ticn bv whom he was liighlv resjiocled and beloved, Mr. 
 Cuttcni had been summoned before the Court of High 
 Cummission on a cbar<^e of neH|ectin|r to kneel at the 
 sacrament. l.oid Dorset and other persons of distinc- 
 tion by whom he was known and vabied. emploved the 
 stronKcst inierces.sion in ins bchalt with Laud: but 
 their exertions proving unavailin*.', Dorset sent to in- 
 form bim, " that if it Ind been only dninkeunest) or 
 adultery he had committed, be mi^hi have fouiiil favor, 
 but tlie fin ot piintaniMn was unpardonable " Mr. 
 Cotton, in coiisetpience, retired to New tjiuland, and 
 tound there a Rcene peculiarly calculated to develope 
 and ^:ve efficacy to Ihs piety and virtue. To an carn?;8t 
 concern for religion he united a deep and ever prevail- 
 
 * Many iri>t:nK'i'» <>| itietr I nil ni lice in niaiteisitf nniiort- 
 lUHc will (KT'ir III llie liirllier prtitiress of uur narialh e. An 
 |ii.<iinncu nl tlieir cutitml over |>ui>lic <>[iiiiui.. una)K>int which, 
 \>vmn qiutub(<>*oiKltht! pruvinccnf rcaauii, was tlie niorehkely 
 til intireitt thu inont oliKhnatu and uiiai> .fail able prejiulicus, iit 
 nil iiiti>ne<l hy Hutchinson, p. 133. Toliaccu was at Dnit )ini- 
 |iii)ltc<l uiifter a penally ; ami in snme wrttmss tliai wert* |h>- 
 pulnr HI Uic colon), llie Hinoku (it it i^, wiili nn'bt auilaciuus 
 uli&nrUlty, cuin|iHre<l Iti tlie fumes ut Ilu^ iKiltiniilesH pit. Uut 
 KotikP of ihfclerL'y liav'ni; falipii liilu the practice ol >^ninkniKt 
 toharro wsa instaiilly, hy an act ul ifuvL-rnuieiit, -'.set at 
 liberty." 
 
 tng aense of it ; and continually marchmg in front oi 
 his dortrme, he enforced its acceptance by the weight 
 of his character and the animating influence of his ex* 
 ample. 'I'he kindness of his disposition, and the cour- 
 teous berievolencf of his manners, enabled linn, in all 
 his intercourse with others, to diffuse the mfluenco o| 
 his piety no less sensibly than agreeably through the 
 V'uns of his conversation. The loftiness ot iheslumlatcl 
 which he had continually in his view, and the usitimt- 
 lating inHuenec of that .-ttronci admiration i.bicfi he en- 
 tertainei) for it, comninrucaled to his ehnraoter an eleva- 
 tion that commanded respect; while the rontimiat 
 sense of his dependence on divin'* aid. and of hia short- 
 coming to bis great pattern, gnu eJ his nuimie.K with a 
 humility that attracted love, and disaijned ihe cortten- 
 tiouH opposition o( (wtulenrc and «'nvy. It is reci-^id 
 ol him, tfiat having been once followed from the rhui'.'h 
 I where be Ind been preaching to bis house, by an igtio- 
 rant disput.itioua medianic, who told hi n with a frown 
 that bis ministry had bpeoi.ic dark and flat, he rf plied, 
 " liofh, ht'Hhrr. tt maif l>f fnitK , Ut me have ifutir jirat/rrt 
 that )l rnai/ hr I'MrrirM/" " t>n nother occasion, Iwing 
 accosted in the sireet by a pragmatical coxcomb, who 
 insolently told him that he wan an uld fool, Mr. ('iitoiii 
 with a imldriesH that showed ho forgave Ins rudeness^ 
 and a solemnity that evinced he was very far fmm dia- 
 regarding the opinion of his hrelbren, answered, " Iron' 
 ft'Ks I am go; the Lmd make thre and me tattei than 
 irr a'-f, erru muc unto salvation.'^ 'I'he character of 
 this excellent clergyman, and of many of his cotein- 
 poraries in the colonial ministry, seems to have been 
 formed hy Providence for the express purpoi^e of coun- 
 teracting, by strong individual influence, the violent, 
 divisive, and contentious spirit tlmt long continued lo 
 ferment among a eummunity of men whom persecution 
 had rendered rigid and inHexible in following out their 
 opinions, whose senlimenta had not been harmoni7e<i 
 by previous habits of union, who were daily receiving 
 into their body a fresh infusion of dissimilar charactera 
 and exasperated feeling, and among whom each natu- 
 rally considered the opinions fur which he had individu- 
 ally suffered, as the most important features in tho 
 common cause When we recollect the presence of 
 such elements of discord, and the severe and lengthened 
 operation that had been given lo that influence which 
 tends to drive even the wise to frenzy, we shall he test 
 dr-iposed to marvel ot the vehement beats and acrinio 
 niuus contentions that in aoine instances broke forth to 
 di.^lurb the peace of the coluny, liian that in the mijjt 
 ol snch threatening symptoms ^o much coherence atnl 
 stability was preserved, and so much virtue, happiness, 
 and pruspertty attained, .\mong the iistrnmenis which 
 the l>iviiie Ih-ing adapted and emploied to compose 
 ibo frenzy and moderate the fervor of his penptc. were 
 this eminent mdividu'il John Ctitton, 'i'tiuinas Hooker, 
 a man very little nHerior to Inn* m worth, and. at a 
 later period. Dr. Increist M.iiiier. who succeeded to 
 the estimalion whuh .Mr. t 'utlon had tti,o\vd, and 
 whose fainilv supplied no less than ten oi \Uv most 
 popular minister,* of their age to the church of Massa- 
 chuselts, and pf^nJuced ihe ci-lebrated aiilhnr of 'ho 
 ecthsiasiirHl hiMorv ol New Knglaiid. Had the colo- 
 ni'il ministrv f>een composed entirely of such or such- 
 like men, the agitated minds of the inbabilanls might 
 have much sooner attained a settled composure . nul, 
 nnlurtiinately, the wild and impetuous hpiril thai w«« 
 working in many of them did not ton^ wait lor h-aders 
 tu excite and develope its puwiTs 
 
 The first reli(,;ious dis.sension vhat arose in the colony 
 was promoled by Kni;cr Wilhaim', tlti:J4,] who had 
 come over to New Knjiland in ItiHtl. and (ireached for 
 some years to llie mhab'lants of New IMvmoiiih, but, 
 not finihng there an audit jkc suitable to his purposes, 
 he bid solicited his d1slnt^Mon, and liad rvi'intlv been 
 a[ipoinled minister of Salriii. This m>i'. W4> a rigid 
 llrownist, precise, illiberal, unloilieanim. and passion- 
 :ite : be beg:in to vent from the pulpit whuh he hud 
 L'ained hy his substantial piety and fervid zt al, a suigi:- 
 lar niedly of notions; some wildly spi-culalive souiu 
 bolilly opposed lo the eonslilutiwis of civil soiiety, and 
 Miinu winch, if miexcept:oiiable in theory, were biglily 
 unsuitabh' to the place from which they were delivered. 
 and the exercises and sentiments with which he en- 
 deavored to associate them. He maintained ihat it 
 waa nut lawful for an unregenerai man to pray, nor 
 for chnsiians to join In family prayer witli ihuae whom 
 they judged unregencrate ; thit it was nut lawful tc 
 take an oath to the civil magistrate, not even the oatb 
 of allegiance, which he had declined himself lu laki>, 
 and advised his congregation cipially to refuse , that 
 King Chailea had no right to usurp the power of dis- 
 pu?iug of the tcrnlury of the Indians, and htiiLu the 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 345 
 
 nuallv mtrching in front ai 
 R Bcccptaitce by tho wpif^ 
 imiUin^ infliicnco of his rx* 
 •I iliHfMiftition. and llic rour- 
 laiuuTK, eiinhtpil hiin, in all 
 to (iitrnsR the intluenco of 
 than atfrrritltly thruiifih the 
 [he luftiMfMiol iheMaiKlaid 
 n his view, and ihc ai«i>iint- 
 1^ ndiniratinn i.hirh he cu- 
 rd to hJB rhirai'tur an cleva- 
 ipcl ; while the rontmuai 
 (hvin" lid. and uf Ins idiuit- 
 , grat't'J hJH mniiiu';« with a 
 % and dit*Ji»KHi the eorilrn- 
 
 and tn»y \i i« n-ci-'iid 
 :e lolIoAcIl front the chiK'-'h 
 ig to hia hoinit\ hy an li^no- 
 
 who lohl hi.n with a frown 
 .m dark and Mat, he rf plied, 
 A, Ift mrhare i/inir prni/rrt 
 On iiotliff occasion, bvinn 
 praL.Mnalic&l coxroinh, wlio 
 v;v« an old fool, Mr. (,'iitoii, 
 cd ho forgavn hia niJcncKtt, 
 •d hu was very far from dia- 
 brethren, an»\v«r»'d, •* Icon- 
 lake thf-e and tnt umn than 
 vitltiin."' The character of 
 ind uf Miaiiy of his cutein- 
 iniislry, aci'ins to havt l)eeii 
 he exprcaa )mr|>0!«e of coiin- 
 idunl intUicnce, the viulcnr, 
 i|Hrit that lon^ coiiUnuid lo 
 ty of men whom |)eraeculion 
 exible III following o'll their 
 18 bad not been hdrniani7(Ml 
 n, who wcro djily receiving 
 Nion o( dissiindar characters 
 iiid unionf* whom each natn- 
 18 for which he hud mdividn- 
 imi>ortaut ft-atures m tho 
 le ncolli'ct tho presence of 
 )d the tievero ami lenj/theia-d 
 
 1 veil lo that inliuence which 
 w lo frrnzy. we Ahall Iw h'ai 
 vehement JieatH and acrlniu 
 :»me mstance.i broke forth tn 
 >lony, liiaii ibjt in tlie iniJLtt 
 Dinit so much luherenLo and 
 . (to much virtue, ha|i|iine98, 
 mon^ the ti.Htruinenitt which 
 and I'lnjtloM'd lo compose 
 
 ttrvor of his pi'oph'. were 
 
 [i Colton, 'I'lionias lloukiT, 
 
 (i) luii> III worth, and. at a 
 
 .toiiiiT. who succeeded to 
 
 (olton had enjiwvd, and 
 
 l-.'MS than ten oi (he moj't 
 
 me to iIk- church ot Mansa- 
 
 lebrated. author of *.ho 
 
 w r.nj;land liad lliu colo- 
 
 d entirely of isuch or such* 
 
 i)h of the inhabitants mi^bt 
 
 I H settled composure . UMt, 
 
 il impulnous hpirit tliat \\%» 
 
 \n\ not long wail for leaders 
 
 IIIWITH 
 
 ton ihat arose in the colony 
 ilh.un». [lti:)4,] who had 
 in )t):iO. and preached for 
 
 ol .\i'\% I'lvinouth ; but, 
 f suiiiiblr to his purposes, 
 nil. and had recinil\ been 
 n. Tins rno-. Wii> h rigid 
 ihinitteurmu. and pasbiou- 
 
 iin the piilptt which he had 
 etv and tervid zi al, a Kin*»i> 
 wddly speculative some 
 itnliwis of civil aotiety, and 
 lable III theory, were highly 
 which they were delivered, 
 itiments wiih whicti he en- 
 lle mamlamed that it 
 ■egeiierai man to pray, nor 
 uly praver with those whoir. 
 thit It was not lawful tc 
 agistrule, not even the oath 
 ad declined hmiKelf Lo tak(>, 
 ion etpialty to refuse . tnal 
 
 1 to usurp ilie power of dis- 
 thu Indians, and hencu ibt 
 
 colonial |tatcni wob ulterlv invalid ; ih.Tl the inagistrair 
 hud no right to restrain or direct the conscieiires ol 
 men; and that any ihinji shorl of unliimfed toleration 
 for all religions was tieleslable per!*eeution, These 
 liberal priiuiples ol toleration he combined wilh a spirit 
 so rigid and separating, ih-tl he not only refused all 
 communion with any who did not proless every one of 
 the foregoing opinions, but lorhade ihe minibers of the 
 church at .Salem to coniimmu-ate wiih any of the other 
 rhiirchf')' III ilie c'tlony ; and, when lliev refused lo obey 
 thu prohibition, hit wubdrew from them, aiuJ set up u 
 aeparale iiieeim<.' m Ins own bouse. Here he was at- 
 tended by a select aiteiiibly of zoalous admirers, corn- 
 linked ot' men. lit whose minds an mipelnous leiuper, 
 intlanied bv persecuiiun. had greatly iniiiaired ihe seim* 
 of moral persperli\e; who entertained diHpro|M)rlioned 
 iileas of tho.«e branches of the trunk o\ godimess, for 
 tiie sake of which they had eridiireil such mighty Huller- 
 iiigs. and had seui worih and piety so foully wronged ; 
 and who abhorred every symbol, badge, and practice. 
 that was associated wuli the remembrance, and spoiled, 
 as they conceived, with the inu|uity of their idolatrous 
 oppreaHora. Ono of bia lollowirs, Mr. Kndicol, a 
 magistrate of tho place, and formerly deputy-governor 
 of the colony, in a transport of zeal against supersti- 
 lion, cut the red cross out of the king's colors ; and 
 many of the (rained bunds, wlio bad hillierto followed 
 these colors wilhout objection, caught the contagion of 
 Kudu'ot's -u-al, and protesltd thai they would billow 
 them no Ioniser, if t!ie cross were permitted 10 reinam. 
 The riotous and \iol( nt condhct of Kndu-ot was uni- 
 vcrsjlly dis;ipproved, and the colonial authorities pun- 
 ished Ins m>^deMleano^ by reprimand and ilisability of 
 holding ollice for one year; bill they were obliged lo 
 i'oiiiproniise the dispute wiih the protesters among the 
 trutMed hands, and comply, to ii certain ext( nl, with 
 their remonstrance 1. 'Ibey wero preparing lo call 
 Wiliiaius to a j'M*icial reckoning, when Mr. Cotton and 
 Other imm-Iei's nHer|Kised and deaired lu he allowed lo 
 fu'ason wi!h him. aHeging tliat his violence wta prompt- 
 ed rather liv a niU'gMuled conscience, tlian • editions 
 principles; and that there was hope they might gam, 
 Mislead of losing, iheir brother. You are ilircircil in 
 that man, ij yun tktnk he u-dl tumUsand tn Uatn oj 
 anif nj v""> was ihi.' preihction oi the governor, and liie | 
 result ol tho cunference provinjj liiu justice of it," 
 frenieiice ol iiaiiishineiil from the colony was forthwith 
 pronounced upon Williams. This senienco e\ctled a 
 great uproar in Salem, and was so succe^J-fully de* ; 
 liounced as per.secuuun by the adherents of Wih.aius, 
 that tliu bulk ol the nihaliitanta ot the place were pre- 1 
 paruig lo follow him into etile ; when an eariioi and j 
 pious admonition, tran.suiiUetl to them hy Mr. t\illon ' 
 and the other minislcrs of Huslon, induced them to re- 1 
 limpiish their purpose, to acknowledge the justice ol 
 the proceeding, and abandon Williams to his forlnnes. 
 He was not, liowevci, ahuiidoned liy his more select 
 adlierents, whose estt em anu atl'ei U.m he had gamed 
 to such a degree, that they resolved to incur evt^ry ; 
 hazard, in onler to live and die with him. Accumpuny- I 
 ing hnn m iiis exile. tln'V directed their inapli Inwards | 
 the south, and settling at a place beyond the jurisdic- ' 
 tion ol Massachusetts, tin v bought a totisiderable trac» j 
 of land frtun ihe Indians, mid besUiwcil on their seltle- | 
 incut the name <il Providence, liad tins iiimi encoun- 1 
 tered the ireatment lo which tin' pnlMicatton of his! 
 peculiar t»pinioiis would haM- e\|.'0^<d him in Kngland, i 
 lie would proliabty have been driven to madrie<4>: the ^ 
 wiser and kinder treatment he experienced from the 
 Massacliusells aulhoritns was produeiiw of bippier' 
 elltcls; and Mr. Collini and hi> ii.-.mk l.tte^ were md ' 
 dt'ceived, in supposing that Ihev would g.itn their 
 brother. They gained him m a inumier, indeed, le^»^ | 
 llallering lu themselves than a triumphant issue ttf ihe 
 coiilerertce would baie been, but muili more lieneliiiai ^ 
 to the mlere^ta of America, lie etuicurred, as wei 
 shall see, at a later jieriod, m tounding the htate of 
 Rhode Inland, and was one uf its most eminent bene- 
 factors. He lived to an advanced age, and soon | 
 throwing olf the wild and separating «p>rtt with which; 
 hia seiilmients had been leavened, he n gamed the 
 friendhhip and esteem ol his ancient fellow oolonisU, 
 
 * TtiouHti lie woultl not rt'trart hi* doRiitAii, il Kcein* that 
 Homn uf tlti- nrKutneiitft that H>re eii)|)hiye(l with hint iank 
 into Ins itnnd, iiuU nt lea§t reOiict-il lilinto nilenee. Mr. Hmiker. 
 <aiunitlii iniiusters who wan urnt lo deal willt hnn, U(Ri>d, 
 ainonK uHicr rt^iisuni tifis,— " If it ha unlttwiui lor ho unrrrff* 
 nerste {HTHun III |'ri>, ii is unwiwdil tor your unre^eiuTiili' 
 child lo aiok A ItlesNiDifDii his iik-«i ; and if so, it in iitiUwUi! ri)r 
 ItUii tu eiit, Miiee UhkI U HHUctitied by priitei. and Wlthiiut 
 l>raynr uufinciiii-d d Tun. iv. 1, .'») ; and it iiiust he ciually 
 ur.lawlul luT you lo inutp hu?i lo eat, xnicn yuii ought noi tt> 
 iempt Kiiti to Hin." Tu tlus lie ilechnud makiiiii any answer. 
 OuttuH Mtthor. 
 
 and preservetl a friendly eorres|H)ndeiice with Mr. Cot- 
 Inn und others of ihein till his death. 'I'he prmciplcti 
 of toleration, which he tiad formerly discredited, liy ihc 
 rigulness with which he disallowed ihe slighteat dilVer- 
 vucv of oj iKions between the members of Ins own com- 
 munion, be now enforced by e.^crcismg that forbear- 
 ance by which the dilferences that distinguish chris- 
 tians are prevented from divnimg them, and by culti- 
 vating that chmty, by which even the aen^e of these 
 diderciieeA is oftin melted down. The great funda- 
 menla' principles of chrisiianily daily aciiuiring a more 
 exclusive and absorbing iiiDuencc over his mind, be 
 began to tabor for the conversion of the Indians ; and, 
 in addition to the benrfits of which his ministry among 
 them was productive lo themselves, he ac«|Uircd over 
 thcrn art inllucnce which he rendered highly advaiita- 
 geoi-.s to hi.4 old associutiH m .Massachusetts, whom he 
 was enalded Ireqneiitly lo warn of coiispiruciea formed 
 against ihern by the savages in their vicinity, and com- 
 mimicaled lo bun by the tribes wiih whom lie mam- 
 lamed relations of friendship. The vehemeneo that 
 Kndicot had displayed, was not leas mellowed by time 
 and ihe ascendancy of sour.d wisdom and piely. He 
 remained in Massachusetts, and, at a later period, hel 1 
 for many years the chief otl'ice m its government wiiii 
 greit advantage and general respect. 
 
 The colony of Ma^sacliusetts bad coittinucd mean- 
 while lo attain stability and prosperity, and to extend 
 lis settlemeiils ; and tins year an tinportant and heiic- 
 (icial ehanoe took place in its inleriial coiisiituiion. 
 The mor'.ably (hat had prevaihd among the Indians, 
 bad vacated a great many of the stations wh..-h their 
 tribes had occupied, and as many of thc-^e wero well 
 chosen, the coUmi:*l8 took possession of them with an 
 eagerness thai dispersed their setllemenl^ widely over 
 'he province This necessarily led to the introduction 
 of representative government, and, accordingly, at (he 
 period of assemhlmg the general co.irl, the freemen, 
 instead of attending it m person, accordntg to the 
 prescripliou of tiio charter, elected reprcsentalives in 
 their several districts, whom they authorised to appear 
 III their name and act in iheir Uehalf. The riipresenta- 
 tivea wero admiiud, and henci forward con-idtred 
 themselves, m conjuiKtlton with the gove nor and 
 assistants, as the supreme legislative assumbtv of ihe 
 colony. The abstract wisdom of this innovation could 
 not admit of doubt, and, m defence of their right to 
 ellect it. a was forcibly urged that the colonists were 
 or.iy making a new way lo the etijuyment of a right 
 already cxlended to them, and preventing their assem- 
 blies iroin becoming either loo numerous to tniiisact 
 business, or loo thin and panial to represent me inter- 
 cls which they wtre iiKendeil to administe'. and sup- 
 posed to embrace. The number of treenien bad greatly 
 mcreased since the eiiarter was granted ; many resided 
 at a dii-lance liom the places where the supreme couf'.a 
 were held ; perso'ial attendance bad become inconve- 
 nienl ; and, m such circumstancet;, it will not be easy 
 to bluriic them for making with their own hands the 
 improvement that was necessary to preserve their 
 e.<(isting rights, iiislead of applying lu ihe government 
 of Kngland. winch was steadily pursuing the plan of 
 subverting tlu^ orgar.s of liberty m tho mother country, 
 und had aluady begun to oxhilut an allend couiile* 
 nuiiei; towards [lie colony.* It. eonsetpience of this 
 importanl measure the coiony adv.inced beyond the 
 slate of a corporation, and acjpiired by its own act the 
 cuiidilion of n society which wat: endowed witli politital 
 hberlv. and which had frameil for ilsflf a gi)\trnment 
 (brived from the model of the Kuglish constittilion. 
 Tlio reprewentalives having e>taidislied tliemsehef* m 
 tlieir otiicr, proceeded lo assert the riglits whuh ne- 
 cessanlv attached to it. by enaclmg that no law should 
 be pa^seil, no lax imposed, and no public ollicer 
 appointed hut by the general assembly. 
 
 *i"be increasing violence and injustice of the roynl 
 ijovernment m Kngland meanwhile co-operated n^i 
 p.uverlullv with the tidings that were circulated of the 
 nrospeniv of Massachusetts ; and tho simple frame ol 
 ecc|e»n»itcal policy that had been established in the 
 colony preseiitid a propped so desirable, and remlered 
 the gorgeous liicrarchy and recent superstitious inno- 
 vations in the ceremonies i*f the Kngbsh church so 
 additionally oditiiis, that ihe How of emigration seemed 
 
 • hi the prenMlmit yearlho priw council, alarmed hy the 
 HiroMK icn-iulitin whirh was excited in Einfiand by ihf inlelli- 
 triMcu ot ttio happuicaH eiijoveU hv Uio imruans under their 
 ei« IcMBsliial e^t;it)hshmciils in MassaehuM-iti, issued lui 
 order to ilav crriaut vessels which w em alsiul to proeved 
 Ihither witlu misrants.-t'halnifrs, p. IM |intt>ahlv wuli Ihe 
 \n-w of mipi'reHsniK th« anitatu'iis aiiil .lii^eusMuuft w hi* li ihe 
 projcris of ciiU)iratiort eiiDcndcrod. Thu order was not car- 
 rii d into eiTect. 
 
 rather to erdarge than subside, nnd crowds of new «ot- 
 llers continued tu llock lu New Kngland \ Uu\'i\ Aiiiontf 
 the pahsengera, m a llect of twenty vessels that arrived 
 in the following year, were two persons who afterwards 
 made a distinguished flguri* on a more conspicuous 
 thealre. Due of these was Hugh Peters, the celebrated 
 chaplain and counsellor of Oliver Cromwell, and the 
 other was Vane, wlio-'c father, Sir Henry Vaiio tho 
 elder, was a privy councillor, and high in utFice and 
 rredil with the king. I'elers became minister of 
 •Salem, and, |»09sesHirig a mind unusually active and 
 enterprising, he not only discharged Ins sacred functions 
 with zeal and advantage, but roused the planters to 
 new courses of useful industry, and encouraged them 
 by his own successful example. His labura were 
 blessed with a produce not less honorable than endur- 
 ing. The spirit which be excited has conlinucd to 
 prevail with unabated vigor; and i. early two centuries 
 after his death, tho |iiety, good luoruls, and industry by 
 which Salem baa ever been disiingui*ihed, have been 
 traced lo the ell'eets of I'elers's mmislry. He reiiiaiiied 
 in New Kngland till the year Iflll, when, at the ro- 
 qiieBl of the colonists, he went to transact some busi- 
 ness fur them tn Ibo mother country, from which ho 
 was fated never to return.* Vane, afterwards Sir 
 Henry Vane the younger, bad been fui sumo time 
 restrained from indulging Ins wish to proceed lu New 
 Kngland by the prubibiiion of h:s father, who was at 
 length induced lu wave liia objections by the inlerfer- 
 enco of the king. A voung man of noble faindy, ani* 
 mated with such ardent devotion to the cause uf pure 
 religion and liherlv. that, rclinquisbing all his hupea in 
 Kngland, he chose tu settle iti an infant colony which 
 as yel all'orded liltle more than a bare subsistence to 
 Its inhubitan:s, was received m New Kngland with the 
 fondest regard and a:lmiration. Ho was then little 
 more than twenty-four years of age. Hm youtht 
 which setuned to magnify the sacrifice he had made* 
 increased no less the impression winch his manners and 
 appearance wero calculated to produce. Tho awful 
 euiiipo.sure of Ins aspect and demeanor stamped a serious 
 grace and grandeur on the bloum of nianluiotl ; his 
 countenance appeared the mirface of a chitracter not 
 less resolute than profounil, and whose energy was not 
 extinguished, but concentrated into a sublime and so* 
 leinn calm. He has been charged wiih cnthusiaMn by 
 some who have remarked the intensity with which he 
 pursuet) purposes whi'h to them have appeared worth- 
 less and ignoble ; and with hypocrisy by othera who 
 have contrasted the strength and stretch of his resolu- 
 tion with the calmness of his manners. Dut a joster 
 coiisiderr.tion, )ierhaps, may suggest that it was the ha- 
 hiliial eiiLTgy of bis deteriiiinatu..i that re[u-essed every 
 svmptoin oi vehement impetuosity, und induced an 
 equalitv of manner that scarcely appeared to exceed 
 the pitch of a grave composure and constancy. It is 
 the disproportion so freipiently evinced bitwern tho 
 uenius and the character of eminent men, that occasiune 
 their irregular (onduct and impetuous demeanor. But 
 Vane, fully embracing the loftiest projects of his genius 
 with all the faculties of his being, was deeply im- 
 pressed with ibe vast and arduous rature uf Mic work 
 lie undertook, and devoted himself to it with such a 
 tliligrnce and concentralion of his forces as to the idle, 
 the careless, and the speculative part uf mankind, ap- 
 pears like msaiiilv. So iiiiich did his mind predominate 
 OUT III?* senses, and the nobler control the more igiioblo 
 part of Ills being, tiial, though constitutionally timid 
 and susceptible, in no i onimon degree, of impressions 
 of [laiii, yet his whole lite was one conliuued course of 
 great and darmg enterprise , and wlien amidst the 
 wreck of his fortunes and the treachery of his asso- 
 ciates, death was presented to himself m the appalling 
 form of a bloodv execulion. be preparid for it with an 
 animated and even cheerful intrtpidity, and encoun- 
 tered It with dignilied composure. The man who could 
 HO subdue himself, waa formed to exercise a strong in> 
 llueiice on ihe minds of others. He was instantly 
 com(iimen;ed with the freedom of the colony ; and en- 
 forcing his rianns to rcspeei, by the address and ability 
 which he showed in conducting business, he waselectcrtl 
 governor m the vear subseipicut to his arrival, by the 
 
 * Bishaj) Hurnrt has termed tltis man "aiieitlhusiastii'al huf- 
 fmm," and reproached hint wilh cowartiice at hii execution. 
 Ihit his life (stained, no donht, with iiiornl nii[ierfcctiuii) 
 evniced a piety that Unmet never knew, aint lus .h'nih was 
 diKiiilied hy a courage tliat disiint;uishi-d hiin rvi>u»iinnu{ tlio 
 reiruides. Al\er his fellow .siitforer I'ook had t.cen iiuarlerc'l 
 (iiMorehis face, the oxecutiuuer approut hed tuiii, atiii, lubiting 
 his hhicMly haiidH, tiuid, 'M"omi», Mr. Peters, how .1.. y.m hkt* 
 thlK wnrkT" I'ulerii ansvtered, "I thank iJod lain n«ii ti-tii- 
 fie.l at It; you may do your worM." rnalfuid UcKllisnl thu 
 Regicides. 
 
246 
 
 ^ 
 
 univuFHal cunsciit of the cotunuts, and with thr hi^lictt 
 eiperlatiiMis of n hiip|iy and Hdvant:i^<>oiifi admiuiitlra- 
 lirm. [lOMUJ Thcite ho|it'f». however, \viTtM)iMd|t[iointcd 
 Vane, i Jl hiiilini; the iiohtiial uD'uirM uf the cohinm'.A a 
 wide enough lield for the excurtiioi) of liia artive fi|>iril. 
 •mharked hia energy \\\ thoir theological diseuasiuuit ; 
 and, unfortunately, coum-ctuii^ hiipMolf with a party 
 who had conceived sni)(idarly juat and profound vicwa 
 of doctrine, hut aaaocialed them with aoine dun^eruua 
 crrois, and diaercdited them by the wildcat vehcinrnce 
 and diaorder, ho very hooh witnciaed the uhnd^eincnt 
 of hia n«efuliieit« and the decline ufhm popularity. 
 
 'i'he increattin^ nuinhefAol the colonists, cau»iiij( the 
 inhihilantH of Homc of the towna to feel thetu.Hi-lven 
 atraitenrd for room, suguexied the foritiation of lul- 
 ditjonal e.4ibl)lii4liinenlH. A project of fotnulin^ a new 
 acllleinent on the liankn of llie river ('oniiecticiit \\a* 
 how cndiraccd hy Mr. Hooker, one of the ininiatera of 
 Uoaton, and a hundred uf the memhera uf hia con^rejrn- 
 tion. After enduring extreme hardittnp, and encoun- 
 terin{{ the uauil diiricultiea that attended the founda- 
 tion of a aociely in thia ipiarter of America, with the 
 (laual display of purilun fortitude and riKulution, they 
 at length Hurceeded in estahhahini; a pbntation, which 
 {gradually enlarged into the fltMiri.<>hintf atate of (vOii- 
 iiecticul. Some Dutch nettlera from New York, who 
 hud previouitly occupied a post in the country, were 
 compelled to surrender it to tlieru ; vnd ihey ^oon after 
 ohtained from I^rd Brooke and Lurd Say and Seh'i an 
 aaaiirndlion to a district whicti theac nuhleinen had ac- 
 quired in thia rciriun, with the inteniiun of Hyin^ from 
 the royal tyranny to America* 'I'hey had at tirst car- 
 ried with them a commiKMon from the };uveruiiteiit of 
 MaaNacliusctlH Hav, for the adininiiitration of jut<tice in 
 their new aeltlement ; hut, aUerwards relleclin^ that 
 their territcrv was hevuiid the juriMdictmn uf the aitho- 
 ritiea from whom this comiuiASion was derived, they 
 combined thenutelves hv a voluntary as^ociatmn into a 
 IkhIv |)olitic, constructed on the same model with the 
 fltatn from which they had separated. They eontinni d 
 ill thiH eondiiion till the UiHiuratum, whrii they ob- 
 tained a charter for themselves from Kiiii» (Miarle-* the 
 Secund. That this aecessiun from the culuiiy uf Ma.n* 
 aachuM-tts Dav was o<casioned liy lack uf room in a 
 province ua vet so imperfectly peopled, has appeared su 
 imprubahlfl to some writers, that tiu-y have thouirht it 
 necessary to assiun another cause, and have found none- 
 •o satisfactory as thp jealousy which ihey conclude Mr. 
 Hooker nuisl incvilably have entertained towards Mr. 
 Cotton, whoso iiilliience had bccunie so ^re:it in Mab- 
 aachnsetts that even a furinidable political di^seimiun 
 waa quelled hv one of hia pucitic <liscourses. lint envy 
 was not II passion that could dwell in the humble and 
 holy breast of Houker. Ok be generated bv such mtlu- 
 cnee as the eharucler uf ('olton was funned lu < xert 
 The sense of a redundant population was the more 
 readily experienced at first from the unwi|liii};uess of 
 the ietllcra to remove far ml ilie interior of the coun- 
 try and deprive themselves of an easy lommunicaduii 
 wi'h the coast. Another rea.ion, indeed, appears to 
 have enforced the formation oi this new settlement : 
 but it was a reason that art^fiifd nut dissension, but 
 community of feelini; and dem^n betwe(>ii the settlers 
 who remained in Massachusetts and those who re- 
 moved to Connecticut. Uy the establishment of this 
 advanced staiioii, a harrier, it was hujH'd, would he 
 erected 8^amNt the troublesome incursions of the 
 Pc4|Uod Indians. f Nor l.* it utterly improlifibUi that 
 BOme of the seeeders lo this new settlemeiil were actu- 
 ated by a restless spirit which had hoped too much from 
 
 ♦ I,nr»I HriM'kf and LnM '<:iv and Silc lu<i proceedeii %n far 
 in thi'tr dcsittn as to .•'I'ml ever an niri*iil to inke (xiHtrsxinn ui 
 tin ir lerr torv, snd liiult a dut. Hititpilv tor AintriCB. i|ir m-ii- 
 tunents ani) iinliils that ren<l>-i'<'') (lit* m niiHi tnt'iiihiTM i>r n k<i- 
 rif-lv MliL-ri! ciHiiplete civil trrclDin and perlcct Biiiu<iu-ily of 
 maiiiiiTi werr exieriiird re<iuiAito (d Ihi* cruival )iap|)tnf<(><, 
 (irevetited tlu'se nnhlciiirii from rarrvmr thiir prnieet uiln 
 execMUinn. Tlipy unipuHrd in t-siiiltlifh an nnltn tt( nnlnhtv 
 and lierothtary int-eistracy in Ainenra ; and eonsiirrn-d mi 
 tiiiii'li iiriin ill arLMunif this important point hiDi theothi'r sot- 
 tler!< whn wen to he astfnriAied wiHi llipni.tlmt atlenxth their 
 ardor for flinnrratiou abntfd, and nearer nii<t innre intMrestiiiv' 
 prospcrtH itpuiK-tl lo tht;lr activity m Kn|i;)and. Ctiaitnerit 
 
 t MH?lisr, H Leap. A. sect. 9, !l. Uulctiln* >n. i. 43— 4.V 
 Trumltutr* IliNtory of t^oinn'ctirut, vol. i. et; . 4. |« appears 
 from Mnthar'!! Lives of t'uiton and llnokpr. iliat tlie'e iiifti 
 WTc knil toKfllior III the lUniest bonds ofrhriHian frii'nd4hip 
 a.id rnrdiivl esii'(>m. Paul and l)nrn<it>as fd(Hil)tlf>ss for wii^e 
 piirpoipxj were Hepamled from narli oitier. So were I'nttnn 
 and llookrr, itioiuh hy Irsx nnplrasiiiti iii«lrtinieniality, Tliise 
 niiMi wiio (iirt'ifik lumsi-B, l:iiid<t. and coiinlrv lor the snkv of 
 ttii* w'os'>el, ari' di'«rrit»cill»T Dr. Itolicrtson n« "rhal iMMiipc- 
 ti'ors In llif ronten for fame aitd imwrr "' This is ihe onlv 
 llirlit In which many eminent and even reveriml writers are 
 cap.ioh- of regarding tha lalwra of the patriot, tim lalnt, and 
 tlie siii[n 
 
 THE HISTORY OP 
 
 eitcrnul chan^r. and which tainly ur^cd a farther pur- 
 suit of that spring of rontentment which must rise up 
 III the mind of liiin who would eiijby it. 
 
 In tho immediate neighborhood of this new settle- 
 mrnt, another plantation was furmcil alwtit two yeuis 
 after, by a numcroua luxly of emigranta who arrived 
 from Kn^land under (he guidance of Throphilua Katon, 
 a f^enlleinan of fortune, and Job,) Ihivenport, an emi- 
 nent puritan minister. Massachnselts Hay appearing 
 lo them overstocked, and iKMnir mlurmed of a larue 
 and commmlious bay lo the noiith-west .tt Connecticut 
 r.ver, Ihey purchased Irum the natives all the land that 
 lies between that stream and lliidsmi's river, whieh di- 
 vides the southern pariA of New Kn){liud from Nt w 
 ^■urk. Seating themselves in thia bay, they spread 
 aloni; the coast, where they built tirst the town of 
 Newhaven, wlucb has ^iven its name to (he settlement. 
 and then the towns of Ciuilford, .Vtilford, Stamford, ^aiid 
 Drainford. After some time they crossed the bay, and 
 planted several hettlemen in I/m^ Island ; in all 
 places where (hey came, erecting churches on the 
 model of tin- independents. When we perceive the in- 
 juslico and cruelly exercised by the ^overmnent of 
 Dritam, thus eontributiui; to cover the larlh with cities 
 and 10 plant religion and hl)erty in the aavaije deserts 
 of America, we rocoynise the overrulinir providence of 
 ihat jjreat Hi inu who can render even (he lierceness of 
 men conducivr to his praise. Haviii;; no patent, nor 
 any other title to their lauds than the vendition of the 
 natives, and not bein^r included wiiliin the boundaries 
 of any colonial jurisdicdon, these setllcrs entered into 
 3 voluntary association of the same nature and fur the 
 same ends with ihat which the settlers in (>onnectirut 
 had formed fur ihemseUesi and in this coudiliou (hey 
 remained till the Kestoration, when Newhaven and 
 (\>nnecticut were united together by a charter of Kiii|^ 
 ('bartes (lie Second * 
 
 When the settlement of Connecticut was projected, | 
 it was hoped lint it niiylit conduce to overawe the bos- | 
 tilily of the Indians ; but it pro<biced a perfectly oppo- i 
 site effect. The tribes of Indians in the immediate I 
 vicinity of Massachusetts May were comparatively fee- I 
 ble and unwarhke ; but the ejloniea of IVovidence and , 
 Connreticut were planted in tho midst of jiowcrful and 
 martial hordes Ainon*; theae, the most considerable 
 were the Nara^ansets, who inhabited (ho sliorca of (lie 
 bay i\lii<h hear (iicir name, and tho Pniuods, who oi-- 
 cupied (he (erritory which stretches from the river I'c- 
 qiiod to the banks of the Cnniiecticnt. The ]'e«juods 
 were a fonuidable people, who could liritii; into the tield 
 a ihouNaiul warriors *iot inferior in couraoc lo any m 
 (he new world. Tliey had early entertained a jealuus 
 hatred of iht> Kuropean eulonisls, and for some time 
 patvt hail liunsscd them with unprovoked attacks, 
 and excitetl their abhorrence and indi^iiatiun by the 
 monstrous uulrattcs to wlucb they had subjected their 
 eiptives, rnod'eiidmi^men, wuiticn. and children, who 
 had the mi*tfortune to fall intu their hands, were scalped 
 and sent back to their Iriend.s. or put to death with 
 everv circunistancf of (nr(urc and mdiiinity. while the 
 aasasMiiswiih diabolical joy called aloud to them to 
 invoke (he (lod of the christians, and )iut to the proof 
 his power to ^avc them. The extenMon of (he I'no- 
 lish selilcmenta excKed their fiirv anew, and prodiiceii 
 a repetition of attacks, which Mr. Vane the governor 
 of MassacluLsetts, determined at leiiL'th to encounter 
 and punish hv oll'ensive oper'itions. Ueceivitijr inlelll- 
 LM ncc of a senotis attack that had been made by the 
 IN'-IimmIs on tin* <'oiinectu-ul settler.', I Hill?, J he surn- 
 inoned all the New Kuol.uid communitH's lo embody 
 the slroiii/est force thev eon ^pare, nnil inarch to de- 
 tViid their brethren ard viULin ale the coiiimon cause 
 The I'eijiiods. aware of (he impendiiijr iiani,'cr, wrre 
 not wanting in endravnis (o <iicouitlt-r and repel it 
 Kor this purpose, they soiiirlit a reconeitialion with the 
 .\araj»aiisels, their hcreduary enemies and rivals in 
 power, iind rcijuested these people to forget (heir an- 
 cient anunosities, and lor once to co-operate conlially 
 with them against a common foe, whose proj^rcssive 
 
 • Ni'sl, 1. IVJ. The nilohisls of MaKHailnnods were ver\ 
 desiinns Ihat Mr. Duviiiport and his assmuates tiltoiild settle 
 aiiioiiK iIh'iii. Uu( " It had tififu an uliSf>rviitiiMt ot Mr. Da- 
 vpn|H>rt's, Ihat wheriexer a n'fonnaiion hid Ihtu i-iii i ii-d in 
 any pari ofthe wnttd, it had ri'Htt'd wlicrc tt had heen U-lt hy 
 llie reforini>rK. It foiild noi lie iidvanced anoihcr sttp. llv. 
 wtitt ii'iw einlmrki'd til ailemxn oi inriiiuiK anvil and nliuioiLs 
 rotistiintioi) a!> near iis posnitilu tu scnpliirn precf pi snd rxini- 
 ple. The pnnripal itcnllenim wliu had I'oDowimI him to Aine- 
 nrii had till' same views. In IrtyiriK (ho I'oiindiiiMiis of a now 
 colotiv, thrre was a Ian proltshtlily Hint llii*v iimrht iK-muimo- 
 diih" all tnaitiTit ofchufcli niid coinmonwfulih (o tiu'tr f>wn 
 fi'ehnt!!! Slid Ht'iiitinf'ht^. lint in Mnssachusuttt tlie pnnnpal 
 men wen- tixed in the cliirl seats of Kuvernmeiil, which they 
 were hkpiv to kptui, imd thfir rivil and religioua puiiljr was 
 already turnied. **TiuinbuU,u 97 
 
 encrnachmentfl threatened to lonfound them both in 
 one C(uinnon desiruciion Hut the Naranaiiarta had 
 loiii; chi-iiHlied a vehenuMit hain (I against the IVipimls ; 
 iind less moved hy a distant prospect of danger lo them- 
 selves, ihaii by the hope of an mxtant ijratiiiraliou oi 
 their implacable reven^'e, they rejected the proposals 
 of accommodation, and determined tu assist the Kng- 
 liah in the prosecution of the waa. 
 
 The IViiuutls incensed, but not disinnved, by thia 
 disap|ioin(ment. pioceedrd h> the vijjor of their opera- 
 tions to anticipate the jumlion of tlu allifd colonial 
 forces ; and >he (onneeticut troops, while as vet (hev 
 had received hut a small part of I'e reuHoreemenis 
 that tin ir friends were preparirijj lo srnd (hem, found 
 it necestary to advance towards the enemy. The Pe- 
 quods, commanded by .Sassaeus. iheir principal sachem, 
 occupied (MO fordlied stations, aitaiioit one of which 
 rnpiam Mason and (he Connecticol miluia, :i(tended 
 by a body of Indian allies, directed their attack. Their 
 approach was ({iiiekened by the information they ob- 
 tained, that the enemy, deceived by a seeminij retro- 
 grade movement of the colonial forces, had abandoned 
 themselves to the eunvicdon that the Kniilihh dared nut 
 eneountrr them, and were celeliralini^ in perfect secu- 
 rity the supposed evaeuaiion of their country. AlKiut 
 daybreak, while in deep slumber :»nd s'lpu,. spcuntv, 
 they were approachi'd by the Knobfih ; and the surprise 
 would have been complete, if tluv had not been alarmed 
 by the bark mi; of a do^ The war-whoop was imme- 
 diately soundrd, and they (lew to (heir arms Tlio 
 Kn^lish rushed on (o the attack ; and while some of 
 (hem tired on the Indians (hroii^b the palisades, others 
 forced their way by (he entrances into the fort, and set- 
 tini! (ire to the huts which were covered with reeds, 
 involved their enemies in the confusion and (error of a 
 general contla^ration After a inanlv and desperatu 
 reMstaiiee, the l'ei|Uods were totally (lelealed with the 
 slantrhter of at bast live liimdred of their iribe Many 
 of the vvoinen and children pensheil iii the llames ; and 
 dm warriors, in endeavoring (o escape, were either 
 slain by (he Kiiuli!<li. or, falbni; into ihe hind.s of ilio 
 Indii*' allies, who surroundrd (he fort at a di*:(anci<, 
 we; erved for a more cruel fate. Soon after tliii 
 
 act. ., t'aplain S{ou^h(oi) having; arrived with (he aux- 
 iliary troops from Mas»achusettfi, it was resolved to 
 pursue (he victory. Several eiii»aoeun-nts took place 
 which tenniiialet) nnfavorably for (he Peipiods ; and m 
 a short time they sustained unoiher ueneral dtlcat 
 which put an end to the war A tew only of ihis once 
 powerful nation survived, who, ahalldolllll^ their coun- 
 try to the Knylihli, disperseil theiiiM-lves anioiiu tlie 
 neit/hboriu}; (rihes, and los( their exis(enee as a di.-tmct 
 people. Sas.socus had been an object of sii|n rsdtious 
 (error lo the Naraoansets, .|io had eiideavoretl lo dis- 
 suade the Kiii/hsh from ri^kini; a per^-onal encounter 
 with htm. by the assurance that his person was divine 
 and mvutnerahle. After the destiuciion of his people, 
 when be fled for refuge to a disiahi tribe, the Nara^Mu- 
 sets, exchan:jinij tlieir terror for cruelty, solicited and 
 prevailed with his hosts to cut olF his head. Thu=t ler- 
 mina(ed a slru^^le more imnortunt in its coii>e(|ueiu'es, 
 than from the numbers of tiiu combatants, or the cele- 
 brity of their names. On its issue there had been 
 staked no less than the <]uestion, whether Christianity 
 and civilization, or paoanism u.id barbarity siiould pre- 
 vail in New Kngland. 
 
 This first militaiy enterprise of tho colonists waa 
 cunducied with vi^rnr and alulity. niid impressed on thn 
 abori^'iiH's a hi^;h o|uiiioii of their invincible courage 
 and superior skill Tticir victory. lio«.\ever. \\ must bo 
 confessed, was sullied by cruellies which it is easv to 
 a^'i'oiiMt for ami exienu.iie, but paiiilul lo rt-coPvct. 
 The M.l^sal•husl'lts" mililia had been exreetliiiolv dill- 
 yeiti bcbtre (heir march in puroino their ranks uf all 
 whose rtdi^ioiis sentnnents were tbtui^lii (o .u^tue want 
 or wtakness of lailh.* It had been well n (hey coiilc/ 
 have pureed their own bosoms of ihe vini.icli\e feel- 
 iiios which the o;itra;!es uf the savages wtre hut toe 
 powerhilly calculated lo inspire. .Some ol ihe prison- 
 ers were turlund by the Indian allies, u c crurltiea 
 we ran hardly dtnibt that the Kn^lish iii>;;ii-. have pre- 
 vented : a considerable number were sold aH slaves in 
 IU'rmud3H,t and the rest were reduced to servitude m 
 (he colonial sctllcincnta. In aggravation Mf the vin- 
 
 * Rettimcnlal chapliiuis acciuiipaniud the Nvw EoKland 
 fort en It) llie.r campaigns ; and in cucuinitattcea >if Uoiii t or 
 diiiitter, till chaplain »as iir-ited to pray for divme dimki'n 
 and assisliinie. Tnimhutl, ». m|. H*). When .noTn,M;oidtTin 
 chief w IS BpiMiirdfd, lu* iiulitary stair was diiliveied lo liiuit'V 
 out* u( the clertfv. lb. 9i. 
 
 \ A similar p'.ii'ihlimcMt was infli*'ied many yfin'n ilirr in 
 Kiiglanr) nn soms of (h« r"yalttts wlio had Iwum unpiic-iteiJ ic 
 rei:rutlt]ocl£*s iuriiruxtion. IIuuiOi vll. 'J44 
 
NOliril AMERIC\. 
 
 347 
 
 :o confoiinci ihein ttoth in 
 hut (Ih> Nnrn^anKrln had 
 itin il HffHiiiNl l)ir Peijiioiln ; 
 MO!t|ti'ct nf iliiiii;»'r to ihcm- 
 ui) iiiKliiiil i*riititiralinii oi 
 iry n'jertfd ilm |iru|io<i<ili 
 nnined lu uahisi the ICn^- 
 I wu. 
 
 >ur not iliiinnypd, by thin 
 ^ llio viyor of their oprrii- 
 .ioii uf tlu aUifd i'i»li)iiiiit 
 c ir(M>|>A, whdi- iitt M'l thi'v 
 art i)t' I'lO ri'itirorrenirittn 
 kririif l(> nrnd (liriit, found 
 irdt tlir iMU'iiiv. I Im I'n- 
 'UH. ihfir |iriiin|)al Kiirhcin, 
 oiiH, ajjaiiiHl one of whirh 
 ini-cticnt nidiiiii, iiic-tidcd 
 irrried thrir atinrk. 'i'lieir 
 tho trifunnulioii thry oh- 
 'ivt'd hy ki •PC'iiiinij rciro- 
 iriml fori-c.t, hnd ahaitdoiird 
 (hut ihr Knuhi^h d.ircd nut 
 I'lrhriilinif in p«'rf(M't scrii- 
 uf ihcir couiiirv. Alioat 
 nhi-r »vi\ »M|ni,4' flcriiritv, 
 KiiijItMh ; iinil thr K<ir|iriHi* 
 thi-v hiid rinl limi ithiriiicd 
 lio w<tr-\\liiH)|) wiiH niiriie- 
 llt'W lu thrir .irni!! Tho 
 llnrk ; iitid while hoiiik of 
 'oii^h tiie |inhitHd('t). others 
 iicfs into ihf! fort, iind set* 
 wrrr covrrrd wiih rci-iU, 
 ' runfnitiori and (error of it 
 >r H innnlv jnd dpK|t('nttu 
 I' loliillv drfraird with tho 
 idrcd of their tnhe. M.iiiv 
 rri'thed in the Ihiint-N ; niid 
 i; to encrtjie. were riiher 
 hiii; into ihi> hiiuU of iho 
 I'd the fort ut n divt.inre, 
 ni'l fate. Soon after this 
 ivnii; arrived with the aux- 
 nselt.-*. It was restdved to 
 I i'ii<;atreiiient!t took pl.ii'O 
 y for the IVijiiodn ; and in 
 ) another ueneral dtftut 
 A few oiilv of ihiN onec 
 iihaiidonini* their i-oini- 
 d thenl^elvl')l iiiiioiiir (he 
 r exintenee as a di.«tini-l 
 ohjerl of niijm rAiilunis 
 had I'lidtMVoret*. lo (hs- 
 <; a |)er>onal encounter 
 iv.ti pt r.Hon waH divine 
 deMti'iR-lion of hiA |M'0|de, 
 hstai.i irihe, the Naranan- 
 r i-niehv, sulieited and 
 oil' hi.H head. Thn^ ler- 
 uiil 111 Its eon>e(|tieiK'et(, 
 coinhalaiitri, or the eeh>- 
 istine (here had heeii 
 on, whether ehn.slianity 
 id liarhanty hhonld {ire- 
 
 iif iho tM)<oniNt!i was 
 and iinpres^ied on tliM 
 iheir invinnlile eouraije 
 ory. howev'T. it inusl ln» 
 hies» which II IS easy to 
 It painlu) lo nioi'"«t. 
 d heeii e«ei'edini;lv dill 
 ^i their rank:^ ol ali 
 ri! thouyhi to .irmie waiil 
 I heeii »\ell \\ they coult* 
 of th« vim.U'tiw fri'l- 
 Havai^ea were hut loc 
 •Some i>t tlie |iriNon- 
 n a!hen, w c cruelties 
 Kn^liidi iiiiLiU: have |irii- 
 r were stild hh hlives in 
 ri'diiot'd to servitude in 
 ai;i;ravatior> ^( the vin- 
 
 ipaniod ttio New EiiKlmxl 
 ireuniilniicc* .if iloiii t nr 
 I pniv for tliviiie OirciCon 
 Wlu-n .1 rniii.iianih'r ir\ 
 
 jtl wart iklnTicil to limil>v 
 
 (li'tril many year* itirr In 
 kriiii hail Iwuii iiiiiHiC'iteU i[ 
 , vl(. 'J44 
 
 dlrlife ipiril dinpUyud in iUcne proceediiigt. it hat been i 
 ujged, hut with vury litllu ruaiioii, that ihf Peijuods ^ 
 were eiitillod to the trjitinent of un indeiiendunt pco- i 
 plo innkitiK a Kul' m etiorl to defend their properly, j 
 their righla and l( t'.r freedom, llut in truth, the IV- 
 juuds were the u;,;uretiftors in a cauiteleaa c)iiarrel, aial 
 were fiKl>i")U i*" along in support of harharoua outrage 
 and purpoKea of eiterininution. Tlio roluniHla had 
 cunducied llieinaelven wilii uiidcviatnig justice. i:h lity 
 rind piety towards the Indiana. They had (re-j(ed fairly 
 with them fur their tuiritoiiea , aHHi^ied them hy rouii- 
 Ht'l anil help in their diMMvm and (heir agriculture, and 
 |.*liored u> ronununiuale M iheiii the hlen«inKHol religion. 
 'I'l ey diHjllow-eil al'. a(-<{tn!4itiuiiH of lerritury from (he 
 IinliaiiH hut HUfli an hhoulii under^io (he (terudny of tlie 
 general court , and lliey oll'ered a pirliri|iatloit uf all 
 their priulei^es and pro|ierty to every Indian wlio would 
 adopt tlie rc|i|!iuii of a elirmtiaii and (he inaiiiieri* of a 
 I'lvdi/ed hinnan heing In rclurii Itir these demon- 
 rtlr:ttioii< of good-Will, tlu'y were irealrd with oiilrago 
 and Itarharity, directed a;!aiiif>t all that they reverenced 
 tir lined ; aiul were forcihly >'iipre».itd with tliu ron- 
 vii-tiou dial they iiiuni extirpate (heie aunguinu; idoU- 
 terii, or leave their felluw-rliriatiana, their vvivua, child- 
 ren, and hrethren. expired lo a mure liurnd deislruc- 
 ttoit from Iheir harharoua hands.* Kveti in the couthu 
 of the war, they made pruposiiion^ uf lenity lo the 
 sjvagi'a un the conditiun of tlieir deli\erin^ up (hiMuur- 
 derer.H of (he Kn)j;lmh ; hut their olh-rd were uniformlv 
 rejeciec. ; and tlie people who adopted ihr inurders uh 
 national .U'Ih, invited tiie avengers uf htuod lo visit 
 ihum with n.ilional puniMiinenta. The iiintuul liodtili 
 tiCA of Civilized niLiona, conducted by dmimaaionale 
 iuercen>iru:>, and directed hy leadern more eager fur 
 fame than prompted hy anger or perjiona! uppreheiiHion, 
 may be athniiiiHtered un the pniicipleii uf a nplemlid 
 l(.Line, llut ^uch liu^tihttea a" those wlueh the New 
 l:Iiigland ouloniMtA were cutn|tellcd to urge, with the 
 hordes of .savage asHaHmmi who attacked them, will 
 nlwaya displ.'.y liumaii paMsiuns in their nuked horror 
 und ferocity. 'I'tie perminHion (for I Hujipoae they 
 could have prevented it) of the baiharity of their savage 
 allies, ap|)earH the least excusable fealure in their con- 
 duct. And yet, in considering it, we must add to our 
 ullowanc*^ for passion (iillamed by enormous provoca- 
 tion, the ri'colh ction of the danger and inexpedieney 
 of clieckin<{ that mutual hostility uf (tie savages which 
 prevented a rumbinatiun that might have proved fatal 
 to (he European name. The reduetion of their cap- 
 tives lo MTvilude was untpiestturubly a great evil; hir 
 one lor wliicit it would not have been easy to suggu.Ht 
 u ;< iWstiliite to men too justly alarmed to permit the 
 ein-niics whom, overcoming ly force, tiny bad but half 
 p-iiiclued, lo go tree, and loo poor to support (Ik m in 
 idle eujitivily. Tin! captive Penuod* were Healed with 
 the ulmost possilde kindness, and regarded rather as 
 indenleil nervantn (liaii slaves. It rniiHl bo iickiiow- 
 leil;,'eil at lea^l that tlie coluiusts ob.-«erved a ina;^Mani- 
 inuu.s consistency m their inlernational policy, an<l gavtr 
 (he Indiuns the proteelion of the same stern priiici|j|es 
 ■jI pislice of whi*'li they liad laiinht (In m lo fiel the 
 vind.ciive energy. They nol only olfered a parlu-ipa- 
 tioii of lueir own privileges and territory to all eivilii*d 
 und eonvertril Indians; but havm;,' a((cerlanud itu; 
 stations which (he savages most hiiihly valued, .mil (he 
 range of lerritury thai seemed in cessary lu iheir coni- 
 luri and liap)uness. iiiey j ufhibited and annulled everv 
 iiansaetuin hv winch tlnse domains might be ad.bd li) 
 the Kuropean acipiisitions. A ^ho^l lime alter the 
 lerimnatiun ol the j'i'.|Uod war, an Indian having' been 
 wantonly kilh-d hy some vagalioiid Knglisiiniaii, (lir 
 inurderiTS were solemnly trieil .-inti executed Ibr the 
 ermir ; and the Indians beheld with asto)iis!iiiK>nl tiie 
 blood uf thne men tiebberalely shed in- liip slaughter 
 of une, Tne senst* of justice eo-uperatiiig witli ilie 
 repute of valor, secured a lung tiaiii|mllity to the Kii-t. 
 -i.-*li setihMiieni.H. 
 
 Willie ihe iiiilitiry force of .Massiicliusetts was thus 
 emplovfd in tui- m-lil, the commonwealth wa.s shaken 
 untl torn hy inlesime disputes, which had been excited 
 by ihruhigical discussions, und inflamed by (lie gall of 
 unruly toniiues and tiie bitterness of railing accusation. 
 It was tlie custom at that lime m Huston, that the 
 members of every rongregation should uaaemble in 
 
 • The coloDiiitA rDHHiilerett theinnrlvei in v^une ilegrpo nc- 
 ccn.iury tu thTriniKs whirh tlipy iiiiqhi fail m prevent liy iic- 
 Hlfft it| any of die menus wurraiiti*il hy «triri iu.^iicc. Ilrlkiinn 
 cile>i dm rolliiMfin? nnlrv in a M8. Jnunml of nvctiM In New- 
 Uiii-lrtriil, soiiieyaan* |to)«t(>ri<>r to diix |ht|»i|, " The hou-»* ..f 
 Jolni Ki'iiiHioiiwa.1 liiiriii'.l aoil hr killt'.l .u (ln'...il;ni.l Thf 
 liiilmna arn Himnn, Au'lruw, au<l I'iMit. TIimm- tlirre wi* lm,| 
 in priHnn ami >hnul.l have killetl. Tht gooJ Limlimrdunu.),* 
 KUory of?J«>w llamiwhir«, I. 15J 
 
 weekly meelmgn to r<'|MMl Ibe ^ermollM of the precetl- 
 ing Sunday ; lo detiale the dortrmes ibry bad beard ; 
 lo revive ibe irnpret'SKHis ibat hud been produced by 
 ttieir Sabbatical exerrises , and extend llie .'•acred in- 
 tluence of the Sabbath (iirougbuut the wiek. Mrs. 
 lliilclunsun, the wife of one of the most respectable m* 
 babilants of the colony, u lady uf mafcubiie opiril and 
 great subtlety und vivacity of upprebensum, submitted 
 with linpalieiii-e tu the regulation by vvhich women at 
 these ineetinus were deliarred frnin the privdege ol 
 juininj in the debates . and al leot>th. apprelieiHling 
 that hlie was autlinrif>«'d to exi'rcise iier <piablications 
 hy the precepts of Scripture wliu h enjons thr tldir U'o- 
 intn lo Itiirh the i^nuit^ti; siie estaliliKiied separate 
 meetings of the chri^tkaMs uf her uwn sex, when her 
 zeal and talent ftoori prticureil her a numeroun and ad* 
 miring audience. Tliese women, wlui bad partaken 
 the slruggles aiut perils of the male colomsLs, liad also 
 caught no small portion of the various hues of their 
 spirit ; and as many of tbt^m bad Ik en iiccus'tMued lo 
 a life more replete witii external elegance and variety 
 of interesl and employment than the stale of Ihe colony 
 couhl Hupply. they found a tl.^lless craving for sunui- 
 ihiiig to animatr und engage their tacullies, and judged 
 iiuthing litter for this purpose than an imituiKm uf those 
 exerciaes fur the pruiiiotiuti ol 'he great common cause 
 vvbicb seemed lo ininister sucli cumt'urt and suppurt- 
 meiil to the spirits of (I'c men. The issue of (heir 
 design illus(rated very signally some of the bant esli- 
 tiiable peculiurtlics of female character, and amply de- 
 monstrated that iti delects are not cured but lortilied 
 by Hiicb irregular congregaUon. Mrs. Ilutchmhon, 
 ttici; leader, bad by her t ariiesl zeal uamcd the cordial 
 esteem of Mr. ('ulton, vvho.-»e charity never faded lo 
 recognise m eviry human being llie slightest trace of 
 liiuse graces vvluch he cuntimially looked lor; und to- 
 vvard.4 luni slie enlertiined ami professed for soiin; lime 
 a very high veneration. The Iriendsliip id' Mr. Vane 
 und some others had a les» favorable inlbieiit e on Ik r 
 mind i and the adunratton ihey expressed uf the depth 
 and vigor of her rutiocinidion, i<eems lu have elevalt d 
 111 her apprehensiuii the gilta of iidelhcl above llie 
 f'rac-s of chiirracter. Sliu acquired the tule of VVic 
 M'tnsiuht whicli thu udimraiion of her followers hal 
 eagerly derived from an unagrammalical iranspo.-^iiion 
 ol liie letters uf her name; and gave lo her female 
 assemblii's the title o\' fiojtsti'iiii^.s ; a ti rin ut llial time 
 of risppctable iinporl, but wind) ttii^ M'anihdou.H repute 
 ul It'inale convenliuiis and debates has since cotisigntd 
 Iti ctuiteinpt and ridicule. iJoing uiniss what the 
 Scriptures plainly forbade her lo du at all, she con.*U- 
 luled iier.self a traclier oi ortliodoxy. and a censor of 
 tiio faiili of all the ministers und inhahitau'.s uf tiie 
 colony, tier caiiuiis ol doctrine were retU'ived bv her 
 a:>sociaies as the unerring slandard of trutli, and a de- 
 laniatory pcrsinitioii was industriously waged against 
 all who rejected or proh'ss.ed themselves unable lo un- 
 derstand them. A scrntmy was inslituud into the 
 cliaracters of all ibe clergy and lady of the province; 
 und of lliose wito refused to receive ihe doctrinal tesli- 
 leony of the conclave, few found it easy to stautl liic 
 li*t of n censorious gaze, (piickcned by female pelu- 
 lance and cuiilroversial rancor. Women, m ilher lilted 
 by the constitution of tlinr nature, nor prepared by their 
 eilucaUmi and liahits, for the rougii contests and colh- 
 t*ions ul tlie world, demoii.sirate, in ijencral, greii per- 
 tinacity, severity, and in, patience, wlum thev assume 
 the dueclion ot allair.s, oi, arrogate a jurisdiction :ivrr 
 tliOhO who conduct lliem. Losing die gentle graces of 
 liieir own sei wlien tiu-y alep heyotid (he sphvre uf its 
 duties, without acpiiring the liardy virtues ut liie other 
 S'X, wliose provinco ihey invade, t'leyHliow themstivis 
 keenly susceptible and utH rly unlorlM-arin;,', swifl to 
 speak and slow lu bear. Iieadlung iii eoiuhut, p-onipt 
 tu accuse, in'uleraiit of <ontradiction, acrimonious .; 
 reproacli. In liu'so femalo assemblies, ibcre was 
 trained and cvnciscd a keen pugnacious spirit and uii- 
 hridled licen>e of tongue, ol wluch the actings were 
 "piickly felt m llic serious disturliance, first of domes- 
 lie Imppiness. and then of llie public peace. The ma- 
 (roiiB uf Ib.^tun were transformed into a synod of 
 tiitUrs un,l (msij IhhIiis, \\\m%v bold decrees and slan- 
 derous (iLliberalums sent tlieir inlluence m'j (lie inner- 
 most recesses of society : and the spirits of men being 
 tn tliat comtuistible sMte which the app'iculion of a 
 very feehle llasli will kmdle into a foriuidahle coiitla- 
 gration, the whole colony was s it on lire by the ineuii- 
 imeiire of female spleen and veriiosiiy. A bne of do- 
 ni;u'calion was drawn bet, vet n those wliom Mrs. 
 Ilnlciim.siui esteemed the sound, und those whom she 
 demimma'od the unsound ; and all who were mcludeti 
 in ibia Utter descripiioit heard ihi-iusvlvcs couUiiually 
 
 s(igm:iti/.(d as a geiieralion of iinchriNiion \iper», o| 
 lu'tpless bondhlaves lu a covenant oi worKs. 
 
 The tenets which this facliun, and a few nimisloni 
 wbu mutid with d, udu^ded und mcidcated, were dt*- 
 nunnced hy iheir adversaries as consliiuting the henay 
 uf antinomiamsin — a charge which, when preferred by 
 the world ul large, indicates no more than the reproach 
 which the gospel, from its first promulgaliu. bus been 
 fated to sustain, and when advanced by chrisiiuiit 
 against lueinbt rs uf their uwti budy, generally implies 
 nothing else than the deductions which they draw from 
 certam views of doctrine, bid wlucb the holders uf 
 these views utterly reject and ibsaltow. Nothing can 
 bo more perlectly iiniinomian than Ihe sysleni oi l!io 
 gos|»pl ; nor any thing mote powerfully operative than 
 the inlluence which it is htteil lo exert. Mrs. Iluteli- 
 inson and her adherenis coideiided more earnestly b>r 
 llu! freeduin, tiian lor ihe coiislraimni; inlluence uf 
 (livme grace; und with the eagerness and impetuosity 
 of female feeling, were not slow lo brand wdh terms of 
 heretical and cunlemptuutis designatioi., every in' r.hl- 
 laiit of the colony, und particularly every muiister, 
 wlio.-ie views did not coincide wdh their own. 'I'bo 
 duclrincs wlueh they );iive forth, and the censures 
 whicli they propagated, were received with eipial eagcr- 
 ne^s by a considerable parly ; und cipially provoking 
 tiie displeasure of others, excited the most violent dis- 
 siUHions ihrougliout tlio whole colony. Mr. (.'ottoii 
 endeavored lo reconcile or moderate Ihe heals that 
 uruse, by represt idirig tu llie parlies hat their sirifu 
 was prejudical to thai vvhich be (irmly Im heved lo be 
 the great objecl of both, the exalting and honuring uf 
 divine grace ; Ihr unr (said be) gfiktiifi hi tiJcame the 
 ^'inn- nj <ivd ic'thin us in tlir. tcurk of MUiutiJualwn, th$ 
 otkir mrknii,' lu tulntiue the f^iuic of HihI wUhunt ».¥, 
 \n the imrk of jUAfiflmtuni. Hut the strd'e was nut to 
 lie slopped ; and bis endeavors to ariesl it attracted 
 upon himself the fulmination uf a censure uf tintoiouA 
 and purblind incapacity Irum the assembly uf the wu- 
 men ; and, as even this could not induce him to lake ft 
 strong part against ihein, he incurred a leinporury 
 abalemenl of his popularity wilii the bulk of the inliubl- 
 taiits. He could not consent to roiulemn Ihe loriii uf 
 r^ouiid words by which some uf the teinds of the secta* 
 ries were peculiarly dislii.guuthed ; but hu viewed vvilti 
 grief and amazement llie lit no and contemptuous 
 spirit with vvhich llt:^y were mamlained, and the vvilti 
 and dangiTUUs errors wilii which lliey very scon canitt 
 to he asMicialed. The controversy raged with a >li>- 
 leiice very unlt'.vorable to the discernment ond rece|>- 
 t;ou of truth. Mrs. llutcliinsoii and her adheretiis, 
 iiotii male und female, persuaded (and justly su, I think, 
 un ftume puints) of the tiipenor clearness, truth, uiid 
 simplicity of Iheir system uf doclnnes, furgut tu cuii- 
 sider bow fjr tiie opposition wluch d encuuidered might 
 be traced to ihe oli.scunty and imperfeciiuii wiili wbicii 
 tiiey themselves received and enforced it — a considera- 
 tion which no human being is enlitbd to disregard, 
 and which is emtncMlly tilled lo render superior aituiii- 
 ments inure ntiiiahle and tHicaciuus, by rendering tlieiii 
 more |iroductive of candor ami humility. Tiie prmci- 
 ples they di.scarded from the.r creed laid hold upon 
 tlieir 5-pirit ; und while they contended fur liie sove- 
 reignty uf divine grace in communicating truth, lln^y 
 attacked the sentiments of '.heir udver.ianes with an 
 acrimony und invective that might have been lbuni<ht 
 to impiv lliat truth was easily and exclusively attainabto 
 by tlie mere wil! and cTub avur of nu n. The most en- 
 ligidened und consistent cliri>iian will ever be lliu most 
 readv lo aeknuv^lellge that he knnii\t nnlhiuij ijrt aa he 
 <in<iht to Kitinr, and may have mure caii>i than he can 
 vet di.-'cuver, to blush lor (he delecliveness of a tesli- 
 nioiiv, which, exhibited wiih more cieiirness and siin- 
 phcity. might have touiid greater acceptance with iiiiiu- 
 kiiid. llut no such cousidt ralions sugi;e«ted ihem- 
 selve.'i lo iniligaU: tiie vehemence, or Hollen tiie aspe- 
 rilv, of these busy, btild, and presumptuous spuds ; nor 
 did d ever occur lu ihein that tin; trntlis tlu y lidd Uirilt 
 would he liaiile (u be evil spoken ul, from itssociati<<u 
 with the deadly puiaun uf liiaL world id' inepntv, an un- 
 tamed, bceldioua tongue. It is Hsserled llinl tiu- lieat 
 uf their tempers gradually conmiunicaled iisilf tu liio 
 underrtlaiidings of Mis. llniclmiKon and her (larty, ami 
 that in adddton to their orminal lends, tiiat labeveu 
 are personally united with tlie spirit of Uod. (hal com- 
 mands tu wurk out salvation witli fear and Iremblm^f 
 lu-loiiguidy lu ihuse who are under a covenant uf works, 
 and (bat liatietificution la not tlie proper evidence of 
 christian conddinn, they received tliat unh.tiipy error uf 
 the Quakers, tliat the spirit of (lod coniinunicales with 
 tiie inmds of believers imtejiendentlv of tlie wrdlen 
 word i and, in cQiisisteiicy wdh ihu, recuivi:d many 
 
,.A^ 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 248 
 
 rnvrUliuiiH of future ovuiitu uiniuiiiirnd to tliriii l)V Mm. 
 Hiitrhinitoii an p']iiiill)r inf«lli)>to with thn pruphirifn of 
 Ni-nptiin*. Dill the nrroiiiiln ilial .irr trin^riiittnl lo im 
 nf sui'h (hfoto^inil iliiiM'ii»ioiirt ua* itlwuyn uliHnirid Ity 
 (t)fl rliMii) nf niiitcni)toriiry imxHiun, |iri>jti(liri\ and 
 orror : liaRty ptrumoriii of )MN»iuii<ito ioul art* iiiml>ikrn 
 fur tlflihiTAie tentinicnlt ; arid tliu i^xci'xtos uf the /.eu- 
 luts uf a party held up hh thr alaiidard by wliicli the 
 whole liudy may fairly tw irii'd* 
 
 ISuiiie iiiiiiislera <ldo|)tlll^ Mrn. l|iitchtni4>irB0pii)ioii«, 
 hf^tn to enforce therii Irorii ihu pulpil with <*uch vuho- 
 inent invrclivfi aKiiiiiM all hy wliuiu llicy wt-rt* njrcl- 
 1(1. i« at lri)t;th hroii^ht tho diMHrrKt.ct.a lo a rrtAii ; 
 and Mr V'ant' Xwxw'X coiimdcrrd ihi' ciinrcdcrnU' and 
 protector of Mm. lliiirtiitiMnn. hiH (-oiiiiiiu.Hict' iiiotlicu. 
 or distiiiAituI from it ut the tipprunchinu iiiiiiuiil t'liTtioii, 
 wan the lir»l ti*.sl liy whu-h tint pinirn wcm li> try wiiti 
 wht' h of thtMi) rcAidcd the puwi-rof iiiipoMing HikMiro on 
 the other. So niurh hud lu-uri donu to i;ull and irnlalv 
 the ffi'hntjo of the pcnpli', and to xiniiulatu ihoiu to 
 mutual dittliko and miNpicion, tliiil \W. ulinuMt cirortn of 
 thnAoticruiul huninnu could hurcly prrvi'iit llu> day of 
 cluction from boii.^ diN^rarcd liy a ijiMicral not. All 
 the oxcrtiona of Vunc'n parttzaus fjiird to ulitain Inn 
 ro-appointineot ; and, by a ^rcat iiMjoriiv of vutua, the 
 govcriHiifnt was confi-trrd on Mr. Wmthrop. Vunn 
 ■tdl ramaiiK'd in the colony, prolcitfin^ his wdlmgncAA 
 to Hrrvf tht< ran no of (iud in thu meanest c:ipiicily i 
 and the followers of Mr'<. llutchiuiton, regjidin^ Iuh 
 deprivation of oUke as a din^erous liUnv to theintielvctt, 
 ceased not to labor for hiM rnnxlateinent widi as much 
 warmth hh they had exerud m the prupagatioit of their 
 tenets The ^overnnienl was loudly drcUimud auaimtt, 
 and Mr Wmthrop oprrdy slighted and alfronud. Al 
 length it wasdetrnuined by the prevailing party, to cut 
 np this source of contention by the roots; and a fu- 
 neral synod of the churches ai the colony hivui^ licun 
 aasRinlrlcd, the now opimoriH were coiuleuiued as erro 
 neous and heretical. As this proceeding; seemed only 
 to provoke thnr profesbors lo assert them witb ^reuur 
 vehemence than ever, the liader* of the p.irty were 
 Mumiuoned before the general court. Mr'*. UulchinMm 
 rebuked her jnd;,'es lor their wuked perNeetiiion of 
 truth, compared hiTM'lf to Ibo prophet iXiuiel when 
 cast mto the den of lions, and proceedeu to complete 
 the comparison by vei.turiri^ to e.xercise what she be- 
 lieved to he the fiift uf prophecv, and prediciinjr that 
 hrr exile would be afteiided with the rum of her adver- 
 saries and all their |H>sterity.t To this puninhment. 
 nevertheless, she was cundeinm^d, together wiib her 
 brother Wheelwright, who was a preacher, and had 
 been the };rcat pulp.t chaiupiim of her doctrines ; and 
 uome ol the mferior meinbers \ii the I'aetion, partly on 
 Recount of the violeire with which they sull numtamed 
 their lheolni<iral tenets, and partly for tliu Mtdilious in* 
 Bolencft with wlurh they Ifid treated the new governor, 
 were fined and disfranchiRed. In conseipit'iiee nf these 
 proceed -igs, Vaiic nmtted the colony and returned lo 
 kn^daiid. " leaving a caveat,'' says Mather, " that all 
 good men are not (it for government." 
 
 From the unpleasing contemp^itions of these re- 
 ligious dissensions, we now turn lo the more a^^ree- 
 able survey of some of the cou»e<pie,icesof which their 
 issue was productive. A considerable number uf per- 
 
 * Thai tri a rrnniii rxif 111, however, ibi.s erriT )iji<l (-n>[ii in 
 amoiitf them, ^cfin^ uiiiliiii)t.tily mitiiilrni ; nml it If rciiijirknhlf 
 thai ihe iietion h htrh uiiiu-U lliern M'lih the rniitliuin>nta| ti-iirl 
 «<rilii! (liiakrr'* .-IkiiiIiI have isHUi-d from u Mnticty whiih, wiih 
 Tanlicr io->i'inlilaiire (>> th<>(i,i]iikt!r;i, mtniiuril itif aiit)..s'-ri|4ti' 
 rat irrPuMilarity <>riemalt> tfiichim;. ('Hpiaiii UiHlerhill. oMf ui 
 Mr.H. Ilmt limsoii'fi |itlltiwi*rs, carrii'ii mis »• rrnr to a iiiiiiii«tniiiFi 
 l<'iii;ih, .iiitl i-iiiiiliincil wiih it the crn-tiiesi iiuiiuirahiy ol' cmi- 
 duii. He pave ifreai ofTL'i.co Ijy publicly maiiituiiiint; thai hi* 
 huil recpivtMl a s|HTii)t cuininuiiicatiDii ofhi.-teverlufiiiiiif purely 
 while he was Hfiioking u)it|N). He was hanisheil ulonir with 
 hi'i patmnoss; und, a tew yuars alter, rnurueil in Iloritoti, 
 whern he inatlB a piililir rnnrfsMiiinnf hyp(«Tiny, ailuUory, hmI 
 delusion. Dvlkiiap's HIhI. nf Nnw llainiishirc, vol. i. rap. ii. 
 Aiioihrr nf Mrs. UuirhiiHun's fit||<iwers was v woniaii nainott 
 M^iry UyiT, who reiire.l tn Rh<i.le Island, where she suhie- 
 (pieiitly bt>canicu(liu\ker. Wiiithrup's Histury (S^vaafi'MeJi. 
 IKil.V 1. 5fli. 
 
 t \\*x presiimpilnu was very nijimlly pmiLiliftd. The riihi 
 ■he preilirlei) as Ihe rntiNei|uem'e (•(' her exile Tell on herst-lf 
 and her family. She weiil m Khmlo Islaml^biU not likini;ihat 
 •iiuatinn, rernoveil in mie of i)i« Dutch seulernenia, where she 
 and all her laiinly wero nnirdered by ihe buljans. Wo may 
 hops that the error-*, hy wliich she durkeiie*! and discredited 
 Ihe iruih, were ofraniimed hy a head uver-heated with coiiiru* 
 verty, and rendered iriihty by an undue cl viitiiMi. Belore she 
 quitted .Mu»sarhusi'ils, she signed a recantation of soma nt thr 
 •ri»nenii:4 luFiiii-i »ht> had pro|>«Minded ; but maintained in ihe 
 f:ii\*orilie ilrureHi evidence to the contrary, thai she had never 
 eniunaiited ihem. Thi-* was conHdereil u (iroof id' dis.-<imula- 
 llon. Perhaps it mtght miher have warruiiied thu inferenre 
 that ihe visionary and violent spirit whi>-li hati laid hold rd' her 
 had departed or Kiibsided, 'ind ih.tt shs iiu lon^'er knew or un- 
 derMtfKid the opiruoos whirh ihroiiifh iia medium had furnierly 
 {itMemeJ themselves to her iinaghiailoa 
 
 THR HisroKV OP 
 
 sons, highly dissatisfied with the proceedings of the 
 synod snd the general rmrrt of Massacbuseit.<t, volunia- 
 rilv birsiMtk the eobtny ; some xii ihenti proceeded to 
 join KoLti-r WilliJins and bis friemls at I'rovideuce ; 
 and, being soon after abandoned liy Mrs lIuicbiiiNon, 
 ibey lell under the ^uidanco of that melioraled spinl 
 which Williams had now begun lo dis|i|ay. Hy a trans- 
 action with the hidians. these asaociated exiles nblamed 
 a right to a fertile island in Naraganset Hay, which ac- 
 ijuired the name of Khodu IsUnd.* William* remained 
 aimmg ibeui upwards of forty years, respected as the 
 father and director of the colony which he had plinted, 
 and nf which hn was several times elected governor 
 In the year IIMU. he made a journey lo Kngland, and, 
 tiy the interest of Sir Henry Vane, tibtaiiied and brought 
 back to thei'i a parliaineutarv charter, bv which Provi- 
 dence ivitd Khotle Islanil remained united till the Itestu- 
 ration. Others of the exiles, under the guida*)C|.' of 
 Wheelwright, belook themselves to the norlheast parts 
 of .New Kngtand ; and, being joined by associates who 
 were allured by the prusnects of rich bsberies and an 
 adfanlageiius beaver traife, thev iTri<dually formed and 
 jH'opled ihii provinces of New Hampshiru and Maine 
 riieso province.-* had been respec'ivrly purchased hv 
 Mason and (ior^es front the council of I'lyinouth, and 
 many melleclual aitempls were made hy these iwo ad- 
 venturers to cotonme their acipiisitions with advantage 
 lo llieinselves. Mason ami (iorgcs were actuated by 
 ifery dillerent views from those which prevailed in ge- 
 neral among the eotonisls Qi New KiigUiid ; they 
 wished to become thtt proprietaries or hereditary chiefs 
 of vast manors and seigniories, and to establish m Ame- 
 rica the msutulious which the emigrants to America 
 were generally seeking lo escape from. They found it 
 totally impracticable to obium a revenue from the set* 
 tiers m New Hampshire and Maine, or to establish 
 a.'.iong tbetn a form of government suited to iheir own 
 »'"•»•" *!'!.int; iieiitt.r.1, composed partly of adventurers 
 from Kngland, and partly of ;;xiles and vohinlary emi- 
 grants Iroin Mass.icliuseil;4, framed fur theinsetves sc- 
 pur.te goveriirneuts, under which ibey cmilinued to 
 ■iitiMst. till, wearii d wuh uiletnal disputes and divisions, 
 they petitioned the general court of Massachusetts to 
 be taken under Us prut(:ctioii, and were again associated 
 with tlu^ colony from which lliey h<id departed. 
 
 A schisnt, similar to that which Mrs. liuichinsun had 
 created, was fomcnied at I'lymoutb by one .Samuel 
 (iorlon ; hut his career m this place was cut short hv 
 a conviction lor swindling. 'Uteiicc bo went to Rhode 
 Island, where he created sueh disturbaiico, that even in 
 tins commumty, where unlimited luleratiuii was pro- 
 fessed, bo was ftcutenced to btt (logged and banished. 
 I'roeeedmi; lo I'rovideiue, he had iicaily involved the 
 people of this stdilement m a war with Ihe Indians; 
 till, at lengtii, on the entreaty of Hoger Wilbums, the 
 government of Massachusetls sunt a party to apprehend 
 him, and, after imprisoning bun and some of bis udtie- 
 reiils in the workhouse, obliged them to depart the 
 country. f [L038J 
 
 The los-Hcs, which the population of Maisachusnctts 
 sustained by the various emigrations which we have 
 witnessed, were supplied, in the following year, by the 
 arrival of a licet of twenty ships, with three ihmiKuud 
 Ncttlers from Kngland. The Hanic year wiliMs.>ed the 
 e.ttabtisbmeni of an instituiion calculated to improve 
 the moral corulition of the peuitle. Tnis was Harvard 
 ('ollege, at (<ambridge, m .MaasacliMsselts, the lirsl 
 seimnary uf learning erected m North America. So 
 hi^idy prized were the advantagci of knowledge and 
 the inllueiice oi education hy lliese gt-neruus eolouists, 
 that, as early as the close of i1h< year lt>30, and while 
 yet struggling with the first dilliculties und distretit^es 
 of their arrival, the general court ul Huston bad appro- 
 pruiied four hundred pounds to the erection of a 
 seminary of learning. 'I'he hei|i'(;st of a colonial mi- 
 ui.^tcr, who dcMred bis whole fortune to be upphed to 
 the same design, enabled them now to enrich their 
 country with on estabbshment whose operation has 
 proved as betieticial to their pustenlv, as its institution, 
 at so early a period of their history, is honorable lo 
 themselves, t 
 
 • The priiM paid to ihf Indians was flrty fathoms of while 
 iKaus. Ion coaiH, and tuui. ;- i*hocs. ChalnierH, il71. 
 
 t (iur^Krt America painied to the Life, Pan ii. Cap. 'J4. 
 Neil I. 17a. ISO Oorion went to Kngland, ami, dnriny the 
 civil wars, invnlvtMl thu oUiuy in no sniall truubl« hy hn 
 coinplainis nfthe pursecution he bad undergone. 
 
 \ Mather, B. iv. cap. i. Neal, i. Ml, fcr, Hmchinsnnl. HU. 
 For smno nine the college lahoreil iimler the deleit of a library 
 Tho efloriH id the manaiiers lo jiaMnnulnie one, were nidrd Ity 
 cunsidershle donaiionsid'hookH made t» ibom by that f-rea: 
 ami pt>uis errlosiaijiic Archbishop Lsher, Ihe celebrated non- 
 coalorniist mmi^^mr Hirhard Baxter, and that dJsiiiii,Mii:*hsd 
 warrior and philuaupher ilir Ksnetin Dijby. It jiaii inicrost* 
 
 Tho population of New Kngland was now lo he lef^ 
 toilrpcnd on its own resoiircps ; and the irnpnUo wh.rh 
 had been coimnmurated lo il bv the siream of emi 
 gratiuii from the panuit slate was lo cesse I'or some 
 lime past, the policy of lbi< Kuulish go^eriimenl l.i- 
 wards the colony bad been singularly irrekolule and 
 unsteady . many deimmslralioits had ht-eii made ol 
 jealous dislike and tyrannical design , but, never beinv 
 earned inio exeeulion, ihey bail served merely to kei|- 
 thu colonislfl uniied by a sense of common daiiLicr, and 
 to endear the institutions of liberty by (be de.tiriicliou 
 
 wilh which they were inelleetiially na'-ed. Tlitj 
 
 king appears to have doubted pnilv early the cmi- 
 
 gemabty of Ins fir^t prmeedings tov\urds i! nnoraiiu 
 
 with the general policy of bis admmiHiratioit . (lie ex* 
 perience ol every year had conhrmed Ins doubts, uiitf 
 lie bad wavered m irrennlnte perplexity betwri'u bis 
 original wish lo evacume Kngland ul ibe puniaiH, an I 
 Ills apprehension of the dangerous and luereasiug in- 
 ItueiKe which their trimnphaiit establishment in Ame 
 rica was visibly e.verting. The success of liia |H)hitc 
 devices bad ap|H'ared at first lo answer all his exjK'C- 
 tations, and lie seemed likely lo prevail over the puri- 
 tans by thu dcmuustraiion of a hollow goiHlwilt o. 
 Irmly suspended rm the condition of their abandonm^ 
 the realm. A considerahlu porlioii uf the embers ut 
 iiuntan and puiriolic feeling liad been removed from 
 r^ngldiid. and (leemiugly east away m deserts, whffe 
 as yrt no colony bad been able lo survive. Hut they 
 bail neither languished nor pen.^ht d ; and, on tlin con< 
 trury, had kindled m America a conllagration so power- 
 ful and extensive that all Kngland was warm*>d and 
 enlightened by the blaze. The jealous attention of 
 Kami was soon awakrned to the disastrous issue of 
 this braneli of the roy:il jwlicy, and while be meditated 
 tho means by which its etUcts might be counteracted, 
 he maintained spies in New Kngland, whose inlel- 
 ligeiice confirmed bi.i misgivings, and who courted Iih 
 favor by trailucing '.ho obiecls uf Ins dislike The de 
 tci-tton o{ this correspondence served to animate the 
 resenlmeiit and enlorce the cauticn and the union of 
 the colonists. So early as ibu year HiMU, Ibe Kiiuh^b 
 government, yielding lu lis lirsl atann, made a hasty 
 and ill-considered atlriupl to repair Us error by issuing 
 a proclamation reprobating the designs that prompted 
 emigration lo New Kngland. and ordering all ships 
 that were about to proceed thither wilb passengers to 
 be detained. It wasipnckly leli that ibis measure was 
 premalure, and that it could serve no other end tliaii lo 
 irritate the impatience uf the puritans lo obtain eilhet 
 at home or abroad the lusiiiiitions which iluy hud 
 made preparaMon lo realize and enjoy. Not ordy was 
 the proclamation sulfered to remain mienfor« eil, but 
 even, at a later period, t^harb'S leverled so far to bts 
 original policy as lo promote, by his own niter, )osiiion« 
 the expatriation ot young Vane, of whose political 
 and religious senliiuents I.e was perb-ctty aware. 
 Alter an interval of hesuulion. measures more de- 
 liberate were adopted for subverling the cohmial liber- 
 ties. In the year l(U5, a coininissioii was granted to 
 the great ollicers of stale and some of ihe nobibly fot 
 the rigntalion and gjvirnme.rit of the phtntaituns, 
 Hy ibis coiuinusion ihu aiclibishop uf ''anlerbury 
 (Kaiid.) and a bw others, were aulhorized to make 
 laws and coiislttulion for the colony; to istubbshaii 
 order of clt rgy, and assign them a main'rnance ; and 
 to punish capitally, or mberwiHe, all who ^hnnld vio- 
 late their ordinaiu-es. 'I'be gi'in-ral boily ol tl>e <oin- 
 iinssioi.ers were directed lo examine all exinlmg co- 
 lonial patents and churiers, and if (hi if fintiul thnl uny 
 hail i'.iit undulif uf»tiiuuil, or t/mt tht- iifnrtits ihiy 
 rniifiiinl urn- hiti/Jul tothr fri-nii:ntifr nnjuf, to ntitMe 
 tkrm lo fir n rokrd unit q>iashtii.* The Kni»lisli gnu* 
 count il of riyiiiouth wereiaMly perr«uatlcd lo give iho 
 lirst example ol submission to this arbitrary auihttritv ; 
 aiul, accordingly, the same year they surrendered their 
 useless patent lo the king, under reservation of their 
 claims as individuals lo tho property of the sod. 
 These reserved chums gave occasion al an after period 
 lo much dispute, perplexity, and inconvenience. Th» 
 only proceetiing, however, which inmudiately ensued 
 against the New Kngland colonists, wa* the insmrtiun 
 of a proces!< of i^no tcarranto against their charter in 
 the Court of King's Hcnch, of which no intimation 
 
 In? fact, and v/hich si-emx to sirengmen and dignify the rela- 
 liunship hot wean Ihe two countries, thai many <d'the must IIIuh. 
 trioMs inon that Kn^lund has ever proddi'eil.'coniribuiuj to hiy 
 the liimidation uf (ivklir.ei) snrieiy it. America. The enumera- 
 tion ofihe iKUeniees in the Vireinian < hiriers. im-Uidcs alrnost 
 every ilNiintJuished individual in Kniflaml at tin- tune. 
 
 • This sir'tn^ly cnrroltoraiosihe opinion I Imve exprrssednf 
 tho real mcnnmi,', lUidersianding, indinieniion of thu klni} and 
 Ihe puriinn nniftranu U the lime when the Nsw tngUed chu 
 tar was framed aud grauted 
 
NO II Til AMI. III<;a 
 
 iit(laii(l was now to hi* Ifft 
 '« , nml (lir iii)|miNo wIi.."!) 
 It hv Ihr Mir<Min nt iiiii- 
 
 wii>i III vvAM- I'lir iionif* 
 
 I'inylinli ({uwri ut lo- 
 
 niniiiiliirlv irrt>Kutulr uml 
 Hiim lull lit'cri iiiiHtn ol 
 
 i)('iti|tri , lull, iM'vrr Ipciiitf 
 nil) Hrr\r(l itirrrly to k<'t*|< 
 It) (tf coinriiDi) (Uri^or, uiiii 
 
 lilirrty I'V Uir (li-.-inirlioii 
 Uctiiully incriH'ril. Tlio 
 rd pri tiv r.utv iIm* cuti- 
 (il»ft lowunis tlir nniL'i.tnU 
 
 !« U(llllllilntr.l||()ll : lltf <)(• 
 
 'OiilirriirtI tun tlutitiiK, untl 
 II prrplcxily hc'lvvrrri hit 
 LflaiMl u\ ihi' )HirituiM, Hi I 
 iToiiH aiul iiu'rruiiiii||( in- 
 It rHiAlilmlinicnt in Amu- 
 'lio AiK'ien* ol' his |M)hHC 
 : to aiisMur all hisi-x|H>(!< 
 y tu [irrvuil over thft piiri- 
 tt tt linlluw );o<>4lwill o.- 
 liliori lit thrir u'liiiuloiiin^ 
 iHirlum of till' i>riilirrs ol 
 liii'l hrrti niitoved (roin 
 L away m duinTtfl, whffn 
 litti lo Hiirvivr. Utit Ihey 
 r-ri.<<hr(l ; mitl, on tlin con- 
 Acuiillu^rjtion ro po\%er- 
 ngland waa wurtii*'d and 
 
 rtit) Jt'uluOB DltCMlllOM of 
 
 I tim diK;iKtrutiii wfur of 
 
 y. and while he nirditatrtl 
 
 lit inii^ht III' ruuTiHTactpd, 
 
 <t Kri<;land, whonr nitel- 
 
 ri^s, mid ulici rourii'd liii 
 
 H III hiH iliHlikc 'I'lic dn 
 
 •V Kcrvtd to unnnulr (h« 
 
 OiintiL'Ti iind the nnioti of 
 
 in >rur HIMJ, iht* Kn^liiU 
 
 tirsi dltirni, niiidii a h:iKty 
 
 rtpuir Us trror hy iNmnnu 
 
 he <h'M<;ii!4 ihal prurnptt'd 
 
 I. inid ordiTing all Hhipn 
 
 iiihtr with piiHsen^rrH to 
 
 tdt ihut this inni:iiire was 
 
 irvf no other nul than to 
 
 piinlaim lu ohtain ctlhrr 
 
 itiitUMiH wliii'h r|)i-y hud 
 
 |id eiitoy. Noi only was 
 
 n niJMi nni-iilor* I'd, hut 
 
 a tfvcrtt-d so f.tr lu his 
 
 >y Inn own Miter, loMium, 
 
 anr, ol whose political 
 
 wa» perlritty awarr. 
 
 Hi, Mieasiirri* more de« 
 
 (Tiin;; lite colonial lilier- 
 
 iiiiu.sHUMi was iir.uilcd to 
 
 huine o( the noluhly tot 
 
 'tit i>f the plantaiiun!!. 
 
 hhtslioi* of ''anlerhiiry 
 
 Tc aiiihorizi'd to niako 
 
 rulimy ; to t nIuIiIisIi an 
 
 III :i iii;iin(<'iiuiire ; and 
 
 ', iitl ^\lio tihiiiild MO- 
 
 tral liody ot ilio roin- 
 
 arniiie all t'Xintin<r ,0. 
 
 '/ tfinf fnuml fhiit H/iif 
 
 that ihi' hhrrtuit ihn/ 
 
 roiiahvf rut/Ill, lo tnuxe 
 
 'Die Ki.^'lisli jrnii' 
 
 >' pi rsii-idid to cive iho 
 
 ii!« iirliiirary aiithorilv ; 
 
 thi y surrendered ihetr 
 
 ■r reitervution of lluir 
 
 properly of ihe anil. 
 
 isioii at an alter period 
 
 niconvenienco. Th» 
 
 h iiinmdiatelv ensued 
 
 ts. wa« the nistitciion 
 
 igunist their charter in 
 
 which no intiinution 
 
 en ami •llgnify the r«la. 
 |:U iiiiiny iit'llK' ini>.it illuK- 
 
 I. r(niinl)iihfj (.> lay 
 
 nira. Tlie uhuiiitira- 
 J h irn-r.f. im-litilfx ahnust 
 
 Iiiioii I linvc PXprcKhoilnf 
 liiid^iitiuii of tilt) kifii; and 
 ■ittttilSsw li^tigUi'ilchw 
 
 WW riuul* to the partios mterested, and which waa 
 n<*var pro«eciitrd to a judicial i«Kiie * |i h vain to 
 apeculate on all the varying inudves and purposes that 
 from tuna lu iniie diruried and varied the |mliry of 
 the kint( lie was formed to \\*\n and oppress po- 
 litical freeduin and thu rtt{hts of conscience ; hut fated 
 lo do thorn signal aorvicti hy his unavailing and ill-di- 
 rectti! hostility. In tho year I6U7 he granted a coin- 
 niiPMion lo Nir Frrdinando (Jor^ea, appmnlin^ liiin 
 governor-general of New Kiiglind mid msued a pro- 
 clanialion pruhihitnig all persons from transporting 
 themselves, ur others, (o tlial country without a special 
 warrant from the knl^. which, it wtiH added, would he 
 f;raiiied lo none who cuiild not prndiicf* credilile certi- 
 licalc!* of llieir having taken iIih oaths of snproinacy 
 and alletfuiice. and fully confurnieil to the disrtpline ol 
 the church of Kn^laiid lliil the critical state of 
 all'jirs at home prevented Ihe adoption of measures re- 
 fpiiHitc to^ive etliel to (iortjes' conimiM'^inn ; and the 
 irresi^ttil'Ie mipaiirnoe of the oppressed puritans and 
 Irtendituf liherty lo eacape from nnpeiidm^ ruin, or ip- 
 prnachiM^ civil war, rendcrid (he rt'sirtclions impo.^cd 
 on llii'ir eini;>ratioii utterly unavailing We have seen 
 lihit, in Ihu year KKIH, a nnmuroii!* iraii<«portaiiiHi of 
 aildiliontl eimijrant.t was ellecled. Hut. in (he coumr 
 ot that year, (lie kin^ ut leiiijth wis niiiNcd lo u 
 vii.'iir mIocIi now ulune was wantni(f to nulnrr and uc- 
 celerale his ruin ; uiid, alter this luiii; coiir*«e a', htiiii 
 denii^, waverllt^, and tailiire, he mlopled a measure 
 which, unlortunately for himiclf, w.ii ellcctiml. Uear- 
 iiti* thai anoiher lleet was ahout to nail for New Mn^jhiiiil 
 wilti u luidy of emigrants, amon<{ whnin were Minit^ ut 
 till! nioKl eminent leailers ol the patriots and puritans, 
 lie cauM-d uit order ot council to be 1 -■sued tor their 
 detention ; and the ordi r hemn promptly inlorccd, tlit^ 
 voya^H wus prevented, thi hiiaal lliis licet there ap- 
 pear (o have licen, aniiiii^ uitmr eiriiuriil nidi\tdiial-4, 
 Itatlcri;^', llampitt'ii, I'viu, and Oliver t'roniuellf — 
 men lo whom, hut a tew yearn ulter, he wa^ fain to 
 tender the highest olliees in he. realm, and v^hom Ins 
 injustice nu.v duaintdtu avenge the tyranny hy which 
 ao inany ot their lirelliren had heen driven t: Aay \ a- 
 rious prochunatioiis w<-re irtsni'd the same year in re- 
 Btrdiiilof einit;ratiun to New Kii)^land. v^htch, Irom thot 
 tune, accordingly, apj.eart lo liavu hufri discontinued, i 
 'J'iiiH proeccilin^ naturally mil tnnd the pnble: nniid lo 
 the liiuhi'Hi pitcli of iliM'Ohtent. Kven the liospnahiy 
 ul rude deserts, it was eiclaimed, was denied to the 
 oppressed inhahitunts ot I'Ji^laiid ; and men were eon- 
 Biranied lo m<pnrt! if the eviU winch could not he 
 cvatli'd mi^ht not he repelled, am! Kuicerelreiit was :ni- 
 pracdeahje, it re.-iistanci! n> h( not he uiniviidin<;. Ilv 
 |iriimiitni^ emi;rnUion at IiimI, (lie kiii^ had opt iied >t 
 vein which it was em.nenily llazarlhlu^ to cIohi: ; and 
 the increased seventy of Ins adiinm.ilraiion du^menled 
 the lluw of evil humours ul the very time whin he lluis 
 inipriiilentlv deprived them of their accustomed vent 
 'i'he pievioiiK •'uii'frjlioii liuil alreiidv draimd the pun- 
 tun lioily ot a ^real numher of ihose ol lis meiuhers 
 whose niiMer tempers and more Mdiiniar>ive pietv ren- 
 dered litem more willing than ttuii hreihren lo derhne 
 
 • CluiliniTs asHtTin thill jtidndicui was ynww ueainxt ilir 
 cidotiy : tna ilic n-nr-T apiMMfn Iroiti itie aiiili"riiM-» 10 wtiitli 
 he reli'ni, iiiiil shll iii.ii-riiMrly rmiit tltc rii cuilot lliu proctrJ- 
 lit(!d prcnvrvf.l III Ha/anl, p. I.'.'i. 
 
 t'l'lial II«iii|n1i*ii uiiil ( riuiirtrll wiTiMHi Imuril tlii-* tlt-ri, or 
 
 tliiil tlii'V i-w-ii iiii-iiiii-tl (II jiroc I In AliK-ru'tt, lias hii-ii 
 
 i|,<iil>i.tl. Iii:t I liiiiik WMli'Xil any rcnttiMi. 11iiiim> Ii.is rattier 
 CMhlllllii'l (ll.lii Iciiinvr.l l||<- il'ni|>( |iy |)if luatil.i-r Ml VVliii'll tl0 
 
 hat rt'li'iifili.i II p,isMii{t'hi |liitclMii>'in, I tic uiMuJiii,' ' r wtiirti 
 tie ti.ii itiiN'iiily iitisuiiilfiMiHHi. Uui l>r. >lu(li*ji', wtio pre- 
 ci'ilctl Utit'liuirdiii, ttxpi' •>sly iiuiii(>:i all tliir iti>]ivitliuils nn-ii- 
 Iniit'il ill ilie text as tiaviitu prepared tor their v«yai;r, ami 
 Itit'ii arri-sii-d t>y die onlor nl coiincH. inilniiknii n-cKux tlie 
 firaia >>1 lanil ill America \u lii^nr <i|' ILiitipilcii uiid nituT!*, 
 vvliM'li ill*.' viiiit!ninis wt-ri! pnu'i'i^iliitg i<t mcupy. .Mallier'n 
 tl>a< iiienl iHCoiilinitfil liy Neul, ('liirentlon, Hates, uinl Due- 
 dale 'i'Vr siroiii* iniiiil nl' trMiiiwell ap|M<ars luiif; lo have n ■ 
 laiia'd die liiu!! jl hail once received ttiWards eiiiismnon, ami 
 \)\K rivoralilc npiiiiui) ul' the senlcrs ul' New th^luhd rroin 
 v^'liicli tliai bias lia-t Ih-hii jmrtly deriveil. AI'lur llio Ht-iii)>ii. 
 Ktraiice wan viaud in itic Long rurhaini'iii, he told Kurd Ktilk- 
 I.iitd ihiil iT lilt* iiuedlioii tmiT heci) loaf hi) wa 1 prepareil iieil 
 d;iy lu luvu converted lili* eltecls into ready liKiney and tell 
 tliu kiiigdoiM. When III! was luvuMed will) Hie Protectorate 
 lie ireaietl Massncluuiits wiih ■.;>tnii;iiiHliL'd pHrualiiy. Hume 
 tunsidercd liiintelf ax luvf>lli::r a nio:ii Harcaslic relluctiun 
 Agaiiisi JIuiii|Mlcn and (.'romwe)!, wticii he dobcnbed tliunt an 
 wtllniK lu cross tlie Atlantic o-.ean tortlie s^ikeot sayunt tlieir 
 prayers. Sornu writers, who partake the pobncal, but not 
 Itie rehtiiouh, sentniiciiti or tlieau einirent per-'ions, have been 
 very wiiluiK tu delend them fiom so scandalous an uiiputanou, 
 
 t Mnllie.-, U. i. c&p. y Nt'sl, I. Il-H, IIU. )AI. Iliitrlunsnii, 
 I. 32. la.Hf.. und Append. No, iv. (.M.iuxon. :.4a. .-vn.l in IVef. 
 p. 13. <liahners, I5S, \5U, ino. 101. Haz;ird. IJI, ■IJ'i. 4^3, 
 Ac. 43.1, 431. Tlin Aiiiericaii lunlonaiis ul tins pt;rind ure t-v- 
 cctMniiKly careless, niid inoDt perpluxne;!^ dKcotdaiit iii ilie-r 
 notation of dates, as I have rre<4Uf)nilv cxpi>neiiced, ttioiit'b 
 fiaver wiih so nmeh nirdiiveiiieiice as in tlio am ii *Dmuiit uf 
 the HveiKa rulatml ui this parafrai>yt 
 
 i conlrat with him : the present nulricthHia fiMTihly 
 retained in the realm men of nioru ilanni; N|iirit and 
 trained in lon|{ habits of enmity lo bis peison and op* 
 position ii* his meaniina.* He had now at length anc- 
 ceeded ni stripping his sutnecta of every nroteedon 
 that the law conhl eilend lo (heir rights . ami waa dts- 
 tmed soon to expenene« how completely he had di- 
 vested them of every restraint tttat the law conhl imiHiNu 
 %i\i the vindictive relnhntion of their wrnn^s. troni 
 this (leriod till the as^emhlm^ of the \m\^ jmrliainent. 
 he pursued a abort and headlong career of dis^/race 
 and diMitsler, while the cloud t>f caUnmties 111 wUteh 
 he hid iiifolved him:*elf seemed to vod his eyrs Irom 
 the deslritction (o which he was inlalhhiy advancing. 
 
 In piirsuunri' of (he policy wIik > the kint; at l(>ni>(h 
 seemetl delerinini.d openly and vi^'orously to piirsne, 
 a reipiisiiion was transnntied hy ilie privy coum tl to 
 the governor und uenernl eui rt of Massachusetts, emn- 
 inandin^ them lo deliver up their patent and send i( 
 hack hy (he hrsi Nhip (hat niiould sail for Kii^laiid, that 
 il miifht abide (he i^siie of the jmieess of yuo iranunlo 
 that was dependint; uoaiiist the eidony. 'to ihis reijiii- 
 Miiitni (he i^enemt ccMirt returned tnr answer, a huinhle 
 and earnest p4'tition that the coloin-.ts nn;;ht be heard 
 before (hey were roruleinned I'hey dielareil that 
 they had transjiorted ilieir families to Anu'rica, and em- 
 bulked their birluiie^ in the colony, in reliance ihi Ins 
 niaje.4tv's lieeiiei> ami encouraoniient ; lltal ihev hid 
 never vvilhriijlv or knowingly (di'ended him, and now 
 limubly ileprec.ited Ins wrath, and solicited lo he heard 
 with their pHleiil in iheir hands If it wen; wrested 
 from them, they must either return to Kn^lund or neek 
 (ill* hospitality of more distant reijioiis. Hut they 
 prayed that they nii^ht " lie HiiHefed lo live in the wil- 
 derness," where they had us yet louml a restm^-plice, 
 and niiirht experience in tin ir exile some of that luvor 
 fi<nn (be ruler of their milive land vvliich they ha<l 
 largely experienced fnnn (he herd ami Jmlye ol all the 
 e.irlh. 'I'll' y retained pos.iession of (heir palenl while 
 they willed an answer to this petition, which, m the 
 sliajie when-m they looked for it, they were happily (le'«- 
 (ined lu'ver to receive. 'I'he insurrections which soon 
 ulter broke out in Seoilanil, directed the whole ultention 
 of the km^ to matters which more nearly concerned hini , 
 and tiie lonir ^'.illirint; Atorm vxhub v\us now visibly 
 preparmo tu hurst upon bun Intrn every corner of bis do- 
 imnitms, forcibly induced hiin to contract as far us pos- 
 silde the sphere of ho>lility in which he found inni.self 
 involved t Tht^ hcnelil of his altered views was ex- 
 perienced by (he Vir^'imans, [Hi:JU.] in the ahohlion of 
 the deNpolism lo whit h he had lulherto subjected ihein. 
 and bv the iiihabitunls of New Mnoland, in (lie cesva- 
 tioii ot Ills attempts in supersede by a similar despo- 
 tism the liber.il nistitulions winch they had hitherto 
 enjoyed. He vvouhl donhtlecs now hjve cordially con- 
 sented lo disencuniber himself of bis adversarns bv 
 promoting Ihe emigration which he had no luipnidently 
 obstructed : hut such a revolution of sentunent had 
 now taken place in Knoland, and such iiileresting 
 prospects be;;an to open lo the natriots and puritiins 
 at home, that ttie motives which iiad formerly induced 
 them (0 nu{;rate to the new world ceased any longer lo 
 prevail. 
 
 I(i40.] When the intorcourso which had for twenty 
 years subsisted helween the colony and the parent stale 
 underwent tins inndilicalion. the number of the iiiha- 
 liilaiits of New Kn^dand appears lo have uiuonna-d to 
 ahout twcnty-ono thousand persons. t or four ihotisund 
 
 * The coiiiineiict ineiil id resistance ni Si utiaiid or.t{inali>d 
 wdti Hoine liidividuaK-d ilmt country wlio had purcliu.-«eii aii 
 nllotiiicut el tprnlorv in New Knglund, und made preparaliun 
 to t[u,n!'port Iheni.ieUes tlilttier, but were pruveided (it docs 
 not uppeur liow ) iroin carrymx thetr desijtn into exucutton. 
 Tliey bad obtained tiuiii Diu ctil>)ius) UHsenddy an aisuruuce 
 ol liiu Iree ejf icwe ot iheir presiiyt^.tnm lonn ol cimrcb go- 
 veriinient. Maltier, II. 1. cap. S. nee. 7. 
 
 t Ilutclnnsoii.i. tt7. and AppiMidix, No. v. ('hfthnrrs,p. Ifia. 
 Tins >cMir (103nj was di!<ini((iustied by nii earthiuaku in New 
 Knul.iiid, Hliich exieiulud tliri>ui;ti ull Ihe Meitleiniuits, and 
 slioiik ttie sliips in Hoaion harlK)r nndlhu neiijldtorinir islands. 
 TliL' sound id It reinmded some of ttie colonists of ttie raltlintt 
 ol cuacties in the streets ul Itundoii. Wnilhrop's Jouin&l, 
 IM. Trumlmll, 1. U3. 
 
 Tli!« work liad been for s'uno time in tliu press, vvtu'n an 
 o|i)M)rininty wasairordcd inu thy tliu kindness u| my friend Mr. 
 ncrslinl) ufexninnunsa recent Atnurican publicatiun entitled 
 " Tlie Hi.-tory uf New Entiland from Ifl3(l lo IM«, ' l»y (Jover- 
 iior Winthrop, id wbu h a copy had tH.-en sent as a present tu 
 tlip Uoyal Sim leiv of London. It IK a repubiication of Wui- 
 tbrop's Journal (wbicti I tiad aire itlv ronsulled at t>oitiin;eiO, 
 Willi tliu lately diKcovered conlinuittlon of U till ItVlil. Mr 
 Sivav'e, the edilor. linH bcitowcil iiiiicli labor aixt ioariiini; 
 till (lie illiistrutl-iii (d nwork vvtucli I Itiiiik liardly deserved 
 su'-li cnre. 
 
 JJotoTlyn's Vi-y.Ti'e n. Nf^^■ K.i vtnnd, p ■a.fi. Iltjiduhpon, 
 S. Neat's prrc.r, in reei.puntu.' il e i tuid'er < ( ttie ppiiIits 
 M only 4000, tecinn tn hnve luen rrcasioiipu liy the nrimake 
 or tDiceurary of Dr Uuiher in lucntloi.Uit; iliot number ul 
 
 340 
 
 I families, indiidini; attuut a hundred minialera. 'Vht 
 I money tinit had U- en expended during that period m 
 1 vpiippiii^ vevsvis and Iranspuriin^ emi^rauls, amounted 
 lo ticaHy two hundred thousand |>uondN— a priHJigiou* 
 sum III thai ii^e, and which notlimtf hut the nohl« •mi 
 nncnuipierubte principle (bat amniuled the ptintana 
 could have persuaded men lo expend un (he pros|>«rl 
 of forming an eslablinhmeiit tn a remote uncultivated 
 desert, winch oirered to its inhabilunla only a naked 
 I freedom and dillicult subsistence. When the civil wura 
 'commenced, the colonists bad already pUnled Alty 
 towns and villa^ea ; ibey had erected upwards of thirty 
 churches ami minitlers' bonset , und eombmin^ wiiti 
 their preponderalmK regard to tbe lonct rim of reliitioii, 
 a diligent and judicmns conduct uf tluir lein|Hiral al- 
 fairs, ihey had nnproveil their pluntaliotiN tti a bi^h de* 
 l^ree of cultivation. Kor the nrst seven vears alter Ihn 
 Inundation of (In; seltlenient that was made in 111,10, 
 even subsistence was prnciired with ddhciilly, and 
 tiuile WU-* iKil ijeinTilly utlempted;* but soon alter 
 that period, they be^an to exti ml their lisbeiy and t'j 
 opi M a trade in Inn ^er, wliich hiibseipiently provcil iho 
 staple article of ilie tiilmiial commerce In llif year 
 Hi:)7 there wen' but (lnrt\ pluui^bs tu the whole • oluny 
 ol .Massat hiiseds ; ami Ics ibaii (he lliird o* tiial innn* 
 bi'r in I 'oimeeiienl. The culture ol the eurth vvua 
 generally pertoruo il wi'.h hoes, and was coii'<e<piiiitly 
 vtry slow and latHirioiis liviry cuiiiinuilily bme a 
 hi^h price. Valuable us money w.is ul (lia( pi nod tho 
 prue if a };ooil cow was (liirtv pounds, Indian curn 
 cost live shillings u bushel ; lal'or and every olber aili- 
 cle of use was propoitioiiahty dear. NectH«*itv at lukt 
 ihlriiduced whal (lie jurisprudence of ilio cohmisth af- 
 'crwards conhrmed; uiid iliMiing to perpetuate iho 
 habits that liud proved so conducive to pietv uml virtue, 
 (hey endeavored by h'trislative i'liaelments to exclude 
 luxury and jimmote industry. When the asse.'iihhng 
 ot (he bnio parliament opened a pro.spcct ol satetVt 
 and even ol triumph and supremacy lo ibe piinlans in 
 Ku^lund, a number of (hose who h:ul laken rctn^u 111 
 Amerna retmiied to (heir native country . hullhe^reat 
 majority ol the seltlers had expenenci d so much of 
 the liti^ and lia|ipinesM of religion in the societiea thai 
 had sprung up and the iimde of living that had been 
 h>rmed tn the enhmy, liiat they lelt (bi m.->elves united 
 lo New Iji^rluiid by Ntron^er ties than any that pjtri- 
 otic recollectmns could suppiv, and restilved (u remain 
 III the re;^ioii which their virtue iiad converted Irom u 
 wildernesH into a garden. In an infant colony, whei;n 
 all hearts wi re strongly muted by coimnnmly of leel- 
 111^ on fcuhjects the most inlereAlino and imporlaii;, 
 where the inhnbitunts were m )4enerul very nearly on a 
 Uvel in point of temporal condilion, uml where tho 
 cwntiexion.t ot neit|;iiburhoo<l were but extended family 
 lies, the minds of men were wanned and invi^oraled 
 by u lieedom and simplicity ol inulual commumcalioa 
 iinrspretsed by the reMtranils of cereinnnv, or (he with- 
 eriiii; mlluence of thut pjunl of sarcasm, und that dread 
 of ridicule, which operate so powerfully in crowded 
 and lii|,'hly polished bocieties. ,\rid yet home mdicu- 
 tions of un urisiocruticul di.sposition, urisiii^, not unn'\< 
 tiirallv, out of some of the pecultur circuinstunees m 
 the lonnaiion of the coluny. did oeeasioiiully luanile.sl 
 themselves Several ot the hr.st planters, parlrcujiiriy 
 Dudley. Winslow, Winthrop, lljaiUord, Hellmi'hain, 
 and lirudslrei (, were ^'ciidemen of eonsideruhle for- 
 tune, and besides the transportation ol tlieir own fami- 
 lies, ihey had incurred the cipeiist^ of transpurlniy 
 many pot>r families who must ollurwise have remained 
 in Kn^laiid. Others were members of the original 
 body of patentees, and hud inc irred expenses in tho 
 procurement of the charter, the lormutnm (d the coin* 
 puny, uiid the eipiipment of the lirsl bndy o( adventu- 
 rers, of which lliey bad now no prospect of obtuinmy 
 iiidemmlicalton 11 wus probubly owin)T to the preva- 
 lence of the pfcuhar sentiments which these percons 
 may very well he supposed lo have enleriaincd, that in 
 the first general court thut was held m the colony, the 
 election of ihe governor, the ajipomtmenl of all ihu 
 other olDeers, and even the power of legislation, weio 
 
 planters or tieuds of fnindius in hiicli tpriiis an seem tn coin 
 
 Kreheiid the uholelHHlyof the inhalidunts. It i.-i amply refuted 
 y his own and tl.o other accounts uf ttie particulars of ttia 
 sevuralemiu'rations. In the "History of New Knijittnd fruni 
 l((*i8 till lfi5'J," t|>»b|ishud in London 111 IOM}lt is ^tuled that 
 prior to the ypar ItMSttierc had nailed lor New Kii;;lund IhM 
 ntups and*^l,>itKieitUKrants p. 31. 
 
 Jo'oelyii. v^lio visited New Knuland mote tlnin mice, was 
 it>ir<i>led ' V tjiiarles lite imet Willi some ot lits initricnl vcr 
 MUM- <') .Scripluie lobe suiimittfd to tttu peruaal and coiiiiu»> 
 
 lat <<i Mr. ri.tlun. Josselvn, p. 3(1- 
 
 • Yet il) the \enr Itl30 h sbip uf I'JI tons wi.s laiilt al Mir- 
 blr Ill-ad bv tiu- people of Salem Coliecliuns ui tliu Uasiachu 
 
 Nells' iiitt.soc. vi.aait. 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 V 
 
 // 
 
 ^^. 
 
 
 ,^ 
 
 K", 
 
 ■s° 
 
 A 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 m. 112.5 
 
 li£ 112.2 
 
 ^ 1^ 
 
 12,0 
 
 1.8 
 
 U 111.6 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 V 
 
 ^^ 
 
 4t>^ 
 
 «v 
 
 o^ 
 
 %^ 
 
 ^ ^••^, 
 V ^<.* 
 
 ^ 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

 % 
 
 X? 
 
 w- 
 
 (/J 
 
 I 
 
 
 o^ 
 
250 
 
 THE HISTORY OP 
 
 
 withdrawn from tlm frotfiion, aid vested in the council 
 of assibtanta ; and alilioiigh the freemen reclaimed and 
 renewed their rights in the fullowing year, yet the exer- 
 cise of legiHUtion was confined ahnoi^t entirely to the 
 council of ansistants. till the introduction of the rcorc- 
 aentative system in the year 1634. From xWm tunc 
 the council and the freemen, assembled together, 
 formed one general court, till the year 1G44, when it 
 was ordained that the governor and as&istants should 
 •it apart ; and thence commenced the separate ex- 
 istonce of the democratic branch of the legislature, 
 or house of representatives. Elections were con- 
 ducted by ballott in vhich the balls or ticket:* ten- 
 dered by the electors were appointed to consist of In- 
 dian beans. 
 
 Some notice of the peculiarities of legislation that 
 already prevailed in the various communities of New 
 England, seems proper to itluNtrate the state of sociniy 
 ana manners among this singular people. By a funda- 
 mental law of Massachusetts it was enacted, '* that all 
 strangers professing the christian religion, who slull 
 flee 10 this country from the tyranny of their persecu- 
 tors, shall be succored at the public charge till some 
 provision can bo made for them.*' Jesuits and popish 
 priestit, however, were subjected to banishment, and 
 in case of their return, to death. This persecuting 
 law was afterwards extended to the quakcra ; and all 
 persons were forbidden, under the severest penallics, to 
 import any of " that cursed sect," or of their writings, 
 into the colony. By what provocations the quakcis of 
 that period excited these severities, we shall have an 
 opporiunily of considermg hercatter. 'J'hese persecu- 
 ting edicts had no place in Rhode. Island, where none 
 were subjected to active molestation for religious opi- 
 nions, and all were admitted to the full righis of cili- 
 lenship except Roman (Catholics. The usual punish- 
 ments of great crimes were disfranchisement, baiiiah- 
 ment and servitude : but slavery was not permitted to 
 be inflicted upon any except captives lawfully taken in 
 the wara ; and these were to he treated with th<! gen- 
 tleness of christian manners, and to be entitled to all 
 the mitigations of their lot enjoined by the law of Mo- 
 ses. Disclaimi ig all but dcfeubive war, the colonists 
 considered themselves entitled and constrained in self- 
 defence to deprive their assailants of a liberty which 
 they had abused and rendered inconsistent with the 
 safety of their neighbors. The practice, however, was 
 highly impolitic, an-i served to pave the way, at a later 
 period, for the introduction of negro slavery into New 
 England. 
 
 Adultery was punished by death ; and fornication by 
 compelling the offending parties to m. ' y (an absurd 
 device, which served to degrade the institution of mar- 
 riage'^, or by fme and imprisonment. Burglary or rotv 
 bery was punished, for the first offence by branding, 
 for the second with superaddition of a severe flogging, 
 and for the third with deaih : but if either of these 
 crimes, while yet not inferring a capital punishment, 
 were committed on Sunday, an ear was to be cut off 
 in addition to the other inflictions. We must beware 
 of supposing that these penal enactments indicate the 
 existence, much less the frequency, of the crimes to 
 which they refer. In those communities where civili- 
 sation has been a gradual attainment, )}cnal laws de- 
 note the prevalence of the crimes they condemn. But 
 in the colonial establishments of a civilized people, 
 many of the laws must be regarded merely as the ex- 
 presnion of the opinion of the legislators, and by no 
 means us indioatnig the actual condition of society. 
 Blasphemy and idolatry were punishable with death ; 
 and though it was acknowledged in the preamble tuone 
 of (he laws, " that no human power is lord over the 
 faith and consciences of men," yet heresy, by this very 
 law, was punished with banishment from the province. 
 Witchcraft, and perjury directed against human life, 
 were capitally punished. No capital charge was deemed 
 capable of being proved by evidence less weighty than 
 the oaths of two witnesses — a regulation that deserves 
 to be universally cstabhshed, as well on account of itn 
 own intrinsic soundness, as of its original derivation 
 from the wisdom of the Creator and searcher of human 
 hearts. 
 
 All gaming was prohibited; cards and dice were 
 forbidden to bo imported, and dancing in ordinaries 
 was proscribed. By a law enacted in 1646, kisding a 
 woman in the street, even in thn way of civil salute, 
 was punished by flogging. This law was executed 
 about a cenfjry afterwards, on the captain of an En- 
 glish man of war, fur saluting his wife, whom ho met, 
 after a long separation, tn the streets of Boston. Flog- 
 ging WHS not cflnsulercd an infamous punishment by 
 Uie people of Mdaoachustctti \ and wen s<) lato as thu 
 
 middle of the eighteenth century, there were instances 
 of persons who after undergoing this punishment, have 
 associated with the most respectable circles of society 
 in Boston. The economy of inns was regulated with 
 a strictness that deserves to he noted as explanatory 
 of a circumstance that has frequently excited the sur- 
 prise of European travellers in America. The 
 intemperance and immorality which these places are 
 apt to promote, was punished with the utmost rigor ; 
 and all innkeepers were required, under the severest 
 penalties, to restrain the excesses of their guests, or to 
 acquaint the magislratca with their perpetration. For 
 the more effectual enforcement of this law, it was 
 judged expedient that innkeepers should be divested of 
 the temptation tlial poverty presents to its infraction, 
 and enjoy such personal consideration as would facili- 
 tate the exercise of their difricnlt duty ; and, accord- 
 ingly, none were permitted to follow this calling but 
 persons of approved character and competent estate. 
 One of the consequences of this policy has been, that 
 an employment very little respecitd in other countries, 
 has ever been creditable in the highest degree in New 
 England, and not unfrcquently pursued by men who 
 have retired from the most honorable stations in the 
 civil or military service of the state. 
 
 l^crsons wearing apparel which the grand jury should 
 account unsuitable to their estate, were to be admo- 
 nished in the first instance, and if contumacious, fined.* 
 Idleness, lying, cwvaring, and drunkenness, were sub- 
 jected to various penalties and marks of disgrace! 
 Usury was forbidden ; and the prohibition was not con- 
 lined to the interest of inoiie^, but extended to the 
 hire of laboring cattle and implements of husbandry. 
 Persons deserting the English settlements, and living 
 in heathen freedom and profanity, were punished by 
 fine and imprisonment. A male cliild above sixteen 
 years of ago, :iccuscd by his parents of rebellion against 
 ihcm and other notorious olfences; was (in cnnfurmity 
 with the Mosaic code) subjected to capital punish- 
 ment ; and any person courting a maid without the 
 sanclion of her parents, was fined and imprisoned. 
 Vet the parental authority was not left unregulated. 
 All parents were commanded to instruct and catectiise 
 their children and servants, whom the select men or 
 overseers were directed to remove from their authority 
 and coniinit to fitter hands, if they were found deficient 
 in this duty \t and children were allowed to seek r«- 
 dress from the magistrate if they were denied con- 
 venient marriage. The celebration of the ceremony 
 of marriage was confined to (he magistrate or such 
 other persons as ;ho general court should authorize, 
 'i'hi-ir law of tenured wjs exceedingly simple and con- 
 cise. The charter bad conveyed the general territory 
 to the company and its assign.!; and it was very early 
 enacted, " that five years' quiet possession shall bo 
 deemed a suflicient title." Instead of enacting or in- 
 
 « Tilt: ri-giil.iti'Mi IK apparel was considered a fit subject of 
 public police in England as late as the reign of £liza')eth, who 
 by a pruclamation, appointed watches of grave citizens lo bo 
 stationed at ttie gales of London in order tu tircutusrnbe with 
 (heir scissors all llie ruffs of passengers tliat exceeded certain 
 legal diinenrtionp. Stow. Cliron. SOU. By an act passed in tlie 
 tinrteenlli year ofthesiime sovereign's ri'ign, hats were con- 
 sidered aa a luxury ; and all persons under a certain age coni- 
 tnaiideri lo wear woollen caps. In ilie churcliwardens' ac- 
 counts of the parish o"" Kulliam is this item: ' IC7b, paid for 
 diNchar^e of tlie parisli for wearing liats, contrary to tlie sla- 
 Iutf.5s.2d." 
 
 t That these laws were not allowed to be a dond letter, 
 appears fri>ni tlie foilowiiij,' extracts from tlio carhesl record.-* 
 nf Die colonial court. "John Wedgcwood, for being in the 
 company of drunkurdn.tobe Hvt in tlie storlta. Caltianne, the 
 wil'« of Iticliaril Cornish, wa.s found su.«|iiciou« of incoiuinency, 
 and noMously adnioinshcd to. take heed. Tlioinus Petit, for 
 suspicion of slander, jdlenes.s, and stublwrnness, is censured 
 *i) 1>e sevcrrly wlnpped. C^plani Lovcl adinonislied to take 
 i.co;I oi iiL'iit rarnaiif. Josias I'laislowe, ff»r slraling four 
 basiets ofcom from the Indian8,is ordered to return tlinn) eiglit 
 basketv.to t)e lined live pounds, and licrfUltL-r to Ite called by 
 ■lis name of Josias, and not Mr., as formerly ho used to be.'' ' 
 Hiiirhinson, p.43ti. Few obtained the title of Mr. In the co- 
 lony ; slill fewer that of Ksijuire, Goodman and goodwifo 
 were the couinion appellations. It was to merit and ncrvicos 
 rather than wealth, that the distinctive appellations were 
 Kivcn. Il)id. The strictness and scrupulosity of manners 
 affected by many of ilie inlialjitants exceeded the standard of 
 the laws: and associations appear to have been formed for 
 suppressing the drinking of hnaltliH. and wearing of ioni; hair 
 and of periwigs. Ibid. 151. In some instances, the purposes 
 of thpse associations were aftorwanis adopted and enforced 
 liy the laws, it is rela-.nd of sumo of the earlier settlors, that 
 with a most absurd exaggeration of rijiidity, they refrained 
 from brewing on Saturday, becaaso tiie beer would work upon 
 Sunday. I)ou(>las, Summary of thu Uritish suttlomoiiti in 
 America, i. 3T1. 
 
 t Such n'gulfttinns w^e not tinknown in Scotland. So 
 lato as the year IflTS, a law was enacted l)y the corporation 
 of the town of Rut t<erglen,coniinandinga)l parents to send their 
 children to school, and adjudging that the Hclioolmnstcr should 
 l)P fntlUcd to hilt fees for pvery child in the parish, v hether 
 sent lo Ins schuoi or not. Vrnu History of Ilutliorglon, p. 7U. 
 
 tending that the deficiencies of their legislative code 
 should be supplied by the common or statute law of 
 England, it was declared, that when the custoina of 
 the commonwealth were found defective, recourse 
 should be had to the word of God.* 
 
 Like the tribes of Israel, the colonists of New Eng- 
 land had forsaken their native land after a long and 
 severe bondage, and journeyed into the wilderness for 
 the sake of religion. They endeavored to cliersh a 
 resemblance of condition, so honorable and so fraught 
 with incitements to piety, by ctdlivating a conformity 
 between their lews and customs and those which had 
 distinguished the people of God. Hence arose some 
 of the peculiarities which we have observed in their 
 legislative code ; and hence arose also the practice of 
 commencing their sabbatical observances on Saturday 
 evening, and of accounting every evening the com- 
 mencement of the ensuing day. The same predilec- 
 tion for Jewish customs begot, or at least promoted, 
 among them the habit of bestowing significant names 
 on children, of whom the first three that '.ere baptised 
 in Boston church received the names of Joy, Kecom- 
 pense, and Pity. This custom aeems to have pre- 
 vailed with the greatest force in the town of Dorchester, 
 which long continued to he remarkable for such names 
 as Faith, Hope, Charily, Deliverance, Dependence, 
 l*rcserved. Content, l*rudent. Patience, Tliankfui, 
 Hate-evil, Holdfast, and others of a similar character. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 New England embraces the cause of the rarllament— Kedera] 
 Union beiwcen (lie Kew Eiij:land States — rrovinciul coin* 
 age id' money— Di8|)Ulet 'iccaaioiieil liy ilie Uisfranchlaenionl 
 o) UisHoiiUTs in Mnssu .insetia— linpeuchment and trial of 
 Governor Winihrnj^— Arbitrary imicecdimjs airainsi ihe 
 Dissenterff— AUfinpis to lon^ert ond civilize the fiidians 
 - Character and labors ul" Elliot and Mayhew — Indian 
 Bible printed in MaHaachunettH— Kflects of the MiwHiorary 
 labor— A synod of the New Knylantl churches— Dispuic be- 
 tween MuHsachuseus and the Long Parlinmcnt- the Colony 
 foils the Parliament and is favored l)y Cromwell— The Pro. 
 lector's administration beneficial to New KnL'land— He crm- 
 quera Acadia— Ilia propositions to the inhabUant-< of Mas* 
 sachusciis— declinetl by them— Persecution nfihe Anabaptists 
 in .MasBuchnai-tts — Conduct and sufferings of the t^uakers— 
 The Itci-toration— Address of Maasachuiietts to diaries the 
 Secoini— Alarm of the colonics, and their declaration of 
 Rights— The kine's Moanage to Massachuseits- how far 
 complied wi-h- Royal charter of incorporation to Rhode 
 Island and Providence, and to Connecticut and iNewhavcu 
 
 The coincidence between the principles of the colo- 
 nists and the prevailing jiarty in the Long Parliament, 
 was cemented by the consciousness, that with the suc- 
 cess of this body was identified the df.fence of the colo- 
 nial liberties from the dangers that bad so recently 
 menaced them. [1641.] As soon as the colonists were 
 informed of the convocation of that famous as.semblv, 
 they despatched Hugh Peters and two olher persons 
 to promote the colonial interests in England. 'J'he 
 mission terminated more fortunately for the colony 
 than for its unbaasadors. Uy a vole of the House uf 
 Coramonsf in ih- following year, [1(512. J thii iiihahi- 
 tants of all the varioui plantntions of New Kngl.uid 
 were exempted from payment of any duties, eiihtt 
 upon goods exported thither, or upon those whicii tliey 
 imported into the mother country, " until the House 
 shall take further order therein to the contrarv" The 
 colonists, in return, cordially embraced the t ,.iim: of 
 their benefactors ; and when the civil wars hrokc out 
 in England, they passed an ordinance expressive of 
 their approbation of the measures of parhanunl, and 
 denouncing capital punishment against any who shunld 
 disturb Ihe peace of the communwealth by endeavoring 
 to raise a party for the King of England, or by dis- 
 criminating between the king and the parliament, who 
 
 * Aliridgincnt of the t>dinancos of New England, apud 
 Ncal, ii. Append. Lv. p. 665, &c. Trumbull, i. l'j-1. Jusselyn, 
 MH. Burnaby's Travels in America, 146. Chalmeri., 107, 8. 
 S70. W;<ithrop's UiHt. (Savage's edition), i. 73. Thu prinntivo 
 rigidity discormblo in some of these laws was tempered Sy a 
 pauiarcKiil benevolence of adimnistration. .^any instances 
 of this occur in Mather's Lives of the Governors, One I may 
 bepormiiled to notice as a tpeclmcn. Governor Winthrop 
 being urged to prosecute and punish a man who uiJfiged his 
 magazmu of firewood in winter, declarnd ho would soon cure 
 him of that nil-practice; and, accordingly, sondinK for the 
 delmquent, he told him, " i'nu have a large fiimny, ami 1 
 have a large magazine of wood; come as often to it as )ou 
 pleasi>,and take as much of it as y mi need to maka your 
 dwel.iig comfortable.— And now," lie added, turning to tna 
 friends, " 1 def/ him lo steal my fire-wood again." 
 
 i The reasons assigned by the House for this resolution, are, 
 thaithe plantations of N«w Kngland are likely |o comlticr lo 
 :iie propagation of the gospel, a-i' ulre:nly ' have by ihe 
 blessing ol (he Atinighiy had good and proHpcrons sncce^a 
 without any nublic charge to lUc tituie." Yei, a few year* 
 after, Iho parliain vit expresseil a different opimoti of thu obli 
 gations of Virginia toll. e endownent ori^e mother country 
 ihoiigh, in this res|>ecit tb« situutluu a' tlia two culouie* wa« 
 pr^'ciseijr ths aaue. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 251 
 
 igislalive code 
 statute law of 
 the custoinanf 
 live, recourse 
 
 i of New Eng. 
 ler a long and 
 
 wilderness for 
 d to clier'sh a 
 
 and so fraught 
 g a conformity 
 lose which liad 
 ice arose some 
 aervcd in their 
 the practice of 
 es on Saturday 
 ning the corn- 
 same predilec- 
 least promoted, 
 Tnilicant names 
 '. '»ere baptised 
 f Joy, Kt'coui- 
 s to have pre- 
 
 of Dorcliestcr, 
 
 fur sucli names 
 
 Dependence, 
 
 rico, Thankful, 
 
 lar character. 
 
 llnment— Federal 
 -l*ro\'(iicittl Cdin* 
 Di-Hrraiicbibcmcnt 
 nient aiiil tiia] of 
 iiii;s a^iiinst the 
 ili/e the Indiana 
 ^Iityhew — liiiiian 
 'f the MisHiiiiary 
 hes — Ditipiiif be- 
 iiciit— the Colony 
 niwell— The Pro- 
 .ni;laiid--Ile con* 
 labitutit-t of Mas- 
 ol'the Anabaptists 
 ul'the (^.uakers — 
 td to Churlca the 
 fir tleclaratinii of 
 hiisetig— how far 
 loratiun to Rhode 
 It and Newhavt-'u 
 
 pics of the colo- 
 ong }'arliament, 
 lat with ihc sue- 
 ;ncc of tliu colo- 
 had 80 recently 
 e colonists were 
 inous assembly, 
 >o other persons 
 England. 'I'he 
 
 for the colony 
 of the Houite of 
 143. J the itiliabi- 
 f Mew Ktio|iiii(i 
 y duties, mtiti 
 hose which lliey 
 until the llouso 
 'oiitrnry." Tlie 
 d tl)(! i.tii^c of 
 
 wars hnikr out 
 :e expressive of 
 
 pariiununt, and 
 
 any wlio should 
 I by endeavoring 
 'land, or by dis- 
 parliament, who 
 
 w England, uuud 
 1, i.r24. JuAsflyn, 
 
 Chalnier!., 1R7, 8. 
 73. The prniiuivo 
 vas teiDpered '>y a 
 , .^aiiy iitataucos 
 mors, One 1 may 
 overnor Winthrop 
 ) who uUuged hl« 
 ) would soon cure 
 y, sondinir for thn 
 itge lainfly, and 1 
 often to il as >ou 
 ed to tnake yuur 
 led, turning to lita 
 attain." 
 
 hiurfsoliition, aru, 
 kely Id rotiditre to 
 dy • hive Ijy the 
 trnHpcroii^ nurce.-4)i 
 
 Yel, a lew yeui* 
 i[ittiioii dl' ihu ulili 
 a nii)ih«r coiititry 
 I ivio culuiiica WM 
 
 truly mamtained the cause of the king as wcU an their 
 own. Happily for themselves, they were unaMe to 
 BJgnalize their predilection by moie active interference 
 in the contest ; and, with a wise regard to their com- 
 mercial interests, they gave free ingress into their har- 
 bors to trading vessels from the ports in possesions of 
 the king. They had likewise the good sense to de- 
 cline an invitation that was sent to the i, to depute 
 Mr. Cotton, and others of their ministers, o altenu, on 
 their behalf, the Assembly of Divines at \'''e8tmin8ier. 
 Encouraged by the privileges *!iat had be«n conferred 
 on them, their industry made vigorous pngress, and 
 population rapidly increased. From the continent, they 
 began to c.iund iheir occupation to th'j adjacent 
 islands ; and Mr. Mayhew, having obtained u ^rnnt of 
 Marthti's Vineyard, Nantucket, and Elizabeth Isles, 
 laid the foundation there of settlements that afterwards 
 proved eminently serviceable to the conversion and 
 civdization of the Indians. Hut an attempt which they 
 made at the same time to extend, if not their settle- 
 ments, at least their principles, in another quarter of 
 the continent, proved quite unsuccessful. The colo- 
 nists of Vir»;;inia were in general stanch royalists, and, 
 with comparatively little of the substance of religion, 
 united a ritron<r attachment to tlie forms and constilu- 
 tions of the cliurch of England. Yet, as we have seen, 
 they had received, even as early as the reiiin of James, 
 an accession to their numbers, composed of persons 
 who had imbibed purit.4n Nontiments, and had fled from 
 ecclesiastical persecution in England. A deputation 
 from this jinrtion of llio Virginian settlers had boon 
 lately sent to Uoston to represent their destitution of a 
 gospel ministry, and solicit a supply of ministers from 
 the New En[»land churches. In compliance with this 
 req: est. tiiroe clergymen wore selected to proceed to 
 Virjrinis, and fiirnishcd with recommendatory letters 
 from the governor of Massachusetts to Sir William 
 Berkeley. On their arrival in Virginia, they bciran lo 
 pre;ich ir several parts of the country, and the people 
 (locked tc hoai thetn with an eagerness that might have 
 been productive of important consequences. Hut the 
 puritan piinciples, no less than the political sentiments 
 of the colonists of New Eni^land, were too much the 
 objects of aversion to Sir William Uerkeley to admit 
 of his encouragement being extended lo proceedings 
 so calculated to propat^atn ihoir influence among bis 
 own people. So far from complying with the desire of 
 his brother governor, he issued an order by which all 
 persons who would not conform to tho ceremonies of 
 the church of England were commandod to depart from 
 Virginia by a certain day. The preachers returned to 
 th.C'-t own settlement ; and thus was laid the foundation 
 of u jealousy wlucli long subsisted between the two 
 oldoHt colniiies of North .America. 
 
 The failure of this endeavor to establish a friendly 
 intercourse with the sister colony of Virginia, was am- 
 ply conipensared to thn New England seltlcmcnts by 
 an important event in their history, which occurred 
 durinti the following year; [IG43,] the formation of a 
 Icamio by which they were knit together in the frame 
 of a confedoracy that greailv increased their security 
 and power. The Naraijanset Indians had by this time 
 hittl aiuph' lei.'iure to reflect on the policy of their con- 
 duct towards the I'etpioils ; and the haired which they 
 had fonnerlv clterished against that tribe being cxtin- 
 guiiibed III liie destruction of its objects, had been suc- 
 ceeded by an angry jealousy of those strangers who had 
 abviously derived llie chief and only advantage of 
 v^"-h that event was productive. They saw iho terri- 
 ;or. s of their ancient rivals occupied by a much more 
 powerful ncitrhbor ; and, mistaking their own inability 
 to improve their advantages for the effect of fraud and 
 injiisiice on the part of the colonists, who were so 
 rapidly surpassing them in number, wealth, and power, 
 they beiiau to cnmplam that the plunder of the Pequods 
 bad not been fairly divided, and proceeded to concert 
 measures with the neighboring tribes for an universal 
 insurrection of the Indians against the English. Their 
 deNigns had advanced hut a little way towards matu- 
 rity, when they were detected in consequence of a sud- 
 den gust of that inordinate passion of private revenge 
 which seemed fated to pervert and defeat their political 
 views. The colonists, from the groundless murmurs 
 they found tlicmHelves exposed to, and which proved 
 only the rooted dislike of the savages, were sensible of 
 their own danger without yet being aware of its ex- 
 tent, or fceliug themselves entitled to anticipate uoine 
 more certain indication of it ; when, happily, they were 
 called upon to act a^ iniipireH between two contending 
 tribes. The Naragansct.H liaving conceived fsoine dis- 
 gust Against a mitrhhoring chief, employed an assassin 
 tc kill hiia ; and failing in this attompt, plungod into a 
 
 war with tho declared intention of exterminating the 
 whole of his tribe. This tribe, who were at peace with 
 tho English, sent their chief to implore the protection 
 of the Massachii'^fctts co".oni.;'j, who promised their in- 
 terposition in his behalf. The Naraganscts, apprised 
 of this proctMujg, recollecting the fate of the Pequods, 
 and aware how well they deserved to share it, were 
 struck with terror, and throwing down their arms, con- 
 cluded a peace dictated to them by the English. When 
 they found the danger blown over, they paid so little 
 attention to tho performance of their paction, that it 
 was not till the colonists bad made a demonstration of 
 their readiness to employ force that they sullenly ful 
 filled it. Alarmed by such indications of fickleness, 
 dislike, and furious passion, the government of Massa- 
 chusetts deemed it prudent to provide by a mutual con- 
 cert of ihe colonies, for the connnon danger which they 
 might expect to encounter at no distant day, when the 
 savages, instructed by experience, would sacrifice their 
 private feuds to combined hostility against a people 
 whose progressive advancement seemed to minister 
 occasion of incurable jealousy. Having conceived, for 
 this purpose, a plan which was framed in imitation of 
 the bond of union among the Dutch provinces, and 
 which readily suggested itself to some of their leading 
 characters who bad resided with the Brownist congre- 
 gation in Holland, they proposed it to the neighboring 
 settlements of Plymouth, Connecticut, and Newhavcn, 
 by which it was cordially embraced. These four colo- 
 nies accordingiy entered into a league of perpetual con- 
 federacy, ofleiisivc and defensive. Il was stipulated 
 that the confederates should thenceforth be distin- 
 guished by the title of the United Colonies of New 
 England ; that each colony should remain separate and 
 distinct, and have exclusive jurisdiction withip its own 
 territory ; that in every war, oll'ensive or defensive, 
 each of the confederates should lurni.-h its quota of men, 
 money, and provisions, at a rate to be fixed from time 
 to tune in proportion to the number of people in each 
 settlement ; that an assembly composed of two com- 
 inisMoncrs from each colony should be held annually, 
 with power to dehberate and decide on all points of 
 common concern to the confederacy ; and every deter- 
 mination sanctioned by the concurrence of six of their 
 number, should be binding on the whole. The state of 
 Uhode Island, which was not included in this confe- 
 deracy, having petitioned a few years after to he admit- 
 ted into it, her request was refused, except on llie con- 
 dition, which she declined, of merging her separate 
 existence in an incorporation with the state of Ply- 
 mouth. Thus excluded from the protection of the 
 league or union, the inhabitants of Rhode Island and 
 Providence endeavored to provide for their security by 
 conciliating the friendship of tho Indians ; and in the 
 prosecution of their humane and courteous policy they 
 were eminently successful. 
 
 The colonists have been reproached with arrogating 
 the rights of sovereignty in this transaction, which truly 
 may fjc regarded as a considerable step to indepen- 
 dence. Vet it was a measure that could hardly be 
 avoided by a people surrounded with enemies, and 
 abandoned to liieir own resources in a territory many 
 thousand miles removed from the scat of the govern- 
 ment that claimed sovereign dominion over them. 
 Every step that a people so situated made in enlarging 
 tlicir numbers, combining their resources, or otherwise 
 promoting their security, was a step towards indepen- 
 dence. Nothing but some politic system, or a series 
 of events that might have kept the various settlements 
 continually disunited m mutual jealousy and weakness, 
 could have secured their perpetual existence as a de- 
 pendent progeny of England. But whatever etlecls the 
 tniiisaction which we have considered may have secretly 
 produced on tho course of American sentiment and 
 opimun. and however likely it may now appear to have 
 planted the seminal idea of independence in the minds 
 of the colonists, it was regarded neither by themselves 
 nor by their Engli.sh rulers as indicating pretensions 
 unsuitable lo their condition. Even after llie Restora- 
 tion, the commissioners of the union were repeatedly 
 noticed and recognised in the letters and olHcial instru- 
 ments of Charles the Second ; and the union itself with 
 somo alterations subsisted till the year 1086, when all 
 tho charters were in ell'ect vacated by a commission 
 from King James. A few years after its establishment, 
 tho principal concern lo which its ellorts and delibera- 
 tiona were devoted was the conversion of the Indians, 
 in co-operaiion with the society instituted by parlia- 
 ment ill Unlain for propagating the gospel in New 
 England. 
 
 While the colonists wero thus employed in measure? 
 calculated to &ecure and protect tbcir institutions, the 
 
 parliament passed an ordinance carrying a most formi- 
 dable aspect, and fraught with consequences the most 
 injurious lo their rights. It appointed the Earl of War- 
 wick governor-in-chief, and lord high admiral of tho 
 colonies, with a council of five peers and twelve com- 
 moners to assist him ; it empowered him, in conjunc- 
 tion with his aF>sociatea, to examine tho state of atfairs 
 in the colonies ; to sfmd for papers and persons ; to 
 remove governors and officers, and to appoint othern 
 in their place, and delegate to them as much of iho 
 power granted to himself by the ordinance as he should 
 think proper. This appointment, which created an au- 
 thority that might have now-modelled all the colonial 
 governmenta, and abrogated all their charters, was not 
 suffered to remain entirely inoperaiive. To some of 
 the settlements tho parliamentary conned e.'ctended pro- 
 tection, and even granted tiew patents. IIa|}pily fur 
 Massachusetts, either the favor which it was thought 
 to deserve, or the absorbing interest of ihe great con- 
 test tlmt was carrying on in England, provtiiled the 
 council from interfering with its institutions tilt a period 
 when the colonial assembly wore able, as we shall see, 
 to employ defensive mensiircs that defeated its unde- 
 sirable interposition without disputing its formidablo 
 authority. 
 
 Various disputes had sub.Mstcd between the inha- 
 bitants of New England and the Erench settler* in 
 rVcadia. [1644] 'I'hese were at length adjusted by b 
 treaty between a commissioner for the king of Erancw 
 on the one part, and John EudicotjEsq. governor of New 
 England, and the rest of the magistrates there, on the 
 other.* The colonists had already debarred themselves 
 from recognising the king as distinct from the parlia- 
 ment ; and they probably found it ditlicult to ex])]aiu to 
 the other contracting parties to what denomination of 
 authority they considered tliemsclves to owe allegiance. 
 This state of thiniis, as it led lo |)r<)cticos, so it may 
 have secretly fostered sentiments, tiiat savc'ired of in- 
 dependence. A practice stronjily fraught with the cha- 
 racter of sovcrciyn authority was adopted a few years 
 after, when the increasing trade of the colony with the 
 West Indies, and the quantity of Spanish bullion that 
 was brought through this channel into New England, 
 induced the colonial authorities, for th^ purpose of pre- 
 venting frauds in the employment of thr circulating 
 medium in this inconvenient shape, to erect a mini fjr 
 the coining of silver money at Boston. The coin was 
 stamped with the name of New England on tlie ot^e 
 side, of Massachusetts, as the principal settlement, cii 
 the other, and with a tree as an apt symbol of the pro- 
 gressive vigor which the colony had evinced. Mary- 
 land was the only other colony that ever presumed to 
 coin any metal into money ; and indeed this preroga- 
 tive has been always regarded as the peculiar attributo 
 of sovereignty. " But it must be considered'' saya 
 one of the colonial historian?, " that at this time there 
 was no king in Israel." In the distracted state ol 
 England it might well be judged unsafe to send their 
 Inillion there to he coined ; and from the uncertainty 
 respecting the form of government which might finally 
 arise out of the civil wars, it niight reasonably be ap- 
 prehended that an impress received durmg their conti- 
 nuance would not long retain its favor and currency. 
 The practice gave no umbrage whatever to the Engli.sli 
 government. It received tiie tacit allowance of tho 
 parliament, of Cromwell, and even of Charles tho 
 Second duriui' twenty yrars of his reign. 
 
 The sepnraiion of the two branches of (he legislaturo 
 of Massacliusriis naturally gave rise to some disputes 
 respecting the boundaries of jurisdiction in a constitu- 
 tion not yet matured by practice. But what precedent 
 could not supply. '''e induence and estimation oflhc cler- 
 gy of the province js able to effect. [ 1 64r)] By common 
 consent, all the luit. steis were summoned to attend tho 
 session of ihe assembly.and the points at issue being »ub- 
 miited to them, their judgment was willingly embract d 
 and assented to.t But in the following year [1646] a 
 
 * Journals of tho House of Lords, vol. vi. p- MI. Cha'uicrs, 
 175 6 Tho poople of Maine appear lo have sohcited the pro* 
 leclionol the cumuli in 1051. JIaiard, 559. , , . . 
 
 t Hulcluiisoii, 143,4. One of tho controversies that had 
 occurred at this lime hctween the two houses orighiated in a 
 matter not mure lllutitrious, than a diirurenco of sentiment 
 respecting Ihe idontuy of a sow, which was claimed from tlm 
 herd ot a richer noml.lmr Ity a poor woiuiui, wlio prclendnii 
 tlmt 11 had straytid ifroEn her some years before. Ilchold how 
 Kreata [natter a lutle firo will kindle! Notlheconrt uidy.but 
 ihu whole country was divided by this cjueslion, winch, pi>. 
 verty concurrniB with resentment of imposition on the one 
 imrt, and uuliKiiation at a charse that enected his charncler on 
 till- other, induced the parlies to content wiUi Ilio ntinoit r^go 
 mid perlmacity. Thn ideuiUy of Martin Guerre was not 
 more keenly contruvirtod in France. Lompiixsion lor i\\0 
 poor woman provailea with tho poorer cluss of people ovhi 
 
THE HISTORy OP 
 
 ' 
 
 (iisuniion much more violent in its nature, and much 
 less creditable aiid satiafa'vtory in ita iai'je, was occa- 
 eioned in this state by the intolerance which we have 
 already noted in its original institutions. With the 
 increasing prosperity and importance of the colony, 
 the value of its political franchises had been propor- 
 tionably augmented ; and the increasing opulence and 
 respectability of the dissenters seemed to aggravate the 
 hardship of the diafranchisement to which they were 
 Buhjected. Some of these having violently assumed 
 the privileges from which they were excluded by law, 
 and d^Kt irhed an election by their intcrrcrence, were 
 puniaheu by Mr. Winthrop, the cl'puty-govornor, who 
 vigorously resisted and defcatiu their pretensions. 
 They complained of this treatment to the general court 
 by a petition couched in very strong laiiguagc, demand- 
 ing leave to impeach the deputy-governor before the 
 whole body of his fellow-citizens, and to submit to the 
 same tribunal the consideration of their general grie- 
 vances, as well as of the particular severities they bad 
 experienced from Winthrop. The grievancis under 
 which they labored were enumerated in the petition, 
 which contained a forcible remonstrance against the 
 injustice of depriving them of their rights as freemen, 
 and of their privileges as christians, because they could 
 not join as members with the congregational churche.4, 
 or when they Holicited admission into them were arbi- 
 trarily rejected by the ministers. They petitioned that, 
 either the full rights of citizenship might be communi- 
 cated to them, or that they might no longer be required 
 10 obey laws to which they had not given assent, — to 
 contribute to the maintenance of ministers who denied 
 them the bcnefil of tlicir ministry, and to pay taxes im- 
 posed by an assembly in which they were not repre- 
 sented. The court were so far moved by the petition, 
 or by the respectability of its proiHoters, that Mr. Win- 
 throp waa commanded to defend himself publicly from 
 the charges which it advanced against him. 
 
 On the day appointed for his trial he descended from 
 the tribunal, and placing himself at the bar in presence 
 of a numerous assemblage of the inhabitants, he pro- 
 ceeded to vindicate his conduct to his judges and fellow 
 citizens. Having clearly proved that his pioceedings 
 bad been warranted by law, and had no other end than 
 to maintain the existing institutions, by the exercise of 
 the authority which had been connnitted to him for that 
 
 {>urpose, he concluded an excellent harangue in the fol- 
 owing manner*. " Though I bo justified before men, 
 yet it may be the Lord hath seen so much amiss in my 
 idministralion as calls me to be humbled : and indeed 
 for me to have been thus chargf ^y men is a matter 
 of humiliation, whe eof I desire to niake a right use 
 before the Lord, if Miriam's father spit in her face, 
 she is to be asb'^med." Then proceeding to enforce 
 some considerations calculated, he said, lo rectify the 
 opmions of the people on the nature of government : 
 " The questions," he observed, •' that have troubled the 
 country have been about the authority of the magi- 
 stracy and thr liberty of the people. It ia you who have 
 railed us ^nto this office ; but being thus called we have 
 our authority from God Magistracy is the ordinance 
 of God, and it hath the image of God stamped upon it ; 
 and the contempt of it has been vindicated by God with 
 terrible examples of his vengeance, i entreat you lo 
 consider that when you choose magistrates, you take 
 them from among yourselves, men subject unto like 
 passions with yourselves. If you see our infirmities, 
 reflect on your own, and yuu will not be so severe cen- 
 surers of ours. The covenant between us and you is 
 the oath you have exacted of us, which is to this pur- 
 |K)se, ' Thai ue shall govern yon and judge your causes 
 according to (iud*s laws and the particular statutes of 
 the land, according to our best shll.' As for our skill, 
 you must run the hazard of it ; and if there be an error 
 only therein, and not in the will, it becomes you to bear 
 it. Nor would I have you to mistake in the point of 
 your own liberty. There is a liberty of corrupt nature, 
 which ia affected both by men and beasts, to do what 
 they list. This libeity is inconsistent with authority ; 
 impatient of all restraint (by this liberty sumus omtus 
 dfleniiret i) 'tis the grand enemy of truth and peace, 
 and all the oidinances of God arc bent against it. But 
 there is a civil, a moral, a federal liberty, which is the 
 proper end and object of authority : it is a liberty for 
 
 \ 
 
 all «enie or equity: and, &t length, even those magistrates 
 who considered the dnfRiidant in tlie right, runcurrcQ in per- 
 Buudinft hirn to Hurrendcr tiieoliject of dispute, and to forbear 
 to seek hiH own at t'le expense of the tranquillity of the 
 colcny. 
 
 * Various editions of tUh speech have been pubtinhed. It 
 ■pp«ars now, from Mie continuation of Winlhro|)'(t own jour* 
 ntu 'edited by Mr. Savaffe), that all these woro abrid^jinents. 
 Matlier'f wtUth I Uiivo roliowod, la Uw boat. 
 
 that only which is just and good. For this liberty yon 
 arc to stand with tho hazard of your very lives ; and 
 whatsoever crosses it is not authority but a distemper 
 thereof. This liberty is maintained in a way of sub- 
 jection to authority ; and tho authority set over you 
 will, in all administrations for your good^ bn quietly 
 submitted unto by all hut such as have a disposition to 
 shake olT the yoke, and lose their true liberty by their 
 murmuring at the honor and power of authority." 
 
 The circumstances in which this address was deliv- 
 ered, remind us of scones in Greek and Roman history ; 
 while tho wisdom, worth, and dignity that it breathes, 
 rcscmblo the magnanimous vindication of a Judge of 
 Israel. Mr. Winthrop was not only honorably acquitted 
 by the sentence of the court and the voice of the public, 
 but recommended so powerfully to the esteem of his 
 fellow citizens by this and all tho other indications of 
 his character, that he was chosen governor of the pro- 
 vince every year after as long as he livfd * His 
 accusers incurred a proportional degree of public dis- 
 pleasure: their petition was dismissed, and several of 
 the chief promoters of it severely reprimanded, and ad- 
 judged to make confession of their fault in seekmg to 
 subvert the fundamental laws of the colony. Refusing 
 lo acknowledge that they had done wrong, and still per- 
 sisting in their demands of an alteration of the law, 
 with very indiscreet threats of complaininw lo tho par- 
 liament, they were punished with fine or ii?<prisonment. 
 As several of iliese persons were known tj he inclined 
 to the form of presbytery, and as that constitution was 
 also affected hy the prevailing party in the English 
 House of Commons, the menace of a complaint to par- 
 liament excited general alarm and indignation ; and 
 several of the petitioners having made preparations to 
 sail for England, with very significant hints of the 
 changes they hoped to effect by their machinations 
 there, Qoine of them were placed under arrest, and their 
 papers were violently taken from them. Among these 
 papers were found petitions to Lord Warwick, urging 
 a forfeiture of the colonial charier, the introduction 
 of a presbyterian establishment, and of the whole code 
 of English jurisprudence, into the colonial institutions, 
 with various other innovations, which were represent"'! 
 as no less accordant with legislative wisdom and jus- 
 tice, than adapted to the important end of securing and 
 effectuating the supreme dominion of the parliament 
 over the colony. The discovery of the intolerance 
 meditated Ly these persons served to eiasperate the 
 intolerance which themselves were experiencing from 
 the society of which they formed but an insignificant 
 fraction . The contents of their papers excited so much 
 resentment that not a voice was raised against the arbi- 
 trary measure by which they had been intercepted ; 
 and the alarm was increased by the conviction of the 
 utter impossibility of preventing designs so dangerous 
 from being still attempted. The warmth of the public 
 sentiment, as well as the peculiar nature of the subject 
 that had excited it, introduced this all-prevalent topic 
 into the pulpit ; and even Mr. Cotton was so far over- 
 taken with infirmity, as to declare, in a sermon, "That 
 if any one should carry writings or complaints against 
 the people of God in this country to England, he would 
 6nd himself in the case of Jonas in the vessel." This 
 was a prediction which a long voyage was very likely 
 to realize. In effect, a short time after, certain depu- 
 ties fnun the petitioners having embarked for England, 
 were overtaken by a violent storm, and the sailors 
 recollecting the prediction that had gone abroad, and, 
 happily, considering the papers, and not the bearers of 
 them, as tho guilty parlies, insisted so vehemently on 
 casting all obnoxious writings overboard, that the depu- 
 ties were compelled to commit their credentials to the 
 waves. When they arrived in England, however, they 
 did not fail to prosecute their applicp.'.ion ; but tho at- 
 tention of the parliamentary leauern at that time being 
 deeply engaged with more iiiiporlint matters, and Wms- 
 low and Hugh Peters, on betv.if of the colony, actively 
 labouring to counteract ihjir purposes, they obtained 
 little attention and no redrf ss. 
 
 From the pahiful conlem|.)atini. of »•■? intolerance of ' 
 the colonists, and their inordinate convt^iriic::^ .iluut 
 the forms of religion, it is pleasing to turn to the sub- 
 stantial fruits of christian character evinced by those 
 
 * This excellent mR^iHlrato (says Cotton Mather) conti- 
 nually exeiii[i|itied the inaxirri uf Thei>dutiius, that '* if any 
 man speak evil of the ruler, if it bo through lightness, 'lis lo 
 be condemned ; if it ho through mndneeH, 'tis to he pitied ; if 
 llirouiih malice, 'ti» to bo fori^ivon." One of the colonists who 
 had lung mnnifestcd mucli HI will ttJwardK his person, at 
 lenglii wrote to him. " Sir, your overcoming of yourself Imlh 
 ov-erconio me." Uis death, in 1049, was deeply and univer* 
 sally btjwftiled ; and all declared that ho had been the father 
 of tho (olony, and the Axat no lets in virtus than in place. 
 Mather, B. Iv 
 
 noble exertions for the conversion of tho Indians that 
 originated in the same year that had witnessed so much 
 dissension and violence. The circumstances that had 
 promoted the emigrations to New England, had opera- 
 ted wilh particular force on the ministers of the puri- 
 tans ; and so many of them had accompanied tho other 
 settlers, that among a people who derived less enjoy- 
 ment from the exercises of piety, the numbers of the 
 clergy would have been thought exceedingly burden- 
 snmo and very much disproportioned to the wants of 
 the laity. This circumstance was highly favorable to 
 the promotion of religious habits among the colonists, 
 as well as lo the extension of their settlements, in tho 
 plantation of which the co-operation of a minister was 
 considered indispensable. It contributed also to sug- 
 gest and facilitate missionary labor among the heathens, 
 10 whom the colonists had ascociated themselves by 
 superadding the tiijs of a common country lo those of 
 a common nature. While the people at large were 
 daily extending their industry, and overcoming by cul- 
 tivation the rudeness of desert nature, ihe clergy 
 eagerly looked around for some addition to their pecu- 
 liar sphere of usefulness, and at a very early period 
 entertained designs of redeeming lo tho dominion of 
 piety and civility, the neglected wastes of human 
 character that lay stretched in savage ignorance and 
 idolatry around them. John Elliot, one of the ministers 
 cf Roxbury, a man whose large soul glowed with tho 
 intensest flame of zeal and charily, was strongly pene- 
 trated with a sense of this duty, and for some time had 
 been diligently laboring to overcome the preliminary 
 dilRculty by which its performance was obstructed. 
 He had now at length attained such acquaintance with 
 the Indian language as enabled him not only himself lo 
 speak it with fluency, but to facilitate the acquisition of 
 it to others, by the construction and publication of a 
 system of Indian grammar. Having completed Ins 
 preparatory inquiries, he began, in the close of this 
 year, a scene of labor which has been traced with great 
 iriterest and accuracy by the ecclesiastical historians of 
 New England, and still more minutely, I doubt not, in 
 that eternal record where alone tho actions of men at- 
 tain their just, their final, and everlasting proportions. 
 It is a remarkable feature in his long and arduous ca- 
 reer, that the energy by which he was actuated never 
 sustained the sligliest abatement, but, on the contraryf 
 evinced a steady and vigorous increase. He appe.ari* 
 never to have doubted its continuance ; but, constantly 
 referring it lo God, he felt assured of ils derivation 
 from a source incapable of being wasted by the most 
 liberal communication. He delighted to mainlnin this 
 communication hy incessant prayer, and before hid mis- 
 sionary labors commenced, ho had been known lu tho 
 colony by the name of " praying Elliot"— a noble desig- 
 nation, if the noblest employment of a rational cieature 
 be the cultivation of access lo the Author of his be.iig. 
 Rarely, very rarely, I uelieve, has liuman nature been 
 so completely embued, refined, and elevated by reli- 
 gion. Every thing he saw or knew occurred lo him in 
 a religious aspect ; every faculty, and every ucquis'tion 
 ihat he derived from the employment of his faculties, 
 was received by him as a ray let into his soul from that 
 Eternity for which he continually panted. As he was 
 one of the holiest, so was he also one of the happiest 
 of men ; and his life for many years was a continual 
 outpouring of his whole being in devotion to God and 
 charity to mankind.'^ 
 
 The kindness of Mr. Elliot's manner soon gained 
 him a favorable hearing from many of the Indiuns ; [7J 
 and both parties being sensible of the expediency of 
 altering the civil and domestic habits that counteracted 
 the impressions which he attempted to produce, lie ob- 
 tained from the general court an allotment ol land m 
 th<' i.?ighborhood of tho settlement of Concord, in 
 iViassac.iusetts, upon which a number of Indian families 
 pr^^ceeded. by his dirccliona, lu huild fixed habitations, 
 ant where thty m^^ily received his instructions both 
 spiritual and secular. It was not long before a violent 
 opposition to these innovations was excited by tha 
 powaws, or Indian priests, who threatened death and 
 other inflictions of the vengeance of ihe.r idols on all 
 who should embrace Christianity. The menaces and 
 
 * Hodiodinthoynar 16'J0. Ah his bodily strength decayf^d, 
 the energy of his being Kccmed to retreat into his soul, and at 
 icngtii all his facullien (he said) seemed absorl>ed in tiuly tovu. 
 Ueing asked, sltortly belore his de|iarture, how he ditl, ho m- 
 pliod, "1 have lost every ihiin;: my uiHlerHtanding leaves 
 me, my memory fails mc, my utterance fulls me ; but 1 thank 
 (;od my chanty holds out si. II, I liiid that rather grows thau 
 fails." Kichard Uuxtcr declared Ihiit lliehc wurdb had given 
 liiui inexpretiMblo comfort, :iiid that the acctmiit of Elliot's 
 lifc,wtiicu he read when ho himself was latioringunderadaiv 
 
 Serous illness, had recalled him from the brink oftlte grave 
 latlior, U. UK Neai,U.47(K 
 
 1 
 
NOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 253 
 
 the Inditns thai 
 tneased bo much 
 stances that had 
 land, had opcra- 
 ilers of the puri- 
 panied the other 
 ivrd less enjoy- 
 I numbers of the 
 ecdingly burden- 
 1 to the wants of 
 hly favorable to 
 iifT the colonists, 
 ttleinentb, in (ho 
 f a minister was 
 utcd also to sug- 
 }ng the heathens, 
 d themselves by 
 untry to those of 
 e at large wero 
 ercoming by cul- 
 ture, ihe clergy 
 on to their pecu- 
 vcry early period 
 the dominion of 
 astcs of human 
 TC ignorance and 
 icofthe ministers 
 glowed with tho 
 as strongly pene- 
 or nome time had 
 c the preliminary 
 was obstructed, 
 icquainttmce with 
 ot only himself to 
 the acquimtion of 
 publication of a 
 ig completed Ins 
 the cluise of this 
 traced with great 
 tical historians of 
 iy, I doubt not, in 
 ctions of men al- 
 tfting proportions, 
 r and arduous ca- 
 as actuated never 
 , on the contrary^ 
 i&c. ile appe4iri* 
 i \ hut, constantly 
 of its derivation 
 asted by the most 
 ;d to :nainlain tliis 
 md before Uii mis* 
 )ccn known lu tho 
 t"— a noble dt'sig- 
 a ralional cieaturu 
 ulhor of his hetiig. 
 uman n:iture been 
 J elevated by reli- 
 occnrred to him in 
 il every ui-quis-lion 
 t of hid faculties, 
 his soul from that 
 nted. As ho was 
 e of the happiest 
 rs was a continual 
 votion to Ciod and 
 
 anner soon gained 
 if the Indians ; [7] 
 
 the expediency of 
 i that cininteructed 
 to produce, he ob- 
 Itotment oi land in 
 It of Concord, in 
 rof Indian families 
 j lixed habitations, 
 s inHtruclions both 
 hg before a violent 
 as excited by the 
 eatened death and 
 3f the r idols on all 
 
 The menaces and 
 
 ily Btrentftli decayndi 
 Lintuliiti soul, and at 
 abaorliedin holylovu. 
 >, liitw lio did, ho ra- 
 itidrrHtaiidiiig leavee 
 fall!* Die ; bill I thtintt 
 ut ruUiiT grows thai: 
 \Lt,c wordb had given 
 le Hi'i'Diiiil of Elliut'fl 
 lalxinii),' under a dan* 
 iQ brlnlt of Ihe grant 
 
 artifices of theae persons caused several of the seeming 
 converts to draw back, hut induced others to separate 
 tncmselves more entirely from the society and converse 
 of their countrymen, and seek the bnnetit and protec- 
 tion of a closer association with that superior race of 
 men who showed themselves so generously witling to 
 diffuse and communicate all tho means and benefits of 
 their superiority. A considerable body of Indians re- 
 sorted to the land allotted them by the colonial govern- 
 ment, and exchanged their wild and barbarous habits 
 for the modes of civilized living and industry. Mr. 
 Elliot was continually among them, instructing, ani- 
 mating, and directing them. They felt his superior 
 wisdom, and saw him continjally haj)py ; and there 
 was nothing in his circumstances or oppcaraiico that 
 indicated sources of enjoyment from which they were 
 debarred ; on the contrary, it was obvious that of every 
 article of selfish comfort he was willing to divest him- 
 self in order to communicate to ihein what ho esteemed 
 the only true riches of an immurtal being. He who 
 gave him this spirit, gave him favor in the eyes of the 
 people among whom he ministered : and their affeciion 
 for him reminds us of those primitive ages when the 
 converts were willing, us it were, to pluck ont their 
 eyes if they could have given them to their pastor. 
 The women in the new settlement learned to spin, the 
 men to dig and till the ground, and the cliitdren were 
 instructed in the English langnage. and taught to read 
 and write. As tho numbers of domesticated Indians 
 increased they biiiit a town by tho side of (Charles river, 
 which they called Natick ; and they desired Mr. Klliot 
 to frame a system of internal government for them. 
 He directed their attention to the counsel that .lelhro 
 gave to Moses ; and, in conformity with it, they elected 
 for themselves rulers of hundreds, of tiftles, and of 
 tens. The colonial government also appointed a court 
 which, without assuming jurisdiction over them, olfjred 
 tbt i.ssistance of its judicial wisdom to all who siiould 
 be willing to refer to it the determination of their more 
 ddKcult or important subjects of controversy. In en- 
 deavoring to e.ttend their missionary influence among 
 the surrounding tribes, Mr. Klliot and his associates 
 encountered a variety of success corresponding to the 
 visible varieties of human character and tho invisible 
 predeterminations of the Divine will. Many expressed 
 the utmost abhorrence and contempt of Christianity ; 
 fiome made a hollow profession of willingness to hear, 
 and even of conviction, with the view, as it afterwards 
 appeared, of obtaining the tools and other articles of 
 value that were furnished to those who proposed to 
 embrace the modes of civilized living. In spile of 
 every discouragement the missionaries persisted ; and 
 the diHicultica that at first mocked their etibrts seem- 
 ing at length to vanish under an invisible touch, their 
 labors were blessed with astonishing success. The 
 character and habits of the lay colonists tended to pro- 
 mote the etlicacy of these pious tabors, in a manner 
 which will be forcibly appreciated by all who have ex- 
 amined the history and progress of missions. Simple 
 in their manners, devout, moral, and industrious in 
 their lives, they enforced the lessons of the missiona- 
 ries by demonstrating their practicability and beneficial 
 etfects, and presented a model which, in point of refme- 
 inent, was not too elevated for Indian imitation. 
 
 While Mr. Elliot and an increasing bodv of associ- 
 ates were thus employed in the Province of Massachu- 
 setts, Thomas Mayhcw, a man who cmnbincd in a won- 
 derful degree an atfectionate mildness that nothing could 
 disturb with an ardor and activity that nothing could 
 overcome, together with a few coiiljutors, not less dili- 
 gently and successfully prosecuted the same design in 
 Martha's Vineyard. Nantucket and Elizabeth Isles, and 
 within the territory comprehended in tho Plymouth 
 patent. Abasing themselves that tliey might elevate 
 their species and promote the Divine glory, they wrought 
 with their own hands among those Indians whom Ihey 
 persuaded to forsake savage habits ; and zealously 
 employing all the influence they acquired to the com- 
 munication of moral and spiritual improvement, their 
 labors were eminently blessed by the same Power 
 which bad given them the grace so fully to devote them- 
 selves to his service. [1647.] The character and maa- 
 neis of Mayhew appear to have been singularly calcu- 
 lated to excite the tenderness no less than the venera- 
 tion of the objects of his benevolence, and to make them 
 feel at once bow amiable and how awful true goodness 
 ia. His address derived a captivating interest from 
 that earnest concern, and high and holy value, which he 
 manifestly entertained for every member of the family 
 of mankind. Many years after his death the Indians 
 could not bear his name mentioned without shedding 
 tears diid expressing transpoid of grateful emotion. 
 
 Both Elliot and Mayhew found great advantage in the 
 practice ot selecting tho moat docile and ingenious of 
 their Indian pupils, and by especial attention to their 
 instruction, qualifying them to act as schoolmasters 
 among their brethren. To a zeal that seemed to increase 
 by exercise, they added insurmountable patience and 
 admirable prudence ; and, steadily fixing their view on 
 tho glory of tho Most High, and declaring that, whether 
 outwardly successful or not in promoting it, they felt 
 themsclvea blessed and happy in pursuing it, they found 
 its influence sufl^cient to light them through every per- 
 plexity and peril, and finally conduct them to a degree 
 of success and victory unparalleled, perhaps, since that 
 era when ibe miraculous endowments of the apostolic 
 ministry caused a nation to he born in a day. They 
 were slow to push the Indians upon improved institu- 
 tions ; they desired rather to lead them insensibly for- 
 ward, more especially in the adoption of religious ordi- 
 Uiinces. Tho.sc practi-^es, indeed, wiiich they considered 
 likely to commend theirselvef by their beneficial efllccts 
 to tho natural understanding of men, they were not 
 restrained from recommending to their early adnpiinn ; 
 and trial by jury very soon superseded the savage modes 
 of determining right or ascertaining guilt, and contri- 
 bulcd to improve and refine the sense of equity. In 
 the dress and mode of cohabitation of the .ravages, they 
 also introduced at an early period, alteration.^ calculated 
 to form and developc a sense of modesty, in which the 
 Indians were found to be grossly and univcrHally defec- 
 tive. But all these practices which are, or ou^ht to be, 
 exclusively the fruits of renewed nature and Divine 
 lijiit, they desired to teach entirely by example, and bv 
 diligently radicating and cultivating in the minds of 
 their flocks the principles out of which alone RU"h prac- 
 tices can lastingly and bencfirially grow. It was not 
 till the year I fifiO that the first Indian church was founded 
 bv Mr. Klliot and bis fellow-laborers in Massachusetts. 
 There were at that time no fewer than ten settlements 
 within the province, occupied by Indians comparatively 
 civilized. 
 
 Mr. Elliot had from time to time translated and 
 printed various a|)provcd reli^'ions works for the use of 
 the Indians, and, at length, in tiie year lfifi4, the Hihle 
 was printed, for the first lime in the language of the 
 new world, at Oamhridtre in Massachusetts. ■" This 
 great achievement was not clTected without the assist- 
 ance of pecuniary contributions from the mother coun- 
 try. The colonisi.s had zealoii.sly and gladly co-operated 
 with their ministers, and assisted to defray the cost of 
 their charitable undertakings ; but the increasing ex- 
 penses threatened at last to exceed what their means 
 were able to supply. Happily, the tidings of this 
 great work excired a kindred spirit in the parent 
 State, and in tho year 1649 was formed there, by act 
 of parliament, a Sockty for Prnpnistu'itisr the Onxpd 
 in AV :> Enn{an>h whoso eo-operaticri proved of es- 
 sent'-.'l service to the missionary cause. This so- 
 ciety, having been dis*!olved at the Restoration, was 
 afterwards re-erected by a charter from Charles tho 
 Second, obtained by the exertions of the pious Richard 
 Baxter and the influence of the great Robert Doyle, who 
 was thus the benefactor of New England as well as of 
 Virginia. Supported by its ample endowment.-*, and 
 the 110 less liberal contributions of their own fellow- 
 colonists, the American missionaries exerted themselves 
 with such energy and success in the work of converting 
 and civilizing the savages, that, before the close of the 
 seventeenth century, there were in tlie province of Mas- 
 sachusetts more than thirty congreiiations of Indians, 
 comprising upwards of three thousand persons rerlaimed 
 from a gross degrading barbarism. :nid advanced to the 
 comfort a'ld respectability of civilized life, and the dig- 
 nity and happiness of worshippers of the true Ood, 
 through the mediation of the only name by which men 
 can know or approach him. There were nearly as mnny 
 converts to religion and civility in the islands of Mas- 
 sachusetts Day ; there were several Indian congrega- 
 tions in the Plymoi i territories and among some of 
 the tribes that sliii i dhered to their roving barbarous 
 mode of life, there was introduced a considerable im- 
 provement in their cird and moral habits. When we 
 reflect on the toils that these missionaries encountered, 
 on the vast and varied difllcullies they were enabled to 
 overcome, and survey the magnificent expanse of hap- 
 piness and virtue that arose from their exertions ; and, 
 
 • I Iinve seen a cnny ofiliU cdiiion ol'ihe Rihli- itnhn litirnry 
 nfthfl hue Ueurge Chalmers. It is a beamilul [liuce of typo- 
 graphy. 
 
 Many earlifif ptibliciiit'tis hail alreaity issued frnm ihv. ferlile 
 press of New Kniflaml. One i^f iho first wa-* a new nicirirul 
 iranfilaiinn of tlie Pflalms — very hienti, a)id very <iniK»eiiral. 
 To ihis last inipntaiinn iho Now Englariders nnswercif, " chat 
 Uod'H altars needs not uur puiitihing:!.** Oldiit.\onl. 109, 110. 
 
 when looking backward?, we trace the stream of even(# 
 to its first spring in tho pride and cruelty that waa let 
 loose to fortify the zeal of the puritans, and finally, lO 
 drive them from their native land to the scene ap[>oint«d 
 for this great and happy achievement ; — we acknow- 
 ledge tho unseen but eternal control of that Being wbo 
 projects the end from the beginning, who alone docs tha 
 good that is done in the earth, and beneath whoae irre- 
 sistible will, tho depravity that opposes, no less than 
 the virtue that coincides with it, are but the instruments 
 that blindly or knowingly effect its fulfilment. 
 
 Among the various difficulties that obalnicted the 
 changca which the missionaries attempted to introduce 
 into the habits of the Indians, it was found that the 
 human constitution had been deeply deteriorated by 
 ages of savage life. Habits of alternate energy and 
 sloth, indulged from generation to generation, seemed 
 at length to have given a character or bias to the ani- 
 mal faculties al.'noat as deeply ingrained as the depraved 
 hue of tho negro body, and to have seriously impaired 
 tlie capacity of continuous exertion. In every employ- 
 ment that demanded steady labor, the Indians were 
 f jund decidedly inferior to the Europeans. The first 
 missionaries, and their immediate successors, sustained 
 this discouragement without shrinking, and animated 
 their converts to resist or endure it. But, at a later 
 period, when it was found that the taint which the 
 Indian constitution had received continued to bo propa- 
 gated among descendants educated in habits widely 
 did'erent from those of their forefathers, many persons 
 began too hastily to apprehend that the imperfection 
 was incurable; and missionary ardor was abated by 
 the very circumstance that most strongly demanded il3 
 revival and enlargement. In concurrence with this 
 cause of decline in the progress of the great work 
 which we have contemplated, tho energetic gratitude 
 of the first converts from darkness to light had sub- 
 sided ; and the consequence unhappily was, that a con- 
 siderable abatement ensued of the piety, morality, and 
 industry, of the Indian communities that had been re- 
 claimed from savage life. But the work has not been 
 lost ; Its visible traces wero never sutl'ered to perish : 
 ainid:iL occdaional decline and revival, it has always been 
 manifest, and tho people gathered to God from this 
 barbarous and deeply-revolted kindred have never been 
 permitted to disappear, 
 
 I have been induced to overstep very considerably 
 the march of tune, in order to exhibit a brief bui un- 
 broken view of this great scene of missionary labor. 
 We now return to follow more leisurely tho general 
 stream of the atfairs of the colony. 
 
 Shortly after ttw dissensions that had prevailed in the 
 year 1040, tho general couu recommended the assem- 
 hlmg of a general synod of the churches in order to 
 frame an uniform scheme of church discipline for all tlio 
 colonial congiegations. Tho proposal was resisted by 
 several of the churches, which expressed great apprc- 
 hei'sion of the arbitrary purposes and supt rsiitiou.s de- 
 vices which might be promoted by the dangerous prac- 
 tice of cunvocating synods. [1018. J Uut,at length, the 
 persuasion generally prevailing tl.ji an assembly oi thi3 
 description possessed no inherent authority, and that its 
 functions were conlined to the tendering of counsel, 
 the second synod of New Kngland was called together 
 at Cambridge. The confession of faith that had reccn'ly 
 been published by the .\ssemiiiy of Divines at West- 
 minster, was thoroughly examined and uimnimosuly 
 approved. Three of the most eminent mi[ii.slers of tlto 
 colony. Cotton, Partridge, and Mather, were then ap- 
 pointed to prepare a iiiodt-1 of discipline for the instruc- 
 tion of the colonial churches. The Plafjorm nj Vhurch 
 DigciplinCy winch they composed accordingly, and pre- 
 sented to the synod, alter many long debates, leeeived 
 the general approbation and universal acquiescence. 
 
 lO'PJ] A dispute had for some time subsisted be- 
 tween Massacliusetts and Connecticut respecting a tax 
 which the latter slate had imposed, and which Massa- 
 chusetts considered with good reason to operate un- 
 fairly on a portion of her people. Having complained 
 to the CO * \>racy, and not obtainining redress as spee- 
 dily as th ^ jiisidered themselves entiMed to expect, 
 the legislative authorities of Massachusetts pa&sed an 
 act imposing a retaliatory duty nut only on goods froia 
 I Connecticut, but on importations from all the other 
 states of the confederation. This unjust proceeding 
 could bo supported only by an appeal to the privilege 
 j of the strongest ; a privilege which .Massachusetts was 
 I so well able to enforce, that the other confederates had 
 nothing to oppose but the usual, though often inetfec- 
 tual, ex|)cdient of the weak. Happily for them and 
 I for herself, their ally, though liaSie lo be betrayed into 
 ' error by resentment and parliabty, was not intoxicated 
 
2H 
 
 THE HISTOnT OF 
 
 with consciouA power. They presented a remonatrance 
 lo th« general court of Massachusetts, desiring it " se- 
 hoiisly to consider whether siich proceedings agree 
 with the law of love, and the tenor of iho articte* of 
 confederation." On receiving this remonstrance, the 
 government of Massachusetts, superior to the mean 
 ■hama of acknowledging a wrong, consented to sus- 
 pend the ob.ioiious ordinance.* [1650.] 
 
 But Massacb-jsotta, in the following year, [1651,] 
 %*an engaged in a dispute with a power still more formi- 
 dable to her than ^he was lo her confederates, and much 
 less ansceptible of sentiments of moderation and for- 
 bearance. The Long Parliament h;iving now esta- 
 blished its authority at home, was determined to ciaci 
 an implicit recognition of it from all the dependencies 
 of the state, and even to introduce such recDirnition 
 into all the chartnrd and ofHcial proceedin<rs of subor- 
 dinate commuiiittes. A requisition was accordingly 
 transmitted to the governor and asseinbly of Massa- 
 chusetts, to send their charter to London, to take out 
 a new patent from the keepers of the liberties of Eng- 
 land, and to hold all courts, and i^sue a!l writs, in the 
 name of this description o( authority. This com- 
 mand excited the utmost alarm in the colony t nor 
 could all the attachment of the people to the cause of 
 the parliamentt reconcile them to a surrender of the 
 title under which their settlements and institutions had 
 been formed, and which had never obstructed their sub- 
 ordination to the authorities that now proposed to re- 
 voke it. The parliament had no more right to super- 
 sede the original patent of the colony, thun to require 
 the city of London, or any of the other corporations of 
 England, to submit their charters to similar dissolution 
 and renovation. But the colonists were well aware 
 that the authorities which had issued this aihitnry 
 mandate had the power to ei^orce ir ; and, accord- 
 intrly. declining a direct collision, they reverted to the 
 policy, which they had once successfully employed to 
 counteract the tyiannical intentions of the king, and 
 succeeded in completely foiling this assembly, so re- 
 nowned for it3 success, resolution, and capacity. The 
 general court, instead of surrendering the patent, trans- 
 milted a petition to the parliament against the enforce- 
 ment of this mandate, setting forth, that ** (hese ihiuns 
 not being dune in the late k.nu's lime or since, it was 
 not able to discern the need of such an injunction." 
 It represented the condition and authority on which the 
 ietilers had originally come lo New England, their 
 atcdfast adherence to the CLuse of the purliament 
 throughout the civil wars, and iheir present explicit 
 recognilion of its supremacy ; and prayed that the peo- 
 ple inijiht not now be worse dealt with than in the time 
 of the king, and instead of a governor and magistrates 
 annually chosen by themselve:*, be required to submit 
 to others imposed on them against their wilU. The 
 general court at the same time addressed a Iclter to *' the 
 
 • Hutchinson i. 153. ChaliTurs, I3-i, 3. Anmhcr tli-ipine, 
 which ocnirrcd aboui tlireo vrars ni'icr bi-twren .M.-isHiu hu- 
 seufi ami the other cnnfederniRit state:*, is re'i(i>>l wiili grrni 
 nniiutcn^sa. anil I think with nn hiiihII ii.ju<'tic<> aiii) pm-- 
 linlity, hy thereapecialile hij»t'iria!i of Cinuieriicui. In I6.)3, a 
 discovery was supposed to have hern made of a cirispiracv 
 between Stuyvesant, the governor of the Dnirh rnlnny, nnti 
 the InriiaoR, iiT the exienniniition of the Kn^lish. The evi. 
 denre of this sansuinary project (whtrh Siuwesantinilienanilv 
 tJl.icI«imcd) wan held aumcient, and the remdution of aienrral 
 war emhrared. by all the commissioners of the uninci exrrpt 
 those of Ma<*3arhudpiii. The general conrt of ihi:* province 
 Judged the proof inconclusive, and were foriSed in ihtH opi. 
 nion by the judgment of their clerey, whirh ihey consentpd to 
 abide bf. To all the ^emnflrtrallce.^ nf their allien, they an- 
 swered, (hat no articles of confederation should induce them o 
 undenake an offensive war whicli they con.sidcreii unjust, and 
 on which they could not a«k or expect the blewsinjof Ood. 
 The .liatnrian of Cormerticni. not coriiem with reprobating 
 Ihia breach of the articles of union, vehemenily matniairifl that 
 the 8(TupIea of .Ma^sarhusptts were insincere. Trumbull, vol. 
 Leap. X. But, intruth the evidence of the Dnicli p!(U labored 
 « ider very oerinu.1 ilefect*. which were much more coolly 
 weighed hy the people nf MaM.ichu8ctti, than bv the inhabi- 
 UnH of Connectirut anil Newhaven. cxaflfwra^ed by frequent 
 disputes with the Dutch, and, by their proximitv, exposed to 
 the greatest lianger from Dutch hostilities. In the l)eginning 
 oflhe foUowins century, the nittiation t>fihe provinces was so 
 nr reverted, that Ma^.irt.usetts WBBrompelled to noiicitCon- 
 n«cticul for aid in a general war with the Indiana ; and, on this 
 OCca.ii.m, Ctmnerticnt renioie from the scene of Hciiun, at first 
 rernsed her ai.i upon scruple'*, which nhrt afterwards awerfained 
 •Obefrnnndless. re9[>ecnng the tawfulneisof the war. Trum- 
 bull} Tot. ii.cap. 5. 
 
 t Though attached lo the cause of the parliament, Ihe peo- 
 pie of New Kngland had so far f^'reoiien their own wrongs, 
 and escaped the mntngion of the passions enjrendered In Ihe 
 ciril war, thai the tragical fate o^ the klnir appears to have 
 eKite<li<eneral grief and concern. The public expression of 
 iuch sentiments would have been equally inexpedient and nn- 
 aT»illn?: but that they were enlenained \o terv manifert. 
 See Huichinaon, i. 157. In this the puritans of America were 
 lim singular No man in England lade creater efforts to save 
 OliarVi lif- than William Prviin ihe puritan, than whom no 
 inaa bad suttercJ more ssrerely from his tyranny. 
 
 liOrd General Cromwell," for the purjiose of interesting 
 his powerful mediation in their behalf, as well as of 
 dissuading him from the prosecution of certain moa- 
 suroa which he himself bad projected for their advan- 
 tage. The peculiar character which the New England 
 colonists had displayed, the institutions they had esta- 
 blished, and their predilection for the independent 
 model of church government which he himself so highly 
 admired, had recommended them in the most powerful 
 manner to the esteem of this extraordinary man : and 
 his favorable regards were enhanced by the recollection 
 of the plan ho had formed, and so nearly realized, of 
 uniting his destiny with theirs in America. Nor were 
 they at all abated by the compassion and benevolence 
 with which the colonists received a considerable body 
 of unfortunate Scots whom Cromwell had caused to be 
 transi^rted to Massachusetts after the battle of Dun- 
 t)ar, and of which he was informed by a letter from Mr. 
 Cotton.* He seemed to consider that he had been 
 detained in England for their interests a** well as his 
 own, and never ceased to desire th:it they should be 
 more nearly associated with his fortunes, and cheered 
 with the rays ol his grandeur. He had conceived an 
 ardent desire to be the author of an enterprise so illus- 
 trious as the revocation of these men to the country 
 from which they had been so unworthily expelled ; and 
 as an act of honorable justice to themselvef, as well fs 
 for the advantage of Ireland, he had recently broachod 
 the proposal of transporting them from America, and 
 establishing them in a district of this island, which was 
 to be evacuated for their reception. In their letter to 
 him, the general court, which had been apprised of thlH 
 scheme, acknowledged, with grateful expressions, the 
 kind consideration which it indicated ; hut declined to 
 avad themselves of it, or abandon a land where they 
 had experienced so much of the favor of God, and were 
 blessed with such prospects of converting the heathen. 
 They at the same time recommended their potiiion 
 against the parliamentary measures to his friendly 
 countenance, and heseeched "his Excellence to be 
 pleased to »how whatsoever God shall direct him unto, 
 on the behalf of the colony, to the most honorable par- 
 liament." It may be presumed, that Cromwiirs medi- 
 ation was successfully employed, as th** requisition 
 that had been tnnsinittcd to the general court was not 
 further prosecuted. + 
 
 The successes oflhe Long Parliament had begotten 
 in its leading members a growing spirit of dominion, 
 of which the colonies did not fail to experience ihc 
 operation. In the history of Virginia we have beheld 
 the laws hy which the traffic of all the colonies with 
 foreign nations was prohibited, and the ordinances and 
 procet;dings by whicii ihe subjugation of that refrac'ory 
 settlement was enacted and enforced. The slate of 
 Massachusetts, which was desirous, as far as pos^ihle, 
 to act in concurrence with the parliament, and was per- 
 fectly sincere in recogniziny its supremacy, co-operated 
 with its ordinant'e ao,iinst Virginia, l.y prohibiting all 
 intercourse with that colony till it had oeeii reduoei hy 
 the pirliiiinentary forces. IJut it was not over those 
 settlements alone, which opposed its supremacy, that 
 the parliament was disposed lo indulge the spirit of 
 duinituon ; and though .Massachusetts was protected 
 from its designs hy the interference of Cromwell, Ma- 
 rNland, which had received its esrabliishmetit from 
 
 * Cromwell was far from being incapable of appreciating 
 the merit or toleratiii|{ tho prais-e tf a loe ; and the finest tn- 
 biiie iliat was ever paid to the dignified courage wi:h wliicti 
 Chark-.s the Fn.si encoimtrred his late, is contained in an ode 
 by tho patriot and poet, Andrew Marvel], addressed lo the 
 protector. 
 
 t ll'dchinson i. 176. and Append. 516. 520. Ilutcliin.snn's 
 t^ollecti'in of papers, 2.15. Chalmers, 184,5. Tlie conmiis- 
 siontT.f for New Kngland, who were sent thither bv Charles 
 the Second asserted, in ilieir narrative, that the colony soli- 
 fiied Cromwell to be declared a free state, llulchmsuii's 
 Colleclinnof papers, p. 420. Thia is hlghlj unlikely, and w.is 
 suggested perhaps by misrepresental m or misappreheiision 
 of tiie circumstances related in Lhe tert. ihe publication of 
 Governor Winthrop's Journal has nor- clearly proved that 
 the leading men in Massaciiuseils entertained fr-ini the be- 
 ginning a considerable jealousy of parti;imeiiiary jurisdiction. 
 *• In 1041," says Winthrop, "some of our friends in Enifland 
 wrote to us advice to send over some to sol.cit for us in the 
 parliament, givinir us hones that we might obtain much; but, 
 consulting about it, we declined the motion for this ronsidera- 
 iion : that if we should put ourselves under tho protection of 
 pari Btnent. we must then bo subject to all such laws as they 
 should make, or, at least, such as they miijlit impose upon us; 
 in which course, though they should intend our good, yet it 
 minrhl prove very prejudicial to ui." Winthrop's Journal, 
 p. 218. Hence it is obvious that the people of New England, 
 in acknowledging the supremacy of parliainert, had respect 
 toil not as a legislative body, but as adimnistenmrthe func- 
 tions of royalty. They never wiliinfly admitted that the mo- 
 ther country possessed a legislative control over them; or 
 that, in forsaking her sliores, thevhad left behind Ihcin an 
 authority capable of sending after ihemttie evils from whicli 
 tlicyliadded. 
 
 Charles the First, was compelled to receive the alteiA- 
 lions of its ofTirial style which Massachusetts hftd 
 evaded; [1652J* and Rhode Ir land hi held the very fortn 
 of government which it had received fiuni tho parliament 
 itaelf in 1643, suspended by an ordei of the council of 
 fltale. What might have ensued upon this order, aiwl 
 what similar or furtho proceedings might have t>oen 
 adopted by the parliament relative to the other co- 
 lonies, were intercepted by its own disnolulion, and 
 the convergence of the whole power of tho English 
 commonwealth in the strong hands of Oliver Cromwell. 
 1653.] The ascendancy of the protector proved 
 highly brnehcial to all the American colonies, except 
 Virginia, which, on account of the political tenets of ite 
 inhabitants, he regarded even with greater displeasure 
 than the catholic eatablishnient of Maryland. Uhode 
 Island, immediately after his elevation, resumed the 
 form of government which the parliament had ro> 
 cently suspended ; and, hy the decisive vigor of his 
 interference, the people of Connecticut and Newhaven 
 were relieved from the apprehensions they had long 
 entertained of the ho.%tile desiuns of the Dutch colo- 
 nists of iS'ew York. All the New Knglami slates wero 
 thenceforward exempted from tlie operation of the par- 
 liamentary ordinance against trade with foreign nations; 
 and both tliiir commerce and security derived a great 
 increase from the conquest which the protector's arms 
 achieved, of lhe province of Acadia from the t^rench. 
 But it was Massachusetts thai occupied the hiohest 
 place in his esteem ; and to the inhabitants of this set- 
 tlement he earnestly loni»ed to impart a dignity of ex- 
 ternal condition proportioned lo the elevation which he 
 believed them lo enjoy in the favor of the great Sove- 
 reign of all manktnd. Tho reasons fur which they had 
 declined his otfer of a settlement in Ireland, however 
 bkely to commend tlicinsulves lo his apprnbalton, worn 
 still more calculaietl to draw forth his regard for a pe(^ 
 pie who felt the force of such generous considerations. 
 When his arms had eH'ected lhe coniiuest ol Jamaica, 
 he conceived lhe project uf transplanting the colonists 
 of Massachusetts to that beautiful island ; [ lf>5.5,j and* 
 with this view, he strongly represented to them, that, 
 by establishing themselves and their priiiriplea m the 
 West Indies, they would carry the sword o( the gospel 
 into the veiy heart of the ternlones of poprry, and tliat 
 coiiaequenlly they ou|fht to deem ihemselves as strongly 
 called to this ulterior removal, us they had been lu their 
 origiujl migration. He endeavored to incite thorn to 
 embraci! this project by promises t.( his amplest coun- 
 u-nance and support, and of having the wliule powers 
 of government vested entirely in their own hands, and 
 hy exp 'lating on the rich productions of the torr:d 
 zone, witn which their industry would be rewarded m 
 this lie'.' settlement: and with these considerations he 
 blended an appeal to their conscience, in pressing ihoia 
 to fullil, in their own favor, the promise which, he said, 
 the Almighty had given to male his people the head, and 
 not the lint. He not only urged these views upon iho 
 agents and correspondents of the colonists in Kngland, 
 but despatched one of his own officers lo solicit on tho 
 spot their conipliance with his proposal. Uui the colo- 
 nists were exceedingly averse to abandon a country 
 where they found themselves happy and in possession 
 of a sphere of increasing usefulness ; and the proposal 
 was the more unacceptable lo them from the accounts 
 tiicy had received of the sickliness of Jamaica. [1656J 
 The general court accordingly returned an address, 
 declining, in the name uf their fellow-citizens, to em- 
 brace tho protector's otler, and wiilml beseeching his 
 Highness not to impute their refusal to iiiditl'erencc lo 
 hia service, or to an ungrateful disregard of his concern 
 for their welfare. t Thus, by the overruling influence 
 of that Power hy which their slcps had been so signally 
 directed, were the colonists prevented, on two occa- 
 sions, from availing themselves uf the injudicious pro- 
 motion which Cromwell was so eager to bestow. Had 
 lliey removed to Ireland, they would themselves shortly 
 after have been subjected to slavery : had they pro- 
 
 * This year Massachusetts lost its eminent preacher, pa- 
 triarch, and peace*inakcr, John Cotton. Finding hiuiseir dy> 
 in^, he tent for the maKistrales and ministers of tlie colony, 
 and, with solemnity and tenderness, bade them faiewell for a 
 while. Few men have ever occupied so largo room as tt'ia 
 man possessed in the hearts of his countrymen. 
 
 t Hutchinson, i. 180. lUO— ]V». Chalmers. S93. 193. 188. 
 Hazard, 63t. A similar answer was returned by Newhaven 
 to a similar application from the protector. Trumlmll, i. 38t). 
 There were not wanting some wild spirits among tlie colo- 
 nist:*, who relis.ed the protector's pro]M)sals. The notorious 
 Veimer, who headed the insurieciion of the Fifih MouHrrby 
 men in Eni,dand after the Restoration, wab fur some tune ua 
 irdial)itaiit of Salem, andpievailed vvittia pariv of ztaluts iluTe 
 to unite in a scheme of emigration to the West Indies. Dut 
 the design was discouraged by the clergy, and intercepted 
 by tho magistrates. Oldmuun,i. 47 
 
 lMl 'mijU.». ' ■ ' a.^^ -- 
 
NORTH AMERICA; 
 
 25.') 
 
 eceive the tIteM- 
 lassachunettB had 
 held the very form 
 uin thti parliament 
 of the council M 
 )n this order, aiid 
 mi^ht have boea 
 to the other uo- 
 1 disMolulion, and 
 r of the Knghah 
 Oliver Cromwell, 
 protector proved 
 1 colonies, except 
 litical tenets of it* 
 uater displeasure 
 [aryland. Rhode 
 iun, resumed the 
 rliiimenl had ro- 
 sivo vigor of his 
 ut and Newhaven 
 a they had long 
 the Dutch colo- 
 gl'jrul stalen wcro 
 ration of (ho par- 
 I) foreign nations; 
 i derived a |rrcat 
 protrctor's arms 
 from the blench, 
 pied the highest 
 Miants of tins set- 
 a diirnily of en* 
 levaiion which he 
 f the great 8ove- 
 >r which they had 
 Ireland, however 
 ipprohation, wore 
 regard for a peo» 
 Id considerations, 
 piest of Jamaica, 
 ting the colonists 
 nd; [ 1655,] and, 
 ed to them, (hat, 
 ■ pririfiplca in the 
 ord of the gospel 
 f pnprry. and that 
 selves as sirongly 
 had been to thetr 
 to incite Iheni to 
 Ilia amplest coun- 
 the whole powers 
 r own handj, and 
 nis of the torrid 
 d be rewarderl in 
 considerations he 
 I in pressing them 
 sc which, he said, 
 ople the head, auU 
 e views upon iho 
 nists in Kngland, 
 ) to solicit on the 
 1. but the colo- 
 andon a country 
 ind in j)038es8ion 
 diid the proposal 
 roni the accounts 
 Jamaica. [1656] 
 rned an address, 
 -citizens, to eni- 
 il beseeching his 
 to inJitlerencc to 
 rd of hid concern 
 rruling iuHutMice 
 been so signally 
 ed. on two occa- 
 ! injudicious pro* 
 o bestow. Had 
 emselves shortly 
 f : had they pro- 
 
 iient preacher, pa- 
 'mdint; hitiiseir dy* 
 tors of the colon/, 
 Item faiewell fur a 
 largo room ai tl'is 
 nen. 
 
 Drs. 993. I03. 18B. 
 lied by Newhaven 
 Trumliull, i. tRtk 
 s amonef the rulo< 
 Is. The notorious 
 he FiTih .Moimrchy 
 lur jiOMie tniH! an 
 'ty of zealuls tlicrr 
 VV«;st liiilies. Dut 
 ', anU intercepted 
 
 ceeded to Jamaica, they would have been exposed to a 
 strong and dangerous temptation of inliictnig that in- 
 justice upon others. In the mind o( Ciomweli, a veiie- 
 mcnl ardor was singularly combined with the most pro- 
 found and delibcrute sagacity ; and enlhu.^nistic senti- 
 ments were not uiifre(|uently blended with politic con- 
 siderations, in proportions which it is little likely that 
 he himself was aware of, or that any .spectator of his 
 actions can hope to adjust. It in obvious, on the one 
 hand, that his propositions to the colonists, on hoth 
 ucrasions, were connected with tiio securer establiah- 
 ment of his own dominion in Ireland, and (he preserva- 
 tion of his conquest m the West Indies. Hut it is 
 equally certain, on the other, that the colonists in- 
 quired neither displeasure, nor even abatement of his 
 cordial friendship, by refusing to promote the schemes 
 on which he was so sirongly bent : nay, so powerfully 
 had they captivated his rugged heart, that they were 
 able to maintain his favor, eve-i while their iinoU-rance 
 discredited the independent principles which he and 
 they concurred m professmg ; and none of the com- 
 plaints with which he was long harassed on their ac- 
 count bv the anabaptists and quakers, wiiuse proceed- 
 ings and treatment in the colony we are now to con- 
 sider, were ever able to deprive the people of the place 
 they had gained in the protector's esteem. 
 
 The colonists had been of late years involved occa- 
 sionally m hostilities with some of the Indian tnbrs, 
 and in disputes with the Dutch, by whose machinations 
 li was suspected Jiat these savages were more than 
 once instigated to conspire agiunat them, liut these 
 events had been productive of greater alarm than in- 
 jury : and by far tne most serious troubles with which 
 the colonists were infested were those which arose from 
 religious dissensions. Of all the instances of persecu- 
 tion that occur m the history of New Kngland, the most 
 censurable in its principle, though happily also the least 
 vehement in the seventies which it produced, was tlie 
 treatment inflicted on the anabaptists by the govern- 
 ment o( Massachusetts The first appearance of these 
 sectaries in this province was in the year 1651, when, 
 to the great astonishment and concern of the coinmu- 
 nitv, sdven or eight persons, of wliom the leader was 
 one Obadtah Holmes, ad at once professed the baptist 
 tenets, and separated from the congregation to whicii 
 ihev had belonged, declaring that they could no lont:er 
 take ccunsci, or partake divine ordinances, with unbap- 
 tized mt-n. as they pronounced all the other inhabitants 
 of the province to he. The erroneous doctrine whicli 
 thus unexpectedly sprung up was at this time regarded 
 with peciihar dread and jealousy, on account of the 
 horrible enormities of sentiment and practice witli which 
 tiie first professors of it in Germany had associated its 
 repute ; and no sooner did Holmes and his friends set 
 up a baptist conventicle for themselves, than eoinptaints 
 of their proceedings, as an intolerable nuisance, came 
 pouring into the <reneral court from all quarters of the 
 colony. From the tenorof these complaints, it appears, 
 that the influence of that infamous association, by which 
 the wretched Uoccuhl and his frantic followers at Mun- 
 iter had stained and degraded the baptist tenets, stUl 
 preserved its force in the minds of men, and that the 
 profession of these tenets was calculated to awaken sus- 
 picions of the grossest innnorality of conduct. Holmes 
 was accused of having dishonored the Almighty, not 
 only by scattering his peo))le and denying his ordinance, 
 but by the commission ol profligate impurities, and the 
 shameful indecency with \Nhicli it was alleged thai his 
 distinctive rite was administered. It is udinitiod by 
 the colonial historians, that the evidence tlut was ad- 
 duced i" support of these latter charges was msutlicient 
 to establish them. The court at first proceeded no 
 farther than to adjudge Holmes and his friends to desist 
 from their unchristian separation : ar.d tiiey wore per- 
 mitted to retire, having first, however, publicly declared 
 that they would follow out the leidings of their con- 
 sciences, and obey God rather than man. Some time 
 after, they were apprehended on a Sunday, while attend- 
 ing the preaching of one Clark, a baptist, from Rhode 
 Island, who had come to propagate his tenets in Mas- 
 sachusetts. The constables who took them into cus- 
 tody carried them to cuurch. as a more proper place of 
 christian worship ; where Clark put on his hat the mo- 
 ment that the minister began to pray. Clark, Holmes, 
 and another, were sentenced to pay smad fines, or he 
 flogged : and thirty lashes were actually inflicted on 
 Holmes, who resolutely persisted in choosing a punish- 
 ment that would cnalic him to show with what con- 
 stancy he could suffer for what he believed to be the 
 truth. A law was at the same time passed, subjecting 
 to banishment from the colony every person who should 
 openly condeiuu or oppose the baptism of infants, who 
 
 shou d attempt to seduce others from the use or appro- 
 bation thereof, or purposely depart from the congrega- 
 tion when that rite was adniinistered, "or deny the 
 ordinance of the magistracy, or their lawful right or 
 authority to make war." From these last words it 
 would appear, that the baptists either held, or were re- 
 ported to hold, along with the proper tenet.s from 
 wher"" they have derived llieir denomination, princi- 
 ples .uat might well he deemed adverse to the stability 
 of government and the safely of society. In addition 
 to this, we arc assured by Cotton Mather, that it was 
 the practice of the anabaptists, in order to strengthen 
 their party and manifest their contempt for the clerical 
 congregations, to receive at once into their oody every 
 per^son whom tliu established church had suspended 
 from ecclesiastical privileges for licentiousness of con- 
 duct, and even to appoint these persons administrators 
 of the sacrament among them. Yet, even with these 
 and other extenuating considerations, it is impossible 
 to acquit the government of Massachusetts of having 
 violated in this instance the rights of conscirucc, and 
 iide tmr. otleiiders for the hdelity wiiJi whxh they 
 adliercd (u what they hrinly, though crroniou^ly, be- 
 lieved to he the will of Uod, in relation of a matter 
 purely ecclesiastical.* The eagerness with which every 
 collateral cliarge against the baptists was credited in 
 the colony, and the vehement impatience with which 
 their claim of toleration was rejected, forcibly indicate 
 
 he illiberality and delusion by which their persecutors 
 were governed ; and may suggest to the christian philo- 
 soptier a train of reflections no less instructive than 
 interesting on the self-deceit by which men so com- 
 moiily infer the honcoty of their convictions, and the 
 rectitude uf their proceedings, from that resentful per- 
 turbation which far more truly indicates a secret con- 
 sciousness of injustice and inconsistency. There is 
 not a more common nor more pernicious error in the 
 world than that one virtue may be practised at the ex- 
 pense of another. \N here sincerity without charity ia 
 professed, there is always reason to suspect the profes- 
 sor of a dishonest disregard of the secret surmises of 
 his own spirit. 
 
 It is niortifying to behold such tares growing up in 
 the field that was already so riclily productive of mis- 
 
 ionary exertion and other f uils of genuine and exalted 
 piety. The seventies tliat were employed proved m 
 the end totally inetfeciual to restrain the growth of the 
 baptists' (enels ; though lor the present the professors 
 of these doctrines appear to have either desisted from 
 holding separate assemblies, or to have retired from 
 Massachusetts, fcjome of tiiem proceeded to Kngland, 
 and coniplanied to Cromwell ol tl e persecution they 
 li'.d undergone ; but he rejected their complauit, and 
 
 pplauded the conduct of the colonial auihuriiies. 
 I'he ireaimeiit which tlie quakers expeneiiced in 
 Massachusetts was much mure severe, but, at the same 
 time, undoubtedly much more justly provoked. It is 
 dillicult lor us, m the calm and ruuonul demeanor ol 
 the quakers of the present age, to recognise the suc- 
 cessors of tiiose wild enttiusiasts who first appeared in 
 the north of Kngland, about the year 1644, and began 
 a few years alter to be distinguisiied by ttie name ut 
 quakeis. In the mind of George i'ojt, the collector ol 
 llus sectarian body and the launder of their system oi 
 doeinne, there existed a singular mixture of clinsiian 
 sentiment and gospil truth, with a deep shade of error 
 and delusion. I'loloundly pious and eoniemplitive, 
 but constitutionally visionary a. id hypocliondnacal.i iie 
 appears at tirst to ha\e .suspected that the peculiarities 
 ol ills mental impressions might have arl^en Irom some 
 malady which advice could remove ; and an old clergy- 
 iimn, to whom he applied lor counsel, udvnftd him to 
 seek a cure of what" was spiritual in his disouler by 
 
 * Tlie baptists who were rxiled irorn Ma.ssaihusselts wen- 
 allowed to suttio in the loUuiy ol i'lyiiiouih (llutclanson, u. 
 476), whence it may he sinnigty ndcrred, that they did not in 
 reahty proless {;is iliey were suiipusedby tlic [leople ol Mus- 
 sacliusclls to do) princiiiies ad\eise to Uie salcty ul society. 
 The charge prohahly ongumtt-d in the exiravagauceoi a Ilw 
 ot their own number, and the iinpatieiico and injusiicc ol 
 their advursaties. 
 
 t Several cnihietit christian teachers have been nlltioted with 
 hyiv'choi.driaciil afieciioiis, and in a greater or lea;' dejrree ilt- 
 luded by ihe strange iinpre3>-Mi3 or"^ which lh»;y remler the 
 mind susceptible. Thai great a. .i good niuii, David Drainerd, 
 in particular, labored under this diueasti all his Win; and 
 though it dill not affect Ida viuws of docirini., h exeroiseil a 
 iiiosi unhappy inllueiice on his sent line iits, and proilucvd 
 much of what is gloomy and visionary in the account v, hicli he 
 comiroscii of his own experience. This is expressly avowed 
 by Ida biographer, Presiiient Edwards, who was iuiiiimtvly 
 acquainiud with hini. ^o delusive id l\m iiiHidious iiialudy, 
 that periiaps none of its victims h;is evi'r bt'i*n aware how lar 
 he was Hulijeci to its iiilluoncc. nriuucnl'tf partial conscious, 
 uess ut'it, prevented it tVuin exisnditi|f its influence front his 
 feelings to hid understanding. 
 
 singing psalms, and o( what was bodily hy smoking 
 tobacco. Kox rejected both parts of the prescription 
 as unsuitable to his condition, because disagreeable la 
 hia taste ; and being now convinced that others were 
 incapable of understanding his case, he took it entirely 
 into his own hands, and resolved to cherish, study, and, 
 if possible, cultivate into distinctness the uninteriigible 
 motions ot his spint ; in short, to follow the leadings of 
 his fancy as far as they would carry him. Unsuspi- 
 cious of morbid influence, or of the deccitfulness of his 
 own imagination, he yielded implicit credence to every 
 suggestion of his mind, and was given up in an amazing 
 degree to the delusions which, by prayer to the Al- 
 mighty, he might have been enabled to overcome and 
 disnel Yet the powerful hold which the Scriptures 
 had already taken of his mind, and the strong determi- 
 nation towards solid and genuine piety which his spirit 
 had thence derived, prevented him from wandering into 
 the same monstrous eitravagance which the conduct ol 
 many of his associates and followers very speedily 
 evinced. In his journal, which is one of the most re- 
 markable and interesting prnductn)ns of tiie human 
 mind, lie lia.s faithfully related the mtluence which his 
 tenets ])roduced on the sentiments and conduct both of 
 him*'elf and his followers. It displays in many parts » 
 wonderful insight into spiritual things, together with 
 numberless instances of that delusion by which he mis- 
 took a strong perception of wrong and disorder in hu- 
 man nature and civil society, for a supernatural power 
 to rectify what he saw ami.ss. He relates with perfect 
 approbation many instances of contempt of decency and 
 order in his own conduct, an J uf most insane and dis- 
 gusting outrage in that of his followers ; and though he 
 reprobates the extravagancies of some whom he denomi- 
 nates Hanttrs, it is not easy to discriminate between 
 the extravagance which he sanctions and that which he 
 condemns. Amidst much djrkness, there glimmeis a 
 bright and beautiful ray of truth : many passages of 
 .Scnpture are powerfully illustrated ; and labors of zeal 
 and piety, of courage and integrity, are recorded, that 
 would do honor to the ministry uf an inspired apo.^tle. 
 That his personal character was elevated and excellent 
 in an unusual degree, appears from the ini|tression it 
 produced on the minds of all who approached him. 
 l*enn and liardav in particular, who to the most emi- 
 nent virtue added talents of the 'ir^t order, regarded 
 Fox with the utmost fondness and veneration. 
 
 It was this man who tirst f.inbraced and promulgatci 
 those tenets which have ever since renui.ied the dis- 
 linctive pnnciples of quaker doctrine — that the Holy 
 Spirit, instead of operating (as the generality of chris- 
 tians htlicve It in all ordinary cases to do) hy insensible 
 control of the ordinary motions of the mind, act-i hy 
 direct and sensible impulse on the spint of man ; that 
 its influence, instead of being obtained by praver to 
 Him who has promised to bestow it on those who ask 
 It, is procured by an introversion of the inlellettual eye 
 upon the inmd where it already resides, and in the still- 
 ness and watchful attention of which, the hulden spark 
 will blaze into a eb-ar inward light and sensible flame ; 
 and that the iSpirii, instead ot simply opening the 
 minds of men to nndersiand the Scriptures and re- 
 ceive their testimony, can and does convey instruction 
 independently of the written word, and coinrnnnicaie 
 kiiowleilge which is not to be found in tjie .Scriptures. 
 Ihese dangerous errors have never been renounced hv 
 the quakers. iIioilIi fhrir practical influence bus long 
 since abatid, ai.il iitietd had ctinsiderably declined 
 before the end of Uiat century, aliout the middle of 
 which (hey arose. In proportion as they have been 
 cultivated and realized, has been the progress of the 
 sect into heresy of opinion or wild delusion of fancy 
 and irregularity of conduct : in proportion as they havo 
 subsided, h.is been the ascendency which real piety or 
 rational and philosophical principle has obtamid over 
 the minds of the (piakers. Even in the present day, 
 we behold the evil inffuencc of these erroneous doc- 
 trines, in the frequently sdent meetings of the quakers, 
 III the licence which they givo to women to assume iho 
 office of teachers in the church, and in the abolition of 
 the sacraments so distinctly instituted and enjoined in 
 Scnpture. Dut when these doctrines were first pub- 
 lished, the effects which they produced on many of 
 their votaries, far exceeded the influence to which 
 modern history restricts them, or which the experience 
 of this cool and rational age finds it easy to conceive. 
 In Kngland, at that time, the minds of men were in an 
 agitated unsettled state, inflamed with the rage of 
 speculation, sirongly endued with religious sentiment, 
 and yet strongly averse (o restraint. The bands that 
 had so long restrained liberty of speech being suddenly 
 broken, many crud** thou^htt were eagerly broached, 
 
S5S 
 
 TllK HIST OR Y OF 
 
 Mild niiny peculiar noliona that liAd lon{^ Ijecn ferment' 
 ing in the unwhotcaomu silence of locked up hosonitt, 
 were hroughl forth : and all these were nrcsentcd to 
 minds roused and whetted by civil war, kindled by great 
 alarms or by vast and iiidoterininate designs, and so ac- 
 customed for a length of time to clfect or contonplate 
 the most surprising changes, thul the distinction be- 
 tween speculation and certainly was greatly elfar^d. 
 The preahyteriana alone, or nearly alone, appear to 
 have been generally willing to submit to, as well an to 
 impose, restraint on the lawless licence of speculation ; 
 •nd to them the qiiakers, from the beginning, were 
 objects of unmixed disapprobation and oven abhorrence. 
 But to many other persons, this new scheme, opening 
 a wide field of enthusiastic speculation, and presenting 
 itself without the restrictive accompaniment of a creed, 
 exhibited irresistible attractions, and rapidly absorbed 
 u great variety of liniiiaii character and feeling. Ueforo 
 many years had elapsed, the ranks of the quakerswere 
 recruited, and their doctrines, without being substan- 
 tially altered, were moulded into a more systematic 
 sha[ie, by such an accession of philosophical votaries, 
 as, in the early ages of the church, Christianity itself 
 derived from the pretended adoption and real adulter- 
 ation of its doctrines, by the disciples of the Platonic 
 philosophy. Xiit it was the wildest and most enthusi- 
 astic dreamers in tlic country, that the quaker tenets 
 counted among their earliest votaries, and to whom 
 they airordcd a sanction and stimulus to the boldest ex- 
 cursions of lawless and uncertain thought, and a prin- 
 ciple that was thought to consecrate the most irregular 
 and disorderly conduct. And accordingly these sec- 
 tarians, who have always professed and inculcated the 
 maxims of inviolabte peace, who not many years after 
 were accuuiited a class of phito.<4ophicul deists seeking 
 to pave the way to a sclicmo of natural religion, by 
 allegorizing the distinguishing articles of the christian 
 faith, and who are now in general remarkable for a 
 calm benevolence and a peculiar remoteness from every 
 active effort to make proselytes to their distinctive 
 tenets, were, in the infancy of their body, the most im- 
 petuous zealots and inveterate disputers ; and in their 
 eagerness to proselytize the world, and to bear witness 
 from the fountain of oracular testimony, wliich they 
 aujtposed to reside within them, against a regular 
 ministry which they called a priesthood of Uaal, and 
 against the sacraments which they termed carnal and 
 idolatrous observances, many of them committed the 
 most revolting blasphemy, inJeccncy, and disorderly 
 outrage.* 'The iinf.ivurablc impression that these actions 
 created, long survived the extinction of the frenzy and 
 I'dly that produced them. 
 
 While in pursuance of their intentions to make 
 proBelyles of the whole world, some of the quakers 
 proceeded to Home, in order to convert the pope, and 
 others to (.'onstatuinople, for the purpose of instructing 
 11 c Grand Turk ; a party of them proceeded to .\me- 
 ricn and established themselves in Hiiode Island, wliere 
 persons of every religious denomination were per- 
 mitted to settle in peace, and none gave heed to the 
 sentiments or practices of his neighbors. From hence 
 they soon made their way into the I'lymoulh territory, 
 where they succeeded in persuading some of the 
 people to embrace tlic mystical dispensation of an in- 
 ward light as comprising the whole of religion, and to 
 oppose all order, both civl and ecclesiastical, as a vain 
 and judaizing substitution of the kingilom of the flesh 
 for the kingdom of the spirit. On their first appearance 
 in Matsachnseelts, where two male and six female 
 quakers arrived from Rhode Island and Barbadoes, 
 they found that the reproach which their sect had in- 
 curred by the insane extravagance of some of its mem- 
 bers in England, had preceded their arrival, and that 
 they were objects of the utmost teiror and dislike to 
 the great body of the people. They were instantly ap- 
 prehended hy the government, and diligently examined 
 tor what were considered bodily marks of witchcraft. 
 None such having been found, they were sent back to 
 
 • The frenzy that iwasessed many orihe qunkeri had reached 
 Us height hi the year I6j(), the very year in tvhicti the quakers 
 first presentetl themselves in Massachusetts. See the proceed- 
 ings in tlie House of Cdmmons against James Naylnr, a Qua- 
 ker, for blasplieiny. Howel-a Stale Trials, toI. v. p. 901. 
 This unhappy iiersnn represented himself as ths redeemer of 
 the human race. Some particulars of his frenzy are related In 
 Nolo IX. He lived to recant his errors, and even write sen* 
 •ibiy in defence of llie quaker body, who were by this lime in- 
 creasing in respcctatiilily, and wer* yet so magnanimous as to 
 acknowlatlge asafriendiheman who had done such disservice 
 totheir cause. It is a remarkable and signifl-'snt fart, that at 
 the very time when the separ.-ite lenrhiiig of the spirit was 
 most Blrongly insisted on by the qualters, and the olTice and 
 work of the saviour nf mankind of consequence least alluded 
 lo, aaveral of their own members (more or less Insane, no 
 imiM) beUeved ihli office to be Tested hi ihemselvei. 
 
 the place v«heiice they came, by the same vessels that 
 had brought them, and pruhibled with threats of the 
 severest penal i .llrtiuna from ever again returning to 
 the colony. A law was passed at the same time sub- 
 jecting every shqi-inasler iin|iorting quakers or ipiakcr 
 writings to a heavy lino ; adjudging all quakers who 
 should inirude into the colony to stripes and labor in 
 the liouse of correction, and all defenders of their tenets 
 to fine, imprisonmenl or exile. The four associated states 
 concurred in this law, and urged the authorities of Khodo 
 Island to co-operate with them in atemiiiing the pro- 
 gress of quaker opinions ; but the assembly of that 
 island returned for answer, that they could not punish 
 any man for declaring hia mind with regard to religion ; 
 that they were much lis'urbed by the quakers, and by 
 the tendency of their doctrines to disiiolve all the rela- 
 tions of society ; but that they found that the quakers 
 delighted to encounter persecution, quickly sickened of 
 a patient audience, and had already begun to loathe 
 Rhode Island as a place where their talent of patient 
 sulfering was completely buried.* It is much to bo 
 lamented that the ailvice contained in this good-humored 
 letter was not adopted. The penal enactments resorted 
 to by the other settlements, served only to irflaino the 
 impatience of the quaker zealots to carry ihcir leaching 
 into places that seemed to them so much in need of it ; 
 and the personst who had been disappointed in their 
 first attempt returned almost immediately, and, dis- 
 persing themselves through tho colony, began to an- 
 nounce their mysterious impressions, and succeeded 
 in communicating them to some of the inhabitants of 
 Salem. They were soon joined hy Mary Clarke, the 
 wife of a tailor in London, who announced that she had 
 loft her husband and six children, in order to carry a 
 message from heaven, which she was commissioned to 
 deliver to New Kngland. Instead of joining wiih the 
 colonial missionaries in attempts to reclaim the savages 
 from their barbarous superstition and profligate immo- 
 ralities, or themselves prosecuting separate missions of 
 the same description, these people raised their voices 
 against every thing that was most highly approved and 
 revered in the doctrine and practice of tlie colonial 
 churches. Having been seizeil and ilogged, they were 
 again dismissed with severer threats from the colony, 
 and again they returned by the first vessels they could 
 procure. The government and the groat body of the 
 colonists were incensed at their pertinacity, and shocked 
 at the impression they had already produced on some 
 minds, and which threatened to corrupt and subvert a 
 system of piety whose establishment and perpetuation 
 supplied their fondest recollections, their noblest enjoy- 
 ment, ond most energetic desires. [1657.] New 
 punishments were introtluccd into the legislative enact- 
 ments against the intrusion of quakers and the profes- 
 sion of quakcrism ; and in particular the abscission of 
 an car was added to the former ineifectual seventies. 
 [IGiOS.] Three male quaker preachers endured the 
 rigor of this cruel law. 
 
 But all the exertions of the colonial autliorities 
 proved utterly unavailing, and seemed rather to stimu- 
 late the zeal of the obnoxious sectaries lo oncoiinier the 
 danger and court the glory nf pevsecution. Clouds of 
 quakers descended upon the colony ; and, violent and 
 impetuous in provoking persecution, calm, resolute, and 
 inflexible in sustaining it, they opposed their powers 
 of endurance to their odvcrsaries' power of infliction, 
 and not onlv multiplied their converts, but excited a 
 considerable degree of favor and pity in the minds of 
 men whose own experience had taught them to respect 
 and sympathise with the virtue of sulfering well t 
 
 • Gonion antl other writers have reprcariiied tlie letter frmn 
 Rhode iHlaiid lo MassacliuHelw as coiivpyiiic a di!jiiilli>d rj- 
 bilke of intolerance, and have quoted a pasfiage to thii elTect, 
 wliirli lliey liave found somewhere else than in the Iciicr 
 itself 
 
 Roger Williams, who fontributod to found the stale of 
 RhiHie I.slnnd, endeavored, some years after this period, lo ex- 
 tirpate the quaker heresy, bv clmileneiiig aome of the leaders 
 of the sect, who had come out on a mission to their brethren 
 from England, to tiolil a public diaputalion with him on their 
 teiiet.i. They arcepted his challenge, and their hialnrlans as- 
 sure us that the dispmatinn, which lasted for several days, 
 ended *' in a clear conviction of the envy and prejudice of the 
 old man." Ouugh and Scwel, ii. 131. It is more probable 
 that, like other public dispiitntions, it ended aa it began. 
 
 ♦ Except one of the women, Mary Fisher, who travelled to 
 Adrianople, and had an interview with tho Grand Vizier, by 
 whom she was received with courteous respect. Bishop, the 
 quaker, in his" New England Judged." observes tiiat she 
 fared better among heathens tlian her asaociatea did among 
 pr'ifcsaing Ciiristians. He was perhaps not aware that ihe 
 Turks regard insane peraoiia aa inapireil. But whether insane 
 or not, she was not allogctherilivesled of a prndcnilal concern 
 for her own safety ; for " when they asked her what she 
 tliougiit of their prophet Mahomet, she made a cautloua reply, 
 that ehe knew him not." 
 
 t A ""'J i* '"''' ^f Whitelocke, p. SSH, strongly tlluslrative 
 
 When the quaUera were committed lo tho lioiiae w 
 correction, thi^y refused lo work ; wlien ihoy were ml- 
 jected to lines, they refused to pay tliein. In the houe 
 of enforcing compliance, the court adjudged twn of 
 these contumacious persons to he aoltl as staves in tiia 
 West Indies ; but as even this appalling ,)rospr. t could 
 not move their sluhhorn resolution, ihe coiKi, instead 
 of executing its inhuman threat, resortetl to the iiiia- 
 vailing device of banishing them beyond lis jurisdiction. 
 It was hy no slight provocations, that the quakers at- 
 tracted these ami additional severilies upon themselves. 
 Men trembled for the faith and morals of llieir families 
 and their friends, when they heard the lilaspheinoiis 
 denunciations that were uttered against "a tarnal 
 Christ ;" and when they beheld the frantic and inde- 
 cent onlragea that were prompted hy ihe mystical im- 
 pressions which the ipiakers inculcated and profeseil to 
 bo guided by. In public assemblies, and in crowdid 
 stieets, it was the practice of some of the quakers to 
 denounce ihe most tremendous maiiirestatiuns of divine 
 wrath on the people, unless they forsook their carnal sys- 
 tem. Others interrupted divine service of the churches, 
 hy calling aloud that tnese were not the sa.-rilices 
 that Uod would ace -pt; and one of them enforced this 
 assurance by breaking two bottles in the face of tho 
 congregation, exclaiming, " Thus will the I^ril break 
 you in pieces." They declared that the SLiipliirea 
 were replete with allegory, that the inward liglit was 
 tho only infallible guide to religions truth, and that all 
 were blind beasts and Uam who denied it. Tin female 
 preachers far exceeded their male associates in folly, 
 frenzy, and indecency. Ono of them presented herself 
 to a congregation with her face begrimed with coal 
 dust, announcing it as an emblem of the black pox, 
 which heaven had commissioned her to threaten as an 
 approaching judgment on all carnal worshippers. Some 
 of them in rueful atlire perambulated the streets, de- 
 claring the immediate coming of an angel with a drawn 
 sword to plead with the people One woman entered 
 stark naked into a church in the middle of diviiio ser- 
 vice, and desired the people to take heed to her as a 
 sign of the times ; and her associates highly extolled 
 her submission to the inward ligiit, that hail revealed to 
 her the duty of exposing the nakedness of others by the 
 indecent exhibition of her own person, .\nother wa« 
 arrested as she was making a similar display in the 
 streets of Salem. The horror thai these insane enor- 
 mities were fitted to inspire, was inflamed into the most 
 vehement indignation, by the deliberate manner in 
 which they were defended, and llie disgusting profanity 
 with which Scripture was linked in iinprre as!<ociatioii 
 with every thing that was odious, ridiculous, and con- 
 temptible Among their other singularities, the qua- 
 kers exenijdi'icd and inculcated the forbearance of 
 every mark of respect to courts and magistrates ; ihoy 
 declared that governors, judges, lawyers, and consta- 
 bles were trees that must be cut down that the true 
 light might have leave to shine and space to rule alone ; 
 and, forgetting to what diabolical ends quotation of 
 Scripture has been made suliservient they freely indul- 
 ged every contumacious whimsey, which they could 
 connect, however absurdly, with the language of the 
 Bible. One woman who was summoned before tho 
 court to answer for some extravagance, being desired 
 to tell wliere she lived, refused to give any other an- 
 swer than that she lived in God, *' for in him we live, 
 and move, and have our being." Letters replete with 
 coarse and virulent railing were addressed hy others to 
 the magistrates of Boston and Plymouth. Such was 
 the inauspicious outset of the quakers in .-\merica ; a 
 country where, a few years after, under the guidaneo 
 of better judgment and feeling, they were destined to 
 extend the empire of piety and benevolence, and to 
 found estahlisliinents that have been largely productive 
 of happiness and virtue. 
 
 It has been asserted by some of the modern apo- 
 logists of the quakers, that these frantic irregularities, 
 which excited so much indignation, and produced such 
 tragical consequences, were committed, not by genuinu 
 quakers, but by tho ranters or wild separatists from tho 
 
 of the sineularily wph wliieh lb" quakers of tlio^e times com 
 billed nil that was franlic in anion willi all that was dignifled 
 and nflerting in sufTerine. Some nnakers at Haslnglon In 
 Northumberland, having intcrrnpted a minister employed in 
 divine service, were severely beaten by the people. Inalend 
 of resisting, thcv went oill of the chnrrh, and failing on their 
 kneea, bc3onghi Ooil to pardon their perspculors, who knew 
 not what they did ; ond ai^crwnrds addresplng the people, so 
 convinced them of the cruelly of their violence, that ihelr nil. 
 ditora fell a quarrelling among tbemaelves, and beal one ano. 
 ther more than tiiey had formerly beaien the quakers. Tiieae 
 joctnrians would seem. Indeed, lo have imitiued the propliuls 
 of the Old TaatamenI In provoking their fate, and the cbrlsloi'l 
 apostles and mariirn In •aduring tt 
 
 I iiinii i flf fta iM w 
 
NO RTH AMERICA. 
 
 m 
 
 to th« (loiiHt* u»' 
 'n Ihry wero eiit*- 
 in fn the houe 
 idjiiHgcil (wo uf 
 I as slavcn in uie 
 K jirospnt could 
 be coiiri, instead 
 irtrd tu tlio una- 
 I it8 juriodiciion. 
 ihi3 qtiakrro ut- 
 upon theinaclvcs. 
 of their farnilie* 
 ■ho t>la»|)hcinoii8 
 (Jiiiiiftt "a -nriul 
 Mrilic and indc- 
 tho rnysik-al im- 
 and profosed lo 
 and in nrowdtd 
 )f the (juakrrs to 
 nations of divine 
 tlifir carnal 8Vfl- 
 ofthe chnri'h'es, 
 *i the sai'hljci^rt 
 m enforced this 
 the face of the 
 the Imu] hff-iik 
 the SLiiptiircs 
 nward Ii^ht wa.s 
 nth, and that all 
 it. Tin female 
 <ociatej( in folly, 
 resented herself 
 imed with coai 
 r the black pox, 
 D threaten as an 
 ihippers. Some 
 the streets, de- 
 ^el with a drawn 
 woman entered 
 e of divine ser- 
 leed to her as a 
 highly extolled 
 had revealed to 
 of others by the 
 . Another wai 
 r display in the 
 'se insane eiior- 
 I'd into the most 
 ate manner in 
 usting profanity 
 lire association 
 :nIoiK'<, and con- 
 arities, the qua- 
 forhearancft of 
 il^nstratns ; (hov 
 jrs, and consta- 
 nt that the true 
 e to rule alone ; 
 Is quotation of 
 ey freely indnl- 
 lich they could 
 language of the 
 ncd before the 
 , beinjT desired 
 c any other aii- 
 in him we live, 
 Ts replete with 
 cd i>y others to 
 th. Such was 
 in America ; a 
 r the ^uidanco 
 ere destined to 
 'iileriee, and to 
 jcly productive 
 
 ilio^c (i[iic4 Com 
 lilt wasiliynifieJ 
 eit Ilnstngtnn in 
 Iter einployeil in 
 people. IriRteail 
 fultuig on their 
 lorw, who knew 
 tf thn ppfiple, so 
 0, that ihtsir nu- 
 lU betti one nno- 
 Hinkere. Thosn 
 led the proplit-is 
 ind the cUristoii 
 
 qu.iker body. Of llieso ranters, indeed, a very larj;.! 
 proportion a|>p**arto have betaken ihi mselve^ to Arne- 
 ru'3 ; attracted chiefly by thr ylory of peraetMittoii. but 
 in fcome niHtances, perhaps liy the hope of atlainnit; 
 amoMij their brethren in that country a disiiniMion 
 from ^whreh they were excluded in nnuland by the 
 e^tnidtahed pre-eminence of fieorj^e Fox • It i» cer- 
 lam, however, that these persons assumed the name of 
 piakers. and traced all their frenzy to the peculiar 
 qiiaker principle of seeking within themselves for »oii- 
 aihle adinouiiitiona of the spirit, independent of the 
 written word. And many scandalous out^a^es were 
 committed by pernons whose profession of qnakt'r prin- 
 ciples was rccofrntzed by the (juaker body, and whoie 
 siitferiui^s are related, and their frenzy applauded, by 
 the pens of qnaker writers. 
 
 Kxasperaled by the repetition and increase of thene 
 enormities, and the extent to which the contai;ion of 
 the principle whence they seemed to arise was pm- 
 p.iH.Uinif Itself in the colony, the nnigi^ttratcs of Mas- 
 aiichiissetl.-* at Irniith, in the close of this year, intro 
 diced a law, denounemg the punishment of death upon 
 all qiia'{ers reiiiriiini; from banishment. This l«iw met 
 with luurh opposition ; and many persons, who would 
 have ha/.jrded their own lives lo extirpate the opinions 
 of the qnnkers, solemnly protested against tiie crueltv 
 of sheddiuij their blood. It was at first rejected by 
 the deputies, end linally carried by the narrow majority 
 of a sinffle voice. In the course of the two follownii^ 
 years, [lfi5l), 1060,] this law was carried into exoeu- 
 tion on three separate occasions, when four quakers 
 three men and a woman, were put to death at Boston. 
 It does not appear that any of these unfortunate per- 
 sons had been <.'uilty of the ontrajrcs which the conduct 
 of many of their Irrcthren had associated with the pro- 
 fession of quakerism. Oppressed by the prejudice 
 which had been created by the frantic conduct of others, 
 they were adjudned to die for returning from banish- 
 ment and continuing to preach the qnaker doctrines. 
 In vain the court entreated thein to accept a pardon on 
 condition of abandoning for ever the colony from 
 which they had been repeatedly banished. They an- 
 swered by reciting the he-ivenly call to continue there, 
 which on various occasions, they said, had sounded in 
 their ears, in the fields, andiii their dwellings distinctly, 
 syllabling their names, and whispering their prophetic 
 ot!icc and the scene of its exercise. t \Vlien they 
 were conducted to the scatfold, their demeanour evinceil 
 the most infle.vihie zeal and emirage, and their dying 
 declar.ttions breathed in general the most sublime and 
 ailerting pielv. These executions excited a great 
 rhmor against (he government , many persons were 
 "(Tended by ihe representation of severities against 
 which the establishment of the colony itself teemed 
 intended !o boar a perpetual testimony ; and many 
 were l.iurhed with an indignant compassion for tlie 
 sutferings of Ilie quakers. that elfaced all recollection 
 I'f the indignant disgust that their principles had here- 
 tofore inspired. The people began to flock in crowds 
 to the prisons, and load the unfortunate quakers with 
 dt'iiiniislration of kindness and [liiy. The magistrates 
 jMihlished a very strong vindiciiiion of their proceedings, 
 for the satisfaction of their fellow-t itizens and of their 
 friends in other countries, who united in blaming them ; 
 but at length the rising sentiments of liumanity and 
 
 • Due iil'iht* nmst Ti'iiP 1 itl'tiipsf si-pnraii^is was Joiiii Perrnt, 
 wini. in ur.lt'r til cmviTt tin- r-'pp, hail inailc ti jmirncv to 
 Italy, vvhrre he \v:i.-(riinrtin'>l fur sump linic as a liinntic. i'liis 
 piTseiMiil'tn LTPjuIy enilf ari'il him in the quaket!*, ami exnitcil 
 lii'ii Ml much ill lii.iown esh'i-ii) that ho liPL'aii tonmoiiler him* 
 neir 111 tri cnliL'liieml than iJeor^e Knx. He provailfil with n 
 CdiisiiliT.ilii" parly in the sect to wear loiitj hi'anls, ami ta re- 
 jcrt tlir pr.iriirp ni" iincovnriiic ihfir ht-aiN tn tinio (if|>rayt'r as 
 a vain iMnnality. Fox hiivinir Kiirrppiipil, hy ilint nf pri'nl ex- 
 erti.iii«, ii) yieinmtiiL' thtift? iiitKivaiinns, I'errnt i)eiii»k li'iuself 
 I't Amrrica, whore he ajipcars m have muliiplicil liisaosunli- 
 lies, nml yrt prnpajTainl thnii aiimng the quakern to an 
 amazincT extent. Variiuis nii.tsioMs tvere iinilcrihAen by 
 Oenree Fox and other English qiiakern to rrrhiiin their 
 brnthren in America from the errors of Permi, wlm finally 
 nhamloned every preiPiire to quakerism, anil bcranie a 
 strenuous as^ertor of the nhscrvances aganii'i whii"'! ho had 
 ftirmrrly borne tevtimony. Cioii^h and Sewell's i si. of the 
 Quakpra, (eilit. 1799,) i. I61~|(!.) : it. IJI. 1-1-2, & . 
 
 t The first qunkcrs, instead of following th- apostolic in- 
 junction to Christians, that when persecuted tn one city they 
 should flee to another, seem to have found sttonealtractions 
 In the prospect of persecution. One of those who were put 
 to dealK declared, that as he was holding the plough in York 
 ihlre, he was directed hy a heavenlv voice to leave his wife 
 and cln'.dren, and proceed to Barhadoes: hut hearing of the 
 hAnishment of the quakers from New England, and of the 
 severe punishments inflicted on persons returning Ihero sfter 
 haniflh nent, he hegan lo ponder on tlie probability of Ins re- 
 ciMvinf* a Kpintual direction to proceed tliithrr, and very soon 
 after ri'c«ivcd ii aocnrdinitly. Tornkm^' and Kendal's Lives, 
 SiT\ icds, and dying Savings of llie (juaker^, vol. i. 
 
 Till! woman wlio was executed was Mary Dypr, wlio twenty 
 ^'ea^s before, liad bncn a follower of Mrs. Hutchinson, and a 
 diirtiirbvrofNew England. 
 
 18 
 
 justice attained such general and forcible prevalence 
 as lo overpower all oppn-siiion (hi Hie trial nl I.eiltlr.i, 
 the last of the siill'erers. anothiT qnaker named Wtn- 
 lock ('hristison. who had bi m b.iinshid upon pain of 
 de:ith, came boldly ir'o court with hih ha' on, and re- 
 proached the magisiratcH for «heddiiig innocent blood 
 lie was taken into cnstoily. and soon iifier put upon 
 his trial, being called to plead to his indictment, be 
 desired to know by what law they tried him. When 
 the last enactment against the qiukers was eiled to 
 him, he asked. Who empowered them to make that law, 
 and whether it were not repugnant to the jurisprudence 
 of England ! The governor very inappositively an- 
 swered, that there was a law in Kngland that appointed 
 Jesuits to be banged. Hut Christison replied, tliat they 
 did not even accuse him of being a .lesnit, but ac- 
 knowledged him to he a qnaker. and that there was no 
 law in Kngland that made quakerism a capital offence. 
 The court, howe\er. overruled his plea, and the jury 
 found hin» guilt*. When sentence of death was pro- 
 nounced upon hnn, be desired h^ judges to consider 
 what they had gained bv their cruel proceedings against 
 the quakers. " l-'or the last man that was put todeath," 
 said he, " here are five come in liis room ; and if yon 
 have power to take my life from ine, (Jod can raise up 
 the same principle of lif- in ten of his servants, and ' 
 send them among you in my room, that yon may have j 
 torment upon torment." The talent and energy dis- | 
 played by this man, who seems to have been greatly , 
 superior in mind to the bulk of his sectarian assoei- j 
 ates, produced an impression whicn could not he wiih- j 
 stood. The law now plainly ap, -eared to be nnsup- I 
 ported by public consent, and tiie in.igiHtrates ha.-.len(>d j 
 to interpose between the sentence :ii;d il.s execution. ! 
 (Christison, and all llie other quakers who were in ciis- ; 
 tody, were forih'vith released and sent beyond thi' pre- | 
 cincts of the colony ; and as it was impossible to , 
 prevent them from returning, only the minor punish- | 
 mcnts of flogging and reiterated exile were employed. ; 
 Kven these were gradually relaxed as the quakers be- I 
 came gradually a more orderly people ; and m llie first 
 year after the rcHtoralion of Charles the Seeoiul, even 
 this degree of persecution was suspended by a letter 
 from the king to Mr. Endicol,' and the otiier governors 
 of the New England settlements, requiring that no 
 quakers should thenceforward undergo any corporal 
 punishment in America, but if charged with offences 
 that might seem to deserve such infliction, they should 
 be remitted for trial to England. Hajipily the moder- 
 ation of the colonial governments was more perma- 
 tnent than the policy ol the king, who letracted his in- 
 terposition in behalf of the quakers in the course of 
 the following year. 
 
 The persecution which was thuo pnt an end to was 
 not equally severe in all the New England states : (he 
 quakers sutfered most in Massachusetts and I'lymoutli, 
 and comparativelv little in Connecticut and Xewhaven. 
 It was only in Massachusetts that the law intlieting 
 capit'il punishment upon them was enacted. At a late 
 period, the laws relating to rui^ahond q}iakirs were so 
 far revived, that quakers disturbing public asseiiib'.ies, 
 or violating public decency, were subjected to corporal 
 chastisement. But little occasion ever again occorred 
 of enforcing these severities ; the wild excursions of 
 the quaker spirit having generally ceased, and the 
 quakers gradually subsiding into a decent and orderly 
 submission to all the laws except such as related to the 
 militia and the support of the ministry ; in their scru- 
 ples as lo which, tliu legislature, with corresponding 
 moderation, consented to indulge them + 
 
 During the long period that bad elapsed since the 
 commencement of the t^nglish civil wars, the states of 
 New England had continued steadily and rapidly to ad- 
 vance 111 the increase of their numbers, and the enlarge- 
 ment of their territories. They were surrounded wilh 
 abundance of cheap and fertila laud, and secured in the 
 possession of their religious privileges, and of civil and 
 political freedom. The people were exempted from 
 the payment of all taxes except for the support of their 
 internal government, which was administered with 
 great economy ; and they enjoyed the extraordinary 
 privilege of importing coinmodiiies into England free 
 
 * Endirot was in an especial degree the object of dislike to 
 Charles Ihe Second. Hutchinson relates that he had seen a 
 letter frumllic Secretary uf Slate sometime after this period, 
 containing an intiinntion, that *' the king would take it well if 
 the people would leave out Mr. Eiidicot from the place of go- 
 vernor," Hutchinson, vol. i. p. 17. 
 
 t Mather, H, vii. Cap. iv. Neal, 1.291—297. 302— .139. Hut- 
 chinson, i. Ifll»— o().'i, ami Append, p. 5'2fi. t'balmcis, 199. 
 Hazard, ii. S.^2. 5,W. .'ifiO. An ex|j!osion of the anricnt frenzy 
 ofoiirrfd among some prolcssinmpiiikcrs iii ('onm-'ctirut jn 
 thebeguming olthe eighteeniliceiitury : butlt was partial and 
 f lioj t lived. 
 
 from that custom which all ethers were constrained ta 
 pav Hv the lav or of {'romwetl, oo, tiio rommerciol 
 onlinances of the Kong Parliament, of which the other 
 plantations had ri'ason to eontplain. were not enforced 
 nv'aiti*<l tbem. and lliey eonimucd to trade wherevrr 
 they pleased. T'lesr paTlii-ilar canoes, wliich had com- 
 bined to proinoli' the [ ro>tpcriiy which New England 
 bad attained at the Hesioration. contributed proportion- 
 ally 'o overcast the prospects which tb.it event 
 awakened. Therr was the strongest reasoji lo expect 
 an abridgement of commercial advantages, nml to trem- 
 li'e for the sccunly of relrgions and political privileges. 
 Various other circumstances ron'ribuled to retard tiie 
 recognitiim of the royal authority. On the death nf 
 ('romwell, Ihe colonists had been urged to recognise, 
 first his son Uiclmtd as protector, afterwanls the Long 
 Parliament, which for a short time resumed its autho- 
 rity, and subseqneiidy the Committee of Safety, as the 
 sovereign authority of England. Hut, dinihtful of the 
 stability of any of ihrne ftirins of adtninistritioii. they 
 had prudently declined to eommit them^Tlves by any 
 deel-iration. In llie month of .lulv, the iirrivnl of n 
 vessel, on board of which were (Jeiieials Wlialrv and 
 (Jolfe. t.vo of the hitr king's jiidifc^, iinnounced the 
 reslonlion of Charles lli.t .Srrond : but no aulhoriiative 
 or otliei.il ennuniimcatinn of tnis event was received, 
 and Kngland was rrproenled a*' lieit.g in a very nnsct- 
 lled and distracted condition. The colony had no in- 
 duceinenl to imitdte Virginia in a prein.ilure dcehira- 
 lion for the king: and while farther iiitelliiience was 
 anxiously expected, W'h.ilev and UotVe were freely per- 
 mitted to travel throiii^h the states, and to accept the 
 friendly atli'iitions which many perf-ons tendered to 
 them, and with which Charles afterwards bitterly re- 
 proached tiie colotiv. 
 
 At length deciRi\e intelligence wn^ rernvfd that llie 
 royal aiilhoniy was finniv established m England, and 
 thill eomplainls ngain*^' the colony of Massachusetts 
 had been prc'^entid bv \arious rovalists, quakers, and 
 other advers:iri('s of it-4 in.siiti)tion.-« nr aibninisiration, tn 
 the privy council and the bouses of p.irliainenl. .\ 
 general court was iuiniediatidy coiiveiieil. and an ad- 
 dress votrd lo the king, in wbicii. witli considerable 
 ability, and with that eonfoimity which lliey studied 
 to the language of .Scripture, they ju.'.liht d their whole 
 .•onduct, prole-^i-ed a dutiful allaclunenl to their sove- 
 reign, and cn'reated Ins proteLiion and fa\or. which 
 they declared themselves the more willing lo hope iVom 
 one who, liaving been h-niself a wandirer, was no 
 stranger to the lot ami the feelings of exiles. Having 
 defended their [iroceedings against the quakers. by a 
 summary of the heretical doctrines and seditious and 
 indecent excesses winch these seeiaries had introduced 
 into the colony, they desired permission to be heard in 
 their own vindieuiion against every other charge that 
 iniglil be preferred ugam!«t them. " Eel not the king 
 hear men's words," they said ; " your servania are true 
 men, fearers ol (iod and ihe king, and not given to 
 change, zealous of government and order, orthodox and 
 peaceable in Israel. M'e are not sedilions as to the 
 interest of Ca'sar. nor schismatics as to matters of re- 
 li;j,ion. We distingui-'h between churches and their 
 impurities ; between a living man, though not without 
 sickness aiid infirmity, and no man. Irregularities 
 either in ourselv?s or others we desire may be amended. 
 We could not Jive without the worship of CJod : we 
 were not permitted the use of public worship without 
 such a yoke of subscription and conformny as we could 
 not con.sent unto without sin. i'lial we might, there- 
 fore, enjoy divine woiship wiihont human mixtures, 
 without otieiice either to (Jod or man, or our eon- 
 sciences, we, with leave, but not without tcirs, de- 
 parted from our country, kindred, and fathers' houses, 
 into this Patnios." They assinuhted their secession 
 from England to that of " the good old nonconformist 
 Jacob," from 8yria ; but declared that " the providen- 
 iial ex'^eption of us thereby from the late wars and 
 temptatiGn of cither party, we account as a favor from 
 Go((." They solicited the king to protect their eccle- 
 siastical and civil institutions, declaring that they con- 
 sidered the chief value of the lattej tu consist in iheir 
 subservience to the enjoyment of religious liberty. A 
 similar address was made to parliament ; and Ictterfi 
 were written to Eord Manchester, Lord Say and Sele, 
 and other persons of distinctian, who were known to 
 be friends of the colony, soliciting their interposition in 
 its behalf. Leveret, the agent for the colony, was in- 
 structed, at the same time, to use every etl'ort to pro- 
 cure a continuance ot the exemption from customs 
 which it had hitherto enjoyed. Dul before he hsdtimfi 
 to make any such vain attempt, the pailiamenl had al- 
 rearly estflhlished the duties oi tonnage and poundage 
 
2n8 
 
 THE HISTORV OP 
 
 I I 
 
 o*er eTtry dominion of the crown. To mnkn oincntig 
 for thii ilisippointmerii, a ftrDC'oua nniiucr lo ih» rnln- 
 nial uililrnss vmn ri'tiirjicil liv Ihii kin^, f Hini] nccoin- 
 piiniud by an iinliT for thn ii|i|>roht'iisioii of Wli ilcy and 
 OolFe. 'I'his [iroinpt dn|>lav of fiivor excited gpninu 
 ■atiifiiction, and a day of thanhiigivin!; was appomicd, 
 to arknowtedirf) the favor of 1 leaven in inovinir the 
 heart of the king to rco.'ivo and incline to the denirea 
 of the people. With reiford to Whaley and (tolfe, llie 
 colonial authoritieg were gieally perplcted between the 
 performance of a duty which it was irn[)0S3ihle to dis- 
 cline, ond reluctance ;o betray to a liorriblii fate two 
 men who had Ipiely been members of a ■{overnrnrnt 
 recognised in ad the Itriti.^h dominions, who had tied 
 to New Kn^^land as an inviotalito sanctuary from roval 
 vengeance, and .i.id Iteen rerviminendetl to their kind- 
 ness by letters fri«'n the inost eminent uf the Kn^lish 
 independent ininiHiers. It is j;em'raily »uppoHcd, and 
 is highly probable, that intimation was conveyed to 
 these iiidividuiilHof llie orders that had been recnved ; 
 anil, althouirh warrants ftir their apprehension were 
 issued, and by the imliistry of the riiyjliits a dili;;eiit 
 search for their persons was instituted, they were ena- 
 bled, by liie aHsist.ince of tfieir friends, l>y dexterous 
 evasion froui state to sl.ite, and by strict seclusion, to 
 end their days in New I'jujland." 
 
 Rut tl.e ai.pri.'hiMisions which tlie colonists had ori- 
 fiinally e(it:r*.aiued of daii<ter to their inslilulions in i 
 ihureii and .-^taio were speedily revived by intelliirence 
 liiat reached them from I'lnsilaiid of the lepresent.ilioiis 
 that A'ere daily made to their prej;idice, of the counte- 
 nance that "ihese representalions visibly received friiin 
 the kintr, and uf llie forinidahle designs that were be- 
 lieved to bo entertained at^ainst tlinm. It was stronixlv 
 rumored that iheir ciitieucrcial inIercour.se with Vir- 
 tjmia and the West linlia Isl.iiids was tit be cut otT; 
 ilial three Irmaies were prepariiii; to .sail from Knirl.ind, 
 in order to enforce arbitrary atithoritv ; and lliat the ar- 
 miinent was to be accoinpaiui-d by a uoveriior-fjeneral, 
 whoso jiiriadiciion was lo extend over all tiie Xorth 
 American plantations. Ap|irelie[is:oiis of Ihesc and 
 other chanijes at leiisjih prevailed so slronnly in .\las- 
 8achiis(!tt8. as to protluce a p ihlic measure of a very 
 rem-.kattle character. The ^TPm^rjl court, havinir de- 
 clared the neces.sity uf promo'.inir unity ainonir the in- 
 habitant.s in the assiTtion of their just privileires, and 
 the oli.servance of due lldelity to tlie authority of Eng- 
 land, uppuintcd a cominitiee of oi^lil of the most emi- 
 nent persons in the state to prejiare a report, ascertain- 
 ini; the eileiil of their rifjhts and the nature of their 
 obedience ; and, shortly after, the court, in conformity 
 wiih the report of their committee, framed and pub- 
 lished a series of resolutions expressive of their solemn 
 and deliberate opinion on these important subjects. It 
 was resolved that the patent (under Ood) is the first and 
 main foundation of the civil policy of the colony ; that 
 the governor and company are, by the patent, a body 
 politic invested with power to make freemen, and that 
 these freemen have authority to elect annually their 
 governor, assistants, representatives, and all other of- 
 nii .;; that the government thus constituted hath full 
 power, both legislative and executive, for the govern- 
 ment of all the people, whoiher inhabitants or strangers, 
 without appeal, save only in the ease of laws repugnant 
 to those of England ; that ihe government is privileged 
 by all means, even by force of arms, to defend itself 
 both t>y land and sea against all who should attempt 
 injury to the plantation or its inhabitants ; and that any 
 imposition, prejudicial to the country, and contrary to 
 Its just laws, would be an infringement of the funda- 
 mental rights of the people of New England. These 
 strong and characteristic resolutions were accompanied 
 with a recognition of the duties to which the people 
 wore engaged by their allegiance, and which were de- 
 clared to consist m uphuldmg the colony as belonging 
 of right to his majesty, and pieventing its subjection to 
 any foreign prince ; in preserving, to the utmost of 
 
 • Mather, B. ill. Cap. li. A Jo. Noal, li. 332' Hutchinson, 
 1. 911, 319. ClialmFrs,23l. 304, &c. Small as was tlie nilin- 
 twi of reyalisls in Massacttusetls, it was too Rreat to enalile 
 ttio people to slielter G 'tn and Whaley, a.s I hey could liave 
 wished to (10. Iliit in .Newhaven there wero no rovalist.' at 
 ail; aiij; even those who <lisap|iroved of tlie i^rcat action of the 
 regicides reRarded it {with more of admiration tlian hatred) 
 as the error of noble and generous minds, l.cct, the governor 
 of Newhavaii, and his coiinc-il, when suminomid liy tlie pur- 
 suers of GolTe and Whaley to B«8i...t in the apprehension of 
 theni,litst consumed ahnnd.ince of time in dollberaliiujon thfl 
 extend of Iheir powers, and then answered, tliat, in a matter 
 of lucli impurtance, ttiey could not act withnul the orders of 
 aeassemhly. The royalLst pursuers. Incensed at this answer, 
 desired the t-overnor to say at once whether he owned and 
 lioiiored the Itins; lo which lie replied, " We do honor l-.is 
 majesty; but we tiave tender coiuc'mces, and wish first to 
 kTa>w wiMiher ha will oim ui " TnimbtiU, t. V43— 34 j. 
 
 iheir power, the king's person and dominions ; and in 
 mniniaining the pence and iirospcnty nf ihe king and 
 iiatiiin, by punishing crimes, and by propngaimg the 
 gospel, 
 
 Tliese proceedings indicate very p'iiinly the alarming 
 apprehensions that the colonists (uiieriained of ilio de- 
 signs of ihrtr new sovereign, and the resolution with 
 which they . lung lo ine dciir-boiight rights of which 
 they siispecled his inlentioii lo bereave Ihein. How 
 far they are to be considered as indicitmg a settled de 
 sign to resist lyrannical oppression by force, is u mat- 
 ter of niicertam sprculalion. It is not improbable, thai 
 tlio frainers of lliem Imped, by strongly expressing their 
 rights, and ■ndicaling the cxtreiiillica which an nllempt 
 lo violate lliein would legally warrant, and might even- 
 tually provoke, lo caution the king from awakening, in 
 the coinincnceineiii of his reign, the recollection of a 
 contest which li.id jiroved fatal 1,^ his f.iiber; and which, 
 if once rekindled, even lo an extent so little formidable 
 as a colli roversv with an infant colony must appear, 
 might soon become less uneipial, by presenting an oc- 
 casion of revival and exercise to pissious banllv yet 
 extinguished in l']ngliiiid. If such were the views of 
 the colonial leaders, the soundness of them would seem 
 to have been approved by the event. Hut, in the mean 
 time, the colonial authorities, in order to iiianil'est their 
 willingne.ss lo render a jiistobedien'-e, issued the strict- 
 est injunctioiis to cause se.irch to be made for (.rolfe 
 and Whaley. and iiiiim.iied, by public resoliiiioiis. that 
 no per.'-ons ohiioxioiis to the laws of England, an, I living 
 from her IribuiMls. would receive shelter in a colony 
 that rccosriiiscd her sovereign authority. Having now 
 dcclircd llie terms on which t'ley recognised the do- 
 niiiiion of the English crown, llie general court caused 
 the king to be soh'iiiiily proclaimed as their niidoulitcd 
 prince and sovereign lord. Tliev issued, at llie same 
 time, an order of court, prohiiiiting all disorderly be- 
 havior on ihe occasion, and in pariicular commaiuliMg 
 lli.it none should jiresiime to drink his majesty's health, 
 " which," It was a.lded, " he hath, in an especial iiiaii- 
 ncr. forljiddcn" — an lujunction very remote from the 
 thoughts and habits of the king, and impuled to bliii on 
 no better grounds, ilian that drinking of healths was 
 prohibited by the ordiiianci's of .M.issaehusetts. This 
 meaningless practice, on account of its heathen original, 
 had been olTensive to the more scrupulous of the puri- 
 tan settlers, who wer,^ desirous ill all things to study 
 conformity lo the will of Clod, and accounting nothing 
 unimportant that afi'urded occasion to exercise such 
 conformity, had at length prcvaileil to have the [);-aclice 
 of drinking heallhs interdicted by law ; and all were 
 now desirous that the revival of roval authority should 
 not be signalised by a triumph over any, even what 
 ooine might esteem tin: least important, of the colonial 
 institutions. Intelligence having arrived soon al'ter of 
 the progress of the complaiuta that were continually 
 exhibited to the privy council against the colony, and 
 an order at the same time being received from the 
 kin*', that depnlie.i should be sent forthwith to Eiig- 
 laiiu to make answer to tliese complaints, ihe crnirt 
 coinmiltcd this iinnnrtiint duty lo Simon Brudstreet, 
 one of ihe magistrates, and John .Norton, one of the 
 ininisler.». of Boston These agents were instructed to 
 maintain the loyalty and defend the conduct of the co- 
 lony : to discover, if possible, what were the designs 
 which the king meditated, or the apprehensions Ih.lt he 
 entertained ; and neither lo do nor agree to any thing 
 prejudicial to Ihe charter. They undertook iheir thank- 
 less oirice with great reluctance, and obtained before 
 their departure a public assurance, tii.it whatever danger 
 they might sustain by deiention of their persons or 
 otherwise, in England, should bo inado good by the 
 general court. 
 
 Whether from the vigor and resolution that the re- 
 cent proi'cedings of the colony had displayed, or from 
 the moderation of the wiso counsellors by whom the 
 king was then surrounded, enforced by the inllusnce 
 which Lord .Say and some other eminent persona cm- 
 ployed in behalf of the colony, the agents were received 
 with unexpected favor, and were soon enabled to return 
 lo Boston with a letter from the king. [1653] confirm- 
 ing ihe colonial charter, and proinisnig to renew it un- 
 der the great seal whenever this formality should be 
 desired. The royal letter likewise announced an am- 
 nesty for whatever treasons might liavo been conimit- 
 led during the late troubles, to all persons but those 
 who were attainted by act of parliament, and might 
 have fled lo .\cw England. But it contained other 
 matters by no means acceptable to the colony ; it re- 
 quired that the general court shoulil hold all the ordi- 
 nances it had enacted during the abeyance of royally 
 «B invalid, and forthwith procoed lo renew them, aitd 
 
 lo repeal eiery one that might seem repugnant to llit; 
 rnval ailthonlv that llie oalll nf allegiance sliiiiild In 
 diilv aihiiiiiiHteri d lo every person ; lb r lusliie should 
 he disiribiilei! in the king's name ; that all who desired 
 It sliould lie peniillled lo use Hie liook • I c. iiininr 
 lirayer. and lo perform their ilevotiont according lu 
 Ihe ceremimial of ihe church of England ; that, in i!,> 
 choice of the i;overiior and as.sislaiitn of the coloiiv. iIim 
 only i|u.ililii'allnus lo be reg.irdid ehoiild be wisd on, 
 virliie ami inlegriiy, wiihontany rrferencn lo the pecu- 
 liarities nf religious faith and prob'ssiou ; and Ilial a!' 
 freeholdi'rs of eoinpetenl I'slales. and" not ncioiis it 
 thiir lives, shindd beadlillllril lo vale In ihe election '.I 
 iilliiirs, civil and niibiary. whaievi r might be Iheir opi- 
 nion Willi respect lo chtirch-L'overiimeni " Wr c.iii- 
 iioi be undcrsio.id," it was auded, ■• hereby lo direct or 
 wish thai any indulgeiice should le granted lo ipiakers, 
 whose principles, being inconsisli'iit with any kind of 
 governuient. we have fouiiL* it in-cfssarv w iili ihc ad- 
 vice of our parliament here, to iiialie a sharp law against 
 lliem. and are well conlent you do ihe like llure." 
 However reason, ihle so.ue of llii-a' rcipiisilions may 
 now appear, the urealer nuinbi'r of iheui were liiolilv 
 disigreeable to the colonists. Tlicv cotisiilered llleiii- 
 selves entitled lo mainlain the form of policy in church 
 and stale, which they had fled lo a ile~crt iii order lo 
 cullivale, without llic linrusioii anil iiiixliire of dlirerenl 
 principles ; and ihev regarded wiih the utmost jealomiy 
 the precedent of an inlerlerence with llii ir bind.iuieuljl 
 consiuiilions by a prince who. they wi'ro firmly per- 
 suaded, desired iiolhing so much as lo enfeeble llio 
 syslein which he only wailed a more coiiveiuent simmiii 
 lo destroy. To comply with the roval iniunctions 
 would be to introduce among their cliildieii the spec- 
 lades and corruptions which they had incurred such 
 sacriliccs III order lo withdraw from liicir eves, and to 
 throw open every olfice in the slate lo papists, ,Soci- 
 iiians, and every unbeliever who might think power 
 worth the purchase of a general declaration, tiiai ho 
 was (according to bis own unexamined iiilerpeiratioii 
 of tlic term) a believer in ('hristianily. The king, 
 never observing, was never able lo obliiin creilit wiih 
 his subjects for good falili or moderation ; he was Iroui 
 the beginning suspected of a predil.'ciion for popery; 
 and the various cllorts which he made to procure a re- 
 laxation of lite peii.il laws against ;lie dissenters in 
 Kligland, were viewed with jealousy and disapprobalion 
 by all these dissenters themselves, except ilie ipia'tera, 
 who regarded the oilier |iroteslanls and ihe papisu .is 
 very much on a level with each other, and wore made 
 coinplctely the dupes of the artifices by which l.'harles 
 and his successor endeavored to iiiirodm e all the into- 
 lerance of popery under the specious disguise of uni- 
 versal loleratioii. 
 
 Of all the rcipiisilioiis in the royal message, the only 
 one that was complied with was that which d. reeled 
 the judicial proceedings to be carried on in the king's 
 name. Tlie letter had commanded that its ioutelit» 
 sliould be pubh.slied m the colony, which was accord- 
 ingly done, with an intimation. Iiovvc-er, that the reuui- 
 sitions relative to church and slat j were reserved for 
 the deliboraiion wliii u would be necessary to adiiist 
 liieiii lo the existing constituticiis. The irealmenc 
 which Ihe colonial agents experie.iced from their eoiiii- 
 irymen, it is painbil but necessiry lo relate. The ill 
 humor which some of the rcqiiisilions cngendured was 
 unjustly extended to Ihese men; and their mints, 
 though at first eagerly acknowlcdgco, were quickly lor- 
 gotien. Sirongly impressed with iho dinger fro u 
 which the colony had obtained a present delivcranci', 
 hilt which still impended ovct it from tho designs of a 
 prince who visibly abetted every complaint of Us ene- 
 mies, the agents increased their unpopulariiy by strongly 
 urging, that all the requisitions should be ins: nitty 
 complied with. Mr. Norton, who, on iho first inollicial 
 intcllioence that had been received of ihi. king's resto- 
 ration, had iiieirectually urged his felljw-citizcns lo 
 proclaim Ihe royal authority, in now agaii pressino upon 
 them a proceeding lo which they were still more aver.^e, 
 went the length of declaring to the genoral court, that 
 if they complied not with the king's letter, they inusi 
 blame themselves for the bloodshed that would ensue. 
 •Such declarations were ill calculated lo roothe Ihe popu- 
 lar disquiet, or recoinuiend an ungracious cause ; and 
 the deputies, who had been actuated by the most disin- 
 terested zeal lo serve rather ihun Halter their I'ellow- 
 ciiizens, now found themselves opprobiiously identified 
 with the grievances of the colony, and the evilii, which 
 it was not in their |)Owcr to prevent, ascribed to llieir 
 neglect or unnecessary concessions. Bradatreet, who 
 was endowed with a disposition aoinc *hai stoical, wa? 
 tho less mniiibly touched with tliis ir,f{rstitude : but 
 
NORTH AMERtCA. 
 
 Sli9 
 
 n rcpiifjnant (o tliii 
 
 '^KitH'c nliniiUI In 
 til I' in.stli'r' sliii.lltl 
 
 lliiil all nl.o (li'-itiil 
 
 liiiiik • I r. rniMuf 
 
 Mom accnrdiii;; lu 
 
 l',\mui ; limt, in lUi 
 
 of the <(il()i;v, 11,11 
 
 liDiild !)(• wist! .Ill, 
 
 ri ncn to the pi'i'ii- 
 
 iiiiii ; mill iliiii H.'l 
 
 ml* lint virtiins ir 
 
 ■ III the i'li'rlio;i 1 1 
 
 niijlit III! itw'ir np\- 
 
 inrnl " U'l' c.iii. 
 
 Ikti'Iiv Io (lim't nr 
 
 UnintiMl 10 iiiiukcru, 
 
 t Willi any kind o( 
 
 iHirv Willi liic .111- 
 
 a »liar|i liivv n>;niniit 
 
 n till' like iiii-ri'." 
 
 • ri'ijillMilmiH in.iy 
 
 llicn WITI' lllirlily 
 
 ■ CDnsidiTcd llii'in- 
 
 nf |i()liry ill cliiirch 
 
 di'^crl III iirdrr to 
 
 nulnrii nl' ililliTcnl 
 
 Ihi iittnost jraloiiiiy 
 
 I llirlr Innd.iiiu-nlal 
 
 wiTo liniilv iKif- 
 
 ilM to I'llfl'llllll' llio 
 
 coiivi'incnt wimmiii 
 
 rnviil in|iiiii'tioii9 
 
 Clllllllpll till' H|lf'l'- 
 
 liid ini'iirml mich 
 
 tncir cycH, ,ind to 
 
 10 jiapiMH, Soci- 
 
 ni^lit iliiiik |ioiv(?r 
 
 laratioii. lli.it lio 
 
 incil iiii.T|)cir.ilioii 
 
 anily. 'I'lio kiiiir, 
 
 obtain credit willj 
 
 lion ; liu was Irotii 
 
 tioii lor [»i[u.'ry ; 
 
 \c to [irociirc a re- 
 
 ;lio di:>senl(.-r.i ill 
 
 ml dma|)[)rolt:tlion 
 
 ^xi;('|il ilip qnakfrii, 
 
 unii ihie |ia|ii.<t< .is 
 
 er, and wore ina/Ju 
 
 I liy wliicli Cliark's 
 
 ■odui e all iho iiito- 
 
 m difi^nisG of uiii- 
 
 messagr, Ihe only 
 hat which d.rictod 
 !ti on III thi kinir's 
 I that its (ontoiii* 
 which vvaa accord- 
 *'er, that the reijiii- 
 
 wiiru rosurved for 
 lecessary to adiimt 
 The m'atniL'iit 
 'd from t'u'ii (.'uiiii- 
 to relate. The ill 
 18 engendered was 
 ami thiir iiunn, 
 I, wen- quickly for- 
 
 Iho dinger fro u 
 Bsent deiiveraniM', 
 III iho design? of a 
 in{dalnt of iid eiie- 
 luiariiy by strongly 
 lonid be insimily 
 1 the firat inollicial 
 if thi! king's rusio- 
 
 felljw-cmzcna to 
 gaii pressing n|>oii 
 e stiU more aver.^u, 
 general court, that 
 s letter, they iniiiit 
 
 th;it would enaiie. 
 to r.oothe the po|iil- 
 loious cause ; and 
 by the mo.st diMin- 
 nalter their fellow- 
 ibiiously idcntilieij 
 ij the evilii, which 
 t, Rscrihed to their 
 Bradstreel, who 
 c A'hal stoical, was 
 I ir^ratitude : but 
 
 1 (iillier, from iheir firsi I'stalilishnicnt 
 iiglaml. Vet the iiihaliilanls of Uliode Island 
 
 Norliiii. who I" L'fi'"' tnreknr^ and |iielv united kern 
 fensiliililv. eo'ilcl mil ! i linld ilie v\v> of lin rniiiiiryini'ii 
 luriii'il ii|ii>ii hiiii With dixiippriiliatiiiii, wiiliniii the nuisi 
 puinful tiiiniMin. When he lieiinl niaiiy »nv of hini. 
 that "he hud Lml the foiiiiilalion for tlie nun of imr 
 liliertirn." he i-xprmMd no rehenlintlit, lint sunk into a 
 
 pmln I inehinehiily , and while Btrui;i.i|iiii; wilh Inn 
 
 urief, and riideavorinn to ilo his duty to the last, he 
 died siion .ifier of a broken heart. Deep ami vehement 
 were then the regrets of the people ; and the universal 
 ni.iiirniiig thol overspread the province exiireKsed a late 
 bill hinting renienilironce of his virtue, and bewailed an 
 ungrateful error which only repentance was now per- 
 mitted 111 repair. 
 
 The coliiny of Rhode Island had received the tidings 
 of the resloruii in wiili much real or apparent satisfac- 
 tion ll was Imped that the suspension of its charter 
 liv the liOiig I'.irlialiieiit would inure than coiupeiisate 
 tlie dement of having accepted a charter from such 
 aiilhunty ; "iiil that Us exclusion from the confederacy, 
 of which Ma^sacllllsetts was the head, would operate 
 as a reriinimeiid.ilion to rnval favor. 'I'he king was 
 early iiroi'himied ; and one Clarke was soon after sent 
 a' deputy from the coliiny to Kiigland, in order to carry 
 he diilifiil respects of the iiihaliitants to the fool of the 
 lliroiie. and to solicit a new charier in their favor. 
 Clarke coiidiicled Ins iieL'Otiation with a basene..is ihit 
 ri'iidpred the success of it dearly lioilgllt. He not only 
 vaiiiiled llie loyally of 'he inhiiliilants of liliode Island, 
 while the only proof he could give of it was, thol they 
 had hestoiveil the iianic of Kina'a I'rimnrr on a te*ri- 
 lory wliieli they had acquired from the Indians ; but 
 ineeiiiig lliis year the deputies o( Massachusetts at the 
 conn, he piihliciv challenged them In mention any one 
 aelof dutvorhivally shown by their constiliieiils to the 
 pre.ieni kmi; or his (all 
 iiiNew Kiiglaiid. Ye' 
 
 had taken a patent from the Long Parliament in the 
 coininencenieni of its struggle with Chirles the Kirsl ; 
 while Massachusetts bad declined to do so when the 
 piirliainent was ut the height of Its power and success, • 
 Clarke succeeded in obtaining tins yeart a charter 
 wliirh assured the inhabilanls of idiode Island and Pro- 
 vidence of the amplest enjoymeni of reliuioiis liberty, 
 and most entensivc privileges with regaid to jurisdic- 
 tion. The patentees and such as should be admitted 
 free of the siicielv were incorporated by the title of the 
 llovenior and Com|iaiiv of the Knglisli Colony of 
 liliode Island anil Providence. The supreme or legis- 
 laiive power was invesled lu an assembly eoiisisliiig of 
 llie govenio:. assistants, and represontativos, elected 
 from ainoiiL' the freemen This assembly was em- 
 po'.vered lu make ordinances and forms of government 
 8ii..l iiiiiL't-'tracy. with as much conforniily to the laws 
 of England as ihe nature of the place and eoiidllioii of 
 the people would allow : to erect courts of justice ; to 
 regulate llie inanner of election to all places of trust j 
 to indict all lawful punishments ; and to exercise the 
 prerogative of pardon. A governor, deputy governor, 
 and ieii assistants were appointed to be anmially olio- 
 Ben by the asscnilily ; and the first board of these 
 olHi-ers, noiuinaied liy the charier, on the suggclion 
 of ihi.ir agent, were authorised lo carry its provisions 
 into execution. The governor and company were em- 
 powered lo transport such nierchandise and per.sona as 
 were mil prohibited liy any slaiiite of the kingdiini, pay- 
 ing such customs as are. or ought lo lie, paid for the 
 same ; to exeri'ise martial law when necessary ; and 
 upon jiist causes ui iinade and di .-troy the native In- 
 dians or other enemies. The territory giaiited to Ihe 
 governor and company, and their successors, was de- 
 scrilied as that part of the dominions of the crown in 
 New Kiiglund, contaium:; the islands in Narragaiiset 
 Hay, and llie couiiiries and parts adjacent, wliieh wefe 
 declared to be hidden of the manor of Kast (lieenwich 
 ill I'ammon soccage. The inhabilanls and llieir ehildien 
 were, declared lo be entitled to the same imiiiumtics as 
 if lliev had resided or been born within the realm. 
 This. I believe, is the tirsl inslanre of the creaiioii, by 
 a Unlish patent, of an aulhoriiy of that peciilior deserip- 
 lioii which was then estuhhshed In Kliode Island. 
 Coporaiions had been formerly created within the 
 tealni, for the goveriunciit of colonial pldiilationa. 
 Dm now a body [lolitic was created with specific 
 powers for adiiiinlaletiiig all the afTairs of tliej:oloiiy 
 
 • Tlio Ulioile Islaiulers liad alsu iiresenled an address lo 
 llie llulers el' Eiinlaiiii in 10511, tiesoecluni! favor lo llii in- 
 Bfhi.s, as*' \ poor col,>'iy. .10 (iiilcust people, turiiierly from 
 our tiKitlier iialiun In tliu liislio)*!' ilavs, and since fniiii llie 
 New li.iiilisli uver-lf.aiuus cukiiiles." Douglas' Seiiinmry, 
 h. till. 
 
 t Ailhougli the clisricr ws I'raiiicd In 1663, yet, in coiisc- 
 4'ieiice of a Oisputj )ii>lwefii rniiiiectlcul and Rtiude Island, 
 It was not flntl!' p IS e till July, 11163. 
 
 within the colonial territory. The charter was received 
 with great satisfaelinn bv the colonists, who entrred 
 iminediatelv into posi>esNion of the deniorralical cnn- 
 slltiilioii which it appointed for them, and ciiiitiiuif tl to 
 pursue the same svslini ol i-ivil and ecclesiastical 
 policy that they had heretofore observed. 
 
 Though the iiihabitants of (.'oiiiieciieiil iieillier felt 
 nor atl'ected the aaii.e rejoicing lliat Itbode Island had 
 expressed it the restoration of the king, lliey did not 
 fall to send a deputy to Kiigland to express their recog- 
 nition ol the royal aiilbonty, and lo solicit a new char- 
 ter.* They were happy iii the choice of ihe iiion to 
 ^^'honl they coinn.itted this imporlaiit duty, John W'lii- 
 throp. ihe son ol ii.e emineiit person of the same name 
 who had presided with so iiiiicb honor and virtue over 
 the province of Massacliiisi. Its. This gentleman deriv- 
 ing a hereditary chum on the kindness of the king, frniii 
 a friendship that bad aiibsisled between bis graiidfather 
 and Charles the Kirsi.t employed it so successfully as 
 to obtain for ins consliliients a charter in aliiiost every 
 resjiect the same with that which had been granteil to 
 Uhode Island. The most considerable dilVere'ices were, 
 that bv the (.'oniiecticiit charier the (lovi riior was re- 
 quired' to adtiiiiii.ster the oallis of allegiance and supre- 
 macy to the iiiliabitanls ; a fonnahty which was not 
 required by the charter of Hhode Island, where many 
 of ihe people scrupled to lake an oath ; and that, by the 
 last-inenlioned charier, liberty of conscience was ex- 
 pressly conceded in its fullest extent, vvhile the other 
 made no express mention of the concerns of religion, 
 and no other allusion to tlieiii, than what might seem to 
 be implied in the reipiisition of the oath of siipri.|iiacy 
 IJy this charter, Newhaven was iiniied with Connecti- 
 cut ; an arrangenient winch fur some time did not ob- 
 tain ihe iinaniinous approbation of the people of New- 
 haven, although they afterwards heartily concurred in 
 It ; and the description of the provincial territory was 
 mdefmile and incorrect. Dul on the whole it gave so 
 much satisfaction, that Winihrop, on his reliirn, was 
 received with the grateful approbation of Ins fellow 
 citizens, and amiiially chosen governor of the united 
 coloiiv as long as he lived. 
 
 There was thus established by royal charters, both 
 in Coiinecticut and Khode Island, a perfect model of 
 democratic government ; and the singular spectacle of 
 subordinate political corporations almost wholly discon- 
 nected by any efficient lie with the organ of sovereign 
 aulhoriiy. Every power, as well deliberative as active, 
 was invested in the freemen of the corporation or llu ir 
 delegates ; and the supremo executive magistrate of 
 the empire was excluded from every constituiionol 
 means of interposiiiou or control. A conformity to the 
 laws of Kiigland, no doubt, was enjoined on the colo- 
 nial legislatures; arid this confonmty was conditioned 
 as the tenure by winch their privileges were enjoyed ; 
 but no method of ahcertainiiig or enforcing its observ- 
 ance was established. At a later period, the crown 
 lawyers of Kiigland were sensible of the oversight which 
 their predecessors had committed, and proposed that an 
 act of parliament should be obtained for obliging these 
 colonies to transmit their laws for the inspection and 
 a|)probatioii of the king. But this suggestion was never 
 carried into effect. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 EnilRration of ejected MliiisteiH to New England— Rnya) 
 Coiiiiiiissloners sunt to llio Province— Address of itie As- 
 sembly of Massacliusselts to the King— rejected— Policy 
 jmrsued tiy the Coiiiinissionprs— Their Disputes with Ihe 
 (ioveMiiiieiit o* Massucliussells— and Return lu Eiiglaiiu 
 — Pulley of llie Ciiiiiiiisls to coiM lUate ttio King— Ellens 
 111 II— l.'ession of Acadia lo Itie French— Prosiierous 
 Stale ol New Eliglaiid- Cons[iirary ol the Indians — 
 rtiilip's War— The King resumes hi..i designs against 
 Massarhusctls- Coiilrueersy respecling tlie Riglit lo 
 Maine iiiid New Ilanipshire— Progress of Ihe Dispute 
 hetween Uie King and the Colony- State ot "arties In 
 Massuchlisells— SlHle of Rchglun and Morals— Surrender 
 of the Ctiarler of Mossacliusells deiiiaiided by the King- 
 refused by live Colonists — Writ of Quo Warranto issued 
 against the lloloiiy- Firmness of llie People— Their Charter 
 sdjutlged to bo lorlelted. 
 
 Settlkr originally by people of the same nution 
 and whom the aaine motives had eondiieted to Aiiin- 
 
 'At Newhaven the repulihcan spirit was so strong, that 
 several o*' the principal inhabitants declined to act as masls- 
 Irules under the king. Trutobull, 1. S4I. It was here thai 
 (iotle and Wtialey found tlie securest asylum, and ended their 
 days. When a parly of royal officers were coming In pursuit 
 ol ihein lo Newtiaven, Davciijsirt, the minister of the peace, 
 preached pulilicly In favor ol Itie regicides, from the text 
 (Isaiah Kvi. 3, 4.) "Take coanscl, execute judunieiit ; make 
 lliy sliiolow as the luglil in tlie midst of the noonday ; hide llie 
 oulcasls ; bewray not lilin that waiiderelh. Le' mine milcusts 
 dwell Willi Ihee, Moali 1 be thou a covert lo them from the 
 lace of the spoiler." Moliues' American Annals, 1. 342. 
 
 t Cotlon .Mather relates, that when Winthrup presented the 
 king with a rini.' which Ctiarles the First had given to his 
 giaildfalher. " the kin4 not only accupled his present, but also 
 
 riea, [IRnH.] and assimilated by their religioui Ipncto, 
 their govertitnent, l.iws. and iiiti' tiers, a similnr |>o(irf 
 naturally pervaded all llie colo..les ol New England. 
 'Ihe coiiimi rcial sv.lein whnh ihe Kii|;|i"h l'i>rliamenl 
 thoiighi hi to pursue iciuled still h.rll.er lo coiiliin ihia 
 ideniity of inieresi and piirpiiHi' in the i olonies. The 
 navigation acts which ii Iraiiied, and which we have 
 i-oiisidered at much leiiyih in llie hisiory of \'irginia, 
 created lor a lime more discniitenl than ineonvrnieiice, 
 and served rather to aiinouiice than lo enUircp the re- 
 sirn "ions willi which it was intended to letter the colo- 
 nial irade. These renlnelions 'vere a copious source 
 of displeasure and controversy between the two eouii- 
 Iries The colonies had been aceusionieil in their in- 
 fancy to a free Irade, and its siiirender was exacted 
 with the more iiijiisitce and yielded with the greater 
 reluclaiice, becanse Kiigland was not then a iiiiirt iii 
 winch all ihe piodoce ot llie colonies coiild hi- venditl, 
 or from which all the vvaiits ol llieir inbabitaiils could 
 be siipjilied Even in llie sonlhern colonies, wlieio 
 similar reslrainis had been enlorced liv f'rumvvell, tliu 
 act of navigation was executed very Imperfectlv ; and 
 111 New England, where llie governors wi-re ehs-ied l.y 
 the people, it appeals, for a considerable time, lo have 
 been ei.iirely disregardid. 
 
 If Ihe coiiiiiierei>il policy of llie Knglisli )iiirliaiiieiit 
 thus Btronglv tended lo iiliile the colonies by coinmil- 
 inly of interest and opposilion to the parent slate, thu 
 ecdesiatsicul policy which now Prevailed in Fjigland 
 wos calciilali.d in no sliglil degree lo piomole the re- 
 lli"ililiraiice ot the original causes of secession frirn her 
 teiiiiorv, and at once to revive tliiir iidlueiiee, and en- 
 force the virtue of toleration by sympathy willi the vie 
 liiiis of an opposite policy. In consequence of th« 
 rigid eiiforceintnt of the act of iinitbrniily m the close 
 of the preceding vear, about two thousand ol the English 
 clercy, the most eminent of the order for piety, virtue, 
 and kiiowltdgc, were t.jected from the chiireli ; and, lo 
 the aslonishmenl of the prevailing (larty, sacritiecd 
 llieir interests to their conscience. They were after- 
 wards banished 10 the distance of live miles troiii every 
 corporation in England, and many ol tlieiii died ill pri. 
 son for privately exercising llieir ministry contrary to 
 law. A\'liile the majority of them reinained in Eng- 
 land to preserve by their teaching and their sutreringe 
 the decaying piety of their iiaiive land, a considerable 
 iiiimber were conducted lo New England, tin re to io- 
 vigorale the national virtue by a Iresli example of con- 
 scientious saeritlce, and lo ioriii a living and touching 
 memorial of the cruelty and injusiice of intolerance.* 
 The merits and the Biifferings of these men made i 
 strong impression on the people of New England ; and 
 this year an invitation w as despatched to ihe celehralcd 
 Ur. John Owen, one of the greatest scholars and divinei 
 that the world has ever prodoced, lo accept an eccle- 
 siastical appointment in Massachusetts, and ihe design* 
 winch he had reason to believe would be soon under- 
 taken for the subjugation of its civil and religious liber- 
 ties. Other countrie." besides America contended for 
 the honor of sheltering this dluslrious man from the 
 persecHiions of the church of England, and the happi- 
 ness and advantage that might be expecled from his 
 sojourn. But he preferred suffering in a country where 
 his language was understood, to enjoyment and honor 
 among a people with wliom his communication must 
 necessarily have been more restricted. At a later 
 period, when the presidency of Harvard college was 
 offered to biin, he consenled to embrace this spliere of 
 useful and imiiortant duly ; and having shipped his 
 effects far New England, was preparing to accompany 
 ihein, when his steps were arrested by an order from 
 Charles, enprcssly commanding hiin not to depart from 
 the kingdom. 
 
 The apprehension which the Inhabitants of Maist- 
 chuselta had entertained all along of the hostile design* 
 of the English govcrnm'int, and which had been con 
 firmed by the reasons assigned by Dr. Owen for refus- 
 ing the first invitation which they had tendered to him, 
 were atrengthened by all the intelligence they received 
 from England. A great number of the ejected non- 
 conformist ministers who had taken measures for pro- 
 ceeding to Massachusetts, now declined to embark for 
 a country on which the extremity of royal vengeance 
 was ds'']r expected to descend : and at length the most 
 dccixred that he accounted It one of his richestjewels, which 
 indeed was the opinion that New Eiiglanil had of the hand 
 that earned it." B. n. Cap. «i. ♦ J. See Note XI. 
 
 « When the proceedings againit llie coiigregalionahsis in 
 England were complained c , these maseiiters were told by an 
 eminent English prelale (Stdlliiglleel) thai the seventies 
 which they so much resented wewe justilicd by the pruned 
 Ings of Uieirowii brelliren in New England aiianibt dlssenii.rs 
 from the estabhslied we-s'iip there. Stillinglli.el's Visi hiel» 
 of Separaliun 
 
MO 
 
 THR HISTORY OF 
 
 poiiliTe informtlion wat nH-piffd lh«t ihr kin^ had do- 
 cUrffd ih«t, ahhoiinh he wad willinff to prpurrvii llu- 
 colonial rhartrr, h#» \*«i dplrrmmril \o ^rnd out rnm 
 niiMiont'rt to iminire and n-port how f.tr the hinvinmiK* 
 of Ihf) charter wrrr li'Httllv cnnifiliid with 'ridiiitift ru) 
 Ifia iridiibitdhle arrived noon afti-r nf the nipliirc Im- 
 twffii (Jreot Bntnm and llolUnd. of the dt'lrnninaiion 
 of ihA king to drspatch an cxmulilion for ihn rcdm-tinn 
 of the Dutch apltlcment of Now York, and lo «rnd 
 along with it a boiiy of cominiasioin'rs who wrrc nn- 
 powcrfd to hear and dntprminc (accordina loilicir own 
 diacrctinn) all complaints in ranspi* nvil or nnhtiry 
 that might eiiat within New England, and to Inko rvirv 
 •tcp that ihey might judge nrcpssary for di'iilina iIn- 
 prnco and afpiirily of the coimtry on a solid foiiiiila- 
 tion Thia information was correct ; and a roinrnm- 
 aiun for these piirpodCN, as well as for lh« reduction of 
 New York, had b*pn issued hy the king H* Sir Uohcrl 
 (^arr. Colonel Nichols, (leorgp f'nrlwright, and Sainupl 
 Mnvonck. Thene tiding)*, in rnncurrrncc with tlir 
 report!* (hat had long prcvaiird of the drsicns enter- 
 tained by the court of Knglund ag.iinHi the lit)crlics of 
 the colonirtts, were cnlciiliilcd 'n nirike (hrin \Mlh dis- 
 may, 'i'hry knew that plnumhlc pretexts were not 
 wanting to ju!*iifv nn iriquirv into iheir proceedings; 
 but ihey were alco Hware thiit the dislike and suspicion 
 wilh wiii'-h iliey were regarded by ihe king could never 
 bo SHtistii-il by hiiv measure short of the nller subviT- 
 aion of llieir insliiulions. Various comroversics hiid 
 arisen betwren the dilVercnt seiilements conet:rning 
 the boundaries of llieir rcneclive territories ; and loud 
 roniplaints were prefmed by the representatives of 
 Mason, iind bv fJorges. and other members of the old 
 council of l^lvinoiith. of the occupations of dmlricts and 
 sovereiL'niies lo which tliev elaiined a pieferable right 
 The elaiin of Mason lo New Hampshire, derived from 
 the assiiinmeiit of the I'lyniouth council, bad never 
 been oxpres.-ily f<urreu<lercd ; and (Jorgoi' title lo 
 Maine had been contirmcd and enlarged by a grant 
 fro .1 the late king in the year l6',Ji). As Oorgrs had 
 adhered lo the royal cause in the civil wars, (he death 
 of the king provetl the temporary death of his )>atent : 
 and be as \M-II as Masoirs heirs had long abundoned 
 iheir projects in dispair of rvrr prosecuting them lo a 
 auccrssfnl issue. IJut now the revival of royalty in Eng- 
 land presented them with an opportunity of vindicating 
 tht ir clsims ; and the establishment of inlmhilaiits m 
 (he territories promiMd advantage from such vindication. 
 They had as yet got no return for the money they bad 
 expended on their acquiuitions : but they now embraced 
 the prospect and claimed the right of entering upon the 
 
 ligions eiijovments live: so shall we all yet hav* ht 
 ther cause In say from our hearts, I,el the king live hi 
 evt>r " l.eiters suuig for favor and fru'iidlv niedialior 
 were iraii'^ni Ittd at llie same tune lo !»ever.ti nf the 
 KngliKh nubiiiiy, and partiftularly to (he ( n.uicellor, 
 i.onl Chiiendon linl these applicanoii?! were m 
 longer oitended with succea*. Lord I lareiulon was nn 
 friend to puritan eitlahliNhmenta ; he had iiinlii.'atrd ihf 
 perserutMiri that was then carrying on against the sec- 
 taries nf every denomination in Kiiglaiid ; and he wai 
 al fuesenl too painfully sensible of liia declnnng credit 
 V* ilh the king, to risk (he farther (irovocation (tf his dia* 
 pleasure by opposing n favorite schemo of royal jHtlicy, 
 In a Itittpr to (he governnr, he defetuled the ef)mmirtai(M) 
 as a ciirmlituiional* exercise nf royal power and wia* 
 doin, and strongly indiculiyo of hm majesty's gnu'e and 
 goodness; and reconnneniled lo the colonists, by a 
 prompt submission, to deprecate the indigrialion which 
 their nngratefnl clamor must already have excted in 
 the breast of the king. The an^twer of Charlen. which 
 was iransmiiled by Seert lary Morrice. lo the addrusa 
 loiiave done'to ihe letter wiiu-h the knig had addressed : of the general court, excited less surprise It re- 
 to them two years before The vague myslerious terms I proachcd ihai assembly with makmg unreasonable and 
 of this communication were powerfully calculated, and groundless complaints ; jusiitied the comini.-^sioii as tho 
 would seem to have been deliberately intended, to in- ; only jtroper irnMbod of rectifying the colonial disordert ; 
 crease the distintet and apprchctisions of the colonists 
 That they produced this impression in a very strong 
 
 diers, and recollecting the periibar strictnesa of the 
 
 coloniiil laws, the ronri adopted at the R.ime time the 
 most pruiletit precautions for preventing ihe necessity 
 of efilier a li;i/.iftluus enlorcetneiit. or a itishone^l ami 
 pnstll.iniinous relaXiilnni nf its mumcijial ordinances. 
 
 The royal expedition having arrived at IJoston in the 
 following year, (lie conirnissioners presented their etv- 
 'lentials to the governor and council, and demanded in 
 the firsl instance, thai u body of troops should bo raised 
 to u'companv the llnglish forces in the iiivasu,,, of 
 New Vork [10(U] The governor not being empowered 
 by ilie forms of the consiitution to raise forces wiihont 
 the consenl of the general couri, proceeded to convoke 
 thai body ; but tliocnmtnissioners not having leisure lo 
 wail Its delibera ions, uro-'ccded with the tleel against 
 New ^ ork, desning tlie colonial auxiliaries to follow 
 as (p)icklv as possible, and signifying to the governor 
 and council that they bad many imporlant communica' 
 tions to make to lliem on their return from New Vork, 
 and lh:it in itie in. 'an Mine tlie general court would do 
 well to give a fuller consideration Ihan they seemed yet 
 
 legrce is manifest from ihc proceedings that were 
 adopted by the general court. Hn liie assembling o( 
 thai body it was dtil.irrd by an immediate and unani- 
 mous vote lh;it tiiey were •' resolved to bear true alle- 
 glance (o his niaje!«tv. and lo adiieru (o a patent so 
 dearly oblained and so f 
 riuht." Tney proceeded t 
 
 ami atl'ccled to cnnsider the ;iddri'ss as " llie cmilri.*- 
 ance of a few pe^soll.^ who infuse jealousies iiilo llicJl 
 fellow subjects is if iheir .'barler were in danucr " 
 
 Having elfected (lie conquest of New Vork. the rom- 
 
 missinncrs procecdeil to the exercise? of ihcir civil fine- 
 
 lions 111 New Knglaud f lOtt.'>J One of the Itr-t olficial 
 
 acts that thev were calltd on to perform, was the adpul- 
 
 ig enioved by undouhled ■ '"*""' "^ " dispute respecting boundaries, that aro^e out 
 
 render a orompt obedience j of the occupation of the New Vork lerrilory. A patent 
 
 to therenniMtion of the commisMoners, and had raised [ ''"' ''t'*"" g^uted to the Duke ol \ ork ol i-)l ihe lerri- 
 a re.'rmenl of two hundred men, who were preparing to I """y occupied by the Hutch, mcludmi; b.ige diMrirts 
 proceed for New Vork, wi.en infelljgence was received i »•'»' hail been already compreheiided iii the charter ol 
 troni the commissioners that Uu place had already stir- ('"I'lu't'ticut. A eonlroversy coneermng hmits had 
 
 rendered, and that llie junction of the Knglish and co- 
 lonial forces was no longer iicce*sary. The assembly 
 next resumed the consideration of the king's letter, which 
 
 bad been so emphalinillv commended lo their dehbera- . - 
 
 tion. and passed a law ext.'nding the elective franchise ; ^ 'uui.ner which appears lo have been highly satisfactory 
 lo all the mliabitanls of Kngbsh or colonial binh. pay »" '"" P*'«I''*' of Connecticut, but which enlailed a greal 
 
 ihus been created by the deliberate act of the crown, 
 between the slate of (7onneclicul and the new province 
 erecled by the patent lo the Huke of V<nk. Their 
 boundaries wero now adjusted by the commiosinnen* in 
 
 pay. 
 
 ing public rates to a certain amount, and certified t>y a 
 minister as orthodox in iheir [irinciples and not immoral 
 in their livet*. whether within or wiiluiul the pale of the 
 established church. They next proceeded to frame and 
 transmit lo the king an address sirongly expressive of 
 their [tresent apprehensions and their habitual senti- 
 ments. They set forth at considerable length the dan 
 
 tabors of others, who in ignorance of their pretensions gtrs and ditbcultics they had encountered in founding 
 i_-_i _ _ _ ;_ J __ 1 __i __.:_„.i _-..! ...1 L-ii :. a„j rcaniig iheir setileiiunt ; the explicit contirmation 
 
 which their privileges had received both from the pre- 
 sent king uiiil his pr<'deccs8or ; and their own subjec- 
 tion lo the royal authority, and willingness to testify 
 their duly in any righteous way. They expresdcd their 
 concern at the appointment of four commissioners, one 
 of ■.vhom, Maverick, was their known and professed 
 enemy, who were invested with an indelinitc authority, 
 of ■ ■ ■ 
 
 had occupied and colonized a vacant sod. and held it 
 by the title of fair purchase from its native proprietors. 
 In addition to this formidable controversy, many com- 
 plaints had been preferred by the royalists, quakers, 
 and episcopalians, of abuses in the eivd and ecclesias- 
 tical adinimstraiion of Massuchuselta. The adjustment 
 of lliese controversies and investigation of these com- 
 plaints were the principal reasons assigned for (be com 
 mission.* But, doubtless, the main object of concern 
 to the Knglish court was the suppression or essential 
 modification of institutions founded and administered 
 on princip'es that had so long waged war with monar- 
 chy, and Sv- lately prevailed over it. The colonists 
 very readily believed the accoun'a they received from 
 Iheir friends in Kngland of ibis hostile disposition of 
 their sovereign: and the public orders by which they 
 had cautioned the enemies of his government not to 
 expect abelter in Ma&sacbuBetls, bad been intended to 
 remove or appease it. When intelligence was received 
 of the visiiation that must soon bo expected from Cng- 
 
 Sland, the genera] court of Massachusetts appointed a 
 ay of fasting and prayer to bo observed throughout its 
 jurisdiction, m order to implore the mercy of God under 
 their many distractions and troubles : and apprehend- 
 ing it lo be of the greatest concenimcnt that the patent 
 or charier should be kept '* safe and secret," they or- 
 dered their secretary to bring it into court, and to deli- 
 ver it to four of the members of court, who were di- 
 rected to dispose of ii in aurh manner aa they should 
 )*idge most ronsialent with the safely of the country. 
 Aware of th? usual licentiousness of sailora and aol- 
 
 * In addition to these reasons, tbe contmission sets Torib 
 that coniplaints have btien made to liis majesty of acts of 
 violence and injustice by the colonial authorities ai^aiiist the 
 natives of AniTica, "whereby not only our ifovernment is 
 traduced, oui the reputation and credit of christian reliijiun 
 la brought into reproach and prejudice with the t^entiles and 
 iiihuhitant3 of those countries who know not God ; the reduc- 
 tion of whom to the true knowlodgu of God Is the enduf the.to 
 |4ant atlona,*' &c.— a statement of matctiless falsehood aitd 
 effkontarv 
 
 deal of snb!)e(|ueiil di.^pule, Another conlrove 
 which Cniinecticiit was involved, arose out of a i .i.in 
 lo part of It.-* territory pret'errrd liy the Hnke of Hamil- 
 ton and othera, in \irlue of the iiybls liat had ac' «•! 
 to themselves or iheir ancesiors as members of the 
 grand council of Plymouih. The commis:*ioners de- 
 sirous of giving satisl'action lo both parties, adjudged 
 Uie property of the di:spiiied soil to liiese individual 
 claimants, but declared llie riglii of government to per- 
 tain to Connecticut. It apjiears manifestly to have 
 been ilieir policy to dolacli the other New Knglaud 
 states from the obnoxious province of Massachusetts. 
 and to procure their co-operation by ibe example o| 
 implicit submission on their own part, and the iieni:nu- 
 laiion ol complaints against that province, in the design 
 of ibridging her liberties and allenng her insiiuiiions. 
 In the prosecution ol ihi:* policy they were but [lartially 
 successful. The peopk' of Comieclicut received tho 
 
 and plainly 
 h aver- 
 
 sion, and considered the cause of Mass<ichusells as 
 their own. So strongly impressed wero the mhabilanla 
 of this stale with the danger to iheir liberties from the 
 iiiterpo.siuon of such arbitrary authoriiv, liiat some dis- 
 agreenienls, which bad subsisleil beiweeii ("luinecticut 
 and Newhaven, and which b.id hitlii rto prevented then 
 
 in the exercise of which they were to proceed, not m 
 conformity with any estatilisbcd law, but according lo , 
 
 lluiir own discretion ; and they declared, that although I 7'" "i'««|«"*^^« ^^"'' '"^^ ''""*'** coldness, and 
 as yet they had but tasted the words and actions of j »''"^^*'* '^'V'h^.V^•«"^:|^'*' '''*''M'^^^^^ 
 these persons, they had enough lo satisfy them that the 
 powers derived from the commission would be improved 
 to the complete subversion of the provincial govern- 
 ment. If any profit was expected to be gained by the 
 iiiiposilion of new rules and the bereavement of their 
 
 liberties, the design, they protested, would produce only ] , , , , , ,,■,.,, 
 
 disappointment; for the country was so poor ihat ,t i ""•«»."'" «r ti^e late charier by wueh they had been 
 produced litllo more than u bare subsistence to its in- I associated, were entirely composed by the very lidino^ 
 habitants, and the people were so much attached to h^' the visitation of the coiiimissiuners At Plymouih 
 their institutions that, if deprived of ihem m America. ! j''*= commissioners met with bltle opposition, the inha- 
 ihey would seek them in new and more distant habita- I *""*"^« ''^'"'tf d*-'**'"*^^ ^rom the expression ol their sen 
 tiona; and. if they were driven out of the country, it f'""-"^* ''^ " c-nscionsncss of ibeir weakness, and 
 wouldnotbeeasy to find another race of inhabitants who *'*^»'iK "*^'nptcJ ff"'" ll'^ apprehensions that prevailed 
 would be willing lo sojourn in it.* They appealed to , »" ^*'^ '»%*^ powerful states by a sense of their insigm. 
 God. that they came not into this wilderness to seek I *^*=";'"^''- *", ^V"""^*; '*'**"** "''^"f,,.^^" '"^'^ insidious 
 great things for tbemselvca. but for the sake of a quiet \ P°''*=y ""^"*1«^J «"'^ «"«es8. 1 litre, the pe(,ple ro- 
 "- ■ ° ^ .. - ^ i ccived them with every mark of deference and atten- 
 
 tion ; their inquiries were answered, and their mandates 
 
 * Even Chalmers, thoufth Ihe pancKynst of Charles and 
 his policy, and animated w.).k llic stroiitjeitt dislike and c(>n- 
 tnnipt ul the colunint.s, expiufses hi» surprise that CiarcnUnn 
 should dffcnd the cuiiinu!«sion as n coiiMitutioiml act; ul>> 
 serving, that " an act uf parhanient was assuredly necessary 
 in ordei' to cut up elleclually tlmse pniiciplesof intieper-'""'-« 
 that had rooted with the ticiileinent uf New Eiu^tuiid," p. 'iau. 
 One of the ariioles of itiipearhment against Luid Clareitdoo 
 was, *' That he introduced an arhiirary governnieiit in his rii<i- 
 justy's plmiiationH." But this ihaige hceu)t< to have rclaiej 
 to Houio proceedings in Uarbadoes Howel's ^tate Trials 
 fvol. vi.p 8ai,4cc. 
 
 Ufe, and concluded in ibc following strains of earnest i . 
 anxiety : " Let our government live, our patent live, I \l 
 
 our magistrates live, our laws and liberties live, our re- 
 
 * It Is curious to observe the expression of a similar sonti- 
 ment hy the inha^iitants of the provicice of Arragon in Hie 
 days of their freedom. It is declared in the preamble to one 
 of Ihe laws of Arragon. that such was ihe barrenness of the 
 country and the poverty of tho inhabitants, that if it were not 
 for the sake of the liberties by wlAch they wore disliiiguished 
 from other nations, the people would abandon it and go :n ^luest 
 of a settlement to some mure fruitful region. Rolert.son'^ 
 View of the State of Kurope. sect. 3. lllstory of Charles 
 therifUt 
 
 N 
 
 ;4 Ii 
 
 ^iAjl.-^- 
 
NORTH AMERTOA. 
 
 261 
 
 I'D all yft have ht 
 '.vt rhr king live lot 
 'i fnctnllv inrdiatior 
 
 IH' lO M-VCr.!! of ilio 
 
 In rhf ( n.iiicf'llor, 
 tlu'iiiioni wvTo m 
 r<l ( 'l.trrn(lnn whp nn 
 V had iriHlririitcil thf 
 nn m;,iin!«i [he hfc* 
 IIIuimI ; mill he H.n 
 tun (Irclinintf rrc.ln 
 Dvoi'niinii (if hif* ili»< 
 'MM' of rnvnl |M)|iry. 
 ilnl tlic roriuiii^Niui) 
 viil [lowrr uimI '.vi*. 
 iiiiijtMty'd j(rit(T iirid 
 till' rfilniiisiH. hy a 
 )rii!ij.'n.itmri wliiclj 
 iidy li.ur cxtMcd ia 
 r of Ch-trlrn. wliirh 
 ru-r. t(i the iiddrefn 
 is HiiriiriNtv It rc- 
 [ imrcaAOfiahli- and 
 (•niiifiii.'»«ioii an (ihi 
 rulonial disorders ; 
 's* as " lliO rniitn/- 
 iralousn'!* min Mit-ir 
 rrc in d.iii^icr " 
 <v\v Vork, ihr coin- 
 I't ihi'irnvd f-inr- 
 ir ofihrlir-t (itPn'ifil 
 rorin. wasihi'^idpisl- 
 iirwf, thai aro-i' out 
 trrriiory A [la't-nl 
 irii oli'll ttit' tt-rri. 
 iiL' liiiic ih-striris 
 fd in tiic chartrr ol 
 irtTninjT hrnit» Inul 
 c act of ihn rroivn, 
 nd the new |ir(ivirirc 
 Et' of Voik. 'i'heir 
 he rornini>Ri(itirr!i in 
 II hiirhly satisfacKiry 
 hull ciitaiii-d n;:rt'al 
 ihiT rnritrovi ' ui 
 out of II , M.in 
 he Diiki- of Haiiiil- 
 |il« hrii had av- "i| 
 us int'iiihcr!* of ihe 
 comini«!Sionpr8 do- 
 h |»urticM. adjiid^M'd 
 to these individual 
 liovrrnnifiit lo per- 
 riianifciitly to have 
 ilher New Knt-hmd 
 [ of Mahsat-hii»elt!4. 
 hy ihc exami'U* of 
 irt, and the »iccn:ini- 
 ivince. ID the di'Mimi 
 Ti:,' h* T iriMiiuiioiis 
 y wiTf Iiiit parimlly 
 fliciit rereivcd tli'o 
 Idnesji, and plainly 
 ctedinu'-s with avi-r. 
 .MassachuMi'tl)! as 
 kcro tUn inhiilmanln 
 ir Jihrrtics from iho 
 nty, that somt' dis- 
 tAccn (.'oniicclicut 
 rro prevented llieii 
 iicli ihey had heen 
 hy the very tidiiinti 
 'r« At J'lynioiuh 
 iposirjon, ih'e inha- 
 eaaionof their sen- 
 fir weakness, and 
 ions that prcvadefi 
 au of their itisijini- 
 kds their insidious 
 -re, the people re- 
 ference and altcii- 
 and th eir mandates 
 
 rist ot Charles and 
 fest iii.ilike and tcn- 
 rprise tl.itt Ciarciidnn 
 iiMJtutJojial ael ; ub- 
 asauredly necessary 
 ililes of imippei-'— 'r-^ 
 ew EiwIaiiJ," p. 3w. 
 iinst Loid Clarendon 
 jvernnienl in his mm* 
 ;cniH to tiavo relaioj 
 uwei's 8t&te Tr'&lB 
 
 obfyrd or amrntod to without any demur to tht imho- 
 Utv from whirh 'hey prorreded ; and during their may 
 in this settlement they were enahled to amplify iheir 
 reporta willi uurnherless complaints a^aiimt the injiisliee 
 and nii"j.'overnuieiil alleged lo have heen e »inmMted in 
 M««t*iu liiiseltH This people, as we have seen, had yanied 
 their late i harler hy a di.-pluy of Niihieriieiice and devo- 
 tion 10 the crown ; and ih« liheral in-lilutions whieh il 
 iiitrodnoetl had not yel hud linu; lo form a cpint that dia- 
 duiiied to hold the eiijoyim nl of liherty by ao i^(nohlu u 
 tenure The freedom thus »pnriou..ly heyoilen wt»it 
 tainted in its hirlh hy principles ihat_ hmtf rendered its 
 exisieriee precarioiia ; and we shall liiid the inhahitaiits 
 of Ithode island, a few yrara after, ahjeclly olTenng lo 
 Birip (hemselvca of the privileges which ihry had gamed 
 an 111, anil of whieh tliey now showed themselves nn- 
 worihy hy their williii«ne»B to strenuthen the hands that 
 were ^reparlrl^ to oppress the liherties of Massachn* 
 setts. \Ve imisl not. however discard from our recol- 
 luiioii that Khode Island was yet hut a fechle comimi- 
 iiitv. and that the nnfavorahle Hentimenis with winch 
 many nf it« mhahitanls regarded Massachusetts, arose 
 friiiii ihe perft cntion which their reliijious tenets had 
 experienced in that province 'I'heir cotuluct to the 
 roinniMffioinr?* received the warmeat npproliation from 
 ('ii;irie!4, wlin assured them tliat he would never he un- 
 mindful of the claims they had actpiircd on hi-* good- 
 ness hy a demeanor so replete with duty and hnmiliiy, 
 III justice lo tile kini.', whose word was proverhially the 
 ohject of very little reliance, we may ohserve that he 
 does lint appear ever after lo have withdrawn Ip ■ favor 
 froMi Rhode I^laMd ; and in justice lo a inon* lesson 
 that vvoul'l he otherwise incomplete, we may here so 
 far aiilutpule the order of linie as lo remark, that 
 when ('hnrles''s suc:'e.4Sor proceeded lo extend lo 
 Uhode Island Ihe ileslriiclion m which tiie Iiherlies of 
 the other NeW' Kuiilind provinces had heen involved, 
 and when llie people endeavored lo a\ert the hhiw hy a 
 repetition of the :ihjeiliirss that liad formerly availed 
 theui. their pro.araliiiii wan disroi^arded. and Iheir c<nn- ' 
 plele suhjeclion pursued and etVected wilhaii insohuice 
 that feelinyly lauyht them lo detest oppression and 'les- 
 pise .serviliiy. 
 
 It was in Massichusetls that llir* mam object of ihe 
 coinmissTij was to be pursued, and from the diil'er- 
 eiice between the purposes as well as tlie opinions en- 
 te laiiied by the tln;;listi ijovermnenl and the colonijl 
 hulliorities. It was nndouhiedly foreseen thai tiie pro- 
 eeedinus of the commissioners would beijet the most 
 resohile opposition Amoiii; other connnunicutions 
 which llio commissioners were cliaryed hy the king to 
 impress on the eoloiiisls, was. that be cniisidered them 
 lo stand in prec;^elv the same rela'.ion lo hi:ii as (lie iii> 
 h.iliiiants of Kent or Yorkshire in KiiMind Very d'f- 
 fiTenl ^vns lh>' opinion that prevailed among the colo- 
 nists. They considered that, luiviiijr been forced hy 
 persecution to depjrt from llic realm of Kngland, and 
 liavini; established thiniselves liy iheir own unassisted 
 cihirls in territories which they had purchased from the 
 unuinal proprietors, lliev retained no other political con- 
 nexion with their sovereijjn than what was created by 
 their charter, wliich they regarded as the sole existing 
 (Oinpjct hetv\eeii Ihe parijil stale and tlicmseivrs, and 
 us specilvinii "'I ibe particulars and limits of their obe- 
 dience. 'I'liey acknowledged dit!erenee of sentiment in 
 religion and politics between themselves and their an- 
 cieiil rulers m which their seiilcmeiit had originated, 
 and Ihe habits of seif-government thai they had long 
 been enabled to indulge, eonlinred Iheir prepossessions, 
 and had tended generally and deeply to nnprei>s the 
 cunviction that iheir original allegiance as natives ot 
 Knglaiid and auhjeets of ibe crown was entirely dis- 
 solved, and superseded by the slipuluiions which they 
 had voluntarily contracted by accepting tlieir charter. 
 These opinions, however sirongly cherished, it was not 
 prudent distinctly to profess ; but their prevalence is 
 nlle^ed by a respectable colonial historian, on the 
 Qutlionty of certain manuscript copiposiiions of the 
 leading persons in Massacbusetls af tins period, which 
 he had an oppotlunity of examining. The colonists 
 were not the less attacl ?d to these opinions, from the 
 apprehension that they would find as little favor in the 
 eyes of the English government as those which had led 
 to the persecution and emigration of their ancestors : 
 they were indeed totally repugnant to the principles of 
 the English law, which holds the allegiance of subjects 
 to their sovereign, not as a local or provisional, hut a^ 
 a perpetuai and indissoluble tie, which distance of place 
 does not sunder, nor lapse of time relax. Forcibly 
 aware of these differences of opinion, of the dangerous 
 ooUuiona which they might beget, and ot the disadvan- 
 U^g|Ca with which th«y must conduct i dibcussion with 
 
 p«raons who sought nothing so much as to (iml or make 
 
 ihemottendem, ihecolonisisuwaitef' wiit)iniiehanxu\v, 
 
 the nroceedings of ihe commissiontis. 
 
 'Ihe temper and disposition of lheM< coinmts»ioners 
 
 inereased the probabiliiv of un nnlrundlv is«ue to iheir 
 tliscusAion.4 with llie e tloniai aulhontn s Ifcuncitiii- 
 IKMI was, at the king prolessed, llie object whieli he 
 had in view in issinng the cununissittn. hr was singu- 
 larly unfortunate m the selet lion of the instrmnents in 
 whom the diSi'harge uf its importarr. duties wjsconli- 
 (led. Nicholas was a man ot sense and moderation . 
 but It was for the reduetion and suh-Mtpient settlement 
 oi the aM'airs of New Vork. that he bad been mainly 
 a|)potnted ; he remained at that jdace after its rapUula 
 tion ; and vshen he ufterwurds rejoined hi« colleagm i, 
 he found hnnself unable to control their proceeding'^, or 
 repair Ihe breach they had already crealeil. The other 
 coinmissionerA appear to have been reinarkabl. tor no 
 other ipiahliea than inHoltiice, presumption, anu incapa- 
 city,* to which Maverick farther added an inveterate 
 iiosiitiiy to the colony winch had induced bim for years 
 to solicit tlie commission which lie now eagerly has- 
 tened to execute. On their return lo Doslon, the very 
 lirsi re.pjiNilion which they maile to the governor de- 
 mon:*lrated how little they were disponed to recognise 
 the colonial anlhorilies ; for thev retpiired that all the 
 hilialiilunis of the pruvince should be assembled to re- 
 ceive and reply to their coinmunicatioii ; and when tiie 
 governor desired to ki. jw Ihe reason for such u proceed- 
 ing, liny answered, "that llie motion was so reasona- 
 ble, tiiai he who would not attend lo it was a traitor " 
 Tliey atierward-- thouglit proper to ni ike trial of a more 
 c.r ifiliatiug lone, and inforini'd tlic general court tliat 
 llie\ ' 1 roperly represenled to itie king tiie prompt- 
 ness W't. . h his >oinniaiid.-i iiad been obeyed lu the 
 raisiiit; oi . )lonial regiment; l>ut it afterwards ap- 
 jicarid thai t.ey had aetiially made a representation ol 
 i\ perleriy opposite import lo the secretary of slate. 
 I h- si.>picions whieli the comini^-'ioneis and ttie gene- 
 
 r uuri rei-i r 'Cully enlcrt . a of each other, eti'ecUi- 
 > prevented any cordi.. co-optration between tiiem. 
 Ine conimu iicatie: « ,\ the comim!<s)oners display tiie 
 nio>l lofty ■ '"a i of tlictr own unliiorily as representa- 
 tives of in'' rown. wiiii a priconeeived opinion liiat 
 llicre 'vaa a., muispositum o\\ llie part oi llic geiural 
 >'')iiri to p:t. due respect to tii.it anthoniy. as well as lo 
 tue Kouii't; from whicii it was derived. The answers 
 of the general court manifest an uii.tious desire to avoid 
 a contest wiui i;io crown, and logralily his Majusty l)y 
 prolessioiis of loyally and submission, and by every 
 I'iiunge ihat seemed likely to :ii< t t his wisiies, witltoul 
 compromising the fiiiulamemsil principii*.^ ol uieirinsii- 
 uilmiis. 'I'lnv expresdcii. at tlie same lime, a ddibc- 
 rale conviction of iiuvmg done iiolinng tiul merited dis- 
 pleasure or reipitred upolojjy, and u sieady delernnna- 
 tioii to abide by the charter. I'ndcr t»uch circum- 
 sliiices, the coriespundeiice soon degenerated into an 
 aiiircation. The eominissioners at length demaiidid 
 lro;n tiie court an t xpucit u'.svver to the question, if 
 they acknowhdged the authority of his Majesty's com- 
 niission ! tiut ilic conn desired lo he cvcnsed from 
 giving any oilier answer, than liiat tliey ucknowledijed 
 die authority of his Majesty's charier, with which they 
 were a great deal heuer ucquainled. binding liial 
 their oliject was not lo he uUamed hy threats or expos- 
 tulations, the commissioner.^ alleniptcd a practical as- 
 sertion of their powers : they granted letters of proiec- 
 iion to parties under prosecution before liie colonial 
 court ; and in a civil suit, winch iiad been already de- 
 termined by the colonial jutlgcs, they promoted an ap- 
 peal lo themselves from the unsuccessful parly, and 
 summoned him and ins adversary lo plead their cause 
 belore them. Tlie general courl perceived that they 
 must now or never make a stand m defence of their 
 authority ; and, witii a decision wlueh siiowed tiie high 
 value they entertained for their privileges, and the vigor 
 with winch they were prepared to protect tliem, they 
 pjoclaimed, by ^omid of trumpet, their diaapprohation 
 of this measure, and declared that, ui discharge of iheir 
 
 • Ttie scn.selessness ui' their prt'ceediiuis appears verynm- 
 nifestly (roin a i-aso rtUti'd at coiisideiat)le Ir-iigtli by ihv 
 culuiiial historians. Tlicy had heen drinking odh Saturday 
 night hi a tavern all.cr the huurs vvhen,tjy the colonial laws, 
 all taverns were ordere<l t<> bo shut. A eu'islable, who 
 warned them not lu int'iinu'e Ihe law, was beaten by them, 
 lleumii,' that Musuii, nnuil.cr constable, hud declared that ho 
 would lint have been deterred by llieir violence I'roni doing Ins 
 <luty,tliey sent fur him, and extorted from liiiii an adtnissjun 
 that he would have arrested the king lunisrll if he had found 
 hiui dniikitiK in a public-houiiu alter lawi'ul hours. They in- 
 sisted that he should be iricd for high treason, and aeiually 
 prevailed lo have this injustice connnilted. Tie jury ve- 
 turnud a special verdii;l; aitd the court, coiisidtfring the 
 words otfcnsive and iiLsolcnt, but not treasonabie, inflicted 
 only a slight punishiuenu Hutchinsont i. 3M, 3AA. 
 
 duty to Ood and tho king, and of the Iriiit repo«od io 
 liieni hy the king's good subjects in the colony, they 
 could not consf lit lo such proceedings, nor countenance 
 th(»se wlio would conduct or ahel Ihern, They accoin- 
 piinied this vigorous step wiih an oiler (o coinproimitt 
 the mailer liv hearing the cause iheniselves in presence 
 ot the cinnim>isioiiers ; Init this proposition Wiia scorn* 
 fully rejtcted. and every ellort lo reimite these coi (licl- 
 ing inihorilie.i provetl utterly unavailing 
 
 Suspending tor a lime their proceedinga ut Dostun, 
 the commissioners proceeded lo New Hampshire and 
 .Maine, and instamly giving judgment in lavor of Ilia 
 claims of .Mason and tiorges ugiinsl the government 
 of .Massaclniselts, ihey suppressed the rxislmg au- 
 thorities, and erected a royal gnvermnent m each ul lliese 
 provinces. Un Iheir relurn to Moston, the general courl 
 declared that these proceedings tended to the disturbance 
 of llie public peice, aiul demanded a conlerenee with 
 the commissioners, which was refused with a hilternesa 
 oi expression liiat put an end to alt further coinm.imca* 
 lion, Sir Kidieri <'arr even went the lengtli of assiir* 
 mg the general court that the king's pardon lor liieii 
 maiiilold treasons durinju' the late rebellion had been en 
 tirely condilional. and was forfeited by (heir evil beha 
 vior ; and that the conlrivera n their lite measure^ 
 would speedily experience Ihe punishim nt vvlncii their 
 assoeiales in rebellion had latrlv mel with in Mngland. 
 
 The king havinu been apprised of these proceei*ing», 
 ami assured hy (he commissioners that it w.is Irniilesa 
 for them lo continue a Ire.ilv \Mth per^Ms who weru 
 delermificd to misconslrue all their words and aciioiis, 
 issued lelters, recalling the lomnnssioners lo England, 
 [IKllli.] ex[>ri'ssinL' Ins salisfariiuii with all the eotomes 
 except MasHaeliUsetts. and ccmiiianding the general 
 conn of lliiH province (o send dtpniies lo plead their 
 cause before iitmself. Ibil llie liihalutanis t>r Massa- 
 chusetl.H were well aware thai in such a controversy 
 they could i.ot liave liie tuns' remote cliaiu e o! success, 
 and that it was not hv ilie cogency ol urtrumint ihey 
 could hope to paeilv the di^pieasun; of t'.eir scvereign 
 Insif ad of coiiiplvin;.r with this injunction, tlii.> general 
 court addressed a letter lo the stcretary of state, in 
 which they binleil re:il or prelendeil doutns of ilie uu- 
 thoritv ol the roval lelier, and deelaied that the -ase 
 iiad already been so fully phaded that '.he ahlesl among 
 tlieiii would lit- utterly unable to render it any clearer. 
 .\l the siiUie time they endeavored to appease his ma- 
 jesty bv lirmlile addresses expressive ol their loyally; 
 and 111 or.l r lo demonstrate the sense ihey atlaclied fn 
 tiieir proh -isioii?.. Ihey ji.ireha.sed a sinp-load of m.utla, 
 winch the presented tu liie kin<^' ; and hearing thai his 
 fleet 111 the West Indies was in want of provisions, li.jj 
 promoted a contrihii'ioii among themselves, and victu< 
 ailed It at their own expense. The ki ^ -iccepled their 
 presents very graciously ; and a letter under the .-.ign 
 manual having been transmitted lo the general court, 
 de» ' Ting that ibeir zeal for the royal service was "taken 
 well bv his majesty," tiie cloud that had galliercd over 
 tlie colony in tins ipiarlcr seemed for the prescnl to be 
 dispersed. Nevertheless, the design ihal had been 
 prosecuted lo such a Itngtii. of remodelling the institu- 
 hons of New Kngland. was by in) means abandoned. 
 'I'lie report of tl,e commissioners had furnisheiJ Charles 
 with tlic very pretexts that .' ere wanting lo tiie nccom- 
 ptisliinent oi his ptan^ : and the proceedings which at 
 a later perioti he adopted, evinced that it was not the 
 dutiful prolc^.-ions or liherdliiies of the colonists that 
 would deter lii;n from avai!i..g himself of pretexts winch 
 he had made sucii ellbits to ohtam. Uut the great 
 plague winch broke out with sucli violence as in one 
 year lo destroy ninety thousand of i..e inliabitasils of 
 London, and to hamsii for a linn' the seat of govcrn- 
 mont to Difurd — the great lire of London,* tho wars 
 and intrirues on the continent, and the rising discon- 
 tents of the people ef England, occupied so enlirelv tho 
 alteiition of the kmg, as to suspend the execution of 
 his designs against liie government of Massachusetts. 
 
 After tho departure of tlic royal commissioners, tho 
 provnicos of New England enjoyed for some years a 
 ipiiet and prosperous condition. The only dulurbance 
 which their internal tramjuillity sustained, arose from 
 (he persecuiions whicii in alt the states, except Khode 
 Island, continued to be waged against the anabaplista, 
 as tliese sectaries from tunc to time altempted lu propa- 
 gate ihoir tenets and establish their ordinances. Loi- 
 
 • A liberal contribution was maiie by tlie people of Maa- 
 saclmielts,aiid transinil.ed to London for ronef of the satfer* 
 ersby tiie fire, Iluttiiinson.i. 257. Tlio poo [.I e of New Luff 
 land liave always been honorablv distin!.'indied by their chari- 
 table pariicipalioii of the niisfofiuucs of oHier -"ommunilieo 
 In Ihe year 170."1, they contributed 2000/ lor tjie relief of the 
 iithsbiiaiits of Nevis aiu St. Chnatopheis, wliicti had bcon 
 rav^igtiU by Uie French, ilohnes, u. 09. 
 
THE HISTORY OF 
 
 t^'K vf TO written in their behaif to the colonial magis- 
 trates by the 'nost eminent diitaenting minislers in 
 England : hut thongh it was strongly urjjcd liy the. 
 writers of these letters, that the sevore perRccnlion 
 whieh the anabaptists were 'hen en<biring in England 
 should rccornmend them lo the sympathy of the colo- 
 nixtK,* and that their conv( r-iou was more likely to be 
 • tl'ei^ied by holding font lo im in the peaceable fruits 
 of iighleoiisness than by pursuing their crrora and in- 
 linnities uilh penal inflictions, which could hav no 
 other eliecl than to ensnare or oppress their consriciices, 
 the intiriiosiiion of these persons, though respectfully 
 received, was utterly disregarded. The colonial au- 
 thorities persisted in believing that they were doing 
 Goil service by employing the civil power with which 
 tl.cy were invested, to guard their territories from the 
 intrusion of heresy, and to maintain the purity of those 
 religious principles for the preservation of which their 
 settlements had been originally formed. A considera- 
 ble number of anabaptists were lined, imprisoned, and 
 banished : and persecution produced its usual ell'ect of 
 conlirming and propagating the tenets which it at- 
 tempted 10 extirpate, by causing the professors of them 
 to connect them in their own minds, and to eihibit them 
 to others in coiinczinn with sutlering for coiiscif.net 
 sake. 'I'hese proceedings, however, contributed more 
 10 Slain the character of the colonies than to dustiir's 
 their tranquillity. Much greater disquiet was created 
 by the intelligence of the cession of Acadia, or as it 
 had come to be termed Nona Scotia, to liie Trench at 
 the treaty of Hreda. [IC87.] Nothing had contributed 
 more to promote the commerce and security of New 
 England than the conquest of that province by Crom 
 well ; and the inhabitants of .Massachusetts, apprif- d 
 of the extreme solicitude of the French to regain it, 
 and justly regarding such an issue as pregnant with 
 danger to themselves, sent agents to Kngland to re- 
 monstrate against it. But the influence of the Freiicli 
 proved too powerful for the interest of the people ; and 
 the conduct of Charles on this occasion evinced as lit- 
 tle concern for the external security of the colonies, as 
 hi.i prtv::ui8 proceedings had sho'vn respect for their 
 internal liberties. The French regained possession ol 
 their ancient establishment : and both New Engl.iiid 
 and the mother country had afterwards abundant eauee 
 to regret the admission of a restless and liiigiotis neigh- 
 bor, who for years exerted her peculiar arts of intrigue 
 to interrupt the pursuits and disturb the repose of the 
 English colonists 
 
 The government of Massachusetts was highly accep- 
 table to the great body of ilie people ; and even those 
 acta of Its adininrstrstion that imposed restraints on 
 civil liberty were respected on account of their mani- 
 fest design, and tlieir supposed efliciency to promote 
 an object which the people held dearer than liberty 
 itself. A printing press had been established at Cam- 
 bridge for upwards of twenty years ; and the general 
 court had recently appointed two persons to be licensers 
 of the press, and prohibited the publication of any books 
 or papers that had not undergone their supervision. 
 The licensers having given their sanction lo the publi- 
 cation of 'i'hoinas a Kempis' admirable treatise [ 1008 ] 
 Di Imilationc Christi, the court interposed, and, de- 
 claring that " the book was written by a popish minis- ] 
 ter, and contained some things less safe to be infused 
 among the people," they recommended a more diligent 
 revisal to the licensers, and in the meantime suspended 
 the publication. In a constitution less popular, such 
 ui act would have been esteemed an iniquitous abridg- 
 ment of the liberty of the subject. Uut the govern- 
 ment of Massachusetts expressed, and was supported 
 by, the sentiments and opinions of the people ; and so 
 acceptable was its administration, that the inhabitants 
 of Jsew Hampshire and Maine rejecting the constitu- 
 tion they had received from the royal eomniissioners, 
 again solicited and were received into the rank of 
 dependencies on its jurisdiction. All traces of the 
 vi.ntation of these cominissionera having been thus 
 effaced, and the apprehensions that their measures had 
 excited forgotten, the affairs of the colonies continued 
 for several years to glide on in a coune of silent but 
 chee rful pros perity , t The navigalion act no t being 
 
 • The colonists might have pondered, with advantage, an 
 observation of their ancient friend, that eminent and greatly 
 misrepresented man Hugli Peters, while lie was awHiling his 
 eicculloii in Newgale. Some In tlin prison speaking of the 
 ililTerences in religion, Mr. Polcrs said, " I'ray talk not of con- 
 Iroveitles now; we liave huta little tune to live, and cannot 
 spend II in such diicoursci." Trials and Deaths of the 
 Uegicldcs. 
 
 t In the year 1673, the laws o Connecticut (till then pre- 
 Mrved in manuscript, and promul tted by public proclamation 
 In the rsspcctive towns) were collected into a code, printed, 
 ■114 puMishtd. The prtfacs, writton with a solemnitjt that 
 
 enforced by the estalilishment of a custom-ho ise, and 
 depending for its execution upon ollicers annnally 
 elected by their fellow citizens, was entirely disre- 
 garded. [1688 — 1072.] The people enjoyed a coiii- 
 niercc as extensive as they could desire ; a consequent 
 increase of wealth was visible among the merchants 
 and planters ; and a spirit of industry and economy 
 prevailing no less generally, the plantations were dili- 
 gently improved, and the settlements considerably ex- 
 tended. From a document preserved in the arcliives 
 of the colonial office of KngUnd, and published by 
 Chalmers, it appears, that in the year 1073 New Eng- 
 land was estimated to contain one hundred and twenty 
 thousand souls, of whom about sixteen thousand were 
 able lo bear arms ; and of the merchants and planters 
 there were no fewer than five thousand persons, each 
 of whom was worth 3000/.* Three-fourths of the 
 vvea :b and population of the country centred in the 
 territory of Massachusetts and its dependencies. The 
 town of Boston alone contained fifteen hundred fami- 
 lies. Theft was rare, and beggary unknown in New 
 England. Josselyn, who returned about two years 
 before this period from his second visit to America, 
 commci.ds highly tho beauty and agrecableiicss of the 
 towns and villages of Massachusetts and Connecticut, 
 and the substantial structure and comfort of all the pri- 
 vate dwellings. t During this interval of tranquil 
 pro.sperily, many of the most aged inhabitants of New 
 EnglaiHl closed the career of a long and interesting 
 life, and the original race of settlers was now almost 
 eniirely extinguished. The annals of this period arc 
 filled with accounts of their deaths, of the virtues by 
 which they had contributed lo the fouhdatiun of the 
 new coininoiiwcalth, and of the fondness wilh vvliich 
 their closing eyes lingered upon its prcspi-ntv. To 
 our view, enlarged by the ucpmintancc which history 
 supplies of the approaching calainiiies from which these 
 persons were thus happily removed, not the least envi- 
 able circtiinstancc of their lot appears to have been 
 that they died in scenes so rraiiglii with serene enjny- 
 inent and ngrecablif promise, and bequeathed lo their 
 descendanis not only the example of their virtue, but 
 the fruits of it, in a prosperit y .-is eminent as any people 
 was ever blessed wiili. Vet, so short-sighted and im- 
 perfect are the views of men, so strongly are they led 
 by an instinclive and unquenchable propensity to ligure 
 and desire soinetliing belter than they behold, and so 
 apt lo restrict to the present fleeliiig and disordered 
 scene the suggestions of this secret longing lifter ori- 
 ginal and iniinorlal perfection, that many of the fathers 
 of the colony could not refrain from lanieniing that 
 they bad been horn too soon to see more than the first 
 faint dawn ol New England's glory. Others, wiih 
 greater enlargrnient of wisdom and pieiy, considered 
 that the eye is not siitixfeil inlh yenni;, nor the con- 
 ceptions of an iiniiional spirit rapilile of being ade- 
 quately filled by any thing short of ilie vision of ils 
 l)ivine Author, for whose conicniphiiion it was cre- 
 ated ; and were contented to drop like leaves into the 
 bosom of their adopted country, in the lonbdence of 
 being gathered into nobler and more lasting habitations. 
 1074.] The slate of prosperous repose which .\ew 
 England had enjoyed for several ye,irs was interriipied 
 by a formidable conibination of llic Indian Irilics, ihat 
 produced a war so general and bloody as to threaten 
 for some time ihe uitiT dLstructioii of ihe plantations. 
 This hostile combination was promoted by a young 
 chief whose character and history reminds ns of the 
 enterprises of Opecbain-anuugli in \'irginia. He was 
 the seconil son of Massaasoiel, a prince who had ruled 
 a powerful tribe inliabiiing lerrilories adjacent to the 
 settlement of Plymouth at the time when the English 
 first settled in the country. The father had entered 
 into an alliance with the colonists, and, after his death, 
 his two sons demonstrated an earnest desire lo reiaiii 
 and cultivate their Incndship. They even repaired lo 
 the court of I'lymouih, and requested, as a mark of 
 
 might serve to introduce a body of divinity, commences in 
 thu manner :— ** To our beloved brethren and niMghlKturs, 
 the iiiliabitanls of ColmeclicMl, Iho generat court of that 
 colony wish grace and peace in iiur Lord Jesus." It was 
 ordered that every householder sliould have a cop) at the 
 code, and that lliecapiliil laws should be read weekly in every 
 ramify Trumbull, i. DUO. 3X1, 
 
 In Cunnecticul, by a law of I6(i7 (still existing,) three 
 yeari voluntary separation of married persons is held to dis- 
 solve iheir matrimomal eiigageineiit. 
 
 * John Uunlon, who visited New F.ngland almut t'\-elve 
 years after this period, mentions a nierdiant ui Salem worth 
 50,00«(. Dunton'5 Life and Errors, p. 1*1. 
 
 t Jo^selyn's Si-coiid Voyage. liven at Hits early perio,) 
 Josselyn has remarked the prevaluiiceef that invelerale but 
 unexplained peculiarity of the premature decay i^ the teeth 
 of while periont, and eipecially women, in Norlli America, 
 p, IfiX 
 
 identification with their allies, that English names might 
 be given thein ; and, in comoliancu with iheir desire, 
 the elder had received the name of Alexander, and the 
 younger of I'iiilip. Hut it very soon appeared that 
 these demonstrations of good wdl were Inn the artilice 
 that entered into their schemes uf hivstilny ; and ihey 
 were both shortly after detected in an iueflectuid uiienip! 
 to involve tho Naraganscts in hosiilitn-s with the colo- 
 nists. Thediappnintmentnfthai alieinpt overuhclnie I 
 the proud spirit of the elder brother witii such inn '■ a- 
 ble rage and mo. titii-ation, that, in spue of, and per- 
 haps still more deeply wo'inded by, the conciliaiiiig de 
 meanour of tho colonists, ho was unable long lo sur- 
 vive the detection of his villany and discuinfituie ol 
 his designs. Philip, after ihe death of his brother, re- 
 newed the alliance between his tribe and tho English, 
 but intended nothing less than the observance of his 
 engagements. Daring, cruel, and perfidious, ho medi- 
 tated a universal conspiracy of the Indians for the ex- 
 tirpation of the colonists, and for several years carried 
 on his designs as secretly and efiectnally as the nume- 
 rous difHcullies that surrounded him would permit. 
 Next to the growing power of the colonial settlements, 
 nothing seemed to excite his indignation more strongly 
 than the (irogress of their missionary labors; and, in 
 reality, it w.ik lo these labors, and some of tlie coiise- 
 quencis they had produced, that the culonisls weic in- 
 debted lor Iheir preservation from the rum ilii,t would 
 have attended the success of i'liilip's miichinaiions. 
 .Some of the tribes to whom he applied revealed his pro- 
 positions to the missionaries ; and some who had en- 
 icred iMohis designs were persuaded by their converled 
 brethren to rinounce them. I'lom lime to lime the 
 court of Plymouth had reinonsirated wilh him on the 
 designs of which they obiaincd intelligence ; and by 
 renewed and more solemn engagements than befo.-.?, 
 he had endeavored to disarm their vigilance and ri inovo 
 Iheir suspicions. For two or tliree^ years before ihiu 
 period he had pursued his trchiherous hostility wiib >o 
 much success that his proceedings appear to have been 
 wholly uiisiispecied ; and he had succeeded in uniting 
 some of the fiercest and most warlike tribes in a con- 
 federacy to make war on the colonists to llie point ol 
 exterininalioii. 
 
 A converled Indian, who was laboring as a mission- 
 ary among the tribes of his coiiiilrvmen, having at leiioih 
 discovered the plot, revealed it to the governor ol I'iv- 
 inoulh, and was soon alter found dead in a field, wiib. 
 appearances that sirounly indicated assa.ssinaiion .Sus- 
 picions having fallen on some neighbonng Indnins, liiey 
 were 8p|ireheiided, and suleiniily tried before a jury 
 consisting half of English and half of liulions, who rc- 
 Inrned a verdict ol guilty. At their exccuiion one of 
 them confessed the murder, and declared thai ihey had 
 been instiga'-' 1-. Pliihn to couiinii it Th;s iraliy 
 chief, iiicensei' it the e.-. ciition of his frierids, and ap- 
 prehending the vengeance of the cohinisis, now ihrew olf 
 llic mask, and suininoiKd his cnnlcderalcs to his aid. 
 The stales nfMassachusetls, I'lymouih, and Connecti- 
 cut proceeded to arm for their conmion defence, liavii'g 
 first em|iloyed every means lo induce 1 blip lo accoin- 
 modale ihe quarrel bv a fnendlv ireaiv. But a friendly 
 issue was not what Philip desirid ; [107.51 and being 
 now fully assured that the season of secret conspiracy 
 was over, he rejected all negolialion, and coinnieiiced a 
 genenil war, which was cairicd on wilh great vigor and 
 various success 'I'hough Philip's own Irlbe supplied 
 no more than five hundred warriors, he bad so increased 
 Ins force by alliances that he was able lo bring tbreo 
 thui'sand men into the field, 'i'his formiduble body, 
 conducted by a chief who believed thai the war miisl 
 .erininaiu in the total ruin of one or other of ihc con 
 flicling parties, made exertions of which the Indians 
 had been hitherto supposed incapable. Several bailies 
 were fought, and all the fury, havoc, and cruelly winch 
 distinguish Indian warfare were experienced in ihcir 
 fullest extent. Wherever the cnemv marched their 
 route was marked with murder, fire, and desolotion. 
 .Massachusetts and Plymouth wcro tho states that suf- 
 fered principally from the contest. There, especiiillv, 
 the Indians were so interspersed among the Eurojiean 
 colonists that there was scarcely a part of the country 
 in perfect security, or a family which had not to bewail 
 tho loss of a relative or friend. It is a truth that has 
 not been sufBciently adverted to, that in all the Iiidiai'. 
 wars of this period the savages, from the condition of 
 tho country, their own superior acquaintance with i:, 
 and their peculiar habits of life, enjoyed advantages 
 which might seem well nigh to counterbalance tho su- 
 periority of European skill. Changing their own aet- 
 tleincnts with facility, and advancing upon those of iho 
 coloniats with the deiterouo secrecy of beasta sf prey ; 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 aii;j 
 
 iglish iiaines miglil 
 iviih ihi'ir dmire, 
 MpjiiiuliT, and tlif 
 ooTi n|iMfiiri'd ihal 
 ■KTi' '".A ihenrlilice 
 ii.slility ; iinil iliny 
 irtrculiiul iiUciii()i 
 Ill's Willi Iho rolo- 
 
 |it onTnliilrne! 
 wi;li such mil '■ -i- 
 ijiile of, and |,it- 
 lie concilialiiig dc; 
 blc loiig to aiir- 
 id discuiijflliite ol 
 of his liruilicr, re- 
 ; and the Kiiglish, 
 observance of hia 
 rtidioua, ho iiicdi- 
 iidians for the ix- 
 eral ytara rarricd 
 lally as the nunie- 
 in would permit. 
 lonial Heltlcriieiila, 
 1011 more nliongly 
 y labors ; and, iii 
 
 e of the conse- 
 
 colonists were iii- 
 
 he rum ilmi uould 
 
 ip's inarhinaliOMS. 
 
 il revealed his pro- 
 
 oine uho had en- 
 
 by iheireomeried 
 
 lime 10 lime ihe 
 
 with him on Ihe 
 
 rlli^jeiicc ; and by 
 
 enis than bcfn.-.>, 
 
 MJance and riinuvo 
 
 years before Ihin 
 
 18 hoslllity wiih ^o 
 
 pear to have been 
 
 ■teeded in uniting 
 
 e Irilies in a eon- 
 
 SIS to ihe point j| 
 
 irin;? as a mission- 
 n. haviiifj at leiicirh 
 
 t;overiior o( I'lv- 
 ad in a lield, wit'li. 
 isasstnalion Siis- 
 'rini: IfidlanH. they 
 ned before a jury 
 
 Indiau.s, who re- 
 ■ execution one of 
 ired Ihal ihey Iwd 
 . It. 'I'h:8 crally 
 is friends, and a|)- 
 iMs, now ihrew oil 
 leratcs lo his aid. 
 th, and Cniinpeli- 
 1) defeiire, bavuig 
 
 I blip to aeeom- 
 Hut a friendly 
 fi67.')J and bein^ 
 sei-rel eoiispiraey 
 iiideoiiimeiK'edn 
 h j.'reat vigor ami 
 wii tribe su|iplied 
 ^had .-ioinereusiil 
 Ic lo bring tlireo 
 formidable body, 
 lal the war must 
 other of ihe con 
 hieh Ihe Indians 
 Several battles 
 11(1 cruelty which 
 •rienced in their 
 V marched their 
 
 ami desolatinii. 
 ) slates thai auf- 
 'herc, especiiillv, 
 ig the Kuropean 
 rt of the country 
 lad not to bewail 
 a truth that lias 
 ill all the Induiit 
 
 the condition of 
 lintancc with i:, 
 >yrd advantagoa 
 rbalanee the aii- 
 tj their own set- 
 ipon those of iho 
 r beaata af prey ; 
 
 with them there was almost alwaya tlio spirit niid auda- 
 city of attack, and with their adversaries the disadvan- 
 ttgos of defence and the conslernntioii produced by 
 enrpriso ; norcnuld ihe colonists olilain Ihe means of 
 attarkiiiK in iheir turn wiilioul fullowiii); the savages 
 into forests and swamps, where the heiiefit of Iheir su- 
 perior dibci|iliiie was nearly los'., and ihc peculiarities 
 of European warfare almost impracticable. Tho sa- 
 vages had long been acqnainicd wiih Hrc-arms, and 
 were remarkably expert in the use of them. 
 
 For some time the incursiors of the onnmy could not 
 he restrained, and every successful enterprise or skir- 
 mish that they maiutained increased the miinher of their 
 allies. Tho savage artifice, however, which Philip 
 adopted in one iuslancc for the purpose of recruiting 
 his forces, recoiled with injury on himself. Having re- 
 paired with some of bis adherents to tho territory of the 
 kinliawks, he caused some of iheir people to he sur- 
 prised and assassinated ; and then proceeding to the 
 head ipiarleri of Ine tribe, be declaicd that he bad seen 
 the murder coiumilKJ by a party of the Plymouth 
 soldiein. Tile tribe in a iianie of passion declared war 
 oil the eohiiiisis: bul their rage soon took another 
 dirccliou : for one of the vounded men having re- 
 covered bis senses, mailu a shift to crawl to ti.e habila- 
 lioiis of his couutrynieu, and, though mortally injured, 
 was able lo disclose the real author of the murder be- 
 fore he died. The Mohawks in.stauily declared war on 
 I'inlip, and themselves ibe allies ef bis enemies. Hos- 
 tibiies were protracted till near the close of Ihe follow- 
 ing' vear. when, at length, ihe steady elluris and invinci- 
 ble bravery of ilie colonists prevailed ; and alter a sc- 
 ries of defeats, and tne loss ol all his family and chief 
 cniiiisellors, I'hilip bimself was killed by one of his own 
 tribe whom lie bid ulfeuded. IJeprivid of its chief 
 ab"[ier. ihe war w.is so-ju lerminaied by the submis- 
 sion of Ihe enemy. I'roin some of the tribes, how- 
 ever, tho eoloiiisls refused to accept any submissions, 
 and warned them before their surrender that their 
 iiiMcliery h.id been so gross and unprovoked, and their 
 o ilr.i^es so atrocious and nnparduuable, that lliey must 
 allele the issue of erimmal justice. In pursuance of 
 these decl.iralluns, sour.; of ibe chiefs were tried and 
 f xeculed for murder ; and a nuinber of their followers 
 Here Irausporled lo the West Indies, and sold for .-laves. 
 N. ■ er h.id ihe people of New Kugland been engaged 
 In so fierce, so bloody, or to desolating a eonlliel as 
 tins Many houses and tioiirishing villages were rtiluced 
 L' ashes ; and in ibe course of Ihe war six hundrsd per- 
 fons, composing the llower and strength of several ut 
 the districts, were either killed in battle or iiinrdered 
 by the savages. The iiiililary ellorts of the eolonisis 
 in Ihcse campaigns were thought, and justly perhaps, 
 to sviuee less of tactical skill than bad been displayed 
 ill the Pcijnod war. They were indeed no luuiier coiii- 
 inaiided by the exiierieneed ollicers who had accompa- 
 nied Iheir aiicesiors from Kurope ; and iliey were op- 
 pusidioau enemy iiiiicb more formidable than the Pe- 
 ipiods. But the heroic courage and calm contempt of 
 danger that llley displayed, was worlbv of ineu whose 
 characlers were formed under ilislilulions no less f.ivor- 
 able to freedom than virlue, and who loui/hl in deleuce 
 of every thun! that was dear and valuable lo mankind. 
 In the cominenccment of the war, the surprising 
 treachery lllat the Indians displayed, excited strong 
 apprehensiuns of the defecUou of Ibe Indiiu cougrega- 
 lions which ibe inissiouaries had collecled and parily 
 civib/.ed. Hut not one of these people proved unfaith- 
 fvll lo ibeir benelaelors. 
 
 The Indian warfare in which New Kngland bad been 
 thus involved, was iiol bounded by the hostilities v.illi 
 Philip and his confederates. .\u allack was made al 
 the same lime on New liampslnre and .Maine, by ihe 
 iriiies that were sitinted in the vicinily of these setlle- 
 luenis. The Indians complained ibat lliey had been 
 defrauded and insulted by some of the Kngb.^h traders 
 in that ipiarler;* but auspicions were girongly enter- 
 tained Ibat their hostilities were promoted by the French 
 
 * One of these coinpiaints was oce.isioneii hy the lirulal act 
 uf sunie Kiiglmll sallurs in overturning an ln<Ilan camie in 
 wiiieli li.ey oiiser\eii an inraiit cliilil, m enter to asceitaiu llic 
 Irutl) ut u slory they hail liearil that swmitning was as natural 
 ti) a vuiing luilian as lo a yuunit duck. Tue ehilil dieil in con- 
 ecipii'nco uf the iiniuersiiin il sustained; and its fattier, wlio 
 V at liih'Uly resjii'cled a.* a uccroinancer by the liidmns,l)ecanie 
 tl'K invnlriale enemy of llie English. Uelknap, i, 133. An 
 ttctiun lliat excitttd slili greater resentuienl was committed 
 bv Major WaUiroii of New Haiiipsltire during the war. He 
 had iiiado a treaty ut fnendHliip with a liuily uf 4(lfl Indians ; 
 bul on discovering that some uf them had served In l'liiii|i*s 
 ailny, he laiil leiiti uf Iticsc, by a stralageiu and sunt llietn hi 
 
 fnsimers Id Huslon. Their assuciates never forgave this 
 reac-heriius act ; and tlnrteeii years utter, a party of them 
 bavniir siiriiriscd tlie inajur in his house by a t-lratagein slill 
 utor« artliil ttian his own, put bun to death by the most horri- 
 bli) InSicliaiii of cruelty, lliid. 149. I4»— IW. 
 
 government, now re-established in Acadia. Tho inva- 
 sion of these lerritorics was distinguished by the usual 
 ferocity and cruelty of the savages. Many of the in- 
 hahitants were massacred, and others carried into cap- 
 tivity. Prompt assistance was rendered by Massachu- 
 setts ; and after a variety of severe engageinents the 
 Indians sustained a consideraule defeat. They were 
 still however bnih able luid willing to continue tho 
 war; and both their nuinbers and their animusiiy were 
 increased by a measure which ihi' colunlal government 
 adopted against them. It was proposed to the general 
 court of Massachusetts to invite tlio Mohawk tribe, 
 who, from time immemorial, had bi'cn the enemies of 
 llie eastern Indians, to make a descent on their territo- 
 ries at this juncture. The lawfulness of using such 
 auxiliaries was questioned by some ; but it was bliongbt 
 a satisfactory answer, that Abraham had confederaled 
 with the Amorilcs for the recovery of his kinsman Lot 
 from the hands of a common enemy ; and messengers 
 were accordingly despatched to the Mohawks. Little 
 persuasion was necessary to induce llieiii lo comply 
 Willi tho proposal, and a body of Mohawk warriors 
 quickly i irched against iheir hereditory foes. The 
 expcditiuii, however, so far from producing the alighest 
 benelit, was attended with serious disadvantage to the 
 cause of the colonists. The Indians who were their 
 proper enemies, suH'ered very little from the Mohawk 
 invasion ; and some powerful tribes who had been 
 hitherto at peace with lliem, exasperated by injuries or 
 airronis which they received from these invaders, now 
 declared war both against them and their lOnglish allies. 
 -M lei'glh, the intelligence of the defeat of l^hilip, and 
 the probability of stronger forces being thus enabled to 
 march against them, inclined the eastern Indians lo 
 hearken to proposals of peace. The war in this quaiter 
 was terminated by a treaty highly favorable lo Ihc In- 
 dians, to whom the settlers became bound lo pay a 
 certain quantilv of corn yearly as a kind of quit-rent for 
 their lands.* 
 
 Although tho province of New York was now a 
 Uritish seitlemeni, no assistance was obtained Iroiii it 
 by llin New Eiiuland stales in this long and obstinate 
 coniest with ihe Indians. On llie contrary, a hosule 
 leinonslralion from this quarter had been added to the 
 langer* of the Indian war. Andros, who was tin ii 
 governor of this iiewlv acquired British province, hav- 
 ing claimed for the Uuke of York a considerble pari of 
 the (Jonneclicut territory, proceeded to enforce this 
 pretension bv advancing Willi an armament againal the 
 town and fort of .Saybruok, which he summoned to sur- 
 render. Tlie inliabitants, though at lirst alarmed to 
 heboid the Fnglish liag unfurled against them, quickly 
 recovered from llieir surprise ; and hoisting the same 
 tlag on their walls, prepared to defend themselves 
 against iliu assailants. Andros, unprepared for such 
 resolute opposition, hesitated lo bre upon the English 
 ll.ig ; and learning that Captain Bull, an ollicer of dis- 
 tiiiL.Miisheil bravery and deleriniiiatioii. had marcbed 
 wiih a parly of llie l.'onneclicni imlitia for the defence 
 of lIlc place, judged i'. exjicdient to abandon the enter- 
 prise and relurn lo .New York. 
 
 The cessaiion of the ludiaii hoslililies was not at- 
 Icnded with a lestoralion ol llie happiness and iranqiiil- 
 hty whicli had preceded llieiii. The king had now 
 iniiiured the scheiue of arbitrary government which be 
 steadily pur>nid during the remainder of his inglorious 
 reiL'ii ; and the colomsls, while yet sinarllng wllh the 
 sense of their recent cal imilies, were summoned to 
 abide a repelllion of their aucient euiilest with tlie 
 crown. ^ I, I'll they had vainly hoped was forgotten or 
 ahaiidoniil hy the English governineut. Instead of 
 apprubation for the bravery and \igorous reliaiiec on 
 Iheir own rc-ourcea with whicli tbev had conducied 
 their military operations, without involving the moilier 
 country in expenses, and repelled hosuliiies which were 
 partly owing to the disregard which the inoliier eonnlry 
 had shown for tlieir interests in restoring .\cadia to the 
 French, they found themselves overwhelmed with re- 
 proaches for a seditious obstinacy in relusmg lo solicit 
 assistance from the king, ond a sordid parsimony in the 
 equipment of their levies, winch (they werc^ lold) bad 
 caused the war to be so greatly protracted, and ren- 
 dered them utterly unlit lo be longer intrusted witli the 
 government of a counlry in whieli their sovereign pos- 
 aeased so deep a stake. Indications of this revival of 
 
 ' Ncal, il. 4IKI— 4(1(1. Hutchinson, i. 307, 308. Bellmap, i. 
 can 5. IliiUlunsuii's lllstary uf Massaehusclts, and Uelknap's 
 History uf New llainiishire, are llio best uf tho nmdern hla- 
 lorical pruductions uf Nuilh America. Trumbull's Mislurv uf 
 Conncclicul would have been esteemed superior to tliom 
 both, If the aulhor (a clergymnn) had nut bestowed a most 
 disproportionod allenliun on Itie biivsrapliy of tiie clergy and 
 the proceedings of ecclosiastical synods. 
 
 royal dislike and of tho resnmplion of the king's formet 
 designs had appeared before the conehjsioii of the wat 
 with Philip. While hosidities were still ragmg in the 
 province, the goverinnent of MaBsacbnsctls found it 
 necessary to direct a part of its attenlion lo the claimH 
 of Mason and Ciorges with respect lo New Hampshire 
 and Maine. In the sunnner of 1676 UandoI;;li a ints- 
 aenger despatched by the kiiig, announced to the geiie- 
 rel court that a judgment would be pronounced by bis 
 majesty in council against tho prctenaiuns ot the pro- 
 vince, nnlesa deputies were sent to jWead its cause 
 within six months ; and as letters were received at the 
 same time from Ihc friends of ihe colony in England, 
 giving assurance that this resolution would be adlic.*'ed 
 to. and that any instance of connimacy on the ))art of 
 the general court would but accelerate the execution of 
 the more formidable designs that were undoubtedly in 
 agitation at the Kiiglish court, the royal message re- 
 ceived immediate atlenlion. and .Stoughlon and linlkc- 
 ley were despatched as deputies to represent and sup- 
 port the colonial interests. 
 
 The respective lilies and claims of the parties hav- 
 ing been Hubmiltcd to the consideration of the two 
 chief justices of England. [1677] the legal merits of 
 the question were at length extracted by their expe- 
 rienced eyes from the confused mass of inconsistent 
 grants in which ihey were involved. It was adjudged 
 that the jurisdictioii of New Hampshire was incapable 
 of being validly conveyed by the council of Plymouth, 
 and bed therefore reverK^d lo the crown on liie dissolu- 
 tion of the council, with reservation, however, of Ma- 
 son's claims upon the properly of the soil — a reserva- 
 tion which for more (ban a cenlury rendered all the 
 properiv in New Hampshire insecure, and involved the 
 inhabitants in conlinilal nneasiness, dispute, and litiga- 
 tion As Gorges, in addition to !iis original grant from 
 ihe Plymouih council, bad procured a royal pateni for 
 llie province of Maine, the full right boih of seignorial 
 and territorial of this province was adjudued to be 
 vested in bun. In cense, pience of this decision, the 
 jurisdiction of .Massachuseita over New Hampshire 
 ceased ; but it was preserved in the province of NIamo 
 by an arrangement with the successful claimant- Tiie 
 king bad been for some lime in treaty for the purchase 
 oi" Maine, which be designed lo unite with .New liamp- 
 shire. and to bestow on his favorite son the Duke of 
 Monmouth ; but straitened for money, and eipeciug 
 no competitor in the puichaae. he had deferred the 
 coniplelion of ihe contract. This was not unknown to 
 Massachuscil.s ; and that colony being strongly urged 
 by the inhabitants of Maine to prevent their terriiorien 
 from lieiiig disinembered from its jiirisdiciiou. directed 
 its agent to purchase the title of (iorges, wliicb. he very 
 willingly sold lo them for twe!\e hundred pounds. 
 This transaction gave great ollencc to the king, who 
 peremptorily msisled that the aiilhorities of Massachu- 
 setts should wave tlieir right and relinquish their co.l- 
 tracl to hull ; but they, bleiidiui.' as a siillicieut apology 
 for what ihev bad iloi'ie, that it had been in complianeu 
 with the wishes of the people, retained Ihe purchase and 
 governed the counlry as a suhordinate province. The 
 people of New llampshire were no less rehielaiit to be 
 separated from .Massacbuscils ; but they were com- 
 pelled to submit, and lo ri-ceive a royal governor.* 
 One of llie lirst acts of their Icgislainre was to vote 
 a" uirectiuiiale address lo .Massachusetts, acknowledg- 
 ing the former kiiiilness of that coionv, and declaring 
 it 10 have been their general wish to retain iheir former 
 cunnexion, had such been the pleasure of their coininou 
 aovereii'ii. Tbcgovernineiit Ibat had been forced upon 
 ihem proved utlerly ineipable of |ireserviiig Irauquillitv 
 or coiumandiug respect. The attempts ihal were inado 
 10 enforce .Mason's lille to the properly of the soil, and 
 to render tb(! inhabitaiilB Iribulary to liim for the pos- 
 sessions which ihey had purebased from others and im- 
 proved into value iiy their own labor, exciled the moat 
 violent ferments, and resulted in a train of vexatiouit 
 hut indecisive legal warfaro.f Cranlield. the governor, 
 after involving himself in contentions ,Mid dltercalioiis 
 with ihc settlers end their legislative body, in which be 
 
 » III the first commission that was issued fortha fuveri.nBiil 
 of this province, Iho king engaged lo conllnue tu lbi> pt 'pla 
 their niicienl priviletro of an asseinbly " unless by in" .• 'e- 
 uieiice arising iherefrom, he or his lieim should see caune -o 
 alur Iho same." Belknap, I. ITl. 
 
 t The people were eoinethnea provoked lo opitoac club taw 
 to parclnnent law. An irregular juilginoiil havunr beim pro- 
 noiniced in t'avur of Mason against some persons wlm ri'tii-'ed 
 m submit 10 il, Craiiflctil senl a parly of stiorifT's nlliccrs l-i 
 
 j servo a wril on them wtuie llicy were in church. 'I'lic cuncre. 
 
 1 enlinn was Incensed at S' .h a procoi'iiiiiir ; a ymii.ir vuiuau 
 
 j knocked down a sheiilTs ■.i.cer wilii In-r bible; and ilieaiuck 
 beciiniing general, the whole legal army wa- rcmi-d. It MHi 
 
 I found eecenaty lo aliandon the judgment, tlelknap. 
 
THE HISTORY OF 
 
 264 
 
 found i. totally unponaible to prevail, transmitted an nor eitcnuatc, and they anxiously pressed their conrti- with them a letter rontaimng the requisitions of th« 
 
 asanranco (o the Uritish government, " that while 'he tucnta to put end to the occaition of it. Any proceed' king, of which the inunt coii«iilprahle were, that tha 
 
 cleriTv ware altuwed to preach, no true allegiance could ings which llic king niiglil adopt, eiihiT for the enforce- onlh of allegiance should ho rendered more explicit, 
 
 be found in those parts." He wreaked his vengeance . nient of the navigation acts, or thn puniuhntent of tho and should be ndinniisrered to every prraon hotdnig an 
 
 upon snuicnuncunfurinist ministers, to whose p/eaching neglect tliuy had hitherto experienced, were thd more oHicc of trusi ; that ull civil and iniliiary coinnii»»ion% 
 
 ho un|iuic(l the resolute spirit of the pfrople, and whose likely to coincide with the sentiments of the English shuuld be issued in the king's name ; and all laws rt 
 
 generul (lenunciutions against vice ho construed into people, from the interest of a considerable portion of pugnaut to the English couimerc'al statutes Hbolialied. 
 
 per^oiwd rolKciioii!* on hinisulf and his favorites, by ur- i the mercantile class of society in the monopoly which it j The general court, eagerly indulgmg the Kop;i that, by 
 bitririiv CO. uiiuiitdnig them to administer the sacrament ' was the object of lhe>e laws to secure. A petition had 
 to liim accordniii to tin: liturgy of the church of Kng- \ been presented to the king and privy council by a luim- 
 
 land, niiu comiiiiitiu^r ilicin to prison on receiving the 
 refusiil which he expected H^s niisgovernment at 
 Ipuirth provoki'd a few rash individuals hastily, and 
 wiihout concert, to revolt from his authority. They 
 were iusiantly suppressed ; and having been arraigned 
 of high treusion, were convicted and condemned. But 
 (/raiihehl, a.vare of the unpLpularity of his government, 
 had employed artifices in the composition of the jury, 
 which excited univrr*(al indif/nation ; and afraid to currv 
 
 her cf merchants and manufacturers, complaining of the 
 disregard of the navigation acts m New England, and 
 praying that they might hereafter be vigorously en- 
 forced, for the sake of promoting the trade of England, 
 as well as of preserving her donunionover the colonies. 
 That a stronger impression might be mado on the pub- 
 lie mind, the petitioners were solemnly heard in presence 
 of the council, and suffered to plead at great length in 
 support of their commercial complaints and political rea- 
 
 his sentence into etfect within the colony, he adopted uuningd. The general court of Massachusetts, alarmed 
 tlie 8traiii>e and unwarrantable proceeding of sending by these movements, at length intimated, by a letter to 
 
 the prisoners 10 be executed in England. The English 
 g-.>v(friimL'iit a^'tiiallv sanctioned this irregularitv, aiid 
 
 were prep.inti^ to t'secute tho sentence of a colonial 
 jjovcrnor. ami to exhibit lo the English people the tra- 
 gical issue of a c:iae, with the merits of which tlicy were 
 
 their agents, that " they apprehended the navigation 
 acts to ho an invasion of the rights, liberties, and pro- 
 perties of the subjects of his majesty in the colony, 
 they not being represented in parUatnent ; and, accord- 
 ing to the u^^ual savings of the learned in the law, the 
 
 tot.ilty unaci|uiiinte'J, wbtn. a pardon was obtained fur laws of England being bounded within the four seas, 
 the unfortunate |)ei>on8. by the solicitation of Cranticld I and not reaching to America." They added, however, 
 himself, who, lindiug it impossible to nuiiiitain order m that, '* as bis majesty hud signified his pleasure that 
 the province, or to withstand the numerous complaints those acts should be observed in Massachusetts, they 
 
 ^ad made provision, by a law of the colony, that 
 
 of his injijstice and oppreb-sion, hud solicited his own 
 rccal. Shortlv after his departure. New llinnpshire was 
 again united to the t'overiinienl of Maiisachusetts, and 
 shared her fortunes till the period of the Uriti^h revo- 
 hilion.* 
 
 1078.] Altbou^Oi the troubles of the Popi^^h Plot be- 
 gan now to ri)^a<>e the attention and anxiety of the 
 king, lie waf* no longer lo he diverted trom the resolu- 
 tion he had adopted of ollecting the sulijugat on of 
 Mas^arhiijells ; and ihoii<jh the concern of the Uiike 
 of .Momnoiiih with that celebrated imposture and the 
 connexiofiB he h:id formed wilK the protiigate Shnftes- 
 hury and its other promoters, might ihmimsh the king's 
 regret for the priv.iuoii of the appanage he had meant 
 to invest him wiUi, the presuntptiiuus interference of 
 Massachusetts to defeat this transaction bad inthmrd 
 his disfilcasure and fortilied his resolution. Thai ad- 
 ditional pretexts might not btt wanting to justify his 
 measures, every complaint that could be collected 
 bgalnstthe colony waspromo'ed and encouraged. The 
 Quakers who had refused, during the Indian war. cither 
 to perform military service or to pay the tines imposed 
 by law on defaulters, complained biticrly of the per-se- 
 enlion they had undergone by the enforcement of these 
 fines, as well as of thu law vvliich obligt-d them to con- 
 tribute to the maintenance of the colonial imniAters. 
 When the dangers of tlie Indian war were at tlieir 
 height, somo of the colonists apprehending that these 
 calamities were a judgment of tieaven upon the l.nul 
 for tolerating such heretics us the quakcr.i within its 
 bosom, procured the re-t'iiactment of an old law. pro- 
 hibiting assemblies for quaker worship; and though 
 it does not apfiear that this law v\as enforced, its en- 
 actment was jusily regarded hs persecution, and 
 alienated the regards of many who had iiitiicrto been 
 friends of the colonv. The aiienis who had licen de- 
 puted to maiiaue the intero.^t.i of .Massachusetts in the 
 Hi.sfiules respecting New Hampshire and .\!aine, were 
 detained to answer thrse complaints winch were gravely 
 preferred by the cpiakcrs to a government which was 
 Itself enlorcinn with far greater rigor U[ion them the 
 very policy whteb it now ein-oiiraued them to impute lo 
 one of its own provinri.d dependencies as the most 
 icandalous persecution. Other and more serious com- 
 pUiiits coiilnbuted to detain the agents and increase 
 their perplexity. Kindolph^ whom the people of New 
 England described as "going up and down seeking 
 whom he might devour," had faithfully complied with 
 his instructions to collect as much matter of com- 
 plaint as ho could obtam within the colony, and loaded 
 with the hatred of the people, which be cordially reci- 
 procated, he now returned to England and opened his 
 budget of arraignment and vituperation. 'I'be most 
 just and most formidable of his charges was that the 
 navigation act was utterly disregarded, and a free tiade 
 maintained by the colonists with all parts of the world. 
 This was a charge which the agents could neither deny 
 
 • Hmch'ii-nn, i. .llJ-aiS. ChfihiuTS, H90, 7. 49i. 493—498" 
 BtlHtinp. i. cap. v\. vii. Ii viii. Thea* evenm, aii<l th« particu- 
 lar liiamry of New HArnpuhire at this |)erli>d, are related In 
 ouniiil«rBt)le detail, with svery appearance nfaccuracT, and 
 wtth nucb spirii, youd sunie, and liberality, bjr Dt Belknap. 
 
 they should he strictly attended to from time to time, 
 although it greatly discouraged trade, and was a great 
 damage lo his inujesly's plantation." These expres- 
 sions, and the recent colonial law to which they refer, 
 deiiionstrate the peculiar notions which wwe enter- 
 tained by the people of Massachusclts of the connexion 
 that subsisted between ihcmst-lves and the parent 
 stale. [lt»79.] Their pretensions were the same with 
 those which a tew years after were advanced by the 
 
 a compliance with these moderate demands th"y could 
 appeaoo their sovereign and avert his disptrasure, pro- 
 ceeded instantly to enact laws in confurmity with hia 
 requisitions. They trusted that he had now aban- 
 doned the deaigns which they had bueu taught to ap* 
 prebend ; and which, in reality, were merely suspended 
 by the influence of the proceedings connected with the 
 popish plot, and the famous bill for the exctuiion of the 
 Duke of York. Although the requisitions which the 
 king had transmitted by the hands of Stroughton and 
 Bulketey were obeyed, he continued to intimate, from 
 time to time, his desire that new agents might be ap- 
 pointed to represent the colony in London ; but partly 
 from the apprehensive jealousy with which the colo- 
 nists regarded such a measure, and partly from the 
 reluctance that prevailed among their leading men to 
 undertake so arduous and perplexing an employment, 
 the king's desires on this point were not complied with. 
 The short interval of inilcpendence which the colonists 
 were yet permitted to enjoy was very remote from a 
 state of tranquillity. Kaudolph, who had connnended 
 himself to the king and his inmisiers by the diligence 
 and activity with which he had co-operated with their 
 views, was appomted collector of the customs at Uos- 
 ton, and a custom-house establishment, which some 
 years before had been erected without opposition in 
 Virginia, and Maryland, was now extended to New 
 England.* 13ut it was in Massachusetts that this 
 niL-asure was intended to produce the elVects which it 
 was easily foreseen would result from its own nature, 
 as well as from the temper and the unpopularity of tiitt 
 person who was appointed to conduct it. The navi- 
 
 people of Ireland ;— that, although dependent on the ! gallon acts were evaded in Khodc Island, and openly 
 
 crown, and obliged by their patent to conform their 
 jurisprudence, as far as possible, to the law of Eng- 
 l.'id, the statutes of the IJrilish parliament did not 
 operate in the colony, till re-enacted, or otherwise re- 
 cognized, by its own native legislature. S>o strongly 
 did this notion possess the mmds of the people of New 
 Euglund, and so obstinately did their mteresta resist 
 
 onlemncd and disregarded in Connecticut; yet these 
 states were permitted lo practice such irregularity with- 
 out inolesiiiiiun. It seems to have been less the en- 
 forcement of the acts themselves that tlie king desired, 
 than the advantage which would accrue from the at- 
 tempt to enforce them after such long neglect in the 
 obnoxious province of Massachusetts. To this pro- 
 
 tbe enlorcemeut of the euinniercial reguhiiiuns, that vinco he conhned his attention ; and justly considered 
 
 even the submissive province of Khode Inland, altliougl: 
 about this time, in imitation of Massachusetts, it look 
 some steps towards a confurmity with these regula- 
 tions, never expressly recognized them tiH the year 
 17UU, when Us legislature empowered the governor 
 "to put the acts ot iiavigution m execution."* 
 
 'I'hc colonial agents, aware of the siioug interests 
 that prevailed among theircountrymen still to oversiep 
 the boundaries ul tiicir regulated trade, lurnibhcd them 
 with correct inlormation of the ihreaiening aspect of 
 their atl'airs in England, and assured them tliai only a 
 thorough compliance with the navigation acts could 
 shelter them Iroin the designs that were eiitt named by 
 the crown. These honest representations produced 
 the (00 frequent ellecl of unwelcome Irulhs : they 
 dimniiSikcd tlio pujiulanty of the agem.-^, and excited 
 suspicions in Boston that they had nut advocated the 
 interests of the colony with sutliciont zeal. The peo- 
 ple were always too a\)i to su.spect thai their tleputies 
 in England were overawed by the state, aint mlected 
 with the hUbservience ihal prevailed at Hie royal court ; 
 and they neglected to makt.' due allov^ance for the dif- 
 ferent aspect which a dispute with Kngland presented 
 to men whobein Id face to face her vast e^tublishmcnls 
 and superior power, and to those who speculated on 
 the prcbability of such dispute at llie opposite ex- 
 tremity of the Atlantic tcean. The agents at length 
 obtained leave to return ; and though some impatience 
 and ill humor had beiMi excited by their lidelity m the 
 discharge of an unwelcome otlice, the deliberate senti- 
 ments of their countrymen were so little perverted, 
 that when the king again intimated his desire of the 
 re-appointment of agents in England, they twice agrin 
 elected the same persons to resume their former duly, 
 which unfortunately, however, these persons could 
 never again be persuaded lo undertake They carried 
 
 * Neal, ij. M5, 6. Huichuiann, i. 319, MO. 3«, 3. thai. 
 mere, 'J77. 400. !■ roni Wanlen's impiiiuti'in lolilo-*, it npiwarn 
 thai ConnecUcut dt lliii. pcriiHl {167'J) mniiiineJ twelve tluui. 
 aand five hundred lnhabliaiit»i. haviri)( Hinttaliifd a duntumiun 
 of two ihounand fire hundrnd linco the ypar ISTO ( Warden, ii. 
 9.)— a fact unexplained bj the hialory of ihiH sUie, which had 
 sufforad ooniparaUvely liule by tha late Indian war- 
 
 that the issue of Ins contest with it, would necefsarily 
 involve the fate of all the other settlements of New 
 England. Randolph proceeded to exercise his otlice 
 wan the must oll'ensivc rigor, and very suoncuinplamed 
 that the stubbornness of the people defeated all his 
 activity, and presented insuperable obstacles to iIih 
 execultuu of me laws. Almost every suit that be tn- 
 siiiuled lor the recovery of penalties or forfeitures was 
 decided against tiiin. He proceeded lo England lu 
 order to lay his complaints before his employers, and 
 returned invested wiih more extensive powers, in the 
 exercise of which be was not more successful. 
 [iUHU.J He reproached the colonial authorities with in- 
 justice and partultty ; and they denied the charge, and 
 accused him of unnecessary and vexatious litigation. 
 Toe requisitions and remonstrances which the king 
 conlimied to make, from time to time, were answered 
 by piofe^sions of loyalty, and liy partial compliances 
 with what was thus suggested; but the main subject 
 of contest still continued lo subsist, and the colony, 
 though repeatedly desired, still delayed, to send depu- 
 ties to England. The general court was at this time 
 divided between two parlies, who cordially agreed in 
 their estimate of the value of their chartered privileges, 
 but ditfered m opinion as lo the extent to which tl was 
 advisable to contend for tbein. liradetreet, the go- 
 vernor, at the head of the moderate party, promoted 
 every compliance with the will of the parent state, short 
 of a total surrender of their civd and ecclesiastical con- 
 stitution. Danforth, the deputy-governor, at the 
 head of another party, impeded the appointment of 
 deputiea, and opposed all submission to the acts of 
 trade ; maintaining that the colony should adhere to 
 the strict construction of its charter, resist every abridg- 
 ment of It as a dangerous precedent, no less than an 
 injurious aggression, and standing on their right, com- 
 
 • As a Dieiiiure, partly of terror, and partly of puniRhin^iit, 
 |( was determined by the Kn^litfti cnuri, abtiai thi:« nine, " hu 
 iio Meditorranean pasnes mIiiiII lie graiiied lo New Kupland tu 
 iiroiect nsvesHL-JH itL'uiii tthe TurkK, till it \s Hceii wlmi de> 
 ImndiMii-i' it will ack'i.owletltfe on hii iiinjesly, nr whedier Km 
 luoloin hntisn cillicertf are received aa In oihar aolonk'S, 
 
 [Cl.lll'htTi, lUi. 
 
NOHTH AiMEUICA. 
 
 265 
 
 piisitions of the 
 L- were, thai the 
 (i more explicit, 
 r9on holding an 
 ury coinniii)»ioi)« 
 uiid all liUVH re 
 aliiles aholmlied. 
 lie hop;; thut, by 
 ihihIs lh'7 could 
 displnasure, pro- 
 lunnity wilh hi* 
 hud now ubaii* 
 ei) tBitght to ap* 
 iicrely Huspeiidrd 
 nnected with the 
 cxcluiioi) of the 
 itioiis which the 
 Stroughton and 
 to intimate, from 
 ■Its might be ap- 
 idon ; but partly 
 which the colo- 
 partly from the 
 r leadmg men to 
 an tMnpIoymi'iit, 
 ot complied wilh. 
 tiich the co'.onists 
 y remotp fruin a 
 had commended 
 by the diligence 
 :)erated with their 
 ! customs at 13o8- 
 ent, which some 
 out opposition in 
 'Xteiided to New 
 lusetts that thia 
 ! etl'ects which it 
 n its own iiuiure, 
 ipopularity ol the 
 ;t it. The navi- 
 <land, and openly 
 c'.icut ; yet tlieso 
 irregularity willi- 
 jceii less the en- 
 tile king desired, 
 cruc from the at- 
 iig neglect in the 
 [8. To this pro- 
 juslly considered 
 would necessdrily 
 tllcmenis of New 
 xercise his oliice 
 y soon cumplumed 
 ] defeated all hia 
 obstacles to ihn 
 ry suit llitK he in- 
 or forfeiluies was 
 L'd In England lu 
 IS einpioyers, and 
 vc powers, in tlic 
 more successUil. 
 utiiontics wilh in- 
 [■d (he charge, and 
 xalious litigadun. 
 * which the knig 
 I', were answered 
 irluil cumpliaiices 
 tile main subject 
 L, and the eoluny, 
 r'ed, to send depu- 
 was at this linio 
 ordially agreed in 
 artered privileges, 
 lit to which II was 
 radelrect, the go- 
 e party, prumoied 
 parent state short 
 ecclesiastical coii- 
 jovernor, at the 
 le appointment of 
 lOn to the acts of 
 should adhere to 
 esist every abridg- 
 t, no less than an 
 I their right, com- 
 
 irtly i>f piiiiiRhiiuiit, 
 biiui thU nine, ** lioi 
 I to New Kiifluiitt tu 
 I i( is HBfii wliui lie* 
 JBHty, nr wliedicr ),ii 
 In oih«r MloDluB, 
 
 mft the e^tnt to Providence. Thcie parties conducted 
 Ihcir debates with warmth, hut without arrimony ; nnd 
 as the sentiments of one or c:htr respectively prevailed, 
 i greater or lesser degree of compiirincc with the de- 
 mands of the king was infused into tho undecided 
 policy of (lie general court.* 
 
 The various misforlu';e^ in which the colony had for 
 a series of years liecrt olvcd, did nut fdil to produce 
 D ;icep oni solemn impression on the minds ot men 
 hshitualed to regard all the events of life in a religious 
 aspect : and conlrihuted lo revive the piety for which 
 New England had been at lirst eo highly distinguished, 
 among the posterity of the original settlers. A short 
 lime before tho commencement of their troubles, a 
 natural |)henoinenon that excited much awe and atten- 
 tion at the lime, and was long Mcnllectcd with solemn 
 remembrance, was visible for several nights succea* 
 sively in the heavens. It was a bright meteor in the 
 form of a spear, of which tho point was directed to- 
 wards the setting sun, and which, with slow majestic 
 motion, descended through the upper regions of the 
 air, iitid gradually disappeared beneath the horizon. 
 'J'lie inhabitants were deeply struck wilh this splendid 
 persoinlicaiion of agency that seemed to unite the visi- 
 ble and invisible world in its range ; and the colonial 
 magistrates, without expressly alluding to it, yielded to 
 its niHueiice on their own minds, and endeavored to 
 nnprovc its effects on the minds of others, by pro- 
 moting a general it^formation of manners. Circular 
 letters were transmitted to all the clergy, urging them 
 to greater dilitrcnce in exemjilifying and inculcating 
 the precepts of religion, especially on the young, and 
 instructing their parishioners from house to house. 
 The dupes of science falsely so called may deiide these 
 impressions, and trace lo ignorant wonder the piety 
 which they produced; but enlightened pliilosuphy will 
 confess the worth and dignity of tliat principle which 
 recognizes in every display of the great phenomena of 
 nature, additional calls lo serve and glorify its Almighty 
 Creator, and which elevates and refines human facul- 
 ties by placing every object that forcibly strikes them 
 m a noble and graceful light derived from connexion 
 with the interests of morality and the honor of flod. 
 The events of the Indian war, the losses sustained from 
 a train of unfavorable wiather that ensued, and, lat- 
 terly, the disquiet occasioned by the contentions with 
 the English government, served, in like manner, lo 
 hjmble the people beneath the Alniighly Power which 
 controls the passions of men as well as the elements 
 of nature, and were ctpially productive of iiicreiscd 
 diligence in th*. ohservanees of piety and the reforma- 
 tion of manners. Ueepiv lamenting the imperfeetinns 
 and deliciencies of tiiemselves and others, many of the 
 minisUTS, magistratts, and leading men of the pro- 
 vince earnestly besought iheir counlrymen to consider, 
 il llie interruption of Divine fjvur did not betoken 
 negliTt of the Divine will, and by precept and exam- 
 ple hibored to eradicate everv evd habit or licentious 
 practice tliat a state of war and an intlu.t of commer- 
 cial wealth were supposed to have produced. Men 
 were strongly exlmiied lo carry a eoiitimial respect lo 
 tlie Divine »ill into the minutest raimlieations of their 
 ulfairs, and to ennoble whatever iliey did bv doing il 
 to the Lord. 'J'he general court published a cuialogue 
 ol the epidemical vices of the times, in whicli we liiid 
 eiiuiiierated. neglect of the cducjtioii uf eiiildreu, pride 
 di^^played in the liianiier of eiitiin^ mid curliiii! h:iir, 
 excess of finery and immodesty of apparel, negligent 
 carriajje at church, failure in due respect lo parents, a 
 sordid eagerness of shopkcisprrs to odtain high prici s, 
 profane swearing, idleness, and frequenting of taverns, 
 t^rand juries were directed to make presontmenl of 
 offenders in these respects : but either the happier in- 
 fluence of example and remonstrance was sutlicient to 
 control the obnoxious practices, or the^ never attained 
 such height and prevalence as to justify the intliction 
 nf legal severities. In many instances the scrupulous 
 piety of the colonial authorities has reprobated existing 
 vices, and the extent to which they prevailed, in Ian- 
 guat^o which, when compared with the common lone 
 of the world, is apt to beget misapprehension ; and, 
 hence, a writer no less eminent than Chalmers has 
 fallen into the gross mistake of deriving a chjrgc of 
 unusual immorality against the iuha.>itants of Massa- 
 chusetta from the very circumstancr.a that prove tho 
 
 • Hutchinson, 1. 319. 321. 310. 3i7. 330 331. 331. Chalrnrrtt, 
 297. 400. Krjm a Ttptirt nrcseuteil ihls yrar(IflBO) m the 
 lonls »f t'nJi, il splwara tnii Conneriicm. iheii In die fony- 
 fcurili Trv of its seulomeiu, cniiiniiiiMl twf>iiiv-i>ut> rliitivhen, 
 each of which had its nuiiiittRr ; a luihtln of iSoo mou ; a very 
 Caw Imknitd Mrvanu, and (hlrtr slavM. Holineii 1. 177. 
 
 strength of their piety, the purity o( their moral habits, 
 and thesldl superior purity of their moral aspirations. 
 The strong sense that religion inspires of the vicious 
 propensities inherent in human niture, causes the ex- 
 pression of the mnral sentiments of religious men to 
 appear to the world as the ravings of hypocritical cant 
 or fanatical dtlnsion.* | 
 
 The kmg had never abandoned his design of -fleet- 
 ing a comptett^ alteration of the consliiulion of Massa- 
 chusetts ; hut his moderation had been enforced by the 
 more personal and pressing concern of resisting the 
 attempts uf Shafl.-sbury to re-enact the deep and daring 
 policy of the Duke of (Juise, and control his sovereign 
 by the formation and supremacy of a protestant lengii% 
 in England. While Shaftesbury and his party were 
 able lo retain their inflence on the public mind by ihc 
 artifice of the popish plot, and to attack the monarchy 
 by the device of tho exclusion hill, it might well be 
 deemed unsafe to signalize the royal administration by 
 any public act of extraordinary tyranny in a province so 
 eminent for zeal in the protestant cau^e as Massachu- 
 setts. [1G81.] But Charles had now obtained a com- 
 plete victory over his domestic adversaries ; and, 
 among other excesses of retaliatory \iolenfe and arbi- 
 trary power hy which he proceeded to improve his suc- 
 cess, ho instituted writs of //»« irajra/(/u against the 
 principal corporations in England, and easily obtained 
 judgmonls from the courts ol law that declared all their 
 liberties and franchises forfeited to the crown. About 
 two years before this period, he had deliberated on the 
 pos.siliility of snjierseding entirely the government of 
 .Massachusetts without the observance of any legal 
 solemnity, bnt, on consultini; .loiie.s and \Viiiningion, 
 the attorney and solicitor general, he bad learned that 
 his object ea-ild not he securely or etlectually attained 
 except by the instrumeniality of a writ of ijuowarranlo, 
 which at that time it was not deemed cx| cdient to 
 employ But now every iiupcdiment was removed; 
 and the colonists received the most positive intelli- 
 gence from their friends in England that llie abrogation 
 of their charter was fiiiallv resolved on, and was to be 
 in.-<tantly accompli.-'hed. Randolph, who spent much 
 of Ins time in ir.aking voyaues between England and 
 .\merica, and had talely afiixed a |frotest on the ex- 
 change of Dnstoii against the acts of its government, 
 now brought from J^ondon a letter from the king, 
 dated the 2nth of October. 1081, recapitulating alt tho 
 roiiiplaiiits iigaiii^t the colony, and commanding that | 
 deputies should m^taiitly be sent to him. not only to | 
 answer these complaints, but "with powers lo submit 
 lo such regulations of government as bis majesty 
 should think til ;*' which if they should fill to do, it j 
 was intimated that a writ of tjuo van uiiio \\ou\il he \ 
 directed against thtm. A new matter of eliarge. S'^g- 
 l^ested by the ]ii(|uiMtive hostility of Uaiidolph, was ati 
 the same lime preltrred agniust them, — that they coined i 
 nioiiev within the province m c >iiteinpt nf the king's ; 
 prerOL'ative. The general court, in answer lu this sud- [ 
 dill arraignment of a practice which had Ineii permit- j 
 lid so long to prevail wilhout (}ueslion. explained how ' 
 ami when it had oriijinated, and appealed to tliese cir- 1 
 cumstances as decisively proving tiial no eiuitempl had j 
 been designed; but, witliul, declared that if it were' 
 regarded as a lre--<pass on his majesty's anihority, lliev j 
 huinhlv enlreattd pardon for the ignoranee under which ! 
 it had been committed, .\mung the other comphints! 
 that were urged hy the king, were the presuinpluuus j 
 |)urchase of the pro\inee of .Maine, which the 'johnnsls i 
 were again commanded to surrender, and the disallow- 
 ance of any other worship than that of the eatahliidied i 
 churches within the i olony. To the first of these th^y ! 
 answered bv repeating their former apology, and still j 
 declmiiig what was required of them; and lo the! 
 second, that liberty of worship was now granted lo all : 
 denoumiations of Christians In Mas8aeliu>elt3. The 
 royal letter contained many other elurgis; but they 
 were all answered by solemn protestations that either 
 the commands they imported had been already fulfilled, 
 or the disobedience they alleged had not been comiiut- 
 led. 
 
 An assembly of the general court having been held 
 [1082] for the purpose of electing deputies to pro- 
 
 * Afior tliiit matiiipr the New Knglnnd miiiister'" wero nc- 
 ciisiomeil i() adiiresis their hearrrs. * U comornrtli New K'i«- 
 IiihI alwayu lo rrmenihcr that they ara oritriually a plniiiation 
 reliKicUD, not a plannii of irad^. Let iiterrlmntn, anti stirh 
 as are iiicreufliiig cent per rent, rememiier thin, that wnrlilly 
 pain was not ilie end ami desimi of the people of New Enc- 
 Innii, hut relisinri. Ami if niiv ninn aniniie us make reiieinn 
 an twelve, ami the woriii iis liiiVieen, unch an one hath iiui the 
 iipirit nf a true New Kngiishman.'* HiggiiiRun's £lectiuii 
 Bormon, IMI, spud Ballinapi h 00. 
 
 ceed to England, and 8toughton again declining to 
 accept this offlce, it was conferred on Dudley and 
 Uirhards, two of the wealthiest and most respcctabtu 
 citizens of the province. But as the powers which the 
 royal letter required that they should bo invested wilh, 
 of submitting to whatever regulations of government 
 the king should think fit, were nothing else than powers 
 to surrender all the rights of the colony, the court was 
 carcfi.l to grant no such authority, and, on the con- 
 trary, plainly expressed in their instructions thai tho 
 depulies were not to do or consent to any thing ihvit 
 should infringe the liberties granted by the charier, of 
 a\l9T the existing form of government. The depntiet 
 set sail for England, whither the^ vere soon followed 
 by Uaiidol|)h, to confront, op|)ose, and counteract them. 
 A public fast was appointed to be observed throughout 
 the colony, to pray for the preservation of their charter 
 and the success of the deputation. Meai« less pure, 
 though I think by no means unjuslitiabte, were adopted, 
 nr at least sanctioned, by the assent of the court of 
 assistants, for the promotion of the colonial mteresLs in 
 England. Cranfield, who was still the royal governor 
 of New Hampshire, being on a visit at Hosion, sug- 
 gested to these authorities that their agents shouhl bo 
 directed to wait on Lord ll\de, and lender the sum of 
 two t!ions:)nd guineas for the private service of th« 
 king, which he assured them, from the notorious po- 
 verty and veniality of the court. *^ would infallibly pro- 
 cure stay of all hostile proceedings. They fell head- 
 long into the snare ; and having written letters to this 
 effect to the de|)Uties. Craiilield despatched letters at 
 the same time to the king, which he assured them con- 
 tained the strongest recommeudations of their interests 
 lo royal lavor. But ihtiugh thtse men were willing, in 
 a cause where no mteresis hut their own were involved, 
 to sacrifice their money for their liberty, and to buy 
 their country out of the hands of a sordid and disMili.te 
 tyrant, it was not the will of Providence that the M er- 
 nes of Massachusetts should be bought with gold, nr 
 that the prayers which had been associated with such 
 mean.s should prevail. Letters soon arrived from the 
 depnties, iulbrmiiiir that Oanlietd hud written a ludi- 
 crous account of llie whole proceeding lo the king, and 
 vaunted his dexterity in outwitting the people of Bos- 
 ton, whom he described as a crew of rascals and rebels, 
 and that the publication of the story had exposed them 
 to the derision of the whole court. + 
 
 The deputies found the king intoxicated wilh pros- 
 perous tyranny, and incensed to ihe highest degree 
 against a province that had so long presumed to with- 
 stand his wilt. 'I'heir credentials, which they were 
 desired to exhibit to Sir Lionel Jenkins, the secretary 
 of stale, were at once declared to be insutlicieiit; and 
 tlicy were informed, that unless others satisfaitory in 
 every respect, were immediately obtained, it was his 
 majesty's jileasiire that a iy»o nuirranto against tlieii 
 elmrttr should issue without delay. 'I'he deputies com- 
 uiiinicaud this peremptory injunction to their consiilu- 
 chtK ; assuring them, at the same time, that the ease 
 ol llie colony was desperate, and leaving iliem to deier* 
 mine whether il was most advisable to subuitt them- 
 selves unreservedly to his majesty's pleasure, or lo 
 abide the issue of a process winch would ceriainly be 
 tatal. 'i'his important <piestion, the deteiminution of 
 which was to lie the last e.vereise of iheir bthned 
 liheriy. was solemnly discii^^^ed both in the genera, 
 ('uurt and, as waM meet, bv the inhalntants of the pro- 
 vince at large ; [ Ht8U.] and the general seiiiiment was 
 declared lo he, " thai il was belter to die bv oiher h;inds 
 tiiari iheirowii." An earnest address lo the king was 
 framed hy the general court; a eurrespoi.dmg one 
 w.'\s signed by the inhabitants; and the agenlM were 
 directed lo present them or not, as ihey sliouid think 
 proper. 
 
 They were authorized to deliver up the litlen of the 
 piovmce of Maine, if by so doing they could presei ve the 
 
 * Kvery thing was veiinl that Charles the Seroiul oouid oh 
 tain a pt^'e for. lie so il liia alimiice t» titc kin^ of Kranro, 
 mid the ollicers of fjnvenuncni in his own luinidierit. Kroin 
 the Memoirs of Hir William Temple, it apiieurs thai \\m o!iii< 
 iiciit per^i'i) wasohliged, in lti74, to decline the oilii-e uf sccre* 
 lary of Hiaie from inahiliiy to Hilvanre 61M>0I, whWh vmut tlia 
 price of il. Tcniple'ii Works (Dean 8wilVs editiou, folio,) 
 I. 379. 
 
 t IliltrhioP'itt, t. 333 333 337. Chalmers, 40S. 139. 443. 
 4>0. NiPtwiihsiandtiig the uiipromitiiii^ aHptct of utVntrs in 
 New Koijlahil ai thii period, Uer |>opuljitm» ri'cciv(!il freiiueni 
 adiliiioiis from ihe emii:rn(ii)n of Kiu'll^h iioncuiirormi^ts. 
 Ainotig a c(HiHi>lerahle body of those who atxitit the year Hi^j 
 Hotmht an a.sylum in Mus^ai'tuisetiii wan J airs Krauklin, ihc 
 fuiiier of ihil di^Uiiguished philosopher (iiid pntiiirian who in 
 tho f(d!nwnii» century contribuiej si> sicnally ii' efft-ci llie nulo- 
 penJence of Ihe American muietf. See Kiuiikliirs ML-iiii>ira 
 of hUown Lilft. 
 
.^.. J 
 
 t 
 
 I H! 
 
 I aii::' 
 
 \ 
 
 cee 
 
 rhnrtrr, hnt othorwUe not; and thoy were finally in- 
 fnniu'd of ilu* irrcvocnMe ileterniinAtton of iheir coriali- 
 lucntH lo iidliiT'' to ilie fli;irter, and never to t«lio\v 
 (luMitApIvps unworthy of Iiheriy l»y volunlanly ilisown- 
 
 i'ltf "I- 
 
 Tlie roinnvniirationuf tliiK inai;nnnirnouH answer put 
 i.n vud to the lu-ictiiina of (he (leputies; utul a writ of 
 (/"«• jr,iintn/n hiivnin been issued forlliwitli against the 
 eolony. Ihiy d(iiTe<i leiive to retire from the »|rcetaele 
 of 'Mieli I'roi-eedinijs, and wer« |ierrnitled to rclnrn to 
 n.».i n. Tht-y were iuAdinlly followed hy Randol|)l). 
 \vi,o KtuI premMitoti lo the cninnnttee of plantations 
 Hrtu'tes of hi||!li eriinea and miadenieanora ajjainst the 
 ivilony. and v/as now seleeted to earry tiie fatal writ 
 acK'w the Atlantic. The uiessaije was prrfeelly suita- 
 t'.e to the hand that conveyed it ; and Kandol)>ii per- 
 f mmrd hin otilce with a triniphatil ea}>erne8S that added 
 insult to injury^ and increased the detestation with 
 which he was universallv regarded. The kiiijr at the 
 RdMie time made a last at(em))t to induce the culonifiia 
 to 8pare him the tedious formalities of le|;al process. 
 He irani'nntted a declaration, that if before judgment 
 ihi V would make a full suhmissu)n and entire resigna- 
 tion to his pleasure, he would consider their interest as 
 well as his own service in composing the new charier, 
 and make no farther departure from the original cor.sti- 
 lution than should he necessary for the support of his 
 governmeni. In order to enforce this suggestion, the 
 colonists wore apprised, that all the corjiorations in 
 KnL'Innd except the city of liOndon, had surrendered 
 their privileges fo the king ; and copies of the proceed- 
 intTs against the charter of Ijondon were c'ispersed 
 throuijh the province, that all nnghl know that a con- 
 test with his authority was utterly hopeless. IJut tlie 
 peo[ilc of .Ntassachusetts were mit to lie moved from 
 their pnr|(ose bv the ihrea's of dcspotie power or the 
 eiample of general servility. Tlu'V h;td acted v ell. and 
 had now to ftufl'er well; and diMlamfulIv rcfusi-d to 
 diinini.sli ilie infamy of their oppre.s>or by sharing il 
 with hirn. 'I'hr rnajoritv of tliii court ot assistants. 
 overwhelmed hv their calaniitics, \oted an address of 
 sulnnissioi) to the king; ht:t the house of delegates, 
 ainniiiied witli the general feeling t)f the pioj>le. and 
 flupporied bv ihe approlnliou of the dergv, rejected the 
 address, and adhered lo their former resolnlions. The 
 proeess of tfiio imnanfo was in coiiscipn'nce uriied 
 icrward with all the viijor that ttie formalities nf law 
 would adtnit. A reipiistiion to the colony to make 
 nppraranec was proinptlv complied will) ; Imt it was 
 fii.md that :he legal period of appioranet had elapsed 
 before the rei)Uisitiou was tranamiited At himth. in 
 Trintiv term of the following year. [lOHI. J ji.dtiiniiit 
 was prouounc(d ai,'ainst the ^jovernor and coiiipany ol 
 Mflssachtisetls. " Tlial iheir lelters pali'ut and ihf en- 
 rolment liiereof lie eaneelled ;" .Old in the year al'ier. 
 [H»H").] an otliciitl copy of tins judLinieiit was reeeivtd 
 by llii^ seerelarv of the jjeneral coiirl. 
 
 Thus llie Iiherlies of Mas-^arh'iM-lls wen- overthrown 
 by the descend mt of the princes w lictse opprt smous had 
 eonirihiited to lav their f'linulauons ; aller in iiiif ile- 
 feiided hv the eiuldreii o\ ihe orii^iiial M'ttiers wiih the 
 same reso!;ite nnbendmi: virtue th:it their fathers had 
 exerted in estabhshing iheiu. 'I'he venerable Hrad- 
 street, who hiul ai-eoinpanied the first einiurants (o 
 Ma-isachuMlts in \C\'il), was still alive, and was go- 
 vernor of the eolonv at the perioil »if the subversion ol" 
 those institutions which he had eontnhuied orignially to 
 plant in the desert, and had so long eotuiuned lo adorn 
 and enjov. IVrhap*. he now discerned the vamty of 
 those sentiments that had prompted so many of the 
 coevals whom he liad survived, lo lament their deaths 
 as premature. Uut ihe aged eves that beheld this 
 eclipse of New Knglnnd's prosperity, were not yet to 
 close lilt tliev had seen the return of better days. 
 
 That ihe proceedings of the king were in the highest 
 degree unjust and tyrannical, appears manifest beyond 
 all decent denial ; and that the legal udjudicatioii by 
 W'iiich he masked hts tyranny was never annulled by the 
 English parliament, is a circnmnlance very little cre- 
 ditable (o Knglisb justice. The House of (Commons, 
 indeed, shortly after the Revolution, intlamed with in- 
 diginitionat ihe (irst recital of ihe proreediugs we have 
 seen, passed a resolution dect.iriiig ** that ihoau ijuo 
 warnnlos a','ainst the eharters of New England were 
 illegal and void ;'* but thav were afterwards prevailed 
 with to depsrl from this resolntion bv the arguments of 
 Treby, Somers, anil Holt, whose eniiiieut faculties and 
 constitiilioual principles could not exempt them from 
 the intlupMcc of a superstitious prejudice, generated by 
 their iJrnfesHioual habila, in favor of tho sacredtieaa of 
 k^l iormilititis. 
 
 THR HISTORY OP 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Di'ficns— ami Dcnih of rhorlra the Sfcnnd— Oovernmenl cf 
 
 MasHur)n).'<rtiH under n teinfMirary Conuiiiit^itiu fnuii Jniues 
 ihi' Si'cmihI — Aiulros oinwiiitnl Oovcrntir of Nnw K.tijilaml— 
 Sulunissinn of Ktimle Irtlaml— Urscihiti- Kft'uri lo prcwrvi' 
 the CluiriiT nf t'lintirciiriii— n[n»ri'3^ivc Oiivi-runuMit «if 
 Anilrof— Celnnlnl I'lUlry nJllii' Kiiiir— Sir Williniii Phi|i|i!< — 
 Iniiiun Miistiltiii'fl rriH'Wci by iln- iiiiritfut'st of iIic Km.rli— 
 Iiisurri'Clinh at Huciftn— Aiulmn di'[in:*ril~aiid tin' aiii'icni 
 (ioviTiunfiit rrslnrcil—romn'rlirm a d IUhmIl' IsIhihI renuino 
 Iht'lrCluirit'rit— WiltiamiiiHl Mary proclaitnciI—War wiihilu' 
 Krt'iirh ami bidiaii;*— Sir Wjlliarii I'hijiii'Ji'iuiiniprrt Armlia— 
 Int'flV'Cliial KK|H<ili(ii'n agiuiiDi Uuctici-— hn)KMH-htiioi.i of 
 
 nisiprH— and d sniiiwed— The Kin^ refuses m rp»itir« die 
 anciuiit (^ln8titutioll nf Massarlnisctts — Tt'unr ef tlie .New 
 Chiirtpr— Sir William rhiiips Oiivprner— Tlu* New Knglmul 
 WiitJirnifi— Death nf IMtipm— War with tho French niul 
 IiiihAiis— LoriH (if Ai-ai)ia~Pt>aco uf Ryswick— Mural anil 
 l^xiliiirat Stale of .New Knglaiid. 
 
 [l68r).J So eager was Charles to complete the exe- 
 cuimn of his long cherished designs on Massachusells, 
 that ill NoTCinher, 1684, immediately after the judg- 
 ment was pronounced, he began to make urrangements 
 for the new government of the eolony. Though not 
 even a complaint had been urged against New IMy- 
 inoutli, he scrupled not lo involve lliat settlement in 
 the same fate : and as if he intended to consummate 
 his tyranny by a measure that should teach the inhabi- 
 tants of N\nv EIngland how dreadful the vengeance of 
 a king could be, ho selected for the execution of his 
 designs an indivutnal, than whom it would not be easy 
 in the whole records of human cruelty and wickedness 
 to point out a man who has excited to a jjreater degree 
 the abhorrence and indignalion of his fellow-creatures. 
 The notorious Colonel Kirke, whose brutal and san- 
 guinary excesses have secured him tin iminorlality of 
 mlamy in the history of Kngland. was appomietl gover- 
 nor of Massachusetts, New Hampshire. Maine, niitl 
 New IMvnioulh : and it was determined ihat no assem- 
 hly should lie permitted lo exist, hut that the |eg)^lu• 
 live and executive powers should he coniluned m a 
 governor and council appointed ilurnig the royal plea- 
 sure This arbitrary policy was approted by all the 
 mmisters of Charles, except the Nlar.piis of Halifax, 
 who espoused the cause of the colonists with a gene- 
 rous /eiit, and warmly but vainly urged that they were 
 entitled lo enjnv the same laws and msDlulions that 
 were estahlisiiid in Muglaiid.* Though Kirke had not 
 yet committed the cnonnilies by which he was destined 
 lo illu.strale his name iii the west of Kiigland, he had 
 already given sucli imiicatioMs o( Ins dt.«posilion m the 
 govcriuncnl of Tangier, that the tidings of his uppoiiit- 
 ment lllled the inhabnai;ts of the colony with horror 
 and dismay. But before Kirke's couunission and in- 
 struclmiis could be linally ael'.led, the career ol Ctiarlcs 
 himself was interrupted by deatli : and Kirke was re- 
 served to eoMlribute by his alrocilies m KngUi.d to 
 bring hatred and exile on Chaih^s's sucees.-^or. This 
 suceesKiir. James liie SccoihI, from wiiose stern iuliex- 
 ilile u iiiprr, and hiijh toned opMnoiis respecting gou-ni- 
 metit, llii' niO!'t gliioiny |uesaiies of tyranny had been 
 drawn, was proclaimed in IjosIou with inclaucholy 
 pomp. 
 
 'i iicse presages were \erilied by the adiniuistraiioii 
 ol llic new iiu)nucli. Soon after liis accessuui lo the 
 ill rone, u coumussion was issncil for the temporary 
 governmeiil lltMas^a^■hu.sctls, New Hampshire, Mame, 
 and New I'lynioiith, by a president and council se- 
 lected tVoiu among the luliabitaiits of Massaeiiusetts, 
 whose powers were enlirely executive and jtalicial, and 
 were to endure till the nirival of a perinanent gover- 
 nor, riiey were direi led to allow liberty of conscience 
 to all, hut to bestow peculiar cncuuragunient on the 
 church of Knglaud ; to deierunne all suits originating 
 within the colony, but lo admit appeals from their sen- 
 tences to the king in council ; and to defray the ex- 
 penses of their government by levying the taxes for- 
 merly imposed. 'J'his commission was laid before the 
 (he general court at Boston, not as being any longer 
 considered a body invesied with |>olitical uuthonly, but 
 as being coiiijiosed of individuals of the highest re- 
 spectability and ndliience in the {^rovmce. In answer 
 to the communication ihcy had thus received, [ItiSti.] 
 this assembly agreed uuuniinously to an address, in 
 which they declared that the inhabitants of Massachu- 
 setts were deprived of the rights of freemen hy tho 
 
 • Tlie KriMich c<Mirt and the Duke uf York rnincuistniiod with 
 (7harles on the linpohcy of rt'iuitniig in olllec a inau who had 
 liroresrtcil surh seniiinentit. Burillon'8('orrefi[)ttiiilence, in the 
 Appendix tn Kox'x History of Jiitncs the Srcnnd. *' Kvi<n at 
 itiirt early |wriotl," miys Mr. Kox, " a ciucsiion rel.tiive i.t 
 North Ani«rii.'aii lilieny, uml rven tn Nonh AiiKTiran taxaiioti, 
 was consiilnred it ttie tsat of priiiciplss friendly or adverso tu 
 arbitrary power at homo." 
 
 now system, and that it deeply concerned both tboM 
 who introduced and those who were subjected to a aya- 
 tein uf this natu'c. to couMder how fir it was safe to 
 pursue it. 'i'hey added, that if the newly appointed 
 otlicers meant lo assume the government ot the peo- 
 ple, though ihi^y would never give assent (o such pro- 
 ceedings, ihev would nevertiieless demean themselve!* 
 as loyal subjects, and huiuhly make their addr^'ssts to 
 Cind, and in due lime to their prince for relief. The 
 president named in ihecomniission was. Mr. Dudley, who 
 had lately been one of the deputies of the province (o 
 England, and w hose conduct had justitied iii some degree 
 the jealousy with which the colonists ever regarded the 
 men whom they were coinpelled lo lutrual with the per- 
 formance of that ardtions duty. His pjtriolic virtue, 
 without being utterly dissolved, was relaxed by tho 
 bcums of royal intluence. Despairing of being able 
 to serve his country, he applied himselt with more suc- 
 cess to cultivate his own inierest at iho English court ; 
 and in pursuing this crookerl policy, he would .seem to 
 have been animated by the hope tliat the interest of hia 
 fellow-citizens might be more ellectually promoted hy 
 hts own advancement to ollicc ainoiig them, than by 
 the exclusion which he would incur, in (ommon with 
 them, by a stricter adherence to the line of integrity. 
 Tliough he accepted ihe commission, and persuaded 
 those who were associated wiih hnn to imiiaie his ex- 
 ample, he eontmiied to show himself friendly to tho 
 rights of the people, and to those institutions which 
 they so highly regarded. Not only was any immedialo 
 alteration iii the internal arrangements of the colony 
 avoided, but the commissioners, in deference to tho 
 public leeling, transinitlcd a ineinonal to the English 
 inmislers slating that a well regululed assembly of 
 the represcniatives of the people was extremely neces- 
 sary, and ought in their opimon to be cKlablished with- 
 out delay. Tins moderate conduct, however, gave lit- 
 tle salisl'action to any of the parties whom lliey desired 
 to please. 'Ihe people were indignant lo behold a 
 system which was erected on the rums of tlieir lihert/ 
 promoted hy their own lellow-eiti/eiis. and above all 
 by the man whom they had lately appoinled to resist 
 its inlroduction among thein ; and nothinu but the ap- 
 prehensions of seeing hmi replaced by Knke, whose 
 massacres in Kngland excited thetlire.-'l prtsage of the 
 fate of America, [irevented the siroiigest expre- -ons 
 of their displeasure. The condii'l of the roinmissioii- 
 ers was no less unsalislaelorv both lo the atieltors of 
 arbitrary government in Kngland, anit lo the creatures 
 of Randolph willim the province, who weie anxious to 
 p3> court to the king by prostiatnig beneath his power 
 eveiy obstacle lo the execution of his will. Com- 
 plaints were soon iraiiMiiilted by these persons lo tiio 
 Kiigli>h ini!;;strrs, eli.irgmg i lie eninmissiuners willi 
 conmving at former pr iciices m opposiiiO:i lo llie laws 
 {''i trade, and countenanciiig ancient principles in it U- 
 gion and i.Mi\ernment. 
 
 In aihtiiion lo tlii.'se causes uf dissatisfaction witii 
 tilt coiidnct ot the eonniii.ssioners. the king was now 
 compelled lo resume ihe proseeulion ol Ins plans by 
 the impcrtecliOM ol the leuipor.try airaiigeinenl he had 
 made. Il was found Ihal llie acts of taxation were 
 about to expire. And the commissuniers being totally 
 tlevind ol h-oislalive aullioiiiy, had no pov\er lo renew 
 ihem. i'nev had cinploved llnsconsideralmn lo entorcn 
 iheir siiggesiion of a lepreseiilative asscnibU ; but it 
 determiiKil the king to enl.irge the arlutrarv authority of 
 his colonial olticers. antl at tlie same tune lu eslablish .1 
 permanent ailinimstralion lor New I Jighnid. He had 
 eousulled the crown law vers respecliug the exleiii of 
 his poweis , and iliey had given as tlieir ollicial opi- 
 nion, "thai iiotwiihstandin>; the forfeiture ol theclitirter 
 of Massachusetts, its luhahilants continued English 
 subjecth, invested wilh Knghsh liberties;" a truth 
 which, though It required little legal aculentss to dii- 
 cover, seems tu im[dy more lionesiy than we might be 
 prepared to expect from the persons selected by this 
 monarch from a bar which, 111 thai age, could supply 
 such instruments as JetVries and Scruggs. We must 
 recollect, however, that lawyers, liiougli prufessioiially 
 partial lo the autliorily that actuates the sy»iein they 
 administer, cherish also in their strong predilection for 
 those forma and precedents that constitute their own 
 inHucnce and the [H;cuhar glory of their scionee, a prin- 
 ciple that frequently prelects liberty and befriends suIh 
 htanlial justice.* liut James was too much enamored 
 
 ♦ Many reinnrknble iusianrfs illufiiativr of ihisn-niark tsill 
 occur (o all who are aciinainleii uiili the hi.-torv ol Kngll^h 
 jiinsprudenrc ; and il h ihin wlilrli givc-i to the kni:)i.sh stats 
 triai«, even in the won^t of itinrti, an Inierf!-! which \\\t> siaie 
 proflucuitonfl of no other country poHsexit. Not ilie leail nutnal 
 liielaiiCtt o\' tliU principle wua ilmplnyed ly Cbtcf Juttioa 
 
NOIir n AMKIUCA. 
 
 mod both thoM 
 bjiTled to a 8y»- 
 ir It Man »h(v to 
 
 loulv appOMiieti 
 irni iti iiif |>t:0' 
 crit to Kiirh nro- 
 lean lluinseivt'fl 
 
 r ll(lll^^■st;f » li) 
 
 T \v\wt'. The 
 -Mr Dmllcy. who 
 
 llic pruviiico (o 
 tl insoiiirttcgrro 
 vrr roKurdrd ilie 
 1181 wiih the pcr- 
 pitriolic viriuc, 
 relaxed tiy thu 
 K ol' liiMiig alile 
 
 Willi more auc- 
 ) KngliKh court ; 
 
 would st'eu) tt> 
 11' inttTi'st of hJA 
 lly prouioted by 
 >,' lhe:u, (tiau by 
 ri (uiiunun wiih 
 mv. ol" intt'jjniy. 
 
 lUid iirrjiuiidcd 
 > iiunatL' bis ex- 
 
 Virndly to tho 
 stituiiuns which 
 8 any iiuinriJialo 
 s ul" ilic colony 
 iclVrrncc to (ho 
 I to tlic English 
 d dsscinbly of 
 xlri rnt'ly ncccs- 
 ^t.iblKslird wi(b< 
 DwcviT, yavc lil- 
 lom tlicy d(>sirt-d 
 ant to heboid a 
 
 >!' their liberty 
 
 and above all 
 I'Oniii'd to redist 
 lliinu but the a|>- 
 by Kiike, whose 
 I )irc>ape of the 
 ;ot expre- ■ 'ona 
 the I'oiinui^sjon- 
 the alit-iturs of 
 10 the ercalures 
 weie iinxiuus to 
 'iiealli Ins power 
 lis will. COMl- 
 
 f porMtns 10 (iio 
 iinissioiirrs with 
 itioii lo ibe laws 
 irinriples in rtli- 
 
 of arbitrary power, to bo deterred from the indulgence 
 of it by anv obstacle inferior to invincible neressily ; 
 and accordingly, without payini; the sliifhtest rej-urd lo 
 an opinion supported only by the pens of hivvyers. lie 
 determined to establish a cinnplcte tvranny in New 
 Ens''""'- ''^' •'"'nbiiiinii ihe whole lei;islative and exeou- 
 live miihonly of government in llie persons of n i:o- 
 vernor mid council lo be nameil by bnnsclf. Kirke had 
 been found loo nsebil as an in.-'trunient of Ii rror in 
 Kiiill.uul. to be spared to Ainericn. Hut Sir Kdinund 
 Andros. wlio h'ul .Hinudbzed his devotion lo arbitrary 
 po\ver m the lioveriiinenl of New Voik, was now ap- 
 npintcil captiiin-nenerid and vice-admirnl of Massadiu- 
 frett.*.. New Uanipsbire, Maine, New riyinoutb, and 
 certain dependent territories, during tbe pleasure of the 
 kiiiK- Jl*' ^^■'^'* empowered, with consent of u council 
 lobe a_ ; ' lUed by the crown, lo make ordinances (or 
 the colonies, not mconsistenl with the laws of Kn^land, 
 and whirh wire to be Mdunilted lo tbe kinji lor bis 
 approlialion or <lisseiit. and lo impose taxes for the sup- 
 port of yovernnient. He w.^.s directrd to j;o\ern the 
 |iiople. aerordirifi to the tenor of bis comnii>tiion, td a 
 separdte b'tier of iimlriictions wi:h which he was at the 
 s.onc tunc Uiriii>lied. and of llie laws winch were then 
 in torceor iniiibt be afterwnnl'* enacted The yovernor 
 and coiin<'il were idso coiislituird a court of record; 
 end iVoin ibeir decisions an apptal lay lo the kin^ in 
 council The jir-'iitor part of the iiistruetions ibnt wire 
 given lo Aiulros are of a iiaiure tliiit would tin honor to 
 llie p.itnolisin of tiie kinj>. if the prni.se of that virtue 
 were due lo a biuien desire to |Uoniote the welfare of 
 the people, acconipunied witli the most etl('<'tual vxcr- 
 lions to strip t'lein of t:\erv m euiiiy by which llieir wel- 
 fare nwnhi be t»ii:irded. Amlros whs ill^^rlleIed lo prt>- 
 niote no pcr>oiis lo otlicrs of trust liut diose of the l^est 
 ehtales and ch.iraclers, and to displace none w iljiuut suf- 
 ficient cause ; to coii?tinie llie lornier laws ot ihe conn- 
 trv. so far .le ihev were not uuMUiMstrnt with his com- 
 mission or iiislriietion« ; to dis|.o>p of tlu" crown lands 
 at inoiierate i|'iit- rents ; " to take away or to liann no 
 nvtus life, inember, treelutld. or lioods, but by esta- 
 hlishcil laws of ihe couiitrv. not reputrnaiit to ibose of 
 thei.'alm:" lo discipline and arm the inbabilaiits for 
 ih-' defence of the country, but not to impede ibeir ne- 
 ees>arv allairs -. lo rncouraijc freeilom of commerce by 
 rt^trainiiif; iiiijrossers ; lo InndiT the excessive severity 
 of masters to their servants, mid to punish witli death 
 the slavers of Indians or nt jjroes ; lo allow no priiiltnri 
 |\ress to exist ; and to fjive universal toleration m re- 
 lillioii, but special encouragement to ihe eburcli of 
 Euiilaiid. I'xcept (be restraint of pnntiiijr, there is 
 none of thcsr instrurtions th.il breathes a spirit of des- 
 ign ism ; ami yet llie whole svslein was sileiillv per- 
 Tuled bv that spirit ; for as there were no seeiirilies 
 proviilt'd for llie enforcenienl of ihc kmii's bnicvoleiit 
 directions. >o ihcre were no checks e>iali|ishi'd to re- 
 strain the aluise of the powers with which the rrovrrnor 
 was iiitriisU'd. 'J'hekmy was williiifr that his f*ubje>ets 
 bliould be happv, but iioi that they sliould \n- iVte or 
 happy inib'peii'.lently of himself ; and this association oi 
 a desire lo promotr huniiiii welfare, with an enmitv to 
 the means most likely to secure it, 8u»;ires(s the evpla- 
 natum. perhaps* the apology, of an error to wbicli king's 
 o:e iiueterati'ly liahlc Traiiud m habits of induliifiiee 
 of ilieir will, and m MMitiim nis of respect for ii.- foivt- 
 and etlieacy. they come to cmiMdi r it as what not only 
 ouqbt to be. but must be irre^i.ttiblc ; AUi\ Icel no hss 
 secure of ahilitv to inaki< men happv without their own 
 concurrence, than of u rii^li! 'o balk the natural d(sne 
 of mankind to c oninnt their happiiuss lo the keeiniiL' 
 of iheir own courai^i' and wisiloni The possession of 
 absoUile power ri miers selfd'-iual tbe biybest edorl of 
 virtue ; and the absolute nnmarch who shmild denion- 
 •trate a just regard to tl.c riL-his of his t"t How creatures, 
 would ilcserve u be honored as one of the niost may 
 imiiimous of human beintfs. l-'unnshid with the m- 
 ttrur'iions wUich we have seen fur the inili^alion of bis 
 arbitrary pcwcr, ami attended with a few companies of 
 soldiers foi its enforcement, .\iidros arrived at Hosion ; 
 and presentuiir iumself as the siibsiitiiti' for the dreaded 
 and detested Kirke, and coinmcncino his admimstralion 
 with many graciona expressnms of (rood will, he was 
 at first received more favorably than inijjht have bec:i 
 fKpected Hut bia popularity was bhori lived. Insteatl 
 of conforming lo the instructions, he copied and even 
 exceeded the arbitrary rule of hi» master in Kiijihind, 
 
 JcfTrifti hiiiHcir. whu, al'n^r ho hail irample.l on the pttiiai-st 
 pntinplpii f»f ju)>iicfl and riiiiity in <inli'r tn pmciiri' tin- r-tn- 
 fttfiiiiii (if a itipieiitiiiKiinniHtcr, »ii(T«rmi InmsPif i<i bn iIsucrriMl 
 iTom pauiMg Renoniro in runfunniiy wuh ili« fenhrt, by n 
 iMnnlcat objenion whii-li i-* ahiiost uniniallli^ible. Cue of 
 SOMIT'I IlnwdJ'a Siuiu Triala, vul. x. p. 147. 
 
 and committed ibo most tyrannical violence and oppres- 
 sive exactions.* 
 
 It was ihe purpose of .Tames to couMdidtte the 
 f.lreniitb of all the colonies in one niiitetl government ; 
 and HI. ode Inland and ('onneclicut were now to expe- 
 rience that itieir destiiiv was involved in tlu* laie of 
 Massachusetts. The inliabidints of Uhnde Island, on 
 lenrniiiK tbe accession of ibe Uw^, nnmedialely irans- 
 initled .111 iiildress eoniiralul.iUjrv of that event, ackiiow- 
 ledgirii! ibemselves his lo\al .snbjicls, and be»."jiiig his 
 proteclioii of their cliarlcrcd riylits. Vet the huinilitv 
 of their supplications could not protect them from the 
 efVects of the plans he had resolved to adopt in the 
 Boverniiieiit of New Knylaiid. Articles of lii;:h misde- 
 meanor were exhibited atfainst them before tbe lords 
 of the eominiitee of colonus, charj»int» them wiih 
 breaches of their charter, and with opposition to the 
 acts of nuvit^Mlion ; and before the close of the year 
 H'lH.'i, they received notice of the commencoinent of 
 a process of »/»n iri/rniH/o against (heir patent. Willi- 
 out hesiiavon tbey resolved that they would not stand 
 suit with the kin<;, and passed an act, in full assendilv, 
 formally siirrenderiiij,' llie char'er ami all (he powers ii 
 contained Hy a fresh ndilre.^s they •• liuinbly pros- 
 trated ihemselves, their privileges, ilu-ir all, at the jpra- 
 cious feet of his nnjeslv, with an entire restdiition to 
 serve him with faitliful hearts." These fervile ex- 
 pressions dislionored, but did not avail ilit ni ; and ibe 
 kini:, jiulj;ino all fmnis of law Miperlbuu:.", iiicrii'id 
 wiiboiit eereinony, to iinj use (he sibjegiition which 
 the people sout^hi to evade bv deserving ji. lli^ enper- 
 ness. however, to accoinplisb bis ob|ccl willi rapulitv. 
 (bouMh It probably intlicted a salulnry disap) tuntinenl 
 on the people at the lime, pro\ed ulliiiialely lilj:lily 
 bciH'licial to their political mtirests, hy preser\iP»; ilieir 
 charter lr(un a lei^al dissolution : and we sliall tiiid that 
 this benefit, whien, with cjual improvidence, was ex- 
 teiidcil to ihe pt;op|e of (\)nneclicut, was scnsiblv ex- 
 perienced at the era of the Unlish revoliuion. In con- 
 se<juence of the last address that hail been (ransiiiitlcd 
 by Uliotlo Ulaiul, .\ndios had been charged lo extend 
 his <.'overnmeiit to this province also : and in tbe s.une 
 month that witnessed his arrival at Itoston. he pro- 
 ceeded lo Rhode Islaml. where he dissolved tbe i^o- 
 vernment, broke its .seal, and, adiiiiIin>;T ijve o( tin 
 inhabiinnts inio bis IcL'islalive council, assumed the 
 admiiiislration of all the functions of liovernment. 
 
 ('onneclicut bad also transniitted an aildress to the 
 kih!: on bis accession, and vainly solicited the pieser- 
 vation of her privih-ijes At ihe same tune ivlieii tbe 
 articles of misdciin anor were exliibiful aijamst IthiHle 
 Island, a similar pro'evdni-f was adopted a;;ainst the 
 governor and company o( (-oiineelicul, who were 
 clunijcd Willi makmu laws ccnitr.irv to those of Kng- 
 larid ; of extorlirii! ui'n-asonalile tines ; of eiiforcMiLl an 
 oath of lidi Illy lo their own corporaimn, m (»pi:osiiion 
 to till' (lath of alle^jiance ; of intolerance in rebsjiou ; 
 and of denial of jM.stiee. These charjjes, which were 
 supposed lo infir a loifiiture of the charter, were re- 
 milled lo Sawyer, llw altoriiev-jicnrral. wuh ilireclions 
 to I'sne a writ of (/jjc irar)>inl(i a;:aiiisl the colonv. i 
 The writ was issued, and Randolph, the i-emial enemy | 
 and accitoer of the free, ortiicd his M-rvices lo carrv it \ 
 .icross ibe Atlantic. The governor and the assemblv ! 
 of CtMiiiecttcul had for some tunc bclietd the storm' 
 approacliini;, ami knuwiiii; that eourai^c alone was i 
 vain, and re.-istiincc iinpr.Kticable, thev endeavored, 
 Willi considerable .nhlrcss. to t luile what thev were un- ' 
 able In repel After ilelaviii;^ as loiii; as possible lo 
 make any sij;nitlcatHMi of liicir iiitenlums. the nrrival \)\' 
 Sir Mdinund Anilio.^ at Hosion, and Ins proceedings m 
 Hliode Island, seem to ha\e convinced tin in that tbe | 
 nicisures of the kinj; were to be vi^onmslv pursued. ■ 
 aijd that they could noi liope to be allowed lo dei)l)c- : 
 r;.te any lonj^er. [1()S7 ] 'I liey wrote, a(ciriliii;ilv, lo j 
 the secretary of stale, expressin;,' their siroiiu desire lo ; 
 be perniilled to relain their prescnl eoiistiiulion ; but 
 retjuestiiii;, il it were the ri>yal purpose to dispose 
 otberwi.st- of ihein, tliai they tnijiht be annexeil lo .Mas- ; 
 sachusetts, and share the fortunes of a people who 
 were their former correspondents and conlederales, uiid 
 whose pMiiciples and manners they undersiood and ; 
 app.roveJ. 'I'his was construed by the Hritisb j;overii- 
 inenl into a surrender of the colonial privde^cs. and [ 
 Androa was cmniminded to annex this pro; nee al.^o (o ' 
 bis jurisdiction. Randolph, who seems lo have been j 
 (]ualilicd not less by genius than mcbnaiion to promoie | 
 
 * llnicliinsen, i.S.):i— 3aj. Chahncis, 4li)~4JI. During tlii> 
 ailiniiiistranon uf Aiiilrefl, a now ({rcaiaeal was appoinicii jur 
 New tiiKland, wUhlhs moito Munquaiu hberuu fraloirextut. 
 Chaliucrii, 4«3. 
 
 ao7 
 
 (he e\ecii(ioii of tyrannical designs, advised ihr Kng' 
 liflli minister to ;.roseciire the i/un intnanlo loa pidietal 
 is(«ue ; assurini; them tha' the noveritnn-nt ot (tmnei- 
 ticiit would nev.r consent to do, nor acKu'jwIei nv ib.ii 
 (hev had done what was ei)uivalent to in expitss sur- 
 render of the iij.'lils of ihe people. |i vvas matter of 
 rei:ret to the ministers and crown lawyer> of .i later 
 ai;e, that this poiitic stij|riresiioii vv.is inn adopted \^.^^ 
 the kiiiii was too eayer to snatch the boon iliat ^eemeli 
 within his reach, lo wait the tedious tornial ins of the 
 law ; and no furiher proiefdiiiijs ensued on (he i/no 
 u-itrriinlo. In conformity with Ins orders. Andros 
 marched at the bead of a body of troops lo ll.irtfordr 
 iho seat of tbe [ rovinciid government, where ne de- 
 manded (hat the charter should Ite delivered into his 
 hands. The people bad been extremely desirous to 
 preserve nt least the document of rights, v\l)ich the re- 
 turn of belter tiinefl ini^dit enable them lo assi-rt with 
 effect. Tlie cherter was laid on (be lable of the assem 
 bly. and the Icadiiij^ persons of ihe colony addressed 
 .\ndros at consuierabh- length, relaimjjr the eter'iona 
 that had been made, and the hardships that bad been 
 incurred, in order to found the m.^titulioiis which he 
 was come lo destroy ; entreat niij bun yet to spare lliein, 
 or at least to leave the people iii possession of li.e 
 [latent, as a t<>stiiiioiiial of the favor and hapfuness ibcv 
 had formerly cnjovcd. Tne debate was* earnest, hut 
 orderly, and protracted lo a late hour m the eveiiiii!;. 
 As the ilav decline{l. Mjihis v\en' introduced in'.o iho 
 ball, and it was irradually surrouiidui by a coti:4ideraMe 
 body of the bravest and most detmnined men m the 
 province, prepa'^ed to defend ibeir rl'pre^enldllve» 
 apamsl the violence of .\ridros and his armed loliowers. 
 .\l lenjjih, finding thai their arjii'inenls were ineirerlual. 
 a measure that seems to have been previously concerted 
 by the inliabitan'.s, was coollv, resolutelv, and success- 
 fully adopted. The byhts were extini:uished as if by 
 ncciileiit ; and 1 apiain \Vad.>«worih tayin<r bold of the 
 charter, disappeared with it before thev could be ickm- 
 dled. Me conveyed il securely throutib the crowd, 
 who opened lo le* him fiass. and closed their ranks as 
 he proceeded, and deposiicd it in the hollow of a vene- 
 rable dm tree, \«Sich relained ibe precious deposit tilt 
 the era of ihe I'niilish revolution, and v\as loiiu re- 
 yarded with vrir. r.ituui bv (he ]ieople, as the conleii,- 
 fiorarv atid asso'-iale of a transaciion ."*o intereslmu t> 
 their liberties .\nilros tindmi; all Ins elloits metres • 
 tiial to recover the chartet. or aM-ertaiti ibe person by 
 whom It had been seereled. contented himself witli 
 ilect.irmj; the ancnml novtirnmeiit dissolved: ynd a.^ 
 sumii'^ ll.e adiomistMlion into bis own hands, be er«- 
 ated two of tbe | rin(-i))ul inhabitants members of biit 
 trcneral lej^islative council. 
 
 liaviuiT iliiis u'-.ited the v\hole of Nev*- Fiii»land un- 
 iier one aibinni-tralion, Andros prin-eeded. wnii me a,s- 
 sisiaiKc of his i».'aiid leuislative council selected trom 
 the inhabitants of the several provinces, to enact laws 
 and rci.nilalions -■alcnlated to t'ortily his government, 
 ai'i! til itrecluale Ihe chaiii^es which he dt ennd iieces- 
 sarv tl) lis securnv. An act revivint; the former ia\a- 
 tion was obtameil from the council; and yei, even this 
 iiecess.irv procecilitijj v\as obstmcied by ihe reluctance 
 with which these persons, though selected by himself, 
 consented lo become the insiniinents of nvetin,' ihe 
 shackles ol ihcir cjuiilry. Tlie onlv fariher oppiisiiniii 
 which he expeiieneed, proceeded !iom the inliabilant.* 
 ol the countv of Kssex, who. msistin^r that tlicy were 
 Ireerm'ti, relused to appropriate (he as.»essinents ol a 
 taxation wlncli 'Ley coiiMdered unlaw fullv unpovcil. 
 But tlii'ir 0|ipo>ilion W!is easily suppress! d. ami many 
 oliliem severely [iiinislied. Andio.ive y <]Uiekly ft.und 
 lh.it the revenues of the ancienl Movernmeni would lie 
 insullieienl lo support the expen.-es of Ins more cosiU 
 iulmimslration ; and while he nolilied this delah aiioii 
 to the kini». be iiiinnated. at tbe same tune, with a de- 
 cree of humanity that at least deseives lobe noticed, 
 that the coiinlrv was so much impoverished by ilio 
 etl'icts of the Indian war and recent losses at sea and 
 scanty harvests, that an mcrcaso of taxation i oiild wilh 
 didiculiy be borne. Hiii ibe kin^r bad exhausted his 
 hnmamly in the letter of inslrnclions. and reuirm-d 
 peremptory orders to raise tbe taxes to a level vvilh 
 the changes of udimmsiration ; and .\iidros Ironi this 
 moment, eilber stidmii bis biinantiy, or discarding his 
 snpertliions respeci to ihe niodetation of the king, pro- 
 ceeded to exercise Ins power with ii risjor and mjualico 
 that rendered his government universally odious. Tbo 
 weiijbt of laxaium was opprcMKively aiimnenled. and 
 all Ihe fees of ollice screwed up to an enormous beiKht. 
 The eereinonul of marriaye was altered, and the cele- 
 bration of that rile, which bad been hiihefto exercised 
 by tbe inagi^lratvs, vvu« confuiid to the ministers of 
 

 
 I 
 
 208 
 
 1 HE HISTORY OF 
 
 Ihff church of Kngland, of whom therr ivaB only ono in 
 the pruvim.p of Ma^nnchnsottB. The fasts and thankn* 
 {TivinL'H Hppointrd hy the conijrctfutionat rhiirohen wpie 
 arbiiritrily suppredHfil by ihe Rovcpior. who gave no- 
 tice ihat the rr^iilation of Biicn matters hclonged cn- 
 tirdy lo the civil imwer. !!« declari'd repeatedly in 
 council thill the i-eople would find themsrlvcji niictaken 
 ir they siifipoNed ihnl the privileues of Englishmen 
 wuntd follow them to iho end of tho world, and that 
 ihe only dilference between their condition and that of 
 plovp!«, was that they were neither housht nor aold. It 
 wnn declared untawfnl for the coionistfi to aa&emhte in 
 pnhlic meetings, or for any one to quit the province 
 without a passport from the governor; and Randolph, 
 now at the summit of his wishes, was not ashamed to 
 boast in his letters thul the rulers of New England 
 •'were as arbitrary as the great Turk." While An- 
 droH mocked the people with the semblance of trial by 
 jury, he easily contrived, by the well known practice 
 of paekiitg yiTief^f to convict and wreak his vengeance 
 on every person who onfcnded him, as well as to screen 
 the enormities of his own dependents from the punish- 
 ment they deserved. And, as if to complete the dis- 
 content that such proceedings excited, he took occa- 
 sion to question the validity of individual titles to land, 
 declaring that the rights acquired under the sanction of 
 the ancient government were tainted with its vices and 
 must share its faie.* New grants or patents from the 
 governor were declared to be requisite to mend the 
 aofertive titles to land ; and writs of intrusion were 
 issued against those who refused to apply for liuch 
 patents and to pay the enormous fees that were charged 
 tor them. The king, indeed, had now encouraged 
 Andros tr consider the people whom he governed as a 
 society of felons or rebels ; for he transmiued to him 
 express directions to grant his majesty's moat gracious 
 pardon to as many of the people as should apply for it. 
 l3ut none had the meanness to ask for a grace ihat 
 suited only the guilty. The only act of the king that 
 was favorably regarded by the inhabitants of the colony, 
 was his ihrtaration of iiidnirrence^ which excited so 
 much dis^iatisfaction in Britain, even among the pro- 
 testant dissenters who shared its bcne6t. Notwith- 
 standing the intolerance that has been imputed to New 
 Fnnhnui, thin declaration produced general satisfaction 
 thiro. though there were not wanting some who had 
 iliscornment enough to perceive that the sole object of 
 tho king was the gradual re introduction of poperv. 
 
 After many inefTeotual remonstrance:^ against his 
 oppressive proceedings had bren made by the colonists 
 to AndjOH iiimself, two deputies, one of whom was In- 
 (rease Mather, the most eminent divine and most popti- 
 ! ir mini'itcr in Massachusetts, were sent over to Eng* 
 l.ind. [IfiSS.] to submit the tjrievances of the colony to 
 the humane i-onsidoratiou of the kinir. Randolph, who 
 was revellinir in the [irofils of ilie office of posi-tnasicr- 
 peneral of New En^l uid. with whicli his »*ervditv had 
 bren rrwiinitul, lubored to defeat tho success of the 
 depulalion hv wrilinij lo tho Kn^lish minislv that Ma 
 ther was a siMlitious and profligate incendiary, and that 
 bis object was to pave the way to the overthrow of 
 retral iioverninrnt. Yot tlie requests of the '-oloiiists 
 were extronielv modrrate. Whaf'ver thev might de- 
 sire, all that thoy demanded was that thoir freeholds 
 niiilht be respected, and that a colonial assemblv nnght 
 Im! established for the purpose, at least, of adjusting 
 their taxation. The first of these points was conceded 
 bv t^" '*■ "g ; but as to tlie other, be was inexorable. 
 When Sir William Phipps. who had gained his esteem 
 by his spirit and gallantry, pressed him to grant the 
 colonists an assembly, he replied, "Any thing hut thai. 
 Sir William ;" and even the opinion of Powis, the 
 attoniev-general, to whom the application of the depu- 
 ties had been submilte'l, and wljo reported in favor of 
 .t, produced no change in his doterinmation. James 
 had now matured and extended his system of colonial 
 policy. He had determined to reduce all the Ame- 
 rican governments, as well those which were denomi- 
 .latcd proprietary as otherij, to an immediate depend- 
 ence on the crown, for the double purpose of etldcing 
 the examples that might diminish the resignation of the 
 people of New EngUnd, and of combining the force of 
 fill the colonies from the banks of the Delaware to the 
 Hhures of Nova Scutia, into a compact body that might 
 be capable of presenting a barrier to the formidable 
 encroachments of France. A general aversion to 
 liberal institutions, no doubt, concurred with these pur- 
 poses ; and the panegyrics that resounded from his 
 
 • The litleiof many nf the pntprielors nf ef^totos In New 
 Eiiglanildtpended uponcniiveyatices executed by the Indians ; 
 bol AndroB declared that Indian dettds were no better than 
 
 CbeBaniohor«bBU*Bpaw.*' Belknap, L 333. 
 
 oppressed subjects in Britian on the happiness that was 
 reported to be enjoyed in America, contributed, at this 
 period, in no slight degree lo whet bis dislike to Ame- 
 rican institutions.* With a view to the accomplish- 
 ment of this design, he had in the preceding year com- 
 mainied writs of if it o warranto to be issued tor ihe pur- 
 no.>c of cdncclliiig all the patents that still romaiiicd 
 in force ; and, ahorfly before the arrival of the deputa- 
 tmn from Massachusetts, a now commission had been 
 directed to Andros, annexing New York and New Jer- 
 sey to his government, and appointing Francis Nichol- 
 son his beutenant. Andros etl'ectuated this anncxution 
 with his ubual promptitude ; and. having appointed 
 Nicholson deputy-governor at New York, he adniiin- 
 Btered the whole of his vast dominion with a vigor that 
 rendered him formidable to the French, but, unhappily, 
 still more formidablo and odious to the people whom 
 he governed. 
 
 Sir William Phipps, who had employed his influence 
 with the king ia behalf of the deputation from Massa- 
 chusetts, was himself a native of tho province, and, not- 
 withstanding a mean education and the depression of 
 the humblest circumstances, had raised himself by the 
 mere vigor of his mind to a conspicuous rank, and 
 gained a high reputation for spirit, skill, and success. 
 He kept sheep in his native province till he was eighteen 
 years of age, and was afterwards apprenticed to a ship 
 carpenter. When he was freed from his indentures, he 
 pursued a seafaring life, and attained tho station of 
 captain of a merchant vessel. Having met with an 
 account of tho wreck of a Spanish ship, loaded with 
 great treasures, near the Bahama islands, about fifty 
 years before, he conceived a plan of extricating the 
 buried treasure from the bowels of tho deep ; and, 
 transporting himself to England, he slated his scheme 
 so plausibly that the king was struck wiih it, and in 
 1683 sent him out with a vessel to make the attempt. 
 It proved unsucccsb'ui ; and all his urgency conld not 
 induce the king to engage in a repetition of it. But 
 the Duke of Albermarle, resuming the design, equipped 
 a vessel lor the purpose, and gave the coimnand of it 
 lo Phipps, who now realizing the expcctaiiuus he had 
 formed, siiccet (tod in raising specie to the value of at 
 least 300, UOO/. from the bollum of the ocean. Of this 
 treasure, he uhlained a portion sutficicnt to make his 
 tbrtunc, with a &ldl larger meed of general considera- 
 tion and apptiuse. The king was exliorled by some of 
 his courtiers to confiscate the whole uf the specie thus 
 recovered, on pretence that u lair representation of the 
 project iiad not been made to him ; but he declared 
 that the representation had been perhicily fair, and that 
 nothing but his own misgivings, and the evil advice and 
 mean suspicions of these couruors themselves, had de- 
 prived iiim uf the treasure that this boncsi man had 
 lalmrod lo procure him. liu conceived a high regard 
 for IMupps, and cunlerrcd llie rank of knigliihood upon 
 liiin. Sir William empioyed his iiitluence at court for 
 the bcnelji of liis country ; .'iiitl hii patriotism seiMus not 
 to lidvo hirmed hiin iii the opiiuoii of the king. Find- 
 ing that lie could not prevail lo obtain the rLSturatioii 
 ot llie charier privileges, he solicUtd and received the 
 appoinlment ot high sheritf of New England ; in the 
 ho^)e lliut by ii'intdyjug the abuses that were coinmil- 
 Led Ml the impannellii^ of juries, he might create a bar- 
 rier against tiie tyranny of Andros. But tiie governor 
 and Ins crciluru?;, inccn&cd at this interference, made 
 an aiiempt to have iiim assusainated, and soon compel- 
 led him to quit the province and take sheller in Eng- 
 land. James, shortly before bis own alhlicaliun, among 
 the olher attempts he made lu conciliate his subjects, 
 ortered Pliipps tlie government of New England ; but, 
 iiappity for hiB pretensions to an oflice he so welt 
 deserved, he refused to accept it from a falling lyraiu, 
 and under a system whicii, instead uf seeking any 
 longer lo mitigate, he hoped speedily to bee dissolved. 
 
 The dissatisfactions of th» people of New England 
 continued meanwhile to increase lo such a height, that 
 every act of the government was viewed through the 
 medium of a strong dislike. In order to discredit the 
 ancient administraiion, Andros and Randolph had 
 
 • Drydeii, whn.se servile iniiae raithl'iilly re-echoed the scnli. 
 menu of the court, thua expresiies hiniseir in a theatrical pro- 
 lugue wriiien in ihe year Iti^ti — 
 
 " Since faction ehba, and roginja grow outnf Tashion, 
 Their penny scribes lake rare to infoi m Iho naiiun 
 How well men thrive in this or that plaululion : 
 
 How Pennsylvania's air agrees wiihquakers, 
 
 And Caruliiia^s with aitsocinters ; 
 
 Buth c*eii too goud foi inadiuen and fur traitora. 
 
 Truth Ifl, our land with saints Is so run ^er. 
 
 And every age prmlucei aur.h a store. 
 
 Thai now tliox«'s neiid of two New Eoglandii oKin.** 
 
 labored lo propagate the opinion that the Indians had 
 hitherto been treated with a cruelty and injustice, to 
 which all the hostilities with these aavages ought re^ 
 Bonably to be imputed ; and had vaunted their own 
 aliihty to rule i hem by gentleness and Cipiity.* But 
 this year their theory and their policy wore alike diB- 
 graced bv the furious hostilities of the Indians on the 
 eastern frontiers of New Kngland. The movementa 
 ol these savages were excited on this, as on former 
 occasions, by the insidious artifices of the French, whose 
 unprincipled suppleness of character and demeanor has 
 always been much more acceptable to the Indians in 
 their native condition, than ihe grave unbending spirit 
 of the Knglish, and has found it easier to cultivato antl 
 employ than to check or eradicate the treachery and 
 ferocity of their Indian neighbors 'i'lic KnglisJi set- 
 tlers oifcrcd to the Indians terms of accommodation, 
 which at first ihey seemed willing lo accept; but the 
 eiicouragements of their French allies soon prevailed 
 with them to reject all friendly overtures, and their 
 native ferocity prompted them to'signalize ihi.s declara- 
 tion by a series of un|)rovoked and unexpected inasea- 
 cres. Andros published a proclamntion requiring that 
 the murderers should be delivered up lo him ; but the 
 Indians treated him and his proclamation with con- 
 tempt. In the depth of winter he found himself obli- 
 ged to march aoaiust them ; and though he succeeded 
 in occupying and fortifying positions which enabled him 
 to curb their insolence, he made little or no impression 
 on their numerical sireiiuih. and lost a great many of 
 his own men in vain at tempt)* to follow them into thei 
 fastnesses, in tlie nioM rigorous season of ihe year. 
 So strong and so undiscriniinating was the lislike he 
 hud excited among the people of New Kngland, that 
 ibis expedition was uniustly ascribed to a wish lo de- 
 ylroy liie troops, whom he conducted, by cold and 
 famine. 
 
 At length llie smothered rage of tho people burst 
 forth. In the following spring [l(i89.] some vague 
 intelligence was received, Iiy way of Virginia, of the 
 proceedings of ihe firmce of Orange in England. The 
 old magistrates and leading men ui' tin? colony ardently 
 wished and se reily prayed that success might attend 
 him; buMlie» eterminod in so great a cause lo com- 
 mit nothmg .meccHsarily to hazard, and quietly to 
 await an event which they snppo.sed ihat no movement 
 of theirs could either occeleraie or retard. Uut New 
 Kngland was destined to clfect, by her own elfurts, her 
 own liberation ; and the inhabitunls of iMassachusetts 
 were now to exercise the brave privilege which nearly 
 a century after, and iu a conlltcl siill more arduous, 
 their children again were ready to assert, of being tho 
 first lo resist op[.'ression. and showing their countrymen 
 tho way to iiidependeiK'o. 'i'he cautious policy and 
 prudential dissuasions from violence lliat were em- 
 ployed by the older iniiahitants of the [irovince, were 
 uLierly disregarded by the great body of the people. 
 >itung Willi the rceollection of past injuries, tiieir impa- 
 tience, on llie first prospect of relief, could not be re- 
 sir-iiiitd. All at once, and ap|iarenity without any pre- 
 concerted plan, an insurrection broke forth in the town 
 of IIosloM ; the drums beat lo arms, the people Hocked 
 together; and in a few hours llie revolt became so 
 universal, and the energy of the people so overpower- 
 ing, that all thoughts of resisting their purpose were 
 abandoned by the governmenl. The scruples of the 
 more wealihy and cautious inhabitants wore completely 
 overcame by the obvious necossity of interfering lo 
 calm and regulaie the fervor of the nopulaee. Aiidrna 
 and about fifty of the most obnoxious characters were 
 seized and imprisoned. On the first inielligence o^ 
 the tumuli, Andros had sent a parly of soldiers to ap- 
 preiiend Mr. Uradstreet; a measure ihat served only 
 to suggest to the people who their leader ought to be, 
 and to anticipate the unaninmus choice by which this 
 venerable man was reinstated in the otHce he had held 
 when bifl country was deprived of her liberties. Though 
 now bending under the weight of ninety years, his m- 
 telleetual powers seemed to have undergone but little 
 abatement : he retained (says Cotton Mather) a vigor 
 and wisdom that wouhl have recommended a younger 
 man to the government of a greater colony. As the 
 tidings of the revolt spread tlirough the province, tho 
 people eagerly flew to arms, and hurried to Boston to 
 co-operate with their countrymen in the cause which 
 they found already crowned with complete success. 
 To tho assembled crowds a declaration was read from 
 the balcony of the Court House, enumerating the 
 
 * It appears ihat Handidph rntilvated the good opitt'nnot 
 William Penn, by writing to him hi this vtraiii, as welt as by 
 eondemidng the former peraeciiiion ol' the (juakere in Maa- 
 BacbUB««tB. Uuicblnsoo, 164. Chaluiure, 493, 434. 
 
 «uu. 
 
 "izj^^^-'*"-^ •---,^pi 
 
 ■.mi a uMWJui, ' ;! » ' iUL \ 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 300 
 
 the Indians hid 
 and injustice, to 
 ■ogns ought r«B- 
 iriled ihfir own 
 i eciiiiiy.* But 
 were alike tlis- 
 ) Indian') on the 
 I'ho movements 
 id. as on former 
 cKrcnch, whose 
 id dempanorhas 
 o the Indiano in 
 unbending npirit 
 to cutiivate and 
 ' trcmhrry and 
 riic l')n|;lisJi set- 
 ai'comniodation, 
 nccept ; hut the 
 » soon prevailed 
 ruircH. and their 
 hzo this dcctara- 
 cxpectrd masea- 
 im rt'qniring thai 
 to liim ; but the 
 iBtion A'iih con- 
 nd hirnsflf obli- 
 Jill lie succeeded 
 Inch enabled him 
 or no impression 
 a ^reat many of 
 V them into thei 
 on of the year. 
 s the hslike he 
 ;w F^igiand, that 
 (o a widh to de- 
 ed, by cold and 
 
 the people burst 
 3U.] some vayue 
 Virt>iniu, of the 
 Kiijiland. The 
 colony urdenlly 
 esa mi^ht ailciid 
 L a <:ntise to com- 
 and quietly to 
 liat no movement 
 etard. Hut New 
 r own ell'orts, her 
 of Massachusetts 
 le^re which nearly 
 til more arduous^ 
 tserl, of beiiij^ the 
 their countrymen 
 [ilious ])olicy and 
 c that were e»»- 
 tie province, were 
 (ly of the people, 
 juries, tiieir iinpa- 
 couUi not be re- 
 ii withiiut any pre- 
 furlh in tlie town 
 the people Mocked 
 revolt became so 
 pie so overpower- 
 leir purpose were 
 le scruples of the 
 .8 were completely 
 of interfering to 
 opulace. Androa 
 IS characters were 
 rst inleilrgence o^ 
 of soldiers to ap- 
 ! thai served only 
 >ader ought to be, 
 3ice by which tliis 
 office he bud held 
 liberties. Tiiough 
 Inety years, his ui- 
 ider^oiie but little 
 III Mallier) a vigor 
 mended a younger 
 r colony. As the 
 the province, thn 
 rried to Boston to 
 I the cause which 
 complete succeei. 
 iou was read from 
 enumerating the 
 
 the good npin'nnot 
 ffirain, as well ts by 
 the quakers in Ma*- 
 U 493, 434. 
 
 gnevanceii of the colony, and tracing the whole to the 
 tyrannical abrogation of the charter. A committee of 
 safety was appointed by general consent ; and an as- 
 •embly of representatives being convened .noon after, 
 thin body, by an unanimous voie, and with the hearty 
 concurrence of the whole provinre, declared their an- 
 cient charter and its constitutions to be resumed ; re- 
 appointed Bradstreet and all the other magistnitcs who 
 had been in office in the year 1686 ; and directed these 
 persons in all things to conform to the provisions of 
 ihe charter, "that this method of government may be 
 found among us whcnorder shall come from the higher 
 powers in Kngland." They declared that Andros and 
 the counsellors who had been imprisoned along with 
 him were detained in custody to aliide the directions 
 that might be received concerning them from his high- 
 ness the Prince of Orange and the English parliament. 
 What would be the extent of the revolution that was 
 in profrress in the parent state, and lo what settlement 
 of alfairs it would finally conduct, was yel wholly un- 
 known in the colonies 
 
 The example of .Massachusetts was immediately fol- 
 lowed by the oilier provinces of New E^ngland. When 
 the tidings of the revolution at Boston reached Con- 
 necticut, the inhabitants determined no longer to ac- 
 knowledge a governor who from the command of one 
 half of the colonies wjs now reduced to the situation 
 of a delinquent in j.iil. Their charter reappeared from 
 Its concealment ; and thechiirtered government, which 
 had never been either expressly surrendered or legally 
 dirtsnlvcd, was instantly resumed with universal satis- 
 faction. The people of Rhode Island had never been 
 required to givn up ilie cliarti-r whose privileges they 
 had so nolciiiiilv and forin:illv surrendered ; and they 
 now scrupled not to decl.irc that it was still in force, 
 and to remove a.^ well us they conid the only obslnic- 
 tion to this plea, by repealing the act of surrender. 
 New Ptvmoiilh, in like manner, resumed instanta- 
 neously its ancient form of government In New 
 Hiiinpshire, a general convention of the inhabitants 
 xv;:s called, and the resolution adoj)ted, of re-annexing 
 the province to Miissucliuseits. In conformity with 
 this resolution, deputies were elected to represent them 
 i, the tieneral court at Boston ; but King William 
 refused to comply with the wishes of the people, and 
 some time after ap|)oiutcd a separate governor for New 
 H-iMtpshiro. 
 
 Allhuiii>h the people of Nfassichusetts had at first 
 intimated very plainly their purpose to revive by lliuir 
 own act their ancient charter, the cool consideration 
 that succeeded the ferment during which this purpose 
 had been entertained, convinced lliein that it was ne- 
 cessary to forego it, and that the restoration of a charier 
 80 formally vacated by the existing atuhorities of the 
 parent state could proceed only from the crown or le- 
 gislature of England. Hearing of the convention of 
 estates that had been convoked by the Prince of Orange 
 in Eutilauil, the provineial government of Massachu- 
 setts called together a similarconvciiiion of the counties 
 and tOAus of the {irovince ; and it was the opinion of 
 the majority of this assembly tha. the charter could not 
 be resumed. Intelligence having arrived of the settle- 
 ment of Kiiijland ami the investiture of William and 
 Mary with tlie crown, they were proclaimed in the co- 
 lony with extraordinary soleuiiiily and universal satis- 
 faction. A lettiT was soon after addressed by ihu new 
 8>vereigns, To the Colony of Mass.iciiusetts, express- 
 it)'^ the rova! allowance ami approliation of the laie pro- 
 ceedings of the people, and authorising tlie prcbcnl 
 magistrates to eontinno the admniistratiou of the public 
 affairs, till their majesties, with the advice of the privy 
 council, sliould nettle them on a basis that would he 
 satisfactory to all their subjects in the colony. An 
 onler was transmitted, at the same time, to send Andros 
 and the other prisoners lo England, that they might 
 answer the charges preferred against thetn. Additional 
 deputies were chosen by the colony to join Mr. Mather, 
 who still continued in England, and, in concurrence 
 with him, to substantiate the charges against Andros. 
 and, above all, to endeavor to procure the re:ftoration 
 of the charter. 
 
 But before the colonists were able to ascertain if 
 this favorite object was to be promoted by the English 
 iBVoIulion, they felt the evil eflfects of that great event, 
 in the consequences of the war that had already broken 
 out between England France. The war between the 
 two parent states quickly extended itself, to their po»- 
 lessions in America and the colonies of New England 
 ■nd New York were now mvolved in bloody and deso- 
 'ating hos'ilitie^ with the forces of the Krench in Ca- 
 niidi. ;iii'l ilieir IiuiKiu luxihirics and allies. The hos- 
 tilities iiut wtr-' directed a^rinnt New York bo- 
 
 long to another portion of (his hiplory. In concert 
 with them, various attacks were made by considerable 
 bodies of the Indians in the conclusion of this year on 
 (he settlements onil forts in New Ilainp.'>hire and 
 iMaiiie ; and in several instances being crowni-d with 
 success, ihey were productive of the most horrid ex- 
 tremities of savage cruelty. Fully aware that these 
 depredaliona originated in C'lnada and Acadia, the 
 general court of .Massachusetts [irepared durmg the 
 winter an expedition against both Port Royal and 
 Quebec. The command of it was intnisted to Sir 
 William Phipps, who, on the dis.^olution of the late ar- 
 bitrary government, had come to New Kiighind m the 
 tiope of being able ro render some service to bis coun- 
 trymen. Eight small vessels, with seven or ciubt hun- 
 dred men, sailed under his cotniimnd in the following 
 spring, and, almost without opposition, took possession 
 of i*ort Koyal and of the whole province of Aeadia ; 
 atid, within i month after its departure, the fleet re- 
 turned loaded with plunder enough to defrav the whole 
 expense of the expedition. But the Count Prontignac, 
 the governor of ('anada, retorted by severe and bloody 
 attacks on the more remote of the colonial settlements ; 
 and, animating the hostilities of his Indian allies, kept 
 the frontiers in a state of incessant alarm by their con- 
 tinued incursions. Letters had been written by the 
 general court to King William, urging llie importance 
 of the conquest of Canada, and soliciting bis aid to- 
 wards that attempt ; but be was too much occupied in 
 Europe to extend his exertions to America, and the 
 general court determined to |)rosecute the expedition 
 without ins assi-^tance. New fork utid Connetticul 
 engaged to furnish a body of men who should mardi by 
 tlie way of Lake (Jhanqilain to tiie attark of Montreal, 
 while the troops of Massachusetts should [iroceed by 
 sea to Qsiebec. The licet destined for (his expedition 
 consisted of nearly forty vessels, the largest of which 
 earned forty-four guns, and the number of troops on 
 board amounted to two thousand. The command of ; 
 this considerable armament was confided to !Sir Wil- 
 liam Phipps, who, in the conduc; of it, demonstrated 
 his usual courage, and every (lualiticalion except that '. 
 military experience, without v\|iich, in warfare waged 
 on so large a scale with a civilized enemy, all the 
 others will prove unav iiling. The troop.^ of Connecticut ! 
 and New York, retarded by defective arrangements, j 
 and disappointed of the assistance of the friendly Indians ' 
 who had engaged to furnish them with canoes lor cross- 
 ing t.\\Q rivers they h.id lo pass, were compelled to retire 
 without attacking Montreal, and the whole force of 
 Canada was tluis coiicenlraled to resist tiie attack of 
 Phipps. His annament ariived before Quebec so late 
 in the season, th:it only a rmtp tk main could have 
 enabled him to carry the pUcu ; but iiy unskilful delay, 
 the lime for such an attempt was sutl'ereil to pass un- 
 improved. The En;'lish were worsted in various se- 
 vere encounters, and compelled at length to make a 
 precipitate retreat ; and the fieet, after sustaining i:on- 
 siderable loss m the vovage homeward, returned to 
 Boston. Such was the untortunate conclusion of an 
 expedition which bad involved the colony in an enor- 
 mous expense, and cost the liv^s of at least a thousand 
 men. The French had so strongly ajiprehended tliai 
 It would he successful, that they scrupled not lo ascribe 
 Its failure lo the imuieiiidte inierposiiion of Heaven, in 
 confounding the devices of the e.ipiny. and depriviiiii 
 them of common sense : and. under this liupression 
 the pL'Ojile of Quebec e:<tablislied an annual procession 
 in commemoration of their deliverance. It is, how- 
 ever, a strong proof of the good conduct of Phipps, that 
 a result so disastrous exposed him to no blame, and 
 deprived him in no degree oi" the favor of h > lountry- 
 men. .\nd yet the disappointment, and the etlrcts that 
 resulted from il, were remarkably severe. The general 
 court of Massachusetts had not even anticipated the 
 possibility of miscarriage, and had expected to derive, 
 from the success of the expedition, the same reimburse- 
 ment of its expenses, of which their former enterprise 
 bad been productiyc. The returning army, finding the 
 govermncut totally unprepared to satisfy their claims, 
 were on the point of mutinying for their pay ; and it 
 was found necessary to issue bills of credit, which the 
 soldiers consented to accept in pla ;e of money. The 
 colony was now in a very fleprdsed and suffering 
 slate. Endeavoring to improve the calamities which 
 they were unable to avoid, the governmenl earnestly 
 endeavored to promote the increase of piety and the 
 reformation of manners; and urged upon the ministers 
 and the people the duty of strongly resisting that world- 
 Imess of mind, which the necessity of contending 
 violently for tho things of this world is opt to beget. 
 The attacks of the Indians on the esstern frontiers were 
 
 attended with a degree of success and barbarity thai 
 diffused general terror ; and Ihe colonists were expect* 
 iiii; III thiij quiirler to l)e drifen from their seltlements, 
 when, alt ut once, (hu«e sava^'cs, of (heir own accord* 
 proposed a )ieuee of .'«ix inoiiths, wli.eh .vas accepted 
 by ihe government with great vMllingJiess and deiout 
 gratitude. Ah it was perfectly ascerlainrd that the 
 host do proceedings of ibese wav-'ges were continually 
 fostered by the intrigues, and rendered the more for- 
 midable by the adsistance and instructions uf the French 
 anlboritics in Catiada, thecoii'iuest of (his province be- 
 gan to be considered by the people of New England 
 indispensable to their safely and trampiillity. In the 
 ; hope of prevailing with the king to sanction and em- 
 brace this enterprise, as well as for the purpose of aid- 
 ing the other depnties in tho no less interesting iijipli- 
 cation for the restoration of the colonial charter, .Sir 
 William Phipps, soon after his return from Quebec, by 
 desire of his countrymen procei'ded to Engltuid * 
 
 [1601. J In the discharge uf the if utie^^ol ilieir mission, 
 the deputies appear to have employed every elbut that 
 patriotic zeal could prompt, and lionorahle policy could 
 admit, lo obtain salisfacdon to (heir eoiK^itituenis in the 
 punishment of their oppressors, uiid the restitution o' 
 their charter. But in both these objects their eiii^tta- 
 vors were unsuccessful ; and the failure (whether justly 
 or not) was generally ascrihcl to the unbending inte- 
 gri(y with which .Mather and Phipps rejected every art 
 and intrigue that seemed inconsistent with the honor of 
 their country. It was soon discovered ih'tt the king 
 and his minister were extremely averse lo un intpiiry 
 into the conduct of Andros and Randolpii, and noi lest 
 so to the restitution of the ancient charter of (he colony. 
 'I'he proceedings uf the British court on this occasion 
 present a conliised and disgusting [licture of in>rigue 
 and duplicity. t The deputies were beset by pretended 
 counsellors and partizans, noine |>erh.ips indiscreet, and 
 some no doubt insincere. They were jiersuuded, by 
 cerium of (heir advisers, to present to tne privy council 
 the charges against Andros tinsifjncd, and assured by 
 others, that in so doing they had cni the throat of (har 
 (•(iiinlnj. When they attended lo present their (^barges, 
 they were an'icipated by Andros and Uandolph, who 
 came prepared with a chariie against the colony for 
 rebellion against lawful authurity. an'' the imprisonment 
 of (heir legUimale governor. JSir John .Soincrs, the 
 counsel for the deputies consented that Ihey should 
 abandon the Mliiatioii of accuj^ers and stand on the de< 
 fensive, and lie tended the unsii^ncd charges as aii 
 answer lo the accusations of Amlrus and Uaii'lolph. 
 The council demurred to the reception of a plea pre- 
 sented in the name of a whole people, and required 
 tliat some iridivtibuils should appear and nuke the plea 
 their own. " Who 'vas it," said the Lord President, 
 •• that imprisoned .Sir Kdmund and the rest •! you say 
 It was the country, ami that they ro.<^e as one man. Bvit 
 that is nobody. Let ns see (lu? persons who will make 
 t their own cast;. ' The deptilies (lierenpon otl'ered to 
 sign the charges, and to undert.ike individually every 
 responsibility for the acts of their countrymen. But 
 they were deterred from this proceeding tiy (he remon- 
 strances of Sir John Somers, who insisted (tor no in- 
 telligible purpose) on persisting in Ihe course in which 
 they tidd liugun. Some ol the councillors too, prole ned 
 against the injustice and chicanery of emimiitermg 
 the complaint o{ a whole country with objections of 
 such a technical description " Is not ii pl-iin," ihey 
 urged, *' that the revolution in Massachusetts was car- 
 ried on exactly in the same manner as the revolutp-n 
 in England ! Who seized ami imprisoned (Jtiaricelloi 
 Jeffries ! who secured the garrison of Hull ! These 
 were the acts of the people, and not of priMitc inilivi- 
 duals." This difference of opinion on a point of form 
 seems to have been the object which the miuislry bad 
 
 V^ie.il, ii. 44;i— ITO. tlmcliiiiaoii, i. 3il5 — tOl. ClJvcrnoi 
 Coiiteii's History of the Five ludian Nations uf Canaifa, i 
 \?Ji. CoJilen erroiicoiisly supposiis the «xpeiliiioii agaiii^ 
 (|iii!bi'C to liave taken place in the following yt>ar. 
 
 t Pliilosuphic olt^ervers have been struck witli siirprtie ai 
 tlie cotitru^t beiween thu lAni;uai,'c ami the cnmluct of the 
 Erii-hsh Whigii in ilio Kevoluiido of" ItiSS. Their coiitluci in 
 ett'ertitig ihe §reat chani^e was liberal ami niHiily. Thefr 
 l.Ltigimze, contracteit aiuf prejudlceil, seemed inteoiled to veil 
 the audacity of ilieir prnceeuni^s IWn) the grussiiLCs ai put)- 
 lie view. They aoserletl imletHasible hereiiiiury right with 
 thoir tongues, while they violated it with their haiiils ; antt r«* 
 flnactcd the »ettleineiit of the crown hi thn very words or tlial 
 act of settlement which they had an deliberately uet aside- 
 en leavoring, like the entailer ol' an e.itiue, to th'prive their 
 poHtority or the liberty that they themselves had enjoyed and 
 (bund it necessary lu exercise. They s<:eii)ed to have coo 
 sidcred the Americans in some auch light as they reifunled 
 their own [Misterity, and to have hmkcd with very liiile lavoi 
 on every exercise of liberty iiidepei,dein urilitoHiyvi-H. While 
 they studied lo cluthe their own ivimliiii i,, i:.i> -i- ,iti|,|.,ce » 
 precedent, they exaciod a subtiiaiiiial ^iilii ■:.... \> ,.i.-.-j,i ui 
 trom their succesBurd and tlici;' di'ptMdi- i . 
 
970 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 •tudied to promote. Without determining the point, 
 the council interrupted the diNcitSHion by a resolution, 
 that the whole mutter sliould bo subinitied to the ktn<^ ; 
 and his inujettty soon alter Rigriitied hi>« pleasure that 
 the complaints of both parties «hoi;M bo disinlnsed.* 
 Thus terminate'! 'he iinpeuchtiuMi', of Andras. in a 
 manner very ill cakulated to impre^d ihe people of 
 Massachusetts with respect for the jiiatice of the British 
 government. They had soon after the inort'hcation of 
 seeing him add reward to impunity, and honored with 
 the appointment of governor of Virainia.* 
 
 The deputies finding that the House of Commons, 
 (hough at first disposed to annul the proceedings on the 
 
 3U0 tearranto against Massachusetts, had been persua- 
 ed by the arguments of Somers and the other lawyers 
 who had Heats in the house lo depart from this purpose, 
 and that the kini; was determined not to restore the 
 old charter, employed every eiTorl to obtain at least a 
 restitution ot the privile>res it hitd contamed. Dut 
 William and his ministers, though deterred from imi- 
 tating Iho tyratmiral proceedm<;s of the former reign, 
 were heartily desirous of availing themselves of what- 
 ever acquisitions these proceedings might have made 
 to the royal prero(;aiive ; and Hnding that the crown 
 had acquired a legal pretex' lo exercise a much stronger 
 authority over the colony than hud been reserved ni its 
 original constitution, it was determined to take advant* 
 age of this pretext without reirard to the tvrannical na- 
 ture of the proceeding by which it had been obtained. 
 The restoration of their ancient privilege of electing 
 their own municipal officers was arden.lly desired by 
 the people, and contended for by the deputies with a 
 vehemence which the kinjj would probably have re- 
 aenied as disrespectful to himself, if he h<)d not felt 
 himse'f bound to excuse the irnralioii excited liy his 
 own injustice. He adhered intlexihly to his determina- 
 tion of retaiiun<r, as far as possible, every advantajre 
 that fortune had put <nlo hia hands : and at length a 
 new charier was framed, with changes that materially 
 aHected the ancient constiluliou of the colony, and 
 transferred lo the crown many valuable privileges tliat 
 had originally hnlonged lo the people. By this charier 
 the territories of Massachusetts, Plymouth, and Maine. 
 to^'ether with the conquered province of Acadia or 
 Nova JScotia, were unitid together in one jurisdiction — 
 an arrangement that was hy no means satisfactory to 
 the p.inies uu-ludcd in it : for Plymouth, which had 
 earnestly solicited u separate estal)lt>hri'.cm, was forci- 
 bly annrxrd lo Massachusetts; aiit! Hampshire, which 
 had as earnestly petitioned to be iiKlu'U-d in this an- 
 nexation, was erircled into a separate jurisdiction.! 
 The appointment of tlie governor, dopuiy governor, 
 secretary, atui all ttie olRcers of the admiraliy. was re 
 served to the crown, 'rwenty-eijfltt councillors wvtc 
 directed to he chosen by Uic lloust of Assembly, and 
 presented to l!iu governor for his a[)proli.itioii. The 
 governor was empowered to convoke, adjourn, pro- 
 rogue, and dissolve the dssembly ut plrasun; ; lo nomi- 
 nate, e.\clu>ively. all imliiary olhccrs. and (with the 
 conseni of liis council) all tlit; juices and o:her ollicers 
 of tiie law. To the governor was reserved a negative 
 on the laws and aois of ihe general Hs>emhly and coun- 
 cil ; and all laws enacted by these bodies and approved 
 by ihe governor were appointed to be iraiisniitied to 
 Kngland for ihc royal approbation; a:.d if disallowed 
 witnm the space of ihree years, ihey were to be uilerly 
 void 
 
 The innovations that were thus introduced into their 
 ancient consiiiiuion, excited much uiscouicnt in the 
 minds of the people of Massachusetts; the more so 
 because the exieusion of royal aulhoriiy was not at- 
 tended wiih a proportional communication of the royal 
 prutectioT) : and the king, at the very inne when he ap- 
 projiridtcd the most valuable privileges of the people 
 found himself constrained, by the urgency of his affairs 
 in Europe, lo reftise the assistance which the people 
 had besoiiiiht from him to repel the hostilities of the 
 
 * Raiiitoliih wa-i iioi Kent back to America. He receiveil, 
 however, an api^'iatiiiem in ttie VVeut liiJies, where he diuit, 
 reiainiim, it U said, his ilit^like of the people of Now Ktiglaiid 
 to the la^t. KliMi'ff Biovraphical Diaionary oC New KnglamI, 
 40-^,3. CranfleM, thc'iyrttut of New HumimltirB, was ap- 
 pelated collectiir of Barbadi ea. He rcpeni'id of h\s conduct 
 III New r.ngland, aiui endeavored to at. me for It by showing all 
 the k'ndiiRss in hi^ power to the iruder^j frjin that country. 
 Belknap, i. ^iil. 
 
 f The union, »i eaniesity desired by the people of Mas- 
 ■Bchusett* und Nt-w Hampshire, was overruled by the interest, 
 and for the ci'nvenienCK, of Samuel Allen, a merchant In 
 London, to whom Msiao.i'a hers had sold '.heir claim to the 
 aoll of New Ilainpshiro He wan ap|X)lnieil the lir.-<t governor 
 ol the province; and cmph.yii.^ his authority in vexatit. is 
 but uiisuccea^ful attempts to emctuate hib piirrhaseil claim, 
 rendered himself extremely odious to the people. Belknap, 
 t Up ix and xt. He waa superstded by Lord Beltumuni in 
 
 fndiana and of the French settlera in Canada. The 
 situation of the states of Connecticut and Rhode fsland, 
 which were permitted to renssumo nil their ancient 
 privileires, rendered the injustice with which Massachu- 
 setts was trea'.ed more riagrant and irritating. Though 
 legal teehniealitics might seem to warrant the advan- 
 ti^o which those states enjoyed, it wa.s utterly repug- 
 nant (o the eidargcd views of justice and equity which 
 ought to regulate ihe policy of a legislator. Only mis- 
 lake on the one hand, or their own artifice on the other, 
 could be supposed to entitle ihem to a distinction that 
 made the treatment of Massachusetts inoro invidious ; 
 and a very dangerous lesson was taught to the colonies 
 when tiufy were thus given to understand that it was 
 their own vigilant dexterity and successful intrigue, or 
 the blunders of the parent slate, that they were to rely 
 on as the safeguards of their rights. The injustice of 
 the policy of which Massachusetts now complained was 
 reniiered still more glaringly apjiarent hy the very dif- 
 ferent treatment ohtainetl by the powerful corporation 
 of the city of Lontlon. The charter of this city, though 
 annulled with the same solemnity, and on grounds as 
 plausible, as the ancient charter of Massachusetts, was 
 restored hy a legit-lative act immediately after the revo- 
 lution. -Nor was any polilical advantage derived by 
 the Enirlish government from this violation of just and 
 eipntable principles. The patronage that was wrested 
 from the people and appropriated by the crown, was 
 quite inideipiate to the fortnation of a powerful royal 
 party in the country. The appointment uf the governoi 
 and other otIictTs was regarded as a badge of depend- 
 ance, instead of foriiiing a bond of union. The popu- 
 lar asscm1)lies retained sullioieni intluence over the 
 governors lo curb them in the ent'orcemeut of obnoxiouri 
 measures, and siillicienl power to restrain them from 
 making any serious inroad on the eoii'Mluiton. It is a 
 remarkable (act that ihe dissensioun between the two 
 countries, which afterwards leiininated in the dissolu- 
 tion of the IJriiisii empire in America, were m a great 
 degico promoted by the pernicious counsels and erro- 
 neous iriformaiion that the colonial governors of those 
 provinces, in svhich the a{>puintmeni to that otiice was 
 exercised hy the king, transnutted to the Knglish ini- 
 uislry. 
 
 Aware of the diss-tisfaclion with which the new 
 charter was regarded, the minisiers of William judged 
 It priideiU to wave in the outset ilie full exercise of the 
 invidious prerogative, and desired the deputies to name 
 the person whom they considered most acceptable to 
 their couiilryiueu as governor of Massachusetts : and 
 the deputies having concurred m the nomination of fSir 
 William PiH))p8, the appointment to this oJH^e was be- 
 stowed on him accordingly. This act of courtesy was 
 attended with a degree ol success in mollifying the ill 
 humor of the people, that strongly attests the high esti- 
 mation in which Phipps was held : for on his arrival in 
 Boston, [i()9:j,J though some discontent was expressed, 
 and several of ilie meinlicra of the general court loudly 
 in^^isted that the new charter should be absolutely re- 
 jected,* yei tlie great tiody of the people received him 
 wilii acclamations ; and a large majority of the general 
 court resolved that the charter should be thankfully 
 accepted, and appointed a day of ihanksgiviug for the 
 eafe arrival of their worthy governor and Mr. Mather, 
 whose services they acknowledged with grateful com- 
 memoration. The new governor hastened to approve 
 himself worthy of the favorable regards of his counlry- 
 men. Having convoked a general assembly of the pro- 
 vince, he addressed them in a bhort but characteristic 
 speech, reeomiuendiug to them llie preparation of a 
 body of gooil laws with all tlie expedilion they could 
 exert. "Uentlemeu," said he, **you may make your- 
 selves as eai-y as you will for ever. Consider what 
 may have a tendency to your welfare, and you may be 
 sure that whatever bills v^o olfer to me, consistent with 
 the honor and interc c of the crown, I'll pasjt theni 
 readily. I do but f k opportunities to serve you. 
 Had it not been for ..le sake of this thing, I had never 
 accepted of this province. And whenever you have 
 settled such a body of good laws, that no person coming 
 
 * Mr. Mather and the other deputies, wlieii iliey found it iiu- 
 possihle loobiain an alteration of tlie new charier, proposed 
 ai tirsl lo reject it alioyeUier, and to inaliiute a process for 
 trying Iho valiiliiy of the judgment pronounced on the quo 
 warranto. Tliey were duierreil from this proceeding by tlie 
 solemn assurance of Treby, Soincrs, and the two chief jus- 
 tices of England, Hint if liie judgment were reversed, a new 
 quo warrriinto would be issued, und iindiiubtedly followed by 
 a judgmeni exciupt from all ground of challenk;e. These 
 learned persons assured the deputies that the colonists, by 
 erecting judicatories, constituting a house of represenlaiivcs, 
 and incorporating colleges, had forfeited Uieir charter, whicli 
 gave no sanction to such acts of authority. Hutchinson, 
 i.415. 
 
 after me may make you uneasy, I shall desire not one 
 day longer to continue in the (.'overnment *' His con- 
 duct amply corresponded with ihese professions. 
 
 The administration of Sir W.lliam IMiipps, however, 
 was neither long nor prosperous. Though he might 
 give his sanction ns tfovernor to popular laws, it was 
 not in his power to guard them from being reaeindod 
 by the crown ; and tliis fate soon hefel a law that was 
 passed exempting iho people from all taxeH hut such as 
 should be imposed by their own assemblies, and de- 
 daring their right to share all the privileges uf Magna 
 Charta. He found the province involved in a distress* 
 ing war with the French and Indians, and in tiio still 
 more formidable calamity of thai delusion which has 
 beeri termed the New Enirland wUihcraft. When tho 
 Indians were informed of the appninment of Sir \V\\- 
 liain Phipps to the otiicc of governor of Massachusetts, 
 they were struck with dinazemcnt at the fortunes of 
 the man whose humble origin they perfectly well knew, 
 and with whom they had familiarly associated but a few 
 years before in the obscurity of his primitive condition. 
 Impressed with a high opinion of his courage and reso- 
 lution, and a superstitious dread of that fortune that 
 srenied deslined to surmount every obstacle and pre- 
 vail over every disadvantage, they would willingly have 
 inaile peace, b'lt were induced to continue the war by 
 the artiHces and intrigues of the French. A few months 
 after his arrival, the governor, at the head of a small 
 army, in.irchcd to Peminaquid, pn llie Merrimack river, 
 and there caused to be constructed a fort of considera- 
 ble strength, and calculated by its situation to form a 
 powerful barrier to the province, and to overawe iho 
 neighboring tribes of Indians and interrupt their mutual 
 communication. The benelicial uti'ect of this operation 
 was experienced in the following year, [1693, j when 
 the Indians sent ambassadors to the fort at I*emma- 
 quid, and there at length concluded with Knglish com- 
 missioner.^ a treaty of peace, by which ihey renounced 
 for ever the interests of the French, and pledged ihem- 
 seives to perpetual amity with the inhabitants of New 
 England. The coloni.sts, who had suHored severely 
 from the recent depredations of these cavagea,* and 
 were still labopng undei the burdens entailed on theni 
 by former wars, were not slow to embrace the first 
 overtures of pcac * . and yet the utmost discontent was 
 excited by the measure to which they were indebted 
 fer the dulivera.iee they had so ardently desired. Tho 
 expense oi building the fort and of maiiilaining its gar- 
 rison and store.t occasioned an addition lo the existing 
 taxes, which was borne with nnich impatience. Thu 
 party who had (.apposed subi.iission tn the new charier, 
 eagerly promoted every complaint against the admini- 
 staiion of a system which they regarded with rooted 
 aversion ; and labored so successfully on this occasion 
 to render the person and government of Sir William 
 Phipps odious (ohiscountrymen, that his popularity sus- 
 tained a shock from which it never afterwards entirely 
 recovered. The people were easily led to connect in 
 their apprehension ihu increase of taxation with the 
 abridgment of their political privileges, and to believe 
 that if they had retained their ancient control over the 
 otficers of government, the administration of their atfaira 
 might have been more economically conducted. But 
 another cause, to which 1 have already alluded, and 
 which we must now proceed more fully to consider, 
 rendered the inind.>i of the people at this time unusu- 
 ally suaceptibh' of gloomy impressions, and suspicious 
 not less irritatiiig than unreasonable. 
 
 The belief of witchcraft was at ihis period almost 
 universal in chnstian countnea ; and tiic e.xisiencc and 
 criminality of the practice were recognised in the penal 
 code of every civilized state. Persons suspected ol 
 being witches and wizards were frequently iried, con- 
 demned, and put to death by the authority of the most 
 enlightened tribunals in Kuropc ; and in particular, but 
 a few years before this period, fSir Mallhew Hale, ti 
 man highly and justly renowned for the strength of his 
 understanding, tlio variety of his knowledge, and the 
 eminent christiiin graces that adorned his character, 
 had, after a long and anxious investigation, adjudged a 
 number of persons to die for this otlence, at an assizo 
 in Suffolk, t The reahty of witchcraft, as yet, had never 
 
 * Tito situation of the people of New Hampshire, in par- 
 ticular, had become su irksome and dangerous that al une 
 time they appear to have adopted tho resolution of abandon- 
 ing the province. Uulkimp, i *.2(ifl. 
 
 f Howell's Stale Trials, vol, vi. p. 647. Even so late as tho 
 middle of the eigiileenlh century, the conviction of tho 
 witcliesof Wurbois, in the reign ot tpieuu Etizabetti, was still 
 cr.minemorated in annual serniun at Hunthigtun. Johiiiion's 
 Works, Observuiions on the tragedy of Muchelli. The se- 
 ceders in Scotland pubiislunl an act of their assoctalu pres- 
 bvtorv at Kdinbursh in 1*43 (reprinted at Uiu^^ucw m ITA 
 
 uiaww-v-BWi-^w g a^ ' iuHBU 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 271 
 
 liippH, howeveri 
 hoiii;)) he might 
 tiir t'lWR, it watt 
 he)iit{ riMcimiod 
 a law that was 
 .xoH htit such as 
 mhlies, and do- 
 ilcgcs of Magna 
 ed in a disiroM- 
 , and in tlio still 
 iflion which has 
 ifl. When the 
 ii-nt of Sir Wil- 
 MaflHachiispitat 
 ihf furiunoa o( 
 ?ctly well knew, 
 lialnd hut a few 
 litivo condition, 
 nrago and rcso- 
 at foriuno that 
 uaclc and pre- 
 d wiHingly have 
 niie the war iiy 
 A few months 
 <!id of a small 
 lerrimack river, 
 rl of considora- 
 lation to form a 
 to overawe the 
 ipt their mutual 
 )f this operation 
 •. [16'J3,J when 
 fort at l*enima- 
 h Kn^dish com- 
 they renounced 
 I pledged ihem- 
 jitantH of New 
 irtered scvurely 
 I savages/ and 
 ntuited on them 
 inhracc the first 
 di:}coutent waa 
 were indebted 
 ' desired. The 
 ilaming it.s gar* 
 I lo the exitiUii^ 
 patience. Thu 
 he new charter, 
 inst the admini- 
 h1 with rooted 
 )n this occasion 
 of Sir William 
 \ popularity sua* 
 jfwdrd.s entirely 
 'd to connect in 
 ixation with the 
 I, and to believe 
 :ontrol over the 
 m of their alfaira 
 ondueted. But 
 idy alluded, and 
 jlly 10 consider, 
 lis time unusu- 
 , and suspicions 
 
 s period atmoiit 
 ic (!.\isieiice and 
 ised in the penal 
 tis suspected of 
 ently tried, cou- 
 nty of the most 
 n particular, but 
 atlliew Hale, u 
 e strength of his 
 >vledge, and the 
 i lus character, 
 tton, adjudged ■ 
 ice, at an umsIzo 
 18 yet, had never 
 
 Hampshire, in par- 
 eruu-s lh»t at one 
 utioii uf ubandon* 
 
 'veil so latea.s the 
 onvictioii of the 
 ::iizultetti, was still 
 iigtun. Jiitiiiiiou'a 
 lurlitilh. The «e- 
 i-ir iissuctalu prea> 
 
 been questioned, nor were (here any to whom it sp- 
 peared unimportant or incredible, except those who 
 regarded the spiritual world altogether as a mere spe- 
 culation, vague, visionary and delusive. Among the 
 number of those who every where helievrd in it, were 
 some of the unforiunalo beings who were put lo death 
 as witches. Instigated by fraud and cruelty, or pos- 
 sessed by demonical frenzy, some of ihnso unhapjiy 
 persona professed more qi less openly to hold commu- 
 nication with tlio powers of darkness ; and, by iho ad- 
 nunistralion of subtle poisons, by (tiaturhing the ima- 
 gination of their victims, or by an actual appropr ation 
 of thai mysteriouM agency which scripture assures us 
 did once exist, and which no equal authority ban ever 
 proved to be extinguished, they committed crimes and 
 mtlieied injuries whidi vvtre punished, perhaps, under 
 an erroufon.-* name. The colonists of New Kngland, 
 partioipaimi; in liie gi-neral lielief of this practice, re- 
 garded It with a digreo of abhorrence and indignation 
 becoimr.g lliR piely for which they were so remarkably 
 diBtiugui.Hhi'd. 'I'licir experienet! in America had tended 
 to strengthen the sentiment \ on this .subject which they 
 had brought with lliem from Kngland ; for they found 
 the beliuf of witchcraft firmly rooted among the Indian 
 tribes, and ilie practice (or what was so termed and 
 cslueined) prevjiling exlensivuly, and wiMi perfect im- 
 punity, uinong lliose people whom us heathens lliey 
 jiiBily regarded as the worsliippers of demons. [13. J 
 i'iicir coiiviclioM of the reality of vvilchcraft must ne- 
 cessarily have lieen coiitirmed by this (ividcnce of the 
 univer.-ial asst-nt of mankind; and tht'ir resentment of 
 its enormity pnipurlionnbly increasud by the honor and 
 a.'ceptJtiee whii-h they saw it cnjuy under ibo shrller 
 of sujicr-<titio:is that denied and dishonored thu true 
 (Mjd. Tiie tir.-t trials for witclieraft in New Knghind 
 occurred iii the year 1045, wheu four per.-^oiis cliarged 
 with this crnne were put to death in Massachusetts, 
 (loirc, the regicide, m lus diary, records the cotiviction 
 of three ollieraal Ihirrfurd, in Connerlicut, m 1062, and 
 remarks, itiut af • r one of ihom w;is hanged, the young 
 woman who h.ul lieeu bewitched wtis restored to health. 
 For more titan twenty years after, we hear but lilile of 
 any similar pro.sciMitiona Hut in the year lOHS, a 
 woman was e'.xeculed for witchcraft at liosiou, alier an 
 investigation conducted with a degree of solemnity 
 Itiat mailu a deep impri'ssion on the minds of thu puo- 
 
 file. An account of the whole transaction was pub- 
 ished, and so generally were the wise and good per- 
 suaded of ihejisiiee of the procet ding, tliut Uituurd 
 Baxter wrote a preface to the account, in which he 
 scrupled not to declare every one wlio refu.sed to be- 
 lieve it an oI)durJie yadducee.* The alteiitiou of the 
 peujile being thus stroiiirly excited, and their suspicions 
 thus puwertuilv awdkinied in this direciioii, ihe charges 
 of witchcraft began gradually to nuillii'ly, till, at length, 
 there commenced at Salem tliat dreadful tragedy which 
 reiidered New Kiigland for many months u scene of 
 bloodshed, terror, and imidnes.i, and at one lime seemed 
 li> threaten liie subveisioii of civil society. 
 
 It was 111 the bcgiiinmg of the ye.tr 1692 that this 
 malady seemed to urigih:iie in an epidemical complaint 
 resembbiig cpilepsv, and which lUe physician.s, liuding 
 themselves uiiiible to cxpLim or cure, ascribed very 
 rt-adily to siipcrnatiirai micuiriation. Some yo;ing 
 women, and among others the daughters and niece of 
 Mr. Tarts, the mmisier of Salem, were iir.U attacked 
 by this distemper, and induced bv the declarations of 
 their medical attendants to a.scnbe it to witcheraft 
 The delusion was eiK^ouraged hv a per\erted ajipiica- 
 tion of the means best lilted to strengthen and eu' 
 lighten the understanding. Solemn fasts and assent- 
 
 denouncinijibe rept-al of ilie ponal lawsa;>;uiist witclicrall as 
 a natioiml .-.in. Armit's (.'runinal Trials in Scotland, 3(17. 
 
 In llie yeiir 1678 (j*ixty ye:irs before the act aijamst witch- 
 craft in KiiLildnd) Louii the Fourteenth i:»sued an edict for- 
 niddiiig llic French tribunals to recuive accusaliuns of witch- 
 craft. Hill this edict was ineirectual. Voltaire's Age of 
 Louis XIV. cap. 29. 
 
 Tlie htat executions for witchcraft in the Qntisli donunion-s 
 WRie at Huntingdon in 1716, and tn Sutherlandshire in 1722. 
 Amot. 
 
 'Cudwortli declares that all who tlislielieve witchcraft 
 mu.st be atlieists. James the First caused a book that ex- 
 posed llie imposture of some pretended instances of witch- 
 craft to be burned by the hands of the hangman— a favorite 
 mode of reply wiih his majesty to the works of his adver- 
 saries. He had written a work on dentonolo^y. m which he 
 Ihus described a part of the preparations for the invocation 
 of evil Rpiriu,— " Circles are matte, trianeular, quadrangular, 
 round, dout)iB or single, according to the form of the appa- 
 rition they crave." How tlio runjurors made triangular cir- 
 cles, he has omitted to expliin. Tbo famous Sacheverel, 
 who told his hearers from the pulpit, that tho divine right of 
 kings, and the divine origin of chiistianitj, *• concur hke 
 paralle) lines, meeiingin one common centre," seems to have 
 Ukheriled the mathematics as well as tho politics of tins 
 Vrtnce. 
 
 bliea for extraordinary prayer were held by the neigh- 
 boring clergy ; and Ihe supposition of vvitchcraft, which 
 in reilitv had been previou^^ly assumed, wa? thus con- 
 hrmed and eonsecraled in tlie apprehension of the pub- 
 lic. Tiie fiincy of the patients, perverted by disor- 
 dered sensation, and mtlamed by the contagious terror 
 whiel) their supposed malady excited, soon dictated 
 accusations agiiinst particular individuals as the authors 
 of their siiireringa. The flame was now kindled, and 
 finding ample nonridhmcnt in alt the strongest passions 
 and most invcleralo weaknesses of human nature, car- 
 ried iiavoc and deslruction through ti.e community. 
 The bodily symptoms of the prevailing iiiilural epide- 
 mic, frequently revolved by person.s of weak mind and 
 susceptible frame, were propagated wiih amazing rapi- 
 dity, and having been once regarded as symptoms of 
 witchcraft, were ever after referred to the same diaboli- 
 cal origin. Tlio usual and well known contaoion of 
 nervous di-torders waa powerfully aided by the dread of 
 the mysterious agency from which they were now sup- 
 posed to arise ; and this appalling dread, eii''eebtiMg 
 the rea.sou of its victims, soon led tiieni to cmfound 
 the visions of their disturbed apprehension with the re- 
 alities of their experience. Symptoms belbro unheard 
 of, and unusually terrific,' attended the cases of the 
 suifercr-s, and were supposed to prove beyond a doubt 
 that the disorder was supernatural, and no bodily ail- 
 ment ; while, in truth, they denoted nothing else than 
 the extraordinary terror of the unhappy patients, who 
 enhanced the mabginty of their disease by the frightful 
 agency to winch ihey ascribed it. Kvery case of ner- 
 vous derangement was now referred to this source, 
 and every morbid afrection of the spirits and fancy di- 
 verted into this dangerous channel. Accusations of 
 particular individuals easily sugcrested themselvi;s to 
 the disordered minds of tho sutferdrs, and were eagerly 
 preferred by themselves and their relatives, in the hojie 
 of obtaining deliverance from the calamity, by the 
 punishment of the gndty. These charges, however 
 unsupported by proof, anil however remote from pro- 
 babdity, alighted with fatui intiuonce wherever they fell. 
 Tne supernatural intinvjiion by which they were sup- 
 posed to l»e communicated, supplied and excluded all 
 ordinary proof; and when a patient, under the domi- 
 nion of nervous atlections. or in tlie intervals of epi- 
 leptic paroxysms, declared that he had seen the appa- 
 rition of a particular individual intiicting his sutl'enngs, 
 no consuleration of previous character co'ild screen 
 tlie acousfd from a tnai, winch, if the patient per.-^isied 
 in the ciiarge, invariably terminated m a conviciion 
 The charges were frequently admitted without any other 
 proof, for the very re■i^on h)r which tliey yliould 
 iiave been utterly rejected bv human tribmrds — lliat 
 they were judged incapat)!e of common proof, or of 
 being known to iinv but tho accuser and the licensed 
 So powerful and universal Viia the belief in the realilv 
 of the supposed witchcraft, ibut none dared, even if 
 they had lieen disponed, openly to deny tl ; and even 
 the iimoceut victims of th(! charges were constrained to 
 jrgue on 'In; assumption that the appariiiona of them- 
 selves, described ny their accusers, liad rejlly been seen, 
 and reduced to plead that their sembbiiice had been as- 
 sumed by a u evil spirit that sougiit lo .screen his proper 
 instruments and divert the public indiirnation upon un- 
 olTonding persons. It was answered, however, most 
 gratuitously, but, unhappily to t!u; conviction of the 
 public, that an evil spirit could assume only the appear- 
 ance of such persons iis had given up their bodies to 
 him, and devoted tbeinselves to Ins service. This sem- 
 bldnc<> of legiil proof, besides, was very soon added to 
 the force of these charges, and seeming lo establish 
 them m some cases was thought to confirm them in all. 
 Some of the accused persons, terrified by their danger, 
 sought safety in avowing the charge, recanting their 
 supposed impiety, and denouncing others as ilieir 
 tempters and assocntes In order to beget favor and 
 verify their recantation, they now declared themselves 
 the victims of the witchcraft they had formerly prac- 
 tised, counterfeited the nervous affections of their ac- 
 cuaers, and imputed their snfferings to the vengeance 
 of their ancient accomplices. These artifices and the 
 general delusion were promoted by the conduct of the 
 magistrates, who, with a monstrous inversion of equity 
 and sound policy, offered impunity to all who would 
 confess tho charges and betray their associates, while 
 
 ♦ Swelling of the throat, in particular, now well known as 
 a hysterical syrnploni, was considered at this time a horrible 
 prodigy. Medical science was still dcpr^ived by an admixture 
 uf gross superstition. The touch of a king was believed to 
 l)t' capable of curing some diseases ; and astrology formed a 
 part of the coursio of medical study, bflcauje the efficacy of 
 drugs was believed to be promoted o impeied by planters 
 influence 
 
 they inflexibly doomed lo death every accused person 
 who maintainerl liu mno'-enee. TIiuh. one accii.-iation 
 produced a mulntiide of nihers, the accused l>e<*oinmg 
 accusers and wiliir.>«srs. and hastchuij to e.M'apr Iroiu 
 th(.' diiiigcr by mvolvini; oiher peiMiris Mi it Krom 
 Salem, where its nmn fury vvas exerlcj, the evij 
 spread extensively over the proviiii-e of Mass-ieliuseirn; 
 and whcreever it was able to penetrate, it etfectnallv 
 Buhverted the happiness and sreuritv of life. 'ITit 
 sword of the law was wrested from the hands of juati-je, 
 and committed to the grasp of the wildest fear and 
 fury. Suspense and alarm pervaded all r^nks of so- 
 ciety. The first and the favorite otijeels of aeciisutton 
 had been ill-favored old women, whose dismal aspect, 
 exciting terror and aversion, nmic.id of pitv and kmd* 
 nesH, was reckoned a proof of their guilt, and setnued 
 to designate the proper aj/etitn of mysterious and im- 
 earthly wickedness. Hut the sphere of aerusatiuii wa» 
 projjresiively enhirged to such a dcL'ree, that at length 
 neither age nor »ex, neither imiur-inec dor mnocinco, 
 neither learning nor piety, neiiher reputation nor olKce* 
 could afford the slightest safe_'uard ag.inist a eharu'e oi 
 witchcraft. Kvou irraiional creatures were luvolveJ 
 in this fatal charge ; ami a don beloni.:mg to a irenile- 
 man accused of witchcraft, was h.tn>;ed as an accuui- 
 plice of its master. Under the dominion of terror, all 
 mutual confidi^nce seemed to be destroyed, and the best 
 feehnirs of biimari nuture trampled under toot. Tho 
 nearest relations became each other's accn-sern iuid one 
 unliap[iy man, in particular, was condiunued and exo- 
 cuied on the testimony of his wiie arid daughter, who 
 appear tn have accused him inerelv for the sake of pro- 
 serving themselves. Many re peclable per-nons Hed 
 from the colony ; others, niaintainmg their iniioccneo, 
 wore capitally convicted, and died wiln a deierniiued 
 (ourage and piety that alfected, but coild not fhs.i- 
 biisc, the .spectator.!. The nccnuii!.^ liMt bive been 
 preserved oi the trials of tiiesc unfortuiiale person:^, 
 present a most revolting and bunnli.iting picture o( 
 frenzy, ibilv, and injustice There were reecivcd ni 
 ev. deuce against the prisoners, aci-ouiils of lo-ise,* and 
 mishaps that had befallen the licensers or their c-tnio 
 (in M>me cases, twenty years beh)re liu^ trial) recently 
 after some meeting or some disagreemiMit unli tlie pri- 
 soners. .Agaui.st others, it v\as de, oned dnt they 
 had performed greater feats of sirengih. and walked 
 from one place to another in a shorter sjKiec of luno 
 than the accusers judged possible wiihoiit diabolical 
 assistance. Hut the main article of proof was the 
 spectral apparitions of the persons of ilit; supposed 
 witches lo the eyes of their accusirs durinL; lite pa- 
 roxvsms of their malady. The accusers sometimes de- 
 clared that they could not see the prisoners at ihe bar 
 of the court ; vvhiih was construed into a proof of ttic 
 immedi.ite e.tertioii of Silamc influence in rendering 
 their persons invisible to the eves uf those who were to 
 le.'tif*' against them. Tlie l)odie.s of the prisoners were 
 commonly examiuiMl for the fiiscoveiy of what were 
 termed witch-marks -, and as the examiners did not 
 know what they were seeking for, and yetcarneMtlv de- 
 sired lo find it. everv little puncture or discoloration of 
 the skin was easily helievcil lo be the im[)ress of dia- 
 bolical toucii. In yeiKTal the accusers fell into lits. or 
 complained of violent uneasiness at the sight sf tho 
 prisoners. On the trial of Mr. Hnrrouijhs. a clergyman 
 of the highest respectability, .some of tlie w.tniisses 
 being alfected in this manner, the judge-, replied to his 
 protestations of innocence, by asking if he would ven- 
 ture to deny that these persons were then under the 
 intlucnce of diabolical ageney. He answered that ha 
 did not deny it, but that he denied having any concern 
 with it. " If you were not a friend of the devil," re- 
 plied the presiding judge, " be would not exert himself 
 in this manner to prevent these persons from speaking 
 against you." When a prisoner m Ids defence uttered 
 3ny thing that seemed to move the audience in his favor, 
 some of tho accusers were ready tn exclaim that they 
 saw the devil standing by and putting the words in his 
 mouth ; and every feeling of humanity was chased 
 away by such absurd and frantic exclamations.*' Some 
 fraud and malignity undoubtedly mixed with sincere 
 misapprehension in stimulating these prosecutions. The 
 
 * It is impossible to read these trials as they are reported 
 by Cotton Mather and Neal, without being struck with lh» 
 resemblance they exliibit to the pruceeitnigs in England on 
 the trials of the persons accu.sed of participation in tho 
 Popish IMot. In both cases, t)ic grand engine of injustice 
 and destruction was the passion of feiir; a passion wtiicli, 
 when strongly excited, is capahie of producing the moat 
 enormous exceJSftsof fury and cruelly. In oolii euuutne.s a 
 mixture of causes contributed to tho production of the evn ; 
 but unquestionably there was a much greater decree of ar- 
 tifice employed to excite and maintain the p'ipular panic \\\ 
 England and in America. 
 
aw _^__ 
 
 princip'e tpat was practically onrorced in tho coiirlN of 
 jurtice. tiiat incases of wilchcnifr, acriiMtion wns equi- 
 valunt to cjnviction, pruttented tho most stilaln and 
 ] oworful allnreriiunu to the cx|trr8!tioii of riutunil ft>- 
 lucity, and tno mJiil^cnce of fanlanuc terror hiu) n\\n- 
 p;iiuii; and there i« Init too n»in'li reason to Iu'Iuht 
 tlial rapacity, malice and revenue were not v.inily ni- 
 Tited to aciso ihta opportunity of satidtiii}; their appc- 
 tilca in confiscation and bloodshed. So atroitv; mu<in- 
 while waa the |H)putar delnaion, th<tt evun tho detection 
 of inanifeat perjury on one of tho irmls proved utterly 
 inaulHcient to weaken the credit of the moat unsup- 
 ported accusation. Sir William Phipps tho governor, 
 ■nd the most learned and eminent persons both among 
 the clergy and laity of the province, partook and pro- 
 moted thf* general infatuation. Nothing but an oni- 
 rageoua zeal against witchcraft aeeiniid capable of aa- 
 auring any individual of the safety of his life; and 
 temptations that but too frequently overpowered human 
 courage and virtue, arose from the conviction impressed 
 on every person that he must make choice of tho ttitua- 
 tinn of tho oppressed or tho oppressor. The .iffUcted 
 (as the accusers ^vcre termed) and their witnesses and 
 partizana, began to form a numerous and united party 
 m every community, which none dared to oppose, and 
 which none who once joined or supported could forsake 
 with impunity. A magwtrate wlio had for some time 
 taken an active part in examining and committing the 
 supposed delinquent^ beginning to suspect thai these 
 proceedings originated in aomo fatal mistake, showed 
 an inclination to discourage them ; and was instantly 
 aasailed with acharge of witchcrift againot himself. A 
 constable who had apprehended many of the accused, 
 was struck with a similar suspicion, and hastily declared 
 that he would meddle in this matter no farther. In- 
 atuntty aware of the danger he had provoked, he at- 
 tempted to fly the country, but waa overtaken in hia 
 flight hy the vengeance o( the accusers, and, having 
 been brought back to Salem, was tried for witchcraft, 
 convicted and ezecutcd. Some persons whom sclf- 
 presorvation had induced to accuse their nearest rela- 
 tives, being touched with remorse, proclaimed the 
 wrong they had don», and retracted tiieir testimony. 
 They were convicted of relapse into witchcraft, and 
 died tho vic'ims of their returning virtue. 
 
 Tho evil at length became too gre<it to be borne. 
 About fifteen mouths had elapsed since the malady had 
 bi >ke out, and so far from being extintinishcd or iibutcd, 
 it '-VM growing every day more formidable. Of twenty* 
 eigb' persons who had been capitally convicted, nine- 
 teen i.ad been hanged ;* and one, for refusing to plead, 
 bad been prenstd to death : — the only instjiice in which 
 this English legal barbarity was ever intlicicd in North 
 America. The nuniher ut the accuser.t and pardoned 
 witnesses multiplied with alnrniing rapidiiy. The souh 
 of Gcvcraor lii-adstrcel, and oilier individu'-ils of cini- 
 nent station and character, had fled from a charge he- 
 tied by the whole tenor of their lives. An iiutidred 
 and fifty persons were in prison on the same chartre, 
 and compiainl.s against no tc-is tlian two hi'iidred ulhers 
 had been pre.sented to the niagiKlrates. Men lieL;un to 
 Qsk ihemsolvps. Where this would end f Tiie eon- 
 •taney and piety with which ihe untbrtunatc viciiins 
 had died, produced an inipreHsion on tf.e inindH of the 
 people which, though counlcrbdlanced at the time hy 
 the testimoriy of the pardoned witnetises, be^'an lo re 
 Tive with the reflection that these witnes.^es hud pur- 
 chased their li\es hy their testimony, winlu the persons 
 against whom they had borne evidenee hud sttaled their 
 own testimony with their blood. It was happy, per- 
 haps, for the country, that white the minds of the 
 people were awakening to reflections so favorablo to 
 returning mudcraiion and humdnity, some of the ac- 
 cusers carried the audacity of their arraignincnt to such 
 a pitch, as to prefer charges of witchcraft against Lady 
 Phipps, the governor's wife, and against some of the 
 nearest relatives of Dr. Increuie jMather. the most 
 pious minister and popular citizen of MaHAarhiinetts. 
 These charges at once opened the eyea of .Sir William 
 Phipps and Dr. Mather: so far, at least, as to induce 
 a strong suspicion that many of (he late proceedings 
 ha<l been rash and indefenHible. They felt that they 
 had dealt with others in a manner very dill'trent from 
 that in which they were now reduced to dcsiro that 
 
 THE insTonY or 
 
 ^Tliiit ill notliing to tlie staughter that was uilicted in the 
 regular course of justice or injustu-u in England. Ilowcll, iii 
 \Vfi letteri, one dated February 3, 1M6, ttie uther Kel>ru)irv 
 SO, 1047, says ttiat in two year^ there were indited in SufTolk 
 • -%il Rasex between 200 hundred and 300 witchei, n( whom 
 m ^4 llian half wore exncuio^l. That ihis wa;* arcounted no 
 ver,' « '^raordinary number uf exeruiions in En^dand, may be 
 Inferre*. from a variety of simi «i raiMiicuilectRdliy,Ilarrtngton, 
 InhisObaei/auiiktonStai 9 [I^itry the Sixth. 
 
 others should deal with them. The same sentiment 
 alio he<{innmg to prevail in the public mind, a resolute 
 Hud snccettsful attempt was made hy a reapeclahlc citi- 
 zen of lloitun to stem the furv of the^e terrible pro- 
 acriptiom*. Having been rlmrged with witchcraft by 
 sotnn perMOMS at Andover. he iintii'i|).iled ihi nrre.'^l, by 
 boldly arresiin^ Ins accutturs for dct'ainalion, and laid 
 his damages at a thousand pounds The etrccl of thii 
 Tigorous proceeding surpassed his most aangnme ex- 
 pectations. It seemed as if a spell that had been cast 
 over the people of .\ndovcr was dinanlvcd by one Itold 
 touch ; the frenzy vanished in a moment, and witch- 
 craft was heard of in that town no more. The impres- 
 sion waa rapidly propagated throughout the province ; 
 and tho effect of it was seen at tiiu very next court 
 that was held for tho trial of witchcraft, when, of fifty 
 prisoners who were tried on auch evidence as had been 
 formerly deemed sulHcient, tho accusers could obtain 
 the conviction of no more than tl rco, who were iinmn* 
 diatoly reprieved by tho govern ir. These acquittals 
 woro doubtless m part producs.1 bv a change which 
 the public opinion underwent a^ to the suflicicncy of 
 whu was lenominnted spectral >'v\dr nee ot witchcraft. 
 .\n nssemhly of tlie most eminent divines of the pro- 
 vince, convoked for the purpose hy the governor, had, 
 after due consideration, given it forth as their delibe- 
 rate judgment, '• That the apparil .ons of persons afflict- 
 ing others, was no proof of ihoi. being witches," and 
 that it was by no means inconsiftent with scripture or 
 reason that the devil should aasuii,e the shape of a good 
 man, or even cause the real aspr.jt of that man to pro- 
 duce impres.sions of pain on the bodies of persons he- 
 witched. The ministers, nevertheless, united in utrongly 
 reLOmniending to the government liie vigorous prose- 
 cution of all persons stilt accused of witchcraft. Dot 
 the judgment they hud pronounced respecting the va- 
 lidity of the customary evidence, rendered it almost 
 impossible to procure a conviction, and produced, at 
 the same lime, so complete a revolution m the public 
 mind respecting tho late executions, that charges of 
 witchcraft were found to excite no other sentiments 
 than disoust and suspicion of the pnrtie.f who preferred 
 them. The cloud that had so deeply overcast the 
 prosperity and happinc.'*^ of the cotonv vanished entirely 
 away, and universal shame and remorse succeeded lo 
 llie frenzy that had lately prevailed. Even those who 
 continued lo believe in the reality of the diabolical in- 
 fluence of which tho accusers had complained, were 
 satisfied that most, if not all. of the unfortunate con- 
 victs had been unjustly condemned, and that their ac- 
 cusers, in charging them, had been deluded by the same 
 agency by which their sulFcrings were occasioned. 
 .Many of the wilnes.ses now came foi-ward and pub- 
 lished the most solemn reeantittions of the lealimony 
 they had formerly yiven, both Hiiamst themselves and 
 others ; apoloijizniu' for their perjury bv a prote.-lation, 
 of which all were constrauied to admit the force, that 
 no oilier means of saving their lives had hetui left to 
 tliem. Tlieae te-tunonies were not able lo shake the 
 cpiiiion which was !»tiil retained liy a con-'iiderable 
 parly boih among ihe late arciiJ*era and the public at 
 large, that much witchcraft had mixed with the late 
 malady, wliether the real eul|)ritM had yet been detected 
 or not. This opinion was sii[)porteu in treatises writ- 
 ten at the mic liv Dr. Maiher and other eminent 
 divines. But it was found imp 8.iible ever after to 
 revive pro.-*ecutions that excited such painful reincm- 
 branec'^, and liad been so lainentahly perverted. Sir 
 William Phipps, soon after he had reprieved the three 
 persons last convicted, ordered all who wi-re in custody 
 on charges of witchcraft to be released, and, in order to 
 prevent the dissensions that might arise from the retri- 
 buiory proceediuifs against the accnser.s and their wit- 
 nesses, he proclaimed a general pardon to all persons 
 for any concernment they might bavo bad with the pro- 
 secutions for witchcraft. The surviving victims of the 
 delusion, however, and the relatives of those who had 
 perislied, were enabled to enjoy all the consolation they 
 could derive from the sympathy of their countrymen 
 and iho earnest regret of their persecutors. Tho house 
 of asseuddy appointed a general fu^t and prayer. *' that 
 God would pardon all ihe errors of hia servants and 
 people in a late tragedy raised among us by Satan and 
 his instruments." One of the judges who had presided 
 on the iMals at Salem, stood up in his place in church 
 on this occasion, and implored the prayers of the people 
 that the errors he had been guilty of ini>rht not be 
 viaiicd by the judgments of an avenging God on the 
 country, his family, or himself Many of the jurymen 
 subscribed and published a declaration lamenting and 
 condemning tho delusion to which they had yielded, 
 and acknowledging that they had brought the reproach 
 
 of iniocent blood on their native land Mr. Paris, the 
 clergyiuan who had instituted tho first proserntiont, 
 and promoted all the rest, found hnuAelf exposed to a 
 resentment not loud or violent, but deep and geiioral» 
 and was at length universally shunned by his fellow 
 citizens, and abandoned by his congregation. He 
 appears, ihroiirthoiil tho whole proceedii:gs, to have 
 acted with p. rfect sincerity, but to have been trans- 
 ported, by a vehement temper and a strung conviction 
 of tho rightfulness of tho ends he pursued, into the 
 adoption of means for their attainment, inconsistent 
 with truth, honor, or justice. White the delusion 
 lasted, his ?iolence was applauded as zeal in a righieoue 
 cause, and little heed was given to accuaalions of artt* 
 fice and partiality in conducting what was believed to 
 be a controversy with the devd. Hut when it appeure^l 
 that uU these efforts hud in rcalitv beer, directed to lli0 
 shedding of innocent blood, his [KipuUnty gave place 
 to universal odium and disgust. Sensible, at length, 
 how dreadfully erroneous his conduct had been [KiUl,] 
 he hastened lo mukw a public protesmon of repentance, 
 and aoleinnly begged forgiveness of (iod and man. Uul 
 the people declaring that they would never more at- 
 tend tho ministry of one whu had been the inslruuient 
 of misery and rum lo so many of their countrymen, he 
 was obliged to resii^n his charge und depart fro;iiSj|em.* 
 Thus terminated a scene of delusion and cruelly that 
 jvistly excited the aatoMishinent ul the civilized world, 
 and had exlnbited a fearful picture of the -Acakness of 
 human nature in the sudden iranKformation of a peo;il« 
 renowned over all ihe earth for pietv and virtue, into 
 the slaves or aasociates, the terntird dupes or helplesa 
 prey, of a band of ferocious tunuties ujtd assa^isins. 
 .\mong the various evil conse<]uencea that resulted 
 from these events, not the least important was liio 
 elfcct they produced on the minds of tlie Indian triticH, 
 who began to eo.'tceive a very unfavorable opiniun of 
 ihi^ people thai could i;illict such burliarnie> on llieir 
 ovn countrymen, and the religion that seemed to arm 
 t'le hands ut its professors for their mutual (iestrnclioii. 
 Tins iinprestuon was the more disudvantagtious to ihb 
 colonists, as there had exisicd fur some tune a compe- 
 tition between their missiun.iries and the prle^ls of ihi 
 French Hcttleinents, for the instruction and conversion 
 of the Indians :-t und It ^^as always found llial ttio 
 tri!ie.s embraced llie political inlere^ls oi that people 
 whiK^c religions instructors were most popular among 
 them. The French did not fail to iir^jrove lo their own 
 advantage, the odious spectacle that Hit; tale Ireii/.y of 
 the people of New Kngland had exhibited ; and to ihii 
 end they labored with such diligence and succe.-«s, iha. 
 in the following year, wlien Sir William I'hipps paid a 
 visit to the tribes with wliom he hud concluded the 
 treaty of JVinmaipiid. and endeavored to tiniie them in 
 a solid and la.>tting friendship vvitli the colonists, he lound 
 them more firmly wedded ihun ever to the interi.sls of 
 tlie Kreneh, and under (he {lommion ot preponseitttiona 
 unfavorable in the highest degree lu the jormatioii ot 
 trieiuily relations with the Knglish. 'i'o hi» propotiiliun 
 of renewing tiie, treaty of peace, ihey agreed \ery 
 readily ; but all his instances lo prevail wall tlieni to 
 desist iVoni their intercourse with the French, proved 
 utterly unavailing, 'i'liey reins* d to li-*leri lo the inis- 
 Kioiiaries who accompanied hun ; tiaving learned from 
 
 * Maiher, H. ii. l.if« uf Sir WlHiarii I'hiii(»s. Ini-rcwNS 
 Malher's Cases of Cnnru'iL-nre roiicfrnnin fivil S(iirit». iNiaU 
 li. 49tV— Ml. Mutrhidioif. ii. 17—63. Calefs Wonders of thn 
 bivi.4iide World. ** I Dud Ihe.sn entries i:i Itiu .MS. Diary of 
 Juil;,'e Seweli: * Went to Sa'ein, where, In tit*>nieetnig-I:'."('*A, 
 Hie |)cr.-ions accused of wilcluraft were exaemied; a veiy 
 great a.s.'*eintily. "I'was awful to»*(;e how the ulllicied person? 
 were agi'.ated ' Iltit in liic niiugui i.>i wriiten, in a iirimiluuK 
 hand, pruhahlyon a .si)t)He(|iient leviuw, ihir lamenting Latin 
 interjection. Vae, vae, vae I" Iliiliiics, n. A, 0. 
 
 t It vivus ii very depraved edition of Chn^tlaoily tliat was 
 preached to the imnans t>y tlie French priests— a Kysunn 
 iliol harmonized perfecily well wuh the p-i^sinns and jienn- 
 ments which true Chri:*tianity most *troiisly condpiiiiih. It 
 snbstiluled the nics and superstitious niveiitiiiiisof the Hotni^li 
 chinch in the place uf tliuir aiii-icnt wuchcniil and idulairy ; 
 and sligiiiHtizingtheif cnemie<4 as heretics, iiifurded aduiuonal 
 sanriion and iiicilenion*. to hatred, fury, and cruelty. Neal 
 has preserved (Vol. I. p. 306J a specimen of the French Mi»- 
 sionary Catechisfui, cuidaming a tissiie uf the mojii absura 
 and chitdisli lictions gravely propounded a.^ tho articles uf 
 christian doctrine. Tiie followin); anecdote is related by 
 Governor CoiJen in his History of the Five Nations. Vol. 1. 
 p. 207. " About the time of the conclusion of the peace of 
 Kyswick, Tlierouet, a noted Indian sachem, died at Moniieal. 
 Tho French gave him christian burial in a pompous manner: 
 tho priest that attended liiin at his death havi.iy declared that 
 lie died a true Christian. For (.said tho priem) while 1 ex* 
 plained to hnn tho passion of our Savi<mr, whom tue JewH 
 crucified, he cried out, ' Ob! had 1 tioonthere. I wmild have 
 revcMffed Ins death, and hruu>rht away ihoir scalpn." The 
 li'rench priests who ministered amonijitt llio Indians vvcre 
 Joauits; und their inaxnn, tliat it wa^ unnecessary to keep 
 faith with heretics, proved bui too congenial to tho savaga 
 ethics of theu pupils. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 278 
 
 Mr. Parin, the 
 
 <t proRorutionl, 
 ■If fx|)0^t<() to a 
 ■|) and i^rrioralt 
 (t hy hiM icllow 
 
 ;rrr^iltloil. Hs 
 
 !tlii:^i4, tu haVM 
 ivo bent iraiis- 
 ^o^^ conviction 
 irnut'd, into the 
 nt, iiicoiisiKtcnl 
 
 tho drtiision 
 al in a righteous 
 usatiuiiB ufarti* 
 wai huhuved to 
 h-li(!ti It u|i|ii'iire<l 
 , (lircctf'd lo tlis 
 irity (;ave placn 
 Hiltlt!, at Inii^tht 
 id bci'ri [imM.j 
 n uf rc))L-riliince, 
 d mid iiiiiii. IJtil 
 
 iiL'ver iiiuro at* 
 
 1 thu iristruini-ni 
 cuiiMiryiiit'ii, he 
 ;irt tn);ii Sjluin.* 
 
 mid (.■riicliy that 
 eivthzcd wurld, 
 I hi! w<-akri<t:f!( ul 
 iliuii ut d puojiU 
 iind viritit', into 
 itpcis ur ht'ipk'td 
 
 !4 UMll UHSilftMin:). 
 
 ih.il ri'ituliKd 
 porluiit was iho 
 \c liidi.111 tnUun, 
 irahlc U|iiniui) uf 
 rhaniii'?* on iheir 
 
 stt-nicd li> iirui 
 
 lal uuatruclioii. 
 
 iitagtious to thb 
 le tlini' u cunipu- 
 tlif |iric>t« of tl.i 
 
 and cunvurston 
 . luuud ihut the 
 H of that pi'oplc 
 Ht pojinlur untong 
 iiuvu lo thrir uv\n 
 itio lati: lri'ii/.y ot 
 iiti-d ; and lo thia 
 and siu-ci's-s, iha. 
 am I'liippH paid a 
 lud conchidud liio 
 to untie iht'Ui in 
 uU>ni!ilH, ill- lound 
 
 till' inltTf.fltt* ol 
 uf prrpo^Ki'SHiona 
 ) the hirnialiuti of 
 I'o his propo^itiuii 
 liey ugri'td very 
 vail With them to 
 lu Krtiu-h, proved 
 h'<li!n in tilt' inis- 
 ving karnt'd from 
 
 1 l'liii>(H. Incri'HHe 
 I::vil SiiJints. Siixi. 
 H% WuiMltri* (>r ilin 
 :t tlie MS. Diary uf 
 
 eiuciiimil; a veiy 
 llie uillicitiii per»uiti' 
 ti'ii, m a liriiiiiluiiK 
 III' laiiiuiilin^ Latin 
 b. 0. 
 I)ri:»tianiiy iliat wa^ 
 
 priyni-s — a kyHiitin 
 p'lh.siniiH anil ncnH- 
 iigjy cuiidtMniis. It 
 iilKiiiiul tilt) Itonii^h 
 tcrall and ululaiiy ; 
 , allnrdmi addiiional 
 
 and crui'lty. Neat 
 uf lliu Froiicii Mi»- 
 )f the inual atisura 
 
 a.t the nrliclcs uf 
 dutc i.H relatiMl by 
 'ive Nationii. Vol. 1. 
 ion ol the peace of 
 n, died at Montieal. 
 I |)uni[)0U!i iiinniior : 
 lavi.ig declared that 
 
 [iriunt) whiii! 1 ea- 
 ir, wliiiiii the JewH 
 there, 1 wtuild have 
 thutr KCitlpii.*' Tha 
 I the liiiliaMi were 
 iniieLussary to keep 
 cum) lo the iav«(« 
 
 tho French prieila to bdiove that Ihii Kn^lish were 
 horitics, and encinica lo ihc true n-liuion of Chrinl. 
 Sonio of tlieiii arniplcd nol tu riinark. that aince iiivy 
 hud rcrt-ivud the innlnictioni of the French, witchcraft 
 had entirely disappeared from among ihem, and that 
 they had no dcnire lo revive it by conununi< jtion with 
 n people among whom it wan reputed hIiII to prevail 
 more extensively than it had ever done with ihernaelvca. 
 
 Every thing, indeed, betuknned the renewal of lion- 
 tnitins between tho coloniita and the Indians, which 
 accordingly broke out very soon after, and was perhaps 
 accelerated by the departure of Sir William Phippa 
 from New England. The administration of thia gover- 
 nor, though in the main highly and justly nopnlar, had 
 not escaped a considerable degree of reproach. The dis- 
 contents excited by the tuxalion that had been imposed 
 (or the support of the fortification al rcmina<piid, con- 
 curring with the resentments and eninittea that tho 
 prosecutions for witchcraft had left behind, produced a 
 party in tho province wlio labored on every occasion to 
 thwart the measures and traduce the character of tho 
 governor. Kmding their pxerlionfc in Massachusetts 
 iiisiiiricient to deprive him of tho esteem of the great 
 body of the people, these adversaries transmitted arti- 
 cles of impeachment aguiiii^t him to England, and peti- 
 tioned the king and council for his recal and punish' 
 ment 'I'he king having declared that he would liear 
 the cause himself, an ortler wa.t iransmitled to the go- 
 vernor lo meet his accusers in the royal presence at 
 Whitehall ; in compliance with which, Sir Wiltiain set 
 sail for England, carrying with him an address of the 
 a^seiiihly expressive of the strongest attachment to his 
 person, and beseeching the king that they might not be 
 deprived of the services of so able and meritorious an 
 jtlioer. On his appearance at court his accusers van- 
 ished, and their charges weru withdra\Mi ; and having 
 rendered a satisfactorv account of bia adminislration to 
 the king, lie was preparing lo relurn to hi.t government, 
 wlien a malignant fever put an end to his life. [16U5 ] 
 lie left behind him the reputation of a pious, upright, 
 and honorable man. As a soldier, if not pre-eminently 
 skilful, he was active and brave ; as a civil ruler, faith- 
 ful, magnanimous, and disinlerested : it was remarked 
 of him. as of Aristidert, that "ho was never seen liie 
 prouder for any honor that was done bun by his couii- 
 irymen ;" and though the generous simplicity of bin 
 manners added lustre lo the high rank lie had attained, 
 he was never ashamed tu revert to the humility of the 
 conditioLi from which he had sprung. In tlie inidHl of 
 a lleei that was conveying an ariiidment which he com- 
 manded on a military expedition, he called to him some 
 younn soldiers and sailors who were standing on the 
 deck of his ve.-std, and pointing to a particular spot o\i 
 till- shore, said, " Voun^ men, it was upon that hill that 
 I kept sheep a few years ago ; — and since you see that 
 Atimghly (iod has b^0ll^)ll mo to something, do you 
 learn to fear Uod and be honuat, and you don't Know 
 what you mav come lo." 
 
 On tlie departure of Sir William Phipps, the supreme 
 aiithoritv in .MasKachusetls devolved on Mr. Stou^hton, 
 the lieutenant-governor, wlio continued to exer. isn it 
 during the three following years; the king beng so 
 much engrossed with his wars and negotiations o t tho 
 continent of Europe, that it was not till after the p laco 
 of Ilyswick thai he found leisure even to iiomina e a 
 successor to Sir William Phipps. Uuring this per. )d, 
 the happiness of the p'iople was much disturbed by n- 
 icrnal di^rscnsion. ami their prosperity invaded by lie 
 calamities of war. The passions bequeathed by tl e 
 ptr^ecutions for witchcraft continued long to divide an I 
 agitate the people; and the factious opposition wliicL 
 they had promoted tu the government of Sir WiIIihii. 
 Phipps, continued to increase in vigor and virulence 
 after his tleparturo. The mutual animositiea of the 
 colonists had attained such a iieight, that they seemed 
 to 09 ready to involve their country in a civil war ; and 
 the operations jf tho uovernment were cramped and 
 obstructed ai tl e very time when the utmost vigor and 
 unanimity wci i requisite to encounter ihe hoslile en- 
 terprises of tl G French and tho Indians. Incited by 
 (heir French al ies, the Indians rocommencnd the war 
 with the usual suddenness and fury of their military 
 operations. \\ herevcr surprise or superior numbers 
 enabled them li prevail over parties of the colonists, or 
 detached plantai ions, their victory was signalised by the 
 extremities of barbarous cruelty t Tho colony of 
 
 * Hutchinson (h. 64, d) iiays that ho was sued at London in 
 an HCtion of damages, Imt. that it wa.s witlutrnwn. 
 
 t Numerous cases are related byllio coKiiual luatorianaof 
 t'ae torture and slavery inllicied by the iudiun^i on tht-ir cap- 
 tives, and of the desperate elhiits of tnariy of the colonists to 
 defend themselves and their families, or to escape Train the 
 haodsof tUeirsavat{u enemies Wheiuvcr the Indiana cuiiU 
 
 10 
 
 Acaiija, or Nova Scotia, now once mnro rcvcrtfd lo tho 
 dainnilon of Franco, It had lieen annexed, aa wo have 
 aocn, tu the jurisdiction of MasBachuaotts, and guvornvd 
 hitlierto by ofricers deputed from tho seat of the an* 
 preino authority at Doston. But Port Koyal (or .\niia- 
 pohs, an it waa afterwards termed) havinu hecn now 
 recnptured by a Trench armament, the whole aelllement 
 revolted, and rc-aiinezed itself to Ihe Trench ilomiii' 
 ions — a change that nas ratified by the aulmequciit 
 treaty of Ryswick. Rut a much more serious loss waa 
 Bustained tiy MasaachLietta in tho following year; 
 [lOU'l,] when, in consequence of a combined attack of 
 tho French and Indians, tho fort erected by Sir William 
 Phippa at I'eininaqind was compelled to surrender lo 
 their arms, and was levelled with tho u'ound. This 
 aevere and unexpected blow excited the utinOMt diS' 
 may : and the alarming cunsclousneos of the danger 
 that might bo apprehended from the loss of a barrier of 
 such imporlancc, rebuked in th" strongest manner the 
 factious discontent that Imd murmured al tho oxpenje 
 of inainlainnig it. These apnreliensions were but too 
 well jiifitifietl Tiy the increajeu ravages of Indian var- 
 fare, and th') incrciised insolence and fury with which 
 lliH triumph inspired the Indian tribes. Mr. Sioughton 
 and Ins cuiiiicil adopted the must vigorous measures to 
 repair or retaliate the disaster, and despatclied loicea lo 
 attack the eniiny both by land and sea ; but miscar- 
 riage attended both these expeditions, and, al the close 
 of the year, the colonial lorces had been unable, by the 
 slightest advantage, to check llio assaults of the enemy, 
 or to revive the drooping spirits of their countrymen. 
 In the following year,' [1GU7,] the province, after being 
 severely harassed by the incursions of the Indians, waa 
 ularineu by the intelligence of a formidable invasion 
 which the French were nreparint, with a view to its 
 complete subjugation. 'Ihe commander ol a French 
 squadron which was crui.iing on tho northern coasts of 
 America had concerted Willi the (Juunt Fruiilignac, tho 
 guverner of Cjiiebec, a joint attack by sea and land, 
 with the wliule united force of the French and Indiana 
 on the colony of Massachusetts, and little doubt waa 
 entertiiined of the coiii|Ue9i of the people, or the com- 
 plete destruction of their seillemunts. Uii the lirst iii- 
 lelligenco of this design, the ancient spirit of New 
 Kngluiid seemed again to awake, and, partial animosi- 
 ties being swallowed up in a more generous passion, 
 the people cu-operuted with ihe utiuusl vigor in the 
 energetic measures by which Slouglilon prepared to 
 repel the couiing danger. He caused the furls around 
 Boston 10 be repaired, the whole miliiia of the province 
 10 be embodied and trained with the strictest discipline, 
 and every other measure conducive lo an oH'ectual de- 
 fence tu be promptly adopted. In order to ascertain, 
 and, if possible, anticipate tho purposed operations of 
 the enemy hy land, be despatched a considerable force 
 to scour the eastern frontiers uf the province ; and this 
 body encountering a detachment ol the Indians, who 
 had assembled lojoin the French invaders, after a shun 
 engagement, gave thein a complete defcBt. This un- 
 expected blow, tliough in itself of little iinportanco, so 
 deranged the plans of the Ficnch as to induce them to 
 defer the invasion of Massachusetts by land till tho fol- 
 
 peiietriiln, war was carried into the bosom of every family. 
 Die case ut a Mrs. Uustun of Ilaverlnll in Masjadiuaelts u 
 remarkable. She was inaUe prisoner by a party of twelve In- 
 (luilis, and, Willi the iiitant ut wlii'-li she had been delivered 
 but a week before, and the nurse who attended tier, lorved to 
 accuiiipiiiiy lliciii on fool into the woods, iler lufsnl's liead 
 was d:ished lo ()i,!ces on a tree before iier eyes ; and she and 
 ttie nurse, after latlituing iiiarclics in tho dcjutl of winter, 
 lound Iheinselves at an Indmn leu a hundred and futy 
 miles from tlieir home. Here tticy were iiilormed that they 
 were to lie made s[:ives for life, but were first to tie conducted 
 to a dustaiit sclllement, where they would be slripiied, 
 scourged, and forced to run the gauutlef naked between two 
 liles uf the whule tribe to which their captors belonged. 
 This iillell.H'enre delermincd Mrs. Dustan to make a des- 
 pontto eiforl htr her hberation. Karly in the niormng, huvniK 
 awaked hei nurse and a young man, o fellow-prisoner, she got 
 possession of an axe, and, with the assistance of tho young 
 man and the nurse, desp.ltched no fewer than ten liidiiins in 
 Iheir sleep; the ulhcr two awuke and escaped. .Mrs. Dusuui 
 relumed in safety wilh her co.npumons to ilaverhlll, and 
 was liberally rewarded for her intrepidity by liie legislature 
 of Massacliuselts. ^Wight's Travels. 
 
 Whatever other cruelties the Indians might exercise on the 
 bodies of their captives, it is observable that they never 
 atteinplcd to violate tlie chastity of women, and that they 
 respected modesty in so far as was consistent wilh tho in- 
 Hiction of torture. Belknap, 1. 1387. They had a strong 
 aversion lo negroes, and generally killed them whenever itwy 
 fell into their hands. iM. 
 
 * In the midst of these troubles died this year the vene- 
 rable Simon Hradslreet, the last survivor of the original 
 plant, rs, lor many years governor, and teinied by Ids coun- 
 IryinLil the Nestor of New England. He died in his niiiety- 
 lillli year; earnestly desiring lo lie dissolved, and enter into 
 the rest of Ge,l, insomuch (says Motion Mather) that it 
 seemed as if death were conferred upon him, instead of hfe 
 being taken from him. 
 
 lowing year ; and the French admiral linding his fleet 
 weakened by a sturm, iiid apprised of tlie vigoron, 
 preparations fur his receptiun, judged it prudent, in liko 
 manner, lo abandon tho projected naval invasion. 
 
 In tho coinmencemciit ol the following year, [ 1008,] 
 intolligenco was received in .America of the treaty of 
 Kyswick, by which peace had been eunelndcd lictwecn 
 Britain aiiit France. I>y this treaty it was agreed thai 
 tho two contracting powers shniild iniituully restore to 
 each other all coiiqnesta that had been made during the 
 war, and that commissioners should he ap|iointed to 
 eiamino and dolermine the rights and pretensiona of 
 either monarch to tho tcrritorie:i siliniled in Hudson's 
 Bay. The evil consequences of thus leaving the boun- 
 daries of growing aeltleinents una jerlaiiied, were tnn- 
 •Ibly experienced at no distant date. 
 
 Count Frontignac, tho governor of Canada, on ro. 
 ceiving intelligence of this treaty, summoned the chiefa 
 of tho Indian tribes together, and inlurming theiii that 
 ho could no longer support them in hoalililics igainsi 
 the English, advised them to deliver up their ciptives, 
 and make the best terms fur themselves that they cuuld 
 ublain. The government of Massjchiisetls, on receiv- 
 ing their pacific overtures, sent two coinmissinnera to 
 Penobscot to meet with their princtpat sachems, whc 
 endeavored to apulogise for tiieir iinprovoked hoslilitiea 
 by ascribing them lo ihe ariilice and inatigation of the 
 French Jesuits. 'J'hey cxpressc<l, al the same time, the 
 highcat esteem, anil oven a filial regard, for ('mint 
 Frontignac, and an earnest desire that, m case of any 
 future war between the French and F^nglish, the Indians 
 iiiighl be permitted to observe a nciilrality helwccii the 
 belligerent panics. After some conferences, a now 
 treaty was concluded with them, in which they worn 
 made In acknowledge a more formal submission to the 
 crown of Fngland than they lud ever before expressed. 
 
 Un tho sellleineni of his affairs in Europe, the king 
 at length found leisure to direct aome portion of his 
 altentiuii lo America, and nominate a successor to the 
 otlice that had been vacant since Ihe death of Sir 
 William Phipps. The Earl of Bellamont waa ap- 
 puinted governor of New York, Matsaehusctts, and 
 New Ilaiiip.sliite : and, having selected the former of 
 these places for his own personal residence, he con- 
 tinued the immediato administration of the others in 
 the bunds of Mr. .Sluughlon as deputy governor. 
 
 Having traced the seiiaralo history of New England 
 up to this perinil, wo sliall now leave this interesting 
 province in tho enjoyment (unhappily, loo short-lived) 
 of a peace, of which a long train of previoua hostility 
 and calamity had taught the inhabilaula fully to appro, 
 ciale the value. 'I'hey were now more united than 
 ever among themselves, and enriched wilh an ample 
 stock of cx|)«rience of both good and evil. When 
 Lord Bellamont visited Massachusetts in the following 
 year, the recent lieata and animosities had entirely sub- 
 sided, and general harmony and tranquillity appeared 
 to prevail. [161)!).] The virtue tl»t had so signally 
 distinguished the original settlers of New England was 
 now seen to shine forth among their descendants with 
 a lustre less dazzling, but with an influence in some 
 respects more amiable, rchncd, and humane, than had 
 attended its original display. 
 
 Unc of the causes that undoubtedly contributed to 
 the restoration ol harmony, and the revival of piety 
 among the people, was the publication, about thia pe- 
 riod, of various histories' of the Now England com- 
 monwealth, written with a spirit and fidehty well cal- 
 culated to commend to the minds of the colonists the 
 just results of their national experience. Tho subject 
 was deeply interesting ; and, happily, the treatment of 
 It W08 undertaken by wi.iers whose principal object 
 was to render this interest subservient to the promotion 
 of piety and virtue. Though the colony might bo con- 
 sidered as yet in its infancy, it had passed through a 
 great variety of fortune. It had been the adopted 
 country of many of the most excellent men of the age 
 in which it arose, and the native land uf others who 
 had inherited the character of Iheir a.icestors, and trans- 
 mitted it to their successors in unimpaired vigor, and 
 with added renown. The histor" of man never ex- 
 hibited an effort of more vigorous a,.d enterprising vir- 
 tue than the original migration of the puritans to this 
 distant and desolate region ; nor did the annals of colo- 
 nization as yet supply more than one other instance of 
 the foundation of a commonwealth, and its advance- 
 ment through a period of weakness and danger, to 
 
 * Of these productions one of the earliest in point of com- 
 position was liovemor Wmthron's Joiimal uf Events in Mew 
 England, from 1030 till IG44. But tins Journal was not pub. 
 hshcd till the year I7IW The continuation uf it till the jest 
 164tl, was nut (lublisheU im 13W 
 
1 
 
 974 
 
 TIIR HtSTOHY OF 
 
 iimiftlh ind •ertinty, in which thn prinripnt nrtnri hnd 
 t«fi hfhini thfin a ropiitation At nncp in itliittriotio anil 
 tinaunied. with fowrr inPinoriaU ralnitatnl to prrvrrt 
 thfl morn, arniin, or awskoit the rr^'rct of iniiikinil. 
 Tlio rHntioti of thrir arhiovrmenta had a powerful tort* 
 dnncy to excilo hono. and animatu prrM'vnrance ; to 
 impart courogp to Ine virtuona. and to fortify thn virtnn 
 of tho bravo. Tliny could not indeed hoast, liko tho found- 
 era of the irttlcmmit of IVnn«vlvnnia, that hy a reso- 
 lute profpiaion of non'roaintinco of injurip", and n 
 faithful ndhoronco to tiiat prnfoaiiinn, thoy had so real- 
 itcd tho Divine protrction hy an oxriuflivo rrlitinrn on 
 it, as to diaarm Ine ferority ot' hnrlmrianfi, and conduct 
 the catabliflhmont of thrir conimnnwraUh without vio 
 lenro and hlooddhcd. But if ihov wcrn involved in 
 numeroua wara. it waa tho aiuKular and hnnoraMo 
 charartoriatic of ihrm all, that they wore invarliihlv tho 
 ofTaprinK of aelf-defcnco anflin^t tho unprovoked ma- 
 lisnity of their adver^tarioH. and that not ono of them 
 waa undertaken from motives of corupieat or plunder. 
 'Himiffh thev conaidered iheae wara as neconsary atid 
 Miatifiablo, thoy deeply deplored ihtm ; and, moro than 
 onco. the rnoRt diatrofminit donhla were expronsed, at 
 (ho cloao of thnir hostilities, if it were hiwful for ehris- 
 liana to carry even tho riuhts of Helf-defenco to aurh 
 fatal extrernitv- They behaved lo the [tiiliiin iribca 
 with aa much (rood faith and jutttire na ihev pouM have 
 •hown to a powerful and rivili/ed peoplft.* and were 
 incited by their inferiority to no other arts than a aerien 
 of tho moat maj;nnnimouii and laudable endcnvora to 
 matruct their ianorancr, nnd elovnte their condition. 
 If thev fell short of the colonists of Pennavlvanin in 
 tho exhibition of chrihtian meekness, they umpiestion- 
 •My e.'cclled Ihem in the extent and nclivity of chris- 
 tian labor. The quakera aiiceeed'^d in disarininp tlio 
 Indiana ; the puritans lalmrcd to convert them. The 
 chief, if not the only fault, with which im|iartial history 
 muBt ever reproach the con<iurl of these people, ia the 
 rolisioua intolornnco that they cheriahetl, and the perse- 
 cution which in more than one instance it prompted 
 them to inflirt. Hnppilv for their own character, the 
 provocation thev received from the objects of their per- 
 ■ecution, tended stronely to extenuate the hloTno : and 
 happily, no less, for the legitimate induenro of thrir 
 character on tho minds of their posterity, the fiinlt 
 itself, notwilhstandiiiff every extennatinu. stood so ma- 
 nifeatly contrasted and inconsistent with the very prin- 
 ciples with which their own fame was for ever asso- 
 ciated, that it wai impossible for a writer of common 
 integrity, not involved in the immediate heat of con- 
 troversy, to remler a just tribute to their excellence, 
 without findinR himself oblifjed to reprobate this sianal 
 departure from it. The histories that were now pub- 
 liahcd were the composition of the friends, associates, 
 and successors of tho oricinal colonists, and written 
 with an energy of just encomium that elevated every 
 man*B ideas of his aneestora and his country, and of 
 the duties which arose from these natural or patriotic 
 relations, and excited universally a cencrous svmpatby 
 with tho characters and sentiments of the fathers of 
 New England. Thcso writers, nevertheless, vero too 
 conscientious, snd too rnlii;hlencd, to confound tho 
 virtues with the defectn of the character they described ; 
 and while thev dwelt apolosretically on the causes by 
 which persecution had been provoked, they lamented tho 
 infirmity that (under any dcpree of provocation) had 
 betrayed ^ood men into so unchristian nn extremity. 
 Kvon Cotton Mather, the most eneominjtit? of the bis- 
 toriana of New England, and who cherished very strouL' 
 prejudices ag;.inst the qnakers and other persecuted 
 acctaricfl, has expressed atill strnngcr disapprobation of 
 iho flcverities they encountered from the objects of his 
 encomium. These representations could not fail to 
 
 firoduce a beneficial effect on the people of New Enjj- 
 and. They saw that the clory of their country waa 
 associated with principles that could never coalesce 
 with or sanction intolerance ; and that every instiiuce 
 of persecution with which their annals were aiained, 
 was a dereliction of thnRO principles, and .in impeach- 
 ment of their country's cause. Inspired with the 
 warmest attachment to the memory, and the highest 
 respect for tho virtue of their ancestors, they were 
 powerfully reminded, hy the errors into which they had 
 fallen, to suspect and repress in themselves those in- 
 firrnitiea from which even virtue of so high an order 
 had been found to afford no exemption. From this 
 tirno the religious zeat of the people of New England 
 
 * Not only were all the lands occnplfd tiy the colonists fairly 
 pnrchased from ttieir Indian owners, liut, in some parts of tlio 
 cmntrv, ttio lamls were suhjert to quit-rent.i to tlie Indians, 
 •* which," savs Delknap, In n94, " aro annually paid to their 
 vosteritr." p. 74. 
 
 was no longer perverted by intolerance, or ditgr<ii-ed 
 by persecutmn ; and the influence of ('hri«tianily in 
 mitigating enmity, and promoting kindness and indul- 
 gence, derived a freer scojie from the growing convic- 
 tion, that the priiiciplen of the gospel were utterly irro- 
 concitiihle with violence and severity ; that, revealing 
 to every m.m his own corruption much more dearly 
 than that of any other hutnuu being, they were equally 
 adverse to coii(idunce in himself and to suopiciun uf 
 others ; and that a deep sense uf enlire dependenco on 
 Divine aul, must ever be the surest in<liculion of tho 
 accejitance uf human pur)>nso and tho efficacy of human 
 endeavor to sulmerve the divine cause. Cotton Malhor. 
 who has recorded tho errors of the first colonists, lived 
 lo witness tho success of his representations in the 
 chanty and tiberality uf their descendants.* 
 
 New England having been culouisid hy men, not 
 less eminent fur learning than piety, was distinguished 
 at a very early period by the bhors uf her schoUra, and 
 tibo dtdicaliun of her lituruture to the interests of reli- 
 gion. The theological works of ('otton, Honker, tho 
 Slathers, and other New England divines, have always 
 enjoyed a very high degree of esteem and popularity, 
 not only in New England, but in every protesMnt 
 country of Europe. The annals of the colony, and tho 
 biography of its founders and their iminediato succes- 
 sors, were written by coteinporary historians with a 
 minuteness whrh waa very agreeablo and inloreating 
 to the first gtneratiun of their readers, and to which 
 they were prompted, in some mcdsuro at least, hy the 
 conviction they entertained that their country had been 
 honored with the signal favor and more especial gui- 
 dance and direction of Providence. This conviction. 
 while it niituratly betrayed the writers into the fault of 
 prolixity, enforced by tho strongest sanetions ihu ac- 
 curacy and tUleliiy of their narrations. Jtecording 
 what they considered the peculiar dealings of (lod with 
 a people peculiarly hi-< n^\\\, they pres'imcd nut to dis- 
 guise the infirmiliea of their counirymen : nor did they 
 desire to magnify the Divine grace in tho infusion of 
 human virtue, above the Divine patience in enduring 
 human frailty and imperfection. The errors and failings 
 of tho illustrious mt^n whose lives they nlated, gave 
 ailditiuiial weight to tho impre.Hsion which above all they 
 ilesircd to convey, that the culunization of New Eiig- 
 tuiid was an extraordinary work of Heaven, that '.lie 
 counsel and the virtue by which it had been carried on 
 were not of human origin, and that the glory of t^-Jud 
 had been displayed nu toss in imparting tlie strength 
 and wisdom than in overniling the weakness and per- 
 versiiy of the inslrumentJ which he deigned to employ. 
 The most considerable of these historical works, and 
 tlie most interesting performance that the literature of 
 ,\ew England has ever produced, is the " Magnaliu 
 Christi Americana," or History of New England ly 
 (,'ottori Mather. The arrangement of this work is t,x- 
 ceediiigly faulty, and its vast bulk will ever continue to 
 render its exterior increasingly repulsive to modern 
 readers. The continuity of the narrativo is frequently 
 broken by the introduction of long discourses, epistles, 
 and thrological reflections and dissertations ; biography 
 is intermixed witli history, and events of trifling or 
 merely local interest related with intolerable prolixity. 
 It is aot so properly a sir^de or continuous historical 
 narratiou, a^ a collection of separate works illustrative 
 uf the variou.'f portions of New England history, under 
 the lit'ads of -' Remarkable I'rovidences, Kemarkable 
 Trials," and numberless other sulidivisions. A plen- 
 tiful intermixture of puns, anagrams, and othei barbarous 
 coiiceitR. e.vemplitics a peculiarity (the oilsjiring, partly 
 uf Imd tasie, and partly of superstition) that was very 
 
 *A Jisrourso which ho puhhslied some years aficr tins 
 period, rouUiiiis liie followini? passage—" In lliis cnpilfil ciiy 
 of U'istoii, there aro umi as.tunililie<t uf Chrihtiun.s uf dilforcnt 
 pcrsuasiriiis, who live so lovingly and peareahiy together, 
 dohig ftll thnolfli'tis of neighhouriiuud tor uiio another In such 
 a nianiiiir, as may give a sensilile rehuke to all tho lilgoti of 
 iiiiirnruiity, and hIi'^w them liow roiisisiLMit a varit^iy v{ rilus 
 in religion may l>e with tho tran>iuilhiv of hnniiui soi-ieiy; 
 and may dernunstrato to the world Ui:it ptTsirulimi for ron- 
 scientious dissents in reliL'ion is an ubonimatioa of dcAolalion, 
 a thini; wlK^reof all wise and just men will say, ' (Cursed l>o its 
 aneer, for it is tiercn ; and its wrath, f'lr it is cruel.* " Noal's 
 Present State of New England, p. fill. Tlio tirst opiscop;il 
 society was formed in Massachusetts in IfMW (befnre the 
 arrival of Anriros;) and the lirHt episcopal chapel eroctoil at 
 Boston m 16^. CollectlonJ of the Mass. IIi:«t. Soc. iii. 359. 
 Ai|UHl<erineetini<-liousuwa>< builtat Ilastiin in 1710. Ibid. SfiO. 
 
 t " If we look nn the dark side, tho human side, of this 
 work, there is much of human weakness and itnperfoction 
 hatli appeared in all that hath been dune by man, ns was ac- 
 knowledged by our fathers l)eforo us. Neither was New Eng- 
 land ever witliout some fatiierly rhastisemcnts from God ; 
 showing that ho ii not fond of the formalities of any people 
 upon earth, but expects the realities of practical godhncss, 
 according to our profession and engagement unto him." 
 Higginson's Attentation, preAxed to Cotton Mather's History. 
 
 prevalent among the prose writers, and espeeially tha 
 theologians of that age. Notwith>«tanding tbrnu de- 
 fects, the work will amply repay tlni labor of every 
 reader. The biogrnphical portions in particular po^seta 
 the highest excellence, and are siijierior in dignity and 
 interest to the compositions of I'lutarch. ('otion Ma- 
 ther was ihu author of a great many other works,* 
 many of which have been highly popular and eminently 
 useful. One of them bears the title of " Kssays '.u do 
 (lood* and contains a lively and forciblo repn stt.tatiim 
 (conveyed with more than the author's usual brevity) 
 of the opportiinilios which every rank and every rela- 
 tion of life will present to a devout mind, uf promoting 
 the glory of (Jod and the good of mankind. The ce- 
 lebrated Dr. Franklin, in the latter years of his active 
 and useful life, declared that all the good he had over 
 done to bis routilry or his fellowcreatures. must Ito 
 ascribed to tho impression that had been produced uti 
 bis mind by perusing that little work in his youth. It 
 is curioufl to find an inl'idel philoiupber thus ascribe all 
 his practical wisdom to the lessons of a christian diviiio, 
 and trace the stream of his boneticenco to the fountain 
 of the gospel. 
 
 A traveller who visited Boston in the vesr lOflH, 
 mentions a number of booksellers there who had already 
 made fortunes by their trade. The learned and inge- 
 nioua author of the History of Printing in America lias 
 given a catalogue of the works published by the first 
 New England printers in the seventeenth century, 
 ('unsidermg the circumstances am) numbers of the peo- 
 ple, the catalogue is amazingly copious. One of the 
 printers of that age was an Indian, the son of one uf 
 the first Indian converts. 
 
 The education and habits of the people of New 
 England prepared them to receive the full force of tlioso 
 impressions which their national htcraturo was calcu- 
 lated to produce. In no country have the benefits of 
 knowledge been ever more highly prized or more ge- 
 nerally diffused. Institutions for the education ul youth 
 were coeval with the foundation of the lirst colonial 
 community, and were propagated with every accession 
 to the population and every extension of the aeltlements. 
 Education was facilitated in this province by the pe- 
 culiar manner in which its colonization was conducted. 
 In many other parts of America, the planters dispersed 
 themselves over the face of the country ; each residing 
 on his own farm, and placing his house in the situation 
 most conducive to his own convenience as a planter. 
 Tho advantagoa resulting from this mode of inhabita- 
 tion wf-re gained at the expense of such dispersion of 
 dwellings as obstructed the erection of churches and 
 schools, and the enjoyment of social intercourse, Uiit 
 the colonization of New England was conducted in a 
 laanner much more favoralde to the improvement of 
 human ohaiactcr and the refinement of human manners. 
 All the original townships were settled in what is termed 
 the village manner ; the ii..iahilanls having originally 
 planted themselves in small communities, from regard 
 to the ordinances of religion and the convenience ot 
 education. Every town containing fifty householders 
 was obliged by law to provide a schuulmasler qualified 
 to teach reading and writing; and every town contain- 
 ing u hundrcu househnldera, to maintain a grammar 
 school. But the generous ardor of the people con- 
 tiu'jally outstripped the provisions of this law. Wo 
 have seen Harvard College established in Massachu- 
 setts hut a few years after the foundation of the colony 
 was laid. The other states, for some time after, were 
 destitute of tho wealth and population necessary to 8U|i- 
 porl similar establishments withm their own territories ; 
 but they frequently assessed themselves in the u'.cst 
 liberal contributions for the maintenance and cnlrtrgc- 
 mcnt of Harvard College. The contributions, even at 
 a very early period, of Connecticut, Newhavcn, and 
 New Hampshire, have been particularly and deservedly 
 noted for their liberality. The close of the same cen- 
 tury was illustrated by the establishment of Yale Col- 
 lege in Connecticut. 8o high was the rejuite tliat the 
 province long continued to enjoy for the excellency and 
 efficiency of its seminaries of education, that many 
 respectable persons, not only in the other American 
 states, but even in Great Britain, sent their children to 
 be educated in New England. 
 
 A general appetite for knowledge, and universal 
 
 *His biographers have given ub a catalogue of his works, 
 amounting to no fewer than three hundred and eighty-two— 
 many no doubt of small dimensions, but ottiers of consider* 
 atilo bulk, and somo voluminous. He was a singular eco- 
 nomist of time, and at onco tho mont voluminous andpopulsi 
 writer, and the most zealous and active minister of his age. 
 AIh>vo his study door was inscribed tliii Impressive admo- 
 nition to liis visitors, '* Bo short." lie was tho son uf Dr. In 
 crease Mather, born in 1663. and died in 1727. 
 
 liL 
 
NORTH AMKUICA. 
 
 thfl vcnr IGflH, 
 who find already 
 iniud anil in^n- 
 in Ainnrica had 
 hcd by the I'lrst 
 li'ontli century, 
 ibrrs of the pco- 
 Ono of the 
 I (ton of one uf 
 
 people of New 
 ill force of thoso 
 
 turn was culcii- 
 ) tho bnnelits of 
 hI or more ^e- 
 
 ucatiun ul youth 
 ie lirat colonial 
 
 every accession 
 
 the arttleniLMits. 
 vincv. by the pe- 
 
 wan conducted, 
 anters dixperscd 
 t ; each rcaidin}; 
 
 \n tlie Aituation 
 CO as a planter, 
 ade nf inhabita- 
 ch (lixperKion of 
 if churches and 
 itercunrsc, lint 
 
 conducted in a 
 inipruvcuient ol 
 human manners. 
 in what iaienned 
 avin^ originally 
 icH, from regard 
 
 convenieru'e ot 
 fty bouseholders 
 Irnaster (pialified 
 ry town contain- 
 iitam a grannnat 
 the peojde con- 
 
 this law. Wo 
 d in NfuRsachii- 
 on of the colony 
 
 time after, wert 
 necessary to auji- 
 'own territories ; 
 /es in the most 
 ICC and enbjrgc- 
 ibutions, even at 
 
 Newhaven, and 
 ly and deservedly 
 if the same ccn- 
 em <tf Yule Col- 
 e repute that the 
 e excellency and 
 tion, that many 
 other American 
 
 thoir children to 
 
 ), and universal 
 
 [)i$uu of his works, 
 I and eighty-two— 
 Hlitirs of eunsiclur* 
 as a singular eco- 
 liiinus and pupulHi 
 ilnister uf his age. 
 Impressive admo 
 tbo son oi Dx* In 
 K7. 
 
 fainihnritv with telKra, was thua maintained from iht* 
 bflimruna omonK llm people of tbia provnire The 
 ffenenil diKrouraueineiit of frivolous amusemenrs, and 
 of every rerrention that bordered upon vice, lindrd to 
 devote their teisur*^ hours to rendinu ; and the senti- 
 meiils and opinioua derived throujjb this avenue of 
 knowledge, sunk deeply into vigorous and undisHipiited 
 minds. The historical retrospections of this people 
 were pfruliarlv calculated to eiereise a favorable m- 
 fluenre on their character and turn of tlunkina, by 
 aw.ikeninir a neiieroua emulation and connecting tbem 
 with a uniform and proiiressivo course of manly, pa- 
 tient, and siKTi'ssful virtue 
 
 Notwitlisnnilintf the general difTuaion of knowb dj(n 
 BMirnir the people of New Kn^laml. the lower < iaMses 
 were not ennrelv I'xempt from notiie nf the prevulent 
 delusions nf the n\iv In particular, the i.otiun. then 
 piirrallv received ui the parent state, nl the ell'iracy 
 of the rnviil tnucli for the cure nf the disorder culled the 
 kirm's evil, appears l() have been uiriorted into New 
 Kii.jland, lo iheyrrat inconveinei.ee of those who were 
 so iinluippv as In ri'ceive it Ib-lknap haa transcribetl 
 fri»m the reroriU (if the t<Hvn of Porlsiiioiith in New 
 II unp-^hire, iliepriitiitn of 'in inhabitant to the court uf 
 tiiit* province, in the year 1(W7. for asrtistnnce lo undi-r- 
 takr a journev tn I jinland. that he miirlit be cured of liii* 
 (hsiate hv cniDnri in corilaci with i kitiij ,* n eircuin- 
 stance wlii'-b Heaven (it mav he hoped) has decreed 
 slinii'd never be jiossiblo within tlie eoiifiues of North 
 America 
 
 The oniount of the populatmn of New Kiiyland at 
 this period lia^ been verv ditfercnllv eMtimated by ditb-r- 
 ent writer*. AeiMirdmu to Sir Wilham I'ellv, the 
 iiinuber of inhabitants anmuntcd, in the year inUI. to 
 one hundred and (iftv tliniisnnd. A nineli lower eom- 
 piit'itiou is adopted by Neal. and n niucb hiyhi r by a 
 liitir historiftu. The population, it in certain, hud been 
 eonstderably auirmcnted. boih by the etniuratioim of dis- 
 Benlerafrotil various of the Kuropean htaien, and by native 
 propajiation in circMinslances so favorable to inerease. 
 S'et no iptarter of North Atnerieahas seen its own po- 
 pulation so exiensivelv drained by emiKralion as New 
 Knjihnd, wbieh. from a very early period of its history, 
 ha* lever ceased to send swarms of hardy, nidustnuus. 
 iiul (diicnted men lo recruit and improve everv sue- 
 c^fsive *etllcuient that Ins olVered its resources to 
 energy and virtue The total restraint of beeiilioua 
 intercourse ; the fariliiv of ncipiiriuL' property and main- 
 tninini; a fainilv ; the discnnr.iL'ciuent of idleness ami 
 luxury ; and tho previleru-e of industrious and frufjul 
 hidiils amouL' nil riassrs of peopb'. conriirred with pow- 
 erbd etbcacv to render inarriaL'es boili frcijuent and 
 prolific in New Knjil.ind Hos'on, the capital of Maa- 
 snchusetts, and the larL^'st ritv in North America, ap- 
 pears lo have contained a pnpuliition of nhout 10,0()0 
 persons at theclose of this eenturv. In the year ITliO, 
 Its inhabitants anmunted to'^O.OtH). Kvery inhabitant 
 of the province was reipiired by law to keep a slock of 
 nrniH and ammunition in his house; and all mates 
 above sixteen vears of aiio were enrolled in the militia, 
 which was assembled for exercise four times every 
 year. 
 
 The whole territorv of New Knuland was compre- 
 hended at this period i[i four jurisdietioiis, Massachu- 
 setts, New Hampshire, ('onnecticut, and Rhode Island. 
 To Mass.icluisells there had been annexed the seltle- 
 menls of New Plymouth and Maine, ond to Connecti- 
 eut the settlement of Newbaven. The territories of 
 these ^overmnentn were divided into constituted dis- 
 tricts called townships, each of wbirb WHS repie.H.ited 
 by one or two deputies (necordiiii; to the nnmlier of the 
 freeholders) in tlio assembly of the state. IJesides this 
 elective franchise, the freeholders of each townslnp 
 enjoyed the riyht of appointing the municipal otbcers 
 denominaled select-men, by whom the local adminis- 
 tration of the township was exercised. The (pialilica- 
 lion of a freeholder in Massachusetts was dcclari'd bv 
 its charter to he an estate of the value of forty shillintrs 
 per annum, or the posaessimi of personal property to 
 the amount of fifty pounds ; communion with the con- 
 
 * Belknap. I. Append. No. 4ft. Tlie followirrjf ailvt-nisement 
 occurs in the London Oa/etle of tlio 2lHli of May, 10(:<2,— 
 " Tliese are lo civo notice that (ho wcallicr growimt warm, 
 his majesty will not touch anymore for the evil till towards 
 Michaelmas. And his mnjesty's rhiriirjjpons desire, to pre- 
 vent his nmjesiy ht'inir defiauded, that preater cart- be taken 
 I'U the fnturo in registcrinif certificates given to suchascomo 
 to he touched." After the Restoration, such inultiludcs 
 nocked to the palace to be touched that a number of people 
 WR-P crushed to death. Evelvn's .lournal, ii. 5TI. This su- 
 rerstiliou (which it is said that rromwcll vainlv tried to 
 ittach to Ins own person) survived in Ennlaiid till the reiffti 
 t ^'»''<'n Aniie, wlio lo'iclied (among others) the inlaiit frame 
 ^i 1);. Joiinsoii. 
 
 Kre^atinnal chunlKS having ceasi d foi ninny years to 
 be rci|uisile lo tic enjoyment of political privileges. In 
 the oilier slate- of .New Kn^l.uid, ihe (pialihcation wan 
 at thii period nearly the same its in Mas-tarhusettH. 
 The expen''t.s of uuveriiinent lind been defrayed ormt- 
 inilly by teinpnrbry asseasments, to which every iiiait 
 was rati d dccurdin^ to the value of his whole jiropcriy ; 
 hilt riuce the year HMA, eicises, imposts, ami poll 
 laxt . had bieii in me. 'I'lie judicial proceedings in all 
 iht provincial courts were conducted with yreat eipo- 
 ■litimi, cheapness, and Minpbcity of proci duru. 
 
 MassaehusetlM and New Hampshire, the one enjny- 
 inu n churlcred, the oilier an nncharlered jurisdiction, 
 were till' (uily two states of New Knj^land in which 
 the superior otlicers of government were appointed by 
 the crown, and frcnn the Inbunsls of which an appeal 
 was adnntted to the kin^ in eouncil. An New Ilainp- 
 shire was too inconsiderable to support the auhstaiiCD 
 as \vi>|| aathe title of a separate estabhshrnenl, it was 
 the |irac(iee at this period, and for sotne time after, to 
 appe III the same perMUi to be t:o\ernor of iMassaehu- ' 
 setts and New Ilanipshire. In ('oimecticut and Khode 
 Island, all the ollirers of government (eiceptin^ tho | 
 members of the court of admiralty) w( re elected hv tho j 
 inhabitants; and so reriobiiely was this highly-valued [ 
 pDviteire assc>rtcil, that when Kini.' William ajipointed '■ 
 r'letehiT, 'he ffovernor of New York, lo commaiid tlic 
 Conncetieut forces the province refused to ohey htm. I 
 The |aw*a of these states weie not subject to the ru'^a- | 
 tive, nor the judgments of their tribunals to the leview, | 
 of ih(> kirit;. Hut the vahditv of tin ir la\%a was de- j 
 dared to depend on a very nncerlain eritermti — a con- 
 formity, as elo^e as eircumslanees would admit, to the 
 jiirisjirudeiice of Kiiiilatul.* So perfectly democratic 
 were the constitutions of Cuimeeticut and Itliode Utand, | 
 that 111 neither of them was the governor sutl'ered to 
 exercise a negative on the resnlnlions of tho assembly. 
 The spirit of hherly was not suppressed in Massachu- 
 setts by the encroaclimenls of royal prerogative on the 
 ancient privileyes of the people, but was vigorously 
 exerted through the reindininu and imjiortant or^aii of 
 the provincial assembly. All the patronage that was 
 ve^tted in ihe royal governor was never able to creates 
 mvalist party in this state, 'i'hi- f-inctionarie*. whom ho 
 appointed, dependetl on the popular nshcmbly for tho 
 einobimcnts of their utlice.^ ; and it was not till after 
 many unstircessfnl ell'orts, iliat the British government 
 were able to free the j,'overiior himself from the same 
 dependenie, and to prevail wilh the asnembly to annex 
 a lixed salary to his oHi:;e. 'J'he people and the po])U- 
 lar authorities of Massachusetts were always ready 
 to set an example to the other cotunieH of a deter- 
 mined resistance to tho encrodchmenta of royat prero- 
 gative. 
 
 In all the colonies, and especiolly in the New Eng- 
 land states, there existed at this period, and for a long 
 time afierwards, a mixture of very opposite sentiments 
 towards (ireat llrilain. Aa tho posterity of Knglish- 
 inen, the colonists cherished u strong attachment to a 
 land which tlu-y habitually termtd the Motlitr Country^ 
 or JlomrJ and lo a people whom, though contempora- 
 ries with themselves, they regarded as occupying an 
 anceslnil relation to them. As Americans, their liberty 
 and happiness, and even their national existence, were 
 associated wilh escape from royal persecution in Bri- 
 tain ; and the jealous and unfriendly sentiments engen- 
 dered hy tbia coiibitleration were prcfcrved more parti- 
 cularly in Mussuchusctta by the privation of the privi- 
 leges whicli had originally belonged to it, and which 
 ('onnecticut and Uliode I.sland were still permitted to 
 enjoy, and inamtaitii'd tn every one of the states by the 
 oppressive commercial policy which Clrcat lirituin pur- 
 
 •There were no regular ineaiis of a>certaining this eun- 
 rorniiiy ; these slater not Ih'iiii; obliged, like Massachuseti.'*, 
 to irniiMiiit their la\\s to i:ii^'iitiid. Dm a conipluint from an 
 inhabitant oi t.'onin'Clic'tt, tiiyrievcd by th« operation of u 
 particular law. it was dcclareil.by the king in council, *• that 
 their law concerning dividing laiid-iidieritanco of an lutcslate 
 was contrary to the law of England, and void;" but ibe 
 colony paid no regard to this deelaiaiion. Hist. of the Drituh 
 Doiiinuons in North America, B. ii cap. ui. i/ I. 
 
 1 They have loft one Iniltstructible mark of tlieir ori^iin, 
 aid tlieir kindly renieiubraiicu of it, in the Dritish niiines 
 which they transferred to American places. When New- 
 I.ondon in (-onnecticut was foe.nded in the year ItVtH, the as- 
 sembly of the province assigned its name by an act com- 
 nienring with the lollowing preamble: "Whereas it hath 
 been the coninundablo pr.ictice of ihe inhabitants of all the 
 ci)l<uuc.s of these parts, that as this country hath Us dcnonii- 
 n:ition from our dear native country of Kngland.and thente 
 is calleil New Kiiiiland ; so tiie plaiiiers, in their ti^^,t settling 
 of most new pl!uiluti(ui», have liiveii iiameH in lliese ptanla- 
 lions of some cilies vud towns in Knglam), thereiiy imendina 
 to keep up and leave to posterity tho niemnrial of Keveral 
 places of note there," Ac. "this court, considering that tliere 
 hath >et no place in any of tbe colonicii been named m 
 memory of the ciiy of London," 4c. Truuil)ull,i. ITU. 
 
 975 
 
 •lied loivanU iImmii, iiimI of winch rtiejr iiiciianmi; rf. 
 BtMirrc. ri'iiiliTi-d ilii'in iitiTriiiiiinily m-fiHiMd niiil pro- 
 liiirlliiiiiillv iiii|inlii III. 'I'lir Inyiillv nf ( 'imiik I'llciil nriil 
 Ulmtli' ii.)iiiiit wiiH IK) wiiv |iriiiiHi-<'i) by ihr iPli'.fnvi- 
 iMin (if tht'ir niincnl (-li.irtrr!« — iiii nilvMiiiii^r «iiirh thp, 
 will kiiiw Imil I.I I'll riinc iilid lo ilifm I'y iho Urili.ii 
 
 Koviniiiiriit with ilii> uii t ri'liiiliiu'e, oiiil of which 
 
 iiuiiiiTiiiiii mii'iiijitu III ilivint ihi'iii liy ml of iinrli.'im^iil 
 
 wcni iiiiilr hy hiiiij Williiiii I lim iinnii'iliatii mic- 
 
 rranora. Kii'li llii' iii w rliiirlir of Mni.ii.irhuiirlll wh 
 lint i'iriii|i>rd frniii mnh iiiiinliii ; and llm ili'liinai«e 
 •|iirit lliiit wuK Ihiini'xnii'il mid kihl iilitrhy thii iig){rr> 
 .IVD |iolii'y nf llnlaiii I'.iiiiriliiiiiil. no doiilii, lo iiiHii- 
 ciiri', in a iimlciiul di.'<{rt'r, tlio fiiiiiro dL'iliiiii>> of 
 .\iiHTica, 
 
 III nliirii for tlip nr!iil<» whiili thoy rniiiircd from 
 Kiirn|ii-, Olid of whirh llir Kiit>li>li iiicrrlmiiin iiiniin|io- 
 limd thr siiiiiily, tlir inhiihiMiiia of N'nw K K'nud liiiil 
 
 no nluplo I'm odily hIiIiIi iiii^IiI not ho nhlmni'il 
 
 rhrii|ii'r III K.iirii|n' hy ilirir riiMoiiiirK 'I'lii'y |iii««i'i.i.i'd, 
 inih'id, ^ood iiiini'H nf iron , ml i'o|'|ji'r, ulili li iiiijilil 
 liuvc hccn wroi^jht willi iiiKiinMi;r; lint llirv wcro 
 rr»lrniiii'd hy thr Knt'li^li h i;i»;iiiijri' from Mmniifiicliir- 
 \\m ill! Ki' iiii-liil'. nihrr lor lioini' '-oiiKiiinption or forriiiii 
 
 ('ii|ioriiilion. Till' prim ipil r lodilirs'i'xporiid fioni 
 
 Ni'W Hn;iland wrrr tlii' proiliin und rihi»r of llii ir 
 fori'. In, or, 104 II \v;iii (-oininnnty iitiikiI, hnnhi'r, iind 
 ihi' |priidiir<' of tlii'ir cod I'oiliiry. In llic h(Kiniiiii)( ol 
 ihc ci;;litri'iilli ccnliiry. ihc iinniHil iinporlii iiiln llii' pro- 
 Miici'M from Kiinliiiiil wiri' ivii'iiiilcd liy .Nciil a: 
 lllO.niMI/. 'I'll!' cxporU hy llic jliiijlihli iniTi'hiinliicon- 
 MDirit of n liinidrt'il ilioini.'iiid i|iiintjit!. (the i|iiinliu 
 wiiijliini; lis poiinil!.) of dried codlish, whiili win- 
 i-iilil III Kiiropo for ND.DOO/. and of I'lrci' tlioiiKunJ lo'is 
 of iiaviil siiirin. To ihc other Aiicriran plaiitulioiii, 
 New llnjclami miil hiiiihcr, hsli and oilier pruvimons, Ic 
 Ihe ninonnl of ,5(1,0011/, minuully. .An exien.sivc iiiunii- 
 hicliiie of linen cloth »<jH ('.iiiihlinhed alioil lhi« tiino 
 III the prnvlnce : llimuas an adviiniudc for which New 
 KiiKlniid wan iiidehied to the iin^riiiion of many thot- 
 •uiid.i ol Irish jircshyteriain to her shore, ahoiit the 
 herinninij of the eifjhleenih ceiilnry. Sliip-hiiildin({ 
 was from an ently period ci -ried on to a roiiiiiderahle 
 extent at Huston and other t'Ca-port towns. It wa» the 
 practice of Kniiie nierchuiits to frei);lil their nesKelii aa 
 lliey hiiill them, with car^ioesi of cohinial prodiiec, and 
 10 si]] the vessels in the aaine perla in which llio car- 
 jjoen were disposed of. A (ireat part of the trade of the 
 olher colonics was conducted hy the iiliippin|! of New 
 l'lii|,'land At lliia period, and for many years afier- 
 wards, specie was so scarce in the province, that paper 
 money formed almost cxclusivi ly the circiililing me- 
 dium in use anion^' the inhahilanls. Ililla, or notes, 
 were circulated for sniiis as low as half a crown. 
 
 The soil of a (jreat part of the district of Maine wai 
 erroneously supposed, hy its first Kuropeaii colonistt, 
 10 he iiiifavorahle lo ajjricullure, and iiica|iahlc of yield- 
 111(5 a siillicieiit supply of bread to its inhabitants. Thit 
 notion produced tho deficiency which it presupposed • 
 and, injurious as it was to Ihe increase and prosperity 
 of the inhahilanls, it prevailed even till the period of the 
 .American revolution. Prior lo that e»cnt, the iiihabi- 
 laiiis traded almost excliis.vely in luinlier, and the 
 (ireater part of the bread they consniiied was imported 
 from tho middle colonies. .All the stales of New Eng- 
 land were Ion;; infested with wolves ; and, al the close 
 of the seventeenth century, laws were still enacted hy 
 tho New England asseiuhlea oU'eriog bounties for the 
 destriiclion of lliese animals. 
 
 Kx'.:ept ill lihode Island, the doctrine and form nf ihc 
 congregational church (hat was established by the lirsl 
 cnloiiiits prevailed generally in the New England 
 slates. Every township was reipiired by law to choose 
 a minisler, and to (ix his salary by mutual ogreemeiit ol 
 ihe parties; iii default of which a salary proportioned 
 to the ahilily of the township was decreed to hnii b'/ 
 the jiLilicea of the peace. In case of the neglect lit 
 any township to appoint a niini.'.ter within the period 
 prescribed by the law, the right of appointment for the 
 occasion devolved to the court of i|ii'rlfr sessions. 
 Hy a special cusioin of the town of Uoston, the sala- 
 ries of its tninislers were derived from the voluntary 
 contributions of their respeclive congregations, col- 
 lected every Sunday on their asseinbliiig for divine ser- 
 vice ; and It was remarked, that none of the ininiater* 
 of New England were so liberally provided for as those 
 whose emoluments, unaided by legal provision, thus 
 represented the success of their labors und the attach- 
 ment or conscientiousness of their people. In lllioda 
 Island there was no legal provision for the obseivaiice 
 of divine worship, or the maintenance of reiigioua in- 
 elilulioiis. lliis colony was peopled by a mixed inul- 
 
mmm 
 
 876 
 
 TIIR HISTORY OF 
 
 titiule of flcctarians, who, having si'paraleil ihtniisrlvos 
 from christian nonclics in otht-r places, hstd nmunurtl 
 in a brokon aru) diHunitrd Hiato in thrrr prfM'nt h.ihiiu- 
 tioii. Id lhi:ir pohliral capucily, thry Hilnnltcd uri- 
 bounJed hhcrty of tonsoiciice, ami Jisavuwt'il all con- 
 iifxiun betwfi'n t'htirch and nUWa. In ihi-ir chrieiia" 
 rt'lutionK. thry made no ucruimt of the virtue of nuiinut 
 forbearance, and ul'solnlcly disowned ihednty of sub- 
 liutlin); to one another on any poiiii, whutlicr cs.-<(-nlial 
 or circumstantial. Vvw of ihem held regular usjieni- 
 blics for public worship ; ctill fewer appear tu have liad 
 staled places for socli aseinhlaije ; and an nversion to 
 every ihinjj llmt savored of ir.v/ffn?j/ or /(>MHi//i^v P"'" 
 vailed ainoiii; iheni all, Notwithstandui^ (he uiibnii- 
 led toleiation tlial was profeKsediy eNlublinhed m (his 
 »( tlleineiit, it appears that the ^ovemtnent, in the year 
 ltiG5, passed an onlinanre to outlaw i]nakeri< and con- 
 fisi:alo iheir eslales, liecnise lliey would not hear arms, 
 lint ihe people, in ^rner.il. resisted this refutation, and 
 would not snller it lo bo earned inio elbrt, (Motion 
 Matiier declare!*, liiat, in lli.'ir). " Kliode Ixland colony 
 was a colbivie.<4 of annnoinians, fatalntl.s, anubaplist:f, 
 unti.sabbatari.nis, .\nninians. Socinians, ipiakers, ran- 
 ters, and every tinny but liiunan cailiolies and inie 
 rhristiuns ; fioiui Inm, m/i/u /.'vhj." In the town of 
 Providenee. wliieh was included in this colony, and 
 Wd.H inhatnted hv the drsceiKlants of those ;*chisitialies 
 who bad acconipamrd Ko<.<er Williams and Mrs. Ilnich- 
 iiison in ihi'ir exile Iropi Mas.Hachu.setts, the aversion to 
 all esiiihhshnu'iit:^ and every ;i.>rl of Huhordination was 
 earned to such an exlunie 'iat, at ihis period, the in- 
 habitants bad nciilier iiia); "lutes nor iiiini.sii.'rH among 
 them. They ei'tettaineu a.^ invincible aversion to all 
 mtes and taxes, as the inventions ot men to support 
 hiirlinas, by which opiirobnons term they designated 
 all inagihtraies and luinisleis who reftised to .seivr them 
 for notliing. Vet they lived in grrat amiiy with tlieir 
 iioi^ibors. and, Ihongh every man did whatever seen' tl 
 right in his own eyes, it was rarrly that any crime was 
 committed among them; "which may be atlribnlcd," 
 says thu liistorinn from whom this testimony is derived. 
 ''to their gn-al veneration for tlu> Holy Scriptures, 
 which lliey uU read from the lea.->t to the greatet-i."* 
 Mdssarhnsctts and ('onnecticnl. as tliey were the most 
 consideralile oi the New Knglund states, in respect of 
 wealth and populutiun. so \\ereti.y the most distin- 
 |:nished for picly, niorulity, and the cultivation and dif- 
 tusinn of knowledge. At the close of the sevenieenth 
 ctniitry there were an hundred r»'l';;ious asseinhlu s in 
 Massachnsctis, exclusive oi the numerous congiegd- 
 t:ons of chrisiian Indians. The censorial disctiiline 
 cxenised by tho.*.e socielies over their members was 
 eminently conducive to the preservation of good morals; 
 and tb«i ellicacy of tins and of every other incitement 
 lo virtue \v.is enhanced by the thinly peopled state of 
 the country, where none could screen his character or 
 pursuits from the observation of the public eye. 
 
 IVrhaps no country in the world was ever inoro dis- 
 tinguished than New Kiighind was at tins time for the 
 general prcvuleiu-e of those sentiments and babitii that 
 render commumiies respectable and happy. Sobriety 
 ond industry pervai'.ed all classes of the inhahilunts. 
 'i'he laws against immoralities of every description were 
 remarkably strict, and not less strictly executed ;1 and 
 
 • Npal, ii. 5U.X 590. We liivi? nn ar-nimt of the rrliginiin 
 coedition oi tlhoilc Lsland, alxmt Ihir'.y years aflor tins 
 pi-rioti, from the pen ol the ureal niid f-, '.-i IJihl.up Ucrkeli'y, 
 wlio resiileU simu! years iritliw colony. Ai^.. r\"'til inuiilcrciKe 
 to reliKJoii, and a great relnxntion nf morality, hail hecouii- 
 llio rharacU:ristu'x of the majority nf the prople. fjeveral 
 cliurchei, ho\ve\ ur, soinu uri lliu congregational, and others 
 on the eptsrnpnl inodrl, liad Ikocn cslnttJislKMl; niid tlnoii^h 
 IliPir innlritmiMitalitv, Ihe Mt'ssinn-i tif rehnUin weni yet pre- 
 lerveii in tlioroloiiy. Herkuley's Work, vol. h. p. -1A3, lAd. 
 
 So liUc na the tie)ttrinmi( of the nineteenth centuiv, tlip 
 leKi-iLitiire !•( Rhutit; Island dtscoiiraKed the pii)jei:t or a 
 litrnpikernad. illetiini^ that liiriipiku dutien and erclestastical 
 cstal>li.<thmeiits weie HnKlinh practices, and hudttesotttluvery, 
 Irom wlucit their people were diNltnKUished over all the other 
 AuiencniiH by u happv e.iemption. It was not till the year 
 1tM).'ithat lhon<lvnnliiKe& of tunipiko roads prevailed over the 
 tniRginary diKittty of this exemption. Dwif^ht, vol. ii. 
 Lotler 33. 
 
 t Joh.<ii>lyn, who viMted New Etikcland, for the Tirst time m 
 Ifi:w, relates, ihat in the villau*' ot UoM-jn there weru then 
 two iccn!*pd mns. " An ollirer visits them," he add*, 
 *' wtuMiever .1 htranger K'>es into them; aiid if he rali.t for 
 more dunk than the olticer thmks in )u,s jtidtfimmt lin ran 
 Roherly Itenr uway, he couiiteimands it, and appoints tlio 
 proporiton. heyonit which he cannot gctniiudrop." Josaelvn's 
 Voyagn, 17.1. In HitH. the select men of MasKaclniaelts 
 Wore ordered lo hmitt up m every alehouso lists of all reputed 
 tipplers and drunkitnU >Mihm their district-H ; and aleliotifL' 
 keep. • went iorhidden to »ii|i(i|y lnpior to nny person wliDie 
 name wan thus posted. Hidinos, n. IH. Tl^r inafjKirates nf 
 •ome of the towns of Scoilond appear to iinvo exeriint'd 
 eJinilnraetii of anthoritv. An in.-4tancu occurred in the town 
 Of Auth«rgleinn 1(W8. Ure'fl Misl.c.r Kutlierglen,|). 71. 
 
 being cordially sup.iorted by public opinion, they were 
 able lo render evt r;, vicious and prolligate excess 
 eipmlly dangerous and infamous to thu perpetrator. 
 We are assured by a respectable writer, tlitU at this 
 ptr.od tliere was not a single beggar in tite whole pro- 
 vince. Lalior was so valuabh% land so rbeup, and the 
 elective Iranchise so extensive, that every iiidnslrious 
 man might ucipnrc a stake in the soil, and a voice in 
 llie civil administrdtiuii of his country. The general 
 dill'nsion oi education caused the national advantages 
 which were thus vigorously improved, to he justly ap- 
 preciated ; and an ardent and enlightened patriotism 
 knit the hearts of the people lo each other and to their 
 country. 
 
 The stale of society in New Kiinlaiul, the circum- 
 stances mid habits of the people, tended to form, among 
 their leading men, a character more useful than bril- 
 liant;— not (as some have imagined) to discourage 
 tuh'nt, bill to repress its vain display, and train it to its 
 legilhnato and respectable end, cf giving eduaey to 
 wisdom and virtue. Vet this state of society was by 
 no iieans inconsistent eillier with refmetrmt of maii- 
 nen or with innocent hilarity. Lord liellannnit was 
 agreeably surprised with the grscefnl and courteous 
 deinennor of the gentlemen hiuI clergy of Connecticut, 
 and contesscd that he found the aspet.'t and address 
 "hat were thought peculiar to nobility, in a land where 
 this arislocratical ilistinetion was unknown, l-'rom 
 Dunton's aceomit of his resitlence in Doston in ICiHt), 
 It appears that the inhabitants of Massachusetts were 
 at that time distinguished m a very high degree by tin- 
 cheerfulness of their manners, ilieir t)i>spiiahtv, and a 
 courtesy the inure estmiablu that it was iiuh<;ative of 
 real benevolence.' 
 
 In the historical and statistical arcounls of the vari- 
 ous sl3tes, we contmnallv met'l w ilh instance.-t of tht^ 
 benelicial inllueuce exercised l)y superior minds on tlie 
 virtue, industry, a'ul happuu'ss of particular distrii:ts 
 and comnunniies. In no country has the ascendency 
 of talent been greater or mote advantageously exerted. 
 T!ie dangers of liidian invasion were eiiromitcrcd and 
 repelled ; llie di-jection and tmitdilv produced by liiein. 
 overcome; the feuds and contentions arising among 
 sctth is of various countries, hahils, and oninions, com- 
 posed ; the temptations to slollilnl and degenerate 
 inotUs of living, resisted ; the stll-dcnial ri-<[Uisite lo 
 tiic endowment of insliiuMons for preuciimg the gospel 
 and t'ne education of youth, re.sobitely practiseU. In 
 fouiu' ng and conducting to maturity the settlements 
 tliu . oii^ time to time extended iliemsclves over the 
 8uru.-0 of the province, nieti of talent and virtue en- 
 joyed a noble and arduous sphere of employment, 
 riiey taught by action and example. Tiny disiin- 
 guislied tbciseives from the rest of mankind by excel- 
 ling them in their ordinary jmrsnits, and tlnnknig better 
 than they on tlic ordinary subjects of rdtection and 
 consideration. The impression they produced, if cir- 
 cumscribed in its liinilfl, was inlense in its ellicacy : the 
 fame they aciiievcd, if neither noisy nor glaruig, was 
 lasting and relined. They propagated their own moral 
 likeness around them, and rendered their wisdom and 
 spirit immortal byengiafting their own character on the 
 minds of their fellow citizens. M<inkind are more tipt 
 to copy characters than to practise precepts ; and virtue 
 is much more etrectnally recommended to their muta- 
 tion and esteem by the life of zeal tbiin by the weigiil 
 of argument. Let the votanes of Kame remeinber that 
 if a life tlnis spent circmnscribe llie dillnsitni of the 
 patriot's name, it seems lo enlarge Ins verv bviiig, and 
 extend it to ilistant generajons ; and that ifpostlni- 
 inous fame be any tiling more than a splendid illusion, 
 it IS such distmciiun as this, from which the surest and 
 most lasting satisfaction will be derivLd. 
 
 The esteiMii of the eommnnilv was considrred so 
 valuable n part of the emubiments of o(Ii'-e, that Ihe 
 salaries of alt public ollicers. except ihoac who were 
 appoin'.ed by the crown, were, if not scanty, yet ex- 
 ceedingly moderate. In ('oniiecticut, it was rennirked, 
 that the whole annual expenses of its public mstitntions 
 (about 800/ ) did not amount lo the sahiry of a royal 
 governor. The slender emohmientn of public ofbces, 
 and iho tenure of popular pleasure by winch thev were 
 held, tended very much to exempt the olHces from the 
 pretcn.sions of unworthy candidates, and the otbcers 
 from cabimny and envy. Virtue and ability were fairly 
 appreciated ; and we fretpiently find the same men re- 
 elected lor a long series of years to the same ctlices, 
 
 ♦ Uunlon's Life and Errors, Stage iv. Duntun, who hud 
 sat at good men's feasts m London, was yet stnirk vviih the 
 plenty and elegance ul' the enlertuntneiits he wilnesivd in 
 Bustuii. 
 
 and on some occasions succeeded by their sons, whom 
 inhentanec of merit recommended inhcritanco of place* 
 III more than one of the settlements, (he first codes ol 
 law were the composition^ of single persons ; tho pro 
 pie desiring an eminent leader to compose for them • 
 body of law, and then legislating unanimously in con- 
 forim*y with his suggestions. 
 
 'I'he most lasting, if not the most serious, ev:. with 
 which New Kngland has been atlbcted, is ;no institu- 
 tion of slavery, which continued tilt u late period to 
 pollute all Us provinces, and even now lingers, though 
 to a very slight extent, in the province of New Ilatnp- 
 shire. t The practice, as we have seen, originated m 
 the supposed necessity created by the Indian hostili- 
 ties ; but, once introduced, it was f^itally calculated to 
 perpetuate itself, and to derive accessions from various 
 other sources. For some lime, indeed, this was src- 
 cessfully resisted ; and instances have been recorded 
 of judicial inlerpnsitiuii to restrain the evil withih its 
 onginal limits. In the year 1645, a negro fraudulently 
 brought from .\fricn, and enslaved within the New 
 Kngland territory, was liberated and sent homo by the 
 general court. There was never any law expressly 
 aiilhotising slavery ; and such was the intluence of 
 reliL'ious and moral feeling in New Ihigland, that, even 
 while there was no law prohibiting its conlinuuiicf, it 
 was never able to prevail to any considerable extern. 
 In the year 1704, llie assembly of Massachusetts im- 
 posed a duly of 4/. on every negro imported into the 
 province ; and eight years oiler, passed an act prohibit- 
 ing the importation of any more Indian servents or 
 slaves. Ill Massacliiisetts, the slaves never exceeded 
 the liftieih part of the whoh- population ; in Connecti- 
 cut and lUiode Island, when slaves were most numer- 
 ous (m the middle of the eighteentii century,) the pro- 
 portioii was nearly the same; Fid in tho territory that 
 allerwards received the name of Vermont, when tho 
 iiuiiiber of inhabitants amonntetl lo nearly nine thou- 
 sand, there were oiilv sixteen persons in a state of 
 slavery. The cruellies ond vices that slavery tends lo 
 engender were repressed at once by this great jirepon- 
 derance of tlie sound over the unhealthy part of tho 
 body politic, and by the circumstances to which tins 
 preponderance was owing. The majonty of the inhabi- 
 tants were decidedly hoside lo slavery ; and numerous 
 remonstrances were addrensed to the IJrilish goveru- 
 ineni against the encourageinenl she alVor-ied to it t.-y 
 mamlaiimig the slave trade t When America edecled 
 her independence, ine Nvw Kngland slates (with he 
 single exception of New Hampshire) adopted measured 
 which, in the course of a lew years, aliob.ihed every 
 trace of this vile institution. In New U iinpsliire, it 
 seems to have been rather a preposterous regard for 
 liberty, and the sai redness of existing possessioiis, than 
 a predilectnm for slavery, that prevented t!us practuo 
 from hcing fonnallv al)olislied by the principles by which 
 It lias been essentially inoditied and substantially con- 
 demned.'^ 
 
 * I had iniended here to have KUlijomed a list (extracted 
 from tiie New KiikIhiuI Journals) oi persons in whose is- 
 mihcs the »{ov<-rmMenl ol patticiiiur slates ;ind towns has 
 lu'eil \e!«ted, with the coiimiiI «'! llieir felhiw tili/riiN, lor 
 I >-.iiMdeinliU>pcriodsof Innc. Ilul I imd Ihe list teo Iodk lor 
 m.-tTlion. 
 
 t Tlie assemhly of this province, ns early as the reij-n ol 
 (Veorfto the Tuht, pas.'-ed .i l;iu, eiitu'lni^, ihiil "if nny man 
 smili' tml the eve or to'iili-.i |,is niiui or maid .■*ei\;ml,or 
 nllierwi.si! maim or (h>(ii:ure lliem. he >hal let liim or lu-r yo 
 tree troin Ins Mervici'.auil nhiill allow mk h hirthiT rernmpen.Mt 
 lit the court ol qiMrhr s<-s,.|oiih sliidl adjinlve;*' and tli.il 
 " It smy person kill his [iiili.iii or iickto servant, he Kliall he 
 piim^lu'l vsuh ileath." 'I'he slnvio m llii» province aiesaid 
 lo have tieeii Ireateil m all respects like white survanls 
 WauU■ll'^^■mled .^tiUes, i. a-.lS. 
 
 t Ver\ ilHleii'iit iMltM»^ respi it were (at one penoit) the con* 
 iliirt and seiiMiMints ol ttir< puitiimiesi' i:o\i'rmiieitl and tho 
 colonists ot i)ia/,rl, where the roMij nullfillv was eiidanKClid 
 hy Ihe eiideavois ot theciow.i lo mi ond llic policy ol the 
 jcsuils fur e\tlip:tlMiit Ol iiMlii::itMi)i the evils ol liidiau ind 
 liei:ii> shivery. Sci' Souther's Hi>loiyof Hi;i/il, Pml ii. 
 
 ^ 'I'lieie (s a straiiRe, ] hope not a liiMiijUMinoii'j, indislmrt- 
 ness Ul tho slatemi'iits ol some wnler.> respertniK the unitro 
 sliiMry of New Kngland. Wiiueriiothaiu, uiuuik in IT9A, 
 asserts, that "thrrii ari' no .tUves iii Massachutells." If hu 
 tueant lliiil a t.iw had l)een nassed u hirh denounced, niid was 
 gradually exlm^uishmtt slavery, lie was llKht; hut thff 
 litr ral sense *4 his words is cnnlrailicted hy Warden's 
 'ral'les, which demoiiHtrate that I'llleen years niter (the law 
 not yi>i havinii piiMluced its full eilect) there v ere several 
 thousand slaves in MasiactuiM its. l)wi>;ht .clatci his 
 tritvels, in the end of the ei^hteenlh and tieBinnliiit uf thu 
 nmeteenih ceiitiirv, thro.nth every pait of New England, 
 without givintt us the slulittKl renson to supitoin thai -«ncli 
 iMtiiiKH ax slaves existed in nny one of lu atatos, eirept 
 when he .«tnp* to drlciid the le«islaiurH ot I'oniiecticul from 
 an imputiiiion f>n the manner in wiucli her share of Dim 
 nholition Imd hoen conducted. Warden litinself says,tn one 
 pai^o, that '* hiavury no lont{ur esixis In Nitw Kngland," oven 
 whitr, in aiKilher, hit iiuheatitH niul seeks to pnlliate the f> 
 cuircucu of its extrvnia vu»tigia ni New llanipsiure 
 
NORTH AMKRfCA; 
 
 277 
 
 ly ihcir sons, whom 
 ihcritanco of pluco.* 
 H, the first codes ot 
 u pcritons ; the pro 
 coinposo for them a 
 naiitmousty in con- 
 st «criou«, ev:» with 
 (<<(), IS :no inatit'j- 
 lill u late period to 
 now linden), though 
 ince of New Hamp- 
 Rcrn, originated iii 
 y the Indinn hostili- 
 fntidly calculated to 
 esHiotis from various 
 idecd, this was src- 
 liavo lieen recorded 
 n the evil wilhiii its 
 a iie^ro fraudulently 
 \ within the New 
 id sent homo by tho 
 r any law expressly 
 as the intliienco of 
 Kn^lund, that, even 
 f{ it!« (onlmuunc**, it 
 ronsiderable extent. 
 >f MiisAdehusctts \m- 
 
 nnporled uito the 
 i^i^ed an act prohibit- 
 
 Indian scrvenls ur 
 vt's never exceeded 
 lation ; in Counecti- 
 L'» were most mnner- 
 lii century,) tlio pro- 
 
 1 ill the territory that 
 Vermont, when the 
 
 to nearly nine thou- 
 ersons in a state of 
 
 liiat shivery lends to 
 by this great prejwn- 
 nhcaltby part of thn 
 stances to which this 
 luijortty of the inhabi- 
 ivery ; and numerous 
 o tbe ^klIl^b govern- 
 : she alV'»r'!vd to it f-y 
 hen America elh-cted 
 gland stales (with hc 
 ire) ath)pU'd measurei* 
 years, almliahcd every 
 in New lliinpshtre, it 
 reposlerous regard for 
 sting posscsKiOHs, than 
 irevcnii'd tins prjtlu o 
 ihe principles hy which 
 and substanliaily coil' 
 
 [ijniiH'tl a list (oxtracted 
 >i inTMin.s II) whoso IH- 
 M'.siitti's Hiul towns )tas 
 ;li.Mr li'llow iitl/fiis, for 
 liiid llio list ti'i) IntiK !')r 
 
 ns r.iriv ax the rriKi) <il 
 lining', llml " if any man 
 inaii ur tiiai't soiviiiit, tir 
 111- t-\\t\'\ k'l Itiin or lit*r go 
 
 (tmh tiirlhcr rocoinpcnsH 
 ;|i;ill Bttjuilfic ;'* and that 
 i>Krii MTVJiiit, liu Altall be 
 
 tn lliib pntvinru iiionuhI 
 r(*t liku while Kurvaiils 
 
 (at one [UTJoil) llie con* 
 i?!ti> K<*^'erniiiriit ainl the 
 nuthorily wim rmlanKorrd 
 Arroiifl ilic iMilirv (it lliu 
 
 ()■<■ I'vits i>t lioliiiii \nd 
 rvoi Hiii/ii, I'iHi II. 
 
 1 ilisiiiKtMiiiout, iiuliNtinrt* 
 ili-r.i rt'S(«'rniiK Hi"! neiiro 
 hutlinui, unliiiK m I'tfft, 
 II Mus.saclni!((!ltH." It liu 
 I hull itcnmiiKt'il.nnil wa-f 
 
 hi' was iiKht; hut thn 
 iitratlirtctl hy Warden's 
 iMMi VL'ars nitfr (the law 
 ili'il) tliuro V lire several 
 Is. Dwi^lit .clatci his 
 itli anil hi-sinnkiiE o( tho 
 ■ imrt of New tinglsnil, 
 iHon to Aiippofp that tucti 
 )ne uf tU Btiitftf*, ffXcrpt 
 ilurH (if l.'onnccUcul from 
 
 whuh her Hhare ot tliM 
 r>tiMi hiinHcIf Kays.tn one 
 s 111 Now Knnland," ov«a 
 I seeks to palliate tba JC* 
 I New Uampsum 
 
 HOOK MI. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 rharlcr of Mtrylatut olitaineil from Charles thn Firat hv 
 i.ord IltMiitior*'— Kiiil>;raluiii of Koinari Callioltr-s to thi! 
 I'rovincfi -FMemlly Tieatv with tho ItulianH- '.. ;:"ro»iiy 
 of l.oni Ha.limon:— tlpitosilion ami InlriKues oi 
 horne -First Atsemhly of Mtryland— Kcprcsniitnli.o (io- 
 viTnmcnl e!iiiil>li!sheil— Early 1 Urodui-tion of Neuro Slavery 
 — All linfun War— t"leyl»oriini Hcliollion— llelii-ions Tole- 
 nilion esiahlMheii m tho Colony— Sepjirnto lUiiihlisliinent 
 of the llniiHi' of UurRO-fflOti— I'levhofno declarcH for Crom- 
 woll— and UKurps tU« AdniinUtration— Toloratioii iiho- 
 hshed- i>istrartion« of tho Colony— terminated l)v the 
 Ursi.iralioii— Eitlihlishinenl of a provincial Mint— Happy 
 Stale of Ihe I'tilonv— Natiinili/alion Acts— Denth of the 
 (irst I*ro»rietnrv— Wuse (Jovernment of his Sntl and Sue. 
 ,.,,^sor -l.nw ajiaiii.Hi imimrtiii« Felotis—Kstatihslicneiit oi 
 ihi' (Mmnhnf Knsland sunifesled— Dismeniltermonlof ilie 
 Dehnvure Territory from Maryland— ArlMtrary Projects of 
 j;i[iieM tlie Seroti.l— Alarm of ti.e t-oloiusts— Hmnor of a 
 F.t|ii-.h I'liit— A Proleslaiil Assti'ialion is forined—aiid 
 usurp!* the Adiniiiistralion— The 'VoprM'tary Covernmcnt 
 Fii^iH'nded Iiv Kiiiit Willinm— Kslal hshmeiii of iho Churrli 
 of Kn^land. and IVraerutioti of I'to Catholics— Slate ol the 
 rrovmre— Manneis— Laws. 
 
 FitoM the history of Massachusetts :ind of tho other 
 i\cw Knglaiid states, wbidi were the olVspring of its 
 colonization, we are now to proceed to consider the 
 est:iblisliinent of a colony which arose from the scttle- 
 nirtit o\' Virginia. In relating the history of this stale, 
 we have h.id occasion to notice, amotig tho causes 
 that distpiielcd its inhalMtiints iluring tho govern- 
 ment of Sir Jolin Harvey, the dnniiinlioii o( their co- 
 lonial territory bv arbitrary grants from the crown, of 
 LifL^e tracts of country f'itiialed within its limits, 'i'he 
 most remarkable of these was the grant of Maryland to 
 ]<ord Ilaltmiore. 
 
 Sir (Jeorge (\ilvert, afterwards T,ord naltimorc, was 
 Secretary ofSt.ite to King .lames the First, and one of 
 the original associates of the Virginian ('ompany. Im- 
 |ires.sed with the value of rohniul property, and the 
 improvement that it seemed likely t(. derive from the 
 progress of colonization, he employeil Ins political itiflu- 
 (Mice to siernre an ample share of it to himself and his 
 faniilv. Me wa** a Mrcimous nsserter of ilie supremacy 
 of that authoritv from the exercise of wliicb he expected 
 to derive his own enncbmenl ; f Ifi'^OJ and when a bill 
 was introduced into the House of Coinmons for makmo 
 the New Com id land tisbery free to all Hrilish subjects, 
 be ojiposed it, cm the plea that the American territory, 
 biivm-f been acijnired by compicst. was subject to the 
 exclusive regulation of the royal prerogative. The first 
 grant that lie succeeded m nblaining was of a district 
 m Nrwfmiiidland named A\ \m. wlirre, at a coiisideia- 
 iile I speiise, he formed the seltleinetit of Kerrvland ;' 
 ( If)'.;!;] but fmding his expectations disappointed by the 
 moil and chinate of this iiihos[nlahle region, be paid a 
 visit to Virginia, for the purpose of aseeriainmg if some 
 part o( Its ri'-her territory might not be rendered more 
 siiltsiTvii 111 In his .idv.uilaiie. Observing that the Vir- 
 (,'ini.iii-* li.id not vet formed any settlements to the nor'h- 
 Wiird of llie river Potowinick. he deliTmnied to obtain 
 L i:raiit of terr'torv in thai (piarter ; and easily pie- 
 v;i,!"d with Cjiarbs tiie i'lrst to bestow on linn the in- 
 vestiture he desired. With the intmiMonof promoiing 
 the agijranihsement t>f bis own family, hecoinbmed the 
 more uenernns de-<i^ii of fomuliiig a new slate, and 
 eoloiuzmg It with the persecuted votaries of ibe ehurch 
 of Uoine, to which be hati heeimie a convert: but llie 
 desi>;ii whicli he had f.icili(ated by an act of jiijiistiee. 
 be wiis not permit ti'il hnnself lo rciili/e. His proji't't. 
 which ua^ mierrnpted bv his death, just whiMi nil was 
 prepared tor carrvmg it into etlict. was resumed bv bis 
 Mill and Riiecessor. Cecilnis, I.ord naUnnore. in whose 
 lavor tlu' kiiii; completed and execiileti the charter 
 [Hy.y:\ tli.n bad besn destined for bis fuller. 
 
 Il ibe charter wliieli tins tiioir.ircli bad graiiled a short 
 time befiiie to llic puritiin colomst:^ of Massachusetts 
 may be regarded us Ibe exercise of policy, the nivesti- 
 tnre which be now bestowed on I.ord Hallimore was 
 not less niamfesilv the expression of favor. This no- 
 bleman, like Ins father, was a Roman catholic ; and bis 
 jvowfd purpoj-e was to peojde the territory with colo- 
 iM%iH ol llie same persuasion, and erect an asylum in 
 America for the catholic taith. IJy the charter, it was 
 declared that the grantee was actuated by a laudable 
 
 • Hit enliiiiial policy is thus eontranted tiy an old writer, 
 with that id Chirf .liisiieo rophain, tho promoter of tho (irst 
 Httitiipti 10 ri'liim/r New Knclaiul : " Jiidije Popham and 
 Sir Ceoitje Ciilv rt agreed not more iiiisiuiiioiihIv in llie puh- 
 he desinii of pljinluii:, than they dilleied in the private way of 
 It; tho first wan fnr exiirpaima heatliens, the second for 
 cunvorlinir Ihi m. He k nt away tho le v.UmI, this the 
 boltero'st people : the one \v.-»s f.T [reso'it pir. It, Ihe <ilher for 
 It r"HHonHhlt! expeetation"— "the lirst set up a omnmn 
 Btoett. out of wiileh the people should l)e pinvided l-y pro- 
 port Idi is j f le seeond let! .-v.-rv one to provide for himielf." 
 Uoyd*i Stilts Wortiiies, 7:)l,7Ai 
 
 T.ral for extending tho eliristian rcliirion, and the ter- 
 ritories of the empire ; and the di>trict assigned to him 
 and his heirs and successors was described as »' that 
 regitm bounded by a line drawn from Watknts' Point 
 of Clirsapeak Bay ; thence to that part of the cstniry 
 of Delaware on the north which lies under tho fortieth 
 degree, where New Kn<^land is termin<ited : Ihcnce in 
 a right line, bv the degree aforesaid, to tho meridian of 
 the fountain ot" Potowmack ; llience following its course 
 by llio farther bank lo its conllucnce." In honor of 
 the tpieeii, Ibe province thus bestowed on a nobleman 
 of the same failh with her ma)rsty was dennmirmled 
 Maryland : and in honor, perhaps, of her majesty's 
 failh, the emlowmont was accompanied with immunities 
 more ample than anv of Ihe other colonial establish- 
 ments possessed. 'I'lie new province was declared tc 
 be separated from Virginia, and no longer subordinate 
 to anv oilier colony, but iinmedi.itelv subject lo the 
 crown of KngUrid, and dependant on the same forever, 
 l^ird Haltnnore was created the absolute proprielarv uf j 
 it. saving the allegia.:'-c and sovereign dominion due 
 to the crown. He was »Mnpowered, with the assent of 
 tho frennen or their delegates, whom he was required 
 lo assemble for that purpose, to make laws for the 
 province, not repugnant lo liie jurisprudence of Kiig- 
 laiul ; and the acts of the assembly bo was authorised 
 to execuie. For the population of the new colony, 
 licence was given to all his Majesty's snhjects to trans- 
 port themselves ihilbcr ; and thev and their posterity 
 were declared lo ho liegemen of the king and his suc- 
 cessors, and entitled lo the liberties of Knglishmen, as 
 ifilicy bad been born within the kingdom. I'ower was 
 given to the proprietary, with assent of the people, to 
 impose all jiisl and proper subsidies, which were 
 granted to liim for over ; and it was covenanted on ihe 
 part of ibo king, that neither lie nor his successors 
 should at any lime iinjmse, or cause to be imposed, any 
 tallages on the colonists, or their goods and tenements, 
 or on their comiiiodiiies lo he laden within the pro- 
 vince. Thus was conferred on Marvlaml, m perpetinly, 
 that exemption which had been granted to oilier 
 colonies for a term of years. Tlic territory was erected 
 into a palatinate; and the proprietary was invested 
 with all tti(^ royal rights of the palace, as fullv as any 
 bisliop of Durham had ever enjoved ; and lie was au- 
 thorised to appoint ollicers, to repel invasions, and to 
 suppres.s rebellions. The advowsons of those churches, 
 which sliould he consecrile.l according to the tn-cle- 
 siaslieal laws of Kiioland, were granted to bim. The 
 charter tiiiallv provided, tliat. incise any doubt ^hould 
 trise ct)iicermng it.i tnie meaning, the iiiteri»relatioii 
 most favorable to the proprietary should be adopted ; 
 excliulnig, however, any construction derogatory lo the 
 (linstian religion, or to the allegiance due to the 
 crown. 
 
 Though the sovereignlv of ihc crown was thus re- 
 served over the jirovinee, and a contormtty eiijomed 
 between its legislation and the jurisprudence of Kng- 
 land, no means were provided for the exereiso of the 
 nival dominion or the ascertainment of the stipulated 
 conformity. The charter coMlained no special reserva 
 lion of royal mterfcrenee in the governnieiit of ihe pro 
 viiice, and no obligation on the proprietary to transmit 
 the acts of assembly for co:ilirinatiou or disalh^vaiice 
 by the king. In erecting the province into a palatinate, 
 and vesting the hereditary covi'minent of it in tlie fa- 
 imlv of l.oitl Haltnnore, the king exercised liie Ingliesl 
 atlnbiites of the prerogative of a feuilal sovereign. A 
 fimilar irait of b-udal prerogative appears n the perpe- 
 tual exempt ion trmn royal taxation which was coiiilnni d 
 liy liie cliarter, and which, at a later period, gave rise to 
 much intricale and elaborate eoiitrovcrsy. It was 
 mamlained, when tins provison liecame the subject uf 
 critical discussion, that it could never be construed to 
 imjiorl an exemptmii from parliamentary taxation, since 
 the king could not be sepposnl to intend to abridge 
 the jurisdiction of tlie purbaineiit, or to renounce a pri- 
 vilege that was not Ins own ;* and that even if such 
 coiislniction had been intended, the immunity was 
 illegal, and incapable of restraining Ihe functions of the 
 I<-gislatiire. In addition to the general reasoning that 
 has been employed to deiiionslrate this illegality, refe- 
 rence has been made to the authority of a parliamentary 
 proceeding ineniioned by Sir Kdward I'oke, who, in a 
 debate on tlio royal prerogative in the year Hi'-JO, as- 
 sured the (Commons that a dispensaimn iioin subsidies 
 
 ♦ Yet at nn ofier period, it waa consi<lcrcd, that an ex- 
 rliiMon iii parliatnenlary hixalion, whether eileetimHy con- 
 stituted, woulit he nt least loiiM^rleit hy sneh a rl;iuse ; nml 
 111 llie l*i>nnsylvaiiiiui charter wlien an exeuiptioii ol this de- 
 (criidioK wan coiuedLMl, it waKiiuaiiHi i hy hd uxpttaii " saving 
 ol llio Bulhoriiy of Ih« English parliauient." 
 
 granted to certain mdivniuals within the realm in the 
 reign of Henry tho Seventh, had been snl'seipiently re- 
 pealed by act of parbamenl. Hut lo render this ati- 
 tlionty conclusive, it wonbl be necessary to auppoaOt 
 that every act of parliament that introduced aparticular 
 ordinance was also ileclaratorv of the gxuieral law ; and 
 even then the application of this aulhority to the char- 
 ter of Maryland may verv fairly be ijueslioned. Colo- 
 nics, m that age. were regarded entirely as dependencies 
 of tho moiiarehtcal part of the goveniment ; the rule of 
 their governance was the royal prerogative, except 
 where it wan specially limiti^l orexelmled by the tcrmi 
 Ol a royal charter ; and t!ie same p()\ver thai gave a po- 
 litical being to ihe col >ny was considered adeqiinle lo 
 determine thn political privileges of its inhaiiitants. The 
 colonists of Maryland uiidoubteilly conceived that their 
 charter bestowed on them an exemption from all taxes 
 hut such as sbnuM he imposed by llieir own provincial 
 asscndjiy ; for it diseharged them lor ever from the 
 taxation of Iho oiilv power that was considered con.- 
 peient to exen-ise Ihis authoritv over them, Not tho 
 least remarkable pecubaritv of ibis charter i.<, iliat it 
 affords the first examiJi. of tho dismemberment of a 
 colony, and the creatiori d' n new one within its limits, 
 by the imTO act of the crown. 
 
 I.«)rd Haltimorr having thus obtained the charier of 
 Maryland, hastened to exeeute the design of colonizing 
 the new province, of which he appointed his brother, 
 Leonard (.Calvert, to be governor. The tirst body of 
 emigrants, (onsisiing of .ibout two Imndred gentlemen 
 of eonsulerable rank and fortune, cbicllv of the Roman 
 catholic persuasion, with a number of interior adherents, 
 saileii from Knoland under the command of t .dvert in 
 November, llil^J; and alter a prosperous vovago, 
 landed in MaryUiid. near ihe inoiiih of the iiver Potow- 
 mack, III llic beginning of the lollownig year. [Ui33.] 
 The governor, as soon as lie landed, erected a cross on 
 the shore, and took ]iossession of the country, fur our 
 Sai'iour, ond for our sori'rni>ii lonl (he kinw of Enf^- 
 Uiml. Awan- that tlie first settlers of Virginia had 
 given nmbraoe to the Indraiis by oeeupynig iJu ir terri- 
 torv w itluMii deinandmg tlieir permis.iion, he determined 
 lo iimlate the wiser and jiistvr policy that had been pur- 
 sued by the colonists of New Knglaiid, and to unite tho 
 new Willi the ancient race of inliahilaiit.'- bv the recipro- 
 cal ties of e.piily and goo.l-wilf The Indtan chief to 
 whom he submitted bis piopusition of oceiipying a 
 portion of the eomitiy ans\\ered at first Willi a sullen 
 linlitU'ieiice, the result most probaldv of aversion to tho 
 nieasiire and of conscious mabihiv to resist it, that he 
 W4Uild not bid the Knolish go. neither would he bid 
 tiiem Slav, but tlial be left them to their own discre- 
 tion. The liberality and courtesy, however, of U,'\ 
 governr)r's demeanor succeedeil at length in concili- 
 ating his regard so powerlnllv. that he not only formed 
 a friendly league between the colonists and his own 
 people, but jiersuaded u.« other neighboring tribes lo 
 aceede to the treaty, ami warmly declared, I Itirr the 
 l\ni,!t.sh so well, that it thn/ .s/uiulil mo a^'out tu kill me, 
 \f i hail .vo mu(h brctifh as In ypnik, I would comuuimi 
 the pfoplf. not to rrrrui^r my death ; for I know they 
 would not do .\iirh a ihnti^^ exi'ipt (,' wi re thntut^h my 
 own fault. Having piinhased the riL'hts ol the almri- 
 gmes at a prii-e winch gave iliempeileet satisfaction, 
 the colonists ohiainetl possi ssion ol a considerable dis- 
 trict, iiieludmg an Indian town which Ihcv imineduitely 
 proeeeded to occupy, ami to wliiidi they u-ive the namo 
 of St, .Mary's, h was not nil ihcir numlurs had un- 
 dergone a considi r.ilile merease, tli.it thev judged il 
 iii'ce,>sary to enact legislative reeulatioiis. and establish 
 their political coiistiiiition. They lived some time 
 under the domestic regimen of a palriareli.d family, and 
 eonlined their attention t'» the pruMding of food and 
 liabil.itions lor themselves ami ihe assoeiaies by whom 
 they expected to be rrinforeed. Tlu- lands which bad 
 been cedtd to lliem were planted with facility, becaiiso 
 thev bad already undergone the diseiplme uf Indian 
 idlaiTc , and this circumstanec, as welt as the proximity 
 of Vngniia, which now alfordcd an ulimidant supply 
 of the iieeessaries of life, enabled the colonists of 
 Maryland to escape the ravages of that calamity, which 
 had altlicled the infancy, and nearlv proved fatal lo tho 
 cxislence of every one of the other selilemeiils of tho 
 Knglisb in America. The tidings of tlieir safe and 
 comfortiible establishment m the province, conciirrmg 
 with tho iineasiiiess experieii'M'd by tht> Itoinan catho- 
 lies in Kngland, induced consiilerahle numbers uf tho 
 professors of this faith to follow tlie original emigrants 
 tt) Maryland ; and no effort -i of wisdom t^r generosity 
 wcrn spared by Lord Ualtnnorc to facilila:u the popu- 
 lation and promote the ha))pine a of the colony Thd 
 transportation of people, and of ticccbsa.y etores and 
 
978 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 (jrovimions, duriiip the first two yean, cost him upwards 
 of forty thousand pounds. To every emigrant he as- 
 signed Hfty acres of land in absolute fee ; and with a 
 liberality unparalleled in that age, and altogether sur- 
 prising in a catholic, he united a general establishment 
 of Christianity as the common law of the land, with an 
 abflotutc exclusion of the political predominance or 
 superiority of any one particular sect or denomination 
 of Christians. This wiso administration soon con- 
 verted a dreary wilderness into a prot«pcroub colony. 
 It is a proof at once of the success of his policy, and 
 tho prosperity and happiness of the colonists, that a 
 very few years after tho tirsl occupation ot the province, 
 they granted to their proprietary a considerable sub* 
 sidy of tobacco, as a grateful acknowledgment of his 
 liberality and benulicence. Similar tributes continued, 
 from time to time, to attest the merit of the pro[>rie- 
 lary and the attachment of the people. 
 
 The wisdom and virtue by which the plantation of 
 the new province was aignaJiscd, could not atunn for 
 the arbitrary injustice by which it;* lerntoty had been 
 wrested from the jurisdiction of Virginia ; and while it 
 is impossible not to regret tho troubles which ori<;iu- 
 ated from this circumstance, there is something not al- 
 together dissatisfactory to the moral eye, in beholding 
 the inevitable fruits of usurpation. Such lessons are 
 most agreeable, when the retribution which ihey reprc- 
 Mntis confined to the immediate perpetrators of wrong : 
 but they are not Icaftt salutary when the admonition 
 they convey is extended to the remote arcessarie^, who 
 are willing to avail themselves of the injustice of the 
 
 Srincipal delinquents. The king had commanded Sir 
 ohn Harvey, the governor of Virginia, to render the 
 utmost assistance and encouragement to Lord Balti- 
 more, in establishing himself and his associates in 
 Maryland. But though the ijovernor and his council 
 readily agreed, in humble submission to his majesty's 
 pleasure, to observe a good correspondence with their 
 imwelcome neighbors, they dotenninsd at the same 
 lime to maintain the rights of the prior settlement. 
 The planters of Viri;inia presented a petition agiiinsl 
 tho grant to Lord Ilalliniore : and both parties were 
 admitted to discuss their respective pretensions before 
 the Privy Council. After vainly endeavoring to pro- 
 mote an amicable adju.stment, the council awarded that 
 bis lordship should retain his patent, and the petitioners 
 their remedy at law — a remedy which probably had no 
 existence, and to which the Virginiana nevi-r thouaht 
 proper to resort. For the preventing of farther diffe- 
 rences, it was ordered by the council that free and mu- 
 tual commerce should he permitted between the two 
 colonies ; that neither should receive fugitives from the 
 other, or do any act that might provoke a war with the 
 Datives ; and that bolli should on all occasions assist 
 Olid befriend each other in « manner becoming fellow 
 tmbjcc^ts of the same empire. 
 
 Hut although tho Viryinian planters were thus com- 
 pelled to withdraw their opposition, and the Virtjiuian 
 t[overnmont to recognise tlie independence of Mary- 
 and. the establishment of this colonv encountered an 
 obslmalc resistance from tnieresu muih less entitled 
 to respect ; and tho validity of Lord Baltimore's grant 
 was vehemently opposed by the pretensions of a prior 
 intruder. This competitor was William ('leyborne, a 
 member of Sir John Harvey's council, and secretary of 
 the province of Virginia; and the frieiulship between 
 Harvey and this itulividiual may perhaps account for 
 a siiiiTul;irity in the conduct of that tyrnni.ical governor, 
 and explain why on one occasion at least he was dis- 
 posed to maintain the interests of the Virgmisn plant- 
 ers in oppnsnion to the arlutriiry purjioses of the king. 
 \hout a year preceding the d:ite of Lord Bitltimore's 
 charter, the king had granted to ('leyborne a licence 
 under »iu' sign inarunl to tralfic in those parts of America 
 not comprehended in any prior patent of exclusive 
 trade : and for tho enforcement of this licence Harvey 
 had superadded to it a commission in similar terms un- 
 der the seal of his own authority. Tlie object of Cley- 
 borno and his associates was to monopolise the trade 
 of the Chesapeak ; and with this view they had pro- 
 needed to establish a small trading settlement in the 
 isle of Kent, which is situated in the very centre of 
 Maryland, and which Cloyborne now persisted in claim- 
 ing as his own, and refused to submit to tho newlv 
 erected jurindirtion. The injustice of a plea which 
 construed a licence to IralRc into a grant of territory, 
 did not prevent the government of Virginia from coun- 
 tenancing (^leyhorne's opposition ; and, encouraged by 
 Ihc approbation which they opeiilv gave to his preten- 
 sion*, he proceeded to enforce them by acts of prolli- 
 £kte intrigue, and even sanguinary violence. Ho in- 
 >od hia own spirit into the inhabitants uf the ible of 
 
 Kent, and scattered jealousies among the Indian tribes, 
 some of whom ho was able to persuade that the new 
 settlers were Spaniaids and enemies to tho Virginians. 
 [H)34.] Lord Baltimore at length was ."ensible of the 
 necessity of a rigorous defence of his rights : and 
 orders were transmitted to tho governor to vmdicate 
 tho provincial jurisdiction, and enforce an entire subor- 
 dination within lis limits. Till this emergency, tho 
 colony had subsisted without enacting or realising its 
 civil institutions ; but the same emergency mat now 
 called forth the powers of government, tended also to 
 develope its organisation. Accordingly, in tho com- 
 mencement of the following year, fl(i35.] was con- 
 vened the first assembly of Maryland, consisting of the 
 whole body of the freemen ; and various regulations 
 were enacted for the maintenance of good order in the 
 province. Ono of tho enactments of this assembly 
 was, that all perpetrators of murder and other felonies 
 should incur the same punishments that were awarded 
 by the laws of b^nglaiid ; an enactment which, besides 
 its general utility, was necessary to pave tho way to 
 tho judicial proceedings that wore contemplated against 
 (yleyborne. This individual, accordingly, still per- 
 sistnig in his outrage-s wa.t indicted soon after of mur- 
 der, piracy, and sediliot^ Finding that those who had 
 encouraged his pretensions left htm unaided to defend 
 his crimes, he lied from jii-stice, and his estate was con- 
 fiscated. Against these proreediiigs ho appealed to 
 the king; and peiiiioned ut the same time for tlie re- 
 ncwiil of his licence and the grant of an independent 
 territory adjoining to the isle of Kent. By the assist- 
 ance of powerful friends, and the dexteiily of his repre- 
 .sentations, he verv nearly obtained a complete titumph 
 over his antagonists, and eventually prevailed so far as 
 to involve Lord Baltimore and the colonists of Mary- 
 land m a controversv that was not terminated for iiieve- 
 ral years. At length the lords commissioiierj* of the 
 colonics, to whom the mutter had been referred, pro- 
 nounced a final sentence, dismissing Cleyhorne's ap- 
 peal, and adjudging that the whole territory belonged 
 to Lord Baltimore, and that no plantation or trade with 
 the Indians should be established without his permis- 
 sion within the limits of lus patent. Thus divested of 
 every semblance of legal title, Cleybornc exchanged 
 his hopes of victory for schemes of revenge ; and 
 watching every opportunity of hostile intrigue that the 
 situation of the colony might present to htm, he was 
 unfortunately enabled, at a future period, to wreak the 
 vengeance of dtsap|}Oinled rapacity upon hia successful 
 competitors. 
 
 The colony meanwhile continued to thrive, and the 
 numbers of its inhahitants to be augmented by copious 
 emigration from England. With tho increase of the 
 people, and the extension of tho settlements to a greater 
 di.stance fro:a St. Mary's, the necessity of a legislative 
 code became apparent: and Lord Baltimore having 
 composed a body of laws for the province, transmitted 
 them to his brother, with directions to proposo ihem to 
 the assembly of the freemen. The second assembly of 
 .Maryland was in consequence convoked by the go- 
 vernor, [1037,] with the expectation no doubt of an 
 immediate ratification of the suggestions of the propri- 
 etary. But the colonists, with u cordial attachment to 
 Lord Baltimore, cherished a just estimation of their 
 own polilical rights ; and while they made a liberal pro- 
 vision lor the support of his government, they hesitated 
 not a moment to reject the code that he tendered to 
 their acceptance In the place of it, they prepared for 
 tlicniselves a collection of regulations, which are credit- 
 able to their own good sense, and from wliich some 
 insiyht may be derived into the stale of tiie settlement 
 at this period. The province was divided into baronies 
 and manors, the pnvileijt^s of wiiicii were now carefully 
 defined. Bills were framed for securing lh»j liberties 
 of the people and tho titles to landed property, and for 
 regulating tho course of intestate succession. A bill 
 was passed for the support of the projirietary, and an 
 act of attainder against Uleybonie. In alino>>t all the 
 laws where prices were stated or payments prescribed, 
 tobacco, and not monev. was made tho measure of 
 value. The colonists of Maryland appear to have de- 
 voted themselves as vehemently as the Virginians did 
 at first to the cultivation of this valuable article. In 
 their imliscrimmate eagerness to enlarge their contribu- 
 tions to tho market, and to obtain a price for the whole 
 produce of their fields, they refused to accede to tlie 
 regulation:! by wiiicli llie planters of Virginia improved 
 the i)uality by diminishing the quantity of their supply ; 
 ami this coliision was proi^uctive of much di.Hpute and 
 ijl-hmnor between the colonies, and tended to keep 
 alive the original disgust witli which the establishment 
 of Maryland had been regarded by Virginia. 
 
 Tho third asvcmbly of Maryland, which was conTokud 
 two years aftet wards, [1639], was rendered memora- 
 ble by the introduction of a representative body into 
 the constitution. The population of the province had 
 derived so large an incrcacie from recent emigration:;, 
 that it was impossible for the freeholders to contimia 
 any longer to exercise tho privilege of legislation l.y 
 personal attendance. A law was therefore passed fi.' 
 tho iniroiluction of representatives, and the rnoditki'- 
 tion of the house of assembly. It was declared by thia 
 act, that those who should be elected in pursuance of 
 writs issued should be called burgesses, and should sup- 
 ply the place of tho freemen who chose them, in tho 
 same manner as the representatives in the parliament 
 of England, and, in conjunction with iho.4u called by 
 the special writ of the proprietary, togtther with llie 
 governor and secretary, should constitute the general 
 assembly. But though the election of representatives 
 was thus established for the convenience of the people, 
 they were not restricted to this mode of exercising 
 their legislatorial rights ; for, by a very singular clause, 
 it was provided, that all freemen refraining from voting 
 at the election of burgesses, were at liberty to lake their 
 seats in person in the as.*embly. The several branches 
 of tho legislature were appointed to sit in the same 
 chamber, and all acts assented to by the united body 
 were to lie deemed of the same force as if the propri- 
 etary and freemen had been personally |- resent. It 
 was not long before the peO|>lo wore sensible of the 
 advantage that the democratic part of the constitution 
 would derive from the separate establishment of its 
 peculiar organ ; but although this innovation was sug- 
 gested by the burgesses very shortly afterwards, the 
 constitution that was now s'lopted continued to be re- 
 tained by the legislature uf Maryland till tho year 1650. 
 Various acts were passed in this assembly for the secu- 
 rity of liberty, and the administration of ju.stico accord- 
 ing to the laws and cu Uoms of England. All ilie in- 
 habitants were retpiired to tak ^') oath of allegiance 
 to the king; tho prerogatives e proprietary were 
 
 distinctly recognised; and t -;t charter of Eng- 
 
 land was declared to he the niea^.^..^ of the liberties of 
 tho colonists. To obviate tho inconveniences that 
 began to be threatened by the almost exclusive atten- 
 tion of the people to the cutiivation of tobacco, it was 
 found necessary to enforce the planting of corn by law. 
 A tax was imposed for the supply of u revenue to the 
 proprietary. But notwithstanding this indication uf 
 prosperity, and tho introduction of representative go- 
 vernment, that the colonists were not yet either nume- 
 rous or wealthy, may be strongly inferred from the im- 
 position of a general assessment to erect a water-mill 
 for the use of the colony. Slavery seems to have been 
 established in Maryland from its earliest colonization : 
 for an act of this assembly describes the people to con- 
 sist of all christian inhabitants, slaprs only excepted. 
 That slavery should gain a footing in any community 
 of professing Christians, will excite the regret of every 
 ono who knows what slavery and Christianity mean. 
 Some surprise may mingle with our regret when we 
 behold this baneful institution adopted m a colony of 
 catholics, and of men who not only were themselves 
 fugitives from persecution, but so much in earnest in 
 the profession of their distinctive faith, as for its sake 
 to incur exile from their native country. The unlaw- 
 fulness of slavery had been solemnly annoum^ed by tho 
 pontilV, whom the catholics regard as the infallible head 
 of their church. Wiieti the controversy on this sub- 
 ject was submitted to Leo tho Tenth, he declared, that 
 not only the christian reliijion, but nature herself, cried 
 out against a state of slavery. But the uoo<l which an 
 earthly potentate can elfect, is far front heniu commen- 
 surate with hist power of doing evil. When a pope 
 divided tho undiscovered parts of ihe world ()elween 
 Castile and Portugal, his arrogant division was held 
 sacred ; when another levelled his tiumano oenience 
 against the lawfulness of slavery, his authority was 
 contemned or disregarded. 
 
 The discontent with which the establishment of the 
 new colony had been regarded by the Virginians was 
 heightened, no doubt, by the contrast be'.ween tho 
 liberty and happiness that the planters of Maryland 
 were permitted to enjoy, and the tyranny that they 
 themsolves were exposed to from the government ot 
 Sir John Harvey. The arguments by which the Mary- 
 land charter had been succcftsfully defended aiiamst 
 them, tended to as.sociate the los«( of their lihertiei with 
 the extstnnce of tins colonv : for the complaint uf dn- 
 memherment of their original territory had been en- 
 countered by the plea, that the designation of that ter- 
 ritory had perished with the chartei which contained 
 it, and that by the dissolution of the company to which 
 
 IKiUL 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 279 
 
 ich wu conroked 
 
 ndcred monnora- 
 
 tative body into 
 
 the province had 
 
 tMit cniii^rationS] 
 
 (]lts to contiiino 
 
 of legisUtion l.y 
 
 eforu passed fi; 
 
 ind the inoUitici'.- 
 
 dccturud by thiti 
 
 i it) pursuance of 
 
 and should BU|>- 
 
 s*i them, in the 
 
 I) the parliumcnt 
 
 tho.st! ciillcil by 
 
 together with the 
 
 tutc the gentTal 
 
 f reprencntatives 
 
 ice of the ppopie, 
 
 ide of exercising 
 
 y sinirular clause, 
 
 iniiig from voting 
 
 Jerty to take their 
 
 several branches 
 
 a sit in tlie satno 
 
 the united body 
 
 as if the propri- 
 
 ally present. It 
 
 re sensible of the 
 
 the constitution 
 
 hlishnient of its 
 
 tovation v^'as sug- 
 
 ly afterwords, the 
 
 ntinucd to be ro- 
 
 li|] the year 1650. 
 
 nl)|y for the secu- 
 
 of jmiicc arrord- 
 
 und. All tlie in- 
 
 alh of altegiiince 
 
 proprietary were 
 
 cliarter of Eng- 
 
 of the liberties of 
 
 ouveniences that 
 
 exclusive atten- 
 
 of tobacco, it was 
 
 ig of corn by law. 
 
 a revenue to the 
 
 his indication of 
 
 represctitntive go- 
 
 t yet either nuine- 
 
 rrcd from the iin- 
 
 erect a water-mill 
 
 toins to have been 
 
 iest colonization : 
 
 the piople to con- 
 
 't^s only excepted. 
 
 \\\ any comnnmity 
 
 lie regret of every 
 
 ^hrisliuinty mean. 
 
 r regret when we 
 
 led in a colony of 
 
 were themselves 
 
 luch in earnest in 
 
 th, as for lis Rake 
 
 try. 'I'he unluvv- 
 
 announr;rd by iho 
 
 the infiilhhio liead 
 
 versy on this sub- 
 
 . he dechired, that 
 
 tore horseil, cried 
 
 lie uood winch an 
 
 n bfin'^ ('i)tnnien- 
 
 I. W'inii a popp 
 
 lie world lielwiu'ii 
 
 livisiuti was liehl 
 
 humane scnieiico 
 
 his authority was 
 
 ahlishment of the 
 le Virginians was 
 ast be'.wecn the 
 Iters of MaryUnd 
 yranuy that they 
 le government ol 
 f whicli the Mary- 
 defended ai;ani8t 
 heir liberlitM with 
 complaint of dm- 
 iry had been eti- 
 r.alion of that tor- 
 I wliicb contained 
 .ompany to which 
 
 Ibe cliarter had belonged, all the dominion it could 
 claim over unoccupieu territory had reverted to tlie 
 crown. From the company, or at least during its ex- 
 istence, the Virginians had obtained the lilierties which 
 had been wrested from them at the time of its dissolu- 
 tion ; and hence their ardent wishes for the restoration 
 of their liberties were naturally connocted with the re- 
 establishment of a corporation, whose patent, if revived, 
 would annul the charter of Maryland. It was fortu- 
 nate for both the colonies that the liberties of Virginia 
 were restored by tlie king without the appendage of the 
 ancient corporation ; and that the Virginians, justly 
 appreciating the advantages they possessed, now re- 
 garded with aversion the revival of the patent, and 
 were sensible that their interests would be ralher im- 
 paired than promoted by the event that would enable 
 them to re-annex Maryland to liieir territory. Ha<l the 
 change of circumstant-es and interests been deferred 
 but a abort time, the most injurious consequences 
 might have resulted to both the colonies ; [1040] for 
 the assembling of the Long I'arlianient, and the en- 
 couragement which every complaint of royal inisgovern- 
 ment received from that assembly, inspired the proprie- 
 tors of the Virginia company with the liope of oblaining 
 a restitution of their patent, Foriitied by the opinion 
 of eminent lawyers whom they consulted, and who 
 scrupled not to assure them that the ancient patents of 
 Virginia still remained in furce,* and lliat the grant of 
 Maryland, as derogatory to them, w:is utterly void, they 
 presented an ajipliciition to the parli.iincnt complaining 
 of the unjust invasion that their privileges had under- 
 gone, and demuiuling that the government of Virginia 
 should be restored to them. This application would 
 umloiibledly have prevailed, if it had been seconded by 
 the colony. Its failure was mainly occasioned by the 
 vigorous opposition of the as.sembly of Virginia. 
 
 Under the constitution which was thus preserved to 
 them by the elVorts of its ancient unlagoni.sts, the colo- 
 nists of Maryland continued to enjoy a great degree of 
 happiness and prosperity, [1641.] Jii.d to evince, by 
 their unabaled gratitude to the proprietary, that tlie 
 spirit of liberty rather enhiinces than impairs the attach- 
 ni'Mit of a free people to its rulers, and that a just sense 
 of the rignts of men is no way incompatible with a 
 lively impression of their duties. The wise and friendly 
 polii-y which the governor continued to pursue towards 
 the Indians, had hitherto jircservrd a peace which had 
 uioved highly benelicial to the infancy of the colony, 
 liut unforluiiiitely tlie intrigues of Cleyliorne had in- 
 fected the minds of these savages with a jealous suspi- 
 cniii. whicn the incri;asitig power of the colony had no 
 teiulency lo mitig.ite, and which llie immoderate avidity 
 of some of the planters tended powerfully to inllame. 
 The rapid multiplication of the strangi-rs seemed to 
 liirealeu their extinction as a people ; and the augnien- 
 ttj value which the territory they sold lo the colonists 
 had subseipieully derived from the industry .".nd skdl of 
 ii:* new proprietors, easily suggested to their envy and 
 ignorance the annry sunnise, that they had heeii de- 
 frauded in the original vendition. This injurious sus- 
 picion was confirmed by the conduct of various indi- 
 viduals among the pUniers, who procured additional 
 grams of land from the Indians without liio authority of 
 government, for cousidcnilions winch were exlremely 
 inadequate, and which, u[iO'i relleclion. lilled them with 
 anger and discontent. t These causes at length pro- 
 duced the calamity wliich the iioveriior had labored so 
 earnestly lo avert. An Indian war broke oul in the 
 beginning of the year KMtl, and coniimied tor several 
 years after to adiniiUHter its accustomed evils, wiihour 
 the occurrence of anv decisive is.iue, or the atlaimnent 
 of any considerable advantage by either party. }*cace 
 having been with some dillicully re-eslablislied. [ItM'l,] 
 the assembly proceeded to enact laws for the preven- 
 tion of the more olivious causes of complaint and ani- 
 mosity. All acipiisitions of land from the aborigines, 
 ^vithout the consent of the proprietary, were declared 
 derogatory no less to liis dignity and rights, than to the 
 talelyof the comnnmity, and therefore void and illegal. 
 It was made a capital felony to sell or kidnap any 
 
 •This seoni.i to cnrrotmralo the suppositou that tito ipio 
 warranto at;ains'. tliu Virginia company was not prusocute J lo 
 a judicial Issue. 
 
 tSiinU^r caui^es of offonco undoubtedly l)egnt or pro- 
 moted niiin> (if the wars between the Indians and i\\a oihor 
 ciduiiics. *' Such things." >tays the historian of New Ilaiiip- 
 «hirp, " wore iiiJecd disallowed by the Kuvcrnmeiit, and 
 would alwnys havo been puiUHli(iil,'ir iht' ludiuru had made 
 f orii|>laiiit j but they kn<^w only the law of rflaljatloti. uod 
 whtn an injury was indicted, it was lu.'ver fnritnHro till ir- 
 venKcd.'* Tht> Traud, or sup losnd Oaud, of ho iiidividu;it, 
 might, at the distance of nnny years from Uh iierpretatiun, 
 lnvul?« the whole colony to which he beluiijed ui un lu nan 
 Mru Bblknapii 193. 
 
 friendly Indians; and a high misdemeanor to supply 
 them with spirituous liquors, or to put them in posses- 
 sion of arms or ammunition. I'arlly by these regula- 
 tions, and more by the Imniane and prudent conduct of 
 the proprietary government, the peace that was now 
 concluded between the colony and the Indians sub- 
 sisted, without interruption, for a considerable period 
 of time. 
 
 Itut the colony was not long permitted to enjoy the 
 restoratiiin of its Iranquillity. fScarccly bad the Indian 
 war been concluded, when the intrigues of Cleyborne 
 exploded in mischiefs of far greater magnitude, and 
 more lasting malignity. The activity of this enterpris- 
 ing and vindictive spirit bad been embed hitherto by 
 the deference which he deemed it expedient to profess 
 to the pleasure of the Ilritish court, at which he had 
 continued to cultivate his interest bo successfully, that, 
 in the year 1642, he had received from the king the ap- 
 pointment of treasurer of Virginia for life. But the 
 civil wars which had now broke out in England, leav- 
 ing him no longer any thing lo hope from royal patron- 
 age, he made no scruple to declare himself a partizan 
 oi" the popular cause, and to espouse the fortunes of a 
 parly from whoso predominance ho might expect at 
 once the gratification of his ambition, and the indul- 
 gence of his revenge. In conjunction with his ancient 
 associates in the i-sle of Kent, and aideil by the conta- 
 gious fervent of the; times, he raised a rebellion in Ma- 
 ryland ill the beginning of the year 1645. Calvert, 
 unprepared at first with a force snitable to this emer- 
 cency, was constrained to fly into Virginia for protec- 
 tion ; and the vacant government was instantly appro- 
 priated by the insurgents, and exercised with a violence 
 characteristic of the ascendancy of an unpopular mino- 
 rity. Notwithstanding the most vigorous exertions of 
 the governor, seconded by liie wcH-ii'Iecled part of the 
 community, tin' revolt was not suppressed till the au- 
 tumn of the following year [1646J. The alllictions of 
 that calamitous period are indicated by a statute of the 
 assembly, which rc^ciles " that the province had been 
 wasted by a miserable dis.">eusion and unhappy war, 
 wliich had been closed by Ihe joyful restitution of a 
 blessed peace." 'I'o promote the restoration of tran- 
 cpiillity and mutual contidence, an act of general par- 
 don and oblivion was passed, from the benefits of which 
 only a few leading characters were excepted; and all 
 actions were discharged for wrongs that miglit have 
 Ix^eii perpetrated during the revolt. Uut the addi- 
 tional burdens which it was found necessary to iin])osc 
 upon the people, were conse<piences of the insurrec- 
 litni that did not so soon pass away : and, three years 
 afterwards, [1649] a temporary duty of ten shillings on 
 every hundred weight of tobacco exported in Dutch 
 boKoins was granted lo the proprietary ; tlie one half 
 of which was expressly appropriated lo satisfy claims 
 produced by tliu recovery and defence of the province ; 
 and the other was declared to be conferred on him for 
 the purpose of enabling him the better to provide for 
 its safety ni time to come. 
 
 In the assembly by which the imposition of this duly 
 was enacted, a magnanimous attempt was made to pre- 
 serve the peace of the colony by suppressing one of the 
 most fertile sources of human contention and a.iimosity. 
 It had been declared by the proprietary, at a very early 
 period, that religious toleration should coiistiluto one of 
 the fundamenlal principlesof the social union over which 
 he presided ; and the assembly of the province, com- 
 posed chiefly of Roman ('atholics, now proceeded, by a 
 ineniorabie Ad cnnccrnins Relivion^Xo interweave this 
 no!)le princi[)lc into its legislative tnsliintions. This 
 statute commenced with a preamble, declaring that the 
 enforcement of the conscience had been of danoerous 
 consequence in those countries wherein it had been 
 practised ; and thereafter enacted, that no persons pro- 
 fessing lo believe in Jesus Christ should be molested 
 in respect of their religion, or in the free exercise 
 thereof, or be compelled to the belief or exercise of 
 any olher religion against their consent ; so thai they 
 be not unfaithful to the proprietary, or conspire against 
 tlio civil government ; That persons molesting any 
 olher in respect of his religions tenets should pay treble 
 damages to the party aggrieved, and twenty shillings 
 to the proprietary : That those who should reproach 
 their neighbors with opprobrious names of religious 
 distinction, should forfeit ten shillings to the persons so 
 insulted : 'I'hat any one speaking reproachfully against 
 the blessed Virijin oi the apostles, should forfeit five 
 pound:^ ; but that blusphemv against (ind should be 
 pniiislud with de.ith. Uy the etiactment of this sta- 
 tute, the catholic planters of Maryland procured to 
 I their adopted country the distinguish: d praise of being 
 the first uf the American status in which toleration was 
 
 established by law ;* and graced their peculiar faitb 
 with the signal and unwonted merit of protecting that 
 religious freedom which all other christian associalioni 
 were conspiring to overthrow. It is a striking and 
 instructive spectacle to behold at this period the puri- 
 tans persecuting their prntestant brethren in Now Eng- 
 land ; the episcopalians retortmg the same severity on 
 the puritans in Virginia : and the catholics, against 
 whom all the others were combined, forming in Mary- 
 land a sanctuary where all might worship and none 
 might oppress, nnd where even protcstants sought 
 refuge from prntestant intolerance. If the dangers to 
 which the Maryland Calholics must have felt themselves 
 exposed from the disfavor with which they were re- 
 garded by all the other communities of their country- 
 men, and from the ascendancy which their most zea- 
 lous adversaries the presbytcrians were acquiring in 
 the councils of the parent state, may be supposed to 
 account in some degree for their enforcement of a prin- 
 ciple of which they manifestly needed the protection, 
 the surmise will detract very little from the merit of 
 the authors of ''.lis nxcellenl law. The moderation of 
 mankind has ever needed adventitious support : and it 
 is no depreciation of christian sentiment, that it is 
 capable of deriving an accession to its purity from the 
 experience of persecution. It is by divine grace alono 
 that the fire of persecution thus sometimes lends to 
 refine virtue and consume the dross that may have ad- 
 hered to it ; and the progress of this history is destined 
 lo show, that without such overruling agency, the 
 C(nnmission of injustice nuiurally tends to its own re- 
 production, and that the experience of it engenders a 
 much stronger disposition to retaliate its severities 
 thin to sympathise with its victims. It had been happy 
 for the credit of the protcstants, whoso hostility per- 
 haps enforced the moderation of the catholics of Mary- 
 land, if they had imitated the virtue which their own 
 a))preliended violence may have tended to elicit. But, 
 unfbrluuately, a great proportion even of those who 
 were eonsUained lo seek refuge among the catholicii 
 from the persecutions of their own proleslant brethren, 
 
 arried with them into exile the same intolerance of 
 which themselves had been the victims ; and the prea- 
 bytcrians UikI other dissenters who now began to flock 
 in corsiderablo numbers from Virginia to Maryland, 
 gradually formed a proiestant confederacy against the 
 interests of the original settlers ; and, with ingratitudu 
 still mure odious than their injustice, projected the abro* 
 gallon not only of the catholic worship, but of every 
 part of that system of toleration, uiuler whose shelter 
 they were enabled to conspire its d^'vufall. But 
 though the catholics were thus ill requited by their pro- 
 testanl guests, it would be u mistake to suppose that 
 the calamities that subsequently desolated the province 
 were prui'-iced by the toleration which her assemhly 
 now established, or that the catholics were really losersi 
 by this act of justice and liberality. From the dispo- 
 sition of the prevailing party in England, and the statn 
 of the olher colonial sctllemciits, the catastrophe that 
 overtook the liberties of the Maryland calholics could 
 not possibly have been evaded : and if the virtue they 
 now displayed was unable to avert their fate, it ci- 
 emplcd them at least from the reproach of deserving 
 it ; it redoubled the guilt and scamlil incurrred by their 
 adversaries, and achieved for themselves a reputation 
 more lasting and honorable than political triuin[»h or 
 temporal elevation. What Christian, however sensible 
 of the errors of catholic doctrine, would not rather bo 
 the descendant of the catholics who establi.*lied tolera- 
 tion in Maryland, than of the proteslants who overthrew 
 it! 
 
 From the cstablishmen* of religious freedom, the 
 assemhly of Maryland proceeded to the improvement 
 of political liberty; and in the following year [Ui.'iOJ 
 the couslitulion of this province received that structure 
 which, with some interruptions, it continued to retain 
 for more than a century after. So early as the veai 
 1642, the burgesses who had been elected to the exist 
 ing assembly, whether actuated by the spirit natural lo 
 representatives, or animated by the example of the com- 
 mons of England, had expressed a desire '* thai they 
 might be separated, and sit by theinaelves, and have n 
 negative." Their desire was disallowed at that time ; 
 but now, in conformity with it, a law was passed, 
 enacting that membors called lo the assembly by spe- 
 cial writ should form the upper house : that those who 
 
 were cliusen by tlio hundreds should form the lower 
 
 *Rh"de Island was at this time the only one of iho pro 
 tei^taiit flolllcments in which the principle of iMierati.iii wim 
 recoi-'tixod : and oven Iherc, Uoiniui ciUholii-ii weru excluded 
 from parlicipatinfi in tli« puUiicul rights tliul were eiyjuyttd by 
 the ruit of the community. 
 
mmm. 
 
 280 
 
 THE HISTORY O^ 
 
 house ; and that all hills which should be assonted to hy 
 the two branches of the legislature, and ratified by the 
 Ijovcrnar, should be deemed the laws of tlio province. 
 An act of rocojijnition of the undoubted rii^ht of Lord 
 Baliiinorcio the (iToprictaryship of the province, was 
 parsed in the same sedsion. The assembly declared 
 Itself bound by the laws both of God and man, to sc- 
 kriowiedge his just title by virtue of the grant of the 
 late king Charles of England ; it sitbmittpd to his au- 
 thority, and obliged its constituents and their posrerity 
 for ever to defend him and his heirs in his royal rights 
 and pre-eminences, so far as they do not inlringo the 
 iust liberties of the frec-horn subjects of HngUnd : and 
 It besought him to accept this act as a testimony to his 
 posterity, of ila fidelity and ihankfulness for the mani- 
 fold bencfild which the colony bad derived from him. 
 Blending a due regard to the lights of the people with 
 a just gratitude to the prnpriotury, the assembly ut the 
 same time enacted a law prohibiting the imposition of 
 taxes without the consent of the freemen, and declar- 
 mg in its preamble, *' that as the proprietary's strength 
 (loth consist in the alTcclions of his people ; on them 
 he doth rely for his supplies, not doubting of their duty 
 and assistance on nil just occasions." Perhaps it is 
 only under such patriarchal admmisiration an Maryland 
 yet retained anadmixtureof in her constitution, and under 
 such patriarchs as Lord Baltimore, that we can ever 
 hope 10 find the realization of the political philosopher's 
 dream o( a svslem that incorporates into politics the 
 sentimentti that embellish social intercourse, and the 
 afTections that sweeten domestic life. In prosecution 
 of its patriotic labortt, the assembly proceeded to enact 
 laws for the relief of the poor, and the encouragement 
 of agriculture and commerce ; and a short gleam of 
 tranquil prosperity preceded the calamities which the 
 province was fated again to experience from the evil 
 genius of (3leyboriie, and the interposition of the parent 
 ktate. 
 
 The parliament having now established its supremacy 
 in England, had leisure to extend its views beyond the 
 Atlantic ; and if the people of Virginia were exposed 
 hy their political sentiments to a collision with this for- 
 midable power, the inhabilants of Maryland were not 
 less obno*.<ious to its hiijolry from their religious tenets. 
 This latter province was not denounced by the par- 
 liamentary ordinance o\' 1650 as in a state of rebellion, 
 like Virginia ; but it was is»:n[»rohended in that part of 
 Ihc ordinance which declared thit the plantations were, 
 and of right ought to be, dependent on England, und 
 ■ubject to Its laws. In prosecution of the views and 
 purposes of this ordinance, certain commissieiiers, of 
 whom Clevborne was one, [IG51.] were appointed to 
 reduce and govern the colonies within the buy of Clie- 
 •apeak. In Virginia, wbere resistance Wi-s rttteinjued, 
 the existing administration was inaiantb' suppressed ; 
 but as the proprietary of Maryland exprt .-^sed i.!s will- 
 ingness to acknowledge tlie p.irhamentiry jurisdiction, 
 lhecommis^«ione^s were iiHlrnrted to respect his rights : 
 [1552,] and he was sulfered to rule the province as 
 formerly, though in the name of tlie keepers of the 
 liberties of England.* But rieyborno was not to he 
 Ro easily deterred from availing himself of an oppjr- 
 Innity so favoral)le for satiating bis malignity ; and un- 
 fortunately his designs were fa\ored by ihe dislraclions 
 in England that preceded the elevation of (Jroinwell to 
 ihe protectorate, and bv the disunion which began to 
 prevail in the province from (lit pretensions of the pro- 
 teslanl exiles who had recently united iheinselves to 
 its population. Ever the ally of the strongest party, 
 Cltyborne hastened to espouse (he fortunes of Crom- 
 well, whose triumph he easily foresaw; [1653. J and 
 inddined the dissensions of the province, by encourag- 
 ing the protestants to unite t!ie pursuit of their own 
 Ascendancy with the establisliment of the protectoral 
 government. The coiuentions of the two parlies were 
 at length exasperated to the extremity of civil war; 
 and after various skirmishes, which were fought with 
 alternate success, the catholics and the other partizans 
 of the proprietary government were defeated in a de- 
 cisive engagement, [lti,H ] the governor deposed, and 
 the administration usurped by Cleyborne and his as«o- 
 ciale**. 
 
 Although the victorious party did not consider them- 
 selves warranted expressly to disclaim the title of the 
 propriotarv, they made haste to signalise their triumph 
 by abolishing his institutions. Fuller and Preston, 
 ■whom ('leyhornc hud appointed comniis'sionors for 
 directing the alTairs of Maryland under his highness the 
 lord protector, proceeded to convoke un ■isseinbly of 
 the province; and some of the persons who were 
 •tei:ted burgesses having refused to serve m a capacity 
 mkith tlify deemed iiicoiiflistonl with their obligations 
 
 to Lord Baltimore, the legi^lative power was the more 
 unreservedly appropriated by the partizans of innova- 
 tion. The assemtily having, as a preliminary measure, 
 passed an act of recognition of Cronr.vpU's just title 
 and authority, proceeded to frame u low concerning 
 religion, which derogated not less signally from the 
 credit of the protestnnt cause, than from the justice of 
 the protector's administration.* By this law it was 
 declared, that none who professed the duclrines of the 
 Romish church could he protected in this province by 
 the laws of England formerly established, and yet unre- 
 pealed, or by the government of the commonwealth: 
 That such as professed faith in Cod by Jesus Christ, 
 ihouah dilJering in judgment from the doctrine and 
 discipline publicly held forth, should not be restrained 
 from the exercise of their religion ; " provided such 
 liberty be not extended to popery or prelacy; or to 
 such as, under the profession of Christianity, practise 
 licentiousness." Tluis the Roman catholics were de- 
 prived of tiie protection of law in the community which 
 their own indeiilry and virtue had collected, and by 
 those proteslants to whom their humanity had granted 
 a country and a homn. This imworlhy triumph was 
 hailed by the zealots against popery in I.on<ion, where 
 a honk was publishetl soon after under the title of 
 " Babylon's t'all in Maryland." But the catholics 
 were not the only parties who experienced the seventy 
 of the new government. The protestant episcopalians 
 were equally excluded from the proiection of law ; and 
 a iiurnl>erof quakers having resorted soon after to the 
 province, und begun to preach against judicial oailis 
 and military pursuits, were denounced by the govern- 
 ment as heretical vagabonds, and subjected to the pu- 
 nishment of (logging and imprisonment. 
 
 As Lord Bailunore's right to the proprietaryship of 
 the province was still outwardly recognised, the c,'«rn- 
 niissioners, either deeming it requisite to the formality 
 of their proceedings, or more prubahly wiiii the hope of 
 embroiling him with the protector, deniandtd his assent 
 i to the changes which had been thus inlroduccfl. But 
 I ho firmly refused to sanction either the deposition of 
 his governor, or any one of the recent proceedings of 
 the commissioners and their adiiorents ; and declared 
 m particular, ilial he never would assent lo tiie repeal 
 of a law which jirotected the most sacred rights of 
 mankind. The conhuissionerit did not fail tocouiplain 
 of Ills contuuiany to Cromwell, to whom thev continued 
 from time to time to transmit the most claliurate repre- 
 sentations of the tyranny, bigotry, and royalist jiredi- 
 lections of Lord Baliiniore, and the exj>odieiicy of de- 
 priving him of the proprietaryship of the province.* 
 [H'loS] Butall'lheir representations were inellectual. 
 Lord Baltimore was allowed by Cromwell to retain 
 the rights which he was practically debarred from ex- 
 ercising ; and the commissioners remained in the pro- 
 vince to enact the tyianny and bigotry of which ihcy 
 had falsely accused him. Tlieir proceedings, as intem- 
 perate as their councils, could neither preserve internal 
 tranquillity m the colony, nor insure their own repose. 
 The people, lately so tranquil and happy, were now a 
 prey to all those disorders which never fail to result 
 from religious persecution embittered by the triumph of 
 party in civil contention. In this situation an insur- 
 tection was easily in.sed by Josias Feudal, [lO.'iG.J a 
 restless and prolligate adventurer, destined by his in- 
 trigues to become the Cleyhorue of the next generation, 
 and who now sought occasion to gratify his natural 
 turliulence under pretenre of asserting itie rights of the 
 iiroprietary and the ancient liberties of the province. 
 Tills insurrection proved cinnicntly unfortunate to the 
 colony. It induced Lord Baltimore to repose a very 
 ill grounded confidence in Kendal ; and its suppression 
 
 * Cromwtill is at least obnoxiuu!* to the cliarKu o( liaviiig 
 sull'erud the triuiii^U oi his uwn anil ul Iho proLustaiilcuu.'.o 
 ti> 1)0 fii^nulized liy tiiu suiiprcshiiin ut a iDlcraliun eatalili.slud 
 ()>■ Roman ou'.iiohcs. Thai iie inciied, ur uven approved tlii> 
 procaediiig, \s by no means apparent. In thn rueurdii oi' tins 
 priiviiice. (here is aleuer fruiii hiiii tu liis conunis^iiorioni, de- 
 siring them not to liusy tlieiasclvus nltuut reiit;ioii, Liiii to 
 settle the cit'il gnveriiinciit. t'liahners, 12.10. liui the pro- 
 tector was much mnredintiiiguished hy tlio vipor of his con- 
 duct than tlie perspicuity of h{H diction ; and his corri;- 
 BpondciiLS weri) SDinntinius uiiablo to discover the meaning 
 of his letters. It appears that, during tlie distiactiotis of 
 this period, Viri^inia evinced a disposition to resume hnr Iniit 
 authority over Maryland. This do!<i4n was instantly cliecked 
 byCrotnwell ; and iit oiio of his lulterii to the connniiitiioners 
 on thih anbtecl, wo fhid liim rcpreinanding them for not 
 havinir uiidersiood his former comiiiunirations. Chnlmer<i, 
 22.1, iti\. llazant, 3U4. Ho seein.i, on many occasions, lo 
 have studied an ambiguity ot lati)^Mi;ipo lliat left him free to 
 apiirove or disapprove tlio proctM-dmi^.s of his oinceis, aecord- 
 iOijto the succes.-* that miijht altend lliem. 
 
 t Ino^'i'inl's ttHl'utatioii of a scandalous pamphlet, namnd 
 tlibvloii's il'all In Maryland, ritalmers, p. 331. Hazard, p. 
 fi-ii|. rt'Jl-ftia fiW. The only copy of I.in«fnrd*!i Tract that I 
 bavievtirmet with waa in tlio hbrary of Mr. Chalmers. 
 
 was attended with increased sevcritiei from the tou* 
 missionrrs and additional impositions on tlio people. 
 
 The alfairs of the colony continued for two years 
 !onL»er in this distracted co iditioii ; when at lengtn the 
 commissioners, disgusted wnh the disorders which ihey 
 had contributed to produce, but were uiuble lo com- 
 pose, and finding all their etforta unavailing to procure 
 Ihe abrogation of Lord Baltimore's title, to which they 
 ascribed the unappeasable discontent uf a great part oi 
 the population, surrendered the adminislratioii of the 
 province into the hands of Kendal, who had ln-en ap- 
 jiointed* governor by the proprietary. [HioHJ But this 
 measure, so far from restoring ilie public qiriet, contri- 
 buted to aguravato the miechiufs wli;cl) had so long in- 
 fested the province by giving scope to llie inaclnna'ioijs 
 uf that t)nprinci|ih'd agitator, whose habitual re>>tle — 
 ness and iiupetuusity had been mistaken for attachment 
 to the proj>rietary governme ■'. No sooner had he 
 called together an assembly, [lO.'iO] than with unblush- 
 ing treachery he surrendered into the hands of the bur- 
 gesses the trust which Lord Baltimoio had commuted 
 to him, and accepted from them a new commission aa 
 governor; and the bnrges.ses, by his instigation, dis- 
 solved the upper house, and assumed to themselves (lie 
 whole legislative power of the state. Feudal and his 
 associates were probably eiicouraged to ' ■ me this 
 lawless career by the distractions of the Engli.-»h com- 
 monwealth that followed the death of the protc^ctor. 
 Their adininisiralion, wliicli wasehielly di»tmgiiii»hed by 
 the imposition of heavy taxes, and ttie persecution of 
 the quakers, was happilv foon terminated by the resto- 
 ration of Charles the Second ; [IfiHi) J and Fbiltp C'al- 
 vert producing a commisKiun to himself from the iiro- 
 prietary, and a letter from the kin;; commanding al! 
 otficers, and others his subjects in Maryland, to assist 
 in the re ciiiahhshment of Lord Baltimore's jurisdiction, 
 found Ins aulhonty universally recognised .iiul peacea- 
 bly 6ubmitted to. Feudal was now tried for high trea- 
 son, and found guilty ; but the clemency of the prprie- 
 tary prevailed over his rc-tentrnents, and he granted him 
 a pardon on condition of a moderate fine, and under 
 decUration of perpetual incapacitv of public trust. Thia 
 lenity was very ill requited by its worthless objet.t, who 
 was reserved hy fartlier intrigues and treacherv to dis 
 turb at an after period the repose of tlie province 
 [IBfil.J iliM ai-co.iiplices. upon a tiinelv submission, 
 were fully pardoned wiilmut prosecution. The recent 
 usurpations were passed over in wise silence, and 
 buried in a generous oblivion ; toleration was forthwith 
 restored ; and the inhabitants of Maryland once more 
 experienced the blessings ol a inild government and 
 internal tranquillity. 
 
 Happily for mankind, amidst the cnntcntions of par- 
 ties and the revolutions of government, lliere is a strong 
 under-current of peaceful and industrious life, which 
 often pursues its course with very lillle disturbance 
 from ti^.e tempests that ogiiate thu surface of society. 
 Notwithstanding tho disorders to which Marvlaiid had 
 so long been a prey, the province had continued to in- 
 crease m population, industry, and wealth; and al the 
 epoch of the Restoration, it appears to have contained 
 about twelve thousand inhabitants. 'I'he re-establish- 
 ineiit of a humane government and general subordina- 
 tion, however, had manifeslly the eli'ecl of quickening 
 the march of prosperity ; and, accordingly, about iivo 
 years after this period, we (uu\ the popula'ion increased 
 10 sixteen thousand persons. .At this \adir [leriod, the 
 number of ships trading from England and other parts 
 of the Urilish tlomimons to Maryland, was comjiuied at 
 an hundred. Ko great was the demand lor lahor in tho 
 colony, and so liberal its reward, that even the intro- 
 duction of negro slavery had not been able to degrade 
 it in public esteem. Industry, amply recomjtensed, 
 was animated and cheerful, and, closely connecied with 
 independence and iinproveinenl of coiiditioii, was ttie 
 object of general respect. Every young person was 
 trained to useful labor; and though a legal provision 
 was made for the support of the poor, pauperism and 
 beggary were unknown in tho colony, and the public 
 bounty, though sometimes delicately conveyed to tho 
 necessities of proud poverty or modest misfortune, waa 
 never known to be openly solicited. t An account ol 
 the condition of .Maryland was published at London in 
 the year 1U66. by (ieorgo Alsop, who had resided in 
 the province bjth ))rior and subseiiuent lo the Restora- 
 tion. From nm representation it appears that a great 
 
 * WintGrbolhain errunoouily ascnbod this appointuiutit to 
 Cromwell. 
 
 t AUop'a Maryland, 13, Itt. Tlitt English civil w&ra appear 
 to havu produced aconsidKralilu niiproveniHiit uithe coittiit um 
 of laborers in North Aiaenca, by uiterrupnuc the einntratun 
 of additional competitors for employment, Wintlirop'ti Nu»f 
 England, u. aw. 
 
 H£4, 
 
NORTH AMERICA: 
 
 281 
 
 intentions of par- 
 , tlieru IS a strung 
 hoiis life, wliicli 
 Ullu dittturhdnce 
 irfacc of society. 
 ch Maryland hud 
 
 noritiniiod to in- 
 ■uliti ; and at the 
 () have contjint!<t 
 I'he n^-L'sidhlish- 
 rit-rul Huhurdnia- 
 ■ct of qintkening 
 Ini^'iy. ahout hvo 
 kiU'iun iricreast'd 
 . _,tcr [irriotl, tlifi 
 1 and oilier parlH 
 wa;< comptiU'd at 
 id lor lalpor in tho 
 t even the iiilro- 
 1 uMe to dtrLjrade 
 ity recuuipeiii^ed, 
 y cuimirlt'ti wilh 
 jiidiiiun, was Ihu 
 uiint{ person wan 
 a le^al ))rovision 
 r, puiipensin and 
 !, and tiic public 
 
 conveyed lo iho 
 It misfortnnn, was 
 An account ol 
 hcd at London in 
 10 had resided in 
 It to llie Kestora- 
 tears that a arnat 
 
 Itis apiiuliitineiit tn 
 
 li rivil W&T9 appaar 
 
 III tntit*.' cnitJinoti 
 
 iiiiK tlie eiui]|;raiMii 
 
 . Wmllirop's NB»t 
 
 dml of the labor of the colony was performed by in- 
 dented servants ; and that the treatment of those pcr- 
 Bona was so hninanc, and tho allotment of land and 
 iloek which they received from their masters at the 
 end of their quadrirnnial servitude so ample, that the 
 author, who himself hsd served in this capacity, de- 
 clares he was much happier as an indented servant hi 
 Maryland than as an apprentice in London. It was 
 common for ruined tradesmen and indiijent laborers in 
 England to adopt this resource for reiiteving or im- 
 nmvinjT their condition ; though many were deterred 
 by the mi^represeiilntions circulated by weak politicians 
 who dread^'d the dejiopniation of the realm, or by in- 
 terested employers who apprehended an augmentation 
 of the wages of lahor. No emigrants, says Alsop, 
 were more successful in bettering their condition than 
 female s«-rvanls ; they invariably obtained an immedi- 
 atoand respectable establishment in marriage. Money 
 appears lo have luen very scarce in the colony, and 
 quite unknown in its domestic transactions ; tobacco 
 being the universal medium of exchange, the remune- 
 ration of ali services, civil, military, and ecclesiastical, 
 and the measure of all penal amercements. This au- 
 thor, when he has occasion to mention the troubles 
 that preceded the Uesloralion, alludes (o them merely 
 as atfairs of stale, and events of very inconsiderable 
 importance. Of some of the personagpa who were 
 culpablv implicated in them, it was his opinion, " ihat 
 their ihoui^hts wore not so bad at lirst, as their actions 
 would have led ihom pito in proce.ss of time."* 
 
 A ureat proportion of tiie inhabitants of Marvland, 
 and, in particular, all the catholic part of the popula- 
 tion, were sincerely attached lo the royal government ; + 
 and the gratification they derived from the restoration 
 of llic king enhanced the satisfaction with which they 
 returned to tho patriarchal sway of their benevolent 
 proprietary. During the genera! festivity that prevailed 
 in the province, tlic house of assembly was convoked 
 by the governor. One of the (irst measures adopted 
 by this body was an attempt to provide a remedy for 
 the pcarcity of money, which, it was declared, formed 
 a serious obstruction to the advancement of trade. 
 For this purpose they besought iho proprietary to 
 establish a mint in the province ; and enacted that the 
 morey to be coined should be of as good silver as 
 English sterling, and that (he proprietary should accept 
 of it in payment of his rents and other debts. This 
 net. and the New Kngland ordinance in 1053, are the 
 only instances of the nssert ion of a rinht to coin money 
 thai occur in the rolonial jurisprudence. A coinage 
 arcordinglv took place in \farvland ; and the measure 
 seems neither to have offended the Ilrilish fTOvernment, 
 nor to have disappointed the colony, for the law was 
 ooiitlrmcd and declared perpetual by the assembly in 
 the year IHTfi. Vet, in consequence perhaps of the 
 bliime that Massachusetts incurred for a similar pro- 
 ceeding, the practice of coining soon after fell into 
 disuse, and the acts that had introduced it were re- 
 poilc'l. In the same session there was passed an act 
 for the imposition of port duties, which conferred on 
 the proprietary half a pound of powder and three 
 pounds of shot for every ton of the burden of vessels 
 not belnnLntiff to the province. This act. as we shall 
 afterwards find, yave liae to some political controversy 
 at the period of the IJriti.sh Revolution. 
 
 The happiness and prosperity of the colony were 
 promoted by the arrival, in the following year. [11)02.] 
 of Charles f'.dvert, the eldest son of the [iroprietary. 
 whom his father appointed the resident governor of 
 Maryland, for the purpose of enabling him to form 
 e"(piaintiinco witli the people over whom he was 
 destined to maintain tlio hereditary jurisdiction. From 
 the various iv-fs of irrnlitntlc (as ihey were termed) that 
 were passed by the assembly during his administration, 
 Charles ("Calvert appears to have followed, with suc- 
 cessful virtue, the wise and generous policy of his 
 father ; and his administration, both as governor, and 
 afterwards as proprietary, proved no less honorable to 
 himself than beneficial to the province, -Legislation 
 continued for a considerable period to bo the only pub- 
 lic proceeding in which tho people were called to 
 share ; and various laws were enacted by the assembly 
 for the ascertainment of public and private right, the 
 promotion of commerce, and the encouragement of 
 iuricultnral and manufacturing iuduslrv. Acta were 
 ps sseil for engrafting more perfe cMy the Eniilwh statute 
 
 ♦ Als..).-s Miirv)am1.31. 35. 37, 3H. 11)1, 103. Tlie A.lvocatcs' 
 I-ihriirv of K.iinhiirtdi contains iic'npvot this little work. 
 
 t Ir Aras niic (if the rlinrirrs pri'fcrrcil a-jiinst ilie propri- 
 etary l)y t^r.MiiwpllV* rointiiissiniiiTs, tint riiirlesthe Second 
 liH»l iKiun proclanm-ii Ity tho pcnplo of Marvland. without any 
 •t^nificatioa of displeasure from Lord Baltimore. Hazard, 
 OWf nS'J. 
 
 law on the jurisprudence of tho colony ; for securing 
 the stability of possessions, and the observance of con- 
 tracts ; and for the encouragement of the sowing of 
 English grain, and the rearing and manufactory of 
 hemp and flax. [1066. J As tho agitations of the pa- 
 rent state had ever been found to diHuse their intlucuce 
 through the colonial territories, and the perturbing 
 spirit of rumor to gain force and falsehood proportioned 
 to the distance from which it was wafted, it was at- 
 tempted to protect tho quiet of the colony by an act 
 against the divulgers of false news ; but this desirable 
 object was much more respectably as well as effectually 
 promoted by tho cxccilence and popularity of the go- 
 vernor's administration. The public tranquillity was 
 threatened with some disturbance from the encroach- 
 ments of the Dutch on the western banks of the Dela- 
 ware, and from the hostile incursions of a distant trihe 
 of Indians. But the \igorous remonstrances of Cal- 
 vert obliged the Hollanders to desert tho whole coun- 
 try around Capo Henlor.tm, of which lie instantly took 
 possession ;* and Iiis pr ideiice, seconded by the friendly 
 demonstrations of the I 'dians who were in alliance with 
 the province, restored p 'acc with the hostile tribe by a 
 treaty, which was confin led by act of assemldy. The 
 fidelity of the Indian allie. was rewarded bv settling on 
 them and their descendants d. considerable territory, 
 which, being assured to them on Vurious occasions hy 
 successive acts of the assembly, co.;hnued in their 
 possession for near a century after. All tho Indian 
 tribes wiihin the limits of the province now declared 
 themselves subject to the proprietary government, and 
 in testimony ol this subjection, the inferior chiefs or 
 princes, on the death of their principal sachem, refused 
 to acknowledge ilie sway of his successor, till his pre- 
 tension lo this dignity had been recognised by governor 
 Calvert. The removal of the Dutch from Cape Hen- 
 lopen induced many of these settlers to unilo them- 
 selves lo tlie colony of Maryland, where they were 
 received with the utmost kindness ; and, in the year 
 1666, the asseinhly passed ;,i their favor the first act 
 that occurs of any colonial legislature for the natu- 
 ralization of aliens. Many similar laws were enacted 
 in every subsequent session, till the British Revolu- 
 tion ; and, during that period, great numbers of 
 foreigners transported themselves to this province, and 
 became completely incorporated with the ancient in- 
 habitants. 
 
 The principal, if not the only, inconvenience of which 
 the people of Maryland were sensible at this period, 
 was that which they shared with all the other colonics, 
 and which was inflicted hy the parliamentary acts of 
 navigation. In Virginia, where the pressure of these 
 restrictions was sooner and more severely felt, an at- 
 tempt was made to enhance the price of the staple 
 commodity, by prohibiting the growth of lobacco for a 
 limited tune; but. as Maryland refu.scd to concur in 
 this proceeding, its efficacy was defeated, and the an- 
 cient animosity of the Virginians against tho inhabi- 
 tants of the neighboring colony unhappily revived. To 
 this animosity we must ascribe the various complaints 
 against the colonists of Maryland which Virginia con- 
 tinued from time to time to address to the king ; alt of 
 which, upon examination, proved to be utterly un- 
 founded. f As the inconvenience arising from tho navi- 
 gation laws began to be more sensibly experienced in 
 Maryland, the policy that hdd been ineffectually aug- 
 gestt d by Virginia was more favorably regarded ; and 
 at length a prohibitory act, uuspending the growth of 
 tobacco, was past^ed this year by the assembly ; but 
 the dissent of the proprietary and governor, who appre- 
 hended tliat it might prove injurious to the poorer class 
 of planters, as well as detrimental to the royal customs, 
 prevented this regulation from being carried into effect. 
 Hie popularity of Lord Baltimore and his son appears 
 to have sustained no abatement tVoin this opposition to 
 tho project of the assembly. Thougli averse to impose 
 any direct restraint on the cultivation of tobacco, they 
 willingly concurred in giving every encouragement that 
 was desired to other branches of industry ; and their 
 efforts to alleviate the public inconvenience were justly 
 appreciated, as well as actively seconded, by a people 
 
 more attentive to improve the remaming advantagM of 
 
 their situation, than to resent the injustice by which 
 these adTaniagcfl had been circnmrcribed. While Vir- 
 ginia waa A prey to discontent and insurrection, Mary- 
 land continued to enjoy the bitssinga of peace and 
 prosperity, and to acknowledge the patriotic superin- 
 tendence of its generous proprietary. By an act pas 
 sed in tho year 1671/ the assembly imposed a duty of 
 two shillings sterling on every hogshead of tobacco ex- 
 ported : the on^-half of which wa? to be applied in 
 maintaining a magazine of arms, and diszharging the 
 necessary expenses of government ; and the other half 
 was settled on the proprietary, in conaidefa.*;nn of hia 
 receiving merchantable tobacco for his rents ^nd aliena- 
 tion fines, at twopence a pound. This provision was 
 soon after continued during the life of the heir of tho 
 proprietary, by "An act of gratitude," [1674,] ad tho 
 assembly termed their ordinance, '* to Chdrtcs Calvert, 
 the governor.'' 
 
 Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, the father of the province, 
 having lived to reap these hitppy and honorable nuits 
 of the plantation which he Kad founded and reared with 
 so much wisdom and virtue, died in the forty-fourth 
 year of his supremacy, [1676,] crowned with vencrablo 
 age and unsullied reputation. It was his constant 
 maxim, which he often recommended to the legislative 
 assembly, "that by concord a fmiiU colony may grow 
 into a great and renowned nation ; but that by dissen- 
 sion, mighty and glorious kingdoms have declined and 
 fallen into notliing." Some observations on the slato 
 of the province at the period of !)is veaih occur in a let- 
 ter written in the same year by a clergyman of the 
 clmrch of England, resident there, to the archbishop of 
 Canterbury. Maryland, it appears, had been then 
 divided into ten counties, and contained upwards of 
 twenty thousand inhabitants. The catholics, says this 
 writer, bad provided for their priests ; and the quakera 
 maintained their speakers ; but no care was taken to 
 liuild up a proiestant church. There were but three or 
 four ministers of the church of England in Marvland ; 
 and I'rom the want of a public establishment for ihcm 
 the colony, he declares, had fallen into a most deplora 
 ble condition, having hccowiQ d^ pcst-hmtsc of iniquity^ 
 in which the I^ord's day was openly profaned. As u 
 remedy for this evil, he suggests an endowment of tho 
 cliurch of England at the public expense, t The remedy 
 discredits the representation, which, besides, is totally 
 unconfirmed by any other accuuiii : and it seems 
 neither uncharitable nor unreasonable to suppose, that 
 this writer contemplated the existing condition uf 
 society, through the inverted medium of the same opi- 
 nion that represented to him thi future advancement 
 of the spiritual interests of the laity, originating from 
 the promotion of the temporal interests ol the clergy. 
 The brightness of distant hope tends to darken the 
 realities of present experience ; and the assoeiationa 
 that serve to dignify and illustrate the one, arc able to 
 degrade and obscure the oilier. The protcstant part 
 of the population of Maryland was less distinguished 
 by Ihat christian zeal which leads men to impose sacri- 
 fices on themselves, than by that ecclesiastical zeal 
 which prompts them to exact sacrifices from others, 
 they were probably less wealthy from having been moro 
 recently established in the province, than the catholics ; 
 and the erection of their churches had been farther re- 
 tarded by the state of dispersion in which the inhabi- 
 tants generally lived. The church o*" England mini- 
 sters, like the clergy of cveiy otlicr order, depended on 
 the professors of their own particular tenets for support ; 
 and It is not easy to sec the force of the reasoning that 
 assigns the liberality of other sectarians to their clergy- 
 men, as an argument for burtbenmg them with the 8U[)- 
 port of the church of England ministers also, — or the 
 existing incompetency of these ministers to control the 
 immoralities of their people, as ari argument for endow- 
 ing them with a provision that would render them indo- 
 pcndent of the discharge of ihcir duty. This logic, 
 
 * A more paiticular account of the dLsputes and various 
 proceedings between the English and the Dutch in this 
 quarter will occur in B. V. cap. f. post. 
 
 fOno of these complaints, wliich the proprietary was 
 
 called upon to Jiiiswer, was fur making partial treaties with 
 
 the Indians, and contcntinj himself with eicluditnf their 
 
 I liostihiifis. from the Maryhuid territory, without extei.ilinif 
 
 j the provision to the province of Virginia. The committee 
 
 I of plautaiions, to wliich the complaint was referred, on ex- 
 
 aniiniriir the tieiities of Imth panics, reported to llio king 
 
 that Maryland had Included Viri{inia in all her treaties, hut 
 
 I tliat Virginia had demonstrated no luch concern fur the 
 
 I interests of Maryland. Ctialinurt, 360. 
 
 * Bacon's Laws, J671, cap. 11. '* Reflecllni; with i^ratitiide,'* 
 
 says the preamble of this enactment, " on the unwearied ciiro 
 of the proprietary, and the vast expense that he has been put 
 to in preserving tho inhabitants in the enjoyment of their 
 lives and |jhertie>^, and the increnso and improvement of their 
 e'«latf H.'' History should delmht to record the expressions 
 of popular gratitude for conspicuous service — the pubhc 
 honors rendered lo wisdom and virtue. 
 
 The same year there was pHssed an act " for encouraging 
 the importation of neuroes and slaves." 
 
 t Clmluiers, p. 302, 3fi3. Yoo, upud Chalmers, p. 375. This 
 rppresentntUm is as incredible as the stuteineiit llrit was 
 puldished nliout twelve years after tiy the nrotestant associ- 
 alionof Maryland of the dmly murders aud persecutions in- 
 cited by the proprietary and coinnuttcd by the papislH. Nu 
 reliance can he placed on tlic accounts th;it men give of the 
 rhnracter and ennduct of those whom tliey are vreparing oi 
 lunging to plunder. 
 
THE HISTORY OF 
 
 however, proved quite satisfactory to the primate of 
 England, who eagerly undertook to reform the morals 
 of the peo|ile of Maryland, by obtaining a U>gul esta- 
 blishment and wealthy endowment lo a protostant 
 episcopal church in the province. 
 
 The deceased proprietary was succeeded by his son 
 Charles, I^rd Baltimore, who had governed the pro- 
 vince for fourteen years with a high reputation fur vtr- 
 tie and ability. With the religious tenets, he inherited 
 (he tolerant principles of his father; and one of the 
 first acts of his administration was to coiifinn the re- 
 markable law of 1649, which established an absolute 
 political equality among all denominations of (yhristiiins. 
 Having convoked an assembly, in which he presided in 
 person, he performed, with their assistance, wh;it has 
 often been recommended to other legisbturcs, but 
 rarely executed by any — a diligent revision of the whole 
 code of provincial laws ; repealing those that witc 
 (udgcd superfluous or inexpedient, confirming the salu- 
 tary, and explaining the obscure. In this assembly, an 
 attempt was made to stem the progress of an existing 
 evil, by a regulation more wisely, perhaps, than consti- 
 luhonally opposed to the policy of the mother country. 
 The morals of the colonists were much more aeriouslv 
 ondangcred by the transportation of felons to Maryland, 
 than by the want of a legislative rndowmrnl in the 
 province to the clergy of the English national church. 
 To the common law of England, this punishment of 
 transportation was quite unknown ; ttiuu>;h in some 
 cases it permitted the felon who chose rather to Itise 
 bis country than his life to abjure the reiilm. It was a 
 statute of Elizabeth which first inflicted banishment on 
 dangerous roguf's ; and it was James the First who, 
 without any regard to this law, but in the plentitude of 
 his royal prerogative, adopted the measure o( onluriug 
 dissolute persons to be sent to Virginia. Uc wai in- 
 debted for the suggestion to Cluef-jusiice Popham, who 
 being a proprietor of colonial territory, as well n4 a 
 judge, conceived the project of rendering the admini- 
 btation of justice subservient to his colonial designs, 
 and had destined New England in particular to antici- 
 pate the uses of Botany Bay. The practice of trans- 
 porting felons to the colonics was resumed soon aficr 
 the Restoration, and received so far tiie counlenanre of 
 the legislature, that an act of parliament authorised the 
 king to inflict thin punishment on convicted quakers. 
 The eflfects of it proved so disagreeable lo the people 
 of Maryland, that a law was now framed against the 
 importation of convicts into the province, and after- 
 wards re-enacted at various subsequent periods till to- 
 wards the commencement of the reign of Queen Anne. 
 Whether any notice was taken of this declaration of 
 resistance to a measure of the British government or 
 what were the effects of it, I am unable to discover. 
 It is certain that at a later period, the evil was con- 
 tinued and increased in spite of the remonstraticcs of 
 all the respectable inhabitants ; and shortly prior to the 
 American revolution, nn fewer than three hundred and 
 fifty felons were annually imported into iMaryland from 
 the parent atate. 
 
 At the conclusion of the session, the proprietary hav- 
 ing announced his intention of visiting KuglanrI, the as- 
 sembly, in acknowledgment of the many signal favors he 
 had rendered to the people, and as a token of their 
 love and respect, unanimously desired his acceplauce 
 of all the public tobacco which rcmanied unappropriated 
 in the stores of the province. Lord Ualtunure wjs un- 
 doubtedly worthy of these demnnstrations of regard ; 
 and the experience of his own, together with the re- 
 membrance of his father's merits, might have been ex- 
 pected to recommnnd the system of proprietary govern- 
 ment to the lasting approbation of the colonists. But 
 this species of magistracy was destined to enjoy a very 
 brief popularity in America. Allied to no sinuLir insii 
 tution, and surrounded by no kindred order in the pro- 
 vincial establishments, it stood wholly unslielte^'d froin 
 envy, a solitary specimen of hereditary grandeur ; and 
 \t« '■'••ictiof.able features were exhibited in the most 
 ' '■ .«"i light, when, in the progress of succedsion, ex- 
 ''i;^ni*' became the instrument of worthlessness, 
 v<' ... . -I'Uui. of incapacity. These considerations, it 
 .r^wledged, afford no explanation of the 
 cm\< .vhich Lord Baltimore'd popularity was 
 i.-v^yerienee ; and we must seeK elsewhere 
 ' of that revolution of public opinion in 
 ' rits were so ungratefully depreciated or 
 . ; he had lived in an a^'e less subject to 
 jeafousy and alarm, or presided in a colony composed 
 entire y af catholics, ho would probably liave enjoyed a 
 larger narveat of popular gratitude. But the toleration 
 which his father had established, and the naluralizatiun 
 ot loioignen which be himself had introduced, had at- 
 
 tracted into the province a multitude of protestants both | of the country, abour.ding with navigable rivan. ftnd 
 of Trench and of Euglihh extraction. The toleratmg . from the great viiicty of ports that were erected m 
 
 
 foigoiH 
 
 principles of the proprietary were not able to disarm 
 the Freudi protestants of ilieir enmity against a faith 
 whose perfidy and persecution they had oo severely ex- 
 perienced ; and the English protestants, impressed with 
 the opinion which their friends in the mother country 
 had derived from the policy of the kinjj, regarded tole- 
 ration but as a cloak under which popish bigotry dis- 
 guised the most dangerous designs. These unhappy 
 impressions were deeply contirmed by the alarms and 
 intrigues of which the ensuing period of English his- 
 tory was .ihundantly prolific, and which invariably ex- 
 tended their influence to the minds of the people of 
 Maryland ; where a mixture of opinions unknown in 
 any other of (he provinces ^avc a peculiar interest to 
 the conflict of the same opinions that was carried on iii 
 the parent siaic. 
 
 On his arrival in England, [1677.]» Lord Baltimore 
 was assailed with complaints preferred against him lo 
 the Committee of Plantations, by the colony of Vir- 
 ginia and t!ie prelatrs of England. The accusations of 
 Virginia, which related to boundaries and Indian trea- 
 ties, were easily repelled ; but the controversy with 
 tho prelates was not so satisfactorily adjusted. Comp- 
 ton, bishop of London, lo whom tlie primate had im- 
 parled his ecclesiastical project for the colony, repre- 
 sented to the connnittre that rMigion was deplorably 
 neglected in Maryland ; liiat while the Iloman catholic 
 priests were enriched with valuable possessions, tlic 
 prolestant ministers of the church of England were 
 utterly destitute of support ; and tliat an universal im- 
 morality had consequently overspread the province. 
 Lord Baltimore, in justification of himself aud the co- 
 lonial legislature, exhibited tho act of 1649, together 
 with the recent confirmalion of it, which gave freedo?n 
 and protection to every sect of Christians, but special 
 privileges to none. Ho stated that four ministers of 
 the church of England were In possession of planta- 
 tions which afforded them a decent subsistence ; but 
 that from the variety of religious opinions that prevailed 
 In the assembly, it would be extremely dillicult, if not 
 impossible, to induce this body to consent to a law that 
 should oblige any sect to maintain other ministers than 
 its own. Satisfactory as this answer ought to have 
 been, the impartial policy of the proprietary did not 
 meet with perfect acquiescence. The committee de- 
 clared that they thought fit there should be a public 
 maintenance assigned to the church of England, and 
 that the proprietary ought to propose some means for 
 tho support of a competent number of her clergy. The 
 king's ministers at the same time signitied to him the 
 royal pleasure that immorality shuuUl be discouraged, 
 and the laws against vice punctually executed In 
 Maryland. 
 
 This last, and probanly the least seriously meant of 
 the injunctions communicated to Lord Baltimore in 
 England, was the only one of thent that received any 
 atienllou from the colonial government. [1678.] A 
 law was passed by the assembly for the more strict ob- 
 servance of Sundiy; and after the return of the jiro- 
 prietarv, [1681.] new regulations were enacted for liie 
 more speedy prosecution of offences, and the stricter 
 definition oi" punishments. As the more rigid enfurce- 
 incnt of the navlgaiiou act began now to occasion an 
 increased deprecialion of the staple produce of the co- 
 lony, numerous altempls were made by the proprietary 
 and assembly during the two following years to coun- 
 teract or dnniulsh this inconvenience, by giving addi- 
 tional encouragement to provincial productions aud 
 colonial commerce. Laws were enacted fur promoting 
 tillage and raising provisions for exportation ; for re- 
 straining the export of leather and hides ; for the sup- 
 port of tanners aiid shoemakers ; and for encouraging 
 the making of linen and woollen cloth. Tlius early did 
 the legislature endeavor to introduce manufactures into 
 the province ; but the attempt was premature ; and 
 though domestic industry was able to supply some ar- 
 ticles for domestic uses, it was found Impracticable 
 even at a much later period to render Maryland a ma- 
 nufacturing country. For the encouragement of trade, 
 various ports were erected, where merchants were en- 
 joined to reside, and commercial dealings to be carried 
 on, and where all trading vessels were required to un- 
 lade the commodities of Europe, and take on board the 
 [, oductlons of the province. But from the situation 
 
 * Tlireo or four of tho inlialiitaiiti of Marvl^inU wore inur- 
 lierej tlus year by a tiibo iif liiilmns who wore at war with 
 the cdloiiisls (jf Vir^ittin, aiiii ;i grc^it dual of alarm was 
 rreatoil in lh« provnict;. I>iit tho Iinii:u»s soon perceived 
 th:itt)iey had too hastily sujipused that the Marylanaurs wore 
 thi'ir enutTuea, and made satisfaction far the outrage. Old- 
 inixon, 1. 11)3. 
 
 conformity with the wishes of the planters, ovory on^ 
 of whom desired to have a nort on his own plantation, 
 this reguldiion was attended with very little effect 
 It was during .Ls ii.terval, that tliero occurred tho last 
 instance of the expression of that reciprocal regaid 
 which had done so much honor to the proprietary and 
 the people. By a vote of the assembl" in the year 
 1082, this body "to demonstrate its j; . 'itnde, duty, 
 and aHection to the proprietary," desiretl his occepi- 
 ance of a lihoral contribution ; whicli he acknowledged 
 with many thanks, but declined to accept on account of 
 the straitened circumstances of the colunv. 
 
 But, amidst all this seeming cordiality, and the mu- 
 tual endeavors of tlie proprietary and the {unpie to pn>- 
 mote the general interest, there lurked in the provinco 
 tho seeds of present discontent and of future insurrec* 
 tion. The fiction of tho poj)isli plot extended ita 
 baneful influence to Maryland, and'was by somj proflt- 
 galo politicians within tlie colony made the corner 
 stone of projects similar to those in which It orlginutej 
 in P^ngland. The insurrections that had been pri>- 
 voked by the oppression of the covenanterf* in Scot- 
 land ; the discon'ienls in England ; the vehement dis- 
 putes with regard to the exclusion of the Duke of 
 York from the throne ; the continued disagreement 
 between the king and parliament; all transmitted 
 through tho magnityingaiid uncertain medium of rumor 
 to a country so remote from the opportunity of ju.st 
 informaticn, seemed lo forebode a renewal of the con- 
 vulsions of the preceding reign. A general ferment 
 was excited in men's minds; and in the strong expec- 
 tation that prevailed of some great clianoe, parties and 
 individuals prepared with anxiety to defend their in- 
 terests ; or intrigued with eagerness for the enlarge- 
 ment of their advantages. The absence of ilie proprie- 
 tary from the province during his visit to England 
 probably served lo promote the dct^igns of the factious, 
 which, liowever. received a seasonable check from his 
 return. Feudal, who had raised insurrection against 
 the idmlnistration of Cromwell, and ul'ierwards be- 
 trayed and resisted the govermnent of the proprietary, 
 now availed himself of the lenity he had experienced, 
 to excite a renewal of commotions In Maryland. He 
 seems to have had no other view than to scramble for 
 property and power amidst the confusion thit he ex- 
 pecteil to ensue ; and he encouraged his partlzans with 
 the assurance, that, during the approaching civil wars 
 of England, they might easily possess themselves of 
 whatever plantations they pleased toappro|irlate. But 
 Lord Baltimore, partly by a steady application of tho 
 laws, and partly by the influence of the tidings of the 
 king's triumph over his opponents at the dissolution of 
 the Oxford rarliament, was able as yet to preserve, 
 even without a struggle, llie tranquillity of the pro 
 vince. Eendal was tried for his seditious practices In 
 the year 1681 ; and though tlic acts of the assembly 
 had anitexi d the penalty of death to the offence of 
 which he was convicted, he was now only fined, and 
 banished from tlic province for ever. Hut unfortu 
 nately bis influence was not banished with his person : 
 and one of his associates, John ('oode, who was tried 
 along with him but aopiltled, renmlned behind, to ef- 
 fect, at fittci' season, those designs which were dis- 
 sipated for the present by the last ray of success that 
 attended the proprietary's administruiioii, A few 
 others of tlie less guilty associates of Kerid.il aud Coodo 
 were convicted of sedition, ami punislied by fine. 
 
 The last years of the proprietary govL-rnment wero 
 embittered by the retribution of that injustice in which 
 ik began ; and the wrong that had been done so long 
 before to Virginia, was now avenged by the abscission 
 of a considerable portion of the territory ih.it had been 
 allotted to Maryland. If the historian of this transac- 
 tion were permitted to ada))t the particulars of it lo his 
 own wishes and conceptions of moral coiislstcney, ho 
 would ascribe the requital of the Maryland usurpation 
 lo other instrumentality than that uf the venerable pa 
 triarch of Pennsylvania. Such, however, was the 
 mode of this occurrence ; and as ihe founder of Ame- 
 rican toleration committed the encroachment on Vir 
 ginia, so another distinguished friend of tho rights ol 
 conscience effected the retributory partition of Mary 
 land. On the arrival of William Penn in America, a 
 meeting took place between him and Lord Baltimoro 
 (two of the most prudent and virtuous persons that 
 have ever ruled over mankind), in the hope of effecting 
 an amicable adjustment of llie boundaries of their re- 
 spective territorial grants. I*enn was received by Ltird 
 Baltimore with that distinguished respect due to lilus- 
 t'lous character, and becoming christian couriesy ; and 
 
 mimmt/irmtimiku.*"' 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 rivari, ftnd 
 re erected m 
 rs, ovory one 
 
 n plantaliun, 
 liliU; etrcct 
 iirrcil tlic Ust 
 irocHl regaiJ 
 oprictiiry and 
 • iti tlie year 
 'ituilo, duty, 
 
 1 hiti arct-pi- 
 ickiiovvlcdyed 
 on accounl M 
 
 , and llic mu- 
 [unpie to pi\»- 
 1 ihu provinco 
 turo nisurret'- 
 ext<:nded hs 
 V aonij |irofli- 
 l(! the corntf 
 1 it orii;inutc^l 
 ;nd bnen pro- 
 iturs in Scot- 
 Vflienmnt dis- 
 tlie Dnkc of 
 ilisagrcenicnt 
 ; triinsrniltcd 
 tinni of minor 
 lunily o( just 
 v,i\ o( ihc cun- 
 iMit^rdl tVrinunt 
 slronjj; I'xpec- 
 re, {)artic8 and 
 TtMid their in- 
 >r the enlar^'O- 
 of the proprie- 
 t to Kni^Miind 
 )f the fa'^tions, 
 check from hU 
 ectiun againsl 
 ul'tcrwards be- 
 le proprietary, 
 ;1 experienced, 
 laryhind. He 
 o 8cran)hic lor 
 m thit he ex- 
 partizans with 
 hinj; civil wars 
 themselves of 
 ;>ropriate. lint 
 ilication of iho 
 tidn)i;.s of the 
 u diijsolntion o( 
 et to preserve, 
 lity of the pro 
 JUS practices in 
 if the as;scnibly 
 the olVcncc of 
 only fnied, and 
 litit unfort'i 
 rith his person : 
 , who was tried 
 il bciiind, to ef- 
 Lvincii were dm- 
 i»f success thai 
 iiiioii. A few 
 .■hd.tl and Coodo 
 ,'d liy tine, 
 iivurnnient wero 
 ju:iliee in which 
 n done so long 
 ly the abscission 
 try tliLit had been 
 of lliis transac- 
 iidursof it lo his 
 consistency, lio 
 yhnid usurpation 
 he venerable pa 
 wever, was the 
 onnder of Ame- 
 achnient on Vir 
 of the rights ol 
 irtition of Muiy 
 \n in America, a 
 I^ord Baltimoro 
 3US persons that 
 hopeof edectinn 
 iries of their re- 
 received by Jmu] 
 pect due to illua> 
 an coujtteay ; and 
 
 we may suppoao thit ho entertained roiTcsponding rc- 
 rrirds for a ie^inlator whoso InBtitutionn had long af- 
 forded a ppflcefid aayhmi for persecuted quakers. Hut 
 UiB prctonsiors of the parties were so completely in- 
 consistent with each other, that it proved impoHSihle at 
 (ho tmio to adjust them in a manner satisfactory to 
 both. Pcnn had been authorised to appropriate, amon;^ 
 other districts, the whole of iho peninsula lying be- 
 tween the bays of Chcsapeak and Delaware, which 
 formed a considerable part of the territory included 
 within the charter of Nfaryland, and part of which had 
 been colonized by Dutch and Swedish settlers before 
 iho stale of Maryland was formed. Lord Baltimore's 
 was crriindy the more etpiitabln claim ; hut IVnu ap- 
 pears to have been encourai;ed to persist in bis coiinler 
 pretension by 'he declaration of the ('oinmiltee of I*lan- 
 talions, that it had never been inteiuled to grant lo Lord 
 Haltiinore any territory except such as was inhabited at 
 the lime bv savaues, and that the tract which he now 
 claimed having been planted by Christians antecedent 
 to Ins i;raiit. was plainly excluded from its intendment, 
 ihonirh It mit;ht be embraced by its literal construction. 
 The controversy between the^e two distingmshed men 
 was condui'ttd witli a greater conformity to the general 
 principles of human nature than i find it plea.sant to 
 recnnl. While the conllicting claims were yet unset- 
 tled. Penn proceeded to appropriate the disputed ter- 
 ritory ; and as Lord Haltiinore insiste'l that the inlia- 
 bitants should either ackiiovvledge the jurisdiction of 
 MaryUnd or abandon their dwellings, inulual procla- 
 mations ivere exehaiiued by the two proprietary govern- 
 nvT.is aifanist each ollier's proceedings. A recent and 
 deservedly estei'ined biographer of i'cnii, whose |)ar- 
 tiiil ac(piainlance with the grounds of iln* dispute ex- 
 plains without excusing his partial jn(l[;meiit on the 
 ineriisof the parties, Inis termed Ijord Jialliniore's as- 
 seriioii of hts rights an outrage, and cliaraclcnzed the 
 coiihter proclamation of Penn as a lenient remedy by 
 which christian patience encountered lawless violence, 
 Hui IViiii did not content himself wtth this remedy, lie 
 coinplamed lo the Ku;.dish L'overnincnt. and by his in- 
 terest at court procured it to be adjudged that the dc- 
 bateatilc territory should be divided into two equal 
 parts, one of which was appropriated to himself, and 
 the other to Lord Hallimore. 'I'lns adnidicalion was 
 carried iiilo ollect ; and the territory winch now com- 
 poses the stiite of Delaware was thus dismembered from 
 the provincial limits of Maryland.* [10:15] 
 
 Meanwhile, the into proceedings against Feudal and 
 his associates \\ere made tlie foundation, in Lni^laud. 
 of fresh complaints against Lord Hallimore for par- 
 tiality to papists. It was ni vain for him to represent 
 that the laws of his province gave e(|ual encourage- 
 ment to (Christians of every sect, williout dispensing 
 peculiar favor to any; that ir. onier to conform his 
 bdmimstration to the principles of the coiistilulion, he 
 bad always ''ndeavored to tlivide the oflices of govern- 
 ment as equally as possible among protestauts and 
 catholics ; and that lo allay the jealousy that had 
 taken possession of the protestauts, ho had latterly suf- 
 fered them to engross nearly tho whole command of 
 the militia, and the custody of the arm.s and military 
 stores of the province. From tho record of i'Vuiial's 
 trial, he showed ihat the proceedings against this in- 
 dividual bad been perfectly fair ; nav, so indulgent, 
 that he had been allowed to except anainst all Uonian 
 catholics as jurymen. Noiwiihstauding tlie satisfacto- 
 nuess of this explanation, the ministers of tlic kiuLf, 
 h'ss ilcsirons of doiiiir justice to others than of shiftuii; 
 llie iiuputalion of popery from theinscives. commanded 
 that all the ollices of governinetit should m future be 
 coiuinitted exclusively lo the hands of protestauts ; 
 and thus meanly sanctioned the unjust suspicions un- 
 der which the proprietary tiovernment was already la- 
 boring. Il was less easy for Lord Hallimore to defend 
 himself against another charge which was now pre- 
 ferred against bim, and which, having some foundation 
 in truth, involved him in considerable diHieuliy. lie 
 was accu.sed of obstructing the custom-house orticers 
 in the collection of the parliamentary duties : and it 
 did certainly appear that, biassed perhaps by the desire 
 of alleviating as far as possible the pressure of the 
 commercial restrictions, he had construed them in some 
 points iu a m anner too favorable to tho freedom and 
 
 •UialrnerK, fi-lT, 04H. 050. 051. (WI— OCO. Clarksuu's Lite 
 of rfiin, I. .136, 33:. 408,40iJ. Mr. tl irkfci'h'a accmuii of Itus 
 dispiut^ IK very deieciire. and temls to create :tii im[ni's.-*u)n 
 of ilnM-.iii>iiu-i i-i l.i.r.l Hallimore nni lehs uiiiavonihlr Ui:m 
 erruiinms. || |i(> innsitiereil tlie merits of llie rcspeclivi; 
 j;:eii.>i (m» uumtcrfsitn); to dcscrvi^ tils mijuiry. iiu siumid 
 liaverolraiiiud (roin prun^)iiiiiriin{ or iiiMiiu.iliiut auyjudijiiieul 
 |»n liiocompamtlvo inenia ol" ilie paruoj.. Ttie cuntroveisy 
 W'.WBcu l.urO Ualiimnre and Tcnu lit resunied am) farllier it* 
 wUaled m llie lustoiy of Pennsyivania, post, li. vn cap. I. 
 
 wishes of the colonislif. While he endeavored unsuc- 
 cessfully to maintain the legitimacy of his interpreta- 
 tion, he strongly charged the collectors of the revenue 
 with wilfully disturbing tho trade and peace of the 
 colony by wanton iuttrfcrencn and groundless com- 
 plaint. Il would appear that this recrimination was 
 well founded, and that the revenue otriecrs, provoked 
 to lind that the unpopularity of their duties prevailed 
 over the respect they conceived due to iheir otHcc, 
 had labored to convert their own private disagreements 
 with individuals into the occasion of national dispute: 
 for when a new surveyor-general of the customs in 
 Maryland was appointed shortly after, ho had the justice 
 lo report that the (irovince had been greatly inisrrpre- 
 suited with regard lo its opposition to tlie acts of 
 trade. The proprietary, however, incurred a severe 
 rebuke from the king for his erroneous construction of 
 the law. Charles tultcrly coniplaiiu-d that he should 
 otistruct his service and discourage his otiicers, after 
 the many favors that had been heaped n|)on hiin and 
 his father, and even threatened him with the visitation 
 of a writ of f/uo wanaiUo. It seems never to have 
 occurred to the Knglish govermnent, iior did Lord 
 Hallimore presume lo urge, ilial the king, iu proceeding 
 to exact imposts in Maryland, violaKd the most ex- 
 press provisions of the royal charter, and appropriated 
 lo himself what truly belonged to the proprietary. 
 
 On the accession of James the Second to the throne 
 of his brother, he traiisniilted to the cotouic-s a procla- 
 mation of ibis event, which was published in Maryland 
 wiih lively and unallicted deinonslrations of joy. The 
 (Jommiileu of iMantations had taken so much pains 
 during the preceding reign to obtain accurate informa- 
 tion oi the all'dirs of the colonies and the temper of 
 their inhabitants, tiuit it was perfectly well known how 
 much tl'ty were allected by reports from Kiigland, and 
 what disiurbancjs the prospect of confusion in the 
 moiher country was apt to engender. On the inva- 
 sions of Monmouth and Argyle, the king transmitted 
 accounts of ilu^se occurrences to liie proprietary ; as- 
 signing as the reason for this communication, the pre- 
 vention of any false rumors which might be spread 
 among his people in that distant province of the empire, 
 by the lualiciuus lusinualions of evil disposed men. 
 He informed hiin at the same time with marks of pe- 
 culiar exultation, that the parliament bud cheerfully 
 granted him an aid, to be levied on the importation of 
 sugars and tobacco, which he hoped would not bo bur- 
 densome to the inhabitants of Marylanil, as the imposi- 
 tion was not laid on the planter, but on the retailers 
 and consumers. Hut the imposition could not he dis- 
 armed of Us injurious intUience by such royal logic and 
 barren good wishes ; and both in Virginia and in Mary- 
 land It served to augment the burdens and cool lh<» 
 loyally of the people. As the oiher impediments of 
 commerce were found to be aggravated iu Marylanil 
 by the coutuuied prevalence of a scarcity of inoucv, 
 [IGSO.J an attempt was now made to remedy this evil 
 by a law for the admncement of coins. French crowns, 
 pieces of eight, and rix dollars were appointed lo be 
 received iu all payments at six shillings each; all 
 other coins at an advance of ihreeiieuce in the shilling; 
 and ihe sixpences and shillings of New England, ac- 
 cording to their denominations, as sterling. As all 
 accounts at that time were kept in tobacco, and in all 
 contracts it was employed as the admeasurement of 
 value, the coins thus advanced were adjudged to be 
 taken at the rale of six shillings for every hundred 
 weight of that commodity. This law tirst gave rise in 
 Maryland lo the peculiarity of colonial currency, in 
 conirailislinclion to sterling money. 
 
 At the same time that the king resolved to subvert 
 the consliiuliou of Kngland, he dctcnumed to over- 
 throw the proprietary governments of the colonies. It 
 was, he dedareil, a great and growing prejudice lo his 
 alV.iirs, both domesiic and colonial, tliat such inde- 
 pendent administrations should be maintained ; and it 
 was duo no less lo his interest than his dignity, to re- 
 duce them lo im)re immediate subjection to the crown. 
 Alarmed by the conunumcation of this arbitrary pur- 
 pose, the pronrielary of Maryland again proceeded to 
 Kngland, and vainly represented to the indexible 
 despot ihiU the administration of his province had been 
 at all times conducted iu conformity with the terms of 
 his charter ; that be had never knowingly failed in his 
 duty to his sovereign ; and that neither ho nor his 
 i father had committed a single act which could infer 
 ihe (orlVilure of a patent which they bad dearly pur- 
 , chased, in adding, at their own great expense, a coii- 
 j siderablo province to ihe euipire. jl()H7.] These 
 remonstrances were disregarded by the king ; and the 
 ' iillornuy-gentiriil received orders to issue a writ of nun 
 
 warranto ^\Ui.\\\ni Lord Ualtiinore's charter. The writ 
 was issued accordingly ; but from the dilatory pace ol 
 tho requisite legal procedure, and the important eventi 
 that soon after diverted the monarch's attention to 
 nearer concernments, no judgment upon it was evet 
 pronounced. Thus, with impartial tyranny, which 
 even the predilections of tho bigot were unable tJ con- 
 trol, James, disregarding equally the feelings of th« 
 puritans of Massachuictts and the catholics of Mary- 
 land, involved both in the same undistinguishing pro- 
 ject of oppression and degradation. Whether the sin- 
 gular friendship which, in this monarch and William 
 Penn, soomcd to unite the two extremes of human 
 nature, might have suspended for a while tho destruc- 
 tion of the coiiMtitutions of Pennsylvania, thin consum- 
 mation would have infallibly followed in due time ; and 
 the royal regards that Penn shared with Judge JefTrica 
 and Colonel Kirke would have procured him no oliier 
 advantage than that of being, perhaps, tho last of tho 
 American proprietaries that was sacrificed. For- 
 tunately for the interests of mankind, bigotry, infatu- 
 ated by tyranny, at length obtained the ascendancy 
 over the king\s mind ; and depriving tho bigot of tho 
 adherents of the tyrant, involved even Jeffries in dis- 
 grace, tind constrained even the prelates of England 
 to seek protection m the principles of liberty. 
 
 [1088. J 'Ihe birth of a son to James the Second, 
 which was regarded with mingled scepticism and dia- 
 appoiutmeut by his Fnglish subjects, and contributed 
 to hasten the Uevolulion, was no sooner commumcaled 
 by the proprietary (who was still m England,) lo his 
 otiicers in Slaiylaiid, than it e.xcilcd general joy through- 
 out the province. In the assembly which was convoked 
 01) this occasion, a law was passed for a perpetual 
 coiiimemoralion and thanksgiving, every tenth day of 
 June, lor the birth of the prince. If this proceeding 
 seem lo indicate the prevalence of a feeling that may 
 be supposed peculiar to the catholics, oilier parts of tho 
 conduct of this assembly strongly evinced the existence 
 of those jealousies with which the protestanti were 
 infected, which the mean injustice of the laic king's 
 ministers had sanclioiicd, and which the unfortuiMto 
 absence of Lord Haltiinore now contributed to pro- 
 mote. The burgesses at tirst demurred to take ihu 
 oaih of fidelity lo the proprietary ; and afterwards ex- 
 hibited lo the deputy-governors a list of pretended 
 grievances that indicated nothing so strongly as the ill- 
 huinur and alarm of the parties \n1io declared tiiem* 
 selves aggrieved ; for the articles are all so vague and 
 so frivolous, und, if true, related only to such petty 
 and easily ivinediablo violations of law and usage, that 
 It is impo.ssible to jieruse them without perceiving that 
 the complainers either sought a cause of quarrel, or had 
 already found one which they were backward lo avow, 
 A courteous and nOligmg answer was relurncil to the 
 list of grievances, by the deputy-governors ; and, as the 
 malcontents were not yet transported by passion be- 
 yond the limits of reason and common sense, they re- 
 turned thanks for this issue, {\\\ and the Hdme of uis- 
 conlent and suspicion seemed lo be extinguished. Hut 
 the embers remained, and waited only the inlluence of 
 the coming events lo show what a contlagration they 
 were capable of producing. The spirit of party m th« 
 province, excited and preserved by religious ditl'ereiices, 
 in an age iii whicii to diller was to dislike and suspect, 
 had been hitJiertu moderated by the liberal spirit of the 
 laws, and the prudent administration of the proprietary. 
 Hut no sooner were ttie liiltng.s of the Revolution lu 
 Englaiul conveyed to the province, than these latent 
 dissensions, intlamed by fresh incentives, burst forth 
 in a blaze of insurrecliotiarv violence; and those who 
 had long been sowing discontent in the minds of their 
 fellow eiti/ens, now prepared to rea|> an abundant har- 
 vest from the prevalence of public disorder. [KiriU] 
 
 Wlien the deputy-governors were hrsl informed ol 
 the invasion of England by the Prince of Orange, they 
 hastened to take measures for preserving the tranqud- 
 bty of the province, where as yet none could foresee, 
 and none hud been informed, of the cxtr>iordinary use 
 that was to be made of that memorable achievement. 
 'I'bey proceeded lo collect tho public arms that were 
 dispersed in the various counties, and apprehended 
 several persons who were accused of attempts to dis- 
 turb the public peace. Hul these measures were com- 
 pletely frustrated by the rumour of a popish plot^ which 
 suddenly and rapidly disseminated the alarming intelli- 
 gence that the deputy-governors and the catholics had 
 formed a league will) the Indians, for the massacre of 
 all the protestauts in the province. Confusion, dis- 
 may, ami indignation, instantly laid hold of tho minds 
 of the people, and every exertion that wa? made to de- 
 monstrate the folly and absurdity of tho report provtil 
 
284 
 
 Tlin HISTOHY OF 
 
 incflfertiial. Like the kirdrpd fiction in KngUnd. the 
 tulc was corruburatcd hy various untnckvcircumsluiicos, 
 that tended wonderfully to support thu general dcluaiun. 
 Though Ijord iialtimore recoived orders to proclaim 
 Wilhain and Mary, which he readily promised and pre- 
 pared to obey, yet some fatal accident intercepted (ho 
 commands which ho tranBrniltcd tn his deputit^s for 
 that purpoBO : and they atdl awaited official orders 
 reapocting thia delicate and important transaction, long 
 after the corresponding proclimation had hf-en pub* 
 lished in Virginia. It happened unfortunately too, 
 that, at the same conjuncture, they had to re|>cat the 
 annual confirmation of the oiisting treaty of peace with 
 the Indians. These occurrences, distorted by the arts 
 of the factious, and the credulity of the timid, increased 
 the prevailing panic, and accelerated the explosion it 
 had long threatened to produco. A -protcslanl tuisocia- 
 turn was formed hy John Coodo, the former accom* 
 plice of Feudal, and being soon strengthened by the 
 accession of numerous adherents, took arms under this 
 worthless leader for the dcfonco of the proiestant faith, 
 and the assertion of the royal title of William and 
 Mary. A declaration or maniieslo was publiuhcd by 
 the associalors, replete with chartros aj|;amst the pro- 
 prietary, that reflect the utmost dishonor on their own 
 cause. The reproaches of tyranny and wickedness, of 
 murder, torture, and pillage, with wliich Lord Balti- 
 more is loaded in this production, arc refuted not only 
 by the gros^ inconsistency between such heinous enor- 
 mities and the recent limitation of tiic public grievances 
 to the frivolous complaints exhibited to the deputy-go- 
 vernors, but by the utter inability of the asdociators to 
 establish by evidence any one o( their charges, even 
 when the whole power and influence of the provincial 
 government was in their hands. With matchless im- 
 pudence and absurdity, the aftVonts that had been for< 
 metly complained of by the cusiom-housc officers were 
 now cited as an injury done to the province of Lord 
 Baltimore, who. if he had ever participated in them at 
 all, must have been induced to do so by resentment of 
 the real grievances with which t!ic province was af- 
 flicted. A charge of this description, however artfully 
 calculated lo recommend the cause of the associatnrs 
 to the favor of the British government, would never 
 have suggested itself to a passionate multitude ; and it 
 is probable that the whole composition was the work of 
 Coode, whose subsequent conduct showed how little 
 ):e participated in the popular fcrilinga which he was 
 able to excite and direct with such energy and success. 
 The deputies of Lord Baltimore pudeavorcd at first to 
 oppose by force the deiiictns of the associalors ; but as 
 the catholics were afraid to justify the prevalent 
 rumours atrair.st themselves by taking arms, and as the 
 well- affected proteslanls showed no eagerness to r>up- 
 port a falling authority, they were compelled to deliver 
 up the fort, and surrender the powers of government by 
 capitulation. The king, apprised of these jiroccedings, 
 hastened to express his approbation of them, and au- 
 thorised the leaders of the insuigents to exercise in his 
 Dame the power they had acquired, until he should have 
 leisure to effect a pmnancnt settlement of the admi- 
 itistration. Armed with this commission, the usso- 
 ciators continued for Uiree years after lo administer the 
 government of Marylaiid, with a tyrannical insolence 
 that exemplified the grievances they had filsciy imputed 
 to the proprietary, and produced loud and numerous 
 complaints frurn both the proteslant and catholic inha- 
 bitantH of the province. 
 
 King William, meanwhile endeavored to derive the 
 same advantai;e to the roval authority in Maryland, that 
 the tyranny of his predecessor bequeathed to him in 
 Massachusetts. But, to persist in the iniquitous pro- 
 cess of quo warranto, was no longer practicable ; and 
 no other proceeding was left, but to summon Lord 
 Daitimore to answer before the Privy Council the 
 complaints expressed in the declaration of the asso- 
 cialors. After a tedious investigation, which involved 
 this nobleman in a heavy expense, it was found impos- 
 aiblo to convict him of any other charge than that of 
 holding a different faith from the men by whom he had 
 been so ungratefully persecuted and so calumniously 
 traduced. He was accordingly suffered to retain the 
 patrimonial interest attached by his charter to the office 
 of proprietary, but deprived by an act of council of the 
 pohtical administration of the province, of which Sir 
 Edmund Andros was at tho same time appointed go- 
 vernor by the king.* [1692] The unmerited eleva- 
 
 * Oldmiton, vol. i. p. 103. '* I know not how it happnicd, 
 but »o It was timt in King Williaiii'H rci^n, ijiioon Anne's, Aic. 
 there were periods wUen tho friends or tools of ttio nlxlicated 
 king were more hearkened to than tho inHtruments of the revo- 
 InUon.f Ibid (3d edition) t. p. 344. It is to tlie first oditioa 
 
 tion of thia wortliless man was no less disgraceful than 
 the unjust deposition of lliu proprietary. IjUpI Balti- 
 more having exercised Ins jiower with a lil nl regard 
 to the freedom of other men's consciences, now parted 
 with it from a pious regard to the sanctity of hm own. 
 Andros, who hud fonnerly acquired promotion hy active 
 ■ubservicncy to a catholic despot, now purchased its 
 continuance hy becoming tho no toss active abettor of 
 protestant intolerance. 
 
 Thus fell the proprietary government of Maryland, 
 after an endurance of fifly-six years, during which it 
 had been adininiHtcred with unexampled mildness, and 
 with a regard to the liberty and welfare of the people, 
 that deserved a very ditrerent requital from that which 
 T have had tho puiii of recording. The slight noticu 
 which the policy of tliis catholic Togistator has received 
 from (he philosonhic encomiasts of liberal institutions 
 strongly attests the capricious distribution of fame, and 
 may probably hive proceeded from dislike of his reli- 
 gious tenets, which, it was feared, would iharo tho 
 commendation bestowed on their votary. It was ap- 
 prehended perhaps, that the charge of intoleranco so 
 strongly preferred against catholic potentates and tho 
 Koinish church, would be weakened by the praise of a 
 toleration which cailiolics established and protestanta 
 overthrew. But in truth every deduction that is made 
 from (lie liberality of catholics in general, and every, 
 imputation tliat is thrown on the usual influence of 
 their tenets in conlractiiig the mind, ought to magnify 
 the merit of Lord Baltimore's institutions, and enhance 
 tho praise by demonstrating the rarity of his virtue. 
 One of the most respectable features of tho pro- 
 prietary administration was tho constant regard that 
 was had to justice, and to the exercise and cultivation 
 of benevolence, in all transactions and intercourse with 
 the Indians. But though this colony was more suc- 
 cessful than the New Kngland states (who conducted 
 themselves no less unexccptionably to the Indians) in 
 avoiding war with its savage nciglibors, yet we have 
 seen that it was not always able to avert this extremity. 
 In both these cases, no doubt, the pacific endeavors of 
 the colonists were oounteracted, nut only by the natu- 
 ral ferocity of the Indians, tiut by the hostilities of other 
 European!*, by which that ferocity was additionally in- 
 flamed. Vet the quakers of Puiiiisylvunia who were 
 exposed to the same disadvantage, escaped its evil con- 
 sequences, and were never attacked i>y tlie Indians. 
 Ilelying implicitly and entirely on tho protection of 
 God, they renounced every act or indication of self- 
 defence that could provoke the antagonism of human 
 nature, or excite apprehensive jealousy, hy showing the 
 power to injure. But the puritan and the catholic co- 
 lonists of New England and Maryland, wlule they pro- 
 fessed and exercised good-will to the Indians, adopted 
 tiie hoalilc precaution of showing their power to repel 
 violence. They displayed arms and erected forts, and 
 thus suggested the susjucion they expressed, and 
 invited the injury they anticipated. 
 
 Before toleration was defended by Locke, it was 
 realised by Lord Baltimore ; and in the atlcniftls 
 which both of these eminent persons made lo esta- 
 blish the model of a wise and liberal government in 
 America, it must be acknowledged that the proteslant 
 philosopher was greatly excelled by the catholic no- 
 bleman.^ The constitutions of William Penn have 
 been the theme of panegyric no less just than general ; 
 but of those who have commended them, how few have 
 been willing to notice the |)rior establisiimentof stnnlar 
 institutions hy Lord BaUiniore. Asaimilatcd in their 
 maxims of governmeni, these two proprielaries were 
 assimilated in ihcir political fortunes ; both having wit- 
 nessed an eclipse of their pO|iularity in America, and 
 both being di:4possc8sed of their governments by King 
 William. Peim, indeed, was restored a few years 
 
 of Oldmtxtorra work that I refer, wlien tho second is not 
 exprcs.sly de.si(;nated. 
 
 * In a roni|mny where Sir l.^aac Newton, John Locke and 
 William Penn liappcnod to meet tni^ether, the ciiiiver.-*alion 
 turned on the coinparativo excellRiico of tliP governrneiitii 
 of Carnlitia mid Pennsylvania. Locke iiiijeiiuoujtty yieidcd 
 tlie palm to I*enii; (Clarkson's Life of Penn, vol. li, p. 409.) 
 and would dnubiless have yielded it to Lord Hiiltiiiiure. ilul 
 I'eim'd reputation (froni the interfist which Ihe'tuakerji liave 
 felt in promoiinq it, and tho willin^Micsa of philosophers to ni:- 
 knowledgu him as an ally) has been much better protected 
 than that of Lord Dultimore: and to this perhsju nmy bo 
 ascribed the very different treatibtint wliich the desceu.lania 
 of these proprietaries exptTieiiced from theirrcspcelivf pro- 
 vinces at tlie Ainehf-aii revolution. The proprietary uf 
 MnrylauU wan then a minor; yet lu.seslate.s were cuiitiM-ated, 
 nnd no jntleinnificatioi) rould ever ho oblauied. (Wintcr- 
 boihain, vol. ill. p. 4.) The descendiiiits of Ponti, after a 
 loiitf series of ijuarrols wiih the jti'0|)lf:, emliriiced the ciiu.se 
 of nntain ; yet the legislature ol PentisyU-ania iiidemnilied 
 them ill the most liberal manner for the loss of ihoir property. 
 (BriRSot*s Travels, p. 339.) 
 
 after : but Lord BaUtmore's deprivation continutxl 
 during his life. On his death in 1710, his successor 
 being a protestant, was restored to the enjoyment of 
 proprietary powers. Tlieae powers, however, had in 
 the interim Hustained nomc al»atement from an act of 
 the Kngl'sh parlianitfiit,' which applied not only to this 
 but to all tho other feudatory principalities m North 
 America, and rendered tho royal sanction necessary to 
 confirm tho nomination of the proprietary governors. 
 
 Immediately after his appointment tn the office of 
 governor, Sir Kdmund Andros proceeded to Maryland. 
 where ho convoked an assembly, in which tho tillo of 
 William and Mary was recognised by a legifslative 
 enactment. In this assembly an attempt was made to 
 di\cst tho proprietary of the port duties that had been 
 settled on his family in the year IfiUl. The assemiily 
 now made a tender of the produce of this tax lo the 
 king, alleging, that although the provision had been 
 granted generally to tlie proprietary, llie true intention 
 of the legislature liad been to cmiler it merely as a 
 trust for the uses of the public. The king however 
 declined to accept the oiler, or sanction the assembly's 
 construction of the grunt; Sir John Vomers, to whom 
 the legitimacy of the proceeding was rderred, having 
 given It as his opinion that the duly truly belongud to 
 Lord Biilliinore, and was intended tor his own use, and 
 that it would he of dangerous const (]U(>iice to rtict^ive 
 parole proof of an intennon in the legislature diUerent 
 from the plain meaning of the words of the law. Tho 
 ingratitude which was thus evinced towards the propri- 
 etary met with a just retribution from the •tdimnistia- 
 tioii of Andros, who, though he :s said to have ap- 
 proved himself a good governor in Virginia, appears to 
 have exercised no little severity and rapacity in Mary- 
 land. Not tho least offensive part of his conduct was, 
 that he protected Coode agani.st the complaints he hud 
 provoked, and enabled this protltgate hypocrite a liltln 
 longer to protract tl c period of his impunity. Bui 
 Coodc's fortunes sooi became mure suitable to his de- 
 serts. Finding hinib^-tf iKglected by Colonel Nichol- 
 son, the successor of Aiulro.'*, he began lo practise 
 against the royal govcri.iner.t the same treacherous in- 
 trigues that he hud en. ployed with ho much success 
 against the proprietary aLl'tiinisirution. Inferior in 
 latent to Bacon, the disturber ul Virginia, and far info* 
 rior in sincerity to Leisler, the contemporary agilatoi 
 of New York, he was chiefly indebted lor his succcbC 
 to the daring reliance which lie placi;d on tlie inlluence 
 of panic, and the extent of popular credulity. He had 
 an unbounded confidence in tite power of putit^nt and 
 persevering calumny, and endeavored lo in. press it as 
 a maxim on his conrcderatcs, that " if plenty of mud ne 
 thrown, some of it will undoubtedly stick.'' In 1(>1}5, 
 this president of the protestant association of Maryland 
 was indicted for treason and blasphemy ; and, justly 
 apprehending that he would be treated with less lenity 
 under the protestant, than he had formerly experienced 
 under the i.-alhohc administration, he declined lo stand 
 a trial, and fled for ever fnun the province which he 
 had contributed so signally to dishui:or.t 
 
 The suspension of the proprietary government was 
 accompanied with a total subverston of the principles 
 on which Its adminislration had been uniformly con- 
 ducted. The puliiicat equably of religious sects was 
 subverted, and the universal loleralion ol every form of 
 christian worship abolished. Tlit- church ut England 
 was declared to be i|>i; eslublislu-d ecclesiastical consti- 
 tution of the state ; and an act passed in the year Hi\)'Z 
 having divided the several counlies into parishes, a 
 legil maintenance wus assigned to a mmisler of this 
 communion in every (uie of these parishes, consisting 
 of a glebe, and of an annual trihuiu of loriy pounds of 
 tobacco from every clirislian male, and every male or 
 female negro abovo sixteen years of age. The u[ipoinl- 
 
 tT »nd8 Will. III. cap. 3*2 ^ Id. Tins wa.s the tirKi iiislante 
 in wtui'li the English pailinmentaHSuuied the n^litul modify 
 Hig tho charter and altering the cunsiitutiun ot an Ariiencaii 
 province. III the course uf the folluwiii^ century Una power 
 wai exorcised on several occasions, and very relutiantly 
 submitted to. The preteii-sion toil lurined one of the (rruwids 
 of c|uarrel that proihiced the AJiienciiii Kevoiution. 
 
 I)y another chuise iii the same statute, U wm enacted, 
 *' tiiaton no pretence whatever any kind of goods from ihu 
 Entflish American plantutiuns Hhall hereafter be put on shore 
 either in the kingdoms uf Ireland or Si'uiluud, without hemg 
 first landed in Eiiijland, and having also paid tho duties there, 
 under the penally of a forfeiture uf the ship and cargo." 
 The Union in 17041 rendered thia restriction void, in «o far oa 
 related lo Scotland. 
 
 1 Oldiuixon. vol. I. p. 193. Chalmers, p. 348. 374. 383, 384. 
 Aiiinm; other expressions that (.'oode's mdictineiit laid tu lii<t 
 chariie, under llic i-ount of blaspiicmy, he was acctuieU u( 
 havim; Kaid " thiil there wus im r(-iigioii bill, what was in 
 Tully's Ollices." To make these words the moreintetligi.-ile, 
 tho indictment illustrated thorn by this innuendo, "that Uwf 
 were spoken of one TuUy, a Roman urMor, meaning." 
 
 ^^^Q^JVUPMI 
 
NORTH AMKHICA; 
 
 2«5 
 
 mont of the iiiinidtera was vcotod iti ihe governor, anil 
 lliu iiiuiiu^'eniunl of imrochtal alFaira In vustri*>8 rieclfd 
 tiv t)i(^ )irolt:»tiint inli)tl)itaiitti. I'ur the lieltpr iri«lrtic- 
 tinn ot' ilio people, frre'scliuols and pnhlK: libraries wero 
 eataliliHlied hy law in all tlie |)arl^)les. mu) an ample 
 culk'ClHjn uf hooks wah [irc.tcnted to the libraries as a 
 coinniencemenl of their literary stock, by iho I'lshop of 
 IfOndon. Uut nolwii^Htandiri^ all these oncourt^o- 
 mcnls to Iho cnlliva'ion of knuwlcd^^e, and the rapid 
 increase of her wealth and pDjitilaliun, it wub not nil 
 after her separation from the parent statu, that ony coii- 
 siderablo academy or college was foniud in M tryland. 
 All proleslatit ditisentcrs were declared to lie entitled 
 to the full benofil of the act of toleration pasi-ed in the 
 commencement of William and Mary*s reign hy the 
 English parlianienl. Uiil this ^race was strictly with- 
 held from the Koiiian cathnlies ; and the proteslanls 
 who thus enacted luteration to llicniselves. with the 
 IDOSt impudent injustice and unchristian cruelty, denied 
 it to the men by whoiiu tuleralion they themselves bad 
 been penmlted to ^'uin an csiablinhinent in the pro- 
 vince. ^>a1lCliolle<l by the antbority, and instructed hy 
 the example uf the Uriiisb (government, the legittlature 
 of Maryland proceeded, by tiie most tyrannical persecu- 
 tion of the catholics, to fortify and disgrace the jirolest- 
 ant ascendancy. Not only were lliese unfortunate vic- 
 tims of a conscience, which the actions of their oppo- 
 nents contributed additionally to mislead, cieluded 
 from all parlicijiation in pohtical privileges, but tliey 
 were debarred from the exercise of their worship and 
 the BdvuiitntrHs of education. Uy an act passed in the 
 year 1704, and renewed in the year 171;'), it was pro- 
 vided thfit any catholic priest attempting to convert >i 
 protcstant. should he puinshcd with tine and imprison- 
 ment ; and that the celebration of mass, or the educa- 
 tion of youth by a papist, should be punished hy trans- 
 portation of t)ie otlending priest or teacher to Entrland, 
 that he might there undergo thu penalties wliicU the 
 Knglish statutes intlmted on such actions. Thus in 
 their eagerness to deprive others of their liberty, the 
 protostaiils of Maryland truly subverted their own pre- 
 tensions to independeiil legislation. Tliey maintamed 
 that the statutes of the Knglisb parliament did nut 
 necessarily extend to Maryland ; and in conformity 
 with this supposition, we lind an act of assemhly in thu 
 year 170(), giving to certain English acts of parliament 
 the force of law within the province. Uut it was mani- 
 festly inconsistent with tins pretended indcpendeiiLe, 
 to declare any of the colonists amenable to the peculiar 
 jurisprudence of England, for actions committed in the 
 province and nut punisliable there. Though laws thus 
 unpist and oppressive were enacted, it was found im- 
 possible to carry them into rompletu execution. Shortly 
 after the act of 1704 was passed, the astiembly judged 
 it expedient to suspend its enforcement so far as tj 
 admit of catholic priests performing their functions in 
 private houses ; and the act of 1714 was suspended in 
 a similar maimer, in coiisoqucitnu of an express man- 
 date to the assembly from Queen Anne. 
 
 Thus were the catholics of Maryland, under the pre- 
 tence of vices which none realized more completely 
 than their persecutor!?, deprived of those privileges, 
 whicli for mure than half a cfntury tliey had enjoyed 
 With unparralletfd moderation. In addition to tlie 
 other odious features of the treatment tliey experienced, 
 there was a shameful violation of national fuiili in suf- 
 fering protestant persecution to follow them into the 
 asylum from its severity which they had been encour- 
 aged 10 seek, and with laborious virtue had establislied. 
 Sensible of lliis injustice, or rather perhaps willing to 
 induce the cathottcs whom they were determined not 
 to tolerate at home to expatriate to Maryland, the Uri- 
 tish guvcrnmcnt continued from time to lime to set 
 bounds to the eiercise of that colonial bigotry which 
 its own example had excited, and Us own authority 
 ■till maintaitied. 
 
 Before thu overthrow of the catholic church in 
 Maryland, Us clergy hud signalized themselves by some 
 attempts to convert the Indians to the christian faith ; 
 but their endeavors arc represented as having been 
 neither judicious nor successful. PJagcr to prevail on 
 the savages to receive the formalities, before they were 
 impressed with the substance of christian doctrine, they 
 aie iiaid to have administered the rite of baptism to 
 persons who understood it so little, that they con- 
 sidered their acceptance of it as a favor they had done 
 to the missionaries in return for the presents they re- 
 ceived from tiicm, and used to threaten to renounce 
 their baptism unUbs these presents were repeated. 
 Uut if the catholics of Maryland were chargeable with 
 ■ superstitious forwardness to administer this rite, some 
 of their protectant follow-colonists evinced a seiuimunt 
 
 j tenfold more inexcusable, in their determination to 
 
 , withhold it. An act of assembly passed in the year 
 
 1 7 13 declared that many people refused to permit their 
 
 staves to be baptized, in eonaeiiuenco of an ap|>rehen- 
 
 I sion that bapttsut would entitle them to their freedom ; 
 
 I and accordingly, to overcome their reluctance, enacted 
 
 t that no negro receiving the holy sacrament of ba^nism, 
 
 should derive therefrom any right or claim to be made 
 
 free. It was the peculiar unliappines-* of the lot of the 
 
 MarylanrI protcstants, that it surrounded them at once 
 
 with catholics, whom they were incited to persecute, 
 
 and with slaves whom they were enabled to oppress : 
 
 and it was not till some time after the Uevoluiion of 
 
 1688, that they began to show more genuine fruits o( 
 
 the tenets they prufcssed, than the persecution of those 
 
 who ditfered from them in religious opinion. 
 
 At the close of the seventeenth century, the popula- 
 tion of Maryland amounted to thirty thousand persons ; 
 and whetlier from superiority of soil or industry, or 
 from the absence of laws restrictive of eiiltivaiion, this 
 province is said to have exported ai least as much to- 
 bacco as the older and more populous province of Vir- 
 ginia. At a later period, a law was passed, prohibiting 
 tiie cultivation on any eatate of a greater (piaiUity than 
 six thousand plants of tobacco for t;very taxable indi- 
 vidunl upon the estate. Maryland was the tirst of the 
 provinces in which the right of private property was 
 from the beginning recognised in ils fullest extent ; 
 and coininumly of possessions bad never even a tempo- 
 rary establishment. This peculiarity, it is probable, 
 contributed to promote the peculiar industry by which 
 this people liave been distinguished. In the year 
 IfiOl), Annapolis was substituted for St. Mary's as the 
 capital of tlie province : but the same cau.ses that pre- 
 vented the growlli of towns in Virginia, also repres-scd 
 them in Marybiiid. There were few merebiinls or 
 shopkeepeis who were not also planters; and it was 
 the custom for every man to maintain on his plantaliun 
 a store for supplying the usual accommodations of shops 
 to bis family, servants, and slaves. Living dispersed 
 over the province, and remote from each other, tlie 
 elFecis of their comparative solitude are said to have 
 been visible in the eonnleuancc, manners, and apjiarel 
 of the great body of the [ilaiuers ; their aspect e.xpresa- 
 iiig le-'is cheerfulness, their demeanor less vivacity, their 
 dress less aitenlmn to neatness, and their whole exte- 
 rior less nrbanit}/, than were found in those colonies 
 where cities engendered and diUused the elegant virtue 
 to which they have given a name. Uut even lluse who 
 have reproached them witli this defect have not failed 
 to recognize a more respectable characteristic of their 
 situation, in that hospitality by which they were uni- 
 versally distinguished.* At a later period, the towns 
 of Maryland seemed to acquire a sudden principle of 
 increase ; and Ualtimore, in particular, has grown with 
 a rapiditv unexampled even in the United States. In 
 none of the provinces, have the efl'ects of a wise or 
 illiberal fysiein of governnient been more plainly appa- 
 rent than in Maryland. For nearly a century after the 
 Urilish Uevoluiion, ditference in religious opinion was 
 made the source of animosity and oppression ; and 
 during all tliat period not one consnlerable seminary of 
 learning arose in the province. Wilhm a few years 
 after the return of equal laws and universal toleration, 
 with i\w establishment of American independence, the 
 varieties of doctrinal opinion among the people served 
 but to illustrate religious chanty ; numerous coltoges 
 and academies were founded ; and the same jieople 
 among whom persecution had lingered longest, became 
 distinguished for a remarkable degree of courteous 
 kindness and generous compassion. 
 
 Duringthe suspension of the proj)rietary government, 
 the legislature of the province consisted of three 
 branches ; alter its revival, of four : the proprietary, 
 the governor, the council, and the burgesses. The 
 proprietary, besides a large domain cultivated hy him- 
 self, enjoyed a quit rent of two shilling.^ Altrling yearly 
 for every hundred acres of approprialcd land. This 
 was increased at an after period to four shillings in 
 some disincts ; and an unsuccessful attempt was made 
 to raise it as high as ten shillings. The proprietaries 
 had received hut too little encouragement to rely on 
 the stability of that gratitude which had been acquired 
 by their original moderation. The salaries of the go- 
 vernor and deputy-governor consisted of olHeial fees, 
 and a tax on exported tobacco, enacted to them suc- 
 cessively on their appointment to ollice, and propor- 
 
 * Wiiilerl-othanrs Vmcrira, vol. iii. p. 42. " That pride 
 whicli uruws on slavery, and is habitual to those wiio froin 
 their iiifimcy are latitjhl to b;;litivo and I'uei their .superiority, 
 is a visUile characteristic of the iiitiobilants of Maryland." 
 ibid. 
 
 tinned to their popularity. The council consisted of 
 twelve persons, appointed bv the proprietary, and dur- 
 ing the alH'vance of his political rights, by the royal 
 governor ; each of whom received, during the session 
 of thu assembly, an allowance of one hundred and 
 eighty ]>ounds of tobacco dailv from the province. The 
 bouse of representatives or burgesses consisted of four 
 members from cnrh of the courUies, and two from tho 
 capital ; the daily allowance to each o( them being one 
 hundred and sixty pounds of tobacco. From the de- 
 cisions of the provincial courts, in all cases involving 
 property to the amount of three hundred pounds, an 
 appeal was admitted to the king in council. The of- 
 fice of the select men in New England was performed 
 in .Maryland by the parochial vestries, which engrossed 
 the management of all the public affairs of their dia- 
 tricts, and soon underweiU a remarkable alwtoment ot 
 tho popular form of their oriuinal constitution ; fol 
 thoM<rh at ur-*t elected by the inh*ibiiants, thry held their 
 olfice for I'fe, and very early assumed the privilege of 
 supplying vacancies in their own number by the election 
 of the survivors. In the year 17(11, it was provided by 
 >* An act for the advancement of the natives and resi- 
 dents of this province," that no ottice of trust, except 
 those that were conferred byiinmediate commission 
 from the crown, couhl be held by any person who had 
 not previously resided three years in the colony." 
 
 The situation of slaves and of indented servants ap- 
 pears to have been very much the same in Maryland as 
 in Virginia. Any wliitc woman, whether a servant or 
 free, liecoming pregnant from the embrace of a negro, 
 whether a slave or free, was punished with a servitude 
 of seven years ; and the children of *' such unnatural 
 and inordinate connexions," were doomed to servitude 
 till they sbuuhl attain the age of thirty-one. A whitu 
 man beguiling a eliild by a negre^s, ^as sut>jected to 
 the same penally as a white woman committing the 
 corresponding otfeiice. An indented servant, at tho 
 expiration of his servitude, was entitled to demand a 
 liberal allowance of various useful commodities from 
 his m-ister, some of which he was prohibited, under a 
 penalty, from selling for twelve months after his libera- 
 tion. A lax was imposed on the importation of ser- 
 vants from Ireland, " to prevent the importing too great 
 a niimber of Irish papists into this province." 
 
 To prevent the eva.sion of provincial dtbts or other 
 obligations by tlight to England, or to the other Ame- 
 rican states, all persons preparing to leave the colon/ 
 were required to give public intimation of their depart 
 turu. and obtain a formal passport from the municipal 
 authorities. An act was passed tn ttie year 16*J8, in- 
 vesting a large tract of land in Dorchester county, in 
 two Indian kings, who, with their subjects, were to hold 
 it as a hef from the proprietary, and to pay for it a 
 yearly rent of one bear skin. In common with tho 
 other colonies, Maryland was much infested by wolves ; 
 and so late as the year 1715, a former act was renewed, 
 otrcrmi; "/Ar sum of three hundred pounds of toliacco" 
 as a reward for every wo!l^s head that should bo 
 brought by any colonist or Indian to a justice of the 
 peace. \n act proposing a similar recompense had 
 been passed in Virginia ; hut it was repealed in tho 
 year 166G. __^.^ 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 
 NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 CHAPTEIl I. 
 
 Karly Attempts of the Spaniards and tho Frniich to colonize 
 till.-* terrilory— Kirst Cluirler of i;.iniliiia ^-ranted liy (>harled 
 ttie Second to Lord Clarendon and others— Furinalion of 
 Allicniario SelileintMU in North Carolina— SeUlunient of 
 Adilej* River in South Carolina— Second Charter of the 
 wliolc United Frovince— l*ioceedlnjj!t at All>emarte— The 
 Propriolanca enact the fundamental Constitutions of (Caro- 
 lina— li^xpediiion of Krnigrants to Soutli Ciirolina— John 
 Locke created a LaiidKriuo— Hostilities with the Spaniards 
 in Fhiridn. and wiih llic Indinns— Disputes between the 
 I'ropriutaries and ilie Colonists — t'nlpeppor's Insurrection 
 in Norlh (;an»lina— Heis tried in Enifland, and aciinilted— 
 Di^i'ortl Hinon^' the colunists-dolltors tyrannical administra- 
 tion— Ho 13 deposed. 
 
 Wk have seen New England colonized hy puritans 
 exiled by royal and episcopal tyranny ; Virginia replen- 
 ished hy cavalier and episcopal fugitives from republican 
 triumph and puritan ascendancy ; and Maryland founded 
 by catholics retiring from protcstant intolerance. By 
 a singular coincidence, the settlement whoso history 
 we now proceed to examine, originally seemed to have 
 been destined to complete this series of revolutionary 
 persecution : and if the first colonists who were planted 
 m it had been able to maintain their establishment, 
 Carolina would tiave been peopled by Hugonots flying 
 from catholic bigotry.* 
 
 ■ At a laterperiod we havo seen tho descendaiUi of oneol 
 
280 
 
 THE HISTORV OF 
 
 TliiN Krntiirv lias licon llio Biibject of a vArioiy o( 
 pretotitirtiN, iiitit Jislinsuiiiho<.l at siiccosMvo periods liy 
 t vdriclv uf tiaiiu>8. Tno cluirn of li^ntfUiid to the firat 
 diacovory of ii wdr iliHpiitcd hy the Spaniard^ who 
 maiiiuinud ihit Culiot novor proceeded ro far to tho 
 ■oiiih, rnd thnt it had heen yot unvisilcd by any K'l- 
 ro|)can, when Ponce de Leon, iho Spanish governor of 
 Porto Uic3, arrived on its shores, [15L3J, as ho was 
 aaihnf? in quest of a land which was reported to contain 
 ft fountain endowed with the miraculous power of re- 
 utorinif tho bloom and vi^or of youth to ago and decrc' 
 pitude. Uidicving that lie had now attained tho favored 
 region, he hastoned to take posseniiion, in his aove- 
 nign*# name, of so rare and vahiahte an acquisition. Ho 
 bestowed on it the name of Florida, cither on account 
 of the vernal beauty that adorned its surface, or be- 
 canso he discovered it on the Sunday before Easter, 
 which tho Spaniards call Pasqua do Flores ; but though 
 ho chilled hn aged frame by bathing in every stream or 
 fountain that he could find, ho had tho mortification of 
 rtfturning an older instead of a younger man to Porto 
 Hico. A few years afterwards, another Spanish ofli* 
 cer, who was sent to make a inoro rninuto inspection 
 of the territory supposed to have been thtis newly dis* 
 covered, performed an exploit but too congenial with 
 the cotemporary achievements of his countrymen, in 
 kidnsppini; a considerable body of the natives, whom 
 ho carried away into hoiidairo. Some researches for 
 gold and silver, undertaken shortly after by succeed- 
 ing adventurers of tho same nation, having terminated 
 unsuccessfully, tho Spaniards appeared to havo re- 
 nounct^d tho intention of any immediate settlement in 
 this region, and left it to repose under the shadow of 
 the name they had bestowed, and to remember its titu- 
 lar owners by ihcir cupidity and injuslicc. Tho whole 
 of this coast wn^ subsequently explored [1333 — 1525] 
 with consideralile accuracy by Verizzan, an Italian na- 
 vigator, in the service of the French, and whom Francis 
 iho First* had commissioned to attempt the discovery 
 of new territories in America for llie bonetit of tho 
 crown. But the colonial designs of tho French go- 
 Ternmcnt were suspended durnii; the remainder of this 
 reign, by th^ favorite gumi! of kmgs whicli was jdayed 
 with such cajTrr and obstinate riviilry between Francis 
 and the Emperor Charles the Fifth t During succeed- 
 ing reigns, thev were impeded by still more fatal ol>- 
 Btructioiis ; and all the advantages that Franco might 
 have derived from the territory explored by Verazzan 
 and neglected bv the Spaniards, was |}Ostponed lo the 
 induli^eiicc of royal and papal bigotry in a war of exter- 
 mination against the 1 lugunols. The advantages, how- 
 ever, thus neglected by the French court, were not 
 overlooked bv ihe objects of its persecution ; and at 
 leiiijth the doterinin.ilioti of appropriating a part of this 
 territory as a retreat fi<r the French proicstanl-s. was 
 embraced by one of their loador!^, tlic Admiral Coligni. 
 Tvi'o vcsiels which he equipped lor this purpose were 
 accordingly dcitpatchLMt with a body of protectant emi- 
 grants 10 America, who lauded at the mouth of Albe- 
 marle river, and in honor of their sovereign (Charles 
 the Ninth), gave the country the name of Carolina ; a 
 name which, by a singular coincidence, tho Kiiglish, 
 after obliterating, were destined to revive. Though 
 those colonists had only to announce tliem<ielves as 
 strangers to the faith and the name oi the Spaniards, in 
 order to secure the most friendly reception from the 
 Indians, they sutrered so maiw privations in their new 
 •ottlement, from the inability of tho admiril to furnish 
 them with adequate supplies, that, after a shor'. resi- 
 dence in America, they were compelled to return lo 
 France. A treacherous pacification having been ef- 
 fected, meanwhile, between tho French court ami the 
 
 ttie most itustrinus people or antiquity seeking a refuse in I 
 America from Turkish oiipreiision. Iti the latter part ui ttie I 
 eighteenth century, Sir VVilliain Duncan, an eniincnl English 
 
 f)hyti«"ian, conceived the project of founUing a Giecian culuny 
 n North Arnericn, and actually transportecf, far tliis purpose, [ 
 f«evcral huniired UrcokatoEa.it Florida. Gait's Letters from 
 tho Levant, p. 318. 
 
 * Tlie kings of Spam and Portugal remonstrated against 
 the projects of Francis as a direct impucrnation of ecclesi- 
 astical authority. To this rcmonstrancH the monarch is said : 
 lo have pleasantly replied, " I stiould be glad to see the 
 cliuse In Adam's will, which makes that continent their ex- 
 clusive inheritance." Haynal. 
 
 t A siitjht demonstration was made by Francis in tho year ; 
 I MO of an intention to colonize a different quarter of Ame- • 
 rica, by the letters patent which he then granted to Jac(|U0s 
 Quarlier fj - the establishment of a colony in Canada. But 
 the French made no pcrmament settlement even there till 
 tho reign o Henry tho Fourth. Escarbot's Hist, of New 
 France, p. 307. Champlain's Voyage, part i. In tlie com- 
 mission to (juarticr, tho territory is described as '* possessed 
 by savages, livmg without the knowludu'u of God or Mio use 
 of reason." Yet Pope Paul (he Third had previously by a 
 Bull declared tho American Indians to be rational creatures, ; 
 possesiiiii} tlie naturti, and entitled to the rights uf men | 
 
 protestants, Coligni ompluyed iho interval of repose, 
 and the unwonted favor that ho seemingly enjoyed with 
 the king, in provnling a refuge fur his p^rty Irorn that 
 tempest, which, though unhappdy for hunstdf, he diil 
 not clearly foresee, his oxperionco and sagacity yd in- 
 duccd him to anlicipato. Three ships, equipped by 
 the king, and carrying oiit jnother (jctuclimfnt of 
 Itugunotfl, [1504] were again despatched to Carolina, 
 and followed soon after by a more numerous licet with 
 additional settlers, and an ample supply of arms and 
 provisions. The assistance which the king of France 
 thus vouchsafed to tho Huj^mnots, riinmds us of the 
 similar policy by which (/harles tho First promoted, in 
 tho following century, tho departure of the puritans 
 from England. Tho French monarch was a little 
 more liberal than the English, in tho aid which he 
 granted ; but ho was intimtely more perfidious and 
 cruel in the designs which he truly entertained, lie- 
 friended by tho Indians, and vigorously applying 
 themselves to the cultivation of their territory, the 
 colonists had begun to enjoy tho prospect of a per- 
 manent and happy ostablishment in Carolina, when they 
 were suddenly attacked by a forco despatched against 
 them by the king of Spain. The commander of the 
 Spanish troops having first induced them to surrender 
 as Fronchtnen, put them all to tho sword as heretics ; 
 announcing by a placard, erected at Iho place of execu- 
 tion, that this butchery "was not indicted on them as 
 subjects of Franco but as followers of Luther." Nearly 
 a thousand French protestants were involved in this 
 massacre ; and only one soldier escaped to carry tidings 
 to France, which charity does not oblige us to believe 
 communicated any surprise to the projectors of the 
 league of liayonne and tho massacre of St. Uarlliolo- 
 mew. Though tho colony had been planted with the 
 approbation of tho French court, and peace subsisted at 
 the lime between Franco and Spur.i, t!i'! assault and 
 extirpation of the coto:iists produced no liemunstratioii 
 of resentment from the French government, and would 
 have been totally unavenged in this world, if Ue Cior- 
 gues. a French nobleman, incensed by such wicked- 
 ness, had not determined to vindicate the cau.se of jus- 
 tice and the honor of his country. [1567 J lliivmir 
 fitted out tliree ships at his own expense, he sctsiit lor 
 Carolina, where tho Sjianiards, m carelus.s socuriiy, 
 possessed the fort and setUerneiit which ihcv had ac- 
 quired by the murder of liis countrymen. He easdv 
 obtained the zealous co-operation of tho Indians, and 
 with their assi»tanee overpowered and slew all the 
 Spaniards who resisted his enterprise, and hanged all 
 whom he made prisoners on the nearest trues ; erect- 
 ing, in his turn, a placard which announced, tliat this 
 execution " was not inflicted on them as Spaniards but 
 as murderots and robbers." ILivmg thus accomplished 
 his purposed vengeance, he returned to Franco ; tirst 
 destroying every trace of the settlement whicli neither 
 Frenchmen nor Spaniards were destined ever again to 
 occupy.* Ketigious disputes excited a much greater 
 degree of mutual hiUred and of public confusion in 
 France tlian in England, and were proportionally un- 
 favorable to French colonization. Canada, which was 
 the lirst permanent occupation of the French in Ame- 
 rica, was not colonized till six years after Henry tltc 
 Fourth iiaci issued the celebrated edict of Nantes. 
 
 About eighteen years after Ihe expulsion of the 
 French colony of Coligni, there was. settled m tho isle 
 of Roanoak, in the same territory, the lirst plantation 
 eireeted oy Kaleigh, of whose enterprises I have given 
 an account in tho history of Virginia. There was an 
 analogy between the fortunes of their colonial settle- 
 ments, as well as between tho personal destinies of Co- 
 ligni and Raleigh ; and transient as it proved, it was 
 still the most lasting trace of his exertions witnessed by 
 Raleigh, that the name ofthecountry was changed by the 
 English fiom Carolina to Virginia — a nnino uf which wo 
 have already traced the final application and peculiar his- 
 tory, t Even the subsequent colonial elforts of England 
 
 * L'Escarbol's Hist, of New Franco, 225. 401. Oldmlzon, 
 1. 327—329. Howit's Account of South Curolina and Georgia, 
 i. 18—20, Williamson's History of North Carolina, cap. i. 
 The French, iiowever, retained their pretensions to the 
 country. D'Aubigny, the father of Madame Maintenon, 
 having formed the purpose of establishing hiinsolf in Caro- 
 lina, found he had incurred the serious di.splcasure of the 
 French court for having solicited a grant from the Engli<$h 
 government. Voltairo'si Ai^e of Louis the Fourteenth, cap. 
 Stt. Voltaire is inistaken in supposing that tho future queen 
 of France received her early oduratmn in Carotina, where as 
 yet there were none but savage inhabitants. It was to Mar- 
 tinique that her father actually removed himself and his 
 family, and whence, at tho ago of twelve years, this extra- 
 ordinary woman returned to become the queen of a country 
 where iho had been born in a prison. NIeinoiros ct Lettrcs 
 de M.imtenon, vol. 1. Vie do M. Maintenon, 13. 
 
 t Tliii dunuiniiiation which ha hod bestowed in honor of 
 
 did not extend to this terrilory, till Iho year 1433, wl.un 
 several English fuinilu'Ft. tlyin^froin tlie mas«acro8 0i the 
 Indians m Virginia ami New Kngtund, sought refuge 
 vviihm Its liinilM, and are s.iul (o have acted the noble 
 part of chriHiiaii nnHHiunnriert, with such success, tliat 
 one of the Indian princes vv.is converted from idolatry to 
 liie gospel. Tliey sulfered extreme hardithip from 
 scarcity of provisions, and were |>resurvetl from iierish- 
 ing by the generous coiitrihutiun tliey received from 
 the goveriiinent of M.issitchusetts. whone asMintance 
 ihtw iiud implored. .Vii ntu*iupi was nia<le to assume 
 a jiirLsdiclion over them bv Sir Rulieri lleaih, attorney. 
 general to Charles '.he Firnt, who obtained from hiii 
 master a patent uf the whole of this region by the name 
 of Varolana. Dut as he made no altemjit to execute 
 the powers conferred on him, ihe patent was after- 
 wards declared to havo become vuid, because Iho con- 
 ditions on which It had been granted had not been ful- 
 filled * Much collision and dispute between claimants 
 and occupiers uf colonial territory would have been 
 prevented, if the principle of this adjudication had been 
 more generally e.\lended, and more steadily applied. 
 
 The country which so many unsuccessf'ul attempts 
 had been made to colonize, was indebted for ils final 
 settlement to a project formed by certain courtiers of 
 Charles tho Second for iheir own enrichment, but 
 which they were pleased to ascribe to a generous desire 
 of propagating the blessings of religion and civility in a 
 barbarous land. An applic.ilion, couched in thofo terms, 
 having been presented to the king by eight of the most 
 eminent persons, whose fidelity he had experienced in 
 his exile, or whose treachery had contributed to his 
 restoration,! easily procured for them a grant of that 
 extensive region, situated on the Atlantic ocean, be- 
 tween the thirty-sixth degree of North latitude and the 
 river Saint .Matheo. [lfi6:)J This territory was accord- 
 ingly erected inio a province, by the name of Carolina, 
 and conferred on tlio Lord Chunceller Clarendon, 
 .Monk Duke of Albemarle, Lord (Jraven, Lord Rerke- 
 Icy, Lord Ashley (afterwards Earl of Shaftesburv), Sir 
 George Carteret, Sir John Colleton, and Sir \Vitliain 
 Berkeley, the governor of Virginia ; " who (as the 
 charter set forth), being excited with a laudable and 
 pious zeal for the jtropagation of the gor<pel, beggttd a 
 certain country in the parts of America not yet culti- 
 vated and planted, and only inhibited by some barba- 
 rous people who had no knowledge of God." Ttio 
 terrilory was bestowed on these personages, and their 
 heirs and assigns, as absolute lord proprietaries for 
 ever, saving the sovereign allegiance due to the crown ; 
 and they were invested with as ample rights and juris- 
 dictions within llieir American palatinate, a»any bishop 
 of Durham enjoyed within his diocese. Tins charter, 
 doubtless, composed by ihi^ parlies themselves who 
 received it, seems to havo been copied from tiie [irior 
 hirter uf .Maryland, the most liberal in the coinmuni- 
 caiion of privileges and powers that had ever yet been 
 granted. 
 
 A meeting of such of the proprietaries 06 were in 
 England having been held soon after, for the purpose 
 of concerting measures for carrvi.ig the purposes of 
 their charter into effect, a joint stock wus formed by 
 general contribution for transporting emigrants, and de- 
 fraying other necessary expenses. At the desire of tho 
 New England settlers, who already inhabited the pro- 
 vince, and had stationed themselves in the vicinity of 
 Cape Fear, lliey publi.tlied, at the same time, a docu- 
 
 himsclf on a projected (own (see nntc, I) [. cap. 1.) wai re- 
 vived and bestowed upon an actual city, more Itian two 
 hundred yearn after; wlien, by an ordinance of the legislature 
 of North ('aroliria, the name of Ualeigh wis given to iho 
 seat of government of this province. 
 
 » Coxe's Description of Caroluna, Append. 11)9—112. Hut 
 chinson's Mist, of Mansachusetts, i. 220. Oidriiixnn, i. :i'J'J 
 Chalmers, 515. Ileiith had previously sold his patent to the 
 Earl of Arundel and Surrey, who is ttr.id to have made ex 
 IMiisive preparations for founding a colony, l)Ut was diverted 
 from hii desifjii by a domestic calamity. Daniel Cuxe, a phy- 
 sician In London, who, at the close of the seventeenth 
 century, hecamo an extensive purchaser of proprietary riijhia 
 in Nortli America, contrived, ainoiiir oilier ac^uisiiion-s, to oU 
 tain an a.H>ignalion to Sir Itobert Heiitli's patent ; and main 
 tamed, witli the approbation of King Wtlliam's ministers, 
 that this patent was still a valid and subsisting title, in so fur 
 as it embraced territory occupied by the Spaniards, and not 
 included in any po.ttcrior Englisli patent. Ili.-t sun (the atithor 
 of tho Description) resumed his father's claims, and mado 
 various unsuccessful attempts to colonize the territory which 
 he persisted in denominating Carolana. Coxe, Pteface, p. 
 30, and Append, p. 113—131. 
 
 t The I wo perioiia to whom this least reputable claim of 
 merit chielly bcloni^cd were Shaftesbury and Monk. It 
 proved more available to them than the more lionorable ser- 
 vices of tho others. Nf ucli more than his due share of It has 
 been ascribed to Monk, whoso great service was not that ho 
 contributed signally to efTect tho Restoration (which, In truth, 
 he withstood as iong as tie could,) hut that, by liis artiAces, 
 tlie Restoration was utfectod without the constitutional pre- 
 caution of imposing conditions on Lie king. 
 
 KM 
 
NORTH AMEHICA. 
 
 887 
 
 merit nmlor tho title of " Prop(i«;iU lo all ihnt will 
 rUnt m OarolitiJi." Tlipy prociinm')! lli.u all [nTftotiH 
 (eulin:^ nn Cliirlca riviT id the Houihw.inl of ('.i[m 
 Fi'^r, and ron-tf^iiMnij to (nko tlio o.iih ol' iillri^iancH lo 
 Ji« kiiiij. and ti; rrco^niso tho |)ro|irn)iiiry ifovcnuiu'nt, 
 should tin entitled to conlinuc tho oociijiation thuy hid 
 Msumed, mid to fortify thmr iielllcineiit ; tiinl thn Hot- 
 Iters should present to the propriclarii-M u list of ihir- 
 Uen persons, in order that tliny mi<rht miliTt fro'ii 
 ihein a ffovpfiior ntid counril of itix, to lio nppointrd for 
 three years ; thai an assembly, composed of thn go- 
 vernor, coimcil, and delegates of the frcuineii, should 
 be raited as soon as thn circiimitlancos of the colony 
 would allow, with power to make laws which rthoiild he 
 neither contrnry to tho laws of I'jJi^land. nor of any va- 
 lidity after the piihlicaiion of the disnent of the proprie- 
 taries ; that .very person should unjov thu most per- 
 fect freedom in relij^ion ; that durinij tivn yrars every 
 froemin should bo allowed an hundred acrei of land 
 for himself aiid fifty for a scrvani. pivin-; only an hill'- 
 penny for every acre ; and that the Muie IVeedom from 
 rnstoiU!* which had been conferred by the royal cliarter 
 flhoiitd be extended to all cla^ncw of (lie inhihitantH. 
 Such were tiio onijinal conditions on winch Carolim 
 was planted ; and surely it must strike every rolleclinij 
 mind with surprise, to behold a rei»ular system of civil 
 and reliirious freedom thus oiiaeted as the basis of the 
 colonial institutions by the same statesmen, who, in 
 the parent counlrv. had framed the mtolerant act of 
 uniformity, and were cnforcini; it with tho most re- 
 lentless severity. While they Hileticeii sneh leachern 
 88 John Owen, and filled the prisons of Ku'^land with 
 Buch victims ns Uaxtcr, Bunyan, and Alleine, ihiw 
 otfered freedom and encourai»emcnt lo every variety of 
 opinion in (^aroliiu; thus forcibly impeaching the wis- 
 dom and (jood faith of their <lomt!Htic admiiU'*tr.uion by 
 the avowil which their colonial policy manifestly im- 
 plies, that diversities of opinion and worship may 
 peaceably co-exist in the same society, and that implicit 
 toleration is the sure:<t politiciil means of makini^ a 
 cominonweallh rtourish. and a country appear desirable 
 to its inh.ibit.mt*'. Ft is humiliatnif^' lo olnnrve a nvin 
 like liOrd ('larendon realize, in cinformily with his 
 privite inlerest, the truth which his larLfc experience 
 and powerful uiideratandini; were insntR'uent lo imlnce 
 him, as an Kni^lish st:ite:iman, to etnbraco. 
 
 Besides tho settlers from New Knirland wlio were 
 seated at Cape Kear, thrro was anolhnr sm ill body of 
 inhabitants already established in a liiirercnt quarter of 
 the proprietary domains. In the history of Viri,nnia, 
 we have seen tint, as early as the year lOOD Captain 
 Smith judijed it expedient, for political reasons, lo re- 
 move a portion of tho Viri^inian colonist.=» to a distance 
 from the main body at James Town. With this viuw 
 he despatched a small party to form a plantuiou at 
 Nansemond. the most southern scitleuient of Viri^inia. 
 where, notwithslandini; tho formidable olistructions 
 thev encounieicd from the hostility of the natives, they 
 succeeded in miintainint* and exiendini^Mheir eslibbsh- 
 ment. As the Indiana receded from the vicinity of the-^e 
 intruders, the planters naturally followed their tracks, ex- 
 tending their plantations into tho bosom of the wilderness 
 and as their numbers increased, and the most ehjrihle 
 situations were occupied, they traversed the fore.>ts in 
 q:icst of others, till thev reached tho streams, which, 
 instead of dischar!»ini; their waters into the Ohe.«peake. 
 pursued a south-eastern course, and (lowed into the 
 ocean. Their numbers arc saiJ to have been aun|. 
 mented. and their proi»ress impelled by tlio intolerant 
 laws that were enacted in Viririnia against sectarians 
 of every denomination. At tho epoch of the (varolina 
 charter of 1663, a small plantation had been accordingly 
 for some yoars established within its boundaries, on the 
 north-eastern shores of the river Chowan, wliich now 
 received the name of Albemarle, in compliment to the 
 title by which General Monk's services bad been re- 
 warded. NotwithstaiuliniT tho opinion of nn intelli- 
 gent historian of North Carolina. I can see no reason 
 to believe that the planters of Alhomarlo were com- 
 posed entirely or even acncrally of exdes for conscience 
 Bake : yet that a number of conscientious men had 
 mingled with them may be inferred from tho fact, that 
 they purchased their lands at an equitable price from 
 the aboriginal inhabitants. Remote from tho scat of 
 the Virginian government, they yielded little obedience 
 to its authority, and for somo time had lived without 
 any perceivable rule ; when at lcn;»th tho governor of 
 Virginia assumed, in a new capacity, a stricter and 
 more legitimate superintendence of their aifatra. h\ 
 September, 1663, Sir William Berkeley was e.npow- 
 ered by the other proprietaries to nominate a governor 
 and u council of six, who were authorised to rule this 
 
 little commiinitv according to the powers granted by 
 tlie royal charter; to conlirni formi-r possessions, and 
 lo grant Imids to every one, jitowiiig tiit>m tliree years 
 lo pay the quit rents ; to m.ike laws, with the eonsenl 
 oi the dcleii;iies oi' tlie freemen, transmitting them lor 
 the approbation of the proprtetjries, Berkeley was 
 reijuested to visit the colony, and to employ skilful per- 
 sons to explore its bays, rivers, and shores ; a uiity 
 which ho performed in thn following year. [1661 J 
 Having confirmed and granted lands to the settlers, in 
 conformity with his instructions, ho appointed Uriim- 
 mond, a man of suttloient prudonce and abilities, their 
 first governor, and then returned lo Virginia, leaving 
 them all to follow their various pursuits in peace. The 
 colonists for lomo time continued perfectly satisfied 
 with an arrangement that seemed raiiicr to secure than 
 impair the advantages of their former condition; hut 
 as iho day appioached when the payment of quit-renlH 
 was to cotnmence, they liegan lo manifest no smtll 
 dissiitisfaction with llie tenures by which thny held their 
 lands. In tlie year 166(1 they coustihited an assemhly, 
 probalitv the first that was ever held m f>aroliiia, and 
 from this hotly a petition was transmitted to tho pro 
 prietanes, desiring that tho people of Alhem.irle might 
 bold their possessions on tho same terms that were 
 enjoyed by iho people of Virginia. Ti»e proprietaries, 
 who were exceedingly solicitous to promote tho popu- 
 lation of the province, and to avoid every proceeding 
 that might discourage the resort of settlers, readily 
 acceded to this request, and commanded the governor 
 in future to grant the lands on the terms that had been 
 prescritied by the colonists themselvei. Notwithstand- 
 ing the apostolical views which tho proprietaries had 
 professed, not tho slightest attempt was made to pro- 
 vide for the spiritual instruction of the colonists, or tlm 
 conversion of the Indians; and the colony continued 
 for a series of years to be conducted without oven the 
 somlilance of religious worship. 
 
 Tho proprietaries having thus endeavored to rear and 
 organise tho feeble settlement of Albom.irli!, directed 
 their chief regard lo tho finer region that extends along 
 the more snuthnrly coast. Uaviiig caused a survey to 
 bo made of these shores, by a vessel wliich thoy do- 
 sp Itched fro:n Virginia, for the pirpoio of ascortaiuing 
 what rivers and countries were the most {irop(>r 
 for habitiiion, they propo.^ed, arnong other pniji-cled 
 setilemoiits, lo establish a new colony to the southward 
 of (^ape Kear, along llie b.inks of the river ClMrles. in 
 the district which was now denominated thu county of 
 Clarendon. Several gentlemen of Barliadoes, dtssatis- 
 fiud with thrir present condition, and desiring to be- 
 como the heads of a less cousideratite estulilislMnent, 
 had for some time projected lo remove theuHelves to 
 this rugiou, atid now siilimilted j projiositioti lo ih.it 
 ('lli'ct to the proprietaries: and though their first de- 
 muids of being invested wiln atlisirict thirty-two miles 
 sipiare, and ail the powers of a corporation within 
 themselves, were refu.sed by the propriet tries, their 
 application, on the whole received so much eiK'ourage- 
 inent as determined them to undertake the migration, 
 [ Ki'i').] In furtherance of a project so agreeable to their 
 wLihes, llie proprietaries besto.ved on John Veamans, a 
 rt>spectahle ptaiitcr of Bjrbadoes, and the son of u man 
 who had lost his life in tiie king's service iluring the 
 civil wars, the yppointment of coinininder-in-chtef of 
 ('larendon county, strclchmg from Cipe Fear to the 
 rivor .Saint Matimo, and o'jtaineil fur iiiin, at tiie same 
 lime, the rank n( a b irouet, and partly in recompense 
 oi' tlie loyalty of his f.imily, and partly in order lo give 
 weigiit lo ins station, and some appearance of splendor 
 lo the colonial esiabluhinunl. Tne same powers were 
 now conferred, and lhi3 same constitution eslattlislied, 
 as those which liad given ronienlment to the inhabi- 
 tants of Albemarle: and Veamans was particularly 
 directed to " make every thing easy to the people of 
 New Knglaud," I'rom which the proprietaries declared 
 thai lliey cipectcd more cojuous emigrations to Caro- 
 lina than from any of llie other colonies. Tins expecta- 
 tion, more cri^ditabic lo iheir discernment than lo their 
 integrity, was obfiouslv derived from the into'orance 
 which yet lingered in New li^ngland, and the elTects of 
 which were thus distinctly recognised, and deliberately 
 anticipated, by the same persons who indulged in it so 
 uiircservedly in llie parent state. An order was made 
 at the same time by i!ie proprietaries, that the commis- 
 3ion of Yoanians shoulij not prevent the appointment 
 of another governor, lor a new seitlemeut which was 
 proiecied in a district to the southward of Cape ilo- 
 main, and which acquired soon after the name of Car- 
 teret. The policy which the |)roprieiaries were thus 
 pursuing, in iho establishment of a variety of separate 
 and independent colotitcs in Carolina, each of which 
 
 had Its own distinct assembly, rnstonif, and laws, iiifH 
 plieil them at a future period with ample cause of nv 
 gret, and contributed to the prulongi-d frohlenoas and 
 iltstraciion* by which this province was nnhappitv 
 distinguished. Meanwhile however, their procerdingt 
 were regarded with approhaliou by tho king, who nr»- 
 sented them wiib twelve pireo* of ordnHiicff, wfiicli 
 were desp.itcbed to ('harles River, along with a cai> 
 sidtTable quantity of military stores. 
 
 Having now nlitained the most ininnto information 
 of the whole coast of (Carolina, and diseovcred, on both 
 extremes of their territory, considerable tracts of land 
 that would form very deftirablo acceisioim lo it, the 
 proprietaries nasily obtained from thetr sovereign a {{ift 
 of these additional pos.sessions. .\ second cimrteri 
 which was accordingly executed in their favor, rocited 
 and confirmed the former grant, and gave renewed 
 assurance and commendation of " the piuuH and nohU 
 fmrnnHc" under which these insatiable courtiers judged 
 it decent lo cloak their amlntton or rapacity. It 
 granted, to the namo patentees, that province i«i(uated 
 within the king's dominions in .Viii'Tica extending 
 norlh-easiward to <>arah(uke-inlet, and thence in a 
 straight linn to Wyonoke, which lies under the 36lh 
 degree and 3!)tb minute of north latitude, nouth-west- 
 ward lo ihu t2'Jih degree; and froin the oeean to the 
 South Seas. They were vested with all the righta, 
 jurisdictions, and royalties, which the bisiiop of Tlur- 
 ham ever pos.sessed. and were lo bold tlic territory as 
 a feudal dependanco of the manor of Kast Greenwich, 
 paying a rent of twenty marks, and one fourth of the 
 gold and sdver that should be found within it. Alt 
 persons, except those who f,hoiild be specully forlud- 
 den, were allo,ved to transport tliemselviv4 to Carolina ; 
 and they and thiur children were declared to be deni* 
 zens of Kii:{laud, who slioutd always be considered us 
 tho sumo people, and possess tlie same privileges, as 
 those dwelling witiiin tho realm. Tliey were ean- 
 powered to trade in all commodities which were not 
 prolnbited by the stalules of Ku^land. They wera 
 authorised to lade the prodnetions of llie province, and 
 to bring ihnrn into Kiiglind, .Scotland, or Ireland ; jiay- 
 ing 'ho same auties as oUier subjects: .\iid they were 
 exempted, for seven years, from the payment of eua- 
 toms, on the importation, into any of the dominions ot 
 the crown, of wines and other enurnerated products nl 
 the colony. The proprietaries were (Miahled lo make 
 laws for tlie province, with llie eon.tont of the freemru 
 or their dele;;alos ; under the general condition that 
 they should be reasonable, and as nearly cotifonned as 
 miglit bo to the jurisprudence of Kngland. Tliey were 
 empowered to erect ports for the convenience oi' com- 
 merce, and lo appropriate such cnstorns as should be 
 imposed by the u.ssemhly. They were allowed lo create 
 an order of nobility, by conferring titles of honor, dif- 
 fering, however, lu style, from the titles conferred on 
 tho people of fclagland. (Carolina was declared inde- 
 pendenl of any othiir province, but 8ut)ject immediately 
 to the crown ; and the iniiabitants were not coinpell;i- 
 ble to answer to any cause or suit in any other part of 
 his m.ijesty's dotninions. except within the realm. Tho 
 proprietane.-* were authorised lo grant imlulgence.s lo 
 those who might bo prevented by conscientious scru- 
 ples from conforming to the Churcli of Kngland ; to 
 the end that all persons might have litierty lo enjoy 
 their own judgments .ind con.-^ciences in religious cun- 
 cenis, provided they disturbed not the civil order and 
 peaeu of ihe province.* .Such is the tenor of the last 
 of the (.Carolina charters, which coiilerred on ihe nohle 
 grantees a territory of vast exleiil. and rights which it 
 IS not easy to discriminate from royalty. By a sirango 
 anomaly, the kmg, in divesting himself, as it were, ol a 
 part of IiIh doininion.^. in behalf of a junto of his mini- 
 sters, was made lo rci'omincnd to llieir observance a 
 system of ecclesiastical polii^y diametrically opposite Id 
 tiiu intolerance which, at the vt^ry time, the counsels of 
 these persions were breatliing into his own udintnistra- 
 tion. Ad Clarendon still he.ld the ulfice of Lord (Chan- 
 cellor, this charier, as well as the former, in favor of 
 himself and his colleagues, was sealed by bis own 
 hands : and when we consider how liberally it en- 
 dowed tho proprietaries with privileges, at the rxpenso 
 of ihu prerogative of tho crown, it seems the les!» sur- 
 prising that he should not have suggested a similar 
 objection to the charters which Connecticut and Rhode 
 
 * I.awsoii's MUt. of Carolina, 23l)-25t. Williamson, t. 
 2;t0, ic, Tlie sei'imd charier uf ('arnlina is printed in both 
 tliesQ works at Tull luii^'th. 01 thu iirfl, iho only coinplotr 
 traiiscripl I liave seen uccurs in a bumll cullectiun v( Caro 
 hiia papers pruiteJ at Lomluii, wuhoiit any date, hut appa 
 rcntly :l)><ii]1 the end of tan sovcnteeiith century Tliero are 
 copies o\ it in I lie UrlliaU Musuuni, in ilie library of Guttiiigen, 
 and ni thu library or the late ticorgu- Chaliuurs 
 
9M 
 
 THR HISTOHV OF 
 
 Nlaiid ohtainrd white thn firrnt ncnl wim in hU krrninj; 
 The ■rltilrary t'orninuniuti for Mrtd^rtrliiivttn. whuli wp 
 have icen him th fend, iiho^vi tlml liu t'ntrrtdinrd no 
 general ilpiit(n of abnilLfing tlio ruyal preru^alivr la tlio 
 colonial dorniniont, 
 
 Animated hy ihii frnah acqiiiiiiion, thr prnprictarira 
 •lerted thermelvfi, for hcvurni yuArx, in iittract ndvni- 
 lurera from Hroitand, Ireland the VVcat Indiii, and 
 Iha northern colomea ; hut notwiihRtandin^ all ihf ir (mi- 
 deavora. their province, partly from the unhenlihiiifni 
 of the climate, hut rhioAy from tho state of diipemion 
 in which the aettlrm choae to live, advanced hut hlov^ly 
 in population and power. In tho autumn of thin year, 
 the emigranta from ilarbadon, conducted by 8ir John 
 Yeamana. arrived at Icntfth at their place of dttalina- 
 tion, on iho aouihrrn hank of the river of ('ape Fear, 
 whore thry had prcvinudly fortiliod thrir legal title from 
 the proprinlaries hy an equitable purcbaae of the terri- 
 tory Irom the noiKhhoriiig Indhina. Whdo they were 
 employed in the tirnt ru<le toils that were feqiiisito fur 
 their CBlabliJihinent in the wildenirH!! whicli they had 
 undertaken (o Rnlidue, (heir leader ruled them with tho 
 Rentleneait of a parent, and cultivated the good will of 
 the abori).Mnca so aurceMfullv, that for souiii year* they 
 were ennbled to nroHecu'e llioir U or* wilhout dnniter 
 or distraction. While the pUntrrp opened the furest, 
 to make room for the operalmns of lillajje, ibey nucea- 
 aarily prepared limber for ibe uses of the cooper and 
 builder, which they transmuted to the colony whence 
 they had emigrated ; a cominencement of a commcrci! 
 which, however feeble, atrvcd to kindie thoir hopes 
 and sustain ttieir industry. 
 
 The inhabitants of Albemarle continued, moanvvhile. 
 to pursue their ori|»innl employments m peace, and 
 from •ho ctiltivation of tob.icco and Indian corn, ob- 
 tained the materiali* of an luronsiderable tratlic with 
 the merchant vessels of New Knaland. About two vean* 
 after the acquisition of their second charter, [Ifl(J7] 
 the proprietaries appointed Samuel Stevens, a man 
 whose virtues and abililica were judj,'ed equal to the 
 trust, to succeed Drumrnond as irovernor of Albemarle ; 
 and at tho same time bestowed on this settlement a 
 constitution whidi, had it been Caithfully luainlained, 
 would have preally nroinotcd tlie conieiiiment and 
 prosperity of the people. Stevens was coinmiinded to 
 act altoifethcr by the advJL'C o\ a council of twelve, the 
 one half of which he was himself to appoint, and the 
 other aix to he chosen bv tho assembly. This was an 
 appfuaeh to a principle disallowed enlirely in Virginia 
 and Maryland, but realized still more iierfectly in the 
 New England pOTomincnis, and by wnich the demo- 
 cracy were admitted to a share in composiuj,' and con- 
 trolling that body, which in tho colonial constitutions 
 formed equally iho acnalorial or aristorraticul branch 
 of the legisUture, the privy council of the supreme 
 magistrate, and the court of appeals. The assembly 
 svas to ho composed of the governor, tho rounril, and 
 a hodv of delegates, annually chosen by the frer-hoUlers. 
 The legislature, in which democratic interests were 
 admitted thus strongly to prejjondt'rale. was nvcsied 
 not only with the power of making laws, but with a 
 considerable share ol the executive authority ; wilh tlie 
 right of convoking and adjourning itself, of ap[ioniting 
 otftcers. and of presenting to churches. Various re^i- 
 lations provided for the security of property; and m 
 particular it was announced that no uxva should he 
 lm|>osed without the consent of the assembly ; and tlie 
 lands were confirmed and grnnK d as now bolden by (he 
 free tenure of soccage. Perfect freedom in religion 
 was offered to a people who were very willing to ac- 
 cept th« freedom without concerning themselves in any 
 way about religion ; and all men were declared to be 
 entitled to equal privileges, upon taking the oath of 
 allegiance to the king, and of fidelity to the proprieta- 
 riea. Aa wo have but too much reason to snjiporte 
 that the proprietaries had no sincere intention of pre- 
 wrving the constirution which they thus olfcred to 
 eatabliah, it is due to the character of Lord Clarendon 
 to remark, that ho had no share whatever in ihia trans- 
 action ; his impeachment and exilo having previously 
 aequestraled him from all farther concern wilh the go- 
 Tcmmenl of Carolina. The system, however, which 
 was now tendered to their acceptance, was received by 
 the inhabitants of Albemarle with perfect satisfaction : 
 grM'itude, perhaps, it would have been unreasonable to 
 expect towards proprietaries who had no way contribu- 
 ted to their establishment in the province, but had fol- 
 lowed them into the desert with the obvioua int" \i oi 
 rebp:ng whore they had not sown, and congrega. -.g a 
 •catterad flock in order to shear it the more elTectually. 
 Il wac not till two years after, [1669] that an aasem- 
 Uy conitituled on tliia new model was conveued to 
 
 enact laws for nii n, v%lio being vet few in number srem 
 to have been go\erned eliietlv I'V llie cimlonm lliev had 
 lirunght with ilinn frmn iIm ir uneieiit eNlaMinhuK'nt 
 Their lifitl efforts in legiil.tiiun were strongly mark* d 
 with the character of persons wlio had been long ac- 
 cuHtomed to livn renioie from the enerny i»f govern- 
 ment, and to sluft their residence whenever it lieeitine 
 disagreeable, insteail of seeking to alter ami iinprovu 
 lla cirrumntaiices. From the numbers of pernons of 
 broken fortunes who resorted to the colonies, and from 
 thn conviction that was early and most justly enter- 
 taiiu'd hy tho colonisls, that their industry was lelti red, 
 and their prolits impaired, by the legislature of Eng- 
 land, for the bonelit of her own resident aubjects, a 
 defonsive, or perhaps retnbutory spirit, was too readily 
 adopted hy tho colonial legivlaturus : and if not an uni- 
 versal, it was at least a general princiiile of their policy 
 to obstruct the recovery of debts. Of this disposition 
 wo have already seen some tracea, about ibis period of 
 time, in the legialalion of Virginia. Uy tho asseml)ly 
 that was now convened ut Albemarle, it was declared 
 that BulHcient encouragement had not yet been atl'orded 
 to tho resort of BcttlerH and lh.» peopling of tho pro- 
 vince ; and to supply this defect it was now enacted 
 that none should be sued during hvo years after h.s 
 arrival in the country for any cause of action aristiig 
 buyond Us limits; and that nonu of the iiilubiianlH 
 should accept a power of utlorney to recover dubtii 
 contracted abroad.* Tbeso coniptaints of fuwneas of 
 penplo eonlinued long to bo reiterated by the setllertP 
 of (^arolina ; though it was afterwards very justly re- 
 criminated upon ihem by the pro|irieiaries, that tho in- 
 convenience they coinpbmed uf was pronmted hy their 
 own averaiou to settle in towns, and by the lazy rapa- 
 city with which each desired to surround hunself with 
 a litrge expanse of property, over the greater part of 
 which he could exercise no other acl of ownership llun 
 that of excluding the occupants by whom it might bo 
 advantagioufily cultivated. Tho remedy, too, seems 
 to l<n defective in policy, no lesc than iii justice. If 
 industry might be expected to derive some encourage- 
 ment, from the assurance that its gains vNcre nut to he 
 carried oil" hy former creditors in u distant country, tlie 
 naiuri! of ibis eneouraguinent, as well as its temporary 
 endurance, tended to uitracl neilber u re.spectuble nu" 
 A Htd|)lc popnlaiiuu : ami accordingly this colony was 
 long coiiHidered as the refuge of the cnnnnal and tiie 
 asylum of the fugitive debtor. Hut a more proper and 
 natural mode of promoting pupulaiiun was at the same 
 lime established, by an act eoncermnij niarriige ; by 
 which It was provided liiat an people iiiiglii wish to 
 marry, and as yet there were no niini.tters m the coio- 
 nv, 111 order ttiat none might be Itintlrred Imni a work 
 so necessary to the preservation uf inankinil, any two 
 [)ersons carrying before the governor and cuuneil a few 
 of their neighbors, arut dei hiring tiieir niiiuial purpose 
 to unite in inatrimony, sboutd be deeimd husband and 
 wife. Tlie circumstances indieated liy this law forci- 
 bly suggest the wide di.slinctiun between the seiiliments 
 and habits of the northern and the southern uolonidts 
 of America. Wiulo all llie colonial esluhh^iliinents ol 
 New Kngland were conducted by clergymen, wlio long 
 directed wilh aliimst equal uuihority in teiii|K)ral and in 
 spiritual cuiicerna ; not u trace of the exi.ttence of such 
 an order of men is to be found in the laws of Carolina, 
 during the hrst twenty years of its history ; and it was 
 not till the dissenters liad enngrated tlutber iii consider- 
 able numbers, tlii:i \\ ■ hear of religious controversy, or 
 indeed of any ihi ig f oi.r.:r'ed wiih religion in the pro- 
 vince. O i^er legnUiio i* besiiles ihos'.' winch we b;ivn 
 already noticed w.jie aciupted by this assembly. Ni'w 
 settlers were t > .Mie '.cd from taxca lor a year; and 
 every one v. j:; r.fX iined from transferr ng his lands 
 for two ycau'. Too hrst of these Uws was intended 
 lo invite seillers ; the second appears to have been a 
 politic device to detain ihem. A duly of lliirly pounds 
 of tobacco was imposed on every lawsuit, t in order to 
 
 * Ttie same jtnlify was pursiiuil to n nmrb ureater extent 
 hy the bucilmU R<Mii;niH, of wlioiii Ftutarcli inlurms us that 
 " iiuL \ung alter llic lirat rouniJatiuii uf tho city, itiey opened 
 a sanctuary of refugi; for (ill tugiiivos, wliicti tlicy CHlltiii llie 
 temple of tlie gud Asylaeus, where tliey received and pro* 
 tecludall, duhveriiii; back neither the Hervatitto \\i% ma.tter, 
 tho detitor tu his creditors, nor the umrdorer into the hands 
 uf the Hi!ii{iHtrate." Life of Uoinulus. 
 
 f It is remarkahtu that the Carolinians, who thus ohHtrncted 
 hy a tax tlio legal adjii.<itniei)t of dlNputtis, have always been 
 mure addictud tu duulling than the inhabitants of any uf the 
 other slates. In Cunnerticut, according to tho reptcfteiitaliuii 
 of Dr. Morsi', there is more litigation than in any other fprnr- 
 ter of North America : but a duel was never known to occur 
 in Connecticut. Warden, vol. ii. p. II. In nut^t of thn pro- 
 vinces, legal controversy was prumuted hytho uncertainty of 
 tho iaw : f<ir although a substantial conformity was pre- 
 BcrUwd between the colonial jurUptudenct*. and the common 
 
 provide the funds rrqni.sito for the expennai of th« go 
 
 vt riMir and council during the sitting of nssemhlien ; 
 i"i i-intrNe having >el been taken (says the net) for dtf> 
 b iv)n</ their charges. These Iswn, which procianii the 
 weakness, and illuhtraio thn rarly policy of this iii:on- 
 siderabln seiiletuent, were ratified m the following year 
 by the proprietaries. As the colonists reieived liltlw 
 aiigmeiitution from abroad, their numbers increased hut 
 slowly , and il was nut till sometime after this period, 
 that they extended their pidiitations to the southern 
 bank of the river Albemarle. 
 
 Hut ulthougb the pro|trietiiries were wilting to tender 
 every concession, ami encuurago every hope that 
 snomcd calculated to fix or augment tho inhabitants of 
 (Carolina, it was not for ihe pur|>oso o( founding and 
 Buperintending institutions so homely and popular, that 
 they had solicited the extraordinary nrivileges wbioh 
 iheir charters conferred. Their ambition aimed at 
 making Carolina a theatre for 'he exercise of all that 
 grandeur, and the displav of all ihu^o distinctions, that 
 havi) over been known to co-exist with thn forms ol 
 liberty ; and the plumage whicli they had stripfwd from 
 the ruyal prerogative, it was their intention lo employ 
 lor the illiiatration of their own dignity, and thu deco> 
 rition of their provincial organs and institutions. With 
 this view, about a year before they ratified the enact- 
 ments of tho assembly of Albemarle, [Marcli 1*J they 
 had sulMcribed that meinorahle inslrumenl which beare 
 Itio name of 'Mho fundamental consiiiullons of (/aro- 
 lina," and the preamble of which assigns as the reason 
 for Us adoption, " that the government of this province 
 may he made most aitreeable to the monarchy under 
 which we live ; and itiat wo may avoid erecting a nu- 
 merous democracy," The task of composing this [k>- 
 luteal frame was devolved upon Shaftesbury by the 
 unanimuns consent of bis colleagues, all of whom wero 
 stronLdy impressed with the resources of bis capacity 
 and the depth of his penelralioii, and some of whom 
 had experienced, in the intrigues that preceded the 
 Kesloration, with wliat consummate dexterity he could 
 ell'ect his own purpose, and appropriate the iitsliumen- 
 tahty even of those who were nut Ics:^ tiMe than inte- 
 rested tu resist It. The iuslrument, indeed, was ut 
 first believed to have been actually the production of 
 Shaftesbury, t but is now recognised as the coinpo.tition 
 of the illustrious Juiin Locke, whom be had had lh» 
 sagacity lo appreciate and the liunor to patronize, and 
 who was united to him by u friendship more creditablo 
 than beunlicial to the stute^^man, and tu no way udvan- 
 tageoiis either to the clnractcr or the fortunes of the 
 philosopher. [ir>J The constitutions uf Carolina con- 
 tain a mixture us discoriLut as the cliaracteis uf tlieao 
 men; lliougb in what proportions they represent tho 
 peculiar seiiiimenis of either, it is not easy to guess, or 
 po<tsible to determine. Il has been s.iid (wbeiber con- 
 jeciiirally or uutboriiativelv) that Sbaftesbnry, smitten 
 abke with reverence fur antitputy and admiratiun of 
 Itocke, desired tu revive in his person the ultiance that 
 once subsisted between j)liil(>sophy and legislaiion ; to 
 restore the |(ractice of that age wiien coiinnunities ac- 
 cepted their ronstilutions more willingly from the di- 
 sciples of I'yibagoraii than from the descendants of 
 kings. It IS certain, however, that Sliafte^diury, along 
 with a very high value for the genius and talents of 
 liOcke, eiiiertained implicit coiilidenre in bis own abi- 
 lity to excite the full vigor of Locke's underslunding, 
 and yet inject into ii regulating views that would enahlo 
 himself securely to anticipate and define the results of 
 its applicalioii. \\'lut tnstriiclions were coinmnniciited 
 lo liOcko by his patron, cannot now be kiiovMi : but it 
 tnusi be admitted that the pinlusopher wus indulged 
 with so inuchliberiy that healU-rwurds represented tho 
 c >ur>iitUt.io:i as hi** own performance, and iuinself as a 
 compeiiior witft 'r>'ilham I'enn m the science of legis- 
 
 and Hlatute lau o'' Kngland, the asceitiinnncut of thn pru- 
 ciao extent uf tlus comnrmiiy in evt-ry cusc was committet' 
 to llie discretion of the Juut^fs Einiltt'K New York, p. 31t) 
 317. 
 
 • This is I hn daln assigned to thn inslninipfrt itj Ol lupTon, 
 by Wiltiiiinnon, and by thu uiionymoiis aiUlior u, thu JlUteiy 
 of tliu British Uuininutns in Ntirth America. It is the date 
 also attached to the 13Uth article of the constitutions in tho 
 copy of them inserted in Locke's wurks. Cluilmers dates 
 the instrument in July of the same year ; bnl it appears from 
 the lIluatralioiiB appended to this portion uf his work, that 
 there were two editions uf tho instrument; and I supposq 
 he has referred. In his notation of the date, to Uic .secoDi] 
 edition, in which the proprietaries are rnpruaclied with hsvinr 
 uiuoduced some changes derogatory to the liljciiies delnied 
 In the rirst. 
 
 + It is so represented hy Ohlmixon. whose history was pub 
 lishedin 1798, i. 333. Hut it was afterwards mser'ed lo the 
 cullcclKm published in ITIU by Ues Maiseaux, uf tho anoay- 
 inous and unpnnted pieces of Locke, from a copy correctM 
 by his own hand, and winch he had pre^eutcd to a friend M 
 one of his own works. Locko. folio edit. iii. OdS 
 
 ^^H^^^ttHig! 
 
 
NOKTII AMERICA. 
 
 280 
 
 IfititHi ! f*i'(l hnnrn thin iiHtriimcnt, \^hili'vt>r iniy If 
 tliuiijrlit nl' itit intrinsic iitfriU, iiiii<*t rvrr tii> rH^inli'tl 
 Willi iiil>-r<<M(, tM tlif link tlnit citniit-cU tlio gfimiM ul 
 l.tH lii' Willi llnJ history of AimTini. 
 
 Ilv (liiMi> {MiiittitdtioiH it WiH(|tM>lan'(l that tlir* I'lilcnt 
 nfttu* f'i([lit prnpriftiirir^ hIioiiKI Ik' piiliihiin of itm iim- 
 vinrt* (liiriti)|[ I)ii4 lilt*, iiml tliiit liii* niHTDiNnr nlmiilil al- 
 wiiyn he tin* t'lilt-Kt oC tin* mirvivor!*. Hnvi'ii olhrr (it 
 •Jm* rliit'f (tlHcci* nt'wtali*, imiiK'ly, ihn oiKrfM orfMlii)ir:il, 
 rliftiiilH'rlitin.* cliiiih'(!llor, rcmHlattlf.t cliirr-jiiHiir**, Inylt 
 ateward, luid tnmpiiirrr, vvi!r« n|)pro|)riat<M| cxilii-ivciy 
 to till* (ilticr MifVfMi proprit>tari(!H ; nml xUvm*, hm well um 
 tliu otfii'i) of paliitiiK*, might b« rxmilcd hy (Ifputim 
 within lliK provintM!. Corr<*iipnuding to thi'Nt' oIU'ti 
 lIuTt' wi'H' Ut Im (henidt'd the oidiriary foiirti* of every 
 roiiiitv) tM^hl NtipreiiK* roiirtj*, In pncli of wliirli whm 
 ariiit'Xi'd a rnlltfffit of twidvt' uAMHtaiit!*. Th*t palatine 
 wan to pn!!«idt' iti 'Uo ptilatine roiirl, of which hi; and 
 tlin'o olncrrt o\ llt<' prnprictiiriPH made n <|iiornm ; und 
 (Iii<4 roiirt ri*pr< fi-iitrd tlio king, ratitied or itogtitived 
 lhi< en trtniHMli of tht* It'gixlatiirc, and, in gonrral, wan 
 viwIimI with till' adminiMiration of all tlio tiowcrfl cnU' 
 Orrrit hy tlip roy:il rhurtcr, rxrcpt in no lur at* limited 
 l»y ilii'«(t> rnnrlaiiH'ntal rnnntitutionx. Hy a roniplirnifd 
 triiiuc-vvork oC roniitieH, Mignioricx. haronicH, precinrtK 
 iiitil roloiiit'fi. the whnh' land of the province was divi- 
 ilf>d into fivi* L'fpial portions one of which wax nHHigncd 
 to lhi> propri'-taricM, anothfr to thn tiohililr. and tho re 
 lit liitinff threo were IcO to tlio people. 'I wo clanwH of 
 h'Tt'ditiry itoliililv, with po^nertHinni proportioned to 
 ilif'ir r>»ip)'ctive dignitirH, and for ever iinalienahle and 
 nii!ivi'*ihlt'. were to he created hy tlm proprietaries), 
 iiMiler the titlft of landgraves and cacitpieH: and these, 
 toirelher with the depnlieH of the proprieturie!*, and nv 
 ph'-iMitativeH chosen hy the freemen, couHtitiiled the 
 p iiJiamMit of the province, which waH appointed to he 
 fiirnniiillv convoked, and when assemhled, to form one 
 d.'lih'Titive liody, and occupy the same chamhor. No 
 iiiitler or iiieiisnre cotild he proposed to tlie parliitinent 
 liial had not heeii prev ioiisly prepared and approviHJ hy 
 til • ffrind council of the jiroviitee. a hotly rcMemhlin^ 
 till' lords of llie arlicliH in tlit^ ancient Cfmstitnlion of 
 Seoiland and cuinisting alinoHt entirely of the proprie- 
 t;tri •!<' otlicers and llie nohilily. iNo man w;i.<4 eligil)le 
 to any ntlire iintesH he possessed a certain definite ex- 
 t'lil of hind, hirger or smaller according to the diffnity 
 or niiMimess of the otlice. Trial hy jury was ,-stalilished 
 iti eii'h of the eoiirtn throitgliniit the whole of the 
 |t'iii;lheiied ramiticalion of jtirisdiclioii; hut t!ie olfice 
 of hir''il or profession il pleadern WHrt denounced us a 
 his.' and sorditl occupation; anti no man was allowed 
 to pli'.id the cause of another without previously depo* 
 fiu-r on o:illi that he neither !iad received nor would ac- 
 c.'pt the slightest reintineralion for his services To 
 avoid the ronfiision arising from a innlliplicity of laws, 
 ail acts of tli>! parliament were appointed to endure 
 iiitiv one humlred yeani, al\er which they ceased and 
 d'-i-'rinmi'ii of themselves without tlie foruiality of an 
 express rept^al ; and to avoid the perplexity created l»y 
 a iniiUiplicity of commentators, all connnentri what- 
 ever on the fnndainent'il constitntlons, or on any part 
 of (lie coniinon or Htatnte law of l^troliua were aliso- 
 liit -ly prohihiled. T-very freeludder was retpiircfl to 
 p;iy a ye;irly rent of a penny for each acre of his land 
 to the proprietaries ; and all the inhahilants ahnve 
 seventeen and under sixty years of age were ohli;;e<J to 
 ln'ar arms, ami serve as soldiers, wlienever they shonhl 
 ri'ceive a stiitiinoiis to that elKeet from the grand conn 
 cil. lAery freeman of (Carolina was declared to pos 
 M'ss ahsolui'' power and aiidinrity over his ue^ro slaves 
 of what opinion or religion soever. t The policy that 
 most reailily suggests itself for such n regulation, is 
 
 * Tlie Cliainlierhm's v.n\\t\ lind tlie curR of " ull ciTeinonn 
 prPCfilenry, liprnldrv, ainl poiliijrei's," &.c. flini alsn "po\%-(.T 
 (ti reifuliUe all ruNhimis, liuhit.i, badsres, gaint'H, and sportit. " 
 Art. -13. If the fiiiuMioiw of ths bodv resoiiiblti Ihr cere- 
 monial Acailmii)' of China, llie titlR at least of another hoilv 
 fit (unctiunaries rocalLs the histitulions of oM Koine. Tlu' 
 a^^sis^lnl8 uf llio admiral bore the tift.e of proconsuls. 
 Art 4t. 
 
 ( This wiM a militnry oITiCfi, and the members of its rola- 
 tivi; cipllcgo of a.ssistaiitH wore termed lioaionaiit-generaLs. 
 An. 7f). 
 
 t It is hinniliftling to reflect that this roKUlation was com- 
 posed by the hind Ihti wniin the Kssnv on the Human Un- 
 (Icrtiiindin^. At n later period of his hfe. when the Knglmh 
 Ri; volution and the controversies it onscndered had en- 
 lisjlilened t.ocke's ideas of the rights of men. we find him 
 thus proimuaciun lijs own condemnation, while he exposes, 
 and confutea the servile iophistry of Sir Robert Filmea 
 "Si,ivrry u so vile and miserable an estate of m.in, ami so 
 ilinrtlv o[(posiie i<) the nenerou.t temper and conrajte of our 
 iiatiim. that 'tw hardly fi be conrcived that an Riiitlishman. 
 iiuirh less a frentleman, should plead for It." "The perfect 
 comiilion of slavery," he afterwards defines to be, *' the state 
 '»f war coniinaed between a lawful conqueror and a captive." 
 Locke, li. 106, 173. 
 
 20 
 
 •\i |iid>-d hy the fact, that al this time, and long aOrr, 
 ili.ri' were no ni-gro"--. in the pro\inre, exc pt a very 
 '<i 11)1 11 niimlier whom Sir John Veuiniiii-< and his fidtow- 
 '■rs had hriMight wtlh tlieiii from llarhutoi"'. 
 
 A series of regulations that not oiilv niiporl the mnsi 
 iimple toleration in religion, hut maiiilestly infer the 
 political eipiality of all religioiiN seeiN and nNxtrms 
 whatever, wan iiNheretl hy this remarkahle iirtl' le : — 
 "Since the natives of the place who will be coiieenied 
 in onr plantation are utterly strangers to (*tiri<tHiiiitv. 
 whose idolatry, tgnornnre or mistake, given tis im ri^lit 
 to expel or line tlieni ill; and those who remove from 
 other purtit to plant there, will nnnvoidahlv he of ditt'er- 
 ent opinions concerning matters of religion, the liberty 
 whereof they will expect to have alowed (hem, und it 
 will lint he reasonable for lis on (his acroiiiil lo keep 
 llieni out ; that civil peace may he maintained uiriidst 
 (he diversity of opinions, and onr iigreeinent and cnui' 
 pact with all men may he duly and taithfiilly ohserved ; 
 violation whereof, npou what nretenci> soever, cannot 
 he without great otfence to Aimighty <tod, und great 
 scandal to the true religion wliirh we proless; and ah 
 NO thai JewN, heathens, un<l other dissenters frtnn the 
 purity of christian nligioii, may not he scared and kept 
 at a distance from it, hut hv having an opportunity of 
 ac(piaiiiting themselves with the truth and reasoiiiihle* 
 nesH of Its doctrines, und the pi'areahlenessunil iiiotl'eii- 
 siveness of its profeiwors, may hy g'>nd usage and jier- 
 Mtiusion, and all those convincing methods of gentle* 
 iiefM unit meekness snitahle In the rules and d-sign of 
 (he gospel, he won over to einhrace and nnfeigiiedlv 
 receive (he truth; therefore any seven or more persons 
 agreeing in am/ rrlitjiun, shall onstittite u church or 
 profession, to whii'h they shall give some name to dis- 
 tinguish it from others." In the terms of coiniim* 
 nion of ewjy such church or profession it vas re> 
 (piired that the three following artich's should expres-ly 
 appear; tliut (here is a4iod; that (ind is pnhlicly to 
 he worshipped ; and that it is the Inly of vwry man 
 when calle<l upon hy (he magis(rate, to give evidence 
 to (he truth, with mnne ceremonial or form of wonU, 
 indicating a recognition of the presence of (iod. No 
 person who was not joined as a meinher to some church 
 or profession of this description was to he permitted 
 to he a freeman of (*arolina, or (o have any estate or 
 hahitation within the province; and all per-ons were 
 forhidden to revile, dislurh 
 
 •d. Itegisl itort, who 
 Mouti i< ihiii the ap* 
 
 (he t )deforv\h*m he legislate 
 
 derive tlieir o III <' h'Mii aiiv other 
 
 puiiitiiM'iit nt'iliM peoi'.e, are «ii lit lie acciiHlMined in tho 
 enen i.e of It to I niisiiter iheiii^eUes ohliged lo do tO 
 olhi'i-t iiM (hey v\iiuld have ollii-rs do to (hem, that tlin 
 partiality and ilhherality of these instilulioits would 
 M< arcel\ merit iiodre if l.ocke hail not heeii their uii* 
 (hor. It was u reproach more exclusively due lo tho 
 proprii'taries, (hat good fuilli was violated, and existiMfl 
 rights disregarded, t-'or u nninher of inhnhilants had 
 already settled iii the province, on conditions wh.i h 
 (heir rulers had no longer the power to (piiilify or nhrn 
 gate; and forms of gnvernment having heeii actually 
 estahlished, the people Ii;id acfpiired all inti'rest in 
 them, rvhii'li, witnont their own consent, coiitd not he 
 sacrili eil to these innovating regulations. Tlii< pro- 
 prietaries might perhaps have het n led to doiihl tlio 
 soundness of their expectations, if not the etpiity of 
 their purposes, had ihey fairly considered the niotiveii 
 which retained themselves in Kiitflatid and atiticipiited 
 the prohahle operation of similar senlimen(s on (lie 
 ininilsof the inliahitanis of ('arolin.i. It is reiiorted of 
 some ancient legislators, that they sacrificed tlieir own 
 livi's in order to secure the reception or the perpetuity 
 of ti.eir ronsiitntions. lint while these prnprietarien 
 could not prevail on themselves to resign tin* comfnrlji 
 and luxuries of Knglaiid, an<l even deliberately antici- 
 pated their non-resid"nce, hy providing for the vicari- 
 ous dist liarue of their fniictioiis, (hey expected that an 
 infant colony of independent woodsmen and rough to- 
 h.icco-growers sliontil at once renounce their manners 
 and their hiihits of life, enchain their liherties, abridge 
 (heir gams and nearly nie( imorphose theinsidves into 
 a new (»rder of beings, for the sake of accnmuhitmg 
 dignity on persons whom even (he eiijoyn,. nl of such 
 dignity could not induce to live in (In- coi',n(ry. It '\% 
 hard lo say whether there was a greater injustice or 
 absurdity m projecting a state of society wlu>re stu'h 
 
 ovi'rweeiimg cniieerti 
 siirh niter ilisregard ■>\ 
 own respective lutere-' "■ 
 
 expecleil to sacrifice tin- 
 der to enhance (he adv.n 
 statioiH, which those I'im 
 judged unworthy of tbiit 
 ble that ."^hanexhiiry was at ; 
 party in Fitglainl, and that l.o< k 
 
 bnitted in the rulers, and 
 
 I in till* peoide, of their 
 
 ■"•n- the iiiiiflilude were 
 
 ltd prosperity, in oi 
 
 I I irlain coiiopicuotis 
 
 1 they were reserved 
 
 'ion. It is remark:! 
 
 d of (he )intic:itbolic 
 
 tsted with his pell to 
 
 in any way persecute 
 the members of any of the religions associations thus propagate the snspiiions which bis patron [)rofessed lo 
 recognised hy law. What was rnjoined upon freemen entertain of the designs of the catbolii s agriiiisi reli- 
 was permittai to slaves, by an article which declared gioiis ami political freedom. Vet if we comp.iie tho 
 that, "since charity obliges lis to wish well (o the siuits constjtntions of .Mar\liiiid and Carnlina, we cannot 
 of alt men, and religion ought to aller nothing in any hesitate to prefer the labors id' the catholic legi-lator to 
 man's civil estate or right, it mknll he tmrfiii lor slaves as those of the iirotestant pliihe'opher and politician; and 
 well as others, to enter themselves, and be of what ' to acknowledge that the best interests of niankind wero 
 church or profession any of them shall think best, and ! far more wisely and etVeMually ptoinoted bv the plain 
 thereof he as t'lilly members Its any freemen." Hut the , uiivaiinti'd capacity of Lord llallimore, than Iiy tlm 
 hope of political equality that s«-ctarians might derive : united labors of l.ocki 's elevated and comprehensive 
 from these provisions was completely subverted, and i mind, and of Sh iDeobnry's vigorous, sagacious, and 
 even the .security of u naked tolerance was menaced hy I exjierieiiced understanding. 
 
 :m article, which, lliongh introduced into these constitii- j The proprietaries, however, were so highly satisfied 
 lions was neitliercmnposed nor approved by l.ocke, s^and i with the fundamental con.stitiitions. thai they resolved, 
 by which it was provided, that when tlie country should '■ without del ly, to attempt their reali/ation ; and. a.s a 
 liiive been sullicieiitly peopled and planted, it should preliminary step, exerted themselves to the utmost of 
 belong lo the colonial parhamenr to take canr lor the their ability to nromote the transportation of ailditionuT 
 building of churches und the public maintenance of di- , inhabitants to the prc.vince. The Duke of .Mbemaric 
 vines, to he employed in the e.xerci.se of religiini, ac- • was instidled into the ollice of palatine, and llie sum of 
 
 irding to the canons o*" llie church of Kngland 
 " which being fV oniy trmi ffui oTtfunhx, and the iiation- 
 ut religion of all the king'sdominions, is so also of Caro- 
 lina: nnd therefore it alonn ihall he allowed lo receive 
 public maintenance by grni t of parliament.'* finally, 
 it was declared that thetie Ainilamental constitutions 
 (^consisting of an hundrfc' ami twenty articles, und 
 lorming a vast labyrintli of perplexing ref,ulations) 
 should be the sacred and nnnheraldu form and rule of 
 government of Carolina for ever. 
 
 The defects of this ftyntein are so nnmemiis, that to 
 particularize them would be a tedious labor; and they 
 are at the .same time so gross and pJpable, that they 
 
 twelve thousand pounds expeiidetl on the e(|iiipnient of 
 a fleet, which set sail in the beginning of the follow 
 ing year[l(>7(l.] with a consideralde body of emigrants 
 Tliii* expedition, which was destined to found a colony 
 at Port Royal, was conducted by Colonel William 
 Sayle, an experienced otVicer, who received the ap- 
 pointment of governor of (hat part of the coast lying 
 south-westward of (.'ape Carteret. As these emi- 
 grant.s appear to havi? consisted chiefly of dissenters. 
 It is prohahle that religious toleration was the object 
 they had principally in view; und that they hud not 
 been made acquainted with that article of the corinti- 
 tiitinris by which the security of this important Idess- 
 
 nmst readily manifest themselves to "every reader with- ing was so seriously endangered. Indeed at a snhse- 
 oiit any auxiliary indicution. It muy be remarked. I oiient period the colonists bitterly coinnhiined that the 
 
 * tiindamental constitutions had been interpolated, and 
 
 however, in general, that the author of it, in collecting 
 
 materials for his composition, seems to have lookoil 
 
 very where but to the actual situation nnd bnhiLs of 
 
 Art. U6. "This article was not drawn up h\ Mr. Locke 
 but inscrii'd hv soine r)f the chief of the proprietors, ai;iiin>t 
 his juvig iH'iit : :i-i Mr. l.orke himself infMrined one of lii> 
 friends to whom he presenled a cfipv of the-sc caL-titull'ms." 
 l.ocke, vol. in. p (ITd. note. It was prohablv df'se.l hy 
 I,ord Coriiliurv <CI iiendiMi's son*,) who inlu'rilcd hi. father's 
 liiiiolry I.ir the chiireli of KliitliUid, and nppe.irs to have 
 s^<;n«!ii the fundttiueotal coiiKiiiutions, Olduuxen. vol. t. 
 
 p. xn 
 
 some of their provisions disingenuously warped to the 
 nrejudiro of public liberty. Suyle vvus accompanied 
 ny Joseph West, who for upwurds of twenty years 
 bore the chief sway in <'arolina. and was now intrusted 
 with the management of the commrrcial aflair^ of the 
 ])roprietaries. on whom the coloni.sts contiMiied for 
 several years to depend exclusively for their foreign 
 supplies'. On the arrival of the settlers at their place 
 of destination, they prepared with more good faith 
 than good sense tu realise the political synteui to which 
 
200 
 
 THE IIISTOKY OK 
 
 
 llit'V wtTo P'(|uin'i| !o ninforin ; but, to tlu'ir ^n-at 
 ftiirprMi'. tlif tiret jfliiiirf; nl ih'*ir uoiiKil nitiiritiitii rnn- 
 vIihimI lh''iM lli'il lliH (IcMiyii wuH [uTtVclIy inipruliru- 
 bl" ; nnd tli<it tlii' nlllrfH vv|ii<-li w.-r>^ ;t|i[)(iiiil<-<| lo lie 
 •stttltlish'd \v Ti' no li'H-* uii«tiitiil>1'* to llu' iiiihiIh'M 
 liiiii to tin rr(ii|mtiuii-4 nt'tlii' |ir(i;)l(\ A wiiii* sn-iic 
 '>\' WMiiU liilior l.iy b'tnri! ill 'lu. :iiii) it wa-* obviinM lln' 
 fnr inmiy year?) a pri'Si^iM*; i) -in iiid tiir lalion'r^ idiimI be 
 expcririiml ; a ntati* ot' things totally iiicniniiatibic 
 witi) til- avO'-atioiH nroltit iai di^iiitaru'r ami lln' iioiii- 
 pou.'i idli'nt'H<< uf I'll ordfr nt' iitdiility. Nnitbrr I iiid- 
 gravcH nor rat i^|H(^ bad yet bt'cii :ip|)oiiit-Ml by liif pro- 
 prii'l:trif'4; ami (o b.ivi^ pi'opli'd rvcti tb*' siiborilinali> 
 iiisiitii:ioiH. would liavr bj>on to iMiipb)y all tlm in- 
 babitint-t ol tii" roloiiy in p.'rlor'iiim; a nolitirul drama, 
 iiHti'ad of providm:? tlm innnn of ^iiMi^t -m-t' Vfl 
 iillli<nii;ti tli<' roloiiis|>« foitiid tbtMii-odvi'H rnti<'traiiii'd 
 Hi oiin- to il 'cljiri' tbat it wa-* impissihh tit rrrrutr the 
 irmnd iiuhIpI, tbcy stiradily p 'rnistfj in llh'ir aiihcri'iH').' 
 to It and fxprt's-i'd tlirir drtornitnation to nnitr as 
 ni'^h lit It tilt fitssihfr. Writs wt-r • ibi'n«'on' iniin-dl- 
 Tittdy iis'ii'd. r'ipiirui;; ihi frcfdioM -rn lo rliTl live 
 piTson-*, wlm with livi* ntbiTH clioHi/n by tbc propri 'ta- 
 rit's, \vrr.» to tiiriu t!»! ^raiid roniinil, witboiil \vlnm(; 
 iisscnt llii! ;iov('rii()r coubl not p''rroiiii tin' Ct'if'-cti-* of 
 bis olbrf. A parliament. roinpoHcd of tlu'-'** lumiion- 
 ari"*. aiil 1)1' iwciity d -I'ljitct. rho^i-ii by tin' sami? 
 f«l<'clorH, wa-i inv('-*t mI witli li'iflMlalivo powiT. So 
 prtMt wi'ff? th* ilitiiriillti'H ntt-'nliiii; ibt; lirst oi-riina- 
 tinii ol' til* s.'ttliMU'nt, tbat. only a tuw inoiitliM alV'r 
 tb«'ir arriv:d. lb" <-olonisl<t wcrn n-lii'vcd (ro'n tlm <'\- 
 trniitilitM n{ dtntr -«'4 by a si>;Hon:iblt! supply of pro- 
 vi-tion-i. traii-iinitli'd to tlifin by tlio proprictarit's. 
 Alon^ wit!) tills Miipply. th-rc Wfr** lorwardtMl to tin? 
 ji{ov(!rn:)r iwi'iilv-tlir-'r arlirlcs of itHiriiction, rall'd 
 tr.inair'inf mrritrlin ftiwi. rcliiivi! to tlin di.'^tribntion 
 of lull, and tb'? plan of a im i<!iiilir 'iil town, wbicb be 
 wa-( d '-(ir'd to b'liM wttb all ronv'Mii'Mit di'sn ilcli, and 
 to di'itotiiip'iic ('bill '-i-iowii. ill honor <»f (be kin^. To 
 piironrii;' tin' rc-iorl of s'til'r-* lo Port-Koyal. an bun- 
 dr.'d and fith' arr.M of land wi'rt^ allotted to uvi-ry tMiii- 
 f^ranl, at a -^m ill orl-r'nt, an I rtotht'^ and provi<(ions 
 w:*re di^lnb'it.'d. Iro-n th ' -^tor- of ih" proprit-larii'-t,' to 
 tluT't whu w T* nn ihl • to provid ■ for tlr'niM'lvi'-j. Tiic 
 ffood vvdl oflht' ii'iifhbnriii!^ [mlians vvan purchased l)V 
 ron<'id'rrd' pii'-iMiIs to tbi; iiilivo caciipi 'h, who tlnn 
 p 'rforni 'd th ' only Merviri; which tb it d^scTiplitni of 
 di:(nitari's w h d*-itiiit»d fver lo ri'iidcr to Xhn rnloriy. 
 Wbilf tb' cohdiistH were loditi^j to lay thi' f'-iind.ilMHi 
 of civil sinMi'ly m tli ? provim't', ih,' pi-opri(!iari>'s wuri' 
 procpi?diiu vt'rv nniv.isoniblv to crert tin Hiij»?r-ttrii(*- 
 tiiri! nf thrt^i ari-tlorratical inoiiiiition-* whirli ihi'V d '- 
 si'iii'ni l(» (■stihlish. Tho Diiko of Alhi»in:irli! bavin:; 
 di mI in th ? rofirsi! of tliii* yi-ar, v/iv* siirci'inl'd in tin* 
 Hii;iiily(d* palatine by Lord Cravon : and Hborlly afd'i- 
 wards John l.ocko wa* rrt'iit -d a landifrave, in rt'coni- 
 niMiso of bis s.-rviros; tuid tin; nam' clovatioii was 
 b(Htnvv;-d on Sir Jolin \tMinan'<, and on Jam 's Cart 
 rt't. II relative' of on« tif tin? propriutaritH. IN'rliap-i it 
 III ly <>Yi:it«> soil)!! olation in tin* iiiitid of an Ann^ncan 
 riti/.<>ii. that w!iilo the order nf nobility, tins imported 
 into bis country, coiitiniu<(' to (nijoy, cvimi a notnin.il 
 .mihsistenc >, John Lock- wi.' onn of its inTMiibers; and 
 that wiien hr was expelled from Oxfor I, and a fn^ilivo 
 from l''.r>i{lind, be continiifd to Iw. acknowhd^''d a-i i 
 nohleniin in (^arolin i. But it is disa^rceablu to he 
 hold this distin:;iii'ili mI pbilo-top nir, and truly csiimabl 
 mm, acci'pt a till' t>f nobility to biinstdf in thif •'ociety 
 wbtru b) bad contributed to sniction am) introduce tun 
 flci(ralin!{ institution of ne^ro pliwery. Happily for 
 tbi! country with wbicb Ini was thiiHCOuncctud, anil for 
 hi* own credit with maukiinl, thf mck of Carolinian 
 nohlen wanexcRndinely sbortdived; and tbo attempt to 
 eni^rnfl foudal nohtbty on tho irLst'tulions of Nurtb 
 Amirin,-! nrovod ntt'»rly abortive. 
 
 Sayle nad scarcely estiihlislnid tho peopio in their 
 n-?vv nettlement when he fell a victim |0 Inn nnwholt)- 
 (iom*nc>s4 of ihr^ rliuiit'!. On bis dnatli Sir John Vea- 
 maiH claim. !(! tlieiid ninistrationnf the; vacant 'nlhority, 
 as diiA to till' rank of Liiidxnivt*. which no other inhabi- 
 tant of the province, cxr-pt him-telf, cnjoyttd. Hut tho 
 coiim'il, who were empowered to elect a i;overnor in 
 such cireuuKlaur >•*. pretei.ed to appoint Joseph Wcsl, 
 a popular ui tu uri;di e-it-uui 'd amonjt ibi* coIoiihLs foi 
 hirt activity, eouritf ?. and prud 'uci*, until a spiMtial com- 
 illissinii should arrive from KN^^laiid. West':* admini* 
 atralion was but shortdiv'd; for, iiotwttbsUmdinj( ibiti 
 indication of bis ticc 'plahleniws to tbo coIouihIn, the 
 propriutaries d 'sirous of promoting the respeelabilily, 
 of tlieir nolfles. iiml liiirhly s,ilislii>d with tbi! prudence 
 nnd proj^iriety tint had cbiracterised Veiiuians' gov(!rn- 
 nieiit ol tiiH pUiilttion arotitvJ Cape Koar, r't'^l'l 
 
 judged it expedient to externi bis counnind over the 
 m*w setlteiiieiit lyinij south-we-tl\v;»rd id' < 'api' (^arleri't. 
 The shores, the s1i(<ains. atnl tlir iiiierinr nflherniin- 
 trv, b-iui; now p.-rt'ei-tlv well known. In conseipiMnee 
 of the ariirat'' u.vi'vs iliey bad untleri!on ■, Ih" pi lu- 
 l:>rs fidiii Clireiiitoii iri the ninth, and l'i<<in Port Knyal 
 on the -i.ulb, i'«vj.iii lihout 'Ins p-riod lo r-snrt lo the 
 (•(Mivenient banks nf A-hl'V-riV'-r: Ami beie was laid, 
 during tile >.iin<- ,. ;;r. the foiiinlation of Ohl i'hiirlts- 
 linrn, wbirb hecanie, I'or s(iiih< timi', the capital of I be 
 snulhern seMlenienls. The proprt"Iaries, lui'anwbiie, 
 With the spirit that bad rbaractensed Ibeir former pro- 
 ceedings, proinuli.Mled tinifninirff laws wliit^h Ihev 
 appoint''! to be observed, till by a sitlfn-ieiit uicrease 
 of mhaliitanl.s the goveriinieiil could be adiiiiui.>^ten!il 
 ac<rordiiig lo the fiindauii-ntal cniisiitulioiis. t)ne of 
 these laws, with eijual policy and bnmanit> , enjoined 
 the colonists lo observe the utmost etpiily ;iiid courli"*y 
 n Ineir inlerco:jr-(e with the liiibans: to iillord Ibein 
 prompt and ample redress o uny wrongs Ibey inigbt 
 haiipeii to sustain; and on no pretenci? whatever to 
 lave or send any of tbein out id' the country. The 
 object of this regitlition was unfortunately deliraled, 
 
 ry soon aller. by lln- intrigues of the Spaniirds: and 
 the other teiuporary laws received very little atlenlion 
 or resp'cl from iht' colonists, who were by no nieaiH 
 lispos.'d to acipiiesee in such arbitrary and irregular 
 governin uit : and wlio very jiisily iboughi, tint if the 
 'stablishin^-nt of perm inenl laws was (dtstrinted by the 
 'ircninnlaiiceH ot' their present condition, ibe temporary 
 arriin<feinentj4 by which sii<-b laws were to be su|)plied 
 ought to originate with ihemselves, to vvliom alone tin' 
 exact nature of the circiiinst uices wbicb were lo bt 
 f-oiisiilit'd wan experimentally known. 
 
 The proprielaries were niore snreesst'ul in tlnar 
 'tVorLs to increase the iiunib<'rs of ihe colonists of Ash- 
 ey-river, llian in their e\;ierimeiils in the science of 
 legi<i|.ition. T.» the puritans, perseniied in Knglaud 
 by the existing laws, and ndn-iiled and insulted by- the 
 cavaliers, th"y olVered a serure .isylum and ample granlH 
 of land in ('andina, on condition of their transporting 
 tbemselvcH and iheir famili'-s to this province. I'.ven 
 the most bigoled cliiirchin -n in tin- king's council are 
 reported to Inve co-oper i( -d with great eagernejts to 
 prou<ot<> Ibis proj "ct' eonsidcnng si'vi-re labor a pow* 
 erful rem 'i!y foi' entbrisiasin, and einhnsia-iin an e\c"l- 
 leiil stiniilus to novel anl In/iirdmis nnd 'rt things ; 
 iind judging itexpedien to diiiiitiish, by every means, 
 ill ^ larther accumul.itioii of punt in sentiineuts and 
 Inbiis in .Massac!ius<>it^. And alihougb it was to ihi- 
 fivoiirite sceiM) that the sirlch'st and the ino-<t numerous 
 portion of the punlan emigrants slill resorted, yet a 
 considerable number were lenipled by the llalteriiig 
 oll'.'rs of the proprietaries lo try lli"ir fortunes in Caro- 
 liin. ('nfortun ilely for tin- peace of the province, the 
 invitations and cu-oura^zem 'iits to emrgrati' ihitber 
 were tendi'red inb-^'riinin it'-ly to men of tin' luo^t dis- 
 cord int <'har;i<'i(>rs and priueiplt>s. Kak-s and gain- 
 hlers, who bad wasted their siih-^lame in not and vice, 
 and cavaliiTf who had bei-n ruin -d bv the civil wars. 
 were S4>iit out in cotHiderahl ■ ntimbers, to associate 
 will) di-<j'U-^ted piirilaiH. and lo a scene where luily 
 sevi-re labor, and ihe -utricle-,! temperance ami t'riig ilily, 
 could save ibem from perlsliing witli hunger. To the 
 impoverisbeil oilicers, and other unl'orlnnaio adbereiiLs 
 of ilie royalist p ;rly. for w bom ni> reeninpeiis!' was nro- 
 vidi-'i! Ill lingland, the proprietaries and the other minis- 
 siers of the king olV-red estates in Carolina, which 
 many of them were fiin to embrace as a refuge from 
 beggary. The conimiction between ibesc cavaliers, 
 who ascribed their rnin to the piiritan-i, and the puritan 
 emigrants, who imputed their exile lo ihe cavaliers, 
 cmild not reasonably be exni'cted to prodiico barmony 
 or trampiility ; ami tho fi'uds ami distractions that 
 afterwards sprung up from the seeds of division thmt 
 iinsi'ason ibly imported into the inl'ant provim'.e, in- 
 tlicted a murited relribiilion on tlni proprietaries for the 
 utMiselfjssii '.IS (iml iilHiirdity of the policy they hnl pur- 
 sued. Tlie datigerH and hardships, indeed, in wtiieb 
 thi* emigrants found themselves involved on th 'ir arri- 
 val in tlie province, contributed I'or a tiiin to repress 
 the growth nf civil and reli;; ..us disseiisinn: but. on 
 the other band, the same cii.-umstances tended to de- 
 velopo the evil coiisetiuences of n -n ling worthless in 'ii, 
 whose habits were already compl.'lely fixed and cor- 
 runtod. lo a sci'n • wln-re (miIv vigorous virtue was cal- 
 culated lo thrive. Accord iiLdv. it wiw the etfeclH of 
 this part of their policy tbat ait'orded lo the proprieta- 
 ries the earliest mailer of npenlame. Of tlie nxtenl 
 to which disippointm 'titan I r|iseont<'nt prevailed atnong 
 111* «e:il 'rs, we nny judge from this circnmslaiicu, thai 
 one of Iheir earliptii I iw* wns t\u ordinnnce that no per- 
 
 son sbonlil be )M<rmitteii to abandon the colony.'— 
 [ ITlV'] The distress w hicb univoldahly attended ibe lirst 
 I'tliirls n\' the coloiii-ils was severely aggravated by tbo 
 bo^lil ' mtrigiies and assaults of tlie Spaniards, who had 
 estahlivheil a g;irrr->on at .-\n-!usiine, in the irrriiory lo 
 wliu b the Jipp'tlalioii ot' I'litriila wiw iinw restiicled 
 frinn ils ornrinal coinpreliensive!i"ss. Tbese nnnred- 
 iii.'fs of llie Spaniards, wbicb even tin . ' origiu-d preteii* 
 ••lous would by no meiiiiH liave warranled, were adoj *- 
 <-d in iiianil'esi violation of a treaty bv which such pre- 
 ti'iisHuis hail been expressly renounced. Prior to the 
 year U'>i\7 . no meiilion bad been inadi^ of America in 
 any treaty between Spain and Kiigland; the fiuuiei 
 being contented to ret.iin her ancient claims to the 
 whole country, and the other careful t'' preserve and 
 improve the footing she bad already attained in it. At 
 that epoch, liowe\er, wliicti w.is but a few vears posti'- 
 rior to ihc occiipalion of (*arohna, Sir William (iodnl- 
 phin. concluded a treaty widi Spain, in which, among 
 other articles, it wasairreed. '• Tb it the king of (ireal 
 Britain should always po-tscss in full radit of soveieign- 
 ly and properly, all the countries, islands, and colimies. 
 lyini: ami ^ilual"d in the West In. ties, or any pirtof 
 Ainerii'a. which be and his subjects then b'ld and pos- 
 ses-^ed. in>ouiui-h lb.it ihey neither can nor oiiuhl lo be 
 coutesieii on any aceotinl whaUoevi-r. Il was stiiiulat- 
 ed at the s mie lime, that Ibe Itritisb governni'i.l slionld 
 withdr.iw its proiectuni from the bmcaneers, who bad 
 for many years int'esicd the ,Spani-'li dominions ui .\ui''- 
 rica ; and accordiu'^lv all the couiinis>«ioiis thai bad bei-n 
 formerly granted to these pirates wt're recalled and an- 
 nulled, ity lln* sain ' treaty, (he riubt td' both nations 
 to navigate the American seas was formally recog- 
 nised; and it was declared that all ships in distress, 
 wbelher from ■storms, or the pursuit ot' enemies and 
 pir.ales, ami laUiiii; ret'nge in plai-es belonging eiiln-r lo 
 llrilain or Spam, should ri'ceive proterliim and assist- 
 ance and be pi-rmilled lo depart without ninlestation. 
 
 Hilt notwitb^landing this treaty, a certain rehgioiiH 
 .-ocirtv 111 Spain coutinueil to assert a claim to the 
 wdiole territory to wbicb the naniiMd' I'lorida had been 
 originally applicil, not onlv on ihe footing of prior dis- 
 covery, iiut by \ nine id" a sp"i-i il grant fiom ihe pope; 
 and the garrison that was inaintamed at .\uuusliiie re- 
 garding tlie Hnlisli settleineiil as all eucroacbmiuit on 
 their possessiiuH. end •avored by every a;-l <d' insidious, 
 and even violent molestation, to compel tlii' ciilonisis lo 
 reliii'piish the country. They sent criiissarics among 
 till- H'ttlers at .\slil'y ri\er. in the hope of moving tliciu 
 to revolt ; they eiicoiirag.'d indented servants lo aban- 
 don their masters, and lly to the Spani^^b lerntmy : ami 
 Ihey lahiued so sncc''s.stnlly lo iiisiil into the savage 
 tribes the naul unfavorable notions of Hritish In-rclics 
 that these didilded luiliaui*. at the instigation <d* a peo 
 pie, whose treachery and in|nslice they bad so seiisi 
 iity experienced, took arms to extirpate a race whc bad 
 never injured ibein, and whose whole demeanor, at 
 welt as thei'xpresH iiiNtriictions of iheir rub'rs. indicated 
 a ili'sire lo ciiltivale friiunlly relations vvitli them. Tho 
 colonists wi're now involved in a scene ol lahor, dan* 
 g.'r. and misery, which it is impossible to contemplate 
 wttlioul ad.niriug th • en -rjiy anl en luram-e which hii- 
 niun beiugd. ire capable of exerting. I'-xc'-pt a wry few 
 negroes, who bad been imported by Vcamans und lits ltd 
 lowers fnnn Harhadoes. there were no other lahorers hut 
 Knmp 'ans in itie colony; the brnle creation could not 
 parlak" orsit))plv bumaii talior lilt the griHind had been 
 disencnmbercd of wood; and the weak arm id' in. in 
 alone Indio ciicoiinler the hanlship of clearing a forest, 
 wbase thickness si'eni 'd to bid d'-liance lo bis utmost 
 strength. The tod of felling the large ami lolU' tree-, 
 l*y which they were surrounded, was perforin 'ij by tb '. 
 ci)|onisi^ under the dissolving beat id' a climate in which 
 iheir bodies were lolally aecnstntm.-fl. and amidst >lift 
 terrors of barbarous enemies, whose siU nt approaches 
 and abrupt assaults thev could liol other" ise repel, than 
 by keeping a pari of ibeir own number under arm-. In 
 proli'cl the remainder who were working in the fon--*!. 
 or cultivating the Hpaces that bad been cleared. The 
 
 * il.'Wil. i..')l--.MK liO llewil's vveik vviis puhlislied wi'tionl 
 Ills ii.lill", HtiU-ll s.itll.' Wtlters Irivi' siMit llrvMl. aiKl >Hirrs 
 H.nvit, nihers Irivi- r.iiifln.le.l, iniiiillii-. v.in.ili.m, tlml tlierr 
 were iwi wiiIiTS wIiimm niitiitts weie lii'.irlv (lie H:ilii(', Hiul 
 li.ithot vvli..ai WKite liiiI.iri.'H of S.>iitli Cimlliia. Wanl.-ii ctr- 
 itf'slliiA iniHlake ntill I trllMir, niitj iii lim tiitaloiino of wnrit*! rfl- 
 
 litiVe to lliiH statu iitiierates tltree iiistune!! >'e.inni* llie 
 
 H,iin<* tiilc, one liy Mcvvit. oiitt hv It <wat, iiiiil fi thiril liy ;tB 
 iiii'tiivmoiis iMUlior. N. It is (Ills H s(t|it;irv,i>r even h tiire »(•*■• 
 iirnrri nf llin in iriiracv of Inn lilerarv nilaloKtu-H. Inili-cii 
 iKitlwni; can l>n inori' s|ovi<iilv <>r (lerplexnitt Ih.in tlin tnnniipr 
 in wliKh (iiilhorilies li;ivf been nlc.l in iilmuHt nil Ihf work* 
 timt ire^it "f AiMfHcaa liisfrv. Kvpii tliu inimt correct of 
 lliurri iMiver Mi-rnnie lit iile tint sriiik niitiiot, In une [>aitair« 
 by his nainu. ami in inotliur tiy tho \AH which lilt wurli akhiM 
 with t hoft of flfthw pPTformaitciiii. 
 
 u& 
 
NO RT II A M i: It f r A. 
 
 tlifl rnloiiv."— 
 [ith>ii<l<Mt ill-- first 
 ;.'r;iviili'il liy tlm 
 iiiiiinU, wIhi liiul 
 
 the ir-rriinry to 
 I now ri'Hinctcd 
 
 'I'lifrtt! |m)Cf('<l- 
 
 »ri;(iriiii prcli'ii- 
 ti'd, wi-rf' .i(!»j '- 
 whirli ?*iu*li pr.- 
 I. I'nor lo tliM 
 > (>r Aiiicrir:! ill 
 11(1: till! t'nriiit'i 
 t rliiiiiM III tlii^ 
 t'- prc-'i'rvt' !iiiil 
 t:iiii'>(l III il. Al 
 li'W vciirs piMtr- 
 
 Williiiiii (iiMloU 
 1 -.vhirli, tiiiiiMig 
 • hill*,' ill' (ircal 
 L'lil ofsovnr.'iun- 
 ih.aml ruIniiifH, 
 
 tir i\uy p irt (if 
 
 It I) 'I.I iiiid pos- 
 
 iinr niitflit to Im 
 
 It \\:i* ''itipiiliit- 
 
 ,l'l'lllll<-I.t NllOllllf 
 lll'''T'*. who llil'l 
 
 iitmioiii III Ai))'-- 
 iiio tlialliad livtii 
 rri'iillfd and all- 
 ot' hotli naliiiiiH 
 roriually n-coi;- 
 ihips 111 dixtrrsH, 
 ol' t'lK-iitifs and 
 |i)ii<iiiii; ('idler lo 
 (-tioii and iis»<i>it- 
 III ni(di'.>«tittiiin. 
 rnlain rclii^iniH 
 a clinni to tlin 
 Florida had hi'cii 
 liii:: of prior di-<- 
 t rimii llif pop<': 
 it Auunstimr r.'- 
 'iu'ro:M'hiii''iit on 
 ail oriiisidioKH, 
 I till' roloni-'N to 
 ii)i<>sarH'i ainnM|{ 
 of moving tlu-iii 
 ■naiiN lo ahiin- 
 h tt'rrilorv ; and 
 into the savant' 
 |triii:4li Ifri'tii-M 
 ition <d' a pen 
 V had (*n pcnsi 
 .1 raro wlir hat! 
 ' d'.'tiii'aiior, a* 
 rnliTs, inilicatt'd 
 ith lh"in. Tho 
 ut lahnr, dan* 
 to (oitti'iiipiale 
 aiK'*' which Int- 
 r-'pt a wrv I't-w 
 nan>i and tns I'nl 
 hfr luhnrtTs hnt 
 atioii roiild not 
 grontid had hi-t'ii 
 k arti) oC man 
 Irann;; a iVtrt"*!, 
 > to liin nlinoHl 
 and lohv In'!"-, 
 ■rlorni mI hy th • 
 climat'! In wliiili 
 nd amidst tin* 
 li-nt approarhcii 
 w \<p rt'p''!. than 
 imdiT arm-, tn 
 iiH III ll»^ tort'-tt, 
 I (It-art'd. The 
 
 liiil>liHltiMl w>>|)«iiL 
 llrvMt. nixl >tlii rs 
 ll'iii, tli:il llii-M> 
 rh till' »:itii's Hii.t 
 m;i. VV;ii.lfii r tr* 
 ifiio of wiitk* ru- 
 ne^ tie.iriDft tlie 
 tiKl il tlmd by ;ii 
 r rvi'ii h mrit *(«•■ 
 
 l.ll.'Klll'H. Illllt'fJ 
 
 ili.tti tho iiiiiinier 
 losi :ill ihc work* 
 I iiioHt coricct ()( 
 i|, til niin ))tii«ftKt 
 
 b liu work dkWM 
 
 I" 
 
 I' 
 
 di\i 
 
 Dfovi'tiniM ohtaini'dliy dim ofciiph hardMiipH wen; fn- 
 
 ipi.-ntlv di'voiiri'ij or d.'«»troyrd liy llicir "iirimfH: ati>l 
 ill- n-i (iiiiji 'ii-if ol" a wlioli- U'lir'" toil di-li-ali-d ni one 
 iiu;lil liv Iht' \i^'or and rrjrrily ol' Indian licpr-'tiation. 
 'rhi'HM *di:*ln'fi:.»'-. wrrc a^-yravali-d hy III'' Icchlcrii'sH. 
 tirlpli's^ni'-H. ami ill-hiMMor. ol' s'tmc o(" ihr n-ri'iitly ar- 
 iivt'd <'iiii:rr.int<«, and liy IIh> mislaki's and di->appotiit- 
 iir-nU aiHiiiL' iVcnii ij:noranci' ol* Ihc pccnhar mlinn* 
 iiiul pro(lii('<' appropiiiiic to thi* soil nt' < 'arolina, to 
 uliK-li liii'opi-aiiuraiii and lillaf;f proved ittlcrly niMiiit- 
 :iii|i>. So iiiiKJi <liiroiiif>nt and iiiKiiliordmalion waii 
 prodii'Td hv tlifse ralamitii's, tliat il waK with tlii^ nt* 
 iiin-I ditiirnlly Ih i' the governor c-onid pnvrnl the 
 
 pli* iVoiii lihiitjiloiiiii^ ihc NrtllrnM-nl. An iiHiirrcc- 
 tiDM wa-i '-vn cxnli'd hy rnlpcppcr, one ol'thc provin* 
 nil (iliir.'r-. hill il w.h ca^ly snpprctHcd hy lln' rhvit- 
 iinr; ami ihf tfiiiily wcp* (Mtlirr mildly piinifhfd or 
 liiitiiiii''lv lor^ivcn in coiiHidi-raiinn nl' the iinHt-ry to 
 wliuli ilu'ir vi(dniii' was impiilrd. Whihi Veiimait^ 
 w:!-* cxfr m;; limi''<'ll* to romposM llicsp diHordcrs, tin* 
 Spill!''!) jfnrriMiii al Aiiifiixlinc, rercivinp inrnrtnatioii 
 I'lnai <iim<' ru;:itiv<' nrrvants ol' tin* roloiiiNtit, ol' llit> state 
 ol ilnir alliiirs, pitl<;rd lliin a properopportnnity tOHtrike 
 a il'Ti'ivc hUtw; and arrordiiiffly dt"*pati'lH'd a party, 
 wiifi adv;iiiri-d an t'lr a^ the isliind of St. Helena, with 
 the piirp<H'' of <li<«lodi;inj> or (testrnyin:; the inliahitant.s 
 of A-iiil-'iV river. Itnl either their ('iiiiraKe was dinpro- 
 
 liimeil lo (li!>ir animn-itiv. or they had overr-ilefj the 
 imoMfrlhi' I n^lfii coloniitN: for hein^ joined 
 hy (ii)lv oil'' (railnr nt'lle' name nri'it/patrirk.anit leurii- 
 MIL' that Y' aiiiaii'* was not onlv prepared to receive 
 ;li<'m. hut li:id h'IiI ('olonejlMHllrev with a parly of tiHy 
 viiliiiilcers til allark them in St.llidena, they did nol 
 wail (lie encoiinler, Iml evartiatiiif; llie ishiiid relrejili'd 
 
 10 tlieir ipiiirier-^ at A'i^'nsiine. 'I'lie more fonmdahle 
 lin-tililies of llie Indian-^ were (piellcd for a lime, parlly 
 hy the adilrev^ and ciuirilialitin of Veaniaii'', hiil chii-tly 
 bv a w nr \\ Inch hroke out helweeii two of their tiwn 
 principal trihes. the Woloesand the Sereiiiis, and which 
 wa^c irried on with such deslrnclive ftiry, that in the i-nd 
 
 11 moxrtl t'alal to them holh. 
 I 11)7:1.) Diirini; the adininistralinii of Sir John Ve>t- 
 
 III III", tlie colonv received a ^reut !)il<liti4in to its slren<!lh 
 from the Miilrh si'lllemeiil of No\a Itel^^ia. wliiih had \ 
 hci'ii conipiered hy (-'ohniel NielioU, and made siihjeci ! 
 I') InL'himl. Charles ihe Second heslowi'd it on his hrii- J 
 lli'-r Jiinii's. who chanired lis imiiii- it. Ni-w York; and 
 liv ilie prudence mid m'ldne>4s of the first tM-verimr ' 
 \\li<iiii l:e ;ippitiiilrd, snccreded for :i while in reroncil- 
 iui; tlie inliahilants to the clianp* of etnpire. Hiit \ an- 
 oiiH rircinn^'an'-es h id siihtecpienily ocenired lo render 
 till' Dutch disconletiled with their altered situation, and 
 111 inv of them had litrim d the intenlinii of remo\ in*; lo : 
 t-oiiif other provinco; wli'-nllie proprietaries ol \Mro-| 
 tiiiii. iiriiler<i(andiii^', or anticipMliii^ their dcKi^n, tnd j 
 ever on the watch to promote emi^rallon to their o>vn | 
 pdiitjiiate. prevaili d with lln in l)\ iin oiirafzinp otVern | 
 lo ihrccl their idiirse thither, and sent two of their own I 
 vi'i^fls wliich con\e\ed a nnniher of Dutch faimlies to ! 
 (.'liiirlexltjwn. Stephen Dnll. the Mirveyor-j£eiieral of i 
 llie colonv. had in-irm-tions to alloraic lands on the 
 i<niith-wesi sidu of Asliley-ri\er tor their acr-ommoda- 
 liiiii: and here llie Dutch i-iiii^raiits. Iia\ ini! drau n hits 
 fur llieir posHessinns, formed a town, w huh v\a-i lalled 
 Jimii-<«town. This first re.-ort of Dutch settlers In : 
 (.'aruliiia. opened a copious lUiw ol emi^M'aunn lo the [ 
 pioMiict'; tor. ha\ in^ -^11) iiioiiiited incn-dilile li;ird>hips ^ 
 hy tlif'ir p itieiice and indnstry. llie HiHse^slnl est.)hli-.h- 
 III '111 wlui'h <hev iditaiiied, iiiiliict d immy of thiir 
 ciiiiiiirniii-n in .iipii-nt lte|;(ta, iil a siihsripn-nt period, 
 to llillovv them to the western world. The iiilialiiiaiils 
 orj.iiiie«|o\vi). at leii<;lli tiiiflinif lis precincis ton nar- 
 row for their ^rowiny niunhers, he^aii lo spread 
 thiMiiH'lve'* over the pro\ince, till the town hy ile^reew 
 ua-. entirely ticserted. 
 
 Till' proprietaries had hilluTto supplied the wantn nf 
 thi> rolonisiH with iin unsparing hand r insomiteh that il 
 wn'. hy their ample and seasonahh* eonsijinnienls of 
 provisuuis and other ftlores, lliat the Heltlement hod 
 more than once hein rdialched Iroin the hrink nf de- 
 Htniciion. !Iui then patience win not proportioned to 
 their Id.erality ; in the rxperlatmn'* they formed, of 
 ppi-cdy eir'iliiment and ^'ralefni repard. Ihey omitteil in 
 cnii-ider ihe i'irriinwtance<4 for v\hich they had so lilier- 
 iiliy provided; and lnt;illy forirettin;.' the inpisiire and 
 uitprudencr wit!, wliiili they had hurried olf tfieal 
 nnmliers of he|p|p<4K HhtHf 'ss' men. tn a sceiii' where 
 llii\ roiild (miy encounter, ilistinh, nnd enconrajfe 
 the mure nscfnl ineinhers f the rommimily. Ilii'y 
 wi-re •.tron::ly and excltisivrly impressed with the larpe- 
 nl■^^ of th.-ir own pei-iiniary sacritices. which hceined 
 I" ifiv thein full n-s'iraiKT that tiin cnloni!«ts had no 
 
 cailse whatever ofconipjaint a^'ainsl them. Ilelnre tlie 
 end of the year ]i'\~i',\. u dehl ol m.iny ll oiisaud ponixl^ 
 had hr-eii iin iirred in this manner, hy the coloiii.-.i<s to 
 llie proprietaries ; and vet they >oliciled fre>|i .xupplt< s. 
 without heini; ahle to <>|inw how the liile or llie fiituie 
 expt nil's were ever to he rein.hni-ed; and III alhnhu;' 
 lo Ihe riiMerily of llie iuudshipr* tliev liiid iiiidci^nne, 
 they roinphiiiied (W iie^jt'Ct, and iiisinmited rcpiouh. 
 The proprietaries were f'X('eedin;:ly provoked and dis- 
 ffiisted w Ith tlii.s result : and iheir dtsajipointuient, con- 
 curring with the Dntch war, rendered their correspon- 
 dence with the colony inneli lesM freipn-nl than helore. 
 Willing however In enronra(ie the .-etilers who had 
 lately I'lm/ir.iled from New York, [Iti7-I.] Ihey sent 
 aiinlher supple ,and promised an aniinal one; hut withal 
 warned the planters to consider hnvv these advances 
 were lo he repaid, siiici they were now deterinineil, 
 they declared, tn make no more desperate dehts. " It 
 must he n harl soil," they ohserved, "that will not 
 maintain indiiHtrions men, or v\e must he \eiy sillv (hat 
 Wdiild inaintain the idle." They transmitted at the 
 same lime ti larpe nssortment ol vines ,ind oth"r useful 
 plants, and sent mil a nnniher of men who were ac- 
 nnainled with the maiiii^'enienl of them; hut they re- 
 Insed an appliratinn for a slock of c.-ittle. oh^erv iii^' that 
 they wished not to eticoiir;ii.'e ;:ra/iers hnt planters; 
 anil they slrnn^dy rec«niiinended Ihe enllivatmn of to- 
 harco, till lliort- lieneticial >1ap|e> roiild he inlrodneed. 
 .Mutual jealously and disr>;itisfactM>ii he^'an now lo arise 
 helween the proprietaries and the lolonislx, and em- 
 hittered the whole of their future inlenoiirse. Itnt a 
 llsefnl lesion was roiiM yed to llii' people hy the I'lr- 
 riimsiances which iliiis diminished their reliance on tn- 
 rei^'ii support, and enforced their de[ieiidence on their 
 itwn nnassi^ti'd exertiotw. The propnet.irics a>eriliei| 
 the iiiiprodiictivem'ss of the colony, and the poverty ol 
 its inliahilaiits. to the iiiisiinvcrtnnent nt'Sir John Yei- 
 mins. who in the fHnmnencement of this year had heen 
 forceij hy ill health In resign Ins comniaiid. :iiid try to 
 repair his conHtitntion in ItarhadoeN. where he <piM klv 
 found a pra\e. The factions and confit-Hion in whrch 
 llie colony was shortly aOer involved, li.ive rendered 
 the anni'ls of this period extremely peip|i'\in;r and in- 
 coiiftislent, and ohscurctl, with an almost mipeiietrahh 
 cloud, tlu' real rharaelers of men, and the connection 
 of events. Vet ainid.st rontlirtinp te*.tiuionies. I ain 
 sironpiv inchned to h-'lieve that these cjiar^res of the 
 proprietaries against Sir John VeamaiH were nniii>-t, 
 and I'ither the etl'iisiniiH of sptfM'ii and di^appoiiitiiieiii. 
 or (more prohahly) the artful su^pestioii ol an apoh)i!\ 
 for the hody it\' the rolnnists. with whom il was not 
 eonvenieiit for them to ipiarrel irreeoncihilily. The 
 real nlVeiice of \'ein.inH «eems to have heen lii-i eajrir- 
 ne^^B to jirocnre amfili* niipjilies from the propriet,i- 
 ries to the rotoiiists; a policy which, while ihe pro- 
 prietarie>< were di'termine<l to diM-onrase, they were 
 nntiifHlly interested to view and represent as the ron- 
 seipieiire of his own m il-aduiinintratlon. When lie 
 ahdiratrd his ottire.lhe council a^ain appointed Joseph 
 West his successor ; and on this occasion ihe palatine 
 thoii/rht proper to contirm the popular choice, with 
 niiiny compiimenls to the ohjecl <if il, which, however 
 ^rratuitoits at the time, were amply justilied hy the pri 
 deiici' and success nt Ids aduiinislriition. 
 
 rroni the alVairs of the southern colony, we must 
 now transfer our attention for a little to the norlheni 
 •*eit|em;nt of .Mhnn.irle. The same iri>trui-lioiH who I 
 had hei'ii ( ointl'illiicated to Savie, in the ye:ir h'w'.f 
 were iransuiillei! to Steven-', the fiovernor ol' .Alhemirle 
 at the s.'iiite period; hut a Nyslem, pregnant willi 
 it novatimiH so nnliivourahle to the interests of free- 
 ihmi, was re<'i-ived witli itis^tivt and even deri'-ion. hy a 
 people who were no iiiori' dispo-ied Iti pive their con- 
 sent t>i the fundamental consliliitions than the propri 
 et.irii's had been lo itemaiid il. The promulf^alioii of 
 this instrument produced no other ctlect than to evcite 
 the most inveterate jealously of the desipns of the pro- 
 prietaries ; till. III process (d" lime, it r;iuie l.i he reported 
 and helieved, that they had forineil the purpose of par 
 titioninp the piovinccand heslowinp Alhemarle on Sir 
 William Iterkeley as his portion of the whole. Thi: 
 ■,ppreliennion. ihouph perteclly pronndlesn. prevailed vo 
 •itrotiply, ( Hi7r>, ] that at length the a.ssemiily of Alhf 
 niarlo presentt'd n retninwlraiire to the propnelarie 
 iipaiiist a measure which thev declared lo he no les 
 inpirioiis lo individuals than t^epradin^r to the country. 
 'I'houph this ri.'inonstranei' was answered in a concdiit- 
 iiitf inamier hy ihe proprietaries, who pracimisly eon- 
 fesscd that they had heen wanting in attention lo tin 
 people of .Mh-marh>, and soliMunly promisetl to pre 
 serve Ihe inteprilv of the province, tli« disconteiitM of 
 the ccdoni^Ui were too ihn-plv rooted to ho lliun luusily 
 
 201 
 
 removed, Little satislactiou was derived from thfl ox 
 pel tiitioii of imne firipn-nt attention^ from those whoM^ 
 policv hail heconie ihe nhje<-t of inninilile snspirioir 
 iiiid a |i aloux and nlriM loiy ^plr^l, lakiiij.' | ossession of 
 the iiiimU of li.e ).iii|dr. w'as at h-iii'lh i xa-peraled into 
 -eiitim.nts as host le to Mthonhiiahon. ;i> the pijiiy o'" 
 die piopMctarii^ was repiipu,inl to liherly. rronitliiii 
 period ihe history of the norlhern province, for a serieii 
 of years, is involved in mu-Ii ronlm-ion and coiitr>idie< 
 tieii, that It IS iinpossihle lo render it inlereslinp, and 
 diliiciilt to niMke it even iniellipihte. (■|ialuiers. llio 
 niosl accurate of ils historians, has lueti enalile<f, hy Inn 
 access lo till' most aullieiitie soiirci-s of inloriiiaiio'n, lo 
 rertily the mistakes of other writers lespectuij: tiie na- 
 ture and onh-rs of the foltovvin<; events ; hut has found 
 It tillerly impracticahle to account forihem ' I iihappdy 
 they have heen involved in the (h'cper confiis'on. troiii 
 heinp connected in some deprei-. with llie \ iolint Iml 
 unsteady and mysterious politics of Lord Slianeshiirv. 
 
 Shortly afler the remonstrance hv the .-issemhly Of 
 
 Alhem.irle, Miller, a per-on of sm •onsideralioii in 
 
 the pioviin-e.was iicciisfd of sedition: and haviiiL'iieen 
 actpiiited, iiolw iihstandmp the grossest irrejinlarity 
 ilid iiijiislice in cmidnctinp his trial, he proceeded 
 lo Lnplaiid lo eonijp|,iiii to the projirielnries of the 
 treatment he hail undergone. Slepliens the povernor 
 lied .vnon after; and the assemhtv inarh- choice of 
 Cartwripht to succeed him till onlers should he re- 
 ived from r.npland; hut this man, al^er a short at- 
 tempt to rfuidnct the adniinislratioii, was so dispiisted 
 with the dHtra< tions that prevailed aroitml him. that ho 
 ah:indoiied the colony altogether and returned to Tng- 
 lainl, j Ht7t;, ] whither he was accnmp'uiied hy IviHt- 
 hitrcli. a iii.iti whose .iddress ;ind ahihlies hail raised 
 hull to the dipnity of speaker of the assemhiy and who 
 was ilepnled lo repre-^i-nt to the proprietaries the exist* 
 ini: slate of the proMlici'. The proprietaries eoiiceiv- 
 itip a f'lvourahle opinion of l!a«tcliurch, appointed hiin 
 governor of Aiheunrle ; and stronply disapproving the 
 treatment thai Miller had received, pave him as a coin- 
 pensalioii the ollice of secretarv. lo which Lord Sliaf- 
 (eshitry added <i deputation of his proprietary fhiictions. 
 The coininissioneix fd' the cusionisiippointed .Mi!ler,at 
 the same tnite, the first collector of the«e ifntie-* tn lliti 
 proviih'e. Ttie pi oprietaries had oi.'-erviil with dis. 
 satisfaction how little iheir desipns hml hei n piniiioted, 
 or their in-tructions respected hy the provincial yoverii- 
 lileiif. They had sipiiilied their desire In lia\e seltle- 
 meut-< formed lo the southward of .Alhemarle sound, 
 and a eominuiiic;ilion hy land e--l ildi-'heil with tint 
 soot hern i oinny. liiii this sr hi-nie had heen oh-^t meted 
 hy the irovernor ;iiid council of .Mheniarle, who had eli- 
 i^rossed iieaily the whole of the trade w itli the lieiph- 
 hnrinp Indians, and justly .ippreheiided tl,.it the exten 
 lion of" the selllenients wonhl divert. Ihis protitahip 
 iritllie inio other li,'iiids. The propiietarie-i had no less 
 vainly endea\ored lo alter the chanm! of the foreipn 
 Irade of the colonists, ami lo siihstitiiie a direct inter- 
 coiii'se with Itrilarii forthe disad\ inl.'ipeHiis i-ommerco 
 to which they had resfricled theliise|\es with New 
 LnL'i;itid. whose trailers, penetralnip into the interior 
 of till' provinc , ami hriiipinir th-'ir pnmls ;ii .-veiy 
 man's door, had ohlained a umnopdlv of' tin produce 
 of AlheiiKirli', and haluinated the p[;inlers to a tratlic 
 which ihey pref'ired, on ai-cdiint of its ea-e and sun- 
 pHciiy.to the superior enioluiiieni of iiioredi-innl com 
 iiiereial tvrinsaclions. It was hoped hy the proprieta 
 ni's thai an impnrlam aiteralioii in hoth the-'e p.irlicii 
 lir- wniili! he etrreled hv the in- no tJoiH w hiih they 
 now coiiiinuuieated to rasichiircli ah! Miller. | I'i77.} 
 I'lie*;!" oilif-ers departed lo take posses-ioii of iJii'ir re- 
 speeiive olhei"''; hill I is!chnrch, linctiiii! an o)iooitii 
 iiitv of makiiip a weallhv marriape in Ihe West lmhe*i, 
 thonphl it pruileiii to reiniin tlierit till his olip-ri waM 
 acconiphsheil. and despatched his companion with dt* 
 reciiotis to poverri the colony as pre«ident lilt ite hiiu- 
 s(df should arrive. 
 
 As chief inapt<'lr,'Ue and collector of the rov,'il cus 
 toms. Miller was received with a hollow civihty and 
 treacherous aeipiiescence. of whirh hehecanietlie dnjMi 
 .ind ihe victim. Not aware how niiacceptahle his hw 
 tlmrily was to a considerahle party amonp the settlorrf, 
 
 "Sui:li." 
 
 IIS wtite 
 
 I llie 
 
 .Tuiii. s;i>, iiiis HdUT. "M llie pnrlv liistnry i. iSHrtti 
 riir-pUiin. whicti is iirnt»nlily let tiiijinrlniit luxl iiisl in> live a% th« 
 .'iliiiuls nf tdc iiinnt ri'lKiwiieii s'aU-H nf :miIi<|iii1 V. if vvn de- 
 'Uii'l frnni lliPiii till' HiTceHhlu fuliles wil' vvtm Ii lleir i'to.^iii>nt 
 
 iiulliors liavn ailunit^l U ." T. 520 i: i| .Ii-« hues that llii! 
 
 iraiisiutinns nf rniiiiiiniiwi<allirH In tliM< iiif.nirv htc .in iii|«. 
 restaiK In the iiinrnliHt ii<^ Din vei!i>iHl|nn of |>loits in s|innt 
 Is In tlie niii'iMil (ihtloHnpt-cr; H seiilliiii'iit vvlmh. wliHlevi,i 
 insll.i: It riiiiv lie (heni'ht tn jw-ssi-^t, is l.ifillv mai-ili. :il>le to 
 llie ,Tnn,il>, n( n p. ri..il iliMnrlM'-l l.v ci\ ll t i.nnn.ilinns, .le^ninlo 
 of letters, find nll^(u^c(l l.v itM'HiMsiMii tritliioni thu off 
 |s[)iii)K ol rvmeniltim fartiuiiu and rei^iprocal rwicur. 
 
 
'H 
 
 A i 
 
 II 
 
 
 293 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 lie nt oiicp promulgated purposes and coinmencpd iniio- 
 v;Uion-j tli;il pave orteiiee :uid alarm lo all. lie round 
 tliv rolnnv to consist of a lew insignificant plantations 
 dispersed' along the north-eastern hank ol' the river 
 Alheninrle, and di.idjd into I'onr districts. The colo- 
 nists were yet hilt an inconslderahle hndy; the /i7/i/i- 
 tiies, under which description were comprehended all 
 tlie working hands from sixteen to sixty years of ace, 
 aiiinnnting only to fourteen hundred; and one third of 
 these heiiig composed of Indians, negroes, and women 
 Kxclusive of the cattle and Indian corn, eight hundred 
 Ihniisand pouiidn of toliacco was the annual produce of 
 their I'ilior, and formed the bsma of an inconsiderable 
 commerce, which wits carried on almost entirely hy the 
 traders from New I'.nglaiid, who enjoyed nnhoiiiided 
 inllueiice in the colony. Remote iroui society, aiu! 
 utterly destitute of instruction.-, the planters were re 
 iiiarkiible for ignorance and creiliility and were impli- 
 citly directed l)y the counsels of these traders, who re- 
 garded with the utmost jealousy the commercial designs 
 which .Miller had been instructed by the proprietaries 
 to pursue. Unsupported by any elfectual power, and 
 possessing neither the reputation of eminent ability nor 
 the advantage of popularity, this man conmieiiced the 
 work of reformation with a headlong and impeliions 
 zeal that provoked universal displeasure. He was re 
 proached, and perhaps justly, with some arbitrary exer- 
 tions of power; but tlie rock on which his authority 
 linally split was an attempt to promote a more direct 
 trade' with Britain and with the other colonies,* in or- 
 der to destroy the monopoly enjoyed by the traders 
 of New I'.iigland, whom the proprietaries regarded as 
 iiisiilnoiis rivals, and ilangerousas.sociatea of the people 
 of Carolina. .\t length, on the arrestment of a New 
 Kligland trailer who was accused of snmgglinz, an in- 
 surrection t broke forth among the settlers of l'as(pie- 
 l.inke, one of the distrirts of Albemarle ; and the flame 
 quickly spread through the whole colony. The iiisiir- 
 peiits 'were cbiellj conducied by Culpepper, who had 
 formerly excited commotions in the settlement of .\sli- 
 ley-rive'r. and whose experience, in some enterprises, 
 seems to have foriiied his sole recoimneiiilatioi to llie 
 regards of his present associ it's, .\s the govi riimeiit 
 pnssessi'ii no power c.ip;iblt^ ol" withstanding fh. mil they 
 soon anpiireil nndispnled piissessiou of the coiiiilry ; 
 and having deposed the president, who was ihc^ chief 
 object of iheir indignation, they eominitled him and 
 •even of the pronrietary deputies lo prison. They 
 •eized the royal reviMiiie. ainoiiiitiiig lo three thousand 
 pounds, wliicli tliev appropriated lo the support of the 
 revolt; they established courts of justice, appointed 
 olHeers. co'uvok • 1 a parliament, iutiieted piiiiisbments 
 on all who |.ri-siiine(l lo oppose them, ami. for several 
 years, exrrriseil tlie aiithorily of an inilepiiident go- 
 vernnii'iit. .\s there had b.'eii no example of a revolt 
 unaccompanied by a manifesto, ih.' inli.diilanls of I'as- 
 qiietanki'. in conformity with this usage, had cmn- 
 menced tlieir insurrectionary proceedings, by publish- 
 ing a fei'hle frivolous composilioll, enlitled a rrmiiii- 
 strance tn Iht pciiple nf Allitmnrlc. iit which lle'y coin. 
 iLniued of niaiiv oppressions, whirh they imputed ui 
 liller, and declared the object they had iii view In be 
 
 the ass hling of a free p irliainent, through whose in- 
 
 struinenlalilv the grievances of the country might be 
 represented to the proprietiries. 'I'lie subseipieiit eoii- 
 diut of the insurgents, however, deinoii<tialed vitv 
 clearly, bow little 'of real deferenee the proprietaries 
 cnjoved with them; for, on the arriv.il of r.aslelmrch, 
 [lli7V,] to whose coimnission and conduct no objec- 
 tion could he m ule, they derided his anihority, and de- 
 nied him obedi.'nee. lie applied for assistance to the 
 government of Virginia; hut died of vexation before a 
 force sudicient for his purpose coiihl be assembled. 
 
 .\rter two years of successful revolt, the insurgents 
 apprehensive! e ' an invasion from Virginia, despatched 
 Culpepper and Ilolilen lo Ijigland, [lliV!),] lo olfer 
 submission tn the proprietaries, on condition of theirj 
 past proceedings being ratilied, and .Miller declared and 
 treated as a deiinqueiit This nnforluiiale president, 
 
 * Virginia, from her •*itiiati'>n, misihl tiave nbsiirbpil Ihe whole 
 of this trallir of wliiih »lio Ihcn eiijovecl only .1 very iiii-on>.i. 
 dernhlo [mrlliiii. Hilt so ii:irr"vv were the cotiiinuri-l;tl views 
 tiy wliicli she was noveriifl. tlKit two years after this jM^rloii 
 siio pAsi'tt an ac( (nolntulii.it "Ihe im^iort.itloii of tobacco 
 froiii Cir.ilinai as II hail been fniiiui very prejailiclai." Laws 
 of Virsinli, p. 14". In the yearlllsl, the unvernor of VlrRinia, 
 writiiiir lo the l^nzlish coinnilltce of ctibaiies, declares that 
 " Caioliii.i (I niein tlio norlli part of it) always was and 
 Is tile Milk of America, the refiue of our reiiei(.idoos, and 
 till in better order, dangerous lo *iis " Slate Papers, ajiad 
 Chalmers, :150. 
 
 f Tins insurreiMion, it vvi'l be remarkpif, broke out but a 
 fow iiionlhs after the suppression of Uaron's rebpllion in \ir- 
 giiiia. But no rotinecttun hu b«en e'er suppuned b«tw«en 
 
 lhP»e two pvpnts 
 
 !ii 
 
 llit» aii'i otluT otlirrrs, who had liin<!tiish(Ml, incniiwhile, 
 in Mii|>ris()iiMH'tiI, h;ivir';j Inund nn'aii.-* to ('<^rii]n', np- 
 prari'd ill r.n^laiitt at the >aini' titnt'. [I(i*^().] and filh-d 
 thf (-oiirts and thi; iiiitinii with romplaints ot'thcir o\^n 
 Slid": '■ii!;><. and ai'cusalions of their piTsrcniors. Ifilie 
 [iroprii'tarirs roiild liavc vcntiinMl to art with derision, 
 and in conlbniiity with thrir own notions of ri^ht. it 
 was the comphiint oftliis latter party that wonid donht- 
 h'Hft have prevailed with them. But while they hesi- 
 tated to einhroil dieniselvrs irreroncihibly with the co- 
 hmist.-J, tlieir perplexity was increased hy the encourajre- 
 nient which Shal^cshnry thon^^ht proper lo extend, in 
 the most open manner, to Cnlpepper. This enterpris- 
 ing politician, who was now deeply engaged in his la^t 
 revolntionnry projects.aiid whose resent espousal of the 
 popular cause in Kngland had placed hitii nt variance 
 with ROine of the brother proprietaries, plainly saw that 
 Crdpepper possessing the confidence of the people of 
 Albemarle, was capable of hecounng an iisetul instru- 
 ment in the province, and that Miller, hi» ancient de- 
 piitv, was utterly unfit to lend him any assistance, 
 Cnlpepper, thus powerfully conntenancecf, seemed lo 
 have prevail(>d over his opponents, and was ,.reparing 
 to return lo Carolina, when he was accused b^* the com- 
 missioners of the customs (at the private instigation, 
 most pr(d)ahlvt "f the palatine, and others of the pro- 
 prietaries,) ol* the otTenres of acting as collector with- 
 out their authority, and of embezzling the king's re- 
 venue. He was seized on board a vessel in the 
 Downs, under a warrant from the privy council; and 
 his case being referred to the romnuttee of plantations, 
 the proprietaries no longer scrupled, nor indeed could 
 in decency refuse, to come lorward as Ins accusers; in 
 onseqiience of which, the report of the committee im- 
 peached him not onU of emhezzleincntof the customs, 
 hut of havmg promoted a rebellion in the province. It 
 was in vain for him to acknowledge the tacts, and beg 
 for mercy, or at least that he might be sent for trial to 
 Carolina, where the otlenees iiad been committed; his 
 powerful a<cuserswere dcleimined to wreak the iit- 
 leruiost vengeance on so daring au opponent of legiti- 
 mate authority; and hy virtue of a statute of Henry the 
 iglith. whirh enacted that foreign treasons might be 
 trird in rngland, he was brought lo trial in the court 
 of King's llt'uch. on an indictment of high treason ccim- 
 mitted without ihi' rcidiu. There is no defeet of jus- 
 tice in reipnring a colonial governor or other public 
 odicer delegated hy the parent state, t-? ::;i.-*vit oefore 
 her domestic tribunals, for betraying the trust, or per- 
 verting the power whi<-K he derived from her appoint- 
 lueut. But Culpepper had not been an otlicer of the 
 British government ; and. however conscjnant with the 
 .■statute law of Henry the {'iirhth, it was plainly repug- 
 nant lo the spirit of* the Kuglish conmiou law, as well 
 as to the principles of etpiily, to compel him to lake 
 his trial at such a distance frnni his witnesses, and in a 
 lomnninity where the witnesses on holh sides were uu- 
 Unown, and ctmtlictiug testimony could not probably 
 be ad|usted. It nnisl he confessed, howi'ver, tliat from 
 the actual state of tlie province, the British government 
 was redueed to the alternative of either trying him in 
 !uglaud.or not tryini: him at all. His destruction at 
 tir.-t appeared inevitabh': for the judges pronounced, 
 Iliat In Jake up arms airiuu>t the proprietary goveril- 
 ineut wastrea-ou against the kin;!; and the auiptest evi- 
 lienee wa* [irndiiced td' evi'rv circumstance re(|iusite to 
 cousiitnte the crime. But Sb'afti'>hnry. who was then in , 
 the meridian of his popularity, appearing in behalf of I 
 the nri>ou'r. and representing, conlrary lo the most un- 
 doubted fuels, that there bad never been any regular 
 government in .Mbemarle. anil Ihat its di-iorders were 
 mere feuds between the planters, which at worst could 
 amount lo no hi^lH'r olfence than a riot easily j>revailed 
 with the jury to return a ^-erdiet ()f acquittal. This was 
 the last art by which Slian"sl)ury signalised his partici- 
 pation in the'goverumeni of <'arobna. His attention, 
 theiireforward, was absori)ed by liie daring cabals that 
 preceded his exile; and, about three years aftenvards, 
 having ruined or dishonored every party with which he 
 hud been coune<ted, he was obliged to fly from I'.ilg- 
 laiid. and implore the hospitality and protection of the 
 Dutch, whom he hail iormerly exhorted the Knglish 
 parlian) 'Ut tn extirpate from the fare of the earth. The 
 rum of this ablest of the ^irnprietaries extended its in* 
 llueuee in die fortunes ol the mo.-*t disiinguished of the 
 landgraves. Locke had been so intimately conuerted 
 with Shaftesbury that lie deemed it prudent to Bhandon 
 Kngland at the same time; hut so remote was he from 
 any acres^iou to the guilt of hi" patron, that when 
 W'dliani I'enu aOerwurds prevaded on James the Se- 
 cond to consent lo the pardon and recall of I.ocke. the 
 philfMopher renolutol/ refwrnwl to accept a pardon. 
 
 declaring that he hart done notlnng that req^nired it.* 
 Meanwhile the palatine, and Ihe majority ot the pro- 
 prietaries, reduced to Iheir f jriner perplexity I y the ac 
 (luittal of Culpepper, pursued a lempotising p(iiry,tbat 
 degraded then own authority : and cheri.'-hed the fuc- 
 lions and ferments of the colon ts. Fluctualing be* 
 tween their resentments and Uieir apprehensions, they 
 alternately threatened the insurgents and blamed their 
 own partisans. The inevitable conseqnenresnf this po* 
 licy was, that they further exasperated all parties in the 
 colony agaiuiit each other, without attacliing any lo 
 themselves, and at length found it too late either to 
 overawe the insurgents by vigor, or to conciliate them 
 by lenUy. [KiHI] They are said to have resolved at 
 last to abaiidon a hopelesft vindication of their insulted 
 authority, and to govern in future according to what- 
 ever portion of obedience the colonists might be dis- 
 posed to ^'ield to them. Having established n tempo- 
 rary administration, at the head of which they placed 
 one Harvey 08 president, they anaounced, immediately 
 atWr, their intention to .send out Seth ii^otliel, who had 
 purchased Lord Clarendon's share of the province, and 
 whose interest and authority, they hoped, wouki pow- 
 erfully conduce to the restitution of good order and 
 tranquility. These measurefi, however, were produc- 
 tive only of additional disappointment. Little regmd 
 was paid to the rule of Harvey, by men who were 
 already apprised that his government would have but a 
 short duration; and die pro))rietaries, along with the 
 tidings of his ineftieiency, rect'ved intelligence of the 
 capture of Sothel on his voyage hy the Algeriiies. 
 rndi.smayed hy so many disappointments, the proprie- 
 taries, having now resolutely adopted n lenient and 
 conciliating policv, pursued it with a commendable per- 
 severance; and flenry Wilkinson, a man fiom whose 
 prudence the most happy results were expected, was 
 appointed governor of the whole of that jmrlion of Ca- 
 riduia stretching from Virginia to the river I'eiidirn, 
 and live miles beyond it. The most earnest eiideaxots 
 were now employed by the proprietaries to heal the 
 former disorders. To the covernor and c(miiril. tl.ev 
 recommended, in persuasive language, the enforreiiiiiil 
 and exemplification of mutual forbearance and indid- 
 getiee 1 and, in compliance with their desire, an ait cf 
 oblivion was passed by the assembly of Albemarle in 
 liivor of the late insurgents, on condition of their re- 
 storing the money of whicli they had plundered th ■ 
 royal revenue. But it was found easier to eiiliur.: 
 topics of cnuciliation on the parties who bad sud'e.. \ 
 wrong, than on those who had done the injury; and llo 
 late insurgents, who were still the strongei-t nartv. imI 
 only condemned the conditions of an act wliirli tliey 
 felt to be quite unnecessary to their security, init, iii- 
 quiriug the command of the assembly, proceeded, with 
 iriiimnhaut insolence and injustice, to denounce and 
 punish the party which had so far mistaken itsniinalimi, 
 as lo prot'er terms <d' pardon and liubeuraiice to them 
 Theymriicted heavy lines, and severe im{)risomiient mi 
 dieir opponents, who were forced to dy lo \'irgiuia h-r 
 protection ;t and with whom every trace td' ju.siice ainl 
 freedom took a long leave of this unhappy ccdo.iy. Tl e 
 lamentable sreiieof vitdence and aiiarrliy that diiis m- 
 sued was noway rbaiiged.nor was the rondilioii idlln- 
 colony in any degree meliorated, by the arrival of 
 Sothel, the governor, in the year U'}^',*. The daugi rniis 
 character of this man was displayed in the tir.si lu is ut 
 his admiuistratioii. Thoimh required by the pi'n[ r.. - 
 tarier. to expel from the rouneil all lluise who had In t u 
 conreriieil in the Lite disnnlers; tn eslabli.-h a roiirt ol' 
 the most impartial of the tiihahilants, for Hie redress ol 
 wrongs I'onumlted during the distrariioii of die hnii -: 
 and to assist the olhcers of die rustoms iii cnilt riin;- :| e 
 royal revenue, ami executing the ads of navigation, '.e 
 declined tn comply with any of these mandates; ai;i'. 
 seeking only his own iinmcdiiite enrirhnient, he dif-re- 
 gardi'd equally the happiness of the people, the inti h >t 
 ol his eoHeagues, anti the decq) stake which lie hiuiM It' 
 possessed in the future welfare nt' the < obuiy. Nt w ly 
 escaped from captivity on the coast of Barluirv, he w;!- 
 so far from enlarging his own humanity, or fortifyin;; 
 his sense of e<piily, hy die experience of bar(Mii| ami 
 injustice, that he .seemed to have adopted the puliey of 
 his late raptors as the model of his own ^'o\ermii' nl : 
 nor have the annals (d' colonial oppression recorded a 
 name that deser\'es to he transinillcd to posterity with 
 
 • l.ife «i l.iTkn rt..ik>oirH l.itc ..I ri'iiii Tliniigii i.i.ike 
 leriiiidio .-ivail hinisi'lt' xf 1>< nii's ^i D<l olliri-s, Ik; wiia utt 
 rcuaiillpNN ur uiiniilliUul of tliein ; Hint iiTter the KtM-nhiti' >• in 
 KiiK iiiitl, round an u|>|)iirlun)iy of amply rei ayiiig lliem. I'o&u 
 II VII. rap. a. 
 
 t Soriie 'if tln'Ho iinfeitntKilc ihtmiiis (ii'iu-ar lo Iijvk tinii-" 
 niillt'il A.Mir ':-sr<< mill ruitijilaiiits In t h»tie!> Ihe St cond, uO 
 vainly implorefl hift prnti*rttnn. <:halinf>rii. p. 6fi8 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 2di 
 
 iig that req^iiired it.* 
 majority nl the pro- 
 r perplfxity Vv theac 
 inpoiir^inir'pciioy.tlml 
 iH dicrii-hcd \\\v (uc- 
 
 ts. Klnrimitinp Im- 
 r nppri'heiisions, tlie^ 
 nts and btuinrtt tlieir 
 nsomu'iUTs oltliiR po- 
 riileii all parties in the 
 i)nt attarliinti any lo 
 
 it too late either to 
 , or to conrlliate them 
 
 to have re.^olved at 
 ition of their insutit d 
 c acrordinii to wliat- 
 ilonintfl nti^ht he dis* 
 established a tenipo- 
 if which they plared 
 tounced, inniiediatejy 
 Seth Sothel, wlio had 
 B ol' the province, and 
 y hoped, wonid pnw- 
 n oC good order and 
 iwevor, were prochu- 
 tment. I.iltle repind 
 ', hy men wlio wera 
 nentwonld have hnta 
 taries, alon^ wiili llio 
 i-ed intelligenee of the 
 pe hy the Algerines. 
 intments, the propric- 
 Inpted a lenient and 
 ha eontnieiidahle per- 
 in, a man fioni who>n 
 .^ were expected, was 
 joflhatjiortion ofCa- 
 to the river I'cnihro, 
 iiost earnest endea\(iis 
 iprietaries to heal the 
 nor and eotnieil. ti.ey 
 mage, the cnforci'iniiil 
 nrhearanre and indiil- 
 their desire, an art ef 
 nhly of Aiheniarle in 
 condition ot" their re- 
 ?V had plnndercd lli ■ 
 ind easier to enlnri'' 
 ties who had sntl<'.< \ 
 me the injnry ; and ll:u 
 le strongest uarly. n^it 
 of an act wliif li lln'V 
 their seenrity. hut. iic- 
 mihly, proceeded, with 
 :ice. to denounce and 
 rniislaki'ii itstiitnalidM, 
 d foihearancir t(i tliciii 
 •vcre imprisonment en 
 'd to tly to Virginia h-r 
 'ly trace o\' jus'ice Hiui 
 (Utdiajipy cido.iy. Tl c 
 il anarchy that thus fii- 
 .as the condition of lli*- 
 led, hy the arrival ol' 
 
 \V}?^\\. The (lan^M roiis 
 lyed in the tirst at i- vi 
 piired hy the prut li^ ■ 
 all those who had ho n 
 {{} eslahli>h a rnuil of 
 anlH. for Hie re{|rt's> nl 
 listraclion ot the hii;. - ; 
 iistonis in colli ctln:^ 'I c 
 e acts of navigation. '.!■ 
 ' these mandatis; iitu'. 
 I mrichnu'nt, he disn- 
 ihe people, the int« lot 
 stake which he hiniMlf 
 of the colony. Nt wly 
 uiisl of llarliury. he \\a^ 
 hnmaiiity, or fortifying 
 'rience of harddni^ niu\ 
 e adopted the policy »it 
 
 his own goveriancnt ; 
 oppression recorded a 
 nitied to |iosterily with 
 
 111 I't-nii Tlieugh l.iiike 
 poA oHU-fs, lit! was hi'l 
 uui lifter llie Revi.lutu '< I'l 
 mply rei ayuig lliem. Post. 
 
 Miiis iii'iicar (0 Iijvo tt:ni- 
 ) ( !utile> the 8i cuiid, uid 
 ilmerx, p. 569 
 
 (jTcatt-r mfamy than his. Rapacity, cruelty, and trearh- 
 erv. ajjpi'ur to have heen the prominent traits of his 
 atliniiii>tratioi ivhich, alter alllicting the colony for a 
 piTio.l of live years, at length exhausted tin; patience 
 of all p irtie-*, and proihicetl at least one good etVect, in 
 uuitirii; ttie divided people hy a iense of rumnn>n snf- 
 f.Tin^' and dangler. Driven almost to despair, the in- 
 halhtaiits itmvi;rsally took arni.s against the government 
 iit l.H-t. and having deposed and im|)risoned him, were 
 prcpiring lo send him to Kngland lor trial, when, de- 
 pcndinii to the most abject supplications, lie entreated 
 to he judged rather by the provincial assembly, whose 
 sentence he declared Inmsetf willing to abide. If the 
 colonists, in granting this re(pn;st, arrogated a power 
 that did not constitutionally belong to them, they at 
 least exorcised it with a moderation that rellect:^ honor 
 on themselves, and aggravates the guilt of the tyraiuii- 
 tal governor. The assembly declared him guilty of 
 all the crimes laid to his charge, and ordained that he 
 should abjure the coitnlry for twelve months, and the 
 government for ever. When the proprietaries received 
 iiik'lli:iem.e of these proceedings, they deemed it proi)er 
 to signify that they did not altogether approve the irre- 
 gidir justice of the colonists; but they e:ipressed the 
 d -I'pest regret for their sutterings, and the ntnu)st as- 
 Kuiishment ''wd indignation at Uie conduct of the go- 
 ViTuor. Tliey snnnnoned him still to answer for his 
 crimes liefore the palatine's court in Kngland: and they 
 prot '"tetl to til!! people, that, if they would render a 
 diihl'iil <d)"dience to legal authority, no governor shoidd 
 ill fiiiiir.' he sutl'Tcd to enrich himself with their.spoils.'' 
 Si'vi was the condition to which \ordi Carolina was 
 r'J:i:'.'d at the epoch of the Itritish Revolution. 
 
 Ail.iirs I 
 
 p,M.' I 
 1.1 il- 
 
 l.l^-.-- 
 
 llr-i:' 
 
 ■2 M,.t .1 
 
 th" (■ 
 
 Wis.- 
 
 Ilia 1' 
 M.iii;u 
 
 ClIAPTKR 11. 
 
 ?')ulh Cariili'ia— Imiian War — Practice of kidnap- 
 iiis— Eaii-;raiits frufii Ireland— Sciitlniul—;uiil Km- 
 it,s ciitfrtaineJ in the coluny— KniiiiraUun of l''r.'iirh 
 's t.) ('aroiuiJi—Uispntes rriialcii by the Navi»jUiuri 
 (i.Tt-'ss Hi" Disi-onicnt in Uic Oolnnv — Sothel usurps 
 KMint — Kniii'iiVdrs tif the Pr.ii.n.-laries to roslort* 
 r — N i!'iiMli/..itirni of French Ilcrniiees rpsistcil h\ 
 llst^— File Fujidaniental Cunstiiriiteus ahuh>hpd-- 
 inni^tn^tioii nf Arclniale— Ile.ituralion of fieiipral 
 V— ICocUsMstioal Coiulilinn of the I'rtivince— inlole- 
 ■e.iiiiiis of the i'ropriuiiinu-s— Statu of the IV-oplo — 
 Trade, «tc. 
 
 \Vk now resume the proirress of the southern pro- 
 »inee of Carolina, which, iindi'r the prudent admniis- 
 (Mlion of .(o-eph West, whom we have seen appointed 
 iriHeruor in li)74. enjoyed a much larger share of pros- 
 p-rily than f-'ll to the lot of tin; settlers of Albemarle, 
 riie ::overnorha< heen highly celelirated for his courage. 
 \vi-i(I(tMi. and moderaticm: and the -^tate of the province 
 over wliich he was called to pre-^ide, gave ample oci^a- 
 sioii in the e\ercije of tiie-^' iiualities. Strong svmp- 
 tcHiH of mutual jealousy and di-^liki' began to manifest 
 ill 'iiH.'lve-* between the di-<senters and puritan-^, who 
 were the most nuncrous party in the colonv. and the 
 cavaliers and episeopaliims who weri' tavored by the 
 proprietaries in the distribution of properly and appoint- 
 m;-nt to ollices of trust: ami although the firmness and 
 good sens ' of West prevented t!ie discord of these par- 
 lies from ripening into strifi- and conlusion. it was he- 
 yonJ his power to eradicate the evil, or to prevent his 
 own council, which was composed of (be hadinir cava- 
 liors, from treating the puritans with iu-oleuce and con- 
 tempt. The cavalier party was reinforced by all tlu)»:e 
 persons wlnHn loose maimera and dissipated habiN had 
 carried to the province, [ I t)7-l — 1077] not for a cure but a 
 shelteroftin'irviceM.aniiwho regarded the rigid maimers 
 of the puritans with as much dislike as the cavaliers enl'r- 
 tain:'d for their p<ilitical principles. The adversaries of 
 the puritans, timling that it was in their power to shock 
 and ollend them by exhibition of manners opposeit to 
 tliL'ir own, atre.:ti'd an extreme of gay license ami jol- 
 hty. Kaeh party considering its manners a.s the test of 
 
 ' Williamson, i. i:tli— III. Chahuers, 53S— 510. Hi-wit. i. 
 I0;i, 104. Huwit ims related these proteeilinns aaahist Sothel, 
 a-i trjviiii; oi'curred in S.nitli Carolina. Nor ts this the only 
 
 iror with uhii-h he Is thar:;pahl(», He perpcluaH'- cotnhiiU's 
 t'VtMiis that are totally unroniieclf<l wi'.h each iniu"- His 
 iKitatiuit of dales is o.xtreiiii;iv scaiily, and soinetimes very 
 .niccuriite. While In* ahHiains from the diilicull task of ■etat- 
 \ui the history of Norlh t'arulina, ho Hclei-is the nios* Inte- 
 ri')diiii( features of its aimals, and transfers them lo tlie history 
 ('■ the seiiUi,-rn province. His erre'-s, lhou?Il hardly honest, 
 \\>'f pr'iii.ildy red the fruit of deliheralo imsrepuseiitation. 
 Aiiiiiist all the prior h;si;iriaiis of America havo been hetrayed 
 
 :ii" siaiilar inaccuracies with respect to the provinces' of 
 t',1 (jiiiia. Kven that lahorioiui and Kcnerallv accurate Wntcr 
 Jf.iediHh Morse has been so fai mi.sled by defcctivo inatormis 
 a- i>> assert (American (Jazeieer, second odil 1798. p. 3^1) nnt 
 liie : riit purniaitent aettlvinent iti North Carolina was olTVi^ted 
 b> iLTtaui Uermaii rotutjcci in 1710. 
 
 it.s principles, emulously exaggerated the distinctive fea- 
 tures of the demeanor it embraced ; and a competition 
 
 of manners and habits ensued, in which the riding par- 
 ty gave countenance and encouragement to j)racliceH 
 very nnfavourable lo the prevalence of industry and ac- 
 qnixitioii of weaUh. 'I'he proprieuiries, whose impru- 
 dence had begotten these divisions, were the tirst suf- 
 ferers from dieir evil conseipieiices, and found all their 
 ertorts tniavailing to obtain repayment of the large ad- 
 vances which they had made for din aetlleinent. The 
 colonisLs who had undertaken to pay the small salary 
 of 100/. a year allotted to the governor, found them- 
 selves unable to discharge even this obligation: and Uie 
 proprietaries found it neces.sary, in April. I(i77, to as- 
 sign to him the whole stock of their merchandises and 
 debtM in Carolina, in litpiidatioii of his claims. This 
 transaction gave rise to the remark that West wag per- 
 haps the only factor, who, at the end of ten years of 
 confes.sedly prudent management, receiyed, without any 
 impeachment of his morals, the whole product of his 
 traHic as the reward of his senices. Meanwhile the 
 population of the province received considerable acces- 
 sions from die coniiimed resort of Kngli.sb dissenters, 
 and of protestant emigrants from the catholic states of 
 lOurope. In die year lt)79, the king, willing to gratify 
 the proprietaries, and hoping, perhaps, to divert the tide 
 of emigration from Massachusetts, ordered two small 
 vessels to be provided at Ins own expense, to convey a 
 detachment ot" foreign protestant.s to Carolina, who pro- 
 posed to add wine, nil. and silk, to the other produce of 
 the territory ; and he granted to the coloni.sts en ex- 
 emplion for a limited time frfun the payment of taxes 
 on these commodities, in spite of the earnest remon- 
 strances of the commissioners of customs, who repre- 
 sented that Kngland would be ruined and depopulated 
 if the colonies were rendered a more desirable resi- 
 doiK^e. Although these new settlers were imt able to 
 enrich the ])rovince witli lln; valuable connnodities 
 which they Uiul so confidently promised tliev preserved 
 their si'tllement in It, and funned a useful and respecta- 
 ble addition to its population. The proprietaries hav- 
 ing learned that the aareeable di.strict called Oyster- 
 point, formed by the conliuence of the rivers Ashley 
 and Cooper, enjoyed greater convenience than the sla- 
 tion thai the tirst settlers had chosen, encouraged the 
 inclination of the people, win) began to remove thidier 
 about this time; ami here, in ]lWO. was laid the tbnn- 
 dation of the modi^ru <^haiiestown, a city which in the 
 next century claimed the highest consideration for the 
 eleganei' of its streets, the extent of its commerce, and 
 the reiinement of its society. It was instantly declared 
 the |)ort of tin? province for the various j)urposes of 
 trade, and the capital for the general administration id' 
 irovi'rnmein. Tor sonietinie. however, it proved ex- 
 tremely unhealtbful; iuMnnuch. that from the month of 
 .lune tilMh'tober, the courts of justice were annually 
 shut: anil during that interval no [)ublic business was 
 transacted; and men lied from the pestilential atmos- 
 phere of the [ilace. The inconvenience at length was 
 found to he so great, that orders were given to impiire 
 for situations more friendly to lieaUli. But h;ip[)ily (in 
 consequence, it has heen supp()sed, of (he i)uriHcation 
 of the noxious vapor by the smoke of numerous euli- 
 n:iry fires) the climate gradually underwent a favorable 
 chaiiL'e, and liuaily evinced so complete a revolution, 
 ihat (.'harlestown was considereil lo enjoy the most sa- 
 iiibrioiis air of ('.iridina. 
 
 Xotwitlistanding the earne-;t desire of the jiroprieta- 
 v'u-i. dial the colonisH slioutd {'uitivate the good will of 
 ibe Indians, a w.ar that proved very detrimental lo the 
 settlement broke .nil in the year ItiHl). wilh a i)Owerful 
 tril):> th;it inhaliiled the southern boundary. The war 
 seems to have originated, partly fnnnthe insolence wilh 
 which the idle ami licentious emigrants behaved to the 
 Indians, and partly iVoin ihe depredations of straggling 
 parties of (mlians. wlio b'in^ accustomed to the prac- 
 tice of killing whati'ver animals they found at large, 
 acctnnited the planters' hogs, turkeys, ami geese, lawful 
 !;ame, and freely preyed upon them. The planters as 
 freely made use of their arms in defence of their pro, 
 perty, and sevf^ral Indians having been killed, the ven- 
 geance of their kindred tribe burst forth abruptly in 
 general luHtihtles, which for some time threatened die 
 most serious conse(pienc(!s to the cohmy. So divided 
 were the colonists among theniselves, diat the governor 
 found it didieitlt to unite them in measures retpiisite 
 even lor their conumm safety, or to persuade any to 
 undertake an etVort Uiai did not promise to he attended 
 with advantaiie immediately and exclusively their own. 
 That he might address himself etfectually to their seU 
 fish disposition, he olVered u price for every Indian who 
 Mhould ue tukeu prisouer and brought to Churleatowni 
 
 and rai.sed the necessary funds by disposing of the cap- 
 tives to die traders who frerpiented the (olonies, and 
 who sold them for slaves in the West Indies. This 
 policy was productive of so much profit, and o!" enter- 
 prises so agreeable lo the temper and liabils of some of 
 the planters, that the war was carried on with a vigor 
 that soon enabled the government lo dictate a treaty oi 
 peace with Uie Indians. [|()>'1.J The proprietaries, 
 desiring that this paciticatmn should rest on a htsting 
 and equitable basis, appointed commissioners who wero 
 empowered to decide all complaints between die con- 
 tending parties in future, and declared that all die tribes 
 within four hundred miles of Charlejitown were under 
 their protection. But the practices that had been in- 
 troduced during the war nad established themselvea 
 too strongly to be thus easily eradicated. Many of the 
 colonists found it more protituhle,as well as more agree- 
 able, to tratlic in the persons of die Indians, than to 
 clear the forests or till the ground: and not only die 
 principal inhabitants, hut the oflicers of government, 
 fomented the spirit ofdiscord that prevailed among the 
 savage tribes and promoted their mutual wars, widi the 
 design of procuring to tbem.selves die captives whom 
 they ])tireha.sed as slaves. It was in vain for Uie go- 
 vernor and council to plead in justification of this in- 
 liunian policy, that hy occupying the tribes, and caus- 
 ing them to expend their force in mutual hostilities, 
 they!H»cured the colony against their attacks: and thai 
 humanity sanctioned the purchase of prisoners who 
 wtmid otherwise have been put to death. The propri- 
 etaries were by no means satisfied widi these rea.sons; 
 and strongly declaring their conviction Uiat it was a 
 sordid thirst for private g.ain. and not a generous con- 
 cern for the public safety, that engendered a j)olicy so 
 dastardly and dishonest, they ce.'Lsed not to insist for 
 its entire abandonment. But their humane interference 
 was long unavailing; and it was not till atU-r the most 
 persevering and vehement remonstrances, that they 
 were able to procure the enactment of a law to regu- 
 late, and at length utterly prohibit, Uiis proUigate and 
 ignoble practice. Its continuance was attended with 
 consequences both immediately and lastingly injurious. 
 The traders who carried die cajitives to the West In- 
 dies imported rum in exchange for diem: and a de- 
 structive habit of indulging t(t excess in this beverage 
 depraved the manners and relaxed the industry of many 
 of the colonists. A iUn^p and nuilnal dislike was formed 
 between tiiem and the victims of their injustice, which 
 the lapse of many years was unable to alla\ ; and in 
 after times the Indians indicted a severe retribution on 
 die posterity of those who had been ihe authors of their 
 wrongs and the iusiilious abetters of their ferocity. 
 
 (lovernor West held a parlianu>nt at (.'harleslown in 
 the close of the following year; [H)Hr>,] when laws 
 were enacted for sealing a militia, which the late war 
 had shown to he necessary ; for making ways Uiroiigh 
 the boundless forest dial every where surrounded the 
 capital; for repressing drunkennes.') and profanity, and 
 otherwise promoting the niorality of a people who did 
 not enjoy the instruction of a public ministry. [KiHU.] 
 Shortly at\er Uiis proceeding. West, who had incurred 
 the displeasure of the proprietaries by introducing the 
 traffic in Inilians. and by curbing the excesses oi" tho 
 cavaliers, who were accounted Uie proprietary party, 
 was removed from bis command; and die government 
 of the colony was committed, hy Lord Craven, to Jo- 
 se])h .Morelon. who had been recently created a land- 
 grave of Carolina. 'I'his was the commencement of a 
 course of rapid successi<m of governors, and alt tho 
 other public odicers in the colony: a system arising 
 partly from unexpected casualties, and partly from de- 
 fective policy; and which did not fail to produce the 
 consequences with whi< h it has been invarialdy at- 
 tended, in the degradation of government, and the pro- 
 motion of party spirit and cabals. Htil. howc\er much 
 Uie policy of tde pro[.rietaries might lliictuate In other 
 respects, it continued long to be sti ndily and strenuous- 
 ly directed to the encour.igement of emigration. Al 
 tlie " ire nf several wealUiy persons, who proposed to 
 emigrati? to the province, they once more revised their 
 fundamental constitutions, which, at ilie time of Uieir 
 tirst enactment, had been dedareil unalterahie; now 
 again promulgating a similar declaration (d'lheir future 
 inviolahihty. The obicct of the present alteration was 
 to relax Komewh:it in favor of liberly, the ri;ror of the 
 original cotisUtntions: but it is the less neci'ssary to 
 particidarixe Utem, as they were never acknowledged 
 or received by Uie people of Car(dina. whit were more 
 jealous of the power assumed to introduce siicli altera' 
 ttons, Uian gratilied widi Uie [)articular a. vantages now 
 tendered to their acceptance. The Hlteralinns, liow- 
 «ver, proving latiifactory to Uie parties who bud soli- 
 
204 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 \ ¥ .' ;t 
 
 iM 
 
 cited timin, one Ferguaon soon afler conducted to the 
 colr)»v iiri einifp'ntinn /roni Iriilaiid, which instantly 
 niin;;ind with tlie iiiiisn of the inlnhit.'int.H. Lord t^'ar- 
 ilr(»,-js, a 8cotti?4li nohleinuii, also led out a coiony from 
 his native country (tlxM) ^rruuning iiiider ttie harharoii.* 
 iiiimiiiistration o( the IJi;ke of Lauderdale.) which set 
 tl<'d on Port lEoyal island, and in pursuance of some 
 a;!fre"meiu or understun.Iing witii the itr<iprietaries, 
 clainie(i for itself co-ordinate authority with tlie go 
 vernor and urathl eoiineil of ('harlestown. Tiiis claim 
 however, was disallowed liy the colonial goverinncnt. 
 aiitl tlie new occupants of I'ort Koyat having heen com- 
 pelled to acknmvledge KuhniiH.sion, Lord (^\*irdross, 
 whetlier disappoiiiteil with this result, or "atislied with 
 what he had already accompliijhed, forsook the settle- 
 in >nt and returned to Britain. The settler:! whom he 
 lel\ hehind, were sometime nfier dislodged from their 
 ndvanlageiius situation by nil expedition despatched 
 against them hy the Spaniards \t .\ugustine, whom 
 tliey h id wantonly provoked hy inciting the Indians to 
 make an irruption into the rfpanish territory. But the 
 most vahialile addition to its ninnhers which the colony 
 at this tiin^' received, aro.se from the emigration of a 
 considerahl:! hoJv of ])ious and resjiectahlo dissenters, 
 from Somersetshire In Diiglanil, This hoilv wiis con- 
 ducted hy Joseph Blake, the hrother and lieir of the 
 renowned'.Adiniral Blake, and who now devoted the 
 inoilerate fortune which his disinterested brother h.id 
 bequeathed to him, to facilitate the retirement of a mnn- 
 ber of dissenters, with whom he wils connected, from 
 the persecutions they endured in England, and tfjf 
 greater calamities they apprehended under the reign of 
 lilt popish successor »-f the king. Several persons of 
 similar principles, and considerable substance, united 
 themselves to this einigr.ition: and the arriv.il of thesi' 
 peo] !.> .served to strcngtiien the hands of the puritan or 
 sober party in the colony, anil to counteract, in a salu- 
 tary manner, the influence of circumstances unfavora- 
 ble to the character and manners of the planti'rs. I'rom 
 Ihe exertions of the proprietaries, ami the condition of 
 Enaliii I at this period, there is little doubt that the 
 colony would have received a much larger accession 
 to its iidialiitants, if the recent colonization of Penn- 
 sylvania had not presented an asvhnn more generally 
 nttrielive to mankinil. The liberality of Williain 
 Peim's institutions ; the friendly sentiments with which 
 the Iiiiliaris returned his kind" and pacilic demeanor ; 
 the greater salubrity of the climate of Pennsylvania, 
 anilsu|ierior adaptation of its soil to the cultivation of 
 British grain, puwerlully enforced the claim of this 
 province to the preference of emigrants ; and such 
 multitudes resnrt.id to it, both from l'.u:;laud and the 
 other stales of lairope, as soon cii.ibleil it to outstrip 
 the olil 'r setdenient of C'aroUn i, both in wealth and in 
 population. 
 
 .\ few luntiths after his elevation to the olFice of go- 
 vernor. Morelou asseiuliled a parliament, which estab- 
 lished a great variety of regulations, for the remedy of 
 those little inccmvenieiices that are incidental to the 
 infaniT of all colonial settlements. .\ law that was 
 now eiiactinl for raising the value of foreign I'oinsgave 
 rise to Ihe ( iirriuicy of Carolina, which, in after tinn's. 
 iiicurr.'d an extreme depreciation. In imititiim of thi' 
 «arly polic\ of the settlement of .Mbemarle, all prosecu- 
 tions for I'lpreigii debts wen; suspemled. But the pro- 
 firietaries, now regarding with displeasure what tln'v 
 lad forui'^ily coutirmi.'d without animadversion, inter- 
 posed to I) gative this enactment, deilaring that it was 
 contrary tc the king's honor, since it obstructed the 
 course of justice, and that the colonial parliament had 
 no power tu fram ; a law so inconsistent with the juris- 
 prudence of Liigland : and the more sensibly to mani- 
 I'esl their displeasure, they issued orders that .'ill olfieers 
 who hid promoted this enactiuMit should be displaced. 
 -■Vnother c.iiise of dispute b'tvveen the proprietaries and 
 the province, arose from the manner in wliicli this par- 
 liauijut had heen constituted. The province at this 
 timj w,is diviiled into the three counties of Berkeley, 
 Cr,iveu (including tlie district formerly called Claren- 
 don), and Colleton. The proprietaries had desired, 
 that of the twenty m:!mbers of whom the lower liouse 
 of parliament was composed, ten should be elected by 
 each of the counties of Berkeley and Colleton; the 
 tiiird being reckoned as yet too inconsiderable to merit 
 a shire of p.irliamentary represimtation. Berkeley, 
 which coiitim.-d the metropolis, was the only one of 
 Uie coiiuti-'s which as yet possessed a county court ; 
 atid the provincial goveriiineiit hiving appointed the 
 election to be held at Ciiarl ^town, tli..' iiiliabitaiits of 
 lierUfl.'y ha.l eombiiiiMl to prevent the people of Colle- 
 ton from voting at all, and had themselves returned the 
 whule twenty inamburs. They niaiiituined that this 
 
 advantage wa.s due to their own superiority in number 
 of people: a circumstance which at least enabled them 
 to realize the pretension it suggested. The proprieta- 
 ries, liowe\i.'r. were highly displeased with this con- 
 tempt of their inslriictioiis, which they were no sooner 
 iiiforuifMl of tti in they gave orders that tiie parliament 
 should be dissolved, and none other assembled in so 
 irregular <a manner. But Uieir commands were iinavait- 
 iiig ; and this signal injiistice, aAer inaintainiiig its 
 grounil fur some time, obtained the countenance and 
 assent of Uic propriettiries themselves, and contiimed 
 to subsist, till, at u later period, its abettors were com- 
 pelled to yield to the indignant and unanimous voice 
 of the people whom they had disfranchised. The pro- 
 prietaries, meanwhile, were exceedingly displeased with 
 Ihe reiterated disobedience of their deputies, and, In a 
 remonstrance which they addressed to tJie governor and 
 council , they reniinded them, in language which ut 
 least expresses good intentions, " that the power of 
 nrigistracy is put into your htinds for the good of the 
 pi'ople, who ought not to be turned into prey, as we 
 iloiilit hath been too much practised." It was remark- 
 ed, that the greatest dealers in Indian slaves were the 
 keenest opponents of the claim of Ccdleton comity to 
 share in the exercise of the elective franchise ; exem- 
 [dilying how the indulgence of .selfishness and ojipres- 
 sioii in any one relation tends entirely to jiervert or ex- 
 tinguish in meirs iiiiuds the sense of what is due to the 
 rights of others. The proprietaries, though at times 
 they expressed themselves, as on this last occasion, 
 with vigor and wisdom, seeni to have been quite iiica- 
 l>acit:ited. by ignorance or irresolution, from pursuing 
 or eiiliiri'iiig a consistt?nt course of policy. It was 
 Ibiind that some of the coiinciltors, and even the coiii- 
 nis-ioii'Ts that had been appointed to watch over the 
 iiitert.'sts of the Indians. encourag<nl the tratlic in In- 
 di.'in slaves ; and though .Moreton was able to remove 
 these delinquents from ollice. they succeeded in ren- 
 dering his own situation so disagreeable to him, that he 
 was constrained to resign his ,'iutliority, which wits iin- 
 iiiediately conferred on West, who siitVeri'd the people 
 to continue the practice of inveigling and kidnapping 
 tli(^ Indians without restraint. The prnpiietaries then 
 intrusted the government to .Sir Kicharil Kyrle, an 
 Irislnnan. who died soon after his arrival in the pro- 
 vince. [Ili"'4.] West, thereupon, was again chosen 
 interim governor by ill*' council, whose ap[ioiiitiiieiit, 
 on lliis occ.-ision, the ])ro|irietaries thought proper to 
 confirm. Hi.' was, however, shortly after superseded 
 liy Colonel liuarry. who retained the olHce only till the 
 following year, [itK>.] when, in cousequenee of the 
 couiiteuance he was found to have given to piracy, he, 
 in his turn, was dismissed, and Joseph .Moreton reiii- 
 stateil in the government.* 
 
 The .\nierican seas h.id long been infesteil by a race 
 of daring adventurers, privateers in time of war, pirates 
 ill time of peace, whose martial exploits, and success- 
 ful d 'predatious on tlii^ rich colonies anil coinnii.'rce of 
 -Spain, enabled them to conciliate the ri'gard or pur- 
 ciiase the ciinnivance of many of the inhabitants of' the 
 British settlements, anil even of the authorities supreme 
 as wi'U a^ subordinate, of the British empire. The 
 king himself, for several years afli'r his restoration, had 
 extended to them his p.'itroii.ige, and e\'eii granted the 
 lienor of knighthood to one of their number, Henry 
 .Moi'gaii. a Welsliiii'in. who had plundered Portobello 
 and Panaiiri. and acipiired a vast booty by his acliieve- 
 in-'uts. Thus reeomtiietided by the king to the favora- 
 ble regards of his sutijects. these freebooters found it 
 no less easy than advantageous to cultivate a friendly 
 connexiiin with the p'-oiile of ('arolina, who willingly 
 opened their ports, and liirnished supplies of provisions 
 to guests who lavishly spent their golden spoils in the 
 colony. The treaty of IliCiT, together with the in- 
 creasingly lawless character of the adventurers, had 
 withdrawn the king's protection from them ; but tliev 
 continued, nevertheless, to maintain, and even exteiui, 
 their intercourse \viili the planters and authorities of 
 Carolina. The governor, the proprietary deputies, and 
 the principal inhabitants, degraded themselves to a level 
 with the vilest of in iiikind, by .abetting the crimes of 
 pirates, and becoming receivers of their nefarious ac- 
 quisitions. The proprietaries strongly remonstrated 
 against practices that degraded the character of the pro- 
 vince, and depraved the iiiantiers of all who participated 
 
 • Ollinix.m. i. .1.11. 310. ICo\Til,l. 93,9S. Chalmers, 515, .147 
 Fnun < IMiiiix.in's Lists, it a[)i)3ars that ('dlonei ijiiarry iielii olH- 
 rial sitinlMiis iiiider lliii cnnvn in sovoral of ttio priivlnres 
 at tlie suae liiiu'. (In Ins nmiin to Kiialaii.t in the year ITn3. 
 If (irescitl'' 1 tn the innis cit Iruit" a iiwai >n.il en the stale of 
 tliu Aiiii'ncan colniles. which is preterveii umoii^ the lliulelaii 
 Cnllpctluii in tlie Bntuli Museum. Some notic* of it occurs in 
 Oldiiuxou's accuuiit uf VirKinm 
 
 in them; and their orders, hacked by a proclamiitinn 
 from the king, prevaili.d sc fir is to restrain die colo- 
 iiists fromindulgingan incf'.natiou which they had begun 
 to demonstrate of iliariiy r.i the enterprises as well as 
 the gains of their piratieij associates. But they obsti- 
 nately continued to retain their connection with these 
 adventurers, which, dilViisJiig among ilieiii ihe infections 
 desire of sudden wealth end 'he spirit of dissipalum, 
 contributed to the forum li'ci of habits pernicious to 
 every luiinimnity, but mere piirticnlarly iiijiirioiH to lie- 
 prosperity of an infant sclfeimuit. Traces of lliese 
 habits have coiitinned lo.ig tu be discernible in the cha- 
 racter and manners of the inhabitants of Carolina. 
 The king at length aroused by the complaints of his 
 allies, and sensible how much the trade of his own 
 subjects had been injured by these lawless proceedings, 
 transmitted to the colony In April, 1084, " a law against 
 pirates," which the proprietaries required tlieir parlia- 
 ment to enact, and their executive ollicers rigorously 
 to enforce. The first part of this requisition was rea- 
 dily complied with ; but the evil had become so inve- 
 terate, diat the law, instead of being carried iulo ef- 
 fect, was openly violated even by those by whom it 
 had been enacted. It was not till three years after 
 this period, that the evil received an eireciiial check, 
 from an expedition which Juine.s the Second despatch- 
 ed tinder .Sir Itnbert Holmes, for the sujipressiop of 
 piracv in the West Indies. Of this expedition die 
 proprietaries sent intimation to the governor and coun- 
 cil of Charlestown. and reeomnn-nded to thein a |irniiipt 
 siiliinission to the authority, and co-operation in the 
 designs and proceedings of Holmes; and their iiian- 
 datea lieingiiow supported by a force sufhcient to over- 
 a\ye all opposition, these disgraceful proceedings sus- 
 tained a complete, though iinfortiinalely onlv a tempo- 
 rarv interiupiioii. 
 
 .vlieinwhile the obloquy and disrepute which the pro- 
 vince of .South Carolina thus deservedly incurred, was 
 not the onlv iticonvenieiice that resulted from its con- 
 nexion with the pirates. The Spaniards at St. .Augus- 
 tine had elways regarded the southern settlements of 
 the I'.nglish w'ith jealou.sy and dislike ; they i .ispected, 
 and not without re isoni that the Scotch" plinters at 
 Port Koyai i.ill.'imed the Indians against them; and 
 they beheld with indignation the plunderers of their 
 commerce openly encouraged at Charlestown. [lli'^ii.J 
 i\(\.fr threatening to avenge themselves by hostilities, 
 they at length invaded the southern frontiers of the 
 jirovince. and laid waste Ihe settlements of I'ort Koyal. 
 I'lie Carolinians linding themselves unable to defend a 
 wide extended boundary, resolved to carry their arms 
 into the heart of their enemy's territory; iind acioiint- 
 iiig themselves authorised by the terms of the provin- 
 cial charter to levy war on iheir neighbours, they mule 
 jircparalions for an expedition against St. .Vugiisiin.'. 
 
 The proprietaries, informed of this project, hast,' I 
 
 to withslaiid it by their reiiionsiraiice and |iroliiiiilioii. 
 Kvery rational being, they declared, iiiiisl have fore- 
 seen that Ihe Spaniards, provoked by such injuries as 
 the colonists hail watiloiily indicted iin them. wniiM as- 
 siiredly relalliate. The clause of the charter whieh was 
 relied on by the colonists to justify their projected in- 
 vasion lueaiit no more (they niain'tained) than a pur- 
 suit in the heat of victory, and never could aiitliorise a 
 (hdiberate prosecution of war against tlie king of 
 .Spain's subjects within his own territories. " We our- 
 selves," they protested, "claim no sie h power: nor 
 can any man believe that the dependencies of r.iigl iii.l 
 can have liberly to iii.ike war upon lli.i king's alii s, 
 without his knowledge or consent."" They iiitiiii:it"(l. 
 at the same time, their dissent from a law which had 
 been p.assed for raising men and nioiiey for the jirojei t- 
 ed expedition against the Spaniards; and the iiilivlii- 
 tants, either convinced hy their reasonings, or disable. 1 
 from raising the necessary supplies, ahandone.l the en- 
 terprise. On learning this result, tlie pronrietiriis loii- 
 gratiilated the governor and council on their timely n - 
 traction of a measure which, had it been carried into 
 efTect, the promoters of it, they declared, niiglil have 
 answered with their lives. They instructed tlieiii lo 
 address a eiril Idler to the governor of St. Aiigiisline, 
 
 * There can he little linutil, I apprehend, that If Ihi? pr.t|ihe- 
 taries had transferred tlieir own residence to tlie cn!oiile.s, in 
 tiad heen ahie to realize the ina^nlticent srheine coiitfuiiisl ir. 
 til. 'If fmutiiint'ntal ciHlstltutmns, ihey w.nil.l have put i innrh 
 freer llili.Tprptali.in on ttic bellisercnt pnvilt'i;e conferrr.i h\ 
 llie charter ; an.) woiil.t iiavo made war as InrKely and inil... 
 pendenllv as ihp I-nittlish l-'ast In.lia t'oaipany have .i\ci 
 done. The acfoni[)il.:hnienl .if tlieir oriuliial views wnal.t iiiiit 
 eir.'i-lo.l all Ihe iiiisi lilif Unit in a later aun wiei 'jusllv .n , r 
 rnnei'Msly) anllcipaleu from Ihe Iiuiia liill ..f Mr. F.ix ; ruij .jw 
 liirh,i.i the balaiire ef llie Enjhsli cunstitulloa ii\ the vast ra 
 lownient oi power luid InlliitnicH which i- woulii tiav» tleslow 
 «d «ii a jwita of th> Ari»l«'nicv. 
 
 i-fi^***! 
 
NORTH AMERICA 
 
 295 
 
 a proclamntion 
 reMtniiii lite coIo 
 li tlu.'y li.id bcgiiii 
 )ri>4L'f4 a.H vvt'li hs 
 Itiit they nbsti- 
 tlifjil with thfsH 
 
 (111 lIlL' illlV-CllOIIH 
 
 it ol' iliosijviiioii, 
 it.<i pcrtiiL-Kins to 
 y injurious luiliP 
 Triri's oi' tliese 
 riiihlt! ill thech.'i- 
 lU of Ciirolina. 
 oniplaintH of hi.i 
 •kIu of hU own 
 iL'ss proceedihjfs, 
 I, " a law against 
 red Uit'lr parlia- 
 licer* rigorously 
 liHtion wiuj reu- 
 H'couie HO iuve- 
 carrieil iuto ef- 
 »e by wl.oin it 
 ret* years alter 
 olJuctual chuck, 
 orond despatch- 
 .suppresxiop ol' 
 expedilinii the 
 I'oriior uiid coun- 
 otlieina prompt 
 ipcration in ili<> 
 and their inan* 
 nlhcieiit lo over- 
 )rocef>dinp^ sus- 
 y only u tempo- 
 
 :(' which tbo j)ro- 
 ly innjirred, was 
 d frotn its cuii- 
 ds at St. AuLMK- 
 n settlementH nl* 
 they .'.Mpccli'd. 
 Dtch planters at 
 tinst them ; and 
 ndercr8 of their 
 'stown. [ItWu.J 
 's hy liostditit's, 
 Iroutiers ni the 
 ;s of Port Koyjil. 
 lattle In defend a 
 carry their arms 
 y ; and aceoiint- 
 '4 of tli<> pi'ovni* 
 )ourH. they made 
 4 St. Auirnstine. 
 rojeet. Iia-itened 
 ind prohiliitioii. 
 iiil'^t liavc fore- 
 sufh injuries as 
 them, woiilil as- 
 larler which was 
 'ir projeeied in- 
 ed) than a )Mir* 
 oidd unthori^e a 
 St the kiiiif of 
 ries. '• We oiir- 
 'h power: nor 
 iries of l'.niil:triil 
 !w! kin^f's alli-<, 
 riiey intiiti:il''((. 
 law wineh had 
 y for the jiriijefi- 
 (Uid tiie iiiiiaht- 
 in<.'s, or di-iahied 
 aiidnned the en* 
 ropriettiic-* con- 
 
 II their llinely r- - 
 en cairied iiiio 
 ed, nii^lit have 
 trurtiMl tln-nt to 
 f 8t. Augustine, 
 
 hit if the prnprfe- 
 
 tho coluiiles, m 
 hoTiie ("oTUaineii in 
 
 1 hJivo put 1 nuich 
 ilL'if6 ciinrerrni h\ 
 
 Inrgely and itxlu- 
 [llpniiy have .mci 
 
 v\o\vn wmiliJ hint 
 ' wiei 'jnstiv I't ir 
 ^fr. Fox : rni'l .i;s 
 
 III 'n the va^st vn 
 'ould httv« t>e«low 
 
 to MHjuire hy what HUthority ho had ucted; and, in the 
 mean tune, to put the provinco in the be.st position of 
 ilVfjiK-e. rroiii tliis period, luutnat dread and ani- 
 mosity rarely eeas.-d to prevail betwei-n the Sj)ani?iii 
 and i'aigli-ili colonists in tlorida aul t'aro'ina. 
 
 When the *:overnor and council received intelligence 
 of the deatli oi' Charles the Second, thev proclaimed 
 his successor with expressions of loyalt) and joy, ap- 
 p.irenlly iheeiru.-ionsof mere |;?vity and love of change, 
 hut wiiieli gave ao much satisfaction to James, that he 
 conveyed to them, in return, the a.s^uraiiceof his favor 
 and protection. His sincerity herein was ouapar with 
 their own ; for he already meditated tlie revocation of 
 the colonial charter, and the annihilation of all their 
 privileges He was prevented, however, from com- 
 pleting tliis intention, and his reign was productive of 
 events that proved highly advantageous lo the colony. 
 Many of his Kngiish subjects, apprehending, from his 
 arbitrary principles and his bigotry to tlie church of 
 Koine, the subversion of their religion and liberties, tied 
 beyond the Atlantic, from the approaching rigors of per- 
 seeuhon: being delerintned rather to endure the seve- 
 r.'st hirdship^ abroad, than to witness the est;d)lishment 
 of popery and tyranny in Kn^land. The population of 
 America, recruited by these emigrations, derived eveii 
 II larger actpiisition Iroin the persecution of the pro- 
 testants in France, that followed tlie revocation, in 
 \uio, of the edict of Nanlz. Above half a niillion of 
 her most useful and industrious subjects, expelled from 
 Krance, carried with them into Kngland, li(dland, and 
 otlh^r Kuropean states, tlie arts and mannfaetiires which 
 h:td chieliy tended to enrich their native country. 
 J.iines, affecting tu participate the indignation that was 
 expressed hy his own subjects at the persecution exer- 
 cised by the French monarch, hastened to tender the 
 nio-it friendly assistance to the distressed Hugonols, 
 who sought shelter in his dominions ; and besides those 
 w!io established themselves in Knglaiid, considerable 
 i;'nnb,;rs were enabled to transport themsi'ives to the 
 Britisli settlements in Ameriea. Many, also, who 
 U'eth-'d not his assistance, and who dreaded his designs, 
 parchased colonial property witli theirown money, and 
 retreated to the same distant region. Among the other 
 colonies which thus reaped advantage from the oppres- 
 sions exercised in France, and the apprehensions enter- 
 lainei' in Kngland, ('arolina derived a considerable ac- 
 qmsition of people. Many of the protestant refugees. 
 Mi particular, having purchased lands from the proprie- 
 l in-'*, wlio were ever on the waleh to encourage eini- 
 gr.ilioii to their territories, embarked witii their families 
 Ibi tliit colony, Lud inide a valuable addition lo its in- 
 dintry, prosperity, and population. 
 
 .'\htiough the colonists had as yet made but small pro- 
 gress in cultivating their territory, and still tbiind their 
 etinrts impeded, and their numbers abridged, hy tlie 
 nbsiruciiuns of the forest and the ravages of disease. 
 ()i -y were obviously beginning to surinonnt the tirst 
 didirulaes and disadvantages of their situation. Their 
 iMtlle, requiring neitlier ediliees nor atlendauee. found 
 Nijliieient siii-lter, and ample nourishment, in the woods, j 
 and mereased in an auri/ing degree. They traded to i 
 tl< ' West Indies tor rum and sugar, in return for their ! 
 luinb.'r and provisions; and I.ngland supplied tliein i 
 with clothes, arms, ammuiiidon, and utt>nsils for build- | 
 iiu uiid cultivation, in exchange for their deer-skiiis, ; 
 flits, and naval stores. Tins coiiimeree. iueonsidera- 
 bl..* as it was, having begun to attract attenlimi. a col- , 
 It'ctor of the customs was established at (.'harlestown, ; 
 pn.m aller tlie accession of James to tin' throne. The \ 
 pinprietaries, on tins occasion, transmitted their ord^-rs 
 lo tiie governor and council, to show a heeoiniug for- '■ 
 \vardiie-;s in as-isting the collection of the duly on to- ; 
 bacco trau-'ported to other colonies, and in seizing ships | 
 that prc-uined lo traile contrary to tlie acts of naviga- i 
 tion. Iliit.alihough the propiietaries enjoyed in theory ' 
 tile nio>: ali-idiile authority within the province, and 
 seeiiii'd. indeed, to have engrossed the whole powers 
 ofgovciivm -lit. they had long been sensible of theprac- ; 
 heal iui dicieiiry of every one of their mandates tiiat ■ 
 w.is oppitsed to till.' opinions or favorite practices of the | 
 pMiple. This last injunction was not only disobeyed 
 l)'.it openly and argnuientatively disputed by tim colo* 
 iiins and the colonial judges and magistrates, who in- 
 M-ted that they were exempted from the operation of 
 til ' iiuigation nets by the terms of the provincial cliar- 
 Iv, iii({iittst irlwh, tliey plainly informed tlie collector, 
 that 'they held an act of parliament to be of no force 
 wliatever." As the charier wa^ posterior in dale to the 
 iiiviifiiion act, this was in eirect to contend for the 
 dispen>ing power of tlic crown ; and to maintain against 
 I'le king himself, the very doctrine which hn forfeited 
 hif throne by attempting to realize. Illegal and dan- 
 
 gerous, us a plea involving such doctrines may at first 
 sight appear it will he found, in pro torlion as we ex- 
 amine a, that it is very f;ir from ln'in:; de-^titut^ of sup- 
 j)ort, either from naliird rt i-oii or legal priiM-iple. It 
 was the diarler alone tlial I.:ul added ihe rolnuial terri- 
 tiiry to the Hrilish emiviie ; and it was to the execution 
 ami existence of that c' arter alone, that (ireal iJritain 
 conhl refer for Ipgal evidence ofthe connexion between 
 herselfand the colonial people. The planters, pos.sess- 
 ing the power of transbrring their labors to any region 
 wiiert. tliey might please to settle, and the beneht of 
 tlieir allegiance to any sovereign whose stipulations in 
 their f ivor might appear satisfactory to them, bad, on 
 the fa !h of this charter, and of its due observance in 
 all point.s, formed and reared, at great expense, their 
 pre-^ent colonial seittement ; and in all the courts of 
 iireat Diitain the charter was undoubtedly held a valid 
 paction in .so far as it imposed obligations on the colo- 
 nists. There appears, then, to have been no want of 
 justice or equity in the claim of the planters, that a 
 charter which fiad formed their original paction and 
 bond of union with the mother country, on the faith of 
 which their subjection had been yielded and their set- 
 tlement created, and which was, on all hands, acknow- 
 ledged to be strictly valid in so far as it im])Osed obli- 
 gations upon them, should be held no b-.ss sacred in re- 
 spect of the privileges which it conceded to them. 
 While it was allowed to remain nnannulled, it .seemed 
 to be entitled to entire and eijiial operation : and if it 
 were to be .set aside, the grantees should have been 
 lell at liberty to attach themselves to some other domi- 
 nion, if they could not arrange with Britain new lerins 
 of a prorogated connexion with her. It must be ac- 
 knowledged, however, that the legal force, if not the 
 natural equity of this plea, is considerably abated hy 
 the consideration, that il wasdi>claimed by the proprie- 
 taries, and jireferred exclusively by the resident colo- 
 nial population. The proprietaries vainly disjiiiled the 
 reasonableness of the colonial plea, and as vainly pro- 
 hibited the continuance ofthe relative practices. Neither 
 awed by their authority, nor convinced by their rea- 
 sonings, nor yet deterred by the fretpn'iit .seizure-: 
 of their own vessels and luerchandizi', the eohniists 
 continued to defend the legality and persist in the prac- 
 tice of trading wheresoever and in whatsoever commodi- 
 ties they pleased. While the proprietaries were labor- 
 ing to prevail in this disagreeable controversy, they re- 
 ceived a new and more painful addition to their embar- 
 rassments, from the alarming intelligence, that the king, 
 having adopted the resolution of annilidating all pro- 
 prietary govertnnents. had direetetl a writ of tjuo icar- 
 raututo In; issued against the patent of Carolina. Thus. 
 neither their submission to every royal mandate, nor 
 their readiness to aid. with their feeble power, in the 
 collection of the royal revemie, and the execution of 
 the acts id' navigation, could protect the chartered rights 
 of the proprietaries from the enmity and injustice of 
 the king. Vet prudently bending under the violence 
 which they were uiialile to resist, thev eluded the force 
 of an attack which proved fatal to tlie charter of Massa- 
 chusetts; and by jiroposin:: a treaty for surremler of 
 their patent, they gained such delay as left tbein in po.s- 
 session of il. at the pi-riod of tlie lirili«h Ueyolutioii. 
 
 tiovernor .Moreton, atb-r his secoml appointment to 
 ibe pre-ideney of the colony, was allowed to retain it 
 little mole than a year. Thoiiuh endowed wilh u coii- 
 siderilile share of wisdom and ability, and connected 
 with several respect. ible families in llie colony, so in- 
 eonsHteiit were \\]^ iiisiriictions from Kngland with the 
 prevailing views and interests of the people, that be 
 found it ditlicult lo execute the duties of his otlice at all. 
 and impossible to discharge them satisfactorily, lie 
 had been described as a maiMd's<»her and religious teiii- 
 
 tter; and having married the sifter of Hiake, it was 
 loped by the friends of pielv and good morals, that the 
 
 dent population, and the prosperity of tlie netllenient. 
 In this situation of att'iiirs, no governor could lonjf 
 niaintain Ins authority among a number of bold and 
 roiless adventurers, averse to all restraint, and active 
 til improving every opportunity to advance their own 
 interest; for whenever he altcnipled to control any of 
 their designs, by the exercise of bis antbor'ly. tliey in- 
 sulted bis person, and roinplained of bisa<lmiiiislratinn, 
 till lliey prevailed in having him removed from his of- 
 fice. The proprietaries tiiiding that Moreton had be- 
 come obnoxious to a considerable party among the peo- 
 ple, now resolved with their usual feeble policy to sa- 
 crifice him to the enmity. which his integrity had pro- 
 voked; and having accordingly dispatched him, they 
 appointed an bis successor, James Colleton, a brother 
 of one of their own number, and on who.se aitacluncnt 
 to the proprietary interest they thought iheni.selves enti- 
 tled to rely. His fortune and connections, it was hoped, 
 would adil influence to his otlice; and lo tend him the 
 greater weight us he was created a landgrave of the 
 colony, witli the appropriate endowmeiil of I'oiiy-eight 
 thousand acres of land. A lunh opinion had been en- 
 tertained by his constituents of his good sense and abi- 
 lity ; hut either it was ver>' ill-founded, or he was de- 
 prived of discretion and self-possession by the confu- 
 sions and cabals in which he found hiu'self involved. 
 To his great moriification, he was quick.^ made sensi- 
 ble that the proprietary government had acquired very 
 little stability, and was continually declining in the re- 
 spect of its subjects. His own nnprudence contribu- 
 ted materially to increase tlie weakness and discredit 
 into which il had fallen. 
 
 The commencement of Colleton's administmtion 
 arave universal .•satisfaction. Hut his iiistrnctiotis re- 
 piirin:; him to attempt what his antborily was iinahlo 
 to etlect, the punishment of almost all the other colonial 
 olVicers for various instances of disobedience to th» 
 proprietaries, ami to execute with vigor tlie law against 
 pirates, ve-y soon embroiled him with a great body of 
 the inhaliitants. The form of the consiitution. com- 
 posed of a variety of jurisdictions, and ipvesting Uie 
 parliament with the choice of members for the gr.Tiid 
 council, gave rise to perpetual intriLMte; and a diver- 
 sity of factions sprung up, "as rampant," .siys Old- 
 iiiixon. " as if the people had been made wanton by 
 many ages of prosperity." A parliamenl having been 
 summoned hy Colleton, the majority of the memhen* 
 openly expressed their disapprobation at' the fnnda- 
 iiieiital conslitiitions ; and having appointed a ciuii- 
 mittee to revise and amend them, ibis body pii)ceed.?d 
 without delay to frame a new and very ditf-Teiit scheme 
 of governtnent, which they di>tingui^hed hy the naino 
 ofthe standing luirs of Ctiroium. and transinii'ed to 
 Kngland for the approbation of the proprietaries. The 
 recej)tion of such a communication might have been 
 easily foreseen. The proorietaries hesitated not a mo- 
 ment to reject these standing laws, and to issue tho 
 most positive orders for the due observance of (he fun- 
 damental constitutions which had 'n-en so irreverently 
 haihUed. IJiit men who bad deliberately undertaken 
 so bold a measure, were not to be d-.-lerrcd Imm the 
 prosecution of it hy a conse(]uence so obvious as the 
 displeasure of the proprietaries ; and a majority of the 
 assembly still oh.stin.itely refused to acknowledge the 
 authority of the fiinJanieiital con-titiitions. They 
 were thereupon expelled from the honai* by the go- 
 vernor: ai;d protesting* again-<t the vabdiiy of any 
 laws that might be enacted liy a minority of the com- 
 mons, they retired into the country, and eagerly en- 
 deavored to instil theirown principles and discontents 
 into the minds of th? people. So successful were their 
 exertions fi)r this pinidM-, that when a new parliiriient 
 was ronvoi.ed, [lii-^ | the undisguised and unanimous 
 purpoiie of the members was to thwart and contradict 
 llie governor in whatsoever proceedings lie might em- 
 hands of government wimhl be strengthened bv this brace, recnunneiiil, or be supposed lo approv*^. So 
 alliance, and an ellVetual check imposed on the 'more' pertinaciously did they adhere to this line of policy, us 
 licentious and irregular parly of the pi-ople. Unt the j to refuse to settle a militia !ift. lliougb the salely of th' 
 '■ ■ ■ very dif- j province, endangered hy the Spaniards and their Indian 
 
 majority of his council entertained opini 
 fereiit ironi his, wilh respect to the ctniduct of the pro 
 vincial adininistration. and claimed greater indulgence* 
 for the people than he had authority to grant. Hence 
 there arose in the colony two political parlies; the one 
 attached to the prerogative and authority of tho propri- 
 etaries, the other devoted to the liberties of the people. 
 Hy the one it was contended that the laws and regula- 
 tions tran-*mitted from Kngland, should he strictly and 
 implicitly obeyed: by the other, more exclusive regard 
 was had lo the local circumstances of the colony; and 
 it was niuintained that the freemen were obliged to ob- 
 serve the injunctions ofthe pronrietaries, only in so far 
 as tliey were consistent with ine interest ai tlie resi* 
 
 i"s, seemed urgently to demand such a ineasuro: 
 and, in fine, to make sure of giving sanction to iiothiu^ 
 that could be agreeable to the (iovernor, they flatly d - 
 dined to pass any laws at all. .\ dispute in which 
 they engaged with him about the payment of (piit ro i.s, 
 afforded them an additional opportunity of i:dulgiii; 
 their spleen, and increasing ibeir popularity. Colleton 
 had attempted to en force pa yment of i he a rrears pfth; 
 
 • Their [inilcst, which is proserved \n Itiu archives ui th« 
 IM.iiiliiliua OiHce, at I.omlun. is suhscnlwd by niio t)l Uip pro- 
 iesl<ir.s v;iili his murk, ii\ respect of fiis iriat»iliiy \o \*riia 
 Chalmers, p. 56^— a significant indication, il inu-^t iie cenfesiit'ti, 
 of tho extent of lUs pi^tual knowledgu aed kfeii-'tunaj i\\\\ 
 Uticationi 
 
son 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 i 
 
 Mil 
 
 quit r ■111" ilii! Iiy llii- priijili-. wliicli iIiiiiikIi inronsiilL'- 
 ral)I(' in .uniHinl. were rcrMnifilcxIrctrirly lniriU'n:<mni', 
 ti.4 MIX oil" iicr*' :iiii<iiii;a thoiHaiiil tor wliirli i|iiit rt-iits 
 
 welt; 'Ii'tll:linl<'(l \ it'lilcil IW V(;t JIIIV priitit to Ilii' liolilern. 
 
 rinitii)<; it hiipo>.-4ilili> t(t ;ircoiiiplisli a iiifiHiiri' so iiii- 
 po|iill.ir. wliil:' lii> w;h lleslitllti! of «ilii|ioil iVoiii the 
 olliiT jiro\ iiicial oIlinT'', \w winlc f tlif proprictarii'H, 
 rfipicsiin^ llit'iii to appoint as dopiilifs. rortaiii pt'r«oiia, 
 whom lii> knew to In* tavoiirahly ili.^poTil towards their 
 j(ovi-rniiit>iit. and IVoiii wlioni he iiii^ht expect assist- 
 aiiCir III tho exeeulioii of his olhce. Apprised ol' thin 
 ineiLsnre. the adverse party seriipled no violeii'— ... in- 
 instiee to detent or coniiteract it. Letters from I jig- 
 fiiiid. rontaiiiini; deputations to persons ohiioxioiiit to 
 tlie people, they sei/.ed and sii])presseil ; and theiiisulveii 
 appointed other men better allccted to the popnhir 
 cause. Advancing in this course of resohilo miiirpH- 
 tioii. the U'aders of the popular iiarty proieeded to is- 
 sue writs ill their own name. [U''^'^] "'"' '"-'''' !"'«'in- 
 bhes in opposition to the governor, anil in niter disre- 
 gard of the authority of the proprietaries. HaNingiiii- 
 prlsoneil the seer.^lary of the proviiiee, they took liir- 
 cihle piis.se.ssioii of the public records ; and without ap- 
 pearing to bavi; ally fixed or delinite objei'l in view, 
 they elfecied a complete siihversiini of legiliiiiate autho- 
 rity. Only a detennined anil active usurper wa.< want- 
 ing to possess himself of the power which they seemed 
 fo le more eager to suspend or overthrow, than pt?r- 
 niaiienily to appropriate; and a pcr-on.ige altogether 
 fitted to i.ik? adv.iiitagi^ of the opporlnriily did not fail 
 shortly afiiT to preieiit hiinself During this scene of 
 ctinliision. the tidings of the birth of a Prince of Wales 
 were received in the colmiy. and celebrated by all par- 
 ties with appearances of i ordial .sympathy and con- 
 gratulation ; and yet so nniii'Miiini! were llie^e expres- 
 nians. or so absorbed were »l,e co! iiists wif' ' •> own 
 interiiil cabals, and so regardless <,,' ,,|1 civ .1 .leyoiiil 
 their own iminediite sphere, that die ioi 11 .: 11 e of the 
 revolution in laigliiul, though follovving the eller event 
 BO i-lo-;,'iy, excited no emotioM whalevi'r, [lli^:i.] and 
 William and .Mary were procl.ii' i.l 'v:lb the most me- 
 chanic il regulinlv and illdillereilce, 
 
 Colleioii inortiti:Ml by the insigiiifu;ain ■ •hieli .. • 
 
 was re(lu<:eil, an 1 al.irmed by the hold an,; aeilitio'is 
 spirit of the peopl ■, vainly perplexed himself with a va- 
 riety of ineir-eiiial sch-in,'sliir recalling them to the re- 
 cognition of legal aillliorily. His conduct had been 
 far from bliin -I -^s. and hail even attracted censure from 
 ihc (jiiarter wlnnce he prinei|i.illy relied for counte- 
 nance and prnt'-ctioii. .\iiioiig oliier irregiila'ities inle 
 which he h 11! been betrayed, he had imposed an arbe 
 trnry tine ol' on- liaiidreij poiiiuls on lie; miiiisier, liir 
 preaching wliat la- aceounted a seditious sermon; and 
 the proprietaries bad reiint:ed the tin", not on account 
 of till! illeg.ility ot its iiiiliction, but lit' the extravagance 
 of its amount. It was at leiigih su<ri:esie(l to him, whe- 
 ther by impriiileiit parli/.aiis or iiisidnoiis counsellors, 
 that to proclaim 111 irtial l.iw was the only means th.ii 
 remained of inducing the pi-opl-; to return to bis go- 
 vernance, and yield obedience to the person, who un- 
 der su,-h a st.ite ot' ihinirs \voiiIil alone have the power 
 to punish tnittiny and si.'dition. .\cfi.ited no ilniibi by 
 this piirpose, tliongb professing to apprehend an iiiva- 
 Nion of the Spaniards and Indians, hi- pnblisbed an or- 
 dinance d.'claratory of martial law, and reipiiriiig every 
 one to appear in arms for the defence of the province. 
 However i-oiistitiitioiial, however consisti-nl with the 
 provisioiis of the charti.'r, this measure was impriiilenl 
 in the extreme h. 'cause the colonists, tliiis smninoned 
 to arms, were far more inclined to turn their weipons 
 against their ruler than against the public enemy. 'I'tie 
 designs of the governor were easily sei:n throiigli, and 
 not less easily d.-li-ateil. 'riieasseiiibly Imvingconvnked 
 iheinselves, and taU'ii this measure into their coiisid..-- 
 ratiuii, resolved rit once that it was a daring encroach- 
 ment on their liberties, and an unwarrantable exertion 
 of power at ;i time whea the colony \v;is in no danger 
 from without. Colleton howeveri driven to the ex- 
 tremity ot' his resources, pi?rsisted in his proclamation 
 of martial law. and vainly attempted to enforce the ar- 
 ticles ol' war. Hut be was very soon t.anglit to feel 
 that th;.' disalli-ction was too general to admit of such 
 n remedy, and that all his etVorts served hut to niiite 
 the body of the people more tiriiily in opposition to 
 his government. It was given out by some of his op- 
 ponents, that the sole object of his present proceed- 
 ings was to actpiire to himself the monopoly of the 
 Indian trade ; and this fiiirmise, with every other inipii- 
 tatinii, however groundless or inconsistent, was readily 
 i^rodited by a people to whom for years he had been 
 U) object of suspicion and dislike, ' 
 
 During tlie ferment that eiuued upon theio proceed- 
 
 lings Llli'-'tlJ tSi'lli Sotliel, whom we have seen banished 
 from .Mbemarli'. and recalled by the proprietaries to jiis- 
 'tify his conduct, siidileiily presciiteil bimself at Charles- 
 ' town, and in the iloiible capacity of a proprietary of 
 the province, and a cl'.ampion ol popular rights against 
 proprietary prcteiisimis, laid claim to Ihi- possession 
 of supreme authority. Il.-iiledat once with tie* acclaim 
 iif a iinmeroiis faction, he succeeded without dilliciilly 
 in prevailing over the opiiosition of the governor and 
 the more respcctabk- inhabitants, and in possessing 
 hiiiisell' of the reins of government, which had long 
 awaited and invited the grasp of some vigorous hand. 
 With a gracious seinblance of respect to petitions 
 which had breu suggested by himself, he consented 
 to convene u parliament; and during the distraction.s 
 of the times, it waseitsy to procure the retit'ii of ineiii- 
 bcrs who were ready to sanction, \r' tlioir X'ltes, wlial- 
 iwer measures he iinglit dictate to theiii. C; iletoii was, 
 hv this assembly, iinpeachi'd of high crimes and inisile- 
 nieanors,und not only disabled from holding any ollice 
 ill the government, but banislu-d from the province. 
 Ulliers who were .-iccnsed of having abetted his inisgo- 
 \erniiieiit, were subjected to tine, imprisonment, and 
 exile. Having now obtained possession of the supreme 
 authority, and under pretence of graliiying the resent- 
 ments of the people, enriched liimsell by forfeitures, 
 and diseiK-nmhered hiiiisell' of rival candidates for of- 
 lice, Siithi'l proceeded to exercise his power wiUi a tv- 
 raiinv that etVectually rebuked ,-iitd punished the folly 
 of those who had permitted him to obt<aiii it, and soon 
 niiib'd the southern colony against him in the same 
 iinanimoiis hatred which he had exciti'd among their 
 bri-thren in \orth (Carolina, He is said to have tramp- 
 led under foot every restraint of justice and eipiily, and 
 ruled the colonists with .1 rod of iron. The re|ileiiisli- 
 ineiit of his coffers was the sole object of his govern- 
 ment, and his linancial operations were varied only by 
 varieties of rapine. The fair trailers from llarbailoes 
 Hid Bermuda were seized by his orders, under the pre- 
 tended charge of piracy, and coiii|>ciled to purchase 
 their ransom liiiiii imprisonmeiit by eiioruions lines; 
 .' 'bes were accepted Iroiii real Il-Ioiis to favor dieir es- 
 .■ii,,e from jiisiice; and the property of individuals was 
 "i/.ed and coiiliscaled on the most unjust and frivolous 
 pretences. The proprietaries hearing with astniiish- 
 lliellt of these outrageous proceedings, [II'p',)I,] trall.s- 
 milled letti-rs of lecal to .■sotliel. and ibreateneil, in case 
 of his disobedience, to procure a mandaiiiiis from the 
 king to coin|iel his appearance in Ijigland ; and their 
 oiili-rs being now secoiiiled by tl.e hearty cunciirrence 
 of the people, the usurper was constrained to vacate 
 his funciions, and abandon the province. [Ili'.l".i]. He 
 retired, however, no farther than to .North Carolina, 
 where he died in the year Ki'.ll.* 
 
 The revolution of the British government had exci- 
 ted very little attention in either of the colonies of Ca- 
 rolina, which were too remotely connected with the 
 higher institutions of the empire, to be sensibly alVected 
 by the changes they bad iinilergoiie. It was from the 
 |iroprietaries alone diat they could expect the interposi- 
 tion of a siijierior nowi-r to arrest or repair the misrule, 
 oppression and cal.iiiiily-lliat had so longcoiiiposed the 
 chief part of the history, both of the northern i«.id the 
 soiidiern setilemeiiis. In the hope of accomplishing 
 this desir.ible object, the pro|irietaries, on the deposition 
 of Sotliel. iiitriisled the goM-riiiiicnt of the whole of 
 tlii'ir seiilemi'iits to Colmiel Philip laiilwell, a person 
 totally unconnected with the province, and with any of 
 the parties it contained. ;ind who bad been sent by bis 
 cfliinlrymen in Virginia to I'ngland, to present the coin- 
 plaints of this province against Lord l.llingbam. The 
 proprietaries directed their new governor to pnbli.sh to 
 the inhabitants a general pardon for all crimes that had 
 lieeii formerly committed; to impiire into the grie- 
 vances they iiiight complain of; and to report to them- 
 selves the measures he should judge best calculated to 
 preserve order anil restore happiness. He was accom- 
 panied by Sir .\atliaiiiei Johnson, who had been gene- 
 ral of the Leeward Islands in the preceding reign, and 
 who, having now adopted the resolution of retiring to 
 Carolina, was appointed a caziipie of the province, and 
 a member of coiiiiiil. Liidwcll, who wa.s a man of 
 sense and humanity, and possessed considerable expc- 
 
 •Ilewit, I 103. Clmlmcrs,55l,55a, Williamson, i, 1«, 143. 
 Solhol left an amiilo estate, wliicii, however, suslailieil no 
 sin.ili diiiiiiiullon after bis ile.ith from numemn.s decrees in fa- 
 vor of parties wtiein tie llnit pillaged or defrauded. Hut the 
 other iirnpnelanes, in suinn for a lariro amount of rents h '0*1 
 111; had recovered and emhczzled, were nonsuiled on tliL ab- 
 surd existini? iiiaxmi iif tlio Eiisli.-ili law, that leiidiits in coin- 
 iiion could not brinit actions of account against each ottier. 
 It wu not till the rei/[n of (Jueon Anna that this Inliiuitoiu re- 
 gulation wai repoalad. 
 
 rience of colonial iilVairs, conmi.'iiced his administration 
 in a III inner that gave geliel.d saliNlai'lioii, and seemed 
 to have completely aljayi-il the prevailing ti-rmellts of 
 the people. But this iranipiility w,is ol sboii duration; 
 the minds of men liiiil been loo loiiu and too v.nli iitly 
 agitated lo relap-e at once into 11 sriiled coiopo-ine': 
 and a circiinisiiiiice thai at lirst promisid lo |iroiliiie the 
 
 happiest ell'ecis on the prosperity oltlie p|o\ illre.pie\ei| 
 the imiriediate occasion of' the ri'UWil ol public ilisioti- 
 lelits. Ill the year lllllll. a great body ol i reliili jio- 
 testaiit exiles had taken reliiL'i- in rnglainl. w hence a 
 
 considerable iinmher of tlieiii had 1 11 conveyed. at the 
 
 ex|ieiise of the llritisb government, lo tbe colony of 
 Virginia. Others, who were less indigent, piirchasi d 
 lands in .South Carolina, and having transporiid iliciii- 
 selves and their liiniilit-s to this province, hroiighl a \<i- 
 In.ihle iiccession to the iiiimi-rical strength, as well as to 
 the inilnstry and morality of its people. 'I'bey had 
 taken the oath of aHegiance to the king, and promised 
 lidelity to the proprietaries; and were disposed lo re- 
 gard the colonists whom they had joined in the Iriiniily 
 light of brethren and fellow -citi/ens. But, iinl,a|>pily , 
 these nkler colonists were very far from regarding Ibeir 
 
 new associates with cnrresponding g l-will. Tie 
 
 immbers of the strangms, and the wealth by which 
 some of them were distingiiislied, excited their suspici- 
 on and ii.itional antipathv ; and when Lmlwell, in 1 oiii- 
 pliance wiib the instructions of tl,e ]iroprietarii'S, pie- 
 pared to admit the refugees lo a participation in all lli- 
 franchises and inimiinities of the oilier |ilanlei's, ili.- I'li,-;- 
 lish and native iiili;ibitants refu.sed to acipiiesce in ttrs 
 measure, and ri'solutely opposed its execution. They 
 insisted that it was contrary to the laws of I nglaiid, and 
 therefore beyond the power of tbe proprietaries, who 
 were subject to these laws; and that nil power but 
 ^ that of the British parli.iment coidd dispense w iih tin- 
 legal inability of aliens lo purchase lands within the 1 111- 
 ! [lire, or incorporah- them into the British ( imniiunily. 
 ■and make tliem partakers of the rights and privil, gcs ol 
 I natural-born I'liglishinen. They even iiiainlaiiieil.il:. it 
 I tbe mieriages of the refugees, petformed by the 1 liigy- 
 I men who had accoiiipanied them, were iiiilawliil. as 
 1 being celebrated by men who liad not obtained episio- 
 I pal ordination; .ind, for themselves, they declared that 
 I they coidd not brook the thoughts of silting in the s.iiiie 
 assembly with the rivals of the I'nglish intion. or of re- 
 ceiving laws from rrencbmen, the pupils of a sysliin 
 j of slavery and arbilrarv government. The iiiiforiii- 
 ! nate refugees, alarmed by these menacing resobiiioiis. 
 I implored the proleciion of the proprietaries; and Lml- 
 well found it necessary lo suspend the measure be had 
 begun, :ind to apply to the same ipiarler for fiirli.er 1!,- 
 rei lions. The |iropriclaries rcliirm d a friendly but in- 
 decisive answer to the application of tin- refugees. \\ ho 
 contilmed in a state of llie most disagreeable solicitude, 
 i and entire privation of civil rights, for several years 
 j alV-r; when at h-ngth their humane and patient deiiiea- 
 ' nor prevailed over the antipathy of their former ;idM-r- 
 .saries who then became the advocates of the jireleii- 
 sions they h:id so vehemently opposed, and passed a 
 lavy of natiirali'/.ation in favor of the aliens, without 
 being disturbed by any scrn|iles about invading the 
 functions of the British parliament. In llie meanwhile, 
 the dispute that had arisen on this subject was produc- 
 tive ol a great deal of irritation in the province, which 
 ! was incrctiseil by the arrival of a crew of pirates, whom 
 I Liidwell (-ansed to he apprehended and brought to trial 
 I for their crimes. The people exclaimed against the 
 severity of this proceeding, and interested themseivca 
 so ell'ectually in behalf of the pirates, who, previous to 
 their apprehension, had spent a great deal nf money 
 very Ireely in tlie province, that on their trials they 
 were all aciptitted,* and the government was eveii 
 compelled to grant them an indemnity. It was not 
 till more than twenty years after this period, that Caro- 
 lina was delivered from the resort ot pirates, and not 
 till after a .series of bloody executions, at the last of 
 which no fewer than forty of thes<.> naval robbers wi-re 
 put to deatli at once. Knrther disputes now arose be- 
 tween the government and tbe inhahitiinti aluint the 
 arrears of the quit rents that were due to the proprie- 
 taries, who ut length becnining impatient of this nil 
 toward issue of Ludwell's administration, nnil suspect 
 ing him of bending too readily to the popular will, de- 
 prived him of oHice, and conferred it, together with 
 the dignity of landgrave, upon Thoinns Smith, u 
 
 ' A few years after this period, some of the citizens of Lnn- 
 don appeared to have tircii inrectcd vvilti a similar favor fni 
 pirates. In tlie year IftWi, si-vrral i-f these In ilutnteis wi ri- 
 Bciiuitled at the Old Uailey, hy a verdict wlilih thief Justice 
 Holt (tcclared was "a dishonor to tho justlco of thp imtJnn " 
 Stato Trials, xili. *m 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 297 
 
 (I lii-t iiiliHini:«lriition 
 tiniiitii, itiiit -Jfi'iii'd 
 vuiliii^' rcruH-nl-* iif 
 IS (It ^llf)|t (liimtioii : 
 IL' iiiiil ton \ .(ill iilly 
 s'>itl('il ciiniiiD'iiM' : 
 llI^<'<| Id ]initlii<i.- till- 
 
 tllf jii(i\ iUtf. [ucvril 
 
 itil III [iiililic (hsi tni- 
 ntly ill I rnnii j ui- 
 
 i.ll^lilllll, wllI'lU'C il 
 
 I'cij ((nix'-yt'i!,:!! lilt' 
 , lo ll.i! rolniiv r.\' 
 iii(t!<ri'nt, [iiircliiiMi) 
 1^ tr:iii*')><)ili'd iIkki- 
 
 Ulirr, lirntl^lit ii \ .i- 
 Imi^'lli. 11^ well iis 1(1 
 ]n'(ij»U*. TIm'v liJiil 
 kiii^, niul |)rc)ini>(-it 
 rro (iispiist'd In ii.'- 
 oiiM'il in llif rrioiiilly 
 H. lint. iinLii{i|M!\, 
 I'rdni ri'f.'iinliii'.' ili»-ir 
 ig ^'omi-will. 'Tie 
 I' wealth tiy wImcIi 
 I'xcitci) llifir sii-.|)ici. 
 <>ii IjiiIwi'H, In f Dirr- 
 ! ]>r(i|)rii'tarii'H, pn- 
 rticipiitidii in :i!l t):(.- 
 icr planlcr.-. ill.- rii;;- 
 tn a('()nu'>('(' in llry 
 Ix (>\<'('iitinn. TIh'V 
 l;iw.>i nCI ii^laiiil. ami 
 ? prdprli'tarii's. v\lii) 
 tiiiit iMi power Imii 
 (I (ii.'pi'iisf with iIh^ 
 lands within \hv rni- 
 Itritish < oinninnity. 
 hts and jirivih ^v" td' 
 vi>n inaintaiiK-d. ll:al 
 Dniii'd liy iht' < l*!;iy- 
 , were itnlawlul. a.-i 
 not (ihtuiiH'd cpiMO- 
 1, llu'y dcrlarcd llmt 
 nl' sitting; ill tilt! Mnie 
 li^ll n'ltioii, nr of n*- 
 pu|tils ol' a sy>t('ii» 
 u'lit. TUv nniniiii- 
 rnariiip r".-'«hilinri'i. 
 prietaric.-*; and l.nd- 
 Ihi.' measure he had 
 larter (nr I'lirtiier di- 
 id a friendly hut in- 
 (t\' ihe relupees, wlio 
 a^Ti'eable >nlirilnd»'. 
 , I'nr seM'ral years 
 and patient deinca- 
 tlieir I'nrnier ad\er- 
 ■ales (d' the preteii- 
 cised, and pa>>ed a 
 the ahens. \\ ithoiit 
 ahoiit invadin<; the 
 In tlie nieanwhih'. 
 snhject Wiis prodiic- 
 the provinre. whiih 
 rew nl" pirates, whnni 
 jj hrou^ht til trial 
 irlaiincd ii^'aiii>^t tht; 
 llercsliMl thL'UlselveS 
 
 ivs, who, previous lo 
 reat dual of nioiicy 
 on thiur trials they 
 iernnient was even 
 innlty. It was not 
 Ih period, that Caro- 
 
 ot pirates, and not 
 tioiiH, at the last of 
 navul robbers wi-rt- 
 pntes now arose he- 
 iliabitaiit) ahont thti 
 due to tlie proprie- 
 npatieiit of this nn 
 itratioii, and f^iispect 
 the popular will, de- 
 [| it. logi'ther with 
 
 Thoniiifl i!3inith, u 
 
 f llie rilizens of Lnn* 
 kith a Niiinlar favnr (ot 
 Itieve [n iliodeis wni- 
 cl wliiiii ( liit'f JuMir* 
 jUHlirn of thf> imUim." 
 
 wealthy plantor, and a prtnlent, upright, and popular 
 man.* 
 
 ri('.!t:t.J It was iutlm midst of these dispiiti.-s, and 
 with till* i^iope (d'apjieasing tliein, thai tlie proprietiirie> 
 at leui'lh delei.aiilt.'d to surrender to die ;:eneral dlshki 
 of th" piMiple. the fundamental constitutions which li:i<l 
 been ori^Miially deehred sacred and nnallorahle, hut 
 which ;m experience of iwenty-threi' years had proved 
 to be ullerly uorlhle^s and Impractieahlo. Apprised 
 of till! incurable averMlon with wIiIpIi thin instrniuent 
 wart now re;;arded hy all clusseH of the coloiii^tM, and 
 despairluff (d" pver estahlislung a stai)l(! or accepUible 
 ^'overnn;eut among them without making some consi- 
 ilerabh* sa.^rltice to their inrllnatlons, they accordingly 
 eiiact'd Iht* following resolution ; " That, as thu peo]de 
 liave declared they would nitlior be governed by tlit- 
 powers granti d by thi; charter, without regard to the 
 fuudameutalcoiistitiitioits. it will be for their (piiet. and 
 the protection of the wt'll-disposed. to grant their re 
 qti"st." Thus pt.rished the legislativp lahurn of John 
 l.ocke. Their ahu'ilion was iinrcgretted hy any party 
 for llif\ had neither Insured obeilieiicc to the govern 
 iiienl, nor atlorded lunplness to the people. What ih 
 Mill more singular, they seem to have perished iin 
 iiei-ded ;t their abolilioii exciting no sensation what- 
 ever, :md not being even noticed in any public act or 
 onh'r \\ ithiii the province. The convocations that were 
 fiirmerly termed parliainent:i, were now called asseni- 
 '>lles ; and this was all tlie vislhie change thai took 
 phce. So perfectly impractu*'ablL' bad the great body 
 of these celebrated constitutions been found. All that 
 rciiiaiiied of them was the titles of nobility, which con 
 tinned to drag on a sickly existence for u few years 
 longer. { 
 
 This important measure, which nud been deferred 
 till the coiirititutiuiu which it repealed had been pruc- 
 tirnlty nhnigated by their own in«*fricucy, and sunk Into 
 niter contempt, failed to produce any sensible etrcci In 
 tranipiilll/ing or conciliating the inhahitanti of Carolina, 
 (iovernor Smith, though he exerted hiuL-^elf with a zeal 
 au<i prtideu'e that have not been impeached by any 
 p iriy. lr» promote the peace and prosperity of the set- 
 tl. in 'Ills intrusted to his care, found his endeavors so 
 un^ucci's>4ful, and lii»t situation so Irksome, that he waH 
 (imstriiiied to solicit bis dismission from tl"j proprieta- 
 ries, [lii'l] whom he strongly urged, as tin? only means 
 of resloriu:: order and traiiipiility, lo send over as go- 
 \ ernnr nn>' of their own body, invested with full power lo 
 hear and linally delerniiueoluhe spot the complaiiiLs and 
 cnntroversies by which the province was distracted. 
 The short adminlxtratlou of Smith was signalized by 
 nri^ ocmrrence that produced lasting and extensive 
 vliecls on the prosperity of Carolina. A vessel from 
 Madagascar, on her bonieward voyage to Britain, hap- 
 pening to touch at Charlestown, the ca|ttaiii. In acknow- 
 iedginenl of the civilities of Suillli, presented him with 
 a hag of seed rice, which be said he had seen growing 
 in eastern countries, where it was deemed excellent 
 
 • AiTh.l.il.~"li. Oldinixmi, j. 34a7~l:hiilincr(i, .wa~l*ewii 
 I lO^-llH. l.ltl. NO. WMIi.iuson, i. \M, I. bi thi; accniiin 
 of tliv !«ucce3riit>ri nf (roveniors, the aniiats nf lids |)erii>il iirt- 
 i..V()lve<l ill iiiiitu»l, fieiiueiuly in oclf CtMiiradittioii, and con- 
 luainii Wilhiiintf.in auya ihut Ludwell rciaiiivd ihu gDvi^rn- 
 mciii r>ir I'uiir yriirs : biu thin in iiiip«!<sihle : us Arrhilute, ihe 
 Bui-cedriiir of Sinidi, wh-* npjMiji.ied in 1694. Oldmixuti rendtrrA 
 citiifiwion iiioru riiiifoiiiuh'd by his nitfiiipi in reconcili! con 
 irailiciMiy arcouiild, ami to explHin saiisdictorily the t>c<|iu>iici 
 of eDverfiom, The hidtnriuii ol' die Brin.sh (luiiiimniis t. 
 Nortti Ann'iii'ft di-hvctij his iiceoiiiit of the iihuht in the Inl- 
 lowing itTina; " Thiatias Smith, Ksq. succet'dcil .Mr. Cullt'ion 
 properly aa ijovi-rrior, ahhoui;h Culmiel Quarry, Mr. Snuih- 
 vvt.-ll, mill Ouluiml Ludwell, were iiKerniuMiate lor a shori 
 liiiitf " 
 
 t Th'! rfpoal of the funilaniental criPiitminns in nnticeil in 
 a very rilmlit atid ainliigiiouii inaniier by llewit (i. lUJ): il in 
 nui nuiicflil iit alt either by Wynne or by the hicitoriaii of tlio 
 
 Hritiah Duirii id in Niirth America; and OMni xnn, wtm 
 
 wrote ill 170S, uaya '-The fuiidarnenial constituiiiMH kt-fp 
 dieir gniutnl to this day." i. 34i. Yet (HibnixonVs work, aa it 
 U the farlii'.st, i>t u|»o, next to the rotitieiil Aiinatd of (Mial- 
 men, the iiuMt elubnriiit), as well na ingenious ami intereciing, 
 i)f the g.'iieral hiaiortes of the Nnrih^American SeuU-menis. 
 A leni.rk.ihlu inst.ince of the tgnoranoe thai prevails rt-- 
 ■rfctiiig Locke's cotmt'xion with .Vinorira occurs in Ihe w:iik 
 ofu ir.iveljer who visited the Unit- d States m 1794, and who 
 asserts (tin the authority ef the American Oeiiernl (i.ites,) 
 that Loukti wasihe lenislaiorof Uunneciicui. Wansey's Journal, 
 p. M. 
 
 ( The operation and f-it-- of Locke's sy^tpm atrikinaly ex- 
 emplify the olKiervation of an ciiiliuMit Ainerit-aii staiesnian, 
 that "A limn niiiy liefeml ihe principles of liberty, and the 
 hehta *<( mankind, wiih great abilities and success, and y.t. 
 dfter all, when called upon to produce a plan of le:?ist.Uioii, he 
 may otjionl^h the world wah a signal absurdity. " Adam's 
 Dol'MiCeol the American f.'onstltuiionH, p. 385. Vm Home wrrteis. 
 (anil among others the author of a valuable Itulu bioijra|iliic;i. 
 wi.iK 'ucly published at Edinburgh) hav« n-.t sciuplell m pro- 
 nounce tn ■oonsiituliundufCaiolinaa model of legtstaiive wiiidom. 
 8u UBiigenus la it to juiige works wiihom reading them, 
 onU luaifuutQ,' iliair meru froro iha general ctiarocter of ihuir 
 auibwB 
 
 food and yielded a prodigious increase. The governor 
 divided il between several of his friemls, who agreed to 
 make the experiment; and planiing their parcels In 
 ddVcrent soils, toiind the result to exceed their iiiOht 
 sanguine expectations. From this Inconsiderahle be- 
 ginning, Carolina dates the rise id' her staple couuiio- 
 dity, the chief support of her people, and the mam 
 source of her opulence 
 
 'I'hn pioprietaries, dt^<appoiuted in so many attempts 
 to e-tabllsh a satist'actory adminisliation in the pro- 
 vince, determined the more readily to adopt the sug- 
 gestion of Smith. Their lirst choice for thic purpose 
 fell upon Lord Ashley, the grandstui of Ihe notorious 
 Shaftesbury, and uUerwards the author of The tluiruC' 
 tcri»tics. It WHS suppo.-^ed lliat liiii shining talents, 
 agreeable manners, and elevated rank, would power' 
 fully conduce to the pacltication of the colony. Hap- 
 pily, however, for all parlies, bis lordship, cither having 
 liltle inclination for the vovage, or being detained, an 
 he alleged, hy the slate of his private atl'airs in Kngland, 
 declined the appointment, which wa^ then conferred on 
 a far more eslmiable person, John Archdale, another of 
 the proprietaries, a <)naker, and a man of great pru- 
 denct and sagacity, and endowed with admirable pa- 
 tience ik'id coimnand of temper. Accepting tiie othce, 
 be was vested with aiithorltv so absolute and extensive, 
 that the proprietaries tliouglil fit to liave it recorded in 
 his commission, that such powers were not to be 
 claimed in virttu' of tills precedent hy future governors. 
 Archdale proved iiiiuself worthy of the disiinguished 
 trust that had been rejiosed in him. lie arrived lirst 
 in South Carolina, [August. IfiOo,] where he formed a 
 new conned of moderate men; and In a short time, by 
 remitting some arrears of rent, and by oUier conciha- 
 tory mea^tires, aided by a tirmnexs and mild cnriifio- 
 fliire that wa*4 neither to he disturbed nor overcomir, he 
 
 Krevailed ho far in (]uleim<; the })ubllc dlscont'iits, tliat 
 e ventured to call a meeting of the general assembly. 
 An address of grateful thanks votinl by this body to the 
 proprielaricii (the first expression ol t'licli senliineiits 
 that hail ever been nttercd in Ciirolina) attests the wj«- 
 doin of Archdale's administration, and justlties the opi- 
 nion that notwithstanding tlie iiittanmiable materials 
 of which the colonial society was composed, only a 
 good domestic government had been hitherto wanting 
 to render the colony tlourisbing andha{»py. .Moreton, 
 Ludwell, and Smith, were, doubtless, meritorious go- 
 vernors ; hut they had been denied the power that was 
 reipiisite to give etticaey to their wisdom, and could 
 never grant the slightest indulgence to tht.' people 
 without assuming tin' dangerous liberty of violalmg 
 their ci)mmis.Hinn,or abiding the tedious fnterveiitlon of 
 a correspoudeiire with Kngland. Though Archdale 
 wasafpiaker, and therefore opposed to mlhlary opera- 
 tions and Ihe shedding of blood, yet he adapted his 
 regulations to the sentiuienLs of the people who?^e 
 affairs he had undertaken to admini>ter; and coii-iider- 
 ing that a small colony surrounded by savage enemies, 
 and exposed to the attacks of the Spaniards, ^houtd 
 hohl itself in a state of ronstant detenr-e. he promoted 
 a militia law, wlihdi, however, exempted all persons 
 restrained hy religmiis principles from bearing arms." 
 lie was, at the same tiiiie. mon^ <leslrous id' presiTvIng 
 peace than of ensuring viciorv ; and for tills purpo^^e ex- 
 erted himself so successfully, hy tin' exercise (d' courtesy 
 and llherality, to f-iiltlvate the good will both of the 
 civlli/edand savage iieiulihor< of the province, that the 
 Spaniards at St. Au::iHline expressed a cordial di-sire 
 to maintain a good eorrespondeiice with the Knglish ; 
 and various tribes of Indians einbraceil their frIeiuUhip, 
 and placed themstdves under the proteeliun of the go- 
 vernmentof Carolina. The Indians around ( ape Fear 
 in particular, who had long pursued the practiee ol' 
 plundering shipwrecked vessels,* and murdering their 
 
 * 'I'lic 1'iillowiiig i'l,iu:ie, by wliich this exempnon \vas c\- 
 prt-B-Hi'd. strongly aiteis the C(nitiilence lliiit Aiclnlide cnjuy.d. 
 with the coliMiisis, *■ Ami whore.is there bo si'vrr.il inhnbujiit^ 
 (-.tiled (piakera, who, upon a con.-,* n-ntious ptii.iiple of r* litfion 
 raiinot bear arms, an<l bccinne in ntl other civil ni.itltTs thi y li.ivc 
 been fH^rstnisobcdienl to i;overninent, ami evcrre.idy to dislnir-i-- 
 their monies m uttier incerisary and public duties ; He it ihrre- 
 fore enacted, tliat all such wtioni tlie present flovernor John 
 Arclulate, Kaq. shall j'i<igc th.it they n luoc to b.-ur arms mu a 
 conscie'itiiuis principle of religion only, Hhali, by arertiiicu(efi<on 
 him, be excused. " Arclulale s Treface, p. 3. WiIImmisom, i. 
 Append. 2:3. 
 
 t It IS remarked by a statis'liciil writer {Warden li. a73,} 
 that notwithstanding the letiiptaiom^ pie^^itaed hy the fie- 
 ijueiii-y of shipwreck ou thtr co.ist of Carolina, no ii!:<iaticc 
 tins over occurred of the plunder <if a wreck by the coi >iii:-t^. 
 In this reipect ihey h.)ve b en ilisiingnishe (, not nnk-ed iVmn 
 th.! p''(ilt' 01' ihe other prnvjnres. but from llie i liibUu.l:' 
 jf the p.iieiit Hijie, in wNicli ihts lulHiiiiaoity ohliiined no linm 
 an I uirei rov.'il q prevalence, tli.it in the iniild.c oi the eigh- 
 iC'Miih century, Pojn? represents tho Uio enrichment •' ut" a citizen 
 ofvob.tr fame" ua uriginatiag ia two rich ihlpwrBcKs on Ins lauds 
 tD CuniWttll 
 
 crews, renounced, this inhuinanity, and evinced thn 
 favorable change of tin ir disposition by miti;.'a(in:; wild 
 friendly a.-^slstaiice, ihe numerous di^asii i-. bv ul.irh 
 tiie na\igalion td' thai coast was then unlmppd'y m^iuI- 
 i/.cd. 
 
 Ill North Carolina, the adminislration of Arcln'ale 
 was attended with cipial succes>t, ai.d < oiitiMcted v. ilh 
 greater h-cilily by llie concurreiiee of a nniohei of 
 quakers who inhalnted ihe nortliein pioxince. ai:d wiih 
 v\ horn he enjoyed a large share of perx'lid Inl.iu uce. 
 The esteem in which he was In Id by all raiik<« nl m< n 
 may be inferred from the elation wiib wbhh the bi>lo- 
 riaii of North Carolina has rectirded, as a circum^^laiici! 
 redounding to the i.itnoiirof this province. tliat.Archdale 
 purcha.sed nn estate at Albemarle, and gave one td bw 
 daughters in marriage to a plaiiti r at Pa>(|Uetanku 
 Hut it wa.s not his intention to remain longer in Caru 
 lina than watt necessary for the adjustment of ihe ex- 
 isting cr.ntroveisies; and having effected thus object ill 
 adegre thai had .-surpassed tlie expcclationn of all par- 
 ties, ht- returned to Lt;nland in the close of the yenr 
 HUHi, loaded w ith the gralefill benedictions of a peonio 
 to whose peace and prospt rify he bad been so highly 
 inslruineiital. The only porlion of the InbaliitantH in 
 whom he had been unable to gl\e minph'te satisfaction, 
 where the French refugees, against whom ibe jealona 
 antipathy of the Lngbsh settlers bad not yet subsided. 
 hut while he soothed the puhlie jealousy' hy will. bidd- 
 ing civil rights fiom the refugees, be nwakci>ed pnbhc 
 generosity by an liiipic-sive irconiiiiendation cl ibise 
 unfortunate stiaiiL'ers to ihe hospitably .iiid coinpa.-. ion 
 of bis countrymen: and to the refugees lliem:>el\es. b.* 
 recommended a patient perseverance in those \iiti!<s 
 that tend to disarm human eiimlly. and liy the e\..j ; ^ 
 of which they were enabled etiortly after to overcome 
 the aversion, and eventoconciliatc the hearty friendship 
 (d'lheir fellow colonists.* 
 
 It was in tills y-ar that a regular adiuinistratioii of 
 the ordinances of rell<fiou was first lutrodmed mtn 
 Carolina by the friendly aid of th;? colonists of .New 
 F.nglaiid. Intelligence of the destitute .slate nf the 
 province, in tlii-i respect, seconded hy die eariH'sliip]dl- 
 cations of some of' the more ndigious planters, hail in< 
 duced the New F.nglanders, -r the p. receding year, to 
 form an asstHmtion at Don i.'-ster in .Ma-^saei.nseiUi 
 which was designed to be removed lo Carolina. " ic 
 encourage the settlement of tbiircbi's and the prmno- 
 tion (d' religi(ni in the soulhern planlatlons." '! he per- 
 sons thus assoeiated, having placed at their he;id a diri- 
 linguislied minister td' ttie .New Liiglaiid chii relies, 
 arrived in tin- liegiimiiig of this year in Candiiia. which 
 now for llir first lime beheld the celehralinii of llie rite 
 of the Lord's supper, rroceedmg lo a spot nn iho 
 north-east bank ol .Aslil'-v river, about ei^-htern miles 
 from Charle-tow n. the pious emigrants founded there a 
 setlleinent, to w hit h In t-iiiiinieuioralinn of the pi ice 
 they had hd't. they gave the name of l>iufhe.-ter. 
 
 Among other extr ordinary privileiri-s. there had 
 been graiiled in Archdale the jxiwerof nominating his 
 smces>cir; and In the exercise td" this powr he pmpa- 
 gated the benefit of his own adiiHliistration, hy c otili-r' 
 ring the odice of governor on Joseph HIake (nephew of 
 the I'.iiglisli adniira). a man of virtue, pritiletice. and 
 moderation, acceptable to the peoj)le,aiid a proprietary 
 of the province. IJlake ;;overned ihe cidimy wisely 
 and happily for a p-runl of ftiiir years. .'^brirll\ all<T 
 his elevation to oliice. there w.i-; sent ouMo CaHdirri a 
 new eodi' of fundamental coiistitulinns, siib-crihed by 
 111'' Larl of Italh, who was then palatine, and ibe rulier 
 proprietaries ill F.nglaiid: but it was never recognised 
 or conlirnied hv the provincial as-^emhly. Illake a))- 
 pears tti buvi.' exerteil the most laudable endeaMirs to 
 promote the religious instruclion of the pi'tfpte. and to 
 tacilliate the exerilse of worship (n all denontinalions 
 of idiristiaii pr<d'essors. In the year lli'.^^. be had the 
 salisfaiiion to see John Cotton, a sou of the Cidehrated 
 minisier of Itosion. renio\e from Plymouth, in .New 
 l.iigland.to Charlestown. In South Carolina, where he 
 galheied a ehunh.aiid enjoyed a short, but happy and 
 sticeessfiil mtni-'try. Though IJlake was lihiiselt'a dis- 
 senter, yet from regard to the spiritual interest of the 
 episeopalian portion of the inbabltaiils of Cbarlesiown, 
 he caused a bdl lo be introduced into the ussemhly for 
 
 t Aicliilide, 17. 21, J3- (Mdmixon, 1. 319— r.4J. Ilcwa, i. 
 1211" 1.17. Wiiliamsoti, i. \oi -158, and Apieiiil. 270. S..nia 
 V'iivi.lier Ills retuiii to Ki L-lai.tl. Aichilab' pnhti-hcit lii<> S!:lri^ti 
 
 ial ami Ilisi>>rii'al Desiripm f I'arolt.ui. a work r'plri.' wiih wi 
 
 much aooil «(.*iise, hencv.^lein c. and piFiv. tli.u 11 h .-iirj i i^rntf it 
 
 ^llln;la never have been repiii Uil. Oi e nr two v. lv r- mii.< 
 
 vi.liioM's niigbi In- ct>nii>.».-iii by lopnblical ol J<>-s; Ivii's ut d 
 
 Dunt.in'^ Tr'ivels in New Knal.md, ArctHl..leM"..i"lM.a U- n- 
 lo./s .New York, \nn ofSiniih'a Virginia, Asb'p's Miiryl.»i,J, 
 We.-tley'clournal in Georgia, and otticr iruciw relaiiva tu lhes.trly 
 hiutory uf America 
 

 wmmmm 
 
 298 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Hettling n perpetual provi^tioii of 15(W. n year, with n 
 hniHo iiihl ntiirr iKlviiiitn^eit. on the epimnpiil niiiiHtfr 
 <it tti:it n:y. Mar^lmll, tliH pi^rriou who then otTiipiol 
 tlu-i iMinistrrial Miniation. hud f^uitied niiivcrrtul n-ifard 
 Uy his pifiy uiid priidriicc ; and the disseiitcrH in thi! 
 hnii4f ii('niiit'ttc<n^ ni (lie in'Mi-tiire, iVoui reffaid to this 
 iri.iividiiiil, tlio hnl wu* passi'd iiCo a law. Thone who 
 liiink tliat th(' di.<«->^Miti-'rs acted amiss, and siri'trhtMl 
 lii-'ir hh-rahty h ynnd (he prnptTcontinofl ot' thiH virtm*. 
 in iiiUM prninotin<; the iMrinirif e^iahhshtnent ot'a ' liircli 
 (mm wtiith ihcy dissLMited, wdi regard tlie persi'cut.on 
 tiii'V ''oon altiT HUHtainud tVoin the episcopal party us u 
 infritt'd retrihtition Inr thrir nraetical negation of dis- 
 K«MitinjE pr Mt'ipltM. Thu-«i> who jiidire more hMneiiity. 
 an error (i it l)e jiiich) whieh there iu little reason to 
 HttppO'^e vvdl ever he Irrqiient in the world, will reprel 
 undeondeinn the un^raternl retnrn which the diMinMilem 
 ivxperieueed iVom a party for who«e advantage tliey had 
 iniMirred so preat a sanitiee. 
 
 [1700.] With the adnnni»tration of Blake; who died 
 'n the year 170U. ended the oliort interval of trannuility 
 ivhieli had ori(,'inated with the ifovernnient of Archdale. 
 ('nder the rule of his Immediate Hucce^sorx, James 
 Moore and Sir Nathaniel Johnson, the colony was 
 harrassed with Indian wars, in%'olved in a heavy <h*bt by 
 an ill eondaeted and frnitles!) expeditioft against the 
 Spaniards at Augustine, and agitated hy relif^iou^ dis- 
 putes originating in a serieH of persecuting laws against 
 Uie dissenters. Henceforward the proprietary govern- 
 ment continued (with the exception of one returning 
 gleam of Huccess and popularity which it derived fmin 
 the administration ofCharles Craven in 171'i') to atlliet 
 the pro\inee with every variety ofniisrule. and to tlurtu- 
 ale between the aversion and contempt of its suhjeeLs. 
 till they were relieved by itd dissolution in the year I7!:i!*. 
 when the chief part of the chartered interest was sold 
 t- decrown. 
 
 The fir-It Indian war by which this period was signa- 
 ii/.ed. broke out in the year [I70;i.] and was occasioned 
 by the intliience of the Spaniards over the tribes that 
 inliabited the region of Apahtchia. Kxasperated by the 
 niHiilts and injuries which tht'se savages were instigated 
 by the Spaniards to commit, fiovernor Aloore deter- 
 mined by one vigorous elfort to break their power, and 
 bv a san<;uinary example to impress on all the Indian 
 tiihi^s the terror of the English name. At tlie head of 
 a strou:; detachment of the colonial militia, reinforced 
 by a boily of Indian allies, he marched into the hostile 
 Kedl.Muents; defeated the enemy with the loss of eight 
 hundred iu:m. who were either killed or taken prisoners; 
 laid waste all the Indian towns between the rivers Ata- 
 tuiiah and Savannah; and compelled the whole dis- 
 irii t of Apaliichia to submit to ttie Knglish government. 
 Til elfiTtuale his concpiest. he transported fourteen 
 hundred of the .Vpalachiau Indians to the territory which 
 iH iM'W denominated (ieorgia, where they were com- 
 pelli d t(i dwell in a stale of dependence on his govern- 
 menl "-a measure which appears to have paved the way 
 to tin,' setdemeiit of the I'ngli.^h colony which arose aboni 
 thirty years aOer in thatregiiui. 
 
 \Vhen the propriiMaries of Carolina first undertook 
 Iheir colonial project, they solenudy declared, and caused 
 it to he recorded in their charters, that they were moved 
 to embrace this great design by zeal for the christian faith, 
 and especially for its prop.igation among the Indian 
 tribes of America, Vet a generd provision in favor of 
 toleration, which they pemtitted Locke to insert as an 
 article of the fundamental constitutions, and which they 
 took care to nulify by another article adjecti-d to tiiat 
 instrument by themselves, constituted the wholi< amount 
 of Iheir ecclesiastical operation during the first forty 
 years of the proprietary government. They never at 
 any time made the slightest attempt to fultll their pledgi 
 of communicating instruction to the Indians: and thi: 
 important field of christian lalior was completely unoe 
 C'lpied till the beginning of the eighteenth century 
 when a few missionaries were sent to Carolina by the 
 society incorporated in r.n<.'land for the propagation of 
 the gospel in foreign countrie.'t. No visible fruits of 
 th.! Ldiors of those missionaries have ever been menlion- 
 »d Prior to this, the oidy Kuropean instructions tint 
 the Indians received under the auspices of the proprie 
 tary gnveruun'nt. were coinuuinicaled by a French danc 
 Min master, who settled in Craven county, and uctpiired 
 a large estate by teaching the savages to dance and play 
 Du the flute* 
 
 At the close of the Reventeenth century, tliere were 
 
 » llewit. i. 927. OhI. niton, i. 370. Oltniix-m -vas Mnick 
 within; siiiffiil.iriiy oi' Kvem-h .limriiiij niastiTs hihI niiMiri.iiH 
 bcint Htltn.ieil, iMrtM3f>l, »ii(l (•iiri.hfii at thf isnif linie bv 
 ihc' r.olxlity and gemty oi' Loiidun hiiJ ihu dava^ti abjrigiiios lir 
 
 only tlire« edifices for divine worship ererted within 
 the southern province; containing respectively an epis- 
 copal, a ])re!>byteriau. and a ipiaker congregatuin; and 
 all of them suualed in the town of CharlL-stown. 
 Throughout all (he rest of the province, there were 
 neither institutions of public worship nor schools for 
 education. The first attempts that were made to su|>- 
 plv Oiese def cis proceeded not from the proprietaries, 
 biit from Tennison, Archbishop of ('anterburv, Comp- 
 ton, hishop of l.oudon, and the society for (lie propa- 
 gation of the gospel ; but as in most of these attempts 
 the paramount object was plainly to nnilliply adherents 
 to the iiistitutioiijt of the church of Kngland, they were 
 the less succe«sl'nl among a people of whom many had 
 personally experienced the persecution of this Lhurch. 
 and more cntertiuned a hereditary dislike to it. In the 
 year 1707, the society for jtropngation of the gospel 
 maintained six episcopal ministers in Carolina, and had 
 sent two thousand volumes of books to he distributed 
 gratuitously aumng the people. In the northern pro- 
 vince, which was thinly peo|)led by eoh>nists professing 
 a great diversity of religious opinions, there w:is as yet 
 no cinirch at all. An act was passed by its assembly 
 in the year 170*.^, imposing an assessment of 'MU. per. 
 annum on every precinct, for the iiiain(enance of a 
 minister; and in 170') and 170t) the first two religious 
 edifices of \ortb C'arolina were erected. This northern 
 province had forniany years recei\ed from the proprie* 
 tiiries the a))])ellation of the counUj of Albenuirle in 
 Caroliim, and wivi sometimes, but not always, included 
 in the couunission of the governor of the snnthern set- 
 llenieut. It now came to be termed the colony of 
 .North Carolina; and at the dissolution of the proprietary 
 government, was made a separate province with a 
 distinct jurisdiction. 
 
 .At length. alU'r having so long disregarded die eccle- 
 siastical concerns of the colony, the proprietaries in the 
 beginning of the eighteenth century, turned their atten- 
 tion til (his object with a spirit tiiat caused the cess;i- 
 tion of their prior indilVereiue to be deeply regretted ; 
 and they made their first and last etlbrt to signalize 
 their boasted zeal I'or Christianity, by the demonstralion 
 of a temper and the adoption of measures in the highest 
 degree unchristian ond tyrannical. The otfice of pala- 
 tine was now in die hands uf Lord (iranville. who en- 
 tertained the utmost aversion and contempt for dissen- 
 ters of all descriptions, and had already signalized bis 
 bigotry to the church of Kngland. by the zealous and 
 vehement support he had given in parlianiriit to the bill 
 against occasional conformity." llis acquisition of the 
 ofiice of palatine presen(ed him with an opportunity of | 
 indulging his favorite sentiments in (he regulation of (he < 
 ecclesiastical polity of Car<diiia. Conlemiiing the re- : 
 monstrances, and overruting the opposition of Arch- | 
 dale, he eagerly laid hold of so I'air an occasion to exer- | 
 cise his bigotry; and in Moore and Johnson, on whom | 
 he successively beslmved the government of die pro- 
 vince, he found able and willing insiruineiils for the 
 execution of his arbitrary purpose. These men, not- 
 widistanding the great numerical superiority of the dis- ' 
 senters, by a series of illegal and violent proceedings 
 acfpiircd for theniseUes and a party ot the episcopalian 
 persuasion^ a complete ascendancy over the provincial 
 as.send)lies, which they exercised in the enactment of 
 laws for the atlvancement of the church of F.ngland, 
 and the oppression of e\ery other christian association 
 AtWr various preparatory measures, which under the] 
 impudent pretence of promoting the glory of tied, had 
 the efieet of banishing every vestige of peace and good- 
 will from a numerous community of his rational crea- 
 tures, the episcopal faction at length, in the year 1704. 
 enacted two laws, by one of which the dissenters were 
 deprived of every civil right, and by the other an arbi- 
 trary court of high commission (a name of evil import 
 to Knglishmen) was erected for the trial of ecclesiasti- 
 cal matters and the preservation of religious uniformity 
 in Carolina. The society for propagation of the gos- 
 pel, on receiving intelligence of the latter of tliese 
 enactments, declared their res(dulion to send no more 
 missionaries to Carolina till it should be repealed. 
 Uoth Uie acts, however, having been ratified by the 
 proprietaries, and the ctnnplaints of the dissenters 
 treateil with derision, these oppressed and insulted men 
 were advised by the merchants of London who traded 
 to the province, to seek redress of their grievances 
 from the supreme power of the state. A petition for 
 this purpose was accordingly presented to the llotue 
 ofljords, who were struck with surprise and indigna- 
 
 • Tdii wnn i\ li II inipnsi.i-j severe pi'i'tillif* mi any person, wtm 
 h:iviii? citnl'irriieit sii ur lo iln- cJnirt'ii nf Kiigl.iml hb to rniale 
 hiin 111 hold II civil nlHce, slhiulit t vt>r ulipr uitcatl adtMcmiiif 
 place »( wurttiip. li UiU nut p«ia Into a law. 
 
 tion nt tlio tyrannical iiuolence of tlieiK dcupotic pro 
 prietariet and their provincial oHicers; ar. I forthwith 
 presented an address toUueen Anne, pravT;; 'lei it)v,ii 
 ri'pcal of (he obnoxious laws, and recoinniei, -ng (iiat 
 the authors of them shoidd be brnuglit torondi^n pun- 
 ishment. The lorrls contmi.ssioners of trade, to wii.tir 
 the matter was referred by the queen, reported (o her 
 majesty, "that the making such laws was an abuse of 
 the power granted by the charter, and inferred a for- 
 feiture of the same:" adding llieir humble aiUice that 
 judicial steps should be adopted for having the (brteitnru 
 legally declared, and the government resumed by the 
 crown.* Tlie queen, thereupon, issiie<l an order, de 
 daring die laws diat had been complained of null mid 
 void, and promised to institute a gnu trarru»to against 
 the cbaiter; but Oiis promise was never fulfilled. t It 
 was alleged that the forfeitfiire of the charter was ob- 
 structed by legal dilficullies arising from the minority 
 of some of the propriLMaries, who coiihl not be nude 
 responsible for tlie acts of the rest ; as if the iuahilitv of 
 these hereditary rulers of iiiankiuil to afford protection 
 to Uieir subjects, had not been the strongest reason why 
 they should be depriveil of die power of exacting obe- 
 dience fiom them. While incessant attempts were 
 made by the British government to deprive the New 
 rnglund states of the charter by which popular rights 
 were preserved, this fair and legitimate occasion wa» 
 neglected, of emancipating die people of Carolina from 
 a patent which had confessedly been made subservient 
 to the most odious oppression md intolerance: and 
 even af^er the proprietaries had publicly declared (as 
 ihey were soon atU-r constrained to do) that it was not 
 in their power to defend the province aeainst the In- 
 dians by whose attacks it was menaced, the pro))rietary 
 government was siilfered ^o subsist, perhaps with the 
 view of bringing colonial charters into iliscredit. until it 
 sunk under die weight of its own weakness and inciipa- 
 cily. It was in the^ear 1700. that the iniderable policy 
 of Lord (iranville received this signal cbei k : and, froiii 
 this pniod, the dissenters were permitted ( » enjoy, not 
 indeed *be equality, which tliey had origiiiatly been en- 
 courageti to expect, but a simple toleration In die 
 follow ing ytar. an act of assemblv was passed n South 
 Carolina tor the establishment of' religious woi hip ac- 
 cording to tlie forms of the church of Luglaixl : t»v this 
 act die pro\;r»ce was divided into ten parishes, ami pro- 
 vision made for building a church in each pari>h, an i for 
 die endowment of its minister. The churches w -re 
 soon aller built, and supplied with ministers by tiie 
 Knglish Society for the propagation of the i:(i>pe|. 
 
 'i'be progress of population is, if not tin- iiio>( cer- 
 tain, one of the most interesting tests of the prosperity 
 of a stale ; but it is a test tint easily applicable to com- 
 munities subji'ct. like all the .American coltinu's, to a 
 continual but irregular inlliix and ettliix of peopli! 
 The population of North Carolina appears to Imve^^us 
 tailied a severe check from the troubles and conrusions 
 that attended Culpepper's insurrection and Sotbtp^ 
 tyranny; insoniii h diat, in the year KiiM, the lis» of 
 taxable inliabitauts was found to contain only seven 
 hundred and eighty seven names, abniM half the nuui 
 her diat bad been in the colony at (he conuuenccmi nt 
 of .Miller's administration, rreipieiit emigrations \\> re 
 made I'rom the northern to the southern province: a ad 
 we must conclude that the dinuinition of inhabita'its 
 ascertained in 1004 had been elVected in (Ids iiKinmr; 
 since prior to the ytnr 170*^. otilv two persons (a Turk 
 for murder, and an oldwdinan for witchcrafl)had Ixcn 
 executed in North Carolina — a fact which, considering 
 the vitilenl convulsions that the province bad und?r 
 gone, appears highly creditable to die humanity of ilie 
 people. In the beginnini: of tlio eighti'eiith ceiitui'V, 
 North Carolina received an accession to its inhahilan's, 
 first from a body of French refugees, who removed to 
 it from Virginia, and aOerwards from a colony of (jer 
 mans, who. many years before, had been expelled frcrn 
 their homes by the desolation of die palatinate, and 
 since exjierienced a great variety of wretchedness and 
 exile. In the year 1710. it* whole population amounted 
 to 0000 persons, but of diese not 'iOOO were taxable^ 
 There was no court-house in .\ordi ('arohna before the 
 year ]7'-W; the ossemblies and general courts till tin n 
 being convened in private houses. Priming was iiii 
 known in either of the provinces, and the lawM were 
 
 * Tliln rf>)inrt. anion^othRr 8ipii;iiitri>!* Iihh tliiu nfrriurihe pnet 
 who wan one (U tlie r'tiiimHsicuin'MitfirHdeiii ilif nni''. 
 
 t Ol.Imixnn, i 3-17— .tll4. Iti'rtil, i. Irta— 177. Prrpnrnlnr) 
 t<» thi'ir .iilitreas to die qupet , ilu) tlotise or Lurilt pa<-«ti) a rc^i) 
 Iniiuu roiitsiiilMK ilicrtt- remarkiililR ex|iri!SHii>n>i . iltia ihu liiM 
 lor Ptiforring ronfnriiuty in ilif clmrrli ol' Kut'l.'Dtl m dir 
 Colony *' ill an Piicourukfiiit'iu m mhri-in uimI iri«' iiri'iii. r« 
 siriiciive to trad«, and itndntu ruin anU il«(H)pul«iieii i>(ih« pre 
 vince." 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 sua 
 
 lew. deiipotic pro 
 rs; ai. 1 fortliwilh 
 
 |>r'i> 'f< 'it'i io\ ;i) 
 
 -COIIMIK-Ii -'11^ tlcil 
 
 ht In ri)i)ili^'ii miii- 
 
 )t'lr:ul('. lo wi.i'ir 
 
 II, rcpiirrtMl lo licr 
 
 •« ^^a^' un iihii^o ot' 
 
 nut inl'iTUMl ii (or* 
 
 iiiitilil)' mi\ ii')' that 
 
 iifT ihe lorlL'iltird 
 
 It r<-suined hy iho 
 
 iK'ii fin nritiT, de 
 
 lujnrd of iiitti Hiid 
 
 [> tnirrtntto n^tiin^l 
 
 ever rnltillinl.t It 
 
 II- iliarUT wits ob- 
 
 tVnin lite iitiiiority 
 
 nitld not I>e itii de 
 
 IS It'llif ii);tliility of 
 
 to atVord |irott't:li«ii 
 
 im^'esl rt'asnii wliy 
 
 ?r (it* fxatliii^ olie- 
 
 lilt :itt('iii|)lM were 
 
 deprive tlie New 
 
 hirli popular rights 
 
 mate necasioit wu« 
 
 li> otM.'aioliiia iVom 
 
 made subservient 
 
 I intoleraiire : and 
 
 ihlielv declared (ns 
 
 } do) that it was not 
 
 lire aeainsi lite In* 
 
 [•ed, the proprietary 
 
 I, perhaps with the 
 
 ito discredit, until it 
 
 eaUiiess and ineapa- 
 
 Ite ini'deralile policy 
 
 al ehei k : ami, Troiii 
 
 niitled l* eiijov, not 
 
 I originally lieeii eii- 
 
 toleratioii In tlie 
 
 was passed it South 
 
 'lietotis woi liip ne- 
 
 of* I'li'daiid : hv this 
 
 publi*li'il tiy oral prortaniation. 
 
 geii'TilK iii:iil<' payiihje in hide 
 
 ti parishes, and prn- 
 each pari>lt. an i for 
 The rliurehes w 'ro 
 itii ininisieis hy tiie 
 
 m oftiic L'0>pel. 
 
 if not the iiin-t cer- 
 ^sts of (he prosperity 
 ly itpplicahlf lo com- 
 eric.tn cohtnu's, to a 
 
 lid elliux of people 
 I iippears to ha\e sih 
 >iihles and coiilitsions 
 -eeiion and SoO*"!"!* 
 ear lliiM. the li». of 
 
 contain only *<eveu 
 ahoul half the ninn 
 t the coinnieiieenH nt 
 lent eniifiralions w re 
 itherii province; u.td 
 iniiiun of inhahitarita 
 cted in titt.s nianm r ; 
 
 two persons (a Turk 
 r witchcraft) had htcn 
 ,et which, considering 
 
 province had iuhIt 
 ) the huniaiiily of the 
 ! ei;jhteeiilh centiiiy. 
 sion to its inhaliitaii's, 
 ;ees. who removed to 
 
 roin a colony of (ier 
 ;td been expelled frcin 
 if the palatinate, and 
 ' of wretehedtiesii and 
 • population amounted 
 I *>nO(t were laxablea 
 th ('arolina bi-lore tho 
 eneral courts till tin M 
 s. l*riniinK wii*i un 
 4, ami the laws were 
 
 4 ban tliiit ori'riurihe poet 
 ■Htle iti titr' nni<-. 
 i. |rt:t_i;". Prt'pnrnior) 
 Bti of Lonh p;i»stil ;\ re-n* 
 ■xpresxiMiis . thiit chu U* 
 iirrh Ml' KuL'l.m.l m Hif 
 h.'i-m u:mI iin- iifi'm, . .■ 
 lU lUpu^uUiii'iKif the prp 
 
 prndiieiioii'* of the eourifry. In the ye.ir ITO.'i. it was 
 ell cted by law that ui;uiii<{es shunld he celebrated bv 
 the niiniF<t'-rs of reliL'ion; hut iiiai{istrateH were permii- 
 ed lo perform ifiis nlliee in parishes unprovided with 
 lUini-iters. The exeeiilive power within the province 
 was feehle and iii'thcient; partly in coiimMpience of 
 :he stale of diopiTsion an 1 the la/.y pleiily in which the 
 hulk of the inhahil.iiits livetl. anil jiarlly from the worth- 
 les-t or instsniiicaiil chara( ters of many of the executive 
 DlHcnrs.* Ill the year 170!*, Cary, tlie collector of the 
 oroprieiary ipiil-rents, resolving lo appropriate the 
 imoiiut of his colleclions, found it enny, with the aid of 
 a few idle and dissolute partisans, to maintain hiniHelf 
 in a state of opposition to the proprietary government, 
 and suspend the operation!* of jmttiee. The people, 
 tlioiiiih they neither apjirnved nor abetted his lawless 
 proceedinir, offered no resistance lo it; and the go- 
 vernor, unable to reduce him to obedience, made appli- 
 cation for assistance from Virpinin, where some re>fiilar 
 troops were cpiartered at the time. On the approach 
 of a suiutl party of these forces, Cary tied the colony, 
 and his partisans dispersed. In the year I7l'i, this 
 pro\iiiee sustained a severe and dangerous blow from 
 a ennspirtcy id' lb'' Coree and Tu>corora tribes (d* In- 
 dians, who, reseiitiui; a real or supposed encroacliment 
 oil th 'ir huiittnir larals, formi-d an alliance and project 
 
 Debts and reiitJi were I the province. No prin'ms prcM was established in 
 , tallow, furs, or other Carolina till thirty years alt' 
 
 When the <lilliculiies altcnding the establishment of 
 the first settlers in Carolina had been in some degree 
 overcome, the ferlilil> of the sinl, the cheapness ol pro- 
 vixions, and the ugreeahlene>N and general sahihrity 
 of the climate, atVorded the llighe^t eticoiirageiiicnt tu 
 national increase. Kamilies often and twelve children 
 were freipienlly seen in the liotises of ihe colonist.s at 
 the ctost> of the seventeenlh century; and though some 
 jiarts of both the provinceft were for u lime infected 
 with severe epidemical diiierses, and otliers still con- 
 tinue to he unfavorable lo health nt particular seasons, 
 yet tlie stalisiieal accounts tind Uie registers of mor- 
 tality amply ilemonstntte that the climate of the whole 
 region is in the main highly conducive to the preserva- 
 tion, as well us the {irodnction of life. The salubrity 
 of these, a.s well as of the other colonial m'tllements. 
 hiLi been greatly promoted by the progress of industry, 
 in opening the woods, tiraintng the marshes, and con- 
 fining the streams widiin a certain chann* 1. Vet the 
 inMiience of cultivation has been by no means uniformly 
 tavornble to health in tht^ Carohnas; and much of the 
 disease with which they are alllicted at certain sea 
 SOILS is ascribed to the periodic.il inundations whici; 
 the culture of tlie rice lands reipiires.* 
 
 During the inliint state of the colony, the projirie 
 tiries sold (he land al twenty sliillings for every nun- 
 
 wiili amazing seerecy and gnile, for the total destruction dred acres, and .'::ypence of (itiit rent. They raise<l tin 
 of the Kuropean settleim>nt. A general attack, in I price in the year llilM tf> thirty shillings; and in 17)1, 
 which a hundred and thirty seven of the colonists were | to forty shillings for everv hundred acres, and one slnl- 
 mass-icri'd in one night. t gave the first intelligence of ; ling of fjiiit rent. Laws|)ii. who travelled through Ca- 
 titr'ir hottilitv. Happily, the alarm was given before ; rolina in the year 1700, celebrates the conrtesy and 
 llii' work of destructioii had proceeded farther; and, j hospitality of the plitnters; but represents an aversion 
 after an obstinate resistance, the colonists were ablir to to labor, and a negligent contentment with present ad- 
 
 k'.'ep the enemy in check till a powerful force was de- 
 spa!c!i''d to their assistance by the governor and assem- 
 hly of the southern province. An expedition was then 
 undertaken hy the conthined fon-es of the two pro- 
 vinces against the hostile Imlians, who were defeated 
 
 vantages, as (piilities very prevalent among them 
 Kruil, he says, was so plentiful that the hogs were \'vt\ 
 with peaches. t The Carolinians have always been chu 
 raclerised hy a lasle for idleness, and a strong pretii 
 l''etion for the sports of the field. The disposition ihat 
 
 \»ith great slaughter, and compelled to abandon the ' was evinced at a very early period of the history of 
 I oiuilry. The assembly of 8outli Carolina voted 4000/. I the-<p provinces, to treat insolvent debt<irs with extreuu 
 for the service of this war; and, during the continuance i indulgence, has eontiniied ever since to be a feature in 
 'if i!, the assembly of the northern province wa« com- { their legislation, and has been thought to encourage a 
 p-'lled to issue H()00/. in bills of credit. A few montlis | loose and improvidenf apfilmle to contract debts. The 
 after its lermiiiatiou, North Carolina showed her wil- j most serious evils witit which the two provinces have 
 liiiuU'-ss to repay the seasonable aid she had dr-rived been alll'cted have arisen from the abuse of spirituous 
 fioiu ihe sister province, and ilespatclied a body of ! liipiors, the neglect of ediicaticui. and the existence of 
 troops to her assistance against a hoslilc movement of j negro slavery. It wa^' long before instiluiions for the 
 tilt' Indians in tint ipiarter. During the war in North j edncafion of' yonlh were generally established in <'aro- 
 Carolini. the people fled from the province in such i lina; the benefits of knowledge were confined entirely 
 nninhiTs, that to prevent its total deiierlion, a law wa-> ] to the sons of wealthy planters, who were sent to the 
 passed, prohibiting any one from (putting ili t'-rritory ! colleges of Kurope. or to the seminaries in the niiire 
 without a passport from the governor. Incouflrmafioii northern states; and the co.iseqitent ignorance of the 
 of tliis edict, the governor of Virginia issued a proria- great bulk of the people, together wiih the iiitliience of 
 ination. cominanding that all fugitives from (*arolina <i warm climate, and the prevalent aversion to indii-^try 
 without a passport Rhonid be iippreheiided and com- I (increased by the pride which the possession of slaves 
 pelled to return. | inspires, and the discredit which slavery brings on la- 
 
 The piipidation of South Carolina, in the year 1700, bor). promoted an intemperate use of ardent spirit, 
 IS said lo have aimuinted to no mori' than ;ViOO perstms, vvhiclt contnbiWed aildilionally to deprave tln.'ir sentt- 
 a computation prol)-iI)ly short of the truth. In the nients. habits, amt tiKiiiiiers. ' It was in North (Carolina 
 l7'.iM, it amounted to :W001), including l-'OOO that all the evilswhich I have eniimt rated (e\cepniio-e 
 
 iirising from negro si tveTv, and which art! nnu-e <l''plo- 
 
 slaves. For several years after the coloni/.alton of 
 the territory, there were very few negro slaves in Ca- 
 rolina; hill the demand for tliem was increased by the 
 iticrea-iiig cultivation of rice, which was thought too 
 mili'Niltiiy and laborious for Kuropean constitutions: 
 and the slave ships of (ireat Hritatn, encouraged the 
 d luaud hy the readiness with which they supplied it. 
 At the close of the seventeenth century, Charlestown 
 \v:is alr'ady a flourishing town, containing several 
 hand^oiu' edifices, n public library, and a population of 
 liOllO souls — more tlian lialf of the total population of 
 
 I the rest) prevailed longest and 
 
 apprehension can be more selvlsh or more pr4ivocativ« 
 of inhnmanity. ihan that wliich is inspired in men's 
 lio.-ouis bv lilt- danger of relatiation for tl.e inju-'tH u 
 which the) are coniiiining loinllat. In ,'<outti ( ..ioh> 
 n I. (bra very cntisidcrable pcriott. llie hiimln r oi ',l.e 
 slaves bore a greater propoit.on lo thai of ll.e whok 
 populalion thiiii in -iny ollu r ol the Noith Anitruan 
 colonies, rrnni tie year IVJO till li.e veiir l'.l..*», ll.o 
 -slaves in this state <-eiiIiiined greatly and iiicifaoin;:ly 
 lo oiiiliumber Ihevvliite mhi.bitun «•.' 'Ihe c(iu»e» 
 qneiice of this slate of things was, lhat the riaves of 
 the 8outh Carolina planters were treated with exlreint 
 severity; and, in the year 17110, they Inrineil a conspi* 
 racy for a general massacre of Ihi'ir masleis, and jno- 
 eded to carry their design into etb-ct hy a daiigeroim 
 insurrection, which was suppri'ssed with the ntinoMt 
 dillicully, and punished hy an exacerbation of the cru- 
 elly that hud provoked it. The discontents of the staves 
 in this state proved a formidable auxiliary to the hos- 
 tile designs of the neighboiiriitg Spaniards, who wero 
 not wanting in ende-ivors to turn it lo their adviin- 
 lage. AOer the American revolutinii the farther im* 
 porlation of slaves into S<uith ('arolina was Ibrbidileti 
 by law;t and the proportion between the freemen and 
 the slaves underwent a change highly promotive ol the 
 security and humanity of the one, and of llie cnmlort 
 and consideralioiien|oyed by the other. 1 Neither here 
 ror in any other country with whose hi>torv lam ac- 
 fpi'iinted, have the proteslaiit episcopal clergy ever dis- 
 tinguished Ihemsclyes by exertions lo mitigate the eviU 
 of slavery. Wherever a protesiant epin( opal church 
 has been established by law, the only imm-ters <it' Ihe 
 g(tspel who have shown themselves tin- Irn mis oi' the 
 r>iitcasts (if the human race, have been iiirlhndi<'|s, 
 .Moravians, (pr dissenters of some other denoimniilion 
 It has not been so in coiinlries where lite calhoiic 
 church has prevailed. The priests of" this per-na-^ion 
 have always constituted themselves Ihe defemJers and 
 p:ilrons ol Indians and negro slaves. Perhaps this has 
 arisen in part from the peculiarities of seiiiimcnt and 
 habit hy which the calhoiic prie.sis are -.eparalt d from 
 llie rest of mankind, and whicli may l<'s>en in their es- 
 tiiitalion the dilferences of temporal coiulilion by 
 which Ihe laity are dislinguished. 
 
 It does not appear from the earlier annals of Can^ 
 lina in what manner the provincial assemblies were 
 eonsiitiiied, or to what amoiini of ]>ri"pertv political 
 frinchises were attached. .All the executive othcer* 
 were noiriiuated by the proprietaries, who -ipeeitied tlio 
 iiiioiint of the salaries in the wainiiits of appoiniiiicnt. 
 Such was the ditbcully of cnll'cting money or produce, 
 •pecially i!i the north 'rn colony, lhat the preprieiarics 
 ere freipienlly iddiged to grani as^isnalioiis of land.-t 
 or quit rents lo their odicer; m order to M'cure Ihe pr-r- 
 forin inee of their duties. Sir .Nathaniel Johii-on. v\ lio 
 was appointed guvernor of Carolina in the year I7'I'J, 
 receiveil a warrant for a salary of 'JOO/. n year. 'I'he 
 other coteiiijuirary odieers had saltries of which ll.e 
 highest was (iO/.. jmd the lowest iij. i year. The go- 
 vernor's salary was doubled in the year 1717. 
 
 Carolina, hy its amazing ferliliiy in animal and \e- 
 tallc produce, was eiialiled. from an early period, 
 lo cirry on a considerable trad..- with Jamaica. Uaiha- 
 iloes. and tin.' leeward islands, which, nt the dose of 
 
 • ht 1701, PnrtiT iiiifiiied a tT.an fnr fHllinv hiin "a rfieiitiiii; 
 rngiit!. ' Tlie (Icrfridam Jutditii-il ific werdi, ami, pruvinif ifuii 
 lli'V wcrr [iropeily appijeil, w;is arqutttiil, and allnwi-d Ins rn^t^ 
 trnm I tie proscruinr. Ycl, a few years after, Po ler wan anpnjni. 
 ed ii prupneiary ilepiiiy and member ot council. WtlljaiiiHoii, 
 i. iiVJ. i\0. Ill 17:^6, lturriii?ti)ii. ulio had previously field ttie 
 ull'ire III' enveriicr, uml ufterwardu held it again, wua indicted 
 rTdi'fiunaiiiMi, in saying of the existing eovcrnor, Sir Ricliard 
 Everanl, that " he was no more flt for a eovernor than Sincho 
 Panza," and fur rloLtUDily threaieiitrig lo scalp '* hid d— d thick 
 •<;iill." lb. il. :iJ9. Two years after, ilie grand jnry present 
 Sir Rii'h;iril ilie governor f^ir having with his cane iwice or 
 thrlr.' strnrk (leorgtf Allen." lb. 241. 
 
 t The btdians look a nnmber of iirisaners on this occasion, 
 arnoii;; whom were John Lawsmi, author of a descrifXive ac- 
 cmint, which haa been iiMpro|»erly lermed a History of Carolina, 
 and who had been ai)poinied surveyor-pcncral of the province, 
 and IJ:ir.in Or.iffenried, the lender of the piilatinn emiffrants. 
 I.tiwsHii was murdered u( leisure by the oavaiicj"; but Oraffen. 
 ried fxuicJied himself from the iame fate, (i.r which he had 
 been dcsuMieil, by declaring thai he wae the king of a distinct 
 tritie, lately arrired in lb* province, and louUr uoconnwttd 
 With the lungliah. 
 
 • W.inlen. il. .174 4|j. Dr. Williamson (vol. ii. cup. 1.1) h^is 
 L-l-arly proved that the tminfdlaie efTicia of the exiirp.ition nf 
 wood in Cartlina have always bn^n unfriendly in lie.ilth. froin 
 ihe exjxisure toihe sun of a surface of fresh land cuvered wiih 
 vegetable produce in u slate of decay. 
 
 t Lttwson, p. 6X H.1 164. Archdule (p. 7.) speaks In ncitrlv 
 the same terms of the fiTlility of Carolina. Ulooine (p. I iJ] 
 states, that the province, in 16S6, contttioed many wealthy prr- 
 aons, wh<t had repaired to it in a ^taie f>f great iodiL'i'iice 
 
 \ In .Mirch, l/iO, the grand jury of AHiemar'e prescnieil ihir- 
 ly-six iHTflfHis, viz. Heven for ilrni.kenness, ci^ht i.ir prrf-m. 
 Mwearing, seven for breaking the sabbath, lour fir adultery. fU. 
 for stealing or mi^^mtrkine hofH. three for breaking the pra<->-. 
 aud two for selling liquor without license." \Vdli.un-<on. i. 211 
 It wail an unfortunate HUppiHitioii (A-lietlier well er ill foundi-ili 
 thai was at one time enienninetl, thai (he water of Carntix- 
 poMCAeed deliiorioua qualiiiea which an infuaiun of rum was 
 was necaiaaty to counteract. 
 
 ar I7:J4, Ihey 
 i" I ; a relative 
 
 pn.j 
 
 ralile perhaps ll: _ . ., , _ . ^ _ 
 
 most extensively. { The improvement thai after times 'he seventeenth century, are said to have depended m 
 have witnesvi'd in all these re-pects. has tieeu C(>n>ide- ■* great inva^iire on this colony tor their mean- of suli- 
 
 rahle in bodi the provinces: and the iidiabilaiits of 1 — 
 
 South Car(dina. in particular, have long been disiin-!.. V''".''.':.'V ^.V''^'''''''^* P"!'"*"';'".' >:,'>1''=*. a nppei.r?' ih.-i. i., the 
 gui-hed Ibr ihi'cullivalion of literature, the elegance of 
 their iniinner, and their polite hospitality. 
 
 In every c(unmunity where slavery exists, the treat- 
 ment which the sl.ives experi'-nce will be regithled in 
 no small degree by df proportion which they bear to 
 the niiinbers of Ihe free, and the apprehensions which 
 they nriy consetpM'utly be capable of inspiriiiL'. No 
 passion has a more dreadful or insatiable appetite, or 
 prompts to nuire unrelenting i ruelty.than fear; and no 
 
 ibered the freeiiien in llie pt<>poi 
 >riiiin ii-ver at aiiy other tinie koMwn in 
 .til ' iiirrt. in p mi, re, though f.tr short o'f what previtils m many 
 i.t Ihe Briit.-h We-i India cenlem. his. 
 
 t Indi-id. a law [m tlic faiiieclltrl had hecn en ict.'d by llie jik- 
 srnddy ..f Sniiih t:.iri>liria fever.tl yiur^ lielote the reV-luii'ii ; 
 bill It w,i,i dis.ill iwcil by the iLiy.il jovernnr ;i«» Ci-uliaij to ihe 
 pi'iiev, and inpnious ii. the trade of Great Br tain. 
 
 I Wynne, li J4l.— d43. H-wii. ii. 14 V2~U y3— <17. War- 
 den, li. 4i;i. \ 6. Trace-t ol the cruelty Willi winch f aws w, re 
 anciemly tn-an-it In S.miiIi Carolina li.'ive linuen-d, it nnipi in.- 
 ci'hfeHsed, nil a very late (ktimI. b^-th ui iho laws <d ilii.i pin- 
 viiic« and the manners nl ila inhabiuii.tif. Slaves are. m nil 
 very lately were, burned alive for ninrier, burrhirv, ur tjie 
 raiding. In tlit year IliO^, two iiPi-rofs were i.cuialiy bnri.< <l 
 alive over a .-•low flre iii the market plire in Cli.irie.-^lovvn. 
 Bri^iedi ■■ America and her Re:.ouices,*' p. |,jj. " i he gr^uid 
 jury of Charu-ht.'wn. for the lenii of January. I9I6. repotle.f. 
 as i\ most .<i-ri»ii.i evil. tl>al iiiatance.^ nf negro hmnii'ide \tere 
 common wiiinn the city lor many years; the parlnn tx.Mrisn.i; 
 ti.ilniied Ciiiiiri'l a.n maitt-r.H iind tnistressc-i indui^iu:: iheif 
 rni. I p.i-tMnns in the bar^Kl^^'U^ tr'niimnt id' slare-t, Ac. Ac. 
 " and th -reby bri< gnigon thi- cnninmntv. the slate, ami ihe i My 
 die contumery ami reproach of the civiUziil wnt id." \V,.rilin', 
 li. 437- They who entertam sm-h a fvuto ut die tvil, will, it 
 mav be Ix'ped. in time ftnd a cure fnr i|. 
 
 What MCiuge ii.coii.-istencies ni.iv cnexi^i uiih evi n the wor I 
 evili I't' si ivery. is ^lnknl•.'ty eviined ni the I fc il (I, I m in 
 t'Uished ll'nu'n wh" uiiit'd'.ill iiie ;.I.-iih( in i.:* ai..l r- ti. inn nt; 
 of Piiha.-orean p!;do.sonhv with the uh'si otiious iidiuuiitiuty to 
 hiasUvttj, Pluta.ch i l.ue of .Marcus Caio 
 
I 
 
 son 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 ' ■. iJU 
 
 « luiirf. In »Iii|iIb rniiiiiindilirK were rice, tar, mid, 
 n iMv..ir(l-, iiiilipii. OldiiiiMiii, «liiisi' liimorv Hui-iiuh- 
 liliidiii dii' UMr 171)-', iilwcrn's, Hull llm Irudi' iil ilu' 
 iloiiv »>lli rn;:l^iiid l,nd iil' lulr nliliiiiii'd ii (ircal in- 
 )M'ii4i' : "Inr iinivMiliKlMndiiif! nil iIip di!«oiiriigi'itif'iilii 
 
 I I p iiid.' lii' under," lie ndds ' H'H'iitecii ►lii|i» tiiiiii' 
 } I vi'ur I'mIi-ii riniM(*:iri)liiui \\\ > rice, >kiiih. |>it(;lt, itiid 
 : r. in tin- Virjiiniii (lii'l, lii'siili'H ulriipjlinix fliijis." 
 
 Hi :in iicl diiil«ii« |iiisM'd in IIib yi-iir 17lf), fvery 
 
 I I intir urCuiulinii \tii» ordered l» |>iirrhaiit' iiiid cn- 
 (.',i>o a linriul (.'round lor nil iierrunH dying «n lii>i 
 I > lite; and, lii'liiri' iiiterinent oT any loriMV, to cull in 
 ul least three nr lour of Ins neiglilioiirH to view it, for 
 llii^ |>Mr|Hise (d' I'nrtlier eiujuiry in ease of nny sns|iici- 
 jiis a|i|iear.uic'e. It has been noted, Ironi an early pe- 
 -iod, as a pi^enliarity in the inaiinerii of many ol' the 
 .\ineri<-an piovinees, that t'linerals are condneled with 
 
 iili';;r I pomp and expi'iuie unknown to the nsafies 
 
 ul I'nrope. In some of the utates, laws were enaeted 
 liciii tune to tune to restrain this vain and ill-tiined pro- 
 Jij:ality. Ill none ol'tlieni has it lieen carried to a great- 
 er extreme than in :$nntli Carolina, where the intennent 
 III' the dead has heen Keiierallv eiimbined with n liitnri- 
 oiis enlerluiiiniuiit and iiiirotusion of good cheer to the 
 lixini!.' 
 
 n o o K V. 
 
 NEW VOUK. 
 
 CHAT T K R I, 
 
 Mudffiii'fl Veynce (>r Dl,«riivrry— Kirfli Hcttlpnicnt of tlii' Diiirli 
 ill A lianv— 'I'liu I'reviiiie cralitnl liy ttiti Stjiirs-Uciicnil le ilie 
 W. ,<t iM.lia Cnii.piiny cf llelUi.il -Tie- Diilrli CoIohIsIh pxinul 
 tli''ii' 8, ttli'iiK-iiU iiiln ('iiiinectiriit— Dii«)iiited wiili llie New 
 Ivmiitiiil t'nliiiiles — l)i? awure nri<t cmoiii^eit by tlif Swoile,*— 
 W.tr lielwfcii lilt- Di.rcli nml IniliaiiB— Kiinlu'r ili^fjiulrti vviili 
 N-w Kiii;!aii,l— Di'ttkiitt of Ch. tries llie St'Ceml— Alarm 1111,1 
 (■■-iTni.- i.f lilt Uiiitli (Jnvertinr— Till! ProviiKT nrwiiinl Irv 
 
 I 1 1-1,1 till' lluke of Verk— liivaili-J tiy an Kiielisli Fieri— 
 
 Siiiri'iiiliTi— Wlie liiivcniiiiei,! ot Cnhiiiel Nn-luils~llt,llaiiil 
 rrilei NiMv V<irk t'l Kii^laiiil— leruplurcs it — Anally < ules It 
 ■■•j.ti ,— .Ni-w riiaiiiT irrai'iteil In itie Uiike of Vnrk— Arhiinirv 
 ll.niTMIiuiil el" Aiiilri'S—DJHCnnli'iil I't Itle r()Inlu.*ls— Tile 
 D.lki' I'i'itseiilH (II give New Vnrk a Kri'e CuiiMliliitinii. 
 
 \kw Yokk is distin<;iiisiied from the other roloniiil 
 sittleiiieiils whori iiistor^ we have alreadv considered, 
 hiith liy tile ri"'c of its lirst Kiiropean settlers, and tlie 
 iiii-d ' n\"t'A annexation to the doiiiinioii of Ilrilain, In 
 all til other provinces, the first col'niists were Kiiglish- 
 iie II, and the several occupations of Aiiiericati lerri* 
 to-y ami eorrespondin;? extensions of the British em- 
 pi- c, e. ere th enterprises of |-jiglish snhjecLs, impelled 
 111 llie spiri. of coiiiiiierciid adventure, iiitlamed \vith 
 ri 1-^-oiis /eal, or allured by ambitious expectation. 
 1 lie people of ('.nirland had ileriM'd, in all these iii- 
 ft iiu'i-s. ail incri-'ase of their coiiiuieri'ial resources, and 
 the Clown all enlarifement of its doiiiinion, from the 
 ai ts ot' private individuals, sanctioned no doubt by llie 
 approiii-iatiiin iit'piiblii- atitliorily,biit wlinlly unaided bv 
 tji> fiiii Is or liirce-i of the I'otuintiiiily. lint the terri- 
 (ory of .New York was ori^Miiully c-oloni/ed, not from 
 r.ii;!lai J. but from lliillaiid; and the incorporation of 
 It with the rest of the British domiuions was etli'cted, 
 ii'il 111 setiL'iir>iit. but by conipiesi; not by the enter- 
 prise of iii.lividiials. but by the forces of the slate. It 
 IS a siii;;utarity still more worthy of remark, and illustra- 
 tive ot the sji'iiili'r iiilliieiice of human views and pur- 
 poses III the pre-adiustmeiit and connection of event-s, 
 liiat tills iiiilit.iry coiiipiesi proved the means of esta- 
 bli>!iiii!! a colony of ipiakers in .-Vmerica: and the 
 Kivord of Charli's the Second, in conquering an appa- 
 ii-i^'e for bis bi^'oi brother, prepared a tranipiil esta- 
 bhshiiient in .New Jersey and I'eiiiisylvania. for the \'0- 
 taries of peace. tol,Taliou, and pliilanthrophy. 
 
 The pretensions of tJie Dutch to this territory wero 
 certiiinly, from the lirst, more consistent with natural 
 justice than wiili the law of nations, and the privilege 
 which it attaches to priority of discovery. Kor if, on 
 the one baud, the voyajje of ('ahol, and liis general and 
 iiidelinite visilition of the .North American continent, 
 preceded by more than a century the occurrence from 
 which the Dutch occupation orifjinated, there neenis, 
 on the other baud, a monstrous disregard of the rights 
 of biiuian nature, in 111 liiitainins that a claim, so pre- 
 cariously consiitiiteil. could subsist so long unexercised, 
 n nil that a nai igalor. by ciLsiially approaching North 
 .America, in a vain and erroneous search of a passage 
 to the Indies, should acquire, for his countrymen, a 
 right to prevent the whole continent from being inha- 
 bited for more than an hundred years. 
 
 * Wiiiii'iliiHliaiii. III. -j.-ij. "In nhiirt. llie srripliire oliserva- 
 Uiiii, ll is heller to uii l,i ilie ]m\lS'i; ill' iiioiiriiilie lIlBll In llie houas 
 or rcaellii;;, la uiihilellitiliie, nml wliiilly inapfiliciilile tiara, iia il 
 10 thmcult loiliati'ifuiiti tlie «no from Iha other." 
 
 The prior rifilil of Inglaiid (yet unrecognized by the 
 rest ol llie woild) had prndiiced no other permanent 
 (K-ciipation than a li-eble settlenieiil on the distant ter- 
 lilnry (djaniis Hiver in Viiginia; whiehhid now sub- 
 sislcil for two years, when Henry lludKiiii,an Kii;:lisli- 
 man, ciiiplnved by the lust India t 'oiiipuiiy of llnl- 
 land, set sail LUiCII] from the Texel fur the discovery 
 of a iiortb-west passaite to India. Ilniiiig attenipted 
 in viiln to accoii'idisri the object of his voyage, he 
 steered for Cape C'ud.nnd entered the bay of Chesa- 
 peake, where he remarked the infant seltleiiienl of the 
 
 I iiglish. He unerwards niichored his icsyel oil' the 
 l)eliiware, and proceeding thence to Long Island, 
 saih'd lip the river Manhattan, on whose bunks the 
 chief fruit of his enterprise were destined to grow. 
 Home authors have iisserted that he sold his right to 
 this territory to the Dutch ; but the assertion is equally 
 unproved and improbable ; as he could convey to them 
 no right which the voyage did not vest by a much bel- 
 ter title in tlieiiiselves. Several voyages were idler- 
 wards made from Holland to the river Alanliatiun, 
 whl<-li, at lirst, was called the North Hiver, but, in pro- 
 cess of time, received the nanie of the able and enter- 
 prising navigutor, by whom, if not originally discoier- 
 ed. ll hud lieeii introduced for the first time to the ac- 
 quaintance of the Dutch. This people now- coiiceiied 
 that they bad acquired a siilhcieiil title to the adjacent 
 territory, which they dlstingni.shed by the name of No- 
 va Belgia, or New .Netherlands." The depending or 
 recent conllicis of rival provinces, and even rival na- 
 tions, huit at one time to all the circnmstunces attend- 
 ing the first oceiipution of this territory, an interest 
 which they have lung ceased to posaeiui, except in the 
 estimution of nniiqnarians. 
 
 The favorable report that Hudson had given of the 
 oiintry having been conlirmed by subsequent vovages. 
 
 II liodv of Dutch uierchunts embraced the resolution of 
 stablishiiig a trading settlement within its conllnes; 
 
 [Hil4.] and the States (ieneral promoted the enter- 
 prise by granting them u patent for the exclusive trade 
 of Hudson's river. Encouraged by tills act of favor 
 they proceeded, in the course of the same year, to ap- 
 proiiriateasmall portion of ground on the western bank 
 of tlie river near .-Mbaity, where they erected a fort, 
 and intrusted the government of the place to one 
 Henry Cbristiaens. This feeble settlement had scarcely 
 been cstaliHslied, when it w-.as invaded by a Virginiun 
 sipiadron, commanded by ('aptain .-\rgal, and reliiriiing 
 from the conquest of the l-'rench possessions in the 
 bay of Fiindy. Argal claimed the territory occupied 
 by the Dutch, as iippertaining of right to the British 
 dominion in America; and the governor was compelled 
 to obey a summons of surrender, and to stipulate alle- 
 glaiK-e to Kngland. and tribute and subordination to the 
 government of Virginia. The stales of Holland bad 
 too recently established an inde|)endeiice promoted by 
 the aid, and recognised by the mediation of (Jreat 
 Britain, to make this outrage the cause of quarrel with 
 a |io\verfnl alK-, whose assistance they could not vet 
 deem theiuselves strong enuugti to dispense with. 
 They tiirliore. therefore, to take any notice of Argal's 
 hostile proceedings; and it is even asserted by some 
 
 * Pu ch.is. 111. .iat, «!-. I'll irleviiii. tbsl. nf .\i-vv Kranr-. i. 
 .'-)!. Olijiiiixi.ii, i. in. .Siilh-s Vimiiii.-i, 7.j. UMimlas's Slim. 
 Ml iry. j,2lll. Siimli s Ui-lery nlNew Verk, II. '.i. 3 All liiese 
 writers, exeepl llie first two, represent Hiiilsnii'rt Vnyage as liae- 
 ing lieeii perfnniiei] ill KiOS, anil uniler die aiitlinrjiy of a British 
 eniiiinis.sinii. But they are all mistaken. They seem iintto have 
 Ijei'ii aware of llie exlslcnreof any olher aiilliority, fur the ac- 
 cniinl wliirli 1 have preferred, but that nf Cliarlevnix ; and 
 Siiiiih-a npiiiiiiii is ohviniisly not a tillle iiitUieaced by tlie clrculii- 
 6taiice nf IMiarlevoix tieinc a Krencll Jesuit, wlille Stith, who 
 cnnlrailirls liiiii was an F.iighsli.nr at lea»t a \'irl.'iiiia;i pmlestant 
 minjsler. But tliejnurnals nf all die vnyafies nf ffudsnii arc pre- 
 Bcrveil 111 Purchaa'a rnllectlnn *, anil ihey cnnAriii Cliarlevnix, 
 anil contain the ucrouni I have ailoplei). From these jnuraals 
 also we may lilsrover the cause nf die error cniiimiltcil nriginally 
 by Olilinixnn, ami from him traiisiiiitteil tu Stith ami the others. 
 Huilsoii's aefnnil Voyatie. in w hich lie visited Nnva Zembia, was 
 made from London in 1(K>!J, ami with an Ktiellsli cniiimisBlon. 
 This lias evidently been confnuiideil with hisiliiril voyage in 1609 
 from the Texel. The employment nf Hudson, and the dale of 
 his vnyaee, are corrcrtly represented in a new wnik, of which 
 thedrst part has been very recently pulilish^il.— Tiie History of 
 New Vnrk, by Juhn Vatea and Joseph Mnuhnli, vol, i. part i. 
 SOS. SOD. 
 
 This isiini has been the more eagerly contested, that aonia 
 timid or servile rivilians have ilonbted, if Holland, whole iiide- 
 pendelice was nnt arknnwiedgeil by Spain till the beginning of 
 ItlOl}, roulil be ri-gariled as prevlnusly adiiiilltcd Into the commu- 
 nity of sovereign states, and capable of deriving rights from the 
 laws nf natinns. anunder jnri-ts. and more manly tliiiikers, have 
 adiiidged, Indeed, that tills privilege accines In a people frnni 
 the tune wlieii lliry nnblicly assert a claim to imlcpciidciice, 
 wliirh, though piirtl Illy denieil for a while, they finally succeed 
 in rausiiistn be iri iierally recneiiizod. Bill tliia liiu-lriile is not 
 neressary (n the uuppiiit of the ii.tere.st tit the Dulcli in Hudson's 
 disi-nvery, which aas aume months posterior to the treaty with 
 Spain. 
 
 writers, that, in answer to a complaint by the Briliilj 
 
 courts, of their intrii-iiui inin A ni.i, iliey denied tlial 
 
 the si'ltli'liieiil had liei-li I'stablislied by ibe'ir untliorilv, 
 allil n pri-^eiited it as the piivate net ol a ciinipiiiiy t'lf 
 nierchuiils. The same writers hale alleged, tliat Ibe 
 Dutch, at the same lime, besiinghi the king In permit 
 a li'W trading houses to be erected within //is territo- 
 ries on Iliidson's river, and that a peiiiiis-iiiti m this 
 I'xtent was uctnally obtained. Whatever tiiiih or 
 falsehood there may be in 'I I'se sliUemenls. il is ci riaiii 
 that, in lite year follow ing [Hil,''i] Argal's iniasion, a 
 new governor, Jacob KIkiii, having an ived at the fort 
 Willi un additional complement of ■etilers, the cluiin of 
 the Knglish to the sli|iiilated depeiiilence was linthwidi 
 defied, and the payment of tiiliiite successfully resisied. 
 Tor tlie better protecliiin of their iiidepi iidenie. the 
 colonists now erected unotber lint nn the ronUi-west 
 iioiiit of Long Island ; and two others were afiei wards 
 oiiilt at (jood Iliqie, on Ciiniieiii 111 river, and at iNiis- 
 sun, on die east side of Delaware Ibiy. Tliei contiimed 
 for a series of years, in nniiiolested Iranqtillily, to iim- 
 litre their setllement, enlarge their iiiinibers. and, by 
 the exercise of their national viitnes of patience and in- 
 dustry^, to subdue the first difllculties and hardships of 
 nn infant colony." 
 
 The stales of Holland finding llieir commerce en- 
 large Willi the coiilinnance of freedom and the enjoy- 
 ment of peace, and observing that their siibpcls had 
 snceeedeil in pri'serving the footing they had gained un 
 Hudson's ri\er, began to form the project of inipiove- 
 iiig tins settlement, and rendering it the basis of more 
 general and extended coloni/.ation in America. With 
 this purpose was cninhincd the scheme of their cele- 
 brated West India Company, which was established in 
 the year lli'.iO, and to which, in |iiirsiiance to tl.i ir in- 
 variable policy, of coloni/ing by the ageiiev of exclu- 
 sive coinpanie.s, it was deieriniiieil to comuiit llii ad< 
 niinistriition of New Netlierlaiiils. Tliey si etued to 
 have watched, with an attentive eve, the proceedings 
 of the Liiglish pnrilan exiles at Leyihii. uiiil liewed 
 with alarm iheir projected inigralio'n to the hanks of 
 Hudson's river. [Hi] I'nable or tinivilling to ob.strnct 
 the design by an oppiisitinn which iionld lime in- 
 volved an immediale collision widi the pn tensiinis of 
 Britain, they defeated it by bribing the Diilch ciiplain, 
 w-idi whom the emigrants sailed, to ciiiiMy them so 
 far to the iiorlhwaid. that their planlalioii \i us finally 
 formed in the territory of .Mussachii-etts. This I'raiid- 
 
 I'til proceeding, tl gli it prevented a rival setil, iiieiit 
 
 from being established on Ilitd-ou's river ili-eredited 
 their own title to this territory, and pro|iiirliiiiiahlv 
 enforced the tide of (ireul lirituin. wliicb. in the >aiiie 
 year, was again distiiii-tly asset ted and exen-isid by 
 the gr.-int of kiii!; James's p-iieiil to the gr.inil ciiiiiie'il 
 of I'lymoitdi. The I'lvnioulh patent, hoiicver, wliiili 
 was declared void in tfie fiillow illg year by the i.ngli>b 
 House of Coiuinaiis, and surrenilered 11 few years 
 •fter by the piUentees, .seemed as little entitled to re- 
 spect abroad as to liivor at liii ; for, eviii if lis ilis- 
 
 regard of the Dutch oeciipatinii should nut be suppos- 
 ed to infringe the law of iialioiis, it nnqiii'-tiiiiiably 
 merited this repriiacb by upprnpriatiiig terntoni-s ii hei'e 
 the French, in virtue iif prei loiis i-haileis liiiiii llieir 
 
 sovereign, had already e.-lablished the settle tits of 
 
 .Acadia and Cauaila. 'The nttlhty of the I'ly i!li pa 
 
 tent, in Uiis last purliciilar, was laeitlv iickiiowli'il<.'i-d by 
 Charles till' First, in lli.lll. when, ai Ibe tieaiv of Si. 
 (iermain. he restored the French provinces wliiili lii.4 
 arms had coniiiierrd in the preceding year. Wbetbi-r 
 the States of llollaiid considered tlie' patent eqiially 
 nnavailing against duiir rights or not, they appear li) 
 have made a grant of the couiitiy which was now 
 culled New Netherlands to their \'i est India Compa- 
 ny, in the following year, [Ui'Jl]— the very year in 
 which the Knglish House of Coiiimotis proiested 
 against a similar patent of the same terriiorv by their 
 own monarch, as inconsistent with the general rights of 
 their countrymen, and the tine interests of trade. If 
 the Shites (leneral. or the colonists nf Hudson's river, 
 
 were acquainted wdh this parliaiiienlary proc ling, 
 
 they made more iK-count of the benefit tbat iiiiuht ac- 
 crue from it to their territorial claim, than of the re- 
 buke it might be thought to convey to their comm.'rcial 
 policy, ('iider the management of the West India 
 Company, the setllement was soon both consolidated 
 and extended. The eitv of New .Amsterdam, after- 
 wards called New York, was bnilt on Y'oik Island, 
 
 * Oldmixon, i. 119. Slilh. 13:1. Wynne, i. 170. 8miih,2, .1 
 See Note 16, at the end of the volume. In the year 16.4. llie ex- 
 ports from New Netherlands w-ere •'f.urlhi'U-'iinii be.ivirs and 
 seven butldreti oueiB eanmated at 37,150 guilders.'' Hazaid. t 
 l»T, 
 
NORTH A M K R I C A. 
 
 HOI 
 
 : l>y (he Brititli 
 
 hfV ili'iiii'd tlinl 
 ihr'ir aittlioriiy, 
 I) t iittii'jiii) dI' 
 llt'^t'd. that ihu 
 
 Inn litu tiTrllci- 
 
 ■ lllS.-loll III tluA 
 
 U'\t'r tiKili or 
 •III", il in ri rtiiill 
 [»\'n ill\il^t(1n, n 
 vi'd at ilif I'urt 
 rn, tin; cliiiiii of 
 ■(> wiiH roilKwIth 
 i><4.4riilly ri'.Hi>t('(i. 
 I<>|)t iiitVurr, tliu 
 I till' Kiiitli-wot 
 wi'P' iilli-iwiirdji 
 ,'i'r.tiMd ill NiiK- 
 'i'lii-v nmlimuil 
 ini|uilily. to iiin- 
 iiuln'r-,' iuid, liy 
 jKitiinco iind in* 
 lid hard^lnpH of 
 
 r coniMirrrt' en- 
 I mid llif t'lij")- 
 iL'ir t*iili|i(l" liud 
 i>y iiiid gjiiiu-d uii 
 tje-ct lit' iiiijiiovi'- 
 lu' \nMH i>l iiioro 
 Aini'iira. Willi 
 WW of tln;ir I'l-ly- 
 ,v:iri t>sl!d)li^hi'd in 
 iitiirt^ to tl.i ir iii- 
 agi'iK-V oi" I'Xflii- 
 ) rniiiuiit l)u ad- 
 Tiny sieiiud to 
 the prfii'.-i-(Iiii;iH 
 iliii. and ^ii'XM-d 
 1 to till' liaiiks of 
 viiiinj.' to niistriut 
 would h:i\t' in- 
 lu' nil tctismiiH of 
 lie l)iit(-li r:i]itain, 
 ronvcy lliriii so 
 iitalioii \va.- tinally 
 ;c1ls. Thi-* fniiul 
 II rival -I'tili'iiif'iil 
 river di-i-n'dit*Mi 
 d |)ru|>oilii'nal)lv 
 htffi. ill iIm' >aiiic 
 and fMrcisrd l.y 
 the ^'ranil louiinl 
 11. Ihiwcvit. wliirli 
 car liy ihf l.ni;li>li 
 [•red 11 ft'W yiMta 
 ttle entitled lo re* 
 (ir. ev«'H il' iiH dis- 
 Id not Ix' Mippos* 
 it uiiciiit-tmiiiilily 
 11 iiTnliHio wlu'ie 
 aileo from llirir 
 lilt? si'ttli-nniil?. iif 
 tilt' HyniouUi |i:i 
 vacliiio\\|.'il;:<-d hy 
 thf tM-aly (if St. 
 dviiici'!* wliuii lii.^ 
 vear. Wlielli.r 
 nati-nt ojually 
 )t. tiiey upiH-ar to 
 V which was now 
 f^t India Conipa- 
 — the \ery year in 
 imiiiionH prole(*ted 
 territory liy their 
 he jrcnera'l rights ot] 
 rt'^ts of trailt'. If 
 of Undson's river, 
 ii'iitary pron*eding, 
 iflil that iniiiht Jir- 
 liin. than of the re- 
 to their conniL-riial 
 of the West India 
 both consolidated 
 Anisterdani. afier- 
 It on York Island. 
 
 le, 1. no. Sinilh.S, 3. 
 1 lilt* y.-iir Ili.4. tlicfx* 
 llii<ii--iui<l be.iViTti aiiJ 
 ) guiUlfVH." Hiuitid, I. 
 
 then known hy thn nnine of Mnnhaimn; and nt thn 
 di^ilanri' of ii .jin'Ireil and tiHy iiiileM higher up llu- 
 lliuNori. w:iH laid the foundation of the cily u'' 
 Alh;n.v.* 
 
 \V hat wax (he precisij eitiMit of territory rlailiied hy 
 (lie Diih'h, it'V i-oMiprehriidod wiriiin iheir eolony ot 
 New Neilierlimds. has huen dill'erenlly reon-wnted 
 even hv their own wrilerM, loino of whom liavu nol 
 m riipled to niainlain that it emhrared the whole eonnlry 
 frnnt Virginia to Caniida. Whatever waM iIh liinlar 
 rxtent, whii'h wnn prohahly nnknown to the rolonistt 
 Uietnselves, they proieeded In enlarge iheir oreiipulion 
 far heyniid their nnniediate ine. and, hy their intrusion 
 into the ('orineetinit ami Delaware territorii'K, laid the 
 fonndilion of their fnliiro drxpnteH with th(3 colonies of 
 Ni'W ringland. While these powerful neighhonrrt :ls 
 yet possessed no other estahlishiiient hut the Minidl Hel- 
 ili'inent of l*ly month. In whirh the artifice of the lliitL-h 
 had rorisiirned the l'nj;h<'li enii^^ranlH from L/'vden, the 
 1 Tul anlhoritieH of New Ainsierdiiin atlempleif lo enlii- 
 vale a IViemilv.or at least a eoimner(inleorrespnndener 
 w. Il the I'jurlish eolony; andfortliiH piirnose despatch- 
 ed their secretary Hosier with a conffratulatorvcoinmn- 
 niralion lo the governor of I'lyniniilh. [Iti'i?.] The 
 Ijiglish, from whose memory llie fraud that had de- 
 prived them of a setdemeiit at IIiiiIsoii'h river had not 
 liatiished the recollerliiiii of Oiiteh hospitality at Ley- 
 Jen, received will) iiiiich courtesy the feliciiationn o(\ 
 their jineresHfril rivals iin the eonrageoiis .ttrilL'gle they I 
 had maintained with the dillicnllie.i of their situation;! 
 and as snine years had yet to relapse liefore Massachn- ' 
 fielts hecame pnpnions, imd before the Knglish establish- | 
 infills in (*()inr>cticiil were begun, the Dutch eidonistt* . 
 were enabled to Hatter th-mse|ves ihat their slratagetn | 
 would lint be resented, nor their seltlemeiits disturbed, 
 They seein to have been aware of the rehli lance of 
 llieir government to exhibit publicly a title derogatory 
 to the prcrensioiis of Britain, and to have eiideax oitred 
 Id (■(Htnlerar-i the restraint which liiis policy might ini- 
 nose itn llieir future acipiisitions by tin' eneriry of their 
 iiniiii'diate oreiiptiioii. Their tirst settlement was 
 elVerteil. apparently, withniil any eipiitable retniinera- 
 tiou to the Indian proprietors of the land; and hence 
 perhaps arose those dissensions with the Indians wbieli 
 iifl-rwards prndiieed a L'real deal of bloodshed. Hut 
 when they «\ti-iided their appropriations lo Conni-cticiit 
 ami Delaware, ibey were careful to facilitate their ad- 
 missiun by nurehasinj; the territory from its savage 
 owner-. f II their poliev really was (as we may rea- 
 Bouiddy supp<»>ie. tlioii^li we cainiot pi)sitively assert), 
 to supply a (h'feetive. oral least noii-apparent title, by 
 extent and priority oforcupition. it was completely dis- 
 appoiiil-'d by the event: and when .New rnglaiid and 
 Maryland began to be lilled with iidiahitaiits, the 
 Dutch at length di-covered tli.it t!ie early and imine- 
 diale ext.-nl of their occn|)atiiMl only served to bring 
 their riijhts the sooner into enllisinn with the preten- 
 sions nf neighbours more powerful than theuiselves ; and 
 to direct a smerer scrutiny into a title which they were 
 linahle to produce, which their detected stratagem had 
 rontiibiit'-d to divcredit. and which the length of their 
 possession was yet unable to supply. These disagree- 
 able re-iiilts were not experienced till after the lapse of 
 several years of iininli'rriipteil peace; and during t!ie 
 ndiniriiMratioii of Wout'-r Van Twiller, [HW!t] who 
 arrived at Tort Am-terdam as the first governor ap- 
 pointed by t!ie West India rompany.J ihe Dutch cido- 
 nists appear to have enjoy.'d a slate of calm and inono- 
 
 * Ol.Itmxon, i. 118. Smith, 3. ClialneTS. j<i!>, 570. Chal- 
 niPM tiuf.-)iiiin« ih" exisienrf (»'" (he uriiMi 'n the D inch Wosi 
 Iiiiliii ri>iii|).iiiv iiUocrihtT. Tliinicli irftjtu'iiily n-lt'iretl to liy 
 Diiirli wnti>rn,' .inil hy ilii- RoviTiinrs ot New Nrihurlaiiih, j( hiia 
 iM-vrr biM'ii |tul)lirthi-il ; iiiiil it wan not Hull) riiftit yi'nrii after, 
 thill lilt' Wist liKJiH Cmnpiiny KeiitniH Viii. TwiMfr U* uHniniie (he 
 pnvfriiiiifni ill lliiMr lirh.iir Bet tho mUhoritics riied by Smith 
 (p. II). tMLMMtier witli varinii3 cinuinsHncea in the Mibseqiient 
 hi-'tofv. KPPin 1(1 me tu rr'tttr ChnlimT«' ilniibis iiiirens.>iiablr. 
 Tliiil ilif prinripii) ilceii nf ^rniit wan not nt flr^t trnnsiiiiitfil tn 
 Arn«r|r;i, it no ineri' lliitn fmm (is iiHlure we shmilil be li-d te ex- 
 piTt. Ill pruprr tli'(w»flilnry w.is in thfi archivesol' llie Cnnipmiy 
 lu Holl;niil Thnt iii^ iinilientirnted copy wa;* cPiit, R»-etn» to have 
 prttrctMlri! rniin the tiniiTous ami iuin|xirlziiig (Mtjicy ofthe Sutes- 
 gvncr.il 
 
 t Smiih.p. .1. Tliiii is iIip a««eriion nf the Dutch wriicri ; nixf 
 |li(iiii;liKi<-l(. i';r envenior nfNt^w Npiherlniiti.-) in \(H9. ckclaicd 
 in hU ^^?^l(ln!llra1U'l• »L'niiisl llm Sweilish orcupiilils nf Dt-lnwiire, 
 lh»r the pct^-^eH.-'itms rlaitihd bv thpUntrh thire " hail bci-p iiertlcii 
 by then bt<».t,|," (Smith, p. 4 j the two stati-meiiu inoy be per- 
 (ealv ciin^isteiit with facli oiticr. 
 
 * Wynne (vol. i. p. ||3 ) HflriilteH the nppnintnirnt of Elkin, ihc 
 Ifivlcci'ssnr of Viin 'r.viller. to tlie Went Imlin Cempnny. Old- 
 l/lixoii niipihHiw ('htt^liiiin-s rtl«n to have l)«en ap|)ninietl byihia 
 rnr|KiriUiiMi, whlrh ili<l not cxlsi nniil wi'vpr:il years after the 
 Appojiitnu'ni ofthi'in hntb. Thi-t may be easily exphilneil by 
 i»iipp<i!"ii(L', that It w;is ihe satne mirchaiiW originally associated 
 an puienti es if the trade iif Uud.sen's river, who were after- 
 wurili inctirpi>rAtntl an the inomberii ol the WeM India Compmny. 
 
 lonoiH ease. This -inte allorded Do nmterials for liit*- 
 tcin . :ilid ser\>-d but iiidiMereiitlv to prepare lliem tor 
 their iinpi-ndiiu coiiteniioiii* wtili men who-e friines 
 and spirits b:td uiideriifone the disripline of those 
 severe trials that befel ibe (ir-^t utMtlers in .\ew Ijig- 
 land.- 
 
 [HtlUl) It wiis near ihe riose of VaiiTwiller's iidini- 
 niHiration. that the Kniflish colonists exleiided their Mil- 
 tlements beyond the bonndarit^s nf .MatwachiisetN inio 
 the territory of roinieciiciit : an inirnsion which the 
 Dntch governor relented no farlher than by causing bis 
 commisHary, Vnn (.'nrlel. to intimate a harndess protest 
 against it. Me was Hiicceeded in the following year 
 [ I(>it7] hy William Kiett, t man of enterprise and abi- 
 lily, bill I'hoh'ric and impcrimis in temper, nnforlnnal 
 in condin-l, and more titled to eiiconnler with spirit 
 than to stein with prndeiice the nea of troubles that now 
 began on nil nines to invade the possessions of the 
 Dutch. These colonists now experieiired a total 
 change in the (oinplexion of their fortniie; and their 
 bisiorv for many Hiihseipient yearR is lillle else than a 
 chronicle of their struggles and conlentions with the 
 r.nsliith, the Swedes, and the Indians. [l(i;tH] KieiVs 
 administration commenced, as Intt predecessor's had 
 concluded, with a prote>«t against the advancing seltle- 
 ineiils of(*onneeticut aiiilNew Haven, accoinp.inh'd by 
 a prohibition of tlie tride winch the llnghsh were car- 
 rying on in the peigbhourhood nf the fort of (lood Hope. 
 His reputation for ability, and the vigor of his remon- 
 strance, excited alllrst Miuie alarm in the Dnglish iiiha- 
 hitants of ronnecticiit, who had originally inaile their 
 advances into this territory in eipial ignorance of the 
 proximity ami the preleteiions of the Dntch; hiit. 
 ipiickly convinced that ibeir imperious rival had no 
 tide to' the cminlry from which he pretended to exclude 
 them, and encouraged hy promises of assistance from 
 the olher .New I'.nfflfind colojiies, they disregarded his 
 remonstrance, and not only retained their settlement: 
 but two years alter [llMll] ciunpelled llie Dutch trarri- 
 son to evacuate the fort ot tiooil Hope, and appropri- 
 ated this plantation lo themselves. This aggressimi, 
 tlumgli passively enilnred, was loudly lamented by the 
 Dnich.t who. notwithstanding the increase of their niiin- 
 hers, and the spirit id' their governor, liisplayed n help- 
 lessness in their contentions with the I'.nglish, which if 
 partly occasioned hy the enervating inlhieiice of a long 
 period of trarupiility. seems also to have been promoted 
 [iy secret disiriist of the validity of their claim to the ter 
 ritories ihey bad most recently occupied. It is certain 
 at least, tlia'l the Dutch were not always so forbearing 
 and an encroachment which their tide enabled theui 
 moreconsrientioiisly lo resist, was soon after repelled 
 by KielV with a vigor and success which he was noi 
 often enabled to display. Lord Stirling, who had ol 
 taiiied a grant of Long Island from die I'ly month Coiii- 
 pany. IrJiiisferred a coii«'iderabIe portion nf itto cerinin 
 (d' the inhabitants of New Kngland. who bad removed 
 to their new acipiisition in the yi-ar Ill:l'>, and, nnino- 
 lested by the Dtitcli, whose settlements were ronlimMi 
 to the (')pposite ipiarter. they had pisicealdy inhabited 
 the eastern pari of the isli'iiil. Having received a coii- 
 siilerable accession to their numbers, they at leiigib 
 procf-eded to take possession of the western ipiarter; 
 but from this station they were promptly dislodged hy 
 KietV who drove them back to the other end of the 
 island, where they built th* town of Sonthaiiipton. 
 [KU'i] and subsisted as a dependency of Connecticut, 
 
 * The only f ^cl lliat has beeti rccnnleil, ns ilhisiraiive nf Van 
 TwiiuT'sHii'iiini-trHiinn. is the style of envernmeia rvinced in 
 his jiatenls of l.ind. which cominenc pd after this manner ; " We. 
 diriTlnrs and coiinril. resi.hni: In New Nethfrlands, on the lal.iiid 
 itf Manhattan, (Vctrk Island), under the eovernmenl of their 
 lliirh Mightinesses, Ihe Loiila Stales Oeneral of the Uniied No 
 Ihcrlands, and llie privileged West India Compiiny." Sin.th 
 p. 3. 
 
 t The Duioh prei^ ■■ ip.i. t ,r n series of years, a very mimtte 
 and formal rer.ird o, '- i. nce« which tliey laid to the cliaigt 
 of the Knclish t'olonisld. 'I ue hisiiiiiifieaiire ot many of thesi 
 eomplaiiits, anil the hom^'linefls of the euhject-maiter of others 
 coniraj't somewhat hidicrousiy willi the mmijMUii'neBS of the li 
 lies and the bitter eravitv of the style. The following are some 
 exirarts from this siiifeular chronicle:— *' 9olh April, 1610. those 
 ofHariford have not only usurped and taken in tlie laiidsof Con- 
 nertieut, &c. hut have also benten the servants of ibe llieh and 
 Mighty amt Honored Company ; with stickt and ploiiiih-ntaves 
 in Tiosiile manner lamine ihem ; and, airitnig the rest, struek Kver 
 Uurkini?» a hole in his head with a sUrk so that the blood run 
 verv strongly down his b.idy." "24ihJune, 1641. Some of 
 Hartford have t iken a hog out of the common, and Khni it np out 
 of mere hato or other preiudtre. ransine it to starve for Ininccr 
 inihfMv." "SnthMay, lfll2. The Knglish of Hartford have 
 violently cut hiose a horse of ihe Honored t'ompany that stood 
 boiiodiipou the common." "23. The said l^nglish did again 
 drive the ('ompatiy's hoifs from the common into th.- village, and 
 imiinded (hem." " !6th September, 1643 \sani thev sold a 
 young pig. which liad paMured on Ihe Company'6 land." Ha- 
 i sard. vol. il.p.3M,S65.80G. 
 
 till Ibev were united lo the •Infe o.' New Vo k mt ibrt 
 
 fa. I id the Diitrii iloi.i til in .Norlh Aiii.io .■.* 
 
 Ki It, ill the s.-iine ye:ir,eipiip| "d two tioops, wlu^h 
 he de-patched on an expedition agiin-t :i bo y of I iu». 
 IhIi wlio bad p'le'trnti'd Iroiii the sell!' iiiciit-- in .^Ittry- 
 laiid into a distrif I within the Delaware lerritorv. t!,i* 
 whole of wliicb wiisi hiiined by ihe Dnien. nut liid been 
 inchideil in the charter ohiiMiinl hy Lord Itallimrrtt 
 from Charles the First. As the number of ilieiie ejni* 
 granlflfroin Maryland was inioti •iderahie, and they \t ro 
 totally unprepared to defend their pos-e-vion iiLMin*! 
 this uiiexperled attack, they were ea^ilv dislodged by 
 llie forces of KieO. lint iliere kIiII remained in aiiu- 
 therfpiarter of Delaware a diilen nt rice of -enhrs 
 who, without nny legal claim whatever lo ihe terniiirv 
 they nccnpied, possessed a streiiglh thai pr(»v ed of n ore 
 avail to them than the formal tiile of ihe I lii:li<-b. 
 This was n colony <d' Swedes, of whose seiileuit ni« m 
 this corner of .North America very few parttetilars havo 
 been transmitted by history. Their eiiteriirise appear- 
 to have originated in the year Ili'Jtt. when (lusl.ivnt 
 .Adolphiis, king of Sweden, having received a inagnili 
 cent account of the country adjacent to the Dutch set- 
 dement of \ew jXelberlaiid-*, issued a proflatnalion e\- 
 orling his snbjeits lo associate for the c^lablisbuieiit 
 of a colony in thai region. (Considerable snnis are ■*:v.i\ 
 to have been raised accordingly by eontribntion : and a 
 niiiiiber of Swedes and Tins I'inigrated in the ye ir 
 liiVi? to America. They lirst lanth-d at Cape llento- 
 pen, at the entrance of Delaware Ibiv, and were ^o 
 much charmed with its a«pect that they gave it the 
 name nf Paradise Point. Some time nl)er, they pur 
 chased fioui llie natives all the land between that c;ipe 
 and the falls of Delaware; and maintaining lillle con- 
 nexion with their pan-nt state, bill addiclinir tbeiiiM-tver 
 exchisividy to agricultural occnpalion^, they |i,-iil pos- 
 ses.sed Iheir liew settleiiient without challenge or inter- 
 riiption, till Kiel> assumed the goverinrieni of \evv 
 .Netherlands. t Several of the Swedish colniii'-ts were 
 scalped and killed, and in some in*ilances. their cbihlren 
 were stolen from them hy the Indians. Vet. in gine 
 ral the two races lived on friendly lernis together, an-l 
 no war seems ever to have arisen between tlu-m. T* c 
 Indian.s sometimes attended the religious assemblies f,f 
 the Swedes; but with so litll" edilication. tlial tliey ev- 
 pressed their ama/einetit that one man .should ileliii i 
 his tribe with stich lengthened harangues wiibont oiler- 
 ing lo entertain them vviOi brandy. Oti" of the earliest 
 (d' Kieft's nroceediiiL's bad been to protest airainst lliti 
 intriHion ol the Swedes, and vainly lo urge tln'ir di| ur 
 lure fioin a territory which he a>snred ihein his conn 
 trynieii had piircbnsed with their blood. Hut as ibf 
 Dutch (liscovereti no iiiclinalion to purchase it om>i 
 again at Ibe same ex))ense. the Sweiie-^. imavved bv ihi% 
 governor's power, paid no n-gard v\ hatever lo his re 
 monstrance.N. A war. as it has been raited, siihsisled 
 between the two communities for sevet.d years; bill 
 thoni'li altendi'd with a plentiful reciprocation of ran- 
 cor, it was nnprodtictive of bloinUhed. At ibe treaty 
 of Stockholm, in ll).'d). Swt den and Holland fori ore 
 to make any allusion lo colonial disputes or Aniencin 
 territory ;t and the two colonies beinir left to nd|nst 
 their pretensions between themselves, i^S their aniniositiesi 
 
 • tlliimlxon, vol. I. p. Id. i^7iNliCirT^Tr~rhlHin7TT7r57a, 
 
 ■)7I. Tr hull'* t'oniiTtn til. v.d. i. p ILX IN. I It4. The hi*- 
 
 loin-s of lhe>e evei.ts, hy Oldniuon. Siinlli, aiid t h.ihm rs. are 
 i-MeedinL'ly confnspil, and in some pi-inls error" >ub. Their 
 ■liietmloey. in p.iitTCuIar. is lemarknlily rnreless. li'MiibulJ in 
 
 always dii'lhu.'iitshi'd by the acnirary nf his fIhO 
 
 lint leHS distthcuishedhy his piiitiahiy tlere, in particular, ho 
 
 related with ereat fidelity " 'he offences of the Llnlch, bnt pii». 
 
 ses over ill total eilence c* My charge of thi.s people iigaiiiM thr 
 
 Rnplish. 
 
 t The Sweili.^li pnvemmenl appears lo have made some !■ 
 tempt to obtain a reroiiuitmr) of it.t riuhi to the territory. An itp. 
 plicfUton to this efTctt was made by Oxen.'*tiern, the Sweilish am- 
 bassador lo the Court of F.tidand '■ hut Iboiiuh the Swedes aflpgej 
 that the applictilhm was successful, and the vnlidiiy of their oeCL 
 palon admitted, no proof of this avermeni was ever prodtifed. 
 Not less hnprohiible wan a pretence they feemed to have lefreil, 
 of having purchased the claim of the Dutch. Saniiiel Smith*! 
 H story of New Jersey, p. J.l. Thi.'« Is a work ttf extreme rarrely, 
 and has l)ren confoiindi'ti h\ some wriierii with 9ni th's ni>|ory 
 of Now York. The ropy ol whicli 1 have twen enabled to peruao 
 i-t in the library nf George Dillwyn, Fsii. It contains much cu- 
 rious maltei, but Is written in a very coidused, tirepome manner. 
 
 t 8mith, 5. Holmes's American Annals, i. lOf). FrofesHor 
 Kalm'rf travel* m North America. v>.l. il. p. \\a, 119. Iloiieias. it 
 m. Chalmers. 573. 631,r>;t3. Chalmers unforiun.-tlely seemii tn 
 relax hi^ tisuni accuracy when he conaiderA his topics insicnifl* 
 cnnt ; and from tliis delVrt, as well as the peculiarities «f hia 
 Btyle, it il sometimes diilicTilt lo discover his meanins. or recon- 
 cile his Inconsistency in different pa-siiees, Donglas's " Sum- 
 mary," which is replete wnh pieiu»li<"»* and partiality when il 
 treats of New England Ptntes, is verv frequently Inacciiraie wlu-a 
 it travel!! bt-yotid them. 
 
 ^ Trumbiil! represents the Pi'tch .ind Swedish poveriiors ',n 
 1613, as *' uniting in a crafty desisn*' to cicludn an luhablUul 
 of New Haven 'V'^m trading at Delaware, 
 
|[ i&ir-i J 
 
 i. .,i 
 
 109 
 
 PMtHid'il inip tin iinrriciidty |n'iu'i». r,vnn Oiin (l(*frri'u 
 nt'iitHiil iiMiifuhorlHtnil (li<) iioi Miib<>i«t I'ur iiriiiy yiniti*. 
 
 Vl •iinvvlnti', iiiiinl)t!il<>f<H cuiihi-i tirdi^initi; vvcri* ( iMi' 
 litnially nfciirriiiK liitwiutii New Nftlu-rl.iiMlH iiiiil lliu 
 
 PllllMI|f4 of ('(UMIiM-liotlt hikI Mi!vv ll-ivcii; lllld tItH 
 r.iiKli-ti. will) liiul riiriii 'rly Iiupii tli'> niirti-'^ ('Diiipliiini' 
 ot*. now b •riiim! tliH ciiiiiiil.iiiiort. Viwy cliur^'fd tli 
 Uiiti-h with diMtiirlMiift, kidiniiipirig, mid pliiiidi-rin^ 
 their iritdcrx ; with Miiiicing Kt-rMiiiu to nd> iiikI df^ttrt 
 froiii thuiriiiKNlorrt ; ninl with xulhnjK arim* mid ainiimiii- 
 tiotilothi) niilivKM. 'V\w iiiirritrinlly relutiniK thiit xuh* 
 ■HtiuJ Im'Iwl'imi the lliitrh tht'iUMtdvmt and tho liidiaiirt, 
 would rmider tliiit lu^t rharffo ngaiiiKt thiiiii Dxircinuly 
 imiirolrihlH, ifit wt-rt* tint kiiovvii that tliuir cimiilrynii-ii 
 in V'.iirojm lmv«, on vnruMin occuHiniH, niaiiiirartiirml 
 and MoliMo tli(!ir fniMiiit*^ thi> rannctn Imltti whirh tlit'y 
 kiKfW wnre tu hi* tin*d back iiilo their own townt*. To 
 all thui«u ci)in|)laiiiN, tho Kngli'th cniild obtain no other 
 an!4Wer rroiii Kiell l>iit hati^hly rejirnaehefi and ungry 
 recriiniiiDtioii'); and it vvfiiv partly (r<Hn ^iinpirion ol' Iin 
 de^iiins mid lor the piirpo.Hu ordereiidiiix tlieinmdvf.i 
 ogaiii-<l Ihein, thoiijfh chielly, no donht, lor thuir own 
 lenirity nffaiiMt Indian hoHtilitv. that the New V.ui^- 
 land eolnnii'H were induced to A>rin tho xrlieine oftho 
 ftib'rul union, which tbev carried into etVect in the year 
 lt)i;t. Tlmt the roniplaint.t of the KngliHli ugain<4t 
 Ki'd\ were by no nieaiH nntbiinded, may b» dtronjrly 
 inferred from the Hirt, that the sncceediiiK governor of 
 New Neth*'rhiiid«, though warmly attached to the caiiiw 
 nf hit ronntryinen, declined to make any mifiwer to 
 thi'fie chaigi'x, and de^^ired that he mi^hl not be held 
 re!<pon<«ibl<* for them. And yet iiotwithitunding their 
 mutual di.-4ngreeinenb(, the Dutch and Kiifflii^b coloniHtft 
 lir.'ver HUtFered tliem^etve^ to forget entirely either tho 
 fornix of conrteny, or the ninru ><nhMtunlia) rightfl of 
 humanity. Kielt, perhaps with more piditeiieitii than 
 Hincerity, congratulated the united colonicM on the 
 leagnu they had formed ; and when, in the cotirne of 
 the ii.ime year be applied to N"W Haven for ut^irttance 
 againni the liidiani*. with whom he w;i<t mgiiged in u 
 Idoody and da<i^eroiM war, the government of thin 
 colnny, though precliidiMJ by the federal nnioii a^ well 
 as by doithls ot the JiiHtice' of the Oiitch caiine, from 
 embarking separately in boHtilitie^, tendered the amp- 
 lui*t cuiitribitlion they could ntford of provisiotifi for 
 men and callle. to supply the Hcar'iry that might have 
 nri'ii'n from the Indian deva-Htatmiis. So iinwartike 
 were the Dutch colonists in general, that they found it 
 iiiTf'.-tLirv to hire the nervices of (>aptain I'lKkTliill, 
 who had been banished from Ho-^toii us one oftbeas^to* 
 ciat<"4 of Mrs. lliitcbiiHon. and wlio at the lieaj of u 
 niixeij troop itf Kia'lnh and Dutch whom be com- 
 iii.iiub>d i>ppo-'<'d tlx' Indians with a .«kill and bravery 
 (oat provL'd tiital In great numbers of them both in 
 Long Island and on the main luid. and was thought to 
 have saved the colony of New Netberlaiidr from utter 
 de-itrucUuii. Notwithstanding Uie lu-fd he iiad thus 
 experienceil of Kiiiflisb astii>4tiince, and the benefit be | 
 bad derived fr( m it. Kieft continued, during the fol- 
 lowing vr-ars, lo exchange with tin colonies of Con- 
 necticut and New Haven, not only the most velii'ineiit 
 remonsiranciM and vit iperatinns, but miMi.ices of lios- 
 libty, which happily for himself, be was no U'^s unabb' 
 than tbev were unwilling to carry into etiecl. lie con- 
 tinued all this time to he involved in hostilities with the 
 Indians, between whom and the Dutch there was 
 fought, townrdd the conclu^ioti of the udministration, 
 [|t>4;i.] a great and genera) battle on Strickland's 
 Plain, where, after an obstinate coiiHict and great 
 filaugbleron both sides, the Dutch with much dilHculty 
 kept the lield, and the Indians withdrew nnpursued.* 
 kiell was succeeded, in the following year, [lfJ47] by 
 the lustoftbcgoveriiorHof New Netherlands. Tbiswas 
 Peter Stuyvenant, a brave old otticer, and one of tboi<e 
 m i^n^u*iinoufl xpiriti^ of which the republican itervice of 
 Holland was in the ag'; nnusnatly productive. By bis 
 justice, prudence, and vigor, he appears to have suc- 
 ceeded in restoring peace with the Indians, and pre- 
 (terving it uninterrupted during the whole of hii* aUini* 
 nistration. Kis arrival was honored by an address of 
 nongratulaticn from the coinmis.sionerH of the united 
 colonies of New Knglund, accompanied with un earnest 
 entreaty for redress of the grievances they bad endured 
 
 •"Trinnliiill, 1. I14.~18r-I?.'iriai. 133.— NO. IJ5 1j7. 161. 
 BelkiiJip. I, dO. Vt-t ttie ^re)it<>r number of ilie wriieifl of Ami! 
 rictii lii^diry (cnpying enrh nthcra* Btattfni>-iu<i without ex- 
 uniinati<iiO have iiinen'-ilitiat the Duirli wun' nevi-rntire itiv(ilve<t 
 bi a (|'iarr«t with iht' ritli.itirt. O ,e old writer, inJceil, whoHu 
 W'irk it* very scarce, has Htatcil tl)<u the Dutch wnre continuilly 
 bamflMil lutt KU'langereil by thr Iiiiilnii. Brief Descriptmn 
 of NfW yurlc, funiii-rly caile<l Nt!'.v Netlierlaii'la, by Daniel 
 Dciiinii, p. M. In Snmucl Suiittrn Ifisuiry of .New J>Tat!y, 
 (p. 64.) reference ia made to tuiiie bloody cuuletta butwaeii (lie 
 DiMBltandlmliuft 
 
 THE HisToRv or 
 
 from bis predecessor. One of tlin niont serioux ofthe-^c 
 grievunres hud latterly been llit> fretpii'itt sei/.iires anil 
 lonliMfNiiiiin of the Knglish trading vessi-U, on the pre 
 tetico of infractions of the custoin-hotise regiilutioiis of 
 Now Netherlands, wliirb the Duieh. with insob-m in- 
 justice, refuted to explain, and y<'t proceeded to eii 
 force. Stuyvesant, though he declined lojuslilv moiih 
 of the actsofhtH predecessor, returned, lu might liavtt 
 l)eHn expected, a counter claim of redress for the wrongs 
 of New Netherlandii, iind in particular demandei) n re- 
 Ntoration of the territories of (.'oiineeticnt and New 
 Haven this was a hopelesH demand; and Stuvvesant 
 soon perceiving that the state of bis title and of bis 
 forci> would barely sulHco to prevent further invasion 
 of the Dutch pretensions, was ton nrndent (o persist in 
 it. AQer various negoeiattoiis, [ IbTM). J a treaty was at 
 length roncbided between the commissioners of ihu 
 Tnited Knglisb ('olonies uikI tbi.' governor of New Ne- 
 therlands, iiy which the settlements of the resp(>ctive 
 nations on Kong Island were imitually secured to them, 
 and a boiindaiy a-«certainetl between the Dutch settle- 
 ment and the Connectirnt and \ewhuven occupations on 
 the main land. [M'><''>l] This treaty was not productive 
 of the good conseipiences that were expeited frtnn it. 
 The r.nglish liad passed n law prnbihiting the Dutch 
 from trading within their territories: a restriction that 
 was highly resenb'd bv (be Dutch; mid the disputes 
 that arose concerning the observaiK-n of this law, toge- 
 ther with the competiiion of the two nations, to engross 
 the profits of Indian trade, engeiitb'red a degree ojiiiu* 
 tual jealousy and ill humor that caused them to regard 
 each other's proceeding and jiolicy thrnugb a very un- 
 litvorable mediutn. Tbe treaty seems not to have em- 
 braced any nrrangeiueiit with regard to the Delaware 
 territory, and Sttiyvesaiit was determined to preserve 
 etitiru all that yet remained niiiiivaded of the Dutch 
 pretensions in this quarter. In support of these pre- 
 tensions be was soon cmi-ttrained to make such ellorH 
 to resist a trading settlement winch tbe colony of 
 New Haven attempted to e-tablith oji tbe borders of 
 Delaware, as lompletely elVaced everv appearance of 
 good understanding between the Duleb and tbe Kng- 
 tisb provincial gttvernments. The breach lietweeii theiii 
 was widened by a panic excited in the Knglish settle- 
 meiiLs of Conneclii'iilanil New Haven, where annuiber 
 of Indians \nlunleeri'd a confession of a prnjerted mas 
 s;icre of tbe l'.ngli'*b, to which they declared that they 
 bad been instigated by the governor of New Nether- 
 lands, [ItvVJ.] Tbe only conbrmation of their story that 
 they conbl produce, was the ninnninition which tbe 
 Dutch bad been always in the practice of selling to 
 them, and wbirb the llnglisb now believed the more 
 re-idilv to li:ive been siinplied for their destruction, as 
 the Indians bad frequently employed it for this purpose. 
 Nolwithsianding the coiilident a.stiertions ofa respect- 
 able historian of Connecticut, this cnnt'caon appears 
 to ine to have derived tbe credit it received cbietly from 
 the fears and prepossessions of the r.nglish, who suirered 
 themselves to be made the dupes of perfidious savages. 
 whose eiiinitv would have been gratified by the de- 
 struction of eftber of tbe races of their powerful neigli- 
 bors. What may be thought, indeed, to place this Ih^ 
 yond a doubt is, that im future conlirmation of the 
 charge was ever oblamed, «ven aller tbe fall of the 
 Dutch dominion had placed every facility for tbe pro- 
 curement of evidence in tbe hands of the Knglisb. The 
 governments of Connecticut, \ew Haven, and IMymoutb, 
 however, blinded by apprehension and resentment, gave 
 implicit tiiith lo a statement discredited no less by the 
 habitual fraud and treachery of the Indians, than by the 
 manly and honorable character of Sniyvesant. To his 
 indignant denial of the charge they uui^wered by remind- 
 ing him of the ina.ssacre of their conntrytnen by the 
 Dutch in Ambnyna. about thirty years before ; and to 
 his Jtist exceptions to the value of tbe Indian testimony, 
 ttiey replied that the Dutch governor of Amboyna had 
 sought a pretext for his cruelty in the charges against 
 the Kngtish which he extorted by torture from the Ja- 
 panese. The absurdity of this reasoning forcibly de- 
 monstrates the intensity of passion by which they were 
 transported; and the repeated introduction of tbe topic 
 of Ainhoynn shows as clearly the strong, but uncon- 
 scious, dominion of national resentment and antipathy 
 on their minds. [IO,"»;j] In Mastacbti.setts, the evi- 
 dence of the conspiracy was not considered satisfiictory ; 
 nor could all the instances of their confederates prevail 
 with this state to join with them in a war against the 
 Dutch. Judging their own forces along inade'piato to 
 such an enterprise, the other colonies applied for assist- 
 ance to Oliver Cromwell, who was tlien engaged in 
 the two years* war with Holland, which tlie long par- 
 liament hud beguu, [ Ut34.] and who promptly uocoded 
 
 In tbeir request by de'^patrliing a Mptadioii lo under" kn 
 lit rniii iirreiK" wilb (he cnjoiiiid trnnpn an iux.i^ioi nf 
 
 New Netberliind-. The di'-igii wa*. llov^e^e|. .irr)'«ted 
 by intelbg''nee of the |)eat'e ibat hail been roiirtuded 
 between the priiterlur and tbe .^lates-gejieral. and Iiin 
 Mpiarlriin ba\iiig fnriilu'il (be '•piril" of ibe I n^'li-b < oIk- 
 iiisIm by demoiistiating to tlieiii<.el\e>« iiid Unit id\ei- 
 siiries the vigor with which a powerful govi intiiini 
 would resent tbeir wrongs, proceeded kIiII tiirlber lo 
 augment their security, by elVecting the (-oiii(iii-<<i of the 
 Trench province of Acadia.* It in reiiiarkuble. ihat 
 the treaty of peace that w;h executed at tliiN iniie In ■ 
 Iweeu Knglaiid and Holland contained no e\pii-->o albi- 
 sioii to tbe claims nr po^isi'SNions of either iii \oiili 
 America; but as it was stipulated that war shoiiM 
 cease, and peace and friendship pn-vail belvK eii all tbe 
 dominions and pe-tsesnions of tbe l\^o cmintn(>!' in idl 
 oart- of the wor the Dnglish expedition agaiiHt 
 
 New Netberlun upon ci terinandid, the 
 
 validity of tbe i ,aiin to this terriliuy seeiiM to 
 
 have been inanilestly iinphed, and practualty ncknow* 
 ledged. 
 
 It was in tlic Delaware territory that Stuyvt*sant tn<>«* 
 resolutely and successfully defend' d th(^ claini" of his 
 countrymen against the inxitions of the .New r.iigi:.ud 
 colonists and the Hweden As the war between the 
 Dutch and tbe Swedes during KieIVs administration 
 had in some respects resembled a pence, *o tUv peace 
 that ensued bore no little resemblance lo a war. To 
 check tbe encrnaehments wliirh these settb-rs were 
 continually attentpting Siuy\osaiil had erected a fort u 
 a place then called New Auixtel. and aHerwards \t>w- 
 lle. This proceeding ga\e umbrage to the Swedes, 
 who expressed their displeiisnre in a prnlesl, %\bu'b, 
 with the usual fate of such doeiinients, was totally dis- 
 regar ied. About n year afterwanl-*, Ki«iingb. tbe 
 Swedish governor, proceeded with an armed vessel 
 against the Dutch fort, and obtaining adniis«ii)ii into il 
 by a stratagem r«oniewhat diseredilahle to bi" own buii 
 
 sty, as well as to the vigilance of its defeiMler'^.l be 
 
 a'fily overpowered the garrison, and expelled them 
 with violence, but without cruelly, not only t'roin their 
 
 iroiig bold, but from the conltnes of Del:iw:ire l>uring 
 the diort time that the fortress remained in bi^ |>o?'s<-s< 
 latne of <'liristin:i. in rtiuipbment 
 eden. Stiiyvesaiil was not of a 
 unely to >>uch ai. ouir'itf)', or to 
 iiipli* recapliiicidllie l()rl. He 
 ..d subdue the whole Swedish 
 sellleinent ; but <le>iitute of a force Hutbcient for Ibis 
 'titerprise, and fully occupied at the time, wiih a con* 
 
 rover^v more dangerous to bis govtirmnent a-* well as 
 more interoting to his honor, be wascoiisiraiiied to ap- 
 ply for reinforcemeiil to the West India company, 
 rliis corporation, however, was then laboring under 
 *ucli embarrassments, thai it was only by a friendly 
 -ontribiition of tbe city of .\msterdatu. that its admin- 
 istrators were at leiigib able to supply ,'^tnyve>ant with 
 mall body of vronps. Thus reiiiforced. he niarclied 
 into Delaware. [It!.'!.'),] wlieie the Swedes bad employed 
 tbeir leisure in erecting anothei fort, as if they bad in- 
 leiided todefeii'l their pretensions t(^ tbe lasl extremity. 
 Itiit no somier did they find themselves ulxmt to he 
 attacked in earnest by a warrior, whose liostililieti were 
 not conlined to Ntratagems and protesln, uik* piiceived 
 
 "iiat their forts failed to answer their tine object of in- 
 titnidaling the eneniy from approaching, than Ibey 
 peaceably surrendered them, together with the wliidu 
 of their .setdiineiiLs, to tbe lorce.s of Stnyvesanl. This 
 conquest of Delaware wn.n ctV.'cled without bloodshed ; 
 a circumstance the more extraordinary, as it certainly 
 did not arise from absence of tbe ]iiission:i from which 
 this fatal extremity might be expected to cn»ue: for 
 many of the Swedes detested the Dutch so conlially 
 that they chose to return to Kurope and to aliandon a 
 country they bad called a paradise, rather than submit 
 to a union with tbe colony of New Netherlands. To 
 this extremity, however, the rest were redneetl. ami tbe 
 st^ttlenient for some yrnrs continued to be ruled in 
 peace by a lieutenant-f • vernor appointed by Slnyve- 
 
 * Ol.lmixon, i. 119 Chio 'lem. o74. Trnit.bull. I. Mis. 171. 
 )H*(. 1»1— 3. 197. nyi.1(H. 21i, -.ilf). 'iiO. 2'17. Suiilh, (i. The 
 wiinln vnluniinnUH r<HTCB|Hii.tlencp tli.it look pliirf, liudi. on 
 thin occiflioa and nfierwwnln, liftwreu ihc guvfiimrs ef ili« 
 Diilcl) iind Eiigbflh coUuiies, is prcKrved in HiiziinlV Lollection, 
 vol. ii, 
 
 ( " Rir«ingh, under the disguise of friemNhip. renip iK'fi)rfl, 
 
 tho works, hred two sabiie«, lunl iHiidHil thirty in who »era 
 
 eiU()rinlne<l hy the roinniaiulmit h« triendu ; hui he hml im nonn,'! 
 ilisrovereil the weakness of tlie riirri-*on ihun l>u itiikIu hluisetf 
 uMiitKr of it, flcizmtf it'^ii' >ip<>» al< the iinununuliin li'iiise^, UMd 
 oilier t(Terl:< of thu Wi-nt linlian coinphuy. iind nnnirt'tliMS -evcrn 
 iif the |>tiopleloi-"ear allegiance ti> Chriatam, (lueen of Swedeu 
 SniKh. 
 
 sion. it received I 
 lo the Uneeii 
 lisposition to 
 onlent biuise' 
 letermined U 
 

 N O 11 T II A IM I K I C A. 
 
 to iimlir*' krt 
 II iii\ii4iiii nf 
 ii'M'f. nrrt"*ti'(l 
 
 iMral. .'tiiil liiii 
 
 • I ii^li-li Mtti'- 
 il llii II ;iil\fi- 
 
 ll ^IHi IIMIIt III 
 
 Ktill liirllM'r 10 
 iill(|llt'<«l nl' lint 
 
 iitiiikiilili'. tliiit 
 
 I tllH Iltllf lu- 
 ll l'\|l|V^'. Illlll- 
 tJKT ill \(Mlll 
 
 i( war jtlioul.l 
 
 ii>t\Nt ell all lli<t 
 itlH'ii 111 hII 
 
 iiMlitjoii ii^;iiii*t 
 i-rtiiaii(li-<l. tlio 
 ilmv Mt'i'iii'* to 
 liiRll) iukiio'.v* 
 
 Inyvfiiitii m»'-* 
 i» rlaiin'* '»'' I'i* 
 ■ Niw r.ngiLiiil 
 ir hflwi'fii the 
 iiiJlniiiiMlratiuu 
 
 -I', fO llll' IHMI'l' 
 
 to a war, To 
 
 • tn'ttlt-ri wfre 
 tTt'ittMl a (nrl u 
 
 to III.' Sw.'.lfn, 
 prutiNt. \N Illlll, 
 \\»s totall) (lirt- 
 *. Iti^in;.'!.. tliH 
 
 II IiniHll Vt'HK.'l 
 
 iiJiiiiNxinii iiKo il 
 to \\\< own liiMi 
 < (Ii'Ii'IhIitm.I Iki 
 
 I t'Xpfllfll till-Ill 
 
 onlv iVoni llirir 
 ivvafi'. iMiritiy 
 
 (I ill lil^ pO^JiCH- 
 
 , ill roui|>liiiH>iit 
 tilt wa-i not ol' a 
 I. oiitrniff, or lo 
 nl'tiii' lort. Ml! 
 whoji- Swedish 
 iillicicnt lor llii« 
 me, with a roii- 
 iineiit ni well as 
 otistraintMl to np- 
 liulia coiiipaiiy, 
 
 lahoriii^ itmltT 
 Iv hv a fViiMiilly 
 li. tliat it^adiiiin- 
 Stnvvf.-ant with 
 ciil, hf niar<lM'(l 
 hadt'iiiphtviMl 
 irthry liaa in- 
 tin- lasli-'xtriMiiiiy. 
 Ivr-* alioiU lo be 
 *(■ linstilili's wiT.) 
 uiu* prifi'iyiMi 
 trill' ohjt'cl oliii* 
 
 Inti^, than llii'V 
 * Willi llll' wholu 
 liiyvcsanl. 'I'lii^ 
 ithniil hloiKlshi'il; 
 rv. as it t't-rtaiiilv 
 >ttoii;> IVoin whii-li 
 llll to i'n>iM'; lor 
 iilch HO corilially 
 atid lo atiaiulnii a 
 •iillicr lliaii siihinit 
 iNfthrrlaniN. To 
 
 rtMlmi'il. ami Ilie 
 il to he riilt?<l in 
 )iiite(I by Smyve- 
 
 ruti.bull. 1. Itw- 171. 
 2((7. Stniih, li. Tlie 
 (link piiirc. Will. 'Ill 
 l\\n giivfrimrn t.r ihe 
 HiixanrifCoMecliun, 
 
 itship, rniiip l)pri>rn. 
 iliinv mm. wli" were 
 
 tuii'ite hntl im H.>iMi.-f 
 Ir.ui I'l- iimiU- liiinself 
 niiiiiU'to ti'iii^'e-'. 'i"ii 
 .1(1 n.iDpflli'R -eviTfl 
 a, liueeii olbwwlcu 
 
 Mnl. ThiH iiii'i>MiMtr(l hy i\w purnit Htiitt', It'll ihn only 
 roioitv ill it Swi'ilrii i\iT ha* po--"!'*-.!!!. 'I'lif hir>- 
 loniiii VMtiilil h''^>' li!tl<' prrli'ii^inti lo pii-ly nr \irtiit< 
 who uunlil ih'ti'lt' a MimhiIi hi a(l|ii«liii< iiI ol iialion.il 
 (li«piii''>«' Ihii III tiiiiiiriHit li(Mtililii-«, a iii'W li'uiiiri' itl 
 Dpitrnhriiiui i" ailil'Ml to ilii> iiinral a-pi'ii ol'war >V hm 
 wi' rerollci tlli.it t:ir-«t' Swl■^ll•^ wif filKpr lh»' *ul)|it Im 
 
 nrfiii-lauH AiliilpliK-*. nr th*' in ilialc ih-«< I'liiLtiil-* 
 
 (iriiin ^uhi<'^lN. ami wlini wi> tco ihfin printikr u wiir 
 by rriiMil anil mitrugi'. ami llii-ii ilrf Iiiim it by tami'ly 
 •.iibmiiliMK In lh<- ohji'it nl' lln'ir iiHiill iii<l lialrnl. il 
 mil"! t»' arkliowh'ilt'iil that liny liuw luiarffiil iIh* i.i- 
 t.ilo^iK- nl'llin"'- n iliitiM whiwr '•itirit lia.-' iii';{i'iiL'ruli'i| 
 
 in thi'ir rolomal ^I'ltl ul>* 'I'm' hiilili lia\i' h> ni 
 
 fCi-n'rallv nbnoxioiiN lo Ihn rr-iiiark: ami thor rnmliht 
 in Ni'vv Ni'ilifrlamUwill m-M-r hr > itcd uo mi r\n*piun( 
 1(1 \U applir ition. Ail thnr rolun'r* liavi* bi'cn thr 
 DirHpriiix III' niotivi'** no IiikIiiT tli;in ihi' lhir«l ol rofii- 
 iiicicial ji'iin ; .iiid tlii' h:iiiii< fx-ntiim nli which rnLnif*!! 
 thrill to i-\l< nil tliiMr ilninininiH, \m\f* ^.'railiially ohlili>- 
 rated ihf i iicr^'y that wan reipii!>iti' In their di't'eiice 
 and prejuervjitioii. Tli' \alnr n( Sliiyrs-unl' rather le- 
 ptnached than aitiinaii'd ihe fhiff^i<«li -pint oihU lellnw- 
 rolniiipitx, whom hi.<4 example innld ne\er leaili eillier 
 In ri'|M'l inimttire with -|tiiil. or lo bear it wilh ili^'iiity. 
 Net llnllainl wiiA iinw m lIu' iiirrMliaii ol' her binie; and 
 tlii>i wan the ajfeol'l loini) and He Itnyter. 
 
 The alteiilioii whiih liail been uwakem-d in the 
 mother riutrilry to the Klaie nC the inlnny ol' New 
 NellierlamN, was niainluiiieil In the pruHprrnuH rej-iilt 
 oriiei reielit iliterpn-^ition, and liirlh*<r rvinred il^ell' In 
 llll! rnllnvvitiK yi'ar | lii.'tii) by a rnn'>li(iitioii wbieh wa.i 
 t-narteii hy tlm \Ve«t Imlit rompaiiy iiiid the hiir^'o- 
 inn^ler.i of Ani'-lrnlaiii. and npjiriued by the Stales- 
 ^(■m.:il. Tlii''nistrnin<'nt pro\ ided that the foliinisis 
 ol" New .Netlierlaiids were tu he ruled in liiliire by a 
 fEuvernor iinintnated hy the d-pniii-s iil' Aiii--terilai)) ; 
 and by bniT^ninasters iMid a town i-rMinnl elerted hy the 
 people llieinselves; the rnniiril therealb-r enjoying; the 
 power nl tilling up all \ ir ineie.t In hmowii hmly. Some 
 HUi'h I'oiHtitMlioii as Ihin, appears to have been already 
 esiuhtlslied iii New Neiherl.inds ; and the alleiiiiiui nl' 
 till! nmlher lotinlry het.Miiiiin;r >oon lo relax, with lie 
 rleelini! of iIk; rnlony's pnt^perity, no I'lirllier ali< nipt 
 nt^enis Id Ii,i\e been iiiaili' to intmilnee the proi-'teij 
 ulleratinn. The \Vi ^<l India roinpaiiy, linwe\er, Iraiis 
 milted a!>uiil this time lo Sinvvesinii, a r.ilitiralioii Ihey 
 had proriired Iroiii the Staies-^eneral nriiis treaty in 
 lii.'tO with the ('oiiiniHSKiiiers of the nmied tji^lmh 
 ruliniies. The Diilrli ^'o\ernnr giive iintiee ot'thiseir- 
 nnnstanee In lli^ t-nnnms.«inm>rs, in a letter replete 
 with I'lirisiian henHvolmre and piety ; nid proposed to 
 llieiii that a iVieiidly leaijne ami -iii'ere ^ooil-will 
 iiii^hl thencerorwant unite the entonies nt' Knt'laml and 
 Holland. Hnl tin* rn;.'lish were aversL' In believe the 
 fluieerity of a man wlioin tliey had recently ari used ol' 
 plolliii!: their deslrnelioii with Ihe Indians; ami, be- 
 L'innuit; to re^anl ihe IMilch ocmpiitioii as allo^etber 
 lawless and intriiHive, they were determined nut lo 
 laiu'tinii il by any iiew recn^iiltinn. The eninini'tsiori- 
 eff* unsweri'd the fjovernnr's cnnimnnitation with aii>- 
 UTtMivilily ; re(-niniiieiidni<; Ihe ednliiinaiice of peaee, 
 but det'liniiif^ either tn ratily llio lormer treaty or to ex- 
 ectile .. new om;. They h.id be^Min tn cnteriaiii siroiiK 
 litipes liiat the Mii^lish <;overinm'iit would iimli> with 
 lliuin 111 re^ardin;; the Dnlili sellter-^ in Aineiic:i, As 
 iiiiTe ininidei-s who eoiild ilerive no rl.iiin nl" rnrbe.ir- 
 aiiL'u rrnin Ih" peai'f^ with llnlland. and wlmin il would 
 he no |"ss put than expedient lo expel or siibdiie. 
 Their tViends in r.n;:l:tiii| succeeded in Inipres-^ini; 
 liv'se views upon Richard Cronuvell; [HmD.] and dii- 
 r\iii^ bis short I'lijoymeiit of lilt' protertorate. he nd- 
 dressLMl instructions to lii!i roininanders for an invasion 
 ot i\ew >ielherhmd!«, and wrolH lellers to ihi' Kn'ilisli 
 colonial govermneiitp, dcoiring the conrurreiirc ol" their 
 lorcL's in liie enterprise. But bin speedy deposition 
 fpared hiinthe actual guilt of attacking an nnoll'ending 
 people, whom bin hither had plainly considered luconi* 
 prehemled in his pacihcation wilh Holland. 
 
 Meanwhile, Stuyvctant had niadu attenipLs to im- 
 prove bis conquest of the Swede;* hy extending the 
 liiitch seltleineiitH iu Delaware; and e<|uitablti as well 
 
 * Thi.t i{iilljuit vetemii illil nut uil to allract a poriitin of that 
 jillc rumor and absurd pxa^itoraliiin to which Koliiary siipen- 
 unty is exposml. To tlie Kiitflish lio was a suhjiM't ef contin'ial 
 in.irul ;iiiil iii>|)ri'iienMnn. Mn had lost a U'l' in tislttnii! f«ir tho 
 iiKlcpL'iideiice m Mollaiid : and the Ell^li!lh iK'lieved that his ar- 
 iiiii' ii liiiiij xvas Hiade of silver (Josselyn. 153) ; and wiih still 
 f!iiMir>r LTtMlulity, tliat he reHtrainod the Dulch colnnistH rrom 
 iMiiiiuiliale luistilities. with Iliem, tliat ho niiitht dcslrov thorn 
 iiinro inielly Us ih.- hiii>ls ol the liidiiiii.; (Tniiiilnill, WI) : so 
 "(11 did lif covvr llio dflU'ii'ticy of his cuuiiirvmrii's imhtary 
 brdjr. Tliu UUle uf the ttilvur luit U alio related by niomtt. 
 
 rui liravr. he caused ibe territory which hf! nr' .i| ,.. .,, 
 
 be l,iiiU piiiebaotd linin the IniliiiiH. hul '- - Mitif-M 
 
 in iliM ipMtter wa<< imw driWHU lo a < ln»e |-emlal 
 
 lite ^oM'rnnr nl Maryland, i Ijiiniril ibe drritiiry nccii- 
 
 iiieil by the Diilib ami Hwed* .«. .ix inrltided within 
 
 l.nid Halllliinre's f||:ini; and llmbllK thai SliiyMoiM 
 
 wan determined tn rel.nii \\\,- pos-entiitn jiint deit ml v>i 
 
 Kiippoted lide ol' bi4 • miiitry , lie prneiir* d a r< imtn- 
 
 ^iranie tn be lran«imlled in the name n|' ).otd Ihdn- 
 
 nmre tn the Stales (Mtieral ami the \\ •>•( hnha (niii- 
 
 nany .whn, w itli an iiMeroinn of tbrir iioital pnlicy, pub* 
 
 ticly denied Ihe prel* n>iom< el the I ii)ili«li. but al the 
 
 same tune trun'<imil'<l private iMib-rs lo SliivM^anl lo 
 
 a\nid hoi>tilitie4, it ihry fliniild Hiem bkely to vn^ne, hy 
 
 letiriiitf b'-uiiid Lord Itahiinore's alli-ui-il boundary. 
 
 Tint ininiK noil wascmnphed with, ibniiuh iml In lite 
 
 exient nl' .ill entire e\.iniatmii ol Ot-I.iware, when 
 
 rhailert Calvert a lew years aller asKiinied the ^o\ern- 
 
 inent ol" Marvlilld.* Stuyve-aiit dieply deplored Ihe 
 
 lei ble pobr\ i>l those W linsr inaildaleH he lilt II Ills 
 
 duty III oliev ; ami setifihle ipI Ihe total dlrcreiht in 
 
 wbieh the Oiilch tilte would he in\oKid by lbn<4 prar- 
 
 tieidly uxowiiitf that ils niainlenaiice depeiiilid on the 
 
 Ibrbeuraiire ol' t!ie l.tttfliHli, he earnestly i-oliiiled thai a 
 
 rormal copy ol' the grant by the SlaUw (iem-ral lo Ihe 
 
 W e-t India i'oiiipany iiii^r)|( |,i> Iraii'^niiiled lo .New 
 
 iNetherliindo, lo cn.ible him in a^.-^ert, wilh pioper t'orm 
 
 ' and dignity, the inlere-l he was inirnsied in didend. 
 
 . Itnt his appliealioiis prnwd nietVectnal. 'I'he Si'Ues 
 
 ' (leiieral were now iiinie anxiniH than e\' In a\i..<l a 
 
 riipliire Willi l.n^diind; and (lie W'oi Indi.. roinpai... 
 
 • liner lonrurrili;; with tle-ir policy, or lonliollid b. 
 
 Ibeir orders. let'iiM'd to exlnhii a til'le [IliliU] ol" whirii 
 
 they (eared that Sliiy ve«aiit w oiild iiiiike r-ueli an iHe as 
 
 ! would inrallibly proMike lh.it e\iremily Perbap" ibey 
 
 ' tbouubl thai Iiih prudi-m e wmild be i'ii;orced by the 
 
 cniiirionoiiess oC a derecti\e tille ; and such was ar 
 
 < least Ibe eU'ert that their policy ai'lii.illy produred. 
 
 ' Sliiy vemiiit, wilhng by any hdiiorable nii-aiis to propi- 
 
 I dale the I nuli^h, and bopin^ lo obtain :i rei-oumtion nt' 
 
 ' the title which be wax nihible tn produce, xntt an em* 
 
 ■ liasf.y In Sir William Herkeley, the iin\frnnr ol \ irui- 
 
 nia, to propose a treaty of iniitiial liaile between lhi« 
 
 colony and .New .Nelherlands, and an alliance a^ain>l 
 
 the liiilian enemies nl' holb. Herkeley received Ibe 
 
 I ainhasxadors with niiicli rourle''y. and d>-spalc|ied Sir 
 
 Henry Moody lo .New .\ellierlaud'«, with the terms ot 
 
 a cnnmiercial treaty; but he look care to derhiie every 
 
 expression that nil^ht seem eilber lo neknowledge, or 
 
 even apply, assent lo Ihe temiorial pretensituH id' the 
 
 Dutch. 
 
 'I'he nuthnrilicH whose dominion in Knglnnd was ter- 
 minated by lite Itestnration. had been reparded with 
 eoniiiiual uneasiness and apprehension by Ibe colonists 
 of iN'ew Netherlands The long parliament bad at- 
 l.'icked their country men in l.iirope; Croiiiwell hail 
 once been on the point ol" snbdiiinif the eolony ; and 
 only tlie deposition nl' Ins siicce-^sor had ai'atn >niltclied 
 them rrom a repeliiion of tlie same daii^nT. 1 H' tin- 
 governnieul ol' ('harles the Secnml they were di-po-ed 
 lo entertain more liivorable liope<i, w liich uiii.'lit, per- 
 h'i)is, derive some I'oiiftrinalion I'rom Ihe well-known 
 Diet, that llieir rivals, the New l!ni;h>h colonist.s. were 
 
 as much di-^liked by the king as they bad I n I'avora- 
 
 bly rei-ardeil hv the proleeior. Accordingly, when the 
 pitrsiierH nt'linlle .and Whallev, ballled in ihiv. atleinpt> 
 lo recover the retreat ot' tlie^e I'ngi .ve recieides m 
 .New riiL'land. bcMiu^'hl Stnvvesanl tn deny them his 
 prolectton in New .Nelherlands. (.Hilil J (le readily 
 ser/cd Ihe opportnnily nl' ingralialing bio colony with 
 the Kiiglish court, by undertaking; tn giveinvianl noliie 
 of the arrival ol' any of the regicides wjrhin his juris- 
 diclion, and tn prohibit all vesseh Troin transporting 
 IIh'Iii beyond ihe reach ol' ibeir niirsiierH.t llul this 
 policy, which, it must he cont'essi'd, is not the mosi ho- 
 liorablu trait of his tiduiinislration. proved utterly un- 
 availing; and every hope that the Dnicli might have en- 
 turtained, nt" an amehuration of their prospects, was 
 
 • Sec ante, U. in. One I'liuse of llie iii'irlei'l ularh New 
 NL'thtTlaiiils exjHTientcd fiuin llic Diilrh U'esl Indi.i Com- 
 [Kiiiy, .seenis lo lnvi- been lh»t the HlttMilmn and ri'sr-irccs 
 of Ihe Coinpnnv were ahsorhpd by ihe elTrnts tlicy iimde to 
 inniiitain the rich setthMoent thcv had wrested fmin Ihe P'T- 
 tn«aeso in South America Soo Sotilhey's History of llraxil, 
 Part 1. 
 
 t Trumbull, i. 'M5 It wax mditrinu^, a: the time, lli.it 
 r.offc and Whallev were sheliere.l williin Ilic leriimry of 
 New linven, uhere Ihe lor.il iiuthnnnes and the tiilial>ltaiiU. 
 so far from assisting. ha'I, with vrry litllo disguise, olistrurtcii 
 and defeated the ati»ni|tis \n appreliend llieni. This conduct, 
 of a ponple who !i;id penilr;iilv dislHwulshed themselves by' 
 enmity to the Dntili. I: i.i pM>h:il)lv smne wiMshl in imlurin? 
 S(avve-.ant lo ple.]i;o iniiiM-ii to a procecilmn which, he seems j 
 not tn have been aware, won' < havo cotnpromi«ed Uie honor 
 and mdependenro of hit- rouniTv. ' 
 
 'Jiecdily dis^ipited Dy IIim intelligenn- ol ileiigun rfl 
 lertaiiicd hy Ibe king ol I ii; I .ml riiArlni*. ll.nn^b he 
 had riciweil, during llo' e\di'. ini>r< ItKioMup <ii>l 
 
 ciTihly Irmn (he |)ni' h llxli Irnin any nib* i | ^n 
 
 power, t \en regarded the* p» i.ple with i iimity and a\. r- 
 -iniitiiiul he w ,14 the liinre ib>*pn>ed, al pie-i-m In 
 t odiracf ;tiiv loeofiire that nngbl humble Die niliiig 
 pjirt\ III Hntland, by the iMIin ol he lilt in a urjilMi 
 raclmn, at the head oT w Im b was his ii' pbi w, tie yniiiig 
 IVince ol * Iran^ie, w Ikmii he desired to m-c rein.Hl il» d in 
 the iithce ol'Sladtholder. which Iiin ancestors had po«- 
 .,i'«..,.(l ;— uii olhie whieh the rnbiiL' parly hud plni^ed 
 iheinieUi .. lo 1'roniwell ne\er auain in h'e-tnw on the 
 Hninge I'amily. [ Ililiil.J Tlie-e xeiinoii m^ ut'ie i u* 
 tontd by the iiin'reot and nrueiicy nt llie Duk" id ^ink 
 whii hail placed htni>M-ll at the head ol a Ni w Alii' ill 
 lumpany/ and lound iln commetre nopeoiil b\ iI.h 
 more siiccensrnl tralhc ol' the IhiIcIi. In iioii.itinii nt 
 die Other (onrliers, ibe Duke badalMicaoI Inn i Wx on 
 Ihe Aiiieriiaii lerrdoiy, wbnh be* Inolher wan now ilis. 
 Iiibuling With fO liberal a band; iind, ai i oidiii!. ly . in 
 addilinii lo the nihcr rcaMtn-* w hieh In' eiiipln\id to 
 ptnmole a rupture w ilb the Dutch, he Mdiciti d a ^iiinl 
 id' Ibeir .North Ameriiaii plaiilalinn-. on the pre\.>iling 
 plea thai tiiey had be*-n niiffiiijlly iiMUpi'd licin li.e U r- 
 rilory pinperly belnnumg lo Itrilain. The mtlm nci* 
 
 ol' the^e iiinlivcH oil the lllind ol' the king wax i!nubl- 
 less aided by ibe desire lo strike a Idnw lliat wniilil t ih 
 lone the arhilrioy (onimisHion be was )ireparili(; lo 
 xeiid lo \i>w I ni'lalid, and leacb the piiriti.n i olnni^tn 
 iber- thai II was m the power ol their prince tn xubdiie 
 !i "lieuiies in .America. 
 
 The riininr ol the king'n inteiilioiifi apjieiir" lo havo 
 reached .Viiienea bel'ore it was griieralls pn \alrnt in 
 lairope; owing to the vigilaine .'Uid acliMiy id' ibe 
 niiineroiiM IricniN ol' the I ngli^b coloni.iis. wl.n w.ii<h. 
 I'll and appriM-dlhem fd'ibc ileMgiiM nt'llie court. \\ hen 
 the .-i>iMoi'i;iti(ui ol' the rnyal cniiiinissioii. wdh li.e e.xpe- 
 dilinii agaui"! .New .Netherlands, was kiiuwii In tke in- 
 b.ibiiaiils ol' .New I ngland, lln- hrsi pieee ol iniellii>eiM e 
 appeared lo thi'in much more nnweUome ihan the 
 other was satisr.ietory. In .\las-ncliu-etls. parlieiil irly, 
 Ihe proceeihiig-« nl' the geiieial roiiit M'lined to iiidiciilo 
 a siroiiL' apprehension that the iniiiiary. no \ry»^ th.iiilht* 
 eivd depiirniieril ol' the rxpeibtinii. was nil'-iiih'd tn Iik 
 emplnyeil aL'aui«l the liberties ol' the 1 n;'lish ( nloiii'-ls. 
 Sliiyvesant, whose anxioui eye rxplnreil the d.irkeiiing 
 bori/on nl' Iih couiilry 's lorlune. di'^i-erned tbeor ..\ mp* 
 loiiH ol' dissatislaelioii in the .New 1 ngland '«i'irleui< nrs, 
 anil cniice)\i-d Irom tliein the hold pinp it nl oblaining 
 the alii nice, or al least securing ihe neutrality . nl' bin 
 ancient enemies. With this \iew (apparently .) he iiit- 
 derlook. Ilr>t. a voyage to .Ma'^sachu^etls, where be wai* 
 eiilert, lined hy the i^o\eriinr and ma^'inlrales witl 
 much stale and .solemnity. I'onuer ri\!tl>lnp was lor 
 UnMeii III the season nl' cnminoii d. Niger, nr liiiieinber 
 I nnly lo enhance the respect wilh whIeh I ndicol and 
 luy\es,'iiii recoi;ni.sed, eaeli ill the oilier, an ageih 
 bra\e. and \irlunus cbainpiou nl' bis i oiinlry's cause. 
 I'erhaps some inices ol' the elllcl nt' this cnnt'ereiice 
 may be ib-reriied in the ."lowiieHs withwbirh .Masss- 
 cbusells obeyed the reipnsition ol' ihe roy il comuiaiiderii 
 lo raise a body of men ill aid ol" the iiivasinti of .New 
 Netherlands. Hut it was iuipnssible that Stiiv\e*'ant'!« 
 negniialinn could succeed, or bis proposals, even lo 
 the exient ol' neulrabty. he acc<'ded to. .Notwilh^land 
 in:i this ilL-tippointrneiit, however, be proc-'eded al'ler- 
 w arils to rotiueeticut. where he was engaged in vainly 
 attempting lo bring a similar iiegoclation to ii inoro 
 siiiees^riil Issue, when the intelligence ol' the approach 
 id' the Itrilisb Meet recalled him to the innnodiatu de- 
 leiicc ol' bis prin Ince. 
 
 The king, who was totally nnnhle In nwign a juKt 
 reason for going tn war with Holland, at\er trying in 
 vain lo provoke the rest>ntnient ol the States iieneral 
 by the most insulting inemorials, and the inoKt grinind* 
 li-sM coniplaintti, determined, al length, to embrace the 
 suguerttion of his right to the pro\ince of iN'ew Nether- 
 lands; e.xpecting. with good reason, that, from the ni^ 
 serlion of this pretended right, the cunse of(piarrei 
 which he wufi indnslrionsly seeking would inl'dlihly 
 arise. In pursuance of this purpose, ii ro\al cbartei 
 was executed in I'avor of the |>nke of York, contain 
 ingagrant of the whole region extending from the west- 
 ern b:iiiks of ('onnecticnt lo the eastern shore of the 
 Delaware, [HilM,] together wilh the adjacency of Long 
 
 '1 
 
 Tills company was formed wilii tliu view of extendio? and 
 apprin>riatlViK Ihe sUivo trade. Pndi'r Uic p;itroM:ii;e of Ihe 
 Make of V'trl(. It troaled every roiionereial riviil wiih a vio- 
 triicn and injiisMce wotthy rd the purpose uf lis institiilton 
 la return for Ihe proterlion of the Enalish governinent, it lei\ 
 itH aid to harais Ihe mlonif^s by Dmmoting a rigid enforcemsn 
 of thb Mill of navigation. See nidinixon, Vol. Heap. I, 
 
\\{)\ 
 
 T II K II I HTO KY OK 
 
 l-t.uiit; aiiit ronr-iiiiift ii|iitn liii rnviil tiiftliiicM ntl llin 
 |tii\vi-i'it itC ^nvrtinnfT- <'<^il <■»') milil.irv. witluii t|if'si> 
 iiinpti' iMiiiihl.nif'.^. 'I'lii{« giinil (noli no nitirc itnticp nl' 
 
 
 '\i4liii)i |MM.-«i<iiHi(i() nt till' Diihli. Ihmi il n|itt\vi-il 
 
 i>l In i|ii> ti'Cf'Ml rliiirli'i' nl' ( 'niiih'iiif'Mt, which 
 wlti'lliiT rnnii iyiinr:iiiri', or Irniii r.-in'liMtni'Mrt in ilif 
 (irliinlinn of itx* hninuliirin*, it liirjlly Inil I'lHiri'ly n\\ 
 |t<>rn-iltMl, Nn Mnnncr iliil llin Dnkn nl' Vnik olH'un 
 |Im'< crtint, lli.iti, ntlliont wiiilinfi tn ttikn |Mi<<f*i>)>Hiuii nl' 
 liiH inxr-tninrn, lir iirorrtMlcil In i'Y)>rni«<< hif* |irn|trii'tiirv 
 hOAMTo 111 tliiMr liilli'Mt r\tt<iit, by onnvnyin^i tn l.nrcl 
 Uorkclfy (Hill Sir <irk)rir(> rurlPh't all lliiil jMirlinn nt 
 ltit> tt rnlnry tliiil InrniH ilu» proviiirn ol iNcw Jrrncy. 
 Ilnl, n* it was tn'iMili"<l lli d tlun iiiht of tlii! lulti* liiiii 
 ncir. iin U'hn tliiin oT Iiih a«Hi^iii<ot). wuulil rtMpiin* In hi 
 (•ir.Ttii iti'i) hy II nnhltiry (orri>, on iirniaiiii>Mt had \wvn 
 prrpiirril (or ihh ^)iir|HHt>, wiih miiiii' itttt'n'ion to ni' 
 ori'«y; a prtM<aiilinii whirh, it' it prnviMt tiirirft'linil. wan 
 no Ii'sH niiniTCMHiiry : aw (hf Mati'n nl" llnllaiitl riM-koiit'il 
 it inipossihjp that llio Kin^ woiili) attack their pi)M>4i»i- 
 nhMH, vvilhoiil the ttirinahty oT a pic\ioti<< ilrchiratinn, 
 unit wcr«' avcrxo to prnvokc hiN iiiiiMtico hy t*i>t>niinf( In 
 rxpcrt il. So htilc, iiidccil, was llic lio«»lih' i<nlcrpriNt< 
 flguiiMi New .NclhcrlaihlH ncililcil in I'.iirnpi'. thai, hut 
 n \'f\\ nioiiths ht'titrc it sailcti, a vcsm)*! arrived at the 
 ntliMu Irnin llolliittil, hriiixiiiff a I'lirthcr niipply oT phiii- 
 ten, anil oT tninlmivnlM nl' hiishaihlry. StityvcHaiii 
 piirncxlly prcNMni upon ihc Wcoi India (^ninpaiiy (he 
 al.iriiiin;; uilcHiKi'iire which he hail received; hut the 
 only dercii'>i\e '•tcp to which thev were nioved hy hix 
 iirt(i'iicy wan, to neini hini now, when it waw ton talc 
 Oil' ori>tin.d ;:rant I'nnn the SiuMm lieneral, which, nl 
 die period when il ini^lit liave availed Inin, ho had moI 
 Cited III vain. 
 
 The cotnin-ind of (he l'n;tli'*h IrnopM thai cinhirked 
 (or iliH c\pi'dilioii. and the ^o\ernni<Mit ol' the prov ini'C 
 iirniii^l which tt w.-iw directed, were inlrnvted tn Cnio- 
 iii'l Nil hnlN. who h;id Hliidied the ait nl' war under Alar 
 •'h d TtireiiMe. and wlin. wiih Ciir. Cartw ri;:ht. and 
 Mixenck.aNo held a cnnnniMMinii |o vinit ihi cnioiiie^ 
 1)1 New rni:l:iiid. and invesii^.iie nnd determine, ac- 
 cordinj; (o their diM-relion, all difpiitcH and cniitin^er- 
 «te.'« wilhin the viiriinis ctdoniat iiiriNdiclion"!. \i\vi 
 loachiiig al Hostna. where an armed Inrce wan nrdercd 
 to he raixed and went In |niii ihe expedidon, the l|ee( 
 tmneedeil (n lliidsnn'M rner, and took il-* nlali-ni hel'nre 
 (he i.ipital o(* \evv .Nelherlandit. The reipiiMtinii of a 
 fuh«(diaiy t'nn'e iVoiu liotton wa;* no tarmlv oheyed, 
 that the (Miteipreie was *>vcr hefnre (In* MaHHae|inst*IlJ» 
 trooj « were ready to march: hiil, on (he traiHmiKHioii 
 ot' « smidar rei)iii«ition to (^>nllecllCllt, (iovernor Win- 
 ihrop, Willi !4e* era! ol' the principal inhahitanis of the 
 pnwinre. imnii'dietely repaired lo Ihe r.n^li.Hh arnia- 
 liieiil, and joined tlie «l,iiid.trd oT ihcir kiiiy. 
 
 The \eter.in iriweninr of New Ni'ihcrlauiN, and the 
 piipd of Tiitfiine. were, accorditm lo inililary idea-. 
 rneinies w'ortli\ ol'earh other: lhnti;;h ilo)ihtle>«M it i<i a 
 nMnile-t prnt:in:ilinn nt" tan^najrc to n.i-icil Ihe wnrthi- 
 ncHi nl" two hrave and hnnest men tn sIhmI cjich others' 
 l)lt>nil. or tn r<*prc*enl N'lchnU as wortliily eniploved in 
 I'jufiitiiij; the l.iwje^-i ra^e and rapacity ol a tyrant npoii 
 an anoirendin;; people. Itnl the two coiiiinande|-<< weie 
 very nneqndiv Kiippi>rted. Stt yM'HJuit had vi^-oion>t\ 
 rxerled him-jclr to piK tin' city and lort in Ihe best atti- 
 title nl' ileti-nre : hitl he I'niind il tntally impn-i'tdde to 
 tnnn (he hearts nt' its deCeiiders. I( must indeed ht 
 conl'essed in ("a\or nt' ihc"".' tint'nrliniate nntchineii. that 
 the superior artillery ami dHctplmed forces of ihe v 
 iny n'lidered sncciMsinl rcsi!*tunce iilletly hnpel 
 Their residence in the cniin'ry had hnn too dlinrt tn 
 rounpcl them with il hy patriotic ties; ;iiit their nil 
 wurhke hahiis rendered them iiit-rly nnsnM\ piihle ol 
 impressions winch Iheir po\eriior derived trnm the pros- 
 perl nf a conteM, where the harvest or#;lorv w;ls pro- 
 portiiMted tn Ihe hopelessness nl' Mclory. They I'elt 
 themselves unjustly attacked; and their resentment of 
 Ihi* injur* wan set sirons. tiiat in.uiy orih-'tn were deter- 
 tiimeii not to remain the snhjects of a tyr::::::;cal iisiir- 
 pr-r; hut i( was nol stroni; enoii;:h to o^erroine the ra- 
 iio-MJ con* iritoii. that s.iCcty and inJepeildei.re were (he 
 only worthy oittert* nf* haide. and that wh-Te indepen- 
 J^Mice co'iid not he paiii'd hy liifhlinic. *.irety should 
 jol h- risked hy it. Tn add nnneces'N.iry cninhat to 
 n;|:ivnulahle dileit. appe;ired to tin in a driltle!!!* and 
 fool-hardy wi^t- of in',. ; and if they mii-it surrender 
 the iiuiee t.ipy h.id hnilt of their native Holland in the 
 will 'Pi^ss. they would rather siirren.ltfr il entire tn tlie 
 pnlliitioii of hn«!de occupation, than defacfd l.v the 
 ciii ion of ih? en-iny. Tu 7 wen' wilhne lo beroiiif 
 pmI.-* with their wives and c lildreii. or laborers for 
 llic.r ■ to encounter, in •hort, even* evd that hope 
 could alh'viaiH or nrtu« iiiUiua. But ^ aJtpoie tfwir 
 
 kindred, their city, and tbi'insi-lveti, tn tho rertiiinly of 
 eaptine hy sictrm, and ihi' extremity of inililary vio- 
 lence, fieeined tn iheiii an inverMiiui of all lliu diclateM 
 of wmfltnn. lutppincHs and virtue. 
 
 Widely dilVereiit were the setiti,,iniits, tlir viewx, nnil 
 even the delerininatiniiH of StuyvcNiint; unit for several 
 davfi bin undaunted spirit upheld ihe lintior and pro* 
 louKi'd tint dominion of hut coiinlrv, in dertpile hnlli nf 
 ihn desertinn nf her nnwailike cftddreii, and Ihe itii- 
 peiidiiifr vndenre of a slron|[er foe. <lii the arrival of 
 the i'.nglmh annaineiit, Im Kent a deputation to lis enni- 
 niander, roiiNistinK of one nf tbn ininisterN nf New 
 Ain>ilerdain, niie of tlH> city ciHincillorH, and (wo other 
 nihahilants, with a courteous b'lter desiring I" know 
 (liereaKonaud purposi* of this hostile approach. NicltniN 
 answered, with eipial pohteiieHs.* (hat he wan coiii- 
 inaiided hy his roval niasli>r to taUn posneHston nf the 
 HriliMh territory wliicb had been iiNurped by llie Dutch, 
 whom, thniiKh nearly allied lo him, the kiiiK <'*>nld not, 
 con->iNieiitlv w illi bis linuor. allow to invade and occupy 
 ihe dnininious nf his cmwn: that he must ibrretbre 
 nnw demand tlio instant surrender of the place 1 that 
 lie kiiiff being tender of the ell'iitiion ol ('hristian 
 lond, liad authorised him to otVcr sei'tirity of life, 
 liberty, and estate, to all who would reiulilv sidnnit tn 
 Ibis reipiisition ; but that Mich as should oppnse his 
 inajeHty's graciniiH iittenliniis imis| prejiari tliemselves 
 fnr the worst miseries of war. tio\4'rnnr Winlhrnp, 
 who was connected by accpiaiiitaiice and muliial es- 
 teem with StiiwesanI and tiie principal Ihitcli eili/ens, 
 eiilorred this suinnions hy a letter, ill wlii.'h he strongly 
 presseil the prudence of doing soon what must nna- 
 vnidably be dnne at biMl. Hliiuesiiui, nn receiving the 
 siitmnous nf ihe l.ugbsh cnumiander. was seiisdile nf 
 no other consideration than of llie insolence and iliJUN- 
 tice with whi.'h his cniintiy was ireated ; and still eai- 
 iiestly hniiing dial her honor would In* j>resi>rved un- 
 blemished, evi u thniigli her dninimniiK should he o\er- 
 thrnwn. he in\ ited the biirgniiiasit'iM iiud CMitiicil lo at- 
 tend bun, and muiiIv Idinred In impart a pnitioii of bis 
 fi'elings 10 11114 miimcipal body, 'i'br'\ coolly desireil 
 to see the letters he hadrcccivrd; hut as he pidged 
 wiih good reason that the easy leriiH nf hiirrender 
 that were proll'eved would not cnntrihi:te tn anitiiali! 
 their ardor »ir futlber his own tiiarlial ihsiHiis. be di'- 
 cliued to gratify them in this parliciilar; and simply 
 assured them lb it llie l.tiglisb had declared tlii'ir pur 
 pnie of di'priiiiig llnlland of its sovereignty, and them- 
 selves nf their independ' lice. Siispei-ting the trillh, 
 Ihey became tnorc iinportiinate in their first ropiest ; 
 witi-ieiipoii ihe governor, in a transport of indignation, 
 tore Ihe letlers in pieces, and Hiatlered (hem on the 
 ground : while the burghers, in aina/.einent and dismay, 
 protested auaiii'ii his rondtict. and all the coiiseipieiices 
 lal might alteiid it. lint Sluvve.-.ant's courage needeil 
 nut the aid nf sympathetic hraverv tn sustain it: and 
 iiinri' incensed tn .see biscniiiitry's I'onor desiTted than 
 iippallcd tn tind hitnself its only defender, he iletermineil 
 (o tt) the ell'ecl of an anpeal tn the Justice and gene- 
 rosity nf a gallant eiteniv ; and to express in his reidy 
 to the siiimnons nf the I'.nghsh cmninander, not wliat 
 he patnliilly saw, hut what he niagnaniinou.s|y wished. 
 to he the scntiiiii'nts of his fellow •cili/.eiis. He ex- 
 hihiti'd to a depntatinii ent to him by Ntcbnis, the nri- 
 giiial grant nf the Stati's lieneral, and UU own coin- 
 niissnm from the Wi<si Ind a rnmpany ; and in a long 
 and manly lel(:T. maintain mI that a pinviuce thus for- 
 in.iliv incorporated with the l>uich doininiou could not 
 liwt'ully he altack>'d while peace subsisted between 
 Kiiglaiid and the republic, lie represented the long 
 posses'^ion of the lemlory which bis conntrymeii bad 
 enjoyed, and the raiilicatmn which the Knglisb ctdonial 
 govcrinncnt.-^had given to the Dutch rlaiin. hy the treaty 
 they toncliided with him in the year ItiTttl: and he pro* 
 le«tcd that it was impoiisihle that the English mniiarch 
 could have despatched this hostile armament, in the 
 kiiowledire of these f,icls. or wniild hesitate It, cniinler- 
 inand it if they were submitteil lo bin consideration. 
 Tn spare tlie etntsion of hinnd, he oirered a treaty ftir a 
 piovi-inu.il arrangement, sn>pended on the issue of n 
 reference tn (he (wo parent stales; and he coiirli'ded 
 with this calm and undaunted reply to the threat of 
 
 ClulilUTs »)etri\» lii-i iisii.il parti ilitv in uisrriMnit this in- 
 terfour>o. While he tien.ie* ihc atTcote.I c|\iliiv ttSiiiyvcsniit, 
 ho fiimmrnds tn Nirhnis tiic pti|iirnr!»s thiit »i>fl,'ii« the rigors 
 i>r war. Once fttr all 1 iiiiiaI rr>.iiark on this writer, thnt Ihe 
 cointMisitKtn ol his w.irli hail one great ^H»ia^ in view—the aix»- 
 V of the kings aiul K"»'erninem of Ktijlami in all llieir Aiiie* 
 nc*n IraiiJiKlinns Me ntcadilv (iiirsuPH ihisohject : rtiul thouith 
 l>i> tumorahie wiifullv lo intsroprrsfnt f*cts. in* is often ti>o i>re- 
 ludictMl to apprerutp tliein raiiiv. Yet his Aniials are a vaIiu- 
 
 i>k' s.mrro ui iiirnrinatian lo ttiwe w ti 1 catefiilly coaiult tliein ; .11, 
 
 i-o:ni>inn« one portion with another, anJ ihc whole wilt) colla- "V" t^V*^^\ ^"*7"'' ^'"^'1 '""" »', ... , 
 toral authorlMM which Charles after daapatctiing, alluctuil to Uitavow 
 
 inililary exnenlinn in (ho event of 11 ndiisal to m\r 
 reiidi'r. " As touching the Ihieats in \oiir t niielii''inii, 
 wn have iinlhing to answer, only that wv hsir ini* 
 thing, hill w bat timl (\\ ho is ns ju^t as inoiiiful) 
 shall lay npnii ■■*•, all ibings hi-iiig 111 Iih ^rin mmh ipi). 
 pnsal; and w may iis well be piesi>r\ed hy him with 
 small hirees iis hv a great army: wbnh inaken ns (o 
 wish ynii all happiue-«s and prnsperily, and lecnnniiend 
 ymi In Ins nro(ectioii." Itiit Sliiv\es.iitt found it mor* 
 easy to reliile the pretensions tliaii In resist the loreo 
 of Iiis opponent, liven after the r.ngbsb had begun 
 lo i*ivest the place, and had incnpied posts, fioin which 
 attack seeini'd immediale and capture inevitabli', hn 
 slill clung tft the hope that his h-llnw-cili/ens wonhl 
 not surrender the rights of their ciinniry tilt they had 
 defMinled llieiii with their lives, ami shed tfie blond of 
 ihe invaders. Iliit Mclmls who had lenriied how little 
 the great body of the Dutch partook the niarlial ardor 
 of llieir governor, caused a prnrlamatinn," reiternting 
 liis original ntfers, (n he nrcnlaled itiroiigb llie cniintry 
 anil mlroihn'ed into ihe town; a mensiire which tut 
 ciMiipletely disanned the spirit of the besieged, and ex- 
 tinguished the aulhority of .'^tnyvesaiil, that this stub' 
 horn veteran, aDer one more frnillcss ailentpt tn eti'ecl 
 a prnvismnal treaty, wai at buiglli obligeil lo cumin* 
 late for siirreinler, in order to prevent the pi-op|e Ironi 
 giving np the |dace wilbout the formality of capitiibi* 
 (ion. Itv (he treaty which ensued it was proviib-d that 
 the Dutch garristni sbnnid march nut with all the ho* 
 liors nf war, and that the States (leneral and West 
 India Cnnipuiiy slinuhl preserve their ainniniiiiioii ami 
 pnhlie slores, and he allowed within six nnnilbsin trans* 
 port tliein to Holland : (bat the inbahitanis should he' 
 tree lo sell their estates, ainl reliirn tn Htdland. or re- 
 tain them and reside in the settlement; that all who 
 chose In remain should enpiy tln'ir ancient ciistoniN 
 with respect to inberitatici* nf property. lihiTty of eon- 
 science in divine worship ami church nrdi-r, and per- 
 petual I xeinplion from inililary service. All Dnlch- 
 men, either cnnliiming in the province, or aDerwardf 
 resnrliiig (n i(, were lo he allowed a free triKh* with Hol- 
 land ; a privilege whl.t. n. * was (otatty repugnant to 
 the navigalinii act, neither iSi> iin|< nnr e\en the kitif( 
 could confer. and which accordinu'ly was withdrawn from 
 theiii very snnu arter. As a cnncewion to the inllexi* 
 Ide obstinacy of the old governor, it was very siiper- 
 tlnoiisly prnvifled, that ifat any time thereaOerlbe king 
 of l-'nglaml and the Stales tieiieral hIioiiIiI coiM-iir in 
 desiring the province tn he re-ih'li'.ereil tn its fnrtner 
 owners, t their desire shoidd he mmiintly complied with. 
 These, ami varimts other articles, ol aihhtioiia) advaii 
 tage ;o lb" Dutch, forming perhaps the inns' favoura- 
 ble terms that a capitulating city ever ohv tiiii'd. were sa- 
 tisfiictory (o every one excep( tlie individual lo vvjiose 
 solitary valnr tliey vvere ni some degree k trihnle : ami 
 it was not till two days aller (hey had been signed hy 
 Ihe connnissioners im both sides, that he could Im> per- 
 sii.aded to ratify them. Vet the Dutch West indii Cmn- 
 pany, whose blunders and imbecility had pr<mioled the 
 fall nf a dominion which they were nnworlliy to ail- 
 minisii'r, had the mean ingralitudt! to expn'ss dissaiis- 
 ficiion with the conduct of this magnaninioiis man 
 The fall of the capital, wh" h now received llie name 
 of New York, (a name also exieinlcd to the whole 
 provincial territory,) was followed hy the surrender of 
 Alhiniv, and thr general siilnnissinii of the province 
 will) 1 subordinate setth>iiienl of Dutch and Swedes 
 in Dc are. The government of Itrilain was ac 
 know! . >d over the whole in the beginning of Octo- 
 ber, l> .1 
 
 Tim V an act of the most flagrant injustice and 
 tyrannical usurpation, was otettbrown the Diiich do- 
 minion in North America. aOer it had subsisted for 
 more than half a century, and ah-orbed the feebler set 
 ttcnreiits of Sweden, (t is impossible fnr a monienl 
 tn suppose that the king was prompted to undertake 
 this enterprim* by an bonesi conviction of his right to 
 the province; and that he was actuated hy no concern 
 lor the interest of his other cnlouie;* was proved (if 
 
 * It dpi'larcdthfil all who wonhl "hiihinil to tins hisnrirsty'pi 
 govertiinPiit. ns his K<ini| siihjrcis, kIiiiII he prolrrtt-d in Ins 
 itiaj<!!ilV*)t Liws niut jntlice, aiul iM'iicenhly eiijov \\ Ii.iI.sdimit 
 (•o<t'R lilessing anil tlieir iiwii honcnt inibiKlrv hiivi (tiriM-hed 
 then) with" Smith, p. S.'V. To ihe SwctliNh siltlrrs in Dt-la 
 ware, It *as s[»eciiillv represeiited, thiit it won' Ite nii lumo- 
 rahle rhaiiito for Ihrin lo n-tiirii fioin a rcpiililii •\ to a iimi- 
 narrhical (lovcrnn)Piil. S. SmilhS New Jersey, p, i 1. 
 
 t Accnrdinii to lliiiae. It woiihl appear Ihat IhiA iinpmb.xhie 
 condition iltil actiinllv occar; for he ht»lrs that nii Hie c<iin- 
 plaiiit nf Holland, the kint ilis^vnwrd the cxpedmon, and iiii- 
 prlsoncd tlip ndmiral. Hist. ofKiifilahd, v<>|. vii. p. .I'.'U, -lOtl. Hut 
 he has confounded the iiivasiuii ot New York wiih the rxpcdi- 
 
 nrs lirloiu, and 
 
 vriii 
 li.ni: 
 <'l.ili 
 lie. 
 
 I'V 
 
 All 
 till' 
 vvrt 
 
NORTH AMKRIOA 
 
 805 
 
 Wiuh prnof wiMfl wnntinjf) l»v hia #iiil><ipqupnl roiKliicti 
 with rr^tinl to Ar.ii|i;i. TIih Icrridtrv '" wlnrli lliiv 
 Kmi^IihIi Im<I nH linr n i:Imrii n^ to Nmv V'>rl(,' hint, 
 h' •H) c(»;ii)'H'rni| frnin iin Krcnrli )n'('ii[)H'rt I>v tli.t I 
 iTUinly luiftlililicH iif rrnrtiwdll ; inxl V''t tin- I'tirncml! 
 ciilriMlifK (if Mm N<'W DiiffliiiMl rolnnn'^ roiilil nol pri- I 
 reni ilic k\\)u, Irom D'HtiirniK il to l''rarit'i', tlioii^h ii ; 
 nnii/lilHtr iiiiii'li Mirtro iltiti^iTniM thnii Mollntifl lo liin i 
 .lulijrrifi, Itiit ArndiH WHH nni, likn New Nniln'rlniMU, j 
 u Hciili'iiMMil iii pniit'HiHnl n'|)iil)tirniifi, hiil iif ilic .iiili- 
 jrrln of a liroilirr tlrfi|)()l lo wlioiii (lliarldfi lir-mi.ir t 
 liintMitHH-r, mill In wliniii lui m-nifiti'il imt tn nv\\ txn 
 luiii'ii (il (Im< liitrior ol Kiiijliinil hm wnn r«}iiil)l<! of Ihmii^ 
 comvi'V'mI hy Inn luimtN. Ilm nlijcrt, in mi fnr ni it 
 niiUriirt'd ihit Kiiulinl) roluDifiN, wan mltifir Ut lntiMir<lii)r 
 thi'iit, Minn 1.0 |iroiM<irf llirir lulvarttnu'r Vet cvriitn- 
 ally It will liiry who ilrnvnd tlin chirf nilvHtila^n from 
 tlir Hr'|iiiNiiion ot Nrw Vork ; niiil (hm. iih wrll tin 
 rvcrv f)ilM'r <'ooi|im'hI of Ainfnrnn Ifrniory arliinviMl 
 liv f*r«'al llTit'iMi, only tcnilftl to i.iiflo (tin hiiriilti by 
 hIiicIi nlir rrttiirifii lur rolotiirn tri it ftintn uf di'prnil- 
 i>ni'i'. Ah iIhv (r.inrri lorrcnvii tnoh'alnlioo or [iliiriii 
 Iron) \\w oi'ijjliliorliood ol rival ncHli'iiinolR, lliitir 
 Kii-riit/,ili and ilicir jtMJoii^v <'nnvrrt(rd atC*'!'^^ ^''" 
 (lUvviT and pri'lt'MsioiiN of llir tiii»lli(>r rooiilry 
 
 Colonid Nirliojtt, vvlio had )hmmi ii|ipoiii(i>d tlid fifNl 
 Mritiisii yovrriior ol New Vork, prfilialdy Willi tlin liii- 
 rii.Mio virw of prrwuadniK hot imialrr lo rcfniin from 
 tiiirdi'nMi;^ or irritiiliiiir llin pniplr hy lifiral nnpomliOMN, 
 »i(H'iiiH to liiivc f|( prrriiitcil, nctinrwiiat urijiiNlly, Ihn 
 Hi'liul roitditioii of till' srltttrnintit, m hin Intlrra to tlii> 
 Ihiki'ot \'ork, Ittii all iIm' citrty wniiTH luid Irnvid- 
 Irr-* iiriili' lit di'^iTilmig llii* |)iili-li roloiiMl oii'tropolM 
 IM II li.iiidHiiiiii' welt liiiilt lowo , and .loiNf-lvii dri'larrn 
 
 lli.il Ihi- iiii'sl hoii^i' III il wHi worth MMt/ lodi-rcl, 
 
 llir Viiiiotin pioviiioim ihat wi-rc iiilrodnri^d irilo llic 
 nrltrIrN ol HiirmidiT, lo jtn.ird iIip romhiriK of lh(> iii- 
 ii.ihil.itiiN Irittn invaHKM), alif'<<t ilir onh'rlv and plrntihd 
 rtiair whirl) thi'so (-oinniHtH Imd allttiticd. an wrll an 
 rxpltiii liic raiinrn of ihnr ntiwiirlikft wpint. IT llin 
 niuniirrn of the Dol'h rolotiiP>!<« rorri>Npond<-d with 
 lliorti^ of tlii'ir roMtitiyiiirti in llin pap-iit nlalr, tlmy 
 v.vTv prohiihlv HO(ii'rinr m idc^iin'M' lo llii! iiiaiiiii'i'n 
 which (lii^ l-iii;i|i!*h ( uluiii-tt I Duld diTivr from Mimdar 
 iinii.itioii. .S-r W'llli.iiii 'ri'Mipli' wtin anrpri^rd lo find 
 111 liolhiiid that lir wan i-xpfi-tcd mil lo Kpit npoti thn 
 l|iior*« ol Ki'iillrnifn'M lioii!«<>« f I V] ( >l I ho ccdoiiiata 
 v\hii Ihul laidrly ii'sorltd in i|ii> proviiiri-, nomr wrri; 
 prr«otiH who ii.nl iMijovcil roiiHidir.ihh) allluciicr and 
 rrH|>t-rl>ilHliiy III lloll ind. iihil wtio iiiiportfd wiihlhrm, 
 find iii.>»p|.tvi il III ihnr lion-ri, cowilv sirviciiH of faiinlv 
 pl.iti-. and wt-ll Nr)r<-|ii| pro'liirlionn of ihr Dn'rh 
 M-lii)ol o! panilin^. .No .ktomiiI Ii3« hern prcfi^-rvi'd 
 ol (In; total population of lhi> provmro and itn drpmd- 
 riit'M-ri . hilt llif III I'll (ipo||4, al lint linir. m-ciiih to havi> 
 <'oiit.tin('tl ahoni II.OiM) pcrtoiw t Mon- than half ol 
 tluH nniiilHT chosi' to i-inilnnn' in llic pl.n-c aftrr itn 
 aiini-xalion lo llir Hrilinh nnpiri' : llir ri'Mt nliandoiH-d 
 .1 Ncltltiou-nl wlin-h wan no loni^iT lo r^laiii ita l>ntrh 
 iis|)i ft or nnnir , and iln-ir hahitationn went Noon ocrn- 
 pK'd hv a Huppiv ol 4'iin>^r.iniH, purity Iroiii llrilani, hnl 
 -.imtiy Iroin .Ni-w Ijii-I.intl Thi^ l»okc of Vork, to 
 alhiro llu* Nrw Mnyi:ind plaiilcrs to tn-ltlr in liia pro 
 v;ni:i', | uhli'>h('d what hr tirini-d > nmlihon.'t fur fit ant a- 
 ti.iits. hy whirli (iiinonu' oiIht proviHionn) it wan di:- 
 li.tK'd that lito inhahitaulM ol i-\rrv lownnhip hh<iniil 
 <l('f-l iliL^ir own innii-<)( r. and arran:;'' liH rmohinifntfi 
 hv pnvaU: Hyri'i'ini-nt hiMwri-n ihi tn.-.t'Kcn and Inm 
 Anionjr llir Duldi who ri-miiincil n> Niw York, wan 
 llir vrncriihU' .SinvvtM.ini, who Ntiil adlirrfd lo thf! 
 wni'k ol tin- MiMliinhonH and coniniiiTnlv ovt^r w)nr-h 
 !)•■ h.id [■rcMilid, and to tin; ni-cih-^ ilial ri-ninidi'il him 
 of llir I'xploitH of Ins old a^i, llrir. (or a fi-w yearn 
 tnorr, III! piolon^t'd ihi' miipirr of Dutrh manners and 
 tlic ri!rtptH:l of tin: Dnii'h namr. till lull of daya and 
 liuiior, hu hrcathrd his lunl amidnl tln< Umth of hin 
 ru'inirymcn. Ilis doscinidantt* iiiIiitiIimJ Inn worili 
 and popularity, and, in thn fo)towiii<j rrnhiry. wrrv fru- 
 ipicntly tdfcti'd mio tin; m:ii;inlra<-Y of Nnw York 
 
 One ol the lirnl prorrcdin^jn in wliicli Nirhoh waa 
 rmploycd, w>ia in dutt.Tmmin^ witli tlin olhiT co. iinin- 
 hioiuTs till- honndunen uf Nuw Vork and ('oi. " liciil. 
 
 * Il vf »s nirhifliMl ill the rlniin dtriwil from (.'nhnrn voyage, 
 fi'Hlliaclhffii minht I lie nii(ijert<»f vmii.n^ Rranln hy Jamef llie 
 Fir-*! an<l Ciinrlfn the Fir»t, to iho I'lviiinutli ((miih-iI hi tlie 
 firsi ntstaiirfl, aiirt aftiirwnnJH l<. I.oni Stuinin. Tina imtile- 
 lii.ni vvm llir* kJiin'fi Hucrftary of stau* in Siollmul ; and m-e- 
 Hiti til. Kii«li!ilM*'MirtU'rn oiflauitnn uraiiU nf Atni'rican lerri- 
 ti)rv, Iif niiplli'il f'lr a iilinri< ; anil Aradm, iitHJi^r tin? ftniiie of 
 Sn\A Si'iti'i, v,.!« Kraiiii'il lo linn (must irri'Kiilarly), tiy a 
 |it'»'iii innliT IliP great >*r;il of Snitl oid. 
 
 ' * 'oiiiitl lliii rairuLilloi ii U<>|><iil to Ilin lluanl of Tmlo 
 
 It if» wnrH ntliT, |ini>li'>hiMl i)\ ('iialnier!i. |>. M9, togutlier 
 »itli a c.Miiidutalion ol the ini«rvuiiiiiy vvotUd. 
 
 21 
 
 Thr r'liiinn of thr hitirr of tlieap provinroa in lionid 
 
 Inland wir*' itinaliowcd, and iho whoh- ol (Imt innolar ' 
 rt'ifmn ntini'Xrd lo ihi- new DriliMh |nri>«ili('lion : hot in | 
 tlin arran^finriil ol thr liootidiiricH on llm main land, no j 
 lllllo iliHpOHilion wan cnlt'rltiincil to tako ailvantai;)' 'd | 
 thn (TionfUM a)ipr'ipriaiion in Ihr Dnkir ol Vork'n 
 ({rani, ^so i:;noranl. aino of (he loralitifn of thr iMiuniry i 
 wt<rn till- cojiiminnimifm, and no iihm'I) nM'hncd, at lh<! 
 anmn time, lo ^rnlilv thn propio id (/omirrtirut, in 
 ordrr lo dclach ihnm frmn thn inii'rcnt of MannarhO' 
 MUla, that thry nndouhtcdlv rnrnvfd iin nllotmrni of 
 l(!rrilory far morn lihnral than npiitahlo. A morr cor- 
 rrrt HiljuNtnif'iit of Imiitn waa found nrrfinnary at n nnh- 
 nnipictil pnriod, and wan not rllorti-d without rrnatiiit( 
 Ihn moat vrlmnifnit dmpnttm linlwium thn iwu roloinal 
 ({ovfsrimH'iila, 
 
 l*i'ir> J Lrnvni^ tlio ollinr romrninnionrrn to procrrd 
 to lli«> rxcrntion of llit-ii fmictionn in New Kfii^land, 
 Nnholn hf'iook hmiHrlf to 'lin dim-hari^'r of hin own pe- 
 culiar duty in the provinrr, wlnrh ho had hi'rri dcpnttrl 
 lo govern, The. Oiikr of Vork, who roniidered hnn 
 mdl invented hy hin palcnl with rifral Huthorily. had 
 inadn an aiiipir deh;^.ll|<nl of hm powern to Iim deputy ; 
 and the prudenre and humanily of Nnholn rt^ndernrl 
 Iih udtDiniatration rreditahle to the proprietary and s\v 
 cnptahle lo ihn [K'ople. To conhrni llio acfpiinitMni 
 that hin anna harl gained, and to aNniinilale, an far an 
 poanihte. llin dillcrerit raren of inliahiianls, hir jnil^^cd n 
 fixpedienl to iiilrodiKn nmnn^ them nil, an nniform 
 frHinn of nvil policy ; and with a prodint ronlonnity 
 to tho inntilnlionn that had already liion r Ntahlmhed hy 
 thn ])uli-h, hn ereeied h ronrt of anmzen, (-ompoHcd ot 
 the tfovnrnor, thn con tie'! and I he jonliren of the peace ; 
 whirli wan nutiRted vuh every power in liin lolonv, le- 
 Kinlativc, executive, and judicial 'J'he only liheral 
 iiinlitiition that \w wun allowed to introduce wan trial 
 hy jury , and to thm adintrahh! cIum k i.ti judicial innpiily, 
 all cdiinen and rotiirovermen were niihj»-clwl, 11*! ini- 
 roura([ed the colomntn to make pnrchanen ol land troni 
 llie naliven ; and tlient! purchanen he made the founda- 
 timi of griiila from hnnnelf, in which he renervcd a 'put 
 rent of a penny an acre. A diHpnIe which ocrnrred 
 nmon){ the mliahilantn of liOt)({ iHlatid nn^'^enled lo hi'i) 
 a aalntary Tgnlation which coniinucd lotijr to olitniii ir 
 the province. TiKtcontroverny had arir.rn oiit of fiomi 
 coiillirtm(( Indian dei dn ; and to prevent n rnrnrrenrc 
 of itaa w'.dl uaofthi loom fatal di^KcioMuna which were 
 npl to nriM! frnm ihene Irannactiona with thr nativen, it 
 wan ordaini'd that heticeforward no purcharfc from the 
 Indiaiin nhould he valid, niilenn the veiidilinn werrr a.i- 
 thorined hy llie hctiiM; from llie yovernor, and executed 
 in II K pren(!tii:c 'I'ho airen^th utid iniinhcm id the 
 naliven rendered it riecennary lo treat them with ntiitn- 
 peachaltle junlice ; and lo prevent their frcfpienl naie-j 
 ol th(! name land to ditrcretit prrnonn (a practice in 
 \\|iir-li they had hecti encouraged Ity the roidtictniir pre- 
 letinioiin and occiip>itiona of lh<^ Uutch, Swedei«, atid 
 tiiiirlinhj, It wan expi'dicnt thai the hari^ainn nl.onid he 
 Mtj|nali/.ed hv nomn niiMiiorahli; noienimty The Iriendly 
 rejationtt thai were now i-alahhahid helwien the Iviro 
 pean colotiiHtN<d iIiih province, and tin' powiilnl fhdiiin 
 irihen kinnMi hv the title of the Kive Naiions. and 
 which will alK-rwardn demand a roiiHiderahte nhare of 
 (tur Hlletitioii, were jfrea'ly promoted liy the harmony 
 which had nnhniftifl heiween tlielhitchand Indiana 
 durint,' ihi (jovi rinnent id Siiiyvenant, whose pri:deri<e 
 ihnx heipieathi'd a wim- h •'•ton and a valnahic oppurLu- 
 niiv to till-' admimntration of hm Hncce->Kor 
 
 'ihe court of asf^izes up). lied itnelf. without delay, to 
 collect inio one rode the ancM lit cuntotiia of the pro- 
 vitict*, Willi niich additional nnprovenientn an ihc cimn^e 
 of empire nenned to render nccennary, and aa nerved lo 
 inlrodnce llie nuprcmacy ihrtt was ascriind to the jnrin- 
 prndenn- ot lwl^land In thin rode, wliieli wan alltr- 
 wariU ratilied hy the Unkc of Vork, there occur aoiiK; 
 hiWH that neem to denote thn influence which liio New 
 Kn^land Kcttlertt m Long latand* iio doulit excrcnrd in 
 lln cQinpU'Ulioii. Any rtntd above sixteen yeart of a^e. 
 Btriking hia father or mother (except in defence of his 
 own life), " at the roiiiplamt uf tlie aaid father and 
 tiiolher, and not othcrwiac!, they he:iig auiricicnt wii- 
 nvaflca thereof," waa adjudged to sutler death. Tn- 
 veiling on Monday was forbidden ; and fornication was 
 piiiiinhed by marriage, fine, or corporal punishment, ac- 
 cording to the dincretion of the court. 'I'he barbarous 
 ata'.e of medical suience and practice was indicated by 
 an ordinance, atnclly prohibiting all surgeons, phy- 
 
 airinnn, and midwirt;*, from "(irenuminij lo exncMsn or 
 put forili anv act coti'r:irv to the known approved rnlf* 
 of art,' and tin nUHnhdnid mate id ti'itun' ap|ie.irn 
 from ihe proponihon of rnwnrdn for lln di .hHucIioii of 
 wolvi-n III lion,; l^l-itid. The ciiy of New Ynrk wlinh 
 h.id enjoyed extinnive privi|e(fe« nndir tin- old t.-overri- 
 men', AiiH tnnv inrorporaied a. id placerl under tlie ad- 
 inminlralion of a mayor, aldermen, and shenfl ; ihn 
 Knt;bnh oH'icmI nomeiicl mire nervitif.' adflitinnally to 
 Inik the provinruil innlitnlionn wnh I Jii;lin|i junnpro- 
 dence t Jiie of llm hij;lient acta of power ihal wan tn- 
 served to the conrl of anni7.en wan the nn|ioniiioti of 
 taxen ; anil tlnn it noon hafi occaamn tn exercinr in 
 order to mfrt the exi^eneien of ihi war which f^iarlea 
 the Second had at lenifih niirceeilcd ni provoking with 
 liollnnd. lint even ifie inonl uTtj^racjonn actn of Nt- 
 rlioln were d inarmed of their olfenre hy the concilmting 
 demeanor that canned the Ibitch to fnri/et he had been 
 their cfimpieior, ami hv ihe nioderiilirm hi ' >ie(;riiy 
 winch fin uni!ornily evinced, atnt ilte pergonal nai riticen 
 thai he reiiddy incurri d for the pnhlie Jidvanlai/p An 
 .mnembly of depniiet from the |>iilch and Kiii/h-*h plan- 
 LilKfnt in l.iMig Inhind, Alnrh he ninnuioncil to ail|unt 
 the liriundarien f>f their rmprctive fi-itlements, took tliR 
 oppoftoniiy of lint, eoiifrei/atnin lo traiminit an addrrns 
 to tlie iJnke of York, ai know]ed(;in(r their depi inlenre 
 on liiH novereiL'niy flccorditiL' '*» bin patent . eiij,'agini( 
 to dcfctid hiv ri^hin, and to nuhtnit clieerftilly lo what- 
 ever lawn nniihi he enacted by virtue rd htn aoihontv ; 
 and rer,nentni^ Ihat Hi* ir df clarii'iini mi^ht he accepteil 
 an H inenional aj^ainnt them and their hcirn, if (hey 
 Miouhl evir he found lo fad in the performaiiM' ol their 
 doty. Vel one por'mn of ihene pi opie had hut recently 
 nubn.itiid to Nicholn an ihe cnufpii rint; b ader ol th# 
 tronpn of a foieii^n usurper ; ami the otbern b,nl an ro- 
 cenlly In en nmleil lo llie liberal inntiiufionn of New 
 Knghiiid. .So ntroiiyly 'lofn the univernal niory of 
 mankind t onfirni the truth rif SuIIv'h obHervaiion, that 
 where the people are n'll deceived liv factioiin le.iders, 
 even arbitrary power m f-eldom reninted when it tn hu- 
 manely einiiloved ; and lhal pO[ai|ar dixconlent evnn ta 
 inncb I'SK Iri (pi«:nt]y a promptitude to ann.-rt jiint rigtils, 
 than impatience rit nr<-inn'il.iied rndf' rmtrn. 
 
 IVt'td I The iiiieljiifeiice ot the derhiration of war 
 wi*(i llollaitd, whrfh wan f ominunicaif d by Itu; I^)rd 
 ( Jl.aiif'1'or ((Marendon) to roloin I Niclmln, was ac* 
 rntnpat,,! d vsith Ihe sht^urance iLiit the I*i i. h were prr- 
 p'lring an i xpedilimi for u.e f co\ery of iheir An.encan 
 nettle. nent, ut d iImI I'e Knv'er had ncdveil oidern to 
 nad iniinedi.itt li for .\ew Vork + Nicholn exerud 
 bmipelf, With I.m uiinal * it( rjfy, (o rrnif.t ttif- honiihiy of 
 no fortnidahle n f<ie ; aiid thout/h it appeared eveniually, 
 lhat either the chaiiciilor'n inlorn>aiioi) had iH-eti erro- 
 neoun, or that the expedition wan noHpei.dtd by \>t 
 Knyter'n inrire important eniplot uientn in Kiirofrf;, the 
 expenne that altended the preparatiOfin for bin recejitton, 
 and the other cr nnnpK ncen of the war, reduod tho 
 province to a ntale of conmderable dmlrens. .\n Ihe 
 I'lople wire denlitute of nhip(iing, iheir trade, which hid 
 iifeti carruid on by I^itcti vennein, wan toldlly lo^t ; no 
 nu|iplien were ner.t frot:' Lrj^Und to aileviaie t(iin t:a- 
 lamity ; and, in addit.on lo other coiicunntaiit hurdena 
 ni war, a yineral rate wan imponed on the entales of 
 the i.'ihubilantn hy the ronrt ol annizen .Si:l| Uiere was 
 every rea^ori to n[)pre!,erid that tlie i^inppiy ttial was 
 rained would he in*i'itli( lent, and llie prepiirstionn con- 
 aerpiently inadequate to repel the ixfrccied invasion, 
 in this exireiniiy, t' .; governor, wiibont, prmning the 
 people for further rontribuiionn to defeat an enlerpnse 
 winch iiianv of them munt have contemplated witb 
 aecT) I Jiatihfa. '.ion, winely and hheralSy atlvrtuctd bit 
 own nionev and ititerposed Liin credit to supply the 
 pnhhc exiueticien. Happily tor the proaperiiy of th« 
 actth tneiit, wtinh Nicholn, wilh the aid o\ the other 
 l^n^tinb colonies, would have defimded to the lanl ex- 
 
 ' It wan inorit priitial>ty to thpin than lo the iJiitch that 
 Nicli.dn alluded, wln;n hi a If'.r to the Duke of V..rk he 
 i-xitrc^seil Inn lii»pe Hint " now eviin Hio niri*t tarttnus repui*- 
 h(Hi)9 niiiat ackii(ivMt"ti!e itieiiiSfclven tiutfied with the way 
 ttiuy are Ut " I'liaiinfrs, M'J. 
 
 * tiitWi rne'lirifit and k'lrfrrry wt rn lli^n in a vpr)- ru<l« *tiU« 
 In Etif^land, whprt; Uir cfficwcy nf royal tout h f''r tiic kinir'a 
 evil Has %ii\i t>*>lieved maL trird, and Sydeiiliani's career tia4 
 bi;'. recently l<riin. Notwuinianflirn a le<il detennination 
 fironoiincrd in Eni^iand. two crpiurwa belore tin*. Hiat -' a 
 rlnrurifeon may cut off one rntniMr to save ttie reat" <hiat« 
 Trials, III. VST}, It was in Frsntc alone tliat a rnartutacture of 
 •urgiral innliurnentn eiitted till llie eml of the scveit'.ccnth 
 cr-ntury. (Jicaelden told Voltaiic that he firtt mlrodurcd tiim 
 nianufactiire into En||;larKl in IT15. Afe of LfiUii tSe Four- 
 te* nth. cap. 90. In Sp«in, as late a.n the year 17()fi, ttie ire«t- 
 ■.,,:::' (if fever was regulaicil by law. Towiisand's Tra»ei«, 
 tn. 14^^- 142, Ac 
 
 t Hiio..' (vii.400)tay« that t' Ruyter srtuaily r.jnim(it»0 
 hoHUi-tien un iMtitf Inland before it>e declaration of war, ,» 
 revvnite fur the capture of New Vork. but De nu>ier was 
 nut accuttunied io niipcriectly to a\enife the «ror.|t t of hij 
 country : and Hume h.i'< tw-en nualed by in erruneouA account, 
 or maccnrale reroUet.ltoii, of a more ivnnus and •urrcM*>^ 
 attack on Nc^k Voik t\ the Uutch irKMit se^en )tin a.40 
 this per:u(i, and in the coursa of a suOM'^uAnt wax. 
 
800 
 
 THE HISTORY OK 
 
 
 tremity, neither the Slates-general, nor the Dutch West 
 India Company, made any attonipt to repossess ihetn- 
 aelvcAof New Y'orkdiiri:i>r this wjr; and dt the [tiMirof 
 Bredu It was ceded to En<;land, in cxcli:irii;c for iior colo- 
 Dv urSjriiiiin, which had hoen cun.)iii'r('d tiy the Uiitrli. 
 [1H'»7] This u*chiuifO was no oiherwwe ex[)ro48L'd. 
 than by a general dtipulatiori in the treaty that each of 
 the two nations should retain what its arms hud ac- 
 quirnd since hostilities hegan. The Dutch hiid no rca- 
 ■on to regret the cxchjngo ; for it was iinpos^nbte ihat 
 tney could long have proacrvrd New York againtil the 
 increasnig strength and rivalry of (he inhaiiitants of 
 New England, Maryland, and Virginia. It was by this 
 treaty that Acadta was ceded to Franco, which had 
 acted as the ally of Holland during the war, and was 
 the only party that reaped advantage from it. England 
 B&w her characrur dishonored by liio injustice of (he 
 war : the glory cf hrr arms tarnished hy liie disgrace at 
 Chatham ; the conquest achieved lor her by Cromwvtl 
 surrendered ; and every one of the purposes for which 
 the coiiK^st had been provoked, rendered utterly abor- 
 tive.* 
 
 The security which the Dritish dominion in New 
 York dorivcd from the treaty of lircda, occurred very 
 seasonably to supply (he useful services of Colonel 
 Nichols, who, (iudnig the pecuniary burdens of llio wiir 
 pressing too heavily on liiinaelf, was forced, in the be* 
 ginning of (his year, (o resign an appointment which, 
 at one lime, seeuis to have rciultTed him a.s elate and 
 happy as it had enabled him to nuke Inuiself useful and 
 beloved. The king, as a te^innuny of liiu approbation 
 to which his eminent .^crvlct-s were entitled, sent him a 
 prostjiir. of iwo hundred ponmii ; and this brave and 
 modest lovalist was more gralilicd v\tih the expression 
 ol royal id\or than dis<i|i|)Oinicd wiih the meaiihess and 
 inadequiiry of the rcinunerauon. He was long remem- 
 bered wit:i respect and kindness by a people whom he 
 ha<i found hostile and divided; and vvhoin, noiwilh* 
 sianding ihiit be bad been constrained tu deprive them 
 ol lil)erty and inde|M>hdenc<;, he left friendly, united, 
 and rontcJited.f Tlic beneiit of his successful exer- 
 ttons, together with the signal advantage of peace, and 
 of the recognition by Holland of the Uritish doinnuon, 
 devolved 0!i bis successor. Colonel Lovelace, a man of 
 quiet (emper and moderate disposition, which in tran- 
 quil tunes so well supplied the ahst-nce of vigor and 
 caitacity. that the colony, during the greater pan of v\x 
 years that he presided over it, enjoyed a noiseless leiior 
 01 content and prosperity ;t and '.lie most memorable 
 occurrence that signalised his udininistration, was the 
 nnfurtunate event that brougla it to a close. 
 
 1672. J Tlie second war with Holland, which the 
 king undertook in siibscrvieuce to the ambition of 
 Louis XIV., was calculated no less to injure ihe trade 
 of New York, than to disturb the harmony of its iinxerl 
 iiilmhitanta, and aheiiate the re>;ards of (he original 
 coloiusts. The fjlse and frivolous reasons that were 
 assigned by tiie KriglL-ih court for this piotbgatc war, 
 rendered it more oibinsive to every Dulelunan by add- 
 ing insult (o injury ; and the gallaiit acbievemeiits of 
 De Ruvter, that extorted the admiration and applause 
 even of bis enemies, must iiavc awakened in the most 
 languid bosoms uf the Dutch colonists some sympathy 
 with the glory and danger of ilieir country, and a reluc* 
 :auce to (lie destiny (liit had a.osociuted them with her 
 enemies. Tht* mlelligence of the Duke of York's re- 
 cent prufessioi] of (he catholic fjith runtribuled to in- 
 crease their disconient, whicli at length prevailed so 
 far with a cunsiderat>le body of them, that they deter- 
 mined to abuiiduu .New Vork. and either return to 
 Holland, or setk nut anoiher settlement in llio new 
 worid. Happily for Englisii America, iboy were re- 
 tained within her lerrnory by the iiddr(ss of the pro- 
 prietaries of Carolina, who prevailed with them to di- 
 rect their footsteps towards this province, [1073,] 
 where, remote from lureign war, and sunnounling hard- 
 ships hy patient 'ndustry, they funned a settlement that 
 recompensed them for the hahttations they had for- 
 
 * Tlie elevation lliat had been projected for Ihe Priiirii of 
 Ctrani^e, m particular, u:i> iluleatfa ;— ilie statoii t-iigaK>»t( 'u 
 iM-Ktow a roiisi'lHratiie ;i|i|Hiinlinent u()ihi hiiii wlien he slioulU 
 
 villiani Teiiiplu'd 
 
 t Prom his ritnimniuiit in A'npdnM churrh. llnilfunlHhirp, It 
 ttpiHiars lh»t NlchulK wan kliliMi on bujir.! the DnkH oi Vnik'M 
 bhip In a Mea*l)i[lit with the Uutrli in 1673. VVitinn the i)e(li- 
 inent Is AkmI the ('ai)ii<iii-li;iit tii;it killed hirn, Hutni'Minted h>- 
 tliii iii.><t:riiiti.)r( 1 ln>ir)ni)eiiiuiii mortis et iinintirtHlituliit, 
 
 t A feetile aUerii[tt was made, indeed, in the year IMV, hv 
 one CuniriKSiUiirk, a Swede, in eidtn nn insurieclioii uf Iiih 
 conntrynien in the Ueluw,ire territory ui{ain:%t the Englikii. 
 The alleriipt was del'eiited witntiut blooiNhed, nnd roiitiigi- 
 niork na« condemned to l>e sold ak a kUvu in BarlMwiuo^. 
 fttniuni riniitb's Uist. of New Jarvev l>. j^, M 
 
 attain the a^e ot twenty-two, hut deiiannff tlit-ir urieriiunii- 
 ttun not tu make hiiii ittadhulder. ^'ir W. 
 Works (fuho), vol. i. p. 74. 
 
 saken. If more of their countrymen projected a simi- 
 lar inignition, their purpose was suspended by an event 
 whicii Ofcuried (tie >ann' vcir, and inviu.d lliem lo em- 
 brace a more graufvnig deliverance from liie irksonie- 
 ]i('s.i of ihcir .situation. A small sqiiadroii h'jd been 
 despatched from Holland, under lliu coinniapd o( 
 Umkcs and Kvertzen. lo destroy the commerce n{ the 
 English colonies; and laving performed this service 
 with great ellert on (he Virginian coast, they were in- 
 duced (o attempt a more important enterprise, by in 
 telhgencR of the negligent security of the governor o( 
 New York, llcpairiitg with secresy and expedition to 
 ihis ancient possession of their country, they had the 
 good fortune lo arrive at the metropolis whilu Love- 
 lace was at a distance, and the command was exercised 
 by Colonel Manning, whose own subsequent avowal, 
 added to the more credible testimony of his conduct, 
 has recorded his character as a traitor and jioliruon. 
 Now was rcTcrsed the scene thai took place when 
 New York was invaded by Nichols. The Engli.sh in- 
 habitants prej>jred to defend themselves, and offered 
 their assistance to Mannnig ; but he obstructed their 
 preparations, rejected (heir aid, and, on the tirst intel- 
 ligence of (he enemy's approach, struck his flag, before 
 their vessels were even m sight. As the Dutch Heel 
 a<lvaiiced, bis garrison could not forbcnr to demonstrate 
 their readiness to light ; but, in a transport of fear, he 
 forbade a gun to be hrnd, under pain of death ; and 
 surrendered the place uncondidonally to the invaders.^ 
 The moderation of the conquerors, iiowever, showed 
 them worthy of their succees ; ami, hastening to as- 
 sure all (be citizens of the security of their rights and 
 possessions, tliey inspired ilie Dutch culoni^is with 
 triumph, and left (be Knglish no cause of resentment 
 but against their pnsdlaniinons commander. The same 
 modcraiion being tendered lo (he other disiru-ls of the 
 province, on condition of their sending deputies to 
 swear allegiance lo the Stales General, the inclmatioiis 
 of onu party, and the fears uf (he other, induced the 
 whole to submit ; the Dutdi dominion was reslcred, 
 still more siiddf^nly than it had been overthrown ; and 
 the name of New Netherlands once more revived. Hut 
 neither the triumph of the one party, nor the morlitica- 
 tiou of the other, was destined lo have a long endu- 
 rance. 
 
 Great was the consternation that these events ex- 
 cited m the adjoining colonies of liie Knglish. Tiif 
 government of Connecticut, with asioniahntg ttl)sur- 
 dity, sent a deputation to the Dutch admirals, to re- 
 monstrate against their usurpation of dominion over 
 the territory of England, and (he property of her sub- 
 jects ; to desire them to explain the meaning of their 
 conduct, nnd their further intentions ; and to warn 
 them, thdt the umied colonies of New England were 
 intrusted with the defence of their sovereign's do- 
 mnnuus m .\inerica, and would he faithful to their 
 trust. 'I'u (Ills ridiculous application, the Dutch com- 
 manders returned a soldierlike answtrr, expressing their 
 surprise at (he terms uf it, but declaring that lliey 
 were commissioned by tbcir country to do all the 
 damage in Uieir power to he: enemies by sea and land ; 
 and that, ^^llIte they apptaudi:d the tidelily of the 
 English colonies (o ih< ir yoverei/^n, (hey would inii- 
 lale so good an exanqile, and eiidravur to appruve 
 llieinsulves not less zealous and laithtul ni the service 
 of (he Slates General. The most active preparations 
 for war were forthwith made in Conrieciicni and the 
 other eonlederated coloiuis : but as each party stuod 
 on the defensivt-, awatimg the nivabton uf the other, 
 only a lew insigiiilicaiit skirmishes had taken place, 
 when the arrival of winter suspended military opera- 
 tions. Early in the fullowing spring, [lti74j the con- 
 troversy was terminated without furllier bloodshed, by 
 the intelligence of (he treaty of peace coniluded at 
 London, and of the restoration of New York lo the 
 English, by virtue of a general slipniaiion, thai what- 
 soever counlriea might have bevu taken during the 
 
 * Manninff, after ait this exirnordiniiry nnd unarcountahle 
 ronduct, had (lie nnpudiMice tu rep.'nr to tiiKland ; whi*ai:e lie 
 'eiunicii, or was sent hack, when the province was again 
 .fivLMi up hy the Dutch in the lollowinK >eHr. He was ilien 
 Itied hy court mctial on HCliari{eot treachery and <'iiWHrdice, 
 expre^seu h) II e Hiron){csl and most revuUin^ lenns. ('on* 
 res-HiiiK ihiM charge to ht^ true, he received a Kentenre ulniodt 
 a« extraordinary uh hut ronduct: " iluil llinui<h In- dasr^rved 
 death, >et heciuse lie had sin<:e the surrenuer hecii in En^- 
 !"■>'! '••id seen the Kliiil ainl the duke, it uah adjud)teJ llial lus 
 NWnrd nhoiild be bri)ke overhh head ni pulihc, helnre the city 
 liatl. and hnnsen ruiidert-d incapahle ul wenrmi; n KV\ord, and 
 of kerviiiif hts iiiajeslv tor the fntiiro in :iiiy piihlic triisl." 
 Smith, p. 49, -IS- Tlie 'ild irinxnn Ihul wdn n'operlud on Ihit 
 OCT i^-ioii, timt grace m dihpMi.tfd hy ilic iricie look o( a kini{, 
 wit domed a tuw years alter to iiu unfurtunat« Duke of Mon* 
 aiDUtti 
 
 war, should bo restored to the power that nad pos- 
 sessed them at its commencement. 
 
 Tlieevenis of this war, botli in Europe and .^mcricuf 
 were Ht'.ended with impurtant conseipiencert lo lh:\t 
 portion of the North .\nien(-.in populaiton that derived 
 Its origin from Holland. The elevation (o the di>rniiy 
 of Sladdiuldcr, which (hu Prince of Orange had now 
 derived from the fear and danger of his countrymen, 
 and from their desire to propitiate the king of Eng- 
 land, paved the way to his advancement lo the English 
 throne, and consequently to a reign under which iho 
 Dutch colonists, though disunited from Holland, ceased 
 to regard the 13ritish sovereignty as a foreign domina- 
 tion. The eriectual re-conquest of the province by 
 the Duich arms, and the final cession of it to England, 
 by a pacific and conventional arrangement, cured tho 
 wound that had been inliicted by the iiijjslice of Eng* 
 land's original acquisition. Many uf the Dutch c lo- 
 nists, besides, apprehensive of molestation, or, at Iciat, 
 despairing of favor from a government whose susf si;- 
 sioii bad excited (heir undisguised triumph, were (hi* 
 more readily induced lo follow iheir former c j n- 
 panions, who had emigrated lo Carulina ; and this iis- 
 |tersion of the Dutch (ended at once to promote ihoir 
 friendly association with the English, and to divcsl 
 New York of a distinctive character which might have 
 ohslruclcd the harmony between her and the ctliei 
 provinces, with which she was now to be for ever 
 united. 
 
 The D York, understanding that some donbli 
 
 had been k- ,ested of the validity of his original grant, 
 which had been executed while the Dutch government 
 was in peaceable po.ssession of the couutry, and which, 
 even though originally valid, seemed lo have been 
 vacated by the intervening cmujuest, thought it pru- 
 dent to remedy this defect, and signalise the resuinp- 
 iion of his proprietary func(ions bv nblainmg a new 
 patent. This deed, which was readily granted lo his 
 solicitation, recited and conhrmed ihe former grant of 
 the province. It empowered him to govern the inhabi- 
 tants " by sucli ordinances as he or his assigns sliu'.<ld 
 tisiablish; and to administer justice according to the 
 laws ol England, with the admission of an a)ipe.d to 
 the king in council. It prohibited all per^ons from 
 trading tlnilier without his purmisbiun ; and, thonyli it 
 allowed (lie colonists (o import merchandises, it sub- 
 jected them to paynuMit of cusiums, according to the 
 taws of the realm. Under (he authority of this charier, 
 the duke eonlmued lo rule the province ^diminished 
 however by the New Jersey teiriiory which be hud 
 previously assigned to others) till his proprietary right 
 was merged in his regal title. It seems at first sight 
 not a little surprising, (hat neilher in this nor in tlio 
 former charter of the territory, did the brother of iho 
 king obtain a grant uf the same extraordinary poweru 
 and privileges that had been previously cuuferred on 
 the proprietaries of M'-iryland and Carolina. Uut rely- 
 ing on ihc greatness of his connexion and bis prospects, 
 thf duke was probably very little solicitous to share (he 
 dignities and immumties which thi.-se other propriela- 
 ries bad [irocured fur themselves ; and, while as counu- 
 palaline ihey exercised every act of governmenl in 
 thf-ir own names, he cunlented himself with ruling l.ij 
 territory in the name of the king. The inisluriu;ie!i 
 and evident incapacity uf Lovela e precluded hi<) re- 
 appointment to the oflice of goveri or, which wa; con- 
 ferred on Edmund Aiidrus, a man who disgraced supe- 
 rior talents by the uiipnncipk'il Zealand acliMiy with 
 ^\hich he rendered ihein subservient to the art>itrar;r 
 designs of a tyrant. [18J Tins officer, whose suuse- 
 qnetit proctedingp in New England hsve already intro- 
 duced him tu uur acquainiattce, now cummeiiced that 
 career in .\nierica which has gained him so conspicu- 
 ous a place in the annuls of almost every one of her 
 slates for Iwentv years afler this period. He waa 
 ordered lo disturb no man's estate while he received 
 possession of the province, from the Dutch, and lo dis- 
 tribute justice in the king's name according to tho 
 forms that had been observed by his predereisors. 
 Uut in order to raise a revenue and detray the o.t> 
 penses of government, a great variety of rales were at 
 the same lime imposed by the sole authorily of till 
 duke; and one Dyer was appointed (he collector gl 
 these odioua and unconsdiulional impositions. 
 
 The duke, in Ins inslructions to Andros, had recom- 
 mended to bun the exercise of (jenlleness and hiH 
 mainly ; but his selection of bun to udminister tho moro 
 arbitrary policy winch he now bagi n (o piirsne towards 
 the colonists, gave more reason lo suppose thai lli6 
 admumiion wus neces'iHry than hat il wu.ild prove 
 etleclual : and accordingly the r. w governor hud nut 
 be«n lung in th« province, wIm beaidftt vinbroriing 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 807 
 
 Iiimsplf with the npiaMinring povcmmfnt of Connccti- 
 fiit. lie e.xciti'd tliu rnunnurfl ami renionsirunccs uf the 
 liu.giytr;itcs, iIh; clrrj.'V, <ii»l tlin whole hixiy of tlit' pfo- 
 plc. 'i'hc pressure of the arl 'iiirv ratus, sii^j^c^stiTig 
 c-ij-criallv to llicscirlrrs in l^oi.ji Uliir!-.! (he hLMielil of 
 H rcprfsentativr assii'tnljly. tlioy ht'yiui at Iciii;tli 10 
 broiiili this |irii|io8itioii a;* a inattvr uf coriKtitiitionnl 
 riu'rit ; hill thiJte lirst emotions of i;!>«^rlv were checked 
 by Andron. wjili a vi^or and deciaion for which he re- 
 ceived the ihdnks of hifi master. A Dutch clergyman, 
 named Henslaer, who had been recommended hy the 
 duke to the putronairc of Andres, proved unacceptable 
 to the people, and was puninhed by the magititratcfl of 
 Albany for some language that was deemed improper. 
 The governor interfered with his usual energy in the 
 dispute, and having first loaded with insult a popular 
 clrrgymiin, whom Urnslaer considered his rivrtl, pro- 
 ceeded to adj'idgc all the magistrates to find bail to 
 answer Kensl.icr's romplainls, to the extent of 5.000/, 
 each, and threw Leislcr, one of their nmnber, into 
 prison for refusing to comply. But finding that he had, 
 on this occHsion, stretched his authority farther than he 
 coutd support it, he wau compelled to recede barely m 
 tune lo prevent a tumult that might have dissolved the 
 guvernmcnt. Apparently somewhat daunted with this 
 defeat, he conducted himself with greater regard to 
 prudence, and was tible for a while to lead a quiet ad- 
 uuiiistration ; but the j'ecd-H of jmpular discontent had 
 beeii sown, and a strong desire for more lii>eral jnsti- 
 tuiions look iileut but vigorous root in the colony. 
 This disposiiion, which t)ie contagious vicinity of 
 liberlv in New England doiiltiless (ended to keep alive, 
 WBS fomented by a measure to which tiie governor 
 resnrled, to Hupplv the inadequate returns from the 
 colonial rates; [ IfiTH J the practice of soIu;iting pecuniary 
 lietuvoUncfx from liu- various couuniinilie.s and town- 
 ships within his jui-diriion. This htvU^r of had times, 
 us a colonial historian has lerinul it. is sometimes the 
 promoter of those rights whicli it attacks indirectly and 
 yet HlroiiL'ly sugijests In the close of the following 
 year [lfi77] Andros was compelled to pay a visit to 
 tnglaid. in order lo obtain furiber instructions adapted 
 to ilie new tcene tlmt was aboul to open. 
 
 The revenue which the Duke of York Iiad imposed 
 on the province, hud been liiniled to the duration of 
 three years ; and as this period was on the point of 
 expiring, the intereift holii of the government and the 
 people was fixed on the issue to winch this emergency 
 would lead. The people anxiously hoped that the very 
 iua(le<]uacy of the present system of finance would in- 
 duce their proprietary to consent to l!ie desires ibey 
 hud (.'X)tresaed. and lo !*w.'k thit uuprovement of his re- 
 venue from the establishment of a representative as- 
 sembly. Uut llie duke was obstii.ately determined 
 against this measure ; and lliounht that be made a 
 Rutiicieul sacriticc to the advantage of the colonists, 
 by simply enacting that the former rates slioiild con- 
 liiuie for three years longer. [l()78J When Andros 
 returned to Ins government with tlis unwelcome edict, 
 llii' prr-vince was pervaded by universal dMrontrnt ; and 
 v*lu-ri a now edict, in the following vciir. [Ifi7l>] an- 
 nounced an increase of the la.x on ilie importation of 
 liquors, the public indignalioii was expressed so velie- 
 menlly. and so manv complaiiils were tranHimtu-d to 
 Kn^liiMd, that the duke, ui much surprif^e. recalled Ins 
 governor lo givt^ an account of an ntlmiiiii^tratiori tlial 
 pluiulv appeared to be iinivcrsiilly odious. [lf)8!)] Thit) 
 pniice was determined that bis subjects should be eii- 
 Flue<!. and at the same time very willing that they 
 sliuiild be liappy ;* and seeing no inrouipniibility be- 
 twei'ii tiicse circumstances, be suppo».ril the more rea- 
 dilv that Andros might have comniittid some enor- 
 miliea unconnected with bis otlicial fnuciions, and 
 called hnii home to ascertain if be had really so dia- 
 credited legitimate lyramiy. The inquiry, as miubi lie 
 expected, terminated in the honorable acquittal of the 
 governor, who proved that he had coinmilted no breach 
 of trust ; that he had merely evinced a temper suitable 
 to his arbitrary functions, and enforced his masler'a 
 
 ■ Such were ainn tliH BPiiim.enls of Cliarlea the Sucond. 
 Sir Wilhim Tem|)lfl, wlin (MiivftrKcd intimately wuli lUin, 
 navs tliat he wished that every Imdy should he easy, *' and 
 »"iiM have bucn Kind tu BOO the lenst of his suhiecls pleased." 
 U'iMk.t, vol. i.p. 449. Yet wlieuTe)it(i|e anit Dtiiern entreated 
 I itn In nlleviatn the miHery nl the Scotch, hy restrainnii; the 
 hloudy hands nf the duku <if I.Hiiderdiile, they found tt utterly 
 iiiip4iHNii>l-« to prevnl. lr>. 330. I.auderdaln'» loitduct, in- 
 dHHd, at ( ne liniu ui durwriit a inriliir xcrutniy to that which 
 we tiBVi senn Aii^.u^ atiule. The result was neurly the 
 •Bi: e . tl ) kiDK (M>-<i ni!ttio|i lluriiei) decliiriuif. arter a full 
 ln-|t itv, " 1 perccivi' that Ltiuderdale has heeii ifuiltyof many 
 bud tli:u(s Htininitt *: ho iieople of Scotland ; hut I caniiut t)n<l 
 tha* *if h II a^teU ar v tiling conUarir to my iiitereit *' 
 
 orders with the rigor that was necessary to carry such 
 obnoxious measures into execution. Uut circuiu- 
 srances whicli occurred in the cutnnv, during the ab- 
 scencu of Andros, determined ihc duke to forbear lor 
 the present lo re-employ so unpopular an otl'icer, or to 
 risk his own authority in a farther contest witn the de- 
 sires of the people, till his hand should be strengthened 
 by the grasp of a dceptre. 
 
 Dyer, the collector of the revenue, had continued 
 ever since his appointment to perform his functions 
 with great odium, but lit'Ae opposition. Latterly, 
 however, the people had begun to question the lawful- 
 ness 1)0 less than the lilierabty of a system of taxation 
 originating with the duke aloi.. - and when they 
 learned that their doubts were sanctioned by the opi- 
 nions of the most eminent lawyers in England, their 
 indignalioii broke forth with a viohuice that had nearly 
 transported them to the commission of injustice still 
 more outrageous than the wrongs they complained of. 
 They accused Dyer of higli treason, for having col- 
 lected taxes without the authority uf law ; and the lo- 
 cal magistrates seconding the popular rage, appointed 
 a special court to try hiin on this absurd and unvvar- 
 ranialdc charge. It was pretended that although he 
 had not committed any one of the otreiicea bpecUied m 
 tho statute of treasons, yet it was liwful to subject' 
 him to the penalties of this statute, for the ancient 
 and exploded crime o( encroachiiiir /joircr;— one of 
 those vague and unintelligible charges, which it bad 
 been the very purpose of the statute to abolish. liiit 
 reason and humanity returned in tlic short interval be- 
 tween the impeachment and the trial : and when the 
 p.. oner demanded to know how his judges came to be 
 invested with their functions, and if they did not act 
 under an aulhorily derived from the same prince, 
 whose commission he himself enjoyed, the court inter- 
 posed to suspend farther proceedings in the colony, 
 and ordered nim to be MCJt with an accuser to t^ng- 
 lund. [1681 j Ho was of course discharged immedi- 
 ately after his arrival ; and no accuser thouglii proper 
 to appear against him. iiut if this prosecutiun was 
 any thing more than a bold undesigning expression of 
 popular displeasure and impatience, it completely 
 etl'eeted the farthest purposes of its promoters ; and lo 
 their spirited thougli irregular measures, New York was 
 indebted fur the overlhruwof an odious despotism, and 
 her first experience of syatemalic liberty. While the 
 duke regarded with astonishment the violent pioceed- 
 ing by which bis collector had nearly perished a» a 
 traitor, and hail been banished from the colony without 
 a voice being raised in his favor, he was assailed willi 
 expressions of the same senliineuls that had produced 
 this violence, in a more constitutional, and therefore, 
 perhaps, more disagreeable sliape. The governor's 
 council, the court of assizes, and the corporation of 
 the city of Now Vorki concurred with the whole body 
 uf (he mhabitanis lu soliciting the duke to permit the 
 people to participaie in the legi.-.Idtive powi.r ; and 
 while their cnnduct enabled hiin to inlerprel theip ad- 
 dres.ses into u formal declaration that they wo ild no 
 longer continue lu pay taxes without possessing an as- 
 sembly, he was given to understand, by hi« cuul'Jeiuial 
 advisers, that the laws of England would supprrt them 
 in till!) prcKiision. Overcome by the united force of 
 all these circumstances, ami not yet advaujcd to the 
 height wliiuice he wus afterwards enabled to regard the 
 sngtrestion of legal otistructious with a snubs' the 
 duke tirat paused in his irbitrary career, tnd then gave 
 a reluctant and ungrucioni assent to the demands of 
 the colonists. Direclions were sent to the deputy-go- 
 veniur on whom the administration had devolved m 
 the absence of Andros, " to keep things quiet at New 
 Vurk ill the mean time;" and shortly after, [1682] it 
 was inlimated to him tliat the duke could condescend 
 lu grant the desires of the people on condition of 
 llieir raising money aulficiunt for the support of govern- 
 ment, and uf the principal inhabitants couseuttug lo 
 grant a written engagement that this should be dune. 
 Al length, after wavering a little longer between fear 
 and aversion, the duke gave notice ot bis final deler- 
 luiuation lo establish m New York the («ame frame of 
 government that the other colonies enjoyed, and par- 
 ticularly ■ representative assembly. The governor 
 whom he nominated to conduct the new admimstra- 
 tion was Culonel Dongan, afterwards Earl of Limerick. 
 
 * Sbh ante, B. II. cap. A. One uii^ht alinnst he tempted to 
 suNpect Chaliiiers uf uii inteutiun to natiTize the duke hy ex- 
 iravaQaiicc of uurncritt'd praise, when he sugKeata an tlie 
 reanon fur his acipues('eiu:e on iln^ ocensiou, ihiii " the con- 
 tinued adversity winch had so loii){ eiutiittereil lui lUe, nmde 
 him rsfard ttie n^M» and taul fur the luirenngt uf uttieri." 
 
 a man of integrity, moderation, and agreeable mannerv, 
 and, though a professed |mpist, which periiaps was bia 
 cluef p.isspurt to the duke's favor, yet ni the main ac- 
 ceptable, and justly so, to a people who regarded po 
 pery with su»|uciou and dislike. The mstrnctiomi that 
 were commufiicated to Dotigau, required him to con- 
 voke an &sse:iibly, whi';h was to consist of B council 
 of ten, and a house of representatives, not exceeding 
 eighteen, to be elected by tho freeholders. Like tho 
 other provincial legislatures, this body was empowered 
 to make laws for the people, under the requisition of 
 conformity to the general jurisprudence of the empire, 
 and of subjection to the assent or dissent of the pro- 
 prietary. Thus the inhabitants of New York, after 
 being treated as a conquered people for nearly twenty 
 years, and governed by tiie arbitrary will of the Duke 
 of York and his deputies, were promoted by their own 
 spiiit and vigor to a participation in legislative rights ; 
 and by a singular coincidence obtained a free consti- 
 tution at the very lime when their old rivals, the co- 
 lonists of New England, were deprived of it. NoUiiug 
 could l»e more acceptable to ibern ihan this interest- 
 ing change; and the ardent gratitude of their ackuow- 
 ledgmcnls expressed much more justly their sense 
 of the benefit, than the merit uf their nominal bene- 
 faclur. 
 I The most interesting monument of the tyrannical 
 administration which was thus suspended, is a report 
 prepared by Andros, in reply to ctrtaiu inquiries of the 
 English committee of colonies in the year 1678; from 
 which, and from a similar communication by the inu- 
 nicipabiy of New York to the board of trade a few years 
 after, some insight may be obtained into the condition 
 of the province about this period. The city of New 
 York, in lf)78, appears to have contained 3,430 inha- 
 bitants, and to have owned no larger navy than three 
 shtpf, eight sloops, and seven boats. No account ap- 
 pears to have been collected of tlic i ■piilation of tho 
 wliule province, which contained I' ;uty-four towns, 
 villages, or par;.shcs. About fifteen vesnets, on an ave- 
 rage, traded yearly to the port of New \'ork. import- 
 ing English manufactures to the value of 50,000/. and 
 oxporitng tho productions of the colony, which con- 
 sisted of land produce of all sorts, among which are 
 particularised beef, jiease, lumber, tobacco,* peltry pro- 
 cured fro.n the IndiarKi, and 60,000 luishels of wheat. 
 Of servants the number was small, and they were much 
 wanted, tiomc unfrequeut and iuconniderable impor- 
 tations of slaves were made from tiarbadoes : and there 
 were yet but very few of these unfortunate beings in 
 the colony. Agriculture was more generally followed 
 than trade. A trader worth 1,000/, or even &(JU/., 
 was considered a substantial merchant ; and a planter 
 worth half that sum In moveables was accounted rich. 
 All the estates in tlic province were valued at 150,- 
 000/. "Ministers," says Andros, "are scarce, and 
 religions many." The duke mamlaincd a chaplain at 
 New York ; which was the only certain endowment of 
 the church of England. There were about twenty 
 churches or meeting places, of which half were vacant. 
 All districts were liable by law to the obligation of 
 btjijding churches and providing for nimisters, whose 
 emolniuenis varied from 40/. to 70/ a year, with the 
 addition of a bouse and gartlen. Uut tne presbyteri- 
 ans and mdependents, who fo.uied the most numerous 
 and substantial portion of the inrabilants. were the only 
 classes wliu showed much willm^^ness lo procure and 
 su| port their ministers. Marriages were allowed lo 
 be aolciunized cither by miiuslers or by justices of the 
 peace. There were no beggars in the province ; and 
 the poor, who were few, were well taken care of. The 
 number of the militia auionnted to 2.000 ; compre- 
 hending 140 horsemen; and a standing company ot 
 soldierb was maintained, with gunners and other otii* 
 cers for t)ie forts of Albany and New York. Such 
 was tho condition of the province about four years pre- 
 ceding the period at which wo have now arrived, 
 four years after (in 1686,) it was found to have im- 
 proved 80 rapidly, that the shipping of New York 
 amounted to ten three masted vessels, twenty sloopfi, 
 and a few ketches of intermediate bulk. Tin. militia 
 had also iucrea»ed to 4,000 foot, 300 horse, anil a cou;- 
 paiiy of dragoons. The augmentation of inhabitants, 
 indicated by this increase of military force, appears tha 
 more considerable, when we keep in view, that soma 
 time pnur to this last mentioned period, the Delawsr* 
 territory had been partly siirrenacred to Lord Balti- 
 more, and partly assigned to VVMltam Peiin. 
 
 • Denton states thfitfhe Now York tohacco was r onildrrsd 
 •qual in ((uality to lb* Qntiit pruduce of Maryland, p. 3. 
 
808 
 
 THE mSTORV OP 
 
 i| ^^ 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Colonel Don^nn')! Ailirilnlstrnilon^Arrniint nf the FIvo In- 1 
 dlBti NiihoiiH ill" r;»nit<i.i— Tliftr llnsuli.v in Uic Krunch— : 
 Mu-<M>ii«ry Ljiliors of ilie Frtiiu-h Jc^uiis— luMie.t tlic Sl>- { 
 rutiil dlhihshoa llie Lihritii-s nf Nnw York— i-orruri.tml-* IJitii- j 
 gnn lu duaiKlnii the Kive Nd'ums lo liin KrtNu'li— AiuIioh ! 
 ■K'tix ap(>nint«d tiovi-nmr— VV.ir between llio FieiioliuuJ 
 thu Fue N.ilionH—Ui«P«»nteiil» III New York— l.oi»liir ile- 
 cUroH for Kiiti( Wnliiim. iirnl khhuiiiok ih« Uovfrniiioiit — 
 The French Bttiirk thn Province, an>l Onrn SchenecUily— 
 Arrival of Oovurnor Sloni{liter— iVri'loxity >tr LuiHlur— IiIh 
 'I'rial— «iid Eionitlon— Wars and iimtuaM'ruelliHs or ttm 
 Vrffitc)! and Indiani -tlovornor Fliitrlier'n Ail-nnuslrjiiion— 
 Peare of Ryawick— Firary at New York— Ciiiilani Kidd— 
 Fai'tlona ocraaionod t)y the Fite of Lemler— TrmI of U,iv- 
 ard—Corrtipt and opprusHivn AdnUnidlrntioii of Lord Corn- 
 burry— State of Iho Colony at lliu Clode of the SuvLntounth 
 Century. 
 
 Coi.ONKi. Doiignn dul not arnvo at iho aont of his 
 govoriimeiit nil a year after tho date of lita npimint- 
 tiient; [16d:).J a (icUy whirli aiipoiirs (o huvo cmtod 
 some uiiL'at(inp.Hfl. ami was probalily hunnriciul to tlio 
 people, in atfordin^ time for tlin lirst ardor of mi ill- 
 iiioritod loyally to cool, and su^jtMlinir ih« prcmiiilons 
 for preserving liberty that should ainnaliAU thu first np- 
 portiiiiity of excrcimnj; it. To rt'liove (lie public np- 
 prelioni^ions, tliu jfovcnior proci'i'dt'd at once lo issiu- 
 wntj to the shorilK to convene ihr fret^hotdi^rs, for thi' 
 purpose of cluclino tlieir rrprcsunt'itivow in the .i^suinlily; 
 and this legisluiivn l>odv soon afturwjrda held itA first 
 meeting ut Nc^v V'nrk. to tlie nivm satisfaction o^ \\w 
 whole province. One of ihu first oidnianccH which it 
 framed naturally arose from ihe mixture of nnlioiis of 
 which the popnUtion was composttd, ami whh an act of 
 general luturalizdtion, 9cciirin<{ jihI cxleiidin>r eqn.il 
 iirivilei;es to all. From this period the Untcli and 
 English at New York were finaly compacted into one 
 nnlional body. They saw ihti d.inirliter of their com 
 mon proprietary married lo the Stadtholdcr of ilolUnd, 
 Rt)d willinjily cemented their own union by frequent 
 intarmarridgr and the ties of coiisano.unity There wa.i 
 |Misaed, at the a^me time, an act declaring (he liberiies 
 ol the people, and one fordefraymi* the reipiibite charges 
 of government for a limited iiiiio Tlie^ie, with a few 
 other \d\VA regnUling fhu internal economy of tlie pro- 
 vince, and, in particular, enactinir its division into 
 coM^'io*. were transmitted to the O.ikc of Vork. and re- 
 ceived hi4 '*iinliriiution, as proprietary, in the Ibllowin^ 
 year. [168-lJ An am.cable treaty, which the t^overnor 
 etfected. about the sauie time, with the provincial au- 
 thorities of Contiecticul. terminated, al length tlie tnng- 
 subdisiing dispute with regard to the bouiidunos of 
 Connecticut and New Vork 
 
 B'!t the adininislraiiun of Colonel Dongan was chiefly 
 difttinguished by the atientinn which he bestowed upon 
 Indian atfairs. and by the increasing intlinmco which 
 now Dcgan to he exerted on the fortunes of the province 
 by the niato of Us relations with the tribes coinposing 
 the celebrated confederacy of The Five Nitiuns of 
 Canada. This feileral association is waid to have de- 
 rived Its origin from the most remote anliipiity ; and, 
 a& tho name imports, it comprehended five Indian na- 
 tions, of whicli the Mohawks have olitamed the most 
 lasting name, and which were united on terms of the 
 •trtctest ei)uality, in a perpetual alliance, lor united 
 conquest and mutual defence rhe members of this 
 united body reckoned themselves superior lo all llu: 
 rest of mankind, and llie distinctive appellation which 
 they adopted* was expreitsive of this opiiiiou. Uut the 
 vinciplea of their confederacy display far more policy 
 and relinoment than wo might e.tpeci from the arrogance 
 of their barbarous name. They bad embraced the 
 Roman maxim, of increasing their strength by mcorpo- 
 rating th>i people of otiier nations with tliemselves. 
 After every conquest oi an cuemv, when they bad in- 
 dulged their revenge by some cruel executions, they 
 exorcised their usual policy m the adoptmn of the re- 
 maining captives , and frequently with ^o ntncb advan- 
 tage, that aume of (heir most distingiiisiied sachems 
 tnd captaina were derived from defeated and adopted 
 foet. Each nation had its own separate republican 
 consiiiutkon, in which rank and office were claimed 
 only by age, procured only by mt^nl, and enjoyed bv 
 the tenure of public esteem ; and each was divided into 
 three tribes, bearing respectively for their ensigns, and 
 distinguished by the names of, thu Tortoise, the Bear, 
 and the Wolt. In no couiinunity was age graced with 
 more respect, or youth eti '''■^-^ witb greater beauty. 
 Such was the etlicacy of ' • mode of life m develop- 
 ing the fine profwrtions v ^tich the human frame is 
 •uscepuble, that, when the statue o( the Apollo Uelvi- 
 Ucre wv Iwheld, for the fukt lime, by the American 
 ApeUea« Benjamin West, he started at the uneipecled 
 fwcognilion, antJ exclaimed, " How like it is to* ynuiK^ 
 
 * ** 0«f u**t">Awe"— itoal is, " Men surii«»wiic aU utUeu." 
 
 Mohawk warrior." The people of the several nations, \ 
 
 and especially the Mohawks, were diRtinguished by tho 
 usual Indian qualities of allachment to iiheriy, fiiriilode | 
 tU the endurance of pain, and prelerencu of craft and i 
 sintagom lo undisguised operation in war," and by a| 
 nure tl.aii usual degree of perseverance, resolution and , 
 active intrepidity. .Vlmoni all tlie trities iiromid this 
 people, and even many at a great distance, who were 
 not included in their confederacy, acknowledgerl u mub- 
 jection to it, paid a tribute, which two aged sachems 
 were annually deputed to collect,! and were restrained 
 from making war or peace without the consent of the 
 Five Nations It was tho policy of a4l the chiefs to 
 atfect superior poverty, and to distribute among the 
 people the whole of their own abarn of tribute and 
 plunder. All matters o( common concernment were 
 transacted in general meetings of the sachems of each 
 nation : and the inllucnce of time, aided by a long 
 course of judicious policy and victorious enierprme, bad 
 completely succeeded in causing the federal character 
 and sentimenls lo prevail over the peculiarities of their 
 subordinate national tissociatiotis. In the year 1677, 
 the confederacy po.sse.ssed SIM) ligliting men. When 
 the Tuscorora tribe was vaii(piishe<l, as we have seen, 
 at a subsequent period, and expelleil from its territory 
 by llic colonists of (*arottna, the fugitives proposed, 
 and wrre permitted, to revive their broken estate by 
 en^'raftmg it on this powerful contederacv ; and as (in 
 consequence of a suppiisition derived friiin siimlariiy 
 of language, of their original derivation fimn llie same 
 stock lo wtiicli they now returned), lliey were asitociated 
 as a new ineinber of thu general union, instead of being 
 inicnuingted with anv particular portion of it, the con- 
 federacy soon afier ol>tauii;d tiie ii.in)t> of the Six Na- 
 tKMis. Doth the French and the Knglish writers, who 
 have treated of the character or atfairs of this people, 
 have concurred in desLnbing them as at once the most 
 judicious and politic of llie native powers, and the most 
 tierce and formulalile of tho native mhahiiaiii.'t of Aino' 
 rica. There was only wanting lo their fame, that 
 literary celebration which they obtained too soon from 
 the neijibborhood of a nice of civili/.ed men, who were 
 .lesimed to eclipse, and liiially extinguish, their great- 
 nesH ; and particularly Trom the pen of a liighly-accom- 
 plishvd writer, (^ulwalader Colden, one of llio go- 
 vernors o( New Vork, they have received the same 
 historic service which hts own barbarian ancestors de- 
 rived from the writings of ("iesar and Tacirus. 
 
 When ihe French settled m Canada, in the begin- 
 ning of this century, they found Ihe Five Nations en- 
 gaged in a bloody war with tho [Hiwerful tribe of Adt- 
 rotutacks ; in which, after having been themselves so 
 severely pressed, that they were driven from their pos- 
 sessions round Montreal, and forced to seek an asylum 
 on the southeast coast of Lake Ontario, the Five Na- 
 tions bad latterly succeeded in gaining a decided ad- 
 vantage, and had in turn constrained their enemies to 
 abandon their lands situated above the Three /Jnvr.T, 
 and riy for B.ifely behnid the strait where Quebec was 
 built. Tlio tide of succesf*, however, was suddenly 
 turned by th? arrival of (.'bamplam, who conducted the 
 French colony, and who naturally joined the Adiron- 
 dacks, becHuse be had aultled on their lands. The 
 conduct, the bravery, and espicially the fire-arms, of 
 these new allies of (he enemy, proved an overmatch 
 tor the skill and intrepidity of the Five Nations, who 
 wore dcfjated m several battles, and reduced lo the 
 greatest distress. It was at this critical juncture that 
 the first Dutcli .ihip arrived in lIudtEon's river, with the 
 colonist.s who oatablished themselves at Albany. The 
 Five Nations, easily pruciirni;^ from these m.ighbors a 
 supply of thai species of arms to which alone iheir ene- 
 mies bad been indebted for their superiority, revived 
 the war with such impetuosity and success, thai the 
 nation of the .Adiroiidacks was completely annihilated ; 
 and the French too !>tc dia' overed, (hat they had 
 e»))0used the fortunes of the weaker people.! Hence 
 
 * In t'us pecuhanly most of tho Indian miics resamhled the 
 ancient Spartans; an thoydid hImoId the diUjieiiee wUh which 
 lltny cultivated concineiK'ss ul spetich. 
 
 t " 1 have ulien had opportunity to observe what anxiety 
 the pour liiduns wore under, winlo thostt two oltl men re- 
 iimint'd Ml that part o' tlie country where I was. An old Mo- 
 htwk sachuin, in a poor iilanket, and dirty xhiit, may l)e seen 
 ii!(umi( hM orders wild as arbitrary an authonty Sk a Roman 
 dictator." Colden, i. 4. 
 
 t To ninuse tlio French, the Five Nations, af one time, 
 sent thetn a proiMisai of peace, to which tho French readily 
 hiclhnntf, ruquuittod thoiii to receive a deputation of .lesuitK, 
 whose exeriioii&, iliey exiMjciod, would miieernly conciliate 
 their fnundnhip. Thu Five Nuiioiis willingly Ht;reed, and 
 doitired to see the piinsls inunwdialely ; l>ut the tnslinl they 
 1^1 hold of the;ti, th«*y niarcliod lo att i- k the Indian allies ol 
 Uio French, and lakiotf the pneifiH vtiih ihum hh hoititgo.*, to 
 enlon p the neniraliiy of ilioir couiihymen.gavutUo Adiroiid- 
 aoka a atgiial Ueieat. Oolden, i. m. 
 
 originated the mutual dread and enmity that so loitg 
 
 subsisted between the French and the nonfederatca 
 Iiulians, and i.iilailcd so in my calamUies upnn both. 
 The French, less accustmned to the climate, and let^s 
 acquainted with the country, than their aavage eneinier,, 
 attempted vainly to imitate their rapid and secret ex- 
 porfitioiis. A party despatched in the winter of WiOd, 
 by Courcelles, the governoi of Canada, to attack (lis 
 Five Nations, lost their way among wastes nf snow, 
 and after enduring the greatest misery, arrived, with- 
 out knowing where they wou. at the village of Sche- 
 nectady, near Albany, which a Dutchman of consideri<- 
 tion, iianicd Corlear,* had recently founded. The 
 French, exhausted and stupitied with cold and hunger, 
 recemlilcd rather an army of beggars than of hostile 
 invaders, and would have fallen an easy prey to a body 
 of Indians who weie in the village, if (Jorlear, touched 
 with conipassiou ut their mistTable appearance, bad 
 not employed noth inlluence and artilice with the Indi- 
 ans, to persuade them lo spare their nnfurtnimto eno- 
 inies, and depart to defend their own people .igamst a 
 more formidable attack m a ditlercnt quarter, which hu 
 led them to expect When the Indians were gone, 
 Corlear and Ins townsmen brought refreshments lo tho 
 fainitiliing Fnuichmeu, and supplied theni with pro- 
 visiun.H and other necc>isaries to carry theiu home : 
 having taught liiem by a sensible leasun. that it is llie 
 inulual duly of men to mitigate by kindness and cha- 
 rity, instead of aggravalnig by ambition ami lerocily, 
 the tll.i liiat arise from the rigors of ttaltire, and tlio 
 frailty of liumaiiity. Tlie French governor expressed 
 much gratitude for (yorlear's kindness, and the Indiana 
 never resented his iMnievolent slralagem : but their 
 mutual warfare continued unabiited. Al lengtli, alter 
 a long period of severe but indecisive hostilities, both 
 imrties, we. tried of war, b<il not e.\liausied of animo- 
 sity, agreed to a general peace, whii'b was concluded 
 111 the year Uiii7, and had subsisted ever since with- 
 out any considerable inlerruption, at tlu' period when 
 Colonel Dongan was niadt^ g4»vernor of New Vork. 
 
 Of the rclaiion that sibsisied between the Dutch and 
 (he Five Nations, only confused and uiiceriaiii accounts 
 have been |Jie*erved. The writers wln> have a.>serted 
 (hat the Dutch were conlinually in close ulliaiice and 
 friendship with the Indians, seem to liav.i derived their 
 slatemenl.s entirely from their own Ideas of what waa 
 probable, and to have miataken for an expression of 
 parMcular ineiuUhq), the indiscriminate readiness of 
 the Dutch lo trallic with Incnd or foe. 1» is certain 
 that al one time they were engaged in a bloody war 
 with the Indiana; though with what particular tr.bca, 
 there are no means of asceriainmg ; and thai durii.g 
 Siuyvesaiirs administration they enjoyed a peace with 
 thein, of which the benelil was iransmilted lo the 
 English. When Colonel Nichols assumed the govern- 
 ment of New York, be entered into a friendly treaty 
 with the Five Nations ; which, however, (ill the arrival 
 of Dongan. seems to have been product! e of no farther 
 eoime.vion than an extensive commercial lulercourso, 
 in wbtcli the Indians supplied the Knglish with peltry 
 in return lor arms and ammunition, of the ui»e ol wlmh, 
 us long as they were not employed against themselves, 
 the vendors were entirely, and, as it proved, unfor- 
 tunaiely, regardless. The Indians adhered lo the treaty 
 with strict Iideiily ; but always showed a scrupulom* 
 niceness in exacting the demoriMrations of respect due 
 lo an independent people ; and m paiticular w^ any 
 of iheir lorces had occasmti to pass near ihe Lngtish 
 forts, they expected (o be saluied with military honors. 
 Ill ttie mean lime the French Canadians were not ro- 
 miss in availing themselves of their deliverance from 
 the hostilities of these fonnidahlu Indians. They ad* 
 vanced their actllemenls abmg the river St. Ijawrenco, 
 and in the year lti7:i built Fort Fronlignac on ita north- 
 west bank, where il rushes from tho vast parent walere 
 of Ontario. With a policy proportioned to tno vigor of 
 their advances, they tilled tho Indian setllementa wilh 
 their misBiunurieh, who laboring with great activity and 
 success, mulliplied converts to their doctrines, and al- 
 lies lo their coutitrymeii. Tho prayiiijj Indians, aa tho 
 French termed their converts, were either neutral, or, 
 more frequently, their auxdiariei in war. The Jeauita 
 preached not lo their Indian audiiora tho doctrines (hat 
 most deeply wound the pride of human iiatuie, nor a 
 lofty morality which the conduct of the bulk of its 
 nominal proleasora practically denies and diagracea. 
 They required of iheir tonverla but a superficial chango ; 
 an embracement 'A one au(>er8tilion in place of ano- 
 
 ' Tins man enjoyed fjreal iiiHiieme wiili ih« Iiullana, wto, 
 after hi.^ death, always addrosied ilio )|overnnrs of New Voik 
 with tlio uile ol U.irlear, u» the naino niokt oxpieuive of 
 reeyect that tte> vould emulttf. Coltlen, i. H 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 M 
 
 ity th«it 80 loiifl 
 lu coiifudurati'a 
 lifs upon Ljtii. 
 Iittuitc, anil let;* 
 BBvam; t'tioiniefi, 
 1 unii i«et:rui ux- 
 wiriior of l*»05, 
 ,1. 10 artm-.k llis 
 bvastus nf riiow, 
 y, arrived, will** 
 village of Schc- 
 lan of considtTH- 
 
 foimdfd. The 
 i:old uiid liiin;!ur, 
 s Lliaii of hostile 
 'V prcv to a hodr 
 Oorlcar, toucheil 
 »|)|)t:urancc, tiutl 
 i;n With Iho Indi- 
 uitfortunaio tMio- 
 in't)|ih! ■.ii;,iiti8t. a 
 liiiirrcr. whidt ho 
 iiiiiiH wtiru ijoiio, 
 rrcMliiiicnis 10 tlio 
 ihfin Willi pro- 
 rry ihem hoiitu : 
 MOD, that It IS iho 
 undupifs and cha- 
 11)11 and Uirorily, 
 f naturu, and tlio 
 vernor rxprcsst-d 
 t, and ihe Imlidnti 
 aj^t'iii : hnt thoir 
 
 Al length. atuT 
 IV ho^lihiH's. lioth 
 uuisU'd of aniino- 
 •h WiiH cotu'UidiMl 
 
 ever since wilh- 
 ihi' jH-riod wlieii 
 of New York, 
 een the Dntcli and 
 iiicerlain accounts 
 vlio have asserted 
 close ulliiineo am! 
 hiivfl derived iheir 
 ideas of what was 
 an expression of 
 mate ruHdinei«s of 
 I'oe. 1' li* certain 
 d Ml a hloody war 
 I particular tr.bta, 
 ; and that durn.j 
 oyed a peace with 
 ransinitted to the 
 isunicd the govern- 
 
 a friendly treaty 
 
 vor, till the arrival 
 
 icli V. of m farther 
 
 jercial iiilercourso, 
 
 ;n«li8h with p'Miry 
 >f liie nttc of wliieh, 
 igainst theniselvR-*, 
 
 1 It proved, unfor- 
 dhered to the treaty 
 nwtd a scriipulouD 
 ions of respect doe 
 ailicvdar w: any 
 
 near the hngliah 
 jih iiidiiary honors, 
 ilians were not ro- 
 
 dohvuranco from 
 ndians. They ad- 
 •iver Si- liBwrenco, 
 ili^ntc on US north- 
 
 I vaat parent waHira 
 )ned 10 mo vigor of 
 
 II settleinenla with 
 h great activity and 
 r doctrines, and al- 
 ,..m IndianA, as iho 
 e either neutral, or, 
 
 war. 'I'he Jeanita 
 8 the docinnea that 
 ^inan natuie, nor a 
 of the bulk of its 
 lies Slid diagracpn. 
 superficial chaiigo; 
 in in place of ano- 
 
 /\\U ihB huilaw, wh©, 
 tveniur* of N*jw York 
 iM niofti oxpiesuvfi of 
 n, 1. H 
 
 iher; and they entortainod their senses, and impressed 
 their iinaj^ination^, hy a ceremonial at onro pietriresqun 
 and invstenoui Yet a-t, from the weakne^is of ni<in, 
 an admixture of error ih innepurahle from ihe hesl nvh- 
 lom of dortrni f, so, from the giioilnesH n( (Sud, a ray of 
 truth i» found to pervade even the worst. The in- 
 ttniotions of Oie .lesuitH, fro:n which tin. Iiti-'ainent;* of 
 chriatiiiiity were not wholly ohliier.iled, rnny luve eon- 
 iribntud, in some instances, to form the divine imaii^o 
 in the minds of the Indians; and the ^ood seed, iin- 
 choked bv the tares, may, in some places, have sprung; 
 up to cvertastin<( life. The inorAl and domnstic pre- 
 cepts contained in the Scriptures were rommunicated, 
 ill some inst<inees, with n happy elfecl : and various con- 
 ffret^alions of Indian converts were persuaded by the 
 Jesuits to build villaj^es in Canada in the same style as 
 the Krunch coItmistA, to adopt Kuropean liushandrv, 
 and to renounce splntnoiiH liquors. 'Hie visible :iepa- 
 rution of the catholic priests froin the family o( man- 
 kind, hv a supnrHlilious renuiKJatioti of enujuiral and 
 parental ties. t;A\e no 'iiuult sierediiesH to their rliarac- 
 *er, and a strori'^ prevailin*; power to their addresses. 
 In the disrhar<re of what ihey conceived their duty, 
 their coura'^e and perseverance were efpialled only by 
 thoir address and artiviiy. Tliev had )ilre,idv com- 
 parsed sea and land to make prosrlyte.'i. and the threats 
 uf death and torture could udI deliT them from exe- 
 culiiiij their coinrnissiori Manv of them, though roin- 
 inandcd to depart, eontintied lo remiin amiin<r trihrs 
 that were at war with their coiiiitrvmen ; and some of 
 them, on the princiide of beroinin>{ all ilnu^-t to all 
 men. embraced Indian hahit.'t nf livinir. One o( thi-se 
 last, established linn-4flf sn tinnly iti the alfectiotis of 
 one of the tribes of thf Five .Xttinns. tint alilion^'h they 
 continued faithful lo the national eirnitv a>;.uiist the 
 French, thev ado:)ted hnn as a brother, and eh-clfd 
 tliin a sacbt'in. With snrli indintrv. resolnfion. ^ind 
 insinuation, did Ihe Freni-h .Icsmis exi<rt tle'rnsi'lvc'i 
 to recOMimetid tli"ir *".nr)i an I ihi'tr co-mirv to ihe af- 
 fections of the !ndi.»ns. The I'Vcneh l.iliv. loo. arid 
 cspecialtv their rivil and military olli 'ers and soldrery. 
 sncceedej belter thin the L'ciuirahtv of the Kn'^lish, in 
 recominetidin;^ themselves l(. the yood irra'*eH of the 
 fiava<res. Freneh vatiilv was prodiielive of more po- 
 btenesA >ind accouimoilation* thin Kn^'lish pride ; and 
 even {hr displeasure that the French stMnetiines ex- 
 cited by the commission of injuries, was les.^ Inioli-rahle 
 than the provocation ihit the Kn'j;Iish too fie^pn-nllv 
 inspired by a diiplav of insolence Tlie stuhhorn dis- 
 I u^ition of the Fufijlisb was be^t fitted to eonie-id with 
 toe obstruction.? af nature; the pliancy and vivacitv 
 of the French, to prevail over the leahmsv of the na- 
 tives. There were us yet no protestaril missions in 
 this quarter of Anierica. which, in the follownii^ cen- 
 tury, some New Kn^lind eleii^vmeii. aidnl liy :i reli- 
 gious Hocietv in Scotland, were destined to illustrate 
 by noble and succrs.sfiil exertions of mission. irv lihor. 
 Colon(d Doni;rtn, who was not. like his predecessors, 
 encumbered with a monopoly of all the functions of i;o- 
 verninent, nor absorbed in stni^irlea with popular dis- 
 content, had leisure for a wider survev of the state of 
 bis countrymen's relations with the Indians, and verv 
 booii {liseovered that the peace which was no udvan- 
 laijeous to the French ('anadian colonists, by enahlin-i 
 them to extend liicir forti5cdtions and their commerce 
 over a vast extent of country, was pmduetive of 
 nevero inconvenience to some of tlie colonies of 
 Britain, and threatened serious danger lo them all. j 
 The Five Nations, intlamed hv thinr passion for war, 
 anil finding; a pretext for it.« gratification in Ihe recol- 
 lection of iiunierous insults that had been olfered to 
 them in the season of their adver.*ity, hid lurned iheir 
 arms southward, and conquered the country from the 
 Mississippi to the borders of (Carolina ; ex'rrminatniiT 
 numerous tribes and nations in their destructive pro- 
 gress. Many of the Indian allies of Virginia ind Ma- 
 ryland sustaineil their attacks ; and these colonies them- 
 selves were frequently involved in hostilities both in 
 defenco of thoir allies, and in defence of themselves 
 ai^ainst allies incensed by discovering that their in- 
 vaders derived iheir means of annoyini; them from the 
 Kii;T|ish at New York. Hut* this year, Colonel Uon- 
 gan. in conjunction with liord KtHnuham. the f^overnor 
 of Virsjiina, concluded with the Five Nations a defini- 
 
 * A riirinn- tnttacne ot the ciimitlinsiitn'e uf tins peoiilu is 
 relato'l bv OMiir.xnii oi. *ii^i, in Ins :ii-nniiit nt a trit)c or sav- 
 agei who ^^er^ itreutty chiknniMl withtho ^uott hret><litit<(>r the 
 Frftiich.m ulways ap|Marint{Hlar)t nakod iit tttuir iinitun) cori- 
 (ufffirttft. Charlevoix tioa^ils, thnt the PrRnch are the nnlv 
 ruropean pHOitto who have ever succuRdn'l in romlennii 
 tlicinHelvod AKftmfihlu to itie ImllniiH. Whatover resiion tie 
 may liavn had for this boast he liad no rauuii to glory in tlie 
 Ui^ni by wlileli they courtud popularity. 
 
 tivo treaty of peace, embracing all the English aettlo' 
 ments, and all tribes m alliance with them. liatchetst 
 
 pro|)ortioneil to tlie nninbers of the Kiif^lish coloniHts, 
 were solemnly Inined in the ground ; and ihe arnis of 
 the Duke of V(n'k, an the ackno\\!edt;cd siipretne head 
 of the l']rii>|ish .kiid Indian eonlV'dcracy, were snspcnded 
 alonjT t!ie frontiers of the ti;rrilt>ries ul the Five Na- 
 tions. ' This treaty was long inviolably adhered to; 
 and the fiuelity of its ob'^ervance was powerfully anled 
 by a renewal of hotitililie.^ between the Five Nations 
 and their ancient enemies the French. It was at this 
 time that the merchants of New York first adventured 
 on iho great lakes lo llie weistwaid, liopiii;r to participate 
 in tlie tndo which the French were carrying on with 
 much profit ill that quarter, and which they endeavored 
 to guard from inva:iion hy prejudicinL; the Indians 
 ag'iinsi the Frigbsh, and by every art that seemed likely 
 lo ohs'.ruct liie advances of llieir rivalj*. L>oii;ran per- 
 coiviiiir tint disadvantages to which Ins i!ountrvinirn were 
 exposeo, solicited the ll^nirhsh inmistry to take iiiea- 
 snres hjr preventing the French from navigating the 
 lakes which boluni^ed lo the Five .Xalion-, and, co i- 
 seqiienliy, ui he appreheruled. to Fngland. Uut le 
 was infonniMl that it wa-* pri^posteron.s lo ask, or expe. \, i 
 that Fran<'<; wonhl commanii ner snhjt>i!ts to desi.^t from 
 an advanlageons commerce for tlie henehl of llimr , 
 rival.i ; and he was (brectcd rather Ity acts of kindness { 
 and courtesy to encourage the Indians lo retain their I 
 adherence to Kngland, and to make ii the inter* si of I 
 all tlie tribes lo trade with tiie Kii;;lish in preh-rcnce to j 
 the French ; oli-tcrving withal such prudence as iniglil j 
 prevent olfence lo Furopean neiuhhors. So far were I 
 these views Iroiii heinir realised, that from this time i 
 tlicre commenced a scries of disputes lieiwi^en the two ' 
 nation.''., wnich for tiie irreater pari ot n century engaged I 
 them in continual w.irs and ho.siile intrigues tint ihrcal- '< 
 encd the destruction of their (olonial Hetihincnls, cost ! 
 the lives of ni.iiiv of the Fnropran colonists, and wasted I 
 tile hlood, and prolonged tnc harharism, of Iho.se iinfor- ' 
 lunate Indians who were involved in the vortex ol their I 
 hostility. 
 
 IlivS.V] On the death of Charles the Second, the! 
 Duke of York ascended his brother's tliiotie, and the 
 provinci: of whn h lie had been pioprietary devolved, 
 wnh all its dependencies, on tlie crown. The people 
 of Ne.v York received, with impiovideiil exullation, ihe 
 accounts of tlunr proprietary's atlvaiicemciil to royalty, 
 and proclaimed him ixa tintr sovereign with the liveliCKt 
 denionstratiims of altachment and respect. Tliey had 
 been for ^Olne tune past sohciliii;: willi much eagerness 
 a formal grant uf the cou»tiLulion that was now esta- 
 bhstied ainong them ; and the duke had not only pro- 
 mised to gratify them in this jiarlicular, bnt had ai:lually 
 procetuled so lar us to sign a patent in conformity witii 
 their wishes, which, al Ins accession lo the throne, re- 
 (|uired only some trivial sohunnity to render it eomplt^te 
 and irrevocable, lint JaniCj, though he could iioi pre- 
 tend to forget, was not u?ihjined lu violait!, as lCu;g of 
 Fiigland, Ihe promise which he liad made when Duke 
 of York ; and a calm and unblushing relusa! was now 
 returned to ihe renewed hulicitations of alt the incorpo- 
 rated bodies, and the great hulk of the inhubitdnU of 
 the piovince. Determined lo establish the same arbi- 
 trary syst. in in New York which he designed fur 
 New Kngl.Hid, so far from (onlernng new immuni- 
 ties, be vvi'iidrew what had been fonntrly coucedeil. 
 , [1086 J In the second year of his reign he invested 
 Dongan with a new eommiss"";, "utnoweriiiLMiiie, with 
 i consent of a conned, to enact the taws, and impose the 
 taxes; and commanding Inm to antler no pr'nltng 
 prc.s.s to rust. 'I'hougb he now sent Aiidros to Nov 
 England, he paused a white hrfore he ventured to re- 
 store the authority of that obnoxious governor in New 
 York. Uut the people beheld in Ins appuintintnl to 
 govern the colonies in tlieir neighborhood, an additional 
 indication of their princes cliaructer and their own dan- 
 ger, and with impatient disconlentf endured a yoke 
 which they were unable to break, and which they 
 
 * When this trealy was renewed some yenrii afler, the 
 lachein who acted as orator tor the lodiaim thus addrc]».seU 
 the colonial envoys. " We iri;ikn fast tlie rooti nl the Ireo of 
 peace and trait<piillily, which is plantuii in thi.s phicu. Its 
 routs exUMid as fai as tliu iilinost of youi culonioii : ifllic 
 Fronch should come to siiakn Huh tree, we would fuel it by 
 the iitotioo nf itn roots, which extend into our country." Cot- 
 den, 1. tuu. 
 
 t So crcat was the chain;c produced In the nenliinenis of 
 the coUiiu.sls hv this rhan;;e of treatment, that we tiod Uon* 
 trail writinK tins year to the En){li.sli nniu.<(ry, "I wish for 
 inoru lortitlcntions, as the |>eople every day \f\n\v tnoro nuinu' 
 rouN. and are ol a turbulent dixpoiiitioii." Stale Faperi, apnd 
 CliHliners. flUl. Tins censure seems to be ai u^JU^t a^ Ihe 
 retort winch Iuh own ch:iracter i-xpcriettced al Ihe Ilevidu- 
 lion, when a body of ihu Ittlialtiiuiilt denuuncad hnn ai " a 
 wictted popialk goveruor." 
 
 were prevented from exhibiting to public odium, 
 and English sympathy, through the medium of Um 
 press. 
 
 Dongan, having been a soldier all his life, seems to 
 have been fitted rather by bab:t lo regard with indif- 
 fi^rence, than by disposition lo enforce with rigor, asys- 
 lem of arbitrary power; and, accordingly, the remain- 
 der of his administration, tliongh less favorable to hia 
 popularity, was not discreditable lo his character, which 
 continued to evince the same moderation, and the 
 same regard lo the public woal, os before. Though a 
 Roman catholic, bo had beheld with alarm, and re- 
 sisted with energy, the intrusion of the French priest* 
 into the setttementa of tho Five Nations; and even 
 when his bigoted niasier was persuaded by the court 
 of France lo command him to desist from thus ob- 
 alructing ihe progress of popish conversion, he con- 
 tinned nevorllieless to warn his Indian allies, that the 
 adtntssiori of the Jesuits among them would prove 
 fatal to iheir own interests, and to their friendship with 
 the Knglish. lie still insisted that the French should 
 not treat with llic Indians in alliance with his colonyt 
 without bis privity and intervention.- but the French 
 ''ourt again employed their interest wiih his master; 
 11. 1 he accordingly received orders to depart from this 
 jTi .ensiCM, The Five Nation.^, however, Nitcmed more 
 likely to net J the assistance of his forces than the sug- 
 gt'sUons of his pi.!:cy. Their untutored sagacity bad 
 long perceived \\ hat the ministers of the court of Kng- 
 land were not skilful enough to discern, that the ex- 
 tensive projects of France holh tlireat'.;ned themsclvet 
 with snhjugatio)., and involved, to the manilold dis- 
 ailvanUige of tho Fn>riisii colonies, a diminution of 
 their trade, and a remuval of the powerful barrier that 
 still sep.iruled them from the rival tieltlement of Ca- 
 nada. The irejlyllial excluded the Five Nations from 
 hostile expeditious against the more distant tribes allied 
 lo ihi' oilier Fngli>h colonies, gave Iheiii leisure lo 
 aitcnti with less dis'ractioii to their nearer interests ; 
 and lindin'^ llumiselvis inconveiiienceil hy tiie snppliea 
 wliich their numero'is enemtes dfirived from the French, 
 they hid of late chosen to consider this as a hostile 
 act which iht^y v^'ere entitled to chastise and ohHtrnct, 
 and had coiiHtanlly attacked Ihe (.Canadian traders who 
 earned military stores lo any irihe with whom they 
 were ul war. The French, under the conduct of two 
 aiiccessive governors, De la Itarre and Nouville, had 
 Vainly endeavored, partlv by treaty ant! partly by force, 
 lo repress proctH'dmgit so injurious to their commerce, 
 thoir reputation, and their political views ; when Don- 
 gan perceiving that a war would probably ensue be- 
 tween the rivals and the allies of his countrymen, 
 prevailed, by the most urgent entreaties, on Ihe Eng- 
 lish coiiit lo invest Inm with autlionty to ai!>8ist the 
 Five Nilions ii. iiie contest that menaced them. Uut 
 tlie Fiench mtnisteri uainirio i'>''onnatiQn of these in- 
 structions, haste led lo counteract them by a repetition 
 of arlilices which again [iroved successful. They had 
 already more than once, by their hypocrisy and cunning, 
 succeeded in outwitling the sincere bigotry of the Eng- 
 li;>h king; ami they had now the address to roncbide 
 with bim a treaty nj neiitralUy for America, by which 
 it was stip. dated that neither party should give aa- 
 aifitance lo Indian i/ibes in their wars with the other. 
 Armed with so m&!iy advantages, the French authori- 
 ties in Canada resumed, with increased vigor, iheir en- 
 deavors to rhaslise hy fcree. or debauch by intriguo, 
 the Indian trdies who had preferred the English alli- 
 ance to theirs ; while Dongan was compelled to sacri- 
 fice the honor of his country to the mistaken pohtica of 
 his master, and lo abandon her ulbes lu ihu hoatibty, 
 and her harrier to the violation, ot an insidious and en- 
 terprising rival. He could nut, however, divest him- 
 self of the interest he felt in the fortunes of the Five 
 Nations, and seized every opportunity of iinparling to 
 them advice no less prudent than humano. (or the con- 
 duct of their enterprises, and the treatment of their 
 prisoners. Uut his mabibty tu fulfil former engage- 
 ments, and aH'ord iheiu farther aid, greatly weakened 
 the eflicacy of his councils. Though the remonstrancea 
 of Dongai. enabled the ministers of James to discover, 
 in the following year, [1687] that tho treaty of neu- 
 trality for America waa prejudicial to tho interesta of 
 England, it was impossible to prevent the king from 
 renewing, in the close of the same year, thia impolitic 
 arrangement with France. 
 
 Uut the king had no intention of rebnquiahing hie 
 
 empire m America; and his rrihid, thoirgh- strongly 
 
 imclured with bigotry, was not unsusceptible of politio 
 
 Views ; though he aeeins rartjy lo have mingled theso 
 
 I considerations together. As bis bigotry had prompto^l 
 
 I bun to give up the Indiana to the French, hia poUej 
 
11 
 
 810 
 
 now Bigitested the ineasuro of uniting all his northern 1 
 coluiiicb in Olio gnvvrnincnt for thiir more I'lrtfctiinl do- 
 fenco. It mtiMt bti contrHscd, indeed, ihni iie lii'ernB lu 
 have been at htast an strongly |)ro'n[tlt'd t>) this dusn^ii 
 by the dfcsire uf t'»nhlutn:g iii^ own iiilnltury ^'overn- 
 mcnt in tne colonieti, sh hv I'oncern I'ur tlieir Hiiiety, ur 
 for tlie integrity of his doniininns.* As his Hchcinc in* 
 eluded New York, ai.d ns ho thonyht the pcouli' of lliis 
 provnioe now sujficienlly prepared to dli.de iIil- cxtre- 
 mitv of his will, he mdulKed the mure readily the dis- 
 pleasure ihat Uoni^an had given linn liy ohsinicting the 
 Freneh Jesuits, which had been a subject ol >ntinual 
 complaint from the court of France. 'I'hc; cuu i^xion 
 of this meritorious oflicer was accordingly supiistedid 
 by a royal command to deliver up his charge to Sir 
 Edmund Andros ; and New York not only reverted to 
 the dominion of its ancient tyrant, but beheld its exist- 
 enoe as a separate province completely merited in its 
 annexation to tho government of New E^ngland. Androa 
 icinained at Hoaton as the metropolis of his jurisdic- 
 tion ; committing the adniinisir.ition of New York to 
 Nicholson, hislientenant-guvemor ; [1()83 ] and though 
 by the vigor of his rciiioiiHlrances, and bis reputation 
 for ability, he t-umpelled tlie French lo suspend some 
 encroachments which they were making or ihrealening 
 to make on the Knglish territories, he could lend no 
 assistance to the Five Nations in (lie hodtililicH that 
 were now cariitnl on between i horn and tiie IVeiicli wttha 
 mutual hirv and ferocity that seemed totally to uliliierate 
 (ho distinction between civilized and savage men. 'J'he 
 people of New York, deprived of tlirir libertK-s. atid 
 moriitii^d by their annexation lo New Kn^land, felt 
 themselves additionally ill used by the ptdicy which 
 compelled ihem lo stand aloof and lu^hnld the fate o\' 
 the dllics to whom they h)id promised protection, to- 
 gether with their own most nnporiunt intcrcMs .sus- 
 pended on the is.Hue of a contest m whidi they were not 
 sutlereil lo take a slidre ; vvliile uil the while their coun- 
 trymen in the eastern part of New Fngland were ha- 
 rasse<l by a dangerous Indian war whicii was believed 
 on strong reasons to have been excited by the mlrigiie.s 
 of the French. 13ut thouuli deserted by the Fnt;liJ*h, 
 the Five Nations nnintamed tlie sirm^gln with an 
 energy that promised ihe preservation of tlieir indepen- 
 dence, and linully with a succeiis that excited hope^ 
 oven of the aubjugaiion of their civilized adversaries. 
 Undertaking an expedition wiili twelve hundred of their 
 warriors agamst Montreal, they conducted their march 
 with such rapidity and secresy as to surprise the French 
 in almost unguarded security. The suddenness and 
 fury of their attack proved irresistible. They burned 
 the t'jwn, sacked the planialions, put a thousand of the 
 French to iho sword, and earned away a num1)er of 
 prisoners whom they burned alive ; returning to 'lieir 
 friends with the loss of only three of thetr own nunuM'r. 
 It waii nuwthat the disadvantage arising from the iiiu- 
 trality of the English was mo.st sensiblv ft^lt, both m 
 the cruelties wiib which the liidmns stained tlie triumphs 
 they obtained, and which the intlnence of a humane ^lly 
 might have contributed to moderate.^ and also in the 
 inabdity of the savages to improve their victorie.s into 
 lasting conquest. They atrained every nerve indeed lo 
 follow up tneir advantage, and shortly after the attack 
 on Montreal possessed lliemselves of the fort at Lake 
 Ontario which the garrison in a panic ubatuloned to 
 them; and being now reinforced by the desertion of 
 numerous Indian allies of the French, they reduced 
 every station that this people pO'tsessed in Canada to a 
 state of the utmost terror and di.-'tres.'*. Nothing could 
 nave saved the French from utter destruction but the 
 ignorance which disabled the Indians from attacking 
 ibrtified places ; and il was evident to all that a single 
 
 * Chalmer*s account of thii project of the kin^ and o( lUc 
 mfasureii which it pritduced twhurever tlie sii>>j<)(-t enKS>{e!t 
 his altuntion, hilt Oipeciully in . up. 10) is strangely erruiii'ini.i. 
 He quotes, as wunJs usud by ::.o kiii^ iii (-xpliinatiori of his 
 riewH (p. 4S5), expressiuni einuloyeil by a diircrent pursmi, 
 4nd not B8cribe<l at all to the King (llutchUisuii.i. 371). He 
 ■KsertK also that Andro« intile an advaiila^eoiis peace lor tlit 
 Five Nations with tlie Fr«i)ch. Mere indued lie i$ lo far sup- 
 ported by an author to whom iricorn :Cine«i is vciy unusual, 
 and who says merely that "the Mohawks made peace with 
 the French under the inluenre ol Sir E-.linund" (llutrhinaon, 
 1. 3*0). Rut the fact ts, that the Five Nations were at war 
 with the French during the whole of Andros'i BdiniiUGtration : 
 and so totally unconnected was ho with iheir nlFairi, tliit 
 neitliiT Sirulli nor Colden was aware of his having ever been 
 a i4coiid tune governor of New York. 
 
 t The conduct whi''h we have nlready witnessed in some 
 of thb Indian allies of the New England states, in their joint 
 ovarN, tnay seem to render this a vain Dpeculalion. Hut the 
 'ive Nation* were a far more remionHlile andintelligfnt race 
 of beings than the IV'inodN an I N:irra>{'i)iTiset)i. Colonel I><mi> 
 gttn, whom thev irreatly loved and K'sprcied (iNilden. i. ft3f, 
 might Um^-^ III >;. .(d tlieir hnktilittt-s l)y Ins examelc, as Im 
 fro«|uently andn. ' tUtugctlier niofTectually attempted to do hy 
 
 THE HISTOHY OP 
 
 vigorous act of interposition hy the English colonists I 
 would have sulFiced lo terminate for ever the riviilry ofl 
 Fraiii e and Knglaiid in this quarter of the world. 
 
 liiH'J.J While ihi.'* war between the French and the I 
 Indians wa.n pruloni;ed by indecisive hostilities, a scene | 
 of the utmost importance was preparing to open nt | 
 New Viitk. A deep and general disatl'ection to the [ 
 governtii' t previiihrd there among all ranks of men ; j 
 and as il.' public discontents liad been for some time 
 plai.ity gathering to u hi^ad. some violent convulsion | 
 WJ3 fearfully anticipated; and periutps was suspended 
 hy divisions in sentiment arising from the tldferent as- 
 prctsin which the state of the times presented itself to 
 ditferent minds. To the wealthy and the discerning, 
 the privation of liberty and the degradation of the pro- 
 vince, appeared with justice the only public disadvan- 
 tages which they had occasion to deplore, or were in- 
 terested to remove. Diil a dread of popery had seized 
 the minds of many of the poorer inhabitatits, and not 
 inily diminished real and substantial evils in their es- 
 teem, but gone far to extinguish common sensu in their 
 understandings and common justice in their senti- 
 ments. The king's well known bigotry, his altemjits 
 to introduce pnpery in England, and his tyrannical sup- 
 pression of liberty among themselves, inculcated tbi.t 
 hlitional apj)ri-hei)sion on their irritated inind.s ; and 
 the uervilc apu-stasy of some of the otliteis of govern- 
 iiient at New Yoik, who endeavored lo court roval 
 favor by professing to adt'pt the king's nliuion, appealed 
 strongly to confirm it. Some angry feebngs that had 
 been excited in the commencement of Colmiel Don- 
 gau's atlministration were now setMi to re'iive and at 
 once augment and diversify tlie prevailing ferments. 
 At that period, notwiibstaiidtng the eierlionsuf a former 
 L>i>vern - adjust ihi: boundaries of property in Long 
 Island, a great many disputes on tl,is snbieci fTcvitled 
 111 tlie same ipiarier between ditVerunt ir-cIiviJuai? and 
 ditrercnt towni-hips ; and on Uongan had devolved the 
 thankless otlice of adpisting these conlrover.Mesbv juf'i'- 
 nieiits wliich could hardly fail to engendnr a great d.'.^l 
 of enniiiy against him. In r.uch cases it loo rinnmonly 
 hap|)ens that the arbiiralor by seeking to gratify Imth 
 parties, disuppunils them both, and is taxed on all sides 
 with partiality ; or that studving only to entorce stru-t 
 jiisfice, he excites extreme discontent in those whtnn 
 bis award hoih ilepnves of the )>roperiy thev had hoped 
 to keep or ;;ain, and stii;inalizes as nn)iist and unrea- 
 sonable men. Most n.. ,t possess sutlicient ingenuity 
 to supply them with plausible reason.s for i'nputing the 
 disappatnlmfrnt of their expectations to the. 'shonesiv 
 of those who oh&tnict or withhold them: and disap- 
 pointed litigants have in all ages been notorious for the 
 vebenience and acrimonv of their spleen.'' A gre;il 
 many persons who accounted themselves wronm d bv 
 Uongiin's adjudications, had made no scruple to impute 
 their di.'^appointments to the darkness and ulilnpiily ol 
 his popish understandini:. They comeived a violent 
 jealousy of popish desiirns, uhi<h llie rtrollectton of 
 tlieir wrongs preserved unimjiaired by the lapse of tinu' 
 and the character of Ooinian's adniininlraiion 'I'liese 
 feelings were revived ami innained bv re*ent events 
 and appearances ; the apostasv of some of the puhln: 
 otlicers eontirmed the a))prehensions of popery ; and the 
 painful stroke intlicteil by the establishment of civil 
 tyranny was (liutly fell as agi/ravating the smart of a 
 former and totally ditferent injury. This class ol per- 
 sons esteetnei' jtoperv tlii! most terrible feat me in the 
 aspect of the times, and liiemselves as eminent victims 
 of popJAb p' rsecution ; and considered these ashy far the 
 tiilest considerations to unite the general resentment, 
 and justify its vindictive^ reaction. 
 
 While the minds of men were thus agitated hy com- 
 mon resentment, but restrained from cordial union by 
 diirercnce of opinion and variety of appreiiension. the 
 public expectation was awakened and elevated by in- 
 telligence from iMirope of the designs of the Prince of 
 Orange. Yet no commotion had ensued, when the im- 
 portant tidings arrived of the accession of William and 
 Mary to the throne of England, and of the successful 
 insurrection at Uoston which had terminated the go- 
 vernment of Andros. Even the contagious ferment 
 excited by this lust intelligence might have subsided 
 without producing an explosiou of pouular violence, if 
 the conduct of the local authorities t New York had 
 nut indicated an intention to resist, oi at least a hesita- 
 
 ♦ " May they he perpelunlty flefeated In judicial controver- 
 sies," was thought by the (Ireeks a curse woilhy oriieing iii- 
 Keil«d in the denunriHtion they pntilished agnirist such as 
 slioiild violnlf the Arnpluclinnu' cnsiitttMrii'Mt. it is nn nhser- 
 vaiioii of TUticydides that men nri- much more ciasperalei) 
 by ft .tiippoaed injiiiiticu of which the henetit accrue!! to their 
 eiiuaU. ihan by the most violent usurpation coiniiutted by 
 tbeir auponeri. 
 
 tion to concur with, the general revolution of the em- 
 pire. Nicholson, the lieutenant governor, and hia 
 council, not onlv refrained from pnu-ljimii % Williiim 
 and Mary, but iiespiitebed a letter to "overior Itrad- 
 streel, at lloston, commanding with haughty menace, 
 the iminediate release of .\iidros, and the suppression 
 of the insurrectionary r.ib!)le* who had presunudto put 
 him ill conlinement. NotwiislandiiiL' tins demonstra- 
 tion of opposition to the revolution, the more reflecting 
 part of the inhabitant.. <-learly perceived that their local 
 government must follow the fate of the rest of the nu- 
 pire, and were disposed calmly to wait fur the spoiita- 
 
 ons submission of Nicholson and his council to 
 William and Mary, or the arrival of orders or help from 
 Britain lo reduce them. But tlie impatienie of a con- 
 siderable body of the people, and especially of those who 
 were panic struck with the terrors of popery, could not 
 abide this tedious issue, and was inflamed with the Ap- 
 prehension of some notable piece- of craft from Nichol- 
 son and his associates in ollico t 
 
 This party fuinid a chief in Jacob Leisler, a man of 
 eager headlong temper and narrow capacity, and whoso 
 zeal against popery and former ill treatment by Andros, 
 reined to designate him the proper leader of the oppo- 
 itioii to the political and religious enemies of the pro- 
 vince, lie had already committed the first act of rc- 
 Ristince, Iiy refusing lo pay customs on some goods he 
 had imported, alleging that the collector was a papist, 
 and that there was no legitimala government in the co- 
 lony. Nicholson having begun to make prqiarationa 
 for defending the city affaiiiNt a foreion invasion, and 
 summoned the trained bands lo garrison the fort, a re- 
 port was cinmlaled that the papists were preparing to 
 massacre the protestaiiis ; and Keisler. who commanded 
 a company of the trained bands, instantly marched at 
 the bead of a detachment of ibis body, and making his 
 way into the fort, assumed the command of tt in de- 
 fence of the proteslant cause, and iii attendarcc on the 
 orders of the king and (pieen of Kiiirland. The pre- 
 cautions of the late king bad deprived ibe [M'ople and 
 their leaders of ilie power of ditfusing ibcir sentiments 
 by the agency of the press; but a written declaration 
 was subscribed by Leisler and bis folluweri, importing 
 tliat, alli.ougii they had sulfertd many grievances from 
 "a wickeii popish governor. Dongan," they would have 
 patiently awaited reilress from England, if the violrneo 
 and oppression ol Niehol.son and the schemes of the 
 papists had not forced them lo take arms and secure 
 die fort, which they were ready to deliver up to such 
 profastant niHcer as the kit.g and queen miubt send to 
 leceive it. Leisler, tindini; that at first he way not 
 ji>ined hy any persons of coiKHiderution in the provinco, 
 despatched a lne.^^elli;e^ to Ivmg William, and by r.j- 
 goliations with Mas>ar|in>-etts and (A)iinecticiit, sue- 
 ci'edi'd III inlerestinu the goverinnenls of lhe^e <-olnnie3 
 oi: his sitle. But a report ansiiig that an English tieet 
 was appro.icltnig lo assist the iiisurgents. ibev were lo- 
 st. milv joined by all classes of peojile ip New York ; 
 and Niciiolson. afraid of sharing llie fate (d' Andro^. (le-l 
 to Englanil. L^nforiunalely for Leisler, the eoinmand 
 which priority of resistance and the favor of the lower 
 arders enabled him, liis natural temper etpially prompted 
 linn to retain, tlioiiiih surroundi'd hy men whodreiitled 
 his violence and reliictantiy .^uhmiltL'd to bis i levutioii. 
 rhese new adlieieiits tiad influenco enough lo caesu a 
 second proclamation to be issued, m wlneh the unwor- 
 thy censure on Oongan was omilted, and no stipula- 
 tion whatever inserted as to the religi'-n of tlie royij 
 olficer lo whont the fort would be surrendered It h.A 
 been bapiiy for all parlies if the jealousy of lieijK-.-'d 
 rivals bad been salistied with this wise and moderavo 
 control over his measures. But Courllandt, the mayor 
 of the city. Colonel Bayard, Major Shuyler, and n 
 number of other gentlemen, unable tf brook the snpe- 
 riority of a man whose rank and talents were inferior 
 lo their own, retired to .Mbany, and, seixing the fort 
 there, declared that they held it for King William, and 
 would maintain no connexion witli Leisler Each 
 
 * Chalmers, m strains of fquHl arrogance, iirpiilea fhe sub 
 sequent proceedings at New York to Ihe rabble of this plare. 
 hut a country where beggaiy and dependence ore unknown, 
 prmluces no class to which surh an epithet can justly belong, 
 Tlie whole account he has given of the proceedings at this 
 period is defaced by the gros!*est partiality. 
 
 t Thncydides thus characterizes the proceeding!! of tbe 
 populaie in one of the revolutions of Corcyra ;— Sucli ns hud 
 the least wit had Ihe best success ; for l>utii llnnr own defect 
 and tne sultileiy of their adversaries puttinK them into a great 
 tear to be overcome in words, or a leaxt in prein»Hlati»n by 
 tlieir enemy's great craft, they therefore went roundly to work 
 Willi them with ilced!.. II. in. Ili'hlies Tianslaiion. Ilohbon* 
 own summary of this passage and I'lO coniext Is, ' In sedi- 
 tions and confusion, ihey that distrust their wits suddenly uhO 
 their Uandi, and defeat the stiatageins of the more aubtl* 
 Mrt 
 
tion of the nm- 
 ■criior, niid hij 
 iiiitii X Willii.m 
 tiovr imr iJruil- 
 liiuyhly mtMiiicn. 
 llie 8\ii»|iri'B^ioii 
 |)r('iiuiiit d to pui 
 ihifl ilfinunsin- 
 * more rrllri'Miiu 
 (I tliat iliPir locr.l 
 I' H'st of till- t-rti- 
 l fur ihc spuiita- 
 liis cunncii to 
 [JtTs or lit'lp from 
 aliemc of ii con- 
 ially of thojtr who 
 )0|ifiry, conUI not 
 Muid willi the dp- 
 raft from Nichol- 
 
 ipislcr, a man of 
 paciiy, and whoso 
 tinciit hy Aiidros. 
 uader of tho 0|)|hi- 
 icmtfs of the pro- 
 lie lirst Hcl of re- 
 )ri point: goods ho 
 ,'ior wiis a papiHt, 
 'rnmcni in tiir co- 
 liike prq)arutions 
 iiTii invasion, and 
 i.HOii llic fort, a re- 
 were preparintr to 
 r. whocouiuiiinded 
 ttantlv marched at 
 f, and niakinj; his 
 inland of U ni de- 
 atlendaf.cc on llio 
 iitihiiid. The pre- 
 yed the jHople aiul 
 ir their Mritnneiits 
 VDttcn declaration 
 illuweri. iinpoitiiig 
 ny grievaiires from 
 I," they would liavo 
 and. if tlte violciu-o 
 he schemes of ihc 
 e arms and seeiiro 
 deliver lip to such 
 
 ireii niiyhl t»eiu'. to 
 It lirst he wab not 
 ion m tht; province, 
 Villiam, and by r.j- 
 
 <;oiin(rtieul, sue- 
 iilsolilu'se <-ohinie3 
 hat an Kiinli^h \\vvi 
 ^eiits. thi'V were m- 
 7ple II- New York ; 
 
 fatecff Andros. tlo.l 
 i-ish-r. the roininand 
 e favor of iliu h)wer 
 lereipially prompted 
 )y men who dreaded 
 ned to his (levalion. 
 e eiioiiiih to caese a 
 Ml wliirh the utiwor- 
 ed, and no stipula- 
 rehfji'Mi of the roytd 
 snrrendeicd It h.*.d 
 jealousy of LeijK'.-'a 
 3 wise and inoderavo 
 'ourtldiidt, iho mayor 
 ajor Shuyler, and n 
 le V brook the snpc- 
 talents were inferior 
 and. seizini; the fort 
 ar Kin^ NVdliam, and 
 with Leisler. Kach 
 
 uance, iirpiilen tlia siit) 
 tlie rabble of this plare. 
 peiuleiife ore unknown, 
 piiliet can juHlIy belong, 
 t tliri proceedings at Una 
 tmlity. 
 
 llie proireudingR at ll.e 
 Conyra:— Sucti as had 
 or bolii VM'it own defiM-l 
 puitmK them iiilo ;i ureal 
 luast in preliiAUlalion by 
 ne went rountlly H> w»nk 
 BH Tiaiiitla'U"'- H'lhbor,' 
 'le context, is. * I" ■*cii»- 
 it ihetr witit suddenly ubO 
 (eiiiB of the mors lubtl* 
 
 party now profeNoed adiiereiu'R to the oaiiie Roverei^ii, 
 nnd dononnrrd tho other as rebels lo his autiiority. 
 Leisler. thouyh intruhted hy the inititia uilli the mjle 
 coininanri, jU(I,:<h1 it priMlml toassoeialc Mtnie respnd- 
 alileciiizeiiN aioii<^ wuli liiin in a slaiion thai vvas likely 
 tn prove so dantrerous. llaviii<; forlilied his own power 
 bv ihn appointineni of a connnitteo of safety at New 
 Vork. he despatched his ^on inlaw Mithonrn, atr^inst 
 the adverse fartioii at Allianv. ('omtlaiidt and hin 
 act-ucidles, hnrnnii.' with n-seiitinent, hut averse lo shea 
 bliHtd in such a tpiarrel, were relieved from tlieir perplex- 
 ity hy a hostile irruption of Krench and Indians, [ \(M)0] 
 which, hy the desolation it intlieicd on the surrounding 
 country, either rendered their post nntcnahle, or induced 
 them to sacrifice their pretensions, for the purpose of 
 enabling (heir countrymen lo unite all the force of the 
 province against the roiiunon enemy. Abandunin<r the 
 fort to their rival, they took refuge in the neiirhboring 
 colonies; and J<eisler, with vindictive rashness, pro- 
 ceeded (o conliNcate their estates. To add sirength 
 and repiitalion to his party, a convention was sninminied 
 bv Keislt r of dc;Miiit:s from all the towns and districts 
 to which his iiitlneiice extended ; and this assetnhlv, ui 
 whicil two dt pniies from T'onnerticut were admitled to 
 assi.it with iheir advice, enacted variona reiruUtions for 
 the temjiorary government of the province. But the 
 acts of this hodv, and especiallv il8 financial imposi- 
 tions, were diNpuird hv a powerful party ainnnir the 
 coloniMs. whose mdiiiniition ayanist I^eisler was con- 
 fiiii'il wiih dillK-nhv to iiisnllsand menaces ; and many 
 of the Kni;lish inhabilants of Kono I.ilaiid, while they 
 eipre-*8ed a reluctant submission to this chief, privately 
 applied to (*onneclicut, 'iiid solicited this state to 
 annex their insular soitlemuats to its jurisdiction. 
 
 In t'118 unhappy siatf r,' aniuiosiiy and contention 
 the colonists of Ni;w Vork coninmed altoijcthcr nearly 
 two years, no!willisi,iii(tni;r a revohition winch, by elu- 
 valine the htadtholder of lloll.iiid to the KtiLflish tliron<-, 
 had promised to niiitt' ;heni tu<relher inor)! lirndy than 
 ever. Happily, (lie (piarrel exhtiiiled no synipuims of 
 national aniipalliv between the Duicli and Kn^li^h, who 
 without discrimination of races, embraced respeciively 
 (he parlv to wliicli their political senlimetits attached 
 them ; and ihonoh much evil passion and nialt>rnity 
 were eniiendered between the two factions, no lijood 
 was shed bv either while ihe.r commoiions lasttul. llui. 
 uiifortunattlv, the miseries of lort-tfj;!! war and hostile 
 invasKHi were sooti added to ihe eulaniity of internal 
 discord. 'I'iie coMdition of the French in ('anad.i had 
 t*een euddenlv raised fiom the brink of rum hy the ar- 
 rival cf a slroMi; reinforcement from the p,irent state, 
 jnder iht conimand of a >kilful and enlerprism^utlicer, 
 the old Count de Krimti^jnac. who now assnincd tlie 
 |iovernment of ilie |-'rench seltlemenls, and quickly 
 gave a .liirerentcomplcxion lo ihe atfaira of hisconntry- 
 nien lie set on fool a iruatv vviih the I'*ive Nations, 
 and s<i(-cei-(Ied. meanw!iile. in obtaining a suspension 
 of their hostilities. War iiad :dieady been declared 
 between Trance and Ivi-ila'id ; and ihe dissensions 
 anion;! tlie inhihilnnts of .New \'ork secnunt; lo mvite 
 ail attack upon this province, lie delenuined to revive the 
 droopintr spirits of hi.i people hy avaihuir Inniself of 
 this lempiiii'j: t)pnort;tii!tv of sui-ces^. A eou.-*itlerahle 
 body of Kreiichand Indiati.s w.is iiceordinjfly collected, 
 nnd despa'ched in llie depth of winter a;^ainsL New 
 York. By a sir.iui;).' coincideiice. which seemed to 
 have been diicreeil for thi^ purpose ol stain inir the 
 rrench name in .Vmerica with the blackest tii«^ralituile 
 and dishonor, this parlv, like llieir predecessors in llt65, 
 after wanderniLT for iwenty-two dava througli deserts 
 rende ed trackless bv snow, approached the village of j 
 Schenectady in ho exhausted a condition ihat tiiey had 
 deicrnnned iO surrender themselves to llie inhabilantn 
 as prisone-i of war. Hut, arriving at a lale hour on 
 Hii incleMent ihghl, and learniui^ from the messengers 
 they hi'. I sent forward that the inhabilanls were all in 
 bed. without even the precaution of a public wuu-li, 
 'ney cxchinued their inleniion of imploring mercy to 
 thein!ielves for a plan of nocturnal attack and massa- 
 cre of the defenceless people, to whose charitv their 
 own countrymen had once been so highly indebted 
 This detestable requital of pood with evil was exe- 
 cuted with a barbarity which of itself must be ac- 
 knowledged to form one of the most revolting and 
 lorilfic pictures that have ever been exhibited of human 
 cruelly and ferocity. Dividing themselves into a iimn- 
 ner o( parties, thcv set fire to the village in various 
 olaces, and attacked the inhabilanls vsith fatal advan- 
 tage when, alarmed by ihe conflagration, they endea- 
 vored to escape from their burning houses. The 
 exhausted strcngih of the Frenchmen appeared to re- 
 nv« with Ihu work uf destruction, and to gather euorgy 
 
 NORTH A MKHIO \ 
 
 from the animated horror of the scene Not only 
 were all llie male inhabitants they could reach put lo 
 j death, but jireouam women were ripped up. and llieir 
 inlaiits da^hi-d on the walls of ilic hou.-tes. {U\\ i iiher 
 the delay occaMoned hy tins elaimrale cruelly, or the 
 more merciful haste of the d-.mes to announce the ea- 
 lariiity to ihostt who ini;L!hi siill tly Irotii the dssaHMns. 
 eiiahh il many of ilie nihattil.ml n to escape. "I'jie 
 ell'orts of the assailants wen- also somewlial impeded 
 by a sagaciouft discriniinaiion winch iheythoughi it ex 
 pidient lo exercise. Though nnmindfnl of benelits. 
 liiey were not regardless of puhcy, and of a ninnher of 
 Mohawk Indians who wero m the village not one sus- 
 tained an injury. Sixty persons perished in the mas- 
 sacre, and twunty-Hcven were taken prisoners. Of the 
 fugitives who escaped half naked, and maile their way 
 through a siurin of snow lo Albany, twenty-live lost 
 their hinhs from the intensity of the frost. The French 
 having totally destroyed Sfhcnectady, retired loaded 
 with plunder from a place where I tlimk it must he ac- 
 knowledged that even the atrocities ef their counlry- 
 ineri in the i'alatmate had been outdone. 
 
 The intelligence of this event e.xciled Ihe utmost 
 con.'*teriialinii in the province of New York. Forces 
 were quickly raised to repel or retort the hosnlily of 
 tho French ; and, on the application of Leitder, (he 
 colony of Oonneclicut sent a body of auxiliaries to his 
 aid. I». was found dilficult to excite the Five .Nations 
 (ojoin actively with allies who had once deserted them ; 
 but they duelared that no arts of the French should 
 ever prevail with them to take the part of an ancient 
 eneniy ag.unst aii aiicnnit friend .\s the province of 
 Massachiisolls was severely harassed at the same time 
 hy Indian hostilities instigated and aided by (..'ount 
 Froiitignac. a Hcheim- was pfojecled between Ihe .\ew 
 Fnol.nid states and New York for a general invasion 
 of ("anada. An exjtedilion, eimiiirinded by .Sir William 
 rhipp'4, s, tiled from Boston against Quebec ; and Ihe 
 united forces of ('onnecticui and New York, under 
 the commnnd of (leneri:! Wmtlirop, were lo march 
 ai^ainst Moiitre<il. But l.eialer's son-in law, Milhourne, 
 who acted as commissary-general, had made such ii;i- 
 jierfeet provisiim for the expedition, that, partly from 
 tlii.i di feci, and partly from the mahiluy uf the Indians 
 Ii) supply as many canoes for crossing tho rivers and 
 lakes as it had been hopeii they would furnisli, the 
 general was obliged to call a council of war, and, hy 
 their unamuious opinion, to order a retreat. The ex- 
 iiedition agiiinst Quebec was eipially unsuccessful. 
 1-eisIcr, transported with rage when he was informed 
 of the retreat, caused Wmthrop to he arrested, but 
 was insiHiiily eompelted by universal indignation to 
 release hini. Infatuated by his dangerous elevation, 
 this man began lo display the spirit that goes before a 
 fall, 'i'he government of Connecticut, incensed at the 
 atfront by which he had ntvenged the result of his own 
 incapacity on the best ollieer and most respected in- 
 habiianl of iheir province, signified in very sharp terms 
 their astonishment and displeasure at his presumption, 
 and warned hini. with prophetic wisdom, that hiti state 
 needt-d rare prudence, and that he had urgent occasion 
 for frieudi. 
 
 King William had received Leisler's inpssengcr with 
 the most ihittering encouragement, and admitted him 
 to thi! Iionm of kissing hts haiul, as a lestiniony of his 
 satisfaclioti with the proceedings at .New York. But 
 Nicluilson, on his arrival in Knglaiid, found means to 
 make hts party good witii the king, and instil into his 
 mind a prejudice, of which royalty rendered it very 
 susceptthle, agam:>t the in.surgenis liotli at Boaion and 
 .New Vork. lie returned thanks, indeed, to the people 
 of New Vork. by Leisler's niesseiiiier, for their tidehly ; 
 but in none uf his communications with either Boston 
 or New Vork did he recognise the governors whom the 
 people had appointed ; and he demonstrated to the in- 
 habitants of both these places iiow very lightly he re- 
 spected their compldints against .\ndros and .Nicholson, 
 by subsequeiiily promoting these men to the govern- 
 ment o( others of the American provinces. lie would, 
 doubtless, have contiued to unite New York and Mas- 
 sachusetts ill the same government ; but plainly fore- 
 seeing that he must inevitably grant a charter to Bos- 
 ton, and that he miglit hope to evade a smiilar conces- 
 sion to New York, winch hail never yet possessed this 
 advantage, he consented to the separation which both 
 desired, and in August, ItiBU, committed the separate 
 government of ihis province to (/olonel JSloughter. In 
 consequence, however, of the embarrassed situation of 
 his master's alfairs in t^ngland, this olHcer did not ar- 
 rive; at New V<nk till the second year [1691] after his 
 appomtment, and till [jciilcr bad possessed power so 
 lung that he was extremely unwilling, and ex«rciscd it 
 
 811 
 
 with so much envy that he was exceedingly afraid, (0 
 surrender il 'I'his ill fateil atlventurei seems lo havo 
 hoped to the last that the king wou'J either conlinuo 
 hiin 111 his otiice or exjuesslv saneiion and reward his 
 services ; and when he found hini-elf no otherwise no- 
 ticed than by a summinis from (.'olonei Slough'er lo 
 deliver up the fori, he answered in llie language of 
 folly and des[iair, that he would not give it up but to 
 Mi order under the king's own hand. Such a resolii* 
 lion It was unfortunately possible to utter, ihonuh quita 
 imprac'.icable to iiiamtain ; and he only sealed his fata 
 by this last frantic etibrt to evade it. and furnished his 
 eneinie» with a legal pretext lo destroy him, which 
 otherwise they would have found it no easy matter to 
 adduce. The new gover[u>r s ears wtro now readily 
 opened 10 all the charges that lieislcr's enemies has- 
 tened to prefer against him : and though ho quickly 
 abandoned the desperate purpose of defending the fort 
 he was denonnred as a rebel, and coniniitleii to prison 
 with !iis kinsman atid .Milhourne various others of his 
 adheri'iits on a ehar^'e of high treason. 
 
 ('olonel Sloughhr having thus esiahlished his au- 
 thority in the province. pro<eeded to ijonvoke an as-sein- 
 bly which voted addresses in reprobation of Leisler's 
 rebellions conduct, m holding out Ihe fort against the 
 governor. A general act of annnlinent v\as passed, not 
 only against all the regulations that had been esta- 
 blished by former royal ^rovernors and their counsels, 
 but even against the laws that had been enacted hy the 
 popular assembly in |fi83. on the strangi; and unintelli- 
 hie pretext, that havinjj never been ohservi.'d by the lale 
 king, they liatl ceased lo be hindnig on (he people. 
 .As some dinibt had arisini, whetln r, in the absence of 
 a eharti'r, tin' asscnililinir of a repre^enialive liody was 
 an inlier<;nt rioht of the people, or a mere grace from 
 the kiiiLT, tins asseuibly pas.^ed a remaikabli.' law, de- 
 elannix that Ihi.i and all the other hherties of English- 
 men hehnioed of riglit lo tlie colonists; but this art 
 was afliTwards annulled by King William heisler 
 and .Milbourne were now brought to uial, ind, vainly 
 pleading their inenionous servti-es in originating the 
 revohition of llu: province, were convicted, and receivt^d 
 sentence of death. 'Ihe t.'uvernor still hesitated to de- 
 stroy the two persons, who, of all the inhabitants, had 
 lirst declared themselves in favor ot his sovereign ; and, 
 shortly after the trial, wrole lo the Kngliuh itMiii'i'ets to 
 direct him in what niamier the convicts should tie dii- 
 posed of: but he had hardly taken this step, when the 
 renewed instances of their enemies induced litin to 
 alter his purpo,se, and issue the warrant of death, which 
 was instantly carried into execution.* The adherents 
 of Keis'er and .Milhourne, who had been much enraged 
 at the .-ientenee, were tilled with terror and astonish 
 ineni when they saw it carried into etfecl, and began 
 to I'y ill such numbers from the province, that it was 
 found necessary to piss in haste a general act of in- 
 demnity. l..eisler's son complained to the king of tha 
 execution of his father, and the conliscation of his pro- 
 perty ; and the privy council reporting that, although 
 t!ie trial and execution weic legal, it was advisable, 
 under all the circumstances uf tiie case, lo restore iho 
 forfeited estate, this was all the grace that could for 
 some innR be obtained. But a compensation more 
 honorable and satislaetory was awarded to ihem soon 
 e'''er ; and, under Ihe reign of the same king, ihe Kiig- 
 lish parliament enacted a reversal of the colonial at- 
 tainder. The passions which Leisler'd adniinistration 
 had excited in one party, and winch Ins execution had 
 communicated to the other, coniimied long to distract 
 the public councils, and embitter the private intercourse, 
 ol the inhabitants o( New York. 
 
 The most respectable act of Sloughtcr's short admi- 
 nistration was a conference which he held wiUi tha 
 chiefs of the Five Nations, who admiticd thai they had 
 so far relaxed their hostile purposes against the French, 
 as to en'crtain propositions lor a lasting peace with 
 them ; but now wilbngly consented to brighten, as they 
 termed it, their ancient l/elt o/fricntUhip. and to renew 
 u league, otfensive and defensive, with the Lngbsh. 
 *• Wc nunomher," they declared, '* the deceit and 
 treachery of the French ; the belt they have sent ua is 
 poison ; we spew it out cf cur mouths ; and are re- 
 solved to ifiskc war with them as long as we live." 
 On his return from this conference, a sudden death put 
 a period to Sloughler's Bdininistratioii. 
 
 To animate the Indians in the purposes they had 
 
 • When noottier measures could provati with the governor, 
 tradition informK us that a sumptuous feast was prepared, lo 
 winca Colonul Slougliter was invtlMd. When liiii dxceilmicy's 
 reason was drowneii in Ins cups, tliu entreaties ol the com- 
 pany prevailed with hnn to sign the doalti*warraiil,and bofuro 
 h« rocoviired Ins stnitus the prikuners w«ru sxcciittil.** SmiUii 
 104. 
 
\ 
 
 813 
 
 now proft'SHod, ami lo ^lIll^|)e^ bv cxcrci^n llm'r lios- 
 tiluy againi't ih« Kmirh, Mitjor Si-hnylT. wim li:i: ,tc- 
 quirt-d extriiuntinirv Mifluriiic wit|> ihi- Five N.iiioiis hv 
 hJJ cutin^u. ^oinl iieiiic, iitnl fnonilly atu-tttiuii to ihuir 
 ilituroflts, uridoriouk. in iho t-lomj of tlno your, nii uxpc- 
 tlitiun against Moiitntiil nt tliu ii(>ad ul' a cun^iderahlc 
 body of colmnul and Indiin turci's. TholI^h (he inva- 
 ders wore linHlly cuni|K'lled lo rflrcat, the Kretirli auk* 
 uined great loxs in eevcral onronnlers, and thu spirit 
 and aniinodity of iho Fivfl NMlions wi-rc whrltod to 
 such a pitch, that even when thoir aUirs reiirt'd. they 
 continued during the winter to wage iiicesHitnt and 
 huraaaing hoatililiea with the French. Cutnit Fionlig- 
 nac, whono sprightly manners and unergeiic character 
 supported the spinia of his countrymen arnuUt every 
 reverse, [1693] was at length so provoked with what 
 he deemed the ingratitude of the Five Naiiuns for his 
 kindnesn to them at Schenectady, that. l)enules encon* 
 raging hia own Indian alUei to burn their prisoners 
 alive, he at length condemned to a death still more 
 dreadful two Mohawk warriors who h'ld fallen into his 
 hands. In vain the French priests remonstratud uganist 
 this aenteuLC, and urged him not to bring so tbiil a 
 Btain on the christian name; the count dei-Ured ihat 
 every consideration must yield to the safety and de- 
 fence of his people, and that the Indians must not be 
 encouraged to helievo that they might praciiae the ex- 
 treme of cruelty on the French witliout the liazard of 
 having it retorted on themselves. If he had been 
 merely actuated by politic considtT.ilions, without be- 
 ing Btuniildted by revenge, he might liave plainly per- 
 ceived, from the conduct of all the Indian iril)es in 
 their wars with each other, that the fear of retort had 
 no etficaey whatever lo restrain them from their barba- 
 rous practices, which he now undertook to sanction as 
 far as his cxemplc wan cspable of doin^. The priests, 
 finding that their humane intercession was inetiuctual, 
 repaired to the prisoners, and lahored to persuade them 
 to embrace the christian name, as a preparation for the 
 dreadful fate which they wore about to receive from 
 christian hands; hut their inatructioiia were rejected 
 with scorn and derision, and they found tlio prisoners 
 determined to dignify, by Indian sentimentH and de- 
 meanor, the Indian death wWicU they had been con- 
 demned to undergo. Shortly before the execution, 
 ffoine Frenchman, less inhuman than his governor, 
 threw a knife into the prison, and one of the Moliawks 
 immediately despatched himself with it ; the oihcr, ex- 
 pressing contempt at his companion's mean evasion 
 from glory, walked to the stake, singing, in his dea'li- 
 chant. that he was a Mohawk warrior, that alt the 
 power of man could not extort an indecent expression 
 of suffering from his lips, and that it was ample conso- 
 lation to him to retlect that he had made many French- 
 men suffer the saint' pan<;4 that he must now himself 
 undergo. When attached to the stake, he looked 
 round on his eiecutioner*. their instruments of torture, 
 tind the assembled multitude of spectators, with all the 
 complacency of heroic fortitude ; and, after enduring 
 for aomo hours, with composed mien and triumphant 
 language, a series of barbarities too atrocious and dis- 
 gusting to be recited, his .^tulTefinus were terminiiled 
 by the niterposition o( a French lady, who prevailed 
 with the governor to order that mortal blow, to wliich 
 human 'irueliv haa given the name of cuup de grace, or 
 vtroke of/apor.* 
 
 It was with great reluctance (hat Kirig William had 
 purrendered to the American colonies any of the acqui- 
 titiona which regal authority had derived from the ty- 
 nnnicat usurpations of his predecessors ; and his reign 
 was signaliseld by various attempts to invade the pri 
 Tilegea which at first he had been compelled to respect 
 or to restore. He wa", informed by the Knglish lawyers 
 4hat be could not refuse te recognise the charter of Con- 
 necticut with all iu ample privileges, and he was baf- 
 fled in .lis attempt to procuro an act of parliament to 
 annul it. But as New Vork. never having had a char- 
 tei, was judged to be not legally entitled to demand 
 one. he determined not only to deprive it of this advan- 
 tage, but, through the medium of its undefined conati- 
 
 • Culden, i. 135 A. 13:1—143. Smith. lOT.tJ. Such fortitutJe 
 was DO ununual diH[)lHy in an Anienraii savatfc j and the sub- 
 «««l>ieut t>K«cutinii of Datineit at PariA rendi/s 'he act of 
 Fronttifnac at IbhsI no solitary instanre in Die history of rivi- 
 lined Prance. Tti** executinn of tlie Engliih n'RirulPkiu 1660, 
 ami of i)ie Scoitish ri'l>els in 174), exhibit'^d M-eiiPn htllo Jast 
 ritisfriceriil tohuiaaoity. Probably, in all surh caspx of the 
 Addition of torture to (t«ath, iTUi'Uy complelely overreaehes 
 Itself, and, divprtiitg rlie mind of the HUircrer from the one 
 U<it etu*)ijy whofle aiisck li« cannot repel, relieves it by in- 
 rolvinf birn in the ntiimaiion M a contest whr le victory i* in 
 h'li wwH power. Tlie more siMi(tfo tliu mortal act u iiiide, 
 nud the (nur« melancholy respect that is khown to life tven 
 In taking It away, ttu mora itvprcssiye and formidsbia an 
 flxtcuiion appears. 
 
 THE lUSTOUY OF 
 
 tution, and the niter absence of restriction on the 
 powers with whicli he might inve.-tt its governor, lo 
 ailempt an enrroachment on liie envied privih'^es of 
 t.'i)nnecticiit, Colonel Fletcher, a man of sordid dis- 
 position, viuleni temper, and kIijIIow capacity, yet en- 
 dowed with a considerable share of aciivily, was tlie 
 governor who next arrived lo re|)reHent tliu king at 
 New York, and to linn was intrusted tlie execution ot 
 the design that William had conceived agatiiHt (he 
 nei^hhoTing colony. Fur this purpune he had been in- 
 vested with plenary powers of eommanding, not merely 
 the milida of New Vork," but all nis majesty's militia in 
 the colonies of that quarter of America. His lirst ste|i 
 towards eireetuating this encroachment was to send a 
 commission to governor Trent, who already coiO' 
 mamlcd the militia of Connecticut according to the in- 
 stitutions of the provincial charter; and the reception 
 of (his, even in the light of a mere superogatory coiilir- 
 mation, it was probalily hoped would pave the way to a 
 more thorough establishment of the king's prelunsions. 
 llut t'onneettcnt had then, both in the ottices of her 
 governini'iil and tlie ranks of her people, ahunduiice ul 
 men, who, itioroiuhly ajiprecialing (he privileges tliey 
 enjoyed, had sense lo see, and spirit to resittt. every 
 attempt to violate them ; and the tender of Fletcher's 
 cuiinntssion was not only tiatly refused but made the 
 subject of a vigorous remonstrance. Inccnstd at such 
 ('ontumacy, as be was |tlrased to regard it, Fletelu-r 
 proceeded wi'.h Ins usual iin|ietuosity lo Hartford, 
 [10U3.] and commanded the assembly oi the state, who 
 were siltiri;;. to plaee their militia under his orders, a^ 
 they would answer it (o the king. He even proceeded 
 to such a length as to thrcdlen to is^tiie a proclamation 
 cjlling on ill! who were for tiie king (o join him, and 
 denouncing all others as gtiilty of disloyalty and sedi- 
 tion. Finding his menacing injunctions received with 
 a calm but lirm refu.sal, he presented himself with one 
 uf hi^ council, ('olon(:l liayard, lo the mitilia, at their 
 parade, and expectmi; that a royal warrant would find 
 greater favor with thu mun ilian it had done with the 
 civil rulers, he commanded liayard to read hiseonnnis- 
 siori aloud, as an act uf declaratory posse^ision of the 
 authority to which he pretended. Uut Captain Wads- 
 worlh, wlio was always present when the liberties of 
 his ronntry were in danger, and who had once before 
 saved the charter of Connecticut from invasion, now 
 stepped forward to prevent the privileges it conveyed 
 from being abridged or insulted, and commanding the 
 drums to tieat, completely drowned tlie obnoxious ac- 
 cents. When Fletcher atteinpteil to interpose. Wads- 
 worth supported Ins orders with such an energy of de- 
 termination, that the meaner genius of his antagonist 
 was completely rebuked; and seei'igthe countenances 
 of all around kindiing rito sympalhy witii (heir patriot's 
 fervor, he judged it best to consult his safely by a huoty 
 departure to iS'ew Vork, wh'Tc his spleen, at least, 
 covild not be obstructed by any cxceptunis to Ins con;- 
 mission. The king, with the view oi' ccver!i:g his de- 
 feat, or of trying whether legal chicane could repair it, 
 ordered this matter lo be submitted to the opimoii ot 
 the altorney and solicitor general of Kngland ; and on 
 their reporting without hesitalion in favor of (lie plea of 
 ('onneciicut, an order of council was passed in confor- 
 mity with their report ; as if the maltcr at issue had 
 involved a mere local dispute between two provincial 
 junsdicltons, in which the king was to exercise (he dig- 
 nified functions of supreme and impartuil arbitrator, f 
 
 It was fortunate for New York that the meapacity 
 of her governor was prevented from being so detrimen- 
 tal as It might otherwise have proved to her Indian m- 
 '1, hy the cuntidence he reposed in Major Scliny- 
 Ic > hose weighty influence was employed to preserve 
 the alfectiona and sustain the spirit of tho Five Nations. 
 Yet so imperfectly wore they assisted by the colony, 
 that Frontignac, even while occupied with other hostili- 
 ties in New England, was able by his vigor and activity 
 to give them a severe defeat. Roused by this intelli- 
 gence, Fletcher assembled the militia of New York, 
 and abruptly demanding who was willing to march to 
 the aid of (heir allies againit the French, the men threw 
 up their hats in the air and answered unanimously 
 " One and all." The march was effected with t ra- 
 pidity that highly gratified the Indians ; and though it 
 produced no substantial advantage to them, it was so 
 favorably regarded as a demonstration of promptitude 
 
 * lie was appointed also Governor of Pennsylvatua by the 
 king who had deprived William Penn of his proprietary func- 
 tions. 
 
 t 8iiiith,nO. Trumbull, 1.390— 395, 'indAppon.lix,Ml~M5. 
 Ill tlui cominisstoii from (tvurife the Uecond to Sir Djnver.4 
 (Uborn irerited at length hy Smith, p. 331, Ac.) the rigUt of 
 coininandiiif the Connecticut nnhtia was again conferred on 
 tht fovaraur of Naw Vork. 
 
 to aid them, that they were prevented from einhrA»ini^ 
 
 FrontiKiiac's oilers of peact-. Tiny could nol help 
 olirtervni!,' howi-vtfr ilut it was loo fn nutiit with [ho 
 Kiigii^h lo de]i>r their succors till ihcy h.id becoino 
 unavailing; and Ihat while (lie whole of the power o| 
 Fiance in Aiiiericu vv.in com inlialed in siiii'iUaneous 
 elKirts to injiniain the Frenci donunion. tlie Knghsh 
 coliiines acied with partial and dividtd operuMon, t\iid 
 .Maryland and Oelavvare in pariuuilar (ihough the ipij^r- 
 rel vvjs said to be a national one) look no sjiiiti- in liio 
 hostiliiies at all. 
 
 Hut tiie vigor of (lovernor Fletcher was more fro- 
 ipiently and eirenuously exerted in coniimiioiH with 
 the house of aasenibly, (Imii in aiding the Indians \ 
 though It was to his services m this last department 
 that he owed what little popularity he enjoyed in the 
 province. A bigot himself to ihe church of Kngland, 
 he lahored ineessandy to introduce a model of her 
 establishment in New York, and nalur^tlly encountered 
 much resistance to this project from the oppoi'itu pre- 
 ddections of the Dutch and other piesbvicrian inhaiii- 
 tants. .\t teriijth Ins ell'orls ttucuctiled iti procuring a 
 bill (o be carried ihroitgli tlie tower house, or as^cinhly 
 of represeiHatives, for nettling mini^'crs in the several 
 parishes: but when the council adjected lo the clause 
 which !.MVe Ihe people the privilege of electing tin ir 
 own iiunisters, a proviso that ihe governor should ex- 
 erci.ie the ejHs.-op.ii power of approving and collating 
 tlie iiicunilients, this aiiieiidini'iit was directly net;a- 
 lived ipy tlic assernhlv. Thi; governor, exasperated at 
 their uhi^tinacy. cjllcd tlie house before Inin, and pro- 
 rogticil iliuir sitting with a passion lU- iMraiigiie. *' Yon 
 lake upun you," said he, ■" :ii if ytiu w< n- dictators. I 
 bent down to you an uineitdiiUMii of hiti ihreu tir four 
 words in that tiill. which lltuugh very iininalenal,* yet 
 was positively denied. I must tell you, it seems very 
 unmanneity. It i.s the siirn uf a Mliibhorn, til temper. 
 You oiigiil lo consider lli.ii urn have but a third share 
 In the h'gisldlive power of tlie government ; and oiiiiht 
 not to lake all upon sou, nor be so peremptorv. You 
 ought to let ihe council have a share. They are in (ho 
 nature of the House uf Lords or upper Houstt ; but vou 
 seem lo take tlie whole power in your hands, and set 
 up hir evi ry thing. You hive sal a long time (o litdo 
 purpose, and have been a great charge to the country. 
 Ten shillings a day is a large allowance, and you punc- 
 tually exact i(. You have been always forward enough 
 to pull down Ihe fees of oilier ministers in the govern- 
 ment. Why did not you think it expedient (o correct 
 your own lo a more moderate allowance !" The mem- 
 bers of assembly endured bin rudeness with invincible 
 patience ; but they also obstructed Ins pretensions with 
 inimoveitble resolution. In the following year, [ItiDlJ 
 their dii>putc8 were so fre<pienl that all business waj 
 interrupted ; and the governor sei-med to have em- 
 braced the determination of convoking the assembly 
 no mure, lint though his own emoluinenis were se- 
 cured by an act tliat had estahhshed the public revenue 
 for several years yet to eome. the necessity of raising 
 further supplies to make pre.tCiits to the Indians, and 
 the arrival of a body of troops from Uniain, obliged hiui 
 lo alter bis determination. He had been letpnred also 
 by the king to lay before the assembly ^w assignment 
 which his majesty had framed o( the (piolas lu he re> 
 speclively contributed by the colonies for ihe mainte- 
 nance of an united force against the French t [ItiUo.] 
 The assembly could not be prevailed with lo pay ihe 
 slightest ntlention to tins royal assignment. Ilul they 
 made a liberal grant of money for tlic support of the 
 troops that had arrived, and added a present lo (he go- 
 vernor ; who now perceiving that the people of New 
 York were totally unmanageable by insolence and pas 
 sion, but might be made subservient to his avarice, 
 ceased to harass himself and them by farther pressing 
 obnoxious schemes, and niiiiKained a good correspond- 
 ence with the assembly during the remainder of his 
 udmiinstration. In this reB)>ect ne waa more success- 
 ful than some of the future governors of the province, 
 whose remarkable unpopularity during many years of 
 honest and praiseworthy exertion has excited some aur- 
 prise in those who have not examined with autticient 
 
 * It IB surprising that he wasi not fleti8it>le of the inapiiro- 
 priBleiiess ot tint observation, which Itiu it bct-n tiue.wouM 
 have rendered his own pusaion cxceodniifly ridiculous Hut 
 tlie Kuvi-rnor wait at sll times ait indiirereiit re.iauner: and 
 anger, with winch he was very subject to be ovurtitkea, liai 
 always been more proinoiive of rhetoric tlianot logic 
 
 t The h»t of tho renprctive iiuotas was us roiluv%!t i 
 
 Pennsylvania bUI. Rliodu Is. and and Providence 4BI. 
 
 Mafcxachuaotts 350 Coniuicticul 120 
 
 Marylund lAU New Vork fM 
 
 Vir;;inia ■i40 
 
 This assignmen' acomi nowhere to have recalved ( 
 attuntionorany rcspact. 
 
 tri?ar\ 
 t 
 
 On 
 the 1 
 
 whici 
 
 MotlH 
 
 River 
 their i 
 lan^h 
 The r 
 brutal 
 object 
 betwe 
 Colde 
 that I 
 rieg 01 
 >ian tc 
 'hesa 
 tors n 
 I N 
 
 their | 
 
 (he en 
 
 that 
 
 fr'end: 
 
 s 'nie 
 
 B few 
 
 ifturi) 
 
 lo pro- 
 
 the Pr 
 
 t&cin, 
 
 *t,':;t53v<--.^; 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 813 
 
 iiitil mil h(!l|» 
 II III Willi iho 
 
 |i„(l hccoiiio 
 
 I aiMi'ilunuuus 
 I. llif Lhtilish 
 
 iiij^li iliu ipior- 
 lu hlmir 111 tlio 
 
 was more fro- 
 
 ileniioiH with 
 ; ihc IntliaiiH ; 
 isl ilu|mriini'iit 
 
 cnjoynd in ilko 
 i:ii III' KnyUiHl, 
 
 moilt'l ol lur 
 llv (.■nronnUTLHi 
 k; oppiJJ'ili; |""i-'' 
 lyleriiin iiilMiii- 
 I'lii prucuniiif ii 
 se. or assf inhly 
 .■4 III \\\v seviTiil 
 (i In llir cIjuso 
 I rU'tUtij^ iln ir 
 irtiiir slumUl i-'x- 
 11^ :ii)(t colliiing 
 i (liri'i-Lly riri;a- 
 . i'xas|)i'raU'(l at 
 V. iiiin, ami pio- 
 iraii-iuL'. " Voii 
 iTf iliflatoM. ! 
 h)it ilirfc or lout 
 iiiim.iicriiil.' yut 
 HI, il set'tiis very 
 il.oni, ill iriu|i(:r. 
 1)111 a lliinl Hliari" 
 iiiiMii; ami ou-^lit 
 .•iTiiipiory. Voii 
 'I'lii'y arc in l!io 
 
 Housit ; lull yoii 
 ir liandn, and aft 
 long lime lo liulo 
 ru to the c'^Mniry. 
 l:u, and you puiic- 
 ,s forward riiough 
 era in ihu govern- 
 inulitiil to correct 
 cc !" The mcui- 
 H wiih iiivinciblo 
 * prelensioiia with 
 wiiij^ year, [UVJl] 
 
 , nil lMI:>niCS9 wai 
 
 ncd to iiave cm- 
 inn ihu assfinbly 
 jUnntnis wero ^*-'• 
 ihf |iulilic rcvcnuo 
 Li-essuy of rji9iii«; 
 > Uie Indiauft. and 
 Iniain, ohligud hint 
 liet'ii it!4Uirud also 
 hly ^n asEii;|niitt'iit 
 u quotas lo he re- 
 us lor ihii iiianitc- 
 Frencht [lOUo.] 
 cd with to pay the 
 ininent. IJot they 
 ilie rtupport ol ilio 
 prt'senl lo ilu t;o- 
 lic piiople of -Now 
 insolence and pa* 
 !iii 10 his (ivance, 
 liy farther pressing 
 a nood eorrespond- 
 reniaiiider of his 
 WU4 more •uccess- 
 irs of Ih*"' province, 
 ring many years of 
 8 excited some sur- 
 ned with sutlkieiil 
 
 iKible of ilin in-ippr"- 
 ml It bu»n iine.w"ulii 
 higly niltcuhiuti Hut 
 ir«reiil re.iboner: and 
 to t>e ovuriukeii* liu 
 r. titan ut lUKtc 
 
 HS US (Olluv*)» I 
 
 landriovWunce 431. 
 1 hav« toc»iv«d muh 
 
 inimileness the whole of thrir official career. Like 
 IHctchec, these oirners concoivini^ lliprnsrives vested 
 with reyal power unCircumsiTibrd hy chartered ri^lits, 
 looked on the provinciul inhalntants as an iiifcrinr pro- 
 pk'i Hud he^an their ndrninislrntion with mihoIciU de 
 niraiior and nrhitrary preleniions : hkn liiin ihey learned 
 >vifHl>)Mi from fxperienre ; hut llieir wisdom came a day 
 liio lale ; the people had cra!<pd to be an placuhle ns in 
 former limes; «tnl iho spirit of hberly, (hotoii(»hly ex- 
 ercii«rd. liad heroine jiroinpl to repel as well as lirm in 
 rcsisiiii^' mjustire. Their govi rnment was impeded 
 by tlie total want of a tiiiblic curitidence, which havint* 
 once deservedly forfeited, they found that even a com- 
 
 tlete rhan^e of measures was insiiflicient to regain. 
 'rom iixnoranrc or disretrai^l of luch considf^ralions as 
 these fwl'.ich a very aiteiitivo perusal of colonial coii- 
 troversv has imprc'^sci upon me,) it has olien been 
 thought that the frovcmmeiit of thii province was em- 
 barrjSKed by llie iuctunis obstinacy of a perverse and 
 unreasonable people, when in inith the governors wfre 
 .ml renpinj; what llirmHelvi.-* h:id sown, and struifzltn^ 
 Willi the just HU.^pirions that their ori^niai mmrondtiet 
 had created. In the nmh.Trtered provinc«t of ViriEJiiia, 
 OS well as in Now Voik, (•ucli iiho were, not unl're 
 quentlv. the proreedMi;.'B of llie Hri'ish tfiivernors, .iitd 
 the complexion of their adiniimitralions : and Itrilain, 
 it must be i'Oiife8*4e(l, by einplovmjr sucli fiinciioiiiinrs 
 ond proiiiolini; such policy, took intimte pains to edii- 
 calc the principles of liberty in tlio-te of her colonial 
 de[>PTidenciefl, where they seetiud least likely tu attain 
 n tioiiriNhini; ijrowih. 
 
 HiU.') ] The remainder of Fletcher's administration 
 was not disiintiumlied by any ocrnrrence that destrves 
 to be particularly cornmeinoralcd. The war belvMi>n 
 the French and the Five .\alioiis sometimes lan^,nll^lle^i 
 by the address of Frontiifiiac's ne^ouaiiun^, and wa^t 
 ollcner kindled itilo ;id-lilioiuiI r.i>re and deslrurlion by 
 his enter))ii«e and artiviiy. .\eilher ai;p nor decrepi- 
 tude could chill the ardor of this man's spirit, or impair 
 the resources of his capacity. On the threshold of his 
 own fate,* and supported in a litter, ho flew to every 
 point of attack or det'ence. to animate the havoc of war, 
 and contemplate the execution of hit pl.inii. llis own 
 budity siiiialion had m liltlo etfecl in initi^atintr his 
 ri'jor, as in (liinini^liinti Ins activity : and as liieir hos- 
 lilitios were proloiiiied, the French and the Indians 
 seemed lo bi^ inspired with a inulnal emulation of 
 cnielivt III victory, no less than of prowess in battle. 
 The prisonera on both sides were made to expire in 
 I'lrtures; and the French, less prepared by educaiion 
 itrid physical habits for stirh extremities of sntrerin*;, 
 endured a ureal deal more evil than they were nhle to 
 ititlict. [lii9>'»J On one oe.'as:on. when Fronliu'nar 
 succeeded in eaptiiriii:/ a Mohawk tort, it wa-* toiind 
 deserted of all its inhabitants exerpl a saeheiii in ex- 
 treme old aj;e, wtio s.il with t!ie compostire of an an- 
 cient Roman in his capital, and saluted his civdised 
 compeer in a>:e and mtinnitv, with di:;nilied courtesy 
 and venerable address. Kvery hand was iimt.mily 
 raised to woiiiid and ib face his lime-strii'ken frame ; 
 and \\hile French and Indian knives were pliinge<l into 
 liiH body, he recommended to his Indian enemies rather 
 to burn him with lire, thai he iniijlit teach their French 
 ulhes how to sutler like men " Never, perhaps," say** 
 (.'harievoix, " was a man treated with more cruelty ; 
 nor ever did any eiuhre it with superior inagnaiiimiiy 
 and resolution. *'t 'Mie governor of New York, mean- 
 
 * He (lied very soon after tho rcsti^ratlnn of peace by the 
 tipaiv vi Ryswirk. Smitli, 133. 
 
 t III iru(li,Mu« ernultitiun was more than n mere aeinblance. 
 On one oceasioii a lieiilierale cdtiiiifhtuui wns iiiaue hctweon 
 t)iu French and a trihe in nlliaiiee with Ihetii, to ancrrtnin 
 which people could in!<iAt the most imieniuuH iTimtiy on n 
 Mntmwk pn:i(>ncr. Of the horrid tratfOtly Ihar ensiiet), 1 sh^ll 
 five no fiirtlier acruunt than that the bidi'Ois greatly t:icelle>l 
 their rciiipt* tituri, and threw ilio French iiitu traiinports ol 
 laughter by the fantaitit: variety of the loitiires they inlliclcd 
 The French suldiers appear to have been prompted to this 
 brutality by mere revengu and fer*K:ity. Their coimnander'i 
 object on this oecaHiun was to create irrecuucilahle uimuty 
 between a trilie newly athed to liiiii and the Five NatiunH. 
 Cohlcii, i. lUf, ft. It may surprise a philosopher to ronsidt-r, 
 that these Frenchmen were the conntrymen and cotempora- 
 rles of Pascal, Fenelon, and Arnauid. It will edify a Clins- 
 tian to remember, that these eminent sainis were bem^d of 
 *he same nature with the nviiized and the savage perpetra- 
 tors of such atrocities in Canada. 
 
 ( Neither the French nor the Indians, however, slew all 
 their piiioners. A great many remained tn be ex<-tiam{td at 
 (ho end of the war: ami on this occakion it wa» remarked, 
 tint all the Indians rHturned with great alacrity to their 
 friends, but (hat in many rasPs it proved very diflicnlt, and in 
 s -me utterly iin{KitHible. lo induce Frenchmen, who had li\ed 
 G Tew ydars with the Indians and emiiraced their haliits, to 
 itlurn'to civilUed hfe. The English found it no lo.si dillkull 
 lo provati with '\\mt friends wlio had been tnken prisoners by 
 the Prench Indiank, and lived for any eoniiderable time witli 
 Ucm, W return to Naw York ; " though no people aigoy mora 
 
 while, encouraged the Five Nations, from time to time, 
 to persevere in the contest, hy endeavoriny to nego- 
 tiate ulliances between ihein and other tribes, und by 
 sending them vuhiahte presents of ainmunition and of 
 the Kuropean coninnulilteH which they principally 
 esteemed; and their intercourse with bun HuctuateU 
 between grateful acknowledgments of ihean oceasional 
 Bupphes, and an^ry complaints that be fought idl liia 
 buttles by (he instrumentality nf llu^ Indians. Indeed, 
 except repelling some insignilicanl attacks of tho 
 French on tho frontiers of the province, the KngI ah 
 governor took no actual share in the war, and left the 
 moat important interests of bis conntrymen to he up- 
 held Buainst the etlDrls of a skilful and inveterate foe, 
 by the unaided valor of tlieir Indian allies, flflUT.J 
 The |teacc of Kyswiek. which inlerrupied the hostilities 
 of the French and Fnirlish, threatened al tirst to be 
 attended with fatal consequences to the allies, to whoso 
 exertions the Knolish had been so highly indebted ; 
 and if Fletcher had been ptrmitted lo continue longer 
 in the government of New York, this result, no less 
 dangerous than dishonorable to his rountrymen, would 
 most probably have cnaued. A considerable pin of 
 the forces of (!onnt Froiitij^nac hid been employed 
 hitherto in warlike operations airmnst Mas.^acliusellrt 
 and .New Hampshire, in cohjunetion with the numerous 
 Indian ullie.-. whom he possessed m that tpiarter. [IfiUH.J 
 lint the pejce of iiyswick. of which he now rcceivetl 
 intelliv>encu, enabled him to concentrate lus whole dis- 
 [.■oseadlu lorce against tht; oniv foe ihat renuiined to 
 liim ; and refoAing to consider thu Five Nations ns 
 identilied \\ith the Lni^li!>)i, he prepart d lo invade litem 
 will) such an army as iliey never before had lo cope 
 Willi, and overwlitiui them with a vengeance wlii'di 
 tln^y seemed incapable of n sisiing. But Fletcher hud 
 now bi-en very seasonably succeeded by the Karl oi 
 ill llainont, who was appointed !.>uvernor bolli of New 
 Vork und Massachu.^eits ; and this noldenun btin^ 
 endowed with a eon.Hiderable share bulli of resolution 
 and capacity, ch.'arly perceived ihe danger and injustice 
 ol fullering the French project to be curried into etl'ect, 
 and promptly interposed lu counteract it lie nut onlv 
 fiirnished the Five Nations with an ample supply ol 
 aininuniliun and military stores, but tiotilie 1 to ('ount 
 Frontignic, that if tho Fr<:nch should l:resuine tu 
 attack tliom, lie would march with the whuie forces of 
 his province to tli>'ir aid. 'I'lie count thereupon aban- 
 doned his enterprise, and complained lu his sovereign 
 (Louu the Fourteenth) of the interruplion it had re- 
 ceived ; while Lord liellamont, in like manner, ap- 
 prised King William of the step he had taken, 'llie 
 two knii^s coinrminded their respective governors to 
 lend assisiancu to each otlier, and evmce a spirit o( 
 accommodation tii making the peace ell'eelual tu both 
 ndtioiis, and to leave all disputes cuneerning the de- 
 pende:iey of Ihn Indian tubes lu the dtttermiuutiuii of 
 the commissioners w|io v\eri- lo be named in pnrsnance 
 of thu treaty ol ilyswick. Shortly alter the reception 
 ot these mandates, a peace was concluded between the 
 French and (lie Five Nations; but not till Kiiglish in- 
 solence and French cunning bad nearly deiaclied these 
 tribes entirely from thu utliance tliey had so .steadily 
 muintaincd, by leading them lu believe Ihat the Kngbsti 
 mterposed in iheir concerns fur no oiuer n ason than 
 that they accounted tli<.-m Iheir slaves. The French 
 *}iideavored tu take advantage of their ill humor by pre- 
 vailing will) them to receive an estaliluilinienl uf Jesuits 
 into their settlements. Hot althuugh the Indians at 
 first entertained the oHer, and h.<tteiied with their usual 
 gravity and politeness to the artful harangue uf a Jesuit 
 who bad been Jienl to enloicu it, [lUJ their habitual 
 sentiments buun jirevailed uvt;r a transient discontent, 
 and they declared their determination to adhere to the 
 English, and tu receive, instead uf the Frencli priests, 
 a ministry of prolestant paslurs which l/ord liellamont 
 had proposed to e8tabll^l) among thein.^ 
 
 liberty, and live m great'U plenty, tlian the common inhabi- 
 tants of New Yolk do.'* CotUL-ii, i. 'iVi, 
 
 So many Cnghsli prisoners li.ive remaini'd and married in 
 thu Indian aettleinent:* (s.iyit Professor Kulxi), und so many 
 French traders have spontancounly united ihomnelves to the 
 Indians, Ihiit " tlic Iiidmu blood in Canada is very much mixed 
 Willi European blood, and a gre;it part of the Indians now 
 iiviiii; (1749; owe their orign. lo liurope." Travels, in, 153. 
 376. 
 
 • Smith, 114-125. Colden. i. 159-210. The fullilmcnt of 
 the promise of Hendiiiifproleituiit pastors to llie Five Natuuiii 
 seems to have been de'oried till the year 1712, when one An- 
 dr-ws was nerit anions (hem by the 'lCii);li»li Society lor pro- 
 p:ii|ating the Go.-ipcl. Tiiu Indians ut first received lu ii wnli 
 joy. hut pereinplorilv ri'lUstd to hUirer liim lo leach ihe Kii^- 
 ll>li language to then i IiIkUcii. Alter j>it arhiili; and ti;aclmK 
 among ihem, m Itm l.itl:,in lonijue, lor scveiul yeiiis. ho whs 
 universally foisakcn In Inn auditors and scholars, and clo.si;d 
 afruitltis mi.i!»iuii m 171.H. Iluiiiphroy's lliit. Ace. uf tho 
 Society for propagaluitr Inu Uoi>pcl, 3Ui— 31U. 
 
 I Some abuses that p ailed, and Hnm«* disorders that 
 wpre likely to arise »,. New York, liad induced Km^ 
 ^ William tu besiow the government of the province jn 
 : Lord Hellamont, who, it was hoped, would be easily 
 I able, by the inlhieuce of his elevated rank, added lo the 
 I resolution and inte|j[rily of his character, to rcdiuns h* 
 one and compose ihe other. Fletcber his pn deces- 
 sor, bad proved a very unfaithful steward of i.e public 
 revenue, and had ^^alllied his avarice ai,d lin* parti- 
 alities by unjust and exorbiiunl appropriations and 
 grantn of land l^ord Uellamont, on investigating the 
 psrticulara of Fletcher's adniinisirHlion, openly de- 
 nounced him as a corrupt and proHi^ate niagintraie ; 
 and not only canned judicial proceedings to be instituted 
 against hiin and me favorites whom he had enr:.:lied 
 Willi a share of the public spoil, but at one tune pro- 
 posed to send him as a criminal, to underuo a public 
 trial in Kngland. The einense and ditbculiy of pr<> 
 curing what tho law would deem rei]i>isito evidence, 
 together with other obstructions which always oppose 
 themselves to every scl^me for eireeiii.g the exposure 
 or compelling tho reulilution, uf oHtcial plunder, pre- 
 vented any of these proceedings from attaining a sati.s- 
 fac!ory issue. 
 
 An alieiupt that was made to correct another abuse 
 proved at first emineniU inifortunale, and was attended 
 with very smuulur circmnstaiices in its progress, and 
 very remarkable conseipionces in fc!nylaiid. 'I'he late 
 war had given rise lo a L'reat deal of privateering, 
 which in many 'iistances had degenerated into piracy, 
 and the evil was greatly incredsed by the readiness 
 with which James the iSecond, in his exile, granted 
 commissiuiis for privateering to adventurers adhering, 
 or protes-iirig adherenee, to his cause, and who ex- 
 pected thai these commissions would iMUitle their rob- 
 beries to be reirarded as acts uf leoiliuiate warfare.' 
 From New Vork, m particular, many FmoImIi piraiical 
 cruisers were known to ha\e sailed ; and. indeed, ihero 
 was strong reason to suspect that Fleicher's hiinyer for 
 yold had been loo voracious to scruple the receiving of 
 It from ihe iiands uf these robbers as ilio price of his 
 coiiui\ancf! at iheir depredations. The suppression of 
 this nuisance had been strongly rccoiumended by the 
 king tu l,urd liellamont, wlio, cawting about in his mind, 
 ami consulting his friends in what manner this design 
 would be nio.'.t etiicaciuualy cunducled, was ailvised lo 
 take liie assistance uf one Kidd, who was repre^onted 
 tu Inm as a mm uf honur and intrepidity, ynd well ac- 
 (piamled with the persons and the haunts uf the pi- 
 raits. Kidd, who was in Fngland al tlie time, was m- 
 truduced tu Lord Uellamont by the person who had 9y 
 characterised hiin, and readily otfered lo undertake tho 
 stippre!siui) and apprehension uf the pirates, il the kin^ 
 would grant linn a cummissiun for the purpose, and 
 place at his disposal a good sailing lriojtt> ui tlurrv 
 guns. The eurl hud the proposal before the kiiiL', who 
 was strongly disposed lo einlirace anv leasible plan fur 
 extirpnlmg piriicy ; but some ditlicullies having been 
 started by the aduiiralty, the scbetne was dropped, and, 
 unfurlutiately fur the character of all parties, a priv.ite 
 cdveiilure, tu he conducted by Kidd again»t the pi- 
 ratis, was nuggested in lis stead, and hiially einliraced. 
 The king himself was concerned in the enterpr'-'^ ftml 
 had a teiiih share reserved to hiin ; and thu J.urd t.'han- 
 cellor (>5umers,) the L)uke of Sllrew^t)llry. the F,irl» of 
 Rumiiey and Oxford, Sir Kdmuiid llarrisun, and vari- 
 uus uiher persuns uf dislmcliun, were us.iuciated in the 
 adventure as parlners with their suvereigii. Kidd re- 
 ceived an urdtnaiy cummissiuu fruni the crown ar. t\ 
 privateer, wilh special directions Irum the roy.il und 
 noble owners uf lus vessel, to proceed against the p) 
 rales, and to hold himself particularly rt-spunsibje lo 
 Lord Uellumunt. Eiiibarking on this nnpurlaiit eutcr- 
 pri!>e, with so much iHustriuus (.haracior inirusied lb 
 his keeping, Kidd arrived at New Vurk lun-r before 
 Lord liellamont, whose aHsunij)liui) uf his guttrmneiit 
 did not take place till mure tlmu ivyo years alter lus 
 appuiulment. When his lordship suhsequemly reached 
 New Vurk, he learned, to his nu small cunfusiuii 
 and resentment, that by his patronage of Kidd be 
 had been accessary to an enormous aggravat.un of 
 
 * Unreasonnble as we maj thi:ili the expectation of '.heita 
 pirates, that llie Eiighsli, who denied Jainei' regal r^ht to 
 >:uvern ItitMO. ahuuld recognise the »amt! right to itie more 
 Formidable txtt-nt oi making war on litem, this plea was an 
 tiially mamtamed by certain of Kimi William's crown law}ers 
 Some piratirs coiniiussioheit by Jnines havin){ been appru- 
 hfiided m 1693. Dr. Oldinh, the kimr's advurme. reiused td 
 piosecule them, and aloii;^ with Sir Tlunnait Pmfold, Tindall, 
 and other Iaw\er7>, suppmled ttii.i refu.^al by a leiiriied ar|(u 
 iiient before the privy i'oun<'il. Tmdall's Ks^ay <hi *.|ie Law 
 oi Naiioiis, p. 32- 3U. Dui other lawyers wore fount nilhnc 
 to pro&ecutd ihepiu men, wiio ware conv^ttC andtxecutof 
 liowel, Ntt. yJH, 
 
«u 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 
 in* ^ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 the evil he had hoped to extiri>a(e. and to (he diihoiior 
 of hi* kmn and ol all the diminjiiiiiilird pernotiH who 
 bad l)O(M) aNMonHtl^l ni l\\v. |irivati-cniiir iidvcnlure ; and 
 thtt KiJil li<id iitrcndv rnidiTed liiiitHflt' iiiurf inrdtnouH 
 mid foriiiidahli' thiiii unv oilier pinto thai iiifffied tlio 
 tru^, liy Ihr Client of his n.ival roblieriui uiid hia iiiiin- 
 lirMt'f»» inurdorf* lAytd DrllarnuiK vigtiiously I'xcrird 
 hi if-rif lo rcpiiir, hy better agency, ilie const'iinciicca 
 i,t tlim iiiiha|>|iv error; and havini; lorluiidtfiy sue- 
 tfrdt'd in H)i|)rehondinf; Kidd, [IB90J who h.id re- 
 p.iifod on a irtitrK-kini; Hpernlatioii to Huston, wlierc 
 III- iiU|ii'd ni»i to he recoi^niaud. ho wrote to the «ccrc- 
 liiry ol «iate, desiriiii; that a wnrrant mii;ht ho sent 
 for traiianiiitin^ thia danntr alTender lo Kn^Uiid, where 
 4lrt-udy i-oiiMderidilc interest had heen eicited in 
 the |iublic mind t>v the tidniga of the freebooler'a dca- 
 periite enterprmea, and vauiie rtiinors of the share 
 wliiih the (irHt |ier!iona<>eM in ihe stale had taken in 
 an|i|ilyiMi; hiiii with the ineuns of piTrurinin^r thnn. 
 A f«hi|i of war WHS aentoni to hrin^ home the prisonei, 
 and repel uiiy Hlieinpt thdt nn^ht he mudc for lilt 
 rcKcne ; but, iinfurinntitflv, llm vessel was disabled 
 on luT puMi.it;e, and ohIiL'ed (o retnrn to port. A 
 btronir siinptuioii now arnse of coittiAioii between Kidd 
 and Uie luiniMtry, who it MdM thoui;hl were deiermined 
 not to iiuvti htm hron|i(hl home at all, je^t in his own 
 defence he should diseovfr their inl'amona confederacy. 
 Tliis suspicion was intldincd hy the artiiices of the lory 
 party, who were opposed to Kmg William's govern- 
 ment, and who vehemently pressed a motion in the 
 House ut ConinuMis, that all persons who had |i(!en 
 concerned in KuhPs advuntnre ini^ht be disniis^ud Iruni 
 tht'ir eniployinenls. Thoiii;h this inoium was rejecli-d, 
 ihev prevailed wilh (he llniise to have Kidd examined 
 at the bar. when thi; exertions of the rnnuiiier.** and hord 
 lietlamont to vindicate tlieir ciidracters had at lentrlli 
 nncceeded in bnn^inir him to Kn^bnd ; und lltougii 
 disappointed at HfHt in their hope of ubttiimng any va- 
 Inahlu iLiti'tosnri'S from him, yet either honestly suspcct- 
 iii<; what thrv pPofcssL'd to believe, or trnsiintr ih.il he 
 would be induced to become a useful instrument of 
 their piirpo.<<es (which he discovered more inclination 
 thdii ability to do), they endeavored to have his trial de- 
 ferred, iitid prevailed witti the house to call him airaiii 
 (o lilt- iiii, cvi-n afiiT an addret«s had been voted lo 
 the cTiivvii recommeiidintr ihut he should he speedily 
 remitied to an Kn<;tish jury. Kidd was brought to 
 tria! a» the Old Bailey m the year 170!, and being to- 
 tally unable cither lo onininate the ministers or to de- 
 fend hiinselt, was convicted, with sevrrul of his ac- 
 couiplices, o( piracy and nmrder, and soon after under- 
 went tlu' jnst ininisjiineiit ot lii> crimes The violence 
 of the Tory faction m Knijland prevented this matter 
 from proving as iiijurions as, more moderatelv handled, 
 it would, and perliaps oiii;lil lu liavi; been to Lord Bel- 
 la:no[it and th'' \Vtu<; mmisiurs of the king. Kidd's 
 coTuliici previous to his einploynicnl as a privateer hdd 
 i'l reality lu'on sucJi iliai a proper invesiigaiion of it 
 would have subjected hnn to punislmient, instead of 
 rerom neiidiMi; him to an iniporiani trust. A charj^e 
 di'iivt'd from this ^ro-ss and culpalije neulcct, and di- 
 reci»'d Sii.iinst all who had been concerned in proituring 
 KiiM'tt ciKumiSsion. was introduced into the articles of 
 i.npejchnieiit preferred soon after by ilic coininons 
 air.iirist Lord Somers. The name and chiiracter of the 
 Karl of HelUmortt, in particular, were expressly involved 
 iu this chartJe, though Um recent death at New York 
 prevented hiui from being included m llie impeachment. 
 But the mana;;ers of the impeaciiment associating this 
 cliirgo with other weightier imputations which they 
 were unable to prove, and involving themselves (pur- 
 posely, perhaps) in a dispute with the House of Lords, 
 the iinpeachmeitt ended in an acquittal, without pro- 
 ducing d trial. 
 
 But the most afflicting disorders that threatened to 
 33sail the government and coinmu; ity of New York, 
 were portended hy the inereaaintr animostty of two nu- 
 merous factions, consisting of the friends and the ene- 
 mies of the unfortunate Leisler. The son of this man, 
 incapable of forgetting or forgiving the tragical fate of 
 his father, had labored incessantly for the rc-establish- 
 menl of his character and the re'.nbntion of his wrong? ; 
 nod having ohiained. by the assistance of the province 
 of Massachusetts, an act of parliament to reverse his 
 father's attainder, and now proceeding, witbovcrv like- 
 lihood of aucceaa, to urges claim for indemnification 
 on account of bis family's auflerings and losses, the 
 spirits of his partizans in New York were powerfully 
 excited by tHe hope of a triumph so hiiTniliating lo their 
 adversaries. I'he mutual aminosiiv of the two factions 
 waa roused and whetted to such a degree by the occur- 
 runo« and the prospect of fresh opporlunititis to indulge 
 
 it, that the public bnsinesn of the province waa so- 
 rionsly impeded ; and m the very first assembly that 
 Lord Belldincnt convoked at New York, except an 
 nnanimous attdress of liianks to liimself for his speech 
 on the state of the province, there was scarcely a Hingle 
 measure proposed, uhoiit which iho memlteiaof HMsembly 
 found It pOMsihle to agree, 'i'he cliaractrr and munners 
 of Lnnl Uelldinont wcr: happilv ndopti'd to compose 
 these dissensions; a task which perhaps, if he had 
 longer enjoyed the gt>vcrnment, be would have wisely 
 attempted and succcssfnlly elfecled : but unfurlnnately 
 the circumstances in which he found himself placed on 
 his lirat arrival at New York, and the lenliments which 
 he was thence led lo entertain, tended rather to intlame 
 than to mitigate the evil. Hia just diLmleasnre against 
 {''lelcher, animated by the discovery of that prodigate 
 governor's eiicunragetnriit of the pirates, at hrst ex- 
 tended itsielf to every person who h<id held otlice aloii^ 
 with him. or been distinguished hy any appearance of 
 hii regard ; and as in this class were compreliended the 
 principal adversaries of Leisler, the spirits of this party 
 wereudditinnally revived, and their nnmhers augmented 
 hy the near prospect of >uj>reinacy and triumph. Young 
 Leialer's solicitations m Kngland at length so far pre- 
 vaded, that a letter was addressed by the Secretary of 
 .State lo Lord Bellanmnt, [17U0] decluriug that his 
 majesty, from "a gracious sense of the father's services 
 und stiirenngs," desired that the son's ciuimsof iiidem- 
 nitiratiun might he entertained by the general assemliiy 
 of Niw York. No sooner was the royal letter laid 
 before the assembly, of which a great majority now cori- 
 sistetl of the friends of young J..eisler, ilian n vote was 
 |)assi>d. appoint:"g llie sum of H>UO/. to be levied im- 
 mediately on the jirmince for ht;« advantage. 
 
 Lord Itellainont had now succeeded in acquainting 
 himself with the slate of the province: and the resent- 
 ment and disliirhaiice he had sullered frtnn the |nratical 
 transactions in which Ins own and bis sovereign's honor 
 hud been so deeply involved, seemed to have hud time 
 to subside. But tlie intluence which hixgood 6en»e and 
 moderaiion were contidently expected to produce in 
 tranquillizing the angry factions ovi-r which he presided, 
 was intercepted by his unexpected death m tlieheginnmg 
 of the year IVUL This event was attended with tlie most 
 unfortunate consequences. The taction that had ap- 
 peared likely to be totally defeated, received inti'lligence 
 that Lord Cornbury, who was expected soon to arrive 
 as the successor of Bellamont, was prepossessed in 
 their favor, because they were accounted the p<irtizans 
 of ihe church of Kngland, and began already to antici- 
 pate a favorable change in their relaliujs with the ad- 
 verse party ; while this party, at the head of which 
 was Nanfan, the lieutenant-governor, mui'e baste to 
 use their power wilh uii energy enforced by the probable 
 shortness of its duration, 'i'he most strenuous exer- 
 tions were made by both, to increase their strength in 
 the assembly ; and the most furious ammosiiies were 
 created by ihe theoretical respect winch both professed 
 for the same fundamental principles ; by the practical 
 respect which each, accordinglv, requirrd fur these 
 principles from iheir adversaries ; and hy ihe practical 
 disrrgard of ihem into which both were hurried by the 
 viohtnce of their passions, 'i'he faction opposed to 
 Lei'ler's friends, henig generally defeated in iliesecon- 
 '.tsts, vented their indignation, und exercised the only 
 policy that seemed to remain to Ihem, in vehement 
 complaints of their udittrsuries to the king, the parlia- 
 mert, and, above all, to Lord (Jnrnburv, on whose favor 
 their hopes of victory and vengeance now exclusivelv 
 dcfiended. Colonel Bayard, in particular, having pro- 
 moted some of these addresses, m whicii tbe most scan- 
 dalous charges of bribery, public plunder, and oppres- 
 sion, were preferred against the lieutenant-governor, 
 tbe chief-jnstice, and the assembly, [17U2J was com- 
 mitted to prison as a traitor, hy Nanfan, under a law 
 which Bayard and Ins friends bad caused to be enacted 
 in 11)91, to curb their own adversaries, and which sub- 
 jected to the pains of treason every person endeavoring, 
 by force of arms, or otherwise, to disturb the peace, 
 good, and quiet of the king's government, 'i'hough he 
 attorney-general of New York gave a written opinion, 
 that the addresses contained nothing criminal or illegal, 
 Nanfan, huding the solicitor-general ditierently minded, 
 urged on tiie charge ; and, alter a trial more fair, per- 
 haps, than in such a state of public feeling could have 
 been reasonably expected, iiayard was dragged to the 
 brink of the pit which he himself had dug, by a verdict 
 of guilty, and sentence of death.* Alderman Hutchms 
 
 * The iiror«e(liiiijs on ilijs trill, wincli are roporteii at some 
 iengiliici Mtivvell's Collectiun, arucruOituble tu the lutf&lkimw- 
 ledifP, atjility, and spirit ol the lawyers ninployeil In conduct 
 Uiuui, and especially uf tUo counsel fur ttie prisuncr Cmot, 
 
 waa immediately after tried, and convicted on ■ aiiniUi 
 charge. But hero the adversuriea of the prisoners 
 
 thought proper lo pause. Tliou<jh the law on which *.hc 
 convicttune bud been lounded was an uibitrary one, it 
 had been inacteil by Ihe prismiers ihemsolvfN and llmt 
 par'y, and never yet rept-aled ; and thongli the coiivic- 
 thins pioceeded on u suiuewhul strained cnnslrucliun of 
 it, there had lieeii no signal or undoubted ileparture 
 from the ordinary principles of criminal justicv^. 'ihe 
 prosecutors, therelore, had not incurred sncli guilt as to 
 eont'oiind altngeilu r their sense und humanity, or iinpe- 
 rioiinly to urge them lu complete ^^bat ihuy had begun, 
 und destroy their victmi» while they were yet in their 
 power, lluppdy for tliemaelves. and lor the province, 
 tliey consented to reprieve the prisoners till the king's 
 pleasure should be known. But long before the uppli- 
 cation on which the fatal issue was thus 8us|ieiided 
 couhl be made. Lord Cornbury arrived at New York ; 
 und not only caused the attainders of Bayard und 
 Hulchms to be reversed, but plicing himself at ti.e 
 bead of their party, conducted Ins udininisiralion with 
 such violence and partiality, that tlie lute chief justice, 
 and several ollitT considerable perar>ns of the opposite 
 faction, thought it prudent lo depart from the province 
 liord Cornbury, the grandson of Lord Chancellor 
 Clarendon, poKsesscd not one of the qualities foi which 
 bis dislingninlif d ancestor had been celebrated, except 
 an exiiggeraiion uf his bigotry lo the clinrcb of l^ng- 
 land, and bis inlidiriince of all other religious com- 
 munions. 'I'be rest of his character would have dis- 
 graci'il more eslimuble tpialities ; and seems to have 
 lorrned a coniposilitni no le^s ntlious than ilcspicublc. 
 of rapacity and pnidigality, volupiuousness and cruelty, 
 the loltiesi uiTugance, und the inear.':it chicane. 
 Whet ;er from real dllVeretice in senlimenl, or from a 
 policy whicli in there days was nut unc< imnun, while 
 liiH father had adhered to tlie cause of .lames the Second, 
 the son declared himself, at a \ery eaily period, fur 
 Ivmg William, and was one uf the first utiicers who 
 deserted with his troop to him ; and having now dissi- 
 pated his substance in not und debinchery, and being 
 obliged to tly from his crediluis in L^ngland, it bad been 
 one ol the last acts uf his royal patron's admiinslralion, 
 to reward his services with the government ol New 
 York. This uppointmenl was cuntirmcd by his kma* 
 woman Queen Anne, who tddid to it the goveriiiiient 
 uf New Jersey, winch had Ineii recently (>urrendered 
 by the pruprieturies to the crown. The public ivenln 
 tbut be.ung to the period uf i^ord Cornhury's udininis- 
 tration*" do nol full willnii the compass ol the present 
 v\urk; and 1 allude lo its genirul cuin|ilexion, tor the 
 purpose uf explaining how ihe factions which we have 
 seen carried to such a height in New York came to 
 be, if not entirely suppressed, yet greutly mitigated 
 and reduced. Tbis desirable end, which was more 
 obstructed than advanced by the only respectable go- 
 vernor ihat had been sent lu New York since the re^o- 
 hitiuii, was now signally promuted by the udininisira 
 tiuii of a successor, who rui)l)ed even Andius of bia 
 evil eminence, und rendered himself more uniiersuUv 
 detested than any ut'.icer to whom the government ol 
 this province was ever intrusted, t'o.* a while the ma- 
 jority uf the assembly, cuiapuseu by his hitlneiice ut ile^ 
 faction which had but let-enlly sicnrted under the 
 power of a ii'ium])liant rival. aJhered with Jtiscriipu'ioua 
 loyalty lo him us its leader und piuicctor, ui>d even 
 alter the intuterance he begun to exirl ugaii;s* the pres- 
 bylenans, and every otiier religious sett, e.xce|l tlio 
 prolestant episucp.it. ,;::£, hdd ahenated inaiiy ol hiS tirst 
 pulitical adherents, be b>uiid their lose nearly compen- 
 sated by the increased regurds of ihuse whu now 
 boasted him their eccleAlu^illcul ally. 'i'hough thn 
 great body of the inhabiianls, including the inokil uncicnt 
 tumilies 111 the piuvmce, were presbyierians, be refuatd 
 to permit the ministers of tins persuasion to prtach 
 without a license Iruin himself, ' ' h implied that they 
 otiiciated, iiuL cf right, but by •.idulgeiice. On one 
 occasion, tinding that in a township in Lung Uluiid 
 there were a lew episcopaliaiis intercmixed with the 
 
 one of the tatter, maintained a plea, whioh was not hesjd of 
 till a nmcli later period in £iii(!and ; Imt ilhisirHled it hy an 
 observation which we sliould not expect to hear in the courts 
 or ju&tice uf a statH wlierc slavery wa.i aduntted. "The 
 jury," lie said, " are jud^jes hull) uf law and lucl, us the ru»« 
 is iiuw circumstanced ; and ii they will enslave Iheinselves 
 and Iheir po.^tc^lty, and debar tlieinselveanf all access lotlieit 
 prince, they Hill be worse Uian negroes." Kven under tho 
 litieral juri-'t prude nee of Uiiver CruiuHplI, it wm declared 
 from thu heiK'h {un the first trial of Lilhtirii), thai it was " a 
 dunmahic ductrine'* to hold i hat itie jury were jiidfjes of law 
 HS well as tact. Howell, vol, iv p. 1384. note. 
 
 ■ One uf ilic first and lite most respeiiuhle act of his adiut 
 nistraiion was a renew. il of tlie Icbkuo with the 1, dian ainc* 
 of New York, in a numerous ronveiiium of llie tribes, nfaic.'l 
 was beta at Albany in 17U8. 01diiux.on, vol t If. 130. 
 
 ' ' .pf fi ^j f^ m 
 
frenhytpriBits wlm fortnfici the jrreat maicrity of Iho in- 
 lahitfitilft ami hatl Itnilt n pnrNounif'' I'"" ihfir niitil«tf'r. 
 he frnnrl iIi'Mtlv cn'iirivtMl lo i>v\ i»mt's^joM of ilif house, 
 and tlii'ii ilfhvcinl il tip in llii* t-pMcop.-il purtv. Ilcar- 
 iiH( jtri'iio tmit' after, tlial two prp.-tliytiTiiin rniiiiHri-rH 
 frnm VirL'i'ii.i liiul pvculioil lo a rnii^irrijjtmti m .\(mv 
 York witii.iiii i)t» licfti!<o, he. threw ihi'in lioih ii;to 
 priiion ; ntnl aflprw.ir4N liro'iiiht tlicm to tri-il fur .i riii^ 
 deitieHnor: hut nhhoui^h the jiul.'r inlvinrd the jury lo 
 rrtiirii a xpdoiiil vpnlicl. that thr l.iw on ihtti niihjfct 
 initfht lip Mually Hsrrrtiiinfi!. the jury wrrr loo i-riulcrit 
 to pill th)^ hhertittt uf thfir roiinirv no far out of ihtir 
 own kct'pini;, and without horiiiatioii aripiittrd thr 
 prisoniTA. In every (piarter of the provinru his lord- 
 ihip otrcrrd hiH aMt«lanec to thf* epii^ropiilianK, lo pnl 
 them ill ponncitMioii uf thft ehurchea ihut other aectit had 
 hutll; and to the di:*Lrraco of hoiiir of ihc zciitotK for 
 epiacopary, this otrer wa? in several iriHlanccn ai eepted. 
 and produced a wide Mcene of riot, injualire. and con- 
 fusion. Ilul happily for the unfortnn:iie people who 
 were exposed to the tniadiief of hi» tidiiiinlHtnition. his 
 eortdnct in other deparlmenta of yovernment aoori 
 vveakenud hJA influence with all parties, and irrndnallv 
 deprived hiin nf iho power of intiiyatititf any porhun of 
 Jie soriely to lurisJi or o[ipre-*s the rest It wa* ill;*- 
 covered, that not content with the liberiil (rnni* of 
 .-no'iey which the assenildy had made to hnii for Ihh 
 private i\%e, he had en)he7.zled larue Avinirt appropriatrd 
 to the erection of pulilir vorks, and the defence uf the 
 province; [170:J— 170U] and that unahle to suliHiMl on 
 ilia lawful eniolutneiils, even wiiii ihn addition of ernir- 
 mona pillage, he had contracted 'i(!)*n to every trades- 
 man who would tniftt him. and rr>, ployed tho powers of 
 his olFico to set his creditora at detianre, l>ven after 
 thisi discovery was made, ho con»-:vtu to have some of 
 he public tnouf^y intrnsted lo his hautU. hy aUriniii<i 
 iho astetnlily with pre'ended inielliircrire of an np- 
 proiichint^ nivanion ; tind thii* fartht r trust wja eve 
 ci-tcd with as lilllu tidt^liiy an the prr'rrdiiki; oneti. tii 
 vain the U!<sein1)|y proposed to esial>li»h u body of fnnc- 
 lionaries lo control the public expenditure, and acroiint 
 for it to themsctvoH ; and with as little smccchs did they 
 tranamit a rflinonatrance tu the ()uocn. Their applica- 
 tion to her inajo.sty met with no other attention than 
 aorne private in-«troctions. wiiicli were aaid lo hr.ve 
 been sent to the i;ovenior ; their proposition to con- 
 trol ihf public dislmrMoinenls was disallowed ; and 
 when they inaiHted on a sernl'ny of his accoiinia, he 
 warned them in tin anury upeftch. not to provoke him 
 to exert '• certain powers" whirh the qncen had roin 
 milled to hnn, and advised tneui to let him hear less 
 about ilie riL'htsof the house, as ihe house had no riifbts 
 hut what the grace and tfood pleasure of her rnajeaty 
 permitted it to enjov. IJy uuch declarations, and a 
 line of policy pufsued m stncl conformity with them, 
 he succeeded m alienatiiii; nil hi» adherents, and tinallv 
 in unitin*^ all classes of ibt- people iri one common in- 
 terest nf oppoflifion to hinuelf When he dis^tolved an 
 assembly for its attentioti to the pulijic interests, he 
 fo'iiid his influence no longer able lu atfect ihe compo- 
 sition of the assembly which he called to succeed it. 
 It was forlnnate for the people that they were com- 
 pelled to endure this state of thinijs for several years, 
 and till the lessons which it wns well calculated lo 
 teach them were deeply impressed on their minds. 
 The jjovernor had leisure to repeat the expedient of 
 diasnivinjj intractable assemlities, and ihe inortitication 
 of tindinir every succeedinif one more stubborn than 
 its predecessor ; till he at len<»th convoked assemblies 
 which absolnlely refused lo vote the smallest supply 
 for the public service, till he shmiid account for all his 
 past receipts and applications of money, and perform 
 tho impossible condition uf refundintr alt the sums he 
 had einbeizled — preferringf even an extremity so incon- 
 venient to themselves, to the continuance of so corrufit 
 and proflii^to an administration. The dissolute hibits, 
 ■nd ignubie tastes and manners of the man, completed 
 and embittered the disgust with which he was now 
 universally regarded ; and when he was seen ramhbn^ 
 abroad in the dress of a woman, the people beheld with 
 indignation and shame tho representative of their sove- 
 reign, and the ruler of their country. 
 
 The inhabitants of New York had now ample leisure, 
 and strong inducements to reflect, with little satisfac- 
 tion, on tne folly and mischief of those divisions that 
 had once enabled such a man to enjoy influence anions 
 them, and successfully to incite ihetn to harass ana 
 maltreat each otheri thst he might the more secu.tly 
 pillage and insult them all. His administration forcibly 
 taught them the important lesson that divisions amon^ 
 thomselves were profitable only to the party who ought 
 to bo the object of their constitutional jealousy, tho 
 
 NO?.TH AMKRICA. 
 
 royal governnr ; and that union among ihemselven, 
 founded on a sense of cnmrntin intrri r<i, and nmnidined 
 by ihe exeri'ise ot mnln^il lnrLenrunie arxl ebarilv, wiik 
 ensential alike lo iht-ir IrHiiipiilliiy and iMibpehdenre 
 Tilt' le^o-on was not lost iipuii them ; and ihongh lornier 
 aniniurtities wire not eiitiretv exiingiiittheil lor muny 
 years, tbev never again re.irhi d itii' heiiiht which 
 they had attanad at the eommeiieement o| I.nrd Corn- 
 btirv's iidiiii)ii!)lialinn. 'I'liis wurljibss personage con- 
 tinued ior u cnnKiderable )ierii)il to rmiiiid Ihe p(o- 
 plr> bv his pri'seiKM' nf ihe subildry lesrxnis they 
 had derived ffoin his udminisiralion, even alter lliev 
 had obtained a dt liverenco from its burden. In the 
 year 170'J, Cjncen Anne was at lengtli compelled by the 
 reiierated and uiiannnous complaints of New York and 
 New Jersey (vNlicre he was eipially odious), lo snper- 
 sedo his commiHsion, and apputnt I<ord Lovelace lo 
 succeed him ; and no sooner was be deprived of his 
 ntlice, than his creditors threw him into the same prison, 
 wliere he had unjustly eontined many worthier men. 
 Thus degraded from oflice )>y Ins public crimes, and 
 depriveil ol hberly by his private vice n;id dishoneslv, 
 tins knisiinui of his ipieen remained a pri^oner lor debt 
 in the province lie had governed, till the death of his 
 father. Iiy elevaliMi.' hnn tu the peerage, entitled Inm lo 
 his liberation.* lie then returned to Lurope, and died 
 in the year 1723. 
 
 Hoili before and after iho British Revobition, llie pro- 
 vince of New York had received large additions lu the 
 number nf its inhabilants troni all the various tiources of 
 emigration which Kiiropfitn biirdships and regal mis- 
 governinent coittribnled so copiouslv to H<ipply. The 
 poor found here a country where llieir services were 
 highly yalucd, and their rights enjoyed peculiar consi- 
 deration ; where, nistead of being compelled to vie 
 with each other for the boon of ilhiewarded labor, [«UJ 
 their inriiistry was eagerly courted by the rieh. »Ld con- 
 dui'ted ihem with certainty to ease and indtpcndence. 
 Among tho later accessions of penpb , were a nuniln-r 
 of proteslntU refugees from I'Vauce, and uf presbyteriaiis 
 from Ireland. t The inelropoli»uf the province, which, 
 in the year lf>78, contained uboul three thousand funr 
 hundred inhabitants, was fuund to cuiitain nearly double 
 that immber in KiUti ; and ihe port winch, at the former 
 period, owned no more than three ships umleigiit sloops, 
 possessed, in the la^i mentioned yi'ur, forty ships, mxiv- 
 Iwo sloo|>s. and tliu same number of boats. The ship- 
 ping oi New York, was promoted, not merely by the 
 growth of its proper populatiun, but by tlie advantages 
 of Its situation, wli:i-h enabled it to command nearly the 
 whole trade of ('ormccticut and .New Jersey. 'I'lie lotul 
 population of ihu province amounted, in 1701, to about 
 thirty thousand persons X Many of the first Kiigbsh 
 colonists who repaired lo this province, after the eon- 
 ijurst of it from (he Dutch are sjid lo have remumed 
 but a short inne in it, and to have sought a rebige m 
 New Jersey from the tiostibties of the Krench and their 
 Indian allies. At the end of the sevtiiteentb century 
 the people con.iisted of various races. Knglish, Scotcli. 
 Irish, trench, and chieHy Ihilch ; the great majoritv 
 being presbyierians and independents. The I)inch 
 congregations continued at tins tune, and for long alter. 
 to acknowledge subjection to the eceleslaslieal authori- 
 ties of Holland ; and Irom them, their mimster!<. ni ue- 
 neral. derived their ordination lo sacred ftuitiiuns. The 
 Scotch presbyierians, alter repeatedly aoliciiiug a char- 
 ter incorporating their congregation, and beiug contuni- 
 ally disappointed by the interest and opposiiiun of ilie 
 episcopal party, in the begimnng of llie eighteenth ceu- 
 turv, made a grant of their church, and the ground at- 
 tached to it, to the general assembly of the cimreh of 
 Scotland. The episcopalians, though the least unine- 
 rous class, enjoyed a charter of incorporation trom the 
 asseiiildy ; and the minister of their church in New 
 York hdd a salary of 100/. a year levied by a tax on all 
 the inhabitants of tlte city. Kur this privilege they were 
 indebted lo the exertions of Governor Klelcher ; uml 
 they were elated by il to such a degree of presumption, 
 aa to maintain that the ecclesiastical estaldishment of 
 the church of England extended to this province, and 
 that theirs was the reltf,.on of the slate ; a prelensiun 
 thai excil'jd much jeahusy among all the dissenters, and 
 
 815 
 
 wafc peremptorily disputed by tliMn. When ihp epia. 
 
 copal I lergv iiecime more mimerons. they STonnlrU 
 llieinselves subject li ed:ttit-l\ tu thft bi.Oiop of Lou- 
 den, who niaint'iined *toiiinit >rv at New York They 
 made an atiempi at at alit r |m r < ) lo iiigrosH ihe pri- 
 vilege of ftoleiiMnimig all niairuiL'" n ihe pri.vince. but 
 found lhemse!v(H mialile to canv i.jm preleriNion mm 
 ellecl. 'Jhoiigh all law proce«din»."s were cmMbirieil m 
 Knulisji, luid an Kngli^h fret* »chu(i| \su<i esiabbobed in 
 ]H)''i, the Unteli language couiui..ed 'cui! tu prevHil 
 among a considerable portioti ot the peo; te |-'or inauv 
 years public wor.ibip was celebrated in Dutch in some of 
 (be churches ; and m heverul counties the »«h r.*Vt '^*z\ 
 found II dillicult (o collect as manv persons .tCfnanited 
 with Knglisb as were necessarv to compose the jnri*-: 
 III llie courts of Uw. Tbe English that waa geurrally 
 spoken was much '^irujited by iniermiiture of iIih two 
 languages.* 
 
 The subsistence ,.f the O-itcK language was Ipj^s 
 
 advantageous tu 'in- provinit Htiif the pernuinence of 
 
 Uulcb manners, ss ' ii eoniiinu il ''*-.g to be visible m 
 
 Ihe Hobrietry of df|r inient. and ihe peculiar a'tentioii 
 
 to doui"siic cleanliness, order, and econoniv. bv which 
 
 j the dcsceiKhiils ot ilie oriunal » iilo(n-«ts i)f \ew Yoik 
 
 , were euiiitt ntly il)stiiigui<>hed. diid \vliieh il>> >. pxample 
 
 i Bucceeded in comniuniealniL', m no suiall decree, to 
 
 I the oilier races of Kuropean settlers with wliom they 
 
 were latterly as.iociaied It ^vas remark'-d, several 
 
 , years alter tins period, ilial the stvle of living was les^ 
 
 ; gay and expensive, and ilial titire was bs-- inctjualay 
 
 , ol furiuiie al New York than ui iJoslun, A printing 
 
 press was '>t jbh^ln ,1 ul New YiKh m iiie vear Ui'KJ. by 
 
 A printer ilvini,' Irom the very nn»oiiied occuirence of 
 
 i.)njkrr perscciiiioh in re(iris\ Ivani.t , and a library Wdi; 
 
 b>iiiided uiuler tin- niiverNiinnt ol' Lord bellairjonl in 
 
 . the year 17IH). Hut llie scliuoU iii ihis prnviitre were 
 
 ^ II. considerable ; and although the wealthier tutniliej 
 
 iolnained vabialde luslrutMors fur their chiidreii anioiij 
 
 ! liie runueroiis proie.slaiit relinjees from I-'iMMce. eveii 
 
 the hrst elements nl knowb due were very geneially 
 
 neglected by the bulk ol the people till the era ot tho 
 
 Annriean Kevuhition f 
 
 If Uritiin liad pursued a wiser policy towards thid 
 and her other .\merican provinces, she loighi have 
 obtained Irunt iheir resources a vcrv grt at. if nni i\ 
 total, deliverance from the burdens oi her poor lawa. 
 ilnt vanuiis eircuinstunces coninbnied lo screen o.' 
 diminish the atiractions which Ihe colonial tcinlories 
 were calculated to I'resent to ibe resort of the indufitri- 
 ous poor. The practice of transpurting felons lu Am«- 
 rica bruugiil this connlrv into disrepute wnh many 
 whose Information was not snlHcientlv extensive to ac- 
 quaint them Willi the real amount of tbe evil, and the 
 great preponderance of the advantages by which it was 
 counterl'alanced. The historian of New ^'ork has as- 
 cribed lo ihi;' cause the deaniess of latior, and ihe in- 
 creased linporlatloi) ul slaves which began to lake place 
 altout this period. Another obsirucliou to me coloni- 
 zation of tins province hy the free poor arose from ihc 
 practices of many ol tne governors, who, to promote tho 
 royal inleresl in the assemblv were perimtitd tu make 
 Urge grants of land lo their partisans and dependaut«, 
 by whom it w;is again tanned out al exorbiianl ralctt 
 to the culiivaturs, ur reiamed in a vac<ini and unpto- 
 duclivi! slate in the hope of a f.itin< ji^^e in iis yalu4 
 trom the general progress of pO|iulain' , ; 
 
 ■ Smith, 144, 145, MO— 154. IIi>tory nf Die Dnti^h Donn- 
 ninns in America, I) HI, enp. 1. This work, which I have 
 fre(iuRiitly referred .o, i,; an anonymous public-itjini in qii'irto. 
 It contains nuirr^ a npic uikI precise information than llie com- 
 position of VVvnn.>, and, like it, hrin^s down the history and 
 slate of tho coloeies to the middle of the eiifliteeiith century. 
 It is more of a s.afistical than a historical work. 
 
 + Smith, 156. In 1710, three thousand ealaiiiie^, f\y\m from 
 persecution in (Jer nany, seUled in New York. Hi. IT4.' 
 
 t Holmes, it. 34t>. In 1731 it amounted to uumi than ."ixty 
 thousand persons, of whom seven thousand were slaves. 
 Ibid. ii. 114. Wvdan.l. 4tf9. 
 
 * Smith, 150. lift. 363. 'JiH. ^((5, 267 *JU4. Wfi. 304, 30«. 307 
 31U. ThK Eii^iiali. Frt'ii> li, ^tiid Insii > un.hiM^ ..fiMi lo liava 
 ftc'iuired jnuiiyeidly an uinixrii) eli.tr.tcut. Tuo stroni;er 
 iKiliuniility an<l uwik iiKid ni.innt.-rs ol the S> ttU li. uideU by 
 lrei(iient accessions trom Scoil.ind, iirt-ti'i vt'd ttieir nuUonal 
 pei iiluirities loiii;ei Unimpaired. *' 'I'ht y ^rf!>t^r\e ntiulieie<i,'* 
 viiss DvMijlii, •' llie iharACler mIiicIi tiR-y liiuniflii wiiti litem. 
 Thr\ .ire indu!«lriims, trugHl.onJerly, |>aiieia ol liard>iii)), pur* 
 :<e\(i,ir/, uM.aiied to {{ovi-Munent, ievvi«ntlal lu n-lit^ioii, 
 Keiieiaiiy moral, and olteii |)lous. At Hie i>.ime tiieetlie) aro 
 heiinently unw;iiraiilahly aell' coiii(ilHcent, rigid in llniraib* 
 )ioKiiiom>, iinhemiinK in theiropMnon!t,se(iutfiiereo,av:tiu-)ons, 
 ready To nncliiiii ti tlioxe who ditlwr liuni lliem, and lu >uy, 
 (lonliites.t we aie itie jteoplu." i're:»ldeiit Dwiglil's Tiutels, 
 in. 513. 
 
 Kten when IntermarriaKes and the common inituence of 
 free institutiniis and nilioiial ussocialioiiK .^imll Imve pioduced 
 uinloi Hilly ol character among all Ihu raee^ of Aniericjn i:u- 
 lomsls, the national (jedigrees uf many |jarttLiilar ill-tlnctt 
 \MlM>e (ireserved by their names. In one county ol Mew 
 York, aliHoat every place bears the name of an lll^ll smni, 
 city, eouniy. or mountain. A iiei^liboring district, oiiyinally 
 planted by New En^landers, is all iinipped out iinutT tho 
 naiiie.t ol Unannntiy, FiU|{aliiy, Solirit tv. KnterpriHtj, and the 
 hki- (Uv^'l^hl, iv. 27) It may bu h<>|)< d that the recoUectinn 
 ul' such n^niesas these last will inipre^'o nrorrbsponding bias 
 tni the aeniinients and cliaractcr ol iiit^ mlisbitants ul the 
 tPi-'iiMi. 
 
 t OMiinxon. i. 138. Sniltli. 295. 2W. ThoniaVs Ifistorv o( 
 PrinUiii:, n. to. Wmte'in.Uiaio. il. 33'<. W.nJeu, i. 500. 5i5. 
 Ciunt s .MeoKiUs of an Ameiican l.udy, <S:i k i>;. i. 
 
 t Smitli, 2UU. '2U4. "The gov ernuis weie, many uf them, 
 land joi}bcr;i, bent on in^iag tlieir furtunvsj and b«iii( tu* 
 
810 
 
 The tocal ifOTflrnmani of the pmvinre ^nn rcttml in 
 Ihf i£i>vitrth)r, l!)f ci> iiiCil, iiiil \\w iiiinriit*>lv. Tlu' i^ii* 
 VOrtioi, it|«|mr)tril l>v titi' kni^. vv,i4 ('(Min.iiiilrr in rlncl 
 h«' iKA 4imJ l.iihl. utid rt<c^ivpi1 froiii ilia |iriivi<)i'i.il rcvu- 
 nuf* a rNtlarv uf ulimii t.3(IU' lojoilii>r vvnli |icn|iii'4itr-4 
 milt) iiiiiu*: til ii« iii'M-h iMuri*. Tliu cciiiih-illiir^ wcio 
 H|i[>)miIih1 hv tin* oro>V'i, ImI imijlu lio «ii<t|M!ni|i'it hy tlir 
 [,ri'V(>rii<ir Tlic-y rnjovud no ial<irif<«, Mini .ii:t4!il ,\h ,\ 
 
 (>rivv tirxinotl in tlir i{uV(*rnor. hcriult!* {HTturuiinii iho 
 eVMl-l'IVH 4'l'l I IiIiCmI fillll-tlOltK l>L>l0M)liri^ IM llu* Hlllj- 
 
 Ihii IIhuoiiI \tim\i Tim iiitMiilinr^ul asHumlily (tdtu*- 
 ted t)v tnittliuMer* poiHiottirt^ Uiid* or (ciio iipiuii iiii 
 provml ;i> (iti! viliio of forty puuiid*) Itid a ddily hIIow- 
 aiict! tor their .ittuiidiiu'e ; and to thoin, in conciir- 
 rencL' with tho council and the ^ovurnur, w.n cotntnn- 
 lud (hb |irivile>4H uf eiiiictin<f ihu [irovmciiil liwi, which 
 ATiftt' tui)iiirriJ (0 hi! anulu;{unii to the jnTiMjiruduncr ui 
 Kii^'liml I'hn Uwri wiTu truiuiiiilird to I^iul^iiid 
 •vKltMi tlirue months after their (Mi^ictinont, and inii(lil, at 
 a'l/itm- aftri. hn lunnllfl 1 hy tli« kjni(. The Kovcrtmr 
 WIN empowfrt'd to proro;rui> or dissolve aHarnihlic* ai 
 hin plunMure ; tu appoiiit ihti jndireg ; to I'ollatd to all 
 vacitii hdiierireH; anil, with thi' advicr of the coniinl, 
 to nuke ^rtintN of land, lo h*> huld ul tho crown hy m)i!- 
 cago tciiuro. Mi-nt(li'!i auhordinaie conrtM of law, iht^ru 
 ivas a MiipriMne ronrt at Nrw Vork, of whtrh the cliicf- 
 Mialire had a salary of 30^/. a yinir. Kroni its |ud!4- 
 inciUfl an appeal mi^ht he madf, in can^en invulviiiii 
 mora than I0i>/ (o the governor and council, and in 
 caiixo-* uhuvH 3!):)'. to the kniif and the privy council of 
 Gniflatid Much iincort.iiiuy provailod in tho adiiiini- 
 atralion of civil )ii:itico from ii^noruncc and ditftrrnii'r of 
 opinion ak to tiin eiiLMit in winch Kn^linh Nt.itnied and 
 ducisjoua wero (o he admittud (o operatu an rulen ur 
 proci'dMH* 
 
 IJy a liw pafiacd in 1700 for the pnrpoiiM of choc-kni:.' 
 ihp iiiiiHioiisi of the Jcs'ius ainonL[ 'ho Indians, it wis 
 oiidctt'il, ih.ii t;v(iry Joauit or olliur popnh priest, roiniii j 
 volniManly into the province, should htt HnlijtMMcd to 
 perpHinal iinprMoniiiiMit, and in catu of osc ipu and re- 
 captnre. lo the [Hinnhnietii of di'.ip.h. Slav.", {Uy n Uw 
 p.i*(ied in I7l»'i). t'xut'pt when a^^Hcinhled for l.ihor. 
 wtTo forliiddfii to meet lO'^^ethei in jrri' iier iinmhcr iImm 
 three; a rcirnhitioti which proved msiilHcieut (o pn- 
 V(Mii a forni'dalile iiiHurrectton of ihene unforliinaii' 
 h'-inijs in iha ycir 1713 Ma«tor4 wern enpiitied by 
 law to hiptizi! their alaves, and enrour.iijnd lo do so hy 
 A provirtion that I'leir hipiwrn nhoihl not rntule them 
 to freedom, fiuleed, manumission of slaves w.is dia- 
 c.)iir,i^ed Ity a heav*' rine. Sl.ive* wero r|n |ii.ilitied 
 fr.ii ht'^nii'j evideniM- a:^.iinsl any body hiil h1 iven ; 
 and no lU'iiro. (n.lian. or mnliilo. even ihouyh free, 
 Ciinld huld or po*ses:* land.*, teiuimeiiti*, or heredita- 
 meiiN. Aiiv nei,'ro or ImlKin eon*[iiriiiLf the de.itli of 
 a white m.iM w,is capiiiiUy puni.shed Even ihou;,Mi 
 bijiii/.i'd. slave* wt-re not eon^^ld^'red to hf; propurlv 
 CO ninohetidcd III ihi.^ dr'KMiiu itio I iif Chri^li.iiis ; for 
 liy an a;t p.med in l7i)'J. md en liirJU-d in 170^. th«^re 
 w.i^ oirerul d reward of iweniy shillm^H lo every 
 ChnshtVi, and hdf thai so ti to evcr^ Indian or .v/riof, 
 killhi:T a woll Ml the proviiicMl territory. *^ Varioiis 
 \.\\\* were pjssud from tnne lo time aijiiiisl scdlmi; 
 ardiMii spirits to the Indi:iiH. 'V\v extortions of u-iirrers 
 were r(;prfss(*i| hy ati act passed in 1717. reHtrictiiii,' 
 lawful interest lo six (ler cent. This wa* repe>alcd m 
 the followin;^ yfiir, wIum fiLjIil per cent, was allowed 
 to be taken. .. — 
 
 IJOOlv V\. 
 .NEW JEilSl-:V. 
 Salii of the Territory by ihe Unke of York In llorkelay ami 
 ("arltfrel— Lilieral fra-iie of ({■>verjiinfnten.ict(Ml byilie Pro- 
 pittjt^neA— Bjii'^rttiiHi irom liiintf Island to Now JcDtey— 
 Arrival of ilie first govern. ir ami Setilurn Trinn Eiiirtanil— 
 Disneiteiit ami DislnrlciiiCR in tho Colony— ReiiDvulion o( 
 thf Tillei 111 New .lersL'v— Ejiiivoral Coiiliirt or tlie Duke 
 of York— SiiiH'inn of tho Qnakont in EngUrul— Sale of 
 flfcrkeloy's SIioh of llie Province to Quakers— Partition of 
 thfi Provniire helwi'epi them an-1 ('arleret— EtriJKrallon of 
 QuHkBrs fnnii E:iirlaii 1 to West Jersey— EncnmcliiimiUs of 
 tho Diiko of York— Memorable RernonsirHin^e of the Qiia- 
 keri — cnuHes the IndopRntlpiice of IVo w Jcrsev to be rucog* 
 niaad— First Assetniily of Wi-st Jertiey^Tha Quiikers pair- 
 cliasft E'Wt Jftraey— Hobfrl B;irr,l«v— apiioiutud O.iv ernor— 
 Bnii^ralUM) from ^icotlaml to Btst Jnrsey— De<Mi;ns of jiimes 
 the Secontl a«alii»t the Proprit-'tnry GoverninHnt.s— {jercnted 
 by the Uovohitioji— Inefficient Slate of Hir Propneturv ijo- 
 Ternuient— Siirreii l«r of the Colonial Patent to the Crown, 
 and Re-iinif>n of Eist and Wost Jorsey— Constitution ni the 
 Provhicial Cinverrimeiit — Adiiiinintrationur Lord Cornbuiv — 
 flute nf the Cotitny. 
 
 Or all the national coinmjp.-ilca in which mankind 
 have ev er been united, there is none (except thft fallen 
 
 voatod Hith power to do tint, they either enerossnd fur ihein- 
 boWea, or puteiHed away t<i Ihtjir parliculiir faioijict, a very 
 
 real prupurtion of llie whole pruvinca." Winifrbolhain, 
 
 * In Mmu of tha colonial irttlamenti of the Outcli (parti- 
 
 THE HISTORY OP 
 
 commonwoatth of Urael*) whu-li ran boast of an nrij|{iii 
 as illustrious ait that wliidi belongs lo the proviiiceii of 
 .Nor ill AiiMrir:) .MinoNt all ihexe proviiieiiil sctih)- 
 rntuitH have brcii founded by men whone prevaitinu mo- 
 tives were, zral bir the advainenien* >f ridinloiiw Irnlh, 
 biriht' sin'iintv ol polilic.il frcedxui, or for t lie enbu^t!- 
 inent >il the reamirces and reiiowu of their rouiitry ; 
 and all have been iiidebli'd for u very considerable Hhiire 
 of their I'luly poimla ion to the aluller which they al- 
 forded Irom civil or i-ccleniaslieul tyranny. Thi^ aucri ns' 
 ful etitublmhmeiit oft-very one of them is a nuhle munn- 
 mciil of human energy and furtitndu ; for it was not 
 acconipbshud without an arduous contbct with llie 
 inu..i. powerful habits of human nature, and the most 
 formulable obstruclioim of ddllcnlty. din^fer and dis- 
 tress. 'I'lut eolonista of New Jersey, indeed, from llteir 
 proiimily and friendly rotation to older colonial sittle- 
 ineiilM, and from other advunla^tmitt pi culianticN in 
 their aitnation, were exeinpied trom many uf the hiird- 
 tthips which elsewhere attended, in i>o lU'iriy iimtanci-s, 
 tlx! foniidation of society in North .-Vniertca. Hut ihe 
 motives which eondiieled ii great proportion uf Ihem to 
 this terntoiy were nucIi aa must lie held to rtdlecl the 
 hi^hesi honor on their onterpritie, and tu ennoble the 
 oriu'in of New Jersey. 
 
 The territory ni which Ibis appellation bcloii^n was 
 firat appropriated by the Untch, of whose settlenientA I 
 have uiveii an account in the history of New Vork Ii 
 was included in the province lo which this people ^i.ve 
 the n.ime of Nevv Netherlands, and li<id receded a 
 few iJulcli and Swedish settlers at the period of the 
 counuest o*" the l)ufcli colony by ibe Knifb^ii. I'le- 
 paralory to llii** entcrprixe, us \vn have abe.uly nei n, 
 (Jharles the Second printed a charier uf American tei- 
 rnory, inclmlm^ tho wliole of the Ouleli oceupatiuu lo 
 his brother .limes, Diike of Vork ; [llbll) and, as the 
 kwvj,. 111 coTiformity with Ins pretension to nn antecedeni 
 rii^ht, which the lutruAion of the iJntcli could iieiiber 
 extiu^utsh iu>r sn.speud. had Ihon^hi himself entitted to 
 bestow this yranl before ilie terrilory was aetiiiillv re- 
 dui'i'd to his duniinion, ihi! duke, in like manner, st-ems 
 ti) have rejranled his inve!*liture as completed by the 
 charter, ami proceeded to exeriMse the power»« it con- 
 ferred on him. wtlbout vvailing Ull he had atlanird ac- 
 tual possiia.sioii of the province. IIim eb.irtc.', though 
 much leas ample in its endowinenlH than the rharlera 
 which had been previou.-Hly granted to ihe proprii lanes 
 o( .Maryland and (Jurolnia, resemlded these otiiera in 
 confernii;^ the province, and the powers of government, 
 on the proprietary and *> hi;! a.'<ni^'ns." Various in- 
 stances, both in ihn history of the (>aroliuas uiid of 
 New Jersey, autlicieiitly demonstrate that, inconlormity 
 witti this expression, the proprielariea n'gardid their 
 functions lesa as a trust than as un aliMdule jtroptrly. 
 sultjcct to every act of owniTship, and in particular lo 
 morliratro and alienation ; .lud, accordingly, lliir govern- 
 mi'iit of l,irw« provinces of the lJIill^h empire was 
 repeatedly as^iijned by pioprietaries to their cfeditors, 
 or ;*old to Ihe highest bidiler. It was not till alter tln^ 
 Uritish revolution, that the leoaluy of these irariaac- 
 tioiiH was di!4|)ule<l ; lint althoug'li lliu mllll.^tt rs of 
 William the Tnu'd maintained that they were tolully 
 repuijnanl to the law of iiu4land. whicii recogui.sed a 
 hereditary but not a commercial ir.ui.s uisston of oll'ice 
 and power, the point was never determined liy any 
 formal adjudication. The evil, in process of time, 
 produced Us own remedy. The succession and multi- 
 plication of proprietaries occasioned so much iiicon\c- 
 
 culHrly at the Cape of Good Hope), the treatinunt of llieir 
 
 fli ivesis .':od to Imvo becndistinguishrd hy the iiiu»t burbantua 
 
 craclty, It .seems to have been very laruihorwi.su niite "<>• 
 
 viiie« of New York. A ploa.sinit picture of the iiul>l i- 
 
 rli.il iniiiiirets by which tho har.sli features of tlje> u 
 
 were soIt6ne<l ninoti^' llie Dutch seltlets at Ai 
 
 neuted by MrH.(.iraiit in her " .Memoir!* of an Auk 
 
 AiC. vol, i. I^ettcr VII. Extreme nevcrity was \- 
 
 at second hand, by sellint; unruly and truublesomt . lu 
 
 the planters of Jamaica. 
 
 From liie Travels of thai acciinito obacrvcr an < '-r, 
 
 Profttsaor Kalm, it appears thai .Mrs. Grant has Kivm t 
 
 picture of tho trentmonl of tin* slaves ; but ihiil her iJev i 
 iioii of the manners of the people of Albaii> ui either respi < - > 
 la eiituely fanciful and erroneous. Vol. li. p. 360— 3Art. 
 
 * It IS reiiiHrkublc that among thoNo of the colomsts of 
 Norih America who were most eriRor to trace a re.sembl'ince 
 between their own siiualion and that of the Jewish emigruii.> 
 f.oni Egvpi. the opinion should have first sprunif up that the 
 savBKB Indtanj were the oirsprMiif of one of the IribeK of 
 Uraet. This opinion (which is supported by very strong pro- 
 babititiea) wns not without il* use, if It tended to abate that 
 spirifuai prido sometimes unhappily enaendered bvH bcbef of 
 the po.«essiun of an especial decree of divine favor. It was 
 early adopted by tlie New England divines, and was iiiain- 
 taiiiud. with mnrh learniiiif and nbilit\, m aiioiti.^e by one 
 TliorowKodd, published »t l.oiidiunii l(15(l,niid ciiliiled "j'cweii 
 lu America." It was aflcrwurds emtiraeed by William Puim 
 tho quaker, and nuppor jd by Uiui, and by many oilier Uislui- 
 gulshod writeit. 
 
 ntenro tn themtelvfi, that Doner or titer they wer« 
 ^flad lo bargain '\nli Ihe crown for n surrender of iheif 
 luncltmiN , and both in < 'nr>>l na .khI in .Ntm .Irrsev, the 
 ex( rcii«e of iIih riuhi of ttSRi^ndlion ma'rnally rontri- 
 liMfeil to abrulj^e the duration id ihc propritlar) ^{uverit- 
 ment 
 
 The first example of a sale nf proprieiarv rtgbls iind 
 funelioiis WHS iitlordi'd bv ibe l>iike ol \ ork, in Iiik con- 
 veyaiK e lo Lord Herkeley and Sir (iinr^e t'arlerel, of 
 a portion ol the territory comprehended in Ihe royal 
 charter winch he had receniU procured for iiimself If 
 he had delerreit ihu exrrciae of hit ownership ti!l beliaU 
 Hltained posrieision of iho country, and |iroctirrdii re* 
 port of lis cotiditiun from ('idmit I NuboU, whom he 
 had nominated the governoi uf it, this partition would 
 probalily imt have taken place. Hut, betore be wasyel 
 in pOkvrHNion of any part of it, or had nhtaim-d the in- 
 loiinutiim re<ptisiie lo eiablu hini to concludi* sueb e 
 Irunsaclioii with adv:iiiia^a: either lu himbi If ur Iho 
 conniry, be conneiited to mII one of the lineal dulncts 
 which It embrjei'd, to Iwo |ierMiu)' nlio a|)pe4ir to buvo 
 been much liettt r iiccpiainied with it. liiikeby and 
 ('arterel were alreiuly proprietaries of ( 'urobii.i : and 
 nol rontented with llui* ample invi sliluie, nor vet cer- 
 tlfiul iiy experience nf ihe taidy iiiiirns bvm colonial 
 possessioiiM, lliey h.id been iimIiu-iiI. by the repri-.sentu< 
 tiuns of u projeetor a''tpiainti d v\iili ibe ihunam ussi^pied 
 to the IbiKe of York, lo bebi've liial a j'.irlicnlar poiiion 
 of Ihis domain uuuld Inrin a Viduable ucipiisiiiuii lo 
 ihi'iiiselves. Ilnw lar Ihe di^'jnnclion nf iIiin jiurlma 
 was likely to alleet Ihe iiiiensi and \abie of liie ru- 
 in under, was ii joint, which, tor the bnuor ^\ the pur- 
 chasers, we inunt Mipposi- tbein lo have oxerL'okiu ae 
 completely us it \\a^ i.o.sundi r>lu><il b\ the ^ellei Uut, 
 ut a Mibsi'(|ueiit peiiod, ('ujuni'l .Nu huU did md scruple 
 to assert tliat the pi ■sun'* by whose advice U*.-rkeiey 
 and (yurleret were nidmed lo iniiue ibe piircbu^e bad 
 himself been an unsucceh.Abil eaiididaie tor ibe pQttnt 
 which the Unke (d Vork biul obunned. and that be Imd 
 revenged his disnppmutmi nl by lll^ll^'sl|h^ itiehe cour- 
 tiers to an ae(pii->ilion which be was aware would ^realty 
 depreciate the remaimb rof the duke's uive^lihire. lie 
 this as It may, the iransat ikmi thai eiiMied, as it was 
 very little creditable to eiiln t ot the parlicM who en- 
 gaged 111 it. proved m the aeipitl diaadv>nilajj[eou» *o 
 lliem both. 
 
 It was only tl;rco montlis after ibe date uf bis own 
 charter, Ihat the liuke nl York, i)V tieeds of least and 
 release, in eiui>ideral|nu id " a eiunpelenl sum of 
 nuuiey," conveyed to Lord Uerkeley iind Sir (.iioryo 
 (JariiTct, and Iheirbeir:' and lo.siont, Uiat trad oi land 
 ddj.iceiit to New I'jim|, nd, Ivin^' wolward ul l.onij 
 I-'^laiid, and biinniled on the east, stMiiii, iind wtsi, by 
 the iivtr IliuUon, liie se.>, iind the iKiuwiiie; on the 
 horili by the f-irly-tiisl de^.n^ and bMiteili nnnuie of 
 latilmli-. In coinptimenl lo (Jartarel, who bad de- 
 fended the i^^land ut Jersey a<,Min^t ibn I^on^r I'ariia- 
 mciit In the eivil war, !iu be^ll>^^ed on this return the 
 natne uf Nov.i-tyesana, ur New Jersey ; and be 
 lran^ferred lo ihc ^ranlees every riphi A\\f\ royally, and 
 all ibe piiwtrs ot govt rtiiiieiil, whuii be IiiuimII jios* 
 se.-sed Ul virtue ol jiisiiiatler from ibe erown. 
 
 Having obtained, in tbi!* manner, the huvereignly of 
 New Jersey, the tirst cjre ol ihe propnetarus was to 
 invite the resort of inhabitants lo lli<! province, and 
 their exertions for llii:^ purpose, ihougb pursmd with 
 mure eat^ernesK than per^everance, uvtm^ed no lucun- 
 sideratde share uf politu al bat;ueity. In those eulotiiat 
 torritonc!* wlueh are de>liluii- ol the means of attract- 
 ing luKeniit. liv tin |iros|"'Ct ot i«peedy enrichinenl, 
 ant' Inch nm-i .iieir c iiivalioii to the steady en- 
 
 t' so and niduBirv nl per iuinenl selllerA, the mo^t 
 ful attraciion^ ^re aujiplKd tiy liherul provisicua 
 
 . 1 le security ot "t etvii and religious lights of 
 tiiankind 't'he r< ' tiistory of New L^nglaiid had 
 nlainty denioiistr< ilial those allractions, of all 
 
 olbi^rs. address theiii-. i\es most prevailingly to that ile- 
 scrtj'i ■ of human character which is txr&i lilted to 
 con >il with the diHicollirs of colonization, and that 
 the <>|M'ratiou is so forcible as to overpower the 
 tei.t,taliond oven uf very superior climate and sod. 
 That the useful lesson thus atlotdtd to t)ie founders of 
 culoiiies was nol disregarded by the con- ra of Charles 
 the Second, has already appeared Iron me parts of 
 tho history of Carolina, and is still iiiort strongly iinni- 
 
 * The name of this individual was s>ut. Whether it was 
 the sHinc peison, or another witli tlu Mime name, who after- 
 wards published an account uf E:ist New Jersey, 1 uni unablo 
 to ascertain. Colonel Nicliels ^raiuitoutily aiquiU Jurkuloy 
 and t'arturet of uiiv Hccessiou to the deHiiiii ot ii-lruudin^ ihO 
 duke. Out Citrteiet did nol always t-nt<' m uuKiNiPed repu- 
 tation. Ill 1CO0, ho W3H oKpelled the IK ol Cumiuona In 
 coiJus«d accoMuts ai chaiuwrlUn. 
 
iHtiT ttipv were 
 Mirnndrr of thrir 
 I ,\rv\ .Irmcv, ihfl 
 Miii'i r>)ilty i-DDtri- 
 ru|irictar) guviTti- 
 
 fitniAil bv iho t)r«t inraiiuroi thit wt>r(' purHiinl Itv thfl ) 
 pro|fn(<t.inr?« al Nihv .Irr^cv. Tlifv liinrt nrd In viu\- 
 cort It'll iti.iko |)iil)|i<* H ItOily of intititiiiiiiMi for (lir i{o- 
 rorrMri(*rit of llit> iimvincr \ hikI. tit thnr oIijim'I wiin tn 
 cxlillilt a |)olilitMl tnlinr HiAL >li<tii! ' ii)))MMr ili'^ir.ililc 
 tiid ii(lviiiitii;:;i-niiK to iiiMiikiml, ilii.>y * intriJrd in |irn- 
 duciii<{ « I'irojrct winch olttMincd a v ry favuNblr rn* , 
 CpplMHi, ind vvoiild llivu tmtlrr dcnrrvrd ll, it the 
 t>ro|irio(HrM')i Iml Ihtii IrKmly lin^ for uri ciiilitiK |>U|iii> 
 iauon. ft WdN iiidrrd a iini{iil<ir roinprlition ijvlurh | 
 tht'Hi' {irojiriciury ^ovfrnincntti |trodurrd, in wliicli ho- 
 vcrci^DH .iiid lf*giii|>ilors found it lli<>ir iiiU'rcni to viu 
 Willi i'H(*h iilher in ihe prniluclion of inodria of lihorly, 
 and ni ti>r)d4>rini{ lo tht* «crr|itancp ol ihcir siiliji'i-di llui 
 inoMl rlli'i'iotil M'ciiritirii ii<rtinnl nrttitrttry i{ovrrijinf<iil. 
 WliMicviT dindtifl uiny hi* I'riicrlnMit'd of llic di^riny of 
 (linr iitotiVf'A, or iIk! Hinnniy ol (linr |)rorrH«iotii«. ihft 
 iiiciisiirL'ii ixliHtli tltr vunoii*! |iro|irH'tnrtri udoi)tfd in 
 piirNiunL-r of linn policy provnl li<^lily hi-nrlicml lo the 
 provMu'cit of Nonli Auhtum, und rlnrinliLMl ni the 
 nnnds ul their iiil>ahit.iiilt a\i titt.ichincnl to Idiorly, 
 and n rotivirtion of ihi'ir n^lii id it. 
 
 Tlio imtirninriil* whK'ii wum now pnhliihrd hy 
 Ut-rkfh'v uMii ('.iriiirt'l ^avr HH-Mirinrn to tdl pemonR 
 who HJioiild "(Mlln ni Ni'w .ll t.^ry. thut the provinrr 
 •hoiild ho r.ili>il only hv hiWH nurtod l>v an iiHMtMnht^ 
 in whtt'h thu people wt re npreHi'Otcd, Hitd lo which 
 thp |K)wer of in.tkiti'4 p*'.ice or w.irt, and many other 
 iiiiporittnt privih><ri-s, wcrn (-unhdnd In particnhir, it 
 waH siipiilited hv !hti proprieUtrM>«, "for the heiier 
 iictMirity of the inhahituntn in llie Mind provniLM', thiit 
 they aie not lo mipoite, nor mifffr to tn- itnpojietit itny 
 tux, ciiKtoni, NiiliHidy. lulhi^e, iiitHetHinent, or any other 
 dn'y wliatMoever, iipori any cohir or pretenre, upon thd 
 B.iid province, and inhahitanlH thereof. oiluT llinn wlial 
 shall Im! iin[iOFiL<d hv the ii>ilhori>y and ronNeiit of thu 
 general a*t!«einhly." Hy anoUier elaiMe, ol no [vss nil- 
 portitnee, it was jirovided, that "no person, it any 
 inne, rImII he anvwnv* rnolesU-d. pni. lulled, disijuietoj, 
 ')i railed into ipieMUon, for any did'erence in opinion or 
 uractict' in tnwiters of religions eoneerninent, who due* 
 not acinally disturb iho rivd pe'iet! of thu province ; 
 but all and vw.rs sncli person utiil persons may, from 
 time to time, and «l all timns, freely «iid fully, have 
 ind enjov hiM and (lu-tr jiidi^nientrt and eonAciencon in 
 iiMlter-t of religion, lliev hehavnt^ lh(;ms(dven peaco- 
 ahiv and quietly, ntid not iMin^' thi^ liberty to lieentiouii- 
 noHH, nor lo ihe civil injnrv, or outward diMiirhnnce of 
 nlhers ; >inv hiw, st<iii)te, or elinise, enntanird, or to he 
 cniitHiiH tl, u.^aue or rii.<«iniu. of thu ri ului of Kn^land, 
 to the contrary tlnTcof in any wi:*i' nolwithslanuMijl" 
 'I'ho nnporl of (heti; eiprenitions couhl rn)t hu misun- 
 diT^'ood ; anil in ttn v were piihlntv promnlLialed, with- 
 out ceiiiOire or di.villowniice hum aiiy ijnarter, it must 
 bu adtniired. ihit the coloni/aiion ul ihi't province was 
 nridertiiken on an a^nuraiice, winch ihe Hettltna were 
 verv Will eiitiiled to ciedit, of th< ir henii; completely 
 
 cxeinptrd lr< 
 
 i-iit. \Vlii!ilier It wuH 
 nine iiuiiie, w)io alier* 
 w JvT»vy, I uMi iiiiunio 
 uiily ai ({uitd liuikuloy 
 
 !tli;il (it iclruiidllig itlO 
 
 uy nn uitMpot'vi, repU' 
 lo-. •« ol Cumiiious Un 
 
 ilie jiiri-'ilK'iioii of the Kn<jhNh parita- 
 liieiit. both in ilie nnpo^ition ol taxes mid the rc^mla- 
 lion of ecclesM?4tical airiir.H. I'he aitunniiftralion ol the 
 pxocnlive power, to^'ethei wiih the riLdit ol :i negative 
 on the eii.iciintnls ol the provmcnl ansetnhly. were re- 
 i*er\4'(| to Ihe )iro|irn'l.iii'"*. 'I'o idl pi if^oiis renorlin;» 
 to .New Jer. v ^MU) l)ie inteniun o| >ei(hn;^ in it, tlicru 
 were ottered nlloiinenlH of t.ind, proportioned lo the 
 eurlini'i'H o( ihcir .irrival in llie prov.iice, itnd to the 
 nninhcrH of iheir mdeiiled s(^rv,inlH mid ularts ; \\\it\ for 
 this ihev were reipiired to pav a ipnt rent ot an lialt- 
 peuny per ncrc alter the year lft70. and lo injnila'ii 
 one able mahi servant for every hiuidred t.cres in their 
 pe 'esHion. As liie ipm renlJt were deemed tiio pri- 
 vate ewtate of the proprietaries, il was declared that all 
 piihlir rxpen!(U8 ttlioiild he defrayed by general contri- 
 bution. Such was the hrni constitntion of New Jerttey. 
 New provisions were added to il from tune to lime, by 
 Buhseipieiit proclamatioim, and the whole code was de- 
 imininated by the people the Laws of the Concca»wn»^ 
 
 * Writers Hre not Hgrocd upon the dnte uf this tnstriiiiiunt. 
 Ttit^ coiJitiit prmttfil II)' S('i>t Hiitl SiitiUi hear the dutf of Febru- 
 ary, l6o4: whuliH [luiiifestly trniiiouu:*, excep' on the very 
 iiiipiiilMhiu Mi{)|ioMhiiii, tli>it ttiu ilucuiiient was framed by 
 Ucikelt-y and Ciirltret. nut nnlv liefure itiev liad uhtainedtneir 
 own gram Inim Uu- Uiike ul York, htit liirfore the duke Inni* 
 Mlf lidd nlitaiiieil \\\* cliarter from the king. t'Imliiiern NUp* 
 pukL'S thH djte lo liavu bnen February, It>fl9: bui ihis is 
 incmiiiDiteni w.ih Uie clause wliirh teitUHm ccrtam advanta- 
 
 ?cs to helitoM " who !i(i;<ll transport Iheniselves before Itie 
 itof JsnuHty. ItMJy" (.'lialiners whs prevented fro-n ohseiv- 
 ht4 tins iiicuiitiBieucy by nnstaking tins la»t nieiiiiun<--i uate 
 hi lOH.'V. 
 
 t Tiie .isseidlOy wsk empowered, not merely to levy forces 
 apd docbire war as ibev Nhniild see cause, but " to pursue an 
 cnomv as well i>y sea as hy land (if need lie), out of (tie limits 
 Mii.i jiMkdu'iions of tne '•aid province, witliine particular con- 
 I t.ie );ovfriior, attd under ttis conduct, or U uur cum- 
 I'in-ebiufc" 
 
 NOUTII amkhica. 
 
 and retrarded bv ihrrn aa iheir tfrest rliartrr, iiid la 
 
 po^wesHhiu 4 hiu'ln r authornv Ih.in even the acis of 
 assetiiblv, from not heniif stili|ei't lo nher.ilion or re. 
 peal. An iinportiitit addilion wa^* Htiirjcttd hy ihe 
 prudence and itpiitv i»f I'liihp Carti rt ', v^ hn w.m the 
 iir^l (.(overnor a|ipoiiiied hy the piO|irtelaries. ttiitl utio. 
 wilhont anv direetionn from Iih ronsinuenlfi lo respect 
 the riifhtsof ihe aboriginal tnhabifanis of ihe piuvince, 
 judged It proper to ohiuni their consent lo the seld^. 
 ment, by purchasing their titles to the several distrirta 
 vvbu'h were occupied. The proprietaries bad the wis- 
 dom to a|iprn\i' this proreedm^. and siMiir years after 
 sstahlinhed the rule, that all lamU shonld he purchased 
 from the Indiana hy the governor and council, who 
 were to hu reimbursed by ihc settlers, in piopurlion to 
 their respectiv<> [losiesftions 
 
 The coniptest of .-iew Netherhnds had now heeii 
 achieved )iv ('olunrl Nichols, who assnmc^d the ndininl- 
 atralion of Ihe whole tvrrilory ns ^'tvernor for the Duke 
 of Vork While yet uiuic.pnmlid with the (jrant to 
 Herkeley a;,d t^arterel. he formed the design of colo- 
 \wfM\)l the district whicu they hati acquired, and lor 
 this purpose ^fruited licenses lo varnm- persmis to 
 make purcliaseii ul lands from the aboriifinal irihabilinls 
 of New Jersey. Three small townships were spci'dilv 
 formed in the eastern part of the terniorv. hv emii'runti 
 chietly from Kon^r Island, who laid the foundation of 
 Kli7nhelli Town. Woodhrid^e, and Pi-tcnlaw.iy : and 
 Nicliftta, who entertained u verv favorable o|union of 
 Ihis reonn. br:ito<Aed on it llio name of Albania, in 
 commemoralion of onn ui the titles i njoved hv Ins 
 master. Itul the hopes which hu liail conceived of 
 rendenn^r llie district a vihmhte appenda<ju of the 
 dnke's possestrnms, were soon iiilernipteil hy intelli- 
 gence of the title of lU new proprietanes ; and the 
 measures he had already taken ^ave rise to disputes 
 rrspectniu the property of liiu soil between the settlers, 
 whose estuhhsbmenl he had promoted, and thu proprie- 
 taries who now claimrd their alleiTmnce. which dis- 
 turbed ihe repose of llm provinco for more than half a 
 century. He irnnsmitted un enrneHt remonslrance to 
 Ihe L)uke of Vork, on the impolicy of ihus inulnplvnit^' 
 •tutistical divisions, and of diBjoimnir from his own ' 
 province a portion (hsiinguished above all the rest hy 
 tlin furtility of Us soil, the comnioduMuness of its rivers, 
 and the richness of iti mnierals ; and whilu he nr^ed 
 the dnko to revoke a i^rant bo prejudicni) lo hi'4 own 
 interesi, ho predicted, what really happened, tliat the 
 undcrtakiii)^ of Uerkeley and Curierel, to Mtloni/u a 
 vacant territory, would disapjioint their expectations uf 
 profit, and involve them in e.ipenseH, of which only 
 their remote pnsieiity could hope to ^atin-r the fruits. 
 Tins remonstrance appears to have produced some im- 
 pression on tiiu mind of the duke : hut either it failed 
 to sM<r<Tcsl to him a snlficient inducemenl to revoke 
 the ^'fant ho had executed, or he jiidjjed such revoca- 
 tion hevtnid his power ; and NichoU was reluctantly 
 compelled to hurreiidei ihe oovernment of New Jersey 
 to l*hilip ('arte ret, who arrived with a company of 
 thirty settlers from Kn.:laiid, and e.^taMi-nbed himself at 
 Klizaheth Town, which was re</iirded a^ the capital of 
 the infant province. Hero for some years hu ruled in 
 peace over a doserl which was gradnullv repleni.shed 
 Willi people from the province-H of New York and New 
 ICnijlund, attracted hy the qualities of iho country and 
 the repute of the lihurul iiistitntion.^ winch lis inhuhi- 
 lanls were lo enjoy. It was a happy pt^culiarity of the 
 lot of ih )se colonisls thai, estahti.thmg themselves in 
 the vicinity of conntries alre<idy cnlltvaied, they esca))ed 
 the disasters and privations winch bad allliuied so 
 severely thu first inhabitants of ino^l of the other pro- 
 vinces. 'J'heir neiirhhorhood to the commerce of New 
 Vork, 111 particular, was considered a cirenmslance of 
 no amall advantage during the infancy of their scttle- 
 iiif nt ; though, in process of time, it was less favorably 
 regarded, as having contributed lo prevent ihe rise oi 
 ■ domestic mart, which would have afforded still more 
 elTectnal encountgeinent to their trade. Like the other 
 colonists of North America, they enjoyed the advantage 
 of transporting the aria and habits of industry from an 
 old country, where they had been carried to a high 
 state of |>erfection, into a new land which afforded 
 them more liberal cncnur£^&:r*c;.l and more unre- 
 atricted scope. Their exertions for the raising of cat- 
 tie and gram were speedily and amply rewarded by a 
 grateful soil ; and their relations with the Indians ena- 
 bled tbein lo prosecute their labors in undistutbed tran- 
 quillity, and lo add to them a heiieticial tratHc in peltry 
 with the roving tribes by whom the neighboring forests 
 were inhabited. Tlieir connexion with the sister co- 
 lony of New Vork cominuincated to them the benefit 
 ' of i^e aUiance which subtieted between thit colony and 
 
 817 
 
 lh» fmwf rful ronfedrrsrv nf the Pivr \aiinns ; and, M 
 
 Ihe iiilJiM'iM'e el ihl<* conle lerncv emended lo all IhO 
 
 I tribes III Ilie viiii.iiv of ihi< new sr'ileMient. Ms inhaM 
 
 , lan's eM)oyetl ihe fi liciiv ol an enire exemidion from 
 
 I Iiitli.in \M\j Iti'commendid l>v the N.dn'-ntv ol iix cli* 
 
 1 male, m :iili|iiinn lo st y o lirr ad^ai<ta e-. it w>i| 
 
 ^ not uppiar siirprisin<r that .New Jersey waf soon roii- 
 i sidered a verv doirahle rr^ideure. snd ll.il lis .itirac- 
 ] lions were ei'lebraied bv rarlv «rin r-* with muher cum* 
 I Miendation than any of ihe other Ncillemenis nblained. 
 
 'I'lic proprieiarie.*, slitl I veil iip witli the hope -if a 
 
 g.iinbil revenue fr their pfovon e. were imi \^bi !iMit 
 
 \ in exerl:oiis to eircnbue the inti Ihuence of its alvsnla- 
 ! jjes both Ml Kiirope and America, and frotn tune to 
 I lime dfspsiched from Kouhmd voRel- In iijhlrd wtth 
 I srltlers and stores to reinforce the number- and supply 
 the wants of their people Hut ilir period h) winch 
 I ihry had looked for uie fnllUment of ibt tr fiopc*, \\aa 
 I fated to dcmoiisrraie Iheir f.ilhtry ; imil the scene ol 
 I felicity which the province had bnherlo presented wsa 
 di-agreeahlv ovi rca-i bv ihe urr val uf tlie ilav wImii Ihe 
 payment of quit renu h.nl been appoiii'eil lo com- 
 rnrnce. [HilUJ—inTO J The first demand of thi« tribute 
 excited i»eneral iliHjMi^t iimoni; lhec)Ionnls. who ^eeiii 
 lo ba\e expres^iil more unwillinunesH than in.ibihlv to 
 i.oioplv wnh It A p.irty .imon.r ih< m. iiirhidin;^ the 
 ohle"! xelilers. who had oicnpied their l.tnds under the 
 anthoniy of Ciihiml Nichol-, refused to aeknowbdife 
 the tnle of the proprietaries, and, tn opposition lo it. 
 set lip titles wtiH h they had ohlaimd tor iheniselvea 
 from the Indi.ms It wwik e.iser for llie yovi-ruor to 
 dennniKtraie the illeoidiiy of tlife pre'ensnins, than to 
 prevail with the peojih- to 'iImiiiIoo them For iwa 
 years he iniiniaini d an iiieife<-tmd stfUL't'le lo enforce 
 tb(^ cl.iiniM of the proprn uiiics. till al len^'h the popular 
 dHctiiitenl broke (orih nt an lusnrnclion [l07tsj which 
 he fontiil It impo»-4ili!e In witiist.ind lie was com- 
 pelleil to return to Knoland, siripl of his (u'lclionn, 
 whicii llie colonists forthwith coutVried oti a iiutnrul 
 sou of Sir (Jioru'e ('arieret. bv uliom tlieir pri-leuinous 
 had \wc\\ abetted l)isappomtin<{ u.4 this result m i&t 
 have been to the pruprieiarns. it was nnposioblo for 
 them lo niipule the blame uf it lo iheir governor, or to 
 hesilale to repi.n e Inni lu the station from which be 
 had been expelled. Tins nieaj-ure, however, was re- 
 tarded by llie unexpected events uf tht followmtj year. 
 [l(i73.J when New Vork ngaio reverting to the doiiu- 
 nioii of iloll.md. New Jersey was once more rciiniled 
 lo llie province ot No'V Netherlands. 
 
 [1074.] Ttie Dutch, as wii have already seen, did not 
 loiio retain I tieir acquis) tiun, which was restored lo (ireat 
 liniaui hy the treaty oi London. But the re-estuhhiib- 
 mcnt Ol till! propnetiirv ^overntnenls into which the 
 teriiiory had been previouNlv divided, was tbonjihl to 
 requirt! some additional formali'y. and was not utl'ected 
 without a rcintvation of the li'lea hy which these juris- 
 diclnnis bail been originally createil. Some doubts had 
 nlreadf heen r«uj{L;ested of llie validity of the roval 
 charier, which bad hern gr.iiited ti> the Duke of Vurk 
 at a time wh<m the Dutch tiO\enniiunl was in qmot 
 possession of tiie I onnirv ; and. however, unwilling to 
 acknowledge tlit* forcn of this objection, and recede 
 lr<Hn a pretension Hint had beer* iluhheratelv embraced 
 hy his lirotbrr and himself, the duku was prompted Ity 
 his own interest to rninnve from men's minds a doubt 
 so likely to obstruct thu resort of settlers lo this pro- 
 vince. Another cause seems al»o lu have contriliuted 
 to turn his ibonghl.s in the procurement uf a new invea- 
 liture. The remon.-trances otrohuirl Nichols had led 
 him to regnrd the grant he had made of New Jersey lo 
 Berkeley and Carteret with feelings of dissatisfaction, 
 which were not diminished by the liberal institntiona 
 which thoHU proprietaries had conferred on their pro- 
 vince, and the nnmbcr of inhabilunts who had been at- 
 tracted to It from his own dominions. Whatever were 
 the motives that withstood the gratifiration of hie 
 wishes, whether he scrupled to commit the injustice and 
 incur the dishonor of robbing twu of the Armest adhe- 
 rents of his family, or doubted the support of the law or 
 the king in such a transaction, it is nianifest from hie 
 conduct that he entertained a desire to re^Kisscss biin- 
 eelfof ttie New Jersey territory, without making any 
 compensation to the parties who had acquired it. The 
 Dntch conquest seemed to furnish him with an oppor- 
 tunity of removing the objections to which his own title 
 was subject, without eceniing to confess its original 
 defectiveness ; and to afford bim, at the aaine time, a 
 decent pretext for divesting Uerkeley and Carteret of 
 their property, without disowning the grant hy which lie 
 hud bestowed it upon them, or incurring afiy obhi^ntiutt 
 to indemnify them for its loss. It was pretended that 
 the Dutch cooqueai had extinguished the proptiatoxy 
 
p?. 
 
 ' 1 
 
 818 
 
 riffhtfl, nml ihnt the country, unciicumhereu hy thorn. 
 
 had now rt'vertril tit I'lt- cro-vu. In ctinforriiiiv wiili 
 ihi* vK'.v. tl » ii'ikt* iii)|»li(nl for a (>cvv iiivraliliirc-. iiml 
 loiiMil DO <I.Hi(-<iliv III .'ttiiiriti) r rroir thn kin^ a st-cond 
 fli.irtcr. wli.ch ri-eii'Ml ihe former grn:*!. and cunliniieil 
 to ni-a I. Ill whole of tl u lorntorv wiiirh Mut uraul h.nl 
 einnnii'fd Hi* now ii|i|)Oii.ii>il Aiulru.'* It'd licuU'iiaol 
 over ihf wlinip retiri.teil |-r 'viticr ; uriil, inveiiin^ all 
 tin fiUKlion»i of luiri.sU.ive rnd eiftriitivo power in tlic 
 ^nvnrnnr and connci', eMiaWliahod >h« name arhitrary 
 governmuiit in Ntsv Jtrxny ihut he hail all alotif; mam- 
 tainril m Now York. But, allhouuh heroulJ thnsnin- 
 ilit.itn ilifi mi*annci» of tloHitoiliii^ his fhcmU of a pro- 
 perty whjrb he ha'.l nolil to them, ho wanteil either reso- 
 union orauUionty to "tfectuate hi» iniqiiitotM pretcn- 
 oioiiii ; and. on the applicniion of Sir Oeorge Carteret, 
 scrnpltrd nut to proniiHe a renewal of tli'j irrant of i\uw 
 Jersuy. Vot, ihoii^li aithimrd (u iickiio-vledin his ni- 
 tiMiDorH. he wiis nnwi!hn<r to aliatidori them ; and while 
 the I'YC'itiua nf the (Tt.int was delayed, hn transmitted 
 ordtT:! to .LitlMs ro m.iiniiiiii hi.^ pr(tro;;<itive over the 
 wliilt! frriiurv [Hn'S] Kven when he finally con- 
 Stilled lu fo^iore New .ler-^ev. he endeavored to evade 
 ihe CO nplctv p'.-rlorm.i'M'o ol hii eni^diiement, ai-J pre- 
 lendiM to liavo leseived eertaiii rights of aovereiijiilv 
 over II, vjiicii Andro.s seized every opportunity of us- 
 ?crtini{. 
 
 Im the hi^'iiimiig of ihe y^^r l()75, Philip Carteret 
 retnruL'ii 'o New .lersev. and re<tumed the t'ovenrnenl 
 of ihe AeltUtiieiiLt wiiirli hid lieen formed in tite eastern 
 
 I hcen ex- 
 
 "a'lts. who 
 
 d arhiiMry 
 
 'fior very 
 
 of their 
 
 set of 
 
 p:irt of Die pntvince. and from wine); ' 
 pirllt'd ahont two year.-* Iielore. 'I 
 had exprr eiiced the rtnor^ of co(>'|m 
 rule of .vndros, tiow reis-ived ihntr o 
 wiilntijlv , hhI. ah he postponed the , < 
 quit (en'." Ic a fninre lUv, and p'.iMli>lied u 
 COM' esHJu.j.T hv Sir (ieoriie ('^irteret rhit cofiluoed all 
 their privikCt^H. a pe.i'.'iulite and <-oniented Miiltordina- 
 tion w.ih oiii:e more re esi.ihlished ui the eolonv Tiie 
 oniv niilijLvtnfdiHqneLih.it oeeirri'd for stever.d vearv 
 iroxe fr.''in liie arlnirarv [iro(:eedttit»« hy which AndroN 
 froei lull 'o thnt* enforced tin* unjust pretensiouN of 
 thi' Dii'ie of York (iovernor C irterc t. iti ih? hope of 
 procunn^' to Ins pe<>ple a ah.ire of the advanta^^es whi'-h 
 the iieiijliDevni^ roloiiv derived fro;n her co niiierce. at- 
 inmjtted to t:islahlis;i a drruft tr-ide hetween Ktii^Iand 
 ■nd New ler.Hfv. Hui A'tdros warmly oiiposi-d ihis 
 procecdiriif, i.s iin injurv to ihe co-nncrce and the eun- 
 fo.OT ol New York; (KiiliJ and hy :oiit'ni*aimi{ llie 
 vessels ihs^ trridrd in oupo^iMoit to hi^ mandtU'i, pni 
 An end to tti.: Nca .ler^ev eoin-nercc in its infiney In 
 mllition ■ • thii outriii '. he eudiMvored liv varion-* ex- 
 acttoim to 1 ■•ndrr tlie co omisIm irili'iiarv to hin govern- 
 meni ; h'ul evm procc.-ilcd to ^\u'\\ exlrerMilv of iri-fo- 
 |i*m-e a.«* ic Hfic»i (invtrtior ('.irierel and coiivty hnn 
 prisoner lo Nrw York VViicn ciMipliml!) '^( these 
 proceedi '-s of Ins depury wrre carried lo tlie duke, he 
 oviiii-rd iti simn indecision and dupiicitv ihit had 
 char.icit- i/,e(l all his re.eni diMiiciiKir !!.; could not 
 eousenl. ,..» ttud. todepiri fron a pn^ro^ative which 
 hudal\\.i\s (irlon:/e'l lo him ; vel he din-i-ied that the 
 exercts,^ . f u sliuuld lu: r'.'laxed, as a mailer t»f favor lo 
 hi^ friend k>''r (irirj^r (Carteret Itut the province had 
 no V lii'cn divided inio two proprieury jurisdictions ; 
 and II \v_ in llie wesiern [nri of ii. in which Carteret 
 hid ceased ^o ti.iveanv i iterest. thai llie tluko aitempled 
 to appro, r'lte the I iri(est share of his [troivndiMl pri-ro- 
 yalivc. ■l''ip rirci n-*tanies tnai aitcinliil this pariiiion 
 of the UTriti.iy. co npos. the n\n%l interesting porliun 
 of Ihe eiiiy hisinrv of .\i'W .ler**;v 
 
 .\mo 11! '■■'^ vari.i's seriine.', who had reason toeum- 
 y\tM ot In: ici h-M.tstical ptdicy pursued hy ihc miiiis- 
 leirt i>f (Jh.rie* the S.coud, t'ne qiiakers inenrred an 
 ■ II, Je s'lare jf per^reiiihin Dnrini iha la«l years o( 
 the piou-'orale of Oro iiwih. a im nlier of ipiakers. 
 eiiariii-d .\i\\\ odiMidiujf ai:j|iisi pnnl.c order and decein-v. 
 had 'toen ro.nmiilrd lo -irison in vario is parts of Kuif- 
 land nnii Iccaase tiie protector refused or drlavcd to 
 pass ail ordci for llier rrJiM'.u. one of ihe leaders of the 
 •eel reliu ul htm pul-nciv m an itiiirv haraniiue.whii'li he 
 coniludeil Kr learin/ his ovn cap in two. and prophesv- 
 m^ luai tie i(over.i:i,eril .voild he rent from Cronwell 
 jiid Ihi Uniilv * The aecompli«hinpnt of this predirtion 
 
 • ('riintwel,, th<Mii(|| 1,1 f'-iieisl te treatn-l Mm •iirtU -. .vitn 
 «miv (cr \' hh-li ihti im|>iiMi(v of Hii* pn<pliui mny Ih* ail^liiretl 
 •< ail iM^lfl •), cinill riDl ^niirttlv •tuiMliie hi^ jealousy uf a 
 tut I III wliirli MHiie nf hi^ n*n iiMiKt ilfitenninr'd Mu-unanes 
 htil enitt .ml tlieiMM'lves. Tlmt ri'SilfN* a^iMtor, Julin l.d- 
 bifri. III tht> niitlsi of tiiii it|i;iotitiiiti lu (Cromwell, inailfl • pro- 
 reisum i>f <|uiiti)ri,iti. mi I vui ml uiilv cuiititiiiml (o write 
 ■fiiMist II. pruti'Cti.r'it i(iiv(>rntiipi)t, liut Ion; retiisi-<t to |iru- 
 tiiise llmt !.•' wniiM not iMn|ili>y hn swnnl ni ai-l of his tieti. 
 Iiloiif It aii'l 5i v«'tl. I Tl). Oniniivrll ha«i Mirn tually witht'^ittMt 
 « gioat ctoti of t|u«kflr vstrevafance. Ilu wat mturtui»t<t 1 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 bowevpr, was the '>nly f;ratirie<ition that tho qnakers 
 were perinitted lo di-rive trom the ahohtioii of llie pro- 
 lecioral iiovernment. In trie interval between that 
 event and llie restoration. tJiHy 4'Ypcrienced such addi- 
 tUMial seventy as a^ain eh>.:it<'d from one of ilieir num- 
 ber llie propherv of utioihiT i")litical nvolutton. These 
 sevcririns, partly occasioned 'w the aver»ioii which the 
 presbvieriiiii ininibterd and in-itfiatrales entertained for 
 the doctrines of Ihoqnaker", *ero alt.o in part provoked 
 hy the frcnty and indecency with which many of the 
 professors of thene doctrine." 'honght proper fosigiialise 
 their contempt for tho worship of (heir adversaries, 
 f'^l] To the comtnittoo of safety, in whose hands tho 
 fciipreine power was lodged, the qnakers w?re rendered 
 additionally obnoxious hy Uio progress which their 
 tenets had made arnon;^ the veteran soldiers nf the 
 cnmmonwealih. and the sucecss vrilh which (Jeortro 
 Kox interpo<«ei| to prevent a body of tliese converts 
 from joining the parliair itary forces who were mareh- 
 inj; to suppress llie insurrection o( the royalists in Che- 
 shire. They ret'nsed to interpose for tho liberation ol 
 those qnikers whe had been imprisoned by the inagi?*- 
 traies as vaLfahonds and disturbers of the peace or 
 even to restrain the outrages nf the populace, who 
 in many places bei^an to insult and disturb the qiiaker 
 assemblies. The advancement of General Monk lo 
 the supreme dinclion of affairs, nol only iiratitied the.so 
 8ecti.res wiili the aceoinplishmoiit of another predic- 
 tion, but encoiiraireil them to ;-ipfCta favorabh^chaitije 
 III their own siination. Monk issued an order tliat no 
 further disturbance shu<.id be given to the peaceable 
 meeliihjs of ih(> qt.akers, and he listened to their com- 
 pi.iiiits with a respect ami attention which they bad not 
 been able to procure from his predecessors in uuthonty. 
 ■''he hopes winch this altereti irealment gave rise to, 
 were realised at the restoration. Vo the favorable re- 
 gards of tho kmij, the quakers were recoinmendeu by 
 the complaints ihev preferred against every description 
 of aiihority that l;a<l subsisted in Knglaiid during tho 
 suspension of monarchy, and by the peculiar enmity 
 Uiey expressed a;j.iinst those who were also, irian emi- 
 nent de>rr(^e, the objects of iiis own dislike. Their ac- 
 cusations of the government of New KngUtid. in par- 
 tKMilar. met with a gracious aceeptaife. uiid produced 
 an order for the suspe-nion of all further seventies 
 n^ainst them m that quarter. Upwards of seven hun- 
 dred qnakers were released from various prisons in 
 England, and hd assurance was given (bat a comptutu 
 loleratio'i of quaker worship would be establislicd by 
 law. The fullibnent of this assurance, however, was 
 obstructed by certain of the kin:;'s ininiiiters, who, 
 Hion^h willing liy delusive pretences to tranqnilliso all 
 the dissenters till the newly-restored monircby might 
 appear to be lirmly established, w(>rc recretly ileter- 
 iiiined to enforce a strict mnfortnity of religions worsliip 
 in Ivnutaiid ; and, lieforo many inonlhs of the new 
 nugn had elapsed, their purpose W)*s etfeclually pro- 
 moted hy a circnmstance which suddenly and com- 
 pletely eximgnislied wlialrverof eouit favor the quakers 
 had really or seeininglv enjo\cd. Meanwhile, the seel, 
 like all otht rs, was iiidul:fed with an actual toleration, 
 which was dibiTiuit! improved by :1s founder and his 
 wiser aijsociaies in multiplying their converts, and iii- 
 triuluriii'f into their sottietv a ^yslem of order and disci- 
 pline tliat tended to curli the wild spirit which had 
 trans|iofled tto inanv votaries of quakerism beyond the 
 boniiiU of decency and sobriety, and exposed iheir pro- 
 fession. In so maiiv pi ices, to reproach and persecution. 
 Milt tilts stale of niiiiiotestrd tranquillity, together 
 Willi tlnr hope of aeeniii it perpetuated liy law, were 
 quickly destroyed bv a viotenl explosion of fury and 
 fanaticism from a dilfrrerit t.t>dy of sectarians. In 
 some points, both of doctrine and prr.ctiee, the " Kiftb 
 Monarchy men," or " .Millenariaiis," bore a strontj re- 
 semhluiK e to ihe quakers; a temjioral hierarchy, ill 
 particiiUr, wa.* eipmllv odious to tioth, and both re- 
 jected, on all occaNimis, ibe cercmotinil of an oath. 
 The miilenanans. however, went a step furiner than tho 
 quakers, and held thmiselvrs entitled to eni|doy force 
 lor ibe overthrow of every lemiairal supremacy that 
 nstirped the place, and obstructed the advent, of that 
 soirittial dominion wtiich they ea^ftrlY expected lo be- 
 hohl. (ieor<{e Fox, on tlie contrary, bad tanglil, from 
 ihe beiiinning of his ministry, that it was absolutely 
 unlawful to employ any oilier tlia.i spiritual \;eapoiia 
 for the promoiixtn of spiritual eiidn. or, iiuleed, of any 
 euiU whatever. Uul he w.is well aware thai he bad 
 colloetej around him inaiiv if the wildest and most 
 
 wii 'II prH^i ii)i< i>i iiarh tiittfit by il i)ii ikur, w.io rall>'<l uiii 
 liial lilt liail a iiiHitK,i;(L' 1(11 II (he L'ii.l lu ilif prolt-clur- ihiJ. 
 7U ; an>l tin li.til kbi-ii a tumnlu '[lUkei t-mei Mtark ii ikt^l jutu a 
 cliurch wlieru lie wad ».'Uni{ wilh 111* utfi<:urs at Uivnio wor- 
 itiip. Uttiae, vu. 136. 
 
 cotnhnslihie spirits in Ihe kingdom ; and the exaggera- 
 tion of bis own principles, wbnh he beheld in llie de- 
 meanor of many of bis own followers, touelher with 
 numberless e.x,. .ipb-s among ihe oilier sheets and fao- 
 ttoiis of which the tiituts wtrre so proli.'ic. li.id forcibly 
 taught him by what insensible gradations the mimls cf 
 men, when iboron-ihlv heated hy religious or polttir.^) 
 zeal, are cirrted from the dmapprobatinn of hostile in- 
 BlitolioiiH into the conviction of an especial call, or of 
 a clear moral duly, lo attempt their sihversion It was 
 tberofore with no small alarm that Fox no-.' beard of the 
 projects that the millenariaiiH entertained some time 
 prior to the restoration, of efTeeiing by force of arms 
 tho establishment, rr at least the recognition, of the 
 .Messiah's person •[ .jign n)>on earth ; and he had pub- 
 lished, at the time, an earnest remunstrance lo all his 
 followers on tho unlawfninoi's of liesigns, which. Iiow- 
 ever remote from their distinctive prinuiplcK. would 
 prove, he feared, but lou rongeniat to the spirit with 
 wiiich, in many instances, these principles were asso* 
 ciated. liut his endeavors, whatever etfcct lliev tnai 
 have produced (mi his own fol|ower.\ faded to convince 
 the public that there was any radical or solid distinc- 
 tion lictweeii the quakers and llie inilteMuriatis ; and 
 what probably conlrtbuted lo sharpen his own appre 
 heiisions, as well as to increase tlie public preposses- 
 sion, was, that the quakers were eucninliered wilh 8 
 number of partial and temporary adherents, the limits 
 «f whoso faith they werr unable to asceriam by refe- 
 rence lo a creed, and wlio, liitliiiir from sect to sect, 
 uoeording to the ebbs and (lows of tlieir own humor and 
 cupnce, remained only long enough with anv c .e to 
 infect It with their own teviiy, and dishonor it wu!! a 
 share of their own reputation. The itisurrection that 
 liroke forth among the millenariuns, in the tir.->t year of 
 the restuied moiurcby, proved iii;^btv prejudicial to lliti 
 interests of the quakers, not only from the comiium 
 opinion thai ibe principles of the i .o seels were sub- 
 Btantmlly the «ame, but from the pi iiisibtc grounds that 
 were atforded to lb*' »dv; r;viii, s ol to!'.?rdtion ; and the 
 pledges which the government, no less iilarmed than 
 provoked, determined lo ex^ici fVotn every de.Keriplion 
 of Us subjects. The ipiakers now becime the objects 
 of peculiar jeahinsy, from their n^fusal to ^nve assiiraiico 
 of lidelity to Ihe king by taking the oath of allrgra'tce, 
 and were assailed with a rigor and icabty of persecu- 
 tion which as yel they had never experienced in Kti^- 
 Und. They were at tirsi incbided along wiili thn rnil- 
 lenariaiis in a royal proclamation which forbade either 
 ot these classes of seciaries from assembling under pre- 
 tence of worship elsev'-hcre than in parachial chiirchrs, 
 but were soon after distnigmslied by the provisions of 
 an i<ct of pdrltaiiient that applied exclusively to them- 
 selves. Uy lbs statute it was enacted, that all qua- 
 kers rclusing to lake the o iih of ullegiaiice, end attsein- 
 bling to the number of five persons above sixteen years 
 ol age for the purpose of divine v^orship, should, for tho 
 tir<£ and second oilences, incur ihe penalty of fvie and 
 impriaoiineiU, and, for the third, should either atijnre 
 the realm or be transported beyond it. .Nav.so cordial 
 was the dislike now enlertained by the conn against 
 the quakers, that, instead of c '^ploym;: the complaints 
 of this seel as the handle for a quarrel wiiii the obiiux- 
 lo U-, province o( Massaciiubeils. ii wa.t dcleriiiiiied to 
 sti. up the enmity lliat had been exprcssi-d in this pro- 
 vince against tin; quakers, and to itiviie the provtnciai 
 governnienl to a repetition of tht^ severit>es that had 
 been so recently prohibiled. For this purpose, ii was 
 Kignitied to the governor and as^emltlv of .Ma-fsachu* 
 belts, by a letter under the hand of ihe king, ibal his 
 niajesly, tlioiigh desirous thai liberty of conscience 
 Kbould be granted to all other rebtjunis professors m tho 
 province, would be glad lo bear thai a severe law were 
 pa.Hsed agaiiisi the quakers, whose principles be reckon- 
 ed iiicompuiible with the existence of government. 
 These unfavorublo sentiments were very stiortlv after 
 exchanged by the king lor a jiisier estimaie if qiiakoi 
 pniicqdes. In a conference which he graiile I to soino 
 oi the litading nieoibers f the seel, he rece ved assu* 
 ranees winch Katishtd hnn lit idy Uiat this people had 
 been unjUAlly euiilonnded wit. the milleiiurians, Iml 
 that their prtnciplcs with leKpccl U. government, includ- 
 ing an alwolniu renniKiaiion uf the right of resistance, 
 wttre such as ho bad reason to wn,h more generally dif- 
 fused through Ins domminus. liut this alleration in 
 bis seiilimeuis produce<l no relaxation of the legal seve- 
 nties to which the qujkers were subjected, and wm 
 , aitended with no oiber consequence than a familidr and 
 , apparently contideiitial iiitereotirse helwe";. I.im and 
 ' some of iheir iiiuri emiiient tuuders, lo^^n ihcr with tnany 
 expressions rf regard and good will mi his part wincn 
 1 hu wa^ nnwilliiuf ur unable tu suSstaniutu. In tiv> 
 
 fMLZ!—!!": 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 319 
 
 pcrfieciition that was now commcncbd against all 
 cl.»!«sr» of (liMsenttTfl, ihe quakrrs were exposed to a 
 more ih;iii cij lal share of^pvrrjty frotii \\iv unlit'tidiriii 
 Zfitl vvi'Ji winch lliry rrlused to con(i)rin fvi-n in ap- 
 
 poaratirc to aiiv om: of ihe obnoxious* ro'jnisilioiiii of 
 the law, and the eairerncss wlih winch they seized 
 eviry 0|)|purtuiiity of in;ikn)^ indniffitt iheir furbidduti 
 priictire.s, iitid si^ii.ilizing their |ieculiitr nidn of |mlitMit 
 «titr«riiit; and unconqnenihle pfrsevoninco. In overy 
 part uf KniiJand the qnakeis were haraxned with lines 
 and itnprihonnienis. and great luitiihers were trans- 
 ported to Ilarhadoes atid to the Ameriean soltlomentx.*^ 
 where they furnird a valuahlc addition to the EnirJish 
 poptd<(tinn, and >] ickly found that their persecutors in 
 expellinir iheni !.>jni their native land, had nncon- 
 srioiislv rofitrinuti'd to ihc melioraiion of their lot. 
 Instead of the wild enthnsi;ists who had formerly 
 riisiihed with liedtMon^ zeal to New F^nirland in quest of 
 p('r;<e.:iitiou, there was now nitroduued into America a 
 nmneroiis liody of wiser and tuiider professors of qua- 
 kensm. who-*e v.ows wero ednfined to the enjoyment 
 of that lilierty of worship, for the sake of which ihev 
 had heen driven into exile. In several of the Atncrican 
 provniee^, as well a^ ni the island of Darhadoee, thtjy 
 experienced an ample toleration and a friendly recep- 
 tion from the ijovernmenis and the inhabitants : and, 
 even in those provinces where thev were still the ob- 
 jectH uf snspicioti mid severity, they eontrihnted to 
 render their |;:inctp|(^M less unpo)>uljr. by demonslrat- 
 HU ^vith what useful industry and peaceful virtue tlie 
 profession of thetii mi^hl be combined. Contented 
 \Mth the toleratiiin o( tlieir worship, and dili^enlly im- 
 proviujT the adviuiaiff'* of their new lot, many of their 
 rules attained, in a few years, to a plentiful and pros- 
 perous estate; and so far did iliey carrv tlieir willinij- 
 ness to reconcile their own lenein uith the existini» in- 
 Rtiiuiions and prariice-* of the countries in wliii-h thev 
 found themsflvt* oslablished, that in ntanv msiLsnces 
 tliey nniled a profe-<H:ou of «piakerism with the purchase 
 niul employment of wpuro slaves Perhaps the deceil- 
 t'lluess of the luimaii heart was never more strikini^ly 
 exhibited than in tins tnoristrous association of the liia- 
 rarters of emirs for ronscicnce sake aiul ihe princqdea 
 of universal peacr and piiilanthropv, Willi the condition 
 of slave owners and tlie exerrise of arbitrary power 
 Vet, in proc)!-*s of Mnie, much Rood was educed from 
 tins evil; and ihe inconai>t(MH"y of one yeucrition of 
 qiiakers enabj.d tiieir successors to exhibil to the 
 wi^rld a nuMOorahle example of disinterested reiiard for 
 the n<^hts of linmau nature, and a inaiiuaniinous sacri- 
 lire to the requirements of piety and justice. 
 
 The priuci))les of the sect continued meanwhile to 
 propa^Mte themselves in IJiitaiti. to an extent thai inort. 
 Uufi supplied the losses Oi'casioiied bv tlie liani,->hment 
 of so ni:iny of their prolcssor... Almost all llie other 
 n.c:.. I;::;! -■■'f,.-..) ... ■..(t;tt--.niiiit of piety and M'putaiiou 
 fio.u the tiirious disputes and vnidiriive MruL'ttles. that 
 c'ti'uded the civil wars ; and wliili' tin; 'V-jker:! were 
 disun^insheii by exemption bom 'Ins reproacti. they 
 were no |es< aiivaiila^eon>lv disliu^nishcd bv a neventy 
 if perHciMiliou which erubleil them to display in an 
 eminent dei>ree the prinn'ive ijrace.t of cliristiau -.-hrt- 
 r'-*Ier. It was no.v that tlieir cause was e-.poii:,rd and 
 their doctrines dehuided iiv writers wh.) vn Ided to no le 
 ul llien- cot'.uporaries in learniui,'. eloquence, or inije- 
 nuity, and who have never been equalled, or even ap- 
 proached, by aiiv succeeditiiT authors m the ranks of 
 the (pi ikers. The doctrines that had floiiled loosely 
 thruu'jli the quaker boily were no.v collected and re- 
 duced to ail orderly .system ; the ilis'-iplme nece-*sary 
 to preserve from anarchy, and rest.iiu the fnitasiic sal- 
 lies which the tjenuine principle of qnakerisni is pe- 
 culiarly apt to he|,'ct.t was explained and enforced ; 
 Slid, m tilt; midst of a persece.jo vhu.'* drove many of 
 the preslivteridiia of Scoiland to Icspaii and rebellion, 
 Ihe quakers henaii to add to their zeal and resolution 
 Itiat nnldiiess of adilress and liaiiquil i.r;?pr:"iv of 
 thouiiht and coudtn't by which they ire now innversally 
 
 • In one ves*)*! alone, winch was des patched from Biitilnix) 
 in Matrli IIMH, suiy .piaker cwivicti wbio khqtped (or Anie- 
 rir:i. WuliaihMoii's North Carolnii, 1 H*i. 
 
 t U.tlMTt ll.irclnv.ilic niiiiior of tliu " Apnloffv for the (jiia- 
 kt-rs." iOKl of H Irciiiiso uu 'Mliu Aniirctiy uf the RunterH," 
 )iM poiltH|>s done more limn any oCinr wrtti r of Ins pttrsua- 
 ■1011 to reiKier iiuakfnsm a inetliodical niid ralion.i) nvHtrtn. 
 Yf t ilns fiiunonl person, ttioiiKli rflinarkablv <li.4iinKumliril for 
 theiiirrnittli iind NimndneiH ot h\< uiiditrstandu^ ami the ne- 
 dai«ne.4a 'U Imh temper, soon after his conversion tn <iii;iker. 
 Imii. hctrayed in Ins coaduct RfttronK taint o' LMUh'tHiastK' ex- 
 trivaiiance. lie linntelf ineuiioiH, tint on onn occti^ion, 
 hiVMi* puperifiired a very vivid loiprcKmitn of ilir duty of 
 WM<(iit« tinontrh lh« stri'i-ls ol A'nnlewn in sackrloth mikI 
 asnrii. he could not lie etuiv till he liiid <)>>t<vi>d Itie il>\ itin c.ill, 
 a« he cuncflivod it to hava iMtni. Aiiiiii'« Uuuuul Uunrauhv. 
 
 I characterized. Yet, it whs lonjr before the wihl and 
 ! enthusiastic spirit which had distinirnished the rise of 
 i the jiociety was banished entirely from us liusom : and 
 while it continued to exert its mllui net.', a consideraide 
 'diversity of ^jetiliinent and language prevailed among 
 the quakers. [:i2J This diversiiy, in jiaruciilar, \vj.-» 
 uninifest in the senlimeiits ihat were enitilaiiied ^mUi 
 rei'*ri to the duty of confroniiiig persecution. While 
 al. considered it unlawful to forsake their ordmancea 
 on account of the proiiibinon of their oppressors, there 
 were many who esteemed il no less a d^rdcction of 
 duty to abandon their country for the sake of a peaceful 
 erijoynent of tlieir ordmances in another land. Con- 
 siderinj» quakerism as a revival of primitive Christianity, 
 and themselves as faied to repeat the fortunes of the 
 lirst Cliristians, and to gain the victory over the world 
 by evincing the fortitude of martyrs, tiiey bid associated 
 the success of their cause with the iuHiction and cnd-;- 
 tance of persecution, and deemed the retreating from u 
 cuuntrv where this evil impended over them, to oi\e 
 where they iniyhl be exempted from it, eq.iivaleut to 
 the desertion of the contest in which the ;.revaieiicu of 
 truth or of error was to be decided, '^'oe toUration of 
 their [trincipb-s seemed to be less the object of their de- 
 sire than the victorious spread uf tliem ; 'Jiid the suc- 
 cess of ipiakcrism in L^nglaud appeared to he incuinplete 
 without Ihe downfall oi' the established hicrarcliv.* iiul 
 there were others of more moderate temper, who, though 
 willing to sustain the character of the primitive (Jtiri^- 
 tiaiis deemed this character no way iuciiisislent with 
 the exercise of that liberty which ".as expressly con- 
 ceded to the objects of their luiitalion in the apostolic 
 direction that when persecuted m one city they sjiuuld 
 dee to another. Disturbed in iheir religious assemhln-s, 
 harassed and impuverislied by tines and imprisoiiinfnis, 
 and vvitlul continuutly expo.sed to a violent removal from 
 their native land, as tlie consequence of u line of con- 
 duct which tliey held it tneir iluty to pursue, they were 
 led to meditate the advantage uf a voluntary expatria- 
 tion with their families and their substance, and natu- 
 rally cast their eyes oi' that country which, noiwith- 
 atanding the seventies o.ice inllicled on their brethren 
 in some of its proiinces, had always presented an isy- 
 lum to the victims of persecution, 'i'lieir regards were 
 farther directed to this quarter by the number kA their 
 fellow sectaries who were mtw estabb-ilied in several 
 of the North Aiuurieaii states, and the freedom, comfort, 
 and tranquillity which they were there enabled to 
 enjoy. 
 
 Such was the s'tuation of the quakers at the time 
 when Lord Merkeley, alarmed by the insubordn.auon o( 
 the pi niters of .New lersey, and dissatislicd with an ac- 
 quisi'iori which seemed likely to realize the predictions 
 of r'olonel Niciiols., olfered his share of the province 
 for sale. He .soon received the proposal of a price 
 that \\as satisfactory from two lingbsh cjuakers naiiieil 
 KeiivM k and IJvllmife, and in the year Iti74, in coiiloi- 
 niity with tueir desire, conveyed the subjeci of the 
 purchase to the first uf ihciie per>ous in trust for tiie 
 other. Fenwick appears to have been nnwurlhy of the 
 contidence implied in this arrangement. A dispute 
 soon arose between Uvllnige and him w ith regard to 
 their respective proportions ul interest in the teiriiory ; 
 and. to avoid the scandal o( a law suit, the two parties 
 agreed to sut)unt their iirettnisious to the judgment ol 
 tlie celeluated William IVnti, who now began u> occupy 
 a conspicuons place among the leaders and chituptons 
 of the qnaker cause. IViin Ibund it eisiK to appreciate 
 the merits of the case tnau to lerniinate the coiitru- 
 versy : and, after, he had pronounced an award in favor 
 of IJvtlinge, It required the utmost exertiouii o'' his ad- 
 dress and authority to prevail upon K«mp > ick to recog- 
 nise It. Vieldiiig at length to the so'euin and earnest 
 reitioustrances of IViin, Kenwick fomore to press his 
 unjust demand any farther ; and, in the year Mi7>>, with 
 his wife anil family, aiitl a smalt iroop of quaker associ- 
 ates, he set sad from tJnglund, and established himself 
 III the western part of New Jersey. Uul llytbnge was 
 now no longer in a condition to profit by the adjuBtinent 
 of the dispute, lie had sustained such losses in trade 
 that M became neceisary for liim to divest himself of 
 the whole of his rcinaiumg property for the indenniitica- 
 tioii of his creditors; and as the most valuable part of 
 this properly consisted of his New Jersey purchase, he 
 
 ' In Near* llixtory of the Pmitans (vol. iv.) there Is pre- 
 served ait .iccouiit of a iieb.ite wtucii look place in one of the 
 cliurchoit of London tM'twecn an Eiiijliidi hmliop and a parly 
 i>f Itiese wilder prolussort of qiiakvnsut wno willmKiy ac- 
 cppied the hifliup's naU challuinte to a public dinptitaiion. 
 The duhatti wan iliort. and noon de^eniTKled into a racipro* 
 t:a(ion ol nhii>u, ni wtiicti llio bishop, tiiiUiiitf hMri-.ell ii> nt* 
 iiieaii^ a UMlcli for lu^ op|ior)uots, look (o llulii, and mmi pur- 
 MiL'.i i<t Ins tioiiHn i>v II iDiiii ut 'lu ikt-rs, v>>ciltfra>ing at tua 
 hcola, " The hireling flicth, thu turtiUng tiiath.'* 
 
 > was the more iiaturallv led to desire ih.i: i:^ ,iil,oini''Uj- 
 tion (<!iould be conlided lo llic .-.nue erij nei* rersori 
 , whose good ollices had ho reccnilv coiiinbuteti to a*- 
 j certain and jireserve it. Wilhani I'eon. after soipc 
 ■ coiisideraiKUi. agreed to nodetiake this diitv, and. m 
 icoujunclion wiih (Jawcii I.aurie and Nicliola.-. Lie a'-., 
 - two tif the c.ednors of IJyll.ULie, \t^r>\\ otd liie direction 
 of their constituents' share of the New .lersev lerritorv 
 The (irst care of Penn and his associates was to ei- 
 feet a partition of the province between themselves and 
 Sir (ieorgu Carteret ; and u!* all parties were sensiiiiv 
 of the disadvaiilHire of a joint property, tlte division wat: 
 aecumplished without dilticnlty The eastern p.irt of 
 the province was assigned lo Catieret, under the name 
 of llast aXcw Jersey ; the western, to IJylbnoe's ae- 
 signess, who named their moiety West New Jersey. 
 The administrators of tills latter lerriiorv then proceeded 
 to divide il into a li'iiidred lots, or proprieties; im oJ 
 which they assigned lo I-'eiiwick, and the reuiaimug 
 niiiely they reserved for sale for the b.-iielii of tue ^■ro• 
 dit)^rsof Uylbnot). Ttieirnt-xt and must ini|iori.iut pro- 
 ceednig was lo frame a political colt.^lltutloo for (he 
 purchasers and future tnliabilaut'.of ihe laud, wtiicn wai; 
 promnlgat(!d under llie title of " « onces>!ons.'* or terniu 
 of yranl and aoreement. to be mutuallv sionid by ihe 
 venders and pi.rchasi^rs ol itie lerritorv 'I'liis instrnoienl 
 adopted the provis:u:is that had l)cen previously enacted 
 by IJerkelev and (^irteict for the exenipfion of the pr'> 
 vinci.ds fron all la.ves but such as ineir o.vn native as- 
 semblies sliould lnlpo^(.■ on them, and for the si^curity 
 of religious freedom ; the clause bv wli.cli tins jatior 
 provision was inliodnced lieing pietaied bv a general 
 declariliou, " tuit no men, nor iinmlur of men, iijioii 
 earth iiave power to rule over men's consciences in 
 religiou.s matters." It was appointed that liie peiq>le 
 should meet annually to choose one lioni-s' inaii lor 
 eacii pttipriety to .Ml lu the proviuci.il a.—enil'iv ; ihat 
 " these elections In? not determined bv the coiu.iion and 
 confused way uf cries and voices, but bv |Mittin^ balls 
 Into balloting boxes to be providcil for that purpO!»e, foi 
 the prevention td" sU iiartiality, and wbereltv evecy man 
 may freely choose according; to Ins own )nd::iueiu and 
 honest inlentioii ;" and that every nu-ntbcr of a^seiutt'y 
 should be altowetl a shilling a day dnrnni the session. 
 " that thereby he i lay be known tu be the servimt ol 
 the people." Kvery man was to be cap.ible of chuo.-.in(j| 
 and being cboLeii lo sit in these as^ciiilili(-s, wluch were 
 vested with the power tu make, alter, and repeul |avvf«, 
 and to elect, from time to iinie a committee of antiiht- 
 ants lo carry the laws into execution. Wnhout ilm 
 verdict o\' a jury, no man could be ariested. eouriiud, 
 or deprived of life, blM'rty.ur estate Iinpnsonmenl 
 for debt was diMailuwed : and a bankrupt, alter siirren* 
 deriiig his e.-.tule to his i-reditors. was set at Itberiv to 
 w<M'U again for hirnselt and Ins laoiilv. Such is an out 
 hue uf the toinpo>iiion lhat forms the lirst essav oi 
 q laker legislation, and entitles its HUlhurs to no mean 
 Nliare iii the honor ul planting religions and political 
 liberty in Anurica. "There, ' saiil I'enn .ind bis cob 
 leagui s, 111 allusion to this Irui) of their labors, " we laj 
 a fouiidatiou lor after aui-s to nuder»tand their liberty A-i 
 men and christians, that they may not be brouuht m 
 bond.ige but by their own consent ; * for we put tba 
 power III Ihe peopiu.' '* 
 
 The publication of this iiistrurneiit, which its aiithord 
 accompanied tvith a special recoonnendatiim of ilie pro 
 vmce to the members of their own religious fraternity 
 produced an immediate display ot that diversity o\ seif 
 timent winch had be_Min to prevail ainong the socie*^ 
 of quakers. Many prepared with alacrity tu einl»rac«. 
 the propo^als of tlie trustees, and expressed the met 
 exaggerateil expectations of the liberty, prosperity, and 
 repose that awaited tiiein in tiie new seitlement ; wtiilu 
 others ret/arded with jeahnisv, and even veheiuentiy op- 
 posed a Aeccf.sion which they considered pnsilUunnoua 
 and discreilitable. To moderate the expeelationa of 
 the one, and to appease the jealousy uf the other of 
 these parties, Williani I^enn and Ins colleagues ad- 
 dresse-* a eirculer letter to the members of their sect, 
 HI which they sulmiuly cautioned them against leaving 
 their country trom a ttmid reluctance lo bear testimony 
 to their prii'cipks, from an impatient unsettled temper, 
 or from any motive inferior to a debberate conviction 
 that the (ion uf all the earth opened their way to New 
 I Jersey, and sanctioned fheir removal (hither. They 
 were admonished to reinentber that, although qunkei 
 principles were estatdisl.ed in the proyinco. only quakei 
 safeguards could be interposed or lelied oti fur their 
 preneivation ; and. in paiticular, that the religious tola* 
 latiun which Wis lo be established must depend fur its 
 coiitinuauce on the aid of lhat Ilemg with whose wdl 
 thoy beltevod il to concur, and coutd «v«r \f (lef«iul«i| 
 
830 
 
 I'V forrc. nr vioJHiii'r* ntrainflt the ermofan opfireajor. 
 To ihi u.!mnmtorv loiter tlitre was annoxi-il "A Dtv 
 flC'iiit"* : ut H'tiat NfW JtTsev.'' lor the Ih-Ult infonna- 
 tiort of Miiprirttiiif colorii«ta, in which nniiie trivial rxau- 
 ficntiim^ rhai hud iijm(! uliroiMl rcsprctini; tin: cxtit'l- 
 leiic-e nt'tlio floil and ctunnte wen> riirrcrtrtl. hut iti the 
 inrtiii. a iiiOHt iiiviiiii<{ rcprbseiitatiuii o( the sctlluiiiRiit 
 was :;oiivevcd This |tuh|icatioti was certainly not in- 
 tuiid -d to rrprcsa the srdor ofqiiskcr ornigraliori ; nei- 
 thei had it any siirh eirucl Nnineruns imrchshes of 
 rolotiial land were inado hy qiiakufd in various |tarLs of 
 Ijii^laiid ; ami. in the course of the year 1077. upwards 
 of luui hundred nrrtiona of this persuasion trans{>ortcd 
 thnnmelvcs to West Nrw Jersey. Many of these were 
 IHTMOhf of cormideruhle Huhstanre and respcclahility* 
 who earned with ilicm their childmn andservanls ; and 
 aloiii! tvith them were strut a hoard of cuminisiiioDcrs 
 Btipuiuird hv IVnii and liix rnlleai;iies to make pariition 
 of tlif! landK, and piircliii<>>e the utMpiiesccnce and friend- 
 ship of the Iudi.iti!« \Vhil<- (lie ship that rurried out 
 the rirst dei^rli'ueiit of tih'xe etiii^rduts was lyiniT in 
 the TLaines, and prrpiiriii^ to sjiI, it hajipened that 
 Chartt'a (he Si'(ond was pds!iin{> hy in hn pleasure 
 hartre. Ohservnii: a numluT of qiiakrr.-* on Iward, the 
 kini; came aloi)<rsidf the \essi-|. und inqiiin-d whiiher 
 rhty wtTfi hound. Iiiforinml <if tlirir purpose, hi* asked 
 if they wrre all (luakers. and, hein|^ answered in the 
 sinrni'iMvi*. he irave theui Iiih lilrssinj; and departed* 
 
 On their arrival in America, the (pMkcrs very soon 
 dii*covered that the danjier of a lawlt-ss encroachine.u 
 on their privijt <.'e'4 liad nut hern siigifrsted to then, in 
 VQiM Andrus sinn.iionrd tlirm to ui-kiiuwlediie the 
 M>verie^iitv of his uiartier, (hi- I) ike of Vurk ; atfirnuiig 
 that his own hfi' wontd he endauirfred if he Khonid ven- 
 tur<^ 10 r('ro>;iii/i< (livir iiidrpendeiiee without an ex- 
 pip!ts nrdi-r frum tlie dukit W'iien tlii^v ri-nionatrated 
 HU.Miisi (his iisiirpa'kiri, Aiulrns em shori the cnntro- 
 v>T!«v l)v puiiitiiii! Ill hi.-t sword : and a^ thin was an 
 ar_;nnienl wiur-h tiif ipiakcrs wpre precluded from re- 
 lorti,-;, thev fulMniHi'il fur the present to Ins v'olrn'-c. 
 mid iickiiiuvh'd'ji (I )h(Mn.><>lve?t ami tlifur lerntury snh- 
 ](>c-l III ihe Dike nf Vink. till ihe i^sue of an applica- 
 tinii for r«dn'S!i, which thcv traiiarnitti'd to Kiijiianil. 
 'I'hi V weri! coinpelhd lor wime tune to endur<Mhr 
 hirdship« iiisr|. >ralt|e from tin- oi'cupation of a dcmert 
 Imd Hut thesi? hardships wt-rp surmounted hy in- 
 Hustrv atid patiencf ; and llicir first nettjemeni, to 
 wlitcli ihi'V tiavT ihe name of Hnrlinirion, tpiii^kU' exhi- 
 lu't'd a thrivm-; appfaraiice, and wao rrplt'i;i>hrd vMth 
 inhaluiaiiiM hv Auci-e:(r(ivc iirnvaU of addilional qu-jker 
 emi«ir.iMis from the parent state [IfiVH] It was oh 
 jcrved in ihi>. ns in inoj-t of the other inf.mt seille- 
 im'nt« ill Aniertca. that the su'-cess •)( nidivid'ial colo- 
 l:!,*t..« wAt III yeueril proportioned to the ortiiind hutm- 
 Itv «>f liieir eo!ii|;tiou, and tile de^Tee of reiiiM' e winch 
 liii'V pliced on the resource uf iheir own una^sisled lu- 
 d mrv. Manv who emigrated as sirvunlsi were more 
 prosperous than othern who iiupnrli;d a coiiKideriihle 
 stilistaiH-e aluu;/ with them Inured lo iudu>iry, tiiev 
 denied Imtn :l a return so 4m| le. as soon euahled ihcm 
 to rise ahove a niate of servitiul.*, and culliv.iie land on 
 tU\ ir o.vu acrounl ; while tlie olhera, sulisisLing loo 
 lon<i nil iheir i tip'irted Hiock, and relying; loo far upon 
 the lured lahnr of the poor, \rerc net nnfrcij.ientlv re- 
 duced 10 indii»eiice. The (irst exertions ot the eolo- 
 iiisi?' I<t procure theniselves n livehhood had heen facili- 
 taied 1>y the friendly assiHlance of the Iridi.ms ; hut a 
 lii»n:'l« aitHcI< was noon th .'Stened hy these sjva^es. 
 who, on lindtu^ ihat a danL!erou<4 rptdemic had liroke 
 out ainohii liu'io, accused iheir neitdih-^rK of having 
 treii'iierou.-ilv ,v.«/./ ifum tfu- simifl pux. The dan;»er, 
 hov\ever. wjs averted, hy the mHufluce nf an Indian 
 chiel. \vh(» assured his cowniryiii'M tnat siuidar diseased 
 had alM'cieil ineif forefalhers, wjnl.^ as yel they had no 
 intfTCtt' f<e with stramjers, and that such calamities 
 \\- M not of earthly oriitiu. hut eauie down fnmi heaven. 
 I67yj Sir(ieor:re Tarteret. ilie proprietary of East 
 ^'■r.^t'v. dii'd Ml 1(»7'J. havtn|j; derived no litt'.e hem lit 
 fro n hiK Auieiican lernlorv. that he louml it necessary 
 to liripiiMiih It hy tiiH will to tfusieps, who were in- 
 rtnicled in diKpone of it for ttie udvaiitaire ol liii* credi- 
 tors. The isemption which thn district had he.-n per- 
 mmed to t iijuy from the jurisdieiion of the D.ue uf 
 Vork, had not contrdnited lo inuderate the discontent 
 \v.t!i which tlie inhiihKanth of West Jersey SMhinitled 
 to an aiittiuiiiy fro.n which their rijfht to h** exempted 
 
 • 8. S iiith, *W— 93. Pripu.i'ii Hutory of PeiiiiRylvanla, i. 
 ISS— |4I. Till" IS It vpiy fccaire wnrk. I am liiUubted to lUv 
 kirel it'h* 1)1 Ur. Suns, <ii {' iven>ii!tli Si]*i:ire, Lfititlmi, lor it )«. 
 ffusal il ' ne ul iho ver\ tv* . oj.iex nl It ttial .uo to iiu fouii I 
 hi Fui i|te. It \^n work oi ureal ri-itinrcli, amUiinimiiiiiir Mith 
 valual'ln inaHci ; hut om* nl Ilie niuit c<infu>>eti uitd leiliuus 
 •BBipuiiuoiu tlut uvor lor maiited liuinan ^atierics. 
 
 THE HIST OKY OK 
 
 I was oqnatl; clear They had never ceased to impor- 
 I tiiiu' the duke for a redreoA of this t^rif>vnnce ; and were 
 at iimt'ih provoked lo additional vehemence of com- 
 plaint and nri:eiicv of sohciiaiio . hy a tax which An- 
 I dros. in the exercise of his masH-r's pretended nove* 
 reioiiry, inipused on the imporialion of Kuropean iner- 
 chandue nito West Jersey. Weariei) at length with 
 the continual iinportnuity uf theite suitors, rather than i 
 inovsd with a sense ol honor or equity, this unjust | 
 prince consented to refer the matter of their tompUint 
 to certain Lommissioners, hy whom it was finally re- 
 mitted [1A80] to the le^ral opinion of Sir William 
 Jones. The ar^ntnent employed in behalf of the colo- 
 nists of West Jersey on this occasion, was prepared by 
 William Penn, Ocorge Hutchinson, and several other 
 coadjutors, chiefly of iho quaker persuasion, and 
 breather a firm nmlaunted spirit of liberty, worthy of 
 the founders of a North American commonwealth. 
 "Thus then," they innmled, aftir a narrative of the 
 titles by which ihe territory bad heen transmitted to 
 them, *• -ire come to buy that moiety which belonged to 
 Ijord Berkeley, for a valuable consideration : and in 
 the conveyance he made us, powers of uovcrnmeiit are 
 expressly ^ranted ; for that only could have inducj-d us 
 to buy It; and the reason is plain, because to alt pru- 
 dent f;ien the government of any place is more inviting 
 than tiie soil. For what is jjood land w;lhoiif good 
 laws ! the better the worse. And if we could not 
 assure people of an easy, and free, and safe govern- 
 ment, both with respect to their spiritual and worldly 
 property, — Ihat is an uninterrupted liherty of coii- 
 scier.je. and an inviolable possession of their tivil 
 riiihis and freedoms, liy a jiisi und wise i;ovrrnnienl,— 
 a mere wilderneiis would bn no encoiirajfc^ment ; for it 
 were a madness to leave a free, ijood, and improved 
 country, to plant in a wilderness, and there adventure 
 many thousands of poiind.^ to mvc an absolute title to 
 another person to tax us al will and pleasure." Hav- 
 intj adverted lo the ari,nimenl in snj.port of the duke's 
 usurped auil'onty, they coiilinned^" Natural ri^ht and 
 human prudence oppo-'e such doctrine all the world 
 over : lor what is it but to say, that people free by law 
 under iheir prmce at home, are at hts mercy in the 
 pl.iniaiionA abruad And why! because he is a con- 
 queror there; but slill at the hazard of the lives of his 
 own pcuple, and at the eosi and charpc of the public. 
 We could say more, but choose to let it drop. But 
 our case is better yet ; for the king's grant to the Duke 
 of Vork IS plainly restrictive to ihe laws and govern- 
 ment of Kngland. Now the coustitutibn and govern- 
 ment of England, as we humbly conceive, are so far 
 from countenancing any such authority, that il is made 
 a fiindamuntat in our constitution, that the king of Eng- 
 land caimot justly take hi.s subjects' goods without their 
 consent. Tins needs no more lo be proved than n 
 principle ; it is ii\ home-born right, declared to lie law 
 hy divt;r^ statutes " " To give up this." they added. 
 •• tlie power of making laws, is lo change the govern- 
 
 ment, to sell, or raihcr resign ourselves to the will of 
 another; arid ;hat fur noliung ; Tor. under favor, wo 
 liuy noihinrol ine dnkc, if not the right of an nndis- 
 turtied euloiiizing, and thit as Knghahmcii with no 
 diminution, but ratlicr expectation of some increase of 
 lliosc freedoms and privilegrs enjoyed in our own 
 country : tor llio soil is none of his; 'lis the natives', 
 liy the;(/.v ^r,/;,/„/ni, the law of nations; and it would 
 he an ill arguuie-ii to convert them to Christiiuity, to 
 exfiel instead uf purchasino them out of those countries. 
 Il then Ihe country he theirs, it is not the duke's; he 
 cannot frell it, then what have we bought!" *' To 
 coii-'ude tins point, we huiiiMy say that w« have not 
 losi any part ol o ir hiieny by leavip.g our country ; fur 
 we leave not our kinj;, nor our go* eminent, by quitting 
 our soil ; hut we IraiiNplanl to a phicc given by the 
 same king, with express ImiiUiiiuii to erect no |H)litv 
 contrary to the same established government, but a^ 
 near as may be to it ; and tins variation is allowed but 
 lor tlie sake of einergoncies , and thai latitude bounded 
 hy these words, /or (he iiuud of (Ui uitrcnlurn and 
 filatitcr" In a subsequeni part o( their pleading.* 
 they rrniark, that " there is no end of this power , fur 
 Mtice we are hy this precedent assessed without any 
 
 * Tlii» cuii.uH docuuienl, which (like inoi.t .luik-r pnnluc- 
 tion.) M Me. ewliHl tclioin, hUiI enrirtiiHl Willi mmm ihct'lay 
 til Ifiial knowl.-.lire, \* (iruile.t at rull leniithni S, S iiitirs Win- 
 lor>. Il IS reiiiiukahl* Kuil t'tia;\,er* li;i i taken no notice of 
 It. Wif.icrtsithiioi rioi. n. |i. Vh: ) hat itiven nn ahiiUitmi ami 
 very limile>iu«ln verMoii nf it. Tlint Penn cnnrurrnl In tlio 
 prcneniailoii of th^s ploadni^, l» iiodpuiihle ; and lirnco ii rniiv 
 fie fairly i>re*uineil, Itisl he as-.l.^loJ in its cnni(Misillon. But 
 lliHt ho was itie M»le auiluir of it, a^ kouif of Inn inikleni hlo- 
 ijrapiicrs have iii-ummml, \n iipMitfly refill d bv iU slyle, in 
 >*hicli not the ^linhlcst re-tomblariLC i» (Jmcuveraliie toaiiyuf 
 lua acknuwi«Ug«d productions- 
 
 law, and thereby eiclnded our Knjrlis'h riirht of comr^ion 
 assent lo taxes, what secnritv have we nf any tnuig we 
 possess '. W'v can call noihing our own. b;it ate lenaiii^f 
 at will, not only for the soil. Inii for all our pcr.-onil 
 estates. This is to transplant, not from irond to better, 
 hut troin good lo bad. This sort of conduct ha; de- 
 stroyed government, but never raised one to jny imn 
 grcatneM.'* *' l^aatly, the duke's circumstances, und 
 the poO|de*s jealousies considered, we humbly submit 
 it, if there can be in their opinion, a greater evidence of 
 a design (o introilucn an unlimited governmeot, than 
 both to effact an nnlerminated lax from Bngbsli plan- 
 ters, and to continue it after so many repeated cum 
 plaints ; and on the contrary, if there can be any thing 
 so happy to the duke's present affairs, as the cpportu* 
 nity be bath to free that country with bis own hand, 
 and to make us all owers of our liberty to Ins favor 
 and justice. So will Englishmen here know what to 
 hope for, hy the jnsiicr mid kindness he shows to Kng- 
 ghshmen there ; and all men see the just model nf his 
 government in New Vork to be the scheme and draught 
 in little of his admiulstraiion in Old KnuUnd at Urife, 
 if the crown should ever devolve upon his head." ITn- 
 palalable as this argument must doubtless have been to 
 the British court, and Ihe counsellors of ihe Duke of 
 Vork at this period, it was attended with the most 
 triumphant success. The commissioners to whom the 
 ease had been refeired were constrained to proiiounco 
 their judgment in conformity wilh ihe opinion of Jones, 
 " that 0;* the grant to Berkeley and (Carteret had reserved 
 no profit or jurisdiction, the legality of the taxes could 
 not be defended." In compliance with this adjudica- 
 tion, the duke without farther scruple resigned ill his 
 claims on West Jersey, and conlirmed the province it- 
 self in the amplest terms to its new proprietaries And 
 as the same procedure was evidently due lo Kast Jer- 
 sey, he granted soon after a similar release m favor of 
 the representatives of his friend Sir fJeorge Oarteret. 
 Thus the whole of New Jersey was promoted at once 
 from the condition of a conquered country lo the rank 
 of a free and independent province ; and made the ad- 
 junct, instead of the dependency, of the British empire. 
 The powerful and spirited pleading, bv which this heiiu- 
 lit was gained, derives addilional interest from the re* 
 collection of the conflict that was then carrying on in 
 England between the advocates of hherty and the abet- 
 tors of arbitrary power. I question if it be possible to 
 point out, in any of the writings or hirangues of which 
 that perioi) was so abundantlv prolific, a more impres- 
 sive or magnanimous effort for the preservation ot 
 liberty, than is evinced in this hrst successful vindica- 
 tion of the rights of New Jersey. One of the mo-^t re- 
 markable features of the plea whidi the provincials had 
 matnlamcd, wa.^ the strung and deliberate assertion 
 that no tax couhl be jn»:ly imposed on thein, wiihnul 
 their own cuusuni and the auihority of llieir own gene- 
 ral assemblv. The renorl i)f the commissioners in 
 their favor, and the relief (hat followed, were virtual 
 concessions in favor of this principle, which in an at'er 
 agi! was dtstiueu to obtain a more signal triumph in 
 the independence of North America 
 
 West Jersey now tilled spate wilh inhabitants, by 
 the accession of numerous settlers, of which the greater 
 proportion stilt continued lo be quakers Bylhnge, 
 who was appointed the flrst governor bv the other pro- 
 prietaries, not finding ucon\enieut lo leave Kngland, 
 granted a deputation of Ins functinus to Samuel Jen- 
 nings, hy whom the lii.st representaiivo assembly ol 
 West Jersey was convoked, f IHHIJ In this as.sembly, 
 there was enacted a body of Fundamental t 'onstitulmns, 
 and a number of laws for tlic proiec>ioii of property and 
 tlie punishment ofcrimes By the F'lndjmental I'oii- 
 stiiutioiis, the assembly was einpowereil to appoint aiiit 
 displace all persons holding offices of trust in the pro- 
 vinci- ; and the governor was precluded from making 
 war, or doing any act that shuuld be ohlinalory on tht 
 slate, wiihout the assembly's concurrence, and from 
 withholding his assent to anv nf its enaclmenis. .As- 
 semblies were to be annually convoked and no as- 
 sembly was to have power to iin|HiBe a tax which should 
 endure longer than a year. In the laws that were passed 
 on this occasion, the most remarkable feature is a pri>- 
 vision, that in all criminal cases, except treason, murder, 
 and theft, the person aggrieved should have power to 
 pardon the otfender. whether before or after condemna- 
 tmn — J pnivision of very uueationahle expediency, but 
 probably intended to prevu('>* ihe christian duty of for- 
 giveness from being evacniled, as in most countries is 
 practically done, by the supposed muunupal I'l'-whuh 
 engages a man to avenge as ti ciii/.en the wrong which 
 as a christian ho is pirdged to forgive. I'lm landed 
 pro}wrty uf every inhabuaui wa> mndu tmhie fur lui 
 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 831 
 
 debflt; marrinaes wcro appoint'^d to be flolemnizril by 
 iUBlicca of ihr pearo ; for the prevnntion of diflputcA 
 nrilh tho rnrliann. tho aalc of (tpiriiiioiia liqnnrn to llicin 
 was fltrictly prohibjtrd ; and for the onrnnrai;pmciit of 
 poor but jndiisinon!) lahortrfi. who obtained the means 
 of ptni^rating from Europe by indentini; (honisplvrs as 
 fcrvanlH lo morn wealthy scttlera, every servant was 
 m ' led 10 cluim from his master, at the expiry of his 
 i*'J.<nuro, a set of implements of huHbandry, certain 
 artii'b.s of apparel, and ten bushels of corn. To prevent 
 tho vesort of worlliless and depraved men to tho pr>- 
 yi'.c-e, a law was soon after passed, retpiirini; every new 
 fielllcr, under pain of a pecuniary fine, to give satisfac- 
 tory evidence to a justice of the peace, that bia change 
 of residence was not tho etTect uf cnmc, nor an act of 
 fraud, but that bo waa reptiied a person of blameless 
 chfirarler and sober life. From this period till the dis- 
 solution of tht proprielnry government, the provincial 
 asseinhlv continued to be annually convoked. It did 
 not always confnio itself to the exercise of the am|>le 
 powers with which it w-is conslitutionallv endowed. 
 For when Uvllinge «oon after proposed to deprive Jen- 
 nings, the deputy-governor, of bis otfice, the assembly 
 interposed to prevent this proceedin:; ; declaring that 
 Jenningii gave satisfaction to the people, and desiring 
 him to retain his situation. The rule and ordinary 
 practice of the constitution, however, waa that the 
 council of assislHuts to tho governor were nominated 
 by the assembly ; wliile the proprietaries appointed the 
 governor ; and he, with the consent of the proprieta- 
 ries, named his own deputy. 
 
 The Rurcrss of their experiment in West Jersey en- 
 couraged the rfunkcTS of (ircat Britain to avail them- 
 selves of the opportunity that was now alTorded of en- 
 lorL'ing ilic sphere of their enterprise bv the acipiisilioii 
 ofiiie eastern hnlfof the territory. The close of Plulip 
 Carteret's ailministration of Fast Jersey was enihitiered 
 by a revival o( tho disputes that bad once rendered liiin a 
 fugitive from Iiis government. Even the concession that 
 bad been rec<!ntlv obtained from the Unke of Vnrk served 
 hut to alfoid additional materials of discord ln'twceri 
 the proprietary uoverinnent and the people ; and instead 
 of u.ntuallv enjoving the iinpnrlant hi-netU wliieli it con- 
 ferred, llie two parties set iheiiiselves to drhate with 
 ih'^ utmost vehemence and pertinacitv, whether tins in- 
 slnuneiit or the pmprieiary roiicrssion^ in Ififil should 
 be reganled as ilie fmindalions of their government. 
 Oisiiusted with these disputes, and perceivini; that lliev 
 were not likely lo derive either emoluinetit or satisfac- 
 tion from a prc)Iong(>d adininistratioii of tlie projuielarv 
 govt rnnieul, the trustees and rxecutors of Sir (teorge 
 Carteret olbTcd tlie province for s;ile (o the hitrhesl 
 hiddt-r ; and rinsing with the propiwals of William 
 Pi-nn.* convcved their rights over East Jersey to him, 
 fItiH',;] and to eli-ven oiher persons of the ipiaker pcr- 
 snat'ion. Tin' territory cnrnprehended in this convey- 
 ance coutanied already a Vi riety of settlenunis, inlia- 
 btled by srvcri bniulrrd families, or about lliree tliou- 
 sand five hundred persons, exelnsive itf the iiihahilanis 
 of cerliiiM remote and Acattered plantation.'*, who were 
 conipnied lo amount toal least half as iiumy more. The 
 great ina|ority of the sf-ttlers were tu)! ipiakers ; and 
 whelher with the vu'W if allaving the jealousy with 
 whii'li these pcrstnt.s miu'l.t have regarded a govermnent 
 wiidllv composed of m'u whose principles dilfered so 
 Avidely frofTi their o'* n. or for the purpose of fortifying 
 llieir own interest n Urilish conn, bv the associa- 
 
 tion of persons of i lue in their undertaking, the 
 
 t.velve purchasers mat.e liaste to assume twelve other 
 |artnrrs ni their prnprielarv rii;ht.>, and aninui; others 
 llie Earl of IV;th. Chaurellor of Scotland, and Eord 
 Ilrummnnd of (idsion. the Secretary of Stale fur that 
 k iii;dom.f In favor of ihrse twentv four proprietaries, 
 the Duke of V'ork executed his third and last grtnt of 
 East Jersey ; on receiving whidi. they proceedeil In 
 appoint a council or committee of iheir own nuinher. lo 
 whom all the functions of the proprietary governin<'nt 
 were intrusted. To faciltale the exercise of their do- 
 
 • ThnuKli Pi'nn ihnn lipcanio s prnpriptary of Rist Jprsev, 
 ni^ timiiL'xuMi ImHIi with ii* (-(Hirems.and with tlio»« of West 
 Jiriey, was hrnrefnrwHnl aimi)st nirrelv mHuina). He hail 
 n<iw iir<)nirf(l tur lilmseir tlie prnvinceor Pt'iuisvivuma, which 
 o<C'i|><e<l oil his tntereat, anit diverted his attention Trom New 
 J'.Ttev. 
 
 t From Iho dptUralion nf 8cofi Model, Ac. of Kaiit Jersey, 
 It spppars that Viwcmint Tarliel and I.ord M'l.eoit, two utlif-r 
 povprfiil SrntiMi nohles, lieriinR very shortiv aflpr pr()iHlela- 
 nB<t of ihis province. In oiii« of Olddiiinirn U%\n of ihf> pr't- 
 pijelarle* (vnl. i. p. US), we find the tiaiiir <i| Sn (;i>nr)te 
 Mickeiiitp, the l.onl Advocate of Scotland, w hout his cnnlpui- 
 puraries jm»lly denonunaipd thn hlondv Mackenzie: and in 
 cn« of hi» liiitiseipieiU Wm* w« rind thenmies of Archdale the 
 quiker iiropnetary i»f l'ar..lina. ami nf West the lav*vcr. wlm 
 oblaliifd H'l much infanuMi.1 dulinctltHi ns a witnesH for the 
 tiniwnun thetnal cf Luril Rus«cl. Sd Edit. vol. t. p. 3til. 
 
 S3 
 
 minion, Ihcy obtained from Chnrles the Second a royal 
 Iptlcr. iid'IrcMHpd to the governor. cotiDcil and inhahii- 
 anls of Ihn provinro, aiatins 'l"* 'i'l* "' 'h" proprielarins 
 to the soil and jiiriadiction, aid rr>]uiring all to yield 
 ulirdicnce lo their {government and the laws. 
 
 At the time when East Jersey thus became subject 
 10 qiiaker administrilion (for the qnakera (till formed a 
 creat majority of thn proprieta'y body) tho inii<ilirtants. 
 by a diligent imprnverncnl of their adrantages, hud at- 
 tained a jloiirishinirand proap irons estate. The jjrcaler 
 iininber of ihein had eini(rn>>cd from Now England, or 
 were the descendants of New Englandmeii ; and their 
 laws and manners in some particulars bore the traces of 
 this ongm. The punishment of death was denounced 
 hy law against children striking or cnrsinc; their parents. 
 Adulterers were liable to (logging or banishment. For- 
 nication was puni»hed, at the discrclinn of the magis- 
 tnte, by marriage fine, or (logging. Nigbtwulking, or 
 revelling abroad, .fier tho hour of nine, subjected the 
 oircnders to a discretionary punnhinent. A lliicf, for 
 the first offence, was to make threefold rcstitnlion ; in 
 case of frei|uent repetiiion, ho might lie capitally pu- 
 nished, or reduced to slavery. There was no law for 
 •.he public support of religion ; but every township 
 maintained a rbnrcli and minister. "The people." 
 said the first deputy who cinie among them from their 
 qiiaker sovereigns, "are gcnerallv a sober, professing 
 people, wise in iheir generatinn, coiirlcoiis in their be- 
 havior, and rcspenifiil to us m ofiice " ,So h.ip|iilv ex- 
 empt were they from the most ordinary and forcible 
 temptation to violence and dishonesty, that according 
 10 the same testimony there wa.s not an industrious man 
 among them whose own hands conhl not procure him 
 a flMi: of honest competence, and even of ease and 
 |ilenty.» If we might rely impliciilv on thq. opinion of 
 ihis observer, we should impute the dissensions that 
 had hilely prevailed in the province to the follv anil mis- 
 manageinenl of Carteret and his associates in llie go- 
 veriiMiini. Hut there i, reason lo believe lh;il the blame 
 of tlicse dissensions was more equally divided between 
 the people and their rulers. A lieadslrnng anil turbu- 
 lent disposilion appears to have prevailed among some 
 classes at least o( the inh.ibitaiils ; viirioiis riots and 
 disturbances liroke forlli even under (lie new govern- 
 ineiil ; imd the utmost exertions of qilnker prudence 
 and patience were reqi.ired to rnuq>iisc them A law 
 which was passed alinm finir years after this period re- 
 prohati's the frequent occurreiu'e of quarrels and chal- 
 lenges, and iii;ertlii.'ts the inhabitants from wearing 
 swords, pistols, or d.iggers. 
 
 Among the new proprietaries of Kast .lersev was the 
 celebraled Hubert Harclav of Trie, a .Seoltish gentle- 
 man, who had been converted to quakerism, and in 
 defence of his adopted principles had published a series 
 of works that I'levated his name aliil his cause in the 
 esieem of all Europe. ..Xdmired by scholars and philo- 
 sophers fur the stretch of his learning and the strength 
 and subtlety of his uiiderslanding. he was endeared to 
 the members of his religious fraternitv hy the liveliness 
 of his zeal, the eicelleiice of his character, and the ser- 
 vices which his pen had rendered lo their cause 
 These services consisted rather of the literary crlehriiy 
 which he had given to the quaker doctrines, than of any 
 wider ditfusion of their inniiencc among mankind. For 
 his wrilnigs in general are much more calculated lo 
 dazzle and cnnfound the understanding, than to pro- 
 duce coiivi.-tion or sink into the heart To the King 
 and the Duke of Vurk, he was reroininendeil not less 
 by Ins distinguished fame, and his happy genius and 
 address, than by the principles of passive obedieui'e 
 professed by that sect of which he was consiilrred a 
 leader; and with both the roval brothers as well as with 
 several of the most dislniguished of their ,Scottlsli 
 favoriies and ministers, he maintained the most friendly 
 and confidential intercourse. Inexplicable, as to many 
 such a coaliiiuii of uncongenial characters may appear, 
 it seems at least as si range a moral phenomenon to be- 
 hold Harclav and I'eim, the votaries of iimversiil tole- 
 ration and philanthropy, voluntarily assonalmg in their 
 laliors for the ediiealion and happiness of an infant com- 
 munity, such inslriiincnts as l,ord I'l rlh and other 
 abettors of royal tyranny and ecclesiastical persecution 
 in .Scolland. [23] 
 ^I6S3] Hy the nnanimnus choice of his colleagues 
 
 * Tint leslimnny is rnndrninr) liv Oawrn Laurie, wtio wni 
 : tlie srcoiiil liepiitv-fovernnr nn.lerlhe <pinl(rrailiiiliilslrntl<iii. 
 I "Tliere Is I'ul," he ssyn, "in all tlie |irnvince a ismr Imdv. or 
 that wHitls," "The servsnts wiuk nnl siunurli hv a tliirti an 
 lliev il.' m Knslaii.l, anil I Ibmk leeil iiiiii I, lietter ; liir lliey 
 liave lipil, iicirli, h.iciiii. |miiI,Iiiii.', niilli, luiller. and ijoiid lieer 
 aiiii ndci l.> driiilt Wlicii thi-v aie nut of llictr fitne, lliry 
 have liiKJ f,tr lliein^elvps. And iieni'ially tiint farnlcis ftir 
 tiieiiiReU-r-s. Servants' waves arc nnl uii'ler two kliillin|ii a 
 d.iy, iKslilti victuals." 8. Smith, p. Ii7. litl. 
 
 Kohfrt Darclay was appointed the first ({oremni of 
 East Jersey, under tho new proprietary •dininistralion. 
 So highly was he esteemed by his colleagues, end sneh 
 advantage was anticipated from his snpcrintendance of 
 the colony, that his commission bestowed the olRre on 
 him for life, and while it dispensed with his periional 
 residence,* authorised him to nominate his own deputy. 
 Hut tho expectations which proiluced or attended hil 
 elevation, were disappointed liy tho result ; his govern- 
 ment (like that of .Sir Henry Vane in Maisachusetta) 
 was brief and ill fated, ond colculated rather to lower 
 than to advance his illustrious reputation. The most 
 signal and bencticial event of his presidency, w.is iha 
 emigration of a considerable number of his own coun- 
 trymen tho Scotch to East Jersey ; a measure which, 
 however congenial it may appear to tho aituationof thit 
 oppressed and persecuted people, was not recommended 
 lo their Bdo|ition but by iliiit of a good deal of importu- 
 nity and persuasion. For although the gicat bulk o( 
 the people of Scotland were dissatisfied with the epia- 
 cnpal establishment which their kings had forced ufwii 
 them, and vast multitudes were riiduring the utmost 
 rigors of tyranny for their resistance to it, it was fo'inil 
 no easy matter to persuade them to aeek a relief from 
 their sull'erings, in a distant and perpclnal e«ile from 
 their native land. In addition to the mnlivcs to eini- 
 graliun which the severities eiercised by Lord Perth 
 anil the other royal ministers contributed to supply, the 
 mlliiencc of Darclay and other Scottish qnakers was 
 more successfully cnqiloyed in prevailing with their 
 eoiintryinen lo seek an asvliim in Kast Jersey ; and 
 thither accbrdmgly a body of emigrants, chiefly from 
 Harclay's native comity of Aberdeen, soon after re- 
 sorted. [10,S4] For the purpose of rendering the 
 .Scotch more generally acipiainled with ihe state of tho 
 colonial territory and llie nature of its insiitniioiis, and 
 of melting them lo remove thither, it was determined 
 by the prnprietaries to publish a hi.itorical and statisti- 
 cal account of it, wiili a preliminarv treatise in which 
 the jirevailmg objections to emigration should be coin- 
 ballad, and this resource presented in a more desirable 
 view than that in which the ,Scoich were generally dit- 
 puseil lo renard it. Fruin underlaking the authorship 
 of this perhirmance, H.irchiy was probably deteried by 
 knowing thai, as a quaker, liis I'sliinale of the popular 
 objections, some of which were lotiniled on religious 
 considerations, would find little favor wilh the bulk of 
 his cuiintrvnien ; ns well as bv unwilhngneBS to entan- 
 gle hiinseif Willi allusions to the existing persecution, 
 winch he could hardly have characterised in a mannef 
 satisf.iclory at once to his own conscience and to I,onl 
 I'l-rlh and others of his (iroprietary associates. To the 
 work which was now composed and published, in fur- 
 therance of Ills and his colleagues' design, it is probabto 
 iliai he coiitribiileil some assistance : and indeed the 
 iiie<pialily uf the perfurmanco strongly •Itests that it 
 was not wholly the composition of a single author. It 
 was pnblisiicd as the production of e Scotch gentleman, 
 (ieorge Scot of Pitlochie, and bore the title of "Tho 
 Model of the Ciovernmcnt of the Province of East New 
 Jersey in .\merica." From various passages in thie 
 work, it would appear that many of the Scotch wero 
 prepossessed with the notion, that to emigrate from 
 ilieir native land without some extraonlinary sanclioii 
 from the Divine will, was an impious dereliction of tho 
 lot which the .Almighty had assigned to them. In op- 
 position to this view a large and ingenious conimcntary 
 waa made on the Uiviiie coinmand lo replenish and 
 subdue the earth ; and it was argued that aa this waa 
 ail eternal law, the duly lo fiiliil it was of continual 
 obligation, and required no extraordinary niair .station 
 from Heaven. .Among other incitements to emigra- 
 tion, 't IS remarked that " We see by nature treea 
 tloiirish fair, jirosjier well and wax fnntful in a largo 
 orchard, which would otherwise decay if they were 
 straitened in a little niirserv. Do we not see it ihne 
 fall out III our civil slate, wheio a few men flourish 
 hi'st, furnished with aluliiies or best fitted wilh upjior- 
 liiiiiiKS, and the rest wax weak and languish, as want- 
 ing room and means to nourish ihcml Now, that iho 
 spirits and hearts of men are kepi in better temjier hy 
 spreading wide, will be evident to any man who con- 
 siders that the hnshanding uf nnmaiiurrd ground and 
 shilling into empty lands, eiiforccth men lo frugality 
 and qnickeneth invention; and the acltling of new 
 estates requireth justice and alTection to the common 
 good ; and the taking in of large couniriea presents 3 
 iiatiiral remedy against coyetonsness, fraud, and vio- 
 
 * Oldintvnn IS mistaken in s.serlinit that Ifarrlny liniseK 
 t"|)iilretl, Mii.l carntft ins rsniil', with lilin ;n the (inn iiico 
 It.tii'lay never was in New .liTsev. S<,(>u after his i.|)<N)int- 
 iiii'ilt, lie srni thlllier hii '-rtalier David, tome nf whiis.. lot. 
 Il u lioni tile province ' .c printed in S. Sinllh'i Utstorv. 
 
THE HISTORY OP 
 
 l4mce, when every man may enjoy enough without 
 wrong or injury to his neighbor." The heads of an- 
 cient famihes were pdrlictilurly exhorted to embrace 
 this opportunity of cheaply endowing their younger sons 
 with a more hlwral provision in America thun the laws 
 ■nd usages of Gcotland enabled thcui lo bowlow at 
 home. In reply to an objection tliat had been nrged 
 that a province governed by quakcrs would be left un- 
 provided of the means of military defence, it was stated 
 that several of the proprietaries and many of the inliabi- 
 tanis did not hclont; to the quakcr persuasion, and that 
 Kast Jerhcy Already numbered six hundred arcned men. 
 The argument derived from the severities inllicled by 
 government on the presbyterians, is handled in a very 
 courtly style. "You see it is now jud^cd the interest 
 of the government all ^elher to sn^iprct the preabyte- 
 liin principles; and tnat in order thcrci -, the whole 
 If.ree and bensil rf the law of this kingdom are levelled 
 at the ttfectnal bearing them down ; that the rigorous 
 putting these laws in execution luub in a great part 
 ruined many of these, who nolwiiiistandmg thereof tiiid 
 themselves in conscience obliged to retain these princi- 
 ples ; while, on the other hand, episcopacy is by the 
 came laws supported and protected. I would gladly 
 know what other rational medium can bo proposed in 
 Iheae circumstances, than either to couiply with the 
 novernment, by going what length is rcipnrcd by Uw, 
 m conforming ; or to retreat, where by law a toleration 
 is by his ma)esl)t allowed. Such a retreat doih at 
 present offer itself in America, and is nowhere else to 
 oe found in his majesty's dominions." What an enco- 
 mium on America, at the expense of every other por- 
 tion of the British empire ! The work contains a mi- 
 nute account of the climate, soil, institutions and exist- 
 ing settlements of the province, and i elaborate pane- 
 gyric on its advantages in all these | rticulars. As a 
 farther recommendation of the province to the favor of 
 the ScoKh, Barclay, displacing a deputy whom he hid 
 itppointed, of bis own religions persuasion, contcrrcd 
 this office on Lord Neil Campbell, uncle of the .Marquis 
 of Argyle, who repaired to Kast Jersey, and remained 
 there for some time as its licntenant-novirnor.* 
 
 1685] The efforts of B-jrclay and his colleagues 
 were crowned with success. A great many inhabitants 
 ofScotlandemigralcd 10 East Jersey, and enriched Ame- 
 rican society with a valuable accession of virtue that 
 had been refined by adversity, and piety that was inv 
 noraied by persecution. The morr^ wealthy of the 
 Scotch emigrants were noted for bringing with them a 
 great number of servants, and in some instances for 
 transporting whole families o( poor laborers whom they 
 established on their lands for a term of year*, and en- 
 dowed with a competent stock ; receiving in return 
 one half of the agricultural produce.! 
 
 But James the Second had now ascended the British 
 throne : and practically inverting the magnanimous 
 Gcnliment that has been ascribed to a French monarch, 
 he deemed it unnecessary for a King of Kngland to re- 
 •pect the engagements of the Duke of York ; nor could 
 all his seeming friendship for Barclay, together with all 
 the influence of Lord Perth and the other courtier pro- 
 prietarieSi deter him from involving New Jersey in the 
 design he had formed of annulling all the charters and 
 constitutions of the American colonies. [1686J \ real 
 or protended complaint was preferred to the Knglisli 
 court against the inhabitants of the Jerseys for evasion 
 of custom-house duties ; and the ministers of James 
 eagerly seizing this handle, without farther ceremony 
 caused writs of quo warranto to be issued both ogainsi 
 East and West New Jer^^ey, and directed the attorney- 
 
 {reneral to prosecute them with the utmost stretch of 
 egal expedition ; assigning as the reason for this pro- 
 ceeding, the necessity of checking the pretended abuses 
 •* in a country which ought to he more dependent on 
 his majesty." Alarmed at this blow, the proprietaries 
 of Kast Jersey prpsented a remonsirancn to the king, in 
 which they reminded hnn that they liad not received 
 
 * Uldinixnti and 8. Smith ronciir in rirlatlDit that I.tird Nell 
 CainiJhi'llsucceeilL'it B.irrhiy ai m)venmi. lint ihm (leems lo 
 fiavp hccn a bluiuier "f Oklimxon, whi<'h Siinih lins incau- 
 ttouHly ciipicil. Barclay, an we tiave aern, uas a|i|M)iiitL'(l 
 govuriinr for htc m 1(M3 ; he did uot die (il) 1A9() : and rrn.ii a 
 njcuitient |>rpxfr\ t'd by Srinlh hiinNeir (p. lOfl) it appt-'arn that 
 Barclay id IA8H, at (governor of East ,l<They, Kuh^crihed an 
 BgreiMiiPtit of iittriitioM between it and West Jerncy. 
 
 t Scut. 34 '2:.ayi$.i5 49 101.317. Uldnuxun.l. 145. 8. 
 Smith, IM, 1fi7. IM, 3. The ronviilsinns that pren-ded thu 
 asnnKSinalini) o{ I )n Witt and Dm trunnph of the I'niiro of 
 oranKC in Holland, drov<i many iri.i>crtiiltle Dn'.rh fnnnlioft 
 from their nntivn land. Most of thPHo exilufi relirnd lu KotxU 
 AniencB. Sonniani, a inmnber of the Stalen aenernl, had 
 
 Crocpeded to Gnitiand with Duh vit<w, whp?i tie was overtaken 
 y tlm unnnuitiary liiry of Uir OraiiKe faclion, and tnnniered 
 by thivr riniftsnneK ns iu* MaH tidma wuh Rolwrt Marclnv. the 
 
 anahcr, In Ihe netglibort.uodof London. Mik fuinily, however, 
 iiAUy rcichcd Naw Joricjr. S. Smith, 4!U. 
 
 this province as a benevolence, but had purchased it at 
 the price of many thousand pounds, and had been en- 
 couraged to do so by the assurances of protection which 
 they had received from hunself; that they had already 
 sent thither several hundreds of people from Scotland ; 
 and that, if it would be 9atisf»clory to his majesty, ihey 
 would immediately propose to the New Jersey assembly 
 to impose tlio same taxes there that were paid by the 
 people of New York. They entreated that if any 
 change should be n.ade in the condition of their pro- 
 vince, it might be confined to an union of Kast and 
 W\^st Jersey in one jurisdiction, to bo ruled by a go- 
 vernor whom the king miuht select from the body of 
 proprietaries. [IGS7.*J ])ut James was inexorable, 
 and 10 their remonstrance gave no o'ht^r answer than 
 that he had delrrinined to uiiue the Jerseys with New 
 York and the New Kngland sIlIos m one general go- 
 vernment dependent (mi the crown and to be adminis- 
 tentd by Andros. Finding it inipOHsible to divert hnn 
 from his arbitrary purpose, tlic prnprielaries of East 
 Jersey were ^o far deserted of spirit and dignity, as not 
 only to abandon a bopeleas contest for the privileges of 
 their people, Init even to facilitate the execution of the 
 king's di!signs against tliem, as the price of liis consent- 
 ing to respect their own private property in the colonial 
 soil. Tliev made a formal Nurreiider of their patent on 
 tliiN conditinn ; and as Jainus agreed to accept it, the 
 [iroiTcdiims in llie quo warranto process were no longer 
 needed for Kast Jersey, and were even htinpeiidcd wiih 
 regard to the western terrilory. Seeing no resistance 
 opposed to bis will, the kiii;j was the less intent on eoii- 
 suininating his accpiisition ; and while the grant of the 
 soil to the proprietaries, wind) was necessary for this 
 purpose, still remaiiied unexecuted, the cumpleliun of 
 the design was abrubtly intercepted by the British revo- 
 lution. 
 
 Allhougb the proprietary governments in Now Jersey 
 were preserved loi a time from dissolution by this event, 
 they never afterwards attau>ed a state of vigor or effi- 
 ciency. Holiert Barclay, who seems never to have been 
 divested of the goveriiineiit of Kast Jersey, died in 
 IBOO ; but no traces of his adimnistratioii are lobe 
 lound after the year 1088; and rroin thence till 1<)!)2, 
 it is asserted by (-lialniers that no j.'overninent at all 
 existed in New Jersey. 'I'iie peace of tlie country was 
 preserved, and the projiperity of its inliabiiaiils promoted 
 by their own honesty, sobriety, and industry. Almost 
 all the original |»ruprietaries of both provinces had in 
 the mean time disposed ol their interests lo recent pur- 
 chasers ; and the proprietary associations bad become 
 so numerous and so tluctnalmg, that their proceedings 
 were deprived of proper concert and Meadiness, and 
 their authority possessed neitiicr the respect nor llie 
 affection of the people. Tlin appointment of new pro- 
 prietary governors in lt>93, was the commencement of 
 a seiies of disputes, intrigue^ and vicissitudes of office, 
 which in a society more numerous or less virtuous 
 would probably have been aileiided with civil war and 
 hloodslied. The governiiienl of New York, which from 
 its dependence on the crown, was enconraned by King 
 William to arrogate a pre-eminence over the neighbor- 
 ing chartered colonies, seemed to have thought this a 
 favorable opporlunily of reviving, and even extendiiifr, 
 its ancient pretensions in New Jersey, whose inhabii- 
 anls learned with eipinl surprise and indignation that 
 the assembly of New York had included them in a tax- 
 ation which It imposed on Us own constituents. Tins 
 attempt, however, was not more successful than the 
 other instances in which New York made !»iint|ar efforts 
 lou.4urpan undue authority. A cotupbiint to the Knglisli 
 government on this subject was referred to the crown 
 lawyers, wiio tielivered an opinion that produced an 
 abandonment of the pretensions of New York.f [161*7] 
 At length the disagreements between the various pro- 
 prietaries and their respective adherents attained such a 
 height, and were productive of so nnieli scbisin and 
 confusion, that it was soriietiuies dillicnlt, if not impos- 
 sible, for the people to tell m whicliof Iwoorinon- rival 
 pretenders lo authority the legal administration wds 
 truly invested-}: Numerous eoinpIuintH of tlie incouve- 
 
 * This year the nisttnddyof Kast Jersey, convened at Perth 
 Andxiy, granted a tax of a {x'Diiy iii the pound on estaten to 
 enable the (lovernor of New Vork in repel a ilir^ntened inva- 
 sion, " beraiiso the knit; hud inainicled hnn to f all on ollter 
 province! for aid in case ho was invaded." Stale Papeii npud 
 Chaliners, fiW. 
 
 ♦ Sir John Ilawlps and Kir rrcaswcll Levmz wore the Inw- 
 ypr» consulted on ilim orca>ion. The opinion they delivered 
 was " tlint no riiHtuniH eoiild be imposed on the people of the 
 JerHcyn, oiherwite tlian by act of parliament ur their own 
 aueniblies." 
 
 t Otiediencc was refused liy a considerable parly to one 
 gnverintr, because it wa.'* doubted ifa niajority of the proprio- 
 lariei had ronnirred in his nomination ; to anotlier, hef:anfe 
 It was denied that lilt appointntent had boon ratlftod hy tUo 
 
 ni(fnce occasioned by this slate of matters, were ad- 
 dressed by the iidiahitants of the Jerseys to the Dritihb 
 court; and the propriotaries themselves, finding that 
 their seignoral functions tended only to disturb the pcaco 
 of their territories, and to obstruct their own emn.u* 
 mcnts as owners of the soil, hearkened wtlling.y to an 
 overture from the Flnglish ministers for a surrender ol 
 their powers of government to the crown. This sur- 
 render was finally arranged and effected in the c 
 mencement of the reign of Queen Anne, who procce ' i 
 forthwith to reunite Kast and West Jersey into le 
 province, and to commit the government of it, as well 
 as of New York, to her kinsman, Edward Hyde, Lord 
 Combury.' [1702] 
 
 'J'he commission and instructions which this noole* 
 man received on his de|fartiire from Kngland, preseni 
 an abstract of the constitution and civil state of New 
 Jersey from the resumption of its charter till liie period 
 when it ceased to be a British province. Tlie local 
 government was appointed to consist of a governor and 
 twelve councillors nominated bv the crown, and of a 
 house of assembly, consisting of twenty-four members, 
 to he elected by the people. The sessions of this as- 
 sembly were lo be held alternately in East and West 
 Jersey None were capable of voting (or representa- 
 tives in the assembly but persons possessing an hundred 
 acres of land, or personal property to the value of ilfty 
 pounds ; and none were eligible but persons nosseasing 
 a thousand acres of land, or personal properly worth 
 five hundred pounds. Tlie laws enacted by the conned 
 and assembly were subject lo the negative of the go- 
 vernor ; but if passed by him, they were to be imme- 
 diately transmitted to England, where ihey were to he 
 finally atfirmed or disavowed by the crown. The go- 
 vernor was empowered to suspend any of the membero 
 of council fnnn their functions, and tn fill up vacancies 
 occurring among them by death; and, with consent of 
 this body, to constitute courts of law, to appoint all 
 civil and nntitary otlicers, and lo employ the forces of 
 tlie proviiM e in hostilities against public enemies. To 
 the assetiilily there was to be coinmunicated ihc royal 
 desire, that it should impose sufficient taxes to afford a 
 competent salary to the governor, to defray the salarieo 
 of its own members and of '.he mrv.iiiers ef council, and 
 to support all the other provii.cial eslabbsbinents and 
 expenditure; the prescrilted style of all money bills 
 beiiiK, th'.t the sums contained in lluin were granted 
 lo the I rown, with the humble desire of tlie assembly, 
 that thev might be applied for the benefit of the pro- 
 viiicc ; and all monies so raised were to he paid into 
 the hands of the receiver of the province till the royal 
 pleasure should be signified with regard lo their dis- 
 tribution The former propr-etarn-s of ihe provinro 
 were confirine'l in their rights to the estates and quit 
 mils whicli tlicy had lormerly enjoyed ; an.l r.one but 
 they and their agents and surveyors were to be aur- 
 fered to purchase land from the Indinns. Kiberty of 
 conscience was assured to all men, except papisis. 
 Quakers were declined to be eligible lo every olfice, 
 and their affirmation aceepied in lieu of the customary 
 oaths. I'lie goxernor was invested with the presiiita- 
 lion to all ecclesiastical benefices, lie was reijuired 
 to giv(! parliculai cncoiiriigement tn uti ministers oi 
 religion in connexion with the church of Kngland, and 
 to *' take especial care that find Almiobty be devoiitiv 
 and dulv served." It is deserving of regret rather than 
 of surprise, to find combined with, and almost in iin- 
 mediate seipieiire to this display of royal zeal fiir the 
 interests of reIit;ion and the lio:ior of (iod, a reipiisition 
 to the governor, that, in eiicouragiui! trade, he htinidd 
 give especial counlenunce to the Koyal African f -oin- 
 yv.:y of Knuland — a company ihal had been ihi^lituied 
 fur the piratical purpose of kidimpp ig or buying ne- 
 groes in Africa, and selling them as » aves in the .'\mi; 
 ri'-an and Wesi Indian planlatiuns. It was declared 
 lo be the intention of her majesty " lo recommeiul nnU 
 the said comjidiiy, that the said prov.'ice may have i 
 coimlaiitand autlicieiil supply of tKrch.intable negroes 
 at moderate rates;*' and the governor was required io 
 
 kin^; to a third (nutwitlistsnding the preeeoeiit of l,urd Neil 
 Cainptteirs a()poinlinent) because, belufr a SrotclnnHii. it wai 
 ciiieslioned tl ho were legally capable of holding office in an 
 iln^lisli cntnny. 
 
 • t>ldmiion. ;. 147. S. Smith. 207-3S0, and Anpflnd. 5»~ 
 773. Chalniem. 033. State I'apera, apud eiind. OSn. Although 
 4ho proprietaries pcrsnited in termmK this lurrander a voliin 
 tary act, and assertinR their rtgnt to have retained tnn tl"vern 
 nieiil if they hail pleaded so lo do, tlicy appear to havn herd 
 swayed in Nuinu niesKurn by the threat ol an er^eniil^ft nun 
 witli the crown, which had deternnnnd to bring the v.tltditv 
 of ttieir pretensions to irial. In the instrument of iurr*>ndnr, 
 the 'iiiuen, wiute she (lectarei her gracious urreptanco of thti 
 powers re.HiKiied to Inn by thepropnotaries. eiprot^s.) infusea 
 to acknowludi;e tliat tticie puweti ever legally k&.bi,cou to 
 them. 
 
 #fe 
 
NORTH AMEIIICA. 
 
 cnrnpftl thft pl« nlers duly to fulfil whatpvorcinrancinonts 
 Uicv rnii;lu tnake with the cOiiipaTiy. lie wan furtluT 
 iniirnicle<l to caiino a law to ho piiHi^ril (or n strit)tiii)<; 
 itihiDitnii Aevontv to hUvcs, and attaclinitr a capital pii- 
 ntHi.'nuiit to the wilful murder of ihciii ; arul to tdkn 
 flvtrv moans in his power to promoio the ronvrrsmu of 
 :he4o unhappy pertious to the chrintian fuith. All priiit- 
 in<; Willi pruhilMied m tuu province without a liceuMC 
 troiii the governor. In all law-Nints where the auui in 
 dependence exceedel an hundretl pounds, an appeal 
 was admitted from the provincial conrin to ihe governor 
 and council: and when the sum eiceeded two hundred 
 pounds a further apjwal was competent to the privy 
 council of Kiitrland. 
 
 The instructtous to Lord Ooriiluiry contain reiterated 
 intiniatiiuis of the queen's sinrrre dettire to pronioto 
 pence. trnnipiiDily and contentment, amonir her Aine- 
 rjcaii tudijecls ; but this dehiro accorded as ill with (he 
 disposition and <]ualiticatJonK of tlie individual to whom 
 fllie remitled it!< accotuplivhment, as her anxiety in mi- 
 little the evtU <>f slavt-rv will he ihouuht to do with 
 litT earncHi eiide.ivor |o dilluse lliis inisrhievous insti- 
 tution more widely in her dominion:*. Of the churacler 
 and conduct of Lord Cornhury we have airt adv seen a 
 spccnneii in the hiHiory of New Vork. If the peo(tleol 
 Nt^vv Jersey had less reiisoii to complain of him, it was 
 only hecaiise his avocations at New York compelled I 
 hiui <^cnerally (o deleirdle his functions iti the olher pro- 1 
 vinre to a depiilv ; and heeause the \oiaries of his i 
 favorite insiitutioii, the church o( Knijland, were loo 
 few in New .Jersey, and perhap)* too honest and imam- [ 
 hiiious, to atford him the materials of a faction whose | 
 insirumoiit^lity he miijhl employ in oppressioL^and plun- , 
 denntr the rest of the cominunitv. His distinguished i 
 iiaiiie and rank, his near rehitionship to the (pieen, and { 
 the advaniaire he derived Irom appearini; as the sul)sti- i 
 tute of a povernmcnt which had hecouie univrrsally nn- 
 piipuldr, f^avti him at liritl an inlluenre w:t)) the people i 
 of New Jersey, winch a man of ^realer virtue inii;ht ' 
 have rendered hii-hly conducive to their felicity, and a 
 man of greater ahililv rmjrht have unproved lo the swh- ; 
 lii^alioii of liieir spirit, and llit; dirniniition of their: 
 lihcrtv. But all the illusions th.it Htlendcd his oulsi't 
 amont; them were speedily dtspelli-d hv ac<iu:iintance 
 Willi Ins elmracli r, nnd experience of hi-- admiiiisiralioii 
 Vrnm the pmod of liis apponitnienl Itllhis ileprivation ' 
 of oirice, the history of New Jersey consL-ts o( lillle , 
 else thill) a detail o( the iiiiseralile sipiahhles in which 
 he involved himfL.df with the colonial asseinhlies ; and 
 d picture of the Kpirit and re»ululion with whirh (hey 
 icsisted Ilia urhitrary violence, condemned Ins partial 
 diatrihulion of justice, and exposeil his frauiliilent mis- ' 
 • pplicdtioii ofllHi puhlic ni'Jiiev After repeated eoiii- 
 pluints, the (pieen was compelled to sneritire lum to (he 
 universal indi^iudon which he had provoked ; hut not 
 till ho had very elfectually, ihouirh ino!«t uiiintentionallv, 
 conlnhuled, by a wholesome discipline, to awaken and 
 fortify a vitjorous and vinilant spirit of liberty, in two 
 of llie colonies which were most iniinediaielv :tuhjerted 
 to Ihe inHin-ncH of the crown. He was superceded, in ' 
 1701). by Lord [j<ivelace. who was at the sa.ne time 
 appointed Ins auccesftor in (lie ifoveriinient of New i 
 York.' 
 
 'i'ho attractions which (he netnliboriiii; province of 
 rennsylvatiia presented lo the |]n>^lish ipiakers, .ind the 
 cessation which (he Ilniish revolution produced of the ' 
 seventies that had driven so rnanv protestiiil dissenters 
 from both Ku}i;land and Si-ollarnl, uiidouhtedly pri^- 
 vented the population of ,\ew Je. I'v troin advancinir, 
 wilh the rapidity wltich its increase at out, period seemeij \ 
 to betoken. Y^et, ut the cIom- ef the Mevi'iiteentli > en- 1 
 tury, the province is said to have conlauied twei;lyt 
 thiiusund inhabitants, of wlium t^\elve thoustnd be- 
 longed 10 Kasl, und ei^jhi lliousjud to West Jersey, t ■■ 
 It IS more probable that llie total population miuiunted < 
 tc about tilteen thousand persons Ttie i;real liulk of 
 lliem were ipiakers, presliyteiiuns. antl anah.ipii<^ts 
 The milidd of Kasl Jersey amounted, at ihis periiid, lo 
 1,400 men. There wero two church of Knijland mini-' 
 Bters in the province; hut their lollowors were not suf- 
 ficiently numeroufl and wealihv to provide thetii with 
 churcho*. N«w Jersey \a said lo have witncased an 
 unusually long ■ubiistenca of varieties of national j 
 
 • 8. Smith. T5. S53. ♦• I ronfeBi," sayp Olibnium in the 
 id eihtHMi ol Kis wo'«, 'Ml sivci me a (treat dpnl nf jinui tri 
 wtiiiiiK this htstii.., tu Aoe what «ort uf gdvcnitirt I nii-et 
 with in ihu |ilKnuitiiiis." 
 
 t Warileri's Riiliinala uf Jie pnpulatinn Is murh Iciwrr. He 
 uya (li- it)t that until Iho t^^tcv ot Uireirlit m |:|.1, die pni. 
 flnce revrr pobvitaifd moro iL.-in in.ooo mtiaintin.i^ lltil 
 Ilia accuunt of this pruvinre evinces i^reat nei|liiti>ni'L> hikI 
 laitxciu.\cv. Holinea (1. 4ft) rvi-^rti tnu |Kipulation to linve 
 ui<iu«ta4 to IB,00u In 1701. 
 
 character unioni; its iniiabitantn. Patriotic nitachment 
 and uiulual convenience had tfonerally induced ihe eini- 
 (jrants from dillerctit countries (o settle in distinct 
 bodies ; a eircunistance winch strontjiy promoted amtniiT 
 them the preservaMoii of their peculiar national innnners 
 and cnstoms. K»lm. the traveller, has preserved a very 
 agreeable picture of the manners and habits of his coun- 
 trymen, (ho early Swedish colonists of New Jersey and 
 Delaware. 'I'hey seem lo have been loss tenacious of 
 thoir national peculiarities) than the Dutch, and to have 
 copied very early the manners of iho Knglish. Not* 
 withstanding some symptoms of a inrbulcnt and refrac- 
 tory disposition which were evinced by a portion of the 
 East Jerney population during the subaisunce of the 
 proprietary ^'overiiment, a much more reasonable and 
 moderate temper seems to have generally characterised 
 the people of both parts of the united province ; whereof 
 a strong testimony 's afforded in ihe harmony that 
 attended their union ilic act of the crown in 1702, 
 and which even (he policy of such a promoter of di.^- 
 "ord as Lord Cornhury was unable lo disturb. Though 
 8e|>arateil frnni each other by ditferenccs of religious 
 denuiinnatiou, the inhabiiams of the eastern and western 
 terniories were strongly assimilated by the hibils of 
 industry and fru;>ality peeiliar to the national character 
 of the Scotch, und the sectarian discipline of the qua- 
 ker.*; and the prevaienco of these habits, doubiless, 
 contributed to maintain tninquitltly and harmotiy among 
 the several races of people. Yet they were always 
 disiuitrnished by the steadiness and ardor of their 
 ailachmenl to litierty, and a promptitude to assert those 
 generous principles wiiich iiad been incorporated with 
 the first foundation of |)olitical aociely in New Jersey. 
 It ii disagreeable to remernl)er, that this manly appre- 
 ciatimi of ilieir own tiglils was not always accompanied 
 with a proportionate consideration of ihe rilihls of 
 olher.s. Negro slavery was established in New Jersey ; 
 ihougli ut what precise period, or by what class of ihe 
 planters, it was lirsl introduced, I havo not been able 
 lo ascertain. In sjutcof the royal patronage wliich wc 
 have beheld this baneful system receive, it never 
 atiained more than a very insigniticant extent of preva- 
 lence Ihroiighoul ilic territory. Kven ihe quakers in 
 lliis provime, as well a,s in I'ennsylvania, became pro- 
 prietors of slaves; hut their treatment of them was 
 always distitiguishi'd liy a huniaiiiiy lliat rendered 
 slavery litll.- v[st' than a name; and so early as thi' 
 year IG'Jti, the cpiakers of New Jersey united wiih 
 their breiliren in Peiinsylvair.a in rerommeiiding to 
 the members of llieir own sect to desist from the em- 
 ployment, or ut least from tlie farther ini|)orlalion, ol 
 slaves. Tins inlercliiig siiiliject will demand more 
 parucular coiisideralion in the history of rennsylvania 
 New Ji-r-^ey lud been for some tiuu! in possession of 
 UTi incredsing trade ; hut of its extent at this period no 
 at;eurato esliinale can be formed. It-! exports coii- 
 sisieil of agricultural proiluce ("leluding rice), with 
 which It supplieil the West India inlands; furs, skins. 
 and a little tobacco for the Kngli>h market ; und oil. 
 lisli, and oilier provisions, which were sent to Spain, 
 I'ortugal, and llie * "anarv isles. Hloiue. whose account 
 ol the American provinces was puhlishi'd in UiSO, liavs, 
 that the tt)wii nt HmlinvMon even then gave promise of 
 becoming a place of cousiibTa()h^ trade. The stateli- 
 ness of the publu- edili'-es, and the comfort anil ele- 
 gance of the private dwelliiigs that composed this 
 town, are hi:ihly comiiiended hv a writer whose account 
 of the jirovnice wan published ubont ten years later 
 thin the work ol Uloriie, It possessed alrcailv a 'briv- 
 ing tiiantiraclorv ol bncnand \Miolleni-loih. [^t] 'I'his 
 inanul iclnre, wlut:h was a!>o ititroduccd into IViiumvI- 
 viiiia by st.iiie ol die earliest colonists of lliis province, 
 beuan ao soon to exnte liic ji>alousy uf the parent ^tate. 
 i tliat III ihe year Ui'Jil an act ot parliiini'iil was passed 
 , prohitnling the expurulion uf wool and woollen nianu 
 fairtnres jioni the A'lienc.in colonies, under i penally 
 of five h<indr<>d piiumU lor < mtIi olfeiice, in udililion lo 
 the forh'iiure ol tl,"sliip and cargo. 
 I It IS allei:e j by soin- writers, thai, till a very late 
 period, the luhiibitantF of New Jersey evinced a geneial 
 neglect of eilucation. and indiircrcnce lo all improve- 
 ' merit m the arts of life und particularly m tlieir syaiein 
 I of agricultural labor. Tins reproach is said lo have 
 ' been more eipecully merited by the descendants of the 
 ' Dutch acltlers. Vet the college of Princeton was 
 founded s-i early as ihe year 173S ; the people have 
 ; always enjoyed a hi^'h reputation lor |iiciy, industry, 
 economy, and good morals ; end iio coiiuunruiy, even 
 ID North Anieru'.i. has \MtneHsed h waier ditiiision. 
 among all clas<iiis of lis mhuhiianis. uf the comlorts and 
 ronveniunces uf ble. It blis been noted us a lingular 
 I pocuhurily m their inannera, that women m ihia : tulo 
 
 __ 823 
 
 huvc always engrossed a consideralde sh&ro in the prao 
 tice of the medical art, and, except in cases of greit 
 diHiculty and importanee. have been the only physieiuno 
 whom the inhabiiunis have had recourse to.* 
 
 It was a fortunate circumstance for the inhabilanls of 
 this province, thut the Indian tribes in their neighbor- 
 hood were far from numerous, and were abnoat always 
 willing tu cultivate a frieiitlly relation wi'h the Kurc 
 peuns. The gravity, airnphciiy. and eourtesv of (piaket 
 manners, seem lo have been particularly acrcptahle t^ 
 these savages. An historian of New Jersey has pre- 
 served an uecouiitof a visit paid by an old Indian king 
 to the inhtbitants of Burlington, in the year I6B8. 
 Being attacked with a mortal disorder, the old inni 
 sent for the heir of his authority, and delivered to biui 
 a charge replete with prudent and reasonable inaxim». 
 Thomas Budd, a quaker, and one of the proprietaries of 
 the province, being present on this solemn occusion, 
 •* look the opportunity to remark, that there was a 
 great (iod who created all things ; that he gave man 
 an understanding of what was good and bad ; und after 
 this life rewarded the good wiih blessings, and the butl 
 according to ihcir doings. The king answered. It 13 
 very true, it is so; llicrc are two ways, a broad and a 
 strait way ; there arc two paths, a broad and a strait 
 path ; the worst antl the greatest number go in tho 
 broad, the best and fewest in the strait path " This 
 king dying soon afterwards, was attended to bis grave, 
 in the qiiakers' burial-place in Burlington, with so- 
 lemnity, by (he Indians in their manner, und wiih grcof: 
 respect by many of the Englisli settlers. 
 
 In the year 1G95, the governor's salary in East Jer- 
 sey was 150/. ; in West Jersey 200/. In 1704, when 
 these two provinces had been united into one slato. a 
 bill was passed for raising by tax UOOOl. per annum for 
 the support of guveriiment : but it does not appear what 
 proportion uf this auin was allotted to tho governor. 
 
 BOOK VII. 
 PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE. 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Birth and Character of Wlliiani Peuu— He sohctts a Grant of 
 Aiiiericaii Teriitnry fnmi I'linrlci the Secoml — Cliaitfrof 
 Pennsylvania — Object atid Meanni:; ef the (Mausus iiecullar 
 to iliis Charter— fcn^jlish ami Anu'riciu Oimni'iis tliereon— 
 I'eiin** Kiloits lu pCMi^ilu his Terniories — BntiKTatluii of 
 (Quakers lo ihe Proiiiicr — LetliT Irom IVnii to iho Itnliaiis — 
 Puiiii's lir>t Frame ot tioverniiieiii tor the Provinc:;— lir.int 
 ul Delaware hv the Dnku ol York to Penn— who sails tor 
 Ainenca— Ins joyiul rcreption there— Numerous Einn{r»- 
 tioiis lo lilt) Provntce— Firsit LcKislalivu Assembly— Penn- 
 ..ylvaiiit ami Delaware uniteii— l.'oiilroversy with Lord Bal- 
 timore—Treaty with Iho Inihaiih— Second Asseuilily— new 
 Fraiii" ot (iovfrnincnt adopied — Philadeltihia lounded— 
 I'cim's Uelurnto Kiiijlimd— and Faiewell lu liib People. 
 
 Wii.LUM Pi-:n.v, so renowi.rd as a patriarch and 
 champion of the quakers, und a ftiunder of civilized 
 sociPiy in North America, was tho sun of that naval 
 cominatnler who, under the protectorate of (jromwell, 
 enlar^eo the British dominiuuH by tlie conquest of Ja- 
 maica. Vliis was tiie first colony which had been ac- 
 (jiiired by !he English arms. New York was the next : 
 for Acadia, 'hough conquered in the interim by Ooin- 
 well's forces, did not tlien oeconio an Ennlish seltlo- 
 nieiit, aid wa^ o'.ir'eiiii'Ted by Charles the Second, 
 S4)on after his restoration. It is another example of the 
 strange concatenation of huindii atfairs, that the second 
 instance of tlie ucqiiisition of a colony by the British 
 arms, should have been (he ineitus of introducing the 
 sou of the lirst conqueror, us a quuker colonist and a 
 |>reoclM'r of peace, in .\iuerici. 
 
 Ills father, who afterwards attained (bo dignity o( 
 knigli'houil, und the station of an admiral, was the 
 deaeendaiit of a respectahltt English family. Uevoiing 
 himself to the naval service of his country in the com- 
 inencenicnt of llie civil war,', be embraeed tiic canso 
 of (be puriiamcnl. and sultsequenlly adhered to the for- 
 tunes of Croinwetl. From un inleiior rank in the ser- 
 vice uf thcMe authorities, be was promoted lo a digni- 
 lied and important cominand, and enjoyed a considera- 
 ble decree of lavur with the IVutector till the failure ol 
 liie expedition which he cundueted agnui&l 8t. Uu- 
 iningu It IS asserted very decidedly by some histo- 
 runs, and especially by alt the quaker writcrc, that thia 
 disaster was uccasioucd by ihe fault uf Venablea, who 
 
 " Warden, h. M, VVIiether this u»ge was the riff ct or tho 
 raiiso ut Ihe leuiarkablc henlthinciiH ot Ihe people of New 
 JetHey, wilt adiiut of a ikmht. But it inny hn rcfiarded as tho 
 4\m|)t(Mii of A roinarkatt'c deitreo M rciiprct for Hie frmalo 
 nei. Ol litis .teniinient inothttr very sioKular testitnony wno 
 Rifordi. it even sti talc as he cumnienceiiient o*' the ninciocntb 
 century, by a Um which eitended the electt/e rrnnchlke in 
 New Jeriti-y lo wotiten. Tlit* Nt-w Jcrney wonten, huwover, 
 ftliinved thctriselvei worthy uf the rcftpcct of tholr cnuntry- 
 mrn, hjr generally declining to avail th«niselvea ol this |V« 
 ' potterutiK uruuf uf tt. 
 
834 
 
 TIIK HISTORY Ol' 
 
 
 M 
 
 1 ' 
 
 commanilril ih« iand forcp«, nnd ooiiUl not fairly be 
 Bltnt'UlM! to Ailniiral Perm ; Init (/roinwrti, wl.o uii- 
 tlcrstouil iiiiliiurv alVairs lit itrr than tlii)<!(> wnliTH ran 
 he Niijijtosctl to havo done, whs so fur trurn H(:i[uitlinK 
 the adiiiinil of hlainOf that he iinprisoiUHl hini in (lie 
 Tdwcr, ami never aftfrwardi intrusted tinn with uny 
 piildie ein|iloy. This circiiinftldiice, perhn|>s, conlnlm- 
 ted 10 ll.c f.ivor which he enjoyed at court alter the 
 ]{eiitoration ; when ho vcnipled not to neccpt honor 
 and employment from a government that stigmiiti/cd 
 the ftrrvice in wliieli he had heen previously enjiaged, 
 Ity the insults it heaped on the memory of Ulake.' It 
 in uUeiied by Mishop Uurnet, that he obtained tlio friciid- 
 fhip of the Duke of York, with whom he comnuiiuh'd 
 at sea in the Dutch war of l(i05, by enahlinii* him to 
 avoid a renewed action with the enemy's Hcet, without 
 havmji; seemed to decline it. Other writers, and espe- 
 cially those who tiavc embraced the tenets, or fi'lt 
 themselves inierested in the fume of his son, liavo as- 
 seited that the admiral owed his favor with the kin^r 
 and llie duke to no other recommcndalions than those 
 of his eminent valor and abiliiics. He was impeached, 
 in 16(>S, by the House oi' Commons, for enihezxiinir 
 tirize money ; but, from some unexplained e.rcuin- 
 Liiince, the Mupeaehmont was permitted to drop. 
 
 Whatever was the cause of the court favor which ho 
 cnjoyrd. it was so considerable as to autbunse the most 
 ambitious hopes of the advancement uf his sou, and 
 proportionally to emintter his disappointment at beliold- 
 in^ that son embrace a profession of taiih wliich auh- 
 joeted htm not only to otVieial disability, but to tlui 
 Bf.verity of pcial law, the derision of courtiers, autl ih*; 
 displeasure of the (,'reat. Youiij; Pciin's pri'dilection 
 for the qnakers, first excited by llie discourses of one of 
 their itinerant nreachera, was manifested so eiirly. and 
 with so much w-irmth, as to oecasum bis expulsion from 
 tlie university o Oxford at the afje of sixtiM-n. His 
 father endeavored to prevail with hiui to abandon priii- 
 cifdcs and inanncra io dl calculated to promote ht^ 
 worldly i^randeur; and, nnding bis aruuments im-tH'C- 
 .mil. resorted to blows, and even bunishid hiin from his 
 home, with no belter elfuct. Aloni» with tlie piculiiiri- 
 tics of qiiakcrism, the younj; convert had nccivt-d thr 
 rir^t profound in';)res(<ion he had ever exptTicnci'd id" 
 the truth and importance of ('hnstiunity ; and boih 
 were for ever inseparably blended to^'ollu-r iii his nuiid. 
 The treatment he received from Ins falluT, tended to 
 tortify bis conviction thai quakirism was a nvival of 
 that pure and pnnutive ('hristianity which was fated to 
 occasion the division of liouseliolds, and the disaolutton 
 oi the Mron^est ties of iialnral allcciion. The admiral, 
 at Icnytb. dt'viscd a method of sai>piny the principles 
 which he could nut overtlirow ; and, for tliisi purpose, 
 sent his sun to travel, with some youn<; mm ol quality, 
 in France, then llie gayest aiul uiost bcentiou.i country 
 of Kurope. This devici', which rellccts hitle credit on 
 the purity of that natural aU'eciion by which il wiis su^- 
 ((ested, was altuiided with apparent success. (Juaiier- 
 isiii and (>hristiaiiity wire checkrd alike, for a lime, in 
 the mind of Penn, who returned to bis gratified fallier 
 with the manners of an elegant f^entleman, and the 
 sentiments of a man of pleasure t Dut, liavin^ re- 
 paired, m the year lOlifi, to Ireland, to inspect an 
 estate that belonged to bis f.ttlier in tins country, it was 
 here again his fatu to meet wiilt llie same iiineriiit 
 prcacbec who bad impressed his mind so powerfully ten 
 years before, at Oxford. His former senliments were 
 now revived, with deeper conviction and inrrea<«ed zeal 
 and energy ; and cpnckly produced u public, solemn, 
 
 • Iti alliiilm^ to llie history and ilmrai ternf lii^ lather, Wil- 
 .l:iin I'i'iM) ActiiUH to liiivu lelt at once a riatiiral s>iii|'atli>' 
 witli tilH ri'itulilu'Nli liuuors, and an uiiWlllinKiie»»lo liavt* luiii 
 coiihitlcri'd an asuui-iule of repulilicuiiti, uiid aiitat;oni>t of 
 roysny- "From a heuiiMiant," says lu.« !iort, "he |)as««!<l 
 ttirouifli ail till) eminent ullit-es of nea oinployuient, and ar- 
 nvcd (u tlint nl Kuiier.il niKiut the thiriiulh >fur or Ins iiKf ; 
 m a lime lull of the liiuK^Kt »<ea actions that any hialury iiit-ii- 
 titins ; Mild when iit'ithur tirilie* nor Hllianco, tivor nur utlcc- 
 lion, tint Hliility only roiild ^ruinnlc," He adds, houevrr,— 
 **iie wuB eniraKt-'d IhiHi unditr (h? parliuinmit and knit;; ''»t 
 not as nn aittor in the donieAtictroulWus ; huconi)M!(s ulvva\h 
 fleeruiK hini to eye a intional com*-. '. and not inte.<tliiie 
 wars. Hii >crvic«, therefore, beiiin wl lnreii;n, he may 
 
 t>e trulv laid to Ktrvehis country, raihei i .ii| eilhi,'r of thesi. 
 tnlcrp»U, BO tar as limy were distinct * oni eucit oilier." 
 Proui'.'H HiNt. uf l'enri.H>lvanm, I. SI, ^3. i'l 'inixon thus ilia- 
 ractenzes the ailnural — " He was a ttronK indeiieintttnt, and 
 to continued till tlio Itentutation ; when tinding rellicon and 
 liberty at the riieriy of their enemies, he very t|iii('lvly niadn 
 his paace wiih Kinij lliarlus and the Dukuui Vurk." Second 
 Gtlition, i. tlUfl. 
 
 t To reconrile this Hell-authenticated ronUurt of the )i(biii* 
 ml with the niiereti which tiuaker writers have evinced m 
 aeience uf his iu[mlation, it is nuceiitary tu remetnhur, that 
 !io la said tu have died ■y convert tixiunker [irinciplcN ; and to 
 luivtf pro)>heiiied to his frnii that Ihf><>e pniii'ijtlKH, rjltiilv Miid 
 MUienlly suiiiKirtod, wuuld linally tnuniph uver all oppuaitiuti. 
 ^ ' Ctarbon. 
 
 uuienll 
 
 Fmid. 
 
 and resolute expresMion of his adherence to the tenets 
 and usages of tlie quukcrs- In vain were hir father's 
 instances once more repeated, and the temporal digni- 
 ties which seenu'il nnly to wait his nccejitdn'-e pressed 
 Willi foMU and patheiic earnettness on bis rcij'ird. It 
 was even in vain tliel the admiral, in despair, restricted 
 Ins solicitation to !<uch a slender comjilijiice with the 
 usages of the world, a.'t tliat Ins non ^houl4l uncover his 
 head in the presence of the King, ihe Duke of York, 
 and his parenls. Pcnii's eye was now elevated to ihe 
 conreniplation of objects so glorious, that the lustre of 
 earthly dignities grew dim befiire them ; and his reso* 
 lution (loriitied by an early experience of imprisonment, 
 and other legal seventies) was wound up to hucIi a 
 pitch of tirniness and intenstty, tlial he refused to lay 
 even a single grain uf incense on what he deemed an 
 unhallowed altar of hmnan itrroganct' aiid vanity. He 
 now devoted all the large resources of his capacity to 
 the defence and propagation of the ipiaker tenets, and 
 sacrificed his temporal ease and enjoyment to the illus- 
 tration of the (piaker virtues, — with a success that has 
 gained for hiin a renown more illustrious and imperisli- 
 able than the ambition of his father ever ventui^d to 
 hope, or the utinoisl favor of his sovereign could have 
 been able to confer. It would not be e.i!>v to figure a 
 more interesting career than is exhiluted in the greater 
 portion of his subseipienl life. He travelled over 
 many parts of Kurope, nnd even extended his pergonal 
 labors to America : and every where, from the courts 
 of (ieniiiiu pnncefl to the encampment.<^of IiidKin sava- 
 ges, we find hitn overcoming evil by good, and disarm- 
 ing the wrath of man by gentlem >, patience, and laitli 
 III hia exl(>rior appearance and Idress, there were 
 eoMihmed, in an unusual degree, , venerable dignity 
 and gravity of a.^pect, with a Iran -heerful simplicity 
 of manner, and a style of expressiu lught with plain- 
 ness, vigor, and good humor. His >.. was a very un- 
 common one, and its lineaments, tlinugh by no means 
 fine, were far from iinpleasmg, ami derived fn>ni tiieir 
 peculiarity snuieihmg impressive <in'.l reinemberal)t('. 
 Wail the genera] corpulence which his frame attained 
 as he advanced in years, his conutenance expandiul to 
 a considerable dimension ; and w-bile bis eve expresiied 
 coiisidente ihonght. a, id strength of undertttaiHling, the 
 amplitude and regularity of the rest of his features 
 .seemed to indicate a liah:tnal tranipiillity of spirit. A 
 mind so contemplative, and a life so active ; such a 
 mixture of mildness and resolution ; of patience and 
 emrgy ; of nuluwiry and genius ; of loftv jiietv and pro- 
 found sagacity, have rarely heen e\oinpliticd in the 
 records ot human chancier. Tiie most pious and the 
 most voluminous, he was also, next to Robert IJ.irday. 
 the most learned and iugeiiious writer in defence of 
 quakerism ; and, at the same lime, next to ( teorge Kox, 
 the most indefatigable minister tliat the qtiakers have 
 ever possessi-d. Ha contrivt.'d to e.ihibil al oiico the 
 active ami passive virtues suitable to a chanipioii and a 
 confessor of qiiakertsiii ; and the same prisons that 
 were the scene of bis patieiil sulVering for the riglils of 
 his brethren, were also the scene of bu most cl.iborate 
 literary elloris for their instruction. Among other ipia- 
 ker peculiarities, his writings are distinguished by a 
 tedious |irolixity ; yet not mncli more so than tlie pro- 
 ductions of tlm most eelehraleil colemporury auiliors. 
 Tliey abound with iiimierous passiges replete aliki^ 
 with the tinest eloquence and the lllo^l lorcililo reason- 
 ing, cngaouig benevolence, and (erveiit piety. He was 
 deejdy mlerted with tlu' doctrinal errors of the quakers , 
 yet more deeply eiubued wiih llie spirit of the trutli 
 than many who prole.ss to liold it devoid iH such apjieii- 
 dages; anil, notwtlh't.uiding the tendencv of tlie.H' doc- 
 trinal *'rrors to lead those who have tliorougiily em- 
 braced them into baiiiic and mdertni I'xcesstn, there 
 were none of the qtiuker leaders who eoninbuied mure 
 hignally than I'enii to the esldbhshment of u «vstem ol 
 orderly discijibiie throughout llie soeiely. Tins was a 
 work of such itillientiv, and so repugnant to the senti- 
 ments ot maiiv who reirardeil discipline as an ailempt 
 to control the soveieignty, and obstruct the freedom of 
 spiritual conimurncation, that all the intluenee of IViiirs 
 character and address, and all the weight he derived 
 from his labors and snllerings, were requisite to its »nc 
 cess, and barely sntliced to elVect it. Kxcejit (icorge 
 Fox, no other individual has ever enjoyed so much 
 authority in this society, or leab/.ed so cjuqiletely the 
 character of a patriarch of the quakers. Though his 
 principles excluded him from the ollicial dignities which 
 his father had coveted for him, they did not prevent 
 him from attaining a remarkable dej^ree of favor and 
 roiisideratinn, both with i'liarles the Second and his 
 aiireessor ; which be improved, to the iitmobl of bis 
 power, for llio rcUtf of the sutl'cruig members of thu 
 
 qnaker flociety. ^Vhatevcr wore the acrvirea of tlio 
 
 admiral, the claim which they were thought in infei 
 was extended to Ins son ; nor was its ellicacy impaired 
 hv bis visible iiifinence over a numerous body of men, 
 whoso absolute renunciation of the rights of resistance 
 and self-deVnce could not fail to interest the regude 
 of arbitrary jiriiicea. 
 
 There exists, in all mankind, a propensity to un- 
 bounded admiration, arising from an indistinct gbinpoa 
 and faint rem.'.ining trace of that image of infinite m:i- 
 jesty and purity with which their exisieiic*^ eonnectfi 
 them, and to which their nature once enjoveil a morn 
 ample conformity than it has been able to retain. Wo 
 may consider either as the expression of this srntimrnt, 
 or the apology for iiiduli;ing it, that anxiety to claim thii 
 praise of lanlitess perfection for the ohjrcts of our ea- 
 teem, which may truly be thought to indicate a secret 
 consciousness that it is only to excellence aliove ibo 
 reach of humanity that our admiration c-iu ever be pisily 
 due. This error -ns never been evinced in a more 
 sioiial degree than by llie biographers of I'enn, and llio 
 historians of his tabors and institution.^ in Aiuencn 
 The niimixcd and nnmeriied eTH'ommm which U\.. cha- 
 racter and labors have reeei\ed. originated, no doubt, 
 Willi the writers of his own rt hgious persuasion; but, 
 .so far from being eimfinecl to \\w\n, it lus been eviii 
 exatrgerated by writers of a totally dilferent class, and 
 whose seeming impartiality has contributed, in a re- 
 markable degree, to fortify and prnpagat.'' the illusion. 
 The quakers have always enjoyed, with some infidel 
 ph.losopbers, u reputation which no other professors 
 of (y'lutstianily have been permitted to share; partly 
 because they were accounted the friends of unhmiied 
 toluraiiun, and partly from an erroneous idea that their 
 christian name was but a iliiu tnystn-al covering wlmii 
 veiled the pure and simple liglit of reason and philo'^ophy 
 from eyes vet too gross to receive it. Kefusmg lode- 
 fine their doctrinal tenets bv a creed, and having ilready 
 evacuated, by allegorical interpretation, som<; of ihu 
 plainest precepts of the gospel, tjio ipiakers were ex- 
 (lected, by their pbdosophical panegvnsls. to pave tho 
 way for a total dissolution of t'brihtiaintv, bv gradually 
 allegortzmg the whi)le of the Scri|itures. Bv the united 
 elibrts of these several Iribiilaries lo lus fame. William 
 IVnii has been presented to the eyes of mankind as u 
 character nearly, if not entirely, faultless ; as ihe author 
 of mslitnnous not less admirable for their wisdom ihnii 
 their nriiiuiality, and not less amply than instautn.- 
 neoiisly [iroductive of the gratitude and h.ipptness of 
 mankind ['2.'>J How exaggerated is Ihis picture of the 
 merit and the etfecis of Ins mstitiilioiis, will appear but 
 too clearly from the following pages. That tlie daz- 
 zhng light with winch his cliaracler has beiu invested, 
 was sullied with the sjiecks of mortal iinprru ritott is 
 al.sou truth which it is iiujro easy ihan agreeable to do- 
 inonatrule. But excellence, tlie more cri'dibly it is re- 
 preseiiled, is the more ell'eclnally recommended to 
 human imitation: and those wlio may be con.seious of 
 such infirmities as William P<!nti evinced, receive an 
 iiiiportunt lesson when they are taught that these im- 
 perfections luitber inevitably obstruet, nor satisfactorily 
 a|iologise for, deficiency of even tho most exemplary 
 Virtue. 
 
 In the coinmeiicement of his career, Penu evinced, 
 towards his opponents, an arniLMiict^ of disdain, and a 
 coarseness ot vituperation, very little consistent with 
 the inQdne.HS of qiiaker manners, or even with common 
 decency and propriety * It redounds to his credit 
 that he corrected this fault, aiul graced iiis wisdom by 
 an snidress replete with courtesy and kindm-ss. lint 
 another chan<>e which his disposition appears also to 
 liavu undergone, presents bun in an aspect winch it is 
 lesf* agreeable to conurnplate. Recommended to 
 ('harles the. Second ami his successor, by a hereditary 
 claim of regard, by the principles of passive obedience, 
 which, as a quaker, he professed, and as a writer he 
 contributed widely to dtsseminate, ami by tlio willing- 
 ness vv lib which he ami his fellow sectaries alone, id' all 
 the British protesiants. recognized the royal prerogative 
 (it suspending laws, he was admitliMl lo a degree of 
 favor and intimacy with these perfidious snd tyrannical 
 princes, which laid a dangerous snare for tho integrity 
 
 • III the prefatory address whHh he prelixcd to Mr arnuunt 
 nf lus reUbrated trial al the Old Bullev, for preaching tt a 
 conventicle, he makes une of lliis viry umiuaker exprcsKion. 
 
 " Ma^na (Miaria Is magna with Ihe recorder of l.ondon.'* 
 
 Thi>!te who are nnalile to con)eclnre the riliildrjr whuh I for* 
 hear to traiiHcnlte, may coiiKiilt thu preface lUelf, which ii 
 reprinted ill lloweirN State Trials, vol, vi. p. U53 Fetn) hail 
 no objection to a little |yeasHtilrv. An adversary of ilm <|Uti* 
 kers liivuii! pnlilislied ao attack on them, entilled "The 
 tjimker's last Shill lonnd out," I'erui auswi-red it by n wurk 
 h< iitttiL' the ludicrous til le «.l " Naked Truth neudi ito Jslutl.'* 
 tlaxksuu'a Lite ul rciui, i. IM, 
 

 "-^^ 
 
 
I i> 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 
 ■ M «h* w ,.. -wi ».- - . „„ i it)irt m 
 
 fai.^..-_t. i-,i,i-i,-ai4i^^ 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 895 
 
 of hid rhnrnctcr mul lln» rrctuudn of hix ninilnri It 
 \v.i9 natiirdi thai hti and tiiii fntnuts, opiircMHcii hy tlio 
 |tflrlMrnri)tury unuriinonlii. dhoiild rri^ard wiih more t'n- | 
 vor tin* nrlmraiy power which was tVt:))m'Hilv iritrriioncii i 
 for thoir ruliof, th.in the consliuiiiuiial aiithnriiy which i 
 was directed to (heir inohtntstion. But none of tho ' 
 other protnstaiit diHcntflra beheld orherwtso than with I 
 riir^tiHt, tho boon of ft tem|K)rary mitigation of h'lr.il ' 
 rigor, whicl) iMi|died a power la the crown anhvprnivR 
 of every bulwark of lintiih liberty. Aa the pohtical 
 a({Piil of hia nocicty, culiivatinir Iho friviid^hip of a 
 tyrant, and Bprkini^ a sliclier undur bin power from tho 
 JuwH, iVnn occupied a aiiualion rctruluted t)y no ordi- 
 nary duties or anccrtainrd printiplos ;* and becoming 
 ^nidufilly fAiniharizi'd with arbitrary powrr. ht'scniplcd 
 nut to bfNi-uch itM inlerpOAition in (he hrhiilf of hm own 
 priviitu conccrrnnoiitx, and to employ, for the tuiUr^n- 
 ninit of tun Ainrricnn trrritory, at (he cxpni>e of iliu 
 prior ri^hl of Kord Haliimorc, tlu'SHnin uuiliority which 
 no hiid acrubtunu^d himnulf to resport a^* .in onirinn of 
 public ^ood, and roh^ioiiN toh'rjtion. Dazzled, railirr 
 tlmn currnplcd, by royal favor and cotUidenco, ho behold 
 iH)thin<r in the chitractcr of tho princt*!* that roprnvt-d his 
 fnriidHliip with tlicni, or prcvonlod it from bicoinini; 
 oven more intimate and i-4>ntid<M)ti.il, when ihcir lyran- 
 hinil dt-Hi<Tiifl woro already fully dm'rloped, tlioir cha- 
 raricrs uninaskod io cvt-ry other eye, and the hands 
 from which he solicited fiivorn were crnlirufd wilh the 
 blood of mm \«hoin lio bad loved a;* friendi, nnd ro- 
 vcreticed an 'hr inoftt illnstrions cbarnctors in Huirland. 
 AViulo H!i yi?t lb,.' struu'tilo bL'lwenn tlio popular loaderH 
 and the abetl<«r!4 of arbilrjry power Imd not terminated 
 Ml favor of ill) crown, Ponii apiir.irrd to pirlicipatn in 
 tho rioniiinoiits that wrro chorishfd by the friends of 
 lilif>rty. IIo addrcsMod hit applications for repeal of 
 the penal laws agiin^i disaentom to tbe lloiiso of Com* 
 inoiis; Ii(^ atia-'hed liiin"«elf to Als;itrunu Sidney, and 
 endeavored (o promote Iiih election in a content with a 
 court candidate for tho l)<irou>rh of (rui)dford ; and we 
 hivo Kvv.n how ho concurred m the m,ii;iiatnmous viii- 
 dic-itun of the ri'.'lit^ of West Jersey nijainst llio rn* 
 crojclnncnrs of tho Doko oi' Vork. Vet when tho 
 cause of lilicriv seemed for over to have sunk benoatli 
 llio iisceiulancy of roval prcro:^attvo, bo applied to the 
 crown for tlit; rehof wlucli be had atreaily practiculty 
 recoiTfii/.cd n* Hie provnico of the parliament ; he be- 
 held ins triond Siduoy butchered on llio dcalFotd wilbont 
 niiy nnorruplion of conliality between hiiUM^If nnd the 
 court ; and when Janica the Second committed a far 
 (iriMler oulrauo on llio rii»hls of Magdalen cullooo of 
 OYlord than tho encroachment ho had altempled on the 
 lilurlieii of New Jersey. Ponn'a advice to tho follows 
 ot the colle^^c whh to appease tlio kin;^ hy ronccsflionA 
 i-yr their past conduct, which, al the same time, he ac- 
 Ixiiowled^ed to have hei n honorable and praisoworthy. 
 Nav, an if to render tho chan;4c of bis disposition still 
 more eminently couspicuoud, ho concurred witli the 
 oihir propnetarius of Hast Jersey it) tamely surremler- 
 iuir tho liliertiofl of this provnict- to tho same prince, 
 ui; iinst whom, when supported by the spirit of boiler 
 times, bo had so stroiUDusly defended tho liberiies of 
 iis sister colony. Peim was [iroient at tho execution 
 of Mrs (rannt, an a^id lady, renowiied for her piety 
 ft;id charily, who was burnt alive for hivmj; i;iven sliel- 
 ti*r to a person in dittress, wlunn sin- knew nol al the 
 time to luvh been a fn;;itive troui Hie rettel aruiv of Iho 
 Duke of Monmouth ; and at t!ie oxocutiou of Aldonnaii 
 Cornish, who wa-* lMni;oil belore the door of bis ovu 
 house, for a pretended treason, of v%hicli noliodv believed 
 bim to bo ^ultty. The only Honhmenl that ho is re- 
 ported to have eipresstd. on tins occasion, was that 
 '* the kmi( was ^roallv to be piMed for the evd rouiisels 
 thai hnrned htm iiilo so muchetruston of hiood " Wlien 
 it IS considered Uul, after all lliis, IVriirs eves wore 
 not openedf la llie real character of James, ami. on the 
 contrary, his friendship wiih the barbarous lyrant con- 
 tinued to subsist, and even 10 increase, lill the very 
 iaat ; it socms by no moans surprising that his contom- 
 
 * Tliat Pfiin iliit iitit iit'kiiimleJ^o tlinsaiii>t iluiius, int a pn- 
 litical elmmcter, wliu'li he ptesmtied tohiriitulf as a qiiuker, 
 a|t|>«iir!t fruiii Ins wnhilruwiiiK Iniiii a state warrant tnat was 
 |s^ut->t fui his iinprisiirniieiitiiii a polilical cluri{e i>y Kitu Wil- 
 liam (PriiiiU, 1. 318—331).)— Hii evsNiDii whicli lio iiui-pr .stutiixid 
 to, wlien lie was (teniecuted fjr tii« roht(iuu4 |iractire;«. 
 
 t lie puiilislieil a tidok in favor of the kind's attempts to 
 oitiihlisli tult>ral:ort, tiven after James hadi ifariliscluiivil his 
 real views sh to have thnisr paputH into th'! i^iivernineiil of 
 the umvervily lit OKiorii. lie liatl rnrently lufore imUurlakeii 
 Q secrei itnbaMiy froiu tlio kn)i( to the Priite nf Oraii^t', in 
 tiic hiii>f 'if prevaihi)!{ wiiti the prince t<> guu his saiictiun l<i 
 X\w nieatuii'S in hehalf nl tnlcrallitn. (^lirVituii, t. 471. Hti ; 
 ti. A. Thtini;li unalilti t<i <liir«>rn the desi^iin nf the ktu;, he 
 had not nlwavs been e<iu.illv insetiMiblu t<t thn dangers of 
 pppery ; and ni the days of hit painutic fervimr, had written 
 u PBDiplilet to aitiiiiate tho nalioual rofio n^anut Uie preloiiUvd 
 |W|>Uli plot Ibid. I. leift. 
 
 poranes should bavo generally regarded him as a secret 
 abeiior of all ibo inonareli's dosiums for the establmh- 
 ineiit of poperv ami tho destruction of liberty. Il was 
 perhaps fortunate for Iiih fame ihtt the public displea- 
 sure vented il.sclf in this injusiico ; [5fi] the detection 
 of which has conlribntcd to sboller btm even from tho 
 milder but more ineriled censure of an infatnaied ore- 
 dniity, fortified by the vanity of supposmif that he would 
 nliimutoly render the royal authorily entirely subser- 
 vient to the iiccomplishmcnt of his own religious and 
 philanlbropic views. 
 
 Tho character of William Penn has not escaped the 
 cbar^o of amlntion^ — » charge which admits of such 
 variuty of si^mlicatton, thai perhaps no human beini; 
 was over absolutely exempt from it. As.snredly, ho 
 was neither conscious nor suscoptihlo of that vile and 
 vultrar ambiiiun that courts a personal distmotion and 
 elevation derived from the depression and impovonsli- 
 moiit of mankind. Of tho desire tu derive n relloctod 
 lustre from thn happiness and improvemi-nt which others 
 ini^ht owe to him, it is neither so easy nor so desirable 
 lo absolve him. Nor, perhaps, was ho wholly exempt 
 from (he intl lenco of a temptation which this retiiiod 
 ambition is very opt to hoijot — the desire of ma'jnifynit; 
 Hud exiendin(f the power by wliich such beiiotils iniijhl 
 continue lo bo conferred liy b.msclf and his posterity 
 William Penn, amon^ llie quakers, and that no less 
 estimable man, John Wesley, amons; iho metnodists, 
 have not been the only benefactors of the human race. 
 who, confident of their (jood intentions, and habitualed 
 to power, have seemed lo covet it somewbal too eagerly 
 us a peculiarly ciricienl instrument of human welfare. 
 l)ut It is time to proceed from these prefatory observa* 
 liens on the character of this illustrious man, to a con- 
 sideration of that portion of his life, which is i-Jentifiod 
 with the rise of Pennsylvania and tho history of De- 
 laware. 
 
 Tho circnmstancca that first attracted the attention 
 of Penn to the colonization of North America, have 
 already been infolded in the history of New Jersey, 
 White he was en^atjed wilh his qnakor associates in 
 udminislerintr the government of ihal terrilorv, ho re- 
 ceived such information of tho fertililv and resources of 
 tho country silualod to tho westward of ihc Delaware, 
 as inspired him with the desire of acipiirini; a separate 
 estate in this <piarter. Kor this purpose he presented 
 a petition to ivharles tho Second. [IftSO] siatinj; his 
 retatiu' -.hip to the deceased admiral, and his claim for 
 a debt incurred by the crown to his father, when 
 Shafiebury's memorable device was adopted, of sbutliiiir 
 the oxclioipier ; solicitmif, on those accounts, a ^jranl 
 oi land to tho northward of Marylind, and westward of 
 Hie Delaware ; and addiuo, that by his interest with 
 iho quakers, be should bo alite to colonize a province, 
 whicn might, in time, not only extini;uish his claims, 
 but enlarge ll.r Uritmh empire, auji^mcnt its '.rade, ami 
 promcte the glory of (iod by the civtiizaiion and con- 
 version of tho Indian trihest Tnis petition was re- 
 ferred to the Duke of York and Lord Daltimorc. that 
 they might report how far Us object was conipatihio 
 Willi their prior mvcsliturcs. Hotti si^mfiod iheir ac- 
 (piieaceuec in Penn's domand. provided his patent 
 should be so worded as (o jirecludo anv encroaehment 
 on their ternlories : and the Duk" of Vork added lis 
 recomineiidjtion of tlio petition to the f.ivor o( ihc 
 erowii. Siiccessfnl thus f^r, Penn transcribed froii 
 (he charter of Maryland, the f-ketch of a patent iu hi> 
 own favor ; but llie attorney-i»oneral, Jones, lo whose 
 opinion It was remitleil. dccl.ired, thit cerUm of lht> 
 clauses were "not a^rceatile lo Hie laws here, ihouifli 
 tiiey are in Lord itaUimoro's patent," and, in parlicular, 
 prouounced that thn ei'-mption from llntish taxatum, 
 winch I'enii had proj o.ied to confer on In;:! colony, was 
 utterly illetral. (^ompioti. Bishop of Ijondon, al the 
 same time, nnderKtandm<r that Penn, in soliciting his 
 patent, had described himself as llio head of the ipia- 
 (|er9, interposed in the proceedings, for the |trotoriiuii 
 of tho mlerosis of iho church of Ka.^land. Aller some 
 discussion of the points that had thus arisen, the rom- 
 miilec of plaiilaiiona requested cluof-jnstieu North, 
 [ItiSI J a personage of coiisiderablo eminence, both as 
 
 • An acute, hut very paitial writer, has charantoreied lutn 
 as " a nun uf Kreat depth of niiduritan<iini(, ntion<ted hv oi|,ual 
 dissimutatioii ; of extreino nuoiesie>ino!iH, aucoinpaiuoil vvitli 
 insntiablt) ambition ; and of nn iidtlrens in proportion to all 
 tlirse." Chaliiit^rs, ASS. Jodediah Morse, the American ^eo- 
 xrapher, hii expressed mn opnuoit «t(u.tlly unfavui^lile oi tlu) 
 rliaracter uf l*uini. 
 
 t In a letter to a frien<l, about the snino tinte, \\e> declares 
 his purpose in tlie ac'inisition of Aniericaii inrntory to have 
 Ittien "su to lervi) the truth and peoplo of the l^ord, that an 
 example may be sul to tlie natioii-t :" a<ldinK, *' there may bu 
 riKiin them, thuutfh not lieroi fur aucti an holy exiwrnnoat." 
 Proud. I. 11)0 
 
 a alatesmaii nnd a lawyer, lo undertake the revision of 
 the palent, and to provide, by lit clauHes, lur (he reser- 
 valHiu of the king's sovereignty, and the obsorvaiKe oi 
 acts of parliament Wnli his assistance, theru wuv 
 prepared an instrument which received the royal con- 
 (irmatiun. and afterwards acquire) so much celebrity 
 •a the charier of Pennsylvania.* 
 
 ily this charier, wbieh professed lo be granted in con- 
 sideration of " iho merits of the fallirr, and the gunj 
 fnrpoAes of the son," there was conferred on William 
 'enn, and his heirs and assigns, ibal vast region iHiuiidod 
 on the east by tho river Delaware ; extending west- 
 ward five degrees of longitude ; stretching lo the north 
 from twelve miles northward of Newcastle, (in th* 
 Delaware territory) to the forlv-third degree of latitude ; 
 limited on the .south by a circle of twelve mdes drawn 
 round Newcastle lo iho begmning of tho forlielh de- 
 gree of Uttlndo. Penn was corislituled tho absoluto 
 proprietary of the whole of this terntory, which was 
 creeled irilo a province by the name of l*onnsylvauia,f 
 and was lo be held m free and common soccage by 
 fealty only, paying two boar skms annually, and one- 
 tiflh of all tho gold and silver thai might be discovered 
 to the king lie was empowered lo make laws, with 
 the advice and asuent of llio freemen of the territory 
 ussemhlod, for the imj>osit)on of taxes and other public 
 uses, but always in conformity U) the jurisprudencu 
 of Kuglaud ; to appoint jndiresand other olHeera ; and 
 to pardon and reprieve, except in the cases of wilful 
 murder and high treason. In these cases, reprievo 
 might be granted only iitl the sigiiiticalion of tlie nlea- 
 sure of the king, to whom there was also re<erved the 
 privilege of receiving appeals. Tlie dtstribntion of 
 property, and the pnnistinient of felonies, were to ho 
 rogntatcd by the laws of Kugland, nniil dilfereiit or- 
 dinances should be enacted by thv proprietary and froo- 
 men. Duplicates of all the provinriat laws were to bo 
 Iransinitled tu the privy council, williui five years 
 after they wore passed ; and if not declared void hy 
 the council within six months after transmission, thev 
 wore to be considered as having been approved of, am* 
 10 become vabd ordinances. That tho colony might 
 increase by resort of peojile, lihorly was given to Kng- 
 lish subjects (those only excepted who shmild be spe- 
 cially forbidden) to removo lo and settle in Pennsvl- 
 vania ; and ihenco lo import the productions of the 
 province into l-'.nglaiid, " iml into no oilier country 
 whatsoever," and to re-export ibein, wiihm one year, 
 paying the same duties as other subjects, andobsorving 
 the acts of navigation. Tlio proprietary wasein|towerea 
 to divide tho province into towns, hundreds, and coun- 
 ties ; to erect and incorporate towns into lu)ronghA, and 
 boroughs into cities ; and to coiiMtitntu ports for the 
 convomoncc of commerce, to wtuch tho olficers of ibn 
 customs were to have free adiniH.siun. The frcotnen 
 in assembly were cmpowereil to assess reasonable du- 
 ties on tho commodities liMdint or unloaded m the har- 
 bors of the colony ; and these duties were granted IQ 
 Penn, with a reservation, however, lo the crown of 
 such customs as then wore, or in future might be. im^ 
 posed by act of fkarliamont. He was to a|u>oint, from 
 time li> lime, an agunt to reside iu or near Lundori, to 
 answer for any mis»demeanor be mi^lii commit against 
 the laws uf trade and navigatitui ; and, in case of such 
 misdemuanor, lie was tu luako .satislactiuii within \ 
 year ; m llio default of winch iho king w.is to sei/.e tho 
 govornmenl of tho pravmco. and rel.ini it till due ^ialia- 
 faction woro made, lie was not to maintain corres- 
 pondence with any king or (w^wor at war, nor to mako 
 war against any king or )>ower in aimlv, with KngUnd. 
 In casu of mcursmn by ueiglitionng barlurians, ur by 
 pirates or rolilmrs. bo bail power lo lew, muator, and 
 traut lo arms all Inu iii)i.kbitaiits uf the provnico, and to 
 act as their captain-gcncrai, and to make war on and 
 pursue the mvaders, lie w.is enabled lo dliuiiate tho 
 soil to the colomsls, wl>u miglit bold iboir lands under 
 
 * Oldinixoix, 1. Hi), t5'J. Proud, i. Ifr,)— 171. Clialnier*. 03>, 
 036. Iinltwyr) (Hff uiile \'i ) apud Winterlniihain, n, 3H'J. Hmh 
 (Wdinuon (Who was a personal friend ol IVnn) and Mr. Clarh- 
 soii have Hsserteil that [Vnu's oiforts tu uhiam his charttT 
 wure nfo'*^'>' olwtrncted by his prolossion of <)uaker):«in. 0( 
 tins I can ihtd no ovideiico >it all. l*ei\n IninseH, wriUni; to 
 tl)c lords of trade in lt(S3, says, " 1 return tity uiost tminble 
 thanks for your forriior favors ii» ttie pa-isiinn of my ^kaleiil, 
 and pray Uud reward you." Chahners, 060. 
 
 t iVnn's account of this dononiinatioii is creditable to Ins 
 rnodosty. Findiiu that the kin;; [trofwised that the name of 
 Peun &liuuldforin a part uf thoappelUttori of the pruvi'ue, ha 
 requested leave to decline an honor that mii{tit t>e iniuutetl 
 t<i Ins own vanity, and pro^Hiscd the name uf New VValoSt 
 winch was opposed by the under secr«taryuf state, who wail 
 a \Velshman. 1*piui tlien suimeiled Sylvania, un account of 
 Us woody surface ; hut the kmx declared Hut the noiiuiL-i* 
 turn behmgod tolum, and that in honor a' A<ln\iral Ponn, Iha 
 last suitgested name should bo ^lUargeii iatu rervisyUuu% 
 CtATkiuu, 1. 3711 
 
i 
 
 C20 
 
 lii« grtnts, Dotwitlmtnniling Ihn I'tiglitth vtalulc prohi* 
 liting Aiirli BiiltiMfuiitUlioni It was Bliputatrd by the 
 kin^ fur liiniitf-lf and IiIh mictrHsorft, "that rinni^toiDur 
 ijllicr rcjiiinlitition aImM Ih* lt<\ipd on iho inltuhiiHtitN or 
 tliuir CHtulcH, uiiltuM by lh« rorment uf tlir propnclary, 
 or ^nvf^rnor and ahicmbly, or by act of |mrhariiciit iti 
 England.** It widi |)rovitlrd (in cotn|)b.-inro witli iho 
 deaire of Uishoji (>oni|>ton) lliat it any of the inhiibitatits, 
 to tbo iiunibor of twenty, ahoidd aignify their deairr to 
 thn Uiihop of London to have a prrnchcr aiMit to 
 them, the iireachtT ao apitointm) by that diKnilary alionid 
 be alloweil lo roaidc and pt-rforin biK funriioiia without 
 ticnial or nuitoalation. If any doubt ifhontd ariao with 
 fi'Kurd to the (nio ronatruction of Ihr rhartcr, it wiis 
 L-uinindiidrd that aii interprrtiilion fiivor.il'h' to t)u> pro- 
 prietary should alvvnvs b(! nmdr ; with ihif exchision, 
 nowevur, uf any thin;* thiit luijijht dcrogiitu from thu al- 
 legiance duo to till- rrown * 
 
 Such ifl the Buhstnnce of a f^rant on which was o»ta- 
 bliahed the fabric of the Punnsylvanian ^ove^nnM'l)t uiid 
 lawfl, 40 renowned for ihnr wisdom, thuir mudrrnlion, 
 nnd the excellence of their provisi'ina in favor of liberiy- 
 Thu catitioua alipnlations fur ^lK•^dlni{ anil aflcerlaniiii^ 
 the British ascendancy, bv which tbnt cliarter wan dis- 
 ttnguiMied from ill preceilin^ palentii, were m.'inifesijy 
 the oll'sprin^ of the dir^pules in which the court had 
 been for somo time etiKa^rd willi the colony oi' Maa.^a- 
 chusclta. 'J'here, the provincial i^rovcrninrnt had deemed 
 the acta of navigation inoperative within its jurisdiction, 
 tdt they were legalized by iia own ordinance. Hut thu 
 imincdialo and uninterrupted ubservance of them in 
 PeiMiaylvania. was enforced by the atipuluted penalty 
 of a forfeiture of the charter. Laws had been pusKed 
 in Ma^aachusetts for the cuinini; of money and other 
 pur|>ose8, which were deemed inconsislcnt witli the 
 |irerogulive of the sovereign slate. For the prevention 
 uf simiUr abuse, or, at least, liie corrt ction of it, before 
 inveterate prevalence could have time to beget habits 
 of independence, it waa re^piired that all the lawa of the 
 new iirovincc ahoutd be regularly lran«initted to Kng- 
 land (or iho royal approhatmn or distient. The inetii* 
 :acy of this requisition was very soon made apparent. 
 'J'o obviate the dilficulty that had been experienced by 
 the Knglish government in ennduciing its disputes wiib j 
 the people of Mas.sachusptta, who could never be pre- 
 vailed with to accredit an agent at ttio court, without j 
 iho utuioxt reluctance and deUy. it was now reipiirt J | 
 that a alanding agent should be appointed to reside in ; 
 London, and bo responsible for the proceedings of hi^ 
 colonial constiliienta. Uut the inoHl remarkable provi- 
 eion, by which this charter was distinguished from all 
 tho other American patents, was thai which expressly 
 reserved a power of taxation to the British pirliament. 
 Of khe iinfiurt of ihia much agitated clause, very dif- 
 ff.ent opinions were entertained from the tirst, by the 
 lawyera and statesmen of England, and the colonists 
 of Pennsylvania. In Kngland, while it was denied that 
 the novel introduction o( ouch a clause into the charter 
 of thia province utTorded to any of the other colonies an 
 argument againat parliamentary taxation, it was with 
 mure appearance of reason maintained that its actual 
 insertion in this charter precluded even tho possibility 
 of an honest pretension tu such immunity on (he part 
 of the PennaylvanianH. Of the very opposite idea», 
 however, that were entertained on this subject by the 
 coloni5ts, an account was rendered about a century 
 afterwards by Dr. Kranklm in his celebrated examina- 
 tion, ds the representative of America, at the bir of the 
 British House of Commons. Being aaked, how llie 
 Pennsylvanians could r:iconcilo a prelenco to be ex- 
 empted from taxation, with tho expreaa words of a 
 clause, reserving to parliament the privilege of iinpos 
 ing thia burden upon the: i ; he answered, "They un- 
 derstand it thus : — By tJie same charterf and other- 
 wiae. they aro entitled to all the privileges and liberties 
 of Englishmen. They find in the great charters, and 
 in the petition and declaration of riglits. that one of the 
 privileges of English subjects is, that they are not 
 
 ' Proud,!. 171. 187. Chabiiers, 638, (U7. '* It is remsrka- 
 bte." says Dr. Franklin, in liii Hutuncal Review of the Von- 
 atiliition of r«nits>lvaniB. "that such an limtruinent, penned 
 with ftll tlifl appuaranc* of candu. and siinplirJty iina)(inHl>le, 
 Slid equally aK^tiuablo to law and reason, to the claims of Ihe 
 crown and thu rights of '.he subject, should be tho growth of 
 an arbitrary court. Perhaps it is no less sin^iul&r, tliat the 
 national nghti, the authoiity o<'tlie laws, aod of the supreme 
 trgislature, khuuld have been so carcrully altciided tu and 
 prvcotvttd." 
 
 t This II a mistake. Ttie Ponri.<'vlvanlan rharter dilTers 
 from oil tlio others in not cntnrnu'Mi'atini; an express sksu- 
 ranee to the remnutl^i nf the ihjlHs mid chiiraclef urEnnhsh- 
 men. I'lie reavon (or this iini)<tMiHi li .SHid hy (.'halinurit (p. 
 C3tf) to have betin, that iUe einlitent lawyers, who prepartrd 
 the charter, cunsidenid such dfchiraiiiins aa superlluuui,ttnd 
 Uicir uiipurt sutficietilly inferred hy law. 
 
 THE HISTORY OK 
 
 taxed but hy iheir common consent ; they have, there- 
 fore, relied upon it from the fir kI nft/lrmrnt i>f Ihr pro- 
 ri/"T, tliat the parliament never would nor (-(nild, by 
 rulur nf that cliusu in the rharier. tax them lill it had 
 ipiabtied itM-lf to exercine such right, by adnnitmg ro- 
 presentutive* from the people to hn taxed." That this 
 roasunmg was not (as some have suggested) the mero 
 prodiiciiua of Kranklm'a own ingenuity, nor even tlis 
 immediHto growth of (he era of American indepen- 
 dence ; but that it expressed the opinion of tho eirlieat 
 Mre uf the Pennsylvanian settlers, is a point suscepti- 
 ble of tho clearest demonsirr.linn. Krum the ulKcial 
 rorrespondeiicn between tho royal functionarios in 
 .\mrricn and the court of Ixindun, it appeurs that be- 
 li)re the Pi'iiiiMylvanians had existed a.i a people for 
 ■'levcntern ve;irs. \\\v Ki)gli!«li mmiatrv were apprised of 
 the ^rriicral prevalence of these sentiments aniong iheni ; 
 and III the work of a contemporary liistonnii of this pri>- 
 vinre, who denvetl hit ideas willi r* gard to it from tho 
 coirnnunii-ation uf Penn himself, the ri^ht i>f the colo- 
 nihta In elect representatives to the British parliament 
 is distmctlv asserted [«*7J It \saa only in th« year 
 preceding the dale iti the Pennsylvanian charter, ihat 
 Petui, m reclauiimg for tlio colonists of New Jersey the 
 excluitive right of miposuig taxes on themselves, had 
 protested iliat nu rt-asoiiulile men would emigrate froii> 
 Kn;.;land to a country where thn right was tiot to bo en- 
 joyed ; and, as the argutncnt whicli he maintained on 
 that occasion, was luunded entirely on general priiici- 
 pb>s, and what he regarded as tlio constitutional riirlits 
 ins(>parable from the character uf Enghiili subjects, 
 without referenco to any peculiarilies m the charier of 
 New Jersey, it seems Ingldy improhable that he be- 
 lieved the clauses peculiar to his own charter to admit 
 of an intiTpretation that would have placed his lavorite 
 province beyond the pale of the En^hsh cuiiittitution, 
 and detiTrcd reasonable men from resornng to it. \V« 
 must eithex believe him to have enlertiined (he same 
 opinion on this pciint, that appears to have huen preva- 
 lent am(ing tho culoniKts of his territory, or adopt tlie 
 illil>eral ttuppusiiion uf an historian.* who cliiirges hmi 
 •villi rn.iking coucessinMs, in thi nrv, which he never in- 
 tended tu subdt.inliato in practice 
 
 Having obtanied this charier, to which the king gave 
 additumal authunty, by a royal letter, conunandiiiii nil 
 inteNdiiig planters in the new province to render duo 
 ubedienco to tlic proprietary, the iie.it care uf Penn waa 
 tu attr.ict a population to hts vacant lerniory. 'I'u this 
 end, he j>ulilmlied an accuiinl nf the; soil and resources 
 uf thu pruvince, tugether with advices to those who 
 wero inclined tu become udveiiturer<t, and a sketch of 
 the cohditiuns on which he was wilhng tu deal with 
 them. The advices arc almost precisely llin same with 
 those which he had previously addre8.sed to tho intend- 
 ing emigrants to West Jersey ; and enjoin all persons, 
 whu were deliberating, to have an eye, above all llimga, 
 tu the providence uf <fod ; to balance present iiiconvo- 
 iiiencu with luluro ease and plenty ; and tu obtain tlie 
 consent of their near relations, thai natural al'ections 
 intglil be preserved, and a friendly and profitable cur* 
 r(?!tpondenco between the lv;o counlriea maintained. 
 It was intimated to all. who were disposed to i)ecome 
 planters, iliat land would be sold at the price oi forty 
 >liillmgs. fur a hundred acres, together with a perpetual 
 ■piii-rent of a shilling. It was recpiired that, in disen- 
 eumbering the ground of wood, care should bo taken tu 
 leave one acre of trees for every live acres cleared, and 
 especially to preserve oaks and mulbernes, for tlic con- 
 struction of ships and thn manufacture of silk. It was 
 declared, that no planter would be permuted to over- 
 reach or ulherwise injure the Indians, or even to 
 avenge, at his uwn hands, any wrong he might receive 
 from tlicin ; but that, in case of disputes between ttic 
 two races, the adjustment of them should, in every in- 
 stance, bo referred to twelve arbitrators, selected 
 eipially from the Europeans and the Indians. Tho 
 reservation of quit-rents, in addition to the payment .)f 
 u price, which proved ultimately so fertile a source of 
 discord between tho proprietaiy family and the colo- 
 nists, was the only feature in this scheme Iliat appeared 
 objectionable to the religious fraternity, of which Penn 
 was a member ;t but his niHuence among them was ao 
 
 * Chalmers, — who, in corroboralinn of his opinion, remarks 
 that tint line of the laws and cnnstil'.itions, fimrted by Henn, 
 or under hit auspices, was ever subniiti«d, according to thu 
 terms of Iho charter, to the Bntthsh court. 
 
 t The apolosy «ugi;ested hy Mi. ClarkRon for this imposi- 
 tion, that ** Wliereuk WiUiani Piinn lield at the klii»{, l>y a 
 small annual rent, others were ol>l)i(ed tu hold of hini in liiu 
 same manner," (Ufi! of Vf.nw, i- 38*J,) \* quite unsalisluclury. 
 It was merely an elusory duty to the crown, to whuh Penn 
 w.'is suli.iectdd, for tho wliolo provmru. lie would have 
 gained both in cliaracter and happmess, if lie cuuld huvo 
 
 I great, and his description of thn province so inviting, af 
 I more than to outweigh this disagreeable and iineipectMl 
 I retpuHition iNumerous applicaliona for land wers 
 I speedily made by itersuns, chiedy of the <piaker peri^ua- 
 ' ainn, in liundun, I«iverpool, and esiiecially m Bristol, 
 j where one trading association aluno became the pur- 
 ' chasers of twenty Ihonsand acres of the territory, and 
 prepared for embarking in various branrhcs of cum* 
 mercR related to their acijuisition. The prospect thus 
 alfurded nf an oarly replonishment of hia province, en- 
 I forced the immediate attenliunof Penn to the form and 
 j fabric of ita political cunsiitulian ; in thu compoMitiuii 
 uf which, there could be room fur lilllo other labor than 
 I the exercise of a judicious selection from the admiMble 
 I iheorelical models, which had employed liie pens, and 
 I exhaiMted the inventiim, uf cohieiupurary writers, und 
 ! the e.YcellenL insttl'.Muns, by wlurli the several pru|iriu* 
 lanes of .Vmerican provmceM hid vied with each other 
 for the approbation of mankind, and tho attraction of 
 inhahiiaiii.i tu their vacant lernluries. lii underlukin<| 
 ail umpluyinent so cungenial tu his diHpo.silioii. us thu 
 \ work of iegislaiion, Penn appears to have been im- 
 ' presseil wilii equal cuiitideiice in thu resources tif Ins 
 capacity und the reeiitude of his intentions, and louchird 
 at the same tune with a genereua sense of the value nf 
 those interests thai were involved in bis labors, and tho 
 expanse uf lilieriy antl happiness that might result frunl 
 them. ".\h my understanding and iiiolinations," ho 
 declared, " have been much directed to ohiterve and 
 reprove mischiefs in government, so it is now put into 
 my power to settle one. Pur the matters uf liiterly und 
 privilege, I purpuso that whicli is oxtraurdmary. aiid 
 leave mvself and successurs nu power of doing iiiis* 
 chief, thai the will of one man may nut limder the good 
 uf a whule country." Tho tilienl insiiiiitions that 
 arose shortly after in Punnsylvanii, and thu h.ippinesa 
 uf which tliey were so abundantly productive, aitesiod 
 the sincerity and rewarded thu virtue of Jhh magnaiil- 
 inous design ; while llin partial di!>appnintment which 
 It sustained, and particiilarty the nii^ciiiel and di.-«seii- 
 sioii that arose liom the power that was actuitlly re- 
 served lo tho proprietary and his succeiiHurs, forcibly 
 exemplilied thu inlirmiiy oi human purpudc, and the 
 fallacy incident tu all human cxpectalirns. 
 
 As several uf ihe purchasers uf land, in their eager- 
 ness to commence the new settlement, were prepared 
 to embark beture Penn had yet completed his legi«la- 
 tunal coinposiMou, it was necessary that they should 
 bu previoublv acquainted with the purport of a work, of 
 so much concern to (heir iiiterenis A rough aketcli of 
 Its principal features was accordingly prepared and 
 iniitually mgned by tlie proprietary and these adventu* 
 rers, who being now assured uf iintiinited toh^rutiorit* 
 and Hiitislied wiih the structure uf tlie political consli- 
 tulioui, no lunger hesitated to hid adieu lo a scene uf 
 tyranny, contenliini, and peiHeculion, and set sail in 
 quest of Irctidoin and re|i<iHe for Pei::isylvaiiia. Three 
 vessels from IahkIou and ltii:ilol earned uut thote tir>«t 
 I'eMiisylvanian scMilers, and alung with ihetn. Colonel 
 Williain Murkliam, the kinsman and seen la ry of Penn, 
 whu had also appointed him de|>uly-guvitrnor ; und 
 certain commtssiuners whu were apjiomied to confer 
 with tlio Indians respecting tlie purctid>e of their landa, 
 and In endeavor lu funii with them a league of |it>rpetiiui 
 peace. 'I'liese coinmiK*!>ioii4:r8 wert- solemnly *iijoined 
 to treat thu Indians vm'Ii all poh^^ihle candor, just lee, and 
 liunianity. and were made tlie bearers uf a leller Iroiii 
 Penn to thein, accompanied liy suitabb? pn^jteiits Tito 
 Indians were given to uiidcrKland liy (he letter of Penn, 
 that the great Ciud and I'ower who had created all men 
 and commanded thuin tu love and do good (o one ano- 
 ther, had Seen pleased lo make a connexion iieiweeii 
 Penn and America ; lha( the king of England had be- 
 stowed on him a pruvineo (here, but llial lie deisircd to 
 enjoy it with the goodwill and consent uf the Indians ; 
 that many evil disposed Europeans, he was aware, had 
 used the Indians very ill, but that ho was a person of 
 ditlereiit disposition, and bore great love and regard to 
 them ; that the people he now sent ammig them were 
 similarly disposed, and wished to live with them Lri 
 neighbors and fneiids. 
 
 avoided '.o miiiglo the acquisition of s private estate with tho 
 piirpose of making a holy cxperiinont, and setting an exaniplo 
 lo the nations. 
 
 • It detracts not from the wisdom of Ponn, but merely fnim 
 the accuracy ut thuHe writers who hivu deemed orii;malily 
 indispensably requnito to the praise uf virtue, that Ihniequiia 
 hlu pnnriple nl toleration liati >)«cn already realised in Aine* 
 Ilea by Lord Biittimore und the raOndiCs of Mar>land, ani 
 employed as a pohlu: duvieo liv Lord v'Wrenduii and hih a^so 
 dales in (.'arotiiia, and )>y Kord HL-rkeloy and Sii Ueor^e Car 
 leret in New Jersey. Mr. Clurkson is the only hiatunue uf 
 Pfiiiii whu has conceded to Lord Ualliaiuro the huiiur of *nc> 
 naiins tolsratiou In America. 
 
 I .<iMti->]i4.fi'^-'''i''*iJp 
 
 ta«tH!^HB«ij\|fc*i-i.Vl— r>*^,-«-J..--- 
 
NOUTII AMERICA. 
 
 Markham, al the head of one of thcto ilctarhmritt* 
 of adventiirprit, |irm'i'rik>d, un litn nrnvul in Aukth-ii, Io 
 |il(o |mpiic!itiiOM oT nn ritciiNivu furriit, Hiiiinicd twilvti 
 mtlPft (Kirihwiird of Nev^ruNilu oti tlui wfAirrn Mi<iu uf 
 (ho l>< lavvitre, wliimu \^ulrrN cnriinlMittd with oilier 
 itrrnnift of ti-Mcr Dte to tlie Baluhnly of tlii) iiir itnd tin: 
 fflrlitity ol tlin and. Aa thin ^nniittoii ciiiovL-d titc ud- 
 raiila}(vft ofa icttlnd neifitibortiuud un tfitt noutli and 
 cait. tlie roluiiiHlii were not LMnbarramiid will) lliu dif- 
 ficiillif a wliirli d('|ir(nsed ao many of lltiir prrdtMCHHorN 
 III itnidiir piirNuilH ; rind, anunuuMl with Itopc nnd n 
 apint (tf HiMidv Rclivily. they »vi ihcinaflvcn ddl^enlty 
 ( ) |irt'|i<ir(- lor lliu rfrt'|itiun uf thr ntiniurouM ^nll^talUH 
 wliu wvtv {'i|irt-t('d Io join llicni in the lulUmint| 
 ynr. (iri-utir li<irilMhinii wcru uinliiri'd by atiotlicr dc- 
 tachnicnt ol thr lint udvt'nturcis, who, arriving' Ititrr in 
 tho ncason, wi'iit on bltoni at thu pUcr v\IhT(! ( ht'^lcr 
 DOW iluiuU : nnd tliu river having Hiidih-njy Ir07.n1 hr- 
 fnrc ihi'y euidd rcttnnu! iht'ir vi»yiii;i', wito i-.)n*lrmiird 
 Io imsii thu rciiitiiiuh'r nl ihr wiiitir llnTtv A di-'r-ovcrv 
 wa» now niiidi' hv t'olonrl .Mnrkhiini whiih hud a ina- 
 t( riiil indiiiMK-r on thr liitnrr {inu-crdiiiL."* ol I'rnn, who 
 Imd liilhrrto Nti|i|io<«t d ihat Ihr whote ol llir DrUwiirc 
 trrritory rxcrpl llir Hrlllrintnl of NrwraMtlu nnd itn a|i- 
 IK-ndajZf'fi (urciipu-il hy ilir iJiik*' of Vork a* 11 drpon- 
 dfiicy of hiM own province ot Nuw York), was rrutly 
 irichidrd in ihu iVnn.sylviiiiiun rhiirlrr — a aiipponiiion 
 winch he MceiiiH lo Imvo niirrtHinrd with a ^rral dral of 
 Batisfnction. For he wns aware thai ihitt irrnlory al- 
 ready contained a nninher of Sweditth and Knjihsh net- 
 tiers ; and ihoiitjh diinhtless he propo^rd to people his 
 domain ehittly witlnpiakera. it wum fur from undeHirahle 
 to ohiaiii for himnell an iniinrdiiite arcrsNion uf inhn- 
 larieii, nnd for lim people a hoeial connexion with 11 
 race of hardy Keltloro nlriMdy mured to colonial hfo and 
 hnhits. He knew ihul Lord Daliimorf! eUiinrd iho 
 olle^ian'-(- of a nnmher of those Mritlrrs whune planta- 
 tions he FuppoM d to he inchided within the domain of 
 Pemiaylvuina, and had inNirnrted Markham to demand 
 from liiainohhinan a relm(pii!«hnieiii of liih pretetmionn. 
 Murkhnm arrordinyly applied to tlie proprielury of 
 Marvhiiid, and ea^erlv accepted liiti pro|>OBal lo coui- 
 
 fiart) the liileN of the two provinces and adjuat their 
 loniidaneH ; hnt ditiroverinK very Hpredily ihut Penn 
 had in rralilv no other elanii than what inJuht he de- 
 rived from the confused deHi^nation which hi!i charter 
 had ^iven lo ilir hnnis of Ink province, and that a literal 
 conNtrnciioii ol Lord llaliimorr'a nrior charter, where 
 llie liinii.s were indicated with ^reat precision, wonid 
 eviicuali^ al oner die pr<-tri)sions holh of i'eiin and the 
 Dtike of Vork, he drchtied all fnrlher ccnihrenee, and 
 ucipiaiiiied IViiii with a discovery that threatened ao 
 liKici: oli!<linclion to hn* viewtt. 
 
 In tli(^ ftprmii of llie following; vcar. [ KiHS] Penn com- 
 pleted and deli\err-.t U) the world a coinpORilion nt iniieh 
 thouiilit ami fahur, enlith-d "Thr l-'nime of the ( iuvern- 
 inent of the Province of IViniNvlvania.'* It wan intro- 
 d<M'cd (ly a nohle preface containiiiL; hia own ihou^ht^ 
 en the o^i^in, nulnre, and ohjecta of ^ovc^nnlent ; 
 wlii'rein he deduces from vanons text.'* of Scripture the 
 (lenvalioi) of all power from (iod, the utter nnbwfni- 
 iiettn of reNtHtnit; constituted authority, and, in short, 
 " the divine n^ht of i>overiiment, and thai for two cihIh : 
 first, lo terrify evil doers, secondly, to ciierish tho^e liiul 
 do well ; whirh," he coiilinnes, "^ivew ^'ovcniineiit a 
 life heyohil corruption, and makes it as dnrahle in ihr 
 world as yood men hhail he, so thai t'overnrneiil st vh)*- 
 to mo a piirt of rehiiian itself, a tiling sacred ni its iii»'i- 
 Inlion and end.*' "'I'hev .veakly err," he allerwanls 
 ohserves, " who ihink there is 1,0 other use of jioveni- 
 mciit than corriTiion, whicli is the coufHer part of it." 
 Dechinn^ to proiiniiuce any opinion on the comparative 
 merit of the various political iniMlels which had heen 
 adopted hy alates or »u;7tjested hy thwonsls, and re- 
 marking that not one of them* had ever hecn realised 
 without iiicnrring some alteration from ihe lapse of 
 time or tho cmerfr<>r;i;y of circumstances, he advances 
 this pcr,iiion, that " any government is free to the peo- 
 ple under it, whatever he tho frame, whore the laws 
 rule and the people are a party to iheKO taws ; and more 
 than tiii^ is tyranny, oli<^.irchy, or confusion." ^'Govern- 
 menls," he ietnsls, " rather depend upon men, than 
 men upon governments. liCt men bo f^ood and tlie 
 t^overninent cannot he bad. If it be ill. they will cure 
 it. But if men he bad. let the governmenibc never so 
 good, ihey will endeavor to warp and apcil it to their 
 turn. I know ^olne nay, ' Let ns have ^ood Iaw8, and 
 no matter for tlni men that execute them.' Hut let 
 them consider that though ^ood laws do well, good 
 men do better ; for good laws ina want good men, and 
 bo invaded or ahutikhed by ill mci : but good men will 
 
 never wat4 good lawa nor aufTer ill onn.* That, there- 
 fore, which makes a good consiiltilion, must kerj) it ; 
 nnmely, men of wisdom and virtue ; i|naliiies that be* 
 cause ihry descend not with worldly iiiherilancex, mnsl 
 , be carehdly propagated by u \ttlnouN education of 
 { youth " In conclusion he dei'larcs thai, " W vi have, 
 I with reverence to (lud ami good coiiHcieiice to men, lo 
 llie heal of our ikill contrived and coinptmed ihc Irame 
 of litis government to the great eml of all government, 
 lo support power in reverence with the people, and to 
 secure llie people from the uhuse of jxiwer, lliat ihcy 
 may he free hy their jnsl obedience, and the magistrates 
 liunorublo for their just admmiitrution ; for liberty wiih- 
 (Ait obedience is conlusion, and uheduiice wilhoni 
 litierty is slavery." 'I'his production, which will atwayi* 
 commaiitl respect for il« intrinsic merits, excitetl the 
 greater interest at the iimo from its being regarded as 
 the political manifesto of the party that had now be- 
 come the moHt nninerons and powerful among the tpia- 
 kers, and wIhihc aHt-endancy conlinued gradually to in- 
 crease till at length the whide sociely, 'y dint of con- 
 version or eipulnion, was moulded to a conhiriiiity with 
 11.4 opinions. Anotiier party siill eaisted, but was daily 
 iliinim.thing, whuh re'.'urih'd with e<pial a^crsiun the 
 esl'jhli.Hliinrnt of sectarian discipline, and llie recogni- 
 tioii uf rnuiiK ipiil tjovernintril as a legititii'ite ordinance. 
 The adherents ot tins pailv were willing to lorheur 
 from all lorrihle resistance to human viohtncc , hiit wtTC 
 111) less resolutely bunt against an> voluntarv co-opera- 
 tion with human anthonty ; nnd reproached the rest of 
 their brethren with dcgein ra'.ing trom original ipiaki r 
 principles, and suhslituliiiir a servile obedience to tin 
 dead law without, in placu of u h(dy conformity lo the 
 living law within. 
 
 Hy the frame which followed this preface, it was de- 
 chirud that the government of the province should he 
 administered by the proprietary or his deputy as go- 
 vernor, and by the freemen formed into two separate 
 hoilies of a provincial council nnd a general asseinhly. 
 'I'lie coiincil was to be elected hy the fieenun, and to 
 consist of seventy-two members, of whom twenty-four 
 were annually to rtiire, and he replaced hy the same 
 number of new ones. Here the governor was to preside, 
 inve.tled wiilt no other control lliaii a treble vole. Thus 
 composed, the council was to esercise nut only the 
 whole executive power, but the peculiar [irivihge which 
 had lieeri onnexed to the fnnclioiis of the same stale 
 organ in the (Jarniini'in con.«lilutioiis,t of preparing all 
 the bills that were lo bo presenUrd to the asseiuhlv 
 Not less than two-lhirds of ihn meintirrs of coiiiiiil 
 were necessary to make a ipioruin ; and the consent of 
 Iwo-ihirtU of such ({uorum was indir>pensahle in ali 
 inaiters of moment. The general as.ienibly was lo 
 consist, the first year, of all the freemen ; lliu next, of 
 two hundred elected hy the rest ; and af'erwards to he 
 aiii.Mnented in proportion to the increase of popnialioii. 
 This body was not permitted to originate laws, hnl \%as 
 resincietl to a simple hsslmiI or negation in passing or 
 rejecting the bills that might he sent to them hy the 
 governor and council. They were to present slieritl's 
 and justices of the peace to the governor ; naming dou- 
 ble the rc-quiiiite nnmher of persons, for his choice of 
 half. They were to bo elected annually , and all elec- 
 tions, whether lor thu council or the assernhly, were lo 
 be cimdneted by ballot. Such was ibe substance of 
 the charier or Iraine of goverumenl, which was lurther 
 dcctjred to he ini-apable of ulteMtion, change, or di- 
 mimition in any part or clanse, without the consent of 
 the projinetnry or his heirs, >iiid six parts in sevtii of 
 llie fretnien holh ni the provincial council and general 
 asMMnhly 
 
 'J'ne mode of election by lioHot, which ha^ since be- 
 come so general in North America, was i'lrsi introduced 
 
 ■ IIuw tlicy could refiisu to sulfor had laws, under a I'ratnr 
 of K<)\ t-rnincnt llutt exiiuded tntMn troiii a share in km ilaliuri, 
 IS a dilliculty wlucli he lias not uniurlaken lo sidvr, and 
 which, nidt'ed, his »[ciirral anatlietna ai{:niist all resiatsiirc lu 
 r()iii,iitutp<t autluuity rciidcrN [lerfcclly nisuluhle, It is true 
 that he rpprnaches a gnvt^rnnient sn fr«iinMl with the churac* 
 Icr <if t\r«Tniy; hut this re|)roucli merely gives additioiinl 
 lanctioii to discuiiteiit, without »;iviiig any t<> reststaiire. In 
 urtisr to InrinarnsK Ins relii;iou'i with hit (ufhtical creed, we 
 must repanl Hip tortus which he dejircnates, as esHeritisl to 
 the efficacy uf the viriues which ho ckiHs with exclusive 
 praiie. 
 
 t Some of lh(* planters lisd cooperated with l*cnn In the 
 compo-llion of the frame. 
 
 t Penn hnasiett thst his tpffistntlvp prndiiriinn cxrelled the 
 perfornianri' of Lix'kr : yi-l here he ser lus to have copii'd from 
 It a very illilicral lennirp : douhileits with souk* im|irovKiiient, 
 Inasmuch as ihc Cnrolmhin roimcil. which exercised this re- 
 sniriiot) of ttK topics to bi; disciHsed hy iho «f>iiaral asseinhly, 
 vt.iH far less liherally I'onslittitfd than ihe tniincil ol Tfiuirtyl- 
 vaiiia Perm had more orca-nm to hoatl (he siiiwnor excel- 
 leiife than Ihe heuer file nt the ne cmislituiions, which enjoyed 
 trtu a ajiorter duration than the project of Locke. 
 
 _^ 027 
 
 I there by the pnritana, and auhsrquently adopted t^ 
 <piaker |pgislalion~by which we have teen It esta- 
 bhslitd m New .lersey, and now transferred to Penn 
 sylvnnui 'I'liis latter repetition of the experiment 
 proved very niisatisfaclnry The planters loon do- 
 clareil that they tell f. repugnant to the spirit of Kiig- 
 lislimrn. to go muzzli-d lu elections ; that ihey acorneU 
 to give thi'ir opinions in tlu' dark , ihut ihey would do 
 nothing winch they durst not own; and thai they 
 wished the mode of election to be so conatiluted as lo 
 show that their foreheitds nnd then voices agreed toge- 
 ther, In conscipirrice of these objections, INuin, per- 
 ceiving (savs Ohlmixon) that iho perfection ol his insti- 
 tutions was not in accordance wiili tho imperfect naturo 
 ot human heings, r(nisented to ■isiniilate the PeiinsyU 
 \antaii lo the Knglmh motle of election. 
 
 To the frame, there was appended a cntio of forty 
 condittonal laws winch wero said to have been con- 
 eertcil heiween the proprit-tary and divers of the planlern 
 U'toro their departure irom KngUnd,* and were to bo 
 suhniitted for conlirmation or moditicatum lu the first 
 provincial ussenihly. This code is a production very 
 superior Io the consiitiitional frame, aiut highly credita- 
 ble to the sense, the s[Mrit, nnd the lienevoleiur of ita 
 authors, Among niher regulations propouiuhd in it, 
 It was declared that the character ol freemen of the 
 province should belong to all purchasers or renters of u 
 liundred acres of land ; to all servants or hondsinrn 
 who al the expiring of their eiigiigements should culti- 
 vate the tpiola of land (fi!tv acres) alhited to them by 
 law, and to all artilicers ami other inhabitants or resi- 
 dents who shouhl pay sent and lot lo ihe governnn nl ; 
 that no public tax sluuild be levied frcm the peoiilo 
 '* bill by n law for ihat purpose made," and thai who- 
 4-vrr hhoiild cidlrcl or pay taxes not so sanctioned, 
 should be hrld a public enemy of tho province and a 
 beiniyer of its liberties: "that all pri»orii shall ho 
 workhouses;" that n ihief should restore twue Iho 
 value of his theft, and in default of other means ode- 
 ipiale lo such restitution, sluuild work as a U>iidsinal) 
 III prison fur ihe benel'il of the party injured ; that tho 
 lands as wi II as the personal property of a debtor should 
 be respoiisiltit' for his obligations, except in the case of 
 Ins liaviiiLF lawful chihlren, for whose use two thirds v{ 
 the liiiilt d estate were appointed lo he reserved ; that 
 all taclurs and correspondents in the province wronging 
 their employers, should, in addition lo complelt- resti- 
 tution, pay .1 surplus ainounling lo a third of the sum 
 they had unjustly detained ; that all dramatic entertain' 
 lueiits, games of hazard, spor's of cruelty, and what- 
 ever el.u; might contribute to promote ferocity of tem- 
 per or habits of dissipation and irrehgion, should ho 
 discouraged and punished; and '* that alt children 
 wiiliin tins province of the ago of twelve years shall bo 
 taught some useful trade or bkill, lo the eml none may 
 he idle, hut the poor may work to live, and the rich, if 
 th»y becomo poor, may nol want." This regulation, 
 ao congenial to primitive qiiaker sentiment and to re- 
 piihhcaii spirit and dinipliciiy, was admirably calculated 
 not less to promote fellow-feeling than to secure inde- 
 pendence. It contributed to preserve a sense of the 
 natural eipiahiy uf mankind, by recalling lo every man'ti 
 remembrance his original destiiiatinn 10 labor : and 
 while It tended thus lo abate the pride and insolnico 
 of wealth, it operated no less henehcially to remedy 
 the decay of fortune peculiarly incident to wealthy 
 seltters in a eounlrv where the deaniess of all kiiida 
 of labor rendered idleness a much more expcnsui-ron- 
 dilion than in Kurope. It was further declared, that 
 no persons shouhl he permitted to ImM any otbce, or 
 to exercise the t'unctions of freemen, l-ut ** such as p|-o- 
 fess failh ill Jesus Christ, and aro nol convicted of ill 
 fame, or unsober and dishouesi conversation ;" and 
 that nil persons acknowledging the one aliniuhty and 
 cteniul (-iod to he ihe creator, upholder, and ruler of 
 the world, and professing lo he couscieniiously eniiaged 
 lo live peaceably and justly in society, should be wholly 
 exempted from molestation for their more particular 
 opinions niul prjciices, and should never al any tiino 
 be compelled to In (uent or inaintam any religious place, 
 ministry, or wor;»hip whatever. 
 
 * Markham, ihe kinsman sud iecreisry of Penn, and after- 
 wan*s eorernor of the provinre, has ascribed the groaisr part 
 nl'ilu C'lUHiiiuiioMS of ihe rmine itself to tho Buci;r4ii. mis nn'l 
 iinpon 'iiiiy ol^ these persoss, ti* npiwsiiinn to the nrtifiral in- 
 tentions of Penn. In a Ittter lu Klricher. the cvernor of Novr 
 York (ill .May, infllt), Markham t^ays, " I very vmiII know ihal 
 ii (the t'rnmo'ot' i;ovuriimeni) wns forced from luin hy friends, 
 wtmu nnluvs pleased snd t,'rantiHl whatever thev deinaudnd. 
 they would n»t have senltd hi-i rounuy." Siaie ^aiicrs, apud 
 Chahin'r-', (hio. It is plain fnuu flw prefare, that Pein con- 
 Hii'ered a future alteration of the cuusiilutions as fur frcm 
 unlikely. 
 
 \ 
 
838 
 
 Thif roinpoiilion hifiiig Inan publlihoii, lh« ntit 
 etn of P«nn, tnforred by liii eiixirioni-e of Ihn l)uk« 
 of York'i procgeiliiiga iii New Jvney, vvitii tu dIiIiiiii, 
 fniin Ihn priiicd, in mprtiM relcain of iivcrv cUim iif 
 prslenre of junuliciioii over I'liiwiiylvniiiii ; iiiir iliil 
 llie Uiika rtfiiio ■ concnaiioii lo iiMii.rt'aMy |U«I lo 
 III* ioii of > in«n for wliote iiieinory lie inofi^n^oj ilio 
 highoat ngui It wu ilmiigrr proof of lliii ru|;.iril, 
 
 ■ lid llir fruit of iniicli inori impurliiniile aolicituiion, lliit 
 Puiin ol'taiiipd at the name tiiiiK, in a Kruiit uf Ihii lie- 
 latvare lurritory,* nhoao thriviii); plaiilaiiuiii he hud 
 
 ■ niioiiitly drairtid to aiiiiea lo hi« iiiiiiieiian but iiiicitl- 
 tivaird doinaiiia of l'uriii'<ylvanH. Viildiii^ to Ihn 
 iiriiPMi-y of IVnii, and probably B.v.iyi'd in «oii>ii dniirii', 
 both by ■rnliint'iita of friendship, and by indilli'reiioi' 
 about a terrilory which bn huhl by a di'fi'ilive and iin- 
 ccriani title, and had never heiii abln to reridrr pro- 
 duotim of a te»eiiiU' — the Duke now conveved to liiiii, 
 by two irparalo dicda of ijifi, tlie town of Ni^wiisile, 
 with a territory of twelve nulla around it, touetlier 
 with the Iritet iil l.iiid e«liiiiliH,' soulbwardlrom ii upon 
 the river Delaware to (J.ipe llenlopeii. 'I'liia convey- 
 aiice included not only the siiileinenla originally fornied 
 by the .Swedea and aflerwarda ciMiiplireil by the Dutch, 
 of which llie eiirly hiatury i» hleiidcd wiili llic aniul!. of 
 New York, and lo winch Lord lialliinore por.»c«acd a 
 llaiiii uliicli he bud never been able ui render elleclnal, 
 but a lart;e ilialrict which Una iiolilciiiun'a title eipially 
 rinhriced, and hia activity and reinunalrance hud ac- 
 tually reclanned from Dnicli and Swediali occiipulioii. 
 Wilhonl adopliiiK the barah cenanre of a vvriler who 
 mainlaiiia ilmt tliia Iranaaclnin rellecled diabonor both 
 on the l^ikeof York and SVilliani I'cnii, we can hardly 
 fall to reffard it aa a faulty and ainbi){iioua proceeding;, 
 or 10 regret the proporiiona in which ita ailendanl 
 bUlllo llinal he dividid belweell l prince iliatlli|;ni»lied 
 even among llie Mtnarla for perbdy and injiiatice, and a 
 puliiarch renowned even anion); the ipiakera fur ho- 
 inanity and benevolence. 'Ihu Duke'a puienis aa- 
 •uredly did not include within bia boundariea nliat he 
 now p.'otended lo convey ; and it waa nnly to a purl ol 
 it that he could tranafer even the dubiuua title arising! 
 from occupancy, in oppoailion to the legal claim ul 
 Lord Ualiinioret 
 
 All Ihiiiga baviiij; been now prepared for hia own 
 |)eraonal preaence in America, Henii hiniaell act hull 
 from KiiKlaiid to viail bia tr.inaailanlic lerniory, in cum- 
 piny with a hundred llngliah ipiakera, who bad Jetrr- 
 mined to unite iheniaelvea to their frieiida already re- 
 moved to that i|uirler of the world. Arriving on ihe 
 banka of the Delaware, he beheld with great aati^lac- 
 lion Iho thriving aetlleineiita comprehended in bia late 
 aeqiiiailion, aiiiTtbo hardy, aober, and laborioua race of 
 men by whom they were inhiliited. 'J'be po)nilatioii 
 of that part of the Delaware terrilorv n Inch he ulti- 
 mately aiiccecded in relaining against f.ord Uallimore, 
 amounted already to three thousand peraons, chieHy 
 Swedes and Dutch A and by liiein, us well as by the 
 lOiiglish actllera who were intermiied with them, and 
 by the quakers whom Markliain had earned out m the 
 preceding year, the proprietary was received on hia 
 arrival with a aaliaraclion eipial to hia own, and greeted 
 with tho inoit cordial ciprcasions of respect and good 
 
 • Only a ninnth before lliis favor wua i^raiitetl, Sir John 
 Wurden, llie Uuke'a aecrrlary, tiii;iiillt)i) l»i rcnii u rept'tiiion of 
 rormer retudata of il, ami al the aanie tniia wrotr to l^oiiuuii, 
 the governor ol' Nflw York, cuulioning Iniii to l4wnre ut iht- 
 eiicroachineiila uf renn, wlioin he ilencnliea na '* very inieiii 
 on hia own Imereal in theat^ |iarla, aa you oli.nerve. " Stale 
 I'upera, apilil I'lialmera, OlIO. Tin' effect of llic arenca olin 
 triune anil alterralion, wiiicli )m views mi the Delaware tern 
 tipr'y bail iirodureit, anil aeenied likely ntill furtlirr lo prohiiig. 
 is aulliciently vinilde on ilie inind oi Teiin. Uiiu ul' hia lettera 
 lo a friend, 'at Ihia {leriiMl, ekprcaaea an evident ahalenieiit ol' 
 tile fervor of hia Aral inipreaaimia id' the deiiree In which hia 
 colonial deaigna iniijllt he rendered coniliicite to Hpirituul enda. 
 ** Purely,'* ha aaya, " tiod will come in lor a ahare in this 
 
 Idanlini^ work, and that leaven ahati leareii llie liiinp in nine. 
 do not believe the Lord'a providence hail run tliia way to- 
 warda me, but that ha has a lieaveo'y end and aervice in it." 
 O.arkaon, I. 3i». 
 
 I llldnilloa, ,. »i. i:a. Prnud, 1 -JOO— 1. rhalmera, 643 
 Once for all, 1 would observe ihat, in the course of thia hiaeiry, 
 
 have freipieiitly illustrateil pirticular i^irtiona uf my narra. 
 live by citation of vanoua aiahoritief , ma one of which accords 
 eotirlly either with the views uf the cdhers or with my uwii. 
 Toelplain, in every auih iiialaiice. how I have bean led, Ironi 
 eoiiaiariaori of the whide, ni the view that 1 have adopted, 
 would eiiciiinliar every chapter uf my work with i lung aeries 
 ol subsidiary diaquisitiuna. Much of the lahur uf an tiuneat 
 bisturiaiicuii never be kiiuwn to his readers. 
 
 t In one of Peiura leueri, the Dutch anil Swedish inhalii- 
 tania uf Delaware are llius deacribed :— " Tliey are u plain, 
 atrong, indiistraius (leople ; v^lio have made nu great proj^rcss 
 In culture; deainng rather to have eooucli.than plenty onraf. 
 fie. Aa they are |>eopte proper aod strong of Iwidy, ao they 
 have fliir children, and alniusi B'-ery bullae full." Proud, i. 
 2IM>, I. The Dutch had one, itiid Ihu Hwedes three ineiiting- 
 liousca fur ilivine wurahip in the Delaware territory.— Ihid. 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 will. The Entfliah rojoicod in their doliverince from 
 the iiwav nf tho Duke of York ; and thn Duirli iinti 
 .Swufltu wure |iUil to rurii)iiiu:e ii roniu'iion that h«d 
 onginali'd in trio caii<|iic«t lir«t of the une antl aficr- 
 Wiirdu ot hulh ihoir nu'Oi h wan (Kktlcnntf to ihoir 
 irnpurlaiirn to Ito iiiiitrd to a iirjtf> ilmi ii^oinud ihen 
 mucli \o»» likvly (o ovtir»hadiiw (li< m hy ■uiiiTiur yrrat- 
 nets, than i'lthcr Now Yurk or MarvUnd and wliat- 
 over ihoy ini^ht think of iho iiinlice of (,fOrd lltiliiinore'a 
 prctPii^ioni. nr tlin oi]nity uihi* udinini^lrHliun, il was 
 injiiircat that hit nowor Wim iinnpul In wri'Nl Iruni the 
 DukH of York wimt lud iiuw lirt'ii ^rrtiiird tn die tinh- 
 ntuttoiin of Willitim Pmin. I'rocci dniij lo NrwiMiile, 
 wiHTtf I lie iJutch had ii coiirl Iumimi', ihr |MO|irii'mrv < <>n- 
 vokrd hurr n rnui'liii^ of Iim iirvv Mni>ji>cl!i ; and, alter 
 till) lornialittoa r(.-i|inaUt) In nitrrtJin his U'^.il pUHn'ii' 
 •ion of ilic country, Uv (>i|)tdiin-d to ihoni the ohjitcta ol 
 his coniiDtf untOM^ (hoiii. cxlioriitl iliinn to livtt in no- 
 tirii'ly and mntusl aniitv. and rfiir\vi d tlm t'orninitBioiiH 
 i>r tht> e&iiiliii<{ niaifirtrateit. Tltf nnrnlit-r of hia culo- 
 niHia iiu^aiiwliilu W4i fast incmisin^ uround hiiii. In 
 tliu rniimo of this year, no Uvkvr iliin twf> thouMiid 
 {HTKoiiH, rhlt-lly (jiiukt rs, iirrivcd Irom rin^l.ind on iht; 
 haiik^ of tlio Ik-luw.trc. Many of thfin wirr iicritojiit 
 ol r.iiik Hnil .inliNiHnci', and all wt-rr nii'ii ol aoiiic cdn- 
 riilion atid fjruat rfii)MM-tHhili(y, and with wliom di!\o- 
 tiuii In n-lii^iniiH IilnTty hail hmi the principid iiiilncc- 
 iiu'iil lo turnakc lli< ir nativr luiul. 'I'liry iii-cdi'd ul) Ihr 
 inllunic (' of thiit nolijr ]iriii('i|dr, lu uninmlu llii'in lo a 
 lirave endurnncc of liie liurdiihi|)fi ihcv altc tMitii|ii'llrd 
 to undiT^o diinnij tho ri^nroiia vvinicr ilmt lotlowt'd 
 llitnr arrival. Tlunt HulfiTin^M wctu initiir.)t('d aa l.ir 
 an |iOf<!iiliii; hy llit* hnN|iiiiihiv nl tin' Swi'dcn ; hut nt<tny 
 of thfin were coiniiclU'd lu |i.iHt llir \Mntrr in t«Mn|>oniry 
 hula or tthi'dn, unil inti ^rrultr immiiIkt hud no ttrtlcr 
 loil^in^ than ravc!*, wlni-.: Iht'v tlui; for llifiiiHi'lvcs on 
 tilt' lmnk>t of ihf riviT. ThcHi- liaro..!>'iii* nnthi-r ahuli'd 
 iht-ir Zfal, nor wftv rcprt'si'iiu-d l<y llii'in n. ^..th a lor- 
 iniduldc litjht as tu rrprrMH tlir ardor of llinr Iru'uda in 
 l^nru)K\ who, in the conrtin nf lln- loUowih^ y^^'ur, t'lni- 
 initicd, hy 9ucce.taivt! arrivuU, lo t'ldar^T llir jtopiddtion 
 ol OrUwarr and IVnnnylvunia. A valiiulilu iidditiun, 
 in piirticnliir, waH di-rivi-d xoon altrr from u nuiiirrous 
 oiniijritiioii of Gttrriiioi <iuukrr!i, who had lii't-n cnnvcrtt-d 
 to tins faiili hy the prcai'lnii^ of IVnn and Ins aHsoci- 
 att'H, and whoH* wcll-tiini'd rt'inoval from iheir native 
 land happily OMuhli-d ttieni lo I'scupo Irom ihv. dfsoli- 
 liuii of thn l\ilatinutt'. Thu inninent )Hi-ty and vtrtne 
 hy which thi-se licnnun colonials were distni^uiKlud in 
 Aincni-d, formed on a^rreahlo bci^ual to the happy in- 
 lerveniiun of I'rovidonce hy which they were fniaiched 
 from the di'solalinjL; rage oi a tyrant, and lint impending 
 mm of iheir conntry. Thcru arrived uIao ahout llna 
 tunc, or shortly after, a numher of enu^runli from Hol- 
 land ; a conntry in which rent) had already preaclicd 
 and propagated his doctrinuii.* 
 
 Neeiiio his people thus gathering in angmcnlin*; iniin- 
 hcrii around hiin, i'enii haHtened lu Innd them together 
 hy aonip common act of social arr»ngeiiient. Having 
 difltrihuted Ins territory nito six countieM, hu !«nininoned, 
 at Chester,! iho first general asiteinldy, eonfii^ting ul 
 aevenly-two delegates. Here, according to lUv Jramr 
 that had hcen concerted in England, the freemen might 
 have attended m their own pertions. Ilul holh the 
 sheritrd in ihuir retnrn.s, and the inhahitantH in petitions 
 which tliey jircHented lo the proprietary, declared that 
 Ihc fewneaa of the peupU-, their inexperience in legisla- 
 tion, and the jireasing nature of tlnir domestic wants, 
 rendered it inexpedient for them lo i xercise their privi- 
 leges ; aiid expressed iheir denire ihut the deputies lliey 
 had chosen inighl serve hulh for the provincial council 
 and tho general assrinhly, in the proportions of three 
 out of every county fur the former, and nine for the lat- 
 ter uf these hodiea. In the circnm-ttancea uf the pro- 
 vince, the seasiun uf this first assenddy vv-is necessarily 
 short ; hut it was distinguished hy prot ndings uf con- 
 siderahle inomcnt. The proprietary having expressed 
 his approval of tho representations thai had heen con- 
 veyed to hnn, an art nf scttlnnrnt was parsed, intro- 
 ducing a corresponding and perinanent clmn^e into the 
 provincial constitution. W iili this and a lew uihef 
 
 • In ihM [Ifldil aii'l iliR two iiRXi Aucceeiliiii{ years, arrived 
 ■Inpi wiih imnsciitters or Bculurtt, frnm Lnml UriHiol, Ire- 
 land, Wales, Clietiiire. l.aiii'Halnrfr. HidUnd. tienndiiy, &.c. 
 to ihe loiinlM'r oi'abnui flUy ftml "— Pri'inl, i. iVi. 
 
 t Pf nti, reMlviiii; in difiiiinuiBh by a new riHiiie die place at 
 wtiirh he railed his Ural a^neiidily. sajtl to Tii<>ina« Puarsnti, s 
 ijnaker, who had Hccoiiipaiittfd him rrim Ki.'flitiHl, >* Thou 
 UuHl bueii lh« coriipHNiiMi uf my perils; vliai witl ihuu thai 1 
 ■h'lUld rail th:-* pIsco =" I'earrt.m MUi;i(e-v 0.1 ih«- name ol" hia 
 own native niv mI" Chonier Thia friend if Pfim wan ilia ma- 
 iiirnal yraiullulhtir uf Benjamin Wttn, Uall'^ Lnu uf Wc«t 
 Part I. p. ^ 
 
 ImoiliAtations, the frame of government that had provi- 
 ously heen made public was sulemnly recoginiud anJ 
 I accepted An art of union was ptiKssd. annrimg Iho 
 lit'lawuru territory to ilie province ul I'lmnsyUaina ; 
 ami iliu rank cl haturahxed UriiiMh sohjects was con- 
 ferri-d on the Hnich, the Swed* s, and all other loreignert 
 withm the hunndiirius uf the provinco and lurntory. 
 This arrangement, which, al the lime, was htiUt tliu 
 elfect and llie cause uf mutual h.irmunv, nnlorlunaiely 
 cuniained within iiself the secdit id hiiure dmiienaioii 
 and diNConienl ; fur I'enn held Uir t>elaware tiiniory, 
 nul hy a grant from the <-ro.vi), hot liy an ai^fiuitation 
 Iroiu ihe l)uke ot York ; and when the rlliLacv ul mit II 
 a lult!, Ill I'Diiviy Uie righu ut guvcrnmeni, (ante lu hu 
 i| .^iiuned, the peuplu reprohaled wan rrHcitlhil Idainu 
 ih< wiiilon ra^hneHs, as they deemed it, ol huddnitf 
 tin r coMNlilntionul rights and pnvilrgt it on « to indaliuii 
 ito pircariuna. All ihn lawn that h.id lieen concerted 
 III England, together with nineleeti ulliirH, were piupo- 
 sed und enacted hy ihu asaeiiildy, which, in tiiiee diys, 
 closed a NesAion no Icsh reiiidrkahlu tor the miporiance 
 ut lis laliors, lli«n tor (he candor and harmony thil pre 
 Vdilcd among meii so diversiiicd hy variety ul race, 
 lulnl, and religiuns uptniun. All coiicnriid in exprcM- 
 ing graiilnde and allachmeni lu ilm proprietary ; thu 
 •SwedcN, 111 particular, depnlmg one ol iheir nnmhur to 
 anrture him, >> thai llity woiihl luve, serve, and uhcy hnn 
 Willi all they hadi and that this was Ihe best day lhe> 
 had ever seen," 
 
 Among the many praiseworihy features uf the code 
 of IdWM ihat was thus enacted tor IVniiHylvania and 
 Delaware, we have already remarked the particular 
 wiiklum uf ihe provision for educating every native 
 horn culunist to some useful trade or employment 
 Hut the puint<t un which lliia cude must jntttly claims 
 the praine uf urigmal excellence and t nhghtrned hu- 
 manity, are its provuionn for the adniiniHtratiun uf 
 penal law. Nur was tlieru any poinl ou wlucli lis 
 regulations have heen more elUcjcioua, or mure pru- 
 ductivu oi laKling and eitensive henclit lu i. unkind. 
 
 II was reserved tur ipiaket wisdunt to discover, and lui 
 ipiukcr patience and heiitivoleme lu pruve, llial. in ttie 
 trealmenl uf criminals, justice and mercy were nol in 
 cuniiiHiimt virlut s, nur policy and humanity incompali- 
 hle utijecls of pursuil. Only twu capital rrmtes, trea- 
 iori and murder, were recognised hy this cude ; and, 
 in all other cases, the relurmaliun ul ilic utlender was 
 cHlecmed a duly nul less miperative than the puni^ho 
 inent uf the uMence. Tu ihis riid il was enacled, Uml 
 uU pns'ma ttkonid he tcork-kousca, where udenders 
 inlghl he reclaimed, hy discipline und insiruction, tu 
 hatuta of iiiduslry und morality, and political lienetit 
 educed from the |ierlurinance uf chrntlun duly, i'tiu 
 instituliuna that resuUed from ihts lienevolenl enter- 
 prise in legisUtion, have retlccled honor on I'eiinsylvd- 
 nia, and ddfuaed their advantages exiensivtiy in Aiiio* 
 rica and Kuropc. Nutwidisianding tlio strict injunc- 
 tions in llie luyul charter, neither ihu cude uf laws 
 which was now enacted, nor the alteraLioii and enlarge- 
 ment which It suhsequenily underwent, was ever aub< 
 tnilled tu the royal revision. 
 
 No suuner was the assembly ailjourned, than Petin 
 hastened to .Maryland tu vindicate iliat pari uf Ua pro- 
 ceedings which was ni:cessarily otrtni»ive to J«ord ttal- 
 tiinore, and, il possible, elk>ct wiih tliN iiublemah an 
 amicaido adjustment uf iheir respective buunuuries. 
 Uut he seems, frum the beginning, to have been awarH 
 that such a tcmuiiatiun ul llie dispute was not lo he 
 expected ; and, iiolwiihstandmg all the ree«peci he must 
 have felt fur Lord Uaitimure'a tolerant policy, and lliu 
 prutectiun which the ijuakers had experienced Irunt il 
 
 III Maryland, he ptainly regarded him Willi a suMpiciun 
 and apiitudu to surmise wrong und unticipute resist- 
 ance, not very creditable to his own candour and mo- 
 deraliun ; rinding matter of evil import even in flie du- 
 inonstratiuns uf tmnur and respect which he received 
 from his hruther proprietary.* Ijord Uallimore, relied 
 on Ihe priority and distinctness ot his own title ; while 
 i*enn defended u later and more indistinct grant, uii a 
 plea that had been furnished lo hnn by the Comnutteo 
 
 I of I'lantatioiis in England — that it had never been in- 
 tended lo confei on l<ord Uallimore any other territory 
 but such as was inhabited by savages only, at the (latt> 
 uf his charier ; and thai the language uf his charter wit* 
 therefore mconsislent with Us tntendineni, in su far as 
 It seemed lu authurisu his claim to any part of the ter- 
 
 • III an account of their confereiica, which Pciui transiniti.'Hl 
 to Kiitflanil, \\n says, " t met the proprietary "f Msrylaiut, it- 
 
 (oiiclnd siiiuliy tu luscharactcr, whutuuk ilicr>craiOtn, by hie' 
 idvUltlos, U MOW [LO II..- iiv^\:.eii n* Wb J-iWCl " Prciti, i. 
 
Ill hftd provl* 
 
 ■t-ogiMiud ■nJ 
 . Miiitriiiig lUo 
 iVniiKvlvtiuiik ; 
 
 jt'Lti V^HB ( t'll- 
 
 ilitr InrtiKMrri 
 «iid lurntiiry. 
 
 WUII lltilll iliu 
 
 , iinli»riun4uly 
 lire ill "HP 1 1*1 1' II 
 Atin* lirriutrv, 
 
 III llltl>IUIi4llUII 
 llicrti V lil Hilt ll 
 
 III, t <lll»' *^*' ''** 
 t'Ni-iitl>il hUiiiu 
 
 ll, III liUlltlllll/ 
 
 )ii i lu tudjuoii 
 iwvu i^omeruii 
 rn, wt-r« |HO|>o* 
 
 , III (kllt'f ttiVV. 
 
 lilt- iin|ioruii(A> 
 riiHiiiy lliii I"" 
 ariHiy ol rai'e. 
 nil III fH»rL'i»(i- 
 rin»nftrtry ; Hio 
 lifir iiuiiiUer \c 
 f. iiiiil olii-y Imii 
 e bi'»l <Uy lilt V 
 
 rc» o) iliw t'Oile 
 Diinylvaiiiit tiiul 
 
 x\w i>4riu-uUr 
 ^ uvtry twuvo 
 ur tmiployinriit 
 jKl jiiitily cUiin* 
 tuligliHiH'd !»"• 
 JiiiliiiHtrJliun ul 
 III uii wliicli ila 
 la, or mure j»ro- 
 ulil tu I. ..nkiitU. 
 jisi:ovir, ttiiii lui 
 rov*'. ilwl. Ml iliP 
 rcy wiTu nnl ill 
 aiiity iiKotiH"»i»- 
 ilul rriiiu'ii, ireii- 
 tliis codii i and, 
 ilic ulltuder *a* 
 tliiiii lliu iiuincli- 
 \A* i-iidciud, timl 
 vvltt'tt' UlluildtTJ) 
 id iiittUuclioii, lu 
 
 |)uIuhmI lifiifhl 
 liaii duty. Tlio 
 eiievoliMil eriU't- 
 jr oil IViiimylvd- 
 
 iisivily 111 Amo- 
 girici iiijunc- 
 
 lu Lodo ol law* 
 Lion Bitd tMiiur^e- 
 
 It, was ever fiub- 
 
 riHid, ihan Pfiiii 
 , part u( us I'ro- 
 
 IVf 10 IriUlJ tlul* 
 
 \\H iiulilt'inau uii 
 ilive buiiiiuurivs. 
 Iiuw lift'ii uwaiM 
 waa tioi i»> I'i" 
 . [ff|»tcthu niu!»l 
 it pulley, and llio 
 itriiMicid Iroin il 
 Willi a i!Uiit|Hfiuii 
 iiiucijjalu rt'Msl- 
 .-aiiduiir and mo- 
 rl even in Miu do- 
 liicli iitJ riictivfd 
 Udliiinorc, rtliml 
 own iitli' -, wliilo 
 iiict gram, oil a 
 ty ttiu Cuiiiinitlvo 
 id nt'ViT liet n tu- 
 ny other mrniory 
 , only, al llie •*■••*■ 
 ol tuftcliaricr wiia 
 jntnit tn »o far as 
 ly pari of lite ler- 
 
 ch fciii) iraiidiuiitAU 
 ,ry nf Maryluiul, Ht- 
 
 tfieiH',('a*fitn, by hie' 
 ).k;wei" Irottd, i. 
 
 ntory prtivioiiity colunixcd tiy thr Swrdin or thr Diilrh. 
 Knell of (hem tinaciuiiKly Jiiltit M*d (n what, vsiih morr 
 or If** n'Anuii, h(i (-uniiih'rru hia nwii; hihI iirilhrr 
 could inttKrit any iiiiidi< nl iiiljiinimrnl «nvp :i total n*- 
 linipii«hiii»nt of thn oiher'a prcii'iiaiona Tn avoid Itir 
 tKcesaitv of reciirniiH auum lu llii« di>iii({ri'('ii1ili< i-on 
 Irovaray. * ahall hure ovrrltMik in'irvnnn^ cvniiH In 
 icialo, that i( waa )irotrHrli-d lor uninr yidr^ wnliout 
 l!<o ali||hlfat B|iti|irnH<-h to nintiml aiTniniuo'liiiiuii ; 
 tltat Kiiitf Clinrloa, lu whom lioih jiartifH hud (-nriiplnini-d, 
 VBinly ciidenvort-d to pri'viil with iht) niir or the oihrr 
 to virld ; an<l tlnil JamrN tl.c II,, ndoii aflrr liii* acvv*- 
 Bioii to ihc lliroiif. I'liiiNi'd mi net of ((ninnl in hi- iKKiu'd 
 for liTrniniidii^ lli« dif>|>iitt> liv tlividii>L> the niiliji'i-t unit- 
 trr of It r()iiallv hftwini tlinn "v tlii« Drriintfriiitiil, 
 wliti ll had innru of fiimuhtu rthnw than ol fltrii:t jiislu-i), 
 FiMui olitained tin* whoUi of the Swt'dmh and Outt-h 
 Rftlli'innila. and, iii rtVi'Cl, iirmi-rtril nil Uiat lir or rlu' 
 Unkti of York Itad rvt-r hrni in |i«iHtt4'*Ninri of I'lii'si' 
 diatnrts, anni'irti, ua we li^tvc nfni, lo Ii.h onifnial anpn- 
 ailion, n-cuivid llm iisnicofMc t'hrrr l,ntrrr i'lmuttra, 
 or ihr i'ffnltinrx, in (ontrailiNiini'lioii (o lh<^ rnnitin- 
 drr ot iliu union, which whh Ifrnit'd tlio 'I'lirpr I'jil'*''' 
 I'oiintit'B or I'rovirirtMif l'riiiiHvlvniii;i * 
 
 'I'hia hnny year waa not Vfl to clom- witliont an iin- 
 porlanl and nirmoralilo scimip, iii which thf (Ihirnctcr 
 of IVini hd!* KJionn forth in a vcrv dillVrrnt li^hl from 
 thjt wlnrli hm coiilrovn-jtv with Lord Hjiiinnorr icdi-rfti 
 on ll Till* coiiiinmKiuhcra who had iu'<'nni|iiinM'd ihe 
 firni di'iachiiKMil ol r.'nit.'raii(»i. had, in ('on)[i)iaiiri! willi 
 thrir inaiructionx, nr^oti'tlctl n tri'nty with Iho nci^ili 
 horii)^ Indiiin trihi-ii, for the puri-lia^t^ of (Ih< lands 
 which ihtr colonmitt wen- tn nccn|(V, and for llit |iri'«(*r- 
 Tiitiun of iiLTjictual fririidHlii|) iind iicaciv Tlir liiiic 
 n|tpnii)tcd for thn rxhlicatinii nf tliiH treaty waa now 
 arrived ; and, at a ftpot \%hi('li ih now iln* ^ite of Kcn- 
 aiiiiilon, one of the Htihurlii nf I'hiladi-lpliiii, ilic Indian 
 8n<*hi>nia, at tho hcml of iheir attttcinlitrd wnrriorn, 
 awaited in anna (he approach nf a ipiaker dcpnliiitnn. 
 To this Mcenn Williuiii l*enn repairiMl, ut the head of 
 fan unarmed tram of Ins n Ii^muu uaKociatett, rirryin^ 
 various articles of inercliantliHe, which, on their np> 
 prnaeli to tlie sarhums. werr upread on the ^roniid 
 DiMlin^uished from Inn fi)ltuwer!4 hy no other rxlernul 
 iippinida^o than a 8a<«h nf hlue silk, and hotdinir in hi<t 
 hand a roll of parrhint iit (hat r(. (.inn I the cnnhnnn- 
 t on of the Irealv, IVnn exehangt <....i(atioiis with the 
 Indians, and taking Ins stution nno> * an dm iree.f ad- 
 drcBited them (hrnii^h the intrrvni*<on of an tnter|ire- 
 ter. He aasnred (lieiii tUnl thn (ireut .Spirit who 
 cronted all men, and helieUI tlic tlion^hta of every 
 heart, knew with what sinerrity he and hiit people de- 
 Piit-d to li\oin friendrihip and a perpetual eoiniii<ree of 
 good otliites with the Indians. It was not the rU!«toin 
 of his friends. )io said, (o ns hostile weapoiiM against 
 their fellow creatures, and for ihi> reason they eaine to 
 meet the Indians unarmed. Their ohjert was not to 
 do injury, and thus provoke the Ureat Spirit, hut to do 
 good ; and in this and every trntmaction, to consider 
 the advantage of hoth people as in-^eparalile, and to pro- 
 ceed withal! openiU'Ks, brotherhund, and love. Having; 
 read from the parchment record ihe conditions of the 
 purchase, and tlie articles of coinpnct, by whiiii it was 
 agreed that all dispulei between the eolonislH imd the 
 Indians should oe adjusted by arhitralnrH inutuiiUy clio- 
 nen, he delivered to the sachems the stipulated price, t 
 and farther dei«ired their acceptance, as a IririKJiy ^ili, 
 of the addiiioiiil articles of inerchnndi^c that were 
 flpread before them, lie then invited them to consi- 
 der the land which be had iiurchased, as coniiuon to llie 
 two races, and freely to use its resources whenever 
 (hey inii;lit have occasion for tlie m i) He added, "tliat 
 he would not do as the Marylamiera (lul, that ia, call 
 
 • I'roiKl. i. 208. »3, 4r. Chnhncr*. 647. N. OiO. 4i- Tlie 
 Duke uf \'ix\t, wlni siippnrtt^d IVini'ii pri-teiiKinns, lintlini; it 
 |ii))H»siblH Otherwise to prevail over the title of Lnril l):ilti- 
 morn, Rolinted from lliu KniR a now cliarler of the Dclawnrn 
 turrilorv to hiiiisiflf, in onU-r to reronvey it with more etreri 
 to hi> friend ; and this wai on the point of heiiiK done, wlieii 
 tho Diike'i arre<iMon to the tliroiiR eiiiil>led hnn to RtHlity 
 iviui by a proreedniK no lest arbitrary in its iin|K)rt, but mure 
 cquit:it)le In itA appearance. 
 
 t TUi» tree was loiiff regarded with universal respect. 
 Durhiff tlie wnr of indrpendrnre. Ueneral Siincoc. who roiii- 
 mamled a Uriiish force stmionod at Kcniniiitoii, wtien tils 
 holdiers wore rutting down all ttie trees around them forfirc- 
 V'ood, placed a sentinel under tins elm to guard it from injury 
 —a Kiiittular tritinto from a man who was engaged In riula*- 
 liiR the very principli-a uf ei|uity and peace uf which tho ob- 
 ject nf hilt c<miiiderattoii was respected ait a memnnal. 
 
 t What this price amounted to has iiuwiirre been recorded. 
 Penn, wriimit in ihe follnwini; ye»r lo soine friendn iii Kii«- 
 lirid. rt'prei^ents it q.s ileur; and adds, "lie will dt'Bcrvu the 
 name ot wise that outwits them (the Indiana) in any treaty 
 about a thmit they nnderatand." Proud, I UAH. 
 
 *t The same liberality was shown hy the colonists of New 
 Bniland, whore, ua w« Iflhm from Dr. Dwight, "the Indians 
 
 NdllTII AMKUKU. 
 
 .hem children or brnihers only ; for oDrn parents wrro 
 npt to whip iheir chihlreii ton nevereiv. and brutliers 
 Bnini'tinies wnuld ditler . neither vvonid he euniparu 
 the Iriendship between hnn and thetn to a eliain, Inr ibe 
 rain iiii|^ht aoinetiinea ruat it, or a tree ini^ht fall and 
 break it , bul he nhniild c<ui*>ider them aa tha same 
 tiesh and lijnnd with llie eliriHti.tnN, iiid ihe name i.t it 
 one iiiaii's bndv were to be ilivuhd into tv\o parts " : 
 lie cnncbided by presenting the parcliinerit to the aa- I 
 cliems, jrnl reipiesliriL,', lh:it, for the mlormatiun of their 
 posterity, they would eorelully prenerve it hir three 
 generalmiis. The Indiana cnrdijlly acceded lo ihean 
 prnpOMiiinna, and solemnly pleilged tbeinselvea lo live 
 
 love with Williani IN nil and tiis chddreii ua long aa 
 the sun and inomi abniild endure. 
 
 Thus eiiiled a trentv of v%hieh Voltaire haa renmrked, 
 Willi sarcastic exhultatuMi, that il was the only one be- 
 tween the chriHtiaiiH and the lii(ti:iris that was not rati- 
 fied hy an oitih, and th<il iie\er was broken. In onu 
 renpt'ct, indeed, llie hirbearaiice of I'eiin on tins occa- 
 sion to introduce chrisiianitv in any other way than as 
 a tiame, into his barangut , may have contnhutcd to the 
 cordiality with which Ins propositions were received. 
 He Ht'diiousjy forbore every atbuion (o distinctive pe* 
 cnhirities or otlcnsive irullis : and in addrussin^ mt n 
 wlinin he coniodered us beiiiglited heatbetis,* he di- 
 scendeil In ndopl their religious iininenclature, and 
 more lliaii iiiMinuated, that (he (Ireji .Spirit of the In- 
 dians, and (heTrne(iod of the christians, wern not 
 dill'erent, but the same IJiit a much more renpecta- 
 ble peciiliantv ol ipiakerism than ahslineiice from julha, 
 rorined llie innst rennirkablf! feature in this treaty with 
 the Indians, and inanilv contributed topri?uire itJidurabi- 
 lily. iN'olhing could be inort^ inagnaiunnnis lliaii tho 
 e.'fplicit ii'-claratinn of a race of civilised men, aur- 
 rounded b' a natmii of warlike barbarians, that they 
 reiinunccd ill the atlvanlage of superior military skill, 
 ami even disi I'lriiid the einploymenl of every weapon 
 of violence hir th ■ defence of their lives, or the viiidi- 
 catinn ot their vvru igs : trustmi; the protection ol llicir 
 persons and possts. ions against human ferocity and 
 cupidity, to the dtuiiiii on of <Jod over the hcuta of his 
 rational en alurt s, and !'In willingness to itignalize tins 
 doniimon in behalf of al. such as would exclusively 
 rely on il. The Hingnlar exeinplitication of clinsliaii 
 character In tlim re , " i, which the I'ennsvlvanian 
 qiiakers eonlinued u itloni ly tn rxhitiit, was attended 
 Willi an eieiiipiion no b-sr singular, from tlione coiiten- 
 tionsand caUmiHes wlncli Indian neighhorhoud entailed 
 on every other description of Kuropeancolomsls. Tlie 
 intenlional injury ol a ipiaker hy an Indian is an event 
 nnktiown in reim.^ylvaniaii, and very rire in Amernan 
 history. The urohity of dealing, and courtesy of de- 
 meanor, by which ihc quakers etuleitvoretl to maintain 
 IhiH good iindersiaiidiiig, were powerfully aided hy Ihu 
 disiinclKMis of dres» and niaiiners by which they weie 
 vi!«ibly dtttconnectetl with other men, and thus ex* 
 enipied, aa a peculiar or separate tribe, from responsi- 
 bility for the actions, or concern in the (piarreU of their 
 coiintrynirn. The inhahnants of many of the other 
 colonies were no less distinguiBhed than the ipiakcrs 
 for the justice and gnoil faith that characterised tlitir 
 transactions with the Indians; and the calhobc inhalii- 
 lants of Maryland are saul, in addition, to have graced 
 these estimable qualities with llie inort conciliating de< 
 nicunor. Vet none were able wholly to exe:-iit them- 
 selves from Indian attack, or to retrain from retaliatory 
 Intsiihty. The people ot Maryland were soinelimes in- 
 vnlved in the tndiscrinitnate rage with which certai i of 
 the Indian tribea pursued the hostilities they had com- 
 menced against the colonists of Virginia, liut what- 
 ever animosity the Indians might conceive against the 
 Kuropeau iieighbors of the reinisylvaiimns, or even 
 agaiii.'it IVnnsylvaiiiaii colonists who did not belong to 
 the (piaker society, they never failed to discriminate the 
 followers of iViiii, or chldrcn of OmiSy* (which was 
 
 were always considered as havinK a riftht to dwell and lo 
 hniit uitliiii the lauds which they had sold." Truvt^ie in New 
 Emlaiid &c.i. 319. 
 
 • In one of his letters to his friends in Enijland, he says nf the 
 Intlinnn : " TlieKe poor people are under a dark niglit in thiiu^s 
 rt'latinK to reliKioii," Prt'ud, i. 25rt. Tlie following adven- 
 ture WHM commuiiirated liy Penn liimnelf to Oldinixim. He 
 WIS visitinit an Indian inchem, and had retired for tlie night, 
 when a young womnn, tlie Hachem'n dBu^lller, apuronchinK 
 Ins bed lay down beside him. Penn was much shocked ; but. 
 unwilling to offend by rejecting an intended comuliinent, he 
 lay stitl without taking any notice of her. till she thought pro- 
 
 K'V to return to her own couch. Vol. 1 p. 308. 8d eduion. A 
 ew EnglatKl pstriardi in such nrcumslaiice!!, would prol>a- 
 hly have esciled the eniriUy of Ihe whole Indian tnbo by his 
 eiprensions of disgust and reprobiition. 
 
 t Oiiai*. in the Indian tont;uc, signifies a pen. It came to 
 
 he the Indian appellation of tho governors of Pennsylvania, 
 
 as corlear was of the governors of New York. Proud, i 214. 
 
 John Wesley, in the close of his life, was forcibly luipresBud 
 
 8J0 
 
 the rfrnrmiinaiioii they gave to thi> qnakrrs). aa persona 
 whom It wa.4 mi|ioiksibte for then, in . icluile wilhm the 
 p>de of legitwnale hosiibly The (ru'iiiUlniJ that wat 
 crested by I'enn'a Irealy hi twien the province and llio 
 Indians, r«freshed hy Biiccasaive ads ol courtesy and 
 humanity, endured (i\t more than sevaiiiy yi ars, and 
 was iie\er iiiierriiptid while the iniiikers re'ained tho 
 commund of the gnvirnment ot I'l ioikv Ivama. I'lj- 
 dnubtedly, llie leatiire nf ipiaker rnannerN vthieli proved 
 most ellicient in guarding them againnt Indian ferocity, 
 was llieir rigid ahstinence nt't only from the nue, but 
 even from the posseaNion. of otb-iif»ive weapons, anting 
 from their conviciioii ul the nulllnencv of divine .tu!, 
 and Iheir respect tn the scnptnrat ibretl, tliat .ll wliii 
 take llie aworti shall perish by it. It was a iMally dif- 
 ferent feature uf chrtstinn rharacler that was exhibited 
 by the puritan cnlnnists of .New Kn^Uiid in their inter- 
 coiirso wi<h the Indians. They fell less indulgence for 
 the frailty of ihesitvages than concern for their spiritual 
 hlmdnesa, and abhorrence of their ulnlalroiiH supersti- 
 tion : they displayed lesft meekness of windnm than the 
 niiakers, hut more uf activo zeal and luisaionary ardor. 
 The puritans were most concerned tu promote the reli- 
 gious interesis of the Indians ; ine ipiakers to gam their 
 good will. The purilaiia converted a number of their 
 heathen nrighbors ; the ijiiakiTs cnricilialed lliern all. 
 It was iinlortunaie Inr the colonista of New Kngtand, 
 that, asserting the liiwhihiesH of defensive war, ibejr 
 were Murrounded by numerous hohl and warlike irihea, 
 stimulated to acta of aggre>tsioii, at first by their own 
 ferocity and jealousy, and latterly bv the inlrigues of the 
 French. It was ii liuppy contingency foi- the phinlera 
 of Peniisvlvinia, that the Indian (ribes around them 
 weie inconsiderable Hi number, and either belonged to 
 the confederacy or were subjfcted lo the inllnenco of 
 //if /''(IT A'u/noi«, who were tbeinsi Ives in alliance with 
 the Slater colony of Ntvv Vork. 
 
 Nollnng can bo more ciaggrralrd or inapplicable 
 than the eiKomiums which numerous writers ha^e he- 
 slowed oil lilts celebrated transaction between I'enn 
 and the Indians. They have, with unhappy partiality, 
 selected aa the chief, and Ireijuently ihe sole object of 
 commendation, tho supposed originality of the tiesigit 
 of buviiig the landi* from the savages, instead of appro- 
 priating ihein by fraud or force. — winch last they re- 
 preHeiit as the only mcthodt ui ncquinition that had i>ei ri 
 employed by the predecessors of I'enn in the coloniza- 
 tion of North America * This m at once lo reproiuli 
 every one of the other christian founders of .**orth .\me- 
 ricaii society with injustice and usurpation ; to com- 
 pliment tlic Indians with the gratuitous supposition that 
 only bare justice on the pari of the colonists was re- 
 tpiisitc to the preservation of peace between the two 
 races; and lo ascribe lo IVim a merit which afsnredly 
 did not belong to hnn, and which he himself has ex- 
 pressly disclaimed. The example of that eipiiiahle 
 cuiisideralion of ibe rights of the native owners of the 
 soil, which baa been sunposed to have originated with 
 hnn, was first exhibited by the planters of New Kng- 
 land, whose deeds of conveyance from the Indiana 
 were earlier by half a century than his ; and was buc- 
 cessively repeated by the planters of Maryland. Caro- 
 lina. New Vork, and New Jersey, before the province 
 uf I'ennsvlvania bad a name. I'enn was introduced 
 to un acipiaintance witli .American cnlonizaUon, t)y 
 flucceetiing to the management of New Jersey, in 
 which Uerkeley and rarteret bad already e!*tabli-4iied 
 this cipiltahle practice; and Ins own eout'orrnity lo it 
 in IVniisvlvania had been expressly recoinmi tided hy 
 Bishop Comptoii (whose interference in the compo- 
 siiion of ibo charter wc have cirtady witnessed) and 
 vvas publicly ascribed by himself to tho couiiaela of that 
 prelate. t 
 
 Willi the uUliience of the peruliar dress of the »iuakers, ai at 
 once a Hi'uratiiit; pruiciptti, mid a i«»nd of sei'titntn toiion ; and 
 retiretted itiat he hail not prescribed a Ui:>linc(ive apparel to 
 the nielhodlitts, Wesley's Journal. 
 
 * The Al'lie Raynal declares, (hat Penn. In piirrhasing a 
 conveyance from tlio Indiaiis, in addition to hiti ch titer from 
 (he king of Kiii^land, "is entitled to the glory of having glr^ii 
 an example of mnderatlon and justice m America, never 
 so much as thought of before hy the Europeans." Noti>. in 
 his Continuaiionof Gianger, says, " lie occupied hisdomaiiii 
 hy actual bargnin and sale with the Indians. This fact lima 
 him intliiite ht>nr>r. Penn has tl>v. taught us to respect tho 
 lives and properties nf the must un^enlighie nrd nation^.'* It 
 would be eai>y to multiply annilar (luoiatnuis. Even Mr. 
 Chirkson, whu acknowledges that Lord Baltimore at le.\t.t 
 preceded Penn in this act of justice, cannot refrain from cjin- 
 plimeuiing Penn for soaring, in this instance, ** above the 
 prejudices and i-ustoms of his time." The most modest find 
 morteraie accnimi of Pcnn's treaty which I have seen, is that 
 which claims Mr. Dillwyn (See n>>ie 2i for its author). 
 
 f In a letter fioin Penn to the Lords of the CoiiiniHtPe ol 
 Trade and Planialions in England <in IOh.1), he declares, that 
 '* 1 have followed the Bishop of London's counsel by buying 
 and not taking away the natives' land " Proud, I. S74. TUl« 
 
I' 
 
 IKA) 
 
 iCfiS.] Tho continiu! Brri«al "f vcs«rl«, lranB|«irl- 
 ing nrlttcrs to ihr cnlonv fioni nil pnrts nt Ihr Hlitl^ll 
 (loiiiiniorin. aH'ontiMl .implf ornimontu !Vini for llir r\- 
 crcn' of ihc o^recahlc labijr of durvi yinn lusU'rritnriiw, 
 ami approprutinii to t!ir |mrrhaf('rn llii-ir rf'n|t(-rti\o 
 allotnientfl oflaMil. Odu of tlii-so allolinontH, rotiHiHl- 
 in^ofa tltOMHSid arrrn, wis a gift from i\w i>ri>))rirtdry 
 to his frifiiil (ifforf^r! Fox. and formed llio onlv rntalc 
 which that vrneivblo quakrr |iatrinri'li waa c\or pos- 
 aranrd of* Tlie greater nimibor of the nl)l^^uMtH ttliU 
 comintied to I'c qiiakcra, willi thr addition of Aome 
 other dinsentrri*. withikawin^ fr.*<ii thi) ticvmticN of 
 prricrniion. and tho roiitnttion of Koropran vicrn ; niul 
 ll.rir behavior in tho colony rorrmpondinj^ wi'li ihr 1 
 nohjc motive*!* that had rondiu-trd tlinn to i(, f!2H] ihr 
 domains of IVnn rxhihited a huppv nnd aiiiinuted nvvuv 
 of aclivo induNlrv, tirvoiional rxiTcmc, and ihankhi) rti- 
 lovment of civil and rrhuicitn. lihcTly 'l jippcirrd, 
 lm\M'\fr. that oomc wortliirs* prr^oiiH liad iiIriMi''.f in- 
 trndfi) iht'niMrlvrA aiiioii^ the nmri' rt'sprrtahl'' sc'ttlrr** ; 
 nnd three men. who were now bronchi to rial andeoii- 
 vit'lcd of roininy adollrraled monev, ;;ave oceamon to 
 the (irst practical display of ihe m.idi! »« of IVniiHyl- 
 vaiiian jnstiro. 
 
 Sliorllv before tliis jiidirinl proeeedinp, the sreond 
 tir'it»:on of the aftftemblv of IVniixylvania and Deluwarr 
 I'.dd been held. In this aaMemhIy. some new laws were 
 passed, and rertain sin^nlantiefi m le^i^iliitiori were at- 
 tempted. It WHS propohed (lull all vonnp men slionlil 
 1h* eiintfielled hv law to marrv before a errljin n^e ; niiil 
 that nc. inhahitnnt of the provinee sliould be pennitird 
 to have more ihiin (wosmtsof ebuSes. one lor snmmer, 
 nnd ihi! oilier for winter; InU these proposinons were 
 very |iroperly rejerted. More wiNdoin was iiisplave ', 
 in an ordinanee wbieh nbro^n'ed ihe roinmon law w .h 
 regard to the descent of Inntis, and enactid, that, c die 
 sneeession ot cliiKlren to a fatl'rr dvinu mtestati the 
 oldest aon ^llonld have no (ariher prelrrence t .an a 
 donble share. Mowrver consonant it iniuht bavt bi-en 
 to fendul pnnriples, to bestow the fn'l nndiininis.ied 
 U|>on him mIhi was lirst a))|e to detend it, ihis policy 
 was manifesilv -.insnitable to colonists who liad a wil- 
 derness to riiltivalo. anii wrre the nutre etipeenilly 
 called to invigorate exertion by ati exlen^lve dillusion 
 of in'erest and properlv ni tlie soil. An impost upon 
 goiidft imported and r.xport< d was voted to the propric- 
 I'larv t who acknowled;;ed llie kindness of the assem- 
 bly, but wiselv and ^eneronslv remitled the prnpnsrd 
 burden on the province and the traders who rrsorti-d to 
 it. Uul the most important biisme»s that v^as trans- 
 artid in this session was an alteration in the c(H)sti'ii- 
 tion of the *tute, v\iiich. umpiestiona'^lv, from »hate\er 
 cause, nnderwent at lirst nnieh j'renier and more In- 
 (pient titictnntions than the hisiorv of any of tlie other 
 coloniil selllements evintes. William I't iin having; 
 demanded of (he inembtrs of conned and as^emhly. 
 " Whether the*' desired to pre.'serve Ins tir.-*! dmrler, i)r 
 to obtain anew one:" tliev nnanimously adnplf d llir 
 latter part of the allernalive. WwU ttie asiiiatunce of a 
 comnnttee ol these tvvo bculieH. a new frame or eliarier 
 was accordinjilv prepared and execnitd by the proprie- 
 tary. The chief pnrpose of (his procredii.j; sn-nn to 
 have been to leyalue (accordmi; ti> reiin's nbiis) ibe 
 alteration ttiul had been etferted hy the •• at I of m-hIc- 
 ment" pa'sed m the first session of the dsscniMy It 
 was acrordmcly now provided, by a charter emanitniL! 
 from the proprielarv, ihit the provincial council sltnuld 
 consist of eit'lileen persons, three from each coniiiv. 
 and the assembly of tliirty-six ; by whom, in conjunction 
 with the goiernor. all laws were to be made, nnd pnbhe 
 art'airs transacted. ItiK still no laws could be proponed 
 in the a^^embly bui such an had been prt pared Hud pre- 
 
 Iptter I* «!»" |irtnlfil hv *'liJilrner.s, p- (>t'>\. At. Mr. ('inrltMin 
 refers Init SAitinlnnuuK I'eiin'.i >ls*rini'iit ot Int ri>nlr<H eisv 
 Willi Lord Aaltunure, but Uht* not lltotittht that lit** credit 4it 
 I'l'iin woiii'l Ih- advRiir^J liy its |tublicaliuit. It ronnuiH 
 rtin-flv of an rLilMimte nlleni|il lu vnidli-ale his own prrlrn- 
 f.ini>f, to tlie l>f|swaip lprnT4>rx. nnd to inlrresl tlie lonln nf 
 trs'le to «ii|>(H)ri lUtm suaniht 1.4irtl [iHliimorc's rlHints. 
 Jlcnre. |HTlia{iM, the rea<ln>ciii he i-vmres to ilu h<thoi in the 
 llishop uf |.iind ,n. 
 
 ■ Fill di'ti'OKfdofthia eitala by hit will. Dut he never wis 
 in rciiiiftilvniiia. 
 
 t TtiDt Het-ms to fpTute Ihe slleirstinn of Dr. Franklin. in his 
 '* lliSionrnl Rex if w ot tlic Constitution of I'ennsylvsMiR," 
 "thai I'lnn pn-v ailed wt*h Iuh (ir.'^t colohisti to nnhinil to his 
 quit i('nts,li\ liiilduir; otit the delusive ho(>«, that ihey would 
 supersede ail puiiiii* nM|K;siti<.n<> lur the siip^Mtit orV"^t'in- 
 nunt.*' Fianli'ln havintc enitatrel on the wdi' of tin- Pfmisji- 
 vaiuan r^iciiiIiI) in tlieir disputes with the deareiidanis <>t 
 Penn. endeavored to inrreane llie liinrredit o( his sd\ei«arie.i 
 by the harhlu fit cenKuri' of th<'ir i1lu>tn>iuK nuceittnr. ^'ot. 
 that rraiikliii reallr i-» i-nuii I'eiin, in appnreiii fr><Mi niniiv 
 passages in his wriiinc . and Dial hr <<vrn icssrdrd lum Mith 
 no common sdmiratMin m»\ l>e lufeired IrMin ^i riinoiis letter 
 of his UcUiive to a mpponed purtrnit of Pcnnj, prc.U'rvud in 
 Woedhousejee'k Life of Lord Kalines. 
 
 Tin: HISTORY OP 
 
 sensed bv the ^'ovcriHir nnd council. The ontv nltera- 
 tioii in the i1i>tMl)ittioii 4if power that wiis elVerlrd bv 
 this new charter wa^, th>it the governor, with his treble 
 Vftte, nece^sardv pntiMC^scd more control in a cniniii! 
 of eijihlecn. than bv the oriL'iual frame he could have 
 enjftyi'd mi a coniicil of seventy-two members Tlie 
 interests of freedom were, however, promoted by a 
 lirant, to all liie inleibitants of (he province, of unlimited 
 hlierty to hunt iii nnmchirted lands, and to fisli in all 
 waters, " that tliev m :> be nccominodadd wi(h riieh 
 lood ami suslcnance as < uul in his providence hath 
 freely alb)rdcd ;'' nnd aliens were enconra^ml by a 
 provision. t!mt. in case of tlirir dvin;; witlionl hnviu); 
 ineii previously r.^tlnraliKed, their lands should never- 
 llieless descend to llieir heirs. This charter was thank- 
 liillv accepted by the representatives of the people, who 
 closed their setund a.^sembly with expreiiHioiia of undi- 
 mini.>«hed a((acliinciii (o the proprietary. 
 
 This as.scitiblv bail been held at the infant eilv of 
 Phil.idflplurt. Shortlv after his nrrival m the province, 
 Peiin liiid selected a eon,'.. odious situation, between the 
 riM T» Seliu\lkill and I^elaware. for the erection of the 
 inelrnpoli- of I'eimsvlvania : and having rejinlated the 
 ■ iioilel of the future eitv by a map,* he bestowed on it 
 a name expressive of lliat brotherly love which he hoped 
 would e.rr cliar.K terise it.i inludutniils. To many of 
 the s;reet.s he irave names descriptive of (he varieties of 
 forest trees Inal had ben cut down to in.ike room for 
 the strncturts oJ>ivib/.eil life; nnd wbicli still contimn- 
 to rommeinorate the sylvan oriLlut of the plat •. Thp 
 pro^ros of ihr oinldiiij.'s of I'hiladelphia was a favorite 
 >b)ect n| hi4 Ciirc. and advanced with such ripidity, 
 that, in lesR than ii vear from the time when it was be- 
 i;nn, a hundred substantial Ihuisch overlooked the caves 
 that had shcllereil their owners but a few months be- 
 h)re ; and. in the eour.-e of the fnllowini; veur, [H'^lj 
 the population of the city amounted to two thoiisniul 
 live hninlreil nerboiis. 
 
 The reinai ider of the time occupied bv the proprie- 
 tiiiv's l"ir.'«t VI ul l»i Ins colony was spent in eonduetnii; 
 Ins ct i)lrover>v wilh Lord Halfoore; in exteiidiiit; his 
 treaties with the iiidii:: tribes, to wliom \'."^ preseiita 
 from time to lime ainoniiteti in vi'Ine to several thou- 
 sand pounds ; tii acliuo as a minister amonir the tpiaker 
 cidonists, and arraiii'iii^ tlie frame of ihiir sectarian 
 usages and disciplini- ; and m iuipelbn); and tltrectni^ 
 tlie pr.^^•re^» of his f.ivo He eUv of Phitadelpliia. lie 
 saw his religions nocielv and prinei|iles established in a 
 lanil where tliev were likelv to lake a vigorous root, 
 and expand wnh unbonntb-d freedom ; and institntio.'S 
 rising aroiinti lum that pminised to illustr.iie Ins name 
 Willi a lasting and boiKOahb' renown lu fine, be be- 
 held tlie people who acknowlediii'ii bis supremacy happy 
 and [irospeions, nntl seemed himself to enjoy his trans- 
 atlanlic. r*'tireinent t The onlv sources of iiiieasniess 
 ilial b.id \etiiriM-ii from his coIoiiihI Ubors. w< re, hi 
 dispute v\ith Lord naltiinnre, and the faihin- of all Ins 
 ellorts to i.'iutrd the Indians from ilia' destructive vice 
 wliieh the vteinitv of rii.openns har^ .iwavs < onitihiited 
 lo ditbise nuiMiiii (l.ein A law had Ih-i* ■ _ ^ etl ayaiiist 
 supplviiif; liiCKe savages Willi spirit) .)us lupiors ; but 
 ihe practic* had been intnHlncid oy ilii- coliniisis of 
 Delaware, lon^ before IVnti's arrival, and his attempts 
 to suppress It proveil niierly iin'lfeciual. The Liiro- ' 
 peaiis aekiiowleilL'i (t the crnellv and iiijii!)ti'*e of this ; 
 tratlie. nnd tlie Itutiaiis coiib-ssed their experience of I 
 Its bauelul ellicts . but in iilier c<nihl be persuaded to , 
 retrain frtun it. It was attended Willi lln> fiddil.onal ' 
 evil ot coMlinniuu the Ii di.iiis m llieir ro\ni^ habits of 
 hie; as the pellry they aopitred iii huntiiin wan the! 
 onlv coninioditv ihev wire able lo exrhuntie with the; 
 colonists lor rum and brandy 'i'lic more vuhufble \ 
 posHec<tu)ns nn<! advanta<;es bv which the coli>niHit; were , 
 distinjjuisluMl. were either lii;iitlv esteemed by the In- j 
 diaiis, or reckoned nnworthv ul the laborious habtis 
 iliat were rei)ui<«iie to procure them. In anNwer to the 
 ad\ice of the Kuropeaim, that they should betake them- 
 selves to a life of rej»ular ind-istry, cue of the Indiana 
 be^ord lu hear some satisfactory reason " why he should 
 UlK>r hard ull !.ib days to tnake bis children idle ull 
 theirs." ; 
 
 ~ * \u llie " Connertiori ol the niNt-.ry uf the Old and New 
 Teatamrnt," i>y Dciin Pndeani, there is a plan or model nf 
 the ciiy of Anrieiit ItshNlon. " Much nrcordins to this model," 
 snvs (he dean, *' lislh Witlintn IVnn the •iiniker laid out the 
 ftriMind for his city ol rhilsilelphin. in Pi'ini.iv)vaiiia ; and wrre 
 I It all ))Uilt arrordiutl to that dt'j>lKii. it woulit ne the fairest 
 \ Hiid lie.%t cily 111 all Arueiici , and hut inurh bi hl.iil nny iillier 
 
 in (be ulmli world " 
 j t In a briler to a tiend in Knulnnd, he sav», " Oh how 
 KWeet i« Ihe ipret of Um'«i> pHlt^. free frotii ihe loikionn and 
 , ir<>iit)letotnP sidtritatU'iiH, hurries, and perpleiities, uf woeful 
 ; Kurope; and (Ind Will thin her; tho Jay tiaslans u[k>ii liar.'V 
 \ riuud, -., 8UU. I 
 
 In thr midst of n scone nf felieitv as mjmixed. per- 
 haps, US any cnriiniiiMiiv of liutnin biMoys has ever I'.T- 
 liibited. INuiii resulv4'd iipini retniniiii; lo Ln^'laiitl, in 
 on'er to enforce, by personal snlicilainui, ihn inierer.t 
 which he pos<<esscd at the Lnnlish court, and winch ho 
 was th siriuiM to eniplov in aul of ht.t controversy wiili 
 Lord ll'iltiinore. as will as !.)r the relief of a number of 
 hia (piakcr brethren who were sulTcrmn in the parent 
 statu from un increased slrictnesM in the executnm of 
 the penal hiKs against non-conformists.* In prepara- 
 tion for this measure, he entrusted the adniimsiration 
 of his proprietary fniietnuia tn the provinrial c<niricil, of 
 which he apponiled Thomas Llovd. a <piaker. to bo 
 president, and his own kinMiian, Markham, to he secre- 
 tary ; nnd C4uuinit(ed the execution of liie laws lo 
 Nicholas Moore and four other plt>'-.tt la whom he con- 
 stiluleil the provincial J1ld^es. On the eve of Ins de* 
 tMrtiire, and having nireiul) embarked, he nddresxed. lo 
 l.lovd and others ol his innre intimate associates a 
 valedictory letter, winch he desired liiein lo coinmum- 
 cate to all lir- icnda m I'eiinsylvaiii:i ami Ih-lawnro. 
 *' IJear friends." b" declared lo them, " my love and 
 my life is to yiui, and willi you; und no water can 
 queiwh 11. nor thslaiice wear it out, or briii^ il to an 
 end. I have iM-en with yini, cored ov( r vou. and 
 served yon with unfel^i.ed love ; and vou are beloveil 
 of inc. antl dear to me beyond niteraiice. I bless vou 
 m the name and power of the Lord ; and inuv (iod 
 bless yon with Ins riiihteonsiiesH, pe.ice. and piciilv. all 
 till! land nver. Oh that vou would eve liiin m all, 
 through all ! and above ull, the WDrks of voir hands." 
 After admnnishinj; ihoso to wlnmi he had c umnilted 
 the rule, to consider il af a sacred fnncliiii, and hea- 
 venly trust, he thus npostroplu/es his f.vorite city : 
 " And thou, I'luliutelphia, the vir<;ni seltleineiil of this 
 province, named betore thnii wert born, what ]t)ve. wluit 
 care, what service, nnd what ir.ivail, has there been to 
 b^In^ thee forth, nnd preserve thee from snrli as would 
 abuse and defile thee I ( >)i iImI thnu mavest he kept 
 from the evil that would ovi<rwlielin thee ' that, laitbful 
 to the tiod ot thy mercien in the lile of riuhlronsneNH. 
 thou mayest be preserved lo the end. Mv s<.ul prays 
 lo (iod for liiee, tlia! thou mavest siand m the dav of 
 trial, that thy chiMren inav.he blosed ol the Lord, and 
 thv people siived by his power Mv to\e lo lln-e bas 
 been (*rent, and the n inembranre of tin e atb-i Is mine 
 heail and mine eye:*! The (iod of e'ernal slreiioth 
 keep and pieserve thee to his ^lorv and thv peace." 
 "So. dear Iricutls," he thus eoiiclndes, "my h)ve a),;ain 
 salutes yon all, wishiiit; that (trace, mercy, and p< ace, 
 Willi all temporal blesMii^s, niav nbouiid riclily amonir 
 yon ;^So says, so piays, your frienil aiul lover in tho 
 trnili, William I'enn " 
 
 At the period of the propru'tarv's departure from thn 
 province, INiiladelplna already contained three hundred 
 houses, and the popnialioii of |*enns\ Kama amounied 
 allo|rether to SIX tluMisand souls. Of the increase 
 which the mhabilaiits of the Delaware ti r-itory had 
 muler^one, no memorial has been pri'ser\ed. 
 
 (MIAPILR II. 
 
 I'enii's Fa\nr at the t'i>urt of JiniicN ihe Ser •nd — T>lssnisinn<l 
 niiioiiK the t'lilonists -llieir Ih'-.iKHTnn iit with I'enn iil<oiit 
 Uu Ijnit Kenls -He sppxintn Five roi,i(ni<>«i<iiH'rs of Sislo 
 — KuiMOur of an Indi^tn M i.«^.ii-ii' '.'enn ili<>.'f;ili<« liiif with 
 ht> <'cuiinil>siotii'iF< -apiHtud^ Itl.-n kttell jleptits Imo eriior- 
 Aib'trHrv t'nndncl <<) lIlAikuill - |l|«pltM<.iire<>f the A-Tm- 
 (>ly— l>ifci«enHion heiwi-epi llie l'iii(.>ii' id Ih-liiw luc and Pttin- 
 k\.vnnia-I>elaware ol<i,iin<t ;i M'piiratr Ktrcniike tHt\ein- 
 iiiniit — (ieurtf)' KeUh\ SiIumii ii> Pi nii<i\ 1^ .nii.i |*i nn d<'- 
 prived n| Inn Aullioiltv by Kmc W'lliiain Fb n her iippoinletl 
 Otoeriior ~ I'enn'h Aulhontv restureil 1 U\u\ Frame cd iJn- 
 verniiieni— (Quaker AiceKMonlo W.it IS'iiu'it .^erond ViMt 
 In bt<t Cfdoiiv — SeiUnneiils and t'onduil "I the l^i>.>ki-ts 
 telstive to Neiiro Sliverv -Ui'iiewal of the |>i«tpiitrK be- 
 tween Delaware and l*iiinit>h]iMin--Fnnrtii niiu l.aikt Frame 
 of (■owiinnent— I'enn lelurmt to Enalaiid — I'luon ot I't-rin 
 sylvaeia and Delaware d:siio|vL-u— I'oinplRliilH of Ihe At 
 seinbl> atfiinst I'enn MlAConduct o| linveriior F.v;inK — lie 
 ta Rii|M-i<ieiled by Ixiokni- -I'eiin's ItemiHistrauce lit bix Peo- 
 ple— Ml.ile ul I'ennsvlvaiua and Delaware at the ( U>se ol 
 the Seventeeiilii i entnry. 
 
 HiDDiNo ndieii to the peacefnl acrurs of Pennsvlva- 
 man life, Penn transferred l.is exertions lo ilic very 
 ditsi:nilar theatre <d' tho court of KnjiUnd. Here tho 
 interest which he posacssed was anoii increased tu aucL 
 
 * The unfortunate conse<|UPnce« that attended Penn'R with- 
 draw meiii. al this period frmn the nuiet cif America, to plunge 
 acain into the solicitatioiih of woelul K trope, liavo lenderi'il 
 the catise nf Ihu step n sulijecl ol suine iiii|><>itRnce. li.d 
 miinii, who derived his inlorinRtiun from Feim lumseli. s ^a( 
 that lie w.)K di'leiniined, much aKainst hiA Hib, to return, hy 
 thliiiKH of the pi rxi cnlioii o| the <(n^kers and littler 'lls^eil er^ 
 III Kiu:lind; and that "lie knew he had hu intcresl m the 
 crnut (d Filmland, and wxs wiIUiik to employ it for thn -i i ely, 
 ease, sod wei'are ul hiR rrn-i|ilii," i. IT), lint I'rnud, whoU 
 hy far the iicsl authon'y on poinlsof I'arly Peniiiylvanian his- 
 torv, declares that "theditpuie iMtwuen liiiu uul Ilia Loil 
 
Vvun iil"Hil 
 ,i„.rs nl SlRlO 
 
 iMTiior - 
 ,,f lln' A!.^rm- 
 .ri'iihil IViin- 
 
 • (iiiVI-llt- 
 
 V 'i*- 
 
 ■M'l"""'*'** 
 
 Mill' ■•rii- 
 
 ■(■..n.l V,Mt 
 
 llis,Mit.-* Im- 
 n.i l.nsi Kmiiie 
 >n i«l I'l'i'M 
 i.f ihi* A-t 
 i,or i-;v;in!«-Ha 
 
 a till' i.'luitt! Ill 
 
 Ip.l IVnn'i with- 
 
 irrini, miiluii^o 
 , liavo lohdert'J 
 
 llXlltMUrf **iJ 
 
 I hinmtt. > >** 
 „, ui TBiuri. lijf 
 »iii»:r (lim-uii i-ri 
 
 I (nr ItiO SI ''*yi 
 ,t Tinud, wlxi U 
 misylvnnianhit* 
 iiu ttiul tite 1<0M 
 
 ■ degrpe, by tlir adviinrpinprit of Iim own p^ilrnri mid 
 his ftttht'r*« fnniid, ihc Uitkc nf Vork. t'> iln' tlirorif, 
 ihnt, Ml tlir liO|)0 of rni|ilovtriu it lo tun own hiIv.im'ji.'<'. 
 and III tliu (^riirral |i|oinoliori of rrliijiniin IiIk rtv. In* 
 alMridoMiMl all lh<iu^lit!i of rrtiiriiin^ to Arnciicii, iitnl 
 ciMiiirnii-d tu rmidu in (lit* nt'i^liliorhood, and rvrri lo 
 cin|doy hiniM-lf ni the Acrvico, tif the court, as lon^ a!* 
 Janirs llir Srcuiid was |icrniitl<>d to wear ihi- ctown : 
 — u policy that, iii tho Hri|iicd, proved ('ijuidlv prrjudiruil 
 tu lim M'piit.ition in Kn^Lind and liin inlorrNiN in Antn- 
 ricft. The fT«t fnni. of Iiik rnlMtici'd inlhuMicr at court 
 wan thf ndjudicatimi tliiit irnniniiti-d h h contrnvrrKV 
 wild Lord Hiiltiniorf*, and M'cnrrd to hini llii> imonI vain- 
 alilr poriioh of the Dcl.iwarn Irrrilory * KriiitM of a 
 lunrc ht»(T:il di'!trription were rvnirrd in his nucri's»»ful 
 pllorl^ lo jirorurt' ii ^huhimmihioii of tjir U-j/ul s»'vr.'itH'S lo 
 wliu'li till' ini'iiiiKTs ot Ills own ndi;;ioiH sondv wrrr 
 oht.oYiouH. and lur llii' di<tcon(iiniaiiC(> of wlin'li he had 
 till' H,)li.tt.iriion of prrsciitinir an addri">ii of lliahks tu 
 till! l{Mi<; troiu all ihr t|iuikt-rs tn Kn^d.iiid t 
 
 TliH vi'iir Wii-4 Hi!.rii:i))/.pd liy an ailcinpt, that orii^i* 
 natid ^v)I)| the iininial nieetint; of (he tpiaker .•<oni ty at 
 lliirlin<;lon, in .\<-\v .IrrHcv. to roniiuunioile Ihe know- 
 li-iljri. of clirisiiiin truth to tin iMdian"*. These savayen 
 re.tdilv an edeii to the confernu 1 1 ih;it were proposed 
 to (iiinn, and liMliMcd with their UKiial ^raviiv and dero- 
 rnin li> the t'lri^t body of itUKnninarirH wiio, in proleH^iii^ 
 lo ohev thi' divniP emnin.ind in tnirfi umi hiififixr all na- 
 lions, ever ventured lo teaeh tint biiptiHin was not an 
 ortlMi-ince of eliriHlian appoinhnenl. ( >f the pariicular 
 i^co'ininieiittoti" betweeti these (pLiker teaelirrw and llie 
 IndiunH, no nei-o>iTit has lieen pre-orred ; hut the result, 
 AM reported hy a 'piaker htNton.tn, w.ih, that the fndiaiiH 
 in jieneril aeknowledi^ed ui iho lirni' that wliat they 
 iieird was M'ry wine, w»M!ililv. and Irne, toul neviT 
 atierwird- '!iieii»ht farther alioui it The lirsi Mieeess- 
 fill atren-.piA to irvainjehze tlir Indi.in inhalMtinln of 
 New .Jer^ev. |)elawire. ami I'ennsvlv.ifiin, won- not 
 inade lilt lo^\:irdN the tniddir of the (olhiwin<! lenlurVt 
 v%heii thin work was undertaken l>v llie eelelirali'd Da- 
 vid llranii'nl, of New Kuifland, an. I hv a bodv ol Mora- 
 vian lueihreri who Iml eiin<.'r.itei| lr.>in (lenninv. 
 
 Meanwinle. lin* eiiui.'ratioiH trom IviLdand lo l*enn- 
 rytvaniH eoniiinied lo proceed wilh undnniumhed vinor ; 
 the Ktininltis (hat had lieen prcuonslv atlorded hv the 
 rigors ol eerlesiastieal Ia\* , lii-tn^' atiiplv nupplieil liv the 
 dislike an ' anspictoii witli wlii-h lln' kin^j h civil policy 
 wo» rpi».irdt'd, hv the ai'connts which li.ut lieen nrcit- 
 lated of itie prosperity enpived hv ihe eoloiust-t of this 
 province. Hiul bv the ueneral hehef that I'enn'-* interenl 
 with ihe !tiii<; woultl protect its Iihrriie<4 from the ^enu- 
 ral wreck in nhich hi > Ivranny liad invoUed the other 
 rohiina! coiiNlitiition^ In ihe course of this vear, 
 about a thoun.iiid enn^rants npitear to tine resor'ed to 
 ]'ennH\ Ivanta nioiie. Itnt IIiih tncrease in the popula- 
 tion ot his lerntorii's wan now the onlv sourer nf sijtis- 
 laclion that thi'v were to Hit'ord lo the proprtetarv, and 
 tho rcnromler ol hw connexion with iheiii was over- 
 clouded liv dinappuininient, and enibilterid hv inutnat 
 dispute, h Aa» hut a few inomlis alter Ins departure 
 Innn itip proxince, that n npirtl of disirortl he|*,in to 
 manliest itself ainoni; llin plaiilern. .\1nore, the clnel 
 juslii-e, and Roinusou, the clerk of llie pr<n incial couri, 
 neither of whom tu longed lo ihe ipi.iker per^nasnni. 
 liad rendereil ituMiinetven dinaLrreeatdi- lu llie ttMiloit; 
 p(rrf>t)iis of ihm -soi-iely lu the colotiv Ttie lirsi was 
 impeached hv the asscniltlv ol hi^h crinieH and inisdi'- 
 liKanori. and for relu^inn lo annwer ih< cliinje was 
 hu.'peiided from his Innctions liy ihe comu it . while i 
 VI rv ili:tproportioned ecnsnrp was passed on tlic ulher, 
 wtht, lor whit w:ts denned contempni:) is lii>havmr in 
 
 llatliiiiiiie licftirt'-ini'iilMini'd was wliil inauiiv nccfiiuii p>l 
 Pi'iiit'« return to KuitlaiKt," i. 3hh In a Iflii-i wtuti-n shtmiv 
 Hiier III!* arrival hi KiivIhihI. tViin savs, Unit " He liuil si-en 
 lli>- kuiit aii'l the l>>ik<' <>| York. Tnev uixt iliiMr nobii-s lin<| 
 tweii vnrv kind t<i luni, ionl he h<)|)e<t Hie l.tn'il w<ml(< •nnk.e 
 wiv Itir iiifii ni lliiMf iirnrtu lo icivr* tiM iiifrniirtif |M>it|i|e, at 
 al,Mi liM >>wn mtorexii «nii reUiHii lu hm Aiiitr(ii:aiictinriTni." 
 Clifktinn, I. IM 
 
 * This mljuilicnliiin wan not no ilisliiict as In prcvi'iit luiw.i 
 Ritt)«i'i]Ul>lit itlfjMlte re»:wctinil the iiriTlie ImuniUrie'i del Wcen 
 Delawuri! ami Mniylaiiil, wliirlt t i>iiliiniii.l to dmlract Ihe inlm- 
 liil.iiili on (he iHKilc'Di ol tUme [iroviiii'tiit, till it Mail iMiallv 
 i*i<ite(t 10 IT5tl. t»> n ilccrpo [(ronniimeil in I'haiicfrv iiv l.itnl 
 llihlwicke. t'luliiiers, Oil. VenoyS Rf^xirts, i. 141 
 ' Nothing was in*re cuniinnn lor n lonit linin tu the Ampncin 
 pnuiiicpH tli.^n libpiiles nrlninv from tnicurUin lM>iimlarif><i. 
 A <ii4|uiii' i>f this nature lielwnen Ihe towiinhips o| Lyme and 
 ^ew Niintlon. in New KiiKlaml. iluriiit the npvehiernth cen- 
 t iir\ . WHS (Ipciil4>d tiy a Koleiiin (>uinii«tii- comhal t.ei wpcu four 
 rlminpions choiien tiv ilie inlmtntautt uf the twu places 
 Uwielii'i Travels, m Itw. 
 
 t Proua. I tlUO 9t)4 3l)H -314. " The knii; has iriven »%:' 
 himI I'imiii in I'le -iiH'r'ti \Mth which hr .urniiipaiiie.t ttu' (•!» • 
 ■euintioi) of Ihe ■(tiaki'i adilreHs. "an ilhiNtiions t>i:i<ii|<lf> in 
 liik uwn fMTSon ; (or winle lie wat a nuhject he krva Cvsar 
 his Irtbiiie, »"<] now he ii Civiar Iip (iivei Uud his due, 
 lUDtoly, itie aovcrcigtity uvur coiuctinici-." 
 
 NO U Til AMF. RICA. 
 
 anawRtint; ttie ipirstioiifl of the assrinbly. won not niilv 
 roniriiiited lo cusiodv, hut loied *' a puhlir enernv to 
 Ihe provinre and territories " Of tlie ctiariri'n ii<f'iinsl 
 Moore not a trice has In en presirved ; tnit it la mani- 
 fest that I'enn corishlered (hem frivcdous or iinhMiuded. 
 In vuU) lie wrote lo tlie aulhmn of iheni? proceedings/ 
 etiireiiiiii)* thrill to rcntrain ihcir teinpcrs, and forhear 
 from tlie indiil)„'eiir(> of antinosilien no dincredilable to 
 thu colony ; to value ttieinnelvcn a tittle lens, and to 
 honor oilier nuMi u tilth! more than ttiey appeared lo 
 linn lo liaxe done. 'I"lie a.sHrmbIy aiinwt-red hy profen- 
 flionn of the tn^lirst reverence fot hiinnelf, accoiiipaiiied 
 hy Mitrealien (urilortunatelv ineirectiial) that lie would 
 reinrii lo live anionrr his people; tnil deetar >d withat 
 Itiat they llion^ht lit "to tiumhtr that corrupt and anpi- 
 rnij^ nimiHler of ntate. Nicliolan Moore " The corres- 
 pondence biTtwerii llie pn.*pri(-tary and thin botlv, an 
 well as the cfuincil, ^raduallv anstmied an mcreasinoly 
 disaoreeahle complexion To other causes of ilin|ilea- 
 auri', rtere addcti report.-* of the increased nnisumption 
 of spirituouH iMpiorn anioni' Itte culuni.stn — itie intempe- 
 rance in thin respect which lliey propa^nted anioiii,' the 
 lodiann thun recoiling upon iheinselvea ; and coroplainin 
 nt vnrioiin ahnsen and extortions eotnniitleil bv tiie 
 ollicern wlioiii he had enlriisled lo conduct Ihe .sales of 
 his land. Itiit iioihin^ seems lo have inorlilied hnn 
 more Hennihly lliaii thi! ditlicullv he experienced in ob- 
 taining payinrnl ot ins <)nit rents, and the ninversal re- 
 biclance that was shown tu comply wiih, or even pay 
 uny attenliun to. his applications for renitltanee:^ un 
 that HCc<Mint. 'I'Ux: people in fjeiieral hud rather silh- 
 rnilltd lo than upproveit ihe Miiposition ofipiit n tils ; 
 and, though piosperini; in their circumstances, and cnti- 
 Hcioiis of the expenses that the proprielarv liaH incnrreit 
 lor itiPir advaiitaoe, ttiey wert onlv now hi'irinnini; to 
 reap the first tniitn uf the far ureater expenses incurred 
 liy IhenitielvcK in purcli;iNino ilieir laiidii Irom hmi. and 
 in iransporlino themnelve-i and ilieir laniilieH, servants, 
 ami suhslanee to (be proMnce. Much labor and ex- 
 pense wa.s vet wanting; hi render tnore lliaii a small poi- 
 tion ol their laiid.s prodnctivt! ot advantai:c lo them : 
 ■ nd lo be now called on to pav (put ienti« lor ihe whole, 
 atut lor thin purpose lo surrender the hrsl earnint.'t nt 
 Iheir own hazard, liarilslnp, and tod, to tie expended liv 
 their proprielarv in a dislai.t cuuntrv, w.i;' a proceedinti 
 very ill ci.!<-nlaled lo uhtam iheir lavuratde regard, anit 
 which the verv ycneronilv of (he propiui.iry. lli.it ren- 
 dered It the more unavoidalite on tun part, liad l)V no 
 iiiean^ prepared them tu expect Peiin tiad, douhlles.*. 
 tioped thai the council to wtioni he had delegated his 
 )iriiprietary lunctiuns, wotiUI tiave (pared him the hunii- 
 tiaiint; necenr^tly ot denceiidin<! lu a personal allerrahon 
 with hi.^ people on lliin Mdtjecl. lint, itu lar wt-re the 
 cuuncil Iruin demunstr ilintr any mich reL'ard tor inn 
 delicacy Ol Ins intere»l. lliat thev vsould ^ive hnn no 
 tts-*istarice wliaie\er in the prost cut ion ol his unpopuhir 
 demand, and i ven lortiore to take any notice ol the rc- 
 inon.strancen winch lie addresAt^d lo them <m the nei<lL-i'l 
 ol llietrdnlv. Astoni^lied and indit'iiant to hnd him- 
 aell ireaU'd in a inanner winch lit; iliMined no unorate- 
 tul aiid unjust, I'enn lelt tunoiell cotisiraimd :il ien>flli 
 lo riproacii hi?* people in a letter, ( IliHIiJ which loims 
 a inelanrU>)lv contrast to the l>eantdui vjleiliLiion with 
 winch lie hail laki-n hm leave ul ihetii. scarcely U\o 
 Yearn before lie complained that the provincial coun- 
 cil had nciflecd'd and ^li^hted liis comniunicaliuns . 
 tlial the l.ih>n which hi- h.id rilioouslv co.secralcd to 
 Ills people's ouod wan neither \alned nor understood hy 
 them , and that liieir pioceethnirs in other ref>|M oin h id 
 lieen »<) nnuarranlahlf an lo have put it in Ins pov^cr 
 more Ihaii once lo uiiiinl (he charter he bad bestu^sed 
 on (hem, il lie iiad tiei-n dinposed lo lake advanlat.'e ol 
 iheir niisconduct lie declared that he was ntillenni.' 
 much euibarrisnnn-nt hy liie laibirt^ ol the rcmitiunctx 
 tie had iMipecled troin America, tind that Una wati oiit^ 
 ol llie caii.-ieti ol Ins deieniiun in lingland. Ilif 
 renin, lie suid, amounted then, at the \erv leaal, to i. 
 Iiundred poumtn a veur , inil tie could nut ubtani | av- 
 nienl o! a pennv of this I'lcuine " fiod m iiiv wit net..," 
 aays he, " I lie not. 1 am atiove nix ttiouitund poinid!^ 
 out ol pocket more than ever I paw hv the province; 
 arid you may itirow in mv pains, cares, and liazard of 
 hie, and teavin^ of nty tanuly and friends to serve 
 tin in." Acronlin^ lo this staicnu-nl, it would appear 
 that liO had already sold a million acres ot land in itie 
 provntce, and devoIe<l iwrntv tliounand pmiinU (llic 
 Hlipnlaled pr<cr> corn spoinlm^ to nalen of that citdit) 
 lo llinpuhhc >ervice, hesiden the adtlitioiial nxpeitditure 
 winch lie mtfiitiomi ol six ihounand ponnda 
 
 ' ** F.ir the love nf (-iiid, li.e, and the pour euuntrv," he nays 
 in one ol tttene tett(*r!i. "he noi kh ituveriiittfntinh, to noisy, 
 and ii|H'i) in your di«».iti>tactiims Soiiiu folkb luve htintinf 
 lit ggvuiniiiunt Uscil." fruud, i. ttV7 
 
 m\ 
 
 'I'his rrmonntrancp, which wns nioro enpecialty ad- 
 dressed to the provnici.d counnh liaMiii; proveil an m- 
 elfectual as his preredmw apphcalnms, I'enn deler- 
 niined to wnhtlraw Imm thai ttodv i|ie manai>emenl uf 
 tns ititeri'tits and the po.-.s*-ssioii of the executive power, 
 which he Itad comnnlled to lis keeping on hindeparinro 
 from Die profuicp, Kxpeeiiny more activity from 
 fewer, and more inlo^rity from dilVereiit tiaiids, he ro- 
 solved to coiniiie tin- executive power to live persona , 
 and, in order to mark his sense uf llie injnrious trctl- 
 inpiil wtiich tic conceived tiad tteen intlnled on an ablo 
 and honoratile nnin, he henilated not lu appoint Nichol-jti 
 Moore to lie one of Ihe persuns hy whom ttiin imporlaiil 
 function wan to be exercised To Lloyd, the former 
 president of the coiincit, and three ottier ipirtkcm, n 
 Cfmjunclion with Moore, lie accordingly granted a war- 
 rant or depulation investing lliein wiih iheir otlico 
 under the title of nimini.ssiiiiin.i of iifaic. lie com- 
 niiiided them, al the very lirst asseinhly thdt nliould he 
 tioiden alter their inKtahnent tn ullice, lo atiro^ule, ni 
 the proprietary's name, every act lliat had tieeii passed 
 III Ins atisence. lie charged them to he particularly 
 can tut lo repress every temlency lo di.sorder, dispute, 
 or collision oi powers helween the neural oryans of 
 i^ovcrFiinent, and. tor Itiis pnrposi', to perinil n<i parley* 
 my or open conlen'iicc heiwein tlio council and ili6 
 asseinhly, hul lo coniiue the one tu the exerc(«e of ita 
 privilege of pnpo.-un;; law a, and ttie olln-r tu ^ sniiplu 
 expression ol itshcnl ur dis.nent lie adinonist>ed lliem 
 tu act \Mih vi^'or III snppres.iniy vi,'es wiihon* respect 
 uf persons or persufisKfOs,— addmi.', *' I.el not tooll^<tl 
 pily rob justice ol its due. and the people of p'oper vx- 
 uniptes. 1 know whui malice and pnjudice say ; hut 
 they move me not. 1 know huw to altuw 'ur new 
 culo-nes, ihon^^h others do not." He advised them, he- 
 Inre ever ' I'llin;* iheir spirits inlu anv ailair," lu hll up 
 their Ihouji'.ls to llim who i.i not lar Irom every one of 
 U'', and lo Itesrteh from that only source of intelligcnco 
 and virt.ie, tlie t oninnnncatiun ot a i;uod uiulersiandiiig 
 and a tmiperale spirit, ||e recomnn-r tied lo thi-m a 
 dihijenl attinlion "o the proprietary's inleresl, and a 
 watchlul can; lu toe preservation uf their own diijniiv. 
 "I tieseech yon," he said, "draw nut several '^ayj ; 
 lidve no caliais apart, nor reserves from one anotker ; 
 treat With a i:<uliial aiinphcily, an tntire cuntideiici, n; 
 one another : and if at any lime you mistake, or tins* 
 apprehend, or dissent Irotn one another, let n- t thai 
 appear tu the peuple . nhuw your virtues hot cuiict at 
 your inhrinities ; tins wilt make von awhil and re\eri.iit 
 with till) pi'ople " " l.ove, luruue. hdp, and serve one 
 another," I.e conliniied ; "ami Id the peuple learn hy 
 your example, as well as liy your power, ttie bap»>) hie 
 ot cuncurU "' 
 
 lt)H7.J Tins appoinltiunt proved more conducive 
 tliaii niiojit have heen expected tu the peace ol Iti. pru- 
 vince, Which appears h>r some tune to have auslamed 
 no o:her interriipttiui than v\ltat arnt-v from Ihe rumor 
 of an Indian massacre In itu' midst of tlie coMstirna- 
 tion which Ins report px.ited, ( 'aleti l*usev. a cpmker, 
 vulunteered lo on lo tlie spot wtitre the lielnins wero 
 aaid lo have assiinhted in preparation lor their t't'Hjdy 
 design, provided the council would appunit li\i i>lher 
 de|)iitieu lo accotn|iaiiy him, and wli<i vvnuM a^n-e. hko 
 .hnn, tu present themselves iriiirmed tu iin Indians. 
 On (he arrival uf this magnanimous deputation at tlie 
 itput winch tiad lieen indicated to ihini, inev loundmily 
 an Indian prince with a small r< liniie eiii{.i^'i d m th* ir 
 usual oi't tipationn. The prince, on tu iii<^ appriMil uf 
 tlie cause ul Iheir visit, inlonned 'he depnltes thai the 
 Indiana had iinleed heen disappointed lu tind tht lliu 
 price ol a recent uccnpalion ul land tiad nut yet tieeii 
 lully paid tu ihem , hul thai, haviiit; peril cl cuiilldeni:o 
 in Ihe inie),'riiv ol the Enghhli, they vvere liy no means 
 impatn-iit . tie di i lareii that the stnrv ol the piiijecied 
 masnarre was a wickei! lahrieattun, aiid ttiat ^ome l-i> 
 >.ian women who liad coninhuted to |fivi! it currency 
 erveil lo l» burned aliM- One ut the depitiies ha\- 
 .^ ren.itided the prince thul the Indiana iiinl Ihe Knu* 
 lisli were the cfeattirtsot the tame Ciuil, and ei^tuliy 
 the uhjects of tils nnpartul love, wtiich In; allowed I'V 
 
 • rreiid. I. 8v5— 300, 303-30:. In a ic-iter ti thtte com- 
 iitl>ai<>rii'ik, ftuiiie tune ullcr. lie teUa tlivin. "Ttie) llial tivii 
 near ■>' Ijiid. will live lar tiuiii lheni9fhe<t ; ami, liuin lli* 
 !tiMi-*e till) ha^M ut hih niamettnunii nuji-niy, ha^ « a low 
 <>)iiiiitiii ol ilipitiieite* ; and out ot that hm aii<i liuiii'ilo franm 
 ol *)>irit II IS llial Hue chanty grows. CU 'hat llte \,vi<\t\K ul 
 III) (irut mctt te.t tluft graciDUa •luanu itlioai tjii.^ni ilitri ' Mjr 
 v\<<ik wuuld (t.'Mi lie •tone, and tl't-ir laa;^* unu niy j ijr Ull> 
 (le ikal'ly ai-«>uii.l. Witttiti-MP. tn the .aim- nid Wm ni ImkI, 
 It-t all nid «ores Ih> l(>i||oi(vn us wen m \f'ii\v\i.'' liod. S31. 
 Till.* tetirr i» iiatnl tiuin a iimn>ion which |iuji). i hikI iiirra* 
 turu liavtt Rinif coiiintiutetl to Ui>ini|\ii»li, llujiund ilu^.'^o, 
 ivlnrh I'piui had ntjil« h<9 traidi'tit''- n JiCjum ol i|« «icn.H7 
 tu KviiiiiiKii'ii, wliciv Knig Jiincii id tu«t.\uii 
 
833 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 •euflitig (lew from hsaren alike on (heir linJfl, and 
 urgt^d ihal ttio two rat-tin ought Ihproforc to love one 
 tiiollicr, the prince replied. " What you have oaid is 
 true ; ond as God tiaa given you corn, 1 would advJKO 
 yow to gel II 111, lor v\e inieiid you no finrn)." 'I'hm 
 oinicable aaauraure, repeated hy ihodeputieH tu their 
 fneiidi, delive-ed iliH pruvince iVom an apprelui)N>'j;, 
 thst hod excised general dittniuy. 
 
 But Peiir. was tar from deriving the fitietaetion whirh 
 ho had eX|H!rted from his cuiiimiBsiontTi. o( stale ; and 
 \\if Uiif Id continued lorepjat, thoiigl m a milder iiiaii- 
 iier than before. Ins cumplaintH of the detetiiion o\ his 
 quit rents, tliu noglecl of Ins comrnunieiitittps, and the 
 mHfegard o( hia servitu-s. " I tielieve I inav hay." was 
 his expression on one of these orcasioiis, "I am one ol 
 llie nulKippiest propnoEaries with one ut the be^t peo- 
 ple"* rroin the numerous apologies conlJined in 
 these letters for hm eontmned rcnideiice in Kn^land, 
 and Ins protetitatiuns that he found Hlteiidatiee at (oiirl 
 fts burdensume and disagreeable as a slate of slavery m 
 Tuikey ronld be, it would seem lliat Uie people ol 
 I'ennsylvaiiiii regunlcd Ins aliMenre Irom them wiili 
 much dissitisfacliuu At leiifjih, IJoyd and some ol 
 the other ijuaker commissioucrH deMrnig that he v\uiild 
 disclmrge them from their tunclions, it a|>peured tu him 
 that tou. ■ farther change wa^i necessary m the furin lit 
 his provincial adiiniii.itraliou ; and, having delermihtd 
 to euminit his powers and his inlereHts to the more ac- 
 tive management of a Kingle individual, who should he 
 invested wiih the mnk ol ilepiity governor, he seleeted 
 for tins jinrpose (>aplam Juhn UUekwell. one ol Ooin- 
 weirBOtliceri, who had married the daughter of iienend 
 I>ainbert, and was residing at tins tunc lu New Kiig- 
 Uivl. The consei]UiMires ot this appuiiitinent were, 
 in truth, the reverse iii all respects of ihoxc wlitch hiid 
 resulted from the preceding one . ' it, uiifurtuiintely, 
 tliny were much mure du:igru« • ..; and pcrntciou.s 
 Ulackwell iipjH'ars to have been very highly esteemed 
 by Penn, and be probably exerted biinsell iiiiub more 
 than biri predecessors in the executive autlionly hud 
 done to vindicato the patrimonial interest of the pro- 
 prietary ; hut he provoked the general indignation and 
 disgust of the people by bis arbitrary and illegal pro 
 eerilitigs. " Uulelhe meek meekly,' was the instruc- 
 tion of Penn to him; "and those thi.t will not be 
 ruled, rule with authority " iiut meekness w.is no 
 part of the disposition <>f Ijiackwell ; and violence and 
 intrigue wor« the chief engines of his policy t lie 
 ^uiinnenced his administration by endeavoring, not 
 without etl'ect, to sow discord among the freemen, and 
 to overawe the timid by a display ft |H>wer. Hut be 
 had nn ..ken the real character of the people over 
 whom be presidetl ; and was iaught, by the i.situe of 
 an obstinate struggle, that the pnd'essinii of <piaker 
 meekness and suhimssion is not mconsixteiit with the 
 exhibition of unbending firiinie-ts and determined re- 
 solution. Finding tb^t White, the individual who 
 bad given inosl displeasure to Penn, by uri^nig the 
 impeachment of Moore, bad U'en chosen a iletegale to 
 the assembly, he resolved to debar bim from attend- 
 ance there ; and fur this purpose caused him to be 
 thrown into prison on the most frivolous pri'teiices. 
 A writ of hainas corfius was procured in behalf of 
 White; but the execution of it was long impeded by 
 the devices of Ulackwell. Other praelice.t, no lesH 
 arbitrary und illegal, were employed by bim for dis- 
 abling men whom he dnthked or suHpecled, from per- 
 foriniiig the duties of members of the provincial cuuii- 
 Cil. To give the assembly lime to cool, after the coin* 
 mission of thesH outrages, be deferred the convocation 
 of it as long ai posHil)lr, and at length opened its ses* 
 aion[M)^il] with a haughty and insolent har.iitgue 
 His predecessors In anlhority had not considired it 
 nsptHlient to comply with the prttprietary's dcMre of 
 abrogating all the la\\N that hail been made in Ins ab 
 ■nice , but ibis measure was now aniiooiiced l>v >he 
 deputy governor, with an insolence that would have 
 discredited a more acceptable coinmunication. 'J'tie 
 first pr<H'eeding of the asiienilily was a reinonslrance 
 againsl his arhiirary priK'eediiigs : ami all that Ins 
 utintist intluence coubl etrert <>n some of the members 
 of this body, was Id prevail with ttieiii t<* abKent thein- 
 
 * "It is none nfilif •■ri>leirini;sii consideralions," h« mids 
 III (liv aniiiR IcUfr, " iliui I have not liAtl the jirsntfril or* skui, 
 or a pouixl oiiiilHirro. loure 1 rants over.** Pruu'l, i. :i.i4 
 
 f PiMiii U|i)H>iirri lo iinv* I'vrii ili!t-i*iv«il iiilo tItiM Hp|MMiilinriit 
 by a repute ol wlitili l)li<-Kwei) (trofol tu havslM>pit kotiilly iirt- 
 itr«tfrvini{. lis a\t»U>)Him\ in I lit* jtf>iplf> ol ffiniHylvjiitia lur 
 ths eiiliM|i(iy niM»i-|tifiiri'Hilmi rcttiilii'd lr<Mii it, l)y HtHtniti ihiu 
 bs liu*l ai'triJ U't (lis lH'>tt, luiil li.ut ii'it m^I-ciciI Ulsfkui*)! till 
 lis lisil lii'Mil it Mii|*'i8sililtt I't prevail with any iMiiikiTtnaiiTpi 
 tksi.Ai'Mol ilspiiiy Kftoriior ; yr't, hv atltlt<il wutml, ■-liiiu'it 
 MT, I fvsr lii.i (>i-i!vl<iliiiM4>t tu mHn« Cricinla (ipiukum) has nut 
 ni:eu out vl tliu t)uM wittiitut (jccsstoit." Pruutl, i. S'lU. 
 
 •cWes from ita sittingn. Thia misrrrble maniEUvre 
 had no tiiher efl'eet than to provoke the assembly to 
 det'are that the secession of these members was a 
 trea:hcroUH desertion of the public service. They 
 pas- ed, at the same time, a series of resolutions, ini 
 p'-rting, *' 'I'hat the proprietary's absence, as it may 
 bt^ to his disappointment, so it was extremely to the 
 peoples prejudice ; that as to the project of abrogating 
 all the laws, he hail no right so to do, betTause every 
 law was in force that had not been declared void by 
 the king ; that, even w ilh the consent of the freemen, 
 the proprietary could make no laws to hind the pro* 
 vince. except in the way prescriUul by the charter ; 
 and that as it was desirable, so it was also to be 
 hoped, that no laws of any other make would be im- 
 posed upon the people." Aller a vain strugnic with 
 an oppoiiitinn (bus vigorously suppoiled, Ulackwell 
 was compelled to abandon his ollice, ami ilepart from 
 the province, leaving llie executive authority once 
 more in (be hands of the provincial council, of which 
 (he prcsidem'v was resumed by Thomas Idoyd. 
 
 'I he ferment which had been excited during Black* 
 well's administrativui, whatever evil iulluence it may 
 have exercised on (be tempers of some of the colonists, 
 was not pennitleil to retard in Uie sliubteKt degree the 
 rapid pace with which the general pro.-perily was ad- 
 vaiienig. On the contrary, a more vigorous spring 
 Hceii.ed lo have been imparted tu the iiuhiHtrv and 
 general proi;ress and improvement of the ciminuinity, 
 as M the energy that was excited by the provi>oation 
 gt ' to the public spirit of the people, had dilltised 
 its .leiice through every occupation aiid ileparlment 
 of h<('. It was in (his year that the first iiihtitiilion 
 for tlit> eilucation o\' youth was CHtahlishcd in Penn- 
 sylvania This was called '* The Friends' Public 
 .School of Philadelphia ;" at the head of which was 
 placed (icorge Keith, a celehraled qiiaker writer ; and 
 which was Nuhseipiently iiicor|)orated and enlarged by 
 charters fnun the proprietary. 
 
 It had been happy fo.' IVnn, if he had sooner dis- 
 covered bow deiriinciital to aM his inlerehls thiH lont; 
 absence from the colony, ah'l residence at the Knglish 
 court, muht inevitably prove. The revolution that 
 bad occurred in the cb)se of the preceding year, had 
 abruptly destroyed (hat precarioiiK favor of a tyrant, 
 for (be sake of winch he had risked 1"^' j.-opularity in 
 Kngtandaiid his intluence in Pennsylvaniiv and which 
 had int'.itiialcd his understanding to such a degree, 
 (bat he even continned to correspond with the fui*itive 
 monarch aUer his expuUioii from the throne. 'I'hat he 
 was engaged in any of the plots, that were carrying on 
 at this period tor the restoratiim of JaincH, there is truly 
 ii<i reaKon to believe ; but as he voluntarily lingeretl in 
 Kngf.iiid for some time after the revolution had been 
 accomplished, and never traiiMnided any instruction 
 for proclaiming William and Mary in Pennsylvania, it 
 is lint improbable (hat he looked with some expect.i- 
 tion to the success of (bese attempts.* To return 
 lo America was soon after put out of his power, by the 
 ciuoieipieiicps of the i;ein-ral suhpicion which bis con- 
 duel had excited in Kn«>tanil He was compelled lo 
 yive hail (or Ins appe.iranee before the privy council ; 
 [ Ki'.IOJ and thou<>h he more than once succeeded In 
 justifying himself from the charges adduced against 
 hmi, yet. finding that f.irthcr accusations continued to 
 he preferred, and liiat a warrant bad at lengih been 
 it«sued for committing bim to prison, he thought pro- 
 per to MMfUCNter himself tVom public view, and lo live 
 for siniM' lime in a slate of concealment. His name 
 was (K'cawionally inserted in the proclamations for the 
 apprehension of Hunpccled persons, that were issueil, 
 front time to time by the Kni>liHh ministers; who 
 ' were, however, loo deeply engaged in more pressing 
 and important allairs, to liave leisure as yet lo attend 
 , lo till' concerns of his PeniiMylvuiiian snvereijinlv. 
 i During this reiiremeiit, his repoM- was invaded very 
 , disagreeably hy tidjigi of factious disputes and dls- 
 ' sensioiiH among his people, and pariicniarlv by the 
 , rupture that took place between Petnisvlvania am! Ue> 
 I law are, and separated from each other twoconimnni- 
 ticK, for tbeconjunclion cf which he bad labored with a 
 zeal that outstripped his usual equity and iniKleralion 
 
 • 111 a lel'iT, wninii by luin t» Ins fri.'i.iU in rrrontylTaiiift 
 ill January. HWf, tii' Bnyii, "tJrrit revoiuijmot lmv« [wen nf 
 lull! Ill i))i» lAiiil of ynnr iiaiiTity, iind whrn' iliry innv piTi>>it 
 ttip Loril kiiiiwB." Ilf Jiilils, I'hiit *Mo inipniv.! my' Ihuti'-i 
 will) Kmu Jmiifn Tor ti'iiitiT POMxt'HiirfH" lonl Iifi-n lln- iDnm 
 riiiiHi' lit tot ili'li'tilion K>i liMiir III KiiL'tiiiiil. Tronit, i Jl). Ffom 
 (I Vmit I't Lri-lrr, Willi at iliix (itTii"*! ai'iuiti-il «m iiiuili n-j.-. 
 liriiv Id Ni'vv Yiirk (aiiic II. v. enp il), lo Hi»hn|t Hnrni'i, it 
 npni>ar« Hint hf ciui^idrri'tl Pfiinnylviiiilii nn niie iit'ilii- str<>fiL'- 
 hi'Iil:* iililif jiii-iitiiti's 111 Anicnrn, aiut ihutn rnn<<i(lftriilili' niiiii- 
 l)pr tit iliiM puny wi>ri- th)-n rotlriio; I'rnni ilif <'tlii>r pruvincej 
 to reniisylraniu and .Now J«rti»y ( haliners, Otil. 
 
 The increasing grpRlness of IVnnsylvnnia hail gra- 
 dually exciiinl the jealoUMy of the people of Ddlawaru, 
 whol>ebeld with impatience their more ancient settlo- 
 ment dwindling into comparative insignirieance, and 
 verging into a mere fraction uf a younger but moro 
 thriving comn.unity. The members deputed to the 
 provincial council at Philadelphia from Delaware 
 complained that they were deprived of ajuat share in 
 the apjHuntinent of public uOicers, and at lengih en- 
 deavored by intrigue to counterbalance the preponde- 
 rance of their associates. Privately assembling, with- 
 out the usual formality of anoHicial summons, in the 
 council-room, Ihey proceeded to exercise the executive 
 functiims vested in the whole boily, and issued war- 
 rants for displacing a number of public otlicera. and 
 appointing t>tbers to htl their places. This prmreeding 
 was almost iiistantantly declared illegal and void 
 by a council more regularly convoked ; but the waters 
 of strife had now been let out, and could no longer be 
 stayed. Penn. alarmed at the account of these dis- 
 sensions, endeavored to niediale between (be par- 
 lies, and desired them to make choice of any one 
 of the three Ibrins of executive ailministralion which 
 they bad already respectively tried. He was willing, 
 he said, to invest the executive power either in the 
 council, or in live conimisbioners, or in a deputy go- 
 vernor ; and their choice would be delerinineil by the 
 recollection of which of these Ibey bad found the most 
 impartial in the ilistrihution of polilic ollices, [Iti'JI] 
 The Pennsylvaiiians at once dedarcd ibeinselveH 
 in favor of a deputy j.'<t\ernor, and, anticipating the 
 proprietary's approbalnn >>t' their wislu s, dexircd 
 l.loyd to perform the thiioH ul Ihiii oM'ice The Ihla- 
 ware counsellors, on the contrary, protested against 
 this choice, and declared their own preference of a 
 boani of commissioners. They rehtscil to Hubniit to 
 the government of l.loyd, and, withdrawing from the 
 council, they returned to Oelawari', where their •nn- 
 tryinen were eahily prevniled on to approve and sup- 
 port their secession. In vain l.loyd endeavored, by 
 the iiioHt liberal and generotis otfers lo llie iJelawaru 
 colonists, to prevail with them to sulvnil to an admi- 
 iiislration which he bad reluctantly assiimed in obe- 
 dience lo the urgent and nnaninioui desire of iLu 
 Pennsylvaniaiis ; they rejected a.*! Ihk i''^erH ; and, 
 countenanced l>y (yidonel MarMmni, (he > iiisman of 
 the proprietary, declared that 11. ; u- \-termincd to 
 have an executive government .vpaiax friun thai (d 
 Pennsylvania. Slung with vexation and disappoint- 
 ment at this result, Penn was at first inclined In impute 
 the blame of il to Idoyd ; but soon ast-rrlainini! bow 
 perfectly diMinlerestml and well meanioL' the nuidnct 
 of tluK worthy man had been, he Iraiistiri-ed bi»< reii* 
 sure to the Delaware comisellors, and biiteily re- 
 proached them with seltihh ambition and iiiLTatilnde. 
 Hoping, however, by gratityin^ lliein in llii-ir prenent 
 desire, lo prevent the rupture fnon e\li'iidiii>> any 
 farther, he granted separate coinmissinnh lur llie ex- 
 ecutive government of Pennny Ivani.i and Delaware lo 
 IJityd anil Markham ; the fnncliiais of the |i-i.'i><l<itnrn 
 Mtill remaining united in a council and assendily eoiii' 
 mon to the iwo scttlemeiils. Ily li.e tiieiidty co-ope- 
 ralion id l.loyd and Markbain. tlii.>i siriu'uhir ntaclnnery 
 of government was conducted with niiirli gn-ater har- 
 mony and success than the pi>culiarilii's ot \\» ^Iriic- 
 ture, and the causes fnun which tiny had arisen, 
 woiilil have prepari>d us lo expect." 
 
 The following year [ If'ii)'.^] was signalised in a man- 
 ner hlill more discreditable (o the province, ami disa* 
 i:reeabl.i to the proprietary, by a violent dishcn>ii)n 
 among the ipiakers of Pennsylvania This has been 
 represeiiti'd, by the parly that proved vve.ikcNt in the 
 tilruggle, as a purely ecclesiaslieal ipiarrel, in winch 
 their adversaries, worsted in «piriluaL bad resorted lo 
 carnal wciipons, and by the hlronger. as a pulilual 
 elfervescence which the power of the inagiMlrate wad 
 rightfully emplov.d to compoHe. The i!isinrbaiice 
 oriuinaled with Ucor^e Keith, a man emin<.Mitly dia- 
 ImguiHhed by the vigor and subtlety of bis apprehen- 
 sion, by an insatiable appetite for controversy, a co- 
 pious ebHjuence, and a vehement temper. 'I'o his re- 
 ligious assiH'iales, the ipiakers, he was reconmiended 
 by his numernns writings in defence of their tenets, 
 and more particularly endeared aa the champion ojf 
 their tpiarrel with the cburclies, ministers and magia. 
 
 •> rriiml, i. S46 -ti-j. t larkmiii, ii 01. I'cnii KCfiiiii tn liavii 
 
 i>ipri-:4-«-il iiiMli.MipiirnltdiKMi whaifviTurilie nnuli.ct ut Miok- 
 
 iliM-.l rfpiirtu (i. lUi) llinl " ln' liml ilm 
 anil i!nlP»*lM till liiH ilfiilll ;'• wtt.tHrt 
 ilftrol llijii t)H> n-iil piirix'nc ,<( Mjirkliani, 
 rtlai'inif Itiinaelt nl tliv Iii'^kI <>| tli<- tHrtii<ii4 iiMiiiHrllnr-* ut Ue 
 litw;iri\ vviiH III ri'laiii over tliuia bii inilusnca faviirablc lu tUo 
 iiuili'»riiy of ilii.' prnprittiiry. 
 
 hill I wliMiii I'tmilI I 
 
 pr'iitiii'tiiry'f riuifutri 
 pfinapi il iiinv In- 
 
 ^Hll^E^Iij ' " lviW<*«i» 
 
■MUSI 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 8811 
 
 << rinn til httya 
 li.n.'l Maik- 
 ■- Ih-tiiclilin 
 
 i>( Markli'Hii, 
 ..iHrll.ir-x'l 1)0 
 
 iviiriljiv u> tUo 
 
 IrntPH iif Now Kn<;lnnJ — ncotinUy wliicli. Iiy .1 ruiiin'- 
 loiis hotly of thi* qiiakf>rM, wuh loni; n'!;;irilc(l with :i 
 Ifrhtiir to which it in ihlfiriilL (n jrjvi- iiiiy other ii.niif 
 than that nf a vintliclivr thxhkc ['i\i] llr Imtl Irtivrltt'il 
 ill th it country ait a qtiakcr preacher: aiul, adthiii; 
 thi' Kinarl of perioiial ruiilrnvrrHy with the |M'n|»h' 
 to iX rcitciitinftit of the wcll-rriiinnhcrri) wrmi^fi which 
 UiL'y had wruakeil on hii reli^imiH fraternity, ht hail 
 ncciiiiiulated ittlHtiKtl tlicm n hoard of anitnoitiiy. which 
 nil ih- prolixity uf his puhlicalions Keerned to he in- 
 rap.i ;e of cxhaustiii};. With an animated vitupera- 
 tion, which waH ihou^hl very sitvonry Ity th.MpiakerH 
 Hfl Ion;; an it was directed aijainut their adver(<:irieii,* 
 lie had eondenineJ the ^ovtrnincnt of New Kn<;land 
 for the KeverilteH iidlicied hy it heretofore npon rn- 
 thiiNiaMtM, with whoHP extravajrariee, as well aH whofte 
 Huirerinifs, it appeared that he himself was loo much 
 iiiirlined to Hynipalhirie. Kven thorte ipi ikerH, who 
 were ponseswed of ih.il moderate npirit which waM 
 {tradually leaveniri<r the whole of (heir fociety. and 
 wan iillerly opp.med l-i the wild exrr;iva;riince hy which 
 their hrelhren in New Kn^latid h;id provoked ihi-ir 
 fate, were lliiicred hy pnhlicaiionx which arihiily 
 turned die bhaine of ipiaketiMiii into itt iflory. and 
 allied the honors of martyrdom to t)ie other evidences 
 of ihi'ir claim to a revival of primitive Christianity. 
 Jlis eminent repute with hid fellow Kcclaries had re- 
 eommcnded hiin first to the appointment ofsurveyor- 
 jjener.il of Ma.st Jersey, and more recently to the mas- 
 tership of the quaker seminary of eitucation e^ta- 
 hlished at Philadelphia. From real conviction, from 
 an iiivpterate hahit of eonlroversy, or from amhitions 
 desire to •;;iin a slitl higher eminence anions; the quii 
 kerfi than he had alre.uly a(taiin>d, he hei^aii at lcn;.'lli 
 to utter ciMisures upon various parliculark in llu' v^m 
 duct ami usa^e ol his fellow Acciaries in IVrnis)!- 
 vania. He complained that there Wiis a ^reat de.d 
 too much shickness in the s\ Ktem of ipiaker discipline, 
 and that very loose and erroneous doctrine was tauizht 
 by many of the <)uaker preachers, lie insisted that, 
 ns the inlliclion and even the violent resislaiU'e of 
 evil was incoiiijistent with i^'hriMian meekness and 
 hrothcrly love, no ipidker oii^lit to he concerned in 
 '* the compeilin^ part of ^overumctit," and niucii less 
 ou^ht any such to retaoi iic^roes m a state ofHluverv-t 
 His ccMHiircs hud m some respects a siihstaniial realitv, 
 and in others At least n reasonahlu show, of just appli- 
 cation, thiit rendered llicm only the iiior<! irriiatin^ to 
 the minds of tiiote whom he rehukcd without heinir utih^ 
 to convinno. Supported liy a respeclahle comp.iiiv of 
 adherenld, and particularly in souiu of Ins views liy the 
 German cuiigraiila, who from the hrint had proiesied 
 aK'iMist nej^ro sUvitv as utterly mcunsistent with ipia- 
 ker Christianity. ICeilh ippc'urs to have encountered liiir 
 opposition whicli Ins nei% dorlrines received from the 
 m.ijority of the ipiakers, with ni nuuli veiieincncc ns 
 he had display) d in his previous cuiitesls wiili their 
 cotniiiou eneinius. A regular trial of slriMi^fili )'usu('d 
 between the two parties 111 the ipiaker societs ; anti tin; 
 adversaries of Keith, liiidin^ lliemselvc^ siippoitcd hv 
 n m;ijonty, piihltshed a deelaratiou or testimony «f de- 
 nial .i;rainst liiin. In tins curious production thev ex- 
 pressed their deep reijrel uf " the leihotis ex*'rci>*e and 
 vexatious perjilexity" wlm h ':■•■■ !.ile Iriend. (leor^e 
 Keith, had hron^^lit upon theiii. " \\'itli tnoiiriiirii;," 
 they declared, "and liiinentatiou do we sav, — lluw is 
 tins itu^lity rnm f.dleii ' — Mow is 'ns shielit cast avN.iv ' 
 — Mow ^hull It he told ni (lath !>-\Vi|l not ilie d.iu^h- 
 ters of ilic uncireuineised iriuiuph !" 'I'liev proceedi-d 
 to accuse him uf uttering ;i^ain^l lluMnselves " siicli ini- 
 savoury wonls and aliusive htn^Uiitre, as a person of 
 rmnnion civility would luiith ," and in particular wnli 
 having nsRurrd them on various occasions. " ami upon 
 sniull provucationa, if any, that thev wt re tools, i<rnnrant 
 heathens, silly souht, rotiou ranters, and Mu^til>'t<»iians, 
 
 • f»i» n r*ll(W|vri(trhis rliiinirnT, tinwr-ver, iitVr lliry itinii- 
 relvtrt liiid tiernnie liin tiilvt'r-4Hr>i'!i, itic <|iiakrrs (li(M'nvL>r*'it 
 ilijii. pv(Mi Iwti'r*! hh wlii^in wtili tlicm, hikI pvi-h m Ins irrni- 
 nii'iit of (lie (woplo of N'-w Kinilnnd, lie lind *' hml t<to nnirh 
 lifp til arKuniPui.o had '* ffxiiiliiied nn uiilicrfiniintf vimiiy on 
 v|4:inr> iliereliy (itiiainrd liy bun uvvr liHop|K>nriiis," nnrnlin. 
 Cfiln*r minluited liinHell *' in n verv i-xirnviimuit iiuuoitT " 
 rr.niil, i Ml. 
 
 t li H lfl«« rrii)Hrknt)l# (list ihl^ Isiirr ft-nturpnf )ii« it'Virinr 
 
 ftllMllil ItBVB tweu llllnnni-Pii hy rroiul, llllliillial Itsliciulil liJiVP 
 o:«rjt>€d the i.liDfrva.iim ofrLirkmni, wl'it, In his IttV nf Ti-nn, 
 r)t(>nKsnrKi-llhu-|rh itnmixr>tl coM(rm|>l, ituHn his hlxlorv of llin 
 AttMlitioti i»f i:jp HIrvi? Trade refers to a |H>rliiit finiryi-ari huer, 
 ns ihfl rra <•) d,f» flmi pffori of ihr Anirrii'iin nesker^ in min 
 fc-nie the pvil nf u9gt>y kLivitv. (..ihrifl Thnniss, n qiMkiT, 
 CniinMniKtranr wiih Kpiih, ilip frifnd of ronii, sod thi' ^■a^li^'^t 
 hlitnrinn itfriMtnNylvHnlii. i-xpr,- i^ly n-<i-rilii>rt im Krith ilii' \mr- 
 tlfulnr dm-inne to (V)iirh I riMii<l" iinil Dr. Krnnkliii. in one nf 
 hit Inters. nitMilixnt ilwit tu< l-i<l itei-n ili»> proifMiniinn .icnintt 
 noffM ;itavrry, iliiit va.i 1 iin>-J .tt lios (tfrinil hy Keith snd h s 
 
 Willi mlier iMines of thai nifamoufl strain, thcrehv to 
 our ;:nrf. foamiii;» out his own sliaine " They accusetl 
 liioi tit asseilin<r ihal ipiakerisin was too f>rien a ctO'ik 
 of heiesy and hypocrisy : and that more diabolical doc- 
 trine passeil fiirrent DnKHi:,' the ipiakiTs ihun amoni> 
 any other tiescriplion o( Protestant profeHsi)rs, As 
 the etiuiax of his 1 onluinncy, thev alletred, thai when 
 they Ihid " teiiderlv dealt" with Iniii for hts ulniitive lan- 
 ^Uiiije ond distirderly hehavi'>r, he hnd insulltnoty an- 
 swered. '• thiit he irainjiletl their judgment under his 
 feet as tlirt ;*" and that he had aince set up a separate 
 meetin^r, whose proceedintrs had rendered the religious 
 reputation i>f the bulk of the ijuakers " a scorn to the 
 profane, iind the sono of the drunkard." 
 
 Keiili who had by this lime colh'ctod around him a 
 nttmeroiis corironrse of adherents, whom he sivled 
 '■ ('hristijii (juakers," while he bestowed on all the re.^t 
 of the tpiaker eominuiiity the opproliious title of '• opo-;- 
 lales," tlid ntit fail to answer this deelantittri hy an atl- 
 diesj which conl.iiued a ilefeuce of hnnscif ;ind his (inn- 
 ciples. and an illustration of the various acts of apo.'^tacv 
 eomintltttl hv In.* adversaries. 'I'his puhlieiition pre- 
 seiiletl Ml liidterous a contrast hetweeri the sectarian 
 pnnctples and tlie lna^l.'^le^ill coiMlnctof these persons, 
 that It fairly iransporietl them beyond the honnrls of 
 rpiaker patience, and convinced theui that what had 
 been hitherto re^anled as a mere eci-!t:.uastic:il dispute, 
 inijjlit now to be resented as a pohticiil ipiarrel. 'I'liey 
 declared, that though a tender meekness should un- 
 tloiihtedly eharacleri/e their noliee of olfences comruit- 
 >etl noiiinsl them m their .'apacity of quakers, yitt a 
 iiaoisli-rial stcrrmess was no h-s.-t lucnmhent upon them, 
 .. the visitatmn of otferices th<it tendeil to " lesnon the 
 hu^ful autlioiitv of the niaotstracy in the view of the 
 baser sort of the people." Keiih, the author of the 
 address, and Itrudtbrd, the printer tif it, were both (alter 
 an exainnialion whu li the other magistrates refused to 
 fthiire with their quaker brethren) comimUetl to prison ; 
 Ur.itllortl's printui^ press wus ser/etl. and both Keith 
 antl he were denonncei*, by proelamation, as seditious 
 persons, ami eintnies of the royal authority in I'lnn- 
 HvUaiiM. IbadlnrtI, whu n li< d on the proiectiou ol 
 l'ji<>li^h eonstitutioiial law, compelled Ins proseeiiiors 
 to briiiir him to trial for the t)tl'i-nces they jiatl laid to 
 tiis chari^e ; but tliounh he was ac(pnlted hy the vertlic' 
 of a J'lry. he had incurred such pecuniary hi-^s, antl 
 ftiund inmself ilie ohject of so inueh a' tive dislike, that 
 he w;is ct)mpelh.'<l to reiuovt^ his priiittiiL! estahlishuient 
 (roin Pennsylvania Keilh Wiis iirouj;iit to trul shortly 
 iiltir, aloiit; with Praiicis Itndd, another <pi.iker, hir 
 lia\inij, m u liitle ivork which was tinir lunit pro*'- 
 lion, talselv b faint d a ({U.iker m i^ristr:)te, whom (lit v 
 hail descril)ed oS too hiirh and irnperions in worldly 
 ciMirts. Tliey wrri! found nuilty. and sentenced tt) pav 
 a line of hve pounds t Itelirmj» soon after to Kri:*- 
 l.iiid, Keilli piililtshi'tl an accinnit t>l the whoh> pro- 
 cerduiirs .itriiinst bun. Ill a pamphlet which he eniitleil 
 " New llii;;l,inil spirit of persecution transinitletl to 
 Peimsvlvani.i, and the pretended cpniker found pi-r-^e- 
 cntiujj the true tpiaker." So t xteiisive was his mlbi- 
 ence, iioth In Kii^taitl anti .Xintrica. that for soiin- lirni: 
 It wa.i douhtei) wlieilier lit; and Ins frteiiils, or the parlv 
 opposed lolhein, would suceeetl in eclipsinir (ht! otln-rs. 
 aiitl securnii,' to i!niniel\t"^ tht; eX' > isi»e possessu)ii tit 
 tin ipiaker ii.Hiie. Ibil 'he career of Keiili. as a tpia- 
 ker, was suddeiilv ahru'ijed, and Ins inlbience 111 the 
 SOCK tv coinplelelv overthrttwn. hy a conseipience winch 
 It is pioliiibli! that neitlier \\v nor his opponents antici- 
 ;i;itetl fioni the conini>'Mceuieiit tif tin ir diHjnites In 
 the ctiur^^e of his labors in that wide held ol eoiilrt)- 
 versy, whi''h the altieks tif his various adveis.iries in 
 PcnnsvUahia antl New llnghintl spreml belore hnii, 
 Keith succeeiled (to Ina own salist'aelion at le.ist) in re- 
 filling all the )>eeuhar tenets, that had ever heeii com- 
 inou to hiinselt and the tpiakers ; imd scuriiin>; to t'on- 
 ceal the deairlion ol his urij^inal opnuons, lie liesitated 
 
 • Thcst! viTv words, loiigln'fiire adiirt'ssnl liy Wininni Peiin 
 t') nil Kiii,'hHli inaiiiiirate, \vh<> wn«c<iirniiini<ii! Jiiiii in Nt'Air.nn 
 (ClHrksiin. I. llM)|t(tr ri-riimnu' In dike anitiuh, Initl iircii liiihiTlo 
 t'lirrent and rc*|ifi-(i>d ninniiK thti <)iiiikrrM, jih iin|Hirn 1; nn 
 nixrn ilinn n insijiiHiHiiuiiiH t'nnteinjtt, i>r ilficmt ilisilani. Iiow- 
 ivtT ilfflrii'iK ill nieekin-im and fniirteny, llK-y Were certainly 
 inni-ti |ps>t HO than n irre.ii tlfsl nfthn Inn^iinifH (hat, iitiuni this 
 |t.riit.l. wns t'xrhRiit(i'd liPtwci"!! many of thn cpeiker wrln-rs 
 iiixl tlieir ailvrrHnrien, (1ni> tliivif, a iinakir. h.nni-.'nl>ciut (Iim 
 tinie ilcorrtfil ihtt His-ieiy mil <)i.arrrlli<il wiili hn iVun'trt, niiiin- 
 niined aiiternry tvarl'me with ihcin llm( tinnleil innrh inort* in 
 l>rinni>(i' tti« nitidi ih.in (hu rihncntiun nf iintnkind I linvp 
 lifi'ii an aililri">rt (<> Waan, fMiit tlis niirienl iiitsi>i-iiii(i.i, in which 
 itiey i;ri-eirtl hnn witti niniifrtiufl ainisitti iillUHlotistn ihti unsa- 
 vntirinfHS iif hii tniiiu*. 
 
 f Ppiin, wrilltitf ("ftfrifnd iu Ainrrii a, dorlnrf" thai the re- 
 jmri til'iliis trial liail evciieil ninrh ilissii!<i in Kiu'land, antl In- 
 ilnrfd nmny t<i «Ki-ljiini ni^Hinxi ihi> ninr^'s of quakers 10 utliui- 
 hisiur uiuiuci^al uuihunty. I'roud, i. 370. 
 
 not to decLire Inmsrlf a convert from the tpukor so- 
 ciety, to the elinrch of I'liirlainl. Tliis secession was a 
 death-blow to the mtbience of Uint party, which h:id hi- 
 therto espoused his sentiincnts ; and which hencefor- 
 ward, either gradually eo.ilesciniT with a more powerful 
 ina|ority, or peaceably suhmittmij to a sentence of ex- 
 pulsion, conlrihnted alike to the asceiul.incy of princi- 
 ples which oriumallv it iiad Imjietl and tuieuded to suiv 
 vert When Keith finally declared himself ihe antai^o* 
 rust of ipiukerism, be encountered the most aetivo op- 
 position from William Pemi : but till then, the treat- 
 ment wh.ch tut had expericncrd in Pennnylvama, hail 
 been a sourrc of the utmost regret and dieapprohation 
 to the proprietiiry.* 
 
 Ifi93 ] The K»>vrrnment that hat! bpen formed in 
 I'ji^land hy the revolution, haviiiir now completed the 
 arrjni>t-mentd that were necessary for its csUhlishinent 
 and security at hoiin% had leiMire to extend its cures to 
 ihe enloni.il communities at the extremity t)f the empire. 
 In the h. stones of the other American setilements. wo 
 h;ive seen instances of lh« e.ioerness whu'h Kiii^ Wil- 
 liarii aiul Irs ministers evinced to appropriate to the 
 crown the appointment of tlx! provincnil governors 
 The situation of the proprietary of Pennsylvania, lojje- 
 ther with various circumstances m th'' recent history ol 
 this province, presented a favorable opport inity of rn- 
 peatmu the same policv, and, indeed, furnished a much 
 more decent pretext for it than had been deemed snf- 
 ticient to warrant an invjsion of ihe riohts of the pro- 
 prietary of Marylantl. Peim was (generally suspected 
 tiy the Knirhidi people of atlherenco lo the interests of 
 his ancteut palron .latm^s the S^conti ; and in ctmse- 
 ipieu''e t)f a ' hari»e of this niiture (thou[;h snpptirted only 
 hv fd.sehood and jierjury^) be had ahscontled from ju- 
 dicial iiKpnry, ami was hvnio m concealment. In 
 Pennsylyaiiia the taws had been atlmiiiisti-rcd in the 
 name of the banished kinii. lonj; alter the uovermneiK 
 of William and Mary hail been recoiriii-,ed in the other 
 ctdonies ; and the dnsensions wlitch Keith's setiisin 
 had excited were maonitied into iht! appearance of dis- 
 orders inconsistent wilh the honor of the IJrilish crown. 
 I'ortiiied with such pretexts for the mval imer(Mi''ition, 
 Kmi^ W'tfliam Issued a cuiinnHsiou, tleprivini; Perm of 
 ,til anthoritv in America, and mvesiin;; thr ■.'overinniiit 
 of Ins u-rritortes m ('olonel I'letehi-r. who had alnO 
 been appointed the ^ovt-rnor of New Ytirk. Penn. who 
 reijanled llu*? proceetliii-x as a tvrannica! usurpaiitm of 
 Ills ri^'hls, atlopied the sln»nj,'e debiisivt* precauiio.i of 
 wr'lin^ to j-'letcher, heseecliinn hnn, on the score of 
 private triend^liip, to rebise compliance with the kinjj's 
 coumnssnni ; hiil an eHort of ihi:* irrei^ular di scriptuii 
 could 110! possihlv avail him, snil th** ^overnmerit was 
 ipiielly surreiiilereit to Kletcher, who appomted, tirst 
 I.lovd, anil aherwirds Markha.u, to iirt as his deputy. 
 Ill ih<^ ctnninissitni to (''letcher, no manner of regard 
 hill been expressed lo ihti tbartrr of Prnnsvlvania , 
 .ititl the mil. 11 ob|ect of ins pubcv was loohtain a recoj;- 
 ni'itni of the ilepemlence of the proMuce on ihe crown. 
 Tln^ involved hnn in a series of disputes with the as- 
 sembly, wiio p.isHfd nn unanimous reiobiiioii, ** that 
 the laws of this province, 'vlnch were in bnce and [iric- 
 lice Ind'ore llie arrival of this present yr»vcrnt»r, aie sliU 
 in force i" hut afterwartis juili,'ed it expetbent lo actpii- 
 csee in tlie arroifatiou. tlial the lihertv ttf coiiM-ieiico 
 which thev owed to the wistlotu and virtue t)l William 
 Pt lui ami thenistdves, was hestowtil on liiein hv the 
 t;raci> and favor of the kinir. rarlhcr than this, tho 
 governor found it imiitissihle 'o bend iheni tti Ins wishes. 
 One object ro winch In* ^trelIlH>n^lv I diored to obtain 
 their coueurrence, I Ib'M] was a nenend conirihntiou 
 in aid t)f the defence of the froniierstd New N'mk 
 ajfainst the arms of the Preuch I-'intlniii il necessary 
 to reinforce, hv Hri»umeiit, the anihonty of a ro.'al letter 
 whieli lie prodnceil fortius piirptete, he rennudttl them 
 tint the nnhlirv opt'i.ilioc.s carried on at lliis Ironlit r 
 conlnhutetl to the deli in'e of ihe oilier ci>|oni(<s as well 
 as New Vork, ami ih.il it was nnjn.Ht to burden tlna 
 province witii the sole churj^e of proceedings which 
 
 • a. Thomas* Ili-*l. nf pfiinsylvnuii. it}, I. rnnnl. i. 34i. 
 3f}|. — :i7i1. Cl.irksnn'a IImi <iI (liu AIkiIiiioii of (h<> Hhive Trn.lf<, 
 i. i:(n. ThoiiiiiH* Mi?!. 1)1 rriiiiin0 ill \iiiriira. ir. )0 -^1. froihl'i 
 Hrr-oiiiii ol ilii'si* iiroc(>Rilnigs twiirs <>viiirn( M<nrks ni imni.ihiy. 
 it is aninMinirtnolMtTvu his itnnlee aitiiitini Kt-tih nnd Itratllont 
 for Inivinit iliitf^l apaftpr, which they puhlislicil, Iroiu ihti prt* 
 son to which they haTi hern i'«niniill('<l. 
 
 (iimr^e Ki-ilh, nlirr liii' tnnlirnrriiH<nl of (lie dorlrlnps of thd 
 Chnrrli of Knclanil. wan nent hnrk ncani iis a ini.tsionflr) to 
 .^ineriCH, hy lint Kiiirlt«h Hnneiy Inr lln- I* m pa cud in 1 ol iho 
 t)oti(s>l ; qikI ill liH liiborii to r>invi'ri itie liolinnit, is nnxl (o 
 have Ih'i'ii tniicli more mirn'sttii) tlian n-y of (hit vourins of 
 hiM lorun-r liMo'i:*. Oltunxoii, i. U(l. 
 
 t The ttiithor of die rlmrite from wliith I'eim with.lrew him- 
 sell, was itip n.iiorioiis Kaller, who wis iirierw.ints eMiid^iniitnl 
 to (hi iiiilory, for tht* ihutM-tt'il ndiirhoiHi of iIik rhitrget whu.h 
 tiv h.id 1 rv(\iriiHt ii^raioMi otiidr dimii({uishi'd i*«rvufts. 
 
834 
 
 were indisperiAibln to ihe ^(nlt>rJt Bafrty. Ho was 
 aware, ho said, tliat the <)Uukor |iriiicip!t!M whu-li prn- 
 vailed ainon^ llieni furlmije not utily tlie carryinjj[ of 
 aims, but tlio levvii K of money Rveii for (lie ttiipport of 
 defensive war; but he hoped they would not rfliise tx) 
 feed tlie hungry and clothe the naked, which were cer- 
 tainty Christian virtiintt, and which the huri;rrr and na- 
 kedne«8 of the Indian alhes of New York now presented 
 them with a favorablo opportunity of rxcrcising. This 
 ingenious casuiatry, which the qnakers might well have 
 regarded rjthcr an an alTront to their understandint^s 
 Ihan a concession to their principles, proved on the pre* 
 ecnt occasion. (]uitc unavailing; to the no small dis- 
 pleasure of \VilI:ain Pcnn, who, on beini; reinstated in 
 his government, reproached the assembly with their 
 refusal tn contribute towards the csminon defence, and 
 desired that a sum of money for this purpose should 
 forthwith be levied and remitted to New York. 
 
 In addition to the other disappointments and misfor- 
 tunes thai had recently befallen the proprietary of 
 PenuAvlvania, he hid now to lament a stMiaible dnmnn- 
 tion of tlie esteem he had enjoyed with the members of 
 his religious society m Kui^Und. They reproaciied 
 him with having meddled more with politics, and the 
 concrrns of the Kiigli.ih governtncnl, than bccdine a 
 nu'inlier of their Chrisitiiin bo-ly ; and would not admit 
 the jicnevolent motives of his conduct, or the beiieljt 
 which thf-y tliem^ielves had personally reaped from it, 
 as 3 sulHcient apology for the siaiidul it h.id created, 
 and the evil example it had alfoided* tn the midst nl 
 «> iiunv adverse circumstances, mvolviii;^ the desertion 
 of ancient friendsi, and the disappointment of almost 
 every object of temporal satisfaction which he had pro- 
 posed to himself, his retirement was penetrated by the 
 grateftd kindness of that illustrious man, whom once, 
 in ciiciimstances resembling Ins own present situdlion, 
 he had endeavored to befnenJ. John I^ocke, who wus 
 now in the enjoyment of cousidera))le favor at the t^ng- 
 lish court, convinced uf IV'tiri's innocence, and inindfiiJ 
 of the friendiv intercession wliich i'enii had made in 
 his behalf with Kin<r James, when he was un exile in 
 Holland, oiri:reil to etnpKiy Ins interest to procure hiin a 
 pardon from King Williain. Hut the dignity of IVnn's 
 virtue was rather elevated than depressed hv adversity ; 
 and emulattng the nM^n^uiinitv by wliirh bia own simi- 
 lar kindness had been formerly rejecleil by Locke, he 
 deelart'd, that, as he had doiie noihiiii^ oLiinewortliy, he 
 would not consent to stain Ins reputation by accepiing 
 H pardon. t The retirement thus virtuously preserved, 
 contributed no less to the refiiiemenl of his cluracter 
 Ihan to the extension of his fame : and was siiriialiscil 
 by the publication of a series of literary porfonnauccs 
 replete with learning, genius, and mild benevolence. 
 
 In a sliort time, the clouds thai had gathered around 
 his fortunes began to disperse ; the quak'Ts brcatne 
 completely reconciloj, and as much attached as ever 
 10 him ; and the good otfices of Lord Somers, Locke, 
 and other friends, concurring with the justice of his 
 cause, and the detection uf iinposinres coniiuiited bv 
 one of his accusers, succeeib-'d iii im.leceivinj; thr Kiig- 
 lish court, and obvialid every pretence for coniinu.ng 
 m exclude bim from the enjoy uifni of the privilc^ics con- 
 ferred on him by the charter of I Viinsvlvaiiia. A roval 
 warrant was accordingly issued lor reiiisi.itinir him in 
 his proprietary functions; in the e^er^■l^e of vvhu-h he 
 proreded forthwith to invest his kinsman, M.irkliam, 
 with the oirKC of deputy-governor, of Ins whole territo- 
 ries — thus .tjiiri re-tuuiing the executive adinuiisird- 
 tion of Pennsylvania and Delaware. t 
 
 THE HISTORY OP 
 
 Lcwer, a iiuaker, tlm fnuinl 
 wtih ilie ri'si of the s-Miety, iirulrrh'nk in nuili 
 
 i.f l'-' 
 
 ■ ii>l lr|tim 
 
 ■•r Ii.i. 
 
 tliin between ihnii, anil for ihio piir|Hiitt* tircw up tlii> r<>lti<v\ lu); 
 ■|Hi|(i^y, which was to bo lubscribcil an.l ilixtnliutril by Prnti : 
 ** Il'any thihili. iliinH<; tlie^e late reviiluii'Mis, I h:ivt> i-<»irf>n.ri) 
 niysetr, ciihcr t;y Wiirils iir wniinirs (id l<iv«, pity, "r t-'iMnlwill 
 to aiiT III (tiair«H!i), fiiritier than ciHisi»it>(| with iriuli's hoimr nr 
 llie •:h'irch's iif are, t am surrv tiir ii ; nii<l iht? ynvt- niiiii-ni 
 having passeil il l>v. I di'sirtt that it niny li« by ynti aiitii.'' 
 Clarkscm, i. ^9. Wbrtlitrr tliix npol>>L'y was pri'Xfiiu-il or imt. 
 is uukn'twi) : but a recniciliiUion touk place Hhurtly alter bu. 
 lne«n Penii and ibc qnakers. 
 
 t This was ii«t ttifi only point nrHimilaniy in the hinlonrs nf 
 itinsn tlisniietiislieit pnrsoiis. B'Hh bail Iiokii ihu Jii|>r;4 nt very 
 bail in«ri (Uliiififiihiirv anil JamRM (t.e Hecmwl), aiul l»nih «itt^ 
 ferfil uiijuiilv t>>r tlmii cuinieximi with ihsin. Both wne ex- 
 pcllftl fnim tho iiiiiverHity of Oxl'nrd. 
 
 \ Prou.1. I. iitrt— 404. Clarksnn, 377. 07. Mr. riarkson's 
 •laleinents thai ihin warrniu wan eiprfisseil In a iiiarincr parti- 
 cularly rreilit'ible In William Piuin, iserrnneoiiii, Thr* nbairiirt 
 he ha:i ifivfln ot'it!i import is e<]uiilly so, ami shows bim tn have 
 bcsn inislMil by Boin« ileriirtive ropy of tba iostrinnuni, whu h 
 tn ri*ab'y coiiinirnci-<l in ibm inannfr: — " Whtrtfas tiptni inliir- 
 mvtinii, thai, by rvaaon *>( nrHnt ii.iMcai rinifes in thi; govrr i 
 meni ofoiir provinrtt orpirnnHyivnnia. in Ainenra, anil thn nt>- 
 lenrn of ihr pr'>|»r'einr, ttie s.ium' «as flilli-n inin ibKorler atnl 
 iimfusion," m.c. The rtm-oii a'^.-*iL''tfil t. r ri'sioniit; hiiii is. 
 
 CO] III 
 
 that he " has^iveii us v''**"' a.-t^uruiu-f* that hv wilt i.ikr rnrf 
 Ilia ^fernment of uiir Hnut provinm mtil tvrritortta, aiid pro 
 vMa fur tho Mfeiyaiid stH-uiiiythfreui." 
 
 I Pennsylvania, memwhile. continued to increase its 
 ! nopulation with snch rapiJitv, that, uboiU this pt^riod, 
 [ItiU.'iJ the number of inh.ibii.inis (exclusive of negro 
 slaves), was cstiiii.iled at Iwentv thousand. A consi- 
 tierahic change was nltserved soon after the Kn;f|ish 
 Revolution in the characier of the einigranis, who, 
 rliou^h geniiriilly res[ieet«M(' persons, vet showed very 
 plainly, in many parts of their conduct, and especially 
 in their reluctance to embrace the measures that were 
 proposed for mitigating the evils of negro slavery, that 
 views of temporal enrichment had much more power- 
 fully inlluenced them in resorting to Ai. 'erica than rc- 
 I'^ions zeal. The formality of a^)pare aiid simplicity 
 of niitiincrs peculiar to the cunstitutiors of the .jnakors, 
 served to purify their body by Cw. timing its attractions 
 to soher-mimled men ; and t nforced the eiample of in- 
 dustry ; by increasing its etl'cacy m conducting to a 
 plentiful estate. Uiit the temporal advantages thus 
 closely associated with quakrr manners had latterly 
 tended to produce a practical relaiation of the strictness 
 and spirituality of quaker principles, and to adultentc 
 the motives from which the profession of thehc princi- 
 ples wrts embnci'J. The attractions of Peniisvlvaiiia 
 as a sanctuary of liberty of conscience had been com- 
 paratively diminished to the Knglish dissenters by the 
 Uevoliition ; but its attractions, in other res|M*cts, con- 
 tinued unabated, and, by the widelv-ditruNed iiillueiice 
 and correspondence of Peiin, were circulated through 
 all parts of the Itrilisb empire Already miny persons 
 who in England hud found it ditlicull to gain a Itveli' 
 hiiOLl, bad in Ptrniisvtvania nm.issed estates, to the 
 value, S4)me, of inanv thousands, more uf inanv hun- 
 dreds of pounds. The accounts ihet were published in 
 Enolaml of iho wages of bibor in Ihe province uliracted 
 thither a considerable number of persons in the hum- 
 blest walks of life, who h.id the expenses of their traiis- 
 porlution defrayed by tlu' wealthier iiidivuliials, to whom 
 for a series of years, they eng.iued themselves as hcr- 
 vants. Dot the improvement in the condition of these 
 peopl(> was so r.ijiid, that a want of biborers, uiid the 
 exdrbitancy of the watrea that wtre necessary to retain 
 free men in that coimIiiioii. viere coiiMiiiial subjects of 
 complaint. These circuinstances. concurring with the 
 example of the iieii;hborini»colouifs, had onginallv intro- 
 duced, and now contiuued to prolong, thr siibsi.<lence of 
 ni'gro sl.iMTv til ilii' province , and this vile instituttmi, 
 by dei;railini» servitude, and rendering it n coiidilion 
 still more undesir,ibli' to free men, promoted the causes 
 from whii-h iisetf hud arisen. Il rt^piired more virtue 
 thtn even the quakers were vet capaltle of exerting to 
 di'lend themselves from the eoniagion of tins evil, ami 
 to induce them to divide ihe produce of their lands vmiIi 
 their laliorers, in such proportions as iniiiht have eiiabb-il 
 them to employ only fiee l.ibor in iheir cn'.tiviilion 
 
 liiiriiit; the inlerval that elapsed between the resto- 
 ration of I'l.nu to hts pro|iru-l try authority, and tus 
 secoiul visit to Ills peiipje. [ Ifi'Jii] aninv change was iii- 
 tio'luecd into the turin of ihe provinnat ciuistilutioii. 
 Murkhain h:ul repc.itt'div pressed ilie iisseinblv to uu- 
 ih-nise the levy nf a mhii oi moiuy, to hv rruuiud In 
 (he f^overiior ut New Vmk, lor the Mijtporl ot the wur ; 
 or, as It was decently dei-lured. b>r tlit^ relief of the 
 poor Indians ; iind Penii. in Ins letters from Kiioluinl, 
 ii.id retniorceil tins applii.-utioii bv dechiniii,'. thai the 
 preservation of the proprietary piverninent would as:am 
 i)e end.in^crcd bv ilieir refusal to rouiply wah it This 
 appeared to the asi^eiiiMv a l.ivoi\ible opporiuniiv of 
 oblaiuing a cliani:e wbu'h they had loutr ib'sired to 
 etrert. Ill the diHinlMitiini of the letiislative hinrtions 
 between lliemselvi"* and the governor and council ; 
 and >stiowiiitt pl.nnlv liiut, without ihis eipnvaleiil, they 
 were determmeil not lo wave iheir scinplesto n ci:n- 
 tribiition for !it>stile purposes, ihev ('oinpeIle<| .Murkham 
 lo consent to im- passing of a new act >i| •M'ttlcment, 
 wlucli formed llie third /fUffic or chiirlrr ol liie Peiin- 
 sylvauiun eoiistitittlon. by this new eonipact, it was 
 provided, that from each county there tshouhl be chosen 
 onlv l^'-o persons to represrut the peiiple in *-oimcil, 
 and four as ihen representatives in nsseiiiblv , (he 
 council lieiii^' \^."* ' duced in ni.iiiber tiotn eighteen to 
 twelve, end the assembly from thirtv-six lu twenty four. 
 It was liirliier slipubiied, that the assemblv should 
 rcguUle iisown udjournmeiits, and shoold he no longer 
 conlined to a simple assent or negation to legislative 
 propositions ongmsting with the governor and council, 
 but should «iiaru with them the privilege ol preparin,' 
 and |)ropoAin<.' laws On rec(i\ln^ tins Imio>i, die as- 
 sembly pasni it an order lor raisuig (lii' sum of ll ree 
 hundred pounils, to be remilit d to tlie iiDVernor ol New 
 York, for the n-lief of the dislreshcd Indians tui the 
 frontiers of his province * (iovernor Kleicner wrote 
 
 * U was alniuit at the sauie ttiiic that Arclidate, itio tjuukvr 
 
 following year, f !C07J declunnff 
 •eil 
 
 to Markham in llu 
 
 that the money hud been failhfuily ^ipplu-d to the leeii 
 lug Olid elolhiiii: of the iiid:aus, unil tiesirini; a Iretth 
 supply (or (.10 same beiievtib-nt piirposi;. The as.iem- 
 
 bly, iri reply to (Ins propositi desired that theii 
 
 thanks iiil^-ht be conveyed to I'letcher for " his regard 
 and candor to them' m applying (heir loriner remit* 
 taiicc to (ho use they hud miended; adding, that 
 although, for the present, they must decline (n impose 
 farther burdens on the province, they would always b« 
 ready to observe the king's further cominands. ''accord- 
 ing to their religious persuiiAions and abilities " Thus 
 early did thoipiakers experience (ho dilHculty of recon- 
 ciling their religious )irmciples with the admmislrutioa 
 of political power. It was but n few yenrs after, when, 
 in answer to a reipiisition from William Penn, in (ho 
 king's name, fora sum expressly iuiended lor dm erec- 
 tion of forts and batteries at New York, (he Peiinsylva- 
 nian assembly assrgnud their poverty, and the purtiilily 
 which imposed upon iheni ho many exaciioiiif from 
 which olher and older colonies were exempted, as (he 
 only reiisona for deferring (o comply wiili the kiHg'a 
 commands, "so far us their aliil.ties and religious per- 
 suasions shall permit." This nalro, wineli was ulwava 
 inserted on such occasions, for (he honor of quaker con- 
 sistency, never prevented the qnakers oi i'eiinsylvaiiia 
 from contributing, ns the subjects of a miliiarv tiovern- 
 ment, their full contingent to the smevvs of war In 
 voting grams of money v.liich were expressly de- 
 inamted, and which they welt knew would be employed 
 tM impel tlie rage of war, and reward the lerociiy of 
 savages whom they had professed (heir an.Yious desire 
 to convert and nvilize, it was always ulUntpted by (he 
 substitution of some other alleged piirptise, to shiti the 
 sin from themselves lo their military superiors, or at 
 least (o draw a decent veil over concessions which they 
 could neither withhold nor avow.* This veil was not 
 without its use, if it contributed to muiiKam umung the 
 Peiinsylvaman quakers that respect for their pacific 
 tenets winch (hey displayed in the following century, 
 when the Knylish <_V'^»^'f""tt'iit, eiuleuvuriiitf to push 
 them into a still more active and nneipiivocareo-operu- 
 tion with iniliiarN measures, they sacriliced to their 
 principles the possession of puhiical povver. To the 
 real di-rehcti'-,i oi 'dese priiic.ples. however, which was 
 sutiered to gum adnissioii aiiioti;,' them under the cover 
 ol this veil, may perliups, in part, be .isrribed (hat schism 
 which produced the seet or parly of l''irr {^uakcra, who. 
 during the war of independence, took anus against 
 (ireat Britain, and have since continued to proltss the 
 lawtulness of deb n.-»i\e war. 
 
 UiiH-'Jl* J Tiie cohmy Cdiiiintied to glide on for 
 .some tune in a course of (lunqiiil prosperity, inter- 
 rop(ed at length by an event which had been now too 
 Ion;.' dtlcrred lo be cap'ible of producing ihe benelicial 
 consequences which iil one tune were tondly expected 
 lo cuiue from It — (he re'uru of the proprietary (o lii.i 
 Americtn doinmions On this second occasion, ac- 
 coinpunied by his tainity. uiid prolessuiir his iiilfiiliuii to 
 spend tilt leiiiaiiider ol his tile in PeiiMsvl\;inia, hia 
 arnviil was ImiIciI with peiu-ral, it not imitersul satis* 
 laclioii, — of whieli the luilv visible abati-inent was 
 cita'ed by the tirst visiiatiun of that dreaillul epnlemic 
 the yellow le\er (since so Lilully prevuleni) at Pliila- 
 delphiu.f Some young men huving ventured, in oppo* 
 siiHui to the coininautls ol the magistrates, to salute 
 the proprietarv on his arrival with n dischai^ie ol arhU 
 lery. prrfurined this o|Mriitutn so Hwkrtaidly. os to 
 occasion a se\eie injury to tbemseUes , which Ihe qua* 
 kers seem to li.ue ret»Hided us a piovidtiitiul rebuke of 
 a tnbult! bo unsuiiuble lu a member ol ihetr Irulermty. 
 The very tirst Irauoaetions thai took plaee between 
 Penn and his provincial assembly wen^ but ill ealcuKv 
 
 jnvKrnor of turollna. ii<(rnibic«il into ibis provuurs u law I'ur 
 till) liiriuuiliiii i>f a iiiihtia. 
 
 * Dr. trnnkiiti hhmiUiiiin an iiistinicr srinn* yr.irr 'lO-'r, nf a 
 rcipUNiuon mUlrtiflsitil to ttir SHKini-bly of i'm-.tHjl'.'.' !.i, of a 
 ijraiit ot iifi'AHM) loriho pnrrhdfo .►( i.''..i.p'w.irr . :.. ubi.b ihu 
 UH.Hcinlily rt'pliol, tbui, roiiHir<tL-iitly Hitb i(ni<ti*jr p:ii.i-ip|f<>i. 
 Ihey I'oiilil not frunl a tnriliiii;,' tor such a i ',i)>oHt>, bur had 
 \olril JCiOOO lor ibe piirrlmsH ol iiraiii. V..rh'tiM iMi<iii-ice.i of 
 itrresHion (o wsr, still more uiiumbi»runus, itn (be j ai* o| iht 
 AmiTiraii i|unkers, are rvlatrU iit Kalm's Travels m Norih 
 AiniTirn, vol, i, 
 
 t 'riionias Story, an .iiinent nrrsrher aiuonf the quitknrs, 
 ufxl nlterwitnls rceunler of I'liiliololpbn, ihnsilecriti^i t)ie Im* 
 prflSHioi) pTodiicril by (he prcvulam u ol tbis i pidrmir ;— "(iruut 
 vvuN ttiu iiiiit'tsly and haml ot the LonI ; i^rcat was the frar that 
 fi'll upon nil \\eA\ , 1 shw no loiiy i.; tiiiy coiiiituiiiintf , nor 
 boanl .iny vsin jcHiiiii; In ntove iniui to btn^'hti^r ; nor extrava. 
 ^Aiil IfaHiiMC tonxi'Ki' above incunurvtht* liiKts oltiie rirvh; i>ul 
 fvt-ry \.\rv Ruihereil paluiiess, ami iiiaoy bfuns worr tnutitduil, 
 atid I'oiiotconni'rti lullt* n bikI mntk. u» siirh lliu vvaifcd nvery 
 it.Mtiiriil (■• U- toiiiiiiionril !ii llii) (mr " rroml, %i»|. i. pt. \i4. 
 ilow iltflerriu ibM imm TbiiryUitlot' iti^utTiptiou ol tbo in- 
 rr>'ti4itit ttaitfiy u.iil priitliipwy ' ivaduceO Irj iba jiloguu ai 
 Ailieus. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 835 
 
 V, mUT- 
 
 now too 
 
 tuMietiiial 
 
 liiry H> lin 
 
 IMUIl, liC- 
 itflttlUtl to 
 
 iiiia, Iii9 
 
 T»a\ »ali8- 
 
 uuMil was 
 
 k'[>H)t'inic 
 
 at riiiU- 
 
 III 0|'P«- 
 
 to otilule 
 
 I' ol uriil- 
 
 illy, or* lf> 
 
 h (lir nuu- 
 
 rt'luiK*' of 
 
 triitiTtniy. 
 
 htlwi til 
 
 ill t-Hlclll.X- 
 
 .< ivlii.li ihu 
 
 |i:ii,i-ittlfn. 
 
 xi>, tint hail 
 
 iiMi»:ii'e4 uf 
 
 II' III' ihf 
 
 ill Mnrih 
 
 Oie <itiiikitr^t 
 nlj^ii Uie im- 
 
 I thr Irfir th;il 
 
 ltrii;tlit«'. iKir 
 
 iicreumva- 
 ihe lli-*h; tiul 
 vre liiLiiltlvil, 
 
 wwanl every 
 111. I. |>. iU. 
 
 Ill ti( llio lll> 
 
 >tt plaguu at 
 
 ted to promote their iiinitMt Antinfarlion. In the his< 
 lory of soino of Iho otlier M'tllctncnl^ (and particuldrty 
 of Curuliiia ami Ni-w Vork.) \vt' li-ivt* avui tint' the 
 Amuncuii sens wire iil Huh tiint' iiiliHlcd liv pirulrM, 
 whose |tru(htral fx|itn(!itiirt' ol' monrv iiiiuniii 'ln'ir ni- 
 lerlanierfl, atnl wlinse rciuiiiiL'!4» tti iitM>t in f<^a(lln^ tlit' 
 ulinoxions ai'lii of llavl^iltlor^ rt'cuininrndrJ liinn tnu 
 BuccoKafiiHy to llir coiiiKciianci- uf iiiatiy uf lliii North 
 Anit'rican roIoriislH. I'ciuisylvjnm hid not uniMprd 
 thia rt-|tri>irh, \\lii':)i IViin liad ciiinnuinicMtrd in Irllcia 
 to tilt' aBM'inlity ; hy whom, wlule li»ws wi-ri' rcj'lily 
 iMiuclid ii^Dinitl ihu |iracticca ini|Mit<Ml to ilirin, procla- 
 inaiiorift hud at lh» snme lime Imen issued, dfL-Uirnt|r m 
 the vtrong^At terms liiat (hi-se Miiput>ilion.t were nit- 
 foundi'd. 'I'hia disajirernl»Ie sulijert wax resniiied nil' 
 mi'dittely afier ihn arnvnl of rerni ; and ihoiiyh the 
 a:4aenit>lv atill t-oni|>Uined of llie injustice of the re- 
 pnia( h, It wtrt found neiesssirv 'o ex|>e| trout il one of 
 lis memhers, the sou-in-lnw of ('oloiiel M.irkh.iiu, v\ho 
 was fiiis|UTled of itartieipatiutj. or at le.isl coiinleuanc- 
 liij: piracy. Sidl ninre |iroiluelive td' niie;iMiiess were 
 the ap(>lu'ati»riH which I'niu was compelhil hv tlic 
 Ilritiah guveriHuenl lo address to Ins asseiidily for lety 
 mi; moHRV lo he expended on iiiititHry o[ii'riilioiis at 
 New York; am) which were answered only I'V eoni- 
 |iUiuts ot the hardship of these cx-ieiions, and proter'ta- 
 lions of the mabitily of the province lo comply with 
 them. Hut the most signal and unhappy disagreement 
 thai occurred helwecn l*fnii and the ussemlilv, arosr 
 from ihu meiisures which hi; now sitjiyesled lor nnprov- 
 in|» tiie treat mi'iit of ne^iro slaies, ami correcting 
 ahuses that iiad occurred m the inlercmirse lietween 
 the colonists and ihe Indians. 
 
 It waa imposHihle that Ihe evils of slavery, ntid the 
 repui;nanet- ofsuLhan miMUUau nislilulion lo the duties 
 of t^lnistuirutv, which IJa.xler, Tryou, and other writers 
 had already pressed upon theattemiou ol the prutestanl 
 inhutiitants of < 'iiristendom. couhl escape llit> sense ul 
 those heuev.>!i-nt sectaries, who prott ssed (n exhibit a 
 peculiar cuiirormilv to the nuldest and most srlf deny- 
 mi; precepts dI th(; ^o^pcl. When (icors'e Tox, the 
 louuder til this sect, paid a visit (o l)ariM<loi<s m 1071, 
 he found Ihe ipnikiTs. us well as tlie othi;r white inhatii- 
 ijiilf, in p^^^se^slon ol slaves. " Itopectiuy their ne- 
 groes," he relates amoii>r ins ottter admo'iiltoiia to tlie 
 (pnikiT planters, " 1 tlesirtd lliem to endeavor (u train 
 llieiu up m the fear of (iod, :is wvll those ihut were 
 liouyht with their iitonev, as those that were horn Ml 
 thint lamihes I di-sired iilso lliat they would cause 
 then overseers lo deitl mildly aird ^eritlv with their ne- 
 f;roes, and not use cruelty towards them, as the maimer 
 of some hath heeii and is ; and tiiut after certain yeard 
 of servitude, they shouhl make iSemlree '' llnw con- 
 Heienliunsly the ipiakers complied wiilt this adiiioiiilioii 
 Is Hpp-ireni, from a law passed hy iho le;,'islrtture of 
 Darttudoes live years alter, coiumandmir them lo desist 
 fri>m ^'ivin^ instrnetion to ne;(roes, and m particular 
 fioni admitting iheiii lo (heir reii>iious assemhlat;es ; t 
 and how niai;nannuonsly they persisted to do their duty 
 in the lace ul this unchristian command, mav he infer- 
 red tmm an enactment of the same le^ishiture in the 
 foltuwing yejr, imposing a penallv on any slupinaster 
 who slioidd hnnL; •> ipiaker lo ilu> inland. 'J'he pin<te- 
 eution of snc!i measures, and the adoption of a similar 
 policy m wthers of the West India plantation<t. suc- 
 ceeded m tlaul^hlnlJ from tin sc Kettiemenls an exainple 
 whrcli might have lieen utieiuled Willi the most h. ne 
 ficial conM-i|iiences to the interests of ihe plauliTs and 
 the happiness of the mx'roes ; ,uid (Himpi'lled many 
 II laker planters to einiijrate In America, wlu-re tln-v 
 hron;>hl with them then modified opmioim on the snii- 
 jt et of slavery. Many of them prohalilv entt'rlaitied the 
 liiteutitui {ti an entire compliauce with the aduutniiion 
 ol l''ox, hy si'tliiii; their negroes at liherlv alter certain 
 yeary of wervitudp ; hut this purpose was easily over- 
 oowtired hy the sophistry and tiMoptaiion of self-mie- 
 
 • Kin's JitiirnnI {S.! i-.Iii.) 431 An "nriiir ami mnre un* 
 eMtnprniniBiiii,' reniRiniirc in niayfry wits niniti* by sniiio of tin* 
 *l«»rf y >*f ilir rlmnh ot lloin« Ai Si. Liti/, in ihi* yrnr lrto.1, 
 the ctUflirao'tl .Ifsnjt VIeyrn ^rruplnl icn Irnni ilur pulpit i"ti,?. 
 Clare, In .n roiicrrffatiiui t.i Hiavn owihts, thai n-) mnu rnuUI 
 hit!. I a n^^'r" in sl.iittrv, wnlmul ilt^viijiii: hts .twn snul to eirr- 
 iiitl s)ioi-ry in hrll Noiuhrv's HintDry ni Rrnzil. I'aii II cnn. 
 3tt. Thii ilisfMurflf, which Sir. So; they has prr^crvnt at full 
 leiiu'th. ii. [I'M haps, the in ist I'lcvjui'iii and (siw^-rlul ilt*nmicia. 
 ii-.n ni ihf "VMi'in (ii slavery that ever was uinTfil nr wrii|t>n 
 by piii'Mi nr layiiinit. 
 
 t 0(.lniix.>n. vnl il. p. 3)». Thff prniUilhlf. nf this tnw sfli 
 Pirili. iliiii " Whcrwas mmt\y nmirnes have hi-m suJli-rfrl in if. 
 nidlPi ai Itir iiU'Slhlit nl -^i.^ki Tfl us hfiircrs <>t' thrir ilnririnp, 
 aiij lamrlu in ilifir prmnplfs, wherrhv ih-' .<ofiMy nf tins .ithiml 
 ir-av hi' tu« ii ^ i#iiith*it," Jkc. We Anil ihi> h'ttlslnnirs u( ]\ ir 
 bailm'<, «t. hiui<ln<d Htiri flfty years sOit, rniictiiiif ••iiiiilHr lawr* 
 o^iust ih« mpihisltst (•ft'-hcra .-iml preachers, and tlerhuini' 
 ihut Cieir UuclrtUH Wtin ItUod tu turn iha world uiwtvla down. 
 
 rest, thtj contasrion of general cLiinple, and the influ- 
 ence ofliahit in hlnntini; the feehnt^s of hnmanilv- 
 
 Hv his aci]uisiiion of the Dehiware territory, it is 
 proliahJe that l*emi, on coming to the possession of his 
 .\tnerican doinnins, found the system of iiei>ro slavery 
 already established wilhm them. iJiirin^ his tirst visit, 
 it appears that a few nrgroeswero imporied into IVnii- 
 aylvania, and were purchased hv the ^piakera, as well 
 na the other aeltlers. While the scarcity of lahorera 
 enforced the lemptation to this practice, the kindneas 
 of qnaker maimers contrihuled lo soften its c\il and 
 veil its ini<piity ; and il w:is not till the year 1G88, 
 that the repugnance of slavery itseU, however disguised 
 tu the tenets of < 'hnsiianitv, was first siij;i;csted lo tlio 
 Pennsvlvamaiis by ihc emigrants who had resorted to 
 them from <ierin»ny. Whatever taint the pracllee 
 ol ihe (piakers ini<'lit have derived from iiuman iiitir- 
 mitv. they were siill anxious as a body lo mainlam the 
 theoretical purity of their principles; and accordmiiiy, 
 111 compliance with the sunuestion of the (iermaiis. a 
 resohitiuu declaratory of tins nndeniaM(> trnlli was 
 pasfed III the same yci-.r, by ihe annual tmetiiiii of the 
 ijuakers of Pennsylvania. Tlu- etlcct ol Uiis li-enerons 
 hnmaize to religions trulli and tin; ri>;lits of human na- ! 
 tnre. however, was not earned bevond a practical ex- i 
 emplion of ihe slaves of tlie ipiaker-*, from i\\\> not m- 
 ev'lablv inherent in the sysleni of lt(UMl.ii»e, (Jeor^e' 
 Keiih, as we have seen, nnde an atiempt. in Kt'J*^, to 1 
 l>riui» ihc practice of his fellow sectaries into a closer > 
 ai cnminoilalion to their theory Hut his violence and | 
 irre^Mihiri'y were not calculated to recouunend Ins die- , 
 la'es lo yeneril esteem , ami the increasiiiy number of I 
 the sl,tvi-s. tnjicther with the diver.*ilies of rtiar.ieter 
 amoni; the colonisls (lo which I h.ive already adverted), 
 rendeied tlie emancipation of tin* iiet»roes mcreiisinulv 
 improbable. In tlie ytar lt>iltl, ihe anuual mectmi; of 
 the I'ennsvlvaman ipiakers repealed their former de- 
 I'aralion, afUliiii; to it nn earne>t admonition to llie 
 menduTs of their societ\', to relVaiii from alt farther im- 
 porlatioiis of iie^fro staves ; but no other immediate ef- 
 fect seems lo liave resulted from this measure, ilian an 
 mcreasid concern for the wellare of the m'i»ioes, who 
 111 some instance!) were aduutled to attend divine wor- 
 tJnp in the same mecLing-huusus wiili iheir ipiuker 
 masters. 
 
 Oil his second arrival in America, [1700] Penn 
 srems very soon to have perceived, ihat from the varie- 
 ties of character amon}f Ins colu. lists, and the inevilablr 
 tendriicv of absolute power 'o abuse, the iiciiro -l.ivcry 
 ot Pennsylvania loo much resembled, in some umtai.eeH, 
 the fea'nres of the same in»tilntion m <> her places. 
 lie was morlitied with the discovery, at the same time, 
 of numerous frauds and tibiises that dist'inced the cliu- 
 rai hr of the colomsis in iheir trallic wilh the lndian.4. 
 Wall the view of providing; a niiU'dv lor both these 
 evils, he presented to tiie assembly three bills Hliich he 
 had himself prepared ; the lint, for n ^ulaliuu the morals 
 and marriages of the iieirnw » ; tlie second, for reyulal- 
 iii;; the Irials arid [uiinshmenls of the ne>^roes ; and the 
 third, lor pre entm^ abuses and fr)<uds upon the Intliins. 
 Tlu' asseml'ly instantly ne^.Mlived tlie fust and last of 
 lln'<e lulls ; acceding only to that »hicli related to the 
 trial and the punishment uf their slaves No account is 
 transmitted ol any dlscn^ston or dt bale on ihi' bills 
 which wffe rejected , and indeed it is probable ihat the 
 astcmbly, m ihis instance, were t^lad lo conline lliem- 
 Bcl.es to the ancient tormu'a of >iinply approving* or 
 rejecting ihe lulls pr(;senleil lo thenn IJvit it is said hy 
 one of the luo^raplu'is of Pi iin. that llie feelings ol the 
 uio|irietary received a coiivnI>ive (*hoik (Ui ihe occaMon. 
 lie had iiidet d lu'en unai.inuuislv ^uppoiteil tiy his 
 couiicil, \%htch consisted enlin-lv of <pi.d<ers, in pro- 
 posiiid ''"■ '"'Is ; but he h id seen tluiii dceisivelv ne- 
 gatived by an a^selllbIy. of which a jjreat inajorilv con- 
 sidled of persmis of the same reh^iioiiK pi rsiuiMon. 
 'riu>n^li disappoitili il nf the mure exleusiM* inlleencc, 
 which as a political lei.'i»laior lie had hoped lo exercise, 
 he was vet able, in Ins ecclesiahtical inimstrv amony 
 the ipiakers, to introduce into their discipline regula- 
 tions and practices relative to the purpo.>es tif ihe re- 
 jected lulls, the spirit of whicli, al least, was bv the ex- 
 ample of tins powerful sect forcibly rrcoimuei.ded lo 
 yeneral imitation. Mmilhlv meetnius were euacled 
 aiiionn the (piakers, lor llie n l't:iou.s an.l moral educa- 
 tion of their neiiio slaves ; and regular conferences 
 were arrau^fed wiili the Imliaus. tor comiiiumcatinir to 
 them whatever in>tructioii they could hv prevailed on 
 to accept. Penn linally j'jIiMned leave, or at least. , 
 took It upon himself to make ii tre.i'v v\ilh the Indtaiis, [ 
 bv which tliev ai kuowledu'cd lliemselves sulijects of the 
 llritish crown, and amenable lo llie provincial laws . 
 and hy which cerlam lA^uLiionii wi re prestribcd, lor. 
 
 preventing frauds ti|ion them in their commorcial deal- 
 ings with the white population. 
 
 Phns was cherished m tlie ipiakcr society a principle 
 which about fifty years after obtaim-d the signal Irinmph 
 ol prcicnnng emuncifialion to all the negroes in Ame- 
 rica belonging to ipiakers ; and ihtis, meanwhile, was 
 cherished m the general body of the inhabitants of 
 Ponn\\lvama a sense of what was due to the elaims o( 
 human nature, which obtained for the slaves in this pro- 
 vince a treatment far kinder and more equitable itiaii 
 they enjoyed in any other of the American stales. 
 Notwithstanding the encouragement alForded by the 
 British government to ihc im|iortation of negroes into 
 all the American sclllements, tha slaves in Pennsvlva- 
 nia never formed nmre th:.:i a very insignificant fraction 
 of the whole population of the province. Slavery sub- 
 sisted longer in Uelawarc; and the slaves in this set- 
 llement, ihough not numerous, were rather iiioi'o so 
 than in the larger province ol Pennsylvania * 
 
 In addilion to the other disagreeable impressions of 
 which his seciuid vi.>it to America liad been productive, 
 William Penn had now llie mortihcaticn of witnessing 
 a revival of the jralinisies between Delaware and Penn 
 svlvama, and liie tnellicdcy uf all his eiTorls to promolo 
 a cordial union between the inhabitants of liiesi- coun- 
 tries. As a remedy for their mutual dissalislaclion, ho 
 had prepared a change in tlie frame of governmtnt : 
 bill the adjustment of this compact tended rather lo in* 
 tlaiiie ihaii ullav the existing <lispntps. lie eii(h'a\ored 
 to defer the extremity to winch their di.-pntes inaiii- 
 tVsilv tendeil, by various acts of conciliation towarda 
 ihe weaker and more jeulons parly, and particularly by 
 convoking at Newcastle, the melropolis of I)elaware, 
 another assembly, which was held in ihe t lose of thia 
 vear. Itnl although be succeeded alter nntny etlortt 
 III obtaining Irum this as.-^emhty a subsidy tor the sup- 
 port of his i>i)\ernmeiit, and nuide some proi^ress in ar- 
 ranging \vnh ibem the lerni.< of a new charier i.r fraino 
 of i^DM'rnnieiit, the mutual jealousies hetwcen the twu 
 seillenunls were display d with such umeaerve. that in 
 almost every lopi.- of coiisideniiion, the Delaware re- 
 pr< senlali\es, tu a man, votetl exactly the reverse uf 
 whote\er was propi-std or approved by the Pennsylva- 
 nians. The subsidy amounted to '.11)00/. of which 
 l.'')7:i/. was the propnrtnm irnposid upon IVnnsylvania, 
 and tint remainder upon 1 U law are. It was uiivmm', ptr- 
 lia|is, of Penn to in\ile his people to the aecrpiance uf 
 a new social compact, at a lime when they were so 
 much heated by mutual jealousy, and when the union 
 between the two settlements was e\ idently so preca- 
 rious. It utVordetl a pretext not long after for laxinf» 
 hmi wilh (onverting the prMic distractions to hia own 
 ad\antage, and etleciuaitng devices for tlie enlargement 
 u{ his own power, winle the minds of his people wero 
 too iniieh occupied [1701] with their mulinil dibseii- 
 sions to perceixe the drift ol his pnipositions. 
 
 Hill Penn had now deiermmed again to have .'uim*- 
 rica, and relnrn to Kn^laml ; and wlule be naturally 
 desired lo have some frame of {jovernmenl tinallv esla- 
 bliKlied bebire his departure, hts recent experience Itad 
 donbilesij impressed limi with the conviction, that an 
 I \ienMon uf his own authority would render (lie consli- 
 luiixu more suh»er\ieiit to the wiltare ot tiie pi oplc, 
 and 'itl'ord a In t r si opi* to the promotion ot views, and 
 the exertion ol inllucnce, which must alwavs he iinpar- 
 tiallv directed to ttie general advantage. 
 
 In the hi!*! asseinblv, which he hi Id before his depar- 
 tuie, he had occasion lo exert all lll^ autliority ai.d ail- 
 dress lo pn vent tlu^ repre>eiitalive? of Delaware and 
 PeiiU^vlvaiiia trom coming to an open rnpMire, and also 
 lo guaid his own luli resi^ in the sale and li ase of vacant 
 lands, from an atleinpt ul ihe assembly lo exercise ii 
 
 Itha 
 . II. p. 
 
 * I'r I. V >l. i p. 4'.';i. 4'.<H-4:i-J. ( hirk^^ni. m Aliniin..ii 
 
 Shut- Ti,ii!c, v.. I I. |i VM, UiT. llml. Liie ni Pchii, v<.| 
 Jis. -J 11'. 2'J.>. TVii.n rlniham, vnl. n p. 417. Wiodfi 
 p. Ii!l. I^.T. In till- rniirM' "I In- iiuulMfiifd hiliotn HI lliit nine, 
 iviiii viKHPil hiN iinaker hrciliri-n iii Maryluiul, amt appniis m 
 hiive t'Ci'ii rrci-ived in a titrti'lly iiiainier liy liin anrieni advL-r- 
 !4iiry I.nrd l)uttini>>ri-, n hn vviih lu'' holy accoinpanH-il liiai i<> a 
 i|iiiikcr tnerrliii/. l*i-nii rcLTftted, !'nr Ihe sakn o( his nnhle 
 cu)n|)aiiiiiM>i, llini Iht! Irrvnr nl th« iiiectini,' had siilmided lietiue 
 (lii'ir I'htrHittii , ami hiity Baltunore declsreil hi-iafU' disap. 
 (•miiteil ol the uivemitui she had expected. He had uUu v*. 
 iiniiA iiiteM lews wilh the Indians, who iisletied In hun wil- 
 Itiidv u^ I 'Use ») he roniuied hnuseir lu |it'ii-ral udut>inhx to 
 relitiini). Hut when tie desired on one m casion to duett tlioir 
 minds m Iho search of an inteinal uiHnire<-iaiinii ol tlie Ke< 
 deenier ol the human race, tiis interpreli'r declared that lliite 
 were mi words in the Indian toutjuu tliat uerv capuliiu iti c^u* 
 vevuiR sn,-li a tuamn. 
 
 Tn I'emi liluisell, Ihe In.lians veiv readily pant a dontre of 
 lexpecl. wlmh tliey reluMd t" entund lo his niiitu us lerieli. 
 Manv oniieintiphrvedlum alien not n (iHilieroidiM llian tin lest 
 ol iiiunkind ; " mti could lliev lor a Inii^; tune credit Ihe m-.vh 
 ,.i 1. :<*deatli. not helievuiB hnii suImh t to ihe nccuh-iilv c, im. 
 ttiTv.'* FarinrrN Viuw ut the Pulic) uf Ureal Urilaln, «r, 
 lA LI r.Ol.)i>. 00. 
 
THE HISTORY OF 
 
 a 
 
 i: 
 
 1 \m\ 
 
 control over thcin. A ureal many Uwi wero passed ; I <^nivc(l of m project of llio En^^iiuli iniinstt^rs to aUolDih 
 of winch the riioitt miurkalile wvtv, f>ir thr I'aulihhh- 1 h!| iho propriciurv jiiriHdu-iioiiA m North Aiitunc.i, and 
 mrnl uf n post-ollico, fur the jMiin.Hhiiieiii uf thi; vie a of I iht> itui-enHiiy »(' hii* own ii|i|M'iirdii('L> m KiijjUiiJ to op- 
 •coliliiig and dniiikoiiuciift ; for rparr<iiiiin^ the prji-tico | puMC u proci-rdiii^ so dr ni^ratorv lo hia ttitureiit . but as 
 of dnnktii^ hf alths, and for thn dcHirurtioii of wulrnA. i lie foinid on Inn arnvul ni ihi!f couri'ry, llui the moanurti 
 But iho mo«t nnportant prociTdni<{ on ihm orcaKion I had hern ubundoncMl, and vet nuvcr a^ani returned 'o 
 
 wns tho enactrurnt of thn new c-h<irier or franir of ^o- 
 vornincnt, vvhicli Peiin finally tendered Ui the a.sat'rnhly. 
 and prevath-d with six parts in seven of llut body to 
 accept, and even thankfully acknowledge, liy this 
 
 Aniencii, ii seems very nntikelv llut iIih was the sole 
 or even the chief rftii-on tor his conduct. The diaiuree- 
 inentH that hid taken place between hinis<.'lf and Ins 
 colonisiM, hud rendered their iniercourHC far less salt^ 
 
 charier, it was provided (in conformity with the frame factory than he could have desired, and induced hiiii to 
 
 of 1096) that an assembly should be annually choHcn 
 by the freemen, to consist of four persons out of each 
 county, or of a greater number, if the guvernoL' atid aa- 
 •uiiddy should so i^^rec ; th;it this asHcmbly fhould 
 choose I's own oiricors, and be the gujc phizes of ibe 
 f}iuIiticalions and elections of the ine:abei>;; tiiut il 
 should prepare bili.s, impeach crniitnulf, and redress 
 grievances ; and poKncso all 'lie oilier [^uwcr8 and privi- 
 |i*^'es of an assembly, according to the righrs ot the 
 freeboni aubjects of tlnglamJ, and (iie customs iihsHrvd 
 in any of the king's plantations in America. The go- 
 vernor was empowered to summon, prorogue, and dis- 
 solve ihe assembly ; to noinin-jte hi« council ; to dis- 
 charge sii'jily tho whole executive funclions of govern- 
 ment, and to shure the legislative, by atlirnung or re- 
 iectnig the bills of ihe assemhiy.* It was declared that 
 liberty of conscience should be inviulahly preHcrved ; 
 that Christians of every denommation should be cpiati- 
 lied lo fill (he ofltcera of government ; and tlial no act 
 or ordinance should ever be made to alter or duninifth 
 the form or eirrci of this diurter. without the coumcuI 
 of the governor for the tune being, and six parts m 
 seven of the as.tembty. Uut as it was now plainly fore- 
 seen that llie rrpresentativea of the province, and those 
 of tho tt-iritories, would not long continue lu unile in 
 legislation, ii was provided that they bhould he allowed 
 to separate within lliree years from tliedate of tiie ciiar- 
 tcr: a'ul should enjoy the !«aine privdeges wiieii sepa- 
 rali'd as when connected. In the exercise ol the new 
 tiillionty tliufl invONlcd m himself, l\nii proceeded to 
 nominate a councd of slate, to consult wiili uiid assist 
 tht governor or his deputv, and to exercise Iiih func- 
 tioiH in c«se of his death or absence. The oil'ue of 
 depiity-goveruorf he bcpiowed on Colonel Andrew 
 Ilunnlion, who hod formerly been governor of New 
 Jersey. 
 
 One of tlie last acts which he performed before his 
 departure, the incorporation, by charier, of the city o( 
 
 supply (he inadefpnicy uf his own personal intluence by 
 a large addition to Ins political power; and from the 
 numerous demands of the Uritish government for con- 
 tribuiious, in aid of military purposes, it was manifettt 
 that this power must bo frequently exurlod for the at 
 tamment uf objects which, as u professor uf quakerism, 
 he could purttu** witli more decency and more vigor by 
 tho micrventtun ot a deputy, than by his own peisonal 
 agency. The disa^rr'^eablfl lidmg» that pursued him 
 from America must have increased his aversiun to re 
 turi< ihiilier; and ihi; favoi bo enjoyed with tpiecn 
 Anne on her accession, fI70Uj perhaps r'-awakened the 
 viewA and hopes (bat had led him once before lo prefer 
 the courtly Hhadcrt ot Kensington, to the wild woods of 
 Pennsylvania. Ifis alteiidance at court, ho;\ever, was 
 soon iniorrnpied by the perplexity and embarraxsmcnl 
 ut his private aHaira (arising from the fraud uf his 
 steward), which compelled hiiii lo mortgage his Ame- 
 rican territory : and the same cause, concurnng with 
 increased disfteniiiona between hini and the colunists, 
 induced him subbccpienlly to bargain with the I3riiitth 
 government for a sale of his proprietary fnnctioiis ■ 
 The completion of the bargain, however, was preven- 
 ted by his deaili. whicii traimmitled the proprietary go- 
 vernment to his descendants, by whom it waa enjoyed 
 till the period of tliu American revolution. 
 
 JVnn had scarcely ipiilted America when (ho dis- 
 ()ntes hriwein (he province ami the lerritorieH l)roke 
 forth with greater bitterness than ever. The Uelawure 
 representatives protested against the charter; and, ru- 
 liiHing to tilt III the same assemblv with the I'eiinsylvu- 
 niaii representaiives. chose a separate plico of meet- 
 ing hir lliein.srlves in i'biladelphia. Alter conlinuing 
 for some lime to indulge their jealous humor, and lo 
 enjoy whatever satisfaction they could liiid lu Me|mrate 
 legislation, [1703J th* y were persuaded by tlic suc- 
 cessor of llannlion, (Joveiiior Kvaiiv (wlio was much 
 nore agreeable (o thiun than lo the people of J'eimsyl- 
 
 Philadelphia, has been justly charged with great ilhbe- | vunia.) to evince a more reasonable temper, and to pro 
 rainy ; though, according to the apology that has been | pose a reunion with the I'cniisvlvaiuan assembly. Uit 
 ■iiggpsled for it, the blame ninst be divided helweeujlhis body, piovoked with the reIVacturnlC^s which tho, 
 himself and others. liy this charter, he nommaled the Delaware repretsenlatives had already displ.iyed, now i 
 first mayor, recorder, atdermtn, and common cuoncit- 1 relnstd lo lisieii to their overtures of reeonciliation. i 
 men of the city ; and among other privilegis and fraii- I 'I'he breach thus became iriepar.ilile, mid in the billow- ' 
 chisca, empowered them to elect iheir suceesiirtrs in lug year [ I7t)lj tlie separale legislature of Dtlaware 
 utiice, ami even to increase their own number at plea- was permaiienlly otahtihlud at Newcastle. In addi- 
 sure. The cuy lands were granted to litem, by the lion lu (he tidings ol thcsi' prolonged di>agreeineiits 
 ■tyh^ of the inavor and coininonalty of the city of Phila- < and tiiial rufilure between tlie two seliteiiients, 1 
 
 delphia ; hut tlie comnioiialty had no nliare m llie go- 
 vernment or e>late of liie citv ; ilie civic lunctiotiaru's 
 being self-elective, and nnl acccuirilable lu their lillow- 
 ciiizcns in any respect. It lias been Kuid that 'his mu- 
 nicipal cuiistitutioii, which was copied Iroin the charier 
 of the town of HriHlol in Kngland, was accorded b\ 
 IVnn to the desires of ccriaui ot his coluiusts who were 
 natives of that place ; and it is admil'ed that the ttinc 
 liunaries wiiuin lie himself nuined. were men of inleg- 
 ritv and alulitiea. lint ibe possession ul power, dive^e- 
 ted of control anil responsibility, produied lis usual 
 •fleet on this corporate body ; and the abuses engen- 
 dered by its adinmistraliun, were from a very early 
 ;M>riod a coiitinual theme of discontent and complaint 
 to the inhabitants of the city and the provincial assem- 
 bly. Hiving tinished these proceedings, and once 
 more renewed a fr;cndly league with the Indians, IVuin 
 commuiucated (a his people an adieu, friendly uud he- 
 nevolenl, but far less alt'eclionate than his birmcr vale- 
 diction ; and embarking with his family, returned to 
 Kngland. 
 
 The only reason that Penn assign' d to his people for 
 this second departure was the intelligence be had re- 
 
 * Mr. i;U[k.<tofi hai mniltetl to notice thin inipurtaiit intiova- 
 lion, III hii almtract el their charier. l)r, Franklin im hi.« 
 ]Ii'>loric&; Reviow, i* ,) runipariiig n with the corre«|Muniiiin 
 tniiuvatiun iii favni of the assembly, admits, that, " iiixm tint 
 •*hrh> •'■'■ '- 
 
 was harassed by coniplainlji against the go\eriiinenl of 
 Kvuns, whose exertions lo prumole u iniliia, thouglj 
 they rendered bun populir iii I-'otavvare, made him 
 oihous in Penns\lvaTiia. Diruhng the paciuc scruples 
 ol the .pukera, [l70(ij Kvans falsely proelaniKd ihe ap- 
 proach of u hostile ii'vasiun, and invileil at! ^ho wore 
 wijluig to join luiii to take arms agutn^i ihe enemy 
 .V tew indivubuils, and u.uong ihchc, lour i^utikers, 
 dujied by tins stratagem. Hew lo arms, ami prepared lo 
 ir,icl (lie (hft ateiied allack. Hut tile chief etiect oi the 
 proclainaliun wa.^ lu canst: maiiv |h rsons to bury the.: 
 plate and money, and to lly from tlieir homes ; and the 
 detection ul the lalseliood was followed by an mipeach- 
 ineiil ol the governor, and of Logan the secretary ot 
 the province, who though innocent of accession to the 
 Iraud, made himsLlf suspected, by endeavoring lo pail. 
 ale llie gudi of it. Peiiu, however, sujiported thcfic 
 accuaei! otliefrs, and thereby increased the displeasure 
 that waa beginning to prevail m the province against 
 lumselt. !le was now very little disposed to look wuh 
 lavor on the proceedings of Ihe luhabiiants of Pennsyl- 
 vania ; who. no lunger engrmi'td with their dispute* 
 wiih the people of Delaware, began to scan with very 
 dissatiNhed eyes the whole course of his proceedings 
 with respect to themaelves. The assembly of Pennsyl- 
 vania not only assailed hiin with repeated demands, 
 ... that the nuit-renta which he deemed his own private 
 
 than roinJIaiiTt" "'"'" '*"'*'*"" "" "^"""^'''^S-ueuls estate, should bo appropriated to tbo support of the pru- 
 
 t No ineiUinii ii made nf the rnyal n|>probatt()n of this ap* ' ^'"'^"^1 goveriuiieiit, but transmitted to liim a renion- 
 
 poimment, whiih iseipressly retr'rred h) til the ai.(M(iMiiiietu istrance, entitled Ucaih of Cctnolaint, in which they 
 
 qttMilc now lliat III llie U'tiiiK ijuvi'riiciri 111 lliu |jiu|irietary | * lie ileiiianileil as llie pnoe of lliutiuiender <ilO.(HWi Imt 
 lUIUmcUunj ibould bu aiiprovci by tlie king. l ojittud l« aecu|it £rj,a(HI 
 
 ton Krantpil at llie firit apitlnii; of tho prOTincf bud 
 lieui) (itrl'iMti'il , tliiit lit' li.i)l VHildtt-il Ilia unumal com 
 pucl liy llie rerciit dtri-ieli of Iiih uiiiiioniy au far linyoiid 
 thn liiiiiu vvitliiii wliii;li lio had t'lit^afri'il to cuiifiiio it ; 
 and that lin hail rt-ceivctl iar^c Niiiiia of money diiritifr 
 hia last viait Ul the pTuviiice, Hi rfjliirii for lieiirtita 
 v'hich he had (ironiiHi'd to |irociirr, Inn ha . never ycl 
 ohtaiMcd for tliu ))i]i)|>lo from iho Ktiijliali /overniiiriit 
 Thoy cenaiired the orl^mal aiiiivxatiuii ol IXIaware to 
 Puiuiaylvania ; reiniiidiii<{ him that hia titlu to the go- 
 vernment of UeJAvvure, not li'jviiii{ been founded on ■ 
 royal ^>rant, waa from the first very preiariona ; and 
 lainenliiii; tuiih ureal gnrfiWit tliD jinvileges granlid 
 to tho i'ennaylvaiiiaiia liy his liiat cli'jricrs, had heeii 
 p<|>oai'd to pir'.nli with tlir liaaeleaa fahne of the Dela- 
 ware institntiotH with wlite'i he had aaaoeiated them. 
 Nniiiuroiis eitortiotis of liia iitricera were at the aaiiio 
 lime t 'Mii|ilaiiic'd o\: and these were altrihiited to hit 
 refusal, in the year I7U1, to uHirm a lull that had lieen 
 fnined tiy the a>sciii'''y Jor the regulation of olliiial 
 fees. Proh.ilily some oi Jieae foinplanita were founded 
 in niisn|ipreliensioii, or suggested Sy fjciiuns malignily ; 
 and douhtUfs ihe diseoiitent, uIikIi lioili on iliis and 
 nlhcr occasions w.is expressed towards ihe proprietary, 
 0'"ed 111 some ilegree Us origin to the pei'pliar relation 
 whie'i lie held null ihe meinliers ol his own religious 
 TOOiely in the provimc They had ulwayJ regarded 
 tho civil ami political inslilnlions of i'liiii^ylvaiiia aa 
 ■uhordiuate lo the cstalili:<liini^nt a:ul lihtrjl encoiirage- 
 ineiit of ijiiakerisin, and i-ipiiL.ed « digie^' ul eipialiiy 
 to result from the legislaUon of a ipi..ker iniiii.icr, 
 which they would inver iiave looki'd (or .loni h liw- 
 givcr of any oilier per.suasion. Hi» own asstitaiMi's. 
 ul the heginiung, that in urqiiiiiiig ihe province, hit 
 main purpoae Aas to serve the truth and people of 
 Qed, (winch they undcrstoiHJ lo signify qiiakerisiii and 
 the quakers,) eunlnliuted lo c.iaggeralo their eipccla- 
 lioiiM in lliiH respect. 
 
 Indignant at these charges ajjainst himself, and, pre- 
 judiced hy this feeling against the accnsirs ol Dvaiis, 
 Venn continned to iiiainiani this noriliSi'ss indiv.ilu.il m 
 the office he had conferred on him, till his cundn.t 'nid 
 gone far lo excilo the people of Delaware lo actual Inu- 
 tilities against their I'enniiylvaniaii neighliors, in pro- 
 Beculionofan nnjit'<l demand for a loll on the navrg.i- 
 lioli of the Delaware, which Kvans had suggiMed lo 
 them. Heceivmg complaints of this, aa well a-Mii uihet 
 instances of ollicial inalversalion, on the part oflii.< di- 
 puly-guvernor, and having ascertained, hy a driilier.iln 
 esaniinatloii of them, that tiny were loo well 
 founded, I'enil liesiliated no lonj'er to supersede llvuiis, 
 and appuinled in Ills place t'harles (iookin, a geiilienian 
 o.'' ancienl lri>h family, soinelmie relired from the uriny. 
 Ill \-huli he had served Willi repute ; and who sei nied 
 ipiahlied, hy his age, experience, and the iniMiies!' of 
 MS manners, to g.ve satisfaclion to the people over 
 wliOin he was sent lo pre-'ide liookin carried out 
 wi h liini an alleclionaie htler from renii lo the as- 
 sen.hlv, in winch their ncent ilisngreeinenis were pasjcd 
 overwilliont any olhernoiici- than what may he inlernd 
 lioin .-. rcconiniendaliun loins peo|ile as well as him- 
 sell', Ol' ihal hunnlnv Willi which nunonglil to remein- 
 her ihei.- own mipcrleclions, and that elurily Willi which 
 they oiig. I to cover the nilirinitles of olhers. Hut the 
 asfiinhlv ivere not so to he pacilied. While ihey eoii- 
 gratnlati'd .iookin on Ins arrival, [ ITOitJ they revived 
 111 iheir addi'ss every topic of coniphinn that ilny had 
 ever hifore picfe'red '!'heirdl-lniin ir was angiueiiled 
 hy the ii'.niher ol apj.li.auons whn h Vtou«... ....; iro'ii 
 
 linii' -,0 tune conipellij lo make in the q.wn's name, 
 lor conlnhiilions in aid oi tlie various nnhtary op'. a- 
 tioiis thai related more imniediatelv lo ihe .•\i..enc«i 
 colonies To all these apphcalions, the asseinhly m- 
 VMiahly answered, that iheir religions principies would 
 not sillier ihem lo contrihnie lo the support vf »ar; 
 Sul ilii V voted the sums that were dmiandeJ »■» pre- 
 icnts to ihe »pie*n 
 
 Finding hit p€0|ile not so easily iiiiri aled to coiicih- 
 ilion lis he had hoped, IVnn, now m his fuly-sulh 
 yeai," for the lasi lime addressed the asseinhly, in .^ 
 letter replete Willi calm solemnity, and dignilied con- 
 cern It was a inoiirnlel consideration to him. he said, 
 that he was forced hy the oppresaioiii and dl»a|i|ioinl- 
 meiilB which had (alien lo his share in ihia life, lo speak 
 to the people of that province in a language he oiico 
 hoped never lo have occasion to employ [ 11'IOJ In 
 style of serioua remonstrance lic appealed lo Ihelil, if, 
 al ilio expense of his own loriuno and personal care, he 
 had not conducted li.eiii Into a land where proiperil) 
 
 • Mr. Clarkson has miscalculated ni siippnsiiij lliat P«nn 
 was in Ills seveiilielh year when he wriito tiua letter. Pocu 
 .was burn on the Ulh (Jctuber, 1044 
 
NOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 wr 
 
 gU, and, pre- 
 
 UllllV.dkMllU 
 
 cotiL*u.t Jmil 
 o actual lu'S- 
 il^rs, III pro- 
 II Ihe iiiivri^ii* 
 »uy(^iklfil 10 
 i-ll a-'ol uiKor 
 ,arl of In-* ^l'*- 
 a dililtcr.ito 
 loo Wfll 
 
 gciita'iii.iii 
 
 n ilu-iirinv. 
 
 bo dt'i riirii 
 
 l.iiu'sy ol' 
 
 pi'0|»lt' ovtr 
 
 arnt'd uwl 
 
 lo llu' .T*- 
 
 wt-ri' p.iH'it'*! 
 
 lie nitVrrtii 
 
 fll ns liim- 
 
 to riMiuiu- 
 
 with wliiiiti 
 
 . Uul llin 
 
 Ic ilu-y ruii- 
 
 ilii-y r*-vivi'cl 
 
 ilui »ln y li-i»l 
 
 , .»»- !r'^"\ 
 
 Ill's naint!. 
 
 ln.trv op'-.«- 
 
 ■ AL-kTifa-t 
 
 >siuil»K i'\- 
 
 in-ipX'ft \^ouM 
 
 I,«rt vf war ; 
 
 iiilcJ a* a'f- 
 
 C.I to coiiriU- 
 its Kuty-sutlj 
 iM'inlily, I" ''^ 
 iig\u(wi\ con- 
 
 liim. lu! xttid. 
 id duap|K)inl- 
 _ life.iospctk 
 iia^je he onco 
 [1710] ino 
 •a to them, if, 
 ■onal «:arc, ho 
 
 ir« proipeMy 
 
 Aiiil lilirrty, fur boyonil thi* common lot of in.irikiiiil, h;iil 
 hrni ni.-ide ihi'ir porlinii ; atitj if ihifl work ol |iir< hand, 
 h.til yii'ldfd linn JU<jlit tUr th.iii tin* Mirmw, tlirtquitM 
 uiul )'i>v?rl>, ihal now drprfHut'il IiIh old a;,'tv* '* 1 
 iniiiil drhirt' yoti ull," lie prucmh'd, "inaMTinuH ami 
 tr.ii* v\t'i;;litim'^rt ol inind, lo coiirttdrr vvhil \ou iin-f or 
 Un\o hrrn Jning ; why mattrrs muMt Im> r.irricd on 
 with Ihcrtc divJHionii and cunti'ntionH ; and what rrul 
 rinxctt have ht'pii ^ivfii on my side tor that oppo^ition 
 to mr and my int«ri'Mt whii'h k tia\(< iiK't with, aH if I 
 werr an I'lii-my, and not a iVicnd, aHer all 1 liavr dour 
 I am tiiiw I know not of any ramie whaUoeviT Werr 
 I rtviiMihle you really wanted any thinj; o|' me, in llic 
 ri'l<ition between uh, that would make you happier, I' 
 could readily fjrunt it, if any reasonahio man woulil nay 
 it were lit tor you to demand." He entered into a 
 loiiK deduction of the various aherations that the et)n- 
 Hliiulion of the province had received, and endeavored 
 to show thit every one had ariMfii out of inconve- 
 niences of which all h<id been sensible at the time, aiid| 
 which all had willingly united in thus correctiiiir. It 
 \va» ri;iht, he conti-'uled, that the proprietary, who was 
 perHonally responsible to the crown, for an ndminiHtra- 
 tioii cunformalile to the provincial charter, should be 
 vrwted exrlumvely with the executive power He 
 could no longer, he said, impute the treatment he had 
 met with, to mistakes in judgment, — seeing; that he hud, 
 huch injuries to complain of as repeated attacks on his 
 reputation ; nuuirruiirt indi;:iiities olfered tu bim in' 
 papers M>nt over to Knt(land, by the hamts of men wlio 
 could not III' expcctcil to make the must discreet ami 
 cli irilalilc UHc of them ; inHinuntiuiis airaiiiKt his intc-' 
 unly ; attempts upon hi?* estate; ami disfavor shown 
 to nidividuaU (p-irticularly Logan, tlie s<'crelary of llie 
 province) on account of their well known atlacbmcnt 
 to him '* 1 cannot but mourn/' he attdeil, *' the un- 
 h.ippiness ol my portion dealt to me from those, ol 
 whom I had rejson to expect much better atul diMer- 
 cnl lhin>;s ; nor c. in I but lameir the unbappiness that 
 too many are brint>iiii{ on tbi'tiiKclvcs, who, instead of 
 ptir»uin>,r till' amicable ways of peace, love, ami unity, 
 whit'h 1 at lirst hoped lo find in that retireiiic:it, are 
 cherishing a spirit of contention and oppohition, and, 
 blind to tbeir own interest, are oversetliiit; thai lounda- 
 lion on xvliich your happiness mi^lit be built. Friemls ! 
 l!ie eyes of many are upon you : the people of many na- 
 tions of Kurope look on that country as a land ot case 
 and ((;Eict, wishing to therii.iclves in vain the Haine 
 blomngN tlH'V concei\e you may enjoy: but to ttce the 
 ii".c you make of llieni, is no Ie^s the cau^e id" surprise." 
 tli> concluded by declaring, that the opposilioii he had 
 receivfd from th.in, must at length force bim to con- 
 sider more closely his own prnate and declining cir-' 
 cumst inccs tn relation lo thi' province lie was will- 
 ing to ccHitinue bis kindness to them, if they should^ 
 tl.aik him dtserxing of reciproctl regard. If it should 
 be olhtTwtse dcrmed by a majority among Ihem, let 
 theui say so ul once ; and In* would know what be had 
 to rely on. Ami i^it be would hope that d'oil might so 
 direct them by the impertinent ol heavenly wiwjoni and 
 holy Icar, that "we may once more meet good friends, 
 ami live so lu llic eml." 
 
 This letter is said to hive produced a deep and pow- 
 erful impre; Mon on the more considerale pact of the 
 'issemhly, who now began to feel Uir the lather of his 
 ctiuntry, and regard with leinlernehs Ins vi'inTabic age ; 
 lo remember his loii;j; labors, and tit appreciate tlieir 
 own inlcresl ill liis di*-nngnished lame Thtsi' f;»'nli- 
 menls were rapiilly propa>.Mled llirouiihout the province ; 
 atul their eltecl was ap|iarenl at the nrvtamuid eli-c- 
 lion, when not one of the persons who h.ul ilenionst rated 
 enmity ti» INmii, and excited the rest o I their counlry- 
 men to think unfavorably of him, was relumed to Ihc' 
 provincial nssembly. Hut it is more than il>iubM':il if 
 this chani;e of srnlmii'nl wan ever known lo its illus- 
 inouH iihjecl, who was attacked shortly after by a sue 
 cession of apoplo-lir lits, which suspending in a great 
 degr»'e the exerei-'^e of Ins memory and understanding, 
 prevented him alike lr>>m comptcliiit* an arraiigemcnt he' 
 had made with the crown tor the sale of his proprielary 
 rights, ami from receiving the intelligence thai would 
 have induced hnii to consider such an arrangeimmt un- 
 
 Ijtlli' remains to be adiled lo the view- that has al- manuficliirt-s would pnbably hi^etireii ir 'rt. but ihaC 
 rendy been rxliibited of the civil and political inslitntions the (ii'mian colonists hn<l imported wi h tlieni iittc 
 of i'cmiHyhania and Delaware, al the dose of tbi> s( • Pennsx l\ ania, the mantlfacturcs of paper, lineili and 
 ventecnih I'cnltiry I'eiinsy l\,inia continued to relain woullen «'l<ilh 
 
 the coiislilulion enacted by I'enn's last charier, in I7(M, Accordiuii \<t Olilinixon, wlinse history W's puMished 
 till the era of American indepi>ridence ; and |)elaware ni 17(IS, the tot il nuniluT of inhibil.ints within t!ie do- 
 cunliniM'il to enjoy ils own assembly, and to be subject mains of William IVnii then anmunted to do.ICK) ; a 
 to the executive iulminiHtration (d' the governor of Penn-\'ompulation which the author himself lerniK .i modest 
 sytvania till the year 175i''>, when it was formally erect-jone, anil which, as it includes Indians and m'<.'roes. is 
 ed into a separate state, anil endowed with a separatejprobahly short of the truth. The town of Philadi'lphirt 
 government. No fixed salary seems to have been allot-jin iniHl, c>mtained two thousand houses, iiiokI of which 
 ted to the governor of IVnnsylvaiiia ; but sums of money . 
 were voted to hlin, from time to time, to defray the 
 
 penses of his government ; and the amount of these was 
 proportioned, in a great degree, to the favor lie enjoyed 
 
 ire deseribetl as stately alructures of brick ; and New- 
 castle, the metntpolis of Delaware, in the bei.'iiitiing of 
 the eighteenth eenliiry, poNsessed 'JftOO inh.ilutants. 
 Tor many years aHer Us first ts-cupation by ttu' Kniilish, 
 
 with the representatives of the people .\t the assem-| Pennsylvania eimtinued to witness a rapid trro-Mh of its 
 biy which was held by IVnn at Newcastle in the close, people, not only from a constani resort »d emi_'ranls, 
 of the year 1700, the remuneration allotted to the inein-;whi>m its a'tractions invited from all p.irts of Kuritpe,t 
 bersconsistetl of six shillings a day for atlendaiici', and hut from a native increase more vigorous Ihoi any 
 threepence per inilefor travellingcharges. The speaker's siKMcty since the infancy of the world, bi« i'mt e\hi- 
 daily allowaiice wan ten shillings The meeting of the;hited. (iabriel Thomas, whi> published Ins account of 
 aHseiiibty was indicated by the ringing of a bell ; anilitbis province in IfiUft, declares that barreniiPMH aitmng 
 any memlter entering half an hour afier the appoinlediwomen wns unknown in IVnnsylvania. and their celi- 
 lime, was lined ten|M<iiee. 'I'lie hiiniane code of crinii>'bacv, aOer twenty years of age, not less so; addinif, 
 nal law, that was coeval with the first instance ofiwilli tpiaker plainness, that it was impossible to meet 
 IVnnsylvaniaii legislation, continued in force till the a young married wtunan there who had not a chilil in 
 year i70.'>, when it was abolished by (^iictn Anne aslherhody or one in her arniH The children b-irn in the. 
 too little consmiant wilh the spirit of Knglish jurispru-'provin''e he describes as in t!<')i<'^'d *' betlci inturcd, 
 deuce Hut it was sotm aUer re-established by the same uiildiT, and more tender hearted than those horn in 
 
 princess, on the intercession id' William IVnn. 
 
 Although ipiakerism cimtiimed bmg to he the most 
 prevalent religious profession in IVnnsylvani.i, yet from 
 a very early periisl the province had been resorted to by 
 sectaries tif various other denominations, and a cimrcli 
 iiad already been built in I'hiladclnhi.t b)r the receplion 
 
 KiiL'biud " The fertility of llic soil, the i;enrrd heallhi- 
 iH'Ms of the climate (notwithstandiui; the m'\ere i-pide- 
 inicH occasionally prevalent at IMiilndelphia), the lib.".il 
 revsard of tabor, and the frnual, industriiiiis, and rc^rular 
 habits dill'uscd by the powerful exampte of ihe ipiakers, 
 mtributed lo the promotion of this lame incre.(-*e, and 
 
 fa congregation o 700 persons altacliei! lo the tenctslrendered the people of Pennsylvania distingiiislieil, even 
 
 anil discipline oi' the church of Kngland Some dis 
 pleasure is said to have been evinced bv the ijuakers at 
 the lirst proposal of this epis<-opal party to erect an or- 
 igin in their church. The episcopalians, and all ibe'diate descendants, are said to hrive formed :\ pb-:t 
 other sectaries unconnech-d with the ipiakers, made fre 'exhibition of courteous henevolence, eorrespoidin 
 
 iinonu the North American coiniiiunities, as a niord 
 and a happy race. The maioiers itf a i»rtMt pmjuj'tion 
 ti\' llie first race of <piaker settlers, and of Iheir iiome- 
 
 ing 
 to 
 
 pient propositions for the establishment of a militia ;'the purpose with which their removal to Ainenci hid 
 liut the ijuakers steadily refused to sanction such a pro jbeen undertaken,— id" facilitating ihe enjoymeiil id* (hat 
 ceeding, by an act of the provincial government ; lhoui;li'nl!'eciiiin ate intercourse which their tniets pecMiiarly 
 all who deemed the use <d" arms lawful, were permilted-enjoined. Some .)f the bailing persoin* ainoti^' lln- ear- 
 to train themselves, and to adopt every military precau-lliesl ipiaker settlers were men who traced their hneayt* 
 tion for their defence tliat should not Im» inconsistcntito the stock of the most ancient nobdiiv of Kul'I itid, 
 with the pci.ce of the province Most of the ollices ofjand in whi»in a sense of ancestral di^timli.in was so 
 governmei.t were tilled by ipiakers; and neither thejtempered with the ineekne-s of tjemiine ipiakerism, as 
 duties of the bar, nor the functions of the bench, were'lo impart only a |ialriarchal di:;niiy to their irti'iners. 
 deemed incompalible with their religious profession t Their hospitality, in parlicular, was locdu'ied wiiba 
 So early as Ihe year lOHfi, a printing press was esta-jiirace ami simplicity entirely patriarch d.'^ The people 
 
 of Delaware appear to have been, m general, a \vsa 
 retined and enterprisiiiir, but not a less viriuons race. 
 Penn himself has celebrateil the K<iod morals and S')- 
 briety of dejiortment of the Swedish and I)ot(h agri- 
 culturists. The Swedish church at Wilmin:.'ii>n is re- 
 puted one of the oldest churches in North .\[m'rica 
 Among the first race of Peni.sylvaiiiin sell Ins were 
 
 hhshed at IMiilailelphia ; and an almanac, for the follow 
 tug year, was printed at this press by llr:ulford. 
 
 When the tSwedish cobuiists lirst ticcupied Dela- 
 ware, ilu'v found the couir.ry infesteil with wolves, 
 whose ferocity was soon af.er intlamed to an extraor- 
 dinary pitch, by the mortality which the small-pox occa- 
 sioned among the Indians, and Ihe increased quantity 
 
 of prey that they derived from tlic unburieil corpses o(|maiiy persons whose altainmentH in scieme ami liter i- 
 ihe vicliiiis of tliis pestilence. Hoth in Pennsyl\aniaiture wituld have done honor to the mosi enlijhtcned 
 ;and Delaware, bouiilies continued to be paiil for tlielcmiununities James Logan, a ipiaker, and Mcnlary 
 
 neccfsarv, 
 
 [M.] 
 
 leslruction of wolves so late as the niiddle of the 
 eij,'htienth century. 
 
 The i>r>iviNir aiul the trrri/nnc^, but especially the 
 lormer, ajipear to have enjoyed very soon a thriving 
 Iraile w ith Kngland, with the southern colonies of Aine- 
 
 ric.t, aru! with the West India settle nis. Their ex- 
 
 liort*" consisted of corn, beef, pork, lish, pipe staves ; 
 h:di's, tallow, and wool lo Ihe West India settlements ; 
 lh>rses and other live cattle to llie southern plantalimis ; 
 and peltry ti> Kngland. Their direct trade with Kng 
 land w.if; afterward increased by the cultivation of lo 
 liacco, which was beirun under HlackwelPs adminis- 
 tratitin, and sk rapidlv exit ndi'il, that in ihe beixinnini: 
 of ihe eiuhlii'iith century, binrlcen ships siiled annually 
 with tlrii Ci>mmodi!\ from Pennsvlvania. Tlo-ir ex- 
 ports, however, wen- abridged in the year IfiitO, bv an 
 ait ol p.irliament ^alreadv nolieed in the hislory of New 
 Ji-rsr\) which prohihiieii the exportation of wool, whe- 
 tl.'T raw or maimlaclured, from the American colonies 
 The province, at the same time, im|iorted the prod 
 
 of variims Knglisli 
 XIH.ODO a vear, and vi 
 
 ufactures, to the value of about 
 
 •Ided 
 
 a revenue of X;J,000 ti 
 
 id" the province, was the corrrsjiondrnt of (lie iimst 
 learned men in Kurope ; and scvrral of bis works, 
 written in the Latin tongue, (particularly a treatise on 
 the Lreneration of plinis, and one on the propertii-s of 
 liL'ht,) were published with much applause .-•.t Leyder,. 
 W' enriched Philadelphia with a viluahlr librarv ; and, 
 in his old au'e, executed an adimrdile (rau.^latl>m of 
 Cicero's Ire.ilisi' Ih' Snifrlutr^ winch was afti-rward 
 printed with an encomiasljc prefice bv Dr Kranklin. 
 Thomas Makin, another tpiaker, and one of the eirliest 
 settlers in I*ennsylvania, prodiiccil, in the bei.Mtinini: of 
 the eighteenlli century, a descriptive and his'orical 
 ai-t*ouiit id' the province, in a Latin poi-in, t-ntilled. 
 Dr. f iT I fif II' l'> *tn\i/^rttnir, exhibilini: with u'reat force of 
 llioui.'!it, and be inly of lan-ruaLie, one of the mtist de 
 liL'hiful pictures of nilional virtue and happiness, thai 
 ever was presented to the admiration of mankind 
 
 t In the yiNir I""-i'.> uloiie tlu- minihiTof einiiirants fnxn vn 
 nous piirts of Kuropi- to Peniislyva ua iirnoinitrd to fi^lMI. 
 I'he «ri'ati'r pari of these wire licrniaus ami Irish. I)<<in!las'fi 
 Suinniarv. 
 
 N.itvMihHt-iiidnig this des|Kiniline strain, it ts nianifestj 
 
 It Prnii'srom|ietiIioii vMili Loi-kefor llu prais.'of suprrior - 
 ilation {si'v a noli' to H III. aiilil. that Iv \\u% hy no 
 ms in'«Mi'*|iitr to til 
 
 Ubtoms of the crown. The consumption o\' Knglish 
 
 lie- UMiiid. r 
 
 >1 P. 
 
 n(w nsh.ihli' f iim- le**!!" d lo linn us' f In the case of Kinsey, a ijuakcr lawyer (afterward nttor- 
 
 nmvlvama 
 
 ..I r 
 
 VimwiTc not ni'v jrent'ra 
 
 Landfill 
 
 clui-t-j 
 
 slice ol prims vlvaiiia,) it was 
 
 ti'v iniiti' lilirr.dlv f iiniiH liUitl, Imi niori' si.n tidly iiiiifiu (b-ifrnmicl. atti-i s.tliiini ■lihaif. by tin" pmvmcial puvcin 
 Ih'M d I'y his people, than wrre iliosiul Lnrd F-altup"*" by the mint , t'tiiii limikiT lawyers should not be obliged to uncover 
 
 coloii'^U ol 
 
 yli'xt 
 
 ithrirhcnil" in iiililrc»iiiif llir jihl;:!'!! I'roilil. ii. Ifltl. I'.l*. '231 
 
 if VV'urdpii, 
 
 III till' Ikmis. 
 
 !IH. r.nll'" l.lfr of \V..Mt, I'lirl I p 11 11 
 
 ol llii 
 
 if llit'ir p^uuliir ( 
 
 Miv \lr ("iiU, 
 
 piiiK-ipn 
 
 IflllllllM 
 
 , lh( 
 
 iif lliff 
 
 nliinitrd Im^pllility IiMMitii II part 
 
 ih. 
 
 IHIIV It WHS l)l( 
 
 t'siilcii T'fiir tlir liii;li\vuvi*. iittrr su|ipi'r. 
 
 anillliol; 
 
 iisl rrli 
 
 HUiilM rsiTi'isfi v( thr I'vnuii'i, lo lliakp II i.uti" fin' tn tin* Imll, 
 .nil! to !»rl out n lalilc wilU ri-fri'dhiupnts for hucIi Irii'i'lli-ri 
 
 I llll^• 
 
 111 h; 
 
 Live occasion to pass duriiiL' 
 
 ihi' 
 
 L-ht ; 
 
 the lamilu'S iisiembled in the morning, tlie> si. 
 that llieir iiiblrs hnd be,m unvihitetl " 
 
 id when 
 Idutn found 
 
THi; HISTORY OF 
 
 I and to untti^ Ihnm by a Rtrun^ xpiiiiporooininon iiitrrrKt 
 
 APPENDIX* I ami comnmn injury in n conlVdrrficy fatal tit the pn'lrn- 
 
 Sifttfjiiml IVittpiTtsof ihcNoriliAmprican Piovinrps m thv 'hiimih oltlip |iiirri)t Mtale, K\rry aililiNi v< ir tcmlitl tm 
 
 i'ionv »)! till' Hevi-nti'ciitli Ct-ntiiry — Spiitniiriils ami Vlpi- [ Ii-sh to wrakcn tin* tiiviHivr intlupMir nt tin' <li»tin('tit>iiM 
 
 inonittit ihf(\)loni(itare8|HUiing the SJwvuriJidmty lunt Hie ; importiMl liy the oriuinal niloiiiiitM intnllicir Mi'tllrniciitH, 
 
 ruhcy .11 Crral Hritaui, Ate. jthantn i-nlianiM* llii- Mcnm- nl a i-.munun iiili-n'Mt, ami 
 
 At tlif cloxtMif the aevcniernth century, the Dn(iHh|ti> fortify the |Htwrr hy which that iiitt'rr»»t inii^ht In- 
 
 HfdlrnitMilii in \urth Auirrica contuinnl a p(>|>ulati(M) \l('fi'n<li*(i. Tlin ch.iraclt'r of ^eturoux nmifrtitkinffs^ 
 
 \i\ more than three hunUred ihouHand perMonH, itixin- 1 which Hume very juKlly accordH In thrtte roloinal 
 
 bnled aniohj^ tho variouM colonial entabliHlnnentit, whoKp 
 origin and early pro^rcMii I have endeavored to illiiH- 
 tr.ue.* The forniatiun of the»e coloniea v* by far the 
 niunt interemint; event of that reuiarkahlo a<Tr. 
 
 "S|irrulalive reasonem during that age," »ay» a great 
 htMlurian, ** raised many ubjectionH to the planting of 
 thoHe remote colonies, and foretold that, after draining 
 thrir inoiher country of inhabitantit, they would hooii 
 ith.ike utf her yoke, and erect an independent frovern- 
 inetit in America; but time bait shown that the views 
 ent'Ttained by thoNC who encouraged such undertak- 
 in;;N, were more just and uolid. A luild govermnenl, 
 «iid ^reat naval force, have prenerved, and may "t ' 
 prcttcrve, during some time, the dominion of Kngla.id 
 uver her colonies. And tnich advunlatres have coin- 
 Uh-rce and navigation reapcil from llieiie eHlai^liHlnnents, 
 t!):it more than a lourlh of (he Kiinhtih sliipping Ih at 
 prt'Kcnt ctiiMputed to he employed in carrying on the 
 Irallic witii the American Nettlemenls." The apprehen- 
 sions of de,<opulatioM, alluded to by this author, are 
 noliced.it greater length in the prior work of Oldinixon, 
 who assi-rtii, ihat " on this .argument are founded all 
 the rrait'MK lo rxcutie the ill-UHage the plantaliuns hnve 
 met with ;" and aHer itenionslrating tite aliMUrdity of 
 such a notion, appeaU to the large increaite which the 
 trade and the revenue uf Kngtand bad already derived 
 jroin the colonies, as alfording a jusler and more pow- 
 eruil ;>ri.'nineut for repairing tin-* illiiitage, and intriHluc- 
 iii;: mure lilieraj pn-vinioiis into the KngliNb conunercial 
 co.le t The appreheiiitions M American independence 
 were n<> less the object of ridicule to the hcNt informed 
 writers, in the iM'giiming of that century which was 
 declined to witnesri the American revolution '* It will 
 be i:npossiliU'," says .\**al, ** for Mew Kngland ti> sub- 
 *(i»t of iii^ell tor home centiirieH of vcarH ; for, though 
 ibe\ nii^iht maintain ihem.sejvc:) against their neigh- 
 bur> (m the coiitinet, they must starve without a free 
 
 estaldishment-', expresses a praise which the KngliHli 
 gtivernmeiit had no pretensions to share with the private 
 individuals by whinn they were founded ;t and the mild 
 policy, wbi (her voluntary or tiot, which permitted the 
 liberal institutions erectpil for theimtelves by these men 
 to continue in existence, tended rather to abridge than 
 to prubmg the Hritixh duminion, by cherishing in the 
 cobmies a spirit and hahit of btxTty repugnant to (lie 
 nnjUKt and oppressivt? tenor of the Kni;lish connnercial 
 restrictions^ The colonial cnpire of Spain would not 
 have boasted a longer duration than that at K'lirland if 
 her setllemenls in South Ameriv'a bad enjoyed as liberal 
 constitutions as the North American colonies. ** The 
 policy of Kiirope," says a writer who perhaps eipialled 
 Hume in political sagacity, and certainly excelled him 
 in acijuaintance with colonial history, " has very little 
 to boast of, either in the original establishineiit, tir, so 
 far as concerns their internal government, in the si^b- 
 scipient prosperity of the colonies of Anu'rica ** Folly 
 and injustice, he pronounces, were the principles that 
 presided (wer the formation of all the colonial estahlish- 
 ments ; avarice of gold impellingthe adventurers to the 
 sonthern, and tyranny and persecution promoting the 
 emigrations to the northern parts of America The 
 i;ovcrnments of the several parent Nlates, be observed, 
 contributed little or nothing towards cireclualii':,' (he 
 eslablishments of (heir colonies, and yet invariahly 
 attempted to enrich their own exchrijuern, and secure 
 to themselves a nionnjioly of the <'ulonial conuiierce 
 [;n,j by regulations injurious to the freedom and 
 prosperity of the colonists — a procedure, in which the 
 particular policy of r.ngland was only somewhat less 
 iltilti ral and oppressive than that nf the other Kuro- 
 pean states *' In what way, therefore,** he ilemaihls, 
 '* has the policy of Furopc contributed either to the first 
 establishment, or (u (he pr 'lit grandeur of (lie cido- 
 nies of America? In om* , and in one way oidv, it 
 
 isly 
 
 trade with Kurope, the mamifactures of the country has contributed a great th ,i. Ma<jna matrr vmim ! It 
 
 being very iiiconsiderahle; so that 1/ ire could suppoxt bred and formed Ihi- men who were capable of aehiev- 
 
 l/uni til iifitl ii>,'ainAt {•'nfj/aml^ they must throw them- ing such great actions, and of laying the foundalirriis of 
 
 selves into (he arms of tiome other potentati-, who would so great an empire; and (here is no other tpiarter o( 
 
 pni'ecl theiii no longer than he could sell them with (be worhl of which the policy is cap tlile of formiiii;, or 
 
 ad'.anlage." So slightly were the colonies coiniecteil 
 with each other, and so much of mutual repugnance^ 
 had been created by religious and political distinctions 
 lH'(ween them, that the probability of their nnii ing toge- 
 ther fur couimon defence against the parent state never 
 occurred to thiii author. Nor will thitt be thought any 
 great impeachment of his sagacity, when we consider 
 that seventy \ears atlerward, the prospect, which had 
 tliei) begun to dawn, of an etfeclual confcderacv of 
 these colonies against England, was declared hy a 
 p!HhMO|>liical historian to be perfectly delusive and 
 ciiirierical. 
 
 H Hu'.ie hud studiett the history and condiliim of the 
 coloiii.-s, or if Neal and Otdmixon had added to ibis 
 nctpiireinent the sagacity of Hume, it is probable that 
 be W'.sild not ha\e adduced the mildness of the Knylisb 
 jtrovcrmnent as one of the causes that were likely to 
 lelard the independence of America, which he perceived 
 nuist ere long ensue ; and that they would have diKcerned, 
 in the policy of the Knglish government, an inthience 
 that powerfully tended to counteract the principles that 
 sepirated the American coimnunitics from each 'her, 
 
 ' F' '111 11 eumpansDn nfdic culcnlaiioiis nf various vvnicrs, 
 each 01 whom, almost invariably, conlrmlicLs all tiir others, 
 and not uii!re>|iieiii|y eontrndiet!! Iinnstlf. I uin nichned to 
 think the loll 'VMiij; esliimm,' of t lie iMt|iulutioa of the colonies 
 ut tliisii^riid nearly, ilnot entirely eorrerl. Virginia, 00.1100 i 
 M»>sai*iiii»eits(lo wiiirh Maine was then ntlarlieil), het wern 
 *ll,(KH)aiidS0.1KMt;{;onnectieiit.;tO,(M)tl;Uhmle Mand, IO,(H'0. 
 NcH Haii.piliire, UMMH); Mary laml,.IO.(KK); North nntl Sonlli 
 Camliii;!. Hf.OOO; Sew York, 'JU.iHKI; New Jersey. I J.IHHI; .unl 
 Peiiii^yh.niiji. ;Jo,lMMl. Kveu writers so aceurHte and sajja- 
 
 has ever actually and in (.wi formed such men The 
 cohnnes owe lo the policy of F.urope the educatittn and 
 great views of their active and )'n(erprisiin» fmnnlers ; 
 and some of the greatest and mosi important of them, 
 so far as ctuicerus their internal governim'nt, ow.Mo it 
 scarce any thing else '* 
 
 In the colonial estahlishmeniR of the French, the 
 Spaniards and the Portuituese, the royal noveinnienl 
 was stronger .md more arbitrary, and Mihordina ion 
 more strictly enforced, than in the parent states IIM 
 be.-al institutions, remote from the power and splendor 
 
 f the thrones to which they were allied, rcipiiieij to he 
 guarded with peculiar strictness t'roni llie intrnsio'i of 
 
 pitiions and praclici'S that saxoreil of freedom It was 
 otiiprwisein the Itriti.sh colonies, where the grafts of 
 constitutional liberty that had hecn transplanted irom 
 the parent stale, expimled with a vi;.'or prop«irtioiied (1 
 (heir <listauce miinthe risal slioots of rovahv and aris- 
 tocracy with which they were llieorelically connected 
 Not oidy did (liese colonies enjoy domeslic cons(i(utions 
 favorable to liberty, Iml (here evisled in the minds of 
 the great hulk of the people, a tiemocratic spirit autl re- 
 holutinn that practically reduced the power of the pa- 
 
 i IKmlIu and Hnlii 
 
 ally po|ni!u(uin ol .Norlli Amer 
 
 ines have been leil to underrate tin 
 
 by relying too far on thi 
 
 e!«luiMirsttliir!i the loral utivprniiieiiis furnished In the Uritish 
 
 ■h. 
 
 stry I 
 
 <t<i III 
 
 aou imlllarv cxpettltions, 
 
 ertHmineiit oC the nninbers of men whom 
 rpipured to supply fur the purposes of naval 
 
 f Olihi 
 
 ear! 
 
 .liitnHlucl. I9,&e. This author rpfers til 
 
 t The colonization oftimrijiu which was not efTpetfil ijtl 
 17.iJ, was till- only instance ni which thp Knt-bsji t'ovemnipnt 
 eoiiiributed to the hmndatiun of any of the N'irlh Ainrncan 
 stales, 
 
 if See an account of the commprcinl rpstnrtions that were 
 imposed jiriorto the KniiliNh Revolution, and an exaininaium 
 ot their ptdiey, ante, H. I. rap. ;i. ToIUp restrietinns there 
 ilrseriln'd, lliere wns added, hrfnre the close of the sevrti- 
 teenlli cpnlnr>-, a prohihitjon (nolicpd in the htstt)ries of New- 
 Jersey and Pennsylvania) of the pxportalion of wiml from the 
 colonies. 
 
 I have some chiuhts of the tecurnry of a •ftatement Merived 
 from Neiil) in H. II. cap v. ante, ofthe colonists havnit: In-ci 
 at one liineresiniineri from workina rninps of inm and r-opper 
 'I'lll (he year 17*i(>. the esport ol Anieriean iron was restr ainet 
 
 rent stale even below the statulard uf its (heory. Miiny 
 causes seem to have eoutrtbiited to ihe formation of 
 Ihi-^ spirit, and (o (he production of HCiitiiiieiits and 
 habits eonducivi* to its I'lVn- icy All the coloni il char* 
 t^Ts were extnrli'd, by ml crest or tiiiportunily, troni 
 princes noted for arbitrary dcsiuns or perlidions cha- 
 rac(ers ; and no sooner hat these char'ers pnNliicerl 
 the ellcct of collecting numenais and (hrivini; com. 
 munities in America, than some of them were, anl 
 all t)f tlii'in would have been, annulled, if the ih nasty 
 of the Stuarts b.id been much farther prolonv'ct 
 The designs of these )irinces were not entirely ahui- 
 iloned by their successors at (he Drilish Kevolulion, 
 For many years arter, the American colonists were 
 rouseil to continual contests in defence o( their char- 
 ters, which the Knglish court made successive al(i>m|it£« 
 to qualify or annul. These defensive cllbrts, and the 
 success with which they were generally crowned, tend- 
 ed powerfully lo keep ilive an active and viijilanl spi< 
 rit of liberty in Aiuerica. The ecclesiiftical cniisti- 
 tntions and the religious sentiments that prevailed ifi 
 ihe majorily ofthe provinces, were no less favoraide lo 
 the nurture of liberal and independent sentiments In 
 Viruinia, Maryland, and South Carolina, alone of all tho 
 slates : — in the first, fnmi its earlies( setllement, and 
 in the two others by a most unjust usurpation: the 
 church of Fngland wa* possessed of a legal pre-emi* 
 nence, and maintained at the expense, not only of its 
 own adherents, but of rill the other inhabitants, of what- 
 ever chrislian denomination |! In all the other slates 
 there existed, about the close of the seventeenib cen- 
 tury, either an entire political equality of reliijiiuis sects, 
 or at least a very near approach to it ; ami in all llu>e, 
 not only were th)' inhabitants, by their geeieral char.ic- 
 (er of prolestants, the votaries of a system f miided <'n 
 the ri'.ibts of private jndgnient, but (he lu.ijority ofthiMn 
 beloiiL'ing (o that class which in Fngland received the 
 name >>( prolestant dissenters, profe>sed lenets wliief 
 have bom termed fhe proffstnuhsm n/" Ihc pint r si it u* 
 fitifht anil which peculiarly predisposed to a jeabuisy o( 
 civil liberty, and a |iromp(itiide to repel every arbitrary 
 exertion of aiitbttrity. T'.ven (he episcopal cbuich where 
 it existetl, whether as the pre-eminent establishment, or 
 as one amoin; many eo-cqual associations, was siript nf 
 its aristocratical appendages, and exhibited m'iiher a 
 tilled liierarcby nor a gradation of ranks anions the 
 uiinisters of religion. In civil life, n similar equalit) 
 of ranks ^niiversally prevailed. No attempt was ever 
 iiiaile to plant the ))roud distinction of uohhfi/ in Jtny 
 f the provinces, except in ('ar()lina, where the iri.sti- 
 hilion soon withered and died.H rnacciistomed I'l Ihat 
 lisiinctioii of ranks which the policy of Knrope Ims 
 'stablished, the people were irenerally impressed with 
 an opinion of the natural equality of all freemen; am) 
 even in those prcivinces where nt*i;ro slavery had the 
 greatest prevalence, the possessimi of this tyrannical 
 privilege seems rather ttt have adulterated Ihe spirit of 
 freedom witli a considerable tinge of arrogance, than to 
 have contribnt(\i at all to mitiirate or deprcsv t Kv- 
 cept this inhuman insiitution, every circumstance in the 
 :!..,.\e tic or relative condition of these provinces had a 
 tendency to prmnote iudiiHtry, good morals, and iinpres 
 sions of equality. The liberal reward of labor anil the 
 clipapness of land, placed the enjoyniPiit <.f comfort, 
 and the dignity of inib'pcndence, vviibin lite reach of 
 all; the luxuries and honors of Fngland attracted the 
 weallhy volnpin iry and t lie votary of ambition to that 
 more inviting sphere of enjoyment and intrinne; and 
 the vast intAiis or unciiltivatetl di«itrict8 attached io 
 every jirovince served as salutary oiidets by which I lie 
 population was drained of those restless disonlerly .id- 
 venturers who vv.re averse lo Icyal restraint and pa- 
 tient labor, and who, in the roving occupation of Imuter.-i 
 ami hitrkimndsmcn (as they have bi'cn termed,) foinid 
 a ri!»ource that tlivrrted them from more lawless and 
 dauMeroua pursuits, and even rendered them useful as 
 a body of pioneiTs, who paved the way for nn extension 
 
 U The most remnrkatile dispute that ocenrred duriiiK ihe 
 einhlpen'h century hetween Ktielandand Viri-'inia, prior to the 
 Ke.ohition, WiLtoceasioned by an altempt of the Kntilishgo 
 veriinieiil losnpiKirt the episcopal cler^iv ofthe province in a 
 iir' ' isimi whii'li was disatTei-ahle to the Imlk ofthe iH-.itile, 
 
 ivi.'hsh 
 
 cut niterfered to prevent the opi 
 
 opi 
 
 ii*r vMirk in winch the same topics had iM-eii ei 
 
 a still ii)y heavy duties. Kavnal. H. iV.ci 
 
 entiileil '(Ji-Miis uf the Phiiitutiuiis," hy Judjie Lillletiin. of renal; 
 
 lorccij, I laeturo appears to have hi' 
 
 ip vn. : am 
 
 1 even the 
 
 Marhiid 
 side of tiie 
 cliaiit, w no 
 
 A sill! nii're dir^tnuuished writer on the same Istth i 
 St 10:1 was Sir Palhy Thomas, an eminent mer- state 
 
 liulatitms. <^ldmixon.('.^d Kilit.) vol. 
 
 oilijert lo some incimvenient 
 
 oti! an Utsturn-al Account uf (he Kise ant| , hc< 
 
 idtht 
 
 id eopper mines were worked in sevpral ofthe 
 
 ofih 
 
 lii^ti. Hut I'ven then, 
 
 iderl.ik 
 
 liiL's seems 
 
 lo Iwi 
 
 <*pmih ofthe West India f'olonie^. 
 
 en chiedv <.h.Mrucled hy ihe dearness of labor. Dniifdns, 
 ' li. p lf>0 WintrTl«othTin. vol. n. p 36*^. 
 
 Li^v prejudirial to th<' emoluments of the clerjty ; Imt iho 
 pn>vini:ial tnbinuits ret'used to pay any attention to lis .nan- 
 date. 
 
 % Vet llip mystrrions nonsense of free masonry seem.-* lo 
 have been intn)duced pretty early, and has continued (oinai 
 
 I foolii 
 
 ihr 
 
 his \s perhaps tli 
 
 Illy instance ofthe successful impoitniion into Ariic 
 
 ofti 
 Iteinme .'I't^nnl hy "iiirvivmt,' 1 
 
 use insiitiitions.HofrPipientln F.nropnan slates, wliii-h 
 
 iprineiph'" 
 
 ami 1 
 
 iji vvhu'li lliry oiiiiiiiiiled, but V\lnch are nnisf iTiiled hy liii 
 and the passion that mnnkind have for connecting tb^pi 
 s.dves with ami^mtv. 
 
NORTH AM KKICA. 
 
 liriili'iii! 
 
 nry. Muny 
 iriiiiitio" "t 
 iiiii'iilii mill 
 ,|,ini il <liar- 
 lunily, trtim 
 lulliiii" I'lm- 
 
 riviiiu ii'iii' 
 1 wrrr, nnl 
 :i«ly 
 
 nliii'lv ili^iri- 
 Kcvolulioii. 
 ilniiiHts «i'ii' 
 f Ihi'ir iliir- 
 HIM' iilli'iri|il» 
 iirtK, ami i'h' 
 •inviicil, li'iiil- 
 
 ulical iom.ti- 
 pri'Viiiirii ill 
 m friviir.iiili' I" 
 iitiiniMil" III 
 lloll.-nlilll llli) 
 illlriiii'iil, anil 
 iiir|i.\lion ; llio 
 lci!:il pri'iMii- 
 lilt only nf il» 
 
 lllllln, lif wIliK- 
 11' iilhrr slinrH 
 viMilri-nlll I'lMi- 
 rrlii;i"ii» ii'i't". 
 
 ml ill :ill 111 < 
 
 rrniT.il cliarif- 
 
 IMIl Oillllill'i! "'11 
 
 i.ijiiriiy ut'llii'ni 
 1(1 riM'iMM'il I III' 
 il li'iii'lK whirl' 
 ■ Ihr pri'lrslnii'. 
 to a jciilollwv "I 
 oviTy arliiir.iry 
 alrliiiii'li "111"' 
 i<lnlili»liMii'nl, or 
 i», waK Hiriiil of 
 ihitpil ni'iiliiT a 
 iiUh amimir II"' 
 Hiniilar riinalil) 
 [ifiiiin wa» I'M'i 
 \iinhllily in any 
 ■licri- ilii' iii^ii- 
 [•nslnninil I'l llial 
 if I'iiro|ii' lias 
 iinprrii-ii'il "ii'i 
 .1 friM'im'ii ; nml 
 Blavi-ry Iiad llii- 
 this lyrannii'al 
 liil Ihr "I'iril "I 
 roK.iiirr, I hail to 
 Ji'lirrsf t. V,\- 
 ■innstanri' in II"' 
 |iriiviiii'rs hail a 
 rain, anil iniliri's 
 of lalior anil iho 
 iiMil of roniforl, 
 lin the rivu'Ii ot 
 mil altrai-ti'il Iho 
 ainliilion lo ihat 
 inlri;;ili" : ami 
 ills allai'hril io 
 ■Is liy wliii'h llii' 
 lisorilrrly aii- 
 rrslrainl anil (la- 
 lialion of hunliTJ 
 .. tiTimil,) foiinil 
 nori^ la\vli>« ami 
 il thiMii usi'l'iil as 
 for an ('\loiii.ion 
 
 ■ciirmil iluriim lln' 
 ■iru'inm.pnorlolli'" 
 
 of Ihl' KllplliKtl JO 
 
 if till- proviiii-i m a 
 liiilk of tho pi'oph'. 
 ■veil! Iho opiTaluiii 
 !hi' flpriiy ; hill 111" 
 ciilion lo Its nan- 
 
 masonry sretns lu 
 I'onlinui'illomniii- 
 This IS (iiTliaps till- 
 oiiMilo AmiTiia of 
 opriinslHll'^.\^l''''l' 
 mis anil prnii'ijili" 
 ■ol.sn-ralfit hy 111"" 
 r ronin'clinj Ihn" 
 
 anc' nailtiplication of the colonial Brltlrmpnta \n 
 trailiii;! oorpnratiofii or innnnpolii's rrstrainnl thr frrr- 
 iloiii ivitli which rvi'ry man niiijhl employ his iiniisiry, 
 capiiul, anil skill ; ami no fnrt'st laws nor iiaini' laws 
 contiiieil the spurts of ihi* lirlil lo a privili'i^i'il rtass nl 
 tht* i-iiininiinity. No ciitaiU were ailmilli'il to ^Mvr ail- 
 vi'iitilnius aiil to natural innpi tlities, and prrprluatr, 
 in the lianiU uf iitlcni'ss ami folly* llic Hiilistanrc that 
 liail hrrii aiiiassril hy industry amj ahility' Happily 
 for the staliility of American frredoin, it was inipossilile 
 for the tirst goneraliun uf coloiiistH to incceed ill ef- 
 fertuatiiitf their seltlenients, and attainiiiK a secure ami 
 priisperoua CHlahlishinenl, without the exercise of vir- 
 tues, and the fnrinalioii of a character, lhat euaranteed 
 the preservalinu of the hlessings lo which they had coii- 
 iliicteil. Kveii the calatinttes of French and Intliaii 
 war with which soiiie of the provinces lonu conliniicd 
 1,1 he harassed, conlrikuted to preserve a spirit and 
 liahits witho'it which their people iniuht have heen tiri- 
 jhle in thu eii(lit«enth century to achieve their inde- 
 piiideiice. If llm latter settlenients of New Jersey and 
 I'cnnsylvania were exeniptcd in some ileyrce from the 
 discipline of those hardships and ilitficultieH with which 
 the ciinimenceinenl of all the other «cltleinenls was at- 
 tcnilcd, they were happily penpleu, in a (jroat decree, 
 liv a class of sectaries whose hahits and inannerH are 
 piM-uliarlv favoralile to iiiilu'itry and }riiod morals, and 
 coiiL'enial lo the spirit of repnhlican cuiistitntions. The 
 qnakers, indeed, have been much more successful in 
 leavening American society with manners favoralile to 
 liherty, than with principles allied to their own political 
 doctrines 
 
 'I'll Kij^land, the acqiiisilion of these colonial setlle- 
 rnents was highly advantageous. They eiilari;ed her 
 trade and revenues ; they alforil a vast lield in which 
 her needy and supertUioUh population iniuhl improve 
 their C'lndiliiin and dissipate their discontent ; and 
 filially, thoy created for her a new nation of friends in- 
 terested in her happiness and ulory, and of customers, 
 whose urowini; wants and wealth excited and rewarded 
 the maiiufaclurin|{ industry of her people. All the iia- 
 tiiius of Europe derived advaiitaije from the formation 
 of these cstahlisliinents, which dishnnlcned their terri- 
 tories of iireat iiuinhcrs of men, whom the pressure of 
 poverty, aj^oravated hy dcl'ective civil institutions, and 
 111 eversion to the systems of their nallonal churches 
 iiillanied hy ecclesiastical intotcranee, must have ren- 
 dered either martyrs or rehelsiti their nalive land. The 
 emigration from the continent of tJurope, and especially 
 from (ierinany lo America, during the greater part \ti 
 the eighleenth century, was much more copious than 
 the emigraliiiii from l^ngland. To the colonists, the 
 subsistence of their peculiar connexion with Knglaml 
 was likewise attended with some advantages. The 
 acknowledged right and implied prolection of I'^nglaml 
 deterred all other Vluropean powers who were not at 
 war with her from molesting them ■ while their char- 
 tered or tradilionary c^institutioni' opposed (aller the 
 Knglish Revolution) a barrier to gross and open en- 
 croachmi'iils of the parent state herself on colonial 
 rights and liheriies As their ow n strength and resources 
 increased, the hcnetit of Kngl'sh prnlection was propor- 
 tionally diminished, while the inconvenience of her 
 eoininercial re.slrictions, and of participation in her poli- 
 tics and wars, was more sensibly experienced. 
 
 A consideralile variety and inilisiiiictiiess of opinion 
 prevailed liolh in Kngland and America, respecting the 
 precise import of the political relation subsisting be- 
 tween the two countries. It wa • at first the maxim of 
 the Knglish courl, lhat the crown was the only memiter 
 of the Hrilish conslitiition which possessed jurisdiction 
 over the colonies t All Ihe charters were framed in 
 conforinily with this niaxiin, except the charter of Pcnn- 
 svlvania The colonies were by no means uniforn in 
 liie senlilneills which they expressed on this subject. 
 They coinphiiiied veiy generally of an nnjiisl usurpation 
 of power over them by the Hrilish parliainenl, when Ihe 
 navigation laws were passed ; and openly maintained 
 on manv occasions, that an act of the British parliament 
 w.is noi binding on America. Yet they scrupled not to 
 complain of thair grievances to the houses of parlia- 
 iiieiit, and to invoke, from time to time, parliamentary 
 
 * Al 11 snlisei|iiciit iieriiwl, llie syslcinuf entails became pre- 
 valt'iil 111 N'iriiinlH. vVirt's Lite of Henry, p. j;i. Ilwuspro- 
 docliii' of LTfal ilisliKP and jealousy IietwiMMi Ihe anstucrai y 
 anil Ihe v*'oinaiiry of Ihi' [irovince. Ibid, imssiin 
 
 + ,\ bill tiavuiy ln'Cll ialroibu I'd into the llmise of ('oiiniioiis 
 til III'' ri'is:n of James the Kirsi. for ri ■iulotiiii.'tlii' .\iim-i omu 
 fislicries, Sirfii'oriii'CiUcrl.Ilic secreliiry of stiite.coin ryt li 
 lo (lie ftoi'HC lliii folluwiii'.; inllaiirioii from llii- aiu/ ; " .\iii' 
 rti-ii IS not annexed to llic iciilin. nor witbio llic jiin-^ibcli <m 
 ot" imrliami'ill ; you have, tbcreftiri', no rijtil lo iiiti-rlt rf ' 
 f'oloninl TineiRin lliirvard la'irnry. apiiil Molines, i Itl.'. 
 
 interposition in their behalf The New Kngland slates 
 alone ai'eiii to have perceived from the first Ihe advan- 
 tage they might one day ilcri\e iVoni adlicnng to the 
 maxim, that Ihey were politically connci'led only with 
 the king, and not at all \vith the parliament ; and wild 
 singular prudence lorbiire to ask favors from a parlia- 
 ment by which ihey were regarded with es| ial favor, 
 
 lest they should seem to sanction parliamenlary inter- 
 ference with their concerns. When the parliament en- 
 joyed hut an iMtcasional existence, and was freiiueiitly, 
 indeed generally, opposed to the court, the rlnglisli 
 nmnarchs resolulely maintained their exclusive jurisdic- 
 tion over the colonies. When the parliament acipiired 
 greater power and permanence it enforced, both on the 
 court and the colonies, the acknowledgmenl of its 
 supreme legislatorial iurisdiclion The colonies iniir- 
 mured against the trade laws : they ofVen evaded Ihein ; 
 and many persons still mainlained tli.it the parliainenl 
 had n> right to iiniioKe them This opinion kept its 
 ground, and wonlii have been more generally and 
 openly asserted, if the colonies had been able to enforce 
 il, or had received eiieouragenieni from the crown. Hut 
 the Knglish ministers were now always (by a niTcssity 
 of the constitution) in possession of a majority in p.-ir- 
 liament, and found it easier and safer to act on all 
 occasions through the instrumentalily of this organ, 
 than through a prerogative employed on a number of 
 distant provincial atsemblies The revolulioii of 15N« 
 established lirinly the supreme power > the parliainenl, 
 and enforced the suhmissinn of .\iiierica to its legisla- 
 tive control ; and from this period, all the measures by 
 which the llritish government proposed to alfect the 
 public interest of the colonists, were pursued through 
 the medium of parliamentary enactmenls .\o taxation 
 of the coUm'ii'n wan iirtiiliinllv (il'fmjilnl by the pirlia- 
 meiil, except what arose from the regularion of com- 
 merce ; but a power was assumed to alter the Ameri- 
 can charters, or at least to modify the constitutions 
 which these charters h.ul crcaled There was one 
 point, indeed, in which the relation nf Ihe colonies to 
 the royal prcrogilive, seemed still lo be acknowledgcil. 
 It was not to the House of liords, or to any of Ihe 
 ordinary tribunals of Kngland, that appeals were carried 
 from the judgments of American courts, hut to the king 
 in council j and it was the saiiir organ lhat enjoyed 
 the power of ino<lifying and rescinding the provininal 
 laws which were deemed repugnant to Knglish juris- 
 prudence, t 
 
 Yielding not to conviction but to necessity, overawed 
 by the strength of Britain, and encnmbered bv the dan- 
 gerous vicinity of the French in Canada, the colonists 
 subniitled to Ihe power nf parliament, and rendered to 
 it even that degree of voluntary acknowledgment which 
 m.iy be inferred from numerous petitions for the redress 
 of grievances.^ Yet the submission lhat was actually 
 enforced, w.as yielded with manifest reluctance, and the 
 |ireteiisioiis by which that submission might in after 
 limes be extended, were regarded with the mos; jealous 
 apprehension. So early as Ihe year IIJ'JCi, a pamphlet 
 vy.ia published in Kngland, recomniending Ihe iniposi- 
 timi of a parliamentary tax on one of Ihe colonies 
 This was inimediately answered by two other publica- 
 lions, in which the power of taxing the colonies w.is 
 nllerly denied lo a parliament in which they were nol 
 reprcscnled 1! 
 
 There were various particulars in the supremacy tli.it 
 was exercised and the policy tli.it was pursued liy the 
 parent st; ts, that were ollei'isive to Ihe colonisls, and 
 ri'L'ariled by ihi'iu as hiimilaling badges of dependence. 
 Th- appointment of cerl.iin of the provinci.U governort 
 by Ihe I lown, not only created discontent in Ihe pro- 
 vinces which beheld this privilege enjoyed by the in- 
 habitants of the other states, but excilcd in these others 
 
 t Lord Manslii'ld repi'iitedlvpninounred Ibal it was kiiIitii 
 I lie loiinii'leiicy of ihe Knelish court of Kind's l)eii.-l, to si i,,! 
 a »rit o| h.ilicas corpus into America ; lint he declareil lliat 
 tins was a powiT winch cojiil rarely if evi-i- be exeri'iseil Willi 
 |ii«|ineir. iStokis oil Ihe nonslilution of the Uritish Colonies, 
 p. ,1. li. 
 
 S^ V\ hen they became more wealthy and powerful, and found 
 that the parliament was nboMi lo usurp their domestic tux 
 al ion, they refrained Iniin sendini; netitions to it, and presented 
 llieinonlylothckin«-.Si'e Franklin's Works, iii..')3fi—iind at 
 leiiBlli Isildlv revived the ancient maxim, "that the kini;. and 
 i.ot the kiiitf. loril.s, and commons collectively, is their sove- 
 reii;n ; and that the kinii with Iheir respective assemblies is 
 llieironlyb'Bislalor." Ibid .IHl. Thus Ihe Americans m con- 
 Iciidinj! for their independence, (iniilly look Iheir stand on a 
 
 princiiilo orifiinally introduced by despotic princes, and in 
 tended to secure their siibjeclioii lo arbitrary government and 
 royalprerogalive. 
 
 1^ (iordon's llisl. of (lie t'nited States vol. i. I.eller ii. 
 "Thepaiiiplilnls a.'ai ist oixalion (said Lord Camden in his 
 speech in Ilic ll.ei ... of 1... ids. \pri|. ITIitll were much read, 
 and no iinswir Was tiieii I,, tlie.n. no crnsiire pissed upon 
 them; nor were m'-n si.ull:' I .it the d,)i-lrine" llii,',. 
 
 &T8 
 
 a continual apprehension of being levelled in this respect 
 with Ihe condiiion of their iieiuhbors. The in, inner in 
 which this bralli'b of the r,i\al pierogalive waslooollen 
 cxerclHi'd, leiideil lo reiiiler it addltioiiallv ills i^'reciblc 
 Il wiis the general iir,iciici' of the Knglish iiiiiiisters to 
 coiiiniil the royal govermiieuls lo needy ilepeiideiits. 
 whose chief aim was to repair a slrittcred I'ortiine and 
 lo reconiinend themselves lo iheir patrons bv a li<',id- 
 long xeal for the assertion of every real or prcleiidrd 
 iirerogilive of the crown 1 The traiisporlalion of Kng- 
 lish felons to .\iiierica, was also a pracuce of the llritish 
 governmeiil, which the lapse of lime rendered increas- 
 ingly otrensive to the colonisls We have seen the 
 assembly of .Maryland, as early as the year 1(1711, cmle.i- 
 vonrtostem the torrent of vieioiis and proMigate example 
 which was thus directed by the parent stale among ihe 
 laboring classes of her colonial sntijecls The .isseiii- 
 bly I'f Pennsylvania made an attempt to iibsirncl the 
 importation of convicts into that stale hy inip »iiio a 
 duty of five pounds on every convict that should be 
 imported But it was not till a Liter periisl thai the 
 practice was generally objected to by Ihe colonists 
 So pressing in most places was the demand for l.iborers, 
 that their moral characters and the terms on which they 
 were obtained, were considerations to which the plant- 
 ers hai' not leisure te attend. Nay, in some iiislances, 
 felons were not the only involuntary emigranis from 
 Kngland whose labor they appropriated It became at 
 one time a coinimvi practice for captains of vessels to 
 entice ignorant persons, by tlallering promises of wcilih 
 and preferment, to aci'oni|ianv them to .\meiiea, where 
 they had no sooner arriveii, than they wen- sold as 
 boiidsmen to defray the cost of their passa-je and 
 enterlaiiiinent. ['^*i ] 'So early as the year KiHO an 
 order of council"* was issued for the prevention of 
 thi.s pr.lclice In process of time all the hical govern- 
 ineiits and all the respectable iiihabilanls of the pro- 
 vinces iiiiiied ill pelilioning Ihe Knglish government to 
 disciiiilinue the practice of sending felons to .\nie-ica : + t 
 but their coiiiplaiiils of this evil, as well as of Ihe con- 
 'titiiied import, ilion of aildilion,'il negro sl.'i\i's, e\pe- 
 
 , rieneed the most conlempliious disrei^ard. (bi use- 
 
 jipience th.at is said to have resulted from this arbitrary 
 |lreatiiient, was the existence of very general ii.'noiaiice 
 nr very illiberal prejudices, with regar.l to Ihe condition 
 of North .\merica, in the niiiids of all c asses of people 
 in Kngland Though persons connected with the olo- 
 nies, by commerce or otherwise, iniglil entertain pisler 
 ideas of their condiiion, ii is certain that till a verv late 
 period these territories were generally rcg.iriled in Kn- 
 gland as wild inhuspilable deserts, infested by Kavages 
 and be.isls of prey, and cullivaled only bv criminals or 
 by kidnapped negroes and Kiiropeans. Though Itisliop 
 Berkeley had prophesied ,i destiny of uneipialle.l splen- 
 dor to this reguiti, in his " Verses on the prospect of 
 planting arts and literature in .\meric,i," and though 
 riiomson had celebraled the h.ippiness of the colonies, 
 and Iheir subservience to the greatness of the British 
 empire,! t the encomiaslic strains of these writers were 
 more than connleracted by the sarcastic and opprobrioiH 
 iinputationa which were saneliiined by others and more 
 
 f SirWillianiKeilh'sHisl.of Viririnia, IHt. Williuinson's 
 Norlb Oarotina, li. lb. Wc have ulreudy sei-u atiiliiilanl ctiii- 
 firmalionof the lestilnony of these writers in llie lost ones of 
 Virginia, New York, and New Jersey. See the oltM-nallons 
 
 on till' ((eneral elTeet of the Kiiirbsli Itevoliitioii tin llir .\ 
 
 ricaii colonies, at the close of llic history of \"iriiiiii.i. It. I. 
 cap. '.i, ante. 
 
 In some instances, the irovcrnrnent was bestowed as a sine, 
 cure odice on a courtier who resided in Ktu'laiul, win It- Insile 
 
 pniy (ap(K)inted also hy the crown) iierfor d tlie duly, and 
 
 received a part of the salary. The Karl of Orkney, in parti- 
 cular, who was iippoinled t'overnorof Virgiiii.i in 17l)t, In Id 
 Ibis appointment so loni; that he reeeive-1 I'J.IXMIl. of sal.iry 
 fniin a petiiile who never once belii'ld himainoiiL' tliein. VUl- 
 inixon, {'M Kdit.)vol. i. p. 4(10. His pace in the powmee. 
 however, was very well supplied for iiearlv twriity years by a 
 distinnnished olheer and man of seienee, Colonel .Alrianib'r 
 .Spottiswoode, (of the Scotch family of 'hal name,) toi'.lioin, 
 anionit other benefits, Ihe colonists were inileliteil for llie expe 
 
 ilition in I'M, liy which a passage overtlie Apalaelna uii- 
 
 tains was firsi ascertained. Ibid. p. 101, lOJ. In lion,. r ol his 
 services, one oflhecunnticBof Virginia isealli'dSpottsyliani.i. 
 * ' Tnis dociimr iit is preserred in the llritish .Muse. on 'llie 
 system of inveixlini^ ond kidnappinj; was not coiitine. i,i Ke- 
 L'land. It was carried on lo u jirent extent in Siialiia iin.l olliei 
 Ciernian cantons by Dutch factors, whom Riiyna. asserts lo 
 have been hired by the British governnienl. Urifsli Seillo 
 inents in America, B. IV. cap. 9. 
 
 tT An American pntriol huinoroiisly pro|ioseilthal a recipro- 
 cal transportation of American felons to Kinilaii.l slioiild in 
 equity be indulged to the colonisls. Franklin's .Memoirs. 
 tt "l*o! swarmiiifto'rr the new-dise.i\ir'd world, 
 tJay colonies extend ; llie calm retreat 
 
 Of undeserve I distress — 
 
 Round I f social fre-.'dom, lirintlie\ use 
 
 Of Britain's empire the aupport and strcnjUii." 
 
 Thomson. 
 
840 
 
 Tin: iiiHTouy or 
 
 popular authors. * Thd conquest uf Ij4)i)iHt>uri{h from 
 the Frrnrh in 174A, an rnUrprisfl originally projiTtrd 
 by thn v^illtllMn, and mainly ncconiptiiihiMl liy thr vi^or 
 i>t' thr t^nvi'rntntMit of MiUNarliiiiirtlii, wiin \Uv riri'tnn- 
 dt'inrr til It I'lrid prt'pjri>il the prople nf I'lH^^land to 
 rrccivc iiinri* jiiHt inipri'ftHiiinii ol' tlie di^^nily itiid ini- 
 portiinrr nl tlio Ann'ricikn pruvinccii. 
 
 Ilut tn> particular ol' tlip trcnlmrnt wliirli tln» cido- 
 nistH rxprritMK-i'd iVinn Knji^land during tlir t'arly piirtnl' 
 their miitirxitMi wilti lirri was lo ^onorally olliMiMivii lo 
 ihrin iiH ihi^ rfHtrirtioni dhi) impoiii'd unon thrlrtriuh' 
 Qiiil iiiihiHiry. Thi) vyaU'in not only «li%MiHtPil thrtu 
 hy itM iiijimliro, but flcrnipd in some intflnnros to Uavv 
 |H'rvrrlt<(l thrir own ncuue of jiiMticpf and conniiu- 
 niiNilt'd to their nmniirlN a portimi uC itn own itlihc- 
 rahlV- III Minu' featurt's of the? coninicrriitl policy por- 
 •ucd by tin* coliminlH, \vn may di:ici>rn thf rclb-ction of 
 that iiiirrow and xcltiMh itpirit i!iat porviuhil thr ■ynlrni 
 adopted tuward ihcmHclvcH by thu* parent Mtatr An 
 act of thi* aftHiMubly of Vir^ntia, ni IflNO, inip<mcd a 
 (Inly on ail tob<ui>o exnoitrd fr<)in« and o\i all rtiiiffranta 
 irnporteil into tho coi.niy in v<*i»hi>Ih not hclon^rin^ to 
 Virginian owntTn. ]ly an ordinance of MaH*achtiHeltH 
 a l."nia^t* dnty w.ic inipoMi'd on all ahipa canting anchor 
 ni anv pi*r: within itH jurisdiction, rxeeptiiif; vcmmcIn 
 o.vricd liy itdialiitanln uf tin' Hlate. A (timilar thity wa» 
 iinpttHcd hy (ho aMHCtnbly of Hhmle iMJindf in thr year 
 l7(M,(in all vcHHeItt n«'t wholly owned hy inhabitanitt 
 nl that ciilony. In l7(>Ut th« inhabitant m of New York 
 ji<ip<i«rd a loiinajjc d'lly on eviTV vi'hscI of which one 
 half ilid not bcloriu to cili/iMiH of that Hlal(\ liy a law 
 of Maryland, in 1715, th;> (hitim iin^wiit'd on the iinpor- 
 taiion of negroes, HcrvaniM, and liqnorH, were dcclired 
 not to rxleiid to hucIi an were iniporlt-d in vcmhoIh whoite 
 owniTJi were all rrHidt-nli in tite proviiur. In the Hainc 
 pnwini'c it had hern enacted, eleven yeart l)olorf', that 
 di'titHdiie to Kn^liMh bankruptn tibiiuld not he collected 
 till we'Mirity were j^iveii that the riairns of colonial cre- 
 dili ri« on tho bmkrupt'ri emale Hhonid bo hrNl wholly 
 diiHi-hrir^fCil. t Kven the IVniiNylvanians, who iti ihii* 
 redp^M'l prdcHrtcd a more literal coti«ideration of the 
 ctainiH ot tiireiifii creditorrt llian any of the otier pro- 
 vincial coiniU'iiiitien, paNKcd a law for Kecnrinjr priority 
 of payments from the CNtateti of hankrnplH to the in- 
 hatMla!t(4 of their province. AinoiiK other apologies for 
 thld p'llicy with reijard to the recovery of debts (which 
 w.AH very generally adopted lhrouL>hout the colo- 
 nies) it irt proper to notice the fact that the plantem 
 were co ninonly treated witli tfrcat illiberality by the 
 iniTchtnlii !> whom they conHiiined their prinluce in 
 Kn.'lin.l, who took advanlajje t)f their neceMilieK, while 
 the Haleif were in HuxponHe, to lend them money al ct- 
 orliitanl intereMt. and on thr Kecnrily o\' their inort^a^et) 
 nIaiitatioriM. In 1701, the aH^embly of South (7aro]lna 
 impoHe I a duly 'd' three fanhini^M a «kin on hides ex- 
 ported by thecoloniHta inthnrown HhipH, hut double this 
 ainjun: if the exports were biailed in hnghuh veHsehi — a 
 dititinctinn i^^.tinid which the Kn^linh comnnHHioners of 
 plantations re'oontttrated, aa an unjuit diHCourairemeiit 
 lo the tr.i le of Knt»land. Tho Virginian act of ItiHO 
 h.ii) excited simitar reinonfitrnnceti from the name quarter, 
 and mull- the nation feel, that lo practise injustice is lo 
 lea.'h a te.stion tint nfien returns to plti^ue the inventor. 
 
 In ihe vear lODtl, Kin^ William erected a new and 
 Btandin:,' council under the name of the I*orda I'oin- 
 niissioners for Trade and IMantations. All tiie Ame- 
 rican !4'ivernor« were required lo maintain corrcKpond- 
 ence with this board, an.l to transmit to it the journalfi 
 of iheir councils and assemblies, the accounts of the 
 collectors of customs, and similar articles of oH'icial in- 
 leili;.'ence. This reqnisiiiim was obeyed hy the royal 
 
 » .SiuoIIei alludes to llie colonies of North America iu the 
 fiill.(U 111^ y,i ram—" The jialleys of Kraiiee alHiund with ahU-s ; 
 ami maiiV if.'iiiplarH nmy bu fomid in our Anktiicaii plaiila- 
 ti.His." l-.tuiii }• allium, vol. I. cap. ■."J, Fielding srndH hia hero, 
 J iii;»ih;oi \Nilil. to forliry his vice and villany in Virjinna ; and 
 ill viuiiius nt-uT .iliusiDiis lo Ihe colonies always represenis 
 tlitMii an :tif .siuta'ile refnt'c of deserved distress. In Herd's 
 furceof I'lie H<-i:Hti,'rOirict!,mni8erable Irishman is exhibited 
 as on th'' point of liein^ trepnnned U> America, to he there sold 
 us a slave, Kven m iJoldsmith*s Tntvellcr, wht rft lUr expul- 
 sion of an English pnasanl mid hi« family from their home is 
 represi'iiied ts a very nrdniary constMjueme of the jniiie and 
 luxury oT Kii.lish landlords, the exiles are supiwjHittto find a 
 U'lilold a'Miii.in tu iheir woes in North Amori'-a. Nay, this 
 slram Sfeins nol yet to liare ceased ; and the jrrief of " lieart- 
 Kich exile.x" in America has been deplored by a Scotlish bard 
 of till ntiieteriilh'cnlury. From the time '/iien Wallcrand 
 Murvrii eiilouised tin; tranquil retreat of iievr.mdas, I am not 
 aware tiiai any othir Kiinlish poeLs but Thomson and Camp- 
 bell ha»»' t<l'-'?jfaled iht l.appy scenes and circumstances of 
 American life. 
 
 + In t'l" hi-irnry of Maryland wr have already seen the first 
 instance ..)"ii \a\\ disa'ilinL- »11 emitrants to the cnlouy from 
 enjoying eotumal otliccji lill l»y residence for a term o( years 
 Inev had U^roms '!0inplflte1y colouivUt. 
 
 governors, but met with very little aitenlion in those 
 colonies of which the governors were appointed hy the 
 iM'ople In theyfar I7lt, the allofhi'y-p-neral 4d' Eni^'' 
 land (Norlliey) irilorined the Knijlish ministers thai it 
 was not in their power to punish ibis ncf^iect, and ad- 
 vised tlirm to apply to parliament f<>r an act command' 
 in^ all the colonies to iraiiHinit their laws for royal re- 
 vision. This proceediiij^, however, was not adopted : 
 and a report of the lords ctunmisslonerH, in the year 
 I7:t;), sets forth that '* Uhi>de Uland and roiineclicul, 
 beinjf charter fjovernmenls, luihl littb* or no correspimd- 
 ence with our ollice, and we are very lillle informed 
 id' what is doing in these ^overninentN ; ttiey not heini; 
 under any (dili^ation to return anihenlic copies of their 
 laws to the crown for disallowance, or to give any ac- 
 count of their proceeihngs "J 
 
 There was a considerable variety in the constitulions 
 of the several provinces at the connnenceineiit of thr 
 eighleriith century. In .MarylamI and l*ennsyl\ania, 
 the property of the soil, and the governincnl of the 
 htale, belonged to one or more proprietaries. This 
 was also the situation of the < 'arolinas, till the surren- 
 der of the proprietary jiirisilicli.ni. In New Jersey, 
 and in the ('andinas, after the proprietary jurisdictions 
 were surreiiileretl, the soil belonged to the proprietaries, 
 anil Ihe government to the criiuii In MaHsachusctls, 
 the property of llie soil was vrsled in llie people ami 
 their repreHcntalivis, and the ifovernment was exercised 
 by the cntwti. In Virginia and New Vork, both pro- 
 perly and government belonged lo the crown. In Con- 
 necticut ami Kliode Island, buth properly ami govern- 
 nieiit were vested in the corporation of the Ireemeii of 
 the colony. These distinctions, among olhcr evil con- 
 sequences, promoted disputes respect in if boundaricH, 
 in which the crowti was tlioU'Ebl, and not without rea- 
 son, lo favor the claims of ihnse states in which its 
 power wan largest, and the quit rents were subservient 
 to the royal revenue 
 
 No encouragemenl seems ever to have been given 
 by the I'^nglish govenimenl lo the cultivation of science 
 or literature in the American provinces, except in the 
 solitary instance of a donation by William ■ind Mary, 
 in aid of the college wtiich took its name from them in 
 Virginia. The policy ailtptcd by the parent slate in 
 this resjicct is very correctly indtcaleil hy one of tin- 
 royal governors in the beginning of the eigliteenth cen- 
 tury. " Am to the college erected in Virginia," says 
 this ollicer, '*nnd other ilesigns nf the like nature which 
 have been proposed for ttn'^ (-ncoiiragem' lit of learning, 
 it is oi.ly to iw observed in general, that although great 
 ulvantagcH may accrue lo the mother stale both from 
 the labor and luxury of its plantations, yet they will 
 probably be uiistaken who ini.igine that tho advance- 
 ment of lit<'ralure ami Ihe improvement of arts and 
 sciences in imr American colonies can be of any ser- 
 vice to the British «.tate."'^ We have already seen the 
 iiistructioim that were given to the royal governors by 
 the Knglish court, both prior and Hubscquent to the re- 
 volulion of Hi.SS, lo restrain Ihe exercise of printing 
 within their iurisdictions. .Many laws were enacted in 
 New Kngland, after that even!, for enl trging the lite- 
 rary privileges and honors of Harvard (Jitllege ; hut they 
 were all disallowed hy the Knglish government. 
 
 The first priming-press esiahlished in North Ame- 
 rica, was erected in Massaclmsettf" in the year UlUH 
 It was more than hirly years atlervvanl bet'ore print- 
 ing commenced in any other pari of British .\ineric.i. 
 In I68ti, a printing-press was eslablihtieil in Pennsyl- 
 vania; in Iti'Jli, .it New Vork; in 17t)'J, in (Connecti- 
 cut; in 1726, in Maryland; in 172'd, in Virginia; and 
 in 1730, in South Carolina Previous lo the year 
 I7'10, more printing was performed in .Massachusetts 
 than in all the olhcr colonies tugetlier. From 1700 lill 
 the commrncemenl of tho rcv.dnlionary war, the quan- 
 tities of printing executed in Uosloii and Philadelphia 
 were nearly the same. The lirst iNorlh American 
 newspaper was published at Boston by Campbell, a 
 Scotchman, tho postmaster, in 1701. The second 
 made its appearance in the same city in 171'J; and in 
 
 X Anderson's Hist, and Chronol. Deduct, of the Origin of 
 Coinmer^o, ii. ti'J'i, t}U3. Clialmers, 'J05. As a remedy lor tho 
 defective correspondence which wita anticiualed between the 
 colonies and the l>oanl of trade, an act <>t^ parliament was 
 pas.sed in 1«9G, declarinp (in conformity with tht; colonial 
 charters,) " that all by-laws, usages, >\nd ciistoins whieli shall 
 be in («-actioe in any of the plantations, reimgnaiU to any law 
 made in the kingdom relative to the said plantations, shall be 
 void and of no i-ITect.'' 
 
 ij Sir William Keith's Mist^ryof Virjiinia. I have termed 
 Keith a royal governor, lie was, i( :s true thn (lovernor of 
 a proprietary settlement, Pennsylvania. But all these (,over- 
 nors were now approved bv the crown ; and Keilh*s nomi- 
 nation, in consonuence of V\' lUiain Penn's menial incapacity 
 at ths lime proceeded altogether'from the crown. 
 
 the same ; ear, ttie third was published in Phitadelphi.x 
 In I7*JA, New Vork, for the (trst time, pubtixheM a 
 liewMpapei ; ami (iHer tliit, Kimilar journals wiTe l!'<*' 
 ilutlly jntrmtuced into ilie olhcr colonies |l 
 
 'I be press in .\mrriea, was no where entirely fno 
 from lej^al rrstraint till about the year I7.'>ri, In 1 '('*'), 
 James Franklin was pfdiiluled by the governor <d' 
 MasiachuM'tts from publishing 'I'hr AVir tliti,l,it'i[ 
 (Umr>iut^% wilhout previously siihuutling its contenis 
 to the revision of the secret. iry of llie l)rovince ; and in 
 17.')|, one Fowle was imprisoned by the House ut As 
 sembly of the same province, on autftirHirt of Inning 
 printed a pamphlet coplaining rellrclions on some niein- 
 bers of the government M\vr the year 17:10, no of- 
 ficer seems to have been appidnted in MassacliusettK iii 
 I exercise a particular conind over Ihe press; but prn'f 
 to ihat period, the imjtnnuitiir of a licenser was inscr.l*- 
 ed on many of the New Kngland public. ilions 
 
 A country where labor was so dear, and property 
 in land so grin*ral as in North America, might h;ivb 
 been expected to have proved eminently favorable to 
 the growth of a skilful and econonncal system of hits* 
 handry. While the denrness of labor resiraim'd ex|ieri- 
 sivr cultivation, the general diifusiori of the ownership 
 of land, enhanced and multiplied the incitements to in- 
 dustry. But the inllueiice of llicHe caiises was coun- 
 leruied hy the chetpness and abundance of land, and 
 the vast tnresis with which th.> whole country wan 
 covered. Kvery man possessed land emnub to af- 
 ford him a sullieient subsistence hy (In* easiest .i^ricul 
 tural process ; and a great de.il of iiiilustry wis ci*n 
 linuallv directed to the task of diseiieunibering ihti 
 groiimi of woiid. Allliongh every oai' of ttie settle* 
 nients already possesseil numerous siibstaiiliat edifica- 
 tions of brick and stone, yet, from the dearm>:4s of labor 
 and the aliundance of wood, the gre.ili-r number of 
 dwelling houses were i-very where constructed of this 
 material -a practice which was prulonged till a vi-ry 
 lite prrioti by the err ineoiis notion, that wooden houses 
 conlribuieil a better defrnce th.iii HlDiie buildiiii;* 
 against llu' bumi'Iily of the atmospbeiv •* 
 
 America has owed to Ktirope not only a race of nvil- 
 ized men, but a breed of doniestiiT animals Oxen, 
 horses, and sheep, were intriHluced by the Kiij/lish, 
 French, Dutch, and Swedes, into their respective set 
 lleinents. Bees were imported by the Knglish. The 
 Indians who had never seen these insects before, gavn 
 them the name of Ku^ltsk jUrg tt 
 
 Kvery one of the provinces beheld the Indian tribes 
 by which it was surrounded melt away more or tefs 
 rapiilly under the intliienceof a civilized neii.'hhorhood. 
 In none of the provinces (with the exception, perhaps, 
 of South ('arotiiia', were wars undertaken against lh>it 
 unfortunate race for the sake of conquest ; yet none of 
 the colonies wl "se liistory we have liilberto traced, ex- 
 cept New Jerac . tid Penn^iylvania, were able to avoid 
 altogether a con .t, in which the uniform aggression 
 of the Indians was uniformly punished with diocom- 
 titure ami deslruction. Virginia was the only proviiict' 
 of which the soil had been uccupicil witboni a previous 
 purchase fnmi the Indians ; and in South ('arolina alonn 
 had the treatment which these savages experienced 
 from the Kuropeaiis, been justly chargeable with detect 
 
 li John Diinton, in the prospectuH nf lht> ju'iniiil wiucti hn 
 brjan to publish at London, ni ItiDti, stales that llieie were 
 then but einlit newspapers piiblislii-il m Kii*iland. .None wire 
 puttlislnd III Seotlaiid liil after the accession of William and 
 Mary. 
 
 In 171!l. thnre was nn print inu prejfvm Camida. Then' liait 
 formerly been one ; but it did no', alforil itsowncr the means 
 of Hubsisteiu't!. Tlie French colini.'^ts. monr asiianied ot lh< 
 reproaeli of poverty or iiilellectuid inl'erionty than of dr.sli 
 tulion of liberty, as.>4erli>(l that the ('anadi.iii prei.s had been 
 iiilerdictril, lest it should produi'i' !ibi'|« afiainsi i:o\ernineiit. 
 Kalins Travels, iii. IHJ. The dilfereuee beiwecn l-'rencb and 
 Kiiuhsli maimers was very apparent in llie culunial settle- 
 menls ofllie two nations. The ('aiiitdian French, s.iys (Miar* 
 levoix, will ratlier retreneh from their tables than wear plain 
 I'lothes. Voyaite to North .Vinerica m I7<J0, vol. i. Letter III. 
 But IIutchin.-4on declares, that the Kutilish euhmisl.t would 
 rathersimnlify their iiltire •han impoverish their diet. Hint, 
 of Massiicnuseits, n. \\.i. 
 
 % This journal (first published in 17'J1) was edited by ::u 
 elder brotlier id' IV. Franklin, an 1 had been prcvioiisU de- 
 noiineed liy Or Increase .Mai her as a worthless and irrr!i|;ioiis 
 ptililication. It was ilie earliest literary or^an of mtidelity m 
 North America. In o.ie ol ihe niuiibers of tbi.s paper it was 
 advanced, ilial " if (tie inmister-* »t (Joil approve of a thm^, 
 il i^ a si^-n it is of the devil " Dr. Mather was coinprlleil lo 
 vindicate himself pubbely from an assertion in tlif paiicr, thai 
 he was one rtf its friends and supporters. Uaiah 'rhumas' 
 Hist, of Printing m America, i. 'il.5. 
 
 ** Mr. Jelferson wasihe first who attempted to combat this 
 error of his countrymen, m his " Notes on Virtfinia." 
 
 tt Kalm. i. 'JHM. Oldmixon asserts ('Jd edit. i. ■IH.)lhHl 
 America had neither ratu nor mice id! the arrival of Ihe L'uro 
 pean vessels. 
 
 aESSBsaa 
 
 s*<?BiS«?W^SS»»S 
 
 ••''liiiMIMlMMii 
 
NORTH ami: IMC A 
 
 Iiu!i:»ii tril>e« 
 
 inorr or Irft 
 
 )il>.>rli<MHl. 
 
 , |M'rl»;.|n», 
 
 ti^.tiiiHt ill. it 
 
 vet iioiii* >i( 
 
 Iriiri'il, I'X 
 
 iihlr to .ivi>iil 
 
 itli ili-r. Hil- 
 ly |irnviin*ii 
 I .1 [irrvin i« 
 ,iroIiii;ialiHjn 
 rx|M'ri«'nrril 
 Willi .leliiV 
 
 litl wliii!li lin 
 Hit Www v\*Tn 
 Nnni^ Were 
 if WiUuimuiii) 
 
 Tlu'rc liatt 
 iT lite iniMiif 
 liiuncd «ii tlie 
 iIdiii <i1 cir.sll 
 -(-I liiid Itfi-n 
 ;:'i\»Tmnfiit. 
 I j-'iriifli ami 
 
 HIImI M'ltl<N 
 
 ), N.iys ('liar- 
 
 IlLill WPHT |il:ilB 
 1(1. 1, h'^ttrrill. 
 
 jirdict. Hitl. 
 
 iis t'ditcil >iy ::u 
 [irc'vnm«l> de- 
 m<l irro{iȣious 
 ot inlidrlity m 
 s|>ii|)t'r It wii« 
 tvp lira tiling, 
 s CMMippllfd to 
 , Llip pitnci. thai 
 tiiiiilt 'riiomas' 
 
 of I'lrWiiMncf and huiuaiiUy Hut tlir friiMitl«lMi) of 
 ,ii« n>liini«tH prnvml in iirn«ral no Icki I'Mal lli-m ttirir 
 liimMliiM'n l>> ihi* liuliirt* Till* U«l)' for Hpiritiioii* 
 h.{ I ir«, wliiili llii'V ciiiniuuiiiuiili il, \\ in imliiluod by tin* 
 ■ ivt;{t><i witli n imxiiuii that anb>)unt4<(l to li-riizy ; nnd 
 |!ii* tif'.v i|i«i>iH'>4 wliirti ihi'V ini|M>rlt'(l iVoiri KtiM|»f>f 
 tilth Irojii iHM'iitiitritim lit till' roiiHiitiitiiinol'tlir Indi.iiiH, 
 a 'I ilit> ilt'ltTlivo Irnttiafiit (MXiiMioiieil hy llirir in**x- 
 |MMiiMiriM)f Niich iiiiilitdifa wi-rr jinnliirlivt' i»f u hivm^ 
 .i,iiiMi;{ lh<* trihn thtit Ur ouUtri|>|wd nil tht* clTorli of 
 htiiiiJiri hn»tility Thr pm-iihiir niorl.ility whu'li tlir 
 tiiiiill-poi proihicpil ainoiiif the liiiliiina him hern aat'nh- 
 pd hy Miiiiitt writrm to their prni'tii'p of unoinlintf ihriii- 
 •I'jvcii with iHMim' f(rpai4*, in order to rr|H*l tht* altocka 
 of novioua inipcta in numiner, and to vicludf* the v%- 
 • rt'iiiK cold of wintrr, which i« lUpiMMed to rffureai tlip 
 culitiMMUM priiptioii ihiU iH rnpiiHiU* toft fuvoraldn iiiiiiP 
 of till' diN)(*ni|MT (iiiidril hy their own HiMiMntionii, the 
 Iinliiuu nntiripatnl the Kuropeana in thr une of tlip 
 rold rrfiinirn in Mnmli-pox ; and thr mortality that (liP 
 ilirtorder cHTiiHiuned atiionK Ihrni wan at fir*! rrroiic- 
 uiiifly aMerilwd to tliJM ptiu'tii'P. Kwn the reliiih for 
 <iiiprriiir roinfi>rtN and liner liixuripH, which nii^ht havp 
 'H'eri rxppcted to lead the Indianii In iiiorp rivillied 
 iiioilei of life, wan priKluetivp of nn opnosite eirret, and 
 teiiiled to confirm them in Bavn^e nahitM ; ait these 
 l(i\nric« were now jfenerally leiiilcred to them in <'x- 
 rhanife for the jH*ltry which they procured hy hnntiut^ 
 AhiioNt all (he Indian iriheK were en^a^ed in wars with 
 pic.h otlier, anil all were ea^pr to nhtain the iipw iiintrn- 
 nieiilii of (h>fllrnctioi) which Itie Niiprrinr Hciencr of the 
 KiiroppanH h.id created. Wielding thin imprnved ma- 
 (hiiiery of death with the Maine rat;e mid fury that had 
 rti.iraclcriiied their prrvionH warfare with tenii eiricicinui* 
 wrapoim, their inntual li<mtililiefi were rendered addi- 
 tionally dcMirnctivc hy the coriininnication tif an inven- 
 tion which, amoiitr civilized iiationi, liaM Hliortcned the 
 duration and diniiniNhed thecarnat;eof war. 
 
 At the cloMc of the tteveiiteenlh century the Indian 
 IribeM o\' New Knirlai I could Htill muster 10,1)00 ti^lit- 
 iiii; niPii ;* thoKc of Srw York, 1,000; and tliooe wf 
 Virginia, t>00 There were 0,000 In litriH alto;;ct)ier 
 in IViiiiHvlv.uiia ; 4, 001) in North Carotina ; protiahly 
 ax many in South ('aroliiia; :i,UOO in Maryland; and 
 only yOO in New Jerney t 
 
 'i'lie danger which the Kuropean colonists iiiuttt have 
 incurred from a coalition hclwccu their iie^ro Hlavet* 
 and the Indian'*, vvuh ohvialct) hy the irreconcilealile 
 ditfliko and antipathy which prevaileil untvcrHally he- 
 twpcn thoHP two ijp^enerale raceti The gentle and 
 cirnniinate liidiaim of South America wpre re^rarded 
 from the liriit with insolenctt and scorn hy the iieirro 
 fliavra of the Spaiii.irdri; and the freer and hardier In- 
 diana of North America have alwayo demonHtratetl the 
 ficrceBt averxion and cimtempt for tho nej^roeH iniported 
 into the lettlementii of the Knglinh 
 
 NOTES TO UKAHAM'S HISTOHV. 
 
 NoTK [I] p. 197 — The important inHtrnclion, hoth 
 moral and political, winch may be derived from a oon- 
 ■ideratiun of the origin of the Slave Trade, is forrihly 
 uepiotud by that ditftin^MUHhcd philnnthropiNi (ThoinaH 
 Clarkflon), whoso virtue promoted, aiul whorte ueiiiuK 
 has recorded, the abolition of this detcHlahlc traltir II 
 is a remarkable fact, that the pious and hcnevoli'iit Uim 
 Casas, actuated hy a vehement desire to emancipate 
 the feeble nations of South America from the bonda^^e 
 of the Spanish eolnnisls, was the fin»t person who pro- 
 posed to the government of Spain the importation of 
 negroes from Africa to America, His proposition waK 
 rejected by Cardinal Ximciies, who considered it un 
 lawful to consign innocent people to slavery at all, and 
 was, moreover, struck with the inconsistency of deli- 
 vering the inhabitants of one country from a state of 
 
 » When Connecticut was first settled, there were conipiiled 
 to bfl 20,000 Indiana within its butindurieit ilmie. Truuil'ult, 
 1. 43. In Goukin's '* Historical Collection.n of ti.e Indmiis iii 
 New Ktigland,*' some ilhistrat ion is atVortled ofthe rapid de- 
 cliiu! which these tribes sustained durm« the sliort inti-rvul 
 bctweoii tho settlement of tho New Kn^land states <iii(l the 
 year 1704. Tho Pcipioda were reduced friiin 4,000 to ;HKJ 
 warriors ; the Narni((haiisnus, from 3,000 to 1,0(K); ihe l*nM- 
 tuckels, froia 3,000 to 260; the Massachusetts (who have 
 L'lviu their name to the princiiml slate in New Kiijflaml,) 
 (V.iMi 3.000 lu 300; and tho PuwKuunakuls. a Iiihe wluflilmj 
 loniierly numbered 3,000 wiirriors, was almost entirely v\- 
 iiiu'i. (.lollfti'tioiisof the Massachusetis Uist.Soc.i 141-227. 
 
 f Oldtnixon, i. 100. 125. 141. 1U4. 204. 282, Warden, ii. 
 37:1. 410. The most accurate, believe, and certainly the 
 Ktost interesting picture of Indian manner that exists in the 
 Kn^lish lunKuage, in contained inthatnotJe production of 
 I'unnuK Hniij'eiuus, Soythey's History ot Uraiil. 
 
 misery, bv inllictin^ it upon the inhahil.-ints of another 
 "After the death of (!.irdinal XiiiierieM, the Knipenir 
 (yharles the Kinii encouraged thesl;i\e trole In l.'^l?, 
 he grauled a patent to one of liis I- Nrnisti fi^nntes, 
 containiiij^ an mcbiHive ri^hl of iniporlini; four thou- 
 sand Africans into AineruM Dut he lived loii^ eiioimh 
 to re|iprit of what he had thus incoiisideralely done 
 For in the ye ir l.VIV, he riiude .1 cnle of laws for the Im-i- 
 ter protection of llu> unfortunate Indians in hi^ foreii^ii 
 ifnininiona; and he stopped the progress of .Xfrican 
 slavery hy an order thai all slaves in his American 
 islanils should be mode free " This onler was subse- 
 (pienlly defeated by his own retireirieni tnto a monaste 
 ry ; hut "it shows he hail been iirnorant of what he 
 was doing, when he gave his sanction to thii cruet 
 trade. It shows, when legislators give one set of men 
 an undue power over anotner, how ipiickly they abuse 
 il ; ox he never woultl have lound himself obliged, in 
 the short space of twenty-live years, to niiilo that which 
 he had countenanced as a great •tlate measure And 
 while it confirms the former lesson to statesmen, of 
 watching the iN'^iiiniiigs or nriiiciplcs of things, in 
 their politu'.d movements, it slmuld leach them never 
 to (lersisi in the support ol evils, through ihe false 
 shame of being obliged to confess that they hail once 
 given them their s iucIiihi ; nor to delay the cure of 
 them, because, piditically s|H*aking, neither ttiis nor 
 that is Ihe proper season ; bi<t to do them away instant- 
 ly, OS there ran be only on. it or proper time in the 
 eyH of religion, namely, on the coiiMeiion of their exist 
 eiice." t larkson's liixtorif of t/ir AbuUnon of thr SUivf 
 'i'nuir, vol i. p. :((► — ;IH, 
 
 Louis the Thirteenth of Krance was at first stagger- 
 ed by the same M'ruples of conscience that prev.iiled 
 with < 'liartes, and eoiild iiol be persuaded to anlliori/.e 
 the slave traile till he had been made to believe that 
 the readiest way of conviTting the negroes was by 
 transporting them to the colonies. — Ibul. U, 42 
 
 NoTK (2j p. 2t)M-— Captain Smilli appears to have 
 been so utuioximis to the leadini; pitentit's, that, even 
 if he had remained in the colony, it is highly improln- 
 ble they would ever have intrusted him with any autho- 
 rity. They never rewardcil nor re-eniphiyed him aOer 
 his return to Knglaiul They were heiit on deriving 
 immediate supnlies of gidd or rich inerchaiuh/e from 
 the colony, ami ascribcit their disappopitmenl in a great 
 measure to his having reslricteil his views to the CHla- 
 hlishment of a stdid and respectabh! frame of society 
 This is apparent from nuiy passages of his writinifs, 
 and particularlv from his letter to the patentees while 
 he held the presidency — 1). Ill cap vii. An honester, 
 but ab.sunler reason, that appears to have prevailed with 
 some id' them to oppose his pretensions to oDice, was, 
 that certain fortune-tellers had predicted that he would 
 be unlucky ; a prediction that Hometiines contributes 
 to its own fulfilment. — 1). VI 
 
 In various parts of his history he anplies himself to 
 refute their unreasonable charges, ami account for the 
 diHaptiointmeitt of their expectations. For this pur- 
 pose lie has drawn a parallel between the circumstances 
 of the Spanish and the Knglish colonists of America 
 ** It was the Spaniards' good hap," he observes, "to 
 happen iu thoKC parts where were iiilinile numbers of 
 people, who had manured the ground with that provi- 
 dence it allorded victuals at all times. Ami time had 
 brought them to that perfection, that they had the une 
 of gold and silver, and the iiiot^t of such I'omnuHlities 
 us those countries atforJed : so that what the .Spaniard 
 got was chielly the spoil and pillage of those country 
 peopb', and not the labors of their own hatitU. Uut 
 had these fruitful countries been .as savage, as barba- 
 rous, as ill peopled, us little planted, labored, and 
 manured, as Virginia, their proper labors, it is likely, 
 would have produced as small protit as ours. And liad 
 Virginia been peopled, planted, manured, and adorned 
 with such store of precious jewels ;md rich commodi- 
 ties as were the Indies ; then, had we not gotten and 
 done as much as, by their example, might be expected 
 from us, the world might then have traduced us and our 
 merits, and liavu made sliume and infamy our recom 
 pense and reward." — U. HI. cap. ix. 
 
 Were we to confine our attention to the seeming 
 import of this isolated passage, it would be dillicult not 
 to suppose that this excellent porsoii was deterred less 
 by want of inclination than lock of opportunity, from 
 imitating the robberies and enormities oi' the Spanish 
 adventurers. Uut the general context of his book, as 
 well as the mure credible evidence derived from the 
 whole scope and tenor of his life, would amply refule 
 the unjust suppohition. That he was utterly unac- 
 quainted with the enormitioa committed by the Span- 
 
 nn 
 
 iards in Mexico and IVrn, niiy be odlede.l from iM 
 praises he bestows on their evploiiH, and from bis ip> 
 pealing to Ihe glory of these exploiu ai an iiicpntiv* 
 ih.it Hb.inhl sliiiiul.ite ibe anlor id Ihe Fn^'b'^h to thtf 
 prosecution of laborious virtue, and humble but honet>t 
 einolumeiil in North America Thus nobly we lind 
 liim expressini; Ihe seiiliineiit<« of a mind wlii'*h the eon- 
 dition id'humaiiity <lid not exempt from tieiin; deceived, 
 but which jiiely preserved from iieini; depraved or |ier- 
 verted, " Who can desire more cimteiil llint hath smalt 
 means or but only his merit, to advance hix fortunes, 
 than to tread and plant that grniind he halli purchased 
 by the hazard of nis life; if he have but the taste of 
 virtue and m.ignanimity, what to suih a mini) can be 
 more pleasant than planting and huildini; a foundation 
 for his nosterity, got from the rude earth bv tJod'* bless- 
 ing ami his own industry, without prejudice to anv ; 
 if he have any grain of faith or zeal in reliuion, what 
 ran he do less hurtful to any, or more a;^'rceabli> to (iisl, 
 than to seek to convert those piHir savat'et lo know 
 <'hrist and hiimani*y, whose labors with discreti<m uill 
 triple thy chargr and pains ' What so truly suits with 
 honor and honesty as the discovering things tin- 
 km>wn, erecting towns, peopling countries, inforiiiing 
 the ignorant, reforming things unjust, leacbin;; virtue, 
 and gaining to our mother country a kini;<tom to altenil 
 her ; finding employment for those that are idle Ive. 
 cause they know not what to do ; so far from \^ routing 
 any, as to cause posterity to remember thee, and re- 
 membering thee, ever honor that remembrmce with 
 praise ?" It is probably such expressions as these that 
 have led certain writers to charge Smith \v\\h tuthuin- 
 fi.vm^ a term by which some persitns ilrnole every ele- 
 vation of view and tone that religion imparts, and by 
 which many otherH designate every quality and senli- 
 Tiienl that they feel la be above the pilch of their own 
 nature. 
 
 Smith proceeds ns follows : " Then who would live 
 at home idly, or think in himself any worth to live, 
 (Uily to eat, tiriiik, and sleep, .and so die; or cousum- 
 iiii; III at careb'SNly his friends got worlhitv, or using 
 ■ bat miserably that maintained virtue houesllv : or bi>- 
 iug dcsciMided nobly, pine with the vain v.innt of great 
 kindred iu penury ; or, to maintain a silly show uf 
 bravery, lt>il (Uit tliy heart, soul and time basely, by 
 sliiHs, tricks, cards, and dice: or by relalin>; news of 
 tdher nu'ii's actions, shark here and there for a dinner 
 or supper," &c. *' though thou seest what honors ami 
 rewards the world yet hath for them that will seek them, 
 and worthily deserve them " — H. VI He adds shortly 
 after, " It would be a hislory of a large volume, to re< 
 cite the adventures of the Spaniards and Porlngals, 
 their atfronts and defeats, their dangers and miiieries, 
 which, with such incomparable honor and coiihtaril re- 
 solution, so far beyond belief, they have attenipteil and 
 endured, in their discoveries and plantations, as mav 
 well condemn us of too much imbecility, slotti, and 
 negligence. Vet the authors of these new inventions 
 were held as ridiculous for a long time, as now are 
 others that but seek to imitate their unparalleled vir- 
 tues," 
 
 I should contend neither wisely nor honestlv for tho 
 fame of Captain Smith, were I to represent him as a 
 faultless character, perfectly unclotliett of thi' imperfec- 
 t'oiiK of humanity. The sutlerin^rH of others have been 
 known to provoke him to an intemperance at least ol 
 expression which none of his own trials and provoca- 
 tions ever excited, and which muie of bis actii>ns ever 
 realized. Indignant at the dreadful massacre of the 
 Virginia cobmists in 1022, long aOer he had left them, 
 he pronounced in haste and an^ertbat the colony could 
 not be preserved without subduing or expelling the In- 
 dians, and punishin/j; their perlidious cruelty as the 
 Spaniards had punished ** the treacherous and rrbeltioua 
 intidels" in South America. — U. IV. These expres- 
 sions atVord a farther proof of the very imperft*ct ac- 
 quaintance he ha»I with the real cireumstaiices tluU 
 al'ended the subjugation of South America by the 
 .Spaniards " Notwithstanding such a slerri am! invin- 
 cible resolution as (>aptain Smith disptiyetl," says an 
 intelligent historian of Virginia, *Mhc'ro was schloin 
 seen a milder and inuro tender heart than his 'vas." 
 Slith, p. 112. 
 
 He expatiates at great leiigth, an ' with much sjMrit 
 and ability, on the advantages of colonial establish- 
 mentfl in America ; and displays e variety of inducb* 
 ments to embark in them, aupropi ate to the various 
 classes of society iu England. Colonies be de<icrtltes 
 as schools for maLnt«iiiing the hardy virtu«A on which 
 tho safety of every state must uepeuiL Uo ascriltes 
 the fall of Roiiu) and the subjugiJion of O'Hititantim pie 
 to tho indolence wid covetousnoiia of tU' rich, who not 
 
 i 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 4 
 
 // 
 
 o 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 C/a 
 
 Ic 
 ^ 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 IIIU i'^-^ 
 
 lU 
 
 ,64 
 
 II 2.2 
 12.0 
 
 III™ 
 
 U IIIIII.6 
 
 P> 
 
 <5^ 
 
 ^/. 
 
 'c>l 
 
 c^l 
 
 
 4l. ^'b 
 
 .'■> 
 
 '/ 
 
 M 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 \ 
 
 ^«b 
 
 .V 
 
 4? 
 
 :\ 
 
 \ 
 
 %^ 
 
 
 C^ 
 
 "<h 
 
 W 
 

 
 C/j 
 
 l\ 
 
 \ 
 
 5% 
 
 C^ 
 
8i3 
 
 THE HISTORT OK 
 
 only passed their own lives in slothful indulgence, but . 
 retained the poor in factious idleness, by neglecting to 
 provide them with safe mid useful employment ; and 
 strongly urges the wealthy capitalists of England to , 
 provide for their own si-curity, by facilitating every | 
 ibreign vent to the energies of active and indigent [ 
 men. Ho enlarges on the pleasures inciJcnt to a! 
 planter's life, and enforces his description by the testi- 
 mony of Ins own experience. *' 1 have not been so 
 dibred," he dec-lares, " but 1 have tasted of plenty 
 a'ld plc.isure, as well as want and misery. And lest 
 siiiy should think the toil might be insupportable, I 
 assure myself there are who delight extremely in vain 
 pleasure, that take much more pains in England to 
 enjoy it, than I should do there to gain wealth suffi- 
 cient ; and yet I think they should not have half juch 
 sweet content." U. VI. To gentlemen ho proposes, 
 among other inducements, the pleasures of fishing, 
 fowling, and hunting, to an unbounded extent ; and 
 to laborers, the blessings of a vacant soil, of unequalled 
 cheapness and unsurpassed fertility. Ho promises no 
 mines to tempt sordid avarice, nor conquests to allure 
 profligate ambition ; but the adva tagos of a tempe- 
 rate clime, and of a secure and exhaustless subsist- 
 ence ; the wealth that agriculture may extract from 
 the land, and lisherius from the sea. " Therefore," he 
 concludes, " honorable and worthy countrymen, let 
 not the meanness of the word fish distaste you, for it 
 will alford as good gold as the mines of tiuiana or 
 Potosi, with less hazard and charge, and more certainly 
 and facility " 
 
 1 have given but a very general outline of Smithes 
 exposition of this subject. The details with which he 
 lias filled it up are highly interesting, and well de- 
 serving of perusal. I think there can be no doubt 
 that he has treated the subject of coloni2.ation with 
 more both uf the skill of a politician and the profound 
 •.ngccity of a philosopher, than Lord Uacun has shown 
 in either or both of his productions, the '* Essay on 
 Plantations," and the "Considerations touching the 
 l^lantation in Ireland." 
 
 The name of Smith has not yet gathered all its 
 lame. The lustre it once possessed is somewhat ub- 
 KJured by lime, and by the circumstances that left 
 Aineru .t so long to depend on England for the senti- 
 ments at J opinions that literature preserves or pro- 
 ducoR, and consequently led her to rati' her eminent 
 men rather by the importance of their achievements 
 in the scale of British than of American history. J3ut 
 I think I can foresee its revival. It will grow with 
 the growth of men and letters in .\merica; and whole 
 nations of its admirers have yet to bo born. As the 
 stream becomes more illustrious, the spr'tigs will be- 
 come more interesting. Komulus, I doubt not, was 
 an object of greater interest in the Augustan a;ra than 
 in the preceding ages of Rome. The age of Smithes 
 fame has in tike manner yet to coine ; an age when 
 there will be inscribed by the Americans, on tablets 
 more lasting than Carthaginian gold, 
 
 ** Kortia facta patruni, aeries loniiissima renim, 
 
 I'ertut ducta viros prima ab ori^ine gentis ;" 
 
 and he will then be thought as far to excel Komulus 
 
 in true glory, as America has excelled, and is yet 
 
 likely to excel old Koine in happiness and virtue. 
 
 He was born in the year 1579, and died on the 21st 
 of June, 1631. 
 
 Nothing can be more erroneous or unjust than Win- 
 terbotham s Chronological ('alaloguc of the American 
 States, in which Lord Delaware is recorded as the 
 founder of Virginia. If this honor belong to any in- 
 dividual, it is to Captain Smith. 
 
 Note [S] p. 203. — The history of Ixird Delaware's 
 government, and the more recent example of the set- 
 tlement formnl by Lord Selkirk in Prince Edward's 
 Island, demonstrate very strvngly the beneficial influ- 
 ence, to which noblemen may render their rank suli- 
 servient, in the promotion and support of such esta- 
 blishments. The mass uf mankind bear very little 
 resemblance to the original colonists of Massachusetts 
 and Pennsylvania. They are utterly incapabli! of 
 appreciating superior piety, and yield (especially in 
 •mall liodics) a very reluctant deference to the preten- 
 •ions of siiperioi wisdom and ability. The claims of 
 superior bir'li an I hereditary elevation have the advan 
 tage of being mo i certain and manifest, more idapted 
 to their habits, ai. 1 less olTeiiBive to their self-conipla. 
 eency. Iiord Bi..'on observes, that plantations are 
 most frequent in he earlier stages of society ; that 
 is, in the |ieriod wli..'n superior birth, united (as it then 
 eommonly is) with a monopoly of the little knowlcdg* 
 
 that exists, exercises the strongest influence on man- 
 kind. The colony conducted by I^rd Selkirk to Prince 
 Edward's Island consinted of Highlanders, a race of 
 men peculiarly distinguished by, what Uurke has 
 termed, " the proud submission and generous loyalty 
 to rank." When their countrymen in the Hebrides 
 beheld Dr. Johnson, they made little account of the 
 intellectual superiority which had gained hini a sort 
 of monarchical influence in England ; but desiring to 
 know what were his claims to respect, inquired of him 
 if he could recount a long genealogy. 
 
 Note [4] p. 203. — The surprising errors that 
 Robertson has committed in his account of Sir Thomas 
 Dale's adniinisiration may well seem to detract, in no 
 small degree, from the credit of history He not only 
 imputes to the Company the enactment and introduc- 
 tion of the arbitrary code transmitted by Sir Thomas 
 Smith, but unfolds at length the (imaginary) reasons 
 that prevailed with them to adopt a measure so harsh 
 and sanguinary ; though of this measure itself they 
 are expressly acquitted by Stith, the only authority on 
 the saliject that exists, and the very authority to which 
 Robertson himself refers. Among the other reasons 
 which he assigns, is the advice of Lord Bacon, which 
 he unhesitatingly charges this eminent person with 
 having communicated, and the Company with having 
 eagerly approved. In support of a charge so decii'.ed 
 and so remarkable, he refers merely to a p.issagc in 
 Lord Bacon's Essay on I'lanlations. It would be well 
 for the fame of Bacon if all the charges with which 
 his character is loaded were supported by such evi- 
 dence. For supposmir (which is doubtful) that this 
 essay was published before the collection of Sir Tho- 
 mas Smith's system of martial law, and supposing it 
 to have been read by the compiler of that system, it is 
 surely mure than doublfiil if the passage alluded to 
 would yet su|>pnrt Dr. Robertstm's imputation. It 
 merely recommends that a colonial government should 
 " have commission to exercise martial laws, with some 
 liinit.'tlion ;" a power inseparable from such, and indeed 
 from every system of government. The twenty-fourth 
 section of King James' second charter to the Com- 
 pany haJ already invested the colonial governors with 
 "full power and authority to use and exercise martial 
 law, ill cases of mutiny or rebellion ;" and the preced- 
 seclion of the same charter authorizes them, " in 
 case of necessity," to rule, correct, and punish, accord- 
 ing to their own " good discretions." No blame can 
 attach to the bare authorization of an extraordi»..^ry 
 power, reserved in ' .ery society, for extraordinary oci.i- 
 sions. What alone seems deserving of blame is Sir 
 riiumas Smith's violent and illegal substitution of the 
 most sanguinary code of martial law that was ever 
 framed, in the r^oin of the former constitution, and 
 for the purposes of the onlinary administration of the 
 colony ; and Dr. Robertson's very hasty and unfounded 
 imputation of this proceeding to the act of the Council 
 and the advice of Lord Bacon. It had been well if the 
 Council had paid more attention to the maxim of this 
 great man, that " those who plant colonies iiiuut be 
 endued with great patience." 
 
 The inaccuracy and misrepresentation in which Dr. 
 Robertson has indulged, in his history of South -Vine 
 rica, has been detected by Mr. Stiutliey, and exposed 
 in the History of Brazil, Pait I. note .'iS.' 
 
 NoTg [b] p. 224. — Chalmers and Robertson have 
 imputed llic slow increase of the colonists of New 
 Plymouth to " the unsocial character of their religious 
 confederacy." As the charge of entertaining anti- 
 social principles was preferred against the first Chris- 
 tians by men who plumed themselves on exercising 
 hospittility to the gods of all nations^ it is necessary to 
 ascertain the precise meaning of this imputation, if 
 we would know whether it be praise or blame that it 
 involves. Whelher, in a truly blameworthy accepto- 
 tion, the charge of unsocial principles must properly 
 belongs to these people or to their adversaries, may be 
 collected from the statements they have respectively 
 made of the terms on which they were willing to hold 
 a companionable intercourse with their fellow men. 
 Mr. Winslow, who was for some time governor of New- 
 Plymouth, in his account of the colony declares that 
 the faith of the peoiile was in all respects the same 
 with that of the reformed churches of Europe, from 
 which they diflered only in their opinion of church 
 government, wherein they pursued a more thorough 
 reforiiiBlion. T((ey disclaimed, however, any uncha- 
 ritable separsktiun from those with whom they diflered 
 on tbia point, and (r»tU admitted the members of every 
 
 reformed church to communion with then "We 
 ever placed," he continues, "a large dilferenr.i' between 
 those that (jroiinded their practice on the word of Go.l 
 though dillering from us in the exposition and iiniler 
 standing of it, and those that hated such reformers 
 and reformation, and went on in anli-christian oppo- 
 sition 10 it, and persecution of it. It is true we profess 
 and desire to practise a separation from the ■vttrid and 
 tho works of tiio world ; and as the churches of I'liri.it 
 are all saints by calling, so we desire to see the grace 
 of God shilling forth l at least seemingly, leaving secret 
 things to God) in all we admit into church fellowship 
 with us, and to keep off such as openly wallow in the 
 mire of their sins, that neither tho holy things of God 
 nor the communion of saints may be Iciivened or pol- 
 luted thereby." He adds, that none of the new settlers 
 who are admitted into the church of New Plymouth 
 are encouraged, or even permitted, to insert in the de- 
 claration of their faith a renunciation of the Church of 
 England or any other reformed establishment. (Mather, 
 B. I. cap. iii.) It docs not appear to me that these 
 sentiments warrant the charge of unsocial principles in 
 any sense which a Christian will feel himself at all 
 concerned to disclaim. Whether the adversaries of 
 these men were dintinguished for principles more ho- 
 norably social or more eminently charitable, may be ga- 
 thered from a passage in liowel's Familiar letters, 
 where this defender of church and state thus expresses 
 the sentiments of his parly respecting religious dilfer- 
 ences between mankind. " I rather pity than hate 
 Turk or infidel, for they are of the same metal and 
 bear the same stamp as I do, though the inscription - 
 dider. If I hate any, it is those schismatics that puzzl. 
 the sweet peace of our church ; so that I could be con- 
 tent to see an Ansbspti^t go to hell on a Browiiist's 
 back." (vol. i. let. 31.) The policy of ihe ecclesiastic:d 
 administration of England gave a premium to the pro- 
 duction of such sentiments. Howel's fervor for the 
 church party did not survive the power of that party to 
 reward liiin. .\fter the fall of the English church and 
 monarchy, he became the defender and penegyrist of 
 the administration of Croiinvell ; though, like Waller 
 and Drydeii, he returned in the train of Fortune, wliei! 
 she returned to his original friends. 
 
 NoTK [B] p. 229. — The introduction of this frature 
 into the portrait of Sir Henry Vane rests entirely on 
 the authority of Burnet aiid Kcnnct, (followed by 
 Hume,) who speak from hearsay. Ludlow, who knew 
 Vjne personally, bestows the highest praise on his im- 
 ptTturbablc serenity and presence of mind ; and, with 
 the glowing sympathy of a kindred spirit, describes llic 
 resoTute inagiiaiiimity with which at his trial he sealed 
 his own fate by scorning to plead, like Lambert, for 
 his life, and gallantly pleading for the dying liberties of 
 his country. At his execution, when some of his 
 friends expressed resentment of the injuries that weic 
 heaped upon him, " Alas !" s.aid he, "what ado they 
 keep to make a poor creature like his Saviour. I bless 
 the liord I am bo far from being alVrighted at dealh, 
 that I liiid it rather shrink from me than I from it. 
 Ten thousand deaths for me, before I will defile the 
 chastity and purity of my conscience ; nor would I for 
 ten thousand worlds part wilh the peace and satisfac- 
 tion I have now in my heart." Even Burnet admits 
 that the resolution he summoned up at the last prompt- 
 ed him " to some very extraordinary acts, though they 
 cannot be mentioned." Oldinixon, less scnipiilous, 
 has satisfied the curiosity that Burnet excited, by re- 
 lating that "Lady Vanebeg.an her reckoning fir her 
 son, the liord Barnard, from the night before Sir Henry 
 lost his head on Tower Hill." Perhaps the deep piety 
 and constant negation of all merit in himself, by which 
 the heroism of Vane was softened and ennobled, may 
 have suggested to minds unacquainted with these prin- 
 ciples the imputation of constitutional timidity. .\t all 
 events this cloud, whether truly belonging to his cha- 
 racter, or raised by the envious breath of his detractors, 
 has, from the admirable vigor of his mind and the un- 
 questioned courage of his demeanor, served rather to 
 embellish than to obscure tho lustre of his fame. 
 
 NoT» [7] p. 236. 
 sations which 
 
 The accounts of tho first uonver- 
 the missionaries held with various budiis 
 of these heathens, abound with curious questions and 
 observations tliat proceeded from the Indians in rela- 
 tion to the tidings that were brought to their ears 
 One man asked, Whether Englishmen were ever so g 
 nurant of JesUs Christ as the Indians 1 K second, 
 Whether Jesus Christ could underitand prayers in th( 
 Indian language 1 A third piopoiad thia quostioiv 
 
NORTH AMERI'^A. 
 
 843 
 
 first lonvir- 
 rariouti lii»!ifn 
 :)iirBtions an^! 
 ians ill ri'lii- 
 thoir earn 
 ■rp pviir HO jT 
 A aecoiuli 
 /era in tin 
 
 Hitw tlii!rc coulil liu an image of God, §iiice it was for- 
 hitliion in the second coiiimandinent ! On another oc* 
 rasion. after Mr. Elliot had done speaking, an aged 
 Indian started up, and with tears in his eyes asked, 
 Wild her it was not too late for such an old man as he, 
 v;h-) was near death, to repent and seek arter (lod ? A 
 second iiskeil, How the English came to dilfcr so much 
 from the Inilians ill their knowledge of Go<l and Jesus 
 ('hi'isi, since they had all at lirst but one Father? A 
 hird desired to he informed. How it came to pass thai 
 sea water was salt, and river water fresh ! Several in- 
 >piired. How Judaa could deserve hiame for facilitating 
 the euil which it was the purpose of God to elfect ! 
 One woman asked. Whether she was entitled to consi- 
 der herself as having prayed, when she merely joined 
 in her mind with her hushand who prayed liy her side! 
 Another, If her husband's prayer signified any thing 
 while he continued to heat his wife ] lilaiiy of the con- 
 verts continued to believe that the gods wlium they had 
 formerly served had in reality great power, but were 
 spirits subordinate to the true and only God ; and 
 when threatened with witchcraft by the Powaws for 
 '.heir apostacy, ihey said. We do not deny your power, 
 nut we serve a greater God, who is so much above 
 yours that he can defend us from them, and enable 
 even us to tread upon them all. One sachem sent for 
 an Indian convert, and desired to know how many gods 
 the English had '. When '.^ heard they had but 
 one, he replied scornfully. Is tnat alii I have thirty- 
 seven ! Do they suppose I would exchange so many 
 for one ! 
 
 NoTK [8] p. 239. — The charade of George Fox is 
 hv no means generally understood in the present day. 
 liis writings are so voluiiiinouj, and there is such a 
 mixture of good and evil in them, that every reader 
 fi ids it easy to justify his preconceived ojiinion, and to 
 lortify it by appropriate quotations. His works arc 
 ri'ail by few, and wholly read by still fewer. Many 
 form their opinions of him from the passages which are 
 cited from his writings by his adversaries; and of the 
 quakers there are many who derive their opinions of 
 him from the passages of a very dilferent complexion 
 which are cited in the works of the modern writers of 
 their own seel. I shidl here subjoin some extracts from 
 his .1 nirnal, which wilt verify some of the remarks I 
 have made in the text: premising this nbserv.ation, 
 Ihat the hook itself was first put into my hands by a 
 icalous and iiilelli^ent quaker, for the purpose of prov- 
 ing that it contained no such passages as some of those 
 which I am now to transcribe from it. 
 
 Fox relates, lliat in the year 1648 he found his na- 
 lure so complclely new-nuHlelled, that " 1 knew no- 
 thing hut pureness, innocency, and righteousness, 
 being renewed up into the image of God by Christ 
 Jesus ; so that I was come up to the state of Adam, 
 which he was in before he fell. The creation was open- 
 ed to me ; and it was showed me how alt things had 
 their names given them accordin^r to their nature and 
 virtue. I was at a stand in my mind whether I slmuld 
 practice physic for the good of niankind, seeing the na- 
 ture anil virtues of the creatures were so opened to 
 me by the I^ord. 13ut I was iinmediately taken up in 
 spirit to see another i>r more steadfast state than Adam's 
 in innocency, even into a state in Christ Jesus that 
 should neviT fall. The Iiord showed me that such as 
 were faithful to him in the power and light of Christ 
 should come up into Ihat state in which Adam was be- 
 f ire he fell ; in which the adinirabte works of the ere- 
 alion and the virtues tliereof may he known through 
 'Ji'.' openings of that divine Word of wisdom and pow- 
 er by which they were made." In many of the disputes 
 which he afterward held with ministers and doctors, 
 he maintained ihat he was, and that every human being 
 by cultivation of the spiritual principle within hhn might 
 become like him, perfectly pure anil free from all dregs 
 of sin. He relates with complacency and approbation, 
 that havinj^ one tl.ay addressed a congregation of people 
 at Beverley in Vorkshire, the audience declared after- 
 ward Ihat it was an angel or spirit that had suddenly 
 appeared among them and sjioken to them. He con- 
 ceived himself warranted hy his endowments to tram- 
 ple on alt order and decency. One .Sunday as ho ap- 
 proaeheil the toivii of Nottingham, he tells, " I espied 
 the great stceple-hitusc ; and the Lord said unto me, 
 Ihou must go cry against yomler great idol, and against 
 the worshippers therein." He accordingly, entered the 
 church, and hearing the minister anncunce the text, 
 Wc have also <i mnre sure ward of prophecy, and tell 
 the peo|ile th.it hy this was meant the Scriptures, 
 whereby they were to try all doctrines religions, and 
 
 opinions, Fox adds, " I could not hold, hut was ni,idc ! if he himself regariled these us the exertions of mira- 
 
 to cry out, " Oh no ; it is not the Scripturcr ; it is the 
 Holy Spirit." On another occasion, having entered a 
 ehurcli, and hearing the preacher read for his text. Ho ! 
 every one that thirtiteth, enmc yc to the .caters, Ac, 
 Fox called oe" to him, "Come down, thon deceiver! 
 dost thou bid leople come freely and take of the water 
 of life freely, old yet thou takest three hundred pounds 
 a v-..rof them for preaching the scriptures to them !" 
 Approaching thi town of hitchfield, he declares he 
 found himself di ected to cast ofT his shoes, and in that 
 condition walked through the streets, exclaiming, "Wo 
 to the bloody city of Litchfield I" which he accordingly 
 did. These examples are selected almost at random 
 from numberless instances of similar proceedings re- 
 corded in his voluminous journal. Yet ho strongly 
 condemns those whom he terms ranters, and relates in 
 various places the attempts he had made to convince 
 them of their delusion. Journal, 3d edit. 1765, pp. 16. 
 24. 27. 34. 4». 50. 51. 
 
 William Penn, in the beautiful Preface which he 
 wrote for this Journal, informs us that these ranters 
 were persons who " for want of staying their minds in 
 an humble dependence upon him that opened their un- 
 derstandings to sec great things in his law, ran out in 
 their own imaginations, and mixing them with these 
 divine openings, brought forth a monstrous birth, to the 
 scandal of those that feared God," " Divers," he 
 adds, ** fell into gross and enormous practices, pre- 
 tending in excuse thereof that they could witliout evil 
 commit the same act which was sin in another to do." 
 " I say," he continues, " this ensnared divers, and 
 brought them to an utter and lamentable loss as to their 
 eternal state ; and they grew very troublesome to tiie 
 bettei- sort of people, and furnished the looser with an 
 occasion to blaspheme." (Preface, p. 7.) 
 
 Fox himself relates some horrid immoralities of the 
 ranters, and that he had found it necessary to publisli 
 addresses to give assurance to the people that these 
 deluded persons were quakers only in name (Journal, 
 
 culous yower ; but from many pa-saires it is plain that 
 they were, to his knowledge, so regarded by his follow- 
 ers ; and the editor oi his journal refers to them in the 
 index under the head of " Miracles." 
 
 I think it not unreasonable to consider qnakcrism tho 
 growth of a protestant country, and quietism, which 
 arose among catholics, as branches of a system essen- 
 tially the same ; and Madame Guyon and Molinos as 
 the counterparts of Fox and Barclay. The moral re- 
 semblance is plainer than the historical connexion j but 
 the propagation of sentiment and opinion may be pow- 
 erfully elfected when it is not visibly indicated. Quiet- 
 ism was first engendered in Spain, by a sect called the 
 Illuminati or AlainLrodos, who sprung up about the year 
 1575. They rejected sacraments ana other ordinances , 
 and some of them became notorious for indecent and 
 immoral extravagances. This sect was revived in 
 France in the year 1634, but quickly disappeared under 
 a hot persecution. It re-appeared again with a system 
 of doctrine considerably purified, yet still inculcating 
 the distinctive principle of exclusive teaching by an 
 inward light and Eensibic direction, towards the close 
 of the seventeenth century, both at Rome in the writ- 
 ings of Molinos, and in France under the auspices of 
 Miulainc Guyon and Fenelon. Encyctopisdia Britan- 
 nica, vol. ix. p. 156, and xv. p. 766. 
 
 Note [9] p. 240. — Besse, in his voluminous " Col- 
 lection of the Suflerings of the People called Quakers," 
 relates that Lydia Wardell, of Newbury in New Eng- 
 land, a convert to quakcrism, at length found herself 
 concerned to appear in a public assembly " in a very 
 unusual manner, and such as was exceeding hard and 
 self-denying to her natural disposition, she being a 
 woman of exemplary modesty in all her behavior. The 
 duty and concerns she lay under was that of going into 
 their church at Newbury naked, as a token of that 
 miserable condition which she esteemed them in." 
 
 But they, instead of religiously rcllcctiiig on their 
 
 p. 39'J.) He applies the epithet of ranters to many of , own condition, which she came in that manner to 
 
 those who called themselves quakers in America (443.) 
 Some of Fox's chief associates and coadjutors appear 
 to have become in the end ranters, or something worse. 
 Of these w.as James Nayler, who was long the fellow- 
 laborer and fellow-sufterer of Fox, and whom Fox still 
 tenns a quaker, at the same time when he was in prison 
 for his horrible enormities. Fox alludes vaguely and 
 sorrowfully to Nayler's errors and disobeilience to him- 
 self When he found that Nayler would not give heed 
 to his rebukes. Fox told him that " the Lord moved me 
 to slight him, .and to set the power of God over him." 
 He adds, that it soon after happened to Nayler that 
 " his resisting the power of God in me, and the truth of 
 God that was declared to him by me, became one of 
 his greatest burdens." (Journal, p. 2U5.) Nayler had 
 ridden naked into Bristol with a crew of insane fol- 
 lowers making the most blasphemous proclamations 
 before liini, and had committed the most profligate 
 immoralities. On his trial he produced a womaji, one 
 IJorcas Earberry, who deposed that she had been dead 
 tvvi) days, and was recalled to life by N,ayler. 
 
 It is impossible to discover what part of tho extra- 
 vagance of Nayler was condemned by Fox and the pro- 
 per body of the quakers. We find Fox relating with 
 great approbation many wild and absurd exhibitions by 
 which quakers were moved, as they said, to show them- 
 selves as signs of the times. " Some," he says, " liave 
 been moved to go naked in the streets, and have de- 
 clared amongst thein that God would strip them of 
 their hypocritical professions, and make them as bare 
 and naked as they were. But instead of considering 
 it, they have frequently whipped, or otherwise abused 
 them." (Journal, p. 386.) Many such instances lie 
 relates in the Journal (p. 323, &c.,) with cordial appro- 
 bation of the conduct of the quakers, and the strongest 
 reprobation of the persecutors who punished them for 
 walking naked. 
 
 Fox taught that God did not create the devil, (Jour- 
 nal, p. 140.) Yet though the reasoning by which he 
 defends this gross heresy would plainly seem to imply 
 that the devil w.a8 a self-created being, there is another 
 passage, ( p. 345,) from which we may perhaps conclude 
 that Fox's real opinion was that the devil w.is created 
 by God a good spirit, but transformed himself l>y his 
 own act into a wicked one. He sets down every mis- 
 fortune that hap|iened to any of his adversaries or per- 
 secutors as a judgment of Heaven upon them. He 
 relates various cures of sick and wounded persons that 
 ensued on his prayers, and on morn ordinary means 
 that he uied for their relief It is nut easy to discover 
 
 represent to them, fell into a rage and presently laid 
 hands on her," &c. Vol. ii. p. '^35. He also notices 
 the case of Deborah Wilson, a young woman of very 
 modest and retired life, and of a sober conversation, 
 having passeil naked through the streets as a sign 
 against the cruelty and oppression of the rulers." 230. 
 
 George Bishop, another quaker writer, thus relate* 
 the case of Deborah Wilson. " She was a modest 
 woman, of a retired life and sober conversation ; and 
 hearing a great burden for the hardness and cruelty of 
 the people, she went through the town of Salem naked 
 as a sign ; which she having in part performed, was 
 laid hold on, and bound over to appear at the next court 
 of Salem, where the wicked rulers sentenced her to be 
 whipt." New England judged, p. 388. The writings 
 of Besse, Bishop, and some others, who were foolish 
 enough to defend the extravagance that they had too 
 much sense to commit, were the expiring sighs of 
 quaker nonsense and frenzv. They are still mentioned 
 with respect by some modern quakers, who praise in- 
 stead of reading them ; as the sincere but frantic zeal 
 of Loyola and Xavier and still commended by their sty 
 successors, who have inherited the name and tho man- 
 ners, without the spirit that distinguished the original 
 Jesuits. 
 
 It had been well if the government of Massachusetts 
 had indicted punishment on the disgusting violations of 
 decency avowed by these writers, without exlending its 
 severity to the bare profession of quakeri. This 
 
 injustice was occasioned hy the conviction t * I these 
 outrages were the legitimate fruits of quaker principles ; 
 a conviction which, it appears the language even of 
 those quakers who were themselves guiltless of such 
 outrages, tended strongly to confirm. It is only such 
 language on the part of the quakers that can actjuit their 
 adversaries of the inhuman absurdity that pervades the 
 reasoning of persecutors, and holds men responsible 
 for all the consequences that may be logically deduced 
 from their principles, though rejected and denied by 
 themselves. The sentiments of the people of New 
 England are thus strongly expressed by Cotton Ma- 
 ther : " I appeal to all the reasonable part of mankind 
 whether the infant colonies of New England had not 
 cause to guard themselves against these dangerous vil- 
 lains. It was also thouj^ht that the very quakers them- 
 selves would say, that it they had got into ;i c<iriier of 
 the world, and with immense toil and charge in i te ;i 
 wildemees habitable, on purpose there lo be nnJislurli- 
 ed in the eieroisei) of their worship, they would nevei 
 bear to huve New Englandera coins among ilieiu \\v\ 
 
 w 
 
 ; \ 
 
 ■ ' ■:? 
 
 M 
 
 11 
 
844 
 
 THE HISTORV OF 
 
 interrupt tlitfir public warship, and endeavor to seduce 
 llieir cliiUlr'in (rom it; yea iind repeat such endeavors 
 after mild eiitrcntiei tirst, and then jiidt banishments to 
 oblige Iheirdepurlnre." B. Vil. cap. iv. Vet Mather 
 deplores and condiMuns the extreme severities which 
 were idtiinately iiiHicted by liis countrymen upon tlie 
 quaki'rs. It vvas one of the privileges of Israel that 
 tlie prnple shall diocU aloiir,; and the hope of enjoying 
 a similar privilejro was one of the motives that led the 
 puritans to exchange the pleasures ot'tlieir native land 
 for the labors v,rdesolate wilderness. 
 
 Note [10] p. 243. — Upon this occasion Cotton 
 Mather observes — " Such has been the jealous dispo- 
 sition of our New Kudanders about their dearly-bought 
 privileges, and such also has been the various under- 
 st'Uidiug of the people about the extent of those pri- 
 vileges, that of all the agents which they have sent over 
 unto the court of Kngland for now forty years togetlier, 
 I know not any one who did not at his return meet 
 with some very froward entertainment among his coun- 
 trymen: and there may be the Wisdom of the Holy 
 and lligbteous (lod, as well as the malice of the Kvd 
 One, ackimwle,lged in the ordering of such tempta- 
 tions." 
 
 iMr. Norton, before his departure for Kngland, ex- 
 pressed a strong apprehension that the aflair he was 
 required to engage in would issue disastrously to him- 
 self. Mather adds. " In the spring before his going 
 for Kngland he preached an excellent sermon unto the 
 representitives of the v.-hole colony a.ssenibled at the 
 Court of i'.lectiou, wherein I take iiarticnlar notice of 
 this passage — .Moses was the meekest man on earth, 
 yet it went ill with .Moses, 'lis said, for their sakes. 
 How long did Jloses live at Meribah I Sure I am, it 
 killed him in a short time ; a man of as good a temper 
 as could he expected from a mere man.*' 
 
 It might have been thought that Mr. Norton, whose 
 death was thus in a manner the fruit of his exertions to 
 extend religious liberty in the colony, would have es- 
 caped the reproach of persecution. But he had given 
 great olfencc to some of the quakcrs, by writing and 
 preaching against their tenets .\iu\ after his death, 
 certain o*" that body published at Loudon, A represen- 
 tation to tne Kitia tinii Parliamcnl , wherein, pretending to 
 report some UemarkahU jmi^ments upon tfteir Perse- 
 ctUors, they inserted the following passage : " John 
 Norton, chief priest in Boston, by the immediate pow- 
 er of the Lord, was smitten and as he was sinking 
 down by the lireside, being under just judgment, he | 
 confessed the hand of the Lord wa^ upon him, and so 
 he died." .Malher, II. lU. cap. ii. sect. 21, '2-i, Z\. 
 The popish fables respecting the deaths of Luther, Cal- 
 vin, Bucer, and Beza, are hardly moje replete with 
 folly, untruth, and presumption, than some of these on v 
 ker interpretations of providiMice. Their authors, like 
 uiany other persons involved in religious contentio*is, 
 or exposed to persecution for religion's sake, mistook 
 an arden* zeal for God, for a complete subjection of 
 mind to hi/ will, and an entire idet^'ltication nf their 
 views and purposes with his; practically regardless of 
 their own remaining iiilirmity and corruption, and of 
 tliat important truth, that while we contiiuie in this 
 veil of tiesli we know only in part, and can see but 
 through a glass darkly. Among other evil consequences, 
 
 this error begets a contracted or perverted view of the 
 udministration of divine instice. It was when the royal 
 psalmist, impatient of his own sutTerings, and of the 
 
 prosperity ol oppressors, perplexed himself with endeav 
 ors to tiiid within the cnmp.ass of this life a visible display 
 of the whole scene of divine justice, that he uttered the 
 words nf folly and ignorance, and oflended against the 
 generation of tlje children of God. 
 
 Note [U] p. 843. — .Mr. Winthrop the younger was 
 in the bloom of manhood, accoiupliahed byle.armngand 
 travel, and the heir of a large estate, when he readily 
 joined with his father in promoting and accompanying 
 an emigration to New Lngland. Cotton .Mather has 
 preserved a letter written by Winthrop the elder to his 
 son, while the one was governor of Massachusetts, and 
 the othet of Connecticut. I shall be excused for Iran- 
 Bcribing some part of an epistle so beautiful in it«elf, 
 and so strikingly cluracteristic of the fathers of New 
 England. ' Voii are the chief of two families. Iliad 
 by yuiir luollier three sous, and tlicee daughters ; and 
 1 had with her a large portion of outward estate. 
 These now are all gone ; mother gone ; brethren and 
 Bisters gone ; you only are left to see the vanity of 
 liiese temporal things and learn wisdom thereby; 
 which may be of mora uaa to you, through the Lord's j 
 
 blessing, than all that inheritanco which might have be- 
 fallen you ; and for which this may stay and quiet your 
 heart, that God is able to give yon more than this ; and 
 that it being spent in the fiirtheraiice of his work, 
 which has here prospered so well through his power 
 hitherto, you and yours m.'iy certainly expect a liberal 
 portion in the prosperity and blessing thereof hereafter | 
 and the rather, because it was not forced from you by 
 a father's power, but freely resigned by yourself, out of 
 a loving and filial respect unto nie, ami your own readi- 
 ness unto the work itself. From whence, as I do 
 oAen take or'-;uiion to bless tfie Lord foryou,sodo I 
 also comnieiiii yo'ii and yours to his fatherly blessing, 
 fer a plentiful reward to be rendered unto you. And 
 doubt not my dear son, but let your faith be built upon 
 his promise and raithfiilness, that as he hath carried you 
 hitherto through many perils, and provided liberally for 
 yon, so he will do for the time to come, and will never 
 tiiil you nor forsake you. My son the Lord knows 
 how dear thou art to nic, and that my care has been 
 more for thee than for myself. But I know thy pros- 
 perity depend not on my care, nor on thine own, but 
 on the blessing of our heavenly Father: neither doth 
 It on the things of this world, but on the light of God's 
 countenance, through the merit and mediation of our 
 Lord Jesus Christ. It is that only which can give us 
 peace of conscience with contentalion: which can as 
 well make our lives happy and coinlbrtable in a mean 
 estate as in a great abundance. But if you weigh 
 things aright, and sum up all the turnings of divine 
 providence togetlier, you shall tiiid gnuit advantage. 
 The Lord hath brought us to a good land ; a land 
 where we enjoy outward peace and liberty, and above 
 all, the blessing of '.hi3 gospel, without the burthen of 
 iinpositions in matters of religion. Many thousands 
 there are who would give great estates to enjoy our 
 condition. Labor, iherefore, my good son, to increase 
 our thankfulness to God for all his mercies to thee, es- 
 pecially for that he hath revealed his everl.asting good 
 will to thee in Jesus Christ, and joined tlieo to the visi- 
 ble body of his church, in the fellowship of his people, 
 and hath saved thee in all thy travels abroad from being 
 intected with the vices ot ihese countries where llioii 
 haat been, (a mercy vouchsafed but unto few young 
 gentlemen travellers.) Let Ilim have the honor of it 
 who kept lliee. He it was who gave thee favor in the 
 eyes of all with whoi'i thou hadst to do, both by sea 
 and laud; He it is who hath given thee a gift in under- 
 standing and art: and he it is\%^iohath provided thee a 
 blessing in iua>-iage, a comfortable help and many 
 sweet childre.i. And therefore I would have you to 
 )u o Ilim again, and serve him, and trust him for the 
 '.ine to come." — Mather, B. H. cap. xi.sect. 9. 
 
 The wife of the writer of the foregoing letter, and the 
 mother of the person to whom it was adilressed, was a 
 daughterofthecelebrated Hugh Peters. — Savage'sNotea 
 to Wiiithrop's Hist. vol. i. p. Ho. 
 
 Winthrop the elder not only performed actions wor- 
 thy to be written, but produced writings worthy to be 
 read. Vet liir Journal, or History as it has been term- 
 ed, ill the late edition by .Mr. Savage, is, I think, very in- 
 ferior in .ipirit and interest to his letters. I hope that .Mr. 
 Savage has expressed rather his own editorial partiali- 
 ty than the prevalent taste of New Kngland, in prefer- 
 ring this performance to the work of Cotton .^lather. 
 It would seem indeed that Wintliro[)'s Journal has not 
 derived much support from its own popularity, since 
 ** the liberal aid" of the legislature ot .Alassachiisetts is 
 acknowledged to have been reipiisite to its publication. 
 
 I must regret that I had not an earlier opportunity of 
 perusing the performance of .Mr. Savage, to whose sa- 
 gacity I owe the detection of an error into which I 
 have been betrayed by the authorities on which I have 
 hitherto relied. At present it is not in my power lo 
 correct it otherwise than by noticing (in conformity 
 with Lt. Savage's note. vol. ii. p. I5'J), that aUhoiigh 
 Sir John Harvey was displaced from the ollice of Go- 
 vernorof Virginia in ll)3!(. Sir William Berkeley, whom 
 I have supposed to have been his immediate successor was 
 not appointed till 1G4I. The governinentin the interim 
 was held by Sir Francis Wyatt. 
 
 Note [18] p. 247. — Among many interesting and 
 romantic adventures and escapes related by .Mather, 
 Neal, Hutchinson, Dwight, and other New Kngland 
 writer, as having occurred during the continuance of 
 Philip's war, there is one incident which exciteil much 
 nutrvelling at the time, and has since derived an iii- 
 crcose of interest from the explanation which it receiv- 
 ed after the death of the party principally concerned in 
 it. In 1676 the town ol Iladler wiu alarmed by the 
 
 sudden approach of a body of Indians in llie lime of 
 public worship, and the people wiire thrown in:o a ( <iu« 
 lUi^ion that betokened an unresisted massacre. .Sud- 
 denly a grave elderly jierson appeared in the iiiidsl if 
 them. Whence he came or who he was, nobody could 
 tell. In his iiiein and dress he diU'ered friun the rest 
 of the people. He not only encouraged iheni lode- 
 fend themselves, but putting liiin.self at their head, l.u 
 rallied, instructed, anil led tliein on to encounler ibe 
 enemy, who by this means were repulsed. .As stidilen- 
 ly the deliverer of Hadley disappeared; and the people 
 were left in a state of perplexity and amazeiueiil, and 
 utterly unable to account lor ibis singular phenonienon. 
 After his death it was known to have been (ioll'e the 
 regicide, who resided somewhere in the neighbiirhood, 
 but in such deep sequestration that none but those ..ho 
 were intrusted with the secret were ever able to make 
 the remotest approach to a dicovcry of his retreat. 
 Whaley resided with him ; and they had some years 
 before been joined by another of the regicides. Colonel 
 Uixwell. They frequently changed their place of 
 abode, and gave the name of Kbenezcr to every spot 
 that atforded them shelter. They hud many Irieiuls 
 both in England and in the New Kngland states, and 
 with some they maintained a pretty close correspon- 
 dence. They had constant and cxoct intelligence a' 
 every thing that pas.'ed in Kngland, and were unwilling 
 to give up all hopes of deliverance. Their greatest 
 expectations were from the fulfilment of the prophecies 
 of scripture, which they had intently studied. They 
 had no doubt that the execution of the judges was the 
 slatfing of the leitiiesMs ; and were much disapointed 
 when the year ItitiO had passed without any reiiiarka- 
 ble event, but still llattered themsirlves with the hope 
 that cnnimoii chronology might be erroneous. 'I'be 
 strict inquisition that was made for them by the roval 
 commissioners and others, renders their concealnient 
 n a country so thinly peopled, and where every .st. an- 
 ger was the object of immediate and curious notice, 
 truly surprising. It appi'ars that they were befrieiiileil 
 and much esteemed for their piety by persons who re- 
 garded the great .action iii whi'-'i tliev had participated 
 with the strongest disapprobation, llutchiii.soii. 'Hii — 
 2li). 
 
 It requires less sense and humanity than were com 
 nion in New Kiigl.-iiid to perceive that the capital trial 
 of a king must ever be a mockery of justice, and pr;ic- 
 tically refutes the plea of necessity that is sometimes 
 made the apology for defect of justice. No luiin will 
 iccept a couiinission to sit as judge of his king without, 
 previously determining for his own sjiti^ty to convict 
 him, and to guard the sentence i'r(Uii being itilriiiged 
 by pardon; and the authority that is powerful eiioiigli 
 to bring tlie king to trial has nothing lo appr''lieiid li-oin 
 his hostility in exile. How difl'erent was the siliiaiion 
 of Charles and his persecutors, from the rel.ilions which 
 !:ourts of justice commonly imply, was strongly ex- 
 pressed by Cook, the Solicitor for the People of Kn- 
 gland, who declared, that altlioiigh in ordinary trials he 
 liud often trembleil to think how much easier it would 
 be to account to God for mercy ;uid indulgence than 
 for justice and rigor, yet now it was meat and drink to 
 him to ask judgment against the king. Howell's State 
 Trials, iv. 104.5. 
 
 In such, as in all cases, to be bmve and generous is 
 the safest course. While the depo.seil king lives, the 
 demerits that have procured his deposition attach to his 
 cause ; but when his blood is shed, bis faults seem to be 
 washed away, and the cause which he maintained, puri- 
 fied from much of his odium by compassion, is trunsniitletl 
 to his unotfending descendants. 
 
 Note [13] p. 255. — In every slate of human socie- 
 ty, and under every fnr!;i of faith, tin; belief of witch- 
 craft has prevailed. Heathens, whc are .*opresented 
 in scripture as seiving demons, liav.* respt c-ted and 
 sought lo propitiate the powers of wit •licraft. Cliri.s- 
 tians, or persons professing the service of the true (iod, 
 have coidemncd and punished the practice. It has 
 prevailec from lime immemorial i', Africa, which is 
 generally considered s.y 'be lc'»r!:cd as its cnidte. Brv- 
 an Kdwards has given a curio. is account of the witch- 
 craft or Obeah practices believt^d and cultivated among 
 the negroes in the West Indies. He stales that the 
 term Obeah, Obiah, or Obia (for it is variously written), 
 is the adjective, and Obe or Obi the noun siib.stantive ; 
 and that by the terms Obia men. and Obia ^vunlen, 
 are meant those who practise Obi or witchcriilV His- 
 tory of the West Indies, vol. ii. p. 107. — Jacob Itry 
 ant, in his coininentary on tlie word Oph, reiniuks that 
 " a serpent in the Egyptian 'ongiiage was called Ob or 
 
 '^^S^^Ww- 
 
NORTH AMF.RICA. 
 
 !)« 
 
 Auh;" iiiict tliut " Oiion is slill till! K^'yplhiii 11:11110 I'lir 
 a serporit." "Mospd," lie continue.", "in the iiiiine of 
 find liirliiilsthc Israeliliauver to inquire oC the dtMnoii 
 Ob, wliieli is trun-'liitL'il in our Hilile, ch^irnier or wi/aril, 
 ilivinntur or .sorcili'niis." " The woman at Kiiclor," lie 
 aildn, " is oalli'd Oiib or 01), translated I'ytlioiiissa 1 iiiid 
 Oulniaia was the iiaiiii- ol' the basilisk or royal serpent, 
 Rinblein ol'tlie sun, and an ancient oracular deity ul' 
 Al'rica." Bryant's Ancient Mythology, vol. i. p. 48, 
 4?5 und 478. 
 
 NoTK [14] p. 267. — The following may nerve aa a 
 speciinen ol these articles of grievance, and of the an- 
 swers they received : — ** IV. As no laws can be re- 
 pealed but by the assembly, it desired to know if the 
 proprietary intended to annul a clause in the act for 
 bringiii!; tobacco to towns?" Ammr. "The pro- 
 prietary does not intend to annul the clause mentioned 
 without ,in act jf repeal." " V. The attorney-general 
 oppresses the people." yJniiiMr. " If such procced- 
 ing'< have been practised, tiio law is open against the 
 piliMider, who is not coiintenanceil by goveriiinent." 
 " VI. Ccrlain persons, under a pretended authority 
 from some militia olHcers, have pressed provisions in 
 time of peace." Anaiter. " We liiiow of no such 
 olVenilers; but when informed of them we shall pro- 
 ceed against them according to law and matter of 
 fact." "VII. The late adjournment of the provincial 
 court to the last Tuesday in January is a time most 
 incominodioiis to the people." .-Insiffr. " At the 
 reipiest of the lower house, they will adjourn the pro- 
 vincial court by proclamation." Chalmers, 3.-S0, ^1. 
 Whv Chalmers, who is generally displeased even with 
 the more moilerale assertorsof.Vnierican liberty, should 
 term this " a spirited representalicm of grievances," 
 (p. :t7'J.) I am at u loss to discover. Uiit perhaps no 
 oilier writ<?r has ever combined such elaborate research 
 of facts with such temerity of opinion and such glaring 
 inconsistency of sentiineut, as the " rolitiual Annals" 
 of this writer displav. The American provinces, though 
 little iudebti'd 10 bis favorable opinion, owe the most 
 iinporlani illiisiration of their history to his industrious 
 researches. .Some of the particulars of his own early 
 history may perhaps account fur the peculiarities of Ins 
 .■\uierican politics. A .Scotsinun by birth, he had emi- 
 grated to .Maryland, and was settled at Baltimore as a 
 lawyer, when the revolutionary contest, (in which he 
 adhered to the royal cause,) blasted all his prospects, 
 and compelled him to take refuge in Kngland, v>liere 
 Itis unlhrtunale loyalty and distinguished utlainineiils 
 pritnired liiman lionorableapnoiiitineiitfrom the Bo.-ird 
 of Trade. The first (and only) volume of his Annuls 
 was eoniposed while he hoped that the riiyal cause 
 wtiuld yet prevail in America, and was intended to be 
 the apology of his party. His labors were discontinued 
 whtMi the c.nise and party to wiiich they were devoted 
 bad evidently perished. Though a strong vein of Tory- 
 ism pervades all his pages, he is at times unable to 
 restrain an expression of indignant contempt <it parti- 
 cular instances of the conduct of the kings and ministers, 
 whose general policy he labors to vindicate. 
 
 Nori! [15] p. a7'2.— That a gift will blind the 
 .-liscernment even of the wise, and pervert the words 
 even of the just, is an assurance conveyed to lis by 
 unerring wisdom, and continued by examples among 
 which even the name of Locke must be enrolled. If 
 no girt could be more seducing than the deference and 
 aduiiraliou with which .Shaliesbury graced his other 
 bounties to Locke, no blindness could well be greater 
 than that which veiled the eyes, and perverteil the 
 senliinents of the philosophi'r with respect to the con- 
 duct and character of his p.-itron. In his memoirs of 
 this proHigate politician, not less insiduous in bis friend- 
 ships than furious in his enmities, and who alternately 
 inllamed and betrayed every f.iclion ill the state, — he 
 hos honored him as a mirror of worth and patriotism; 
 declaring that, in a mild yet resoluti! constancy, he was 
 equalled by few and exceeded by none ; and that while 
 liberty endures, his fame will mock the efforts of envy 
 and the operations of time. Locke, folioedit. III. 450, 
 &C. While Locko reprobates the unprinciiiled ambi- 
 tion and inveterate falsehood, with which Monk endea- 
 vored tu the last to obtain for himself the vacant dignity 
 of Cromwell, — he is totally insensible to any other fea- 
 ture than the d/zt/i/t/ of the more successful maiiwuvres 
 by which Slial\esburv outwitted the lesti dexterous 
 knave, and at length lorct'd him to concur in the Ues- 
 'oration. Lockf bus vaunted the profound sagacity 
 with which Shalleslmry coiilil penetrate the character, 
 and avail liinuall' jfthe tolnnU and diapositlnn, of every 
 
 person he coiiver.«ed with. For his own vindication 
 It is necessary to regard him in this performance a.^ 
 exemplilying the quality which he so highly commended 
 When occisinii required it, Shaftesbury could assume, 
 a virtue to which his t'deiit h-tit -ucii a degree of etli- 
 cucy us coiiiiiiaiided r.niverial admiration. When he 
 wiLs appointed to pre-ide in the Court of Chancery, h 
 was unacquainted with lav,, and had grown grey in the 
 practice of fraud : rid iu'.rig'ie. Vet in the discharge 
 of the fiiiictions of this ollice, he is acknowledged to 
 have combined the geuins of Bacon with the integrity 
 of More ; and (he satisfaction that wa< derived from the 
 legal sonndnesa of his decrees, wna surpassed only by the 
 respect that was entertained for the lofty impartiality of 
 his conduct. 
 
 Among other marks of confidence bestowed by 
 Shaflesbiiry on Locke, he employed him to choose a 
 wife for his son, whom ho was anxious to marry euily; 
 as the feebleness of the young man's coiutitutiuu gave 
 him cause to apprehend the extinction of his family. 
 Locke, undismayed by the nice and numerous requi- 
 sites which Shaliesbury desired him to combine in the 
 object of his choice, I'ulfilled this delicate otiice to hif 
 patron's satisfaction ; and afterwards accepted the otKce 
 of tutor to the eldest male oll'spring of the marriage. 
 Life of Locke, pretixed to the folio edition of liis 
 Works. Like Philip of .Macedon, Shaliesbury seems 
 to have determined to extract as much advantage as 
 possible to his posterity from the genius of the great 
 philosopher who proved to be his coiitotnporury. Nei- 
 ther the tutors, however, derived niiicli credit from 
 his tuition, or received iiiiich gratitude from his piijni. 
 Alexauiler sneered at the sophisms of .\ristode, (I'lii- 
 tarch's Life of Alexander;) and the author of the 
 "Characteristics," in bis " Letters written by a Xoble- 
 man to a Vuuiig .Man at t'le University." 1711), .severely 
 censured the writings of Locke, as giving countenance 
 to infidelity. 
 
 .Shaliesbury v\'as able to infect Locke with all his 
 own real or pretended suspicions of the catholics; 
 and even when the philosopher could not refrain from 
 censuring the severity and intolerance of the protest- 
 ants, he expressed his regret that they shoiilil be found 
 capable of "such popish practices." Not less unjust 
 anil absurd was Lord Kiissel's declaration, that mas- 
 sacreing men in conl blood was so like a practice of the 
 papi'ts, that he could not but abhor it; and SirLdward 
 (,'oke's remark, that poisoning wa-sn/jo/iis/i/ric/;. When 
 Locko undertook to legislate for Carolina, he produced 
 ecclesiastical constitutions not more, and political regu- 
 lations far less favorable to human liberty and happiness, 
 tlian those which had been previously established by a 
 catholic legislator in .Maryland. 
 
 M r. I'ox is uiiich puzzled to account for Locke's friend- 
 ship with Shaflesbiiry, and has attempte 1 it, I think, very 
 iinsuccesst'ully. 
 
 It is strange that we should be ohiijed to prefer the 
 testimony of un unprincipled satirist to that of an 
 upright phdosopher. Vet Uryden's character of Achi- 
 topbel" is undoubledly the jiistest and must m.isterly 
 representation of Shaliesbury that has ever been pro- 
 duced by friend or foe. So much more powerful is 
 affection than enmity in deluding the fancy uud seducing 
 the undorstandiiig.' 
 
 NoTK [!()] p. "284. — Founders of ancient colonies 
 have sometiuies been tieilied by their success')rs. New 
 York is perhaps the only commonwealth whose found- 
 ers have been lovered with ridicule from the same 
 quarter. It is impossible to read the ingenious and 
 diverting romance entitled Knickerbocker's History of 
 .New Vork, without wishing that the author had put 
 eilher a little more or a little less truth in it, and ttiat 
 bis talent fur hiiuior and sarcasms had found another 
 subject than tlie dangers, hardships, und virtues, of the 
 ancestors of his national family. It must be unlhvor- 
 uhle to putriotism to connect historical recollectimis 
 with ludicrous associations; hut the genius of Mr. 
 Irving has done this so etfectiiallv, that it is diflicult to 
 read the names of Woiiter Van 'I'willor, of Corleur, und 
 of Peter Stiiyvesant, without a smile; or to see the 
 free and happy colonists of New Vork enslaved by the 
 forces of u despot, without a sense of ridicule that 
 abates the resentment which injustice should excite, 
 and tlie sympathy wliirh is due to mistbrtiiue. Vet 
 Sliiyvesant was a gallant and generous man; and Cor- 
 leur softened the miseries of war und mitigated the 
 wrath of man by his benevolence. If this writer hud 
 coi. fined his ridicule to the wars, or rather liloudli'>s 
 biilVetings and squabbles of the Dutch and tlte Swedi.'s. 
 i Ilia readera would have derived more tinrepruvedenjuy- 
 
 inent from hia perforniRiice. Probab y my discern- 
 ment of the unsuitablencss of Mr. Irvmg's mirth, ia 
 quickened by a sense of personal wrong; as 1 laiiiiot 
 help feeling that he bus by unticipalion riiliciiteil iiiv 
 topic und parodied my narrative. If Sanclio I'aiiza 
 hud been a real governor, misrepreseniid hv the \\ il of 
 Cervantes, his fiifiire historian would have fiMiiid it no 
 easv nmller to bespeak u grave attention to the aniiuli 
 of his administration. 
 
 NoTK [17] p. a89. — " Dining one day at .Monsieur 
 Iloett'.s, and having a great cold, I observed, cveryliuie 
 I spit, a tighl handsome wench, ihal stood in the room 
 with a clean cloth in her hand, was presenitv down 
 to wipe it up, and rub the board clean. Somebody at 
 table speaking of my cold, I said the most trouble it 
 gave me was to see the poor wench lukesomuch paina 
 about it. Monsieur lloell told me, 'twas well I es- 
 caped so; and that if hia wife hud been at home, tho' ( 
 were an ambassador, she would have turned me out of 
 doors for fouling her iiouse." Sir William Teinple'a 
 Works, i. 472. 
 
 NoTK [18] p. 290. — 'X'he charitable attempt of Chal 
 mors to vindicate the character of this man from the 
 impeachment and abhorrence, not of one, but of every 
 province over which he cxeicised the functions of go- 
 vernment previous to the British Kevohition, is totally 
 unsuccessful. The main topic of apology is, that he 
 uierely executed tlio orders of his master, and some 
 times inefrecttitdly recommended more humane and 
 liberal measures: an apology which might be, as in 
 fact it was equally pleaded to justify the atrocities of 
 Kirke and Jeffries in F.ngluud, and of Uraham of Cla- 
 verhouse and .Sir James Turner, in Scotland. It is un 
 apul'igy that may sometimes exempt from punishment, 
 but can never redeem character, or avert reprobation. 
 When Turner was taken prisoner by the persecuted 
 Scottish peasantry in I)umfries>hire. they were pro- 
 ceeding to put him to death tor his cruelty; but obser 
 viiig from the written instructions found on his person, 
 that he had actually fallen sliorl of the severity which 
 he hail been ordered to coniuiit, 'lese generous men ar- 
 rested their uplillcd hands, and dismissed him with im- 
 punity, liut not without abhorrence. That Aiiilros, 
 from some of his private suggestions to the duke, 
 seems at times to have b icn wiUing to alleviate the bur- 
 dens of the people, only renders him the more culpable 
 for BO actively elVectualing a contrary policy, the mis- 
 chief and odium of which he plainly discerned. It 
 might have been urgiied, with some appearance of pro- 
 bability, that the unanimous dislike he 1 xiited in New 
 I'^ngland inferred less of reproach to 'lip personal char- 
 acter, than of the repugnance between the previous 
 habits of the people and the structure of that arbitrary 
 system which he was appointed to iiilmitiister among 
 them. But tlie detestation he excited in New Vork 
 where the ])cople had been habituated to arbitrary go 
 vermnent, admits not of this suggestion; which, ever 
 with regard to .New I'.ngland, we have already seen 
 to he very slightly, if at all admissilile. James the .Se- 
 cond evinced a sagacity that approaclied to instinct, in 
 the employment of tit iiistriimenLs to execute injustice 
 and cruelty; and bis steady patronage of Andres, and 
 constant preference of his to any other instrumentality, 
 in the subjugation of colonial liberty, is the strongest 
 certificate that could he given of the apfuess of this 
 ollicer's disposition for the emptoynteiit for which he 
 was selected. His friend and compeer Uandoph boast 
 ed. that, in .New I'.ngland, Andros was as urbitrarv aa 
 the (ireat Turk. 
 
 After the British Uevolufion, .\niIros is said to havo 
 conducted himself irreproachably as governor of Vir- 
 ginia. But William and .Mary bad not entrusted biiii 
 with tyrannical power; und the Virginians would not 
 have permitted him to exercise it. His appointment 
 to this situation, however, was an insult to the .Amen- 
 
 n colonies, and a disgraceful proceeding of King Wil- 
 liam, who assuredly was nut a friend to .American liberty. 
 
 Audroa died at London in 1715, at a v. dvanced 
 age. 
 
 NoT« [ID] p. 297. — ^This Jesuit accompanied the 
 French commissioners who repaired to the head qiiar- 
 lers of the Five Nations to treat for peace. \\'hen 
 the commissioners approached the Indian station, iliey 
 were met by a saehi'in who presented tliiMii with three 
 separate gil\s, strings of wumpiim; the first, to wipe 
 away tfieir tears for the French that had been slain; 
 the second, lo open their mouths. Ihiv Ihey might 
 apeak freely i and tile third, lo clean the 'iiat on winch 
 
M8 
 
 THE HISTORY OP 
 
 i 
 
 tliRV wern to !«it, \> hilo (reatiii;; of puiuTe, Iroin the hlond 
 t!i;i't had heen xpilt nn hoth aIiIlm. Tho jc^iiit, who 
 :i(?riMi a-* IhH orator of thu »'mbi'*f4y, entit'Jivored to pay 
 MMirl 111 Ih.' iiiiliaii^ by iiniliiinii oC Ihoir ulyfe. " 'hn^ 
 war k>-ttl.\" "ai-l hn, " hnU 'tl ko hiii!?, th at It wnitl.l 
 li im; »' iMi'il 1 thi; I'ivi' Natiiiiix had it riinliimiMh 
 hut now it is overset, uiid turned up!<i<h'-d(>wii, ati<i a 
 tinn p.'acu uia<lf." flo recuiniiiMiidiHl to then) Iho pre* 
 "^ -rvatiou nl' auiity witli Corlrur, thi! Indian name for 
 Vh ■ fiovi-rnor ol" New Yorl« ; and havini? Ihnn atteuipl- 
 ed to disarni their HnspicioiM. uttered ninny iiiJuriou<4 
 i:i-iinuation4 agulnit this ully. "I otfer rnvHeif to you," 
 he eontiniied, *' to hve with yon ut Onumtaifa, to in- 
 •triiet yon in the cliristian relij;ion, and to drive away 
 alt Miclin iSH, phignet*, and tiio diweojtes of your coun- 
 try." Tiiuugn this prnnoailion, whicli the Freneli 
 were niucli bent on cllectnating, was ahsolntely re- 
 ji'i'ted. the peace brought tlieni a deliverance I'roni so 
 iuuoli misery and fear, that, wlien a depulation of the 
 aacheui'i ol the Five Nations arrived it Montreal to 
 rutity t!ie treaty, they wore received with g(!Uerai ac- 
 riaiiiitious ol° joy, and a salute from the artillery on 
 the ramparts, 'f he Indl.aii allies of the French were 
 highly olVended with this demonstration nl respect. 
 •* \Yc perceive," they ani^rily observed, " that fear 
 makes the French show more respect tii their cu"- 
 uiies, than lovo can make them do to their friends." 
 Colden, i. •iOi—'Mi. 
 
 NoTr [^i)J p. '2!>:) — Deulnn., whoso description of 
 New \ ork w.is published ir itd'i, jiives u very asree- 
 nhl' picture of tht< slate of the province and its inhabit- 
 eiilsat this period: — ' 1 must needif say, that if there he 
 
 torresti.il Canaan, *lis surely hert The inhul>itanls 
 ar.' blessed Willi peace ,ind plenty; blessed in their 
 cinnilry, blessed in the fruit nf their bodies, and the 
 fiuilef their eroiimls; hles*J in their Imsket and in 
 iSieir St, ire : in a word, bh^ssed in whatioever they take 
 in hand, or gn about: the earth vieldiu^ plentil'ul in- 
 crease to .ill their paint'ul labor. ^' — '* \Vere it not to 
 avoid prolixity, Iceuld say a jrreat deal more, and yet 
 Bay too lillle, to shiivv bow free are thesi,' parts of the 
 world from that pride and oppression, witli tiieir mise- 
 rable elVecls. wliieli man , nay almost all, jiarls of the 
 world are troubled with. There, a waf^on or cart gives 
 as irood roiilent as a coach: and a piece of their home- 
 iii.iil.' cloth better than the tiiiest lawns or richest silks; 
 and tbou:!h their low-roofed houses may seem to shut 
 tl eir doors a!;aii|st pride and luxury, yet. how do they 
 fitand wide open to let charity in and out, either to as- 
 sist each other or to relieve a stranger! and the dis- 
 tance of place from other nations dotli secure them 
 from the envi.ins froniis of ill-alfected neighbors, and 
 the troubles which usually arise thence." Denton. V.h'iD. 
 
 \Vhat a con; rast there is between this happy picture 
 and the state of I'.iiropean society about the same pe- 
 riod, as di'picted by l)e I'oe in the most celebrated of 
 hi.a romances I — " t saw tlie world busy around me ; 
 one part laboring for bread, anil the other si|iriiidering 
 it in vile excesses or empty pleasures:" — "The men 
 of labor spent their .strength in daily strugglings fin- 
 bread to maintain the vital power they laboured with; 
 Ko living in a daily circulation of sorrow; living but to 
 work, and working but to live, as if daily bread were 
 the only end of n wearisome life, and a wearisome life 
 tlie only occasion of daily bread." 
 
 NoTK [ai] p. ,Tfr2.— From the writings of the modern 
 historians and apologists of qnakerisin.we might be led 
 to suppose that none of the qiiakers who were imprison- 
 ed by the magistrates of Kngland at this period had 
 been accuseil of alight else but the profession of their 
 peculiar doctrinal tenets, or attendance at their peculiar 
 places of worship. Uiit very dillerent accounts of the 
 causes of their imprisonment have been transmitted by 
 some of the snilerers themselves; and, Ironi the tenor 
 of these it is manifest that the only wrong they sustain- 
 ed from the magistrates was, that they were eoininilted 
 to prison, instead of being cnnlined in lunatic hospitals. 
 The moil remarkable of tlie.-e compositions is the Nar- 
 rative of the I'erseciitiou of Solomon F.ccles, in the 
 yea: 111.')!), written by himself, and dated from New- 
 gate, where he describes himself as "a prisoner for the 
 tesiiinoiiy of the Lord." This man, who was a qnaker, 
 nod a 'iiilor in London, relates, that •■ It was clearly 
 »!iowed to mo Hint I slinuld go to the steeple-house in 
 Aldermanbnry the lirst day of Ihe week then following, 
 mill take with me something to work, and do it in the 
 pulpit at their singing time." So, after much n using, 
 " I iiiirpiised to carry with ino a pocket to sew." lie 
 rBpaireil to Edmund Calainy's chapel, and watching his 
 
 opportunity, made his way into the pulpit. " i sat my- 
 self down upon Ihe cushion, and mv feet upon lb" seat 
 where the priest, when he hath told out his lies, dolli 
 sit down, and, having my work ready, I pulled one or 
 two stitches." When the people began to perseciile 
 him. i.e. to pull hiin down, he cared not if they had 
 killed him, "fori was full of joy, and they were full 
 of wralh and inailness." He was carried before Ihe; 
 mayor. " Then said he to me, ' Wherefore ilid you ■ 
 work there.'' I said, 'In obedience to the Lord's com- ! 
 inaudinent.' Ho said it was a false spirit: and said he, 
 ' Where are yonr sureties?' I said, the Lord was my | 
 security." Accordingly, his persecution was consum- 
 mated by a commitment to Newgate. " Now, let nil 
 setter feoplr, jwige whctlier I did this thing out of envy 
 against either priest or people. Yea, farther, 1 say, 
 tho Loril lav it not to their charge who have said thai' I 
 did it in iiKilice, devilishtit'ss, and envy," iVc. &c. This 
 singular narrative is republished in the Slate Trials, 
 vol. vi. p.'.)9d. 
 
 Note [23] p. 303.— Of this diversity the fu'lowing 
 inslaiice may serve as a specimen. When the statute 
 against the (piakers began to be generally enforced. 
 George Uishop. a man of some eniiuence among Ihein. 
 reinonslr.ited against it in these terms; " To the king 
 and both houses of parliament, TAiu $aith the LonI, 
 .Meddle not with my people because of their conscience 
 to me. and banish them not out of the nation because 
 of their conscii.'uce; for if you do I will send my plagues 
 among yon, and you shall know that I am the Lord. 
 Written in obedienee to the Lord, by bis .servant, (;. 
 Dislion." Uoiigh and' ,Se.well. \. "iVi Very dillerent 
 was tile remonstraiiee which William I'euu nddn'ssed 
 on the sani'! subject to t!iu king of I'olaud. in whose 
 dominions a severe perseculiou was iiisliluted against 
 Ihe ipiakers. " (iive us poor christians." says he, 
 •' leave to ex|io<liil lie wilh thee. .Suppose we are 
 tares, as the true wheal li;ilh always been called, yet 
 pluck IIS 11(11 up for ('hrisi's sake, who saith, Let the 
 tares and the wheat grow up iiiilil the harvest, thiit is, 
 until the end of the world. Let tied have his due as 
 well as t'lesar. 'J'lie jiidginen; of coiiseience beloiig- 
 elh uiilo him and mistakes about religion are known tu 
 him alone." Clarkson's 1;. ! of I'enn, i. 18i). 
 
 NoET [23] p. 30'!. — ll is not dilliciilt to understand 
 how a friendly intercourse origir.Bted between the lead- 
 ing persons among the ipnkers and Charles the Second 
 and his brother. The ipiakers desired to avail them- 
 selves of the authority of the king for the establishment 
 of a general toleration, and their own especial defence 
 against the enmity and dislike of their numerous adver- 
 saries. The king and his brother regarded with great 
 benevolence Ihe principles ol' non-resistance professed 
 by these sectaries, and found in them the only cla.ss of 
 proteslauts who could be rendered instrumental to their 
 design of re-estublishing popery by the preparatory 
 measure of a general toleration. But how the friendly 
 relation llius created between the rryal brothers and 
 such men as IViin and Uarchiy should have continued 
 to subsist nninierrupted by all the tyranny and treach- 
 ery which the reigns of these princes disclosed, is a dilH- 
 euliy which their contemporaries were unable to solve 
 in any oilier manner than by considering the ipnikers 
 as at bottom Ihe votaries of popery and arbitrary power. 
 The mcri.' modern and juster. as well as more charita- 
 ble censure is, that they were tho dupes of kingly ciMir- 
 ti;sy, crart, and dissiinulalion. They endeavored to 
 make ;in instriiiiient of the king; while he permitted 
 them to Hatter theiiLselves wilh this hope, that he might 
 avail himself of their instrumentality for the nccom- 
 plislnnent of his own designs. 
 
 Perhaps since the days when the prophets of Israel 
 were divijiely commissioned to rebuke their olVending 
 nioiiarchs, no king was ever addressed in terms of more 
 dignified admonition that Robert Barclay has employed 
 in concluding the dedication of his famous Ajiotogij fur 
 the Qiuihers to Charles the Second. " There is no king 
 in the worhl." he bids him remember, "who can so 
 experimeiit:illv testify of (iod's providence and good- 
 ness; neither is there any who rules so many free peo- 
 ple. 80 manv true Chri.stlans; which thing renders thy 
 government iTiore honorable, and thyself more consi- 
 derable, than the accession of many nations filled with 
 slavish and superstitions souls. '1 lion has tasted of 
 prosperity and adversity ; thou knowest what it is to be 
 banished thy native country and to be overruled, as 
 well as to rule and sit upon the throne ; and being op' 
 pressed, thou hast ivasoii to know how hateful tlie op 
 prcssi r is bulJi tu (iod and man. If after all these 
 
 warnings and advertisemeuls. ibon dost not turn iinta 
 the Lord with all thy heart, but forget him who remem- 
 bered thee inlhy dislr '-.s. a i ! : ve ibvself up to follow 
 Inst and vinily. siir.-iy great will he tliy rondi'innatinii." 
 Vet Chirh's giive liiiuself up to Inst and liiiiily. with- 
 out apprehending or experieni'ing any diniiimtiou of 
 the regards of his qnaker friiuids ; ami Ihe tyranny and 
 oppression that stained tbe conduct of he'.liC'harlesaiid 
 James rendered them hntefnl to all men except the ca- 
 tholics and the qnakers. The horrible cruelties in- 
 flicted by the orders, and in the presence of James him- 
 self on the Scottish covenanters iiiiist have beiin per- 
 fectly well known to Barclay, lint perhaps his svnipn- 
 tliv with the siilVerers was abated by the lainentalile in- 
 tolerance which many of thesis unfortnnatc victims of 
 bigotry thenselves evinced. There were few of them 
 who, even in the midst nf their own aHlictions, did 
 liol bequeath a dying testhnony to tlieir cnnntrynien 
 against the .^tii of tolerating the hlasphemous heresy 
 of the qnakers See 'J'Ae Cloud of ll'Unesses, Wood 
 row's History, ik.*id other works illustrative of ihat 
 period. 
 
 Of the cajolery th.it was practised by King James 
 upon the qnakers, I think a remarkable instance is 
 afforded, very nnintentioiially. by .Mr. Clarkson. in his 
 .Memoirs of William Peiin, vol. li. can. L In the yeai 
 llW't (iilbert l^tey, an eminent ipialter minister, hav- 
 ing been presented by Penn to this prince, thanked 
 him for his Dtxltiriitiun of htdulgence in favor ofqn.a- 
 kers and other ilissenters, adding an expression of his 
 hope, that, :is the king had remeinhered the qnakers in 
 their distress, so God might remember him in his dis- 
 tress. Soul'! lime after when J nines, expelled from 
 Lngland, was endeavoring to make head against his 
 adversaries in Ireland, he sent a nhj^sage to Latey, coii- 
 li'ssing that the revohition had approved him so fiir a 
 prophet, inasinnch as the king had f'allen into distress. 
 But Latey was not satisfied with this partial testiiiiony. 
 and reminded James, thai as his life had been saved 
 at the battle of the Boyne. the iirutiliiry that h;id been 
 addressed tu him was entirely fnlliiled. 
 
 NorE['2-l] p. 307. — Gabriel Thomas, the antlior of 
 this pleasing little work, which is dediealeil to Sir John 
 .Mo9re ami Sir Thomas Liine, aljermen of Loudon, 
 and at tliit time two of the principal proprietaries ol 
 Weft Jersey, was a ipiaker, and the .'Viend of Penii- 
 to whom at the same time he dedicated a correspond, 
 ing history of the province of Pennsylvania. His 
 chief aim in writing iie declares to li;ive been to inform 
 tlie labouring poor of Britain of the oppoitiinily alVoril- 
 ed to them by these coloiii:il seltlemeiits. of exchanging 
 a slate of ill-rewarded toil, or of begg.'dy and burden 
 some deiiendence, for a coiidilion at oiee more useful, 
 honorable, prosperous, ;ind liafniy. • .Now. reader," 
 he thus concludes, '• liaviiig no more to add of any 
 moment or im{)ort;iuce, I salute Iliee in Christ, and 
 whether thon st.aycst in Kngland, Seolland. Irelaml. or 
 Wales, or goes! to Peunsylv.ania, West or I'.ast Jersey. 
 I wish thee all health and' happiness in this, and ever 
 lasting comfort, ill God, in the world to coine. I'are 
 thee well !" 
 
 Note [2.")] p. SO?. — The following inslanee of the 
 sensitiveness of the qnakers to the reputation of ',vil- 
 liain Penn and his institutions. I believe li;is never be 
 fore been published, and 1 think deserves to be made 
 known. When Winlerbothani undertook the compila- 
 tion of his " Historical, (leograpliical, Commerciul, and 
 Philosophical View of the Ameriian United Stales," he 
 was encouraged to |iursiie his labors by the assurance 
 of iinineroiis subscriptions, a gn-at part of which were 
 obtained from Lnglish qnakers. The aiitliorilies which 
 he consulted on the subject of Pennsylvania, gave him 
 an insight into the lamentable dis'.eusions that had 
 occurred between the founder of this province and bis 
 qnaker colonists, and iiulnced him to form an opinion 
 unfavorable to the eqiiitv of Penn, and to the moileru- 
 tioti of both parties. Tfie historical part of his account 
 of this province was accordingly wrilteii in a strain 
 calculated tu convey this impression, rnlbrlunalelv 
 for him this came to be known just when bis uorii 
 was ready for publication and delivery to the sub- 
 scribers. Theonakers inslantly withdrew their subscrip 
 tioiis, a step that involved Wiuterbotham in the most 
 serious embarrassment. Alarmed at this unexpected 
 blow, the nnfortnnate author, then a prisoner in New 
 gate for seditions expressions of which i'e is now ge- 
 gerally acknowledged to have been inno-crl, ap|-!icd 
 to the late William Uillwyn. of Walthainstuw. and 
 tlirowiuji himself on the humanity of that venerable 
 
 to oh 
 
 niixon 
 he rec 
 passat 
 I ho ail 
 Ihey a 
 in the 
 why 
 could 
 1708, 1 
 
 An 
 parliaii 
 previui 
 year of 
 of the 
 ■nap 
 and bui 
 
NORTH AMERiCA. 
 
 847 
 
 [urn unto 
 Id ri'inom- 
 (0 lollow 
 iiiivilinn." 
 
 inly. Willi- 
 
 nntion of 
 rininy and 
 ;iiiirlo'< ami 
 •pi I'ne cii- 
 rni'ltieii in- 
 laineii liiin- 
 ; bcon jilt- 
 hia nvnipn- 
 iL'ntaI>le in- 
 vicliins of 
 BW of ihom 
 iction-^. ^>^ 
 •oiintrymen 
 loiis licreKV 
 uses. Wooil 
 live of Jv't 
 
 King Ji>in<;» 
 iiistunce i» 
 rk'iin. in liis 
 In lliB veal 
 iiinisUT. liiiv- 
 iice. llmnked 
 avor oftina- 
 enHion of his 
 lie c|nakors in 
 lin in Ilia <li!'- 
 xiielU'J from 
 ,il against his 
 U) l.atcy.oon- 
 liiin »" far a 
 inlo ilislrcss. 
 tial tesliiiiony. 
 Ill lieeii saveil 
 tliat liiid been 
 
 tlie nlltlior of 
 li'ilto SirJolm 
 L>ii of hiiiulon, 
 iiroprii'tariiw ol 
 lend of reiiu- 
 I a correspond, 
 svlvania. His 
 I'leeii lo inform 
 iirlmiity alVord- 
 . of exi'linngiiig 
 ly and burden 
 !■(■ more useful, 
 \ow. reader," 
 to add of any 
 n Clirisl, anil 
 .ml. Ireland, or 
 ,ir r.asl Jersey, 
 and ever 
 10 come. Tare 
 
 inslance of it"', 
 niation of '«v il- 
 s never be 
 ,, , to be inada 
 noli tlie compila- 
 'iinimercial, and 
 iiiiid States," lie 
 by die assurance 
 rt'i.r wbicli were 
 aiilborilies which 
 Ivallia, !!ave liini 
 iii.sions that had 
 province and his 
 orm an opinion 
 I til the niodera- 
 .irl of hi« account 
 ritteii in a strain 
 Inforlnnalelv 
 when hia "ork 
 i.ry to llie slib- 
 e\v their siibscrip 
 lliaiii in the most 
 this unexpccled 
 iri«oner in New 
 ,ch ie is now g'- 
 inno-trl, api'lifJ 
 'iltliamstow, and 
 )f iliat venerable 
 
 id 
 
 min, ininlorcd hii powerful intcrccasion with the nieni- 
 bera of his rcligioua fraternity. By hia advice, Win- 
 terbulhain eoii&enled to cancel the objectionable por- 
 tion of the work, and, in the place of il, there was sub- 
 atitutcd a coinposilioii on the same subject from the 
 pen ol Mr. Uillwyn. A few copies of I. ic work in its 
 original slate having got into circulation, there was 
 adiled to the preface in the reiiiaiiiing copies an apology 
 for itie error into which the author declared that he had 
 been lielrayed with regard to the character oJ' Pcnn and 
 his colonists. The (Quakers, on being apprised of this, 
 complied at once with the solicitation of their respecled 
 friend, and fullilled their engagements with Winter- 
 liiitliam. This anecdote was rel.-xted to me by Mr. 
 Dillwyn himself. The contribution which this excel- 
 lent [lerson, cclebraled in ClarksonV History of the 
 Abolition of the Slave Trade, thus made to Winterbo- 
 thain's work, is characterised by his usual mildness and 
 indulgence. Without denying the existence of uiiha|>- 
 py dissensions in Pennsylvania, lie auggchts reasons fur 
 supposing that they originated in mutual misapprehen- 
 sion, and were neither violent nor lasting. An apolo- 
 gelical vein pervades the whole composition, of which 
 the only fault is, that, unlike the generality of Quaker 
 productions, it is a great deal too short. Mr. Uillwyn 
 was a native of New Jersey, and had devoted a great 
 deal of attention to the history of .America. 
 
 NoTK [2«] p. 309.— Bishop Burmt relates that Penn, 
 in alluding to ihc executions of Mrs. Gaunt and .\lder- 
 man Cornish, at which he had attended as a spectator, 
 said, th.at "the king was greatly to be pitied!" and 
 endeavored to palliate his guilt, by ascribing hia parti- 
 cipation in these and other atrocities, to the influence 
 that Jelfries had aeqiiired over his mind. Unfortunately 
 for the credit of this wretched apology, the king was 
 not under the influence of Jelfries when he ordered and 
 witnessed the infliction of torture on the covenanters 
 in Scotland ; and the disgrace into which Jefl'ries fell 
 iinmedialely before the Kevolution, for refusing to gra- 
 tify the king by professing popery, and pretending to 
 keep a corner of his conscience sacred from the royal 
 doniiiiion, shows how voluntary and how limited the 
 king's pretended subjection to hiin truly was. It is 
 related in the diary of Henry Lord Clarendon, that 
 Jetl'ries expressed his uneasiness to this wobleinan at 
 the king's impetuosity and want of moderation. When 
 Jelfries was imprisiMied in the Tower at the Revolu- 
 tion, he assured Tutchin, one of his victims, who came 
 to visit and exult over him, that on returning from his 
 bloody circuit in the west, he had been " snubbed at 
 court for being too merciful." Kirke, in like mainer, 
 when reproached with his cruellies, declared, that they 
 Had greatly fallen short of the letter of his instructions. 
 
 For the credit of Penn's humanity, it may be proper 
 to observe, that it was common, in that age, for persons 
 of the highest respectability, and, among others, for 
 noblemen and ladies of rank, in their coaches, to attend 
 executions, especially of remarkable sulferers. See va- 
 rious passages in that learned and interesting work, 
 Howell's State Trials. 
 
 Note [27.] p. 310. — Colonel Nicholson, an active 
 agent of the crown, both before and after the English 
 Revolution, who held oflice successively in many of 
 the colonies, and was acquainted with the condition of 
 them all, in a letter to the Board of Trade, in lfi98, 
 observes, that *'A great many people o( all the rolo~ 
 nirXf especially in those under proprietaries, think that 
 no law of England ought to be binding on them, with- 
 out their own consent ; for they foolishly say, that they 
 have no repreaentativea sent from themselves to the 
 parliament of England ; and they look upon all laws 
 made in England, that put any restraint upon them, to be 
 great hardships." State Papers, apiid Chalmers, 443. 
 
 In the inlrmluclion to the historical work of Uld- 
 mixon, who boaata of the assistance and information 
 he received from William Penn, we find this remarkable 
 passage ; — ** The Portuguese have so true a notion of 
 the advantage of such colonies, that to encourage them, 
 they admit the citizens of Goa to send deputies to ait 
 in the assembly of the Ck>rteB, And if it were asked, 
 why our colonies have not their representatives, who 
 could presently give a satiafactory answer 1" Edit. 
 1708, p. 34. 
 
 An extenaion of the right of electing members of 
 parliament, to a part of the realm which had not been 
 previously represented there, occurred in the thirty-fifth 
 year of the reign of Henry the Eighth. The inhabitants 
 of the county Palatine and city of Cheater complained, 
 in a petition to the king, " that, for want of knights 
 uid burgesses in the court of parliament, they auatained 
 
 manifold damages, not only in their lands, goods, and | which reflects very little credit on the honesty of any 
 bodies, but in the civil and pohlic governance a.idiof the persons who were iinplicited in it. At that 
 
 niaintenanceof the comnionweallh of their said county ;' ••■-- ' — ' '' — ' ■■■ ' — 
 
 and that while they hail been always bound by the .nets 
 and alatules of the f lid court of parliament, ihc s.anie 
 as other counties, cities, and b, - igbs, that had 
 knights and burgesses in said court, they had olteii 
 been touched and grieved with acts ami statutes, made 
 within Ihc said court, as well derogatory unto the most 
 ancient jurisdictions, liberties, and privileges of the 
 said county Palatine, as prejudicial unto the common- 
 wealth, quietness, and peace of his majesty's subjects." 
 They proposed as a remedy, " that it would please his 
 highness, that it he enacted, with the assent of the lords 
 spiritual and temporal, and by the commons in parlia- 
 ment assembled, that, from the end of the session, the 
 county Palatine shall have two knights fur the said 
 county i and likewise two citizens, to be burgesses for 
 the city of Chester." The complaint was thought just 
 and reasonable, and the petitioners were accordingly 
 admitted to send representatives to parliament. 
 
 Various instances of similar proceedings occurred in 
 the reigns of this monarch's successors — Edward the 
 Sixth, Mary, and Elizabeth ; the latter of whom created 
 twenty-four new boroughs in England. 
 
 Note [28] p. 314. — In the year ltj84, there was pub- 
 lished, by one of these emigrants, " The Planter's 
 Speech to his Neighbors and Countrymen of Pennsyl- 
 vania ;" a composition which reminds lis of some of 
 the productions of the early colonists of New England 
 "The motives of your retreating to these new habita- 
 tions," says this writer, " I apprehend, measuring your 
 sentiments by iny own, to hav.» been, — 
 
 " Ist. The desire of a peaceable life, where we might 
 worship God and obey his law, with freedom, according 
 to the dictates of the divine principle, unincumbered 
 with the mouldy errors occasioned by the fierce inva- 
 sions of tradition, politic craft, and covetous or ambi- 
 tious cruelty. 
 
 " 2d. That we might here, .is on a virgin Elysian 
 shi re, commence, or improve, such an innocent course 
 of life, as might unload us of those outward cares, 
 vexations, and turmoils, whic.i before we were always 
 subject unto from the hands of self-designing and un- 
 reasonable men. 
 
 "3d. That, as Lot, by flying to little Zmr, from 
 the ungodly company of a more populous and niagnili- 
 ccnt dwelling, we might avoid being grieved with the 
 sight of infectious, as well as odious, ex.imples, of 
 horrid swearings, cursings, drunkenness, gluttony, un- 
 cleanness, and all kinds of debauchery, continu.-ilty 
 committed with greediness ; and also escape the judg- 
 ments threatened to every land polluted with such abo- 
 minations. 
 
 " 4lh. Th.tt as trees are transplanted from one soil 
 to another, to render them more thriving and better 
 bearers, so we here, in peace and secure retirement, 
 under the bountiful protection of God, and in the lap of 
 the least adulterated nature, might every one the heller 
 iinproTe hia talent, and bring forth more plenteous 
 fruits to the glory of God, and public welfare of the 
 whole creation. 
 
 " 5th. And lastly, that in order hereunto, by our 
 holy doctrine, and the practical tctictiitifrs of our exem- 
 plary abstemious lives, transacted in all humility, so. 
 briety, plainness, self-denial, virtue, and honesty, we 
 might gain upon those thousands of poor dark souls 
 scattered round about us, and commonly, in way of 
 contempt and reproach, called heathens, and bring 
 them not only to a state of civility, but real piety 
 which elTeeted, would turn to a more salisfactorv ac- 
 count than if, with the proud Spaniards, we had gained 
 the mines of Polosi." " These thoughts, these designs, 
 my friends, were those that brought yon hither ; and so 
 far only as you pursue and accomplish them, you obtain 
 the end of your journey." "Our business, therefore, 
 here, in this new land, is not so much to build houses, 
 and establish factories, and promote trade and manu- 
 factures, that may enrich ourselves, though all these 
 things in their due place are not to be neglected, as to 
 erect temples of holiness and righteousness, which God 
 may delight in." Ar.ong other advices, which this 
 writer proceeds to communicate, he recommenda not 
 only the refraining from all wanton waste of inferior 
 animal life, but a total abstinence from animal food. — 
 Proud, i. 226, &c. 
 
 NoT« [29] p. 317. — Of the long prevalence of this 
 feeling among the Quakers, innumerable instances 
 might be adduced. One of the most remarkable, is a 
 Iranuetton which occurred in England, in 1705, and 
 
 lime, !jord (>'ornbury, the royal governor of New Vork, 
 in conjunction with the royal governor of .Massai-huseits, 
 and various enemies of colonial liberty in England, 
 were endeavoring to supply Queen ..Vniie's miiiistera 
 with some prt-lext for annulling ilie charter of ('oniiec- 
 licul. To this end, they preferred agairst the govern- 
 ment of this jirovince a great variety o( charges, somo 
 of which were so manifestly incapable of abiding par- 
 liamentary scrutiny, or judicial investigation, that they 
 could not have been intended to serve anv other pur- 
 pose than that of discrediting the colonial government 
 in the opinion of the English public, and alialing the 
 sympathy by which the colonists were aided in the de- 
 fence of their liberties. Among other priiceedinija of 
 this description, the enemies of the colony laid hold o{ 
 one of the laws that li<ad been passed by the Connecti- 
 cut assembly, more than fifty years before, against the 
 Quakers, at the time of the general perseculion of these 
 sectaries in New England ; and w hich, as it had been 
 enacted before the last Connecticut charter was grant- 
 ed, could never imply an abuse ol the powers which 
 Ibis charter conferred. A complaint against this law- 
 was presented lo the queen in council, describing it aj 
 an ordinance recently enacted, and beseeching her nia- 
 jesly's interposition lo prevent the injustice which it 
 threatened from being carried inlo ellect. In vain the 
 colonial agents endeavored lo prevent the sanction of a 
 royal order from heiiig given to this charge by otleriiig 
 lo prove, that the law h;id been enacted half a century 
 before ; that it had never been carried inlo ellect even at 
 that tune, and was long since ileenied obsolete, and 
 that no suspieitm could now have been reasonably en- 
 tertained of .in .altempl to revive it, as there was not .a 
 single Qu.-iker living in the colony. ,Vn order of coun- 
 cil was issued, nevertheless, staling the complaint ex 
 .aclly in the terms in which it had been presented, and 
 annulling the law as a rece'il en.acliiient, and contrary 
 lo the coloni.al charter To give greater efllea.-y lo this 
 proceeding, the Quakers of London, who li.ul been in- 
 stigated lo sufiport tlie conqilaint, and must, therefore, 
 have known tlie explanation which il hid received, pre- 
 sented a public address of thanks to the queen for lier 
 gr.icious interposiliim in behalf of their brethren in 
 New England ; taking especial care so to word their 
 representation of what she hid done, that the public 
 should not be undeceived as lo the ibite of the law that 
 had been repealed. Nay, more lliaii seventy years 
 after, Robert Proud, a Quaker, ami .•\nieriean historiin, 
 with astonishing ignorance, or shameful partiality, pub- 
 lished a copy of the queen's order in council, and of mo 
 Quaker aiidress, with the preliminary remark, lli,at 
 "About this time, (anno 1705,) tl e Quakers, in .\me- 
 riea, seem lo h.ive had reason lo he alarmed by a sin- 
 gular act of .\sseiiibly, passed in the colony of Connec- 
 ticut ; the substance or purport of which appears by the 
 order of Queen Anne in council, iiiaiie upon that occa- 
 sion." Proud, 1. 46.5, 6. Trumbull's Connecliciit, 
 i. 420. 
 
 William Penn, prolwhly, partook of the oeneral prijn- 
 diee entertained by his fellow sectaries against tho 
 people of .New England -, ami it is certain that be cir- 
 ried on a friendly corresponilence wilh KanilMlph, who 
 had rendered himself, so odious to Ih.it people, and done 
 so much to destroy their liberties {ante, h. ii. cap iv. 
 and V ) But it is with sincere ple.isure, I add, that 
 he appears to have had no concern whatever with this 
 proceeding of the London Ijiiakers, in 1705 Indeed,- 
 it appears (from Clarkson's Life of him, vol. ii. cap 
 xvi.) that he was at this lime involved in great p.-rplex 
 ity by the embarrassed sl.-ite of bis circuinstaiice-i, and 
 compelled to reside within the rules of the V'leet prison 
 It is the more necessary to note this, as two yc::rs he 
 fore he had carried up an address from the Quakers ol 
 England to Queen .\nne, thanking her for her general 
 declaration of inilulgence to all dissenters. 
 
 No sectaries have ever evinced a stronger corporate 
 spirit than tlie Ijuakers. None have shown a keener 
 sense or more lasting resentment of injuries sustained 
 by any . ember of their fraternity. Il was the opinion 
 of Turgot, says his biographer Condorcel, "that only 
 Hood men were capable of sustaining indignalion and 
 displeasure." In truth, this is a frailly which many 
 good men have too readily indulged. Deeming oil'ences 
 against themselves olVenees against goodness, and con- 
 vinced of their own good intentions, they have forgot- 
 ten lo believe in their own imperfections, or to make 
 allowance for the infirmities of others ; and so have 
 cherished passions and prejudices that obscured their 
 moral discrimination, and, on some occaaions, rendered 
 their general honesty of little avail. 
 
 i. 'J 
 
I I 
 
 m 
 
 Thu i|ui>kurD Imvu »lw»ya dolightcit to exaggerate tho 
 pertiHrutloii-t tti.'it tliey have encountered. An illutitri- 
 uiH I'ri'iirli traveller hat been so I'ar deceived by their 
 vague tU'cl.Ltnatious oil tiiiH topic, aii to iix^iert that qua- 
 kerx wiTi", at one time. ««/ (ot/u! torture in New Kug- 
 land. — ItocheroucuiiU'ii Trr.veln, i. Wi't. 
 
 \oT» [HO] p. 3'Jl — Of the conditii' I in which Penn 
 cnntniued to hiiger for u number of years belbre lii^i 
 death, an interenting nccouiit is given by Thoniiu Sto- 
 ry tlie qu.iker, (whose account of the yellow fever at 
 riiiladeiphia in WM I have already noticed,) who, ar- 
 riving from America in 1713, proceeded to pay it visit 
 to all that remained of his venerable friend. '' He was 
 tlieii," says titory, " under the lamentable eflecta of an 
 ajioplectic tit which he had had some time before; for 
 his iiieinory was almost quite lost, and the use of bis 
 understanding suspended, so that he was not so con- 
 versable as formerly, and yet as near the truth, in the 
 love of it, as before ; wherjin appeared the great uier- 
 cy and favour of (jod, who looks not as man look.«. Kor 
 though to some this accident might look like judgment, 
 and no doubt his enemies so accounted it, yet it will 
 hear quite another interpretation, if it be considered 
 how little time of rest he ever had from the importuni- 
 ties of iliealViirs of ulhers, to the great hurt of his own, 
 and j.ispension of all Ills enjoyments, till this happen- 
 ed 10 him, by which he was rendered incapable of oil 
 husin<tss, and yet sensible of the eiijoynient of truth as 
 ut any time in all his life. When I went to the house, 
 I thought myself strong enough to see him in that con- 
 dition; but when I entered the room, and perceived the 
 great defect of his e.xpressinns from want of incmory, 
 it gr.tatl^' bowed my spirit under a consideration of the 
 uncertainty of all hum ill i|iialilications, and what the 
 fiiius^of iniMi are soon reduced to by a disorder of the 
 orguti.) of that body with which the soul is cniiiiected and 
 acts during this present iiiu Je of being. When these are 
 but a little ubnriicted in their various functions, a man of 
 tlie clearest parts iiiil finest expression becomes scarce- 
 ly intelligible. Nevertheless, no insanity or lunacy at 
 ull appeared in his actions; and his mind was ill an 
 innocent state, as appeared by his very loving deport 
 nient to all that came near hiin. Anil that he had still 
 u rood sense of truth, is plain by some very clear sen- 
 tences he spoke in the life and power of truth in an 
 evening meeting we had together there, wherein we 
 ;.'ere greatly comforted; so that I was ready to think 
 iJiLs was a sort of sequestration of him from all the 
 concerns of his life, which so much oppressed him, 
 1 ot in j..dgtnent, but in mercy, that he might have rest, 
 ai:i not be oppressed thereby to the end." — Clarkson, 
 ii. XX->. Vet some writers have believed that, at tills 
 very time, Penn was engaged with the Jacobites in con- 
 certing plots ill behalf of the Pretender. This alle- 
 gation appeared tlie more plausible, as proceeding from 
 
 IIISTURV OF 
 
 tfao State Papers (published by Macphersun) of Nuirne, 
 an under secretary at the Pretender's court ; alllioir li 
 the statements in thi>se papers are founded entirely on 
 the reports sent to France by two obscure Jacobite 
 spies in Knglanil. 
 
 William Penn lingered in this cundition till the :intli 
 of July, 171H, when he closed his long and laborious 
 life. This event, though long expected, was deeply be- 
 wailed in Pennsylvania; and the worth of Penn honor- 
 ably commemorated by tlie tardy gratitude of his peo- 
 ple.— Proud, ii. 105. 1*. 1*J. 
 
 NoT« [31] p. 329. — " It ia remarkable," says a dis- 
 tinguished modern statesman and philosopher, " how 
 exactly the history of tlie Carthaginian monopoly re- 
 sembles that of the European nations who have colo- 
 nized America. At first, the distant settlement could 
 admit of no immediate restraints, but demanded all the 
 encouragement and protection of the parent state; and 
 the gains of its commerce were neither suthciently al- 
 luring to tlie Carthaginian merchant from their own 
 magnitude, nor necessary to him from the dilKciilty of 
 liiiding employment for iiis capital in other directions. 
 At tills period, tlie colony w:is led to itself, and was 
 allowed to manage its own atiairs in its own way, un- 
 der the superintendanco and care of Cartliarge, which 
 protected it from foreign invasion, but neglected its 
 commerce. In this favourable predicament, it soon 
 grew into importance; some of tlie Carthaginian nier- 
 clianLs most probably found tlieir way thither, or pro- 
 moted tlin colonial ■peculations by loans; at any 
 rate, by furnishing a ready demand for the nide pro- 
 duce. 
 
 " In this stage of its progress, then, we find the colo- 
 ny trade lel\ free; for the lirst of tlie two treaties, pro- 
 hibiting all the Roman ships of war to approach within 
 a certain distance of the coast, allows the trading ves- 
 sels free access to all the harbors, both of the continent 
 and the colonies. This intercourse is even encouraged 
 with the port of Carthage, by a clause freeing the ves- 
 sels entering, from almost all import duties. The treaty 
 includes the Roman and Carthagonian allies; by which 
 were probably meant theircolonies, as well us the friend- 
 ly powers; and the clause, which expressly includes the 
 colony of Sicily, gives the Romans all the privileges in 
 that island which the Carthaginians themselves enjoyed. 
 At this period, it is probiHile that the commerce of 
 Rome e.xcited no jealousy, and the wealth of tlie colo- 
 nies little avarice; although a dread of tlie military 
 prowess of the former seems to have given rise to tlie 
 negotiation. 
 
 " Some time aderwards another treaty, conceived in 
 a dilferent spirit, and formed exactly upon tlie princi- 
 ples of tlic mercantile system, was concluded between 
 those celebrated rival powers. The restrictions upon 
 Uie navigation of the Roman ships of war are here ei- 
 
 teiiiled and enforced ; the freedom of entry into tlw 
 port of Carthage is conliiiued, and into the ports of 
 Sicily also, the l(oinaii'< grunting in ihe Cailliaginiaiis 
 like privilecesat Koine. Itiil die Roiiniiis are drliarred 
 I'roin pliiiuierii'g, trading, or sellliiig (a siii;;ular con- 
 jiinction) npoi. tlie coast of .Africa Propria, which was 
 peopled by Cartha^iniun coliinies, anil furnished large 
 Hiijiplies of provisions and money lo the city. Tno 
 same restriction is extended to .Sardinia ; and trading 
 vessels are only permitted to enter the hnrhonr of that 
 colony for tlie space of five days, to relit, if driven 
 thither by stress of weutlier. A singular clause is in- 
 serted, to which close analogies may be traced in the 
 modern questions of neutral rights and iriintraband of 
 war ; — if any Ronion troops shall receive stores from a 
 Carthaginian port, or a port in tlio provincial territoriei 
 of the state, Uioy are bound not to turn tlieni againit 
 either the republic or her allies. 
 
 " The substance of tliis very singular document will 
 suggest various reflections to my readers. I shall only 
 observe, that we find in it the principles of the modern 
 colonial system clearly nufolding themselves ; and that 
 we have every reason to regret the scantiness of our 
 knowledge of tlie Cartliaginian story, which, in so far 
 as relates to the coniiiierce of that people, breaks off 
 here, and leaves us no trace of the tardier restrictions 
 most probably imposed by succeeding statesmen upon 
 the growing trade of tlie colonies." — Brougham's In 
 quiry into the Colonial Policy of the European Powers 
 
 NoTK [39] p. 393. — A good deal of irritotion seems 
 to have been excited in America, in the heginiiing ol^ 
 the eighteenth century, by some discussion that took 
 place in parliament w'ltli regard to a project for the eni- 
 plnymenl of felons in the royal dock-yards of llngland 
 A IJill for tills purpose was passed by tlie House of 
 Commons, but rejecteil by the House of Lords as tend- 
 ing lo discredit his Majesty's service in the dock-yards. 
 This was commented on with just displeasure in on 
 American periodical work, of which some pa.ssagea 
 have been preserved in Sinilh'i History of New York, 
 Ity making felony a passport lo tlie advantages of on 
 establishment in America, says this writer, the number 
 of criminals is multiplied in F.iigland ; and tlic niiserr 
 of the industrious poor is aggnivaled by the discredit 
 attached to the only certain means of improving their 
 condition. " There are thousands of honest men," he 
 continues, " labouring in Kiirope at foiirpence a dny. 
 starving in spite of alldieir efVorLs, a dead weight to the 
 respective parishes to which diey belong ; who, without 
 any other qualifications than common sense, health, and 
 strength, might accumulate estates among us, as many 
 have done already. These, and not die felons, ore the 
 men tliat should be sent over for tlie better peopling the 
 plantations."— 21)8, 9. 
 
 THE 
 
 HISTORY OF ]\ORTH AMERICA.— Contmued. 
 
 Tnfs far Mr. Gr;iliatne's work has enabled us to trace the progress of the Nortli American Continent down to that period when, hy a revolutlonar)' process, a 
 lViit"stant supreiimcy was finally estiibllshcd In the govenimeiit of Great Britain, and new coneesfii'ins to the clniins of popular opinion were secured. 
 We have next to mark the development of the American provinces under a new system, and to follow out the various steps by which the policy of the 
 House of Hanover led to the ultimate estabUshmcnt of an American Nationality. The guidance we have to follow In doing this Is new, liut none the 
 less authoritative and sound. 
 
 New York. Carteret established a port of entry at Am- 
 boy. Andros seized and condemned the vessels which 
 traded there. New York tlien claimed the right of tax- 
 ing tlie Jerseys; but when her collector ventured to 
 prosecute a vessel, judgment was almost invariably given 
 against him. A ipio warranlo issued against East Jer- 
 sey : tlie propri»tors surrendered dieir patent, and it was 
 not long afler, that both Jerseys were annexed to New 
 England. 
 
 A Mr. Dongan was tlie governor who succeeded An- 
 dres in 1683. The French had undertaken to exclude 
 tlie people of New York from the fur trade in Canada; 
 and as tlie Fve Nations were then at war with tlie tribes 
 of that country, Dongan sought revenge by obtaining 
 permission to assist them. The permission was recalled 
 in lO-^fi, and under Audros, New York was shortly after 
 annexed to New England. James II. had ordered the 
 discontinuance of assembUes : the colonists were greatly 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Disputes between New York and New Jersey— Overtlirow of 
 the Royal Govermnent in Now Yorli— Settlement of Penn- 
 sylvania — New Clnirler for Massachusetts — Restoration of 
 the Royal IJoveriirnent in New York— War with tlie French 
 and Indians — Fori Pania(iuid built— Comparative Force of 
 the Colonies in 1695— War Willi Canada— With tlio Spanish 
 Colonies- Uetween Carolina and the Indians— Dissensions 
 in New York- Itoandary settled between Massachusetts and 
 Coniieclieut— Yale College. 
 
 Is l(i74, William Penn obtained an assignment of 
 Lord Berketey's interest in the Jerseys; and in 1676 
 ne released Ea.st Jersey to Carteret. About 1680, afler 
 •ettliug a controversy with the Duke of York, he, witli 
 eleven ollieis, obtained a transfer of Carteret's part; 
 and immediatelv conveyed one half of their interest to 
 the Earl of Pertli and odiers. Continual elforU were 
 made in the meantime for re-onnexing the Jerseya to 
 
 exasperated at the proceeding; and as soon as they 
 heard of the revolution at Boston, they took possession 
 of the fort in King William's noine, and drove the 
 lieutenant-governor out of the country. Captain Ja- 
 cob Leisler, who was the leader of the insurrection, 
 conducted afterwards with so little prudence or mode- 
 ration, that the province wit 'jivided into two factions, 
 and for a long tunc sutfered much inconvenience from 
 tlieir mutual animosities. 
 
 In 1(>81 William Penn obtiined a charter for the 
 territory of Pennsylvania; in April, 1682, he formed a 
 code of laws for his intended colony ; In August he ob- 
 tained from tlie Duke of York a grunt of Newcastle, 
 with the country southward to Cape Hcniopen, and in 
 October of tlie same year he lanued on tlie banks of 
 the Delaware with two tliousand emigrants. Philadel- 
 phia was immediately founded, and within twelve 
 mouths nearly one hundred hou>e> demonstrated th» 
 
 dia 
 Lou 
 
 two 
 
 ber < 
 
 at O 
 
 clino 
 
 posil 
 
 inspi 
 
 iinin 
 
 On I 
 
 Fren 
 
 snov 
 
 briia 
 
 Ihei 
 
 Doisi 
 
 burn 
 •iitrei 
 their 
 ofM 
 
 the' 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 I into lli« 
 . portii of 
 tlinjiininiw 
 I (Irttnrrpd 
 i;;iiliir con- 
 uliirh wn« 
 \AwA InrEO 
 city. Tl'o 
 iiid trndiiig 
 oiir of that 
 , if dtivcn 
 liume is ill- 
 iceil in the 
 utinbimd of 
 ores from a 
 alterritoriei 
 lieni ogiiinit 
 
 cuineiit will 
 1 slrnll only 
 ' the modern 
 f e« ; and that 
 iness of our 
 icii. in 80 far 
 e, breaks off 
 r restrictions 
 tesniell upou 
 DUgliaiii's In 
 peun Towers 
 
 ritation seems 
 beginning of 
 nion that took 
 ?ct for the cm- 
 lUof \'.ngland 
 tlie House of 
 Lords as tend- 
 ill! dock-);nrds. 
 pleasure in an 
 some passages 
 of New York. 
 Ivantages of an 
 tcr, the number 
 ivnd tlie misery 
 by the discredit 
 iiiiproving their 
 louest men," he 
 lurpence a dny. 
 lid weiglit to the 
 /; who, without 
 'cnse.heaUh.and 
 )ng us, as many 
 If felons, are ths 
 Iter peopling *« 
 
 ary proci'ss, a 
 were secured, 
 policy of the 
 luit none tUo 
 
 as soon as they 
 
 .y took posiession 
 
 ■ and drove the 
 
 V. Captain Ja- 
 
 'the insurrection, 
 irudcncc or mode- 
 
 into two factions, 
 (Convenience from 
 
 a charter for the 
 1682, he formed a 
 ; In August he ob- 
 runt of Newcastle, 
 . Henlopen, and ni 
 Id on the banks of 
 Migrants. Phdadel- 
 |nd within twelve 
 demonstrated Iht 
 
 inpidity ..f its growth. Tho proprietor, tliough ap- 
 poir'.cd "captain-general" of his territory, and invested 
 with power to raise, etguip, and lead his forces when- 
 aver it should be uecettsury, did not come to tlie coun- 
 try as a cunqiieriir, and instead of exusperaling the 
 natives by tbrciiig tlieiii to tpiit tlieir lands, conciliated 
 their good will by paying llieiii n sutisfaclory eqnivu- 
 lunt. He cxpuricncud coiisidcralile dithculty, However, 
 ill setlling a dispute with Lord Baltimore about tlie 
 boiiiiibirics of his grant, and alter some IVuitleHii oller- 
 catioii the question was submitted to tile committee of 
 plantations, who decided (hat tho peninsula formed by 
 the bays of Chesapeake and Delaware should be equally 
 divided between the two ilaimaiils by a meridional 
 line, drawn from the forlicth degree of north lalilude to 
 Cape Henlopen. I'lnn's code of laws was founded on 
 tlie eiiliglilencd principle, tlial " liberty, witliout obe- 
 dience, IS euiifr.sion ; and obedience without liberty, is 
 slavery ;" but its complicated provisions were much 
 better in theory than in [iractice, and iiHer many iinsuc- 
 ei'ssfiil attempts lo make it lit the circiiinslauces of the 
 Miloiiy, it was liually uliandoneil for a more simple form 
 ifgoveriiiiienl. I'eiiiisylvaiiia was dilatory in acknow- 
 ledging tlie I'rince of Orange. The government was 
 adminislered in the name ol' James for .some liincatk-r 
 his abdication; and when at lost the projirietor was 
 obliged to recognise William and Mary, he did nut 
 lack adilress to make satisfactory apologies for his delay, 
 
 Nor did .Massaclmselts derive so iiiiich benelit from 
 (he Kevohition lusslie had at first anticipated. In June, 
 l(>(4U, the assembly met at Uostoii, and until orders 
 were received from I'.ngland the council were requested 
 to administer tlie government according to the original 
 charter. The kiiii? sent for Sir f'- v.iid .-Xndros, and the 
 other prisoners; tlie general com. -^"puted two assist- 
 ants, Mr. Cooke and .Mr. Oakes, tOi..d the otiier agents 
 ill procuring a cnuiiniiation of their beloved charter ; 
 hut a new one wan issued in lU'Jl, anil tile colony 
 fuiiiid with no Utile dissatisfaction, that in future the 
 king was to appoint their governor, deputy-governor, 
 and secretary, and timl the governor wiLs lo have the 
 calling, adjuurniiient, prorogation, and dLssoliilioii iit 
 the ii.-'sembly. as well as Uie sole appointment of all 
 inililary, and wilh the council, of all political officers. 
 By another provision I'lymoiith and Nova ijcotia were 
 annexed to MiLssachiisetts; while, contrary to tlie 
 wishes of both parties. New Hampshire was left to a 
 leparate govermueut. In May, Wti, Sir William 
 Pfiipps, the lir.st governor, arrived willi the new charter, 
 which aller all was, in the following June, joyfully ac- 
 cepted by the general ivssembly. 
 
 New Vork was reduced to its fonner idlegianco in 
 March, IIUIl. The conduct and character of Leisler 
 had delermined some of the most respectable men in 
 .lie colony to sttde at Albany, where a convention of 
 die people resolved to retain the fort and country for 
 tlie king and queen. Li.'isler sent against it a small 
 force, under his wortliy lieutenant, one Jacob Mel- 
 bourne, who, though on his first attack, ho found the 
 garrison impregnable lo his sermons against James and 
 popi^ry, was enabled lo subdue them on the second by 
 llie co-operation of die Indians. Their property was 
 confiscated, and Leisler's audiority re-established. But 
 boili liiiiiSLli and his authority were short-lived. He 
 had the folly to riwist the new governor, Colonel Henry 
 riiaughter,. who soon obtained possession of the fort, 
 and ordered Leisler and Melbourne to be executed for 
 nigh treason. Nor wim it with internal enemies alone 
 dial New York had at this lime to contend. In ItWS 
 Louis \IV. despatched some ships of war, under one 
 Caliiniere, in order lo assist Count Frontignac, general 
 of the land forces, in a project for die couipiesl of diat 
 province. Count Frontignac was indefatigable in liis 
 etforts to gain over the Five Nations, who had made 
 two attacks upon Montreal, and murdered a great num- 
 ber of inhabiuinls. He held a great council with them 
 at Onondaga, and as tliey seemed to be somewhat in- 
 clined to peace, he resolved to give their favoumble dis- 
 position no time for change, and at the same time to 
 mspiril his own drooping countrymen, by tinding them 
 immediate employment against die English colonies. 
 On the llldi of January a party of about two hundred 
 French and some Cahniiaga Indians, set out in tlie deep 
 snow for Schenectady : diey arrived on the SUi of Fe- 
 bruary, eleven o'clock at night, and die lirst intimation 
 the inliabitants had of their design was conveyed ui the 
 noise of their own bursting doors. Tho village was 
 burnt; sixty persons wore butchered, twenty-seven 
 snH'ered die worst fate of captivity, and the rest made 
 their way naked through die snow lo Albany. A party 
 of V iung men and some Mohawk Indians set out from 
 tliei latter place, pursued tlie enemy, and killed and 
 
 CJiptnred twenty-five. In die spring and kiimmcr of 
 ItWO, Ne.v Hampshire and Maine were subject lo simi- 
 lar inroads. Miissiirbiihetts titled out sev< n small ves- 
 sels with about eight liiiiiilrcd iiicii. who under Sir 
 William I'liipps bud die puiir rcvinge of tiikin, I'ort 
 Itoyal, 011(1 rcuirni'd on tlii^ Illlth ol Miiy, willi linrdly 
 plunder enough lo pay the expense of equipment. 
 About die same time Count Frontignac made an altack 
 upon Salmon Falls and I'ort Casco. where he killed and 
 captured about one hundred and eighty persons. 
 
 New York, Conneciiciit, ami .Massiichiisetts now re- 
 solvi^d to join in a united attack upon tlie cuinmou 
 enemy. The troops of the formi^r set out by land for 
 .Montreal. Those of the latter, consisting ofidiout two 
 thousand, set sail from rtiaiiluckct on tlie Udi of Au- 
 gust, in a rteel of forty vessels, some of which carried 
 forty-four guns. The land forces did not receive tlie 
 aid they expected from die Five Nations. Their provi- 
 sions lell short, and they were obliged to return. The 
 naval expedition did not ri'acli t>,iiebec till October; 
 the energy of Sir William I'hipps was by no means cal- 
 culated to coiinterbalouce Uie inclemency of die season, 
 and after holding several councils of war, and parading 
 about die place for two or ihree days, it was deemed 
 most expedient to reliirn, and the Heel arrived safely at 
 Boston on die Kith of November. The colony bein; 
 unable to pay olf die troops, they llireatened lo niuliny, 
 and as a Inst resource the general court issued bills of 
 credit, and at the same time imposed a tax payable in 
 those bills at live per cent, obove par. The paper for a 
 lime was worth only fourteen shillings in tlie pound, 
 but it rose above piu- wlie'i die tax was about to be 
 collected. 
 
 The Indians now renewed dieir hostilities. Sir Wil- 
 liam I'liipps went lo I'.ngland for aid, but relumed 
 without elVecling his piirnose. A fort was built at 
 I'amaqiiid. Ibcnille and Villeboiie appeared before it 
 with two ships of war, and some '.'-"iicli and Indians; 
 hut to the no small dis.satisfactioii of ti ■-• latter die late- 
 ness of die season and the want of a pilot, necessitated 
 them to return. In the summer of Ki'JH, king William 
 It length despatched two thousand one hundred sailors 
 and two thousand four biindred soldiers, for die reduc- 
 tion of Uiiebee, but tliey were lirst to capture Alar- 
 tiniqiie ; and before diey reached Boston a contagious 
 fever had carried olf more dian hidf of dieir numbers. 
 Che rest were incapable of service, and die expedition 
 was abandoned. In Itiilfi the conquests which Miuisa- 
 chnsetts had made in die French territory refused dieir 
 obedience. I'amaqnid was taken by Iberville, and 
 New Hampshire was obliged to secure herself from 
 attack, by putting a body of five hundred men under 
 the command of Colonel Church. Bnt Iberville re- 
 tired and dioiigh Church made in turn a succes.'ful 
 inroad upon the French territory, noUiiug of conse- 
 quence took place on eidier side. In die course of the 
 same year a plan was mauircd at the court of Versailles 
 for laying waste all die I'.nglish possessions in America, 
 and it is said that die plan would probably have suc- 
 ceeded, had not the forces appropriated for die purpose 
 been employed in odier service, till die season of ope- 
 ration was past. 
 
 The peace of Riswick put an end to hostilities be- 
 tween the French and Kiiglish on both sides of die 
 Atlantic. All die New Kngland colonies had siiUered 
 severely from die Indians during die war. New York 
 was protected by the Five Nations: and yet, so hide 
 did the English 'ministry know of tho respecUve situa- 
 tions of tlie colonics, or so piu-tial were diey to dial of 
 the Duke of York, that diey formed a design, in Iti'Jo, 
 of uniting the forces of all the odiers for die defence of 
 this. Miussaclmsetts was to furnish three liuiidred and 
 fifty men; Kliodo Island, forty eight: Connecticul, 
 Olio hundred and twenty; New York, two hundred; 
 Pennsylvania, eighty; Maryland, one hundred and 
 sixty ; Virginia, two hundred and fifty ; in all, eleven 
 hundred and ninety -eight. But die plan was never 
 carried into execution. Such of die colonies as were 
 attacked themselves, could not spore troops to defend 
 odiers i and those that were still at peace, could not 
 lell how long diey shorld be. As Virgiiua was pecu- 
 liarly peacefid, she furr .jIics little matter for die pen of 
 the historian. Tho '•jllego of William and Mary ob- 
 tained a charter, in IdO'i; had a liberal endowment, 
 soon after; and was cstablislied at Williamsburgb, in 
 WM. In 1()9S, die state-house at Jamestown was con- 
 sumed by fire ; and, in the following year, the seat of 
 government was removed lo Williamsburg. 
 
 By the treaty of Riswick, Uiere was to be a recipro- 
 cal surrender of all conquests made during the war. 
 But no specific arrangement was entered into, for as- 
 certaining the respecUve boundaries of die English and 
 
 840 
 
 French possessions in America. The mbjcci runiislied 
 ample room for controversy ; and, « ben news hms 
 broii^lit, tliii! Iinsiiliiies had been ri'-eiiiiiiiii need in 
 I urope, it I'niiiid llie colonies in a lit di^piiMjiniii lo wel- 
 come die eveiii. They miituutly (lew to ai;;is; and, as 
 New York liiiil secured lierselC from diiiiger. by assist- 
 ing lo ciiiicluile a Mealy of iiiiilridiiy, belw eeii liie I ivo 
 NaUoiis and the (lOveriior of Ciiiuiiia. New I'.nghiiid 
 was obliged lo endure the w holi' brunt of the war. Pro- 
 
 fiositions were, indeed made for a general neutrality; 
 lul Dudley, the governor of Massiiebiisetts anil New 
 Hampshire, was in hopes of subduing Nova Si otia, and 
 perhaps, Canada; and, in the spring of 1707, he ap 
 plied to Conneciiciit and Kbode Island to assist his 
 own colonies in raising, for the purpose, a bodv of one 
 dinusiind men. The former declined to conlribiile her 
 quota : die troops were raised by the other three ; and 
 on die l^tli of May, the expedition .set sail from Niiii- 
 tiuket in twenty-direc transports, under the convoy of 
 the Deptford man of war, and die Province galley. It 
 arrived at Port Koyal in a few days; but, as Colonel 
 March, though a brave man, was unfit to head so dif- 
 licult an enterprise, little was done beyond the burning 
 of some bouses, and thi< killing of a few ciitde. The 
 officers were jealous of each oilier: all were mistaken 
 as to the stale of the fort ; and it was soon concluded 
 to re-embark die troops. They weri^ led back again by 
 the vicegerents of the governor ; but after spriidiiig ten 
 days in fruitless parade about die fori, they again re-em- 
 barked and came home. 
 
 The colonies were resolved not lo give np the enter- 
 prise so. In thefall of 170H, Massachusetts plied the 
 queen with an address; which, widi the assistance of 
 tlie colony's friends in Eiiglaiul, at length obtained 
 from die ministry a promise of live regiiiieiils of regu- 
 lar troops. These, wilh twelve hunilred men raised 
 in Mxssachii.sells and Rhode Island, were to sail from 
 Boston and proceed lolinehee; wliilea second division 
 of fifteen hundred men, from llie colonies soulh of 
 Rhode Island, were to march against Montreal, by the 
 route of Lake Clmmplain. Peniisylvania did not raise 
 her quota of troops; and Ibo.se ftiriiislied by die other 
 colonies did not penetrate beyonil Wood Crei'k. The 
 Boston troops wailed for the Fn^lisli ariiiv from the 
 aOlh of .May to the 11 di of October. I7ll'.f. when the 
 news that it had been orilered to Porliigiil. obligeil iliu 
 provinces to abandon die undertaking. But ilieir pa- 
 tience was not yet exhaiisled. .\nolher appliiatiiin 
 was made to the queen; and in July, 1710, Colonel 
 Nicholson, who commandid the troops destined for 
 Montreal, the year iM'fore, came over wilh five frigates 
 and a bomb-ketch, ftir die purpose of attacking Port 
 Royal. He was joined by three rcgimenls of New 
 England troops; sailed from Boston the If'lh of Sep- 
 tember; and on the a4th was iM-fore Port Koyal, 
 which surrendered on die .'ith of October; anil being 
 called Anniipniis, in honour of the queen, was put un- 
 der die government of Samuel Vecli, a Nova Sciilian 
 trader. Nicholson returned to England ; and pleading 
 die success of his first expedition, obtained from die new 
 ministry an army of .seven regiiiieiiLs, who bail grown 
 veteran under the Duke of Marlborough. The coliuiies, 
 too, made every exertion io bear the expensi^s ;ind bur- 
 theiLS of die expedition. Troops were soon raised ; 
 MiLssachnsells issued forty llioiisand pounds in bills of 
 credit; provisions were impressed ; and on lb' liOdi of 
 July, 1711, the whole armanienl left Boston lii,rbour for 
 Uliebcc. On the 2;id of August the wreck of ten trans- 
 ports on Egg Island, in the St. Ijiwrencc. determined 
 die squadron to put about. A debate was liekl at Spa- 
 nish River, in Cape Breton, upon the cxpeiliency of 
 annoying the French at Placental ; but the whole expe- 
 dition sailed for England, widiout annoying diem dierc, 
 or any where else. The frontiers of die colonies were 
 again left exposed to depredation; nor was it till 1713, 
 that the cession of Nova Scotia to England prevented 
 the French from instigating die Indians to hostility. 
 
 While these things were taking place in the north, 
 Carolina was alternately engaged in disputes witli its 
 proprietors, and in quarrels widi its neighbours. A 
 rumor of the war against France and Spain, in 1702, 
 induced Governor Moore to anticipate die event, by 
 proposing an immediate attack upon St. Angusline. 
 In Tain did the more temperate incur the epithet of 
 traitor, by protesting against the measure. There were 
 six thousand white inhabitants of the colony; two 
 thousand pounds were voted to defray all expenses; 
 and in September of the same year, Mr. Moore sailed, 
 with a part of six hundred nnlilia and six hundred In 
 dians; while Colonel Daniel set out by land widi die 
 remainder. The >Snnniards, apprised of die undertaking 
 had stored the raaile widi four months provisions ; and 
 
unn 
 
 THE IIIRTOKY OF 
 
 lip 
 
 wlh'ii llii'ir invaclur< arrived, tliey found it iinpouibia to 
 'Ji:>ln>l:('! tliojiiirrlxiiii, \villiiimliutli!riiigiirtillury. Wliilo 
 Coloiu'l l):iiiii<t MiiH finnt: iti Jriiiiaicu In prtRiiru it, llif 
 «|>|>i-iir'ui<^<' »!' Itvo Hiiiiill Mpuiiiiili vuHHi^ls at tlict iiiiiiitli 
 of ttif liiirlinr Hi> Ifrriliod tliu (inviTiior, licit lio tiliaii- 
 ■IoiiimI Iiih own NliipN, :iiiil lltid pri^cipitaiitl^ Ki (.'uriiliiiu. 
 Daiilul (.MC'ipi'd till! iMiL'iiiy with griMit ilililiiilly ; and 
 till! only ritiiilt of tliu iMiti'rpriMi wan a dulit oFkix iIiiiu- 
 hand iiiiniiiU; which tliucidiiiiy was (diligiid to diacluirgi) 
 ny liilUorcriiditrudeeiiiahlii in tlireii yuarn, nnlnriidnty 
 on liimorH, Hkiiw, ami t'lirs. Uiit the igiioniiiiy ol' thin 
 Kipiiditioii was Dhortiv nl\et wipi'd nlF, liy a iiuccciwriil 
 war gainst tin; Appalachian lndiaii.«; wlio, nftor wil- 
 niissing iliu conlligrationnrall llioir towns hetwcon the 
 Allaiiiana and the Savannah, v\'i>ru fain to anlicit peacii, 
 and to arknoivli'dgo the Itrilisli govcninuMll. I'vacu 
 witli external iMK^niics was noon I'ollowud by a revival 
 ol' the old dispiito widi tlio proprietors. They added 
 new I'lii'l to the controversy, hy atteinpting to establish 
 lliii episcopal church ; and Ilia Hanie at length inoiintud 
 HO high, that, had not another foreign war withdrawn 
 tlie atleii'.ion of tin.' colony, they iiinst have shortly liill- 
 en under a writ of qiw trnrranto. 
 
 •Spain, through the (iovernorof llavamia, despatch- 
 ed M. Ijc Felioiire, captain of a Froiicli frigate, with 
 four other ariiied vessels, and eight hnndreu men, to 
 make a practical luserlion of her right, by firat disco- 
 very, III all .North .\inerica. The News was no sooner 
 bioii^lJit to (,'liarl lion, than the appearance of the ■quad- 
 run was anno!iiiced by signals from Snllivan'H rort. 
 Hilt the eiii.'iiiy consiiiniMl one day in soniiding South 
 liar; and Sir Nathaniel Johnson, who had micceeded 
 Mr. .Moore, and who had well employed the military 
 i^kill he acipiired in Kiirope, in erecting works of de- 
 fi'ilce iilHrit the harlior, made good use of the twenty- 
 four hours, in calling out the militia, and procuring 
 the aid nf the Indians. The eiiemv landed three times; 
 three times they were snccesHfulfy repulsed; and tliey 
 W'jighrd uiK'lior for llavamia, under new impressioiis 
 of the strength of (yiirolina. The invasion cost the 
 colony ahoiii eight Ihousaiid pounds; no ta.x hud ever 
 yet bi>eii iiiiposeil on lands or persons; and a continu- 
 uiiri'of the duly on liipiors, skins, and furs, wn.s pledged 
 to redeem an additimial amount of bills of credit, 
 (..'oinmodilies immediately rose in price; and the pa- 
 per currency soon fell thirty-three and a third per cent. 
 Ll'Iow par. 
 
 Ill I70r, the death of the palatine. Lord (Jranville, a 
 bigoted churchinan, gave place to Lord Cravaii,a more 
 liberal and toli-r.int member of the same sect. In 171*2, 
 the neightionriug linlians formed a secret plan for the 
 cttcrininatiiin of the North Carolinians. They fell 
 nuildenl^' npiiii the inliabitaiitH ; and in the single settle- 
 uieiit ol Roanoke, one liniidred and seventy-seven per- 
 K'lH fell vicl'ius to their eriiellv. Some fugitives car- 
 ried the intelligence to (^'harleston. The assembly 
 voted four tliiiiisand pounds to raise troops for their de- 
 fence, and a Colomd Barnwell was soon detached, 
 with six hundred militia, and about three Imndred and 
 eixty frieii.lly Indians. In the first engagement, three 
 liunilrptl of ilie eneiiiy fell, and one Imndred were cap- 
 tured. The rest took shelter ill a wooib'" breast-work 
 at Tiisearora; but were so vigotiroiisly ,».';!ssed, that 
 they soon siiimI for peace; quitted the country; and 
 Joining with the Iroquois, formed what has since been 
 called the .Sij:, instead of the t'iir, nations. The addi- 
 lioii made by this war to the debt of the colony, in- 
 duced the assembly to institute a bank; and to issue 
 notes tor forty thousanii pounds; which should be lent 
 on interest, and made a legal tender. Ill the lirst year, 
 tile exchange ruse to one hnudred and eighty ; in the 
 Heeond, to two hundred per cent. And what was an 
 additional vexation to the colonists, Ciiieeu Anne made 
 a desperate attempt to settli.', b^ proclamation, tile no- 
 niiiial value of their foreign coin. 
 
 About th" year 170'i, a contagious fever won brought 
 troin till.' WiHt Indies, into several of the North Aine- 
 rie III s ,'a iiiirts. It raged violently in New York, and 
 was mortal m almost every itistiince. To increase the 
 calamities of the colony, it was in the same year put 
 under thi giiverniiieiitofthe needy and profligate Lord 
 Cor.ibury ; who join.'d the Anti-Leislerian party, be- 
 caiis.' it was the stroiigi.>st; flattered the assembly in a 
 a,'l speech ; got tlieiii to raise tif\eeii hundred pounds 
 for erecting batteries at the Narrows; and appropriated 
 the iiiniiey to his own use. A quarrel ensued between 
 himself and the Legislature, lint he continued to charge 
 enormous fees, and to dcinand and misapply money, — 
 till in 17l)ii, the united complaints of New York and 
 Jersey induced the (iiieeu to recall him. One good 
 consequence dttended liis administration. The iissein- 
 My passed a resolution, " Tliat the imposing and levy- 
 
 ing of any moneys upon her majesty's subjects of tliis 
 colniiy, under any pretence or colour whatsoever, with 
 out their consent in general iisseiiildy, is a grievaiiee, 
 and a violation of the people's property." As early as 
 Itiihj, it is worthy ol observation that Miissaclmsetts 
 pnlilished a still stronger assertion of the same principle. 
 " Noaid, tax, tallage, assessment, custom, loan, benev- 
 olence, or imposition whatsoever," (says the act, mid 
 tlie words remind us of Magna Cluirla,) shall be laid, 
 assessed, imposed, or levieil on any of their inajeHty's 
 subjects, or Uieir estates, on any pretence whatsoever, 
 but by the act and consent of the governor, council, and 
 representatives of tin people nsaembled in general 
 court. 
 
 New York had entered with inncli /.eiil into the pro- 
 ject of conquering Canada, which we have before men- 
 tioned as having failed fur the wont of the promised 
 support from I'.nglaiid. To defray the expenses of the 
 army under Colonel Nicholson, New York voted twen- 
 ty thousand pounds, in bills of credit : New Jersey ad- 
 Jed tliree thousand pounds ; and Connecticut eight thou- 
 sand more. Alter the eiiti.'rprise had fiiiled. Colonel 
 Schuyler, a gentleman of great influence in New York, 
 undertook a voyage to K.uglaud at his own expense, n 
 order to enlist the ministry once more in the cause. 
 'I'lie presence of live Indian Sachems, who sailed with 
 him, added considerably to tin.' wi'ight of his negotia- 
 tion; and he has the merit of having been a chiet pro- 
 moter of the e.xi)eJitioii, which was so successful 
 against I'oil lloyalin 1710. When Massachusetts iiii- 
 ilertouk that, which termiuati'd so difl'ereiitly, against 
 (Inebec, in 17I'J, New York issued ten thousand pounds 
 in bills of credit, and incurred debts to still greatiir an 
 amount, in order to co-operate with «-'oiinecticnt and 
 New Jersey, in putting Air. Nicholson at the head of 
 four thousand men, for a corresponding attack upon 
 Montreal, tint some of the ships which had been sent 
 to co-operate in Uie plan, were wrecked in the St. Ijiw- 
 reiice ; and the return of the fleet having left the French 
 governor ut liberty to direct his whole force against the 
 army. Colonel Nicholson was apprehensive of discoin- 
 fitiire, and commenced a retreat. 
 
 Here concludes the history, down to this period, of 
 every important eviMit in the colonies, if we except the 
 order of Uueeii. Anne, issued in 17l'i, to discontinue the 
 presents with which the inhabitnnts had been accustom- 
 ed to conciliate their govi'rnors ; and the adjiistuieiit 
 of boundaries between Rhode hlaiid and Cminecticut, 
 and between Connecticut and .Massachusetts, The two 
 latter agreed that the towns v/hicli they had respectively 
 settled sliniild still remain under their former jurisdiction; 
 and that if either party should be found to have en- 
 croached oil the territory of the other, the loss should be 
 made good by an equal grant of lands in some other 
 place. Massachusetts had to give Connecticut one hun- 
 dred and seven thousand seven hiiiidred and ninety- 
 three acres; which were sold by tlie latter chiefly fertile 
 support of Yale College. 
 
 As early as n).'V>, New llaveii inadeHii appropriation 
 of three hundred, and .Milford of one hnudred pounds 
 for'the su|iport of a grammar school and college. The 
 former, soon alter, added a donation of lands; and in 
 ll).V.l, the legislature voted forty pounds annually, and 
 one hundred pounds for the purchase of books. In 
 lt)l>0,a donation was received fromtiovernor Hopkins. 
 The general court agreed to establish both institutions 
 at Ni'W Haven ; and the project had just begun to show 
 its fruits, when the troubles of the colony so impover- 
 ished their resource's, that they could not pay for instruct- 
 ors. When the New Kiigland colonies formed the 
 union in liKir), the grammar school was revived; and 
 the fiiiidH, wliirli had been raised for both institutions, 
 being appropriated exclusively to this, it has been ena- 
 bled to continue in existence to the present time. 
 
 In Uilld, the clergy began again to talk upon the sub- 
 ject of a college; in the following year ten of their 
 number were chosen to foiiiid, erect, and govern one; 
 and in 17110 they met at ISranford, each bringing three 
 or four large bonks, and laying them upon the table, 
 with, " 1 give these bonks for the' founding of a college 
 in this colony." As it was doubtful whether they coiihl 
 hold property, it was agreed to petition for a charter. 
 To promote the design, Mr. Fitch, of Norwich, gave 
 six hundred acres of land, and " all the glass and nails 
 which should be necessary to builil a college house and 
 hall." The charter was granted in October, 1701 ; 
 and on the 1 Itli of November, the trustees held a meet- 
 ing; chnse a rector; passed some rules for tlie govern- 
 ment of the institution, and concluded to fix it at Say- 
 brook. The first eommencement was held at that 
 place on the 1 :1th of September, 170"i. The college 
 was originally designed for the education of ministers 
 
 the charter provided that the trustees should lie node 
 but clergymen ; and of the t'nrly-six graduates, between 
 170*.; and ]7l!t, thirly-fiiiir became ministers. 
 
 The growth of till* si'liiiiil, thiiiigh slow, at length ren. 
 dered it iliconvi'lliellt In arrnililliodiile nil the sllldelltil 
 at Savbrook; and both they iiiid their parents were dis- 
 satisfied to see a part Iransfi'rred to .Mill'nrd. The evil 
 grew worse every ilay ; and as the Irnstees did not neem 
 inrliiied to apply llie proper remedy, by remnving the 
 institution to 'a more adequate place, the several towns 
 of the cnlniiy tindertonk tn fnree the iiieiisiire, by sub- 
 scribing difl'ereni sums fnr its estidilishiiieiit in diil'erent 
 situations. Seven hundred pounds sterling were sub- 
 M:ribed to fix it at New Haven ; five Imndred for its cnii- 
 tiimnnce at ,Suybrnnk; and less siiiiis for its removal to 
 other places. .Still there was iiiiich dilference of opin- 
 ion among tlie trustees; nor was it till OcUiber, nUi, 
 that they agreed to establish the college at New Haven, 
 In 1714, (iov.'rnnr Yale had minre it a present of 
 forty volumes; and in 1710, he added three bundreil 
 more. Two years aUerwards, hi! gave the trustees 
 goods tn the value of two hnndred jiniinds sterling, 
 prime cost; and a similar donation nf nne hundred 
 pniinds in 17*^1, iinluced them to call the institution 
 after his name. In 1717, the niinilier nf Htndeiits tvaii 
 thirty-one. A century aller, it had increased nearly 
 ten-fnid. 
 
 CHAI'TF.Il II. 
 
 Psper Money In Massnrliiisetts— Qimrrel helwrsn Itif Oflvar- 
 nnl anil Itetiro.ielitativpS'~lnr(>n<ls of ttiR lnuinnK--l>ejiiitB- 
 tlim III tile Fronrli— I't'ttce— Allerslloiis ill llie rharlur — 
 Kenowal of the Dlsputo lietwt'eii the Kxeriitivu anil beKlK- 
 latitro— Mr. liiirnel's liiHtriU'liiins fur a Flieil Sulary— Ail- 
 juiirninent nf tlio Court— Mr. Ilur'iet's Deiilh— Mr. Ilfilrhor 
 renews the I^lsnissiuii — AHSoctalinn for issiiliig iiioru Dills 
 of rreilit— .Mr. Shirley— Aiijiislinent of tlie tlispiito '.irtwceu 
 New York anil New JerRcy i-onrerninK Iliiunil:irle5— t'on- 
 troversy between Now York anil IJanaila— I'roHperlly of ilio 
 Northern t'oloiiies- The Parson's Cuiiae in VirKinia — Pro- 
 cpcdincs in (Carolina— Soltionicnl of Yaninseo Territory — 
 Pa(ier Money— IliH(Misiiion of llio Proprietors— llispiiter >n. 
 tween ',lin liovernor anil the Asspiiililv— DliiKolullon of tr.e 
 Cliartor and Division of the Prmince— Sultleiiieiit of Ctfor- 
 gia— Mr. <l|(li.'lliorpe— (funnel with the Spuinurils —InelTeL'- 
 tiiiil Attack upon St. Aiiiiaslino- Ahorlivu attempt upor. 
 (ioorgia. 
 
 Thk rise in exchange prndnced by imprudent issues 
 Iff paper money in Massachusetts, was idly attributed 
 to a decay in trade; and the colony was iilmost una- 
 nimoiisly of opinion, that trade could only be revived, 
 hy an ailditional quantity of bank notes. A few saw the 
 real evil, and were for (tailing in the bills, that were 
 already abroad ; but it was determined by the great 
 ina|nrily, that either by a private, or a public bank, the 
 province should be supplied with more ninney , nr rather, 
 with mere paper. Tlie general cniirt at length resnlved 
 to place bills for i\(iy thousand pounds in the b.-inds of 
 trustees; who were to lend theiii at five per cent in- 
 terest, with a stiiiiilalion. that one-liOh of tlie principal 
 should be repaid annually. ,Stlll trade would not im- 
 prove. EVIr. Sliute, who had just succeeded Mr. Hitdley, 
 attributed the fact to a scarcity of ninney; and reconi- 
 meiided, that some efVectn.'il measures shoiild be taken 
 to make it more abiiiidaiil. The specilie was therefore 
 doubled. Hut an additional emission of one hundred 
 thniisand pounds so greatly depreciati.'d the value nf the 
 cnrreney, that tin: general cniirt were, at last enabied to 
 see the true cause nf the ditliculty : and tlie gnvernor, 
 too, when his salary came to be voted in the depreeiahMl 
 money, accorrling to its nominal ainniiiit, began to be 
 somewhat sceptical of his policy. 
 
 This was the small beginning of a long and rancor- 
 ous quarrel between the governor and the general court. 
 In 1710, it was now H'ifO, the former had incurred the 
 censure of the ministry, by assenting to a bill fnr the 
 imposition of diitius upon I'.tiglisli tnnnnge, and iipnn 
 I'.nglish manufiictnres : when a similar bill was sent up, 
 this year, it was negatived in the council : a warm al- 
 tercation ensued ; anil it was not till the next session, 
 that the act passed without the ofVeiisive clauses. In 
 the same session, the governor claimed the right of 
 negativing a choice, which the hoitw had made, of a 
 speaker; and, when they refused to re<ngni/.i! the 
 claim, he dissolved the court, and issued new writs tif 
 election. Nearly the same persons were re-elected ; 
 and the only etVect of the measure, was, to make them 
 still less disposed to accommodate Air. Shiite. They 
 opposed hiiii in every thing, whether it was right ni 
 wrong, insignificant f r importaii*. They neglected tn 
 vote liiin his salary, as was usual, at the beginning of 
 the session; and not only postponed the biisine.ss till 
 the day of adjournment, but reduced the amount from 
 six to live hundred pounds. The depredations of some 
 eastt'rn Indians made it necessary to call tlie represent- 
 
 fiulati 
 111 reu 
 •he 
 l-'ngl 
 when 
 tool 
 'hence 
 peace 
 J'ai 
 piestii 
 genera 
 "xpedi 
 lid 1 
 "f chn 
 The la 
 ind the 
 tiis 
 •I gain 
 d refii 
 ■•dvisab 
 'ention 
 'he dec 
 I -assed 
 t was I 
 o post 
 eiiaiit I 
 ifcsent 
 if gove 
 *as, th. 
 pessary 
 •n unci 
 'lis asse 
 
 Mr 
 husetti 
 •nslruet 
 ■ettled 1 
 I is arri 
 I ninds 
 * u" Biipi 
 "sid he, 
 ' I'd, for I 
 "tre aci 
 i'l'unds 
 
 M' 
 
IfORTH AMERICA. 
 
 nM 
 
 r nnofl 
 
 ktiiili-iitu 
 rtv. illH- 
 riu; v\\\ 
 lilt wvm 
 
 nl low Hi 
 , by itub- 
 (iitVi-rrnt 
 ,(.rt' wtili* 
 r il** in»- 
 iiinviil to 
 of oniii* 
 
 AT IlilVi'll. 
 
 resent of 
 liinulri'il 
 e triiitt(.'t'» 
 A fiti'rliiig, 
 > |iiiiulrt!(l 
 hiHlltutioii 
 itlriilM was 
 ttott nearly 
 
 It thP Oc.vftr- 
 
 ^g (hanur— 
 u ami UntH- 
 1 Salnry— A«l- 
 -Mr. Hclihor 
 ig iiioru HUli 
 iiulo 'iplween 
 
 luliirii'^-fo"' 
 iRuprilvot ti>o 
 Virgin!'*— Pf*** 
 i,e Tt-rnlory— 
 -!)i*p»t«' "" 
 lolullo" "* ^'''* 
 infill of ««"r- 
 ,iar»ls-liie(Tec- 
 ;ilteniipl upor. 
 
 ,rt»l«'"t inmiPrt 
 lily uUrilmtuii 
 n nliiH>''t mvi- 
 ilv l»« revived, 
 A )i.\v snw lliB 
 11^ tlint vivre 
 hv tl;.' Kn-at 
 ,li'(: Imiik, the 
 .,.>,orvr.th(;r, 
 jth ri"*nlv<?^j[ 
 lie h:ui(is nf 
 jer rent in- 
 
 nriiH'ijial 
 mill not nn- 
 Mr. IMidU'V, 
 , , iind rcconi- 
 lioulii 111- taken 
 wtiH therefore 
 tie hnmlred 
 „ siihu'oflho 
 last enabieil to 
 tlie governor, 
 the (iepreiiiiUed 
 t, heiiu" t» "^ 
 
 ,n«f and rancor- 
 epMieriilconrt. 
 ■ul incnrred lh« 
 ;, a hill fnr tlio 
 nape, and upon 
 ,ill was sent nn. 
 il: a warm al- 
 next srssion. 
 . clanse-*. Iti 
 ed the v\-h\ of 
 had nnuh', ot a 
 ro<opni/.e tlu| 
 ed new writt oi 
 ere re-elected; 
 lo make them 
 ' Shute. They 
 it waH ritfht oi 
 hey neKle'-toii to 
 the hejiinmng "'. 
 the husine.-w till 
 the amount from 
 edations ofsonni 
 I Uio repreaenl- 
 
 allt 
 
 ntivpn together nunin, heforo thr Hinted limn. 'I'hey led, that it waa ihrir privilcffOt ^* Knulinhmfln, to raino i Another imiipAny of ri^ht hundred perwttiiit nn on font 
 Uuniedialelv panNPtl an aflf which Amounted to n decia- and apply Ihrir own money ; and, when Ihe novrrnnr I a plan fitr iHKiiiriir one Imtiilred and lifly ihwuHint) pnnndu 
 ration of w,u ; and, when the irovrrnor acctiHed iheiii | aiiNwend, that he wnnld never nccepi hiicIi h ^rntl at in hilh nf credit, which h<hiMild he |i-nt nii ^ti.xl Nceu- 
 
 reroii;itivp, they docked olV 
 
 of Urturpin;! hi- j>rc 
 
 hundred pound: froiii hi^ Hittary. He laid hefure ihein 
 iiihlinclioMtt (tiiui the crown, to tjivohiiiia fixed and 
 ndoipiule HMtn ; they ** dcHJred Ihe eonrt tiii}{)it rine :" 
 and it rcie accordingly 
 
 The yovernor opem-d the next aBHenddy with reeotn- 
 nirndinf; many wiw meaHnreM ; which were totally 
 iieKleeted hy tlu' court ; and tittle elne, indeed, wan 
 done, during' tin' HeHiiion, hut to conliinie the einiHttion 
 of hank hilli, and to drive the intid and itilver from the 
 country, hy orderinir that it hhould he paiiHed at a hiyln'r 
 rate than that which had heeii eitahh«he<l hy an net of 
 parliament. The next Kcneral court very early a|i 
 |K)inted aenrntuittee to vindicate thoir predeccMorii from 
 the aHperfliotiM of the governor. The connnitleo Juh 
 titled the house; and their report waR ordered to ho 
 printed. The court postponed the vote for llu' gover- 
 nor's salary; he hiid hy their list of appoiutrnenlH : 
 they deputed a rouniiittee to inquire into the matter ; 
 he told thcni, he should lake Iuh own time for it; tlie 
 hoUNc rcHolved, Id make no ^^ant>tornllowancell ; the ^o- 
 vernor niatle an au^ry ftpeeeh ; aii'' the court wan diMsol- 
 ved. A new leiriwialure noon m lifcHted the name tem- 
 per with the olil. In spile of the (;overn()r'« proteAt, 
 that the charier had placed the militia xolely at his own 
 dinpoHal, tliey pioceeded to make reuulatiotiH for car- 
 ryinii on tlie Indian war; leaving hi»i excellency no 
 ether power, than that id' approviu^ the nu'asureit, 
 which mi|^ht he aditpled liy a conunitteu of their ap- 
 pointment. He emliarked Htnldeidy for KuKlatu) ; ami 
 the represcntalivcH and council, thou^h generally op- 
 pt/Hcd on all other (pu'HtiiiiiK, were iniited in rcMolvini; 
 to Hcnd after him iiiHlructioim to their airent, to take 
 the hest meaHurcK for defendinjj the interests of the co- 
 lony atraiuHt his representations. 
 
 'riicfe internal disseuHiiUis jravn the Indians a irood op- 
 portunity to make their inroads upon the frontiers, 
 riiey were set on hy the French in (Canada; particu- 
 larly hy one fatlier Ualle, a Jesuit luisHionary. Sonu' 
 troopH were sent lo capture this holy persona<;c ; hut he 
 received the intelligence in time to escape; and the 
 parly could only |»et possession of his papers ; aunnig 
 which were letters of authorization from M, Vaudreuil 
 the jjovernor of ('anada. War w.is now formally de- 
 clared against the Indians ; and, an it was .ahundantly 
 'vident that they were instiirated hy the French, a de- 
 putation was sent to M. V'auilreuil, in 1720, in order 
 ti> remoufitr.'ite airainst a conduct so inconipatihle with 
 'he peace, wliich then suhsislcd helween Franco and 
 Knirland. He first disclaimed all interference; hut, 
 when his letters to Ualle were produced, he could deny 
 t no tnni;er. He ast<ured the deputation, that he would 
 thenceforth exert himself to effectuate a peace; and a 
 peace was accordiuf^ly soon after concluded at Boston, 
 rarliatnent, in the mean time, was condemning, 
 piestion afler question, the whole proceedin/rs of the 
 ijenerat court in the case of Mr. Shutc. It was thought 
 expedient to issue anew ch.irter for ** explaining'* the 
 ild one, in the two points, which respected the powerfc 
 .if choosing a speaker, and of adjourning the court. 
 The last was entirely "explained" aw^y from the house ; 
 t?id the former was so modified, as to leave the governor 
 tiis negative. Rather than have the whole suhject 
 •igain hrouglit hefore parliament, which was the penalty 
 .»f refusal, the general court concluded it was most 
 .idvisahle to adopt both of these alterations. lis at- 
 'cntioii waR next turned to the loud complaints about 
 I he decay of trade and the scarcity of money. A bill 
 passed both houses for issuing more notes ; and when 
 I was negatived hy the lieutenant-governor, they agreed 
 'o postpone the consideration of salaries. The licu- 
 enant had said, that his instructions would not let him 
 ihscnt to such bills, except they were fur the charges 
 )f government ; a bill for issuing sixty thousand pounds 
 Aas, therefore, he.-uled, "An act for defraying the ne- 
 cessary charges of government ;" and the influence of 
 in uncertain saliry necessitated his excellency to give 
 •^lis assent. 
 
 Mr. William Burnet, the new governor of Massa- 
 Jmsetts and New Hampshire, had received express 
 mstrnctions from Ihe king, to see that the general court 
 ^eltled upon him a fixed and certain salary. Soon after 
 t is arrival, the assembly voted seventeen hundred 
 I lunds for defraying the expenses of his voyage, and 
 I H" supporting him in the discharge of his ofFice. He 
 "•lid he could rut assent to such a vote. They then vo- 
 ■i>d, for the first purpose, three hundred pounds ; which 
 vtre accepted ; and, for the last, fourteen hundred 
 jHmnds; which were refused. The legislature assert- 
 
 unMlier I b;id been inaile, the council were fnr establif^hiinr a ti\ed 
 salary, — but Itie represi iilativrs reipieHlcil, lli.it the 
 court might rise. Mr llurnet would nut grant the 
 reipiest. Il was again made ; ami again retiiMcd The 
 hotine then sent up a long inessage ; in wliieli ihey de- 
 tailed their reiNons for refuHing to establish a tixed 
 salary; and once more reiterated their wishes, that 
 they " might not be kept silting there," to the inanitest 
 prejudice of their consiiiuents. The governor .niswer- 
 ed them proiiiplly entuigh ; hut not at all lo il < ir satis- 
 faction ; and, lifter resolving to adhere to their old 
 method nf approprialing inoneyH, ihey drew up a state- 
 inent of the controversy, and tratismiltcd il lo the seve- 
 ral towns. Many spirited messngeM were exchanged 
 in quick succession between his excellency and the 
 house. The latter auairi repeated a request, that the 
 court inight rise: he told them they could not ex)u-cl 
 to have their own wishes gratified, when they paid so 
 little attention to those of his majesty ; and the alter- 
 cation was waxing *^n high, that the council thought it 
 hest to interfere, — and to propose that some certain 
 sum should be (ixeil upon, as a sal.try for the governor 
 The representatives voteil three thousand pounds in 
 their own money,— equal lo about itiw thousand pounds 
 sterling; but as the act contained no provision for the 
 cunlinuance of the same Hum, Mr. llurnet refu^eil \m 
 assent; and, apprehending, that the house was sonii'- 
 what influenced hy the peiqile of Itoston, who had 
 unanimously voted a^Min^t a fixed salary, he adjoiirne<l 
 the court to the town id' Salem. At Sah'in it met, on 
 the :iOth of October, 172?^. The battle of nnsHnges 
 recommenced as briskly as ever. The representatives 
 appointed agents lo plead their cause in Kn^daiul ; the 
 council would not concur in the act, because they had 
 not been consulted ; and the project must have failed 
 for want of moi.ey, li.id not the people of Itoston sub- 
 scribed for the necessary sums. The agetit.^ soon 
 transmitted a report of (he hoard of trade; in which 
 the conduct of tlie house was enlirelv disapproved 
 They were told, also, that, unless tliey fixed a salary, 
 Ihe parliament would; — '* It is bi'tter," tliey answered, 
 "that the liberties of the people should [ie taken from 
 them, than given up hy themselves " Ilotb jiarts of 
 the administration went all this time wilht>ut pay ; for, 
 as the representatives would v.He no salaries, the go- 
 vernor would assent to no drafts upon the treasury. 
 At length there was a recess between the SOth of De- 
 cember, I72R, and the 2d of April, 1729; when Ihe 
 court assembled at Salem; and, after several fruitlc^s 
 meetings, were adjourned to Camliridgo. They met 
 there, on tin* 21st of August; and, a few days alter, 
 Mr. Burnet died of a fever at Boston. 
 
 Mr. Belcher, bis successor, came over, in the he- 
 ginning of August, 17M0, with a fresh packet of in- 
 structions, to insist upon a fixed salary. The king said 
 it was Ihe "last significalion of the royal pleasure on 
 this stdtject ;" and he tlirealem'd to bring the whole 
 history of ihe province before parliament, if it were 
 ntit immediately complied with. The bouse voted one 
 thousand pounds currency, to defray the charges of his 
 excellency*s voyage, and a sum equal t<i one thousand 
 pounds stcrlinti, to aid biin in managing public atl'airs. 
 The council added an amendment, to make the ap|)ro- 
 priation annual Tlie anuMidment was rejected. The 
 council modified it, by confining the yearly allowance 
 to the duration of Mr. Belcher's govcrnmonl. The 
 representatives again refused their assent, and there 
 solution was dropped. The controversy i:ontinued for 
 some time longer, but the governor was at Icngtii 
 wearied out, and leave was in the eml olitained of the 
 king to let the legislature take its own way in the regu- 
 lation of his salary. 
 
 The termination of this dispute was only the begin- 
 ning of another An unusual scarcity of money was 
 complained of all over New England. The governor 
 of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, had been in- 
 structed to suirer the emission of no more hills in those 
 colonies. Connecticut was employed in agriculture, 
 and did not stand in need of much money. But the 
 commerce of Khodo Island demanded an abundant cir- 
 culating medium, and one hundred tliousand pounds in 
 hills of credit were accordingly loaned to the inhabi- 
 tants for twenty years. An association of merchants, 
 in Boston, undertook to prevent the circulation of this 
 money, hy issuing, themselves, one hundred and ten 
 thousand pounds of the same sort ; but the bills of all 
 the New England colonies soon became current ; silver 
 rose from nineteen to twenty-seven shillings the ounce, 
 
 rity, at three percent interc-^t. llii 
 these schetiies, heiiiif redeeiii.dtle b\ 
 
 f a certain per ( erit The aiitho 
 gan in season to M-cure the ^ot>l| 
 
 reueral court, and so suecesslul w 
 
 principal, a<4 in all 
 ariMu.il iriNtatinents 
 s of the prnp'ct Im" 
 qpinioii of the next 
 re tbev in the busi 
 
 nesM, that the house was found to be i hietU eonqioseil 
 f Niihscribers, and was for a bm^t lime distinuuished 
 by the name of the iMttd Hiink ifim.ir. Small traderti, 
 and small traders only, wmild accept the couipany*! 
 notes ; but it conlinned to issue them without end, 
 and the governor was finally nbljirt d t(t petition parlia- 
 ment for an act lo suppress the iiisiiliiliou .Mr Shirley 
 superseded Mr. Belcher in I71(f, and one of the first 
 bills passed under his adininislration, declared lli.it all 
 contracts should be considered as payable in silver 
 al six shillitigtt and eiuht pence the ounce, or its equi* 
 valeiit in gold. Notes for so m;iiiy mtnci'S of silver 
 were also issued, and made receiv.ihle in payment ol 
 deblH, the debts being augmented as Ihe noles should 
 depreciate. 
 
 A long peace had enabled New York and New Jer- 
 sey lo adjust, in some measiiri', an unple.isanl dispute 
 alxtut boundaries. It give ibe t'nrmer an opporluuilVt 
 also, lo take advanl:ige of her geotfraphical facililiee 
 for trading on the ruirlbern lakes, :mil in 1722, Mr. 
 Burmt, the ijovernor of that province and of .\r\v Jer- 
 sey, (greatly excited the jealousy id" Ihe Fn-neb, by 
 building a store-house at 4 )sweiro. M liongneil, the 
 governor of <'anada, rel:diated by launchirii; two ves- 
 sels on Lake Ontario, and sending materials to e.eet a 
 trading-bouse, and to repair the fort :il ,\iai;ara. The 
 Seneca Indians were irrently incensed at this measure, 
 and .Mr. Buriu't remonstrated airainst it ; but M. Lou- 
 gueil proceeded to complete his fort, and the forim-r 
 )ulil only get revenge hy ercelini.', at bis own expense, 
 like fort at Oswego Si. Be.niba.-nois, l!ie siieceshoi 
 of M Ij4Higueil, sent the conmiauib r a wrilleu sum- 
 mouM to evacuate it The suimnoiis was disrei/arded 
 He w;trmly remonstrated against the proceeding to 
 .Mr. Burnet. Mr. llurnet as warmly remonstrated 
 against the pnu'ceding at Niagara, and here the dispute 
 ended for the present. It was nut long afterward, thai 
 the Frencli acipiired the control over Kike (!bamplain. 
 hy seizing and fortifying (*rown Point. 
 
 During the regency of the Duke d'Orleans, in France^ 
 and the administralion of Sir Hobert V\ alpoje, in Kng* 
 land, all the colonies to Virginia, inclusive, bad little 
 to distract tlieir attention finm their own private allair>i, 
 and could scarcely help hecoiniuu prosperous. Land 
 was cheap, and sulisistence easily obtained. Mar- 
 riages, of course, were early iiiid frequent, and piqiula- 
 lion soon began to extend itself over the v;icant |)art« 
 of the country. Such a proce^s is ntlended with no 
 eclat, and perhaps there is nothing to relieve the mono- 
 tony of a long and fi'liciloiis period, in the interital 
 economy ol' the ciilonies, if we except the dispute in 
 A'irginia respecting ecclesiaj-tic.d salaries. 
 
 In IfiJIfi, when the price of tob.-icco was sixteen ..hil- 
 lings and eightpence jmt hundred, an act of the assem- 
 bly, which was re-enacted and assented to by the kinif, 
 in 17'18, conferred upon each parish minister an annual 
 stipend of sixteen thousand pounds of tobacco In 
 17r»5, the crop was scanty, and the leirislalure, by nn<»- 
 ther act, which was to continue in force ten imtuths, 
 .ilid not to wait for the royal assent, provided that 
 those who owed debts, in tobacco, might either pay 
 them in the specific article or in money, at the rate of 
 sixteen shillings and eiylit pence perhundred. Though 
 the price was then from fifty to sixty shillings, the 
 measure created no disturbance, and three years after- 
 ward, when it was surmised that the crop would aj/ain 
 be short, th'' same expedient was resorted to. But the 
 ministers now began to see its o|)eration, and one of 
 tliem, in a pamphlet, entitled The Tintpcnny Arty con- 
 vinced the legislature that he understood precisely how 
 they were defrauding his order of its just dues. He 
 was attacked by two Colonels, whom he answered 
 with The Colonels Dixmounledf and the war of pam- 
 phlets soon grew so hot, that the printers of Virgmia 
 were afraid to continue it. 
 
 The subject was next taken up by the king in coun- 
 cil, who declared that the act of 1758 was a mere usur- 
 pation, and could have no force. Backed by such 
 authority, the ministers brought the question before a 
 county court, and, after a formal argument, il was 
 decided in their favor. By the laxity of practice, the 
 subject was permitted to be once more discussed, ami 
 when all supposed that the first judgment eou!d never 
 
 
 and the notes of the association entirely disappeared. [be shaken, the unexpected eloquence of Mr Patrick 
 
M3 
 
 •HE IIIHTOKY or 
 
 ;i!r 
 
 ll<nrv ii rt.'ii(! ro Ihivh rhiingnl tlic opintoii oftlin court. 
 Til ■ ( IfT^'y iiMik ilh'ir ri'vcnjrii in mi mijiry p'tinptili-t ; 
 uihI h«r ■ llii- nmtiiivt'r'*) h.tiih to liivc ttriimriilcd. 
 
 (!:irolin:t, III lilt' iii'Mii iiiiii*, WiiM rii|M4llv' Mnitcrtfoiii^ 
 A rr\olittiiiii of ^o\frtitiM'iil. In I7L>, llio iiilntn IiikI 
 inntrrMl nntHnl riildi' fxpi'iHCM, in a wnr wiili altinu 
 M\ iliiiii-> iiiil Viiiii.iHxiM', ('r«>rk, iiiiil AiMlarhriii lii- 
 (liiili-', who \v tri! met at a plart; callrd tlm Salt i'alelhTN, 
 Uy twi'lvi' tniiiilrcd hp-ii, and ho r(ini|ilt'tt>ly roiitfit, thai 
 IlifV wt-ri* olilt^i-(l lo niuki' ti new tw'itli'nii-nt in I'lnriila. 
 'I'lii' |ii'(i|>ri<'lorH lint only orilcn-d the n'tlnrtion of tim 
 liap-r inon*'V. vvliii-li llic a^>ti'inl>ly fuw lit lo isi«u<', <mi 
 ii-coiint of tliH cipi'ilition, lint wlu-ii applii'il tu lor a<i* 
 ^t-itiiKc Uy tin- iiijfnH ol'tlH' colony, tlit-y cloclari'il their 
 iiialiiliiy io piotiTt it, niilt^'4^ lii^ ina|<'fity would inter- 
 |ior'i'. The a^.<«einl>lv had (itso uin'ert (kon to make a 
 nirrii'r ii^tiii'^t the IndiaiH, hy otlerinK the VainaMwo 
 territory lo all per«niH who would cnnie over and nt'ttlo 
 in It, Five hundred lri?tliuien areepted ihu utlt-r, and 
 hail af-tiially taken up the ^'riMin<l,wlirn the proprietorM 
 ordered the law tti he repealeil, mid the IiiikU to he laid 
 out in liariini<"4 tor theni-elviH. It liad been the cua- 
 tiMii to eliet all the repreoeiilativefi nfthn ndony, in tIm 
 miyle ttiwiioi' Charleston. The inereiw ol' population 
 now rendered the itraclire eilreinely iiiroiiviMiient ; 
 nnd the le^i>latnre had enacted, that for tin; 'ntnre, 
 each |iari-<li shuuld iis<4tMnhle in iu own church, nnd 
 ihoo^e ilM own repre^enlativeH. Th« proprietors or- 
 dered the act tube repealed; nnd (iovernor Juhnnon, 
 mm ol the loriner ^'overnorol' that name, had lo nne all 
 his iiilluenre to keep the colonist* frum breaking into 
 op'ii rebellion, at thi^i wanton and ontraffeoiM proceed- 
 iii<{. Itiit they were compelled to hear yet nntre inmiltfl. 
 tSonie expeditioiH a^ainxt a band of pirates, who had 
 ion;; int'estiMJ the coast, neccHriitated the aMHcinhly, m 
 (h'-y imaifiuitd, to issue another (|uaiitity of naner iiio- 
 II -y; and the povernnr carried an additional bill Cor re- 
 de'tniu;; it in three yearx, hy a lax upon land and lie- 
 jjroe-i. Iliit the tax was oppressive to the planters ; and 
 Ihey had inlliietice enoii^li to obtain another act. Ibr 
 III" emission of more bills. \a soon a> the proprietors 
 b'*uril ol" these transaclicm.s, they sent the governor iii- 
 t^lructions to approve oC nn legislativu measures, until 
 il had been laid before thnn. Amither order soon arter 
 liillowed, to take o\V a duly which tho colony had laid, 
 of live per cent, on Itritish mannfacturcH; and as it* 
 these outra;res were not sutHcient, they deemed il tneel 
 lo show another instance of their despotintn, by giviiiff 
 an arrn^atit and abusive answer to a memorial, whicli 
 (be assemltly had iresented, agal!ist their right to revoke 
 l!ie laws of the p/ovince. 
 
 The rupture b 'tween Spain nnd Great Britain in 
 17111, nliorded fresh oppnrtuni'.ies for the prosecution 
 of this dispute. The rumor of an e\{n.Mlilion, fitting 
 out at ilavanna, for ttie invasinn of South ('arolina, 
 induced (iovernor JoluHon to atti-mpt the ri'paration 
 of the forts in the harbor of (.'barlrston. by the volun- 
 tiry aid of the iuliahitants. A suhseription was set on 
 foot; and he placed n liberal f*um opposite to his own 
 name. Tin? assembly disapproved of the measure ; or 
 ralber a.-serted that (he receipts from the diilies would 
 render il iiniit'cessary. Tlie governor wanted to know 
 if the ditlieii had nut been taken otlV They told him 
 lliey intended to pay no attention to the repi-ah. which 
 tbey had been forced to make. A warm altercation 
 followed: and though nothing decisive took place, the 
 representatives seem to have formeil a determination 
 to rill themselves of the proprietary goverr.'uent. Pri- 
 vate ui''etiugs were held, to concerl measures of resist- 
 ance. The militia unanimously subscribed un instrn- 
 niiMit of association; and the people enga^red to stand 
 by eatdi other, in the assertion of their rigbU and privi- 
 leges. At the first meeting of the new assembly, nil 
 tbnn 'r repeals were repealed : the proprietors were de- 
 clan.'d to have forfeited their rights of government; 
 and the honourable Robert Johnson was aesired to ac- 
 c'pl tbf ollice of governor in the name of the king. A 
 in '-^saire from himself and the council requested a con- 
 f'rence with the house; they would receive no me«- 
 s (iri. * frniii the governor, in concertwith the gentlemen 
 li'> was pleased to call his council." lie sent them an 
 expostulaii>ry speech; they would lake notice of no 
 " paper, s"nt hy the governor in conjuction with the 
 L"rit|.Mnen" he called bis council; and tbey informetl 
 iiiiu. in a second address, that they intended to oitsl otF 
 t!i.' propri -tary goverunient, and to obey him no longer, 
 utiles^ II.' woiilil consent lo exercise his otfice. as vice- 
 gTcni of ilie king, lie proclaimed the dissolution of 
 M? a-'i'ii'idy. and retired into llie country. The pro- 
 clrnitioii was torn from the olHcer's hands ; Colonel 
 John Moore was elected chief magistrate; and ihe as- 
 s*niibly agre.!d to inangurale liiui. on the very day, 
 
 which Mr. Jolinson had set apart for the review of t)ie 
 rnililia. lie had the review postprined; hut, when he 
 e.iine til riiiirb-otor, on the appiMiited d.iy, he lonnd 
 the niilil ' {taraded in the public sipmre. in order to 
 eelebrate be prorl.iuialinii of .Mr. .Moore. Alt his ef- 
 forts to stop tile proeeediiigs were uiclh-clual, 'llie 
 
 assi-nihly piiM'l.iii 1 their own goxeninr; cIiiim' their 
 
 own council; and went dubheralely a.<<int the tranmic- 
 tion of |inblic alViirs. The province wan on their Nide ; 
 tnd llimr power was soon after corroborated and lixed, 
 hy th<! vigorous preparations, which they made tn repel 
 a contemplated atlack from Ilavanna. Their agent in 
 I!n(:)and oht lined u d icismn in tlie council, that the 
 iiroprietors had foifeii.d their cdiarter; a scirr ftiritig 
 issued against it: i)ie proprietors surrendered their in- 
 terests; and Mr. FtaiiciH iVirbnlson was soon ajler 
 web'omed tn the colony, as governor under the king. 
 The security, which the province fell in the protection 
 of the crown, was greatly increased by a treaty, which 
 was soon aller concluded w ilh the 4 lietokee Indians. 
 Security made the rolonists industrious; and in<lustry 
 soon raised them sullici 'Ully above iheir former circum- 
 stances, to arrest the depreciation of their paper cur- 
 rency; which had fallen idHiiit eighty-six per cent, be- 
 low jiar. Increase of wealth made lioiindaries n mat- 
 
 Iter of inijMirtance; aiul, in ]7'.i*i, the province found 
 
 jit convenient to divide itself into North and South (^i- 
 
 irolina. 
 
 I Abont tlio same time, the territory of (leorgia was 
 granted to twenty-one trustees, for ide purpose of be- 
 ing jiarcelled onl to such of the liiiglisb poor as would 
 consent to be carried over the .Atlantic; and, early in 
 17li:t, Mr. James Oglethorpe, one of the trnstees^ ar- 
 rived at Charleston with on<> huiKlred and sixty. He 
 proceeded, soon at)erwar<ts, to the intended place of 
 seltlenient ; erected a small fort on the scile of Sa- 
 vanna ; and obtained a ces>tioii of lands from the ('reek 
 tribe of Indians. The lirsl company was followed by 
 several others; — but ibe proL^ress (if the colony was 
 greatly obstructed, hy an attempt lo put it niider a feu* 
 (lal system. The lands were to be held in tail-mail by 
 tbn teiinre of knight-service; and to revert to the trus- 
 tees, eitbi'r if the male issue should become extinct, — 
 or if the grounds were not enclose)! and cultivated 
 within eighteen yi'ars. To complete the policy, the 
 importation of finn and of negroes was prolulnted; 
 and all commerce with the Indians was restricted to 
 those, who could obtain a license. The natural con- 
 seipiencessoon followed. A great many of the settlers 
 emigrated to Carolina; where ibey could bold lands in 
 fee simple; could trade freely with the West Indies; 
 and be permitted to employ negro slavea in the cnlti- 
 vation nl lludr lands. Those who staid behind, were 
 nerpetiially complaining of their fellers: and, though 
 Mr. Oglethorpe erected a batt»Ty, to ooinniand the 
 month of the Savanna, and built forts at Augusta and 
 I-'reilerica. the colony needi'd civil privileges more than 
 military defences, aiul their general concerns were soon 
 in a ruinous condition. I'nder a (iilferent system, Ca- 
 rolina was so prosperous as to double herexiiorls in ten 
 vears; wbilo it was with the greatest ditlicnity, that the 
 inhabitants of (icorgia obtained a .scanty subsistence. 
 When r.nglaiid and ."^pain began to prepare ibr war, 
 
 ;in 17:t7, a British regiment of six hundred men was 
 sent into Carolina; anri Mr. Oglethorpe w.is appointed 
 major-general of that province and of (Georgia. The 
 Spaiiiard.s fortitird I'ast Florida; and made a vain at- 
 ItMupt to gain over the Indians, who were in alliance 
 with the Knglish. They succeeded better with the 
 slaves; of whom enough were scdiiceil to form a di.s- 
 tinct regiment by themselves. Nor did the evil stop 
 here. A large number of negroes assembled at Stono; 
 forced open a warebonse of arms and ammunition; 
 murdered all the while men whom they met; and 
 compelled the black, willing or unwilling, to come un- 
 der their standard. But it was a brief irinmnh. Af\er 
 the first impulse of rage was exbatisted, the insurgents 
 hailed in an open field; and began their usual pastime 
 of dancing. 'I hero happened lo he a religions meeting 
 in the norgbborhood; and the congregation, nrined as 
 nsiiul set npon ibe thoughtless rabble ; killed great 
 numbers nn the spot: and so frightened the rest, that 
 they never afterwards dreamed of in.oirrection. There 
 were now about forty thousand slavea in Carolina; and 
 the occurrence just mentioned had the good elFect of 
 making the colonists keen vigilant watch over their cn«- 
 diict, during the approach of the war between Fngland 
 and Spain. 
 
 When it actually broke ont, in 17:it», Admiral Ver- 
 non was detached to the West Indies, nnd (ieneral 
 Oglethorpe was ordered to annoy the Floridas. He 
 immediately conmmnicaled his instructions to the as- 
 
 aemhly of South Carolinn ; they volen one Inindred and 
 twenty thoiiNaiid pounds for the service; a regiment (d 
 four Mumlred men was rai'*ed in \ iigiria and the C^a* 
 robnas; a body of Indians enli-'led ; and t'o-t-rapl.till 
 I'rice promised bis cti nperation with four lv\<'nivgiiii 
 ships aixl two sloops of war. On the !'''i ol May, 
 17 ill, the general eiitf red Florida, widi lonr hundred 
 men and a parly of Indian.^ from Ins own nrovinre. I la 
 wan joined, nt the inoiilli of St. Jidin's Kiver, by iho 
 Virginia and Carolina regiment, an<l a company of 
 lligldanders; and was eiiabh--' shortly after, to ap- 
 pear before 8t. AngiiHtiiie, with about two lluiiisaiid 
 etfective men. A reconnoitre of ibe jdiice induced 
 him lo abandon his origiiiid design ol taking it hy 
 storm. A regular inve«tmenl was ih'lernimed upon; 
 and the troops were disposed in the most nilvaiilageotis 
 nositions for beginning the approaches. 'I'he general 
 liimself undertook to biMiibard the town from the 
 Island of Anastatia; but a few shots convinced him 
 that a breach, at so great n distance, was iniiiracltca 
 hie. It was next lesolved to attack ihe six half gallic!* 
 then in the harbor, by one of the twenty-gun ships; 
 but the bar was found to he so shallow that she coiilil 
 not gel over it. In the mean tune the Sjianiards bud 
 received supplies and reinforcenienls ; and a party of 
 ihe besiegers was surprised and cut in pieces. Other 
 Miisfortunes followed in quick succession. Captain 
 Frice withdrew his ships; the dispirited troops began 
 to desert in large bodies; and (ieneral (»glellior|ie was, 
 at length, reluctantly compelled lo ahaiittoii the enter* 
 prise. The colonies attributed the failure to the gene- 
 ral ; nnd the general laid it to the charge of ihe army. 
 We think heiiher was lo blame. The force was loo 
 small at the outset; and, before a part td' it reacheil 
 the place of rende/.voiis, the arrival of supplies had 
 greatly and unexpectedly increased tlie streiiglh of tlio 
 enemy. 
 
 But, nt any rate, the expenses entailed hy the ex- 
 pedition, joined to the till greater calamity of seeing 
 their capital reduced to ashes, determined the people 
 of Carolina to raise no forces in future, except li-r 
 their own defence; aufl, when an expedition of Ihiity 
 ships nnd three thousand men s;iilcd against (icorgia, 
 in 174'.*, they imagined il winild not he for their own 
 defence, to aid (ieneral Oglethorpe in preventing the 
 enemy from getting possession of a province, which 
 was HO etVectnal a barrier lo their own. .About the 
 end of June Ihe enemy ancbon'd oil* Simon's Bar; 
 and (ieneral Oglethorpe loiind be bad to oppose bim 
 with only seven bundred men, — consisting of ihe re- 
 giment he ted against St. Augustine, and of a few 
 Highlanders, rangers, and Inilians. But tli<^ thickets 
 and morasses of the country stood bim in the place of 
 many soldiers; and, retiring lo Fredcriia.he resolved 
 to act, as long as he could, n])ou the (b'teiisive. Hy 
 an Knglish prisoner, who had escaped front the S|)aii- 
 iards, he learned that the Iroops from Cuba, and llioso 
 from St. Augustine, agreed so ill with each other, that 
 Uiey had taken up their encainpineiit^ apart. One 
 of these, the general thought he migbl venture lo nV- 
 tack. He selected Ibe flower of his little army ; aiui. 
 under the cover of the night, tnarcluMt unobserved 
 within two miles of the lines. Tlie main body was 
 hailed; while he went .forward, with a small party, to 
 reconnoitre the encampment. He had, with great cir- 
 cumspection, approached ver)' near it; when the whole 
 enterprise was supposed to be defeated, hy the treach- 
 ery of a French soldier, who (ired his musket, and run 
 over to the enemy. Cieneral Oglethorpe wrote a letter 
 lo the deserter; retpiesting him to tell the Spaniard;^ 
 how defenceb^ss Frederica was; lo urge an immetliato 
 attack; or. at any rate, to persuade tlicin lo remain ut 
 Simon's Fort three days longer ; wht^n his expected 
 reinforcement of two tlionsand men and six ships of 
 war would arrive. He particularly canlioned bim 
 against droitping even a hint about the conlcmplated 
 attack of Admiral Vernon upon St. Augustine. A 
 Spanish prisoner, who had been taken in a skiimish, 
 was iiribed lo deliver the letter into the deserter's own 
 hands: but he, of course, didivered it into the hands o.' 
 (ieneral Hon Antonio l>i Kadondo. The latter was, 
 at first, not a little perplexed, whether lo consider il aa 
 a mere stratagem, or as a real and serious letter of in- 
 struction; but the appearance of some ships, which 
 had been despatched with supplies by the as.sembly of 
 South Carolina, appeared lo put iIm' seriousness of the 
 paper beyond all doubt. The paiiic-strnck army set 
 tire to the fori, and hurried on board of their vessels; 
 and thus a circumstance, which, at first, .seemed to 
 threaten the certain conquest of the province, serxed, 
 in the hands of a skilful c-ommander, as perhaps Uio 
 only means of its presurvilinn. 
 
iiiilrnil nni> 
 i')lillli'llt lit 
 11(1 ilii' <■«• 
 
 ,.1.C,II1|.11H 
 AMIllVUIIll 
 
 I, (ii'Miiy. 
 
 ir liiiiiil"''! 
 
 MMIHT. ll« 
 
 n,T, by llw 
 ciin|>iiny "'' 
 rtir, 111 lip- 
 (I iliiiiiHiiml 
 lie iniliii'''! 
 ukiiin it liy 
 uiii'il iiin'i'i 
 ilviiiilii»ii'<'i'" 
 •riic (iciicrul 
 II Crcvni 111" 
 ininiril llilll 
 < iiii|iriirli'''> 
 X liiiir pulli''' 
 
 IV-(!I111 Klllll»i 
 
 I'mt »lii' '■<'""' 
 liiiiiiiiiil" liiiil 
 [III II iiiirty 'il 
 
 ,»■.■<.». ntliiT 
 
 ,11. Ciililiii" 
 
 lrii(i|i» U'f>n 
 ,l,.lliiir|ir "iiH, 
 iiliiii 111!' riitcr- 
 rr 111 llir (.'I'lii'- 
 . of till' iirniy. 
 
 Inrci' \v"« <"" 
 t (if il riMirhril 
 ,r Kiiinilii's 1""1 
 Btriiigtli of tlio 
 
 il,.,l liy thorx- 
 
 iiinilv 111' Ki'i'ii'K 
 
 iii.'irilii' pi'iipl" 
 
 lire, ixii'|il .'''' 
 
 cilitioii 111 lliiily 
 
 ilUllllli-t (irllff-'ill. 
 
 1,1' lor llii'ir <i"ii 
 
 1 |,riM'»tl'ld ''"' 
 
 iiriiviini'. wliii'l' 
 
 wii. Alii'ii' 'I'" 
 
 iV Siiiioii" Bilf'i 
 
 ,1 til iiii|iip»i' I'll" 
 .isliii); 111' ll"' "'• 
 .. mill 111' " 11'** 
 lliit llic lliiiWi'ts 
 
 ,11 111 till' pliiii; "f 
 riiii. Iir ri'Milvi'd 
 
 ,. ,l,r,ri>ivi'. liy 
 
 I I'riiin tlir S|iiiii- 
 Culiii, mill tliiii" 
 
 II clllll olluT. llv.U 
 iiVi iiiiiirl. <■'»« 
 [III vinturi' 111 nk- 
 
 litili. iiriii\ ; mill 
 lllfll lllllilisirvnl 
 iiiiiiii liiuly "lis 
 I ,1 »iii;ill liiirly, to 
 ,„1, with (irfiit oir- 
 l; will" till' wlinln 
 l,.,l, hv till' iri'iirli- 
 s iimslii'l. mill fii" 
 irim wrol" h li'tii'' 
 tell llie t*li;ii»:'.''"* 
 irpi! 1111 iiiiiiii'ilii't" 
 tliim to reiiiiii" at 
 vlu'ii Wis i'X|'i''tt"' 
 ,1 mill six "li'l" »' 
 riv cimtioiii'il '""> 
 ilu! coiilciiipl'''''" 
 I. AiiS'istiiii'- . A 
 ikeii ill » sUiiiiiisli. 
 tliiMlosiif'''* "" ", 
 it iiilo lliu luii'il" "■ 
 Tim I'lttiT wuK, 
 ItT to coiniili^f it i>.i 
 •riiiiis li'tti-r 111 111- 
 801111' sliilis. »lii<- 1 
 ,y till' usseiiilily "' 
 ,,. <i.riniisiif»Mofllio 
 
 uiii-slriak iirmv "Ct 
 ml of tlii'ir vi'sscls; 
 at lirsl. sreiiiiiil I" 
 II,. iiroviiiie, neneil, 
 iliT, lis lH'rli"l'» "" 
 
 © E E CJ E W A .^ E I iX « T €) I . 
 
 /Vo/H r/if Ctifhrdt.-ti IWtrait fainted hy Stuart in \ 796. 
 L'opieil by permission of U. W Pitnam's Sosb. 
 
 I 
 
NOIITH AMKKICA. 
 
 ClIAi'TKIl III. 
 
 War Ix'lwrnii Kniiicn mid l')ni;lHiiil niiil thrir (^'iiliiiiii'a 
 — rn!|titniii<)ri liir nii Atttirk ripun LouiMhiiurg — I'lu; 
 Alliirk— .Sinn^iiiliT— D'Aimlli''" Kniiccliliiiii— /Miiprlin! 
 AMoinpt il|i(>rl iNovH ScntiH — ii\nm i,'n>wii ISiiiit— 
 I'cuiM' — l*ii|K'r iMidicy in .Mii.iHHohiiHctln — lh«i:»v(;ry ii( 
 l.rHiiMiitiia iind l-'ounil<ttiiiii of >i!vv Oilriiitfl — 8itiiiitioii 
 f»r till) llriyh«li nriil l''ruin-li ("iilutiiut— Origin ul' the 
 ICii|iluri> lii'hvt'cti tlH'rii — (-'i»lniti!l Wn^hiii^liiirH l',iii- 
 hii>»-<y — I'riijcct t)!' r'HiH/i— I'luiMiI'lho tirHl i:iirn|iiii^tl — 
 (;it|tiur<' oltNuvii iSroliu— (icuiTiil Hriirlil(H!k'f* lirlititt — 
 l'iX|HMliti(iii ii<;iiiiHl < 'iiiwii I'oinr — 'I'liot iii{aiiiF4( iSiit- 
 f;ii((i — .St'i-dtiil ( 'iiifipni:;!! — <'n|itiin' of ( (.^wcj^k — Tliinl 
 4'ilUI|l(ll^rl— l)t>tpii(t7H hi'(vttM>it l.iHil l.fiiiilon mill .Miih- 
 niiChiiiullH— i'liiirrll ('iiiiijMiii;!! — SitimkI ('iipliiro III 
 IjDiiiiliiiiir^ — liimiiTi!.^i>rui iiiiiii'k iipiiii 'I'li'iipiiliTiit^fi— 
 C'lipliitu ol I'lirl I'miiliuiiiii: — <)! Dii lliii'iin — lilili 
 iv'llllipiUKll— ('iipiiire nf tiuiiJuT — l>ritlll iit' VViiKn— At- 
 loiiipl In irl(iki) i^uiiliiM^ — .Siirroiiilir iit' iNrw KriihiM! — 
 tjunorril I'lMicn. 
 
 Wiiit.i; Friiricn ;iiiil Kngliitnl wcri- ('iii;;iiri,'i| jn 
 acluiil \v;ir, iiiulrr llu' prrlciiri! riCsiiiiiiiirliii!^ n;- 
 Hjw'clivrly lliri|iiccli ol' lliiiiirriry nil I tliu rlc'cliirdl' 
 lliiviiiiii, lIuM'.iiliiiiit.'S 111' lliiriwo iiiitiiins iircHcrvi'il 
 n tiorl III' liiHlili' |iiMcr; liiil. ivh hhihi lis llir itvwx 
 rLMclinlCiipfUrrliiii, llml tln'cmilrovrrHy liml Ik- 
 t'.iiiiiiM>|>i.'iiiiiiiliiv<nvriliii K\ir(i|ii',l)iiviviiraltiic,l<- 
 cil ami tiiiik tlir Kiii;lisli lishiiiirsrillcnu'iil iit Caii- 
 ftiMii ; anil smiii al'l(.'r riiiiili: a HJiiiilar, tlimiirli iiii- 
 sui;i;in«l'iil, allciniil, ii|iiiii Aiiiiii|i(iIih. (ioviTimr 
 Sliirlry iiiiiiii'iliali'ly liirini'il Ihi' (Iciiu'ii cif tiiliili;^ 
 (Japr Hrrioii. It was wi.'llsiliialril (iir annoying; 
 t!i>; K.iiirlisli l''l'<lii'ri<''j ;aiiil tliirly iiiilliniisiiri'raiir.j 
 •■.iiiiioyiMl iipiiii Its liirtilir.atiiiiiH, hail ina<li! it tlir 
 " liuiikiik 111' Aiiirrii',a." Tin; (riivriiinr rt'ipiintiil 
 tin; sccriM'.y orilii' cniirt, iipiiii a priijrrt, wliicli lie 
 waH aliiiuttiiciiininimlcali'. Tlicyrfailily pniinistil 
 it; and In' siirprKi'il tiniii with tin; pnipiixal oC 
 Hrtiillii!^ liiiir hiiiiilriMl riii'iilii taki; Liiiii^iliimri^ hy 
 sliiriM. 'riii'yi'iiilclt'iiiiu;.ltlii' iiiiili'r(al(iii!; as vastly 
 tcni hazarliiiM ami rxprii'<ivi! : liiit, iinrurdiiialc-ly, 
 or, prrliaiH, liirtiiiialrly, (ini;.!" Ihi- iiirinlii'rs liap- 
 pL'iii'il |.i piay liir li|iN<iii;'S iipmi it, in tin' liiiiiily ili'- 
 Viitiiiiisatliis lllll^'ill:^^. 'I'ln' plan was siniii limiwii, 
 all iiviT Mi-is.ichu-irlts; tin' pnipli: wnri- i;.'iii'rilly 
 inlaviiiir ul' it; ami an inlliix of pi'titiniis, I'min 
 ovri yii iitiT inliii'i"! Ih>' riinnr.il tii oliani^c tliiir 
 iletiTiniinti'i:!. 'I'liiy invili'il llii' ciMipiTilinnnr 
 iilltlic r.dliiniiM in far iM I'riinsylvania ; lint iiniir, 
 except lliDsciirNriv Kn:^'lanil wunjil rnrnish thi'ir 
 (|ii(it;uiirtriiiips. Tlicri' was no military clianiclcr 
 iiriiiiti' in tin; cdiintry; ami th 'ciiinmamlorilii' cx- 
 pi'ililiiin was(fivi'ii loom- Ciilnni'l I'oppi'rrl ; who 
 liail llttli' olhrr ipialllir.atiiin than that iil' brini; a 
 lic.h ni'Tiihanl ami a pipnlar man. A ifi'iirral i:m- 
 liariro was laiil: mm' li.ll-i ol'i'.roilit wi;ri: issnril, 
 ilotwillHlaii'linif tlir r\pri's< pnihihition of tin; 
 crown" a varii'iy ora.l'.-jr,'', (siys .Mr. Hi'lkiiap,) 
 
 «r,9 
 
 I'.liiiiiriii's without Hiinikr. An Imlian waH liircil, | wlmi; lM'iiti;n at Mina.s; anil proiniHol not tu bear 
 for a lioltli;M' nini, tocrawl iiuitaiii iiiliraHnrc.iinil ariMS for oiio yi'ar, ii^aiiist Ihr Kmich in Nuvil 
 
 ' next ilirrrlril his altrtf 
 
 pill tlii'^alr; anil, tiioiii'li a ili;tarliiririit of tin 
 riii'iTiy was thru riimini^ to ii'taki; tlir fort, tin 
 lliirti'iMi rctaini'il po.ssvssiiin, till tin: arrival ol' n 
 i'('iii|iiict'in<;nl lioin tin; Itiain Ixnly. 
 
 KonrtrtMi niffhts wvrc, tin; tiiHips nigagcil in 
 iliawinij the cannon iivcrn nionisH to the placi'ul 
 iMicainpinrnt, a iliHtancc nralioiit two iniliM ; lunl, 
 wlirn tin; acciinnl of the o.^pcilitioii was srni to 
 Knglanil, tln;y wcr(;notu liltlu in<ligiiantat Krcing 
 no ini;nllon(il tliuir having ivorkcil llki; oxen, with 
 HtrapsoviT thfir Hliouli|i;rH, ami np to their kincs in 
 imiii. Ah this expnlitinii liail lici;!! planin'il liy n 
 hiwyir, anil was to lii;(;xi;cuti;il hy a nirrcliant, ut 
 till' [n;ail of liiishanilim;!! anil ineclianics, any tiling; 
 like a ri'i^iilar sioifi; was not to ha vi; l)i;i;n t'Xprclfil. 
 The siiMii;rslan(rhi;il at such words as lisf tnicainl 
 rpmdiment ; ami thonijhl, the n ist rjiirilili; moile 
 of appriiaohinj; was that of a Rtraii;lil line. In 
 e.tecutionof this new principle of laetirs, 400 men 
 assanlti'il the islanil liattery; were repnlHed ; anil 
 many uf them taken prisoners. They all conciir- 
 reil in represi;ntiin; the I'esiejrers as iiiurli more 
 nnineroiis than they were; Ihon^h all was frolic in 
 the rear of the army, llifi front iliil, iinleeil, kiok 
 (iirmiclal)le; ami the impri^stiion made liy these p- 
 porl-S and appearanr.i'S, toijetlier with the intellj- 
 t^enre, which was conveyed into town, that tlii' 
 supply ship, the Vigilant, of sixty-liinr (jrnni, had 
 lieeii taken, imhicil Diiehamhon, the (;overiior, 
 to lendera capitulation. This was the only advan- 
 taf^e trained over France, dnrint; the .vlioie war; 
 ami, when arcoiinls of it reacln'd F"nir|aml, tin; 
 crown iiiadi' liaronots of Pejipirel and Shirley, 
 and the |)arliament readily undiTtook to defray the 
 expenses. 
 
 France and F.ntHand now mutually resolved to 
 make a cumpl'te cumpii-st of each other's |iiisir'.s- 
 sions in Aim;rii"i ; and, in the spriiif^of I7'lfj, circu- 
 lar letters were sent to the Enalisli colonies as far 
 as Virginia, to have in readiness as many lroo|is as 
 each might lie ahle to spare. The plan ofthecarn- 
 paiiMi, wa'J, to sail a;;ainst (iindiee, with some ships 
 of war and the New Knt'land Iroups; while tho^i; 
 of the iilli'T colonies slniiilil he ciillrr.ted at Alhany, 
 and inarch ajjainst ('rowii I'nirit and Montreal. 
 
 .Scotia, (iinernor Shirley i 
 lion III Crown I'oint. MassiK Iiuhi'IIh iiiiil New 
 Vorkengage.l til furnish Iheiripiolas of tumps ; tin; 
 winter was no ohstacle to thegovurnor'H entliiisi- 
 amn ; and the enterprise wahoiily preveiiledliy the 
 discreet resiilulion oftJoimecliciil, towilhlmld her 
 cii-opcration. The treaty of Aix-la-Cliapille was 
 coMcliided in OctolKr, I74H; and Ni'W F.ngland 
 deemed it hilt ajiiior return liir the expensi h whieli 
 she had iuvurreil,tlialiinarticleol'i{MfM«nii<c'^c//MHi 
 (ompelled her to relinipiisli LoniHlHinr^r. Massii- 
 I liiisetl.", in particular, had isiiiied imnieiiHeipianti- 
 ties of jia per- money. Was there a call n|Miii the 
 treasury. Hills of credit iiinst answer it. Wan 
 trade decaying? llconld only lie revived liy hilln 
 of credit. Was there any diMirder in the internal 
 eciinomy of the iiroviiice.' Hills of credit were the 
 only remedy. And liills ol' credit were issued in 
 ;jucliipiaiitiiies,lhat they had sunk tor/cnciiliirotic; 
 when the arrival of the Bpi'cie, which parliament 
 had promised, was the means not only of stay mg the 
 depreciation, lint of destroying pH|i«;r-nniney allii- 
 gethcr. After some op|K)sition, the general court 
 passid an act liir redeeming hills of credit, at their 
 real value, or, in other words, liir tiilver at lifly 
 shillings the ounce. Not an evil, which had liteii 
 predicted, was seen to att/'nd the measure ; and, 
 on the contrary, itis said to have given coinnicicu 
 a very jierceplihie impulse I'lr the lii'tter. 
 
 As ihe iiiipiirtance of America was daily iiicreas- 
 inir in ihreyes of F.iirope, theipiestion of Imiinda- 
 rie^lit'l^w.en ilieeoloniesof dini:ri'lit nations liogan 
 to be discussed iiiiire freipiently and in grealfr 
 earnest. Spain had pretensions to the wlinle of 
 (•eori.'ia;aiid F.nirlanil laidclaimtoapart ofKlori- 
 da. Hy the treaty of Utrecht, Nova Scotia, or 
 Acadia, was, indied, ceded to the Knglish ; but 
 there was still riHim enouijli for controversy, in dc- 
 lermiiiiiit' what were the lioundariescif that coiiM 
 try. The French an-erted, that its eastern line 
 was Ihe Kenmdiec; the F.ntdish made it embrace 
 Ihewh'ile tirrilorysoiilh of the St. Lawrence ; and 
 the commi^siomrs appoinied by the two nations, 
 iindirthe treaty ol Aix-la-Cliajielle, were ecjualljr 
 laliorioiisand eipially obstinate in maintaining their 
 .Nor was this the only coiillict. 
 
 The sliipsof war made seven vnin ademjilstoleave respertive claim". 
 
 F.nglaiid, and the first part of the scheme was ne-; As if these two nations were fated to cross each 
 cc'ssarily abandoned. ThecoloniMts were iliverted i other's jiatb, in every thing, wliik' the Knirlisli 
 I'loin the last, by a threatened attack of the eiieiny : colonies were advancing indelinilely from east lij 
 iipiiii Annapolis; and,be(iire they could despatch west, the French began to ext/'ud their own set- 
 
 Iroops for tin; protection of that [ilace, NewKni?- 
 
 laiiil, in particular, was irriatly alarmed by tbein- 
 
 telliirence, thai a liirmidalile armainent, under Ihe 
 
 Duke n'.\nville,liail arrived in Nova Scotia. Kve- 
 
 ryelliirt was made to put tin' country in a state of 
 
 was given from allipiarli is :" private property was| defence. 'I'lie militia were joined to the troo]is al- 'age of the French court, in .n attempt to make a 
 
 ■in|ircssed, and, by the illi of April, I7I.J, three' ready raised ; and, fiir six weeks, all stood in hourly ; settlement on il< banks. He set sail with a few 
 
 tliDiisamI two him Ired ami lifly troops from Mas- Irxpectation of an attack ; when some Kn!r!l>'h [iri-' followers, in foursmall vessels; arrived inoleafriies 
 
 'iilcliiHeltsarrivi'dsin'ly at (Jans;-,!!!. The fpiotalsoners, who had been set at lib 
 
 tieineiits transversely from north to south. In 
 Hi7.S, they explored the Mississippi as fir as the 
 .?3d ile^rree of north latitude ; and some time after- 
 wards, its iiioulh was discovered by one La Salle, a 
 Norman, who siibaefpiently obtained the patroii- 
 
 liU'rlv, brought the 
 
 of three liundicil and four, from New Hampshire, Iwelcome news, that the French sold'ni wert! in too 
 liadlandeil four ibiys befire; that of live hundred! much distress themselves to think of distressini? 
 and sixteen, from Connei'licut, came in on the others. The armament originally consisted of 
 •ijth of the saiii" imuiih ; hut the tniiips from 'about forty ships of war, and aiioiit filly-six Irans- 
 Uhode Island did nit arriv.' in tiiiu; to In; of any ports: carrying 3000 troops, and 40,000 mns- 
 Hcrvice to the exp'slilion. j kets liir the Canadians and Indians. Many ships 
 
 (ioveru ir S lirl'-yhi 1 writ leu to Kiiirlund fir as- were liwt and wreck' 'd on tin' voy iire;aiiil a swi'i'p- 
 sisliiic '.s iinetiin • b 'I'lre t'n' disclosure ofhis pni-l ing mortality prevaih'd on Inir.rd of those, which 
 ject to the Ten 'ral c iiirt ; and a delachnvnt from | had reached the place ofdestinnlioii. To inerea^e 
 Admiral Warr^'ii'slle 'tin th'West Indies, appear-; their calamities, they li-arned, by an iiilircepted 
 el of Caineaii, the day before tlie arrival of the I letter from (lovernor Shirley to tiieconiinander at 
 M:issac!iiisetls troops; the admiral himself soon, Luuislioiirir, that their own sipiadnin would pro- 
 fillowe 1, ill Ihe Superb, of sixty guns; and, every balily be followed by an Kiifflish Heel. The ad- 
 tliin'r being now ready, the land forces embarked! niiral shortly died : the vice-admiral killed liiin- 
 fiir Cliapeaurouire ; while the lleet, (in all, ahniil],self: and, when M. Le Jonqniere umlertixik to 
 one hundred sail,) manu'Uvrcd before Lonidionrg. |lead the Meet against .\nnapolis, a violent storm 
 The landing w.is eife-ied with little dillicnliy; and, dispersed the ':|ii|is ; and those, that did not siilfer 
 in the course of the ensuing night, a party of four ' wreck, returned sinsriy to France, 
 hnn lredin"nmarclieilaroundtotlicnortl\eastparti (Jnvernor Shirley now resumed the project of 
 of the barliour, and set lire to some warelioiises of dislodirina'he French and Indiana from Nova Sco- 
 spirituousliiiuirs and naval stores. The smoke was tia. The troops ofKliode Lland and New Hamp- 
 blown dircliV into the grand battery ; and it did shire were prevented from ioininijthe exix'dilion ; 
 
 mich signal exiYUtion, that, when thirteen of the and the enemy was not only more numerous than .. _ 
 
 party were returning, nextday, they saw, with sur- those of Massachusetts, but had the advantage of | two'lumdred ami fif>y tlioii«and; Maryland, cij?hty- 
 oriae an'l joy, tlmt the flagstalTwas bare, and tlicJicini' provided with snow-shoes. The En^jlwhldvc thousinj : Virginia,cij;htj'-five thousand: the 
 
 wi-st of the river; was soon .apsassinated by his 
 own men ; and they, in liirn, were murdered, or 
 ilisijersed, by the Spanish and Indians. .Several 
 other expeditions were undertaken, for the tame 
 purpose, but none were fortunate enough to land 
 al the wished for place; and it was not till 1722, 
 that n joint removal of these scattered settl- rnent.i 
 lo .Ni'w Orleans laid the foundation of a floiirisli- 
 iiiL' rolony. The country was called Louisiana ; 
 and, as seltliinenis now l»^<ran toexUnd up the 
 Missis ippi, a plan was liimied to unite ibem with 
 (Canada, by a concatenation of lints. F.iieland 
 ejaimed the coiinlry totbeSintb Sea : France waH 
 resolved to bound her by the Alleijbany iiioiin- 
 tains ; and, as usual, the controversy bimiii ended 
 in a reciprocal determination of fiirbtinjj it out. 
 There was a srreat disparity of numbers lietween 
 the French and F.nirlish colonies. Nova Scotia 
 contained five thousand inhabitants; New Hamp- 
 shire, thirty thousand v Massachunett», two hun- 
 dred and twenty thousand; Rlio<leIslan<l, thirty 
 llvctboiijand: Conneeticnt.onehundred thousand: 
 New York, one hundred thoi.sand: the Jerwys, 
 .sixtvtlioiisandrl'ennsrlvania.incliidii? Delaware, 
 
 I 
 
854 
 
 THE HISTORY OK 
 
 Carolinaa, seventy-live thousand: Georgia, six 
 thousand : — iji all, one million til'ty-one thousand. 
 Canada contained but liirty-tivetliousand: Louisi- 
 ana, butseven tliousand :— total, lillytwothousand. 
 To compensate i" part for tliis numerical inferi- 
 Cfity,the French had theadvantageof bein^uuided 
 by one and the same hand ; whereaa the ll-nglish 
 wcredividedinto separate clans, and unaccustomed 
 to act in concert. All the Indians, except the Five 
 Nations, were on the side of France; and, what 
 was of still greater service to lier cause, tlie gover- 
 nors of Canada had all been military men ; had 
 employed the inhabit!\nt£ in erecting U)rtitications 
 to command Lake Champlain, and the Kiver St. 
 Lawrence; and were now proceeding to complete 
 the chain, by extending the links along the otlier 
 western lakes, and down the MissLssippi. 
 
 The circumstance, which served to open the 
 quarrel, was the alleged intrusion of the Ohio Com- 
 pany; an association of influential men fromEng 
 landand Virginia, who had obtained a grant of 600- 
 000 acres of land, in order to drive a fur trade with 
 the Indians. The governor of Canada wrote to 
 the governors of New York and Pennsylvania, 
 that, unless these intruders were removed from 
 the territory of his most Christian majesty, he 
 should beunderthe necessity of seizing them. The 
 threat was disregarded; and the traders were 
 seized. A communication was immediately opened 
 along French Creek and Alleghany River, be- 
 tween the Ohio and Fort Presqu'Ile ; and troops 
 stationed at convenient distances, were sccun-d, 
 by temporary works, against any attack of small 
 arms. The Ohio company made loud complaints : 
 Lieutenant-Governor Dinwiddle laid the subject 
 before the assembly of Virginia; ami despatched 
 Major Washington, with a letter to the French 
 commander; in which he was required to quit the 
 dominions of his Britannic majesty. M. Legjir- 
 deur de St. Pierre transmitted the letter to the 
 governor of Canada; whose orders, he said, he 
 should implicitly follow. Early in the spring of 
 1755, Major Washington, on the death of iiis colo- 
 nel, took the command of a regiment, raised in V'ir- 
 ginia,for the protection of the frcmtiers. H- de- 
 leated a parly of French and Indians, under Dijon- 
 ville ; and was proceeding to occupy the jxjst, at 
 the fo rk of the Allegha ny and Mononi;ahela Rivers, 
 when he was met, at the Little Meadows, by a su- 
 perior force; and, after a gallant defence, was 
 compelled to surrender. The French had already 
 erected thestronglortofDu(iuesne,ontheground 
 of which he had intended to take possession. 
 
 The provincial governors received orders from 
 the secretary of state, to repel force by force ; and, 
 if practicable, to form a Union among the several 
 colonies. Delegates had already been appointed 
 to meet at Alb.'iny, for the purpose of conferring 
 with the Five Nations: and Governor Shirley re- 
 commended, that the subject ofunion should, also, 
 be discussed at the convention. The commission- 
 ers from Massachusetts had ample powers to co- 
 operate in tlij formation of a plan : those from Ma- 
 ryland were instructed to observe what othersdid ; 
 and those from New Hampshire, KhoJe Island, 
 Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and New York, had no 
 instructions at all on the suhlect. As soon, how- 
 ever, as thefriendshipof the Indians was thought 
 to be secured by a distribution til' presents, the de- 
 legates appiiinteil a committee. V' devise some 
 scheme for tlie proposed confederation; and the 
 committee recommended the adoption v^f a govern- 
 ment anahuousto that of the individulU f^olonies. 
 There wasto be a grand council, composed of 
 deputies from the several nrovinces, — and a presi- 
 dent-general, appointed ny the crown, with tlie 
 power of negativing the acts of the council. The 
 Connecticut deleirates alone dissented from this 
 plan; because, as they said, it put too much power 
 mto the hands of the crown. It was rejected in 
 England for the very op|)osite reason; and, in lieu 
 of it, the minister proposed, that the several gover- 
 nors, with one or twoof their counsellors, should 
 meet and adopt such meaHUres as theeommon safety 
 might demand. But this scheme was defeated b'v 
 a provision, that they might draw upon the British 
 
 treasury Ibr all necessary bums : whicU parliament 
 would undertake to repay, by im|)03ing a general 
 tax upon the colonies. It was now resolved, there- 
 fore, to carry on the war with British troops; and 
 leave the provincial legislatures to supply such re- 
 inforcements as each was willing or able to atlbrd. 
 
 Early in 1755, General firaddock set sail from 
 England, with a respectable Iwdy of troops; and 
 about the same time, Admiral Boscawen was des- 
 patched to this country, in order to intercept a 
 French armament, which was then fitting out for 
 Canada. The provincial governors met General 
 Braddock, in Virginia, on the 14th of April ; and it 
 was resolved to divide the campaign into three 
 separate expeditions; — the firstagainst I)u (iuesiie, 
 with the British, Virginia, and Maryland forces, 
 under General Braddock ;~tlie second against Fort 
 Frontignac, with the Massachusetts regulars, un- 
 der Governor Shirley, — the third against Crown 
 Point, with New England and New-York troops, 
 under General William Johnson, one of the New 
 York council. Massachusetts, in the mean time, 
 undertook, singly, to drive the French from Nova 
 Scotia ; and, on the 30th of May, three thousand 
 troops were despatched for the purpose, under 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Wuislow. They arrived at 
 Anna|)olis Royal, on the 28th; anchored, soon af- 
 ter, before Fort Lawrence, in Chenecto, with a 
 fleet of forty sail : and, being joined by three hun- 
 dred British troops, with some artillery, marched 
 immediately against Beau Sejour. A block house, 
 with a few cannon, and a breast-work, with a few 
 troops behind it,opposed the passajre of tl.c Mussa- 
 guash ; which, according to the French, was the 
 western limit of Nova Scotia. The passage was 
 forced, with the loss of one man; and entrench- 
 menLs were immediately o]X'ned before Beau Se- 
 jour. The garrison surrendered on the fifth day i 
 Fort Gaspereau soon followed the example ; tht 
 appearance of three twenty-gun ships imluced the 
 enemy to set lire to his worVts at St. Johns ; and 
 thus, in the single month of June, with the loss of 
 but three men, the English gained possessiim of 
 Nova Scotia, according to their own definition of 
 the term. 
 
 As soon as the convention of governors w.isdis' 
 solved. General Braddock proceeded to the post at 
 Well's Creek, whence the army commenced its 
 march about the middle of June. Their progress 
 was very much refcirded by the necessity of cutting 
 a road ; and, lest the enemy should have time to 
 collect in great force, the general concluded to set 
 forward with 1200 select men, while Colonel Dun- 
 bar should follow slowly in the rear, with thcmain 
 body and the heavy baggage. Colonel Washing- 
 ton's regiment had been split into separate compa- 
 nies, and he had only joineil the army as aid to the 
 general. The roughness of the countiy prevented 
 the advanced corps from reaching the ftlononga- 
 hela till the 8th of July. It was resolved to attack 
 Du Quesne the very next day ; and lieutenant- 
 colonel Gage was sent in front with three hundred 
 British regulars, while the general himself followed 
 at some distance with the main bod v. He had 
 been strongly cautioned by Colonel NVashinirton 
 to provide against an ambuscade, by semling for- 
 ward some |)rovincial companies to scour the 
 woods; but he held tlu; provincials and the enemy 
 in equal contempt. The Mononirahela was cross- 
 ed the second time, about seven n:iles frimi Du 
 Quesne ; and the army was piessinif forward in an 
 open wood, through high and thirk ijrass, when the 
 front was suddenly thrown into disorder by a volley 
 from small arms. The main body was formed 
 three deep, and brouffht to its support : the com- 
 mander-in-chief of the enemy fell ; and a cessation 
 of the fire led General Braddock to suppose that 
 the assailants had fled ; but he was soon attacked 
 with redoubled fury. Conrealed behind trees, logs, 
 and rocks, the Indians poured upon the troops a 
 deadly and incessant fire; ofllcers and men fell 
 thickly around, and the survivors knew not where 
 to direct their aim to revenge their slaugbtenvl 
 comra<les. The whole body was acain thrown into 
 confusion ; but the general, obstinate and coura- 
 geous, refViscd to retreat ; and Instead of withdraw 
 
 ing them beyond tiie reach of the enemy's muskets, 
 where their ranks might easily have been formed 
 anew, undertmik to rullythem on the very ground 
 of attack, and in the midst of a most incessant and 
 leadly fire. He persisted in these ellbrts until 
 three horses had been shot under him, and every 
 one of his oflicers on horseback, except Colonel 
 Washington, was either killed or wounded. The 
 general at length fell, and the rout became univer 
 sal.* The troops fled precijjitately until they met 
 the division under Dunbar, then forty miles in tlie 
 rear. Sixty-four oflicers out of eighty-five, and 
 about half of the privates were killed or wounded. 
 General Braddock died in Dunbar's camp; and the 
 whole army, which appears to have been panic 
 struck, marched back to Philadelphia. The pro- 
 vincial troops, whom Braddock had so lightly es- 
 teemed, displayed during the battle the utmost 
 calmness and courage. Though placed in the rear, 
 they alone, led on by Washington, advanced against 
 the Indians, and covered the retreat ; and had they 
 at first been permitted to engage the enemy in their 
 own way, they would easily have defeated thcitu 
 The two northern expeditions, though not so 
 disastrous, did not either of them succeed in attain- 
 ing the object proposed. In that against Crowr. 
 Point much delay was occasioned by the distracted 
 councils of so many difleient governments; and it 
 was not till the last of August, that General John- 
 son, with three thousand seven hundred men, arri- 
 ved at the fort of lake George, on Ms way toTi- 
 conderoga. Meanwhile the French !<quadron had 
 eluded Admiral Boscawen; and, as soon as it arri- 
 ved at Quebec, Baron Dieskaii, the commander, 
 resolved to march against Oswego, with his own 
 twelve hundred regulars, and about six hundred 
 Canadians and Iiulians. The news of General 
 Johnson's movement determined Dieskau to change 
 his plan, and to lead his liirees directly against the 
 American cnmp. General Johnson called for rein- 
 forcements: eight hundred troops, raised as a 
 corps of reserve by Massachusetts, were imme- 
 diately ordered to his assistance: and the same co- 
 lony undertook to raise an additional number of 
 two thousand men. Cokmel Williams was sent 
 forward with one thousand men to amuse and re- 
 connoitre the enemy. He met them four miles 
 fnmi the camp, oflered battle, and was defeated.t 
 Another detacliment shared the same fate; nnd 
 the French were now within one hundred and fifty 
 yards of the camp, when !i halt fiir a short time eiia- 
 ^)led the Americans to recover their alarm, and to 
 
 * nrnitilnck wns niortiillv wouikU'H, nnci tnkon nti 
 snslics, nt first, from llin liflil, ond llirii n liner vio» mnilo 
 fur liiiii, on wliicli lie wns rniriii! forty inilc-> from ilie linl- 
 III- cioiniil.wlifre he rxiiirol on ilio fieninirof llie fourth 
 ilnv nfiir liis di'font. ^ovrn liiinilrril of his men wiro 
 kilieil, imuMi!; whom wen' Willinm tSjiirlry, of llio rtaff, 
 nnd rololiol Sir IVirr llnllsot. Aniline llic wonndnl, 
 wero Itohort Ornio, Rocor Morris, Sir Jolnl St. Cliiir 
 nnd pcvrml oilirri' of llii' sinlT, nnd I.irntinnnt-rolonili' 
 Hnlinn nnd (iiige. Urndilork wns n lirnvo nnd rxci-l 
 lent ofllror. Ills niistaliP »np in not sliiilunc llio rim 
 racier of llifi rnf-niy. Fnmlilin nd^iscd liiin Ii> pro 
 cenl Willi tlie uliiiost rnnlinn* 'ni' 'li'' rr"'"' Eem'inl 
 tllonclit tlie advi^e^ wns u miirli lif'ttrr idiilosoplier llinn 
 soldier. 
 
 t Ilendriek, n Molinwk iliief, wns killed in this Imllle. 
 lie wns the son of n .Moliecnn eliief, liy n iMnlinwk wn- 
 miin. He mnrried into n IMolinwk fiiinily, nnd liec-nnie 
 dislinciiislied nnionn the six nnlions. His fnme esirndod 
 to .^Inssmhiisells, for ihiM'omniissloners, in 17.51, colistille'l 
 iiini on the Erent qneslion of inslrnelinir rrrtnin voiillii) 
 of his nnllon. He wns friendly to llie Enclisli ; nnd in 
 this hnlllenilh Diesknn, he roiniiiiinded three hnnilrid 
 .Mohnwks. He wns crnve nnd sententious in coiinril, 
 nnd lirnve In liirhl. Some of his nphorisnis nre ns wir-n 
 ns those of Solon. When it »«s proposed to send (i 
 detnehmenl to tlieel ihe enemy, nnd the iiiiinher lieinp 
 menlinned, he replied: "Ifl.iey nrn to (ichl, they nre loo 
 few; iflhey nre to he killed, tliey nre loo ninny." When 
 it wns proposed to send out the delnehnient in lliree pnr- 
 lies, Hendiiek look thrf e sticks, nnd snid, " Put iheni in- 
 celher, nnd voii cnnnot hrcnk them; Inke ihein one hy 
 ime, nnil voii will hrcnk them emily." They followed llio 
 ndvicc ot' the old wnrrior in this; nn.l Iind they recnrdi'il 
 the precnnliiins he siiccosted, in scoiirinir ihe (iehl 
 hv n fl.ink (riinrd, Willinins wouh. not liiivo fnllen into 
 ihe ninhusrnde. Hcndriik is rer. i inhered ninone; the 
 fricnd.s of white men, who now [.;iil ilien hnve been 
 found in the dilfcrcnl ngea of ou liislory, omong In 
 diuiu. 
 
 'WBW 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 39» 
 
 r's muskets, 
 ecn formed 
 ery ground 
 ccssanlaiul 
 ellbrts until 
 , and every 
 cpt Colonel 
 nded. The 
 anie univer 
 nil tlicymct 
 miles ill ttie 
 ity-five, and 
 or wounded, 
 nip; and the 
 
 been panic 
 . The pro- 
 80 lightly ca- 
 
 the utmost 
 >d in the rear, 
 [inced against 
 and had they 
 •nemy intheir 
 ■feated them, 
 lough not so 
 eed in attain- 
 rainat Crowr. 
 the distracted 
 ments ; and it 
 jeneral John- 
 red men, arri- 
 lis w.iy toTi- 
 squadron had 
 ioonas it arri- 
 c commander, 
 
 vith his own 
 t six hundred 
 vs of General 
 skau to change 
 tty against the 
 called for rcin- 
 1, raised as a 
 !, were imme- 
 id the same co- 
 nal number of 
 ams was sent 
 amuse and re- 
 ■m lour miles 
 ivas defeated.! 
 ame fate; and 
 Indred and fifty 
 ihort time eiia- 
 
 alarm, and to 
 
 nnil tnkcn on 
 
 liltor WOK iimilo 
 
 Jilpj from llir- lial- 
 
 [iiic of llic fonrlh 
 
 If liis nH'ii wero 
 
 llcv, of {\\e f mil', 
 
 Ic the v^nlindfil, 
 
 Ijiilin St. rhiir 
 
 liitinQnt-r'olonrl!' 
 
 Irnvi' ntui rxci'l 
 
 liiiUiiiff llio ilin 
 
 nl' liiiii to pro 
 
 f promi cciirriil 
 
 MiiluHoplitr llinn 
 
 III in llii" linlili'. 
 
 I n M(ilm»k wo- 
 |U. iiTicI ln'inm.' 
 
 ..i fnuw pxtrtxlrd 
 li IT.'tl, coiisnlto'l 
 rrrlniii voiillm 
 iKrmlisli; "iiml '" 
 
 II lliri'O liiimlriH 
 X)U!) in ronnril, 
 liiix arc Rp wi:-R 
 loiii'il to Hcnci i> 
 _ injiiiliiT liiinc 
 lilt, tlicv nri" too 
 liiintiv." Wlii'n 
 Ipnt ill ilirfe pnr- 
 J, " Put iliriii to- 
 Ir tiiolii oiii' ''^ 
 liry followed ilm 
 
 ., they rccniilt'il 
 birine" ll'o fif^Iil 
 nvo fulloii iolo 
 oil tinning lhi» 
 Ihcn liavo teen 
 T)ry, among In 
 
 nuike good use of their artillery through the filleii 
 trees, heliind which they were posted. Dieskaii 
 udViiiiced to the charge; hut he was so firmly rc- 
 ceiveil, thai the Indians and militia gave way and 
 flod: he was ohiigcd to order a retreat of the regu- 
 hrs; and, in the ardent pursuit which ensued, he 
 was hiinseH'inDrlally wounded and made prisoner.* 
 A scoiitinij purty had, in the mean time, taken the 
 enemy's baggage; and when the retreating army 
 came up, tlu'y attacked it so successfully fromlie- 
 liindthe trees, that the panic-struck .soldiers droj)- 
 ped all their accoutrements, and tied in the utmost 
 confusion liir their posts on the lakcs.f This vic- 
 tory revived the spirits of the colonists, depressed 
 by the recent defeat of General Braddock,but the 
 success was noi improved in any proportion to their 
 e.xpectalion. General Shirley, now the command- 
 er in cliii'f, urged an attempt onTiconderoga; but 
 a CDitiicil of war judging it unadvisahle, Johnson 
 einploycil iheremaiiuLrof the campaign in lortify- 
 mg his camp. On a meeting of Commis.sioners 
 from Mnssachusetts and Coniiecliciit, with the go- 
 vern;)r aiul council of New- York, in October, it 
 was unaniinously agreed, that the army under 
 General Joliiison should be discharged, escepling 
 si.'C hundred men, who should be engaged to garri- 
 8iin Fort Kdward and Fort AVilliam Henry. The 
 Freucli still retained possession of Ticonderoga, 
 and Ibrtilled it. 
 
 General Sliirley,{ who was to conduct the expe- 
 dition against Niagara and Fort Frontignac, expe- 
 rienced such delays, that he did not reach Oswego 
 until the 21st of August. On his arrival, he made 
 ■M\ nec'ssary i)repiiratioiis for the expedition to 
 Niagara; but, lliroiigli the deserfinn of batteau- 
 meii, the scarcity ofwagiuison Ihe Mohawk river, 
 and Ihe djsertion of.sleclgeineii at the great carry- 
 ng place, the conveyance of imivisions and stores 
 
 * John llarrniniil Dioxlt.iii, Imron, wan n linnlrnHnt- 
 peniMiil ill the h'n'nc'li nriiiy. In 17.i.'), hn loft .Montioiil 
 with twelve linnilreil resiilara, nnil nix liiinilieil Ciiimili- 
 iin» nnil liiilimis. (leiienil JoJinKoii, with three tlioiisuiiil 
 novoii liiinilriMJ ni"n, iirriveil ut the furt of Luko (ieorce, 
 on his way to 'rirDniloro-:!!. hiiroii Die.'^kiltl, heuriiiir 
 of thi.s tnovoinoiu of (ieiioral Johii:*oii, insteiid of pro. 
 eeeiling to Alhuiiy, a.'^ wn.s his uriirinal inlontion, re- 
 solved to attack ihe .\nieriean eainp. A reinliiroeineiit 
 of ei^hl huiiilreil troops was sent tii (ieneral Johnson's 
 as.siiianec; nml Colonel Williams, with ciiic thonsand 
 men, was onioreil to reooniioitrc the eneniv. He met 
 the enemy hut was defo,iteil, and loft auioiij the slain, 
 riie loss of the Kn-nili was also eonsidor.ihio; M. t<t. 
 Pierre, eoniintiniler of the Indians, was niortiillv wound- 
 I'd. On Ihe same day, tlu: ilth of rtejilomho'r, Huron 
 Dieskau appealed in view of lieiiernl Jiihnsoii's arnu', 
 wliiili was eiieampod mi the hanks of Lake fieorire, 
 iefonded on eaell side liy a woody Hwantp. Tlie Ame- 
 ricans hiivini recovered' from the alnrni whiih their 
 Hrst disaster hud thrown Iheni into, and heini stationed 
 (lehiiid sonic fallen trees, their superior uitiintimi erm- 
 liled llicni to make Rood use of their uiiillorv. Dieskaii, 
 incoiirased hy his previous suceess, niUa'nced holdiv 
 to the eharirii; hut liis Indians, iiiore ncoiistoinod to the 
 loiiittliawk and sealpinK knife, than to the roar of o.inuon, 
 fled in disiiniv. His auxiliary troops hoiii!; so dispersed, 
 he was ohli^. ,1 to order a rol'reat of the re^'lllurs. In the 
 pursuit which liilloweil, he was himself Hounded. A sol- 
 Jier, se.'kin^- for pliimlnr, fiiiind Dieskaii nhiiie, deserted 
 liy his troops, leanini; on the stiimii of a tree, iiimhlo to 
 move from a wound in his lo;. While he was scarch- 
 iui; lor his watch, to deliver to him, the soldier siippos- 
 ilij? he was seekiil'T for a pistol, poured a ollurse throiish 
 his hips. Hn was coiiveved to .New Vork, wheiv he was 
 itteniled hy Dr. Jones. He neier enlip'lv recovered I'rmu 
 Ihe womi I, which gradually impaired 'his ronstitniimi, 
 inil he died in consequence' of it, at Siirene, in I'mnco, 
 Heptemher litli. I7lir. He was uiii|uo9ti(Hiahlv a general 
 of military iskill. 
 
 t (ieneral I'hineas l.yman was second in oommniid 
 hi this hatllo. He wns a hritve man, of f.ir superior uhili- 
 
 lies to Johnsmi; and when the in nnder-iii-chief was 
 
 woiiiiili'd, (ieiKual l.yma. took the oommauil, and fouKlit 
 oiil the haitle most gallantly. I,\ .nan was u man of 
 (irsl rate talents and education, a .'awvor, and a slales- 
 iiiun. He sustained himself for five hours, on that dav, 
 >nj gave his orders like a veteran fohlier; Imt Johnson 
 never mentioned his iiunio in his ooooiint of the hattle, 
 from a most dcspicahio I'eelinit of jealousv. i.nnan con- 
 tinued for several oampaisns to comiiian'd the' Coniiecii- 
 inl troops, and won laurels in every nitiiation. The r lose 
 of his life wan dark and siid ; but his honour was never 
 larnishcd. 
 
 J Sllilley »«» n irood lawyer, and a hrave ollieer. He 
 w«« o nrnti of literary taste and aeqiiirements. Ho nuli- 
 lislivi a IragcJ)', and soiiie oilier dramatic works. 
 
 was so muchretarded, that nearly four weeks elap- 
 sed before he could commence any further opera- 
 tions; and from a continued succession of adverse 
 circumstances, in a council of war called on the 
 2Stli of September, it was unanimously resolved to 
 defer the expedition to the succeeding year; to 
 leave Colonel Mercer at Oswego, with a garrison 
 of seven hundred men, and to build two additional 
 fiirts for the security of the place ; while the gene- 
 ral should return with the rest of the a rmy to Alba- 
 ny. Thus ended the campaign of 17.'i5: it opened 
 with the brightest prospects; immense preparations 
 had been made, yet not one of the objects of the 
 three principal expeditions had been attained; and 
 by this failure the whole frontier was exixised to 
 the ravages of the Indians, which were accompa- 
 nied by their usual acts of barbarity. 
 
 The colonies, however, far from being discoura- 
 ged by the misliirtunes of the last campaign, deter- 
 mined to renew and increase their exertions. Ge- 
 neral Shirley, to whom the 6Ui)erinteiidcnce of all 
 the miliUiry o|)eratioiis had been confided, as.sem- 
 hled a council of war at New-York to concert a ])lan 
 (iir the ensuing year. The plan adopted by the 
 council embraced expeditions agaiast l)u (iuesne, 
 Niagara, and Crown Point, and the de.spatching a 
 body of Iroojjs by the way of the rivers Kenneheck 
 and Chaudiere, to create alarm for the safety of 
 litiehec. Major-General Winslow* was appoinleil 
 to lead the expedition against Crown Point. He 
 was a iKipiilar ollicer, and the colonists felt a deep 
 interest in the expedition; but, for want of an esta- 
 blished financial sysleiii, (llieir only taxes were 
 upon hinds and polls,) the requi-site fuiid.s were raised 
 with dillicully, and the recruiting service made very 
 sknv progress. Only seven ihoiisaiid men assem- 
 bled at the ixistson Lake George. General Wins- 
 low declared, that, without more Ibrces, he could 
 not undertake the expedition; and it would proba- 
 bly have been abandoned, had he not lu'eii reinlbr- 
 ceil by the timely arrival of some British troops. 
 They eatiie over with General Abercromliie, who 
 had superseded General Shirley, and who .soon 
 alU'r gave ])lace to the Earl of Loudon. These 
 changes produeed some unpleasant contests for 
 priiirity of rank. General Wiiislow asserted frank- 
 ly, that the provincials would niver he commanded 
 by British olficers; and the Earl of Loudon seri- 
 ously pro[)ouniled the question, whether the colo- 
 nial troops, with his majesty's arms in their hands, 
 would refuse obedieiiee to his majesty^ command- 
 ers.' He was answered in the allirniative; and 
 when he understood thai the New England troops 
 in particular, had enlisted under the condition of 
 being led hy their own ollicers, he agreed to lei 
 those troops act separately. 
 
 While the English were adjusting these difier- 
 ences, and debatinir whether it would be expedient 
 lo attack ForlNiagara.or Fort Du (iuesne,Mont- 
 ealtii, the successor of Dieskau, marched against 
 Osweiro with about five thousand Fieiich, Cana- 
 dians, and Indians. His artillery played with such 
 ell'ect upon the fort, that it was soon declared unte- 
 nable; and lo avoid an assaull, the ifarrison, who 
 were sixteen hundred in number, and had stores for 
 five months, Kiirrendered themselves prisoners of 
 war. The (iirt had lieen an idiject of considerable 
 jealousy lo Ihe Five Nations; and Monlealm made 
 a wise use of hiscoiujiiest hy demolishing it in their 
 presence. The Engliih and American army was 
 now thrown upon the defensive. Instead of at- 
 tacking Ticoiiileroga, General Winslow was or- 
 derid lo fortify his own camp: Major-General 
 Webb, with fourteen hundred regulars, took jxisl 
 near Wood Creek; and Sir William Johnson, with 
 one thousand militia, was stationed at the German 
 Flats. The colonists were now called upon lor 
 reinforcc^nents ; and, as parliament had distri'tnttcd 
 
 * Winslow wa:i n prandson of the second governor of 
 Plymouth, of that name. He wns eiiKatreil as a captain 
 in the expedition to rnlia. in 1710; as a mnjor-eeneral in 
 the expediiions to Kemicheek, Nova Scotia, and Crown 
 Point, 111 the Spanish wars. The hold stand ho took in 
 favour of the militia at that lime, has hcjii quoted as a 
 precedent since, and endeared his name to every luvcr of I 
 military' honour. 1 
 
 among them one hundred and fiUeen thouoand 
 ix)unds for the last year's expenses, they were ena 
 bled to answer the call with perhaps more prompt! 
 tude than was aniieipated. The recruits were on 
 their way to the camp, when intelligence of the 
 amall-pox at Albany fiighiened them home again. 
 The other provincials wne equally alarmed ;" and 
 all, except a New Vork regiment, were dismisseiL 
 Thus termii.aled the second campaign. The ex 
 pedition tip Ihe Kenneheck had been abandoned 
 that against Niagara was not commeiieeil; and 
 not even a preparation had been made lor that 
 against Du tiiiesne. 
 
 At the commencement of the following year a 
 council was held at Boston,composed of Lord Lou 
 don, and the governors of the New England prtv- 
 vinces and of Nova Scotia. At this council hia 
 lordship projOTsed that New England should raise 
 four thousand men for the ensuing campaign; and 
 that a proportionate number should be misled by 
 New York and New Jersey. These requisitions 
 were complied with; and in the spring his lordship 
 found himself at the head of a very considerable 
 army. Admiral Hollxiurn arriving in the hei'iii- 
 ning of July at Halifax with a powerful .squadTon, 
 and a reinfiircemcnt of five thousand British troops, 
 under George Viscount Howe, Lord Loudon sail- 
 C(l from New York with six thousand regulars, lo 
 join those troops at the place of their arrival. In- 
 stead of the complex operations undeilaken in jire- 
 vious camiiaigns, his lordship liniited his phin to a 
 single object. Leaving the posts on the lakes 
 strongly garrisoned, he rcsioived lo iliieet his whole 
 disposable force against Louishourg; Halifax 
 having been determined onasihe place of reiulc/- 
 votts for the fieet and army destined for Ihe expe- 
 dition. Infiirnialion was, however, soon received, 
 that a French fleet had lately flailed from Brest; 
 that Louislsiurg was garrisotied by six thousand 
 reiTiilars, exclusive of provincials; and that it was 
 also defended by seventeen line of hallle shijis, 
 which were moored in Ihe hiirbotir. There beinc 
 no hope of success against so liirmidahle a force. 
 Ihe enterprise was deferred to Ihe next year; the 
 general and admiriil on Ihe last of Atintist proceed- 
 ed lo New Vork ; and the provincials were dis- 
 missed. 
 
 The Marquis dc Montcalm, availing himself of 
 the absence of the principal jiart ol the British 
 force, advanced with an army of nine thousand 
 men, and laid siejie lo Fort W'illiain Henry. The 
 L'arri.son at this fort consisted of iH'lweeii two and 
 three thousand regulars, and its fiirtificalions were 
 strong* and in very ifood order; and for the addi- 
 tional security of this impiirtant post. General Webb 
 was stationed at Fort Edward with an army of four 
 thousand men. The French commander, however, 
 urged his approaches with such vigour, that with- 
 in six d.ivs after the inveslment of ihe forl,Colone' 
 Monro, the commandant, having in vain solicited 
 succour from General Webb, fiiiind it necessary lo 
 surrender by capiftilation. The garri.son wa.s to 
 he allowed ibe honours of war, audio he prolecled 
 aijainsl the Indians until within the reach of Fort 
 Edward ; but the next niornitii', a great number of 
 Indians havitiir been permilledlo enter ihe lines, 
 herran to])hiiider; and meeting with nooiposiiion, 
 Ibey fell upon the sick and wounded whom they 
 immediately massacred. Their appetite for car- 
 iiaije being exeiled, the deleneeless troops were 
 attacked with lieiul-like fiiiy. Monro in vain iin- 
 jilored Monlealm to provide Ihe stipulated guard, 
 and the massacre proceeded. AW was lurbulence 
 and horror. On every side savages were btitrher- 
 
 This is a great mistake; the fort was Imilt incrolv 
 as a defence against Indians, and wns entirely iinlii fiir 
 a siege, hy a power who had the command of 'ordnance. 
 I'hn lorl wos not abandoned till the last shot thev had 
 was fired. The conduct of llic bravo and gallant Mont 
 calm is iliexplicahle. Conld not such a general, with 
 so many regular troops, have restrained the li.iliansf 
 
 His n-putalion was witlionl slain niilil that I r. Si.nm 
 
 of Ihe disarmed and wretched troops wore ccmipelli-j 
 to make resistance, and wrenched tlio arms from iheit 
 assailants, and dofondod themsclies with desperatif.n. 
 There are bliiod-staincd pages in history we could wish 
 were not llicre. I'hiu is one uf llicni. 
 
8S0 
 
 THK inSTORV OK 
 
 tag anil scnlpliig llicir wretched vietiius. Their 
 iiideuus yell.s, the groans of the dying, and the fran- 
 tic shriekH uf utiiers slirinking Iroin the iiphfted 
 tomahawk, were heard by the French unnioved. 
 The fury of the savages was permitted to rage 
 without restraint until fifteen hundred were killed, 
 or hurried captives into tlie wilderness. The day 
 after this awful tragedy, Major Putnam was sent 
 with his rangers to watch the motions of the enemy. 
 When he came to the shore of the lake, their rear 
 was hardly beyond the reach of musket shot. The 
 prospect was horrible in the extreme ; the fort de- 
 molished ; the barrr.cks and buildings yet burning ; 
 inni'merable fragintiits of human carcasses still 
 broiled in the decaying fires ; and dead bodies, 
 mangled with tomahawks and scalping knives, in 
 all tiie wantonness of Indian barbarity, were every 
 where scattered around. Who can forbear ex- 
 claiming with the poet, 
 
 " Man in lo man tlio surest, sorest ill '" 
 Tluis ended the third campaign' in America; 
 happily forming the last series of disasters result- 
 ing from folly and mismanagement, rather than 
 from want of meiuis and military strength. The 
 successes of the French left the colonies in a gloomy 
 state. Hy the acquisition of Fort William Henry, 
 they had obtained full possession of the lakes Cham- 
 plain and George ; and by the destruction of Oswe- 
 go, they bad acquired the dominion of those other 
 lakes which connect the St. Lawrence with the 
 waters of Mississippi. The first allorded the ea- 
 siest admission from the northern colonies into 
 Canada, or from Canada into those colonies ; the 
 last united Canada to Louisiana. By the continue<l 
 possession of Fort Du Quesne, they preserved their 
 .iscendcncy over the Indians, and held undisturbed 
 control of all the country west of the Alleghany 
 mountains. The British nation was alarmed and 
 indignant, and the king found it necessary to change 
 his councils. At the head of a new ministry, he 
 placed the celebrated William Pitt, afterwards Karl 
 of Chatham, who was raised by his talents from the 
 humble post of ensign in the guards to the control 
 nf the destinies of a mighty empire; under his ad- 
 mmistratiou public confidence revived, and the ua- 
 
 • Willie the nnny wns in winter qnnrters, a circuin- 
 HtQiue occnri'ci), w'liich exiiiltits tho wtiteht'ul jealous^' 
 Iho colonists ever exercised over ilioir lihcrtics. *' The 
 general court had provided harrncks on (Castle Island, 
 lor a resiment itf Highliuuiprs, which had been cxpect- 
 td at Uoston. SSonie reerniting ollicers soon aAerwards 
 arrived at Nova Scotiu; and, protesting; that (heir re- 
 
 f;imenta vvouhl never ho lillcd up if the men iniist he 
 odgcd in these barracks, lliey rO(|uircd the justices u( 
 the poaco to furnish quarters, according to tho act of 
 p&rliament. The justices denied thut the act of parlia- 
 ment extended to this country, Lord Loudoun wrote 
 (ho court a letter, and asserted roundly that it did ; that, 
 moreover, he Imd ' used gentleness and patience' lon<r 
 enough ; niul thut unless the requisitions were complieii 
 with in forty-eight hours from the receipt of thia letter, 
 ho shuuM be * under the nect^ssily' of onlering * into 
 noston t\v: llireo hiilinlions from Now Vork, Long 
 Island, and Connecticut; and if more were wanting, he 
 had two in the Jerseys at hand, besides those in Penii- 
 Bvlvania.* Tho general court now pas-'ed an aet very 
 similar to thst of purtiunient, on the subject of recruits; 
 but it did not fully answer Lord Loudoun's expectations, 
 nor did he fail to let thcin know it in a second epistle. 
 The answer of the general court was merely a reitera- 
 tion of what we have so often beuid from the same 
 bodv. They asserted their ritihts as Knglishuien ; paid 
 they had coiiforined lo Ihe act of parliuuieiit as nearlv 
 us (he case would adiiiil: and tlcchircd that it was their 
 misfortune, if a strict adherent^o to their duty should 
 eive olfmec lo Lord L<iuduuii. lie, in turn, applauded 
 tliB zeal of the pnivince in the service of his m.ijesiy, 
 ttflfected lo rely on its eouqiliitnce with his wishes, and 
 cnunlennnnded his orders for the manh of the troops. 
 The general court sent his excellency a eoiliMliatory 
 measage, in which lliey asserted llial they were entirely 
 dependent on parliament; that its arts were the rule of 
 all their judicial proceediiiirs ; that its authority had 
 never be'"i questloniMt; and that if they ha<l not made 
 this avj'val * in times past, it was liecausc there had 
 been no occa!<ion for it.* Judge Marshall seems to 
 think that Oils lum.Miace was sincere hut Mr. Minot at- 
 tributes it lo the riesire of the cfiurt to keep friends with 
 pnrltament lill ihey were reimbursed for the expenses 
 which lll!*y had incurred during the war. The truth is 
 prtibnblv between the two npinious." — ISandford'a Hist. 
 uf the Cuitcd States, p. U5, IK, 
 
 t'on seemed inspired with new life and vigour.f 
 lie was equally popular in both hemi-.qilieres ; and 
 so promptly did the governors of tho northern colo- 
 nies obey the requisitions of his circular letter of 
 I7,'i7, that by May, in the following year, Massa- 
 chusetts, had seven thousand, Connecticut live 
 thousand, and New Hampshire three thousand 
 troops, prepared to take the field. The zeal of 
 Massachusetts was particularly ardent. The peo- 
 ple of Boston su]ifjorted taxes which took away two 
 thirds of 4he income on real estate ; one half of the 
 etfective men in the province were on some sort of 
 military duty ; and the transports for carrying the 
 troops to Halifax were ready to sail in fourteen 
 days from the time of their engagement. The 
 mother country wa<! not less active. While her 
 fleets blockaded or captured the French armaments, 
 she despatched Admiral Uoscaweu to Halifax with 
 
 1 " William Pitt, Earl of Chalham, one of the most 
 able and successful ministers that England ever pos- 
 sessed, woa horn November 15, 17U8, and was the son 
 of llohert Pitt, Esq. of Itoconnock, in Cornwall. His 
 education he received at Eton, and nt Trinity College, 
 Oxford. His entrance into public lilb was us a cornet 
 of horse; and in 1735, through the inllueiicc of the 
 Ouctiess Dowager of Marlborough, he was relnrncd to 
 parliament, as member fur Old Sarum. He subsefjiient- 
 ly sat for fjeafurd, Aldhorough, and Uatli. As a sena- 
 tor, he soon reiiden!d himself so obnoxious to Walpide, 
 that the minister, with equal injiistii'o und impolicy, do- 
 priveil him of his connnission. This uneonsiilutioual 
 act only enhanced his piqiularity, and sharjiencd his 
 resenlment. After having been ten years in opposition, 
 he was, early in 17'1(), appointed joint vicc-treaBurer ot' 
 Ireland; and, in Iho same year, treasurer und puyinas- 
 ler general of the army, and a privy counsellor. Du- 
 ring his Ircasnrership, 'he iuvarial>ly refused to hcnelii 
 hy tho large balances of immey which nei^essarilv re- 
 mained in his hands. In 1755, ho wna diinisscfi; in 
 I75t;, he obtained a brief reinstatement in power, as i'C- 
 cretary of state, and was again dismissed ; hut, in 1757, 
 defeat and ilisgracc having fallen on the country, the 
 ununimous VDice of the peoj)lc compelled the sovereign 
 to place him at tho head of the ailministralion. Uuder 
 his auspices, Itriluiii was, during four years, irinmphant 
 in every quarter of the globe. Tliwin-ted in his mea- 
 sures, after the accnssiim (d" (jeorge III., he resigned, in 
 October, 17G1, an ollice which ho could no longer hold 
 with honour to himself, or advantage to the nation. A 
 peii-^ion was grunted to him, and his wife was created 
 a baroness. On tho downfall of the Uockinglmin ad- 
 ministration, Pitt was a])pointed lor<l privy seal, and wus 
 raised to the peerage, with the title of Earl of Chulhaui. 
 Ho uc(|uired no glory us one of tho new and ill-ussoricd 
 ministry, and ho withdrew from it in INuvcnihcr, 17l>!t. 
 TImugfi snlfering severely from gout, he ctuintinued lo 
 speak in parliament upon all imporlant questions. The 
 American war, in pnrlieulur, ho opposed with all his 
 wonteil vigour and talent. On the lUli of April, 177U, 
 while rising to speak in the housr of lords, he till into 
 u eonviilsivo fit, and he expired on the I lib of the lid- 
 lowing May. Ho was interred, and a luonument raised 
 to him, in Westminster Abliey, at the ptihlic ex'pense ; 
 and a perpetual iinnuity nf '4000/. was granieil lo his 
 heirs. Somo short pocnis, and a volume of leilers to his 
 nephew, have appeared in print. The idiaractcr of Loril 
 Chnthuin is thus ably summed hv Grnllun : * There 
 was in this man something that could create, subvert, or 
 n^tiirm; an untlerstanding, a spirit, and an cloi|uen(;e, 
 to summon nuiukiud lo society, or to break the bonds 
 of slavery asunder, and to rule the wilderness of free 
 ininfts vviih unbounded authority; something that could 
 establish or overwhelm empire, and strike a blow ia 
 the world lliat should resonnu ihrouiih the universe.* '* 
 
 In America, his name was held in the highest esti- 
 mation. Every patriot did him lionimr. Country signs 
 horo his semhlance, or something the people thought 
 like bis iiohle features. In the town of Dedliani, in 
 jMassscliMselis, Nathaniel Ames, the father of the greal 
 orator, I*'isher Ames, a physician, philosopher, and itui- 
 ihemutician, erected a granite roluinn to his niemory, 
 and suriuounled it by a bust of the greal friend uf liber- 
 ty. Il was thrown down by lime, and snffereil to lie in 
 neglect for many years; but il has since been renova- 
 ted, and stands now a monument to departed genius and 
 palrioiism. " Ifis elonuenee formed an era in our lan- 
 guage ;*' and the fire lie brealhed into the soul of free- 
 (bnn, has not, and wn trust never will, be extinguished, 
 (ienins, united to letters and patriotism, can never die. 
 Wo. forgive his last ni'l ; it was one of feeling and of 
 national pride. Lord Cballium aided the projectors of 
 canals with his whulo soul, while politicians thought he 
 had better have been doing almost any thing else ; but 
 his sagacity has been proved by the wonderful advan- 
 tages which have resulted to the natitm from canals, 
 tiratinn should have added, that /re fttrpttnw Ihe renottrect 
 of tkf tuition, ami rmntnenceii their devplopemt'itt ; if not so 
 rlietorical, it would have been lilerully true; and oven 
 the beauty of prophecy is lis fulfilinciit. 
 
 I a formidable squadron of ships, and an army of 
 ' twelve thousand men. Lord Loudoun was repla- 
 ced by (iencral Aberconibie, who, early in the 
 spring of IT.IS, was ready to enter upon the cam 
 paign nt the head of fifty thousand men, the most 
 ])owcrful army ever seen in America. 
 
 Three points of attack were marked out for thia 
 campaign ; the first, Louisbourg ; the second. Ti- 
 eondcroga and Crown Point; and the third. Fort 
 Du Quesne. On the first expedition Admiral Bo3 
 cawen sailed from Halifax on the ^Sth of May, 
 with a fleet of twenty ships of the line and eighteen 
 frigates, and an army of fourteen thousand men, 
 under the command of (icner.il Amherst, and arri- 
 ved before Louisbourg on the 2d of June. TLu 
 garrison of that place, commanded by the Chevalier 
 de Dnicourt, an officer of courage and experience, 
 was composed of two thousand five hundred regu- 
 lars, aided by six hundred mililia. The harbour 
 being secured by five ships o^'tlic line, one fifty gun 
 ship, and five frigates, three of which were sunk 
 across the mouth of the basin, it was found necea 
 sary to land at some distance from the town. This 
 being cH'ected, and the artillery and stores brongh 
 on shore, (Jeneral Wolfe was detached with two 
 thousand men to sei/.e a post occupied by the enemy 
 at the Lighthouse Point, from which the ships in 
 the harbour, and the fortifications in the town, 
 might be greatly annoyed. On the approach of 
 that gallant ofticor, the post was abandoned by tho 
 enemy, anil and several strong batteries were 
 erected there by their opponents. Approaches 
 were also made on the op|iositc side of tl«! town, 
 and the siege was pressed with resolution and vi- 
 gour, though with great caution. A very heavy 
 cannonade being kept up against the town and the 
 vessels in the harbour, a bomb w;is at length set on 
 fire and blew up one of the largest ships, and the 
 llaiiies were communicated to two others, which 
 shared the same t'ate. Tho Knglish admiral now 
 sent six hundred men in boats into the harbour, to 
 make an atlompt on two ships of the line which still 
 remained in the basin ; one of which, being aground, 
 was destroyed, and the other was towedolf in tri- 
 umph. This gallant exploit, pulling the Knglish 
 ill complete possession of the harbour, and several 
 breaches being made practicable in the works, tho 
 place was deemed no longer defensible, and the 
 governor otl'eied to capitulate. It was reipiired 
 that the garrison should surrender as prisoners nf 
 war. These liiimilialing terms, lliougli at first re- 
 jected, were afterwards acceded to ; and Louis- 
 bourg, with all its artillery, provisions, and military 
 stores, as also Island Koyal, ISt. .lohn'.s, and their 
 dependencies, were placed in the hands of the Kng- 
 lish, who, without farther dilficiilly, took possession 
 of the island of t^'ape Breton. The coii(|iierois 
 found two liundreil and twenty-one pieces of can- 
 nun, and eighteen mortars, with a very large i^uan- 
 tity of stores and ammunition. The inhabitants 
 of Cape Bip'on were sent to France in Knglish 
 ships ; but .he garrison, sea oflicers, sailors, and 
 marines, (imoiinling collectively lo nearly six thou- 
 sand men, were carried prisoners to Kngland. 
 
 The armies destined to execute the plans against 
 Ticondcroga and Fort Du Quesne were appointed 
 to rendezvous respectively at Albany and Pliiladel- 
 ))hia. The first was commanded by (ieneial Aber- 
 croinbie, and consisted of upwards of fifteen thou 
 sand men, atleiidiil by a fiirmiilable train of artille- 
 ry. On llie .Illi of .Inly, the general einbaiKeil hi" 
 triMips on I,ake (ieorge, on board of one htii:iirPil 
 and twenty-five whale boats, and nine hnndieii 
 batteaux, and commenced operations against Ti- 
 cotideidga. After debarkation at the landing placo 
 in a cove on the west side of '.he lake, the troops 
 were formed into four columns, the Itritisli in the 
 centre, and the provincials on the flanks. In tliL« 
 order they marched toward the advanced guard of 
 the French, which, consisting of the battalion on- 
 I Iv, posted in a logged camp, destroyed what was in 
 llinir power, and made a precipitate retreat. While 
 Abercromliie was continuing irs inarch in I lie 
 woods towards Ticondcroga, the eiiliimiis weio 
 thrown into confusion, and in some degree entan- 
 gled Willi each other. At this juncture, Lord 
 
 |k» 
 
 T i v iii il i ntw i Tir" fr i Trr'i iii nii iiia Hri ii 
 
 tmrniesmsMfixm^-^' 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 8S7 
 
 I ill! army of 
 
 imii WHS rcplu- 
 vM\y ill the 
 ij|i(in tlic cam 
 iiu'ii, the inoat 
 
 ed oitt for tbi« 
 
 lie second. Ti- 
 the third, Fort 
 I Adniiiai Bos 
 8th of May, 
 ic and eighteen 
 ilioMsand men, 
 ilicist, and arri- 
 of June. TLo 
 
 y the (Jlievalier 
 luid oxperienco, 
 
 hundred regu- 
 T)ie harbour 
 le, one fifty gun 
 liich were sunk 
 as found neces 
 he town. This 
 
 stores hrough 
 iched with two 
 ed by tlie enemy 
 lich the ships in 
 s in the town, 
 le approach of 
 bandoned by the 
 
 batteries were 
 ts. Approaches 
 ide of tlw! town, 
 esohilion and vi- 
 A very heiivy 
 the town and the 
 s at lcnf;lh set on 
 t sliipH, and tlie 
 (ilhers, wliich 
 hsh inhniral now 
 
 the harbour, to 
 le hne which still 
 h, being aground, 
 
 1 toHcil olf in tri- 
 ting the Knglish 
 bonr, and several 
 in the works, the 
 •fcnsible, and the 
 
 It was required 
 'r as prisoners of 
 ihougli at first re- 
 
 to ; anil Louis- 
 ions, and military 
 
 .lohn's, and their 
 hands <if the Kng- 
 V, took possession 
 
 'I'lie enni|ueror3 
 me pieces of can- 
 a very large quan- 
 Tlie inhabitants 
 "ranee in Knglish 
 fleers, sailors, and 
 
 nearly six thou- 
 to Kngland. 
 
 !■ the plans against 
 le were appointed 
 )any and I'hiladel- 
 
 1 by (icncial Aber- 
 lis of fiflceii thou 
 bic Main of artil'.e 
 icral emliai'ked lii" 
 d of one linniired 
 ind nine hundieti 
 atinns against Ti- 
 t the landing place 
 he lake, the troops 
 
 the Drilish in the 
 he flanks. In this 
 advanceil guard ol 
 if the battalion on- 
 troyed what «as in 
 lie retreat. While 
 n's march in ilic 
 the columns weio 
 ome degree enlan- 
 i« juncture, Lord 
 
 tlowc, at the head of the right centre column, fell 
 iu with a part of the advanced guard of the enemy 
 whicli liad been lost in the wood in retreating from 
 Lake (Jeoige, and immediately attacked and dis- 
 persed it. killing a considerable number, and taking 
 one hundred aiid forty-eight prisoners. This suc- 
 cess was, however, dearly purchased, by the loss 
 of the gallant nobleman who fell in leading the at- 
 tack." Tlie Knglish army, without farther oppo- 
 sition took possession of a post within two miles of 
 'J'iconderoga. Abercrombie, having learned from 
 the prisoners the strength of the enemy at that for- 
 tress, and from an engineer the •Jiidition of their 
 works, resolved on an immediate storm, and made 
 instant disposition for an assault. The troops hav- 
 ing received orders to march up briskly, rush upon 
 the enemy's fire, and reserve their own till they had 
 passed a breastwork, marched to the assault with 
 great intrepidity. Unlooked for impediments, how- 
 ever, occurred. In front of the breastwork, to a 
 considenible distance, trees had been felled with 
 their branches outward, many of which were sharp- 
 ened to a point, by means of which the assailants 
 were not only retarded in their advance, but, be- 
 coming entangled among the boughs, were exposed 
 to a very galling fire. Finding it impracticable to 
 pass the breastwork, which was eight or nine feet 
 high, and much stronger than had been represented, 
 'Jeneral Abercrombie, after a contest of near four 
 hours, ordered a retreat, and the next day resumed 
 his former camp on the south side of Lake George. 
 In this brave but ill-judged assault nearly two thou- 
 sand of the assailants were killed and wounded, 
 » iiile the loss of the enemy, who were covered du- 
 ring the whole action, was inconsiderable. Gene- 
 eral AbercroHibie immediately re-crossed Lake 
 George, and entirely abandoned the project of cap- 
 turing Ticonderoga.f 
 
 The campaign was not destined, however, to 
 close with such ill success. Colonel Uradstreet 
 proposed an expedition against Fronlignac ; a fort 
 which, by being placed on the north side of the St. 
 Lawrence, just where it issues from Lake Ontario, 
 
 * (ji-oigD llowo, lonl-viscoiint, was coniiimnder of live 
 dioiisanil Itritisli troops in Americii, niid »ns llic most 
 licipnliir of all die Icaiiers of the llritisli Armies, in llie 
 coulliets Willi rruiicp. Wlicn Abercroiiibic iiiadu his bi- 
 liiek on Tiooiiilerega, he led the vun-giiard, and fell at 
 Ihn firsi fire. He wasadiiiireil hy all the proviiuiuls. Old 
 •Soirk, die hero of IlcniiiiiKlon, who knew him well, fcar- 
 I'll lllut he alliiolil not have boon a true whig ill die rev- 
 olution, it' Lord Howe had been alive. His death wua 
 moiininil as u pulilie ealaniily, and the Americans seem- 
 ed to lose llieir spirit iu his fall. 'I'lic good people of iMas- 
 eachiiseliB caught the iiifeeiiun of grief from the soldiers, 
 mid erected a momimeiit, liv periiii.-siou for their aJmircil 
 Ijclieral, iu Wostmiuster Abbey, at their own expense, of 
 two hundred ami fifty pounds slciliug. It is slid alaniiiiig 
 ill Westminster Ahhev. 
 
 f Major Iloiiers, with his rangers, was in this battle, anil 
 ashed permission to seimr the woods hefori! the reiriilar 
 Iroiipa were led on ; but this was not granteil. .'Mnjor 
 Robert Rogers wa.i a native of Loniloiulerry, or Diililiar- 
 lon, in the state of New Hampabin>. He was early known 
 as a brave soldier, ami was anthori/.eil liy the Itiiiisli <iov- 
 crninenl to raise five cninpanies of rnngers, ns ilicy were 
 called. Tliev were kept on the frontiers fiir winter as 
 well ao suninier snrviee, lo wnteh the hostile Inilians, who 
 oficn, in the most inelcnient seasoii, made attacks on the 
 defenceless iiiliahi'ants of the frontiers. This hoily 
 uf troops was taken tuun llie boldest and hardiest of the 
 yeoinanry of the land. 'I'licy were doubly armed, niid 
 carried with ihcni snovz-Bhoes and skates for service. 
 They generally made their head-iiuarters at the south- 
 ern cxtremilv of Lake CJeorge. Their siiow-shocB put 
 them on nnccpinlitv widi their foes, and with their skatCB 
 they had greatly "I'le advantage of die Indiana. Stark, 
 Putnam, and several others, who wcr« distinguished af- 
 terwards in the revolutionary war, wore trained iu this 
 «ehnol. Some of the well authonlieatcd exploits of this 
 nnrdv baud, seeni like romance to ua in the present day. 
 Alliilong the borders of Ijike George, spots are shown 
 where tho rangers fought desperate battles, in the win- 
 ler season, aonietiniea wiili more llinii twice iheir niim- 
 fcera. 'I'liia corps fought from seventeen biindred and fifty- 
 (ive lo the fall of (iiielicc, in seventeen hiindn'd and fifly- 
 iiine. They were nut fiireniosi in battle by Abcrcroni- 
 llie anil Amherst, and some of them were sent lo assist 
 \Voll'e. Rogers slates in bis journal of theao eanipnigiis, 
 that their packs were generallv of twice the weight of 
 those rommoolv earned by soldiers, iMany of this band 
 perished in llieii frontier campaigns. Kor some pnriieii- 
 iars in the life of this must singular man, see Allen's Bio- 
 ([rnpliy. 
 
 was the key to the communication between Canada 
 and Louisiana. It served also to keep the Indians 
 in subjection, and was the general repository of 
 stores for the enemy's western and southern posts. 
 Late in the evening of the 2uih of August, Colonel 
 Uradstreet lauded within a mile of the place, with 
 three thousand men, eight pieces of cannon, and 
 three mortars. The French had not anticipated 
 an attack at this point, and tho garrison consisted 
 of only one hundred anil ten men, with a few Indian 
 auxiliaries. It was iiupossible to hold out long. 
 Colonel Bradstreet posted his mortars so near the 
 fort, that every shell took ell'cct ; and the comman- 
 der was very soon obliged to surrender at discretion. 
 The booty consisted of sixty pieces of cannon, 
 great numbers of small arms, provisions, military 
 stores, goods to a large amount, and nine armed 
 vessels of from eight to eighteen guns. Colonel 
 Bradstreet destroyed the fort and vessels, re-cross- 
 ed the Ontario, and returned to the army. 
 
 Had it not been for this fortunate enterprise, the 
 unaccountable delay in preparing the expedition 
 against Du Quesne would probably have left that 
 fort a third time in possession of the enemy. It was 
 not until June that the commander. General Forbes, 
 set out from Philadelphia ; it was .September before 
 Colonel Washington, with the Virginia regulars, 
 was ordered to join the main body at Kay's Town ; 
 and owing to the difTiculties of cutting a new road, 
 it was as late as November when the army appear- 
 ed before Du Quesne. The garrison, deserted by 
 the Indians, and without adequate means of defence, 
 had escaped down the Ohio the evening before the 
 arrival of the British, who had only lo take posses- 
 sion, therefore, in the king's name. The fort was 
 supplied with a new garrison, and the name chan- 
 ged to Pittsburgh. The Indians, as usual, joined 
 the strongest side. A peace was concluded with all 
 the tribes between the Ohio and the lakes; and the 
 frontier inhabitants of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and 
 Virginia, were once more relieved from the terrors 
 of fire and scalping knives. 
 
 The campaign of 17;38 was highly honorable to 
 the British arms, and the results of it very impor- 
 tant. Of the three expeditions, two had completely 
 succeedcd^ and the leader of the third had made an 
 important contpiest. To the commanding talents 
 of Pitt, and the confidence which they inspired, this 
 change of fortune must be chiefly attributed ; and 
 in no respect were these talents more strikingly dis- 
 played than in the choice of men to execute his 
 plans. The advantages of this campaign had, how- 
 ever, been purchased by an expensive cfl'ort and 
 corresponding exhaustion of provincial strength ; 
 and when a circular letter from Mr. Pitt to the se- 
 veral governors induced the colonies to resolve up- 
 on making the most vigorous preparations for the 
 next, they soon discovered that their resources were 
 by no means commensurate with their zeal. 
 
 Notwithstanding these difliciiltics, it was resol- 
 ved to signalize the year 1759 by the complete coii- 
 (liiest of Canada. The plan of the campaign was, 
 that three powerful armies should enter the French 
 possessions by three dilierent routes, and attack all 
 their strong-holds at nearly the same time. At the 
 head of one division of the army, Brigadier-Gene- 
 ral Wolfe, a young officer who had signalized him- 
 self at the siege of Loiiisbourg, was to ascend the 
 St. Lawrence and lay siege to Quebec, escorted by 
 a strong fleet to co-operate with his troops. r."he 
 central and main army, composed of British s iid 
 provincials, was lo be conducted against Ticon.le- 
 roga and Crown Point by General Amherst, the new 
 commander in chief, fclin, afier making himself 
 master of these places, was to proceed over Lake 
 Champlain and by the way of the Richelieu River 
 to the Si. Lawrence, and ifescending that river, form 
 a junction with General Wolfe before the walls of 
 Quebec. The third army, to be composed princi- 
 pally of provincials, reitiUirccd by a strong body of 
 friendly Indians, was lo be commanded by General 
 Prideaux, who was to lead this division first against 
 Niagara, and aftci the reduction of that place, to 
 embark on Lake Ontario, and proceed down the St 
 Lawrence against Montreal, It has been observed 
 by a recent author, " Had tho elements been laid, 
 
 and the enemy spell-bound, the whole ol this bril- 
 liant plan could not have helgied succeeding." This 
 sentence, however, betrays a very limiled view of 
 a plan that was well worthy of the mind of I'itt. In 
 this arrangement immediate advantage was not sac- 
 rificed ; while the more remote results exhibited a 
 prospect highly calculated to excite the ambition o( 
 the leaders, and to arouse all the energies of the 
 troops. It is in thus ad'ording motives which tend 
 to bring physical force into most elVeclive and per- 
 severing action, that intellectual superiority becomes 
 manifest, confounding the calculations of ordinary 
 minds. 
 
 Kaily in the winter. General Amherst commen- 
 ced preparntions fiir his part of the enterprise ; but 
 it was not till the last of May that his troops were 
 assembled at Albany ; and it was ns late as the 22<1 
 of .Inly, when lie appeared before Tieonderoga. As 
 the i-aval superiority of Great Britain had preven- 
 ted France from sending out reinforcements, none 
 of the posts in this quarter were able to -.vithstand so 
 great a force as that of General Amherst. Tieon- 
 deroga was immediately abandoned ; the example 
 was followed at Crown Point ; and the only way ia 
 which the enemy seemed to think of preserving 
 their province was by retarding the English .army 
 with shows of resistance till the .season of operation 
 should be past, or, till by the gradual coiicenlnilion 
 of their forces, they should become numerous 
 enough to make an cfTcclHal stand. From Crown 
 Point they retreated to Ile-aux-Noix, where (len- 
 eral Amherst understood there was a body of be- 
 tween three and four thousand men, and a fleet of 
 several armed vessels. The p^nglish made great 
 exertions to secure a naval superiority ; and had il 
 not been for a succession of adverse sloniis upon 
 the lake, they would most probably have accom- 
 plished the original design of forming a junction at 
 Quebec, instead of being obliged to go into winter 
 quarters at Crown Point. In prosecution of the en- 
 terprise against Niagara, General Piideau.x had 
 embarked with an army on Lake Ontario ; and on 
 the 6th of July landed without opposition within 
 about three miles from the fort, which he invested 
 in form. While directing the operations of the 
 siege, he was killed by the bursting of a coliorn, and 
 the command devolved on Sir William Johnson. 
 That (Jeneral, prosecuting with jiidmiieiit and vi- 
 gour the plan of his predecessor, pushed the attack 
 of Niagara with an intrepidity that soon brought the 
 besiegers within a hundred yards of the covered 
 way. Meanwhile, the French, alarmed at the dan- 
 ger of losing a post which was a key to their interior 
 empire in America, had collected a large body of 
 regular troops from the neighbouring gairisons of 
 Detroit, Venango, and Presqu'Isle, with which, and 
 a party of Indians, they resolved, if possible to raLse 
 the siege. Apprised of their int.Mitions to hazard a 
 battle. General Johnson ordered his light infantry, 
 supported by some grenadiers and regular foot, to 
 take ])ost between the cataract of Niagara and the 
 fortress ; placed the auxiliary Indians on his flanks ; 
 and, together with this preparation fiir an engage- 
 ment, took etfectiial measures for seeming his lines, 
 and bridling the garrison. About nine in the mor- 
 ning of the 2 llli of July, theonmiiy appeared and Iho 
 horrible sound of the war hoop from the hostile In- 
 dians, was the signal for battle. The French char- 
 ged with great inipetuosily, but were received with 
 firmness ; and in less than an hour were completely 
 routed. This battle decided the fate of Niagara. 
 Sir William Johnson the next morning opened iio- 
 gncialions with the French commandant : and in a 
 few hours a capitulation was signed. The garri- 
 son, eon.sisting of six hundred and seven men, were 
 lo march out with the honors of war, to be embar- 
 ked on the lake, and carried to New- York ; and the 
 women and children were to be carried lo Montreal. 
 The reduction of Niagara effectually cut otl' the 
 communication between fJanada and Louisiana. 
 
 Tho expedition against the capital of Canada was 
 the most daring and important. Strong by nature, 
 and still stronger by art, Quebec had obtained the 
 appellation of the (Jibraltarof America; and every 
 attempt against it liad failed. It was now com- 
 luandcd by Muntcalm, un oflficcr of distinguished 
 
888 
 
 THE HISTORY OP 
 
 ruputation ; niid its cnpuire must have apiKNired tlii- 
 merical to iiny one biit Pitt. He jmlui'd rijiluly, 
 buwever, tlial tlic boldest and iiiosi daiiucroiiM en- 
 terprises are ol'len tlie most suiccssriil, and especially 
 when committed to ardent minds, iilowini; with en- 
 thusiasm, and enuilous of glory. .Such a mind he 
 had disc overed in Cieneral W.ll'e, whose conduct at 
 Louisbour<! had attracted his attention. He ap- 
 pointed him to conduct the expedition, and gave 
 him for assistants Urigadier Oenerals Muncton, 
 Towushend, and Murray ; all, like himself, yount; 
 and ardent. Karly in the season he sailed from 
 Halifax with eight thousand troops, and near the 
 last of June, landed the whole army onihe islaiiil of 
 Orleans, a tew miles below (^nt'liec, Krom this po- 
 sition he could take a near and distinct view of the 
 obstacles to be overcome. These were so great, 
 that even the bold and sanguine Wolfe perceived 
 more to fear than to hope. In a letter to .Mr. I'ilt, 
 wr'tten before coinuiencing operations, he declared 
 Iha. he saw but little prospect of reducing the place. 
 Quebec stands on the north side of the St. Law- 
 rence, and consists of an upper and lower town. The 
 lower town lies between the river and a bold and 
 lofty eminence, which runs parallel to it far to the 
 westward. At the top of tliis eminence is a plain, 
 on which the upper toivn is situated, lielow, or 
 c!ist of the city, is tlie river St. Charles, whose chan- 
 nel is rough, and whose banks are steep and broken. 
 At a sliort distance farther down is the Montuioren- 
 cy ; aud between these two rivers, and reaching from 
 one to the other, was encamped the French army, 
 strongly entrenched, and at least ccpial in luuuber to 
 that of the Knglish. tieneral Wolfe took posses- 
 aion of Point Levi, on the soulhein bank of the St. 
 Lawrence, and there eredeil batteries against the 
 lown. The cannonade which was kept up, though 
 it destroyed many houses, made but little impression 
 on the works, which were loo str(U)g and too remote 
 to be lualerially allecled : llieir elevation, at the same 
 time, placing them beyond the reach of the licet. 
 Conviiueil of the impossibility of reducing the place, 
 unless he could erect ballcries on the north side of 
 the St. Lawrence. Wolfe soon dcciiled on more da- 
 ring measures. The northern shore of the St. 
 Lawrence, to a considerable distance above IJucbec j 
 is so ludd and ruiky as to render a 1 Hiding in the j 
 face of an enemy impracticable. If an attempt were j 
 made below the town, the river Montmoreiuy. pass-j 
 ed, and the Krencli driven from their eiurenclmients, | 
 the St. Cliarles wi)\ilil ])resent a new, and perliapsj 
 an insuperable barrier. Willi every obstacle fully 
 in view, Wolfe, heroically observing that "a victori- 
 ous army finds no dilficulties," resolved to pass the 
 Montmiuem-y and bring Monlcahu to an engage- 
 ment. In pursuance of this resolution, tliirteen com- 
 panies of Knglish grenadiers, and part of the second 
 battalion of royal Americans, were landed at the 
 mouth of that river, while two divisions, uniler (ie- 
 lierals Townshend and Murray, prepireil to cross it 
 higher up. Wolfe's plan was to 't;....'.! first a re- 
 doubt, close to the water's edge, apparently beyond 
 reach of the fire from the enemy's entrenclimenis, 
 in the belief that the French, by atieinpling to sup- 
 |Hirt that fortification, would put it in his power to 
 bring 0:1 a general engagement ; or, if they should 
 submit to the loss of the redoubt, that he could af- 
 terwards examine their situation with coolness, and 
 advantageously regulate his future operations. On 
 theapproachof the British troops, the redoubt was 
 evacuated, and the general, observing some confu- 
 sion in the French camp, changed his original plan, 
 and determined not to delay an attiick. Orders 
 were imuiediately despatched to the Oenerals 
 Townshend and Murray to keep tlieir divisions in 
 readiness for fording the river ; and the grenadiers 
 and royal Americans were directed to form on the 
 beach until they could be properly sustained. These 
 troo|is, however, not waiting for support, rushed 
 impetuously towards the enemy's entrenchments ; 
 hut tlicv were received with so strong and steady a 
 fire from tlio French nmsketry, that they were in- 
 stantly thrown into disorder, and obligeil In seek ; 
 shelter in the redoubt which the enemy had abau-, 
 doned. Detained here awhile by a dreadful lhun-| 
 derstorni, hey were still within reach of a severe | 
 
 tire from the French ; and many gallant officers, ex- 
 posing their persons in allempting to fiirm the 
 troops, were killed, the whole loss ainonnling to 
 nearly t'we hundred men. The |)lan of attack being 
 eireclually disconcerted, the Knglish General gave 
 orders for repassing the river, and returning to the 
 isle of Orleans. 
 
 Compelled to abandon the attack on that side, 
 Wolfe deemed that advantage might result from at- 
 tempting to destroy the French lleet, and by dis- 
 tracting the attention of Montcalm with continual 
 descents upon the northern shore, lieneral Mur- 
 ray, with twelve hundred men in transports, iiiaile 
 two vigorous but abortive attempts to land ; and 
 though more successful in the third, he did nothing 
 more than burn a magazine of warlike stores. The 
 enemy's fleet was ell'ectually secured against at- 
 tacks, either by land or by water, and the comman- 
 <ler in chief was again obliged to submit to the mor- 
 tification of recalling his troops. At this juncture, 
 intelligence arrived that Niagara was taken, that 
 Ticouderoga and Crown Point had been abandoned, 
 but that lieneral Amherst, instead of pressing for- 
 ward to their assistance, was preparing to attack 
 the Ile-aux-N'oix, While Wolfe rejoiced at the 
 triumph of of his brethren in arms, he could not avoid 
 contnistiug their success with his own disastrous 
 elforts. His mind, alike lofty and susceptible, was 
 deeply impressed by the disasters at .Montmorency ; 
 and his extreme anxiety, prcving upon his delicate 
 fraiue, sensibly alVectcd his liealtli. He was ob- 
 served frecpiently to sigh ; and, as if life was only 
 valuable while it added to his glory, he declared to 
 his intimate Iriends, that he would not survive the 
 disgrace which he imagined would attend the fail- 
 ure of his enterprise. Nothing, however, could 
 shake the resolution of this valiant commander, or 
 induce him to abandon the alteinpt. In a council 
 of his principal olficers, called on this critical occa- 
 sion, it was resolved, that all the future operations 
 should be above the town. The camp at the isle 
 of Orleans was accordingly abandoned : and the 
 whole army having embarked ou board the lleet, a 
 part of it was landed at Point Levi, and a part high- 
 er up the river. Moiitcahn, apprehending from this 
 movement that the invaders might make a distant 
 descent, and come on the back of the city of Que- 
 bec, deiached M. de Houganville with fificen hun- 
 dred men, to watch their motions, and prevent their 
 laniling. 
 
 Hartled and harrassed in all his previous assaults, 
 (ieneral Widfe seems to have determined to finish 
 the enterprise by a single bold and despenile elVoil. 
 The admiral sailed several leagues up the river, 
 making occasional <lumonstritions of a design to 
 land troops; and, during the night, a strong detach- 
 ment in tlat-boltomcd boats fell silently down with 
 the slreaiu. to a point alioiit a mile above the city. 
 Tlie beach was shelving, the bank liigli and pieci- 
 |iitous, and the only path by which it could be sca- 
 led, was now dcfendeil by a captain's guard and a 
 battery of lour guns. Colonel Howe, with the van. 
 soon clambered u]) the rocks, drove away the guard, 
 and seized upon the battery. The army landed 
 about an hour before day. and by d.iybreak was mar- 
 shalled on the heights of Abraham. 
 
 Montcalm could not at first believe the intelli- 
 gence ; but, as soon as he was ass.ircil of its truth, 
 he made all i)ru<lent haste to decide a battle which 
 it was no longer possible to avoid. Leaving his 
 camp at MontmorencVi he crossed the river St. 
 Charles with the intention of attacking the English 
 army. No sooner did Wolfe observe this move- 
 ment, than he began to lorm his order of battle. His 
 troops consisted of six battalions aud the Louis- 
 bourg grenadiers. The right wing was coiuniand- 
 ed by General Moncton, and the left by (leneral 
 .Murray. The right flank was covered, by ilie Lou- 
 isbourg grcnailiers, and the rear and left by Howe's 
 light infantry. The form in which the French ad- 
 vanced indicating an intemiiui to oiitllank the left 
 of the English army. General Townshend was sent 
 with the battalion of Amherst, and the two battal- 
 ions of royal Ameiicaiis. to that pari of the line, and 
 they were formed fil potencc, so as to present a double 
 frot'it to the enemy. The body of reserve consisted 
 
 of one regiment, drawn up in eight divi',ion8, «ith 
 largo iulerrals. The dispositions made by ihi) 
 Fiench lieneral were not less masterly. The right 
 and left wings were composed about equally of Eu- 
 ropean and colonial' troops. The cenire consisted 
 of a column, formed of two battalions of regulais. 
 Fifteen huudreil Indians and Canadians, excellent 
 marksiiien, advancing in front, screened by sur- 
 rounding thickets began the liattle. 'J'heir irregu- 
 lar fire proved fatal to many Hritish officers, but it 
 was soon silenced by the steady fire of the Knglisli. 
 .\l>oul nine in the morning the main boily of iho 
 French advanced briskly to the charge, and the ac- 
 tion soon became general. Montcalm having taken 
 post on the left of the French army, and Wolfe on 
 the right of the English, the twii (icnenilsinel each 
 other where the battle was most severe. The En- 
 glirsh troops reserved their fire until the French had 
 advanced within forty yards of their line, and then, 
 by a general discharge made terrible havoc among 
 their ranks. The fire of the English was vigorous- 
 ly maintained, and the enemy every where yielded 
 to it. tieneral Wolfe, who, exposcil in the f'ont 
 of his battalions, had been wounded in the wrist, be- 
 traying no symptom of pain, wrapped a handker- 
 chief round his arm, and continued to encourage his 
 men. Soon after, he received a shot in the groin ; 
 but, concealing the wound, he was pressing on st 
 the head of his grenadiers with fixed bayonets, whin 
 a third ball pierced his breast.* The army, iu)t dis- 
 concerted by his fall, continued the action under 
 •Monckton, on whom the command now devolved, 
 but who, receiving a ball through his body, soon 
 yielded the command to General Townshe.id, 
 .Montcalm, fighting in front of his battalions, reel iv- 
 ed a mortal wouml about the same tiiiTe ; and (ie le- 
 ral Sene/.ergus, the second in comm-ud, also f dl. 
 The liritish Gienailiers, pressed on w 1 their ba /o 
 nets, tieneral Murray, briskly a Iva _nig with •\\i> 
 iroops under his direction, broke the centre of .ho 
 French army. Tiie Highlanders, drawing their 
 broadswords, completed the confusion of the i rio- 
 mv ; and alier having lost their first and second in 
 command, the right anil centre of the Fiench v -re 
 entirely driven from the field ; and llie left was fol- 
 lowing the example, when lioiigaiiville appeireii 
 ill the rear, wiili the fil'leen hniidred men wlio had 
 been sent to oppose the landing of the Kii.''i:h. 
 Two battalions aiidlwo pieces of artillery witc de- 
 tached to meet him ; but he reiiied, and ihe l!iili<h 
 Iroops were left the undisputed masicrs ofllie I eld. 
 The loss of the French was much greater than that 
 of the English. The corps of FriMuli rcgiil.ii> was 
 almost cnliiely amiihilaled. The killed and woun- 
 ded ofllie English army did not amount to six hiin- 
 dreil men. .Vlthough tjnebec was slill strongly de- 
 fended by its forlificatioiis, ami might possibly be 
 relieved by lioiigainville, or from Monlre.d, yet 
 (ieneial Towiiseiid had scarcely finished a mail in 
 the bank to get up his heavy aililleiy for a siege, 
 when the inhabitants capilulaled, on coiuliiion llinl 
 during the war they might slill enjoy their own civil 
 
 * On rPi.-eiviiis: bis tnortnl wmilnl, Wolfo wiis coiivev 
 I'd into llip reiir, wliciv. cnn'lcj>s iiitmil hiiiis-cir, ho itifl. 
 coviTfil. ill the iisrnuics of (U'lilli, till' most aiixioil-* soli- 
 rilililn coili't'i-iiiiig lln' flit" ol" the day. Frniii rxtieinc 
 riuiitiiess, ho hud ri'ciiiicd his hi'tui tm llio tiriii nl' an nf 
 tircr, hut VV.IS sniill aniiiscti hv ihc iTV nf " Thi' v flv, 
 llii'V llv!" "Who llv '" ox'ilniiiii'il the dvinc hern 
 " 'I'he VnMU'li," nnswi'n'ti his iilloii'liiiit. ■ ''"hi'ii," suid 
 ho, " I (lie cimloiitod," iiiiil iiiiiiieiliatoty oxpiioit. \ 
 iloalli more full of iiiiiilary glory has (iolilnin boon re- 
 oonioil hy iho pon of tho hislnrimi, or oclohralod by Ino 
 poiioil of the painter. tioiiornl Wiillo was only Iliirly. 
 ihroo venrs of aire. He pesssoHsed tlutae iiiijilary laloilts, 
 which', with llio advantage of years ami nppnrliinily of 
 aotinn, "to iiHider.ito his ntdoiir, expaiui his fuciillios, 
 and give to hia inniitive jion-eplioii and wientilic know- 
 lodge the onrreelliess nf jildgiiient |H'irit'tod hy experi- 
 ence," wniild have " placed him on a lovel wilh the 
 most celehralod generals of any age or liatinii.'' — .Mont- 
 oalm was every way wurlhy to he a roiiipolilor nl 
 Wiiifo. He hud' the triiost liiililary goniiis iif any iiiri- 
 eor wlioir, the Freiloh liad ever eniplnyod in Aiiiorioa. 
 AHor lie had rooeiveii his innrtal wiimid, ho was car 
 rioil iiilo the I'ily ; and when informed that it was iiior. 
 tal, his reply was, " I am glad of it." On heiiiL' told llial 
 ho oonid survive lull a few liours, "So miioh the honor," 
 he replioil, "1 eliall not then live to tec iIj sarreiiilet 
 uf liiicbo:." 
 
 BB 
 
NO R T 11 A M E 111 C A . 
 
 359 
 
 wn:< rnllM'V 
 
 iTiM'ir, 111' ilia- 
 
 tuixiolM Kt)li- 
 
 -'rtiiit rxlremc 
 
 irrn uf an of 
 
 r " Tliov tlv, 
 
 ilvini: hrrti 
 
 ■''lii'ii." siiid 
 
 r\|iin'il. A 
 
 1(1111 lit'iMt ri'- 
 
 hriili'il liy iho 
 
 ^ nnly tltilly- 
 
 ililnry luli'liis, 
 
 niuirtunily of 
 
 his fiiciillios, 
 
 ■it'niific knijw- 
 
 I liy e»|ieri- 
 
 n'l uilli tli6 
 
 nlion.'* — >folU* 
 
 mnpolimr ol 
 
 nl* (iny (ilTi- 
 
 in Anicrii'd. 
 
 he wiw car 
 
 it wiiM iimr- 
 
 loiML' Colli llinl 
 
 It ihi- biiti-r," 
 
 llj siirremlnr 
 
 mid rrlic'miis ri;;lil.i. A j;;irrison of five Ihoiismul 
 lliPn w;i» It'll miller licnrrni Murray, ami llir tli-ct 
 oaili'il (lilt oC till' .St. Lawrence, | 
 
 The Tail ol' Quebec did not immediately pnidiiee^ 
 (lie sMimiisKiiin ul' Canada. 'I'lie main biHlyiil'the 
 h'lciirli army, wliicli, ut'ter the battle on the plains' 
 of Aliraliaiii, retired to Montreal, and which still! 
 consisted often battalions of rejiiilars, had been re-j 
 jnliirced by 8ix thousand Canadian militia, and n 
 biidv of Indians. With these forces M. de Levi, 
 wlui had succeeded the Marquis dc Montcalm in the 
 chief roMiinand, resolved to ultempt the recovery 
 of Quebec. He hiid hoped to carry the place by a 
 coup de main during the winter ; hut, on reconnoit- 
 eriiig, he found the out|iosts so well secured, and the 
 Covernor so vigilant and active, that he postponed 
 the enterprise until sprin<;. In the niontli of April, 
 wheji the upiier part of the St. Lawrence was so 
 open as to admit a transportation by water, his ar- 
 tillery, military stores, and heavy haKKage, were 
 eijibaiked at Montreal, and fell down the river un- 
 der convoy of six frigates ; and .^I. de Levi, after a 
 uiarrli of ten days, arrived with his army at Point 
 au Tremble, within a few miles of Quebec. (Jene- 
 ral ^liirniy, to whom the care of maintaining the 
 Kn<;lish conquest had beeti entrusted, had taken 
 every precaution to preserve it ; but his troops had 
 suH'ered so much by the extreme cold of the winter, 
 diid by llie want ol vegetables and fresh provisions, 
 ihat instead of five thousand, the original number 
 of his garrison tliere were not at this lime .iliove 
 three ihousand men fit for service. With this small 
 liul valiant boily he resolved to meet the enemy in 
 the field ; and on the "-ilStli of .\pril, marched out lo 
 the heights of Abr.iham, where, near Sillery, he at- 
 tacked the French under M. de Levi, with great im- 
 |ietuosity. He was received with fiimness ; and 
 after a fierce encounter, finding himself outllanUed, 
 and in danger of being surrounded by superior num- 
 bers, he called oil" his troops, and retired into the 
 city. In this action the loss of ihe Knglish was 
 noiu a thousaml men, and that of the French still 
 greater. The French general lost no time in im- 
 proving his victory. On the very evening of the 
 battle he opened trenches before the town, but it 
 was the t Itli of .May before he could mount his bat- 
 teries, and bring his guns to bear on the fortifica- 
 tions. 15y that time General Murray, who hail 
 been indefatigable in his exertions, had completed 
 efime outworks, and plinted so munerous an artil- 
 lery on his ramparts, that his fire was very superior 
 to that of the besiegers, and in a luanner silenced 
 their batteries. A Hritish (leet most opportunely 
 arriving a few days after, M.de Levi iimnediatelj 
 raised the siege, iind precipitately retired to Mou- 
 Ireid. Here the Marquis de V'audreuil. governor- 
 general of Canada, had fixed his head quarters, and 
 determined to make his last stand. For this pur- 
 pose he called in all his detachments, and collected 
 around liim the whole force of the colony. 
 
 The Knglish, on the other hand, were resolved 
 upon the utter amuhilation of the French power in 
 Canada ; and (leneral Amhei-st prepared to over 
 » helm it, with an irresistible superiority of numbers 
 .\lmost on the same day, the armies from Quebec, 
 from Lake Ontario, and troiu Lake Chanqilain, were 
 concentrated before Montreal : a capitulation was 
 immediately signed ; Detroit, Michilimackinac, and 
 indeed, all New France, surrendered to the English. 
 The French troops were to be carried houte ; and 
 the Canadians to retain their civil and religious pri- 
 vileges. 
 
 The history of modern Europe, with whose des 
 tinv that of the colonies was closely interwoven, 
 in.Ty be designated as the annals of sn interminable 
 war. Iler sovereigns, ever having the oily words 
 of peace on their \ipa, have seldom had recourse to 
 the olive branch but as the signal of a truce, the du- 
 ration of which should be coeval with the reinvigo- 
 lation o military strength. It was thus with France 
 on the present occasion. Equally unsuccessful on 
 ooth continents, and exhausted bv'her strenuous and 
 continued elTbrts, she was at length induced to make 
 overtures of |)eare ; and every thing seemed to be in 
 H Isiir train for adjustment, when tlic treaty wassud- 
 Qcnly broken off by an attempt of the court of Ver- 
 
 sailles to mingle the politics of !>pain and of (ler- 
 maiiy with the disputes between Frame and (ireat 
 Hrilaiii. A secri'i lamilv compact between the 
 llomhoiis to support each other through evil and 
 giioil, ill peace and in «ai, had rendered Spain de- 
 sirous of war, anil induced France once more to try 
 her fortune. .\s the interesis of the two nations 
 were now idenlilied, it only remained for England 
 to make a formal declaration of hostility against 
 Spain. The colonies of .New England being chielly 
 inierested in iherediiciion of the West India Islands, 
 fiiriiisheil a coiisiileiable body of troops to carry on 
 the war. A large Meet was dispalclied from Eng- 
 land ; the land I'orces amouiileil to sixteen thousand : 
 and before the end of the second year, (ireat Bri- 
 tain had taken the impiirtant city of Havana, the 
 key of the Mexican (iiilf, together with the French 
 provinces of Martinique, (irenada, St. Lucia, St. 
 V'incent, and the I'aribec Islands. 
 
 The progress of the liritish conquests, which 
 threatened all the remaining colonial |Kissessions of 
 their opponents, was arrested by preliminary articles 
 of peace, which, towards the close of \1&2, were 
 interchanged at Fiintainbleau between the ministers 
 of (ireat Hritain, France, and Spain. t)n the lOlh 
 of February, in the follow ing year, a definitive treaty 
 of peace was signed at Paris, and soon after ratified.* 
 
 ♦ " Tlie acqiiisitinns of Great llriiiilti, hoili from Friuu-e 
 niltl Spiiiil, on tlip conliiit'iit of North Aincrirn, eslahlishi'd 
 hy this tn'iity, wluMlier lliey he (oii<i,l,'rt'il in rclaliun to ihf 
 |M)liti('al or coiiiiiu'riMal inliT'f»ls of iho part'nl i-ouiitry , or in 
 rL'lalioii 1(1 tht' ciiliru iiiU'rosts ofthe ,\nierii'iiii roloiiti's. 
 iiierilspiirtic-iiltir tUliMition. Kvory artii-h', thi'rrfore, wliii-h 
 lias respect lo .Aaitrriea, is silhjoiuej ill die wuriU o\' llie 
 maty. 
 
 Hy the scconil article, FVhik'O mionnrojianii eiiaraniees to 
 (ireat Itritiiiii all .Nova Scotiu or Araiiia, and lik,'»isi' (.'iiii- 
 ada, the lAc of (^apc ItriMou, and all oilier Ulands in llie 
 nlfand rivorof ."^l. Lawrt'nce. 
 
 Hy til,' lliini arlii-Ie, it is slipiilnted that ihe Froncll shall 
 have tilt* lihorly of liRliiim niid dryiiii: oil ft part of the island 
 of .N'eufoiindlftiid, as spfcilii-d in llie thirteenth arlicle of 
 the tn'aty of I'ln'rhl ; and the Fn-iudi may also lish in 
 the cnlf (if Si. I.avvrclicc, so as they do not exercise the sanni 
 lull al the distance of three leagues iVoiii all the coasts he- 
 lontriiii: to (ircal Hrilaiil, as well those of theconliiieiit, as 
 iliose of the islands in the said >:iilf. As lo what relates tc 
 the fishery out of the said t:ult', the Kiviich sliall exercise 
 the same, liiil at the distance of lit'leeii lengiios from llie 
 coast of the isle of Cape Hretoii. 
 
 Hy the fourth article, (ireat Hiitaiii cedes to France, lo 
 serve as a slieller tor the Kreiicli tisherini'ii, the islands of 
 St Heterand Alitjnelon ; and his most Chrisiian Majesly nh- 
 .soliitidy eiiirai:es not to fortifv the said i>laiids, nor to erect 
 any oilier hiiildiiiiis thereon, ^iiit merely tor the coineiiicnce 
 of the lislicry j and lo keep only Q guard of fifly men for ihe 
 police. 
 
 Hy llie sixth article it is stipulated, that the coiitaies 
 la'tween the dominions of (ireat Hritain and France, on 
 the eoiilinent of Norlli America, shall he irrevoeahly lix- 
 ed, hy a line drawn alonff the river Mississippi, from its 
 source, as far as the river Iberville, and fnini iheiiee hy a line 
 drawn alniii the middle of this river, and of the lakes .Mati- 
 repasand l*(iiilcliarlraiii, lo the sea ; and to this purpose the 
 iiioslClilslian King cedes in full rii;hl, and cnaraniees to bis 
 Hritanic Majesty, the river and port of Mobile, and every 
 thin J dial be possesses on the let! side of the river Missis- 
 sipld. except llie town of New Orleans, and the island on 
 whicll it is sililaled, which shall n'lnain to France, provided 
 that the navisration of the river shall he ct^llally free lo the 
 subjects of (ireat Hritain and France, in its whole hreadth 
 and length, from its source to the sea. and that part express- 
 ly wliieii is between the said island of New Orleans and the 
 rifflit hank of lliat river, as well as the passaire holh in and 
 out ofils moilth ; and the vessels heloncinir lo the snhjecls 
 of eilhernftlioii sliall not he stopped, visited, or suhjected to 
 (he payliieni of any duly whatsoever. The stipnlalioil ill 
 favonr'of the inliahitanis of Caiinda, inserted in Ihe second ar- 
 ticle, shall also take place with reirard to the inhabitants of 
 the connlnes ceded hy Ihis ftrticlc; that is, that ihe French 
 ill Canada may freely profess the Roman Cailiolie rcliirion, 
 as far us the laws of (ircal Hritain pernill ; lliai they may 
 enjoy their rivil rights, retire when they please, and may 
 dispose of their estates to British snhjeeis. 
 
 Bv the seventh article, it is alipulaied that Britain sliall 
 restore to France ihe islands of (iuadaloiipe, Mariealanle, 
 Desiraile, and Martinieo, in the West Indies, and of Hellcisle, 
 on tlie coast of France, with their fortn-sses ; provided that 
 i the lerni of eighteen months be eraiiled to his Hrilaiiie 
 Majesty's suhiecu settled there, and in other places hereby 
 I restored lo France, to settle their eslnlrs, recover tbeir 
 (lehts, nlld to lraiis|mrt themselves and elTects, wilhoill 
 i beiin; restrained on aecoiint uf iheir relii:i(Ut, or any pre- 
 tence, except for dchts, or cciniiiial prosecutions. 
 I Hv the cii'htli article. Franceeedes to (ireal Hritain llie 
 I islands of (irenada and the firenadines, wilb llie same 
 Islipulalions in favor of the iubabilnuu as arc iuserted iu 
 
 France ceded to (ireat Britain, all Ihe conquesO 
 which the latter had made in North .\merica ; and 
 it was stipulated between the two crowns, that tho 
 boundary line of their respecti\c dominions in tho 
 new hemisphere s'lduld run along the niiddli of the 
 .Mississippi, froiu us .source as far as the Iberville, 
 and along the middle of that river, and of Lakes 
 Maurepas and Pontchartrain. 
 
 Thus terminated a war, which originated in an 
 attempt on the part of the French to surround the 
 Knglish colonists, Hiid chain them lo a narrow strip 
 of country along the coast of the Atlantic ; and ended 
 with their giving up the whole of what was then 
 their only valuable territory in North America. The 
 immediate advantage the colonies derived I'rom tho 
 successful issue of the contest was great and appa- 
 rent. Although, for a short period afler the con- 
 quest of Canada had been etlected, they were sub- 
 ject to attacks from the Indian tribes attached to the 
 French, and also from the Cherokees on their south- 
 western borders, they were soon enabled lo visit 
 their cruelties with severe retribution, and to pro- 
 cure a lasting repose, as the Indians had no forts to 
 which to repair for protection or aid. Hut the in- 
 direct results, though almost nnperceivalile at first, 
 were far more im|H)rtant, and prepared the way foi 
 those mnmentoiis efforts which issued in the loss to 
 (ireat Britain of the fairest portion of her colonies, 
 and the establishment of her vassal as a rival. The 
 colonists became inured to the habits and hardships 
 of a military life, and skilled in the aits of European 
 warfare ; while the desire of reveime for the loss of 
 Canada, which France did not fail to harbour, was 
 preparing forilu'm a most ellicieiit friend, and mak- 
 ing way lor the anomalous exhibition of a despotic 
 sovereign, exerting all his power in the cause of li- 
 berty and independence. 
 
 C H A r T K U IV. 
 
 History oftho Colonies from the peace of Haris, 171)3, to ITTi. 
 
 Immedi.itely after the peace of Paris. 1763. a 
 new scene was opened. Tlie national debt of (iretjt 
 Britain then amounted to one hundred and forty- 
 
 llip second article for those of Canada : and the parlilion of 
 the iHlands culled neutral, is asreed and tixed, ho that ibosfl 
 of St \'iiiceiit, Domiiiico, and 'rohairo, shall reiiiain in bill 
 ri^hl to Kngland, hiid thai of St. I.iicia shall he deliverv-d 
 to France in fnil ri^ht. the two crowns rei iprocdly guunin 
 leeinj; lo each other the parlilion so slipnlated. 
 
 Hv' the sixleeiilh article, it is stipulated, llml his Hritanic 
 Maji'slv sli.ill cause all the forlilications lo lie demolished, 
 which his subjects shall have erected in llie hayol'llon- 
 ililnis and oilier places of the territory of Spain, in that 
 part of the world. And his Catholic .Majesty shall not, for 
 ihe fuliire, peiinit his Hiilnnic .Majesty, or their workmen, 
 lo he disturbed or molested under any preti'iice wliatsmner, 
 in llii ir occupalion of ciittinjr, hiadinfr, and carrvins: away 
 loir-wo.vd ; and lor this purpose they may build, w ithoiit iiin- 
 deraiice. ami m-cupy. vvithont inlerninlion, the houses and 
 maffaziii'.'s neccssaiy for ihein, for tlieir families, and for 
 their etVecis ; and his said Catholic Majesty assures lo tlieiii, 
 hv this article, ill" entire eiijov incut of what is above slipu- 
 lal.'d. 
 
 Hv the seventcinth nrtiele, bis Cv.tholic ^Iiijesty desists 
 froiii all pn'leusions vvliichhe inay have formed to llie right 
 of lisbini: ahoiil the island of Ne\>ionuillBnd. 
 
 Hv Ihe eij;lileenlh article, it is slipnlated. thai flie kiiij 
 of (ireat Hritain shall restore lo Spain all that he has eon- 
 qiiervH in Ihe Island of Cuba, with the fortress of Havana; 
 and that fortress, as well as all the other fortn-sses of the 
 said island, .shall he restored in the same condition they 
 were in whenlliey were conquered by bis Hritanic Ha- 
 jesly's arms. 
 
 By the ivvenlielli article, his Catholic Majesty redca 
 and' giiaraiitees, in full riilbl, to his Brilanie Majesty, 
 Florida, with the Fort of t(l. .\ilgnstine, and the bay 
 of Pensacola, as well as all thai yiiaiii possesses on 
 the continent of North -America, to tlie east, or lo the 
 southeast of the river Mississippi ; and in ceneral, ev- 
 ery thins; that depends on the said countriea and 
 lands, with the sovereignly, power, and possession, and 
 all rights acquired by Irealies, or otherwise, which the 
 'Catliolic king and the crown of Spain have had lill 
 'now over the said countries.'* Andeison. vol. iii. p. 3.'lil — 
 I •1:1.1, where the preliminary articles of llit? Iiraly atv in- 
 I serled entire ; and vol. iv. p. I, 2, where the most material 
 alterations or explanations of ihose articles, as settle.! bv 
 Ihe definitive ircalv, are iuscrted. — American AntialB, viiU 
 ii. p. 113-115. 
 
860_ 
 
 ftiflht iiiilliuiis, for which an intemt u( iieHrly five 
 mjirmiis was anniiiilly paid. While the Brilisli 
 liiiniHier was ilijjeAtiiig plariH, Cor (hmitiishiiiK lliis 
 ama/.ing load uf debt, he conreived tlie idea of rais- 
 ing a siibstanlial revenue iti the itriliuli rnlonies, 
 from taxes laid by the parhaiiicnt of llie parent slate 
 Uii the one liaiid it was urged, that the late war ori 
 ginnled nii account of the colonies ; and (hat it was 
 reasonable, more especially as it had terminated in 
 a manner so favourable to their interest, they should 
 contribute to defrayinc; the expenses it had ocra- 
 aioned. Thus far both parties were agreed : but 
 Great Britain contended, that her parliament, as 
 the supreme power, was constitutionally vested with 
 an authority to lay them on every part of the em- 
 pire. 'J'his doctrine, plausible in itself, and confor- 
 mable to the letter of the liritinh constitution, 
 when the whole dominions were represented in one 
 assembly, was reprobated in the colonies, as con- 
 trary to the spirit of the same govermncnt, when 
 the empire became so far extended, as to iiavo many 
 distinct representative assemblies. 'J'he colonists 
 believed, that the chief excellence of the British 
 constitution consisted in the rijiht of the subjects to 
 gnmt, orwithliold taxes ; and in their having a share 
 in enacting the laws, by which tliey were to be 
 bound. 
 
 They conceived, that the superiority of the Brit- 
 ish constitution, to other forms of govermcnl, was, 
 not that their supreme council was called parlia- 
 ment but that the people had a share in it, by ap- 
 pointing members, who constituted one of its con- 
 stituent branches, and williout whose concurrence, 
 no law, binding on them, could be enacted. In the 
 mother country, it was asserted to be essential to 
 tlie unity of the empire, tliat the British parlianu-iil 
 should have a right of taxation, over every part of 
 the royal dominion. In the colonics, il was be- 
 lieved, that taxation and representation were in- 
 separable ; and that they coulil neither be free nor 
 bappy, if their property could be taken from them, 
 without their consent. The common |)eople in 
 America reasoned on this subject, in a s\innnary 
 u-ay : " I a British parliament," said they, " in 
 which we are unre|)resente(l, and over wliic'h we 
 have no control, can take from us any part of our 
 property, by direct taxation, they may take as much 
 us they please ; and we have no security for any ihini; 
 that remains, but a forbearance on their part, less 
 hkely to be exercised in our favour, as they liahlen 
 themselves of the burdens of government, in the 
 same proportion that they impose them on us." 
 They well knew, that comnmnities of mankind, as 
 well as individuals, have a strong propensity to im- 
 pose on others, when they can do it with impunity; 
 and especially when their is a prospect, that tlic 
 imposition will be attended with advantage to them- 
 selves. The Americans, from tliat jcal,)\isy of 
 their liberties, which their local situation ntirlured, 
 and which they inherited from their forefathers, 
 viewed the exclusive right of laying taxes on them- 
 selves, free from extnineous inlhiencc, in the sauu' 
 light, as the British parliament views its peculiar 
 privilege of raising money, independent of the 
 crown. The parent state appeared, to the cido- 
 nists, to stand in the same relation to their local le- 
 gislatures, as the monarch of (treat Britain to the 
 British Parliament. His prerogative is limited by 
 that palladium of the people's liberty, the exclusive 
 privilege of granting tlieir own money. While this 
 right rests in the hands of the people, their libeities 
 are secured. 
 
 In the same manner reasoned the colonists : " In 
 order to be styled freemen, our local assemblies, 
 elected by ourselves, uuist enjoy the exclusive pri- 
 vilege of imposing taxes upon us." They contend- 
 ed, that men settled in foreign parts, to better their 
 condition, not to submit their liberties ; to continue 
 the equal.», not to become the slaves of their less ad- 
 venturous follow-citi/.ens ; and that, by the novel | 
 doctrine of parliamentary power, they were degni- 1 
 ded from being the subjects of a kins;, to llie low i 
 condition of being subjects of subjects. They ar- : 
 gued, that it was essentially involved in the idea of ' 
 property, that the possessor had such a right there- 
 in, tliat it was a contradiction to sup|)ose any other I 
 
 Till', II I^T^^RV OF 
 
 mtui, or body ot men, possessed a right to take it 
 from him, without his <'nnsent. Precedents in the 
 history of Kngland juslilieil this mode of reasoning 
 I The love of property strengthened it ; and it had a 
 I peculiar force on the mindsofccdonists, three thous- 
 and miles removed from the seat of government, 
 and growing^ip to maturity, in a New World, where, 
 from the extent of country, and the .state of society, 
 even the necessary restraints of civil government 
 wcie impatiently borne. On the other hand, the 
 people of Ureal Britain revolted against the claims 
 of the colonists. Kducatcd in habits of submission 
 to parliamentary taxation, they conceived it to be 
 the height of contumacy, for the colonists to refuse 
 obedience to the power, which they hail been taught 
 to revere. Not adverting to the connuon interest, 
 which existed between the people of (ireat Britain 
 and their ri-prcsentatives, they believed, that the 
 said conununity of interests was wanting. The 
 pride uf an opulent, conquering nation, aided this 
 mode uf reasoning. " What !" said they, " shall 
 we, who liave so lately humbled France and .Spain, 
 be dictated toby our own colonists f Shall our sub- 
 jects, educated by our care, and liefeniled by our 
 arms, presume to question the rights of parliament, 
 to which we are obliged to submit .'" lielleclions of 
 this kind, congenial to the natural vanity cjf the hu- 
 man heart, operated .so extensively, that the i)eople 
 of (ireat Britain spoke of their colonies and of their 
 colonists, as a kind of |)ossession annexed to their 
 persons. The love of power, and of property, on 
 the one side of the Atlantic, were opposed by the 
 same powerful passions on the other. 
 
 The disposition to tax the colonics was also 
 sirensthened, by exag^eratid accounts of iheir 
 wealth. 1 1 was said, " that the American planters 
 lived in afilnence, and with inconsiderable taxes ; 
 while the inhabitants of (ireat Britain were borne 
 down, by such oppressive burdens, as to make a 
 bare subsistence, a matter of extreme dilficiilly." 
 The ollicers who had served in Auu-rica, during the 
 late war, contributed to this delusion. Their ob- 
 senatidiis were founded on what they had seen in 
 cities, ajiil at a time, when large sums were spent 
 by government, in support o fleets and armies, and 
 when American commodities were in great demand. 
 To treat with attention those who came to fight for 
 them, anil also to gratify their own pride, the colo- 
 nists had made a parade of their riches, by frequent- 
 ly and sumptuously entertaining the gentlemen of 
 the British army. These, judging from what they 
 saw, without considering the genend state of the 
 country, concurred in representing the colonists as 
 very able to contribute, largely, towards defraying 
 the common expenses of the empire. 
 
 The charters, which were supposed to contain 
 the principles on which the colonies were founded, 
 became the subject of serious investigation on both 
 sides. Une clause was found to run through the 
 whole of them, except that which had been granted 
 to ]Mr. Penn. 'niis was a declaration, "that the 
 emigrants to America should enjoy the same privi- 
 leges, as if they had remained, or had been born 
 within the realm :" but such was the subtilty of dis- 
 putants, that both parties construed this general 
 principle so as to favour their respective opinions. 
 The American patriots contended, that as Kii."'.isli 
 freeholders could not be taxed, but by reprc cnta- 
 tives. in choosing whom they had a vote, .'ithcr 
 eoiUd the colonists : but it was replied, thai, if the 
 colonists had remained in Kngland, they nnist have 
 been bound to p.ay the taxes imposed by parliament. 
 It was therefore inferred, that, though taxed by 
 that authority, they lost none of the rights of native 
 Knglishmen, residing at home. The parti/.ans of 
 the mother country could see nothing in charters, 
 but security against taxes, by royal authority. The 
 Americans, adhering to the spirit more than to the 
 letter, viewed their characters as a shield against all 
 taxes not imposed by representatives of their own 
 choice. This construction they contended to be 
 expressly recognised by the charter of Maryland. 
 In that, king Charles bound both himself and his 
 successors, not to assent to any bill subjecting the 
 inhabitants to internal taxation, by external legis- 
 lation. 
 
 'I'he nature and extent of the connexion betnoeo 
 (Jreat Britain and America, was a great constitu 
 tional iiuesiiiin, involving many inli'iests and Iho 
 general principles of civil libeify. To ilecide this, 
 recourse was, in vain, had to parchment authorities, 
 made at a distant time; when neither the grantor, 
 nor grantees, of American territory, had in ciintem. 
 plation any thing like the present slate of the two 
 countries. 
 
 (•real and nourishing colonies, daily increasins 
 in numbers, and already grown to the magnitude of 
 a nation, planted at an immense distance, and go- 
 veriied by coiisiiiutions, resembling that of llie coun- 
 try from which ihey sprung, were novelties in Ihu 
 history of the world. To ( oinbine colonies so cir 
 cumslanceil, in one nnlfiirm system of governmeni 
 with the parent slate, reipiircd a great knowledge 
 of mankind, and an extensive comprehension of 
 things. It was an arduous business, far beyond the 
 grasp of ordinary statesmen, whose minds were 
 narrowed by the forinalilies of law, or the trammels 
 of olVicc. An original genius, unfettered with pre- 
 cedents, and exalted with just ideas of the rights of 
 human iiatnre, and the obligations of universal be- 
 nevolence, might have sirnck out a middle line, 
 which would have secured as much liberty to the 
 colonies, and as great a degree of supremacy to the 
 parent stale, as their common good required ; but 
 the helm of (ireat Britain was not in such hands. 
 The spirit of the British constitution, on the ono 
 band, reviilied at the idea, that the British |)arlia- 
 mer 1 should exercise the same unlimited authority 
 over the unrepresented colonies, which it exer- 
 cised over the inhabitants of (ireat Britain. The 
 colonists, on the other hand, did not claim a to- 
 tal exemption from its authority. They in gene- 
 ral allowed the mother country a certain unilelined 
 prerogative over them, and acquiesced in the right 
 of parliament, to make many acts, binding them in 
 many subjects of internal policy, ar ,i regulating 
 their trade. Where parliamentary supremacy end- 
 ed, and at what point colonial independency began, 
 was not ascertained. Happy, for tlie Knglish em- 
 pire, would it have been, had the question never 
 liecn agitated ; but much more so, had it been cm- 
 promised by an amicable compact, without the hor- 
 rors of a civil war. 
 
 The Knglisli colonies were originally est.ablished 
 on the principles of a commercial monopoly. While 
 Kngland pursued trade, her commerce increased at 
 least four-fold. The colonies took the manufac- 
 tures of (ireat Britain, and paid for them with pro- 
 visions, or raw materials. They united their arms 
 in war, their commerce and their councils in peace, 
 without nicely investigating the terms on which the 
 connexion of the two countries depcmled. 
 
 A perfect calm in the political world is not long 
 to be expected. The reciprocal happiness, both of 
 (ireat Britain and of the colonies, was too great to 
 be of long duration. The calamities of the war of 
 17;).') had scarcely ended, when the germ of another 
 war was planted, which soon grew up and produced 
 deadly fruit. 
 
 At that lime, sundry resolutions passed the Bri- 
 tish parliament, relative to the imposition of a stamp 
 limy in America, which gave a genend alarm. By 
 them the right, the equity, the policy, and even the 
 necessity of taxing the colonies, were formally 
 avowed. These resolutions, being considered as 
 the preface of a system of American revenue, were 
 deemed ail introduction to evils of much greater 
 magnitude. They opened a prospect of oppres- 
 sion, boundless in extent, and endless in diiralion. 
 They were nevertheless not immediately followed 
 by any legislative act. Time, and an invitation, 
 were given to the Americans, to suggest any other 
 mode of taxation that might be equivalent in its pro- 
 duce to the stamp act : but they objected, not only to 
 the mode, but the principle ; and several of their »<!- 
 •einblies, though in vain, petitioned against it. An 
 .American revenue was, in Kngland, a very popular 
 measure. The cry in favour of it was so strong, us 
 to sileiiofi the voice of petitions to the contrary. — 
 T!ic equity of compelling the Americans to contri- 
 bute to the common expenses of tl.e empire, satis- 
 lied many who, without inquiring into the policy cr 
 
 ssas 
 
 taetppi 
 
 B WWW P W ' "" "^**^^'^ 
 
NOtlTir AMERICA, 
 
 801 
 
 xiiiii lielwesD 
 ic;il ronmim 
 t'His atiil the 
 
 II ilcM'iili* lliis, 
 It iiiillioritii's, 
 r llir uriiiiior, 
 
 III ill ciiiitem- 
 tc of llie two 
 
 ily inriTaninij 
 iiacniliidc of 
 ncc, and go- 
 t of the coun- 
 rpllivs in Ihu 
 ■liiiiies so c\t 
 
 };(iveiiinicnl 
 at kiinwli'dge 
 rtOiension of 
 ;ir lipyniid the 
 
 inindH were 
 till! trammels 
 red with pre- 
 r the rights of 
 universal be- 
 I middle line, 
 lilierly to the 
 reniacy to the 
 'cquired ; but 
 1 such hands, 
 I, on the one 
 ISrilish parlia- 
 ilpil authority 
 liicli it exer- 
 iiilaiii. 'I"he 
 t claim a to- 
 riicy in gcnc- 
 aiii unildined 
 d in the right 
 tiling them in 
 ' >i regulating 
 i|)r('macy end- 
 idriicy began, 
 
 Knulish cni- 
 uestion never 
 I it been cm- 
 hout the hur- 
 
 ly established 
 
 M)ly. While 
 
 increased at 
 
 the manulac- 
 
 leni with pro- 
 
 (I their arms 
 iicils in peace, 
 
 on which the 
 
 led. 
 
 rid is not long 
 liness, both of 
 as too great to 
 
 of the war of 
 nil of another 
 and produced 
 
 issed the liri- 
 of a stamp 
 -.il alarm. Hy 
 and even the 
 iwro formally 
 rmisidered as 
 revenue, were 
 imuh greater 
 ct (if oppres- 
 i in duration. 
 iitcly followed 
 an invitation, 
 {est any other 
 ilent in its pro- 
 led, not only to 
 •ral of their »■!- 
 gainst it. An 
 very (wpulnr 
 s so strong, iM 
 be contrary.— 
 ans to contri- 
 empire, satis- 
 the policy tr 
 
 justice of taxing their unrepresented fellow subjects, 
 readily aHieiilcd to the mcaiiiies ailojiti'd by the 
 parliaiiieiil liir Ibis purpose. 'I'lie prospect of easing 
 their own biiiili'iis, at llie expense of the colonists, 
 da/.i'.led the eyes of geiilleiiien of lauded interest, 
 no as III keep out of their view the probable coiitic- 
 qnences of the iniiiivatioii. 
 
 The omiiipoleneeof parliament wan so familiar a 
 phrase, on both sidus of the Atlantic, that few in 
 Ainerica, and still fewer in (ireat iiritain, were im- 
 pi'i'ssed, in the first instance, with any idea of the 
 illegality of taxing the cidoiiisis, 
 
 lllniiiination on that subject was gradual. The 
 resoliilions in favor of an American stamp act, 
 which passed in March, I7UI, met with no opposi- 
 tion. In the course of the year which intervened 
 lietween ihi^se resolutions, and the passing of a law 
 groniiiled upon them, the subjeet was better under- 
 stood, and constitntional objections against the mea- 
 sure, were urged by several, both in (ireat llrilain 
 and America. This astonished and chagrined the 
 Hritish ministry : but as the principle of taxing 
 America had been, for some time, determined upon, 
 they were unwilling to give it up. Impelled by 
 partiality for a long cherished idea, Mr. (irenville, 
 in .Mairh I7(>.'<, brought into the house of commons 
 his lung expected bill, for laying a stamp duty in 
 .'Vinerica. IJy this, after passing through the usual 
 forms, it was enacted, that the instruineuls of wri- 
 ting, in daily use among a commercial people, should 
 be null and void, imless they were executed on 
 stamped paper or parchment, charged with a duly 
 imposed by the Hritish parliament. 
 
 When the bill was brought in, Mr. Charles 
 Townsenil concluded a speech in its favour, with 
 words III the followiiii; elfect : " And now will these 
 .\inerirans, children plaiiled by our care, nourished 
 up by our indulgence, till they are gninii to a de- 
 gree of strength and opulence, and protected by our 
 arms, will they grudge to eonlribiite their mite to 
 relieve tis from the heavy weight of that burden 
 which we lie under .'" To which colonel IJarre 
 replied : " They planted by your care I No, your 
 oppressions planted them in America. They (led 
 fromtyranny to a then nncnltivated and inhospitable 
 country, wliere they exposed themselves to almost 
 all the hardships to which liniuan nature is liable ; 
 and, among others, to the cruelty of a savage fiie, 
 the most subtle, and, I will take upon me to say, the 
 most formidable of any people upon the face of 
 tiod's earth .' and yet, actuated by principles of true 
 Knglish liberty, they met all hardships with plea- 
 sure, compared witli those they suffered in their 
 own country, from the hand of those that should 
 have been their friends. They nimrished up by 
 your iiidnlgeucc ! They grew by your neglect of 
 them. As soon as you began to care about them, 
 that care was exercised in sending persons to nilc 
 them, in one department and another, who were, 
 perhaps, the deputies of deputies to some members 
 in this house, sent to spy out their liberties, to mis- 
 represent their actions, and to prey upon them ; men, 
 whose behaviour, on many occasions, has caused 
 the blood of those sons of liberty to recoil within 
 them: men promoted to the highest seats of justice 
 —some who, to my knowledge, were glad, by going 
 to a foreign country, to escape being brousibt to the 
 bar of a court of justice in their own. They pro- 
 tected by your arms ! They have nobly taken up 
 arms in your defence, have exerted a valour amidst 
 their constant and laborious industry, for the de- 
 fence of a country whose frontier was drenched in 
 blood, whilst its interior parts yielded all its little 
 savings to your emolument. And, believe me, that 
 same spirit of freedom, which actuated these peojile 
 at first, will accompany them still : but prudence 
 forbids me to (jxplain myself farther. God knows, 
 I do not, at this time, speak from any motives of 
 pirty heal. I deliver the genuine .sentiments of my 
 h;ait. However superior to me, in general know- 
 ledge and experience, the respectable body of this 
 house may bi , yet I claim to know more of America 
 titan most of you : having seen and been conversant 
 in that country. The people, 1 believe, are as tnily 
 loyal as any subjects the king has ; but a people jea- 
 lous of their liberties, and who will vindicate tlieni, 
 
 if ever they should be violated : but the subject is 
 too delicate. I will say no more." 
 
 During the debate on the bill, the supporters of it 
 insisted iiiiich on the colonies being virtually repre- 
 sented ill the same manner as Leeds, Halifax, and 
 Nome other towns were. A recurrence to this plea 
 was a virtual acknowledgement, tliat there oii^ht not 
 to be taxation without representation. It was re- 
 plied, that the cunnexion betwei'ii the electors and 
 non-electors of p;u-Hament, in (ireat llrltain, was so 
 interwoven, from both being erpially liable to pay 
 the same common tax, as to give sonn; security of 
 properly to the latter : but with respect to taxes 
 laid by the Hritish parliament, and paid by the Ame- 
 ricans, the situation of the parties was reversed. 
 Instead of both parties bearing a proportionable 
 share of the same common burden, what was laid 
 on the one, was exactly so much taken olf from the 
 other. 
 
 The bill met with no opposition in the house of 
 lords; and, on the :i2d of March, 17U.J, it received 
 the royal assent. 'J'hc night after it )iassed, ])r. 
 h'ranklin wrote to IMr. Charles Thomson ; " The 
 sun of liberty is set ; you must light up the candles 
 of industry and economy." Mr. Thomson answer- 
 ed : " I was apprehensive, that other lights would 
 be the conseiiueucc ;" and he foretold the opposition 
 which shortly took place. On its being suggested 
 from authority, that the stamp oHicers would not be 
 sent from Orcit Britain, but selected from aiming 
 the Americans, the cobmy agents were desired to 
 point out proper persons for that purpose. They 
 generally nominated their friends, which allords a 
 presumptive proot', that they supposed the act woiibl 
 liave gone down. In this opinion, they were far 
 from being singular. That the colonists would be, 
 ultimately, obliged to submit to the stamp act, was 
 at first commonly believed, both in Kngland and 
 America, The framers of it, in particular, Matter- 
 ed themselves, that the eonlusion, which would arise 
 upon the disuse of writings, and the insecurity of 
 property, which would result from using any other 
 than that rcijuired by law, would compel the colo- 
 nies, however reluctant, to use the stam|>ed paper, 
 and conse(|uently to pay the taxes imposed thereon. 
 They, therefore, boasted that it was a law, which 
 woidd execute itself. 15y the term of the stamp act, 
 it was not to take elfect till the first day of Novem- 
 ber; a period of more than seven months after its 
 passing. This gave the colonists an opportunity 
 of leisurely canvassing the new subject, and exam- 
 ining fully on every side. In the first part of this 
 interval, struck with astonishment, they lay in si- 
 lent consternation, and could not determine what 
 course to pursue. Hy degrees they recovered their 
 recollection. Virginia led the way in opposition 
 to the stamp act. Mr. Patrick Henry, on the 2',)th 
 of May, 17(j5, brought into the house of burgesses 
 of that colony, the following resolutions, which were 
 substanliully adopted. 
 
 " Resolved, that the first adventurers, settlers of 
 this his majesty's colony and dominion of Virginia, 
 brought with them, and transmitted to their jxiste- 
 riiy, and all other, his majesty's subjects, since in- 
 habiting in this, his majesty's said colony, all the 
 liberties, privileges, and immunities, that have at 
 any time, been held, enjoyed, and possessed by the 
 people of (ireat llrilain. 
 
 " Resolved, that, by two royal charters, granted 
 by king .Tames the first, the colonists aforesaid are 
 declared entitled to all liberties, privileges, and im- 
 munities of denizens, and nattiral subjects, to all in- 
 tents and purposes, as if they had been abiding and 
 born within the realm of Kngland. 
 
 "Resolved, tliat his majesty's liege people, of 
 this his ancient colony, have enjoyed the rights of 
 being thus governed, by their own assembly, in the 
 article of taxes, and internal police ; and that the 
 same have never been forfeited, or yielded up : but 
 have been constantly recognised by the king and 
 people of Hritain. 
 
 " Resolved, therefore, that the general assembly 
 of this colony, together Willi his majesty, or Ins sub- 
 stitutes, have in their representative capacity, the 
 only exclusive right and power, (o lay t.ixcs and im- 
 posts, upon the inhabitan'^ of litis colony; and that 
 
 every atlenipt, to vest such power in any other ynir 
 sou or persons, whatsoever, than the general assein 
 biy aforesaid, is illegal, unconslilutional, and unjusti 
 and hath a manifest tendency to destroy liritish, ai 
 well as American liberty. 
 
 " Resolved, that his majesty's liege people, ina 
 inhabitants of this colony, are not bound to yield 
 obedience to any law, or ordinance whatever, de- 
 signed to impose any taxation whatever upon them, 
 other than the laws or ordinances of the general as 
 senibly aforesaid. 
 
 " Resolved, that any person, who shall, by speak- 
 ing or writing, assert or maintain, that -iny person, 
 or persons, other than the general assenilify ol this 
 colony, have any right or power, to impose, or lay 
 any taxation on the people here, shall be deemed an 
 enemy to this his majesty's colony.'" 
 
 Upon reading these resolutions, the boldness and 
 novelty of them affected one of the meinbers to such 
 a degree, that he cried out, "treason! treason I" 
 They were, nevertheless, well received by the 
 people ; and immediately fiirwariled to the other 
 provinces. They circulated extensively, and gave 
 a spring to the discontented. Till they appeared, 
 most were of opinion, that the act would be quietly 
 adopted. Murmurs, indeed, were common, but 
 they seemed to be such, as would soon die away. 
 The countenance of so respectable a colony, as Vir- 
 ginia, confirmed the wavering, and emboldened the 
 timid. Opposition to the stamp act, from that pe- 
 riod, assumed a bolder face. The fire of liberty 
 blazed fiirth from the press. Some weli-judged 
 publications set the rights of the colonists, in a plain, 
 but strong point of view. The tongues and the pens 
 of the well-informed citizens laboured in kindling 
 the latent s|>arks of patriotism. The flame spread 
 from breast to breast, till the conflagration became 
 general. In this business. New Kngland had a 
 principal share. The inhabitants of that part of 
 America, in piirticular, considered their obligations 
 to the mother country, for past favours, to be very 
 inconsiderable, 'I'hey wne fully informed, that 
 their forefathers were driven, by persecution to the 
 wooils of America, and had there, without any ex- 
 pense to the parent state, effected a setllement on 
 bare creation. Their resentment, fiir the inviiaioii 
 of their accustomed right of taxation, was not so 
 much mitigated, by the recollection of late favours, 
 as it was heiglilened by the tradition of grievous 
 sufferings, to which their ancestors, by the rulers 
 of Kiiglaiiil, had been subjected. 
 
 The heavy burdens, which the opeiaiion of the 
 stamp act woubl have imposed on the colonists, to 
 getlier with the jirecedent it would establish of fu 
 lure exactions, furnished the American patriots 
 with arguments, calculated as well to move the 
 passions, as to convince the jiiilgments of their fel- 
 low colonists. In great warnilh they exclaimed ; 
 " If the parliament have a right to levy the stamp 
 duties, they may, by the same authority, lay on us 
 imposts, excises, and other taxes, without end, till 
 their nipacity is satisfied, or onr abilities are ex- 
 hausted. We cannot, at I'lilme elections, displace 
 these men, who so lavishly grant away our proper- 
 ty. Their seals and their power are independent 
 of us, and it will rest with their generosity, where 
 to stop, in transferring the expenses of government 
 from their own, to our shiuililers." 
 
 It was fortunate for the liberties of America, that 
 newspapers were the subject of a heavy stamp duty. 
 Printers, when uiiinfluen<eil by government, have 
 generally arranged fheniselves on the side of liber- 
 ty, nor are they less remarkable fiir their attention 
 to the profits of their profession. A stamp duty, 
 which openly invarled the first, and threatened a di 
 minution of the last, provoked their united ze.iloua 
 
 ♦ ratrick Henry, wbose cloqllrnce Wfta nf llie panic fa 
 inily wiib the poetrv of SbiikHpnire, inlrnducpil iIipso re 
 siiliiiions, with nil niiiiiinteil ppi'crli, wlijcli is iinrnrtiiiiutel} 
 lost, er, porhiifis, wnn never written. TrHililiun inrnriiis 
 ili>, thai, wliile tie wfis pouring out Ills whole Mini, in 
 tlin lirilliuTit t>xti-in|Hinilir(,u^ rlTui'iona of ttii^ ni(><it nr- 
 (lent piilriotifiii, he tir(ik,> off nhriipijy, or was >ili'iic'!(l 
 by n call in nnlcr, in ttie miildli* of n H(!iiteii('(>. whi h hc- 
 pnn as fiillows. " C'nosnr had bis nruliis : Cliarlfs his 
 Oliver ; aud it' king Ucorge go on ni h« hts lirgUD he will 
 fiuil"— 
 
8oa 
 
 THK HISTORY OF 
 
 op|)<)»iiioii. Tlmy daily presentoil to lh« piibliu ori- 
 giiiul iliiwerliitiunii, lumliiiK lu priivc, licit, if the 
 ■Miiip act were aull'ereJ to operulf, the Ijkerlien of 
 Aiiiuriu»ii!i were u\ nii uiiil, ami llicir pnipiTiy virliial- 
 ly tranatfrrnd lu lliuir iraiiH-Allaiiliu I'l-IIdw siilijucli*. 
 The writers aiiioiiK the Aiiicricaiis, Hcriciusly alarm- 
 ed tor the lute ot° their coiintrVi eaiiiu forivaril with 
 «May9, to prove, that, aj;rcealily lo llii; Itrilish ron- 
 •titulioii, taxation and reprcHciitation were inwpar- 
 nble; that the only con9titiili»nal imidit of rai^iii<; 
 mon^y from die colonistM, was by ac^ts iil' iln-ir own 
 le|;i»laturog ; that the crown puHscsscd mi Cirlhcr 
 power, than that of rcqiiisitiiin ; and that ihc parlia- 
 nionlary ri^lit of taxation was vonlincd to llii- nio- 
 Iher country, where it orijiiinaleil from iho nalnral 
 right of man, lo do what hu picasmi wilh his own, 
 transferred by consent from tin; vliM^tcns of Ureal 
 Britain, to those whom they cliosc to represent them 
 in parliament. They nUo insisted mncli on the mis- 
 application of pnbliu money, by the llritish ministry. 
 Great pains were taken to inform the colonists of 
 the large sums annually bestoweil on pensioned fa- 
 fouriles, and for the various purposes of bribery. 
 Their passions were inllaiiied by lii^h coloured re- 
 presenlalions of the hardship of beinj; ubiijjed to 
 pay the earnings of their industry into a llritish 
 treasury, well known lo be a fund for corruption. 
 
 The writers on the American siilc were opposed 
 by arguments, drawn from the unity of the empire ; 
 the necessity of one supreme head ; the unlimited 
 power of parliament; and the great numbers in the 
 mother country, who, though legally disqualified 
 froin voting at elections, were, nevertheless, boumi 
 to pay the taxes imposed by the representatives of 
 the nation. To these objections it was replied, 
 that tlie very idea of subordination of parts, excluded 
 the notion of simple undivided unity; that, as Eng- 
 land was the head, she could not be the head ami 
 the members too; that, in all extensive empires, 
 where the dead uniformity of servitude did not pre- 
 vent, the subordinate parts had many local privi- 
 leges and immunities; that, between these privi- 
 leges and the supreme common authority, the line 
 was extremely nice ; and that, nevertheless, the su- 
 premacy of the head had an ample field of exercise, 
 withcuit arrogating to itself the dis|>osal of the |)ro- 
 perly of the unrepresented subordinate parts. To 
 the assertion, that the power of parliament was un- 
 limited, the colonists replied, that before it could 
 constitutionally exercise that power, it must be con- 
 stitutionally formed ; and that, therefore, it must at 
 least, in one of its branches, be constituted by the 
 people, over whom it exercised unlimited power; 
 that, with respect to Great Uritain, it was so con- 
 stituted ; and with respect to America, it was not. 
 They therefore inferred, that its power ouj;lit not to 
 be the same over bi;th countries. They argued al- 
 so, that the delegation of the {leople was the source 
 of power, in regard to taxation; and, as that dele- 
 gation was wanting in America, they concluded the 
 right of parliament, to grant away their property, 
 could not exist; and that the defective representation 
 in Great Britain, should be urged as an argument 
 for taxing the Americans, without any representa- 
 tion at all, proved the encroaching nature of power. 
 Instead of convincing the colonists of the propriety 
 of their stibmission, it demonstrated the wisdom of 
 their resistance ; for, said they, " one inv.Lsion of 
 natural right is made the justification of another, 
 much more injurious and oppressive." 
 
 The advocates for parliamentary taxation, laid 
 great stress on the rights supposed to have accrued 
 to Great Britain, on the score of her having reareil 
 up and protected the English settlements in Ame- 
 rica, at great expense. It was, on the other hand, 
 conteaded by the colonists, that, in all the wars 
 which were common to both countries, they had 
 taken their full share; but in all their own dangers, 
 in all the difficulties belonging separately to their 
 bituation, which did not immediately concern Great 
 Britain, they were left to themselves, and had to 
 struggle through a hard infancy ; and in particular, 
 to defend themselves, without any aid from the |)ii- 
 rent state, against the niunerous savages in their 
 vicinity; that, when France had made war upon 
 'hem, it was not on their own account, but as appen- 
 
 dages lo (treat Britain; that, confining their trniii' 
 for the exclusive benefit of tlic parent slate, was an , 
 ample cinnpcnsation for her proteclion, anil a sulfi- , 
 cient pipiivaleiit for their exemption from parliamen- 
 tary laxation; and that the taxes imposed on the iii- 
 habiianls of (ireat Britain were incorporated with 
 their manufactures, ami ultimately full on the co- 
 lonists, who were the consumers. 
 
 The advocates for the stamp act also contended, 
 thai, as the parliament was charged with the de- 
 fence of the colonies, it ought to possess the means 
 (if defraying the oxpeasus incurred thereby. The 
 same argument had been used by king ('liarles the 
 first, in support of ship-money; and it was now an- 
 swered in the same manner as it was by the patriots 
 of that day ; " that the people, who were defended or 
 protected, were the fittest to judge of and to provide 
 the means of defraying the expenses incurred on 
 that account." In the mean time, the minds of the 
 Americans underwent a total Iraiisformation. In- 
 stead of their late peaceable and steady attachment 
 to the British nation, they were daily advancing to 
 the opposite extreme. The people, especially in 
 the large cities, became riotous, insulted the per- 
 sons, and destroyed the property of such as were 
 known or supposed to be friendly to the stamp act. 
 The mob were the visible agents in these disorderly 
 proceedings ; but they were encouraged by persons 
 of rank and character. 
 
 As opportunities oficred, th" assemblies generally 
 passed resolutions, asserting their exclusive right 
 lo lay taxes on their constituents. The people, in 
 their town meetings, instructed their representa- 
 tives lo oppose the stamp act. For a specimen of 
 the spirit and style of their instructions, see Appen- 
 dix, No. I. 
 
 The expediency of calling a continental congress, 
 to be composed of deputies from each of the pro- 
 vinces, had early occurred to the people of Massa- 
 chusetts. The assembly of that province passerl a 
 resolution in fiivour of that measure, and fixed on 
 New York as the place, and the second Tuesday of 
 October, HW), as the time, for holding the same. 
 They sent circular letters to the speakers of the se- 
 vend assemblies, requesting their concurrence. 
 This first advance towards continental union, was 
 seconded in South Carolina, before it had been 
 agreed to by any colony to the southward of New 
 England. The example of this province had a con- 
 siderable influence in recommending the measure to 
 others, divided in their opinions as to its propriety. 
 
 The assemblies of Virginia, North Carolina, and 
 Georgia, were prevented, by their governors, from 
 sending a deputation to this congress. Twenty- 
 eight deputies from Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
 Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- 
 vania, Delaware, Maryland, and South Caiolina, 
 met at New York : and, after mature delibenition, 
 agreed on a declaration of their rights, and on a 
 statement of their grievances. They asserted, in 
 strong terms, their exemption from all taxes not im- 
 posed by their own representatives. They also 
 concurred in a petition to the king, a memorial lo 
 the house of lords, and a petition to the house of 
 commons. The colonies prevented from sending 
 their representatives to this congress, forwarded 
 petitions similar to those adopted by the deputies 
 who attended. 
 
 While a variety of legal and illegal methods were 
 ado]itcd, to oppose the stamp act, the first of No- 
 vember, on which it was to commence its operation, 
 approached. At Boston, the day was ushered in 
 by a funeral tolling of bells. Many shops and stores 
 were shut. The effigies of the planners and friends 
 of the stamp act, were carried about the streets in 
 public derision, and then torn in pieces by the en- 
 raged populace. It was remarkable, that, though 
 a large crowd was assembled, there was not the 
 least violence or disorder. 
 
 At Portsmouth, in New Hampshire, the morning 
 was ushered in with tolling all the bells in town. 
 In the course of the day, notice was given to the 
 friends of Liberty, to attend her Amend. A coffin, 
 neatly ornamented, and inscribed with the word 
 LIBERTY, in large letters, was carried to the 
 grave. The funeral procession began from the 
 
 »tHte-hou»e, atleniert with two unbraced ilrums. 
 Willie the iiihaliilaiils who followeil the colliii were 
 in imitiiin, ininule guns were fired, and coniiiined 
 till the ciiinii arrived at the place of interinem Then 
 an Mialion, in favour of the deceased, was pniiioiiii- 
 ceil. It was scarcely ended, befiire the toltiii was 
 taken up ; it having been perceived ll.iit soiiie re- 
 mains of !if-.' were left : on which the inscription was 
 iiiiiiKiliately altered to " Liberty revived." TI16 
 bells iminediati'ly exchanged their melancholy fiir 
 . more jiiyl'nl soiinH ; and satisfaction appeared in 
 very coiinteiiance. The whole was condui^ted 
 with decency, and without injury or insult lo any 
 man's person or property. 
 
 The general aversion to the stamp act was, by 
 similar methods, in a variety of places, deiminstra- 
 ted. It is remarkable that the proceedings of Ihu 
 |Nipulace, on these occasions, were carried on with 
 decorum and regularity. They were not ebulli- 
 tions of a thoughtless mob; but, fiir the most part, 
 planned by Icaihng men, of character and infinence, 
 who were friends to peace and order. These, 
 knowing well that the bulk of mankind are more 
 led by their senses, than by their reason, comlucted 
 the public exhibitions on that principle, with a view 
 of making the stamp act, and its friends, both ri' 
 dienlous and odious. 
 
 Though the stamp act was to have operated from 
 the 1st of Nove.nber, yet legal proceedings, in the 
 courts, were carrie<l on as before. Vessels entered 
 and departed without stamped papers. The printers 
 boldly printed and circulated their newspapers, and 
 found a sufficient number of readers; though they 
 used common paper, in defiance of the acts of par- 
 liament. Ill most departments, by common consent, 
 business was carried on, as though no stamp act had 
 existed. This was accompanied by spirited resir 
 Intiiins In risk all consequences, rather than submit 
 to use the pajier required by law. While these 
 matters were in agitation, the cidonists entered in- 
 to associations against importing British manufac- 
 tures, till the stamp act shouhl be repealed. In this 
 manner, British liberty was made to operate against 
 British tyranny. Agreeably to the free constitution 
 of (treat Britain, the subject was at liberty to buy, 
 or not lo buy, as he pleased. By suspemling their 
 future purchases on the repeal of the stampact, the 
 colonists made it the interest of mriTliants and 
 manufiicturers, to solicit for that repeal. They had 
 usually taken so great a proportion of British manu- 
 factures, that the sudden stoppage of all their or- 
 ders, amounting, annually, to two or three millinns 
 sterling, threw some thousands, in the iiiothei 
 country, out of employment, and induced them, from 
 a regard to tlieii own interest, t<i advocate the mea- 
 sures wished for by America. The petitions from the 
 colonies were seconded by petitions from the mer- 
 chants and manufacturers of (ireat Britain. What 
 the former prayed fiir as a matter of right, and con 
 necled with their liberties, the latter also solicited 
 from motives of immediate interest. 
 
 Ill order to remedy the deficiency of British goods, 
 the colonists betook themselves to a variety of ne 
 cessary domestic manufactures. In a little time, 
 large quantities of common cloths were brought to 
 market ; and these, though dearer, and of a worse 
 quality, were eheerfully preferred to similar arli 
 cles, imported from Britain. That wool might not 
 be wanting, they entered into resolutions to abstain 
 from eating lambs. Foreign elegancies were laid 
 aside. The women were as exemplary as the men, 
 in various instances of self-denial. With great 
 readiness they refused every article of deconition 
 for their persons, and luxury for their tables. These 
 restrictions, which the colonists had voluntarily im- 
 posed on themselves, were so well observed, (ha* 
 multitudes of artificers, in Eng^ind, were reduced 
 to great distress, and some of their most flourishing 
 manufactories were, in a great measure, at a stand. 
 An association was entered into, by many of the 
 Sons of Liberty, the name given to those who were 
 opposed to the stamp act, by which they agreed, 
 " to march with the utmost expedition, at their own 
 proper costs and expense, with their wliole force, to 
 the relief of those that should be in danger from the 
 stamp act, or its promoters and abettors, or any 
 
 lij^rfomvfmf"^^^^^'^'^''"'^^'''''''*^^'^'''''^ 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 thing relilllvB In it, nil .icroiint itf any IlliliU lliiil rn;iy'wllli iii idiMi, tli4tl)io iiiiiiiiiilRnitr joy orilin rojiiii- 
 huvR hi'i'ii (liiiii', ill iip|iii.'<iliiiii III In iihlniniiiL;." isN n':i< ili<i|iro|iiirtiiiiU'i| U) lliu nilvuiiMi;i! (Iipy li.itl 
 
 ill (londsi, 
 
 ly of lie 
 
 itiic tiiii«, 
 
 broiiKlit to 
 
 ii worse 
 inilar arti 
 ininlit not 
 to »l)st»in 
 
 were laid 
 
 tlie men, 
 ^^ith great 
 decoration 
 lea. These 
 mtarily ini- 
 erved, lha» 
 re reduced 
 flourishiiii; 
 at a stand, 
 any of tlio 
 
 wlio were 
 ley acreod. 
 t tlieir own 
 le I'orec, tu 
 ir from tho 
 irs, or any 
 
 Tliis wai siilisi'niii'il liy sii iii;iiiy, in New Yorii ami 
 New Kiiuhiiid, tlial iiiiililiii; liiil a i't-|ieal could have 
 prevuiiieil the iiiiiiieiliati! eiiiiiiiieiiieiiientof a civil 
 war. 
 
 From the decided Dpposiiion tn the stamp act, 
 which had lieen adnpteil liy the riiliinie!!, it liecame 
 necessary for (ireat Itrilain lo eiilorce, or to repeal 
 it. liotli inetlioiN nl' priireeiliii); had supporters. 
 The opposers of a repeal iii'jjed ai'Kiiiiieiits, drawn 
 from the dignity of the nation, the danger of givini; 
 way tn the claiiionrs of the Americans, and the coii- 
 Rei|iiences of veakeniii); parliamentary authority 
 over the cnloiiies, Uii the other hand, it was evi- 
 ileiil, from the delerinined opposition of the colonies, 
 that it could not lie eiifiirced without a civil war, l)y 
 which, in every event, the nation niust be a loser. 
 In the course of these discussions. Dr. Franklin 
 was examined at the liar of the house of commons, 
 niid );ave extensive iiil'ormation on the slate of Ame- 
 rican alfairs, anil the impolicy of the stamp act, 
 which ciiiitnlmted much toreniove preiljiidices, and 
 to produce a disposilioii that was friendly to a repeal. 
 
 Some speakers of treat weitht, in liolli hiiiises 
 of parliament, denied their rialit of taxini; the colo- 
 nies. The most (listiimiiislieil supporters of this 
 opiniiin were Ijord Camliilen, in the lioiise of peers, 
 and Mr. I'itt, in llir house of ciimnions. The for- 
 mer, in stroni; laiiL'naye, said : " .My position is 
 this; 1 repeat it; I will maintain it to my lastliniir. 
 Taxation anil repiesenlaliiin are iiisepar.ilile. This 
 posiiinii is tiiiindiMl on the laws of naliire. It is 
 more; it is ilsell' an elernal law of nature. For 
 whatever is a man's own is alisolutely his own. No 
 man has a ri^lil to t:i!>e it iVom liiiii, » iilioiil his con- 
 sent. Whoever alien. pts to do it, atlempls an in- 
 jury. Wliiiever iliiis it, eomiiiits a roliliery." 
 
 Mr. I'ill, with an original liolilness of expression, 
 justified the colonists, in opposing the stamp act. 
 " You have no ri;;ht,"saiil he, " to tax America, I 
 rejoice that America has resisted. Three millions 
 
 aiiiecl. 
 riie stamp act, thoiiiih repealeil, was not repeal- 
 ed on American prlmiples. 'I'he preamlile assigned 
 as llie reason thoreol', '* that the colleclinii the se- 
 veral duties and revenues, as liy the said act was di- 
 rected, would lie attended with many Inconvenien- 
 ces, and productive of eonseipiences, daii);erous to 
 the commercial interests of these kiimdoms." 
 Thon);h this reason was a good one in Kngland, it 
 was by no means satisfactory in America. At the 
 same time that the stamp act was repealed, the ab- 
 solute unlimited supremacy of parliament was, in 
 words asserted. The opposers of the repeal con- 
 teniled for this as essential. Tho friends of that 
 measure aci|uiesced in it, to strencthen their party, 
 anil make sure of their object. Many of both sides 
 thonuht, that tho dii;nity of (treat llritain reipiired 
 soinelhiiii; of the kind, to counterbalance the loss of 
 authority, that iniKht result from her yieldin<;totlie 
 clamours of the colonists. The act for this purpose 
 was called the declaratory act; and was. In princi- 
 ple, more hostile to American rights than the stamp 
 act ; for, it annulled tliosn resolutions anil acts of 
 the provincial assemblies, in whicli they had assei- 
 teil their riyht lo exemption from all taxes not im- 
 posed by their own represenlatives; and aNo enac- 
 ted, >> that the parliament had, and of ri^ht oimlitto 
 have, power to bind the colonies, in all cases wlia,- 
 soever," 
 
 The majority of the Americnns intoxicated with 
 the advaniase they hail Kained overlooked this 
 Htatiile, wliiili, in one comprehensive sentence, not 
 only deprived them of lilierly and property, but of 
 every rinlit incident to hiinianiiy, Tliev consider- 
 ed it as a salvo tiir the honour ol piirliaiiient. in re- 
 pealini! an act, which had so lilely received their 
 sanction; and flattered thniHehes li wiiiild remain 
 a dead letter; and that, alllimmh llw ri^'lit of taxa- 
 tion was in words relaineil, it would never be exer- 
 cised. I'nwilliii!; to contend iibmii paper claims 
 
 of otir fellow-subjects, so lost to every sense of vir- of ideal supremacy, they retiinii d to their habits of 
 tue as tamely to dive up their liberties, would lie fit 
 instniments to make slaves of the rest." lie con- 
 cluded witli (living his advice, that the stamp act be 
 repealed absolutely, totally, and immediately; that 
 the reasons for the repeal be assinned ; lliat it was 
 founded on an erroneous principle. " .\t the same 
 lime," said he. " h't the sovereicn authority of this 
 country over the eidonies, be asserted in as stroii',' 
 terms as can be devised, and be made to extend to 
 every point of legislation whatsoever, that vse may 
 hind their trade ; conline their maniilactiires; and 
 exercise every power, cm ept that of taking tlieir 
 money out of tlieir pockets without tlieir consent." 
 
 The approbation of this illustrious slatesmaii, 
 whose (lislinmiisheil abilities had raised (Jreat Uri- 
 tain to the hiuhest pilch of renown, inspired the 
 Americans with additional confidence in the recti- 
 tude of their claiins of exemption from parliamen- 
 tary taxation; and emboldened iheiii to farther op- 
 position, when, at a I'liliire day, as shall be hereafter 
 related, the project of an American reveiiiie was re- 
 sumed. After lunch deliatini:, two protests in the 
 house of Lords, and passini; an act, " for securing 
 the dependence of America on (ireat Hritaiii," the 
 repeal of the stamp act was carried, in iMarch, 
 17()G. This event gave great joy in London. 
 Ships in the river Thames displayeil their colours; 
 and houses were illuininated, all over the city. It 
 was no sooner known in America, than the colonists 
 rescinded their resolutions, and recommended their 
 mercantile intercourse with the mother country. 
 They presented their homespun clothes to the poor; 
 and imported more largely than evct. The churches 
 resounded with thanksgivings; and their public and 
 private rejoicings knew no bounds. By letters, ;ul- 
 dresses, and other means, almost all the colonies 
 fihowed uneipiivocal marks of acknowledgment and 
 gntitiide. So sudden a calm, after so violent ; 
 storm, is without a parallel in history. Hy the ju 
 dicioiis sarrificeof one law, the parliament of (ireat 
 Hritain procnred an acipiiescence in all that re- 
 mained. 
 
 There were enlightened patriots, fully impressed 
 
 good hniiliinr with the pari'iil -itite, 
 
 The repeal ol the stamp act, in a relative connex- 
 ion with all its ciiiuinstaMces anil eonseipiences, 
 was the first .lirect step lo Aiiieriean independeNce. 
 The claims of the two ciiiiiuries were not oiilv left 
 iindeelileil ; but a loiinilaiiou was laid for their ex- 
 tending, at a I'ntiiie period, to the impossibility of a 
 I oinpiomise, Thiingh, liir the present, (ireat Bri- 
 tain receded from enlorcing her claim of ,\merican 
 revenue, a numerous party, adhering to that system, 
 reserved themselves for more favouniabic circum- 
 stances to enforce it; and, at the same lime, the co- 
 lonists, more enlightened on the subject, and more 
 fully convinced of the rectitude of their claiins, were 
 encouraged to op|inse it, under whatsoever form it 
 should appear, or under whatsoever disguise it 
 should cover itself 
 
 Elevated with the advantage they had gained, 
 from that day forward, instead of feeling themselves 
 dependent on (ireat Britain, they conceived that, in 
 respect to commerce, she was dependent on lliem. 
 It inspired them with such high ideas of the import- 
 ance of their trade, that they considered the moth- 
 er country to be brought under greater obligations to 
 them, for purchasing lier manufactures, than they 
 were to her for protection and the administration of 
 civil government. The freemen of British Ameri- 
 ca, impressed with the exalting sentiments of pa- 
 triotism and of liberty, conceived it to be within their 
 power, by future combinations, at any time to con- 
 vulse, if not to bankrupt the nation, from which they 
 sprung. 
 
 Opinions of this kind were strengthened by their 
 local situation, favouring ideas, as extensive as the 
 unexplored continent of which they were inhabit- 
 ants. While the pride of Britons revolted at the 
 thought, of their colonies refusing subjection to that 
 parliament, which they obeyed ; the Americans, 
 with equal haughtiness, exclaimed : " SUM the 
 petty island of (treat Britain, scarce a speck on the 
 map of the worhl, control the free citiy.ens of the 
 great continent of America?" 
 
 Tliesc high-aouading pretensions would have 
 
 S63 
 
 been harmless, or, at most, spj'nl themselves m 
 words, had not a niinoiis policy, iintauuht by recent 
 experience, called them into serious aeiiim. 'rhoui;li 
 the stamp act was repealed, an American revenue 
 was still a lavoiirite object with iiiaiiy in Ureal 
 Britain. 'I'he eipiity and the advantage of laxiii); 
 the colonists, by parliamentary authority, were very 
 apparent lo their imderslandinKs; but Ihe mode ol 
 effecting it, without ha/.arding (he public tiampiili- 
 ty, was not so obvious. 
 
 Mr. Charles Towiiscnd, afterwards chancellor ol 
 the excliei|iier, pawned his credit to aceoiu|ilisli 
 what many so earnestly desired, lie accordingly, 
 in 17ti7, brought into parliament a bill, for gianiiiiK 
 duties in the British colonies on glass, paper, p.iiii- 
 lers' colours, and tea, which was afterwards enact- 
 ed into a law. If the small duties, imposed on thesn 
 irlicles, had preceded the stamp act, they might 
 have passed unobserved : but the late discussions, 
 oci asioie'il by that act, had produced among the co 
 lonists, not only an animated conviclion of their ex- 
 inption from parliamentary taxatiun, but a jealuusy 
 of the designs of (ireat Britain. 
 
 The sentiments of the Americans, on this subject, 
 bore a great reseniblani e lo those of llieir British 
 coiiiilivmen, of the preceding century, in the caso 
 ol ship-money. The anioiiiit of that tax was very 
 iiioilenile, little exceeding twenty thousand pounds. 
 It was disiribiited upon the people with eipiality, 
 anil expended tor the honour and advantage of tho 
 kingdom; yet all these circumstances could not re- 
 concile the people of Kngland to the imposition. It 
 was entirely arbilniiy. " Bv the same right," said 
 they, •' any other tax may lie imposed." In like 
 manner, the Ainericaus considered these small du- 
 ties, in the naliire of an entering wedge, desiirneil 
 lo make way liir others, which would bo greater 
 and heavier. In a relative connexion with late acts 
 of parliament, respecting domestic manufactures 
 and liireign eoininerce, laws, lor imposing taxes on 
 British eomiuiidilies ex|M)rted to thecoloipes, form- 
 ed a complete circle of oppression, from which there 
 was no possibility of escaping. 
 
 The colonies had been, previously, restrained 
 from maniil'actiiring certain articles, for their own 
 fonsiiniption. Other acts confined them to the ex- 
 clusive use of British merchandise. The addition 
 of duties put them wholly in the power and discre- 
 tion of (ireat Britain. "We are not," said they 
 '• permitted to import from any nation, other than 
 our own parent stale, and have been, in soin ' cases, 
 restrained by her from mannfactnring for ourselves; 
 and she claims a right to do so, in every instance, 
 which is incompatible with her interest. To thesn 
 restrictions we have hitherto submitted ; but she 
 now rises in her demands, and imposes duties on 
 lliose commodities, the purchasing of which else- 
 where, than at her market, her laws forbid, and the 
 mamifactiiring of which for her own use, she may, 
 any moinent she pleases, restrain. If her right be 
 valid, to lay a small tax, it is equally so to lay a large 
 one; for, from the nature of the case, she must be 
 guided exclusively by her own opinions of our abi 
 lity. and of the propriety of the duties she may im 
 pose. .Nothing is left for us to do, but to complain, 
 and pay." 
 
 The colonists contended that there was no real 
 dilference, between the principle of these new duties 
 and the stamp act. They were both designed to 
 raise a revenue in .\merica, and in the same manner. 
 The payment of the duties, imposed by the stamp 
 act, might have been eluded bv the total ilisnse rf 
 stamped paper; and so might tiie payment of thes« 
 duties, by the total disuse' of those articles on which 
 they were laid : but in neither case, without great 
 difiiciilty. Tho colonists were, therefore, reduced 
 to the hard alternative of being obliged, totally, to 
 disuse articles of great utility in human life, or to 
 pay a tax without their consent. The fire of opjio 
 sitioii, which had been smothered liy the re|ieal of 
 the stamp act, burned afresh against the same prin 
 ciplc of taxation, exhibited in its new form. Mr 
 Dickinson, of Pennsylvania, on this occasion, pre 
 sentcil to tlie public a series of letters, signed " a 
 Farmer," proving the extreme dangei which threat- 
 ened the liberties of America, from their ucquies- 
 
c«nr« in n iiriMi'ilriil, uliii'li iiiiitlil i">lalili->li llir 
 ciniiii III' |i.irli.iiiii'iilii'> iMx.iliiiii. 'I'liry wni' mil 
 leli Willi ^ll^ll iiiiiiiialiiiu; iiiicl hiti' iimiI wiiIi nil- 
 
 CIIIIIIIKIII llVlllilV' 'I'liril MMSIIIIIII^ Wlli Ml I'llllVIII' 
 
 ciiiK, lllill iiiiiii) «r III)' I'liliiliil niiil iliHiiilcii'ilcd t'lli 
 «ciii cil (iiiMl lliiiiiiii ii(kii»Hl<'il);i'il, llial llii' 
 Aiiiurirnii o|i|m^iliiiii lo |mrliitiiii'iiiiiry liuallori niiH 
 
 jnitiliHlllc. 'I'llf I'lHirMIIIIIH HIIIIIH, wiiii'li llic alHiiip 
 ai:t wciiilil liavf cdlli'i'li'il, liiiil lliiiriiil|(lil^ iilaiiiii'tl 
 tlir coliiiiiiili) liii llii'ii |Mii|H'rly. 
 
 It KiiH iiiiw <li'iiii>ii^<lnii<-il liy Hovrml wrilrrn, rn- 
 pri'iullv liy llir I'riintvlvaiiiii riirnirr, tlial ii Hiiiall 
 {»%, lliMii^li iiiiiiv s|ii'ijoiiN, »aH i'<|iially iliiiigi'miiH; 
 Hh il rMialilitliril a |>ri'i'i'ili'iit, nliii'li rvi'iiliially iiii- 
 niliiliili'il Aiiii'iiraii iiiiijii'ity. 'I'lir ili-claiiiliiiy iirl, 
 
 wIlK'll al lilVlt HUH tllO Hllllji'l-tlir lull li'W tUIIIIIIIMlt!!, 
 
 was iKin ililati'il ii|hiii, uh a liiunilalioii liir cvrry 
 l|H'>'lcit III' ii|i|ii'i"<KJiin; ami llir Hiiiall diitii-H, lalt'jy 
 ini|HiHril, Mrii' iiMisiilficil an llic lii'giiiiijii); iil' a 
 Irani 111' iiimli ijri'aii'r I'viN. 
 
 I lail I III' I'liliiiiisis ailniitli'il llw |irii|ii'ii'ty of raiuiiiK 
 H |iail''iiiii'iilaiy irvi'iiiii' aiiiiiiii; llinii, iho I'li'i'lliiii 
 ol all Aniriii nil liiianl u( riiiiiiiiiitHiiiiiiMi<, tin inaiia- 
 gliiK II. nliirliHaH ahiiiit tliJHiiiiii' iiiHlitiilcil at IIiih- 
 (nil, uiiiilil liavi' liri'ii a rniivi'iiii'iiri', I'allirr lliaii an 
 iiijiiiy ; liiil iiiiili'il an llii'y uric iiisi'tililiiflils, nl'tli'' 
 I iiiiliani'iy ■■! llial inraiiiirtii llli'ir iialiual ami riiii- 
 Ntiniliiiiial ii;;lils, tlii'V ill liriMilti'il lllf iliiiiivalinli. 
 \i il Has iiiiial Willi ilii- iii'H ilnlii's, llicy niiisiili'i- 
 Pil il as a ri'ilaiii I'viiliMiir, llial llir |iriiji'rl iil an cx- 
 lonsltr Aiiii'iiraii n'vcniii', iiniHillistaniliii); llii' 
 ii'|iimI III llii' stamp art, nas still in i'iiiiti'in|ilaliiiii. 
 A ili^liki' III Itiilisli taxaliiin naturally |iriiiliirril a 
 ilislilif III a liiiaiil, hIiii'Ii Has In lir inytriiinriital in 
 llial liiisiiii'ss; anil iiriasiiini'il many iiihiiIis In iis 
 ('iiiniiiis>iiiiiri's, 
 
 'I'lio ron'imi' arts, nl" I'lliT, |iriiiliiri'il n-siilvrs, 
 |i<<tiliiiiis, aililii'ssi's, ami iTiiiiinslrani'i's, similar to 
 tliiiso, Hitli hIiii'Ii till' I'liliiiiists iip|iiisril the stamp 
 Hcl. It also can" risi- In a si'ioml assni'iatioii, tiir 
 fUS|H<mlint; t'aiihrr iiiipiinaliinis ol' lliilisli manu- 
 racliiii's. till tliusi' otVi'iisivc iliitirs shonlil hv lakrii 
 otr. V'nUiiiiiiiiy. in llioso miMsmrs, was pinmiiti'il 
 
 by a I'innlar Ifilrr I'loin llir aj.s My of >la»s;::'iii- 
 
 »ells, 111 tlir sixakri-sot llir ollii'l assriiililirs. This 
 Blatril Ihr pi'liliinis uiitl rrpirsriilaliniis, wliiili lliry 
 Iiail tiii-Haiilril aj;aiiist llir lair ilntirs, anil stmn^ly 
 piiiiilnl out llir t:rral ilitruiiliirs, that must arisr in 
 thrliisrlvrs anil llirir roiisliliirnis, liom llir iipo- 
 raliiin ol' arts ol' pailiamrni, iiiiposiii|i ilntirs on ihr 
 nnirprrsriitnl Aiuriiran ciilonirs; ami rnpirsiiii); 
 a rrripioial tire oiimimiiiiration, on piililir atl.iirs. 
 Mosi lit' llir provinoial asseiiililies, as ihry hail iip- 
 p riuiiilies ot' ilrlilieraling on the sulijrol, appnivrd 
 llir prncerilings of the Ma«saoliusrtts assrmlily, 
 ami liaiiiuiniseil with them in the iiioasuirs, Hhiih 
 ihry hail ailopteil. They stateil their liuhts, in 
 (inn lint ilrcent langiia^je ; ami prayril for a repeal 
 iif llir late arts, which they consijcreil as iiit'riiigr- 
 iiiriits on their liberties. 
 
 It is not nnreasona. • to sup|>ose, that the mi- 
 iiisier. ulio plamieil thei.r ilntirs, lio|)r(l, that ihry 
 noiilil Ijr rrganlril as reculations of trade. He 
 iiii:;lit also pirsume, that, as they aiiiiiun'ril only 
 to an inronsidrralile sum, they would nut uivc any 
 alarm. The circular letter of tho Massachusetts 
 pssrnildv. which laid the liuiiulation fur united pe- 
 liiions acainst tlirm. pave therefore preat oti'riiee. 
 Lonl llillsliorouph. who had lately been appoint- 
 1 d secretary of stale, for llir American department, 
 wrote letlrn< to the L'ovrrmirs of the respective 
 provinces, urpmg thriii to exert ih-ir infltience, to 
 prevent the a.-^!ieiiililirs from taUinp any notice of 
 it ; and he called on the Massachusetts asisenibly, 
 lo rescind their proceedings on that subjrrt. This 
 meaiiirc was both injudicious and Irriiaiinp. To 
 require a public body (o rescind a resolution, for 
 wilding 1 letler, which was already sent, answer- 
 ed, and acted u|>on, was a bad s|>eciiiien of tlic 
 wisdom of the new minister. 'Vn call a vote, for 
 tending a circular letier. to invite the assemblies 
 of the neichbouring colonies In communicate to- 
 pell.er. in the pursuit of ircal measure'' In obiaiii a 
 redress of prievances. "a tlapitioiis attempt to dis- 
 turb the public peace," appeared to the ruloiiists a 
 ▼eiy injudicious application of harsh epithets, to 
 
 TIIK IIISTOK V <)|.' 
 
 llii'jr I'onatitnljoiial rl^lil ol pi'iiiii>iilii)( To lliirat- 
 rii a lien liiiii'«e of :i.i .rinlily Hrilli dlsHiilniion, In 
 rase of tlirir mit agnriiiK in rrHcind an ail of ii 
 Ii' llirr issrmlily, wliicli was not mei iilotv, bill 
 exei'iilrd, ri.ishnl no less w illi the ilirlairs ol roiii' 
 iiiiiii Ni'iise, iliaii Ihr roimtilnliiinal iiplils of lliil- 
 isli ('oloiiiMls, The piopositliin for rrsiimhiij; was 
 neijativril, by a majority of ninety two lo Noveii- 
 Ireii, The assrmlily was immrdialrly ili»siilvril, 
 as had lireii llirealrnrd. This priirediiie of llir 
 new secirtary was considrreil, by the enloiiists, 
 as an altriiipl to suppress nil I'onimiiiiiralion ol 
 Heiiliiiiriits brlwrrii llieiii; and In pievrnl their iiiii- 
 leil Hupplicatinns lioiii leacliilig (hr royal ear. 
 
 The bad liiiimiiir, wlliuh. Iioiii niiieessive irrila- 
 tiiiii, alirady loo iiiiich prrvailrd, was abiiiil this 
 tiiiiii H'loiipiil iipio a liipli pilehof resriilmrnt ami 
 violence, on occasion of the sri/.iirr of iMr. Ilaii- 
 roek's sloop Librrly, June Kllh, lltiS, for not ha- 
 ving entered all the wiiirs she had bioiiplit from 
 iMadeira. The |Hipularily of hrr owner, the name 
 of the sliiiip, and Ihr griirial avrrsion to tliii board 
 of riimmissiiiiiris, and parliaiiieiilary taxatiiiii, roii- 
 riiired lo inllaiiir tin- iiiimis of the proplr. Thry 
 used every iiiraiis in their powrr lo iiilririipl llir 
 oDiiris, In llir rvrciitioii nl their linsinrss ; and 
 nnmbeis suorr that they hiiiiIiI be rrvrii;^ril. iMr. 
 Ilariisoii, the collector, Mr. Il.illiinrll, the ciimp 
 tiollrr, and Mr, hniiir, llir inspector ol' imports 
 and rxpoils, weir so rotiphly liamlleil, as lo biinu 
 thrir livrs into ilain;rr. 'I'lir wimloHs of some ol 
 their lionsrs wnr brokrii; and llir boat of the nil 
 IriiiirHas drapprd ihioiiuli thr Iohii, and linrnrd 
 on thr I'liMiiiioii. l^urh Has the Irinper and ilis- 
 posiiiiin of many of the inliabilaiils, that the iiihi- 
 misslonris of ilir customs iIioiil'IiI piiiprr lo rrliie 
 on lioaril thr Kiimnry man of war; and aflrrnaids 
 lo Castle William. 
 
 Thr eoumiissioiieis, fniiii the fust iiiiimenl of 
 their iiisiiluiiiin. had been an ryr-soir to thr proplr 
 of llosion. This, thoiipli piitly iiHiiig to their ar- 
 livr /.ral in delerting Niiiiipi'Irrs, priiiripally arose 
 fiom the association which existrd in the iiiimls of 
 the inhaliitanls, between that linaiil and an Ameri- 
 can revrniif. 'Pile drrlaraloiy art of l/(i(i, ihr re- 
 '••fr.'.ie an of 17(i7, toprlhrr with the pomp and rx- 
 priistMif this board, so dispiiipiirlioiialr lo the small 
 income of the present diilies, coiispirnl to ronvinre 
 not only the few who wnr brnrlittrd by siiiiigpliiig, 
 bill the preat boiiy of eiiliphtened freruirii, that far- 
 ther and greater inipositions of parliamentary taxes 
 were inlemlrd. In proporliiiii astliis opiniiin paiiird 
 ground, thr inliabilaiils breaiiie iiioir disrrspertfiil 
 to the execiilivr olVuris of ilir ivvrinie, anil more 
 disposed, in the firn/y of patriolism, to enmiuit out- 
 rages oil their |H'rsiiiis and pioperly. The constant 
 bickering that existed between tlieiii and the inlia- 
 bilaiils, together with the steady opposition given 
 by the latter lo the discharge ol thr olViclal duties 
 of the former, induced the coiniuissiiiners and 
 friends of an American rrvriuie, to sidirit thr prii- 
 trctioii of a regular t'orce, to be stationrd at Itoslon. 
 I In romplianre with their w ishes, his majesty order- 
 ed two regiiiienls, and some armed vessels, to re- 
 pair thither, tiirsuppoitiiig and assisting the ollicers 
 of the customs in llic execution of their duly. This 
 restniined the active exertion of that lurbulent spirit 
 which, since the passing of the late revenue laws, 
 Ihad revived ; lint it added lo its prr-exisliiig causes. 
 
 AVhen il was reported in llosion, that one or more 
 regiments were ordered there, a meeting of the in- 
 habitants Has called, and a comiuiltee appointed to 
 ; request the governor to issue precepts for conven- 
 I ing a general assembly. He replied, " that he could 
 not comply with this request till he had received his 
 majesty's coniuiands for that imrpo-se," This an- 
 swer being reiMirled, it was voted, that the selcct- 
 nirn of Doston should write to tlic select-men of 
 other towns, to propose, that a convention of de 
 puties from each, be held, to meet nt Funcuil Hall, 
 in Ilo.sinn. 
 
 Ninety-six towns, and eipht districts, agreed lo 
 the proposal made by the inhabitants of Hoslon. and 
 appointed deputies to attend a convention; but the 
 town of Haltield refused i's concurrence. When 
 the deputies met, ibey conducted witli moderation ; 
 
 disi'l.iiiiiril all ligislallvr aiilliiirity ; advised tliv 
 piiipir III pay llir gii mIisI ilrlirrni e lo giiverii- 
 mriii ; and lo Wiiii p.ilienily lor '« rrilirss ol iheii 
 gnevanirs, liiim hii iiiijesiy's wls.lnin iiiiil inoderii- 
 liiin. Having slated In llir world llir i aiises of 
 llirir inrrlinp, ami an ai'iiiiiiil iif lliiir prni rrilings, 
 liny dissolvrd llieiiiselves, allei a uliort Hessiiiii,iilMl 
 Weill liome. 
 
 W'llliiii a day aOer the eoiivriition brokr up, thfl 
 expei'Ird regiments ariited, and were peaeeiibly 
 
 received. Hints hid I n lliriiwii out by Miiiiti, 
 
 that ihry slionld mil be prriiiillrd loiiime on nlKiri'. 
 I'leparalions were made, by the captains of thr 
 iiirii of war in the liarboiir, In lire on ilir town, ill 
 rasit iipposiliiin had lieeii made to their landing ; 
 lint the crisis biraii appeal lo arms was not vet ur- 
 riveil. It was Imprd by Miiiiir, that the liilly uml 
 rage of the lloslniiians would have led llieiii lo lliiit 
 rash measure, and ihrieby Inive alVorded an op- 
 porliinily for pit ing llieiii siniir naval and mililnry 
 ■'iiriei'liiiii; but both priidrnce and poliry indiiecil 
 thrill 111 adopi a iiiiirr trmprralr line of comlnrt. 
 
 While the cnnleiitiiin was kept aliir, by llio 
 sncressive irrilaljons, wliirli have breii mrnlinned, 
 llirir was, paniciilarly in Massailinsells, a spe- 
 cies of warfare lariiiil on lirlHrrn the royal go- 
 vernors, and llie priivinrial assembHes. Kacli 
 watclird llir ollirr wiih all the jraloiisy, wliicli 
 strong ilisirnsl could iiispirr. Tlir laller regard- 
 I'll till' liiiiner as inslrninrnls of piiwrr, nishiiiK 
 111 pay their ciiliil lo thr imilbrr loniitiy, by eiirli- 
 lliglhr spiiil of Amrricaii lirnlnni ; and the liir- 
 iiier kept a strict rye on the lallrr. Irsi llirv might 
 siiiniiih Ihr way In imlrprmii'Mir, al which thry 
 iM'ii' I li.iigrd Willi aiining. Lii'iiirn ml povermir 
 lliiti'hinsiin, of Massarlinsi'iis, i irtnally cliallriig- 
 rd llir assrmlily to a dispnir. on llie gioiind of 
 the conlrovei'sv briwreii the two rnuiili'ics. This 
 WIS accepted by the latter; ami the siibjecl dis- 
 ciissrd with all the snlihlly of ar'.;iiiiiiiit which 
 llir iiigrnuily of eitliei parly roiild simprst, 
 
 Tlie war iif woriU was mil loiifnied to the eol- 
 oiiies. While the Aiiirriran asstiiiblirs passed 
 rrsiiliuions, assrrling llirir exclnsiM' right lo lax 
 till ir I iinsliineiils, the parlianirnt, by rrsolves, 
 assi'rlrd thrir unliniilrd siiprrmary in and over 
 111." colonies. While the foriiier, in thrir public 
 acts, disclaiinrd all views of imlrpemlrnee, they 
 were successively represenlrd in parliamentary 
 resolves, royal speeches, and addresses I'nim Inrils 
 and commons, as being in a stair of ilisnbedii" 'n 
 to law and giivrrninent ; as having piiicrrdrd lo 
 iiieasnies siiliversive of the ciinsiitniiiin ; and inaii- 
 ifrsiing a disposilioii to lliriiw iilf all siiliiirdinatiun 
 to (ileal Itrilain. 
 
 In Krbniaiy, 17(10, both houses of parliament 
 Weill one step bi'yond all that had piereded. They 
 roneiirrrd in a joint address to his iiiajeslyi in 
 which they expressed their sallsfaction in llie 
 measures his majesty had piirsiinl ; gave tho 
 strongrst assiiranrrs, that thry would ell'rcliially 
 support him in such farlher mrasiues, as miplil 
 be found necessary, lo maintain the civil magis- 
 trates in a due exrciition of the laws, in iMassa- 
 chiisrlts Hay; beseechrd him, "In diirct the 
 povri'iior to take the most eU'ectiial mrihods fur 
 procuring the fullest inforiiialion, loiiching al 
 treasons or misprisons of treason coniiiiilti'd with- 
 in the governmrnt, since the ;i()lh day of Di m- 
 
 ber, 17(J7; and to transiiiit the same, togethei 
 with the names of persons, who were most active 
 in the eommision of such offences, to oni! of the 
 secretaries of slate, in order that his majesty 
 might issue a special conimi.ssion for inquiring of, 
 hearing, and determining, the said (ilVrnrrs, with- 
 in the realm of (iieat ]{rilain, piirsiiaiit to the pro- 
 vision of the statute of the thiily-lifili of Kiny; 
 Henry the eighth." The latter part nf th's ad- 
 dress, which proposed the bringing of delin-]uent? 
 from Massachusetts, to be tried al a tribunal in 
 Oieat Itritain, for crimes eonimitled ill America, 
 iimlerwent many severe animadversions. 
 
 It was asserted to be totally inconsistent with 
 the sjiirit of the con.stitiition : for, in Kngland, a 
 man, charged with a ciime, had a right lo be tried 
 in the country in which his olTence was suppusod 
 
 ■mmvm^im 
 
 •yH'm'^mmimmfitvmi't^'P^^f-^'^''''''^'^ 
 
NORTH AMKtUfA. 
 
 r |)arli:miciit 
 
 lmI.'iI. 'V\wy 
 
 iiiiijfsly, ill 
 
 liiiii ill tliu 
 
 I ; ijiiv<< the 
 
 I'lVccliiiilly 
 
 , as nii^lit 
 
 ■ivil lllilRIS- 
 
 iii iMiis.sii- 
 diri'i't lh« 
 ii'IIkkIs lor 
 tDiii'hiii!; ill. 
 llllillril with- 
 (■ Di'ccin- 
 III', li)(;<ulii'l 
 IIIDSl iiclivd 
 til dill" of tlie 
 liis niiijesly 
 iii(|uii'iiiK "fi 
 iVi'iici's, with- 
 iit to the pro- 
 ilUi 1)1° King 
 III' tli'g ail- 
 di'hniUPiil? 
 iriliiiiKil in 
 ill Aiiici'ira, 
 
 IH. 
 
 iiisistoiit with 
 Kiii-Uiiiil, a 
 ht to li« tried 
 was suppusod 
 
 lit liiivn hi'Pti nimnilttril. " Jinllrn \» rrn\i\ar\y 
 :iiiil jiii|iiirlhilly iiihiihiiili'ri'il In niii rimilH," najil 
 Ihi' niliiiii'ili ; " a'lil yi't, liy iliii'rijiiti nl parha- 
 iiirnl. iilli'iiiliTs ail' In lir takrii liy liirrc, lni;i'lhi'r 
 wilh all 1111 ll piTiiiiM ai lii:iy lie piiliileil mil ai 
 Hiliii'ini'H, anil larrii'il tii Kiiitlaiiil, lliere to lie 
 liii'il III a iliHtaiil laiiil, liy a jury nl HtraiiijerH, ami 
 Niiliji'i'l III all the ilinailf iiilaiti'i nhiih ri'Hiill riiiiii 
 wuiil III Irii'iiiN, want nl wlliiessi'i, ami want nl 
 liinm-y." 
 
 'The liiiiiHi' iif liiirKensen iif VIrKiiini iiii'l, Knnii 
 iilirr nlliclal arniiiiilH nl ihe jnliil aililri'x* nl Inrili) 
 anil I'liiiiMiniiK, nil ihii milijerl, rriiihi'il Aini'rira, 
 anil pasii'ij resnliiliniiii, anHerlliiK " thilr excliisiti' 
 riulit In tax their rnnNliliirntH ; their riclit In pi- 
 lilliin their Hiivereinn I'nr reilrem nl' urievaiirei ; 
 the lawl'iilneHH of prneiirinK the ('iiiiilirieiiee nl' 
 the nllier ciiliinieH, in prayini; fur the rnyal intir- 
 pnsilinii, ill laviiiir nl' Ihe vinl.iteil rii-hli nf Aiiier- 
 ira ; that all triali Inr IreaNiiii, nr I'nr any eriiiie 
 whalHiiever, inininilleil in that niliiny, iiiii;lit In 
 he lieliire Ills inajeNty's niiirtH, ivithin llie naiil 
 I'lilnny ; anil that Ihe sei/.iiiK 'Hiy persnn, reniiliri); 
 in Ihe Haiil nihiny, NiHpeeteil of any crime whal- 
 Hiiever, I'liiiiinilteil therein, anil Hi'iiilinK mieh per- 
 Niin tn plaeen lieyniiil the nea tn lie trieil, vim hiifhly 
 (lerouatniy to the ri((ht nf llritish Hiilijerm." The 
 next ilay, Inril Koletoiirt, the Kovernor of VirKinia, 
 Ni'iit I'nr the lioiine of liiirKeHnei, ami aililresseil 
 ihein ai rollnWH: "Mr. Speaker, ami ^inlleiiieii 
 111' the hniise of liiirceises, 1 liave hearil nl' yniir 
 ri'Milvi'N, anil aiiKiir ill nf their eD'ei'ls. Vim have 
 iiiaili' it iiiv I' III iliHHolvc yon; ami ymi are 
 ilisHiilvi'il at .nulv." 
 
 The assriiii). , of Nortli Carolina ailopleil reno. 
 Intiiiiis, similar to lliniie nf Viruinia, lor wliirh 
 Tiynn, their tjnvernnr, (lisnolveil iheiii. 'I'he 
 inrnilieis nf the liniise nf linr|{esHes in Viriiinia, 
 ami nf Ihe asNeiiilily of North Carnliiia, after Iheir 
 ilissoliilinn, inel as private );entleinru, chnie their 
 late speaki'is, iiioileratori, ami ailopteil resnlnlionii 
 ui;ainst impnitiiiK llriliiili kooiIs. The iinn-itii|Hir- 
 latinii aKicemeiit wan, in lliis manner, fnrwarih'il 
 liy Ihe very ineaNiires intended to eiirh the Hpirit 
 of Anieiieaii freednni, from wliich it upriini;. — 
 Mieliim.H of the asMoriatioiH were regularly lield, 
 in till' various provinees. (^iiniiiitlees were np- 
 pointed to I'xaiiiine all vesnels arriving from ilri- 
 taiii. ('ensures were freely passed on surh as 
 refused lo ennciir in these iissneialions, and Iheir 
 names piililislied in newspapers, as enemies to 
 their counlry. The re(;ular acts nf tlie prnvin- 
 cial assemhlies were lint so intiell respected and 
 oheyed, as llie decrees of tliesc eoiiiPiittees. 
 
 Ill Hostnn, heutenant-i{overnor Hutchinson en- 
 donvoiircd lo promote ii counter association; hut 
 without elfect. The friends of importation nli- 
 jceteil, that, till parliament made provision for the 
 punishment nf the confederacies apainst iniporta- 
 lioii, a counter association would answer no other 
 purpose, than tn expose the associators to popular 
 niKe. 
 
 'i'he Hnstonians, ahout this time, went one step 
 farther. Tliey re-shipjieil );nods to (ircat lUitain, 
 instead of storing tliein as formerly. This was 
 resolved ui«)n, in a town meeting, on the informa- 
 tion of an inhabitant, who comiminicaled a letter 
 he had lately received from a meniher of parlia- 
 ment, in which it was said, " that shippinf; back 
 ten thousand pounds' worth of poods woubl do 
 lunri', than storing a hundred thousand." This 
 turned the scale, and procured a majority of voles 
 for re-shipping. Not only in this, but in many 
 other instances, the violence of the colonists were 
 fostered liy individuals in Ureal Britain. A niim- 
 oer nf these were in principle wilh the Ameri- 
 cans, in denying the right of parliament, to tax 
 them ; but others were more influenced by a spir- 
 it of opposition to the ministerial majority, than 
 by a ri'uard to the constitutional liberties of cither 
 country. 
 
 The' non-importation agreement had now lasted 
 some time, and by degrees had become general. 
 .Sfvei il nf the colonial assemblies had been dis- 
 hnlveit, ur prorogued, for asserting the rights of 
 llieii constituents. Tho royal governors, and 
 
 nther friends to an Ameriiiiii revenue, WBrr rhn- 
 Krnii'd. The inlniiiHls were Irrilaled. (Iiinil 
 men, linlh III Kniiland and Amerira, deplnreil 
 these nnliiwaiii events, and beheld wilh cniiiern an 
 iiiereasini; nl Iminonr between those, who were 
 liniind by interest and uU'eclion, lu be friends to 
 each iilher. 
 
 Ill I liiiseipience nf the American nonlinpnrta- 
 linn apri'emetil, fniinded in nppnsiliiin tn thediilies 
 III I'/liV, the maiinfai Mirers of (ireal llrilaiii en- 
 leriinred a renewal nf the distresses, which fid- 
 nwi'd the adnptjnn nf similar riHiiliitinns, in Ihe 
 year \'ll'>'). The repeal of their iliiliis was there- 
 lore snllrtli'd by the same inihieme, which had 
 prnniii'd llie repeal nf the stamp act. The rulers 
 nf (ireat llrilain acted without decision. Instead 
 nf pern vering in their nwn system of cnereinn, 
 nr, indeed, in any ore uniform sysiem, ihey strnrk 
 out a middle line, emliarrasseil with llie innse- 
 ijiiences, linth of severity and of lenity, and with, 
 out the complete benelils nf either. .Sniin after 
 the spirited address to his majesty, last mentioned, 
 had passed bnlh hniiHes nf |iarlianient, assurances 
 were given fnr repealing all the diilies, impnsed 
 ill 1707, excejiling that nf three pence per pnimd 
 nil tea. 
 
 Anxious on the one hand tn establish parlia- 
 menlary supremacy, and on Ihe other afraid 
 to sliin lh(^ Inrrent of n|ipnHiiinn, Ihey cnnceiliil 
 enniiph to iveakiii the fnrmer, and yet lint emiiii-h 
 In salisfy the lallir. Had (ireal Urilain geiie- 
 rnnsly repealed the whole, and fnr ever nlin- 
 ipiislied all claim tn the right nr even the exer- 
 cisi! nf Ihe right of taxation, the union of the 
 twn cniinlries inight have lasted fnr ages. Had 
 she seriniisly delermined tn ciimpel the siilimis- 
 sinii nf the cnlnnieH, nnlhing cnnid have been mure 
 iinfriemlly to this design, than her npealrd cnn- 
 I'l'ssinns tn their reiterated assncialinns. The de- 
 claratory act, and the reservatinn nf the duly nn 
 tea, left the ( aiisn nf cnntenlinn between the two 
 coiiiitries in full force ; lint Ihe former was nnlv 
 a cl.iiin on paper, and the latter might be evaded, 
 by rel'uHeing to purchase any tea, nn which the 
 
 nthrm, nsaoelnird with U, nntiiriitly present itiem- 
 
 -.elves. In ihe riiiirse nl ln'|iiiries i >i ihe siili|i'i i 
 nf iMrliaiiienlary laxalinn, the risiririinn no tlii> 
 tiade of Ihe eolniiisls, and the neressily ijial wa« 
 impnsed on llieiri, In purchase llrllish ami nllier 
 mamifacliirrs, biailed with llieir full prnpnrlinn ol 
 all taxes, paid by llinie whii iiiiide nr snln them, 
 becamn mnre generMllv knnwii. While Aiiierlrnn 
 writers were viniln .iiini; their rniintry from the 
 chargn nf cnntriliniiiiK inilhiiig in the cnminon ex- 
 pensi'S nf the empire, ihey were led In set nlV to 
 their credit, the ilisailvaiit;ii;e nf tlieir being cnn- 
 lined exclusively to piircliaie manulaiiiires in 
 llrilain, They iiiHtiliiled calcnlatinnii, by which 
 ihev deinnnslraled, thai the iiinnn|Hily nf their 
 trade drew frnni Iheni grealer sums, for llie siip- 
 pnrt of gnverntiienl, ihaii were nsiially paid by an 
 eipial mimlier nf their lillnwcili/.ens of (ireal 
 llrilain; ami thai taxalinn, Hiipiraddeil In aiich a 
 mnmipnly, wniild have ihcm in a slate nf perfect 
 iiiiciimpenHaled slavery. The iiivi ntigalinn of 
 these subjects brniiuht millers iiiln view, which 
 Ihe friends nf iiiiinn iitighl to have kept nut nf 
 siiiht. These circiimslances, together wiih Ihn 
 extensive |inpiilallnn nf the eastern slates, and 
 tlnir adventiirniis spirit nf commerce, siii;i;ested 
 to snnie linid spirits, that lint iiiily llrilish laxaiinn, 
 but llrilish navigation laws, were nnlrlrmlly to the 
 inleresis nf America. Speriilaiinns nf this mag- 
 niliide suited well with the exicnsive viiivs nf 
 snine capital rnrrchanis ; but never wniilil have 
 rniised llie bulk nf the penple, had lint new matter 
 brnnglit the dispute between the twn cniinlries ti> 
 a piiiiit, ill which every imliiiiliial was iiileresled. 
 
 On reviewing llie rnmliicl nf the llrilish minis- 
 try, respecting the cnlnnii's, ininli weakness, as 
 well as fully, appears. I'nr a snncssii n nf vears, 
 there w,ls a steady pursuit nf Anieriran revrmie ; 
 but great incniisisii-m y in the prnjeris Inr iibiain- 
 ing it. In one innment, the parlianieni was for 
 enforcing their laws; the next, fnr repealini; them. 
 l)oing and iimlniiiL'. menacing ami siilimilting, 
 straining and relaxiiiE, fnllnwed each ntliir, in al- 
 ternate successlnn. The nliject nf adminisiiation. 
 
 parliamenlary tax was iinposed. The cnlnnisls, tlinuuh twice relimpiished, as to any present ef- 
 
 thercfnre, conceiving that their coimiierce might 
 be renewed, wilhnnt estatdisliing any prci edeni, 
 injurinus to their liberties, relaxed in their asso- 
 cialiniis, in every particular, except tea, ami im- 
 mediately rccnmmenced the impnrtalinii nf all 
 nllier articles of merchandise. A political calm 
 once more tonk place. The parent stale inii:hl 
 nnw have cinsid the dispute fnr ever, and hnnnnr- 
 ably recedeil, without a fnrmal relim|uishnient nf 
 her claims. Neither the reservatinn nf the duty 
 on lea, by tho British parliament, nor the exccp- 
 tiniis made by the cnlonists, of importing no tea. 
 
 fii ary, was invariably pursued ; but wiihniit any 
 nnily nf system. 
 
 (»'n the blh nf .May, 170!!, llie king, in bis s|«.cch 
 In p.irliameni, highly applauded ihcir hearty ron- 
 ciirrence, in mainlaining the execiillnn nf tlie lawi, 
 in every part nf his dnminions. Five days alter llii^ 
 speech, Inrd Hillslinrniiuh, secretary nf stale Inr llie 
 cnlnnii's, wrnle In Inrd I'nlelnurl, eovcri.nr of \'ir- 
 giiiia : " I can lake npnii me tn assure you, not- 
 wilhslamling infnrinatiniis In the rnnlrarj', from 
 men, with facliniis and sediiious views, that his 
 m.ajesiy's present adminisiralinn have at no lime 
 
 nn which a duly was imposed, would, if they had enlertained a design tn prnpnse tn parliament, lo 
 been left to their own operation, have disturbed i lay any farther taxes ujinn .-Vmerica. fnr the pur- 
 tlie returning harmony of the two countries.— |po.kC nf raising a revenue; and that it is, at pre- 
 Wilhnul fresh irritation, their wniinil- might liavejsent, their intention tn prnfHise, ibc next session 
 healed, and not a scar been left behind. of parliament, to take nif llie duties iijmn glass, 
 
 Unfortunately for tlie friends of union, so paltry | paper, and cnlnurs, upon cnnsidenitinn nf such dii 
 a sum as three pence per pound on so insignificant i ties having been laid cnntriry tn the true princi- 
 an article as tea, in consequence of a combination pies nf cnmmerre." The e'lvernnr was al»o in- 
 between tho British ministry and Kast India com- formed, that •• his majesty relied upon his prudence 
 pany, revived the dispute to the rending of the and fidelity, to make such an explanation of his 
 
 enipiro. 
 
 These two abortive attempts, to -Tiise a pr.rlia 
 nieiitary revenue in America, caused a fertnenta- 
 tioii in the minds of the colonists, and gave birth tn 
 
 majesty's measures, as would tend lo Tinnve pre- 
 judices, a.'.d 'c re-establish mutual confdence and 
 affection, i.etwcen the mother country and the co- 
 lonies." In the exact spirit nf his iiistniciinns. 
 
 many inquiries respecting their natural rights, l lord Botetourt addressed the Vireinia assembly as 
 Reflections and reasonings on this subject pro- j follows : "It may possibly be objected, that', as 
 duced a high sense of liberty, and a general cnn- i his majesty's present administration are not im- 
 viction, that there could bo no security for their; mortal, their successors may be inclined to at- 
 property, if they were to bo taxed at the discre- 1 tempt to undo, what the present ministers shaD 
 lion of a British parliament in which they were have attempted to perform; and to that oiijeciioa 
 unrepresented, and over which they had no con- j I can give but this answer: that it is my finu 
 trol. A determination not only lo oppose this opinion, thai the plan. I have staled to vou. wih 
 new claim of taxation, but to keep a strict watch, certainly take place, and that it will never he de 
 lest it might be established in some disguised form. ' parted from; and so determined am I for ever ti 
 took pos.session of their minds. abide by it, that I will be content lo be declare 3 
 
 It commonly happens, in the discussion of infamous, if I do not to the last hour nf mv life, 
 doubtful claims between states, that the ground at all limes, in all places, and U|>on all occasiois, 
 of the origiuid dispute insensibly changes. When exert every (lower, with which I either am, I'f 
 the mind is employed in investigating one subject, ever shall be, legally invested n order to obuio 
 
i 
 
 860 
 
 nn>l inainniln for liii! >'<inliiit>iil i<( Anicricu, tli.it 
 ■nlisliiiMion, whicli I liiivc lirrii »iillii>risril t» |ii'»' 
 Diisc this (lay, \t\ llir ciiiilitliiilliil st'rvaiits i>r diir 
 grucioiiK aiivci't'l^ii, who, li> my ( rilain kiionled;;!', 
 rales his hniiciiii' no Iii;;Ii, lliat lie would ratlin' 
 jiart willi Ins criiwii, than |iri'M'ivc il liy dcri'lt." 
 
 Tliesn assiiiaiK'cs wcii^ iTrrivi'd wilh liaiispDrts 
 nf joy, by llir \'ii');iiiiaiis. 'I'liry vit'wtMl lliciii iih 
 pIcilKlng Ills iinjcsly for scciiiity, that llic la(o ilc- 
 Bi)(ii lor ralHiii); a rt'veiim- in Aiiii'rica was aliaii- 
 <lutiv(l, iiiid iii'viT iiioiT III bo rcsiiiMiMl. Till! as- 
 acnilily ol' Virii'mia, in answer to lord Holvlonri, 
 expressed llieiiiselves ibns: "Wo are sure our 
 most gracious sovereinn, under whatever changes 
 may happen in his conlideiitial servants, will rc- 
 mnin iiiiiiiiitalile in the ways of truth and justice, 
 and that lie is ineapalilu ol deceiving his laithl'iil 
 ■ubjects ; and wu esteem your lordship's inrorina- 
 tiun not only as warranted, liut even sanctified liy 
 the royal word." 
 
 How far these solemn encageiiients with the 
 Americans, were observed, subnecpienl events will 
 demonstrate, hi a perfe:U reliance on them, 
 most of Ibo colonies returned to their ancient ha- 
 bits of good humour, and llaltcicd themselves that 
 no fiiliire parliament would undertake to give or 
 (jraiit away their properly. 
 
 From tile royal and minislrrial assurances given 
 in favour of .Vmerica, in the year l/(i!', anil the 
 subsei|ucnt repeal in \'i'i{\ of live-sixllis of ilie 
 thities which had been imposed in 171)7 ; toqetlier 
 with the eonseipieiit renewal of the iiieicantile in- 
 tercourse belwceii (ireat lirilain ami her coliinics, 
 ninny hoped, that the coiitentinn belwecn the two 
 roiintries was linally closed. In all the provinces, 
 excepting .Massachiisells, appearances seemed to 
 favour that opinion. .Mary inciileiits operated 
 there to the prejudice of that harmony, which liail 
 begun, elsewhere to return. Slationing a iifili- 
 lary force aiiiong them was a iVuiilul sonice of 
 tiiieasiness. 'I'lie royal arniy had been broimlit 
 thither wiih the av(r,eil design of enfniciii,; sub- 
 niission to the mother coniiliy. Speeches lioiii 
 the throne, and addi'esscs Ironi both houses ot' par- 
 liament, had taui;lit ihi'iii to look upon the iiiliabi- 
 lanls as a faclioiis, tiiibnlerit people, clio aimrd al 
 throning olf all siiboriliiiation to (ireat liril;iin. 
 They, oil the oilier hand were acciislomeil to look 
 npoi! the soldiery as instruments of tyranny, seiil 
 on purpose to dragoon them out of llirir liberlies. 
 
 lieciproeal itisulls soured the ti'iiipers, and nni- 
 llial injuries einbitlered the passions of the opposite 
 parlies. Some fiery spirits, who thought it an in 
 dignity to have troops ipiarlered among iheiii, were 
 constantly exciimg the townspeople to ipiarrcl willi 
 the soldiers. 
 
 On the icconil of March, 1770, a fray took place 
 near Mr. (irav's ropewalk, between a private sol- 
 dier of the tweiiiy-ninlh regiment, and an iidialii 
 lant. The former was siipporlcil by his cmnr.idi's. 
 the latter by the rope-makers, till several on boih 
 sides were involved in ihe coiisei|iieni'es. On the 
 ."itli, a more dreadful scene was preseiite I. The 
 <i)liliers, when under anus, were pressed upon, In- 
 Dlllted ;iiid |ielleil liy a mob, armed with cbilis, sticks, 
 \ni\ snow-balls covering stones. They were also 
 dared to lire. In this siliiation, one of llie siililiers 
 who had received a blow, in lesi'iitment filed at ilie 
 slipiMiied ag:''"ss,ir. This was lollowed by a siiii;le 
 discharge from six others. Tliri f the inhabi- 
 tants were kii'eil. and live were ilangeriiilsly wiiunil- 
 ?d. The town was iiiimeiliatcly in comniiition. 
 Silch were the temper, force, r.nil number of the 
 inhabltanis, that notliing but an i .igageiiient to re- 
 move the troops out of the town, togelher willi the 
 advice of inoderali men, prevented the townsiiieii 
 fniii: falling on the soldiers. I'restnn, llie captain 
 who couiiiiaiided, and the party, who fired on the 
 inhabitants, were ciiiniiiitteil to jail, and aderwarils 
 tried. The captain and six of the men were ac- 
 quitted. Two were were brought in guilty of iiian- 
 tlaughter. It ap|)careil on the trial, that the sol- 
 diers were abused, insulted, thivaleiieil, and pelt- 
 ril, lieforc they fired. It was also proved, that 
 only .seven suns were fired by llie eight prisoners. 
 These circuiiistauces induced (he jiir- to give a 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 favourable verdict. The result of the (rial reflect- 
 ed great honour on .liihii Ailainsaiid ,iosiah({uincy, 
 the counsel lor the prisoners ; and, also, on the in- 
 tegrity of the jury, who ventured to give an up- 
 right veidiii. III defiance of popular opinions. 
 
 The events of that tragical night sunk deep in 
 the minds of the people, ami were made subner- 
 vient tu important purposes. The aiinivcmary of 
 it was observed with great soleiiiiiity. Kloiiiieiil 
 orators were successively employed, to deliver an 
 annual uratiun, to preserve the renienibranco of it 
 fresh ill their minds. On these occasions the bles- 
 sings of liberty, the horrors of slavery, the dangers 
 of a Htandiii); Hriiiy, the rightnof the colonies, and 
 a variety uf such topics, were presented to the pub- 
 lic view, under their most pleasing and ulariiiing 
 forms. These nniiual uratiuiis administered fuel 
 (o the fire uf liberty, and kept it burning with an 
 incessant (lame. 
 
 The obstacles to returning harmony, which have 
 already been mentioned, were increased, by iiiak- 
 ini; the governor and judges, in Massachusetts, in- 
 dependent «f the province. Formerly (hey had 
 been paid by yearly grants from Ihe as.seuilily ; but 
 about this tiuie provision was made for paying their 
 salaries by the crown. This was resented as a 
 dangerous iniinvalion ; as an infraclion of their 
 charter; and as ilestioying that balance of power, 
 essential to free governments. That the crown 
 should pay the salary of the chief justice, was re- 
 presented by the assembly as a species of biibery, 
 tending to bias his judicial ilelerininalions. They 
 made it the foiiiiilalicn for impeaching iMr. .Iiistiee 
 Oliver, before the governor; but he excepted to 
 their proceedings as uiiciiiistitiitional. The as- 
 sembly, neverthiless, gained two points. They 
 rendered the governor mure odious to the iiihabi- 
 taiils, and iiicicaseil the public respect for tlieni- 
 .selve.s, as the loniiier part of the liritish house of 
 commons, and as giiardiaiis of the rights ol the 
 people. 
 
 A personal animosity between governnr lliiteh- 
 iiison and smne ili.slinguisher palriots in .Massa- 
 cluisetls, eoiitriliuled to per it iiale a ll.inie of ilis- 
 eonteiit in that province, aio-r il had elsewhere 
 visibly abaleil. This was winked up, in the year 
 177;!, to a high pilch, bya singular iiiinliiiiatiun of 
 circiinislani es. Some letters had been wrilteii, in 
 the course of the dispute, by governor lliitcliin- 
 siiii, lieiiieiiaiit governor C)liver, and other royal 
 servants in l!iisiiiii, to persons in power in Kiig- 
 lanil, which iiiiiiained a very iiiifaviiiiralile repie- 
 sentalion of the state of public affairs, and leiideil 
 to show the neiessity of coeteive iin asiiies, and 
 of changing the chartered system of goveriiiiiciit, 
 to secure the obedience of the priiviine. These 
 letters fell into the han.ls of Dr. Franklin, agent 
 of the province, who traiismitted them to Huston. 
 The iinlignaliiiii and aniinosity which were excited 
 on the receipt of them, had no bounds. 'I'lie liiuise 
 of assembly iigieed on a petition and reiiioiisliance 
 to his majesiy, in which they charged their gov- 
 ernor, and III iilenant governor, with being betmy- 
 ers of the | eiiple they governed, and of giving 
 private, pariail, and false inliirinatioii. They al- 
 so declared them enemies to the colonies, and 
 prayed fur justice against them, and for their 
 apeeily iiiiinval fVoiii their ]ilaces. 'j'liese charges 
 were carried through by a majority of eighty-two 
 to twelve. 
 
 The peiiiion and rciiionstrance being traiismit- 
 ted to Knglaiid, their merits were diseiisseil lietoie 
 his majesty a privy council. After a hearing be- 
 fore that liiiard, in' which J)r. Franklin represent- 
 ed the province of Massachnsetls, the unverniir 
 and lieutenant governor were acipiitteil. Mr. 
 Weddcrbiiiiie, who defended the aeciised royal 
 servants, in the course of his pleadings, inveighed 
 against Dr. Franklin, in the severest language, as 
 the fomenter of the disputes between Ihe two 
 countries.' It was no proleclion to this veneni 
 
 • Tills cliiirpe is now liiinivii to lie fiilr.r. Dr. l-'niiik- 
 lia todk e\riy nietliiiil in liis piiwrr to |iievi'iit ii rnp- 
 lure lii'lwecii (ireat lllitniii nil, I .Ann rii-ii. Hi.. iMlvit-i> 
 III lii.» I'liiiiilryinon was, " in li. ur evci y lliiiii! liir llti' 
 {ireseiit; us lliey were eure, in lime, to outgrow btl 
 
 ble sago, that, being the ngeiil of Massa, linsettii, 
 ho conceived it his duty In inform his ciinsiiiiienfs 
 of letters, written on public affairs, ealenlateil tu 
 overturn their chartered eiinstitutinn. The age, 
 respectability, and high literary character nf llie 
 subject of Mr. Wcdderbiirne's philippic, Inrned llio 
 atlcnlioii uf the )Miblic to (he transaclion. The 
 insult ulfered to one of the public agents, and es- 
 pecially to one who was both the pride and orna- 
 ment of his native country, sunk deep in the iiiinds 
 uf the Americans. That a faithful servant, wlioiii 
 (hey loved, should be insulted for discharging his 
 official duty, rankled in (heir hearts. i)r. Frank- 
 lin was immediately dismissed from the oHice of 
 deputy postmaster general, which he held under 
 the crown. It was not only by his transniission 
 uf these letters, that he had given olfenee to the 
 iSritish iiiini.stry, but by his popular writings in fa- 
 vour of America. Two of his pieces. In parti;;u- 
 lar, had lately attracted a large Hliare of public at- 
 tention, and had an extensive influence on bjth 
 sides of the Atlantic. The one purported to be 
 an edict from (lie king of I'russia, for taxing the 
 inhaliilants of Great llritnin, as descendants of 
 einigraiils from his duminions. The other was 
 entitled, " Utiles for reihiciiig a great empire to a 
 small one." In both of which he had exposed the 
 claims of the mollier eoiiiilry, and the piiii'eeding.t 
 of the liritish miiiisliy, with the severity uf poig- 
 iiaiil satire. 
 
 For ten years there had now been little inter- 
 mission ill the disputes between (ireat Krilaiii and 
 her colonics. Their respective claims had never 
 been cimiproiiiised on middle ground. The ca'm 
 which followed the repeal of the stamp act, was 
 ill a I'rw nionths disturbed by the revenue act of 
 (he year I7(i7. The tranipiillity which followed 
 the repeal of five-sixths of that act, in the year 
 1770, was niithing mure than a truce. The re- 
 servation of the duly on lea, as an avowed evi- 
 dence of the claims of (ireat lirilain to lax her co- 
 lonies, I.ept alive the jealousy of the coliinisis ; 
 while, at the same time, the slalioning of an army 
 in Massachnsetls, the conliniiance of a linaid of 
 eomiiiissioiiers in lloston. the eoiistilnliiig the go- 
 vernors and judges of that priivince inilependeiil 
 of the people, were consiaiil sources of irriintion. 
 The altercations which, at this period, were eoni- 
 iiioii between the royal giiverniii^ and the provin- 
 cial assemblies, together with iiiiineroiis vinilica- 
 tiiiiis of the claims of America, iiiaile the subject 
 familiar to the colonists. The ground of the con- 
 liiiveisy was canvassed in every eompany. The 
 more the Americans read, reasoned, and conversed 
 on the subject, the iiiiire they were convinced of 
 ilieir right to the exclusive disposal of their pro- 
 perty. This was followed by a delerniiiialion to 
 resist all encroachments on that palladiiim of li- 
 berty. Thev were as strongly conviiieed of llieir 
 right, to reliise and resist parliamentary taxation, 
 as the ruling powers of (ireat Itritain of their right 
 to ilemand and enforce their submission to it. 
 
 The claims of the two eiiiintries being thus ir- 
 reconcilably opposed to each other, the partial 
 calm, which followed the concession of parli.imeiii, 
 in 1770, was liable lo disturbance, fretn every in- 
 eiilent. I'' ier such cireiimstanees, iioiliing less 
 than the most guarded coiidiicl, on both sides, could 
 prevent ;i renewal of the eiiiilriiversy. Instead of 
 fiilliiwing these prudential iiieasiires, which wiiiild 
 have kept the ground of Ihe dispute iiiil of siuht, an 
 iinpolitlc selieme was ciineened, between llie lirit- 
 ish ministry and the Kast India companv, that 
 placed the claims of (ireat lirilain and her colonien 
 in hostile array auainsl each other. 
 
 In the year I77i), coimiienced n new era of the 
 
 llietr grieviiiirc..'; iiuil iih it riiiilif mil lie in die power 
 lit' the iiiiiilier riiiiiiiry III iipjiress ilieiii liiii^." With 
 tllul eiiiiiiiiitllit of rnilliliMiillii'e, wliii-ll is |H<riiliiir lo 
 tn'iil iiiiiiils, lie liiire Wi'iiderliiiriie's iiliiisi' nilhiiiit niiy 
 vi-ilili' I'liintiuii; fill! lIuil he ffll, iinif n'lni'iiilii'ri'il it, is 
 vi^iMi- riitiii llii- f.illowiiit; rin-illii-ttiliri's, .\lii,iit livo 
 ynir.' nncrwiiiits, wlieii, us niiiiiiMer |ileiii|ifili.;iiiiirv nf 
 till- I 'iiili-il Sititi-H, be siiriiril n Imily dl iilli'iiii-i> mi llieir 
 lii'liiiir, willi 111)' Klin; ill' l-'ritiK-i', lie iiili'iiliniiiilly uore 
 ill.- stiiiii' riiiit lie liiiil nil w'lirii lie wns iiiffiilloil liv Wisl* 
 derburii'-'. tii'u L<r. IVitstly't Lilu. Vol, 11. |>ii(c 4C>4i 
 
NORTH AMKIUf'A. 
 
 ilHSll. I'lllSflt*, 
 
 I riiii'ililiii'lils 
 
 Cjlt'lllilll'll to 
 
 1. 'I'lii- lino, 
 i;iclrr cif llio 
 ic, liiiiit'd llio 
 »rliiiii. 'I'liu 
 m'lit.i, ami cH- 
 idi! and oriia- 
 I ill llic iiiiiidH 
 cnaiil, whom 
 ist'liai')(lii); Ilia 
 Dr. Kraiik- 
 tlic (iflice of 
 I! held under 
 I traiiNiiiissiiin 
 oH'ciiri' III llio 
 writiiiKH ill la- 
 cs, ill parliju- 
 ' ol' puldic al- 
 I'lU'c (III Ijalll 
 i'|iiirli'il Id h« 
 lor taxiiii; tlio 
 I'sciMidaiilii uf 
 lit- oilier was 
 al I'liipirc to a 
 III ('X|io-ii'd the 
 ir profi'fdilij;?! 
 verily ul' poij<- 
 
 en lillle iiitcr- 
 at Itrilaiii and 
 iiiis had iies'nr 
 d. 'I'he ca'iii 
 <laiiip act, wa» 
 ■cveinie act of 
 vhit'li lollowed 
 ^1, ill the year 
 ruee. The lu- 
 ll avowed cvi- 
 I lo lax her ro- 
 Ihv eoloiiisiH ; 
 lini; of an army 
 of a hoard iif 
 [ilnliiii; the go- 
 inilependenl 
 of irriialiiin. 
 weri^ eoiii- 
 I Ihe proviii- 
 rons viiidica- 
 llip Miihjcct 
 I of ihe eon- 
 iiipany. Thr 
 iiiiil eonversed 
 (invineeil of 
 if llieir pro- 
 iioinalion to 
 llailiiini of li- 
 need of their 
 niary taxalion, 
 of their ri(;ht 
 on lo it. 
 Iieint\ tints ir- 
 r, llie partial 
 of parh.iinent, 
 ii'iii every in- 
 iioihiii); \vM 
 h Niiles, eoiilil 
 V. Instead of 
 whieh would 
 nl of siuhl, an 
 Weill ihe Hril- 
 oinpany, that 
 
 I her eojoiiics 
 
 lew era of the 
 
 e ill ilii* power 
 
 II liHit:." With 
 IH pernliiir to 
 
 I*' willidid ftiiy 
 int'intiereil it, lA 
 .MiiMil livo 
 eiii[)n|c:ilinrv nf 
 illitiiii-i' nn llieir 
 tiniiiillv uoie 
 |iiuln-il liv W«l- 
 11. |uigc40'li 
 
 Anirrieaii roiitroverMy. To tiiidcrxlHiid tluH in itH 
 origin, il i'' iieeessary to reeiir lo the period, when 
 the solil.iiy duly on lea was er.einpled, I'loiii the 
 partial repeal ol the revenue aet of \'ii>7. When 
 the duties whieh had lieen laid on );lass, paper, and 
 painters' colours, were taken oil', a respeelalilu iiii- 
 iiorily in parlianient eonteniled, tliiit the duly on lea 
 bhoulil also lie reinoved. To this it was replied; 
 " that, as the Ainerieans denied lliR legality of tax- 
 hi); them a total repeal would he a virtual aeipiies- 
 ceiiee in their elainis; and thai, in order lo preservK 
 llio riahts of Ihe niollier eounlrv, it was m eessary 
 lo retain the preainlile, and at least one of Ihe taxed 
 arlieles." Il was rejoined, that a partial epeal 
 would lie a souree. of endless diseontent ; arid that 
 till- lax on it would not defray the expenses of ool- 
 leeliiii; it. The inotion In favour of a tolal repe.il 
 was rejeeied liy a yreat majority. .\s the parliament 
 tlioiiijhl fit lo retain the tax on tea, for an evidenei- 
 of their rii;lit of taxation, the Ainerieans in like man- 
 ner, loheeoiisisteiil with themselves in deiiyini; that 
 riKhl, discontinned the iniportalioii of that eonimo- 
 dity. While there was no attempt to inlriidiiee tea 
 into the eoloiiies, a;^aiiist this deetared sense of the 
 inhaliilanls, these opposiii); elaiuis were in no ilaii- 
 gerof rollision. In thiil ease, the inother (Country 
 iiii(;hl have solaeed herself, with her ideal ri(;lits, 
 and I lie eoloiiies, with their favourite opinion of a 
 tolal exemption from parliamentary taxes, without 
 disiMilMiii; the pnlilie peaee. This mode of eniii- 
 proinisiii); the ilispule, whieh Neeiued at first ilesi;;n 
 ed as a salvo lor ihe honour and eonsisteney of liolli 
 parties, was, liy the iulerferenee of the Kast India 
 L'ompany, in eoiiiliinalion with the Hritish niinislry, 
 complelely overset. 
 
 Till' experted revenue from tea failed, in eonse- 
 qiieneeof ihe Aineriean assoeiation to import noni- 
 (111 wliiili a duty was eharued. 'I'his proreedeil as 
 iiineli from ihe spirit of i^aiii, as of patiiotisin. The 
 ilieicliaiils found uieaiis of supplying their eonntiy- 
 ineii (villi lea. sinnniiled from eounlries to whieh 
 Ihe piKverof Ilritaiti did not exienil. Thev doulit- 
 less eoiiceived themselves to he supporting; Ihe riiihts 
 of llieir loiMiliv, liy refiisini; to pureliase tea from 
 nrilain; lull ihey also lelleeted, that if they could 
 liriiii; I he same eoimiiodily to market free of duly, 
 llieir prolils would he proportionahly urealer. 
 
 The love of (;aiii was not peculiar to the Anieri- 
 ran merehanls. I' rom the diminished exporlalion 
 to the eoloiiies, the warehouses of the Hrilisli Kast 
 India company had .n them Neventeen millions of 
 pnniids of lea. fiirnhii )' a market eonlil not he pro- 
 cured. The ministry and Kasl India rompaiiy, un- 
 williin; to lose, the me, the expected revenue from 
 the sale of the tea in America, the other, the usual 
 comnieieial profits, aijii'ed on a measure hy whieh 
 •hey siip|iosed liolli would lie secured. 
 
 The Kast India company was, liy law, aiilhori- 
 T.ed lo export their lea fiei' of duties, to all places 
 whatsoever. Jiy this rc};iilatioii, tea, lhoii(;h load 
 ed with an exceplionalile duly, would come cheap 
 erio the colonies, than hefore it had heeii made : 
 Hoiirceof revenue: for the duly laki'ii olf it, (vhen 
 exporled from (ileal Urilain, was urealer than that 
 to he paid on its iinporlalion into the colonies. Con- 
 fident of siici CSS, in finding ^ market for their lea, 
 lliiis reduced in its price, and also of collecting a 
 duly on its iinporlalion and sale in Ihe colonics, the 
 Kast India company freighled several ships wUU 
 leas, for Ihe ilillerent colonies, and appoinleil agents 
 for its disposal. This measure unileil several iii- 
 tcresis in opposition to its execution. The pa- 
 Iriolisni of the Ainericann was corrohoratcd hy se- 
 veral auxiliary aids, no ways connected with the 
 cause of liheriy. 
 
 The iiiercliaiits in Kn;;land were alarmed at the 
 losses, that uiiisl aeeriic to themselves, from the 
 i-xporlalions of ihe Kast India company, and from 
 tlie sales (^oinj; thronjjh the hands of coiisi);nees. 
 Letters were written to colonial patriots, uryinu 
 dieir opposition to the project. 
 
 The simiKKleis, who were liolh numerous and 
 pn(verfiil, could not relish a scheme which, hv iin- 
 dcrsellini; them, and takinj; a prolilahle liraneh of 
 business nut of their hands, threatened a diiiMiiu- 
 dou of their gains. The colonists were luo sus- 
 
 picious of the desii;ns of (ireat itrilaiii to lie impo- 
 sed up. 
 
 'I'he cry of endannereil lilicrly otii'e more excited 
 an alarm, from Ne(v llampsiiire lo (ieori;ia. The 
 first opposition to the exectitioii of the scheme, 
 adopted liy the Kast India company, liegaii with the 
 American luerehanls. They saw a prolilahle liranch 
 of their trade likely to he lost, and the heiiefils of it 
 lo he transferred lo the people in (ireat Urilain. 
 They felt for the wound, that would he inllicled on 
 their country's claim of exemption from parliamen- 
 tary taxation; hut thiry felt, with eipial seiiHiliilily, 
 for llio losses they would sustain, hy the diversion 
 
 the streams of coinincree, into unusual chan- 
 nels. Though 'he opposition originated In the 
 seKishness of the merchants, it dii! not end there. 
 The great hody of the people, from principles of 
 Ihe purest patiiolism, were hrought over lo second 
 their wishes. They considered ihe whole scheine 
 IS ealeiilaled to sciluce llieiii into an acipiieseence 
 (villi the vie(vs of parlianient, for raising an .\iiieri- 
 can revenue. Much pains (vere taken lo ciiliglilen 
 Ihe colonists on this .sulijeet, and lo convince ihciii 
 of the imminent ha^.ard lo (vhich their lilicrlies (vere 
 exposed. 
 
 The provincial patriots insisted largely on the 
 persevering deterininalion of the parent stale, lo 
 estahlisli her I'laim of taxation, hy I'ompelling the 
 sale of tea in the colonies, against the soleuin re- 
 solutions :ind declared sense ot' the inhahitants; 
 anil that, at a lime, (vheii the commercial inler- 
 coiirse of the two eounlries was relieved, and 
 their ancient harmony fast rclnrning. '\'hr pro- 
 posed venders of the tea were leprc-ienlcil as re- 
 venue oflicers, employed in the colleeiion of an 
 niiconslilulional lax, imposed hy (ileal itritaiii. 
 The rolonisls contended, Ihat, as the duty anil the 
 price of the comniodily (vere iiiMparahly lilended, 
 if the tea were sold, every pun liaser (vould pay 
 a lax imposed hy Ihe Hrilisli parliament, as part 
 of the purchase money. To ohvialir this evil, ,inil 
 to prevent the liherlies of a great coiiiiiry from 
 heiiig sacrificed hy ineonsiilerale purchasers, sun- 
 dry liKvii ineetiiigs were held in the ( apilals of 
 the different provinces, and conihinalions (veie form- 
 ed to ohslriict the sales uf the lea, sent hy the Kast 
 India company. 
 
 The resoliilions adopted, hy the inhaliilanls of 
 riiilailelphia, on the |Si|i ofo'ctoher, I'/V.'i, alhird 
 a good specimen of Ihe (vliole. 'i'licse (vere as 
 follixv ; 
 
 " I. That the disposal of their o(vn property is 
 the inherent right of freemen; that there can he no 
 propirly in that which anolhercan, of right, take 
 from lis wiihiiul our consent; that the claim of par- 
 liainenl lo lax .Vmerica. is, in other words, a claim 
 of right to levy conirihulions on us al pleasure. 
 
 " 'i. That till" duly, imposed hy parliament upon 
 lea landed in .\iiierica, is a lax on the .Viiieric;ins, 
 or levying conirihulions on them, tvithont their 
 consent. 
 
 " !l. That the I'xprcs'? purpose, for which Ihe 
 lax is levied on the .Vmeriians, namely, for the 
 support of goveriinienl, adminislralion ol juslice, 
 and defence of his majesty's doniinions in Ame- 
 rica, has a direct tendency to render assemhiies 
 useless, and to introduce arliitary goveriiieiit and 
 slavery. 
 
 " 4. That a virtuoii:^ and steady opposition, to 
 this niiiiislerial plan of governing America, is ali- 
 solulcly necessary lo preserve even the shadow of 
 liherty : and is a duly which every fri'enian in 
 America owes to his country, (o himself, and to 
 his posterity. 
 
 " f>. That the resolution, lately entered into hy 
 the Kast India company, to seiiil out their tea lo 
 .\mcrica, suhject to the payment of duties on its 
 heing landed here, is an open attempt to enforce 
 this ministerial plan, and a violent attack upon the 
 liherlies of Aiiieriea, 
 
 " 11. That it is the duty of every Aimirican to op- 
 pose this attempt. 
 
 " 7. That whoever shall, directly or indirectly, 
 coiiiite'iance this attempt, or, in any wise, aid or 
 ahet in unloading, receiving, or vending the tea 
 sent, or to he sent out li^ the East India cum- 
 
 807 
 
 paiiy, wliili^ il remains suhject lo the payment of a 
 diilv here, is an eiiciny lo his coiintrv. 
 
 " N. Thai a I'omuiillee he immedialely chosen, 
 lo wait on lliose gentlemeii, who, it is rcporled. am 
 appointed hy the Kast India company, to reccivn 
 and sell !<:iiil tea, and reipiest tlieiii, Ironi i regard 
 lo their o(vii chaiacler, and the peace and ;ooil or- 
 der of the city :ind province, inimedialely lo resign 
 their appoinlmeni." 
 
 As tiie time a|'proached, when the arrii i| of llio 
 tea ships might he soon expected, such neasnres 
 were adopted, as seemed inosi likely I i prevent 
 the landing of their cargoes. 'I'ho lea eonsignccs, 
 appointed hy the I'iisi India companv, weie, in 
 several places, compelled lo relinipiisii their ap- 
 poiiilments; and no others could he fonliil, hardy 
 enough, to aet in llieir stead. 'I'he pilots, in ihe 
 river Deliivaie, (vcre (varned not to con 1,,, i any 
 of Ihe lea ships iiilo their haihoiir. In Sf\t 
 \'ork, popular vengeance (vas denouiired ;igiiiist 
 all (vho would conlriliiile, in any iiieasnie, to for 
 (vard the views of the Kast India companv. The 
 laplains of the New Vork ami IMiihiilelphia ships, 
 heing apprized of the ri'sohuion of the people, ;iiid 
 fearing the eonseip'iieir of hioding a eonimodilv, 
 charged with an oiiioiis duly, in violation of llieir 
 dechireil piihlie sentiments, eoncliided lo reliirn di- 
 rectly to (ireat llritaiii, without making any entry 
 at the eiisliim house. 
 
 It was ollier(vise in Massachusetts. The tea 
 ships, designed for the supply of Mosioii, were 
 consigned to the sons, consiiis, and pailtmlar 
 fiieiids of governor llulchnisoii. When iliey ((ere 
 called upon to resign, they aiis(vered •' tliil it was 
 out of their po(ver." The colleeii.r leliiscd lo 
 give a clearance, unless the vessels \vcie dis- 
 charged of diiliahle articles. TIh' govi'inor re- 
 fused lo gi(e a pass I'or llie vessels, unless pio- 
 pcrly (|i';'hficd f,ir llie cusloni house. The go- 
 vernor like(vise, rei|uesleil ailmiial .\Ioiilagiie lo 
 guard the passages out of the harhoiir; and gave 
 orders to suffer no vessels, coasters excepted, lo 
 pass the forlress from the liKdi, (vilhoiil a pass 
 signed hy himself'. Kroiii a eonihinaf ion of lliesn 
 ciiciinistances, the reliirn of' llie tea vessels, from 
 lloston, was rendered impossihle. The inhahilaiits, 
 then, had no option, hut lo pieve"' 'he landing of 
 the tea; to sillier it lo he l.iiided, and depend on 
 the nnaniniily of the people not lo pun liiise il ; lo 
 destroy the lea; or to suffer a deep laid siIh iiie 
 against their sacred liherlies lo lake effect. TIkj 
 first would have rcipiiieil incessant (valiliiiig, lij 
 night, as (veil as hy ilay, for a period ol lime, the 
 duration of (diich no one could conipiile. The 
 second (voiilil have lieeii visionarv to childishness, 
 hy suspending llie liherlies of a growing eoiin- 
 Iry, on the selt'-denial and discretion of eveiv lea- 
 drinker ill the province. They vie((e(l if.e lea a.s 
 the vehicle of an uiiconslilulional lax, and as Inse- 
 paralily issoeiated (villi it. To avoid the one, thev 
 resolved lo destroy the other. Ahoiil seventeen 
 persons, dressed as Indians, repaired lo the tea 
 ships, hroke open three hiinihed and lorlyKvo diesis 
 of tea, and, wilhoiil doing any othei damage, dis- 
 charged their conlenls info the (vali'r. 
 
 Thus, hy Ihe inflcxihilify of the governor, the 
 issue of this liusincss (vas ditlcreni, at liostun, fioiii 
 (vhal il was elsewhere. The (vlioIe cargoes of lea 
 (ven' leliiriied from New Vork and I'hiladcli liia. 
 That which was sent to Cliarleston was landeil and 
 slond; hilt not oll'ered for sale. iMr. Ilutiliiisoii 
 had repeatedly urged governmrnt to lie linn anil 
 persevering. He coulil not, therefore, consistent 
 with his honour, depart from a line of coiiihiii. he 
 had Ml often and so strongly recomniendnl to \\n 
 superiors, lie also helieved, that the in)i ihii nils 
 would not dare lo perfect their engagements; and 
 Haltered liiuiself, that they would desist, »le „ th.c 
 critical iiioiiient arrived. 
 
 Admitting the rertilude of the Ameriian cl;>iiiM 
 of exemption, from parliament;iry laxatioii, the de- 
 slrif'tion of the le:i, hv the Hostonians, was (var- 
 ranleil hy the great la(v of sell-prcservalion ; fiir i( 
 was not posshle for them, hy any other iiicaiis, to 
 discharge the duty they iKveil lo llieir country. 
 The event of lira bu. iness (vas very dill'trvit 
 
THE HISTORY UF 
 
 from what hiid been expected in England. The 
 colunistn acted with so much union and system, that 
 there was not a single chest, ot" any of the cargoes 
 sent out by tlic East India ctniipany, sold for their 
 bcncnt. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Procepilinps of the nrili.sh I'nrlinment, in rotiftpqiieni'C of 
 the drBtriii'tiou of llm tea, by tlin lioBtoiiJuiis. Uu^ton 
 |iurt ael, iVe. 
 
 Intellioknce of the events, which have been 
 Elated in tlic hist chapter, was, un the 7th uf 
 March, 1774, conununicated, in a message fro)ii 
 the throne, to both houses of parliament. In this 
 communication, tlie conduct of the colonists was 
 represented, as not only obstructing the commerce 
 of Great Rritain, but as subversive of its constitu- 
 tion. The message was accompanied with a 
 number of papers, containing copies and extracts 
 of letters, from the several royal governors and 
 others; from which it appeareil, that the opposi- 
 tion to the sale of tea was not peculiar to Massa- 
 chusetts ; but common to all the colonics. These 
 papers were accompanied with dcclanitions, that 
 nothmg short of parliamentary influence could re- 
 establish order, anKMis; tlie turbulent colonists; 
 and thai, therefore, decisive measures should be 
 Immediately adopted. If the riglit of levying 
 taxe^i on the Americans were vested in the parent 
 state, tl'.ese inferences were well-founded; but if 
 it were not, their conduct, in resisting an invasion 
 of their rijihis, was justifu'd, not only by many 
 examples in the liislory of Urilain, but by the spirit 
 of the constitution of that country, which they were 
 op|>osing. 
 
 By the destruction of the tea, the people of Bos- 
 ton iiad Ulcurred the sanction of penal laws. Those 
 in (Jreat Britain, who wished for an opportunity 
 to take vengeance on that town, commonly suppo- 
 sed by them to be the m.ither of sedition and rebel- 
 lion, rejoiced, that her inhabitants had laid them- 
 Melves open to castigalion. 
 
 It was well known, that the throwing of the tea 
 Into the river did not originate with the persons, 
 who were the immediate instruments of that act 
 of violence ; and that the whole had been con- 
 certed, at a public meeting, and was, in a quali- 
 fied sense, tlie act of the town. Tlie universal 
 indignation, which was excited in (ircat Britain, 
 against the peojile of Boston, pointed out to the 
 ministry the suitableness of the present inouient for 
 !iumbling llieni. Though the ostensible ciound 
 of complaint was notliing more than a trespass on 
 private property, coinmitled by private persons: 
 yet it was well known to be a part of a long digest- 
 ed plan of resisianre to parlianirntary taxation. 
 Every nicasiiie, that might be pursued on the oc- 
 casion, seemed to be big » ilh the fate of the em- 
 pire. To proceed in the usual forms of law, ap- 
 5 eared to the riilei-s, in (ireat Britain, to be a 
 epartnre from their dignity. It was urged by the 
 ministry, that parliament, and parliament only, 
 was capable of re-establishing trammility among 
 these turbulent peoiile, and of bringing order out 
 of confusion. To stille all opposition from the 
 merchants, the public papers were fdled with 
 writings, which stated the impossibility of carrying 
 on a future trade to America, if this flagrant outrage 
 on commerce should go unpunished. 
 
 It was in vain urged, by the minority, that no 
 good could arise from coercion, unless the minds 
 of the Americans were made easy on the subject 
 of taxation. Equally vain was amotion for a retro- 
 spect into the conduct of the ministry, which had 
 provoked their resistance. 
 
 The parliament confined themselves solely to 
 the late misbehaviour of the Americans, without any 
 Inquiry into its provoking causes. 
 
 The violence of the Bostonians, in destroying 
 an article of commerce, was largely insisted upon, 
 without any indulgence for the jealous spirit of 
 liberty, in the descendants of Englishmen. — 
 The connexion between ihe tea, and the uncun- 
 
 stitiitioiml duty iiiijinscd thereon, was overloolied, 
 and the public mind of (ireat Britain solely fixed 
 on the obstruction given to commerce, by the tur- 
 bulent colonists. The spirit raised against the 
 Americans became as high, and as strong, as their 
 most inveterate enemies desired. This was not 
 confined to the common people ; but took posses- 
 sion of legislators, whose uncloudeil minds ought 
 to be exalted above the mists of prejudice or par- 
 tiality, ii^uch, when they consult on public affairs, 
 should be free from the impulses uf passion ; for 
 it rarely happens, that resolutions, adopted in anger, 
 are founded in wisdom. The parliament of (ireat 
 Britain, transported with indignation against the 
 people of Boston, in a fit of ragu resolved to take 
 legislative vengeance on that devoted town. 
 
 Disregarding the forms of her own constitution, 
 by which none are to be condemned unheard, or 
 punished without a trial, a bill was ruiully passed, 
 by which the port of Boston was virtually blocked 
 up : for it was legally precluded from the privilege 
 of landing and discharging, or of lading a-id ship- 
 ping of goods, wares, and merchandise. The 
 minister, who proposed this measure, staed, in 
 support of it, that the opposition, to the authority 
 of parliament, had always originated in that colo- 
 ny, and had always been instigated by the sedi- 
 tious proceedings of the town of iioston; tliat it 
 was, therefore necessary to make an example of 
 that town, which, by an unparalleled outrage, 
 had violated the freedom of commerce ; and that 
 (ireat Britain would be wauling in the protection 
 she owed to her peaceable subjects, if she did not 
 
 Iiiiiiish such an insult, in an exemplary m;inncr. — 
 le, therefore, proposed, that the town of Boston 
 should be obliged to pay for the tea, which had 
 been destroyed. He was farther of opinion, thai 
 making a pecuniary satisfaclion, for the injury 
 coniniitted, would not alone lie sufficient ; but that, 
 in addition ihcreto, security must be given in fu- 
 ture, that trade might be stifely carried on ; pro- 
 perly prolerled ; laws obeyed ; and duties paid, 
 lie urged, iherefore, that it would be iiro|)er to 
 lake aw.iy from Boston, the privileges of a port, 
 unlil his iiiiijesty should be satisfied, in Ihese parlic- 
 iilars, and iiiblicly declare in council, on a proper 
 ceilificale iif the good lu'havi(nir of the town, that 
 he was so satisfied. Until this should happen, he 
 proposed that the cuslom-honse oiriceis should be 
 removed to Salem. The minister hoped, that tills 
 act would execute itself; or, at most, lliat a few 
 frigates would secure ils cxcdiiion. He also 
 hopeil, that Ihe prospect of advantage to the town 
 of .Salem, from its being made the seat of the 
 custoin-housc, and from llie occlusion of Ihe port 
 of Iioston, would detach the inhabitants from the 
 interest of the latter, and ilisposc them to support 
 a mc.xsure, from which they had so much to expect. 
 It was also presumed, that the oilier colonies 
 would leave Boston to suH'er tlie punishnieiit due 
 lo her demerits. The alienors of jiarliamenlary 
 supremacy flaltercd ihciiiselves, that this decided 
 conduct of (ireat Britain would, for ever extinguish 
 all opposition of the refractoiy cidonists lo the 
 claims of the mother country; and the apparent 
 equity of obliging a delinquent town to make re- 
 paration, for an injury occasioned by the factious 
 spirit of its inhabitants, silenced many of the friends 
 of America. The consequences, resulting from 
 this measure, were the rr'verse of what were wished 
 by the firat, and dreaded by the last. 
 
 By the operation of the Boi,lon port act, the 
 preceding situation of its inhabitants, and that of 
 the East India company, was reversed. The for- 
 mer had more reason to complain of the dispro- 
 portionate penalty, to which they were indiscrim- 
 inately subjectecl, than the latter of that outrage 
 on iheir property, for whicli punishment liad been 
 inflicted. Hitherto the East India company were 
 the injured party ; but. from the passing of this 
 act, the balance of injury was on the opposite 
 side. If wrongs received entitled the former to 
 reparation, the latter had a much stronger title on 
 the same ground. Kor the act of seventeen or 
 eighleen individuals, as many thousands were in- 
 volved in one general calamity. 
 
 I Both parties viewed the case on a much larger 
 scale than thai of municipal law. Tl e |ii'ii|!le ol 
 Boston alledgeij, in vindicalion of ihrir conduct, 
 that the lea was a weapon aimed at llieir liber- 
 ties ; and that llie same priiii-iples of self-preser- 
 vation, which justify the breaking of the assassin's 
 sword, uplifted fiir destruction, eipially authorized 
 the destruction of that tea, which was the vehicle 
 of an unconstitutional tax, subvenive uf their 
 liberlies. The parliament of (ireat Britain con- 
 sidered the act of the people of Boston, in de- 
 stroying the tea, as an open defiance of that coun- 
 try. The demerit of the action, as an offence 
 agauist properly, was lost in the supposed supe- 
 rior demerit of treasonalilc inleiilioii, to emanci- 
 pate themselves from a stale of colonial depen- 
 dence. The Americans conceived the case lo be 
 intimately connecteil with Iheir liberties ; the in- 
 habitaiils of tireai liritain, with their supremacy. 
 Tlic former considered it as a duly they owed 
 Iheir country, lo make a common cause with the 
 people of Boslon; Ihe laller thoiighl theniselves 
 under equal obligations, lo support the privileges 
 of parliament. 
 
 (jn the third reailini; of the Boston port bill, a 
 petition was prcsenU'd iiy lie lord maMir, in the 
 name of several iiaiives anil inlialiitanls of North 
 America, then residing in London, ll was drawn 
 with great Icirce of laiiunaue, and slated that, 
 " the proceedings of paiTianieiit asainsl Boston 
 were repugnant to every iirinciple of law and jus- 
 tice, and established a piciecleiil, by which no 
 man in America could enjoy a uinmi'iirs securi- 
 ty." The friends of parliaiiieiilary 'uprem^cy 
 had long regretted the cleinoeralic consiitii 
 of the provinces, as adverse lo their sclicip 
 They saw, with concern, the steady oppo^. . 
 that was given to their measure's, by the Ameri- 
 can legislatures. These coiisiitmions were plan 
 lied, when (ireat Britain neillier feared nor care I 
 for lier colonies. Not siispecling llial she was lay 
 iiig ihcfiiunilalion offuluiT slates, she manied char- 
 ters that gave lo the people so iiiiicli of llie powers 
 of goveriiiuent, as enabled Iheiii to make, not only 
 a formidable, but a legiilar. ciiiisiitiilioiial opposi- 
 tion lo Ihe eounlry fniiii which they sprung. 
 
 Long hail her rulers wished liir an opporlunity 
 lo revoke llicse charleis, and to new iiioiicl these 
 goveriimcnis.* The present inonieiit seemed 
 favourable lo .this ilesign. The leiiipcr of iho 
 nation was high; and the resenluieiil ai^ainst the 
 province of Alassaehusclts general and violent. 
 The late oiilniges in Iioston fiiriiished a piclence 
 for the alteiupt. An act of the British paili iiiient 
 speedily fcdlowed lo the one for shutting up the port 
 of liosion, enlilled, An act for belter legulaling 
 the governuient of .Massachusetts. The object of 
 this was lo aller the iharlerof the pioviiii:e, in the 
 following particulars. 
 
 The council, or second bninrli of the legisla- 
 ture, heretofore elecleil by ll.'e general ciinit. was 
 to be, friuii the first of Aii;;nst, 1771, appointed by 
 the crown. Tlie royal governor was also, by the 
 same act, investe.l with the power of appointing 
 and removing ail pidgcs of the inferior courts of 
 common pleas, coiiiinissioners of oyer and termi- 
 ner, the attorney general, provost marshal, justi- 
 (ts, sherilVs, Ac. The town meetings, which 
 were sanctioned by the charier, were, with a few 
 exceptions, expressly forbidden to be held, with- 
 
 • The ilireo Inm kinRs of the .^lunrl line hifiniirecl ban). 
 In niiiiihiliilo llie charters of iho F.ii)!li»h rnliinips in Ame- 
 rii'ii ; iiiiil mulling hut tlm revolutiiin of It'iDH, ir Kii^lnnil, 
 prevPiiteii tlie nccoiinilishiiiclit of ihnir dcKi(;litt. Tho 
 lour lirst Bab-revolulioimrv mivon-ignn of Riii;lniii] di«- 
 ciinliniipij Ihe atlrinpl; hiil It was reviveil, in Iho reign 
 of llic fiflli. This nhrognlion of llin iharler of Mnnsschu; 
 settd was Iho entering wedge, and, if auocesuful, would 
 ihiiihllcss have lieen followed, by a prostraliiin of Ihe 
 charlirs of the other provinces, lu make niuiii fur ii more 
 iiiurllv RVKleiii, less dependent on iho penplc. The Ani»- 
 rir.in revnliilion saved the culnnies, in the lait rase, tie 
 llie Kngliah rovolulion bad in the fimt; — so neeoHnarv arc 
 iireH'iimnl revuliiliona, lo bring governiiienls Imck lo first 
 lirinriploB, linil to li'ai^h rulers, ibnt the peiipli' arc llie 
 roiiiitiiin of nil legiliinale power, and their happineM the 
 uliject of all it« dvlegntions. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 I iniic'li hrgcr 
 'PI I' jicDi'le o( 
 lifir condiict, 
 at I heir liber- 
 iil' s('l('-|irc»cr- 
 
 ilie »s8a!<.siira 
 illy aiilhorized 
 lis the vi'hicle 
 sive of their 
 t ISiitaiii coQ- 
 idstoii, In (lo> 
 
 of that coun- 
 as an ntfence 
 ipposcil siipe- 
 II. to oinaiici- 
 ilonial (lepeii- 
 tln" case to be 
 'itics ; the in- 
 ir supremacy, 
 ty they oweJ 
 ause with the 
 lit tlidiisi'lves 
 the privileges 
 
 Dii port bill, n 
 nmMir, in t\ie 
 nils lit' North 
 It was ilraun 
 I siaipil that, 
 laiiisl Itoston 
 ' law anil jus- 
 liy whirli no 
 iiii'iil's seciiri- 
 ry <iipit'mncy 
 
 I IIIIKlllll 
 
 ir si'hi'in 
 ily iippos. . 
 ly till' Aineri- 
 iiK were plan 
 reil iKir eare I 
 It she was lay 
 • uniiiieil ehar- 
 iilllie powers 
 iiake, not only 
 lioiial opposi- 
 ^priiiii!. 
 n oppormnity 
 iiioili'l these 
 eiit seemed 
 iipir 111' the 
 t auainst the 
 111 violent. 
 I a pretence 
 li parii iment 
 ii up the port 
 r ii';;iilating 
 he iilijeet of 
 viiiie, ill the 
 
 the le>;isla- 
 
 il eiiiiit, was 
 
 appiiiiiteil by 
 
 also, liy the 
 
 f appointing 
 
 rior ciinrtp of 
 
 r anil tenni- 
 
 arshal, justi- 
 
 tings, which 
 
 with a (evr 
 
 e helil, with* 
 
 Kilmiiml liaril, 
 Iniiio!* in Ame- 
 UH, ir Kiiglnnil, 
 ilciii|.'iiii. Thii 
 F.iii;IniHl du- 
 ll, In llin reign 
 r iif 51nHi)iichii- 
 pepffiil, woulii 
 siraliiin of the 
 iKini for n more 
 The Anii*- 
 la«t rase, ns 
 nceopHary iiro 
 tn liurk III fimt 
 people are tlie 
 ' happine^i the 
 
 Ic 
 
 out the leave of the governor or lieutenant gover- 
 nor in writing, expressing the special business of 
 said meeting, first had and obtained; and with a 
 larlher restriction, that no matter should he treat- 
 ed 111' at those meetings, except the election of 
 public olVners, and tliv business expressed in the 
 'cave f,iven by the governor or Meutenant gover- 
 noi Jurymen, who had been before elected by 
 the Irecholdc s and inhabitants of the several 
 towns, were to be, by this new act, all summon- 
 ed and returned, by the sheriffs of the respective 
 counties. The wliole executive government was 
 taken nut of the hands of the |)eople ; and the no- 
 mination of all the ini|iortant officers vested in the 
 iking or his governor. 
 
 This net excited a greater alarm than the port 
 act. The one alfectcd only the metropolis; the 
 other the whole province. The one hid the ap- 
 pearance of being merited ; as it was well known, 
 that an act of violence had been committed by its 
 iidiabitant.s, under the sanction of a town meeting : 
 but the other had no stronger justifying reason 
 than that the proposed ,-ilterations were, in the 
 opinion of the parliament, absolutely necessary, in 
 order to the preservation of the peace and good 
 order of the said province. In support of this 
 bill, the minister who brought it in, alleged, that 
 an executive power was wanting in the country. 
 The very people, said he, who commit the riots, 
 are the posse eoinitatiis, in which the force of the 
 civil |)ower consists, lie farther uiged the futil- 
 ity of making laws, the execution of which, under 
 the present form of government in Massachusetts, 
 might be so easily evaded ; and therefore contend- 
 ed for a neeessifi- to alter the whole frame of their 
 constitutiiiii, as iar as related to its executive and 
 judicial powers. In opposition, it was urged, that 
 the taking away the civil constitution of a whole 
 people, secured by a solemn charter, upon general 
 charges of deliiiqiieneies and defects, was a stretch 
 ofpowerofilu' most arbitrary and dangerous nature. 
 
 IJy the English constitution, charters were sa- 
 cred, revocable only by a due course of law, ard 
 on a conviction of misconduct. They were so- 
 lemn compacts between the prince and the people 
 and without the constitutional power of either par- 
 
 I y. The abettors of the Hritisli .schemes reasoned 
 111 a summary way. Said they, " the colonies, 
 particularly Massaeliusetts, by their circular let- 
 teis, associations, and town meetings, have for 
 years past, thwarted all the mea.sures of govern- 
 ment, and are meditating independency. This 
 turbulent spirit of theirs is fostered by their con- 
 stitution which invests them with too much pow- 
 er, to be consistent with their state of subordina- 
 ,:ion. Let us therefore lay the axe at the root ; 
 .CM iiinilcl their chatter; and lop otl' those privi- 
 leges which they have abused." 
 
 When the human mind is agitated with passion. 
 It larely discerns its own interest, and but faintly 
 foresees consequences. Had the parliament stop- 
 ped short with the Dostnn port act, the motive to 
 union and to make a common cause with that me- 
 tropolis, would have been feeble, perhaps ineffec- 
 tual to have lotised the other provinces ; but the 
 arbitrary mutilation of the important privileges 
 contained in a «'>lcmn charter, without a trial, and 
 without a l.,..aring, by the will of parliament, con- 
 vinced the most moderate, that the cause of Mas- 
 sachusetts was the cause of all the provinces. 
 
 It readily occurred to those who guided the helm 
 of (ileal Hritain. that riots would probably take 
 place, in attempting the execution of the acts just 
 mentioned They also discerned, that such was 
 the temper of the people, that trials for murders, 
 coinmitted in suppressing riots, if held in Massa- 
 chusells. would seldiiiu terminate in favour of the 
 parties, who weic engaged on the side of govern- 
 ment. To make their system complete, if was 
 necessary to go one step farther, aiul to icreen 
 •heir active friends from the apprehended |>artial- 
 iiy of such trials. It was therefore' provided by 
 hi'w. that if any person was indicted for riurder, 
 
 II fir any capital ollince, committed ir aiding 
 i.'iagislraey, that the go,eriiiiient might send the 
 person so indicted, to am. 'her colunv, or to O'cit 
 
 2.5 
 
 Britain to be tried. This law was the subject of 
 severe comments. It was considered as an act 
 of indemnity to those, who should emhrue their 
 hands in the blood of their fellow-citizens. It 
 was asked, how the relations of a murdered man 
 could ell'ectiially prosecute, if they must go three 
 thousand miles to attend that business. It was 
 contended, that the act, by stopping the usual, 
 course of justice, would give rise to assassina- 
 tions, and dark revenge among individuals ; and 
 encourage all kinds of lawless violence. The 
 charge of partiality was retorted. For, said they, 
 " if a party spirit, against the authority of Great 
 Britain, would condemn an active officer, in Mas- 
 sachusetts, as a murderer, the same party spirit, 
 for preserving the authority of Great Britain, 
 would in that country, acquit a murderer as a spi- 
 rited performer of his duty." The case of Captain 
 Preston was also quoted, as a proof of the impar- 
 tial administration of justice in Massachusetts. 
 
 The same natives of America, who had peti- 
 tioned against the Boston port bill, presented a 
 second one against these two bills. With uncom- 
 mon energy of language, they pointed out many 
 constitutional objections against them ; and con- 
 cluded with fervently beseeching, " that the par- 
 liament would not by passing them, reduce their 
 countrymen to an abject state of misery and hu- 
 miliation or drive them to the last resource of 
 despair." The lords of the minority entered also 
 a protest against the passing of each of these bills. 
 
 It was fortunate for the people of Bo.ston, and 
 those who wished to promote a combination of the 
 colonies against Great Britain, that these three 
 
 several laws passed nearly at the same time 
 
 They were presented in quick succession, cither 
 in the form of bills, or of acts, to the considem 
 tion of the inflamed Americans, and produced 
 effects on theirminds, infinitely greater than could 
 have been expected from either, especially from 
 the Boston port act alone. 
 
 When the fire of indignation, excited by the 
 first, was burning intelligence of these other acts, 
 operated like fuel, and made it flame out with in- 
 creasing vehemence. The three laws were con- 
 sidered as forming a com|ilete system of tyranny, 
 from the operation of which, there was no chance 
 of making a peaceable escape. 
 
 " By the first," said they, " the property of un 
 offending thousands is arbitrarily taken away, for 
 the act of a few individuals. By the second, our 
 chartered liberties are annihilated : and by the 
 third, our lives may be destroyed with impunity 
 Property, liberty, and life, are all sacrificed on the 
 altar of ministerial vengeance." This mode of 
 reasoning was not |)eculiar to Massachusetts. — 
 These three acts of parliament, contrary to the 
 expectation of those who planned them, became 
 cement of a firm union among the colonies, from 
 New Hampshire to Georgia. They now openly 
 said. "Our charters and other rights and immu- 
 nities, must depend on the pleasure of parliament." 
 They were sensible that they had all concurred, 
 more or less, in the same line of opposition, which 
 had provoked these severe statutes against Mas- 
 sachusetts ; and they believed, that vengeance, 
 though delayed, was not remitted ; and that the 
 only favour, the least culpable could expect, was 
 to be the last that would be devoured. The friends 
 of the colonies contended, that these laws were in 
 direct contradiction to the letter and the spirit of the 
 British constitution. Their opposers could sup- 
 port them on no stronger grounds than those of 
 political necessity and expedience. They acknow- 
 ledged them to be contrary to the established mode 
 of proceeding ; but defended them, as tending ul- 
 timately to preserve the constitution, from the 
 meditated independency of the colonies. 
 
 Such was the temjier of the people in England 
 that the acts hitherto passed were popular. A ge- 
 neral opinion had gone forth in the mother coun.- 
 try, that the |)euple of Massachusetts, by their 
 violent opposition to government, had drawn on 
 themselves merited ciirreetiou. 
 
 The parli'inieiit did not stop here : but proceeded 
 on-; step farther, which iiifi.iiiied their eneiuies in 
 
 America, and lost them friends in Great Britain. 
 The general clamour in the provinces was, tha» 
 the proceedings in parliament was arbiliary and 
 unconstitutional. Before they completed their 
 memorable session, in the beginning of the year 
 1774, they passed an act rejecting the govern- 
 ment of Quebec, which, in the opinion of their 
 friends merited these appellations. By this act 
 government of that province was made to extend 
 southward to the Ohio, westward to the banks of 
 the Mississippi, and northward to the boundary of 
 the Hudson's Bay company. The principal ob- 
 ject of the act was to form a legislative council, 
 for all the affairs of the province, except taxation, 
 which council should be appointed by the crown ; 
 the office to be held during pleasure ; his majes- 
 ty's Roman Catholic subjects to be entitled to n 
 place therein ; (o establish the Krench laws, anil 
 a trial without jury, in civil cases; and the Eng;- 
 lish laws, with a trial by jury, in criminal ; and to 
 secure, to the Roman Catholic clergy, except the 
 regulars, the legal enjoyment of their estates, and 
 their tythes, from all who were of their own re- 
 ligion. Not only the spirit, but tht letter of this 
 act were so contrary i • the English constitution, 
 that it diminished the popularity of the measures, 
 which had been adopted against the Americans. 
 
 Among the more southern colonists, it was con- 
 ceived, that its evident object was to make the in- 
 habitants of Canada fit instruments, in the hands 
 of power, to leduce them to a state of slavery. 
 
 They well remembered the embarrassments oc- 
 casioned to them, in the late war between France 
 and England, by the French inhabitants of Ca- 
 nada. They supposed, that the British adminis- 
 tration, meant, at this time, to use these people in 
 the same line of attack, for their subjugation. 
 As Great Britain had new modelled the chartered 
 government of Massachusetts, and claimed an au- 
 thority to so do in every province, the colonists 
 were apprehensive, that, in the plenitude of her 
 power, she would impose on each of them, in their 
 turn, a constitution, similar to the one projected for 
 the province of Canada. 
 
 They foresaw, or thought they foresaw, the an- 
 nihilation of their ancient assemblies, and their 
 whole legislative business transferred to creatures 
 of the crown. The legal parliamentary right to a 
 maintenance, conferreilon the cb<rgy of the Roman 
 Catholic religion, gave great oflcnce to many in 
 England ; but the political consequences, expected 
 to result from it, were most dreaded by the colonists. 
 
 They viewed the whole act as an evidence, that 
 hostilities were intended against them, and as calcu- 
 lated to make Roman Catholics subservient to the 
 purposes of military coercion. 
 
 The session of parliament, which passed these 
 memorableacts, had stretched far into summer. As 
 it drew near a close, the most sanguine expectations 
 were indulged, that, from the resolution and great 
 unanimity ofparliament, on all American questions, 
 the submission of the colonists would be iinmedialc, 
 and their future obedience and tranquility effectu- 
 ally secured. The triumphs, and congratulations, 
 of the friendsof the ministry were unusually great. 
 
 In passing the acts which have been just men- 
 tioned, dissentients in favour of Atnenc.i, were un- 
 usually few. The ministerial majority, believing 
 that the refractory colonists depended chiefly on the 
 countenance of their English abettors, were of opi- 
 nion, that as soon as they received intelligence of 
 the decrease of their friends, and of the decisive 
 conduct ofparliament, they would acquiesce in the 
 will of Great Britain. The fame and granduer of 
 the nation were such, that it was never imagined, 
 they would seriously dare to contend with so form- 
 idable a people. Tlie late triumphs of Great Britain 
 had made such an impression on her rulers, that 
 thjy believed the Am.;ricans, on seeing the ancient 
 spirit of the nation revive, would not risk a trial of 
 prowess with those fleets and armies, which the 
 combined forces of France and Spain were unable 
 to resist. By an impious confidence in their supe- 
 rior strength, they precipitateil the nation into rash 
 measures, from the dire effects of which, the world 
 Day learn a useful lesson. 
 
870 
 
 THE HISTORV OF 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 \\t 
 
 Prcct'PiliNt;.'* tif tho ciiliinii*!^, in 1771, in coiiseiiiionce v( 
 llie llii'lun port net. 
 
 TiiK winter which Ibllowed the deslructioii of 
 Ihc ten ill Bustiin, was frdiight with anxiety to those 
 of the cnlonists, who were given to rellection. Ma- 
 ny conjectures were formed about the line of con- 
 duct Great Britain would probably adopt for the 
 «up))ort of her dignity. The fears of the most 
 timid were more than realized, by the news of the 
 Boston port bill. This arrived on the 10th of May, 
 1774 ; and its operation was to commence the 1st 
 of the next monlli. Various town meetings were 
 culled, to deliberate on the state of public alfairs. 
 On the 13th of May, the town of Boston passed 
 ihn following vote : 
 
 " That it is the opinion of this town, that, if Ihc 
 other colonies come to n joint resolution, to stop all 
 impnrialion from Great Britain and the West In- 
 dies, till the act, for blocking up this harbour, be 
 repealed, the same will prove the salvation of North 
 iVineriua, and her liberties. On the other hand. If 
 they continue their expoits and imports, there is 
 high reason to fear that fraud, power, and the most 
 odious oppression, will rise triumphant over justice, 
 right, social happiness, and freedom. And, more- 
 over, thiit this vote be transmitted by the iiiodera- 
 lor, to all our sister colonies, in the name and be- 
 half of this town." 
 
 Copies of tills vote were transmitted to each of 
 the colonies. The opposition to Great Britain had 
 hitherlo called forth the pens of the Ingenious, and, 
 in some instances. Imposed the sell-denial of non- 
 importation ayrecnients: but the bulk ofthe people 
 had little to do with the dispute. The splilted con- 
 duct of the people of Boston, in destroying the tea. 
 and the alarming precedents set by (ireat Britain, 
 in conse<|ueiice tliereul', brought subjects into dis- 
 cu.isioii, with which every peasant and day labour- 
 er was concerned. 
 
 The patriots who had hitherto guided the helm, 
 Kiiew well, that, if the other colonies did not sup- 
 port the people of Boston, they must be crushed ; 
 ami it was e(pially obvious, that in their coercion 
 a precedent, injurious to liberty, would be estab- 
 lished. It was therefore the interest '>f Boston to 
 draw in the other colonics. It was also the interest 
 of the patriots, in all the colonies, to bring over the 
 mass of the people, to adopt suchelficlentmeasnies 
 as were likely to extricate the Inhahllants of Bos- 
 ton from the unhappy situation In which they were 
 involved. To ellect these purposes, much pru- 
 dence as well as patriotism was necessary. The 
 other provinces were but remotely alfected by the 
 fate of Massachusetts. They had no particular 
 cause, on their own account, to oppose the gov- 
 ernment of (ireal Britain. That a people so cir- 
 cumstanced, should take part with a distressed 
 neighbour, at the risk of Incurring the resentment 
 of the mother country, did not accord with the 
 selfish maxims by which states, as well as indivi- 
 duals, are usually governed. The ruled are, for 
 the most part, pror : to suffer as lona as evils are 
 tolerable : and, in g. neral, they must feel before 
 they arc roused to contend with their oppressors; 
 but the Americans acted on a contrary principle. 
 
 They commenced an opposition to Great Bri- 
 tain, and iillimately engaged in a defensive war, 
 on speculation. They were not so much moved 
 by oppression, actually felt, as by a conviction that 
 a foundation was laid, and a precedent, about In be 
 established, for future (ipiuessloiis. To convince j 
 the bulk of the people, that they had an interest in ] 
 loregding a present good, and submitting to a pre- j 
 sent evil, in order to obtain a fiUnre greater good, ; 
 and to avoid a future gieaier evil, was the task | 
 assigned to the crdonlal jialriots. It called for the; 
 exertion of their ntniost'abilllles. They cllected 
 it in a great measure by means of the press. Pain- j 
 phlets, essays, addresses, and newspaper disserta- 1 
 tions. were daily presented to the public, proving 
 that Maiisacliuselts was siill'ering in the common 
 ;MUse ; lUid that inlerest and pidlcy reipiiied lliC; 
 iioilail c.wrtlous of all tho colonies. In t>u|4iort of ! 
 
 that much-injured province. It was inculcated on 
 the people, that, if the ministerial schemes were 
 sutfered to take ellect in Jlassaclmsctls, the oilier 
 colonies must expect the loss of their charters, and 
 that a new government would be Imposed upon 
 them, like that projected for Quebec. The king 
 and parliament held no jiatroiiage in America suf- 
 ficient to oppose this torrent. The few who ven- 
 tured to write in their favour, found a difficulty in 
 communicating their sentiments to tho public. No 
 pensions or preferments awaited their exertions. 
 Neglect and contempt were their usual portion ; 
 but popularity, consequence, and fame, were the 
 rewards of those who stepped forward in the cause 
 of liberty. In order to interest the gre;.i body of 
 the people, the few, who were at the lielm, dis- 
 claimed any thing more decisive, than convening 
 the inhabitants, and takin; their sense on what 
 was proper to be done. In the meantime, great 
 pains were taken to prepare thein for the adoption 
 of vigorous measures. 
 
 The words whigs and tories, for want of better, 
 were now introduced, as the distinguishing names 
 of parties. By the former, were meant those who 
 were for making a commoii cause with Boston, 
 and supporting the colonies In their opiiositlon to 
 the claims of parliament. By the latter, those who 
 were, at least, so far favourers of (ireat Britain, 
 that they wished, either that no measures, or only 
 palliative measures, should be adopted in opposi- 
 tion to her schemes. 
 
 These parties were so nearly balanced hi New 
 York, that nothing more was ayieed to, at the fust 
 meeting of the inhabitants, than a rccoiiimeiulation 
 to call a congress. 
 
 At Philadelphia, the patriots had a delicate part 
 to act. The government of the colony being |)ro- 
 piletary, a miililiuile of oDiceis, connected iviili 
 that interest, hid iuui:li to fear from convulsions, 
 and nothing to expect ficiiu a revolution. A still 
 greater boily of the people, called (Quakers, denied 
 the lawfulness of war ; and therefore could not adopt 
 such measures, for the support of Boston, as natu- 
 rally tended to produce an event so adverse to their 
 system of religion. 
 
 The cill/.ens of Boston not only sent forward 
 their public letter to the citizens of Philadelphia, 
 but accompanied it with private couimunicatlons, 
 to individuals of known patriotism and Inllnence, 
 n whic'.i they staled the impossibility of iheir 
 standing aUuie, against the torrent of ministerial 
 venge; iice, and the indispcnsible nccessilv, that 
 the leading cidony of Pennsylvaiim should" allord 
 them its support and countenance. The udvocales 
 In Philadelphia, for making a cnmmoii cause with 
 Boston, weie fully sensible of the stale of parties 
 in Pennsylvania. They saw the dispute with 
 (ireat Britain brought to a crisis, anil a new scene 
 opening, which required exeilioiis dill'ercnt fioiii 
 any heretofore made. The success of these lliey 
 well knew, depended on the wisdom, with whlcii 
 they were plamieil, and the union of the whole 
 people, in carrying them Into execution. They 
 saw the propriety of proceeding with the greates't 
 circunispeclion; and therefore resolved, at their 
 fust meeting, on nothing more than to call a gen 
 eral meeting of the inhabitants, on the next eve- 
 ning. At the second moetiiiE, the patriots had so 
 much moderation and policy, as to urge nothing 
 decisive, contenting 'heniselves with taking the 
 sense of the inhabitants, simply on the propriety 
 of sending an answer to the public letter from 
 Boston. This was universally approved. The 
 letter agreed upon was firm but temperate. They 
 acknowledged the difficulty of offering advice on 
 the present occasion ; sympathi/.ed with the peo- 
 ple of Boston In their distress ; and observed that 
 all lenient measures, for their relief, should be 
 (list tiled. They said, that, if the making resti- 
 tution for the tea destroyed, would put an end to 
 the unhappy controversy, and leave the people of 
 Bosliiii upon their ancient footing of constitutional 
 liberty, It could iiotailmit of a duiilit what part they 
 should act ; but that it was not the value of the 
 tea: it was llie iiidelcaslble ritiht of giving and j 
 granting their own inoiicY, which was the matter' 
 
 I in ronsideir.iliin ; il.a' it was llie coiiiiiion cause of 
 I AiNcrica ; and, ihcicioic. necessary. In their opln- 
 j inn, that a ciim^ic-'. of (ii'|iuiies from the sevcra. 
 colonies ihipiild be cciivened. tc devise means for 
 restoring hariiioii\ lirlwcn (ireat Britain and the 
 colonies, and prevemiiig inattcis from coining to 
 extremities. Till this could be brought about, they 
 recommended firnuuss, prudence, and modeiariou 
 to the iimiiediatesiill'erers; assuring ihem, that the 
 people of Pennsylvanii would continue to evince 
 a firm adherence to the cause of .Vmerican libeitv. 
 
 In order to awaken the attention ofthe people, 
 a series of letters was published, well calculated to 
 rouse them to a sense of their danger, and point 
 out the fatal consequences of the late ads of par- 
 liament. Every newspaper teemed with disser- 
 tations in favour of liberty ; and with debalcs of 
 the members of parliament, especially with the 
 speeches of the favourers of .Vmerica, and the pro- 
 tests of the dissenting lords. The latter had a 
 particular elVect on the colonists, and were consid- 
 ered by them as proofs, that the late acts against 
 Ma»sacliiisetlsweieuiiconstlliitional and arbitrary. 
 
 The minds of the people being thus prepared, 
 the friends of liberty promoted a pecitliin to the 
 govcrnoi, for convening the assembly. They 
 knew that this would not be granted, and that the 
 refusal of it would smooth the way for calling the 
 Inhabitants together. The governor having re- 
 fused to call the assembly, a general meeting of 
 llie inhabltanls was requested, .\boiit eight thou- 
 sand met, on the ISih of.Iune, 1771 and adopted 
 sundry splrlled resolutions. In these they declar- 
 ed, that the Boston port act was nnconstllnlional ; 
 that It w.is expedient to convene a continenlal 
 emigre: ' : to appoint a coiiiiiiillee lor the city and 
 county .ii Philailelphia, lo correspond wilh ilieir 
 sister col,'iiles and the several coiiiilies of I'enn- 
 sylvania ; and to invest that coinnmiitlce williiinw- 
 er to dclerminc on the best mode for cidiei ling 
 the sense ofthe province, and appointing dcpiiiics 
 to attend a general congress. Under the sanc- 
 timi of this last resolve, the i:oiiimlttee appointed 
 for that purpose, wiote a circular letter lo all ilio 
 counties of the province, rcijuesting them to ap- 
 point deputies lo a sjcneial meeling, proposed to 
 be held on the I'lili of.luly. Part of this letter 
 was In the following words : 
 
 " We would not offer such an affront to tlm 
 well-known public spirit of Pennsylvania, as to 
 question your zeal on the present occasion. Our 
 very existence In the rank of freemen, and the 
 security of all that ought to be dear to us, evident- 
 ly depends on our conilucling this great cause to 
 its proper issue, by firmness, wisdom, and inag- 
 naniiuity. It Is with pleasure we assure yon, that 
 all the colonies, IVoiii .Soiiih Caiollna to New 
 Hampshire, are anlmateil with one spirit, In the 
 comninn cause, and consiiler this as the proper 
 I'risis, for having our ditfeienres, with the luother 
 country, broiiuht to some certain issue, anil our 
 liberties fixed upon a periiianeiil foiiiidalion. This 
 desirable end can only be accomplished by a free 
 coinniunication of sentiments, and a sincere and 
 fervent regard for the interests of our coininon 
 conniry." 
 
 The several counties reailily complied wilh the 
 reipiest ofthe inhabilants of Philadelphia, and ap- 
 polnleil deputies; who met at llie lime appointed, 
 and passed sundry resolves, in which they repiobn- 
 ted the late acts of parliament : expressed dielr 
 sympathy with Boston, as suffering in the cnii.mon 
 cause; approved of holding a congress; and de- 
 clared their wlUingness to makcanys.icrillces, ihat 
 inlglil be rceoiiimended by a congress, foi siicur- 
 liig their llliertics. 
 
 Thus, without tumult, ilisorder, or divided coun- 
 sels, the whole province of Pen isylvaiiia was, by 
 prudent inanagement and leinpeiale proceedings, 
 brought into ihe opposition, with Its whole weight 
 and iiilliience. This is the more renniik.ible, as It 
 is probable, that, If the sentiments of iudivldnalD 
 had been separately taken, there woiilil have been 
 a niajinily aualnsl Involvinu themselves in ihecotl- 
 seipiences of taking pan with the destroyers of the 
 tea, at Bubtuu. 
 
NORTH \MEPICA. 
 
 871 
 
 
 Wliile these proceedings were carrjini; on in 
 IViiMsylvania, three of tlie most dislinguiihed pa- 
 II Mils ol I'liiladelphia. under colour of an excursion 
 (il liliasure, made a tour tlirougliout the province.in 
 (iriliT III discover the real iientinientM ol' (lie com- 
 mon people. The)' were well apprised of the con- 
 si'ipiences of taking (he lead in a dispute, whir'; 
 cvei V (lav became more and more serious, unless 
 llu'v could ilepend on being supported by the yeo- 
 manry of the country. By freely associating and 
 conversing with many of ?very class and deiiomi- 
 n:i<ioii, ihcy found them unanimous in the funda- 
 iiienlal principle of the American controversy, 
 ■■ihat the parliament of Ureat Britain had no right 
 10 lax tliem." From their general determination 
 on this subject, a favourable prognostic was forni- 
 cd, of a successful opposition to the claims of 
 (ircat Britain. 
 
 In Virginia, the house of burgesses, on the 26th 
 of May, 1774, resolved, ihatthe first of June, the 
 day onwliich (he operation of the Boston port bill 
 was to commence, should be set apart by the mem- 
 bers, as a day of fasting, humiliation and prayer ; 
 '• devoutly lo implore the divine interposition, for 
 avnting the heavy calamities which threatened 
 desiriiction to ihcir civil rights, and the evils of a 
 civil war ; and to give (hem one heart and one 
 mind, (o oppose, by all just and pro|)er means, eve- 
 ry injury to American rights." On the publication 
 of this resolution, the royal governor, the earl of 
 Diiniiiore dissolved them. The members, not- 
 witlisiaiidiiig their, dissolution, met in their pri- 
 vale capacities, and signed an agreement, in which, 
 i'liiiiiij; oilier things, they declared, "that an at- 
 tack made on one of their sister colonies, to com- 
 pi'l submission (o arbitniry taxes, was an attack 
 iiiaile nil all British America, and (hreateneil ruin 
 lo llie rights of all, unless the united wisdom of 
 •.Ji»' wlinle be applied." 
 
 Ill ."^iiiiili Carolina the vote of (he town of Bos- 
 Inn, of the l.'itli of iMay, being presented to a nuni- 
 iier of (he leading citiMiis of C'harleslon, it was 
 iiii.iiiiinously agreed to call a meeting of the in- 
 lialiilants. 
 
 That this might be as general as possible, letters 
 ncic sent to every parish and ilistrict in the pro- 
 vince, anil the people were invited lo attend, either 
 personally, or by their representatives, at a gene- 
 ral meeting of the inhabitants. X large number 
 asseiiililed, in which were some, from almost 
 every part of the province. The proceedings of 
 tlie par|ja;iienl against the province of Massachu- 
 .-('its were disiinctly related lo this convenlioii. — 
 AVillmnl one dissenting voice, llicy passed sun- 
 dry lesoliftioiis. expressive of their rights and of 
 tlicir sympathy with the people of Boston. They 
 also chose five delegates to represent them, in a 
 conlinenlal congress, and invested them "with 
 full powers, and authority, in behalf of them and 
 tlieir consiiiuents, to concert, agree lo, ami efl'ec- 
 tiially prosecute such legal measures as, in their 
 opinion, and the opinion of the other members, 
 would he most likely to obtain a redress of Ameri- 
 can arievances." 
 
 The events of this time may be transmitted to 
 posterity : but the agilalion of the public mind can 
 never he Cnlly compreliendcd, by those who were 
 not witnesses of it. 
 
 In the counties and towns of the several pro- 
 vinces, as well as in (he cities, the people assem- 
 bled and passed resolutions, expressive of (heir 
 rights, ami of their detes(a(ion of the late acts of 
 parliament. These had an instantaneous effect 
 on the minds of thousands. Not only the young 
 Rnil inipeiuoiis, biK the aged and temperate, joined 
 >n |ironouiicing them to be unconstitutional and 
 oppressive. They viewed tiiem as deadly wea- 
 pons aimed al the vit.ds of (hat liberty, which they 
 iidoreil ; and as reiideiing abortive the generous 
 pains taken by tlieir forefathers, to procure for 
 them Ilia new world, the quiet enjoyment of (heir 
 riirhls. '; hey were the si,lijectsof(heirmcdi(ation 
 when alone, and of (lieit conversadon when in 
 cnmiianv. 
 
 Wiiliiii liiile more liian a monlh, after (he news 
 ol hf bi<stun port bill reached America, it was 
 
 communicated from state to stale ; and a (lame | 
 kindled, in almost every breast, through the wide-' 
 ly cx(ended provinces. 
 
 In order to understand the mode by which this 
 (lame was spread ; with such rapidity, over so 
 great an extent of country, it is necessary to ob- 
 serve, that Ihe several colonies were divided into 
 counties, and these again sub-divided into districts, 
 distinguished by the names of towns, townshi|M, 
 prei.'nct9, hundreds or parishes. In New Eng- 
 land the sub-divisions, which are called towns, 
 were, by law, bodies corporate; had their regular 
 meetings ; and might be occasionally convened by 
 their proper officers. The advantages derived 
 from these meetings, by uniting the whole body 
 of the people, in (he measures taken to oppose the 
 stamp act, induced other provinces to follow the 
 example. Accordingly, unde the association 
 which was formed to oppose t''C revenue act of 
 17G7, committees were established, not only in the 
 capitals of every province, but in nost of the sub- 
 ordinate districts. Ureat Britain, without design- 
 ing it, had, by her two preceding attempl^ at Ame- 
 rican revenue, taught her colonies, not only (he 
 advantages, but the means of union. The system 
 of committees, which prevailed in 1765, and also 
 in 1767, was revived in 1774. By (hem there was 
 a quick transmission of intelligence, from the cap- 
 ital towns, through the subordinate districts, to the 
 whole body of (he people, and an union of coun- 
 sels and measures was eD'ected, among widely dis- 
 seminated inhabitants. 
 
 It is perhaps impossible for human wisdom, to 
 contrive any system more subservient to these 
 purposes, than such a reciprocal exchange of in- 
 telligence, by committees. From the want of 
 such a communication with each other, and con- 
 sequently of union among themselves, many states 
 have lost their liberties, and more have been un- 
 successful in their attempts (o regain them, after 
 they were lost. 
 
 What the eloquence and (alents of Demos'henes 
 could not etrect among the states of Greece, might 
 have been effected by the simple device of com- 
 mittees of correspondence. The few have been 
 enabled to keep the many in subjection, in every 
 age from (he want of union among the latter. — 
 Several of the provinces of Spain complained of 
 oppression, under Charles the fifth, and in trans- 
 ports of rage took arms against him ; but they 
 never consulted or communicated with each other. 
 They resisted separately, and v/ere therefore sepa- 
 rately subdued. 
 
 The colonists sympathizing with (heir distress- 
 ed brethren in Massaclmsetts, felt themselves call- 
 ed upon, to do something for their relief; but to 
 determine what was most proper, did not so obvi- 
 ously occur, /t was a natural idea, that, for har- 
 monising their measures, a congress of deputies 
 from ezoh province should be convened. This 
 early occurred to all ; and, being agreed (o, was 
 the means of producing union and concert among 
 inhabitants, removed several hundred miles from 
 each other. In times less animated, various ques- 
 tions about the place and legality of their meet- 
 ing, and about the extent of their power, would 
 have produced a great diversity of sentiments ; 
 but on (his occasion, by the special agency of 
 Providence, there was the same universal bent of 
 inclination, in the great body of (he people. A 
 sense of common danger extinguished selfish pas- 
 sions. The public altention was fixed on the 
 great cause of liberty. Local attachments and 
 partialities were sacrificed on the altar of patriot- 
 ism- 
 There were not wanting moderate men, who 
 would have been willing to pay for the tea des- 
 troyed, if that would have put an end to the con- 
 troversy ; for, it was not for the value of the tea, 
 nor of the tax, but the right of giving and grant- 
 ing (heir money, that the colonists contended 
 
 The act of parliament was so cautiously worded, 
 as to prevent the opening of the port of Boston, 
 even though the F.ast India company had been 
 reimbursed for all damages, "until it was niaile 
 appear to his majesty in council, thit peace and I 
 
 obedience to llie laws were so (ar lestoied, in thfl 
 (own of Boston, that llic trade of (ireat Britain 
 might he sal'fly carried on llicie, and his majesty's 
 customs duly collected." The latter part of (his 
 limilation, " the due collection of his majesty's 
 customs," was understood to comprehend submis- 
 sion to the late revenue laws. It was (herclbre in- 
 ferred, (hat payment for the tea destroyed, would 
 produce no certain relief, unless they were willing 
 to give o|>eration (o (he law, for raising a revenue 
 on fnlure importations of that commodity, and also 
 to acquiesce in the late mutilation of their char- 
 ter. As it was deliberately resolved, never to 
 submit lo either, Ihe most lukewarm of well-in- 
 formed patriots, possessing the publ'c confidenci'. 
 neither advised nor wished for the ac'option oflhfit 
 measure. A few in Boston, who weie known tu 
 be in the royal in(eres(, proposed a resoludon lor 
 Ihat purpose ; but they met with no support. — 
 Of the many, who joined the British in the coni.sc 
 of the war, there was scarcely an intlividual (o be 
 found in this early stage of (he controversy, who 
 advocated the right of parliamentary taxation. — 
 There were doubtless many timid persons, who 
 fearing the power of Britain, would radier have 
 subrnided to her encroachments, than risked the 
 vengeance of her arms ; but such, for the most 
 part, suppressed their sentiments. Zeal for liber 
 ty being immediately rewarded with applause, 
 the palriots had every inducement to come for- 
 ward, and avow their principles ; but there was 
 something so unpopular in appearing to be influ- 
 enced by timidity, interest, or excessive caution, 
 when essential interests were attacked, that such 
 persons shunned public notice, and sought the 
 shade of retirement. 
 
 In Ihe three first months, which followed iho 
 .shutting up of the port of Boston, Ihe inhabitants 
 of the colonies in hundreds of small circles, as 
 well as in their provincial assemblies and con- 
 gresses, expressed their abhorrence of Ihe late 
 proceedings of the British parliament against .Mas- 
 sachusetts ; their concurrence in the pro|Kised mea- 
 sure of appointing deputies for a general congress ; 
 and their willingness to do and suffer whatever 
 should be judged conducive (o the establishment 
 of their liberties. 
 
 A patriotic flame, created and difl'used by sym- 
 pathy, was communicated loso many breasts, and 
 reflected from such a variety of objects, as lo be- 
 come too intense to be resisted. 
 
 While the combination of the other colonies, to 
 support Boston, was gaining strength, new mailer 
 
 of dissension daily look place in Massachusetts 
 
 The resolution for shutting (he port of Boston, 
 was no sooner taken, than it was determined lo 
 order a military force to that town. (ieneral 
 (iage, the commander in chief of Ihe royal forces 
 in North America was also sent thither, in the ad- 
 ditional capacity of governor of Massachusetts.— 
 He arrived at Boston on ihe third day af'ter Ihe 
 inhabitants received the first intelligence of llie 
 Boston port bill. Though the people were irri 
 taled by that measure, and though their republi 
 can jealousy was hurt by the combination of the 
 civil and military character in one person, yet the 
 general was received with all the honours which 
 had been usually paid to his predecessors. .Soon 
 after his arrival, two regiments of foot, with a de- 
 tachment of artillery, and some cannon were land 
 ed at Boston. These troops were by degrees rein 
 forced, with others from Ireland, New York, Ha 
 lifax and Quebec. 
 
 The governor announced that he had Ihe king's 
 particular command, for holding the general court 
 al Salem, aAer the first of .Tune. When that event- 
 ful day arrived, the act for shutting up the port 
 of Boston commenced its operations. I( was de- 
 voutly kept at Williamsburg, as a day of fasting 
 and humiliation. In Philadelphia, it was solem- 
 nized with every manifestation of public ci' imi(y 
 and grief. The inhabitants shut up their i/ouses. 
 Al'irr divine service, a stillness reigned over the 
 city, which exhibited an appearance ofthe dee|H!it 
 
 (llSlll'SS. 
 
 In Boston, a new scene opened on the hiliabi- 
 
I I 
 • I 
 
 ■I 
 
 873 
 
 THE HISTORY OK 
 
 i li 
 i I! 
 
 i '\ 
 
 tants. Hitherto, thot town had been the seat of 
 coniiMcrce and of plenty. The immense business, 
 traiisacteil therein, iilforded a comfortable subsis- 
 lenci! lo many thousands. The necessary, the 
 usriiil, and even some of the ele)j;ant arts were 
 cull.\aiHil among them. The citizens were |ii)lite 
 and hospitable. In this happy state they were 
 sentenced on (he short notice of twenty-one days, 
 10 a total deprivation of all means of subsisting.— 
 The blow reached every person. The rents of the 
 landholders either ceased, or were greatly dimin- 
 ished. The immense property, in stoies and 
 wliaives, was rendered comparalively useless.— 
 Labourers, artificers, and others, employed in the 
 numerous occupations created by an extensive 
 trade, partook of the general calamity. They who 
 depended on a re{,alar income, flowing from pre- 
 vious acquisitions of pro|)erty. as well as they, who, 
 with the sweat of their brow, earned their daily 
 subsistence, were er|ually deprived of the means 
 of support ; and the chief difference between them 
 was, that the distresses of the former were render- 
 ed more intolerable, by the recollection of past en- 
 joyments. All these inconveniences and hard- 
 ships were borne with a passive, but inflexible for- 
 titude. Their deterininalion lo persist in the same 
 line of conduct, which had been the occasion of 
 (heir sulfering, was unabated. 
 
 The authors and advisers of the resolution, for 
 destroying the tea, were in the town, and still re- 
 tained their popidarily and influence. The exe- 
 rratioiis of the iidiabitanis fell not on them, but on 
 the IJritish parliament. Their countrymen ac- 
 quitted them of all selfish designs, and believed 
 lliat in their opposition (o the measures of Great 
 Britain, they were actuated by an honest /.eal for 
 constitutional liberty. The sufferers, in Boston, 
 had the consolation of sympatliy from the other 
 colonists, (.'ontiibiitioiis weie raised, in all quar- 
 ters, lor their relief. Letters and addresses cuine 
 lo them froiii corpovnte bodies, town meetings, and 
 provincial conventions, n|>plauding their conduct, 
 and exhorting them to perseveraiice. 
 
 The people of .Marblehead, who, by thoir prox- 
 imity, were likely to reap advantage IVoin the dis- 
 tresses of Boston, generously offered the mer- 
 chants thereof, the use of their harbour, wharves, 
 warehouses, and also their personal attendance 
 on the lading or unlading of their goods, free of all 
 cx|;ei!se. 
 
 The inhabitants of Salem, in an address to Uo- 
 vcrnor (i^ige, concluded with these remarkable 
 words : " Hy shutting up the port of Boston, some 
 imagine that the course of trade might be turned 
 hither, and to our benefit ; but nature, in the for- 
 mation of our harbour, forbidsour becoming rivals 
 in commerce, of that convenient mart ; and, were 
 it otherwise, we must be dead lo every idea of 
 justice, and lost to all the feelings of humanity, 
 coubl we indulge one thought to seize on wealth, 
 and raise our fortunes, on the ruins of our sufl'er- 
 ing neighboiiis." 
 
 The Massachusetts general court met at Salem, 
 according to adjourmncut, on the 7lh of June. — 
 Several of the popular leaders took, in a private 
 way, the sense of the members, on what was pro- 
 per to be done. Finding they were able to carry 
 such measures, as the public exigencies required, 
 they prepared resolves, and moved for their adop- 
 tion ; but before they went on the latter business, 
 their iloor was shut. 
 
 One member, nevertheless, ronlnvcd means of 
 sending information 'o i.'-f.. jor uagc of what 
 was cluing. Hi' "•?" Sv'iit off, to dis- 
 
 solve lie gen . " .^ •■ lused admis- 
 
 sion. As b' •> ii! , 'ice, he read 
 
 the pinclin /' '. Id'.' .iii!M".lialely af- 
 
 terwiipls in '•! . i ■ hi ':i>"!'>i-"d the gene- 
 
 ral conn. TI.v i.c .. . ■■ . with tlieii 
 
 doors sliiit, fippriiiiicu . respectable 
 
 ineniliers ks llicir ; iimniueo, li; Mcvi committees 
 from other piuvinccs, that might be convened the 
 Ist of .September at I'hilailelphia ; voted them 
 seventy-five pounds sterling each ; anil recoin- 
 niendcil, to the several towns and districts, to raise 
 the said sum by equitable proportions. B> lliese 
 
 means, the designs of the governor weie disap- 
 pointed. His situation in every respect was truly 
 disagreeable. It was his duly to forward the exe- 
 cution of laws, which were universally execrated. 
 Zeal for his master's service prompted him to en- 
 deavour, that they should be carried into full ef- 
 fect ; but his progress was retarded by obstacles 
 from every quarter. Ho had to transact his ofh- 
 cial business with a people, who possessed a high 
 sense of liberty, and were uncommonly ingenious 
 in evading disagreeable acts of parliament. It 
 was a part of his duty, to prevent the calling of 
 the town meetings, after the 1st of August, 1774. 
 These meetings were nevertliele.ss held. On his 
 proposing to exert authority, for the dispersion of 
 the people, he was told by the selectmen, that 
 they had not offended against the act of parlia- 
 ment; for that only prohibited the calling of town 
 meetings ; and no such call had been made : a 
 former constitutional meeting, bnfoie the 1st of 
 August, having only adjourned themselves from 
 time to lime. Other evasions, equally founded on 
 the letter of even the late obnoxious laws, were 
 practised. 
 
 As the summer advanced, the people of Massa- 
 chusetts received stronger proofs of support, from 
 che neigiibiiUiing provinces. They were, there- 
 fore encouraged lo farther opposition. The in- 
 habitants of the colonies, at this time, with regard 
 to political opinions, might be divided into three 
 classes. Of these, one was lor rushing precipitately 
 into exiremities. They were for immediately stop- 
 ping all trade, and could not even brook the delay of 
 waiting, till the proposed continental congress 
 should meet. Another party, equally respectable, 
 both as to character, property, and patriotism, was 
 more moderate ; but not less firm. These were 
 averse to the adoption of any violent resolutions, till 
 all others were ineffectually tried. They wished that 
 a clear statement of their rights, claims, and griev- 
 ances, should precede every other measure. A 
 third class disapproved of what was generally going 
 en : a few from principle, and a persuasion that 
 they ought to submit to the mother country ; some 
 from the love of ease ; others from self-interest ; 
 but the bulk from fear of the mischievous conse- 
 quences likely to follow. All these latter classes, 
 for the most part, lay still, while the friends of li- 
 berty acted with spiiit. If they, or any of them, 
 ventured to oppose popuUr measures, they were 
 not supported, and therefore declined farther ef- 
 forts. The resentment of the people was so strong 
 against them, that they sought for peace by remain- 
 ing quiet. The same indecision, that made them 
 willing to submit to Great Britain, made them ap- 
 parently acquiesce in popular measures which they 
 disapproved. The spirited part of the commu- 
 nity, being on the side of liberty, the patriots had 
 the appearance of unanimity ; though many either 
 kept at a distance from public meetings, or voted 
 against their own opinion, to secure themselves 
 from resentment, and promote their present ease 
 and interest. 
 
 Under the influence of those who were for the 
 immediate adoption of efhcacious measures, an 
 agreement, by the name of the solemn league and 
 covenant, was adopted by numbers. The subscri- 
 bers of this bound themselves, to suspend all com- 
 mercial in'^rcourse with Great Britain, until the 
 late obnoxious laws were repealed, and the colony 
 of Massachusetts restored to its chartered rights. 
 
 (General Gage published a proclamation, in 
 which he styled this solemn league and covenant, 
 " an unlawful, hostile, and traitorous combina- 
 tion." And all magistrates were charged to ap- 
 prehend, and secure for trial, such as should have 
 any agency in publishing or s<-.bscribing the same, 
 or any similar covenant. This proclamation had 
 no other effect, than tr exercise the pens of the 
 lawyers, in showing tl at the association did not 
 come wiihin the descrij.tion of legil treason ; and 
 that, therefore, the govei'ior's proclamation was 
 not warranted by the principles of the constitu- 
 tion. 
 
 The late law, for regulating the government of 
 the province, ariived near the beginning of Au- 
 
 gust, and was accompanied by a list of liirty-sii 
 new connsellors, apppointcdby the crown, and in a 
 mode variant from that piescribi'd by the charter. 
 Several of these, in the first iiistani-e, declined an 
 acceptance of the appointiiient. Those, who ac- 
 cepted it, were every where declared to be ene- 
 mies to their country. The new judges were ren- 
 dered incapable of proceeding in their official duty. 
 Upon opening the courts, the juries refused to be 
 sworn, or to act in any manner, either under them, 
 or in conformity to the late regulations. In some 
 places, ihc people assembled, and filled the court- 
 houses, and avenues to them, in such a manner, 
 that neither the judges, nor their officers, could 
 obtain entrance : and, upon the sheriirs command- 
 ing them to make way to the court, they answer- 
 ed, " that they knew no court independent of the 
 ancient laws of their country, and to none other 
 would they submit." 
 
 In imitation of his royal master. Governor Gage 
 issued a proclamation, " for the encouragement of 
 piety and virtue, and for the prevention and punish- 
 ing vice, profaneness, and immorality." In this 
 proclamation, hypocrisy was inserted asofie of the 
 iinmoralities,against which the people were warned. 
 This was considered by the inhabitants, who had 
 often been ridiculed for their stiict attention to the 
 forms of religion, to be a .studied insult, and as 
 such was more resented than an .ictual injury. 
 
 The proceedings and apparent dispositions of 
 the people together with the military preparations, 
 which were daily made through the province, in- 
 duced General Gage to fortify that neck of land, 
 which joins Boston to the continent. He also 
 seized upon the powder lodged in the arsenal at 
 Charlcstown. 
 
 This excited a most violent and universal fer- 
 ment. Several thousand of the people assembled 
 at Cambridge ; and it was with diflicnliy, they 
 were restrained from marching directly to Bos- 
 ton, to demand a delivery of the powder, with 
 a resolution, in case of a refusal, to attack the 
 troops 
 
 The people, thus assembleil, proceeded to Lieu- 
 tenant Governor Oliver's house, and to the houses 
 of several of the new counsellors, and obliged 
 them to resign, and to declare, that they would 
 no more act under ihe laws lately enacted. In 
 the confusion of these transacliims, a rumour 
 went abroad, that the royal fleet and troojis were 
 firing upon the town of Boston. This was proba- 
 bly circulated by the popular leaders, on purpose 
 to ascertain what aid they might expect from the 
 country in case of extremities. The result ex- 
 ceeded their most sanguine expectations. In less 
 than twenty-four hours there were upwanis of 
 thirty thousand men in arms marching towards 
 the capital. Other risings of the people took 
 place in different parts of the colony ; and their 
 violence was such, that in a short time the nevt 
 counsellors, the commissioners of the customs, 
 and all who had taken an active part in favoui 
 of Great Britain, were obliged to screen them 
 selves in Boston. The new seat of government 
 at Salem was abandoned ; and all the officers con- 
 nected with the revenue we obliged to consult 
 their safety, by taking up their residence in a place, 
 which an act of parliament had proscribed from all 
 trade. 
 
 About this time delegates from every town and 
 district, in Ihe county of SuH'olk,of which Boston 
 is the county town, had a meeting; at which they 
 prefaced a number of spirited resolutions, con- 
 taining a detail of the particiUars of their intended 
 opposition lo the late acts of (larliament. with a gen- 
 eral declaration, " that no obedience was due from 
 the province to either, or any part of the said acts. 
 but that they should be rejected as the attempts 
 of a wicked administration to enslave America." 
 The resolves of this meeting were sent on to Phil- 
 adelphia, fur the information and opinion of the 
 congress, which as shall hereafter be related. li;id 
 met there about this lime. 
 
 The people of Massaclmsetts ii;>hlly jiidued, 
 that from the decision of ( 'diimess dh i\wa- n-su- 
 lutions, they wou d be enabled lo deteriuine what 
 
NORTH AMKKICA. 
 
 878 
 
 eii|i|>un they might expect. Nutwilhstniidiii); 
 lirfsciit a|i|ie;ir<iiiceM, they leiircil Ih^il the other 
 coluiiii^s, wiiich were no more lh:iii remotely eoii- 
 eeiued, would tiot hiizard the eoii.se(|ii(Mi(i' of 
 iiiakliiK a common caime with them, sliouldsubse- 
 (|iu'iil eveiils make li necessary to repel lorce liy 
 lone. The decision ol' ( 'ongress exceeded their 
 e\|]eilalioiis. They "most tlioroiijjhiy approved 
 (lie ivisdom and I'orlitudr, with which opposition 
 lo wicked ministerial measures had heen hith- 
 eiti) conducted in Massachnsetts; and recom- 
 mended to them perseverance in the !iame linn 
 Moil temperate conduct, as expressed in tlie reso- 
 Iiili(jns4)l ihe delegates, Irom the county of Sul- 
 lojk.'" lly this upprokation and advice, the peo- 
 ■i pie id Massachusetts were encouraged to lesis- 
 
 lance, <uid the ulher coloines hecnme bound to 
 support them. The lormer more in need of a 
 Lirjdie than a spur, proceeded as they had begun ; 
 but nilh ailditional conlidence. 
 
 (iovernor tiage had issued writs for holding a 
 gi'neral assembly at, Salem ; but subsequent events, 
 and the heat and violence which everywhere pre- 
 vailed, made him think it expedient to counteract 
 llie writs by a proclamation lor suspending the 
 meeting of the members. Tlie legality of a pro- 
 rlamalmn for that |ii'rpiise was denied : and, in de- 
 fiance thereof, ninety of the newly-elecled inem- 
 birs met, at tlie time and place appointed. They 
 liooM allerwa'ils resolved themselves into a pro- 
 vincial congress, and atlj<)urned to Concord, about 
 meniy miles |Vom Charlestown. On their meeting 
 (lieie Ihey chose Mr. Hancock president, and pro- 
 tci'dcd to business. One of iheir first acts was lo 
 appoint a comi.iitlec to wait on the governor, with 
 a iiiiionslinme, in which they apologized for Iheir 
 ineeliiig, fr'>r>i the ilistressed state of the colony ; 
 idiiiplaiiicd (if their grievances : and, afler slating 
 llieir appieliecsions, from the hostile preparations 
 on liosvoii ne( k, concluded with an earnest re- 
 (jiiesi. •• that le w (luld desist from the construction 
 (il ilie forlies" at the enlraiK'e into Boston, and 
 resluiy that piss to its natural stale." 
 
 The goveo or found some dilliculty in giving 
 them an aiisr -r, as ihey were not, in liis opinion, 
 a legal body ■ but the necessity of the times over- 
 ruled his scrMples. He leplied, by expressing his 
 iiidignition ;'l the su|/position, "that the lives, li- 
 berlies, or property of any people, except enemies, 
 could be in danger from English troo[>s." He re- 
 minded lliem. that, while they complained of al- 
 terations, made in iheir charter, by acts of parlia- 
 nieiii, Ihey were by their own acts subverting it 
 altogether. He, lheiefor(!, warned them of the 
 locks they were upon, and to desist from such il- 
 legal and iiiiconslitutional proceedings. The go- 
 vernor's admonitions were unavailing. The pro- 
 vincial congress appointed a commiitee, tu draw 
 up a plan, ior the inimediale defence of the pro- 
 vince. It was resolved to enlist a number of the 
 iiiliabitaiils, under Ihe name of minute men, who 
 were lo be under obligations to turn out at a mi- 
 nute's warning, .ledediali Pribble, Arlemas Ward, 
 mid Setli I'omeroy, were elected general otticeis 
 to command these minule men ami the militia, in 
 case they should be called out lo action. A com- 
 miitee of safety, and a committee of supplies weie 
 appointed. These consisted of dili'erent persons, 
 and weie intended for ditVeient purposes. The 
 first were invested with an authority to assemble 
 tlie militia, when tliey thought proper, and were 
 to recommend lo the committee of supplies the 
 pUKhase of such articles as the public exigencies 
 reiiniied. 'J'he last were limited to the small sum 
 of l.').(i-r/7. los. HIcrliiig, wliich was all the money 
 Hi (list voted, to oppose the power and riches of 
 (ileal liiilain. Undei this aullioritv, and with 
 these means, the committee of safety and of sup- 
 plies acting in concert, laid in a quantity of stores, 
 partly at Worcester, and partly at Concord. The 
 tame congress met again, and soon afterwards re- 
 Sdlvcd, III gel In reailiness twelve llionsand men, 
 111 act o'l any given emergency ; and that a fourth 
 pirtiifilie militia should be enlisted as minule 
 incn. mill receive pay. John Thomas and Wil 
 liini Heath were ajipoii. led general oificers. They 
 
 also sent persons to New Hampshire, llhodi^ Is- 
 land, and Coiinecticiil, lo inform (hem of the steps | 
 they had taken, anil to icipiesl iheli cii-opeialioir 
 in making up an army of twenty thousand men. I 
 Cummiltees from these several colonies, met a! 
 coinmitlee from the provincial congress of Mas- 
 sachuselts, and sellled iheir plans. The proper i 
 period lor commencing oppiisii ion li)(ieneral(iage's[ 
 troops, was delermined to be, wlienever they 
 marched out with their baggage, ammunition, and 
 artillery. The aid of the clergy was called in 
 upon this (iccasiun; and a circular letter was ad- 
 dressed lo each of the several minislers inlhe|)ro- 
 viiice, requ(\sting Iheir assistance, " in avoiding the 
 dieadful slavery with which Ihey were ihrealened." 
 As the winter approached, (ieneral (iage ordered 
 barracks for his troops lo be creeled -, but such 
 was the superior inlluence of tlie popular leaders, 
 that, on Iheir recommendaiion, the workmen de- 
 sisted from fulfilling the general's wishes, though 
 the money for their labour would have been paid 
 by the crown. 
 
 An application to New York was e(|ually unsuc- 
 cessful; and it was with dilliciilly that Ihe troops 
 could be furnished with winter lodgings. Similar 
 obstructions were thrown in Ihe way of getting 
 winter covering for the soldiery. The merchanls 
 of New Vork, on being applied lo, answered. " thai 
 Ihey would never supply any article for the bene- 
 tit of men who were sent as enemies lo Ihe coun- 
 try." 'J'he inhabitants of Massacliuselts encour- 
 aged the deserlion of ihe soldiers; and acled sys- 
 tematically in preventing their obtaining any oilier 
 supplies but necessary provisions. The farmeis 
 were discouraged from selling lliem straw, limber, 
 boards, and such like ;<rticles of convenience. 
 Straw, when purchased for their seivice, was fre- 
 (|ueiilly burnt. Vessels, wilh bricks intended for 
 their use, were sunk ; carls wilh wood were over- 
 turned ; and Ihe king's property was daily de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 A proclamalion had been issued by Ihe king, 
 prohibiting llic cxporlaiioii of military stores from 
 Hrilaiii, which reached America in the latter end 
 of Ihe year 1771. On receiving intelligence there- 
 of, in Hliode Island, the people seized upon, and 
 removed from Ihe public battery, about forty pieces 
 of cannon ; and ilie assembly passed resoliilions 
 (or obtaining arms and military stores by every 
 means, and also for lalsing and arming the inlia- 
 bitanls. About lliis lime, December l.'illi, acom- 
 pany of volunleeis, headed by John .Sullivan and 
 John Langdon, liesel his majesty's castle at I'orls- 
 moulh. They siornied the fori, and secured and 
 conlined the garrison, till ihey broke open ihe 
 powder house, and took the powder away. 'J'he 
 powder being secured, the gairi.sou was rclea.sed 
 from confineiiienl. 
 
 'J'hrougliout this whole season, civil govern- 
 ment, legislation, judicial proceedings, and com- 
 mercial regulations were, in Massachusetts, to all 
 appearance annihilaled. 'J'he provincial congress 
 exercised all the semblance of goveinment which 
 existed. Krom their coincidence wilh the prevail- 
 ing disposition of the people, their resolutions had 
 the weight and efiicacy of the laws. Under the 
 simple style of recommendaiion, Ihey organized 
 the militia, and made ordinances respecting public 
 monies, and such farther regulations as were ne- 
 cessary for preserving order, and for defending 
 themselves against the British troops. 
 
 In this crisis, it seemed to be the sense of the 
 inhabitants of Massachusetts to wait events. They 
 dreaded every evil that could flow from resistance, 
 less than the operation of Ihe late acts of parlia- 
 ment : but, at the same time, were averse to be 
 the aggressors, in bringing on a civil war. They 
 chose to submit to a suspension of regular gov- 
 ernment in preference to permilling the streams 
 of justice to flow in the channel pr(?scribed by the 
 late acts of parliament, or lo conducting them for- 
 cibly in the old one, saiicliomul by (heir charier. 
 From the extinction of the old, and the rejeclion 
 of the new constitution, all regular goTermneni 
 was, for several monlhs, abolished. Some liiiii- 
 I dred thousands of people were iu a state of nature, 
 
 without legislation, magistrates, or executive ofli- 
 cers. There was, neverthelesB, a siiiprising de- 
 gree of order. Men of the puicsl morals were 
 among the most active oppoaers of (ireai lirilaiii 
 While municipal laws ceased lu operale, ih" laws 
 of reason, morality, and religion, bound ihe people 
 to each oilier as a social band, and preserved as 
 great a degree of decorum as had at any lime pre- 
 vailed. Kven (hose who were opposed to the 
 proceedings of Ihe populace, when lliey were pru- 
 dent and modemte, for (he inus( pan enjoyed safe- 
 ty, both at himie and abroad. 
 
 Thimgh there were no civil, thiire was an abun- 
 dance of military olllcers. These were ( liosen 
 by Ihe people; but exercised more authority than 
 any who had been honoured with conmii.ssions 
 from the governor. The inhabitants In every place 
 devoted themselves to arms. Handling the mus- 
 ket, and training, were (he fashionable amusements 
 of the men; while, the women, by (heir presence, 
 encouraged them to proceed. The sound of drums 
 and fifes were to be heard in all directions. 'I'he 
 young and the idd were fired with a martial spirit. 
 On experiment, it was found, that to force on the 
 inhabitants a form of government lo which they 
 were totally averse, was not within (he fancied uin- 
 nipolence of parliament. 
 
 During these transactions in Massachusetts, ef- 
 fectual measures had been taken, by Ihe colonies, 
 fiir convening a coiilinenlal congress. Though 
 llieie was no one enlilled to lead in this business, 
 yel, in consequence of the general impulse on (he 
 public mind, iVom a sense of common danger, not 
 only the measure itself, but Ihe time and place of 
 meeting were, wilh surprising unanimity, agreed 
 upon. The colonies, though formerly agitated 
 wilh local prejudices, jealousies, and aversion.s, 
 were led lo assemble together in a general diei. and 
 to feel their weight and impoHance In a romnior. 
 union. Within lour monlhs from the day, on 
 whk'h the first intelligence of the Boston port bill 
 reached America, the deputies of eleven provinces 
 had convened in I'hilailelphia ; and in four days 
 more, by the arrival of delegates from North Ca- 
 rolina, there was a complete representation of 
 twelve colonies, containing three millions of peo- 
 ple, disseminated over two hundred and sixty tlioii- 
 saiid sipiare miles of territory. Some of the dele- 
 gales were appointed by the consliliilional assem- 
 blies. In other provinces where they were embar- 
 rassed by royal governors, the appoinlnienis were 
 made in voluntaiy meelings of Ihe people. Per- 
 haps there never was a body of delegates, iiior*! 
 faithful lo the interests of their conslilueiiis, ilian 
 the congress of 1771. 'J'he public voice, elevated 
 none to a seat in that august assembly, but such as, 
 in addilioii lo considerable abililies. possessed thai 
 ascendency over the minds of iheir fellow citizens, 
 which can neither be acquired by birth, nor pur- 
 chased by wealth. The insiriiclimis given to 
 these deputies weie various ; but, in general, they 
 contained strong professions of loyalty, and of con- 
 siiiulinnal dependence on the mother country.— 
 'J'he framers of them acknowledged Ihe pieroga- 
 live of Ihe crown, and disclaimed every wish of 
 separation from Ihe parent slate. On the other 
 hand, they were firm in declaring, that they were 
 enlilled to all the rights of British horn subjects, 
 and that the late acts respecting M;issachusettii 
 were unconstitutional and oppressive. 
 
 'J'liey particularly staled their grievances, and 
 for Ihe most part concurred, in authorizing their 
 deputies lo concert and agree lo such measures, 
 in behalf of their constituents, as, in their joint 
 opinion, would be most likely to obtain a redress 
 of American grievances, ascertain American rights, 
 on constitutional principles ; and establish union 
 and harmony between (ireal Britain and the colo- 
 nies. Of (he various ins(ruclions, on this occa 
 sion, those which were drawn up, by a convenlion 
 of delegates, from every county in the province ol 
 I'ennsylvania, and presented by them, in a body, 
 to the conslittitional assembly, were iheniosl pre- 
 ;cise and deleiminale. By ihese il appears, that 
 the I'ennsylvuniaiis were disposed lo Hubniit t.> iho 
 I acts nf navigation, as they then atood. and, also 
 
874 
 
 THS HISTORY OF 
 
 to arllle a ce 'tain iiniiual revenue on hU iniijeaty, 
 his lii.'iia, anil .•nivcrssuni, Dubjrct to llic cunlrol of 
 |iiirlinnieiit ; iiiiil tu sHlisl'y alliianiaKes, doiiclo tlic 
 K{i!>l India roni|)iUi,v, pioviiled tlieir )(rit'v:in('f!i 
 weve loilresaed, iiiul an uniicablo compact was »(•{- 
 llrl.wliicli, by eatablisiiinf; American rights, in lh« 
 m inner iil' a new inaiiiia cliaria, would have pre- 
 riuilril liiture disputes. 
 
 1)1 ihe wlinle niindier of depulies, which lormcil 
 the oinlinenlalconKiess, of 1771. one half were 
 lawvers, Uenllenien o( that proCensinn had ac- 
 i|uirod the conlidence of the inhabiiantsi by their 
 exertions in the common caune. The previous 
 nieasnrea, in the respective provinces, had been 
 planned and carried into elVect, more by lawyers 
 t'lan by any other .rder of men. Professionally 
 l.iiifilit the rights ol'the people, they were among 
 the loremosl, to descry attacks made on their liber- 
 ties. Krrd in the habits of public speaking, tliey 
 made a ilistingnished figure in the meetings ul'the 
 people, and were particularly able to explain to 
 ilieni the tendency ol' the late acts olparliament. — 
 Kxeriing their abilities and influence, in the cause 
 of their country, they were rewarded with its con- 
 fidence. 
 
 On the meeting of Congress, they chose Peyton 
 Randolph their president, and Charles Thomson 
 their secretary. They agreed, as one of the rules 
 of their doing business, that no entry should bo 
 made on their journals of any propositions discuss- 
 ed before them, to which they did not finally as- 
 sent.* 
 
 This august body, to which all the colonies 
 looked up for wisdom and direction, had scarcely 
 convened, when a dispute arose about the mode of 
 conducting business, which alarmed the friends of 
 union. It was contended by some, that the votes 
 of the small provinces should not count as much 
 as those of the larger ones. This was argued with 
 some warmth : and inviduous comparisons were 
 made between the extensive dominion of Virginia, 
 and the small colonies of Delaware and Rliode 
 Island. The impossibility of fixing the compa- 
 rative weight of each province, from the want of 
 proper materials, induced Congress to resolve, 
 that each should have one equal vote. The mode 
 of conducting business being settled, two commit- 
 tees were appointed : one, to stale the rights of 
 the colonies ; the sevenil instances in which these 
 rights had been violated ; and the means most 
 proper to be pursued for obtaining a restoration ol 
 them ; the other, to examine and report the seve- 
 ral statutes which affected the trade and manufac- 
 tures of the colonies. The first committee were 
 farther instructed, to confine themselves to the 
 consideration of such rights, as had been infringed 
 since the year 1763. 
 
 Congress, soon after their meeting, agieed upon 
 a declaration of their rights, by which it was, 
 among other things, declared, that the inhabitants 
 of the English colonies, in North Ameiica, by the 
 immutable laws of nature, the principles of the 
 English constitution, and the several charters or 
 
 * This rule was aclopli*d from policy. Thn firnincK,! 
 of two or three nf the (ielegates wbh doubted by soiiip 
 of their mure determined associates. It was uppre- 
 hendeil, that these would brini; forward some tempo- 
 risinf^ scheme of occommodation, in hopes ihnt it wouhl 
 operate in their favour, in case the country was con- 
 quered. The majoritv thouzht it more equal, that, in 
 every event, all snould stand or fall ta|;cilier, without 
 separate subterfuges. Joseph Gallaway brought for- 
 ward such* sehaiue, which was rejected, and, of^ course, 
 not entered on ihe journals ; but he obtained a certifi- 
 cate of his having; done mi. ADer he had joined the 
 British, in the low ebb of American affairs, which look 
 place early in December, 1776, he produced those do- 
 cuments, tD prove, that he hud always been a true and 
 loyal subject. The oudinea of Galloway's schernes 
 were a neutral coverniuent, to be initituled in America, 
 for rceruliiting all the common concerns of the colonies, 
 tnd to be administered by ft president-general, of royal 
 appointment, with executive powers, and a negative on 
 •11 proposed acts of leginlation ; together with ft coun- 
 ril, to be appointed by the provincial assemblies. The 
 Icffiiiliiiive Imdy to be ' incorporated with the British par- 
 liament, so fnr that the assent of bolli should be requi- 
 site to tlie validity of all general acta and statutea, which | 
 were iuteifded to operate over both countrici, ' 
 
 compacis, were entitled to life, liberty, and pro 
 pcrty ; and that they had never ceded, to any so- 
 vereign power wlialever, a right to dispose of 
 either, willioul their consent. That their ances- 
 tors, who first settled the colonies, were entitled 
 tu all the riglils, liberties, and immunities of free 
 and natural-born subjects, within the realm of 
 England, and by iheir migrating to America, they 
 by no means f'orfeiled, surrendered, or lost any of 
 those rights ; that the foundation of English liber- 
 ty, and of nil free government, was a right, in the 
 people, to participate in their legislative council; 
 and that as, the English colonists were not, and 
 could not be properly repiesented in the Itritisli 
 parliament, they were entitled to a free and ex- 
 clusive power of legislation, in their several pro- 
 vincial legislatures, in all cases of taxation and in- 
 ternal polity, subject only to the negative of their 
 sovereign. They then ran the line, between the 
 supreniacyof parliament, and the independency of 
 the colonial legislatures, by provisos and restric- 
 tions, expressed in the following words : " Hut, 
 from the necessity of the case, and a regard to the 
 mutual interests of both countries, we cheerfnlly 
 consent to the operation of such acts of the British 
 parliament, as are, bona fide, restrained to the re- 
 gulation of our external coiuineice, for the pur- 
 pose of securing the commercial advantages of 
 the whole empire to the mother country, exclud- 
 ing every idea of taxation, inlernal and external, 
 fiir raising a revenue on the subjects in America 
 without Iheir consent." 
 
 This was the very hinge of the controversy.— 
 The absolute, unlimited supremacy of Ihe Itritisli 
 parliament, both in legislation and taxation, was 
 contended for on one side; while, on llic other, no 
 farther authority was conceded, than such a limit- 
 ed legislaliou, with regard to external commerce, 
 as would combine the interests of the whole em- 
 pire. In government, as well as in religion, there 
 are mysteries, from the close investigation of which 
 little advantage can be expected. From the unity 
 of the empire, it was necessary that some acts 
 should extend over the whole. From Ihe local 
 situation of the colonies, it was equally reasonable 
 that their legislatures should, at least in some mat- 
 ters, be independent. Where the supremacy of 
 the first ended, and the independency of the last 
 began, was to the best informed a puzzling ques- 
 tion. A different state of tilings would exist at 
 this day, had the discussion of this doubtful point 
 never been attempted. 
 
 Congress also resolved, that the colonists were 
 entitled to the common law of England, and more 
 especially to the privilege of being tried by their 
 peers of the vicinage ; that they were entitled to 
 the benefit of such of the English stalutes as ex- 
 isted at the time of their colonization, and which 
 they had found to be applicable to their local cir 
 cumstances, and also to the immiinilies and privi- 
 leges, gntnled and confirmed to them by royal 
 chartei-s, or secured by provincial laws ; that they 
 had a right peaceably to assemble, consider of their 
 grievances, and petition the king; that the keeping 
 a standing army in ihecolonies,without the consent 
 of the legislature of the colony where the army was 
 kepi, was against law ; that it was indispensably ne 
 cessary to good government, and rendered essen- 
 tial,by iheEnglisli constitution,thatthe constituent 
 branches of tlie legislature be independent of each 
 other ; and that, therefore, the exercise of legisla- 
 tive power, in several colonies, by a council, ap- 
 pointed during pleasure by the crown, was uncon- 
 stitutional, dangerous, and destructive to Ihe free- 
 dom of American legislation. All of these liber- 
 ties Congress, in behalf of themselves and their 
 constituents, claimed, demanded, and insisted tip- 
 on, as their indubitable rights, which could not be 
 legally taken from them, altered, or abridged, by 
 any power whatevei, without their consent. 
 
 Congress then resolved, that sundry acts which 
 had been passeil in Ihe reign of George the Third, 
 were infringements and violations of the rights of 
 Ihe colonists; and that the repeal of them was es- 
 sentially necessary, in order to leslore harmony 
 between Great Britain and the colonie*. The 
 
 acts complained of, were as follow : the seven 
 acts of 1 (jeorge Ml. ch. 1,5. and ch. 3ii — !i (leo. 
 lll.c'- 2'>— tideo. III.fli..')2~7(ieo. IlI.eh. il, 
 and cli. •»(» — 8 (ieo. III. ch.'.j2. which imposed dn- 
 lies for the purpose of raising a revenue in Aiiie- 
 rica, extended the power of the admiralty roiirls, 
 beyond Iheir ancient limits, ileprivcd llic Aiiii'iicMi 
 sui)jecls of trial by jury, and authorized llie jmlijc's 
 certificate lo ideninify the prosecniur Irinii ilaiii- 
 ages, that he might, otherwise, be liable lo; re- 
 (|uiring oppressive security from a claimant of >liips 
 and goods seized, before he was allowed lo ilel'end 
 his property. 
 
 Also, I'J (jeo. III. ch. 21 entitled, " An act for 
 the better securing his majesty's dock-yards, ma- 
 gazines, ships, animunition, and stores,"' which de- 
 clares a new olVence in America, and deprives the 
 American subjects of a consiiiuiioiial trial by jury 
 of the vicinage, by authorizing the Inal of any 
 peison, charged with comniilling any oll'eiice, de- 
 scribed in Ihe said act, out of the realm, lo be in- 
 dicleij and tried for the same, in any shire or conn 
 ty within the leahn. 
 
 Also, Ihe three act.< passed in the l.ist session of 
 parliament, for stopping the port and blocking up 
 the harbour of Boston; for alle>-'ng the charter 
 and government of !Massac>;..i.rlls Bay ; anil that 
 which is entitled, " An act for the belter adminis- 
 tration of justice," iVc. 
 
 Also, the act passed in the same session, liir 
 establishing ihe Roman Catholic religion, in the 
 province oi Quebec, abolishing the equitable sys- 
 tem of English laws, and erecting a tyranny there, 
 to the great danger, from so total a dissimilarity 
 of religion, law, and government of the neighbour- 
 ing British colonies, by the assislanci of whose 
 blood and treasure Ihe said country hal been con- 
 quered from France. 
 
 Also the act passed in the same sessin.i, for the 
 better providing suitable quarters for offii r-rs ami 
 soldiers, in his majesty's service, in North .'.iih: 
 rica. 
 
 Also, that the keeping a standing army in se- 
 veral of these colonies, in time of peace.'williout 
 the consent of the legislature of the colony, in 
 which such army was kept, was against law. 
 
 Concress declared, that they could not siitimil 
 to these grievous acts and nieasures. In hopei 
 that their fellow-subjects in Great Britain woiilil 
 restore the colonies to that state, in which Inilli 
 countries found happiness and prosperity, lliev re- 
 solved, for the present, only to pursue tile follow- 
 ing peaceable measures : 
 
 1. To enter into a non-importalion. non-con- 
 .sumption, and non-exp(>rlalion agreement or asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 2. To prepare an address to the people of (?ieai 
 Britain, and a memoiial to the inhabitants of Bri- 
 tish America. 
 
 3. To prepare !i loyal address to his majesty. 
 By the association they bound themselves and 
 
 their constituents, "from and after the Isi day of 
 Oecembet next, not to import into Brilish Ameri 
 ca, from Great Britain or Ireland, any goods, 
 wares, or merchandise, whatsoever; not to pur- 
 chase any slave, imported after the said 1st day 
 of December; not to purchase or use anv tea. iin- 
 poiled on account of the East India coiiipany, or 
 any on which a duty hath been or shall be paid ; 
 and, from and after the 1st day of the next ensu- 
 ing March, neither to purchase or use any East 
 India tea whatever ; that Ihey would nol, alter 
 the lOth day of the next September if their griev- 
 ances were not previously redressed, export anv 
 commodity whatsoever, to Great Britain. Irelanii, 
 or the West Indies, except rice to Euro|)e ; that 
 the merchants should, as soon as possible, write 
 to their correspondents in Great Britain and Ire 
 land, not to ship any goods lo Ihem on any pretence 
 whatever ; that, if any merchant there should ship 
 any goods for America, in order lo contravene the 
 non-importation agreement, they would not after- 
 wards have any commercial connexion with such 
 merchant ; that such as were owners of vessels, 
 should give positive orders to their captains am,' 
 masters, not to receive, on board their vessels, any 
 
 i 
 
 
 esasm 
 
NORTH ViMKUICA. 
 
 87S 
 
 gooils priiliiliilfd Ity iheH^iid ii(in-ini|iiiiiiil'iiiiiuuri'('- 
 iiiPiil ; lliiit (lii-y iviiiild UH« tlicii eiiilcaviiiiis hi 
 ini|iiuve llit^ lii'ceil ol slii'rp, and jiuicaw llirir 
 iiujulicr (II tliu jiicntest exieiil ; ihat llicy uiiiild 
 ('ii(M.iir»);e I'lui^ulily, ecoiioiiiy and imlnsiry, and 
 |ir«inijtu »;;ncullurv, arts anil Anu'riian nianiirau- 
 (iiii's ; lliat tlicy would disi'iiiinlcnaiicu and iljs- 
 ruuraue every ipecicM til extravagance and ilissi- 
 |iatliin ; tliat, iiii the death nl' relatiiini or Irlendii, 
 thi'V would wear nu other inouriiing than a mnall 
 |iiei'e ol'blaek cra|>c or rilibon; that such, us were 
 venders of ({oods, should not take any advantage 
 (lithe svurclty, mo as to raise their prices; that, 
 ilany person should import goods alter the Ist 
 day of Decenibcr, and beliire the 1st day of Feb- 
 ruary, then next ensuing, the same ought w be 
 iininedialely re-shipped, or delivered up to a coni- 
 niiltee to be stored or sold; and that, in the last 
 case, all the clear profits should be applied to- 
 wards thereliel of the iidiabilanis of Boston ; that, 
 if any goods should be imported after the 1st day 
 of February, the next ensuing, they should be 
 sent back without breaking any of the packages; 
 that ronimittees should be chosen in every coun- 
 ty, city, and town, to observe the conduct of all 
 persons touching the association, and to publish, 
 in ga/.ctles, the names of the violaicrs of it, as 
 flics III the rights of Urilish \merica: that the 
 ciiinmltlees of correspondence, in the respective 
 ciiliinies, frequently inspect the entries nf their 
 custom-houses, and inform each other, from time 
 to time, of the true state thereof; that all Ameri- 
 can manufactures should be sold at reasonable 
 piiccs, and no advantages to be taken of a future 
 scarcity of goods ; and lastly, that they would 
 have no dealings or intercourse whatever, with 
 any province or colony of North America, which 
 sliiiuld nut accede to, or should violate the afore- 
 said associations." 
 
 These several resolutions they bound themselves 
 and their constituents, by the sacred ties of virtue, 
 liiinour, and love of their country, to observe till 
 their grievances were redressed. 
 
 In their address to the people of (ireat nritain, 
 tlicy complimented them for having, at every 
 hazard maintained their independence, and trans- 
 milled the rights of man, and the blessings of lili- 
 orty to their posterity, and requested them not lo be 
 surprised, that lliey, who were descendants from 
 I lie same common ancesiors, should refuse lo sur- 
 rt'odcr their righis, liberties, and cnnstilutiiin. 
 Tliey proceeded to stale their rights and their 
 grievances, and to vindicate themselves from the 
 charges of being seditious, impatient of goretn- 
 menl, and desirous of independency. They sum- 
 ini'il up their wishes in the following words : 
 " I'lace ns in the same situation in which we were, 
 ai the close of the last war, and our former har- 
 iiKiny will be restored.'" 
 
 Ill the memorial of Congress to the inhabitants 
 of the British colonies, they recapitulated the 
 proceedings of Great Britain against them, 
 since the year 17G3, in order to impress llieiii 
 with a belief that a deliberate system was formed 
 for abridging their liberties. They then proceed- 
 ed to slate the measures they had adopted, to 
 counieract this system, and gave the reasons 
 which induced them to adopt the same. They 
 encouraged them to submit to the inconveniences 
 of nonimportation and non-exportation, by desir- 
 ing them, '■ to weigh, in the opposite balance, the 
 endless miseries, they and their descendants must 
 enilme, from an established arbitrary power."— 
 They concluded with informing them, " that the 
 schemes agitated against the colonies, had been 
 so conducted as to render it prudent to extend 
 their views to mournful events, and to be, in all 
 respects, prepared for every contingency." 
 
 In the petition of Congress to the king, they 
 begged leave to lay their grievances before the 
 throne. After a particular enumeration of these, 
 they observed, that they wholly arose from a de- 
 structive system of colony administratiiin, adopt- 
 ed since the conclusion of the last war. They 
 assured bis majesty, that they had made such 
 proviaiuu fur defraying the charges of the admin- 
 
 islralion of justice, and the lupport of civil gov- the rolnnics lo choose depnlies as soon at possi 
 eniiiirni, as had hern Jinlgnd just and suitable In lile, lo he ready lo :illenil al that lime and iilace, 
 llnir ies|ic(;live circniiislauces ; and llial, fur llie slioiild rvenis make iliiir mei'iing neccs.i.uy." 
 defence, piolectiiin, and security of the colonies,' On the pnhlicalion of llie proceedings uiCiin- 
 their miliiia would be fully NiiDirienl in time oflgress, the people oblained that inlorniiilion which 
 peace; and, in case nf war, they ncru ready and Uhey desired. Zealous lo do soineiliing lor their 
 
 willing, when conslilulionally required, to exert 
 their most slrenuoiis elforls in grunting supplies, 
 and raising forces. They said, " we ask but for 
 peace, liberty and safely. Wu wish not a diminu- 
 tion of the prerogative ; nor do we solicit the 
 grant of any new right in our favour. Voiir royal 
 aulhority over us, and our connexion with (ireal 
 Britain, we shall always carefully and y.ealously 
 endeavour to support and maintain." 'J'liey then 
 solicited for a redress of iheir giiwanccs, wIiilIi 
 they had enumerated ; and, appealing lo that Be- 
 ing, who searches thoroughly the hearts of bis 
 creatures, they soleinnly piolessed, " that their 
 councils had been iniluencedliy no oihor motives, 
 than a dread of imponding destruction." They 
 concluded with imploring his majesty, " for llic 
 honour of Alniighly (iod, for his own glory, for 
 the interests of his family, and for the safety of 
 his kingdom and dominions, that as the loving 
 lather of his whole people, connecled by the same 
 bonds of law, loyalty, failh, and liloiiil, thiiugh 
 dwelling in various countries, he would not siilfer 
 the transcendent relation, formed by these ties, to 
 be farther violated, by uncertain expeclalioii of 
 ellects, that, if attained, never could compensale 
 for the calamities, through which they must be 
 gained." 
 
 The congress also addressed the French inliabi- 
 lanls of Canada ; to whom they staled the right 
 they had on becoming Knglish subjects, to the 
 benefits of the Knglish constitution. They ex- 
 plained what these rights were ; and pointed out 
 the dilference between the conslitulion imposed 
 on them by act of paillainent, and that to which, 
 as British subjects, they were entitled. They in- 
 troduced their countryman Montesquieu, as repro- 
 bating their parliamentary consliliiiiiin, and ex- 
 horting them to join their fellow colonists, in sup- 
 pott of their cominon righis, They earnestly in- 
 vited them to join, with the other colonies, in one 
 social compact, formed on the generous principles 
 of equal liberty, and to this end recomiiiended, that 
 ihey would choose delegates to represent them in 
 Congress. 
 
 All these addresses were written with uncom- 
 mon ability. Coming from the heart, they were 
 calculated to move it. Inspired by a love o*' liber- 
 ty, and roused by a sense of common danger, the 
 patriots nf that day spoke, wiole and acted, with 
 an animaliun unknown in times of public tran- 
 quility : but it was not so much, on the probable 
 ell'ect of these addresses, that Congress founded 
 their hopes of obtaining a ledress of their griev- 
 ances, as on the consequences which Ihey expec- 
 ted from the operation of their non-importation, 
 and non-exportation agreement. The success 
 that had followed the adoption of measures, simi- 
 lar to the former, in two preceding instances, had 
 encouraged the colonists to expect much from a 
 repetition of it. They indulged in extravagant 
 opinions of the importance of their trade lo (Jreat 
 Britain The measure of the nonexporlation of 
 their commodities was a new expedient ; and, from 
 that, even more was expected, than from the non 
 importation agreement. They supposed, that it 
 would produce such extensive distress among the 
 merchants and manufacturers of tiieat Britain, 
 and, especially among the inhabitants of the Bri- 
 tish West India Islands, as would induce their 
 general co-operation, in procuring a redress of 
 American grievances. Kvents proved that young 
 nations, like young people, are prone to overate 
 their own importance. 
 
 Congress having finished all this important bu- 
 siness, in less than eight weeks, dissolved them- 
 selves, on the 20lh of October, after giving their 
 opinion, "that aniilher congress should be held on 
 the 10th of .May, next ensuing, at I'hiladelphia, 
 unless the redress of their grievances should be 
 previously obtained," and recommeudiDg, " to aU 
 
 country, they patieiilly wailed for the decision oi 
 that body, lo whose direction they had lesigned 
 Ihemselves. Their delerininalions \;ere no siioni'r 
 known, than cheerfully obeyed. Thiiiigli Ihi-ir 
 power was only advisory, yet their recoiiinienil.i- 
 lions were more generally and more cHicliially 
 carried into execution, than the laws of the best 
 regulated stales. Kvery individual fell his liber 
 ties endangered, and was impressed with an idea, 
 that his >:ifely consisted ill iiiiiiiii. \ coiniiinn in- 
 terest in warding oil' a coinmim danger, proved a 
 poweiful incentive to the most implicit subniission, 
 rruvinciji congresses and subordinate coinmiilees 
 wer« every where instituted. Thu resolutions ol 
 the continental congress were sanctioned with the 
 universal approbation of these new representative 
 bodies ; and iiisliliitions were formed under their 
 directions lo curry them into ell'ect. 
 
 The ri'guhirconslilulional assemblies, also, gave 
 their assent lo the measures recommeniled. Thu 
 asHembly of New Vork was the only legislature, 
 which withheld its approbation. Their metropo- 
 lis had long been head qnailers of the British ar 
 my in the coloiiies; and many of llieir best fami- 
 lies were ciiniicclcd with the people of inlliience in 
 (■real Britain. The unequal distrilinliiin of their 
 land fosteicdan arislocratic spirit. From the ope- 
 ration of lIu'SB and other causes, the parly fur roy- 
 al government was both more numerous and re- 
 spectable in New Vork, than in the oilier colo- 
 nies. 
 
 The iissenilily of Pennsylvania, though com- 
 posed of a majority of (Quakers, or of those win 
 were fri.'ndly to their inleresi, was the lirst leg.i 
 body of representatives, that ralilied iiiianiniiinsly, 
 the ads of the general congress. They iiiil only 
 voted tlieii approbalion of what llial iioily hiid 
 done, but appointed ineinbers to lepieseni iheni 
 in the iic'v congress, proposed lo be held on llio 
 lOlli day of May next ensuing; and took sundry 
 steps to put the province in a posiiiie of defriic". 
 
 To lelieve the distresses of the people of Bos- 
 ton, liberal collections were made, lliroughuul llie 
 colonics, and forwarded for the supply of their 
 immedialc necessities. Doineslic inaiiiHacliiies 
 were encouraged, that the wants of the iiihaliiianis, 
 from the non-importation agrermeni, miglil lie di- 
 minished ; and llie greatest zeal was discovered by 
 a large majority of the people, to com|ily wiili llie 
 delerminalion of these new made lepieseiilalivc 
 bodies. In this manner, while the forms oil he old go- 
 vernment subsisted, a new and indepeiideiil -luiiiori- 
 ty was virtually established. It was so iiniveisally 
 the sense of the people, that the piililic gniiil re- 
 quired a compliance with the reconiinendalionsof 
 Congress, that any man who discovered an anxiety 
 about the continuance of trade and business, was 
 considered as a selfish inilividiial; prel'erriiii; pri- 
 vate interesi to the good of his couiiliy. Under 
 the influence of these principles, ilie inleinperale 
 zeal nf the populace transported them, lieqiiently, 
 so far beyond the limits of moderation, as lo ap- 
 ply singular punishmenls to particular persons, 
 who contravened the general sense of the ciiin- 
 muniiy. 
 
 One of these was forcibly snbjecling llie obnox- 
 ious persons to a stream of cold water, discharged 
 on them from a spout of a pump. Aiiolher an. 
 more serious one was, after smearing their bodies 
 with tar, to roll them in feathers, and uv)>o.se 
 them, thus covered with tar and fe ilhers, lo the 
 ridicule of spectators. A mine comiiion mod» 
 was to treat them with conlcmpi and scorn, aris- 
 ing ill particular cases, to such a lieiuh;, as to 
 abstain from all social intercourse with them 
 Fri.'quently iheir names were stuck up in public 
 places, with the appellation of lories, tiaitors, 
 cowards, enemies to theeounlry. iVc. 
 
 The British ministry were not less disappointed 
 tb^n mortified, at this unexpected combiuatiou of 
 
876 
 
 TIIK HISTORY OF 
 
 the culoniei. Tlinji hud flatli-ri'd tlicnisrlvcsi 
 wilbu belief, thiit the iiialconleiilH in KohIoii were 
 n aniiill (iiirly, heiiiied by n iVw t'actiiiuH iiiimi, :ind 
 tU»t ilie niiijiirily of ilie iiihiiblt.inls woiihl nrrRiiKe 
 (heiiHelvet) oi) ilie sidr of Kovvniiiu'iit, u» sonn n» 
 thoy foiiiiil (ireut Britain determined to support 
 her Hiiihurily; und, should even Miissachusetts 
 tiike pHrt with its oH'endinK cnpilnl, they could not 
 believe iliut the other colonies would make ucom- 
 Duin cDuiie, in supportin){ so inicni|)erate u colony : 
 but should even that expectation fail, Ihey con- 
 ceived that their nssociatinn must be founded on 
 principles so adverse to the interests and feelings 
 of individuals, that it could not beof long duration. 
 They were encoumged in these ill-founded opi- 
 nions, by the recollection, that the colonies were 
 frequently quarrelling about boundaries, clashing 
 In interests, dilTering in policy, manners, customs, 
 forms of government, and religion, and under the 
 intluence of a variety of local prejudices, jealou- 
 sies, and aversions. They also remembered the 
 obstacles, which prevented the colonies from act- 
 nig together, in the execution of schemes, planned 
 for their own defence, in the late war against the 
 French and Indians. The failure of the expected 
 co-operation of the colonies, in one uniform sys- 
 tem, at that lime, was not only urged by the Bri- 
 tish ministry, as a reason for parliamentary control 
 over the whole, but flattered them with a delusive 
 hope, that ihey never could be brought to combine 
 their counsels and their arms. Perhaps the colo- 
 nists apprehended more danger fioin British en- 
 croachments, on their liberties, than from French 
 encroachment, on Indian territories, in their neigh- 
 bourhood : or more probably, the time to part be- 
 ing come, the Governor of the Universe, by a se- 
 cret influence on their minds, disposed them lo 
 union. From whatever cause it proceeded, it is 
 certain, that a dis|Hisition to do, lo suffer, and to 
 accommodate, spread from breast to breast, and 
 from colony to colony, beyond the reach of human 
 calculation. It seemed as though one mind in- 
 spired the whole. The merchants put far behinil 
 them the gains of trade, and cheerfully submitted 
 to a total stoppage of business, in obedience to the 
 recommendations of men, invested with no legis- 
 lative powers. The cultivators of the soil, with 
 great unanimity, assented to the determination. 
 that the hard-earned produce oi ilieir farms should 
 remain unshipped, although, in case of a free ex- 
 portation, many would have been eager to have 
 purchased it from them, at advanced prices. The 
 sons and daughters of ease renounced imported 
 conveniences; and voluntarily engaged to eat, 
 drink, ind wear, only such articles as their coun- 
 try aftorded. These sacrifices were made, not 
 from the pressure of present distress, but on the 
 generous principle of sympathy with an invaded 
 sister colony, and the pnident |)olicy of guarding 
 against a precedent which might, on a future day, 
 operate against their liberties. 
 
 This season of universal distress exhibited a 
 ■triking proof, how practicable it is for mankind 
 to sacrifice ease, pleasure, and interest, when the 
 mind is strongly excited by its passions. In the 
 midst of their sullerings, cheerfulness appeared in 
 the face of all the people. They counted every 
 thing cheap in comparison with liberty, and rea- 
 dily gave up whatever tended to endanger it. A 
 noble strain of generosity and mutual support was 
 generally excited. \. great and powerful diffusion 
 of public spirit took place. The animation of the 
 times raised the actors in these scenes above 
 themselves, and excited them to deeds of self-de- 
 nial, which the interested prudence of calmer sea- 
 ions can scarcely credit. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Ttvnsactiont in Great Britain in consequence of the pro- 
 ceedini^B of Congress, in 1774. 
 
 SoMK time before the proceedings of Congress 
 reached England, it was justly apprehended, that 
 i Doa-importation agreement would be one of the 
 
 iiKMHuri'M Ihey would adopt. The ministry, ap- 
 pri'hciiilingthat this event, by distressing the tmd- 
 iiig anil inanufaciuring towns, might influence 
 votes uKaiiisl the court, in the election of a new 
 parliament, which was of course to come on in the 
 succeeding year, suddenly dissolved the parlia- 
 ■nent, and immediately ordered a new one to be 
 chosen. It was their design to have the whole 
 business of elections ovei, before the inconveni- 
 ences of a non-im|iortalion agreement could be 
 fell. The nation was thus surpiised into an elec- 
 tion, without knowing that the late American acts 
 had driven the colonies into a firm combination, to 
 support, and make a common cause with, the peo- 
 ple of Massachusetts. A new parliament was re- 
 turned ; which met in thirty-four days after the 
 proceedings of Congress were first published in 
 Philadelphia, and beUire they were known in Great 
 Britain. This, for the most part, consisted, either 
 of the former members, or of those who held simi- 
 lar sentiments. 
 
 On the 30lh of November, the king, in his 
 speech to his new parliament, informed them, 
 " that a most daring spirit of resistance and diso- 
 bedience to the laws, unhappily prevailed in the 
 province of Massachusetts, and had broken forth 
 in fresh violences of a very criminal nature ; that 
 these proceedings had been courtenanced and en 
 couraged in his other colonies; '.hat unwarrantable 
 attemplshad been made lo obstruct the commerce 
 of his kingdotr), by unlawful combinations ; and 
 that he had taken such nieasires, and given such 
 orilers, as hejudged most proper and efl'eclual, for 
 carrying into execution the laws, which were pass- 
 ed in the last session of the late parliauient, rela- 
 tive to the province of Massachusetts." 
 
 An address, proposed in the house of commnns, 
 in answer lo this speech, |)roducpd a uarni de- 
 bate. The minister was reminded of the great 
 elfects, he had predicted from the late American 
 acts : " They were to humble that whole conti- 
 nent, without farther trouble ; and the punishment 
 of Boston was to strike so universal a panic in all 
 the colonies, that it would be loftily abandoned, 
 and, instead of obtaining relief, a tiread of the 
 same fate would awe the other provinces, to a 
 most respectful submission." An addiess, re-echo- 
 ing the royal speech was, nevertheless, carried by 
 a great majority. A similar address was carried, 
 after a spirited debate, in the upper house: but 
 the lotds Richinond, Portland, Rockingham, Stam- 
 ford, Stanhope, Torriiigton, Ponsonby, Wycombe, 
 and Camden entered a protest against it, which 
 concluded wilh these remarkable words: " What- 
 ever may be the mischievous designs, or the incon- 
 siderate temerity which lead others to this despe- 
 rate course, we wish to be known as persons, who 
 have disapproved of measuies so injurious in their 
 past eflects, and future tendency, and who are not 
 in haste, without inquiry or information, to com- 
 mit ourselves iu declaratio.n.i, which may precipi- 
 tate our country into all the calamities of a civil 
 war." 
 
 Soon after the meeting of the new parliament, 
 the proceedings of the congress reached Great 
 Britain. The first impression, made by them, was 
 in favour of America. Administration seemed lo 
 be staggered ; and theiropposers triumphed, in the 
 eventual truth of their prediction, that an univer- 
 sal confederacy, to resist great Britain, would be 
 the consequence of the late American acts. The 
 secretary of state, afier a day's perusal, during 
 which a council was held, said that the petition of 
 Congress, to the king, was a decent and proper one. 
 He also cheerfully undcitook to present it ; and 
 afterwards reported, that his majesty was pleased 
 very graciously to receive it ; and lo promise to lay 
 it before his two houses of parliament. Fruui 
 these favourable circumstances, the sanguine 
 friends of America concluded, thai it was intend- 
 ed to make the petition a foundation of a change 
 of measures ; bnl these hopes wsre of short dura- 
 tion. 
 
 The partizans of administration placed so much 
 confidence in the eflicacy of the measures, they 
 had litely taken, to bring th« Americans to obe- 
 
 dience, that they regarded the boldest resoliiliom 
 of Congress, as the iille clamours of an unruly 
 mullilude, which prii|ii'r I'xi'riions iiii ilie ^iiirl of 
 Great llhlain would Hpi'i'dlly slieiire, ,'<(, much 
 hail been asserted and coiilriidii'li-il hy tmih parlies, 
 that the bulk of the people could I'nriii no cerlain 
 opinion on the subject. 
 
 The parliament adjourned for the Clirislinas 
 holidays, without coining tiiany derisiniinii Ame- 
 rican atfaiis. As soon as they met, in Jaiuiiiiy, 
 177,5, a number of papers, cnnlaining iiifiirniuiinn, 
 were laid before them. These were mostly Id- 
 lers from governors, and other servants of his 
 majesty, which detailed the opposition of the co- 
 lonists, in language calculated to give a bad im- 
 pression of their past conduct, and an alarming 
 one of their future intentions. 
 
 It was a circumstance unfavourable to the lov 
 ers of peace, that the rulers of Great Britain re 
 cieved almost the whole of their American iiiii'l- 
 ligence from those, who had an interest in deceiv- 
 ing them. Governors, judges, revenue ofliieis, 
 and other royal servants, being both appointed and 
 paid by (treat Britain, fancied that y.eal, for iIih 
 interest of that country, would be the most likelv 
 way to insuie their farther proiniilinn. Tliev 
 were therefore, in their official despalrlies to i;ii'- 
 Ternment, often tempted to abuse the riilnnisis, 
 with a *iew of magnifying their own walclil'iiliit'ss. 
 and leciimmeiiding themselves to Gieat Itrilain. 
 The plain, simple language of truth was iiol iic- 
 ceptable lo courtly ears. Ministers receiveil :iiiil 
 caressed those and those only, whose repieseiila- 
 lioiis coincided wilh their own views anil wishes. 
 Tlicy, nhoeonleniledtlial, by the spirit iifllie Kii^- 
 lisli cnnstilution, British subjects, resiiliiii; on one 
 side of the Ailaiitic, were entitled lo eipial privi- 
 leges, with those who resided on the other, »imi> 
 unnoticed ; while the ahbettiirs of ministerial iiiim- 
 sures were heard with atteiilion. 
 
 In this hour of national infatuation, lord Chat- 
 ham, after a long retirement, resumed his simi in 
 the house of lorils, and exerted his iiniivalii'd elo- 
 quence, in sundry attempts to dissuade hisciiuiiuv- 
 inen from attempting lo subdue the Americans hy 
 foice of arms. The native dignily of his su|ii'riiii 
 genius and the recollection of his imporlant ser- 
 vices entitled liim to distinguished notice. His 
 language, voice, and gesture, were calciilaieil ti> 
 force conviction on his hearers. Thouiih venera- 
 ble for his age he spoke wilh the fire of voiiih. He 
 introduced himself wilh some general observaliiins 
 oil the importance of the American i|uarrel. He 
 enlarged on the dangeioiis events that were roni- 
 ing on the nation, in consequence of the piesmt 
 dispute. He arraigned the conduct of miiiisiers. 
 with great severity ; repiobated their whole sys- 
 tem of American politics ; and moved that an hum- 
 ble address be pie.sented to his majesty, most 
 humbly to advise and beseech him. to despatch 
 orders to General Gage, to remove his majesty's 
 forces from the town of Boston. His lordship 
 supported this motion in a pathetic animated 
 speech ; but it was rejected by a great majority. 
 From this and other circumstances, it soon be- 
 came evident, thai the Americans could expect no 
 more favour from the new parliament, than iliey 
 had experienced from the late one. A majority 
 in both houses were against them, and resolved lo 
 compel ihem lo obedience : but a respectable mi- 
 nority in their favoui was strongly seconded liy 
 petitions, from the merchants and manufacturers, 
 throughout the kingdom, and particularly from 
 those of London and Bristol, As these were 
 well apprised of Ilie consequences, that must fol- 
 low from the prosecution of coercive measures, 
 and deeply interested in the event, they made un- 
 common exertions lo prevent their adoption. They 
 pointed out the various evils, that would result 
 from them, and warned their countrymen of the 
 danger lo which their commercial interests were 
 exposed. 
 
 When the petition from the merchants of Lon- 
 don was read in the house of conuiioiis. it was 
 moved lo refer it lo the committee appointed lo 
 take into consideration the American papers ; but 
 
NOKTH AM BRfCA. 
 
 Ml rcMiiliiiioiii' 
 III 'III iiiiriily 
 
 I 'III' (i.irl iif 
 '■ f^o i:iiii-/i 
 
 '"'III |iiirli(i"i, 
 
 II 111) cfiliiin 
 
 IP <'liriitimns 
 
 niiiinm AiiiH- 
 
 ili ••■iniiiiry, 
 
 iiili>i'iiiiiii<iii, 
 
 lllOKtl^' ||.|. 
 
 •Viinla of' hM 
 
 I'n of tlin CO- 
 
 ve a bill) ini- 
 
 nil iiliiiming 
 
 I of Lori- 
 i< it \va.4 
 limej to 
 ers; but 
 
 it wn!i nidvpil by wiiy of iiinenUimmt, on (li« inin- 
 iiierlal Mr, t)i»l it Hliniild bt> rrfcirnl lo a Hf|)nriili< 
 coiiiinnri , III iiircl iin lliv27lli, tbr diiy •iiirri'i'd- 
 iim ilint '.i|i|iiiiiMi'il fur till! ('oiiKidcrilioii iif Ami'- 
 riu'iii |>ii|ii'ix. 'I'liis, lliiiiiith :i diMliiiiioiiralilr cva- 
 siiiii, »';iM I'liiiird by a iiiajurily of iiiorv lliaii two 
 
 lo 1)111'. 
 
 A Hiiiiiliii faK* atli'iided llic pi-lilioii!) frn.ii Drix- 
 lol, (iliis«ow, Niirwiib, Livcriiool, Maiiclii'sn-r, 
 nil iniimliaiii, \Vi)iiI('<mIiuiii|)I()Ii, Dudley, anil Nome 
 oilier [ilaeeH. 'I'liese, on their being presenled, 
 were in like manner coniiiKncd to, what the op- 
 IxMilion huiiioutously lermeil the coinniitlcu of 
 nblivioii. 
 
 About the xaiiie time, n petition wns otfered Iroiii 
 Mr. liiillan. Or. Franklin, .mil Mr. Lee, mntinK 
 that lliey were authorized by Oonttreas lo preoent 
 llii'ir petilion to the kin)!, which hisi niajesly had 
 referred to that house i that tliey were enabled lo 
 Ihriitv titeat litihl un the unbject ; and praying lo 
 be heard at the bar in »iippor: of the aaiil petilion. 
 'I'lie frienilH ol the ministry alleged, that aa (,'nn< 
 (iresN uas not a le^'al body, nothing could be re- 
 ceived from them. It was in vain replied, that 
 l!ie riiiiures)!, hiiwever illegal ua to other pur|)o- 
 ses, was suffieiently legal for presenting a petition; 
 thai, as it was siuned by the individnai members 
 of (.'oiigress, it might be received as a petition 
 from individuals ; that the signers were persons 
 of great inllueiice in America ; and that it was 
 till' right of all subjects to have their petitions 
 heard. 
 
 Ill the coiirse of the debate on lord Chatham's 
 iiiDlion, for adihessiiig his majesty lo withdraw 
 his troops from Hoslon, it had been observed, by 
 fiiiiiii' liii'ds in administration, that it was common 
 and easy to censure their measures; but those 
 wlm iliii so proposed nothing belter. Lord Chal- 
 liam ansnered, that he should not be one of those 
 jille (ensnieis; llial he liad thought long and 
 iliisi'lv upiin the subject: ami purposed soon lo 
 lav hil'cire their lordships the result of his niedita- 
 lii'iiis, ill a plan for healing the ditlerenees between 
 (ileal Hrilaiii and the colonies, and for restoring 
 
 peace lo th iipire. When he had matured his 
 
 plan, he introduced il into the house, in the form 
 of a bill, for settling the troubles in America. In 
 iliis he proposed, that ihe colonists should make a 
 full ncknowledgment of ihe supremacy of the le- 
 gislalme, and the siiperiiitemling power of the 
 Hiilish parliament. The bill did not absolutely 
 d.,'-ideonlhe riL'lil of taxation ; but partly, as a 
 matliir of grace, and partly as a compromise, de- 
 clared ami enacled, ••that' no tax, or oilier charge, 
 should be levied in America, excepl by common con- 
 sent in their provincial assemblies." It asserted Ihe 
 litfhl of the king, lo send a legal army lo any part 
 of his dominions at all times: but declared, "that 
 no military force could ever be lawfully employed, 
 to violate iir destroy the just rights of the peo|)le." 
 It also legalized the holding a congress, in the en- 
 suing May, for the doulile purpose, "of recogni- 
 zing iho supreme legislative authority, and super- 
 intending power of parliament over the colonies; 
 and for making a free grant to the king, his heirs, 
 and successors, of a certain and perpetual reve- 
 nue subject to the ilisposition of parliament, and 
 applicable to the aJleviation of the national debt." 
 On these conditions the bill proposed. " to rcstniin 
 the (lowers of the admiralty courts to their ancient 
 limits : and suspended, for a limited time, those acts 
 which had been complained of by Congresa."Il pro- 
 posed to plnce the judges, in America, on the same 
 footing.as to the holding of their salaries and ofTices, 
 with those in Kngland ; and secured to the colo- 
 nies all the privileges, francliises, and immunities, 
 granted by their several charters and constitutions. 
 Ilis lordship introduced this plan wiih a speech, in 
 which he explained, and supported erery part of 
 it. \Vlien he sat down, lord Dartmouth rose, and 
 said " it contains matter of such magnitude as to 
 require consideiation ; and therefore hoped, that 
 the noble e;irl did not expect their lordships to de- 
 cide iipon it, by an immediate vole; but would be 
 willing it should lie on the tabic for considera- 
 tion." Lord Chatham answeied, " that he ex- 
 
 pected nu more :" but lord Sandwich ruse, and, in 
 a petulant speech, opposed its being received at all, 
 and gave his opinion, "11111 it miglil iimnediali'ly 
 lo be rejected, with the conleiiipl il deserved ; 
 that he could not believe it to be ihe production 
 of any Dritisli peer ; that it appeared lo him ra- 
 ther the work of some American ;" and, turning 
 his face towards Dr. Kranklin, who was leaning on 
 the bar, said, "he fancied he had in his eye Ihe 
 person who drew it up ; one of the bitterest and 
 most mischievous enemies this country had ever 
 known." This turned the eyes of many lords on 
 the insulted American, who with that self-coni- 
 iiinnd, which is peculiar to great minds, kept his 
 countenance unmoved. Several other lords of 
 the adminiitrntion gave their sentiments, also, 
 for rejecting lord Chatham's conciliatory bill ; 
 urging that it not only gave n sanction to the trai- 
 torous proceedings of Iho congress already held, 
 but legalized their future meeting. They enlarged 
 on the rebellious temper, and hostile (lisposition 
 of the Americans; and said, "that, though the 
 duly on tea was the pretence, the restrictions on 
 their commerce, and the hopes of thiowing them 
 oil', were the real motives of their disobedience; 
 and that lo concede now, would be to give up the 
 point for ever." 
 
 The dukes of Richmond and Manchester, lord 
 Camden, lord Lyitleton, and others were for re- 
 ceiving lord Chalham's conciliatory bill; some 
 from approbation of ils principles; but others only 
 from a regard to tlic charjcter and dignity of the 
 house. 
 
 Lord Dartmouth, who, Irom indecision, rarely 
 had any will or judgment of his own, and who, wjtii 
 dispositions for the best measures, could be easily 
 prevailed upon to join in support of the worst, find- 
 ing the opposition from his coadjutors in admlnis- 
 Iralion unexpectedly strong, turned round, and 
 gave his voice with them for immediately reject- 
 ing tl:r plan. Lord Chatham, in reply to lord Sand- 
 wich, declared, "the bill proposed by him lo be 
 entirely his own ; but he made no scruple to de- 
 clare,iliat,if he were the first minister of the coun- 
 try, and had the care of settling this momentous 
 business, he should not be ashamed of publicly 
 calling lo his assistance a person, so perfectly ac- 
 (juainted with the whole of the American affairs 
 as the genllemaii alliideil to, and so injuriously re- 
 llecled upon (Dr. Kranklin :) one whom all Kuiope 
 held in high estimation for his knowledge and wis- 
 dom, and lankeil with the Itoylcs and Ncwtons, 
 who was an honour not only to the Knglish nation 
 but lo human nature." 
 
 The plan proposed by lord Chatham was reject- 
 ed, by a majority of sixty-four to tliirly-two; and 
 without being admitted to lie on the l:ible. That 
 a bill on so important a subject, olfered by one of 
 the first men of the age, and who, as prime minis- 
 ter of Ihe nation, had, but a (vw years liefoie, ta- 
 ken up (ireat Hrilain, when in a low despondency, 
 and conducted her to victory and glory, through a 
 war with two of the most powerful kingdoms of 
 Kurope, should be rejected without any considera- 
 tion, or even a second rending, was not only a 
 breach of decency, but a d»|)artnre fiom that pro- 
 priety of conduct which should mark the proceed- 
 ings of x branch of the national legislature. It 
 could not but strike every thinking American, that 
 such legislators, inlluenced by passion, prejudice, 
 and party spirit, many of whom were totally igno- 
 rant of the subject, and who would not give them- 
 selves an oppuitunity, by a second leading, or far- 
 ther consideration, to inform themselves belter 
 were very unfit to exercise unlimited supremacy 
 over three millions of virtuous, sensible people, in- 
 habiting the other side of the globe. 
 
 On tlie day after the rejeclion of lord Chatham's 
 bill, a petilion was (nesenled to the house of com- 
 mons, from the planters of the sugar colonies, re- 
 siding in Great Hritain, and the merchants of Lon- 
 don, trading to the colonies. In this they stated 
 that the Hritish property in the West India islands 
 amounted to upwards of thirty millions; that a 
 farther properly of many millions was em]doyed in 
 the comiucrce, created by the said islands ; and 
 
 877 
 
 that llir profits and produce of these iiniuense ca- 
 pitals, wliii'li ultimately centered intireal lliiliiin. 
 would be diraimed and eiiilaiigen'd by llie (iin. 
 liiiiiatire iif' (he vXmencan ttiiubb's. The pe(iliiiit- 
 eis weieadmilled to a hearing ; when Mr. (ilover. 
 as iheir agent, ably ileiiionslraled llir fully and 
 ilanuer of persi'vering in the conli'si ; but wiilinnl 
 iiiy efiecl. The immi'diale iiieri'iini iil the colo- 
 nies Wiis resolved upon : and the lliiirisliy would 
 not Niilt'er ihemselti's to be diverled lioiii ils exe- 
 cution. They were confident of success, if iliey 
 could once bring Ihe conlroveisy lo the decision 
 of arms. They expected more from conipiesl, 
 than they coubl promise themselves by negiici:ilioii 
 or compromise. The free cons' Inlioiis of the co- 
 lonies, and their rapid progress , popiil.ilioii, weie 
 beheld with a jealous eye, as .e natural means of 
 independence. They coiiceiveil the most eU'ecliial 
 method, of retaining them long, would be lo iciliice 
 them soon. They hoped lo be able lo extinguish 
 remonstrance and dehale, liy such a speedy and 
 decisive conquest, as would give llietii an oppor- 
 tunity lo new-model the colonial ciiiislitulions, on 
 such principles as would prevent future alDrea- 
 tioiis, on tile subject of their chartered ri<;litH, 
 Kvery represenlation, that tended to retard or ob- 
 struct the coercion of the colonies, was therefore 
 onsidered as tending only to prolong thtt contro- 
 versy, ('onlident of victory, and believing lint 
 nothing short of il would restore the peace of the 
 empire, the ministry turned a deaf ear lo all peti- 
 tions and representations. They even presiiined, 
 that the pelitioners, when they found liieal Itntaiii 
 deleriuined on war, would assist in carry iiii' il on 
 with vigour, in order to expedite llie seltleineiil id 
 the dispute. They took it for uiaiileil, ilial wlieii, 
 the petitioning towns were convinced, tli:il a vr- 
 newal of the commercial inlercom-'e, lirlwein the 
 two countries, would be sooner iibliiined by noing 
 on, than turning back, the same interest, wliiili led 
 them at first lo petilion, would lead iliriii alier- 
 wards lo support coercive measures, as the miisl 
 effectual and shortest way of securing coinuieice 
 from all future interruptions. 
 
 The delerinination of ministers, lo peiscveri', 
 was also forwarded by hopes of the defcciiini uf 
 New York from her sister colonies. Tliev (lii- 
 tereil themselves, that, when one link of the rem 
 liiienial chain gave way it wiiiild be easy In iniiUe 
 an impression on the disjointed extremilies. 
 
 K.veiy attempt to close Ihe breach, wliiili li;iil 
 been opened by the former parliament, linvini.' fail- 
 ed, and the ministry having made up llieii iiiinds, 
 on the mode of proceeding wilh the colunisis, 
 Iheir proposed plan was brielly iinloldi'd. Tlii>i 
 was to send a greater force to America, ami lo 
 briim in a temporary act, to priihiliit :ill the liiieiL'n 
 trade of the .New Kngland colonies, till they shiiiib' 
 make proper submissions and ackmiwledi'iiiriils 
 .\ii address lo his majesty was, at the same 'iiiie. 
 moved, " to beseech him to lake the most eU'eiiiial 
 measures, lo enforce due obedience lo the fiws 
 and authority of Ihe supreme lesisiatiire." 
 
 Truly critical was the moment to the union ol 
 the empire. A new parliament mii,'hl. williniit mo 
 charge of inconsistency, have repe;ili'il acts, pass 
 ed by a former one, which had been foiiiiil incnn- 
 veiiient on experiment : but pride and passion, \\» 
 der the specious names of national dignity anil 
 zeal for the supremacy of parliament, iiiduced the 
 adoption of measures, for immediately coMipelling 
 the submission of the colonies. 
 
 The repeal of a few acts of parliainent woiibl, 
 at this time, have satisfied Ameiica. Though she 
 had been extending her claims, yet sne was stil! 
 willing that (ireal Britain should monopolize liei 
 trade, and that the (larliament should reu'iilale it 
 fiir the common benefit of the empire. Nor wns 
 she disposeil to abridge his majesty of any of his 
 usual prerogatives. This authority w;is sulTii'ieiit 
 fiir the niolher country, lo retain the colnnisi< in 
 a jiri'fitable state of subordination, and yet mil -^u 
 niuch as lo be Inconsistent with tiicir ihiiiiH or 
 itlie security of their most iiii|iiirtanl iiitoriMis. 
 Britain viewed thematter in a dillereiil li:i||'. To 
 {recede, at this time would to be ackuowU-Jgc, 
 
vm 
 
 THK HISTORY OK 
 
 Ihiil llir iiiliiimrjr liiiil liitlicrto lierii iu ilia wrong ; 
 ii I'liiiirHnioii riirrl^ iiimie by priVHlp iwrnoni, unil 
 liiiiii' rarely liy iiii'ii Iu |:mIiIii' nialiiiiiH. 'I'Im' IimiI- 
 iiiU iiii'iiilii'rs III |i.iiliiiiiii'iit, mil illalliiKiii'<liliii; Ihe 
 ii|>{iiitiiiiiii (il lii'i'iiivii III iiiiciiiinliliilliiiiiil liiiiiiva- 
 luiii, liiiiii ilir iiirljiili'iK'r ii( llriMiliiiii^ iiiiiIh liri'ak- 
 j.ii; iivrr llii' ImiiiikIh oI law anil ('iinitiliilltiii, hii|i- 
 I iiM'il llial til rrdri'NN nrH'vance^t wai to riMKiiiiH'e 
 Hiivi'ii'iiinty. 'I'liH inrpri'iirr, In niiiim' ilenri'r, ri'- 
 Kiijinl iHiiii ihr hriiail tianiH, which ilii-)i liail a.i- 
 MUiii'il III ihc clalniK ol' the tiinlhi-r coiiiilry. II', 
 HH wan iMinlfiiiliMl, on llie pari of (ireat itrilain, 
 llipy hail a rl)illt Iu hliiil the coliinles, in all canes 
 wliaUiicvrr, and the iMiwri of |Kirlluinenl over 
 Ihi'iii were alimihi 'mill nnhiiiiled, they viete prii- 
 ('liid)'d Iroiii ri'Hclii 'i|{ any act ul'their!!, however 
 ii|i|iri'SHive, when de, miiiled ax il iiiallcr of tifiUt. 
 'I'hey WHIP loo liiuhly Impressed with Idciin of 
 llinr unlinilled aiiihoriiy, lo repeal any of their 
 UwK, on Ihe principle, that they had not u consti- 
 lilliiinal power lo enact them, and too unwise Iu 
 ■idopi the Haiiie measure on the Kround of political 
 expediency. L'nforlunaiely fur lioth countrieH, 
 Iwu opinions were generally held, neither of which 
 was, perhaps, Iriie in its iilmusl extent, and one 
 ofnhich was iiiiisl assuredly false. 'I'he ininislry 
 and parliament of Kn^land proceeded un Ihe idea, 
 that the claims of the colonists amounted Iu ubso- 
 liile Independence, and that a fixed rosululiun to 
 renounce the suvereignly uf (treat Hrilain was 
 concealed under ihe specious pretext uf u redress 
 ofurlevances, The Americans, un the other hand, 
 were ei|ually cunliileni, that the inolher country 
 not only harboured designs unfriendly to their in- 
 terests, but seriously Intended Iu Inlrudtice arbi- 
 trary government. .Jealousies of each other were 
 leciprocally indulged, to the destruction of all coii- 
 liileiice, and Iu lh« final diamembermenl uf the 
 mipire. 
 
 In iliscussinx the measures proposed by the 
 iiiinlHter, fur the cueiciun uf liie colnnies, the 
 whole gi'oiiiiil of the American cuntruveray was 
 Iraverseil. The cuinparalive merits of concession 
 .(i:d cuerclun weie placed in every point uf view. 
 .Some uf the luinoriiy, in bulh houses of parliament, 
 pointed out Ihe dangers that would attend a war 
 with .Xmerica; the likelihood nfihe interference 
 
 uf oilier powers ; and the prubability of losin;;, and 
 
 iiig any tliinn more than 
 
 was alreidy possessed. Un the other hand, the 
 
 Ihe impossibility u( galniiif; any 
 
 Irleiids of the minislry asserted, that the Anierl- 
 r ins liad been lung aiming at independence ; that 
 they were magnifying pretended grievances, lo 
 cover a premeditated revolt; that it was llie busi- 
 ness and duty of Kngllshmen, at every hazard, Iu 
 prevent its coiiiplellon, and bring them back to a 
 remembrance that their present greatness was 
 owing tu the inulher country ; and that even their 
 exiatencc had been purchased at an imniense ex- 
 pense uf liiltish bloud and treasure. They ac- 
 knuwledged the danger tu be great ; but said " it 
 must be encountered ; that every day's delay in- 
 creased (he evil ; and that it would be base and 
 cowaidly (o shift oil', far Ihe present, an unavoida- 
 ble contest, which must fail with accumulated 
 weight on the heads of their posterity." The 
 danger of foreign interference was denied. It 
 was contended, that an appeartince of vigorous 
 incisures, with a farther reinforcement of troops 
 at ISnston, would be suflicient to quell the disturb- 
 ances. It was also urged, that the friends of go- 
 vernment were both strong and numerous, and only 
 wailed fur proper support, and favourable circum- 
 stances, lo declare themselves. 
 
 After long and warm debates, and one or (wo 
 prnlests, the ministerial plans were carried by 
 Uieat majorities. In consequence thereof, on the 
 ^1ili of February, 1775, a joint address, from both 
 IukIs and commons was pesented to his majesty, 
 in which. " they returned thanks for the commu- 
 nication uf the papers, relative to the state of the 
 Hrltish colonies in America; gave it as their opi- 
 nion thiit a rebellion acliially existed in the pro- 
 viiu'c of iMiissacliiiseits : besuuglit his majesty, 
 that he would take the most ell'eclual measures, 
 10 enforce due obedience ' j the laws aud authority 
 
 of Ihe supreme legislature; and begged. In ihe 
 mosi solemn manner, lo assure his inajesiy, thai 
 il was their fixed lesoliilliin, al the ha/.aid ol their 
 lives and properiles, lu stand by his majesly against 
 all luliellioiis allpinpH, in the malnlenaiice ol the 
 just rights III his majesty, and of the two houses 
 uf iiarliament." 
 
 The lords, HIehmond, Craven, Archer, Aber- 
 gavenny, Koeklngh.im, Wycombe, (!oiirleiiay, 
 Torilnglon, I'unsoiiliy, Cholmondely, Ablngilon, 
 Kulland, (.'amdeii, Kninghaiii, .Sianhupe, Seaibo- 
 ruiigh, Kil7,wllllaiii, and 'I'ankerville, prulesled 
 against this address, ■•asfuiiiided un nu proper 
 parliainenhiry inforniallon, being inlruduced by 
 refusing lo sillier the presentation of petitions 
 against it ; as following the lejecllon uf every 
 mode uf conciliation ; as holding out no suhslaii- 
 li?l ufler of redress uf grievances ; and as promis- 
 ing Hiippurl lu those ministers, who had inllamed 
 Amei-ica, and grossly miscunductcd the allalrs uf 
 Great .Mrilain." 
 
 f'y the address against wliich this protest was 
 entered, the parliament »( (ireat Dritain passed 
 the Kubicon In former periods, it might be al- 
 leged, that the claims of the colonies were uiide- 
 lined, and thai their unaniMious lesoluiiun tu defend 
 them was iinkiiuwn ; but after a free represenla- 
 lliin frum twelve provinces had stated their rights, 
 and pledged themselves to each other to suppurl 
 them, and their determlnalions were known, a re- 
 solution that a rebellion actually existed, and thai 
 at the ha/.ai'd of their lives and properties, they 
 would stand by his majesly, against all rebelliiius 
 atlempls, was a vlrliial deelarallon of war. Uoth 
 parlies were now bound, in consequence uf their 
 uwn acts, lo submit the cuntroversv lo a decision 
 
 arms. issue was joined, by tfie appruballon 
 Congress had given lo the .Sutfolk resolves, and by 
 this subsequent joint address of both houses uf par- 
 llamenl tu his majesty. It is prubable that neither 
 party, in the lieglmiing, intended tu gu thus far ; 
 but by the inscrutable uperations of Provliience. 
 each was permitted lu adupisuch measures as nut 
 only rent the empire, but involved them both, with 
 their own consent, in all the calamities of a lung 
 and bloody war. The answer from the throne, to 
 the joint addresses of parliament, contained assur- 
 ances of taking the mosi speedy and elleclual mea- 
 sures, for enforcing due obedience to Ihe laws, 
 mil iiutliorlty of the supreme legislalure. This 
 iiiswer was accompanied with a nu'ssage to the 
 commons, In which they were infurined, that some 
 augnieiilalion lo the forces by sea and land would 
 be necessary. An auj.'mentation of four thousand 
 three hundred and eighly-lhree men to the land 
 forces, and of two thousand seamen to be employ- 
 ed for Ihe ensuing year, was accordingly asked 
 for, and carried without difliculty. With the first, 
 it was slated, that the force at Duslnn would be 
 ten thuusand men, a number supposed to be suf- 
 ficient for enforcing the laws, (jther s.iljcines, in 
 addition to a military force, were thouF.lit .liKlsa- 
 ble for promoting the projected coercion of ih ■ co- 
 lonies. With this view a punishmeu! waspropi .<ed, 
 so universal in its operation, that it wis ex.iected 
 the inhabitants of the New England (nl nies, to 
 obtain a riddance of its heavy pres^oue. would in- 
 terest themselves in procuring a general submis- 
 sion to parliament. Lord North moved for leave 
 to bring in a bill " to restrain (he trade and com- 
 merce of the provinces of Massachusetts Bay and 
 New Hampshire, the colonies of Connecticut, and 
 Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in North 
 America, to Great Britain, Ireland, and (he Bri- 
 (isli islands in (he West Indies, and to prohibit 
 such provinces and colonies from carrying on any 
 fishery on the banks of Newfoundland, or other 
 places therein to be mentioned, under certain con- 
 ditions, and fur a limited time." The motion for 
 this bill was suppc"e>!, by declaring, that, as the 
 Americans had rel ..ed lo trade with the mother 
 country, (hey ought nut to be permitted (o (radc 
 with any other. It was known that the New 
 Kngland colonies carried on a circuitous trade 
 and fishery, on the banks uf Newfoundland to a 
 great extent. To cut them utf from this resource, 
 
 they were legisliilively lorbiililen to llsl , or lu ear. 
 ly on loreliiii liaile II n is |>ri'Mimei|, ihal the 
 wants of a l.irge lioily ot people, ili'pitted of em-. 
 pliiymeiit, »<iiii(l create a rlamoiir In i.ivi.m wi le- 
 roiicili.iliun. 
 
 I'he llnlish mliilslry expected lo exille the 
 same temper in the iiiiemployed .New Kiuland 
 men, that Ciiiigress iiieaiil lu rai>e by ihe null liii- 
 poilaliun agreemeni, anioiigthe llnlish mereliaiils 
 and maiiiifacliirers. 'I'he molion for ihls bill, 
 brought iiilii view the whole of the Ainerii an con- 
 troversy. The uppusei'sof il said, that its cruelly 
 exceeded the examples of liosllle rigour with 
 avowed enemies; for thai, in the most iliingeruui 
 wars, the fishing craft wss universally spared. — 
 They desired the pruposer uf the bill lo recollect, 
 that he had oflcii spoken of Ihe miilliliiile of 
 frienils he had in those provlnees, and lhal iiiiw he 
 confuunded ihe Innoeeiil willi the guilty ; lilends 
 with enemies; and involved his own parli/.ans in 
 one coinmun ruin wllli his upposers. They al- 
 leged farther, that the bill would operate against 
 Ihe people of Great Britain: as the people of New 
 England were in debt to them, and had no oilier 
 means uf paying that debt, but thiough the fishe- 
 ry, and the eircuiloiis trade depending on It. Il 
 was observed, that Ihe fishermen, being cut oil 
 frum employment, must turn soldiers; and that, 
 therefore, while they were provoking the .\meri- 
 cans lo resistance, by one set of acts, they were 
 furnishing them with the means of recruiting an 
 army by anulher. 
 
 '1 he favourers of (he bill denied the charge of 
 severity, alleging thai Ihe colonists could nol com- 
 plain of any distress Ihe bill might bring on them, 
 as they nut unly deserver. it, but had set the ex- 
 ample ; and that they had entered intu unlawful 
 cumbinaliuns to ruin the merchants and manufac 
 Hirers uf (ireat Britain. It was said, that. If any 
 foreign power hud ullereil a similar insult oi Inju- 
 ry, llie whole nation would have demanded salls- 
 factiuii. They contended that II was a bill of hu- 
 manity and mercy ; liir, said they, the eolonlsis 
 have incurred all the penalties of' rebellion, and 
 are liable tu the severest milllary execution, in- 
 stead of inlllcling the extent of what they deser- 
 ved, the bill only proposes lo bring them io ih.'ir 
 senses, by resiilcting their trade, 'i'hey iiigeil 
 farther, thai the measure was necessary ; for. said 
 they, "Ihe Americans have freqiieiiily imposed on 
 us, by threatening to wllhihaw their Trade, hupliig 
 through mercantile iiilluence to bend the legisla- 
 lure lu then demands; that this was the third lime, 
 they had thrown the cunmierce of (ireat Britain 
 into a state uf confusion ; and that both cnlonles 
 and commerce weie better lost, than preset veil on 
 such terms." They added farther, th.it they must 
 eillier relinquish their connexion with America, 
 or fix il on audi a basis, as would prevent a reiiirn 
 of llicse evils. Tliey admitted Ihe bill lo be eiier 
 civc ; but said, " that (he coercion, which put the 
 speediest end to (he dispute, was eventually the 
 must merciful." 
 
 In the progress of the bill, a pelilinn from the 
 merchants and tniders of London, who were Inte- 
 rested in Ihe American commerce, was pieseiileil 
 against it. They were heard by their agent, iMr. 
 IJavid Barclay ; and a variety uf witnesses were 
 examined before (he house, in the course of their 
 evidence it appeared, that, in the year 1701, the 
 four provinces of New England employed, in ilieii 
 several fisheries, no less than forty-five thousand 
 eight hundred and eighty ton of shipping, ami six 
 thousand and two men ; and (ha( the produce of 
 tlieir fisheries that year, in foreign maikels 
 amounted (o 322,2201, Ifis. sterling. It also ap- 
 peared, that the fislieries had very mucli increas- 
 ed since (ha( time; (hat all (he materials used in 
 them, except salt, and (lie (imber uf which the 
 vessels were built, were purchased from (ireat 
 Britain; and that the net piocceds of the uholu 
 were remitted tliither. All this inforniallon was 
 disregarded. After much opposition In bntli linuscs, 
 and a protest in the house of Innls. iljc bill was, 
 by a great majority, finally raiilied. So InlenI 
 were the ministry and parliament on ihe cnu-- 
 
 
 ^^.^^'f^^!^'^^'^-^'^- 
 
 tmi^liripiiBijjl HHipr^.T"^"^'*^'**^'"*^^^'*''''''-'' 
 
NORTH AMKRICA. 
 
 
 don the cotonliUi that every utiier iiiliircit wim 
 KiicriDrrcl lo ilapcconipliiilinimit. 'riii'y cdiili^IvimI 
 tlii< iiiiriliiiii lii'litc'i'M I III' lull coiinlrii'slii lii', »iiii 
 ply, wlii'llicr llii'v '•liiiiilil abaiiiloii llii'ir claiiii>i, 
 iiMil III linen ^ivk up all llie uilvaiila^im arisiii); 
 frniM Hiivrri'iirnly mid viiiiiiiicriis or ii'aurt lu vni- 
 li'iil itii-aMiiri'M liir llii'ir Ni'Diiilly. 
 
 Siiiri' ilii' yi'.ir I7li!l, ivlii'ii a iiecretury ill slair, 
 ntni'l.illy il'-irlujiiii'il all vii'wi iil an Aiiifrleaii ii^ 
 viMiiii', liillr ini'iiliiiii liail hccii iiiailu ul lliat aiili' 
 ji'i'l ; lull till' ili'i'lili'il iiiajiii'lly, who vixuil willi 
 llii' niiiiisiry nil lliis iKcaHiiiii, I'liibuMuiii'il lord 
 Norlli iiiici' iiiiiri- lo pii'.tiMil It lo llui view ul' lim 
 ciiiiiiiryiiini. lie, tlKtri'l'iiii.', Ijroiijtlit lulu parliu- 
 iiiPiil, ii Ni'liciiii-, wliicliliaihluMloulilt! rvcoiiiiiieii- 
 ilntiiiii oriiolilliig lortli lliu HiMiiblaiice ul' uuiiuiliu- 
 lion, and iIik prnipcet ol aii 'asuiiieiit of lirill.tli 
 laxi'H, liy a priMliiclivi! ritvcn >• I'ruiii tlio coloiiieii. 
 'I'liis rHs(i|{iiii)ii passed on ili« JOlli orFobriiary, 
 uiiil was as liillows: 
 
 " Ki'siilvcd, ilial, when llie goviriiur. council, 
 mill asscii'blv, or K«iieral cuiirl, ul'any of Ills ma- 
 jcsly's provini'ns or colonifs in America, .shall 
 propose' to iiiaki^ provision according to the coii- 
 ililioii, rirriinislanri-s, and sitiialioii of itiicli |iio- 
 vince or colony, for conlrlbiilini; their propurllon 
 for the niniiiion defence, .such proportion to be 
 raisril under the aiilhority of the general court or 
 ueneral assembly of such province or toloiiy, and 
 disposable by paili.'iiient ; and shall engage to 
 make provision, also, ;'or tlie support of the civil 
 goveriiinent, and the a:lniinislratiun of justice in 
 snch province or colony, it will be proper, if such 
 proposal shall be approved !iy his majesty, and the 
 two houses of parliament, and for so long as such 
 provision shall be made accoiilin^ly. to forbear, 
 III respect of such province or colony, to levy any 
 duty, tax, or assessment, except only such duties 
 as ii may be expedient to continue to levy or to 
 impose for the regulation of commerce ; the net 
 produce of the duties last mentioned, to be carried 
 to the account of such province or colony respec- 
 tively." 
 
 This was introduced by the minister, in a long 
 •speech, in which he asserted, that it would be an 
 iiifalhlde touchstone to try the Americans. " If," 
 said he, " their opposition be only founded on t)ie 
 principles which they pretend, they must agree 
 with this proposition; but if they have designs in 
 cunlemplHtion, ilill'ereni from those they avow, 
 their refusal will convict them of duplicity," The 
 opposition to the minister's motion originated 
 among those who had supported him in previous 
 (|iieslion». They objected to the proposal, that, 
 in ell'ect, it was an ucknowledgmcnl of something 
 grievous in the idea of taxing America by parlia- 
 ment ; and that it was, therefore, a departure from 
 their own principles. They contended, that it was 
 improper to make concessions to rebels, with arms 
 in their hands ; or to enter into any measures for 
 a settlement with the Americans, in which they 
 (lid not, as a preliminary, acknowledge the supre- 
 macy of parliament. The minister was likely to 
 be deserted by some of his partizans, till others 
 expl:iineil the consistency of the scheme with their 
 former declarations. It wag said, " what shall 
 parliament lose by acceding to this resolution ? — 
 Not the right of taxing America : for this is most 
 expressly reserved. Not the profitable exeicise 
 of this right ; for it proposes to enforce the only 
 essential part of taxation, by compelling the Amer- 
 icans to raise not only what they, but what we, 
 think reasonable. We are not going to war for 
 trifles, and a vain point of honour; but for substan- 
 tial revenue." The minister farther declared, 
 that he did not expect his proposition to be gener- 
 ally relished by the Americans. But, said he, if 
 it do no good in the colonies, it will do good here. 
 It will unite the peopleof England, by holding out 
 to them a distinct object of revenue. He added 
 farther, as it tends to unite England, it is likely to 
 disunite America; for if only one province accept 
 the olt'er, 'lieir confederacy, which only makes 
 them formidable, will be broken. 
 
 The opposers of ministry attacked the proposi- 
 tiuD, with the eombiiied force of wit and arguiuent. 
 
 They aiiiiii:idveried on the Inconsisleniy of hold- 
 ing lorlh the same resoliitlim as a measure of coii- 
 ression, and as an assiTlimi of aiitliiirily. Tliey 
 ri'iiiarked, that, hiilnriii, it hail been luiisiaiilly 
 ilenii'd, that they had any contest about in Aiiii'r- 
 icaii revenue; and that llie whole had been a ilis- 
 piile about olicilii'iiie to trade laws, and the gene 
 ral legislative aiithiirily of parliament ; but now 
 ministers siiiblenly rhingi'il their language, and 
 proposed to inierest the nation, and ciinsole ilii 
 inaniifacliirers, and aiilmalo the soldiery, by per- 
 siiadii^g tliein, that it is not a contest lor empty 
 hiiliour, but for the acquisition of a subtanlial re- 
 venue. It was said, that the Americans would bu 
 as ell'ectually taxed, without their consent by be- 
 ing ciimpelleil to pay a gross sum, as by an aggre- 
 gate nrtmall dunes to the same amount; and that 
 this Kcheine of taxation exceeded, in oppression, 
 liny that the rapacity of niankind had hitherto de- 
 vised. In other cases, a specific sum was demand- 
 ed ; and the people might reasonably presume that 
 the remainder was their own : but here they were 
 wholly in the dark, as to thn extent of thu de- 
 mand. 
 
 Tills proposition, however, for conciliation, 
 though disrelished by many of tlie friends of min- 
 islry, was carried, on a division of two hundred 
 anil seveiity-liMir to eighty-eight. On its tians- 
 mission to the colonies, it did not produce the ef- 
 fects of disunion expected from it. It was unani- 
 mously rejected. 
 
 Other plans for conciliation with the colonics, 
 founded on principles very ditfeient from those 
 which were the basis of lord North's conciliatory 
 motion, were brought forward, in the hon .. of 
 commons; but witliout receiving its appiobatlon. 
 The most remarkable of these was proposed by 
 Mr. Kdmiind Iturke, in a speech, uliich, for 
 strength of argument, extent of inforinalinn, and 
 sublimity of language, would bear a comparison 
 with the most finished performance that ancient or 
 n.odern limes have produced. In his introductioi 
 to i)'is admirable speech, he examined and ex 
 plained the natural and accidental circumstances 
 of the colonics, with respect lo situation, resour- 
 ces, number, population, commerce, fisheries, and 
 agriculture; and from these considerations .showed 
 tlicir importance. Ilethen inquired into their uiicoii- 
 (pierable spirit of fri'edom ; which he traced lo its 
 original sources. From these circumstances, he 
 inferred the line of policy which should be pur- 
 sueil with regard to America. Me showed that all 
 proper plans of government must be adapted to the 
 feelings, established habits, and received opinions 
 of the people. On these principles, Mr. Hiirke 
 reprobated all plans of governing the colonies by 
 force; and proposed, as the ground-work of his 
 plan, that the colonists should be admitted to an 
 interest in the constitution. He then went into 
 an historical deuiil of the manner, in which the 
 Hritish privileges had been extended to Ireland, 
 Wales, and the counties palatine of Chester and 
 Durham ; the state of confusion before that event ; 
 and the happy consequences which followed it. — 
 He contended, that a coininunication, to the mem- 
 bers, of an inierest in the constitution, was the 
 great ruling principle of British government. He, 
 therefore, proposed to go back to the old policy 
 for governing the colonies. He was for a parlia- 
 mentary acknowledgment of the legal competency 
 of the colonial assemblies, for the support of their 
 government in peace, and for public aids in time 
 of war. He maintained the futility of parliamen- 
 tary taxation, as a method of supply. He slated, 
 that much had been given in the old way of colo- 
 nial grant ; that, from the year 1718 to 17G3, the 
 journals of the house of commons repeatedly ac- 
 knowledged, that the colonies not only gave, but 
 gave lo satiety ; and that, from time to time, in 
 which parliamentary imposition had superceded the 
 free gifts of the provinces, there was much discon- 
 tent, and little levenue. He, therefore, moved 
 six resolutions, alVirmatory of these facts; and 
 grounded on them resolutions, for repealing the 
 acts complained of by the Americans, trusting to 
 the liberality of their future voluDtary contribu- 
 
 'iidi'il 
 '■liri', 
 .leiils, 
 
 ' nega- 
 rheiiiH, 
 
 "lllle lliB 
 
 i "I'iiiii'i-. 
 
 n'l itig 
 
 .IMlid 
 \llll- 
 
 I. an 
 
 ;'.Tll 
 
 lions. This pliiii iil'eonciliiition, which prumi>t>d 
 liuinrdi.ili' piMce to the wh( eeiiipire, ind a lasliiii( 
 iilieilii'iire iif llie iiiliiiiiis, lli.iiijli ii'iiin" 
 by llie ilianiH iiltlic iiiii«l pei'<ii.isne il 
 and sii|i|iiirli'il by llie iimsi convincin:; .w^ 
 was by .1 gieal in.ijiiiily rejeiled. 
 
 .Mr. II. I lariley, tiiii ilisi'iiurai;i'il liy tin 
 live, wliiili bail been gin'ii In Mr. Ilinie'ssi 
 came I'orw ml wiih aimllier lin llie s.iiiie piir|iiiHe, 
 This proposril, that a leller of leqiiisiliiin slmuM 
 be sent lo the coliiiiies, by llie seiielarv iil stale, 
 on a million Irnni the bouse, liir a cunliiliiilion lo 
 the exjienses of the whole eiii|)jre. lie nieinl lo 
 leave, to the provincial asseii, biles, the right lo 
 
 judge of the expedience, amount and apjilicati if 
 
 the grant. In conlidence that llie colonies woiild 
 
 give freely, when called on, in this i stitiitioiia 
 
 way, he moved, to sus|ieiid the acts loiiipl liiieil of 
 by the Americans, 'i'his was also reierieil. 
 
 Another plan was, digested in pruale, bv l)r 
 ■''ranklin, on t>i.' part of the Ameiic.iiis, anil Dr. 
 
 h'olhergill and havid Uarcley beli.ilf of the 
 
 British ministry. There appeared a ilisposiiion 
 lo concede sonielliing considerable on both sides ; 
 but the whole came to nolhing in coiiseipieiK e of 
 an iiillexible delermiiiation to refuse a repeal of 
 the act of parliameni for altering the eliartered 
 government of Massachiisetis. Dr. Kianklin 
 agieed, that 'he tea destroyed slioiilil be paid for ; 
 the British minisleis, that the Bosliin pint act 
 hIioiiIiI be repealed ; but the latter conli-iided, " that 
 the late Massai linsetts acts, being real aiiienil- 
 ments of their ciiiisiiiinloii, must, fur that reason, 
 be coiitiniied, as well as lo be a sianding examplo 
 of the power of pal liameiit." (hi ir nilie,- liaml, 
 it was declared by Dr. Kianklin, •■ 
 parliameni rhiinii'd and exereisi'il „ 
 nal legislalinn for the colnnies, 
 American constiintinns at pleasiu, 
 be no agreement ; as that would len 
 ricaiis unsafe in every privilege llie\ 
 wnubl leave tlium nolliiiig in wliicli'tliey coiibl Im 
 secure." 
 
 This obstinate adherence to support parliament, 
 in a power of altering the laws and charters of liie 
 provinces, particularly loenforce their laie la»s far 
 new- modelling the chartered constitution nf Mas- 1- 
 chusetts, was the fatal rock, by daslmig uii win. Ii 
 the empire broke in twain ; for every other pnini, 
 in dispute between the two counlries, seemed in a 
 fair way for an amicable compromise. 
 
 The (isliery bill was speedily follnwed bv .iiin- 
 tlier, for restraining the trade and coinnieii eol'il.e 
 colonies anil provinces of New Jersey. I'eniisviva- 
 nia, Maryland, Virginia, and .South Ciiolina. 'I'l.e 
 reasons assigned for this were the same wiili ilmse 
 ofl'ered for the other. These provinces had a.lnp- 
 ted the cominenlal association. The British iiiiii- 
 ister thought it proper, that, as they had voliinia- 
 lily interdicted themselves from traile with (neat 
 Britain, Ireland and the West Indies, lliev shonlil 
 be restrained from it with all other parts of the world. 
 He contended, that the inbabilanls of the cnloiiies 
 might render this act a dead leller, by relin((iiisli- 
 iiig their own resolutions, as then they would meet 
 with no restraint in carrying on trade in its ancient 
 legal channel. It is remarkable, that three of the 
 associated colonies, viz. New Vork, Delaware, and 
 North ('arolina, were omitted in this restiainiiig 
 bill. Whatever might be the view of the Brilish 
 ministry for this discrimination, it was considered 
 in the colonies as calculated to promote disunion 
 among them. It is certain, that the colonists, ex- 
 empted from its operation, might have reaped a 
 golden harvest from the exemption in iheir favour, 
 had they been disposed to avail themselves of it ; 
 but such was the temper of the times, that a renun- 
 ciation of immediate advantage in favour of the 
 public was fashionable. The selfish passions, 
 whicu, in seasons of peace, are too often the cause 
 of quarrels, were hushed by the piessure ofcuin- 
 mon danger. 
 
 The exempted colonies spurned the proffered 
 favour, and submitted to Ihe restraints imposed on 
 their less favoured neighbours, so as to be equal 
 sharers of their fate. The indulgence granted to 
 
880 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Ni'w Vnrk, ill IipIiik kf|il oiil ni' ihix rcttrniiiiiiK , 
 lull, iv.iM rnimHli'icfl liv Huinr iii ii priMiiiiiiii lor 
 111 T '.ll|Hllcir liiVilllv Hit limi'lllll')' lllil lillllil'ili 
 I . ,i|i|iiiin' ilir iMiiri'iMliiiun ul llii' riiin;ii"iH. iiiiil j 
 li.iil, in siiini' iillirr liiiliilirrM, ilim-ovrinl Irw^ 
 xi.iinilli Mini llii' iii'IkIiIiiiimiiik li'Ki^hitiirrH. Miicli | 
 M.11 rx|ii'i li'il riiiiii lii'i iiiiMlriiiliiiii. Al III!' vi'iy I 
 Inn- till' Itiilitli |i;iilnMii'iil w:is 11111111111; llir ri's- i 
 ti. lining ;ti'l>4 )iiil iiirr 'oiii'il, tlir riiiiMtiliiliiiiiiil 
 iiHMiMiililv iif Ni'w \'(iik )ir(iliutir(l I'ur a rrilrr*"* of 
 lli'ii niirvaiici'N. (iHMt slrrsi li.iil limi laid nil 
 llir riiciiiiiHlaiirr, lliat ( 'niiKifiiii wii*i lint u Ir^al 
 ilMnciiiliiy : anil III)! wniit iil ciiiinliliiliiinal nniii'lioii 
 liiiil III Til axi^iii'il an a iraniin liir llir iii'kI<'i'<< "i'li 
 wliii'h ilii'ir |i<-liliiiii liail lirrii trcaii'il. jMiicli |iraii«< 
 liail liri'ii lavialiiMl (HI ilic inlniiy nl iNi'w Vnrk, fnr 
 ilH iiinilrialiiiii : ami nrraiioii liail liccii taki'ii, liniii 
 Ilii'ir ri-riiHiii)! to ap^invi' llip |irni'i'i>iliiiU'< nC llii' 
 cniicic<iN, to ir|iir'4i'iil till* irNnliitiot)^ iiliil riainis 
 nllliat liiiilv III III' iiiiiri' llii' I'liiillitiniiM iit' inri'iiill- 
 iiriri. tliaii till' Hiilii'r si'iiiiiiiriiti nl llii- ti'iii|M'ralr 
 citiAi'iii. It was linlli ;iii<'\|i<'ili'(l anil rdiirniiiiil- 
 inuln lliiiHr nliii iii|i|>nili'il iIii'ni' n|iiiiiiiiin, that the 
 li'ini'sriilatinii anil rriiiiiiisH.inc'i" nl tlii' very liiyal 
 iisHfiiililv iilNi'w Viiik slali'il, " llial uii i'xi'iii|itinM 
 1111111 iiilrriial laxalinii, anil llii' I'Xiliiiivr riijlit nl 
 I'riiviiliiii; liii tlii'ir iihii rivil unvi'rniiii'iil, anil tlir 
 niliiiiniitialiuii nl jiihIki' iiitlii'inliiny.wi'rrf'iti'cin- 
 ril liv llii'iii ax tlii'ir iinilniiliti'il anil iinalii'nalili' 
 ti;;liis." 
 
 A ninlinii liriiii: inaili', in tin* Iiiiidip of rnnininiin, 
 I'nr lirint'.iiii: up 1I1.1 iriiri'ii'in ilimi anil rriiinn- 
 Ntraiiir nl tin- nsxriiilily nl Ni'w Vnrk, it was 
 iiiiirnili'il. nil tlir siinni'xitnii nl' Inril Nmlli, liy ail 
 iliiil!, "in » hull tlir as'<i'iiilily riaim In tlii'iii'<rlvi's 
 tiuliti ili'ini;:il ly In, anil iiu'iiiiiHIriit with, tlir 
 U'tiilalivi' aiillinrity nl parliaim-iil, an ili'i larnl by 
 till' ili'i laralnry art." Tin' ijiiritinii, »n ainriiilril. 
 Iii'iiii; put. pa'.'ii'il ill llir iii'ijativr. 'I'lii lali- nl 
 tins n'pii'si'iilalinii I'xtinuiii-ilii'il tin' linpi's nl llinir 
 liiiiilriair pcr'<niis, Imlli in (lie pari'iit slalp, anil tin' 
 ri liiliii"*, »lin Matlrii'il tlii'iii'ti'lvi'n. llial llii' ilis 
 piili'i, Hiilisisimi; lirlHi'i'ii llir Inn rniintnri, iniclit 
 1,1' ai'i'iiniinnilaKil liy llir iin'ili itiiin nl the rniisii 
 liiliniial aisi'iiililii'!*. Twn (•niiclnsinnn wi'ii* ilrawii 
 1111111 tliiM liainartiiiii ; hntli nl wliiili wi'ic iin 
 rririiillv In a ri'i'innilialiiiii. Tin' ilrriili'il 1 inunai;!' 
 Willi wliirlillii' Iny;* asscmlily nl Ni-w Vnrk iliiiii 
 Cii rxi'inpliiin iVniii pailiann'iitary laxalinn, pnivi'il 
 to till' pi'n|>li' III (lii'al Itrilaiii. lliat llir inlniiiilK, 
 linwrvi'i lliry iiiii;lil ilillrr in iiimlri nl' nppnsilinn. 
 nr ill ilruircs nrwauiilli, wrrr, iirvrrtlirlrs>*, iinitril 
 in llial liiiiilaiiiriital prinriplr. Tin' irji'i'linii nl 
 llirir irpir^riilalinii prnvnl, that iinlhiiii; iiinrr 
 \l:iv In lir rxprrtril I'iniii pin('ri'iliii<2 in llir rnnsti 
 liiliniial rhaniirl nl'thr li'ual aisriiilihi'H, than Irniii 
 till' iirw H\sli'iii III' a riintinrntal rniiutrss. Snliil 
 ri'vrmii' and iiiiliiiiilcd snprriiiary wrirlhr nliji'its 
 ol'tiiiMt Itiitaiii : and rxrniptinii linni parliaiiirii 
 tary laxalinn.lhal nl'tlix iinist innilrialr nl' tlir rn 
 loiiit*!*. Sn widr worr tlir rlaiini nt' the twn rniiii 
 trim ('mill racli ntlirr, that In iriniu'ilr llniii mi 
 HUJ' iiiidilU' Kinmul srriiiod to he impnsMililr. 
 
 CIIAPTKU VIII. 
 
 Conitfqliriirrn in Aiiirrii'n, t'l'siiltinc I'miii ihr pn'rpiliinr 
 trnlihiit'tiiilm iit' I'm liuitn'iit ; iiiitt ol'llu' ('(luiiiiriu't'iiit'iil nl' 
 liDstilitic*. 
 
 TllK yrar 1774 Iriiiiiiiaird with an I'xppi'talinn 
 In Amrrira, that a iVw iiiniitlis wniild bring Ihrni 
 n rnlri'ss nl'lhrir iirirvaiiirs. lliHlhr prnbabllily 
 of thai rvrtit dailv iliiiiinishrd. Tlir ciilnni' Is had 
 indiilcrd ihriiisrKrs in an exportation tliM ihr 
 propir nl (irrat Itriliin, Irniii a rnnHidrratiiii nl' 
 tlir danurrn and ililiiriillira of a war with ihrir 
 cnlniiirs, wnuld. in ihrir rlrriinim, havr prrfrrrrd 
 tlloft' who Hrrr iViriids In praof and rrrniirilia 
 lion. Hill, whrii thry »rir rniivinrrd nl' tlir lal 
 I«rv nl'llir'*!' linprs. thry tiirnrd tlirir allrnlinii In 
 iht* iiiraiis nl' srir drrrncr. li hail brrii ihr rrsn- 
 lulii'ii nl Ml, my. iirvrv in Miliinil In llirnprralinn nl' 
 tlir bill' .Ills III iiarliaiiiriit. 'Ihrir iiiiiiibri daily 
 incrrasi'il ; un. .1 the annic propoilion Ihiit (irrat 
 
 Ilritain driPrniiiiril to ciirnrrr, did Ihry ilrlrriiiinr 
 to nppiKip. Inlrllii;riirfl ol' tlir irin timi nf Iniil 
 < 'hatbaiu's bill, nl llir adilirHi nl' bnlli liniiirH nl' 
 pailiainrni In tlir kiiiu nil llir lllli id' l''rlii nary, and 
 III tlir liihrry bill, arrivrd aiiiiiiii; tlir rnlnnisii, 
 abnill ihr laiiir tunc und diininiihrd what rr 
 iiiaiiii'il 111' tlirir lirr.l linpri nC a tprrdy arrnniiiin 
 ilalinii. Tlir (inliriy bill rxriird a varirly nl 
 riiinliiin^. Tlir nbviniii Irndriirv id' it wan In 
 Htarvo iIiiiiih.iiiiIh. Thr nrvrrity id' it did not 
 »lrikr all Kiielinhiiian, for he virnrd it ai a iiirri 
 tpil cnrrrrlion lor urrat proviiirial oU'riirrn. Hut 
 it apprarrd in tlir libirkrut roloiirii to an Anirri 
 ran, who frit no ronxrioiisnr«< of );iiill, anil who 
 fanrird that hravi-n approvnl hix /.ral in ilrlriirr 
 III librrly. It ahriialrd thr alfrrlinim of thr I'olo 
 iiInIh, mid prndiicrd In tlio hrBastn uf thoiinaiKlii, a 
 halrril of (irrat llritnin. 
 
 Tin! ppiial inin of parliaiiipiit, in 1771, wpip all 
 IpviIIpiI airaiimt Maxnacliiinpllii ; but tlip linlipry 
 bill pxtpiidrd to Nrw llaMip<hirp, ('oniipptinit, 
 and Hlioilr iKlaiiil. Thr rpa>ioii« axniiiripil for lliin 
 by lord Niirih wprr, that thry had aiilrd anil abrl- 
 li'il ihrir ollriidiiiK iirii;liboiiiH, siiiil wrrn «o nrar 
 III thrill that thr liilriitlniiH of parliament would 
 br frimlnitril. iiiilrxti they were in like iiiannrr 
 oiiiprrhriiileil in llie iiropoxed rrHlrainlx. 'i'hr 
 exlrnsinn of lliiK prnal ulatiile, to llirre aildilional 
 proviiirri«, operated powrrfnlly in favniir of iininii, 
 and rnnvinrrd thr niiixt iiiniU'rale, of the inrreas- 
 iny neceii'iilv fnr ail the prnvinieH to make a riini- 
 iiioii raii-ie in tlirir oppnxilinn. Wh.alrver iiil^hl 
 be tliedrsii^ns nf parliaiiieiil, their aiTn had a iia- 
 tiiral leiidriiiy In eiilarce the demanilH nf the 
 Aiiieriranx, anil In rtiment their eniil'edrrary, by 
 tiriii piiiK'ipIr , nf iiiiinn. At lirxl thry niily elaiiii- 
 1 exrinptinii frniii inlrriial laxalinii ; but by thr 
 I'niiibiiiatiiiii nf thr Kail India rnnipany and thr 
 Hiilixli ininisiry, an rxlrrnal tax wan madr In 
 answrr all thr piirpn^rx of a ilirrri intrrnal lax. 
 Thry, Ihrirlnre, in riiiisi,xtriire with their own 
 prtnrtpIi'H, wrir rniiiliainril In deny the riiiht nf 
 laxiiii: in any Inriii Inr a Hiipply. Nolhiiie iniibl 
 iniilriblilr iiinrr In make llie eolonistx deny llie 
 parlia-,. iitary elaiiii of internal le|{ix|alinn, than 
 llie iiiannrr in whiili it wax exerrised. in depriv- 
 iiiu thrill nf ihrir rharterx, and passinj; an art re 
 lalive to Irialx, wliirh proiiiixeil iiideiiinity to iiiiir- 
 ilrrrrx, Tliix eoiiviiiiril lliriii that an oppnxitinn 
 In sn iniiiriniiH a elatni wax esseniialiv neerxxarv 
 111 tlirir xri iiiily. Hill tliry still admillril thr 
 piiwrr nf parliaiiirni In bind llirir liadr. This 
 wax rnnrrdrd bv ( 'nlii:rrss olilv a frw liinnths br- 
 line an art passed, that they bIiihiIiI havr iin fniri^n 
 Iradr, iinr br .illmvrd In lisli oil ihrir nwti rnasis. 
 Tlir Hrilisli iiiiniHliy, by tlieir siirrrssnr ails, 
 iiiiprlled the rnlnnisls, in lirlieve, that while the 
 innlher niiinliy irlainril any aiillintily n\er lliriii, 
 that aiilhiinly wniilil, in snnie shape or nllirr, lir 
 rxrrlril sn as In answrr all llir piirpimes nf a pnw- 
 rr In lax. W'liilr (iiral Hrilaili slretrhrd that 
 pnrlinii nf rnnlinlini; Kiipirinary wliirli the ridn- 
 iiisls ivpie dixpoiied to allow her to siuh an extent 
 as roveiril nppiesHion ripially ^rirvntiH with that 
 wliirli lliry would not alliiw, the way was fast 
 openinn fiir a total lenunriaiinn nf lier snverriijn- 
 ly. Thr roerrive mrasiirrs adnplrd by the parent 
 slate, piniliirril a ilispiisilinn in the cnlniiirs In rx- 
 Iriiil Ihrir riaims : and llieextrnsinnof their claims 
 proiliircd an increasing disposition in (ircat Hri 
 lain to coerce them still iiinrc. The jralniisy nf 
 liberty nn one side, and the desire nf supremacy on 
 the other, were reriprncally cause and clfetl ; aid 
 iiriied both parlies, the one in rise in their (Ifinaniis, 
 •iinl the oilier to enforce stilimission. In llic con- 
 Ipsi between (ireat Mrilain and her colonies, llieie 
 had hern a fatal piocrrssion from small to ^ireatrr 
 Eroiinds of disseii.sinn. The trilling lax of Mi!, per 
 pound on tea, roused the jealous inhabitants of lliis. 
 Inn 111 throw Hill chests of it into the ocean. This 
 priiinkeil llie Itrilisli pailiameiil to shut up their 
 port, and to new iiiiidrl llirir charter, ."Statutes 
 sn iiiicnnsliliilinnal and alaiming. exritrd a coiiibi- 
 iiiition ill twrlvr nf thr nilniiirs. In slop all irailr 
 IHith (irral Hiilaiii. Itrland. and thr WrsI Itidirs. 
 I Their cnmbinnliun ^a\, birth to the ruatrainiug 
 
 ai Is of parli. mrni, liy whirli nine iil the coloni)>>i 
 will' iniridii ril ;dl iilhei trade but ih.il Irinii nliicli 
 liiry had \iil. 'iil.ii il> rxrlnibd tlirnisrivrx ; and 
 four nl ilic r n, ir nrii' liii ilirr ilrvnl' .1 n, luinipi'. 
 bv brinu inibillil 'li In lixh mi ibril own rn. uIh, — 
 I'.arli nrw rrsoliii'nn on the inir xide. am. 'rw id 
 on llir iitlirr. 111 i| 'iiially g.ive birlli to siiiiiriliiiit( 
 Iriilii llir nppii'.iiig | irlirs. that wiis niior iriilalin^ 
 or oppnssivr. llian t lial had pirrrdrd. 
 
 Thr brginning of sti ifr. briwerii ilii'iarrnt sMir 
 and her I'ldnnlrs. was kr llir Irtliiig nut nl wa- 
 ters. Kroiii iiiconxiderab'i' eaiiHrsbive waschan^- 
 vil into xnspicinn, which ,'iadii:illy ripened into 
 ill-will, and soon ended in imsiilily. IViiileiicp, 
 policy, and reciprocal interest, iitgeil the exppili- 
 eiicy of coiicessinn ; but pride, false liniiniir, anil 
 liiisciinceived dignitv, iliew in an nppn,«ile diirr- 
 tioii. 1'iiileciileil claims aiiddoiililhil rifjiits, nliiih, 
 iinilpr the inlhience of wisdiim and hniiiility, niiglit 
 have been easily riinipromised, iiiiperrrplilily wi- 
 ileiieil into an irrerniicilealde lireii h. Hatred at 
 Irnglli tiiiik the place nf kind aC: ''ions, and the 
 calaiiiities of war were siibslitiiled, in lien of the 
 benefiis of commerce. 
 
 I'rom the year l7liN, in which a military fiircn 
 had been slatinned in Hosioii,llirrr was a constant 
 succession of innnltiiig words, Innks and i:rxiiire». 
 The inhabilanls were exasperated against the sol- 
 dieis, and they aiviinsl the inhabilanls. Thr for- 
 mri looked on thr lalirr as the iiisinimenls of 
 tyranny, and the latter on the Inriner as seililioi|i| 
 rioters, or frandnlent smiig,'lris. In this trrita- 
 blr slair, every incidetit. howrvrr Irilhnu, iiiailr a 
 sensitdr imprrssion. The cilr/.rns appirhended 
 I onslanl danger frniii an ariiinl bine, in whnsu 
 power they were. The soldiers, no the ntliri 
 hand, consideieil ihrnixrlvrs in the mid<.t of eiie- 
 mirs, and rxposcd to attacks I'r.ini within and 
 from wilhoiit. In prnpiirlinn as ihr brrarli br- 
 Iweeii (ireat Ilritain and her inlniiiis widened, 
 the disiiiixi and aiiimnsiiy lielwren the prnplr and 
 the army iiicieaxrd. Kiinii the laltrr riiil nl 177 I, 
 linxtile appeaianccs daily thrralrni'd thai llir llanirs 
 nl nai Hiiiild brkindlrd liniii ihr ciilhsinii nl such 
 inllammablr malrrialx. Whalsnrvrr was dnnr 
 by rillirr parly by way nf pircaiiliini, Inr llii' piir- 
 pnsi'x of srir drlrnrr, was 1 nnslnird by thr nllier 
 ax prrpaialnrv In an iiilriidrd attack. l-!.ii-li ili>.- 
 ctainiril all intrnliniis nf cnnimrncini: hnsiijiiirs, 
 bill rrcipincally iiiiiiiilr>^lrilxiispiriiiii nl thr nihi'i'x 
 sincerity. As far as was piacticable wilhniil an 
 iipcn riiplnrr, thr plans nl thr iiiir were lexprc- 
 livrly thwailrd by ihr ollirr rrinii rvriy ap- 
 i prarancr it brcamr daily iiinir rvidriii ihal ami" 
 iiiiixt iillimatrly drridr thr cnntcsl. To siillri an 
 ariiiv lli:it was Kiinii cxjircled In br an eiirinv. 
 ipiirlly In liiitily llirinsrivrs, when ihr inhabilanls 
 were iiilli alilr and Hilling to cut lliein nil' appear- 
 ed In snme uariii spirits the height nf fully. lint 
 the priidcnue and mnilrralinii nfiitlirrs. and rs- 
 prnally thr advice and recniiimeiiilalion nf < 'nn- 
 gress. restrained their iniiirliinsily. h w is a I'nr- 
 lipiale circumslance '.ir the coloniesthat the rnyal 
 army was posted al New I'ligland The penple 
 nf that noilhern coiinliv have their passions iiinir 
 iindur the command id leason and iiilerrsi. than 
 those in the southern latiliides. wlierr a warinrr 
 sun excilrs a greater degiee nf irascibility. I )iir 
 rash olleiisive acliiiii against the royal furies .11 
 this early period, Ihoiigli successful, mii;hi have 
 dune great mischief In the cause nf .America. It 
 wniilil have lost them Kuiopean friends, ;ind weak. 
 L'lieil the disposilinn of the ntlier cobinirs to .lo'^ist 
 them. The patient and thr pnlili. .New Knuland 
 men, fully setmible of their siliiatinn, siibmiiied In 
 many insults, ntiil bridlril their resentments. In 
 civil wars or revolutions it is a iinitler of miirli 
 cnnseijuence who nlrikes the fust blnw. 'I'he 
 cniiipassion ofthe world is in fivinir nl the iiiick- 
 ed, and the displeasnie nf gnnd iiirii nn llin>r wlin 
 air the first tn imbriir ihrir hands In biinian blimd. 
 I''nr the space of nine niniilhs -il'lrr thr an i\al ol 
 (Irneral tiagr, the brliiviniir nf llir | riipir of 
 jlnslon is pariii iilailN iM.ilivni iiiiii:i'mi. In ilinse 
 who wish to oveitiirn 1 siaiili^linl I'linriiiiiinls,— . 
 Tlity ounducled their o|ipi)siii(iti with exiiuimte 
 
inn o( rlip ciilntiixs 
 Millliiil (riirri Hliidi 
 I th«-ln'4rtvrH ; imtf 
 
 'l''V"l.',l I,, I: „„_ 
 
 H'ii rmji r'n;i>4(N 
 
 '' Mrdr, ;i((,. .,.jy ,,,,| 
 IhiiIi III •iiinii'lliiij;; 
 »iH runic iiiil.iiiiiK 
 "Tidril. 
 
 '■II ilii'i'nrfiii mai<- 
 ll'llllii; iiiii „| ».,. 
 n'l liivc «:i>irli:iii){. 
 iillv lippiinl jiiii, 
 lilily. I'liiil,.,,,.,, 
 iifKi'il ilif cxiipdl. 
 li'Nr liiiiMiiir, Hiiil 
 "1 "|i|)().«ii(. (Iiii.n. 
 'Hill ri){lit», whii-li, 
 "I llllllillily, lliiuhl 
 iiiiliprrf|itili|y w|. 
 '"" li. Miilrril ;it 
 f!"'i<>in, mill ilin 
 cd, in llfl« (if the 
 
 I ii inililary fnrrn 
 '"• Win :\ ciiiiiii;int 
 ilt« anil f'tiirc^. 
 I .iKiiinsi ilip ,„). 
 "iiiilM. 'I'lic liir- 
 iiiNtniiiifiiln iif 
 
 niPI- IH UCllillllliH 
 
 III llii« iiritii- 
 lii'liiiL', iiiiiili- a 
 
 ■IIS ;i|i|it(liriiile(| 
 !""■<■, in Hliri,,. 
 
 •>■ nil Ihr iitliri 
 
 111' iiii(l'.t iif dii.. 
 
 '1111 HilliMi mill 
 iIm; lirrarli |„.. 
 
 'Iiiiii'« iililnipil, 
 
 '< III'' iH'Ipl.' 1.11(1 
 
 llci ciiil 111 177 |_ 
 'lllNilll|i'(l;iiiins 
 riilli.Hliiii 111 siicli 
 
 '•vcr »ai ill 
 
 I'll, fill lln' |iiir. 
 '■'I li.v tli<- iiihi'r 
 «-li- ' K.lrli (l|... 
 ■illU lliislllilii's, 
 >i "I llii' iiiIm'i'h 
 'I'' wliliipiii an 
 ■ wen- iri|icc. 
 mm cvciy ap. 
 ili'iii lliai "ami" 
 
 'I'll siidci an 
 I"' an riiiMiiy. 
 Ilir iiilialiiiaiitH 
 •■III "ir a|i|icar- 
 ni.lly. iSni 
 lliiTH, anil i'». 
 liiliiin iiCCnn. 
 
 Il «■ is a (iir- 
 sllial (lie iiiyal 
 
 Till' I |i|k 
 
 passiiiiis iMiiiP 
 inli'ii-si, than 
 "•I'r a tvaiimr 
 '■iliillly. One 
 
 il (iiiri's al 
 I. IiiiL'lil liavf 
 Anii'iira. Il 
 'Is, anil iicak. 
 "lilies III assist 
 ^■•'«' (■:iii;laiii| 
 
 iiliiiiiilpil III 
 
 nlinrnis. In 
 
 Kt III' HUM II 
 
 l.|„«-. 'n,,. 
 
 'I' till' Itliiri,- 
 llli llln.l' ullii 
 
 iiiiMaii I.IchmI. 
 "■ anna! nf 
 '' |ri.|.i|- i,f 
 
 "I'. li> iliusr 
 
 ''I'liini'iils. — . 
 ill ('xi|iil!iiir 
 
 ii'lilrc", 'ril<"y iiviililiiii I'KTy kiml ut miii i;;r 
 liiiil viiili'iiii'i pri'si'ivi'il pi'ai I' anil ij'mmI ihiIit 
 atlliilli; lln'lllsi'lvrs. sncrrssiitllv I'li^^a^ril till* Dllifi 
 I'liliinif'-, I" IllaUi- a riiillllioll r.ilMr Willi llii-ili, anil 
 riiiiiiHl.ii-lnH irlirial lia^r sii ciri'dlially as In 
 niivriii liH iI'iiiil: aiiv lliiii'^ liir Ins riiV'il inasirr, 
 mIiiIi' iiy I'lli'ii' I' '""I ninil'Taliiin lln'y si ri'ini'l 
 llirinsrlvrs lliilll i Pllsuri'. 'ril<illi;ll rpsiilvril In 
 liiMr as Inn '4 as pinilpiii-p and piiliry i In- lain I, llii-y ' 
 «iii' all iIm' Iiiiii' pri'piiiiii; (nr iIip I.isi I'xiri'iiiily. 
 'I'lirv wrip liirnisliiiiL; tliriiis'-ivcs Willi amis ami 
 aiiiiniiiiilinii, and iraiiiin^ tlii'ii iiiililia. | 
 
 rinvisinns ivrip ,ilsii inllrrlril ami mnrril in 
 dilli'ii'nl plan's, piM liriilai ly at ( 'niicnril, aliniii < 
 Iwi'iily null's IVniii llnstnn, (trni'ral (ta^r, lliiin^lil 
 /a'aiiiiis Ini Ills inyal iiiaslci's intprpsl, ilnriivrrPil 
 a picvailiii^ di'sirr nl a pi'arpaldi' acrniiiinnilatinii. 
 I|,' wislii.l III pri'vpiil linslililii'i liy ilppriviiiK lliP 
 iiilialiil nils nl ill'' iiirans in'i'i'ssaiy (nr rarryiiiK 
 llii'in nil. Willi lliis \iriv III' ili'IPrintiiPil In drs- j 
 linv ill'' sliiirs wliirli III' kiipw wrii' i nllpctp'l Inr 
 llir siippnii nl a priiniii lal army. WisliiiiE In »''■ | 
 rniiiplisli lliis witlimil lilnndslipil. 111' tniik fvpry ! 
 pii'raiiiinii In ''ll'Tl 11 liv siiiprisp, and willinni | 
 ai.nminu iIip rnnntry. At I'li'vpiin'rinrk at nielli, 
 April l^lli, IVV-'i. MID yri'iiailii'r^ and linlit inlaii 
 ti V, till' lliiwrr nl till' my a I aiiiiy, I'liiharki'd al lliP i 
 I 'niniiinii, laiidrd al i'inpp's I nin, and man IipiI Inr 
 I'nnrnril, iimli'r ill'' rniiiiiiand nl l.ii'iitpiiant I n- 
 liiiii'l .'^lliilll. Ni'illi'T ill'- sprri'iy Willi uliicli iliis' 
 i-xpi'diiinii was plaiini d, I 111' pi i vary with wliirli (lic 
 tinnps niarclii'd nnl, iinr an niiliT llial iin niip in i 
 iMliilaiit sliniiid li'.ivp liiistnn, wpiP NiiHirn-nl tn 
 pii'vi'iit inU'lliui'iii I' rrniii hi'iiii' spiil tn tin; cniiii- ! 
 iiv iiiililla, III what HIS k;niiiK Inrwaiil. Alintil 
 Ian III ill" iiinrmiij; KlOnlllit' IiPxiiikIiiii miliiia 
 hid as<i'iil!ili-d In nppnsp lliPill. tint llili-llli;i'lirp 
 ii'spiTiiir.^ ilip H'^iil.Hs lii'iiij; nni Pitani, tlipy wi-rr 
 ill-- nis-i'd. Willi nrdi'is In appi'ar ai^alll al In-. II (d 
 ilnllll. 'I'lli'V rnlli-rtrd i sriniid liinp, tn tin- lilllli- 
 lii-r idVtI. iii'twi'i-ll Inlir and (ivr n'llnrk III till' 
 iiiniiimu. III llii' I'.llli. and ilir llrilisli ri'i^iiliis 
 -■Miii.illi'r ma '.p ijip'r appraiam r. .^laplr I'lli-.iirn, 
 \^ lin It'll llii' adv.iin-i-d i-nrpN, rndi' up tlii'in and 
 i-.dlril nut ; " l>ispi'isr, vnii rrln-ls; llirnw ilnwii 
 viinr iiriiis and dispi-isi-.'^ Tlipy still rnnliiiiiPil 
 Ilia hi"lv- ; nil wliiili 111' adviini-d iii'.in'r. ills- 
 rliiri;i'd Ills pisinl. .iiid nrilrri'd Ins snldirrsln liri . 
 'I'liis w.is dnin' Willi .i liii//.a. A disppisinn id tin' 
 liilhlia was till- i-nnspipii'iiri' ; hilt llir tiring nl till' 
 11- ^11 1.1 IS w IS ni'H'itlii'li's< III .ttniipii. Individ II, lis 
 iMidiiii; llii'V ivi'ri' liii'd iipnii, tliniii;li dmpprsini(, 
 ii'liiriii'd Ilir firr. 'I Iiipp nr Iniir id tlip iinlilia 
 wpii' kilh'il nil 111'' i;rp"'ii. .\ Ipw mnrp wtTP slinl 
 .dirr llii'V hill hpi;iiii tn disppisf. 'I'lic ruyal iIp- 
 l.irliiiipiit pini-pi'di-il tn Cniicnr'l, and pxpiiitpil, 
 thiir i-nmimssinn. 'Tli'-y dis.ihli'd lw-n:il pniindi'is, ' 
 ihri'w ,'illlllh id' hall inlnwi-lls, and slavi-il ahniii ' 
 si\l\ hiiirls III thiiir. .Mr. .Inliii ltiiiti'ri(;k, nl 
 
 I niirnid, niajnr id' a n itp iri!iiiii-iit, nnl ktinw ^ 
 
 111^ what had passi'd .it l,i>xiiixlnii, iirdi'ii'il his iiiPii | 
 mit tn ulvp till' lirst (in-, lli.it llipy iiiikIiI lint hi'; 
 till' ai;uii'ssiirs. Ipnii Ills appniarhniii iipar llii'[ 
 n-i;iil.ns, ilipv liri'il, and kilird I'.iptain Isaac |)a-| 
 VIS, and mil' priv.ilp iilllii' prnvmrial niiniitp im-ii. 
 'I'll'' (il)' was nliiriiid, and a skiiimsh piisiipil. 
 Till' I. im; s tmnp-i h.iviin; ilniip ilicir (iiisiiipss, lip . 
 Uin llii-ir rrtrcil Inwards ilnstim. Tins was i nn , 
 lllrird with I'xpi'ilillnll, Ilit till' ailjai Pitt illliahl', 
 ants had asspinhli'd in arms, and hpi;aii tn attaik 
 thi'iii III pvpry iliriTlinn. In llipir rptiirn tn Lpx- 
 iiit:tiiii ilipy wprp pxi ppilinnly aiiiinypil, hntli liy j 
 lliasp mIiii prpsspil nil llti'ir rear, and nlliprs wlin 
 pniinni; in limii all snips, fiipil (rntii lipjiinil slniip 
 wills and sin-li likp rnvprts, whi( li siipplipil tin' 
 pl.iip nl liiH'sanil rpilniilils. At I,pxitii;tnii tlip rpuii 
 i.irs » prp jnniPil hy a ■Iptaclmipiit n( '.MK) niPii. iindpr 
 Inrd I'lPrry, wliicli had hppii sent nut liy (ipiipral 
 llacitn siippnri NiPiilPiianl < 'nlniipl .^' mill. This 
 n'inCnrrpmpiit haviiii; twn pipcpt nf citiiinn, awpii 
 llip prnvincials, and kppi lliPiil at a iin'alpr dislaiirp : 
 liiit tlipy ciinliniipil a i-ntiHtant, lliniiuli Irrrnnlir 
 anil si-attprini; liro, wliirii did i;rpat pxpcntinn. 
 Tlip (In-iC (iriiiu Irniii liidiiiid tlip walls liy tnnd 
 tnaiksiiipn, lait tlip ri>i;iilar trnnps iiitn nn siii.ill 
 (1111,1191(111 : utit llii^y m^vvrllii'li'ts kepi up ii brink 
 
 NO II Til A ,M K IM i; A . 
 
 ii'tM-.iiiiiK liip (III tlip iiiiliita and iiimnlp men. A 
 lii'li- .illir sniKPt Ihr refill. iis n-ai lied llnnkpr'n- 
 liill, wnrii dnwM Willi i-x'i-^^ivp lati^iip, liavniij; 
 mail lii'd ill, 11 d,iy In-iwci-n thirly and Iniiy iiiiIps. 
 • )n ilii' iii'Xt d ly liny irnsspil ihp ( ;|i iilpstnwii (prrv. 
 .iiid n-tiiini-d in liimtnii. 
 
 TliiTP iii-v(-r wpii- ninri' thin IIHl pinviiiPials pii 
 i;a(;pil al diip Iiiiip, and idipii tint mi many. As 
 snnip tirpil and navp nut, ntliprs laiiip up and tnnk 
 lliPir plai PS. 'I'liprp was sian cly any disi ipliiip 
 nlisprvpil ainniii; llniii. ( tllii-prs and priv itps (irpil 
 wliPii llipy wpip n ally, in saw a rnyal iimrnrm, 
 wilhnnl wailiMi; fnr tlip wnid nf i-iniimand. Tlii-ir 
 kii'iw|pili;p Id ilip (niinlfy Pii.ilili-d ilipm in i;aiii 
 nppnrttiiiitips hy prnssini; lipids and Ipiipps. and In 
 ai-l as (lankini; p.irtips ai{amst llip kind's tnin(N, 
 wlin kppl In tlip mam mad. 
 
 Tlip rPi;iilars had sixty (ivc killpil, inip hnndrpd 
 and rinhty winindpil, and twpiiiy-pi^lit m idp pris- 
 iinrrs. Of thp prnviiirials filly wpip killed, and 
 thirty Piflil wi'iimlpil and iiiissmi;. 
 
 As arms wprp tn iIppiiIp iIip iiintrnvprsv, it was 
 rnrlnnatp fnr IliP Amcriraiis that lln- lirsi Idnnd 
 was drawn in .N'pw KiiKlaml. 'I'll!- inh.iliil.ints nl 
 lli.it (-iinntry are «(> rniniPitpd with parli ntliPr liv 
 ili'si-piil, niannprs. rplii,'inii, pnliins, and a L'l'ni ral 
 pipialily, ihal llip killini; nl a smi;|p inilividiial in 
 ti-rislPil ilip whidp, and iii.iiIp iIipiii rniisidpr it as 
 a <-niiiiiinii (-ansp. 'I'liP Idnnd nl tlinsp wlin wiip 
 killi'd at 1,1-xiii^'lnii and ( ■inirnrd priiu'd tin- (inn 
 (■''iiipiit id an pxii-i.-sivp niiinn. 
 
 Tn pn-K-nt tin- pi-npli- wiihm itnstnn fmiii <■« 
 npi-raiiiii; with tliPir i niintrMiiPn wiihnnt. in pasp 
 nf an assault, whirli was nnw daily pxppi tpd, lip 
 iipral (ia-^p aurei'il with a 'nmiinilpp id iIip liiwii, 
 iliit ii|iiiii llip inhahitaiils Indt'im; their aims in 
 Kancnil hall, nr any ntlipr pniivi-nniii plipp. iinili-r 
 ilie i-ire n( the selei-inipn, all ,.ni h iidialnt nits as 
 wi-rp nil lined, inmht ih-part linin tin- inwn. wnh 
 then fiimliPs and i-lfei-is. In live d.ivs alier ilie 
 r ililii-.itinn id tins ai,'reenipiii, ihr iiilial.ii.inis 
 lndi;pd r(V"> mnsipiels, i;:!| pis'nis, :iV.'i liayniipls 
 and :is hliiiiderhiissps. '{'lie .ii;reeinPiit was well 
 nliiprved in llip lipyinidnr ; lint afler a slinrt tiiiii- 
 nli-:iriii tiniis wprp tlimwii in tlip way nf its find 
 ('(nnpli'linn, nn tlip pli-a that |ipr^iiiis whn wpiiI 
 Irniii liiisiiin tn lirini; iii the t^.mils nf thnse whn 
 elms, tn ennliniie wiiliin the tnwn. were lint pm 
 ppily le.itpd. (niiKress reinnnslralPil nn IIip in 
 trai'lin-i nl ilic ai:r(-('iiteni. Iiiii w iihniii i-lh-rt. The 
 general nn a l.irtlier ennsidi-raiinii id lliesi- eimsp- 
 (pieiii PS nl ninviiiL; the wlii^s mil nl linsinn, pva'lp'l 
 It III a m.iniipr nnt rnnsistrnt with t'nn'l fiitli. lie 
 was 111 sniiip ineasnre cnnipelled tn adnpi linsdis- 
 hniinnraldi' nip.isnrp, Irniii llip I'l.imnnrnl tlip Inrips, 
 whn al|pi;pd that iiniip Inil enennes in the liiiiish 
 tinvpriiment were dispiKid in reiiinvp, and that 
 wliPii tlipy were all sale with their ! iinilies .mil i-l 
 lects the tnwn wniild li*' set sei nn liie, Tn prevent 
 the prnyiniials (mm iihi.iiiiiii<: snnplies whn h they 
 iiiin-h wanted, a ipnhhlp was iiiaili' nn theinpanini^ 
 nf tlip wnrd rjrrt% whirli was rnnstriiPii hy thr 
 L!Piieral as rut iiieludiii:^ nipn-haiidisp. liy this 
 ( (inslriietinn, iinwarr iiiti'd liy evpiy rule nf KPiiiiiiiP 
 intpipr'-tatinii. m.iiiy whn ipiiiii-d lln- tnwn wi-re ilc- 
 priveil 111 ilieir iisn.il tesniini-s I'm siippnrt. Pass- 
 piir's wpie nnt iiiiivi ri.illy rPlnspil, Init were (jivpii 
 nut vpry slnwly : and the Inismess was so enn- 
 ilneted that l.miilics were divideil ; w-ivrs wpr** 
 sppaniU-d Innii tliPir hiisliamls ; rhildrPii (rniii tliPir 
 paipiil ; and the ai;pd ai.il iiilirm (mm tliPir rpla- 
 tinim and fre nils, TliP tipnrral dirnverpil a dis- 
 inelinalinn .n pari with iIip wmiipn and ehildrpn, 
 tliiiikiiii: liiat, mi tliPir ai-eniiiii, tliP prnvmnals 
 wnnlil he rpslianipil (rniii nial.ini; an iissaiilt nn thp 
 tnwn. The splerttnen c.ivp repeale'l .issiiraiu-ps 
 that thr inlialntants had delivered up their arms ; 
 hut, as a rnver (nr vinlaiint the ai;ippnit'tit, (ipiTp- 
 ral iiaijf issiipil a prnrlanialinn. in wliirh he as- 
 sprted that he had a full prnnf tn tlip i niilrary. .\ 
 few tiiiiihl liavp sppiPtpil sniiip favniirilp arms; 
 lint nearly all ti ■• traimiiL' arms were delivpreil up. 
 t >ii this tliinsy preieni'p tliP ^Piieral sacrifii-pd his 
 hniiniir tn pnliry and the rlaiiiniirs nf the tnrirs. 
 (nntrary in uniid (aitli, lie ilptamed nitiiy, l)i('ii|:li 
 fairly Kntillcil by aurofinriil In jjn otil ; and when 
 
 mi 
 
 I lie liiliniilcil llin i|p|iiirllir« nf nihiTs, h« wniild nnt 
 'allnw tliPin In reiiinve tliPir laiiiilies and pIIppis, 
 I The prnvnii-ial i impress nl AI.i-s n hii-.eits, wliii-h 
 I was III ,^es<inn al the IllnenI the l.exnielnn h ii(|p, 
 ilesp.iti lii-d .III ..11 iiiiiii lit |t In tiiea! Iliii.iin, .ip- 
 pniiipaiiied Willi III. my depnsii inns, in prnve thai 
 
 lIlP linllsll tinnps were ihe i^L'I'-ssnis. 'IliPy aUli 
 
 III iiIp an addrpss in thp nili.iliii.inis nf (ireal llri- 
 lain, in whiph. af'pr rninpl nniii!; (d lli'ir siider- 
 MIL'S, lliPy say; •' 'I'liese li;ne nnt yel detai hed <m 
 Irnmiilir rnyal snv(-reii;ii. U'e pmless In lip hislnviil 
 and 'Intilnl siihjeeis, and llinn-^h hardly ih-ali wiili, 
 as wp have In-en. .ire sidl ready with nnr lives anil 
 Inilniips, In ill-lend In persnn. ernivii aii'l di[,'mty, 
 .Neveriheh's", in the perseeiiinm and ivr.iiiiiy i.f 
 his evil iiiiiiisiry, we will nnl Innely snlimii. '.\p. 
 pealint! In lie.iveil Inr the jiisliip id nnr ( ;iiise, »p 
 ililernniiP in die nr he lr''C." Krnin the i-nm. 
 nn-liipiiienl id hnsllliliPs. llip dispnle helweei) 
 (ir"it Itriiiinaiid the enlnini-s tnnk :i in-w dirii tinii. 
 liiK-llieeni-e that the l!iiii«li linnps h ail mari-hed 
 nnt nl rinsinn mtn Ihe i nnntrv nn sinne hnsiiip 
 pnrpnse. Iieiii'^ liirw iT'leil liv Pxpressps Irniil nnn 
 pnininltlpe tn .iiinther. L'ri-.il Imdif-s id the iiniiiM, 
 tint niily (rnin .Massai hiiselts. lint the adjnenl ( n- 
 Iniiies, i;ias|ieil their inns nid m.irelied In n)-,pn<n 
 ih'-iii. The i-nlniiips wrie m sni-h a sl;ite nf irti- 
 lalidiiy, that the lr;i«l shnek in any pail was. hv il 
 pnwi-iliil iiid Myiiipalln-iii- .idpetinn. inslanlaiipinis- 
 ly tell iliriiiiL'hnn' ih(- whnle. The AniPriPans who 
 (ell were rever-d hy tlii-ir ( nimiryiiien. as iii;irtyrs 
 
 whn had died in the ealise nl hhl-rlv. ItesPiil menf 
 
 ar_'aiipsi ihi- tintish Inirned iiinre stmnt;|y than pvi-r. 
 Mull. 1 1 raL;e Innk |in.ise,i«iiiii lit I In- lirea<ls nf tlinll- 
 s iiids. I 'nniltin iliiiiis were tnrmed, :ind assni-ia- 
 tinin siihsi-rilied, hmdiiiK the inh.iliil.ints to oiib 
 inniher hy the "iar red lips nf hniionr. rp|ii;inn. and 
 Invr 111 P'aimry, in do whalever their piildir hndipn 
 iliri'-l'il Inr ihe prrsprvaiinn nf tliPir hhertips. 
 Iiilhertn Ihe Ainenraiis h id nn reu'iilar nnv. 
 Kinni priiiriples o( pnliev ihev eaiiiinnsly avnideil 
 ihal inprsnrf, lest they niiifhi •iilppri iheniselves lo 
 the (In-re'-nl lii-int' ai;cip«snis. All llipir iiiihnry 
 rPL'iilaiinns wprrp.iiried nn hy ilieir inihtia, and 
 under the nlil mlahlislipil laws nf ihe land. Kil 
 the delenee ni the ( nlniiM s, the ndialiiianis had 
 h'-en. (mm 'heir p.;!lv vr.irn. piirnlled in enmpaniPs, 
 and l.in^hl ilie iiup nl .irnis. 'Ihe laws Inr tliii 
 pnrpnsp h id never hppn lieiipi i.li-erverl than Ini 
 sniiie iiiniiihs pn-vinns tn the f ,* x iii{;lnii li.illle. 
 These linhl.iiy arranpenienr-. wlnrli li.id lieeii 
 prevmiisiy ;idiipipil Inr drtriidinL' ihr rnlnmes frnm 
 linslilp Krein-h and Indians, weie.ni this nrrasinn 
 inrneil aeainsi tliP trnnps nf the parpnt slate 
 Knrts. inaira/.iiips, and aiBenals, by thp cnnstitn- 
 tinii nl ihr ennn'ry. were in the keppnic nf hit 
 map-sty. Iinniediately aliir the I, exmcinii battle. 
 Ilii-sp wer»- Inr 'l-e ninsi part laken pnsspssinii ft\' 
 thrnnulinnl the rnlnnn-s. by p.irlies nf the prn- 
 viii'-mI iiiiIiIi;i. Tn-niiilemca. in w liirli w:is a sin.dl 
 m.;il [.'arrisnn. was siiipnsi-d and taken by adveii- 
 liirers Irnni dilferent si. lies. I'liblip mnn"y whn ti 
 Iniil been rnllerlp'l in rniisef|iiencp nf previo'ts 
 prints, was ulsn sei/eil (nr rnminnn spryii-es. Hr- 
 Inre the f ninininpiireiiKnl nl hnsiihties, ihe^e mei- 
 sliips wnnid li.ivp lippii I iiiideimied by the iiinderatp 
 (-V(-n aniniiE! ihp .-\ mi rir.ihs : but tinit i-veni jiisii- 
 lied a bidder linr nf <ip[insitinn lli.iii had been nlnpl- 
 ed. .^uii'lry (Ill/ens Imvihj; be*-ii put In death by 
 IJrilish Irnnps, Keif presprvalinn dirlatpil measinet 
 which. if adnptrd under nlherein nmsianees. wniilil 
 have disniii'ed tliR rnlnnists. f inenf the iiinst iiii- 
 pnrtant of litis kind was the raisme an army. Men 
 111 warm tempprs wlinse rniirai:p pxi-efdrd ihpii 
 prndeiirp. had fnr inniiths iirt'cd the f;e. i<*iiy nf 
 raisiii;^ trnnps ; but they were rpslraine,| hy thr; 
 ninre nioilpratp. whn wished that the \i-mf» 
 nnchl ayntil pxtreinities. nr at le !•! ih.ii ihey 
 iniL'ht not Irad in hrinEniE them on. 'I he pmvin- 
 (-ial rnnKrcss nf Mass;i(-hiisplls brine in spssmn a| 
 tlir tinir the batllr ofl.exinjlnn wasfnucht. .nlnl 
 that "an army nf IWI.IUHI men be iminedialelv 
 raised; that l!l.*i K) br of their n«n pmnnep ; 
 :iiid that a letlrr :iiid delp^atp be «f nt Ut the srfp. 
 ril riilnnips nf Nrw Mainpshire, ( nnnrrtipiil and 
 Khodr Inland." In ronseiinriirp of this «uir, ||.'R 
 
88-3' 
 
 THE HISTOUY OF 
 
 k 
 
 busiiia.19 ol'of recriiitiiii; wiisboi^iiii : and in iislioii 
 (Iriir u |)n>vi$iuii:il nriii)' tv^is piinuli'il in tlip vu^i- 
 liiiy III liosluii, whi> 'i, thunitli liii' lii'liiw nli:il Ijiid 
 ()cfN Yiilctl by the p.ovjnrial coiii;u'>s, was niiicli 
 sii|ii'n<ii' ill iiinnbei!! i) tlicniyiil airny. 'riiccoiu- 
 iiMrid 1)1 iliiii I'urre was ^iven M (.iciitMal U'anl. 
 
 II. id llie liritisli Iriiups ciiiiliiied llieniselves to 
 liiisldii. as bef'ure llu; iMli ol' April, the assembling 
 'III AiiK'i'icanainiy, tliiiugliuid)' 'iirllic purpose ul' 
 iiliscrviiiun and delence, niiiili! Iiave appeared in 
 the nature ol u elialleii;;e : and would liavc made 
 iiiaiiy less willing In .support llie people of Alassa- 
 <'liiiseii!> ; but allei the llritish liad cumnienced 
 liostililies, llie same measure was adiipied without 
 suli|e< lini; llie authors ol' il to censurv, and with- 
 out jjiviii^ (illeiice or ha/.arding the union. The 
 Lexuiuloii battle not only I'lirnisheil the Americans 
 with a jiistilyiiig apology lor raising an army, but 
 inspired them with ideas ol" their own prowess. 
 Amidst the most animated declarations of sacri- 
 (icing I'ortiine, and risking life itsell" for the secu- 
 rity ol' American rights, a secret sigh would I're- 
 ipii'iitly escape Iroiii the hieastsol'her most deter- 
 mined Irieiids, lor Tear that they could not stand 
 belore the bravery and discipline oC British troops, 
 lloaiy sages would shake their heads, and say; 
 '• Voiir cause is good, and I wish you success: 
 but 1 Tear that your undisciplined valour must be 
 mercoine, in the unequal contest. Alter a lew 
 thousands (if you have fallen, the provinces must 
 uliimately bow to that power which has so repeat- 
 edly hiinibled France and ."^paiii." .So conlidenl 
 were the liritisli of their superiority in arms, that 
 lliey seemed desirous that the contest iiiif;lit be 
 brought to a mililaiy decision. S'oiue of the dis- 
 tiiigiiishi'd speakeis in parliament had publicly as- 
 seiii'd that the natives of America hud iiothiiig of 
 the soldier ill them, and that they neic in no re- 
 spect ipialilied lo face a liritisli army. Kuiopean 
 pliilosopheis had pulilislied theories, setting foith 
 that not only vegetables and beasts, but that even 
 men deuener.iled in llie western heniispheie. I)e- 
 partiiii; Iroili the spirit of true philosophy, they over- 
 looked the state of society in the new world, and 
 rjiar^ed a coiiipara'ive iiil'erioiily, on every pro- 
 diii'tion that was Aiuerieaii. The colonists tlicni- 
 si'lves hail iiiibibeil opinions iVoiii their lorelathers, 
 ilial no people im tarlli were eipial lo those with 
 wlioiii they were about to contend. liii|>iessed 
 Willi liii;li ideas of Hrilisli superiority, and dilliilent 
 ol llieiii>elves, their best-iiilormed citizens, tlioiigh 
 Hilling to run all risks, feaied '.he eoiisc(|iience of 
 an appeal lo arms. The success that attended 
 their iirsi iiiilitaiy eiiterprize, ill some degree liaii- 
 i'bed these suggestions. I'erhaps in no siibse- 
 (|iieiit battle did the .\iiiericaiis appear to greater 
 advantage than in their llrst essay at Lexington. 
 It is almost without parallel in military history, 
 for the yeomaiirv ol" a country to come forward 
 ill a single disjoinleil iiianner, without order, and 
 for till' must part witlioiit olliceis, and by an irre- 
 giil.ir lire, to put lo lliglit troops eipial in discipline 
 lo aiiv in the world. In opposition to the bold as- 
 sert ionsofsiime, and '.lieilesponding feaisofolheis, 
 experience proved that.Vim'iicansuiighl ell'ecliially 
 resist liritisli troops. The diOident grew bold ill 
 their coiiiitiy's cause, and Indulged in cheerful 
 hopes llial heaven would linally crown their la- 
 bours with success. 
 
 Soon aficr the Lexington battle, and in eonse- 
 ipii'iice of that event, not only the arms, aminiini- 
 iiiio forts and liirliliiations in the colonies were 
 ^ecllred for the use of the provincials: but regu- 
 l.ii Ion es well' liiised, and money struck for their 
 sii|iporl. These military ariangenients vtere not 
 cmillned to New Knglaiid, but were general 
 ihronuhoiit ihe colonies The delriminalioii of 
 llie kiiii! and parliaineii to enforce submission tu 
 their acts, and the iie«^ of the Lexington battle, 
 rune to the distant provinces nearly about the 
 same lime. It was supposed by many that the 
 latter was in eonseipience of the former, and that 
 (ieneial (Jage hail recent ordeis to pniceed iiniiie- 
 di.iirlv to subdue the refraclory coloiiies. 
 
 Kroiii a variety ol cucuinsiaiiccsthe Americans 
 had good reason tu cuiirludu that hostilities would 
 
 soon be carried on vigorously in Mnssachnselts, 
 and also to appiehetid that, sooner or later, each 
 I'vovince would be the theatre of war. " 'J'lie 
 more speedily therefore," said they, "we are pre- 
 pared for that event, ilie belter chance wc have 
 for defending ourselves." Previous to this period, 
 or rather to the 19th April, 1775, the dispute had 
 been carried on 'y the pen, or at most by associa- 
 tions and legislative acts ; but from this time for- 
 ward it was conducted by the sword. The crisis 
 was arrived when the colonics liad no alternative, 
 but either to submit to the mercy, or to resist the 
 power of Cireat Britain. An unconipieruble love 
 of liberty could not brook the idea of submission ; 
 while reason, more temperate in her decisions, 
 suggested lo the people their insufficiency to make 
 ell'ectual opposition. They were fully apprized of 
 the power of iiritain ; they knew that lier fleets 
 covered the ocean, and that her flag waved in tri- 
 umph through thefour quarters of the globe; but 
 the animated language of the time was, " It is bet- 
 ter to die freemen, than to live slaves." Though 
 the justice of their cause and the inspiration of 
 liberty gave, in the opinion of disinterested judges, 
 a superiority to the writings of Americans, yet in 
 the latterinodc of conducting their •ipposition, (lie 
 candid among themselves acknowledged an infe- 
 riority. Their form of government was deficient 
 in that decision, despatch and coercion, which are 
 necessary to military operations. 
 
 Europeans, from their being generally unac- 
 quainted with fire arms, are legs easily taught the 
 use of them than Americans, who are from their 
 youth familiar with these instruments of war; yet 
 on other accounts they are more susceptible of 
 military habits. The piopoition of necessitious 
 men in the new world is small compared with that 
 in the old. 
 
 To procure subsistence is a powerful motive with 
 ail European to enlist ; and the prospect of losing it 
 makes him afraid to neglect his duty ; but these in- 
 citement" to the punctual discharge of military ser- 
 vices, a'l. wanting in .\inerica. In old countries the 
 distinction of ranks and the siibmi.ssion of inferiois 
 lo superiors, generally takes place ; but in the 
 new world, an extreme sense of liberty and equal- 
 ity indisposes to that implicit obedience which is 
 the soul of an aiiiiy. 'I'lie same causes wliicli 
 nurtured a spirit of independence in the colonies 
 were hostile to their military arrangements. It 
 was not only from the iliD'erent stale of society in 
 the two countries, but from a variety of local cau- 
 ses, that the Ameiicans were not able lo contend 
 in arms, on equal terms, with their parent state. 
 From the fust sellltmeiit of ihe liritisli cobuiies, 
 igriculliiie and commerce, but especially the for- 
 mer, had been the favourite pusuits of their inha- 
 bitants. War was a busine?s abhorrent from their 
 usual habits of life. They had never engaged in 
 it I'idiii their own motion, nor in any other mode 
 than as appendages to Jiriiisli troops, and under 
 lirilish establishments, liy these means the mili- 
 tary spirit of the colonies had had no opportunity 
 of expanding itself. At the commencement of 
 hosiililies, the Jtrilish troops possessed a knowl- 
 edge of the science and discipline of war, which 
 could be acquired only by a long series of applica- 
 tion, andsnbslantial establishiiients. 'I'lieir equip- 
 ineiits, their artillery, and every oilier part of ilieir 
 apparatus for war approached perfection. To tlice 
 important circumstances was added a liigh nation- 
 al spirit of pride, which hail been greatly auumenl- 
 ed by their successes in their last contest wiili 
 France and .Spain. On the otherhand the Ame- 
 ricans were undisciplined, wiilioiit experienced 
 ofl"icers, and without the shadow of military estab- 
 lishments. In the wars which had been prfvious- 
 ly carried on. In or near the cti,<inies, the provin- 
 cials had been, by their respective legislatures, 
 Ireipienlly added to the liritisli troops: but the 
 pride of Ihe latter would not consider the former, 
 who were without uniformity of dress, or the pert- 
 ness of mililary airs, to be Iheir equals. The 
 provincial troops were llieiefore for the luost part, 
 assigned to services which, though laburiuui, were 
 nut honourable. 
 
 The ignorance of liritisli generals commanding 
 in the woods of America, soiiietimes involved 
 them in diliiculties lioiii which they I, ad been 
 more than once leliived by the superior local 
 knowledge of the colonial hoops. Theseservices 
 were soon forgotten : and Ihe moment the troops 
 who performed them could bespareil tliev nr re dis- 
 banded. Such like obstacles had hitherto depress- 
 ed military talents in America ; but they were 
 now overcome by Ihe ardour of the people. 
 
 In the year 1775, a martial spirit pervaded all 
 ranks ofmcn in the colonies. They believed their 
 liberties to be in danger, and were generally dis- 
 posed to risk their lives for their eslablishnieni. 
 'I'lieir ignorance of the military art, prevented 
 their weighing the chances of war with tliai exact- 
 ness of calculation, which, if indulged, niiuhl have 
 damped Iheir hopes. They conceived that there 
 was little more to do than fight manfully for their 
 country. They consoled themselves' >vith the 
 idea, that though their first attempt might be un- 
 successful, their numbers would admit r.f a repe- 
 lilioii of the experiment, till the invaders were 
 finally exterminated. Not considering, that in mo- 
 dern wars the longest purse (iecides oflener than 
 the longest sword, they feared not the wealth of 
 Iiritain. They both expected and wished that 
 Ihe whole dispute would be speedilv settlei. in a 
 few decisive engagements. Klevaied with the 
 love of liberty, and buoyed above the fear of con- 
 sequences, by an ardent mililaiy enthusiasiii. una- 
 bated by calculations about I he extent, diiraiion,or 
 probable issue of the war, the people of Aiiierua 
 seconded Ihe voice of their riileis, in an appeal to 
 heaven for the vindication of their rights. At the 
 lime the colonies adopted these spirited resolu- 
 tions, they possessed not a single sliip of wai, nor 
 so much as an armed vessel of any kind. It had 
 ol'ien been suggested that their seaport lowiis lav 
 at the mercy of the navy of (ireal liriiaiii ; ilis 
 was both known and believed, lint disieg.inb il. 
 The love of property was absoibed in the love of 
 liberty. The animated votaries of the eijiial rights 
 of human nature, consoled themselves with the 
 idea i'l.ii though their whole sea coast should be 
 laid in ashes, they could retire lo the westeiii wil- 
 derness, and enjoy the luxury ot heing liee ; on 
 this occasion it was observed in Congress, bv Chris, 
 topher (iadsden, one of the Sonlli Carolina dele- 
 gales: "Our houses being constructed of brick 
 stone, and wood. though destroyed, maybe lebuilt, 
 but liberty oi-ce gone is lost lor ever. 
 
 The sober discrelioii of the present ai!c will 
 more readily censuic than admire, but can ni.ire 
 easily admire iliaii iniiiaie the fervid zeal ol the 
 patriots of 177;") and I7((), who in idea sacrillci'd 
 property in the cause of liberty, with the ease lliat 
 ihey now sacrifice alniost every other considera- 
 lion for the acquisition of properly. 
 
 'I'lie revenues of Iiritain were iiiimense : and 
 her people were liabitnaled to the paytneiit of laige 
 sums in every fiiriii which eoiiiributiuns to goverii- 
 iiieiil have assumed, lint the .A meiican colonies 
 possessed neither money nor tiiiuls; nor were 
 their people accustomed lo taxes equal to the exi- 
 gences of war. The contest having begun about 
 taxation, to have raised money by taxes lor cariv- 
 ing il on, would have been impolitic. The ti iiipei 
 of the limes precluded the necessity of altenipiiiiL' 
 Ihe dangerous expedien: : lorsiich was the enihii' 
 siasni of the day, that the coliuiisls gave up both 
 their personal services and their properiv to the 
 public, on the vague promises that lliey should at 
 a future time be reimbursed. W'itliiiiit iii(|iiiriii': 
 in the solidity of f.ii.ds, or the precise |i(riod of 
 payment, the resources of llii^ conntiy were de- 
 manded on general assiiiances, that all expenses 
 of the war should nllimalely be e(|iialized. The 
 parent state abounded with rxperienced stales- 
 men and oflicers; but the dependent form of go- 
 vernment exercised in Ihe colonies, pirrliided 
 Iheir citizens from gaining that piartiral knov.l- 
 edge which is acquired Inuii beio'; at llie head of 
 public departineiils. Tlieiewri" verv few in the 
 colonies who iinderslo'id the bu';lMe>.s of providing 
 for all army, and still liuer who had expeiiiiirt: 
 
'flipw^vfpwfi^r 
 
 »TOcr 
 
 Hencnits coniinanding 
 , sipiiiciimi's invcilvKl 
 liii-li il,c,v l.:icl hceii 
 Mi|ifiini- Icical 
 
 ■ri 
 
 IV tl|( 
 
 le nioincni ilir ri<)0|)3 
 espiiiTil ihcy htkmI 
 
 l('S('S('IHC|i3 
 
 ilKlll IlilllP 
 
 ncii ; but (Ik 
 
 Pi'lii il('|)ies.s- 
 
 1)1° till 
 
 |U'I)|)I(' 
 
 liil spiiii iifiiiided all 
 'J'lipy liclificci ilirjr 
 I were i;eiieriill_v dis- 
 tlicir t'sliililislmicii. 
 ililiii 
 It' »ii 
 
 ry an, picvenied 
 iwitli iliai ixaci- 
 
 indiilKed, niii;lir li: 
 cciiireived iliiii |||,.|n 
 :li[ maidiillv lor ilicjr 
 iiilli tlio 
 
 lliPinselv 
 
 lleinpt iiiiglit lie nn- 
 
 a repe- 
 
 le invaders were 
 
 >iil(l ad mi I r.C 
 
 II ll: 
 
 isiileririji, llial in mo- 
 (iecidcs olieiier ilian 
 "I not (he wealili <if 
 ed and wished ilial 
 speedily setllei, in 
 
 Kl 
 
 evnied wiih ilu 
 
 )()ve the tear ( 
 
 irv enllm; 
 
 siasni. unii- 
 
 eextent, duraiioii.or 
 ' peii|ile i\( Anieriia 
 ilers, in an appeal le 
 
 their rialils 
 
 A I the 
 
 ;le sli 
 
 spiriied resciln- 
 
 i|' "I war. nor 
 
 't any kind. It li;..d 
 ir seapiMl towns lav 
 
 (ireai 1> 
 
 III 
 
 ll. lint disretardi ll. 
 
 iheil 
 
 sol'tl 
 
 in the Inve 
 e e(|nal rights 
 
 lietnsejves HJih ihi 
 'ea coast should Im 
 
 to ih 
 
 e Hesiein wil- 
 
 011 
 
 ol lieing tree ; 
 "'ongress.liv Chris. 
 |"lli Carolina deie- 
 inslrueted ol hrieli 
 [ed. may he leliudi, 
 ever. 
 
 present auc will 
 
 |ire, bnl ran ni.ire 
 
 fervid /,.al ol the 
 
 in id 
 
 ea .sarrilieeii 
 
 Hat 
 
 I w'iih the < 
 
 oilier considera- 
 hv. 
 
 iiniiH'nse : and 
 
 ' payment oljaijrc 
 
 Ixilions t 
 
 o fiovern- 
 
 kmeiiran colo 
 
 Irnnds : imr iveie 
 
 ]e(|iial to theexi- 
 
 aliMiit 
 
 taxes lor eanv- 
 
 hi 
 
 Tl 
 
 |iiy ol aitc 
 > the 
 
 le lempei 
 
 itiptinu' 
 enllin- 
 
 |l» save np |,„ih 
 1 properly to the 
 |l Ibey shoidd al 
 liilioni in(piiriii<: 
 |erise period of 
 de- 
 
 liinlrv nei 
 
 at all 
 
 expenses 
 
 liualized. Th, 
 Irienceil slales- 
 jnl lonii ol" Ho- 
 lies. pi.TJiideil 
 
 elieal knov.l- 
 |ai the head „(■ 
 
 nry lew in the 
 
 "^ oC [•roiidini; 
 
 id exp(ini),^ 
 
 1=^ 
 
 bd 
 
 n 
 
 f 
 
9<" 
 
 wmmmn 
 
 amji.i.-iJ I 'J' *" 
 
 ■■-,....'. .---II:'- vii' nrtuMJiiaiii 
 
 ^m 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 8«W 
 
 and kiiuwIfUuc lo direct lis u|H<rulii)ii9. Tlieilis- 
 piisitiun ol' the fiiitmces of the cimiiliv, anil \\iv 
 im>sl t'iii'cliinl mode i>( diiiwinj; Ibiili lis ii'^niir- 
 ics, Mi'ie siibji'cMs Hilli wliicli !.iMirf iiiiv cil' llie 
 inli;i)iit'<iiits Hcie ;i<'(|iMJiileil. Ai'iiiinnil aiiiniiini' 
 liDii wi'ie aliiuist wholly delicieiil ; »iid thoiiuhthe 
 (oiiiiiiy iihoiiiidi'd nlili the inuteriulM of which they 
 me nr.iiiiir.ictiireil, yet there was neither time nor 
 artists enough to supply an army with the means 
 ol' deltMire. 'I'he tountry was destiliiie hoih ol' 
 rorlilleuiions and enjjineers. Amidst so many dis- 
 <(iura;!enienls, there were some (Uilierinn ciicuni- 
 slaiues. The war eoiilil not he carried on hy 
 (ileal liritain, lint at a great disadvantage, and 
 at immense expense. It was easy lor ministers, 
 ai >St. James's, to plan eanipainiis : Imt hard was the 
 file ol' the oHiter, Irom whom the execution, of 
 them, in the woods of America, was expected. 
 The country was so extensive, and abounded so 
 much with Jellies, that, hy evacuating and retreat- 
 ins;, the Americans, ihoiish they could not conijuer, 
 yet minht save themselves from being conquered. 
 The authors ofthe acts of Parliament, for restrain- 
 ing the trade ofthe cidonies, were most excellent 
 recruiting oHicers for (.'ongress. They imposed a 
 necessity on thousands to become soliliers. All 
 other business being suspended, the whole resour- 
 ces of llie country were applied in supporting an 
 army. Though the colonists were without disci- 
 piine, they possessed native valour. Though 
 they had neiilier gold nor silver, they possessed a 
 mine, in the enlhusiasm uf their people. I'apei, 
 for upwards of two years, produced to them more 
 solid advantages, than .Spain derived from her sii- 
 peraboiindiiig precious metals. Though they had 
 no ships to protect their trade or their iiiwiis, they 
 liad siniplicily enough to live without the former, 
 and entimsiasm eiumgli to risk the latter; rather 
 than submit to the power of Britain. They believ- 
 ed their cause to be just, and that lu'iven approv- 
 eil their e> rtions in del'ence of their rights, /eal 
 origiiiaiing from such luolives. supplied the place 
 of disiipline ; ami inspired a confidence and mili- 
 tary anlour. which overleaped all diHiculties. 
 
 kesistaiice being resolved upon by- the Ameri- 
 cans, liie pulpit, the press, the bench and the bar, 
 severally laboured to unite and encourage them. 
 The clergy of .New Kiigl.iiid were a numerous, 
 learned and respeilable boily, who had a great 
 ascendaiiiy over the minds of iheir hearers. — 
 Thev connected religiiin and patriotism ; and in 
 their sermons and prayers, lepiesented the cause 
 of Ameiira, as the cause of heaven. 'I"he synod 
 of .New V(uk and I'liiladelphia also sent forth a 
 pastoial letter, which was publicly read in their 
 churches. This earnestly recmnnu'nded such 
 sentiiuents and conduct, as were .uilable to their 
 ailnation. Wrilers ami printers followed in the 
 ■ear ofthe picacheis; and, next to them, had the 
 greatest hand in aniiiiatiug their countrymen. — 
 (ientlenien. ofthe bench and of the bar, denied the 
 charge of rebellion, anil justilied the resistance of 
 the cidiinisis. .\ ilisiiinlion founded on law, be- 
 Hveen the king and his ininistiy, was introduced. 
 The liirnier, it was contended, could do no wrong. 
 The crime of tre.ison was charged on the latter, 
 for using the loyal nanu', to varnish their own 
 unconstilnlioual measures. The phrase of a min- 
 isterial war became conmion ; and was used, as 
 a niediiim for reconciling resistance with alle- 
 giance. 
 
 Coeval with the resolutions for organizing an 
 annv, was one appointing the 20lh day of .Inly, 
 177.5, a day of public hniiiiliation, fasting and 
 prayer lo Almighty liod ; "to bless their lightfiil 
 sovereign king (ienrge; and to inspiie him with 
 wisdom lo discern and pursue the true interest of 
 his subjects; that the llrilish nalinii might be in- 
 llueuced, to regard the things that belonged to her 
 peace, befiuc they were hid from her eyes; that 
 the colonies might be ever under the care and 
 priileiiion of a kind providence, and be prospered 
 in all their iiileri'sts : that America might soon 
 'jehold a gracious interposiiion of heaven, for the 
 .edress of her many grievances, the resturaliun of 
 hei invaded right, a reconcillatiun with thv pa- 
 
 rent stale, on lei'us consiiiiitioiial and honourable 
 to biilli."* 'I'he l'on.!'s ivhich had been colleclcd 
 in .Ma:sachusctls, were stationed ill convenient 
 pi. ices, liu' guarding the country, from i,irtht>r 
 excursions of the regulars from liostoii. jircasi- 
 wciiks were also erected in dillerent places, lor 
 the same purpose. While bol'u parties were al- 
 templing lo carry olf .stock froi the several isl- 
 ands, with, which the bay of Hoslon is agreeably 
 diversified, sundry skirmishes look place. These 
 were of red service to the Americans. They 
 habituated them to danger ; and, perhaps, imicli 
 of the courage of old soldiers, is derived from 
 an experimental conviction, that the chance of 
 escaping unhurt from engagemenU, is much grea- 
 ter than young recruits suppose. 
 
 About the latter end of Alay, a great part of the 
 reinforcements ordered from Ureal liritain, arriv- 
 ed at Uostun. Three Hrilish generals, Howe, 
 lUirgoyne and Clinton, whose behaviour in the 
 preceding war had gained thcni great repulalion, 
 ariived about the 'iame time. (Jeneral (Jage, thus 
 reinforced, prepared for acting with more deci- 
 sion : but before lie proceeded lo extremities, he 
 conceived it due to ancient forms, to issue a pro- 
 clamalion, holding forth to the inhabitants the al- 
 ternative of peace or war. lie therefore ottered 
 pardon, in the king's name, to all who should forth- 
 with lay down their arms, and return to their res- 
 pective occiipiuions and peace;ible duties: except- 
 ing only from the benefit of that pardon, "Samuel 
 .\d.inis, and .John Hancock, whose oU'ences were 
 said to be of too (lagitious a nature, to admit of 
 any other consideration, than that of condign pun- 
 ishment." He also proclaimed, that not mily the 
 persons above-named and excepted, but also, all 
 their adheieiils, associates, and correspondents, 
 should be deemed guilty of treason and rebellion ; 
 and treated accordingly. Hy this proclamation, 
 it was also declared, "that as the courts of judi- 
 caliire were shut, martial law sliuuld take place, 
 till a due course of justice should be re establish- 
 ed." It was supposed that this proclamation was 
 a prelude lo hostilities; and preparations were 
 accordingly made hy the .-Vmericaiis. A consiil 
 erable height, by the name of liunker's hill, just 
 at the entrance ofthe penius.ila of Charleslonn, 
 was so silualed as lo make the possession of it a 
 matter of great consei|ueuce, lo vilher ofthe con- 
 tending parties. Orders weie tlierel'ore issued, 
 by the provincial coiiimanders, iha, a delachniint 
 of a thousand men should intreiKli upon this 
 height. By some mistake, Breed's hdl, high and 
 large like the olher, but situated neai'r Hnstnn. 
 was marked out fur the inlrenchinenls, instead of 
 Hunker's hill. The provincials proceeded to 
 Breed's hill; and worked with so much diligence, 
 that between iiiidiiiglit and ihe ihnvuof the iiiorii- 
 ing. they had thrown up a small redonbi about 
 eight rods square. They kepi such a profound 
 silence, that they were not heard by Ihe British, 
 on board their vessels, though very near. These 
 having derived their liisl iiiforination of what was 
 going on, from the sight of the works, nearly com- 
 pleted, began an incessant firing upon ihein. The 
 provincials bore this with firmness; and, though 
 lliey were only young soldieis, continued to la- 
 bour till they had thrown up a small breastwork 
 extending from Ihe east siile of the redoubt lo the 
 bottom of Ihe hill. As this eminence overlooked 
 Boston, (ieneral Gage thought it necessary In 
 drive the provincials from it. About noon, therc- 
 
 ■• Since the fust of tlic NineviteB, recorded in ^ncr^ll 
 writ, perliftp.s llicre bus nut liecii one, wliicli wiis iiiorr 
 tfenenilly kejil, with fuiliible ilir^iioi^iliuiis, tlitni ituit of 
 July '.20, 177.'). It WHS no forniid prr\ict'. Tlie wllole 
 tioity of the people felt llie importince, the weight iinil llie 
 (I. timer of the ilneqiinl cnntcsl, in which ihry were iitinijt 
 tnen^iiee; tlmt every lliiiitr ileiir lo tlieiii wiis ut »tnke ; 
 I !iittl ihiit It divine hle:><iiii>; only roiilil enrry iheiii Ihrout^h 
 ! it sneceMsfillly. This l)tessiii;r they implored w illl their 
 I whole souls, poured forth in ardent 8U|>plientioiis, issii- 
 iilK from benrlf deeply penelrnleii with n sense of their 
 { iinworlhiiiess, their dependence iilid danger, nnd nt the 
 I sinne liiiiu, impressed with iin hunitdo confideiioc, in the 
 I ineri*ies Hud eoodne^s of ibtil Heini:, wtio hud pitinied 
 1 nnd preserved them hiiherio, miiij many dangers, in lh» 
 wildcruesa of > new world. 
 
 fore, he detached .Major (ieneral Howe and Brig 
 (ieneral I'igot, with the llowcr of his army, con- 
 sisting of four battalions, ten companies of the 
 grenadiers and ten of light iiilantry, wiih a pro- 
 portion of lield arlilleiy. In cllect ihl.-. iiiisiness 
 These troops landed at Moreton's ponii, and Inin.- 
 ed alter landing ; but remained In that posiiion, 
 till they were reinforced by a second ili'iachinent 
 of light infantry and grenadier coiiipunies, a bat- 
 talion of land forces, and a baltalimi of mariiies 
 making in the whole nearly :)0ll(l men. W'hili 
 Ihe troops, who firsl landed, were wailing fur iIiIh 
 rcinforceineni, Ihe provincials lor their laiilier 
 security, pulled up some adjnining piisi ami i.iil 
 fences, and set ihem down in Iwoparalcll lines, at 
 a small distance fioni each oilier: and filled the 
 space between with hay, which, having been late- 
 ly mowed, remained on the adjacent ground. 
 
 The king's troops formed in two lines, and ad- 
 vanced slowly, lo give their arlilleiy time to d"- 
 molish the American works. While ihe Briiivh 
 were advancing lo the attack, they teceived onieis 
 lo burn Charleslown. These were not given, be- 
 cause they were fired upiin from the houses in ilial 
 town, but from the military policy of drprivi , 
 enemies of a cover in then approaches. In n 
 short time, this ancient town, consisting ol about 
 .iOO buildings, chieMy of wood, was in one great 
 blaze. The lolly steeple of the mceliiig house 
 formed a pyramid of fire above the rest, and siriuk 
 the astonished eyes of numerous belmlders, with 
 a magnificetil but awful spectacle. In Boston, the 
 heights of every kind were covered wiih the ciii- 
 zeiis, and such of the king's troops, as were not 
 on duty. 'Ihe hills around the adjacent coiinlry, 
 which alVorded a safe and distinct view, were oc- 
 cupied by the inliabiiants ofthe country. 
 
 'J'housands, both within ami wiilmul Bosimi, 
 were anxious speclalors of the lilnoily scene. Tli>i 
 honour of British troops, beat high in the birasis 
 of many : while oiheis, with a keener sensiliiliiv, 
 fell lor the liberties of a great ami grow iiig coun- 
 try. The Brilish moved on slowly : which gave 
 the provincials a belter opportiiiMly lor taking aim. 
 The latter, in geneiid resernd themsehes, nil 
 their adversaries were within ten nr Iwehe lods ; 
 but then began a I'urinns iliM-liarge ol'^iiiall amis. 
 The stream ofthe .Vnierican lire was so iiMosaiil, 
 and did so great execution, thai llie kmii's 'roups 
 retreated in disoiilcr and preiipilaiiiiii. Thru nf- 
 licers rallied them, and piislieil them forn.-inl u iih 
 their swords : but lliey reluiiied In the :iitai k wiih 
 great reluctance. The .Xiucricans again roerveil 
 their lire, till their adversaries were neai ; and 
 then put iheiii a second lime to fiiglii. (Ieneral 
 Howe and the ollicers reilonbleil iheir exi'rliinis. 
 and were again snicessful ; though the solilieis 
 discovered a great aversion lo going on. Bv iliis 
 lime the powder ofthe Aineiicans began so jar to 
 fail, that they were not able to keep up the same 
 brisk fire. The British then brought siuiie cannon 
 to bear, which laked the inside of the breast- 
 works from end to enil. 'I'he fiie from the ships, 
 batteries, and field artillery was redoubled: the 
 soldiers in their rear were goadril nn by their of- 
 ficers. The redoiibi was altai l.i d on three sides 
 at once. Under these circuni»iaiices, a retreat 
 from it was onlered : but the provincials delay 
 ed and made resistance with their discharged mu» 
 keti, as if they had been clubs, so Inng, lliat iho 
 king's troops, who easily mounted the woiks, had 
 half filled the redoubt, before it was given up to 
 them. 
 
 While these operations were going on «t the 
 breastwork and ledoiibl, the British light infantry 
 were attempting to force tlie left point of the for- 
 mer, tliat ihey might lake the American line in 
 dank. Though they exhibited the most iindannteil 
 courage, they met wiih an opposition which called 
 for its greatest exertions. Tlie provincials re- 
 served their fire, till their adversaries were near; 
 and then poured it upon the light infantry, with 
 such an incessant stream, and in a diiection so 
 true, as mowed down their ranks. The engage- 
 ment was kept up on both sides with great le.sohi- 
 tion. The persevering exerliuns of the kiug'i> 
 
884 
 
 TllK UISTOKY OF 
 
 11 
 
 ti(in|is cciulil mil C()m|)el llie Ainoric:ins l» rctrciii, 
 III! llii'y iil)4i'rvfil tliMt tlirir in:iiii body liail leltllii' 
 lull. I'liis, wliKii lic^iiii, i'X|Misi'(l llieiii Id new 
 iliiiiifrs; liir. ii cimlcl nut lie elVeclnil, but liy 
 iMiiicliini; over Cliiirlcslowii iirck : rvciy part ol 
 wli.ili wasrakiMJ by iIk- sliol uI'iIip (tl.is<;o« man 
 (>r war, and cil' Inu Huatini; batif riesi. The inrcs- 
 sai.t (uf kept lip iicriis.H this neck, prevented any 
 rnnsiderabic relnlurcement t'rtiin joining their 
 coiinlryiiKMi nlio were engaKeil ; but tlielew wlio 
 I'ell on llii-ir relieal, iivvr thi; same j;rmiiid, proved 
 ■ hat (hi- appri'hen.sioiiHor ihoae piovincial of)'icor.a, 
 who declined passing ovei In succour their com- 
 panions, were withuiit any solid I'uiindalion. 
 
 The iiiiniber of Americans engaged, amounted 
 only o l;'iOU. It was apprehended that the ciiii- 
 cpierors would push the advantage they had gain- 
 ed, and niarnh immediately to Anieiicaii head 
 quarters at (Cambridge; but they advanced no far- 
 ther than Hunker's hill. There they threw up 
 vorks lor iheir own security. The provincials 
 Old the same, on Prospect hill, in front of them. 
 'idih were giiaiding against an attack; and both 
 were in a bad conilillon to receive one. The loss 
 .ilihe peninsula depressed the spiriw of the Aiiie- 
 <icans ; and Ihe great loss of men produced the 
 same erl'ect on the Hritish. Their have been few 
 tallies ill modern wars, in which, all circumstances 
 :onsideied, there was a greater destruction of men, 
 hall in this short engagement. The loss of the 
 firilish, as acknowledged by (Jeneral (iage, 
 imounled to lO.'il. Nineteen commissioned of- 
 (icers were killed and 70 more were woiiiiile'l. 
 'J'he liatile of Quebec, in 17.")9, which gave (ileal 
 Uriiain ihe province of Canada, was not sodesiisc. 
 live to lirilish oHicers, as this all'air of a sliglil in- 
 treiielimenl, the work only of a few hours. That 
 the iiffueis snlVcred so liilich, iinisl be inipnied in 
 llicii lieins; aimed at. None of the provincials in 
 lliis engagement were rille men : but, they wcr.- 
 all gooil maiksiuen. The whole of their previous 
 milJaiy knowledge liad been derived from hunt- 
 ing, and (he ordinary amusements of ipoitsmen. 
 The dexterity which', by long habit, they had ac- 
 (jiiiied in hilling beasi, birds, and marks, was fa- 
 tally applied to the deslruction of Hritish oOicers. 
 Kri'ini llieii fall, much confusion was expected. 
 Tliev were therefore particularly singled o.'t. 
 ,^l()s'| ol' those, who were near the peisoii of tieiic- 
 nl Howe, were either killed or wounded : bnt the 
 gcMi-ral, though he greatly exposed himself, was 
 unhiirl. The liiiht infantry and grenadiers lost 
 ihree-l'onnhs of their men. ' Of one company, not 
 iiioic than tlve, and of anothei, not more than 
 fomieen escaped. The unexpecled resistance of 
 llie Ainrricaiis was nuch, as wiped away the re- 
 proach of cowardice, which had been cast on them, 
 bv their enemies in Hritain. Tlie spirited conduct 
 of Ihe I' di olVicers, merited and obtained great 
 api'laii nt, llie provincials were justly entitled 
 
 (o a lari. portion of the fame, for having luadethe 
 Utmost exertions of their adversaries necessary, to 
 Jisloilixe them from lilies, which were the work 
 only ol a single night. 
 
 '("he Aiiiericaiislost five pieces of cannon. Their 
 killed amounted to one hundred anil thirty-nine ; 
 th-ir wiiunded and missing to three hundred and 
 fourteen. Thirty of the former fell into the hands 
 of 'he roni|uerors. They particularly regretted the 
 deaih of Ceneral Warre'n. To the purest patriot- 
 ism and most undaunted bravery, he added the 
 viriiies of domestic life, the eloquence of an ac- 
 complished orator, and the wisdom of an able 
 sfaiesmen. A regard to the liberty of his country 
 only, iniluced hliu to oppose the measures of go- 
 verimieiit. He aimed not at a separation from, 
 bill a coalition with the mother country. He took 
 an active part in defence of his country ; "nl that 
 he intglit be applauded, and rewarded for a palri- 
 olic spiiit ; but, because he was, in the best sen.se 
 of the word, a real patriot. Having no interested 
 ■>r personal views to answer, Ihe friends of liberty 
 confided in his iniegrily. The soundness of his 
 w I meni, and his abilities as a public speaker, 
 cnaldeil him to make a distinguished (igilie in pub- 
 lic councils : but, his. intrepidity and active zeal. 
 
 induced his coiintiynii'ii !ii pl.icc him in ihe mili- 
 tary line. Within limrdaysalter he wasappoinled 
 a major general, he fella noble sacrilice to a cause, 
 which he had espoused from the piiiesi principles. 
 !.,ike Hampden he lived, and like Hampden he 
 died ; iiiiitrsally beloved, and iiniveually regret- 
 led. His many virtues were celebrated in an ele- 
 gant eiilogiuni, written by Dr. Rush, in language, 
 eoual to the illustrious subject. 
 
 The burning of C'harlestown, though a place of 
 great trade, did not discourage the provincials. It 
 excited resentment and execration; but not any 
 disposition to -"' mit. Such was the high-toned 
 state of the public mind, and so great the indill'er- 
 ence of properly, when put in coinpelilion with 
 liberty, lliat military conllagralions, though they 
 distressed and impoveriihed, had no tendency to 
 subdue Ihe colonists. They might answer in the 
 old world : but were not calculated foi the new, 
 where the war was undertaken, not for a change 
 of masters, but for securing essential rights. The 
 action at Ilreed's-hill or Hunker's hill, as it has 
 been coiniuonly called, producerl many and very 
 imporlant consequences. It taught the Hritisli so 
 much respect forthe ,\mericans, intrenched behind 
 works, that Iheir siiliscqneni operations were re- 
 tarded with a caution, that wasted away a whole 
 campaign, to very little purpose. It added to the 
 confidence the Anieiieaiis began to have in their 
 own ; hilities ; but inferences, very injurious to 
 the future interests of America, weie drawn from 
 the good conduct of the new troops, on the memo- 
 rable li.iy. Il inspired some of the leading membeis 
 of Coiigiess, Willi such high ideas of what might 
 ' e done ' ililia, or men engaged for a short 
 
 I'l.ii o! I' I'lient. that it was long before they 
 .issented ".) ttie establi-^hment ofa permanent army. 
 Not dislingliifliing tlie continued exertions of an 
 •"■my. through a seiies of years, from the gallant 
 •I'lorls .>'"ilieyeii" ■v^ of the eoiinlry, led directly 
 io acin' . ' "y w . ■ ■U/w in iidmiiting the neces- 
 sity of peiinan.nl tin ips. They conceived the 
 country might be defended, by the occasional ex- 
 ertions of her sons, without the expense and dan- 
 ger of an army, engaged for the war. In the prn- 
 s;ress of hostiliti.^s. as will appear in the sequel, 
 the niirnia lost much of their first ardour; while 
 leading men in the councils of .America, trusting to 
 its continuance, neglected the proper time of re- 
 cruiting, Cora series of years. From the want of 
 perseverance in llie militia, and the want ofa dis- 
 ciplined standing army, the cause for which arms 
 were at first taken up, was more than once brought 
 to the brink of destruction. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 The stH'oMii rmiirress niei'ts ;orffmii7,esa reKuInrroniiiieii- 
 lil ,\rin\ : iii.tkes siimlry puhlie niblrecsfs: piMitions llip 
 Kinp, ,V*r. 'rrnnsocliens in .MtissnrhiisL'll<i. 
 
 It has already been tnenlioned, that Congress, 
 previous to its (lissolulion, on the 2(llh oft )ctober, 
 1771. recommended to the colonies, to choose 
 members for another: to meet on the llltli of 
 May, 177."i; unless Ihe reilress of grievances 
 wag previnusly obtained. A circular letter had 
 been addressed by lord ncirtiiioiith, to the several 
 ridonial governors, requesting their interference, to 
 inevent the ineetine of this second congress ; but 
 minislerial requisitions had lost their intluenrc. 
 Delegates were elected, not only for the twelve 
 colonies, that were before represented, but also for 
 the parish of St. John's, in Heorgia : and, in July 
 following, for the whole province. The lime of 
 the meeting of this second coiigiess, was fixed at 
 so distant a ilay, that an opportunity might be af- 
 foriled for obtaining information of the plans adopt- 
 ed by Ihe Hri'.lsh parliament in the winter of 1774. 
 \71~>. Had these been favourable, the delegates 
 would either not have met, or dispersed after a 
 shiut session : hut as the resolution was then fixed, 
 lo compel the submission of the colonies, and hos 
 lilities had already comiiienced the luceling of 
 
 Congress, on the tenth of May. which was at fitsi 
 eventual, became fixed. 
 
 On their meeting, they chose Peyton Randolph, 
 for Iheir president, and Charles Tboinpson, for 
 their secretary. On the next day .Mr. ilaiicock 
 laid hefoie llieiii a variety of depositions, proving, 
 that Ihe king's trnops were lh( aggressors, in the 
 late battle at Lexington, together with sundry pa- 
 pers relative to the great events, which had lately 
 taken place in Massachusetts. Whereupon ('on- 
 giess resolved itself into a cuniinittee of the whole, 
 to lake into consideration the slate of .America. 
 They proceeded in the same line of moderation 
 and firmness, which marked the acts of iheir pre- 
 decessors in the past year. 
 
 The ".ity and county of New York, having ap- 
 plied to v'.'ongress, for advice how they should coii- 
 duL' iheiiselves with regard lo the troops they 
 expected lo land there: they were advised, "to 
 act on the defensive, so long as might be consist- 
 ent with Iheir safely; to peimit Ihe troops lo re- 
 main in the barracks, so long as they behaved 
 peaceably: but not lo sull'er fortifications to be 
 erected, or any steps to be taken for culling olT 
 the communication between the town and coun- 
 try." Congress also resolved: "That exporta- 
 tion to all parts of Hritish America, which had 
 not adopted their association, should imniiMliately 
 cease;" and that, "no provision of at;y kind, or 
 other necessaries, be furnished lo the Hritish fish- 
 eries, on Ihe American coasts ;" and. " that no 
 bill of exchange, draft, or order, of any ofticer in 
 the Hritish army or navy, their agents or contract- 
 ors, be received or negotiated, or any money sup- 
 plied tlieiu, by any person in America; that no 
 provisions or necessaries of any kind, be furnished 
 or supplied, to oi for the use of the Hritish army 
 or navy, in Ihe colony of iMnssaclmsetts Hay ; ihat 
 no vessel employed in Iranspoiling Hritish trnops 
 lo America, or from one part of North America, 
 10 another, or warlike stiues or provisions for said 
 troops, be freighted or furnished with provisions or 
 any necessaries." These resolutions may be 
 considered as the counterpart of Ihe Hiilish aci:i 
 for restraining the commerce, and prohibiting the 
 fisheries of the colonies. They were calculaleil 
 In bring distress on the Hritish islands, in the West 
 Indies; whose chief dependence for siibsisTnce, 
 was on iheimporlalion of provisions from the Ame- 
 rican conlinenl. They also occasioned new dilli- 
 culties in llie support of the .Jritish aiuiv and (isli- 
 eries. Tiie colonists were so much indebted lo 
 (ireat Hritain, that governinenl bills for the most 
 pan found among them a ready market. A wai 
 in the colonies was therefore maile subservient to 
 commerce, by increasing the sources of remit- 
 tance. This enabled the mother country, in a ureal 
 degree, to supply her troops wiihoiil shipping mo- 
 ney out of Ihe kingdom. From the operation of 
 these resolutions, advantages of this nature were 
 not only cut off, but the supply of the Hritish ar- 
 my was rendered bnlh precarious and expensive. 
 In consequence of the interdiction of the .Aineri- 
 caii fisheries, great profits were expected, by Hri- 
 tish adventurers, in thai line. Such fieqiieiitly 
 found it most convenient lo obtain supplies in .Ame- 
 rica, for carrying on their fisheries; but, as (ileal 
 Hritain had deprived the colonists of all benvliis 
 from that quarter, they now, in their turn, iiiler- 
 dicled all supplies from being furnished lo Hritish 
 fishermen. To obviate this unexpected emliar 
 ra,ssnienl, several of the vessels employed in this 
 business, were obliged to return home io bring out 
 provisions, for their associates. These restrictive 
 resolutions were not so much the efi'ecl of resen' 
 menl, as of policy. The colonists conceivi d tlia 
 by distressing Ihe Hritish commerce, they would 
 increase Ihe number of those who would interest 
 themselves in their behalf. 
 
 The new congress had convened but a few days, 
 when Iheir venerab president, Peyton Randolph, 
 was under the nece.isity of returning limne. ( hi 
 his departure, John Hancock, who had lately been 
 prosciibed, by (leneral (Jage. was nnaiiiiiioiisly 
 chosen his surcessor. The objects of di libera- 
 tion, presented lo this new congiess, were, if po.-» 
 
 ?l 
 
 m 
 
 Vai'S'WPi*' 
 
 «u,j ' . [■ w.Mum-^iJW W — 
 
 Bssm 
 
NORl H AM K RICA. 
 
 i<t Hrei 
 
 >4 
 
 nihle, more iinpurtant than thuDe which, in ihe 
 i)r»cc(liiiK ,Y«ar, h.ul eng:i);c(l llie utlenliuii nl'ilifir 
 ur>>lec>''<^»"<- 1'"^ culuiiLtls h:iil nuw ex|)i'neii- 
 ced Ihe ini'l)ic»cy o( thuxe intMsiiivx, I'rtmi whicli 
 rehel' hud been liirnierly ol)l;iinv(l. The)' tuiiiid a 
 new |i»rhunienl disi|io9ed U> run all risks in com- 
 pelling their aulimissiun. They also understood, 
 that administration was united a<!ainst tliein, and 
 its nienibcrs tirnily estalilisheil in their |ilaces. 
 Uosliliiieii were cuininenced. Heinroicenients 
 had arrived; and more were daily expected. Ad- 
 ded lu this, they liad inl'orniatn)n, that their adver- 
 ■arics had taken measures to secure the I'riendsliip 
 and cu-operatiun ol'the Indians and (Janadjans. 
 
 The coercion of the colonists bcin^ resolved 
 upon, and theirconqiiest supposed to be inevitable, 
 the Urilisli ministry judged, that it would be lor 
 the interest of both countries, tii proceed in that 
 vigorous course, which promised the speediest at- 
 lainment of their object. 'J'hry hoped, by press- 
 ing the cuhinists on all quarters, to intimidate 
 opposition, and ultimately to lessen the ell'usion of 
 human blood. 
 
 In this awful crisis. Congress had only a choice 
 of dilhcullies. The New Kngland stales had al- 
 ready urgani'/.ed an army, and blockaded (ieneral 
 Gage. To desert Ihein would have been contra- 
 ry to plighted faith, and lu sound policy : to sup- 
 port them, would make the war general, and in- 
 volve all the provinces in one general promiscu- 
 ous slate of hostility. The rcsohilion of the peo- 
 ple in favoui of Ihe latter was fiNed ; and only 
 waiued public sanction for its operaticni. Con- 
 gress therefoie resolved: "that for the express 
 purpose of defending and securing the cohinies 
 and preserving them in safely, against all allcmpls 
 III carry the late acts of parliament into execution 
 by force of anus, they be immediately put in a 
 slate of defence : but, as they wished for a resto- 
 mtion oftliehaimony, formerly subsisting beuvcrn 
 the mother country and the colonics, to the pro- 
 molion of this most desirable rcconcilialion, an 
 linmble and dutiful petition be presented to his 
 liiajesly." To resist, and to petition, were coeval 
 resolutions. As freemen, they could not lamely 
 subinil : but as loyal subjects, wishing for peace 
 .IS far as was compatible with their riglils, iliey 
 once more in Ihe character ol' peiilioners, liMiubly 
 stated ll-eir grievances, to Ihe coiimion father of 
 tlie empire. To dissuade the Canadi.ins from co- 
 operating with ihe llritish, they again ailihessed 
 them : representing the pernicious tendency of 
 the (Quebec act, and apologi/.ing for their taking 
 Ticondcroga, and Crown Point, asmeasnies which 
 were dictated by the great law of selfpicseiva- 
 liun. 
 
 About the same time. Congress took nif asurcs 
 for warding of the danger, that threatened ihei 
 frontier inhabitants from the Iiniians. Commis- 
 sioners to treat with them, were appointed : and a 
 supply of goods for their use was ordered. A talk 
 was also prepared by Congress, anil iransmilled to 
 them, in which the controversy bctwei'ii (ireal 
 lirilain and her colonies was explained in a famil- 
 iar Indian style. They were told, that they had 
 no concern in the family quairel; ami were urged 
 by the lies of ancient •'riendship, and a cnmiMon 
 birlh place, to remain at home ; keep their hatchet 
 buried deep; and to join neither parly. 
 
 The novel situation of Massachtiselts, made it 
 necessary for the ruling powers of that province, 
 to ask the advice of Congress, on a very inlerest- 
 ing subject: "Ihe taking up and exercising the 
 powers of civil government." For many moiuhs 
 they had been kept together, in tolerable peace 
 and order, by Ihe force of ancient habits; under 
 Ihe simple style of recommendation and advice 
 from popular bodies, nivested with no legislative 
 nuthority. But, as war now raged in their bor- 
 ders, and a numerous army was actually raised, 
 some more eRicient form of government became 
 necessary. .\l this early day, it neither comport- 
 ed with the wi.s'ics, nnr the designs of the colo- 
 nists, til erect fu.-ms of government independent 
 111 (ireat ISiilain. '"oni;ross, ihercfore. recom- 
 iiieiidcd only such regulations, as were inimedi- 
 80 
 
 tely necessary : and these vere confnimed, as 
 near as possible, to the spirit anil substance ol the 
 charier ; and were only to last, till a governor, of 
 his majesty's appuinlnient, would consent to gov- 
 ern the colony according In its charier. 
 
 Uii tlie same principles of necessity, anollier 
 issiiinption ol new powers became unavoidable. 
 J'he great inteicoiiisc that daily look place lluongh- 1 
 nut llie colonies, pointed out the propriety of csiab- 1 
 lishiiig a general |iosl-olVice. 'i'his was accord- j 
 iiiiily done; and lir. I'raiikliii who, had by royal i 
 aiilhorily, been dismissed from a similar I'luploy- 1 
 inent about three years before, was appointed by 
 his country, the head of the new department. 
 
 While Congress was making arrangements for 
 iheir proposed continental army, it was thoughl 
 expedient, once more to address the inhabiianls ol 
 (ireat Uritain and to publish lu the world a decla- 
 raiion selling forth llieir reasons fur taking up arms: 
 lo address the speaker and gentlemen of the as- 
 sembly of .lamaica, and the inhabiianls of Ireland : 
 and also to prefer a second humble pclilion lo the 
 king. In their address to the inhabiianls of (ireal 
 Britain, they again vindicated themselves, from 
 ihe charge of liming at independency; professed 
 their willingness lo submit to the several acts of 
 Made and navigalion, which were passed before 
 ihe year I'/tiU ; recapiliilaled their reasons for re- 
 jcclnig lord Norlh's concilialuiy iiiiition; staled 
 the hardships lliey siill'ered, from the operalions 
 of llie royal army in lioslon ; and insinualed ihc 
 danger that the inhabiianls of lirilain would be in, 
 of losing their freedom, in case their American 
 brelhren were snbihied. 
 
 In iheirdcclaralion, selling forth their causes and 
 necessiiy of their lakioi; up arms, they emimera- 
 led Ihe injuries Ihey had received, and the melhods 
 taken by the ISrilisli iMinisliy lo compel llieir sub- 
 mission ; and then said : " we are reduced to the 
 allernalivc of choosing an uncondiliiinal snbniis- 
 sion lo the lyraniiy of irritated ministers, or resis- 
 tance by foice. The latter is our choice. We 
 have coiinleil the cost of this contest, and find 
 nolbiiig so dreadful as voluntary slavery." 'I'hey 
 asserted " thai foreign assislaiice was undoubieilly 
 allainalile.' This was not founded on any private 
 iiiformaliun, but was an opinion derived iVuin their 
 knowledge of the principles of policy, by whicli 
 slates usiiniiy legiila'e their conduct towards each 
 otiii-v. 
 
 In ihrir address to ihe speaker and gentlemen 
 of ill;' assembly of .lamaica. they dilated on the 
 arbiuary systeinscf the ISrilisli ministry; and In- 
 forined ilieiu, that in order in obtain a redress of 
 their grievances, iliey had appealed lo the justice, 
 linmaiiily, ;inil iiileresi, of (ireat Hriliin. They 
 staled, that to make their schemes of non-impor- 
 lalion and non-exporlalioii, produce the desired 
 effects, Ihey were obliged lo extend them to the 
 islands. '• From that necessiiy, and from that 
 alone, said they, our conduct has proceeded." 
 They concluded with saying: "the peculiar silu- 
 atioii ol" your island forbids voiir assistance; but 
 we have your good wishes. From the giinil wish- 
 es of the fiienils of liberly and mankind, nc shall 
 always derive coiisolalioii." 
 
 In Iheir address lo the people of Ireland, ihey 
 recapiliilaled iheir grievances ; staled llicir hum- 
 ble peiilions, and the neglect with which llicy had 
 been treated. " In defence of our persons and 
 properties under actual violations," said they, 
 "weliave taken up arms. When that violence 
 shall he removed, and hostilities cease on Ihe part 
 of the agrcssors, ihey shall cease on our pari 
 also." 
 
 These several addresses were executed in a 
 masterly manner, and were well calculated to 
 make friends lo the colonies, lint Iheir petition 
 to the king, whicli was drawn up at the same lime, 
 produced more solid advantages iy favour of the 
 American cause, than any other of their produc- 
 tions. This was in a great measure carried 
 ihionch Congress by .Mr. Dickinson. Several 
 members, judging from the violence with which 
 parliament proceeded against the colonies, were 
 of opinion, that furihcr petitions were nugatory : 
 
 83S 
 
 but this, worthy citizen, a friend to both countries, 
 and devoted lo a reconciliation on consiiluiional 
 principles, urged ihe expediency and polity of 
 trying, iincc mine, ilieelfcct of an huinble, decent, 
 and firm peliliiin to the ciinnuon head of Ihe em- 
 pire. The high opinion that was conceived of his 
 palriotisni and aliililies, induced the members lo 
 assent lo the measure, llioiigh ihey gi'ner:illy con- 
 ceived it to be labiinr lost. The pelilioii agreed 
 upon, was the work of .Mr. Dickinson's pen. In 
 this among other thiiius, it was slated : " That, 
 nulwiihslanding their sulVeriiigs, ilipy had leiained 
 loo high a rei:aid for Ihe kingdom, Irom whicli 
 they derived their oiigin. to request such a leron- 
 ciliation, as might, in any manner, be inconsislent 
 with her dignity niid welfare. Atlached lo his 
 majesty's person, family, and governmeni, wiihall 
 the devoliou that piinciple and alleciinn can in- 
 spire ; connecled with (ireat lirilain by the sliiin- 
 gest ties that can iinile society ; and deploring 
 every event that tended, in any degree, lo weaken 
 lliem, they not only most fervnily desired llie for- 
 mer harmony, between her and the (oloiiies, lo bo 
 restored, but that a concord might be eslablishcd 
 between them, upon so firm a basis, i;s to perpet- 
 ii.ite its blessings, uninterrupted by any fnlnre dis- 
 sensions, lo succeeding generaliuns, in bolhciun- 
 tries. They, therefore, be.soughl, that his majes- 
 ty would be pleased to direct some mode, by which 
 Ihe united applications of his failhfiil colonists tu 
 the throne, in pursuance of Iheir common councils, 
 might be improved into a happy and permanent 
 leconcilialion." liy this last clause, Cinigrcss 
 ineanl. that the niolher coiinlry should propose a 
 plan fur establishing by compact, siimelhing like 
 Magna Charla, for the colonies. They did not 
 aim at a total exemption from the conlrol of par- 
 liament ; nor were ihey unwilling to coniribulu in 
 Iheir own way, lo the expenses of govi'rnment : 
 but they feared the horrors of war less than sub- 
 mission lo unlimited parhamentary supremacy. 
 They desiied an amicable coninicl, in which 
 doubtful, undefined points should I e asceitained, 
 so as to secure that proportion of iiiilliorily and 
 liberty, which would he for the general good of 
 llie wliole empire. They fancied themselves in 
 llie condition of the barons at Hnnnymede; with 
 lliis dilVerence, that, in addilion to opposing the 
 king, they had also to oppose the parliament. 
 This difference was more nominal than real ; for, 
 in the latter case, ihe king and parliament stood 
 precisely in iho same relation lo Ihe people of 
 America, whicli subsisted in the former, between 
 ihe king and people of England. In both, popular 
 leaders were contending with the .sovereign, for 
 the privileges of subjects. 
 
 This well-meant petition was prcsenled on Sep- 
 tember Isi, 177o, by Mr. Penn, and Mr. Lee; 
 and, on the 4lh, lord Dartinoulh informed llicm, 
 ■' that to it, no answer would be given." This 
 slight contributed, not a lilllc, to the union and 
 perseverance of the colonists. When pressed by 
 ihe calamities of war, a doubt would siimclimes 
 :irise, in the minds ofscrnpiiloiis persons, that Ihey 
 had been too hasty in their opposition to the pro- 
 iccling, parent stale. To such, it was usual to 
 present llie second pelilion of Congress lo the 
 king ; observing thereon, that all the blood, and all 
 Ihe guilt of the war, must be charged on lirilisli, 
 and not the American counsels. Though the co- 
 lonists were accused, in a speech from Ihe throne, 
 as meaning only "to amuse, by vague expres- 
 sions of atlachmcnt to the parent slate, and the 
 strongest protestations of loyally lo iheir king, 
 while Ihey were preparing for a general revolt; 
 and that their rebellious war was manifeslly car- 
 ried on, for the purpose of establishing an inde- 
 pendent empire :" yel, at that time, and fnrmonlhs 
 afier a redress of grievances was their iiliirnale 
 aim. Conscious of this intention, and as.senting, 
 in the sincerity of their souls, to the submissive 
 language of their petition, they illy brooked Ihe 
 contempt, with which iheir joint suppliealion was 
 Healed ; and still worse, that they shoiilil be charged 
 from the throne, with studied diipliciiy. 
 
 Nothing contributes more to the eucccsi of 
 
830 
 
 TIIK HISTORY OK 
 
 Ui 
 
 
 IF 
 
 ilf 
 
 rcvolHtianA, tliiin niodcratinn. Inlrmperiiln 7,r:il- 
 nls nvct^liiiul llifir nlijril, nnil nuom s|m'ii(I tlii'ir 
 fiirie ; while Ihv cnlMiiiml ilis|MSHii>iiiit» iinrscvrrc 
 tci llii! i'IkI. 'J'lie hulk iil'lhe |)pi>|iIp, in civil iciiii- 
 ■nolKii.s, hr<' iiilhienced t(i:icliiiicr oCshIkh, hy llic 
 gciiernl ciiinplKXion ol'lhr iiieastiirrs uclopttMl hy 
 till! i'?H|ii'clive parlies. When these nppc.ir li> lie 
 ilietatcil hy jiisliec Rn<l pruilencc, niiil to be iiiiin- 
 llneneetl hy passion, anihiticin, or avarice, ihey are 
 ilispiiseil to lavoiir thcin. Such was the ellect oC 
 this second petition, through a long and tryin): war, 
 hi which, men of seiious rellection were olirii call- 
 ed upon to cxaininothe rectitude ol'their conduct. 
 
 Thonuh the refusal of an answer, to this renew- 
 ed application of Congress In the king, was censur- 
 ed by nuiMliers in (ircat iUitain, as well as in the 
 colonies; yet, the partizans of the ministry vai- 
 nislied the measure, as proper and expedient. 
 'They contended, that the petition, as it contained 
 no offers of submission, was unavalliii)!, as .1 ground 
 work of iiegociation. N'othin); was farther from 
 the thoughts of (Congress, than such coiu^essions 
 as were expected in (iieat Itritain. They con- 
 ceived iheinselves more sinned against than sin- 
 ning. 'J'hey claimed a redress id' giievances, as a 
 matter of right ; but were persuaded, that conces- 
 sions, for this purpose, were acts of justice, and 
 not of humiliation ; and tlierefore, could not be 
 (lisgrarefui to those by whom they were inaile. 
 To prevent future altercations, iliey wished for an 
 Hmicable compact, to ascertain the extent of par- 
 liamentary supremacy. The mother country wish- 
 ed for absoliile sulMoissioii to her authority; the 
 colonists, for a repeal of every act, that imposed 
 taxes, or that inteifered in their internal legisla- 
 tion. The ministry of Kngland, being delerinin- 
 ed not to repeal these acts, and the congresse(|ual- 
 ly determined not to subniil to theni ; the claims 
 of the two countries were so wide from each other 
 as to alVord no reasonable ground to expect a com- 
 promise. It was, theiefore, concluded, thai any 
 notice taken of the petition woulil only all'ord an 
 opportunity for the colonies to prepaie themselves 
 for the last extremity. 
 
 A military opposition to the armies of ftreat 
 Britain, being res(dved upon by the colonies, it be- 
 came an object (d'conscipience to fix on a jiroper 
 person to conduct that opposition. Many of the 
 colonists had lilies of hit'li rank in the niililia, and 
 several hail seen scunclhing of real service, in 
 the late war between France and England : but 
 there was no liiilivi<liial of such superior military 
 experience, as to entitle him to a decideil pre-emi- 
 nence ; or even to qualify him, on that giound, 
 to contend, on equal terms, with the ISritish mas- 
 ters of the art of war. In elevating one man, by 
 the free voice of an invaded counliy, to the com- 
 mand ol thousands of his equal fellow citizens, no 
 consideration was regarded but the interest of the 
 community. To biinl the uninvaileil provinces 
 more closely to the common cause, policy direct- 
 ed the views of Congiess to the soulti. 
 
 Among the southern colonies, Virginia, for 
 numbers, wealth, and inlluence, stood pre-eminent. 
 To attach so respectable a colony to the aid of 
 Massachusetts, by scleciing from it a conunander 
 in chief, was not less wairanled by tlie great mili- 
 tary genius of one of its distinguished citi-/.ens, 
 than dictated by sound pcdicy. (ieorge Washing- 
 ton was, by an unanimous vote, appointed com- 
 mander in chii'f of all the forces raised, or to be 
 raised, lor the defence of the colonies. It was a 
 fortunate circumstance attending his election, that 
 it was acccunpanied with no competition, and fol- 
 lowed by no envy. That same general impulse on 
 the public minil, which led the ccdonists to agree 
 in many other particulars, pointed to him as the 
 most proper person for presiding over the military 
 arrangemeiUs of America. Not oidy Coneresi, 
 hut the iidiabitants, in the east and ihe west, in 
 Ihii north and tlie .south, as well before as at the 
 lime of embodying a cimtinental army, were in a 
 great degree unanimous in his favtmr. 
 
 (ieneral Washington was born on the 22d of 
 February, 1732. His education favoured the pro- 
 duction n solid mind, and a vigorous body. 
 
 Mountain air, almmlant exercise in the opi'ii conn- 1 '■ lint, lest some nidiicky event should happen, 
 try, the whcdesoine toils id'the chase, anil the de unf.ivmiralde to my reputation, I beg it may be re- 
 lighlful scenes of rural life, expanded his limbs to ninnlM'ieil by every gi'iillcinan in ihe ronin, that I 
 an unusual, gracel'nl and well pinpnrliiini'il size, this day declare, with the ii'.niosi sincerity, I do 
 His youth was spent in the acqiiisiiinn of usclnl not iliuik myself eijiial to the commanil I aiiihoii 
 knowledge, and in pursuits, lending to the im- oiired with. 
 
 provement of his fortune, <ir the benelit of his 
 country. Kitted more for active, than lot specu- 
 lative life, he devoted the greater portion i>f his 
 time to the alter: bin this was amply ciunpensa- 
 ted by his kting freipienlly in such siiiialions, ,is 
 called lorlh thi^ powers of his mind, and slreni'lh- 
 ened them by repeated exercise. K irly in life, 
 in obedience to his coiiniry's call, he entered the 
 military line, and began his career of fame, in op- 
 posing that power, in cmicert with whose troops, 
 he acquireil his last and most dislinguislied ho- 
 nours, lie was aid-de-camp to (ieneral Itrad- 
 dock in 17;).'); when that unfortunate cdlicer was 
 killed. He was eminently serviceable in cover- 
 ing the retreat, and saving the remains of the rout- 
 ed army. Kor three years after the defeat u( 
 liraddock, (ieorge Washington was commander 
 in chief of the forces of Virginia, against the in- 
 cursions of the I'Venchand Indians, from the Ohio. 
 He continued in service, till the reduirlion of Fort 
 DuipiLsne, I7.")S, gave peace 10 the frontiers of 
 his native colony, Virginia. Soon after that event, 
 he retired to his estate, .Mount Vernon, on the 
 banks of the I'olomac, and with great industry 
 and success pursued the arts of peacelul life. 
 
 When the proceedings of the llrilish parliament 
 alarmeil the colonists with apprehensions, that a 
 blow was levelled at their liberties, he again came 
 forward into public view, and was appointed a de- 
 legate to the congress, which met in September, 
 1771. Possessed of a l.irgeproporlion ofcoiiuuon 
 sense and directed by a sound judgment, he was 
 better filled for the exalted station to which he 
 was called, than many others, wlio, to a greater 
 brilliancy o parts, freipienlly add the eccentiicily 
 
 " As to pay, sir, I beg leave to assure the con- 
 gress, that as no pecuniary cmisideralion could 
 have templed me to accept this arduous employ- 
 ment, at the expense of my domestic ease and 
 happiness, I do not wish to make any profit from 
 it. 1 will keep an exact account of my expenses. 
 Those, I doubt not, they will discharge, and that 
 is all I desire." 
 
 A special commission was drawn up, and pre- 
 sented to him, and at the same time, a unanimous 
 resolution was adopted by Congress: "that they 
 would maintain and assist him, ami adhere to 
 him, with their lives and fortunes. In the cause of 
 American libcriy." Instructions were also given 
 him fiir his government, by which, after reciting 
 various particulars, he was directed: " to destroy 
 or make prisoneis, of all persons who now are, or 
 who hereafter shall appear in arms against the 
 good people of the colonies." The whole was 
 summed up in aiilhorising him, ■■ to order and dis- 
 pose of the aimy under his command, as iniglit be 
 most ailvantageous for obtaining the end, for which 
 it had been raised; making it his special care, in 
 di.icharge of the great trust commitled to him, that 
 the liberties of .\iuerica received no detriment." 
 About the same time, twelve companies of rifle- 
 men were ordered to be raised in Pennsylvania, 
 .Maryland, and Virginia. The men, to ihe anionnl 
 of I iliO, were piocnred, and forwarded with great 
 expedition. They had to inarch from I to 7110 
 miles; and yet, the whole business was completed, 
 and Ihey joined the .Xmerican army at (Jambridije, 
 in less than two months, from the day on which 
 lh<^ first resolution for raising them was agreed to. 
 (.'oeval with the lesolution lot raising an armv, 
 of original genius. Kngaged in the busy srenesjwas aiiolhcr for emiitiog a sum, not exceeding 
 of life, he knew human nature, and the most prop- j two million of dollars, in bills of credit, for tlit 
 cr method ofaccoinplishing proposed objecls. His defence of .America ; and the colonies were pledg- 
 
 passions were subdued and kept in snbjec'ion I 
 reason. His soul, superior to parly spirit, 10 pre- 
 judice, and illiberal views, moved according tollie 
 impulses it received from an honest heart, a good 
 understanding, coimnon sense and a s(Mind judg- 
 ment. He w IS habitnaled to view things on every 
 side to consider them in all rcl.iiiiins, and to trace 
 the possible and pridiable cim> eqiiences of propos- 
 ed measures. Much addicli'd to close thinking, 
 his mind was constantly employed, llyfieipieni 
 exercise, his understanding and jndgmenl expand- 
 ed, so as to be able to discern Irulh, and to know 
 what was proper to be done, in the most diiricull 
 conjectures. 
 
 .Soon after fieneral Washington was appointed 
 commander in chief, four major generals, one ad- 
 jutant general, wilh the rank of a brigadier, and 
 ei:;hl brigadier generals, were appointed, in sub- 
 ordination to him ; who were as follows . 
 
 Maj. (ienerals. Ung. (iencrals. 
 
 1st, Arlemas Ward. 1st, Scili Poim'roy. 
 
 12d, TJicharil iMonlgomery. 
 
 :?il, David Woosler. 
 
 ■llh. William Heath. 
 
 .'ith, Joseph .Spencer. 
 
 (ith, .I0I111 Thomas. 
 
 7lli, John ."^iillivan. 
 
 8lh, Nalh. (ireene. 
 (Ieneral Washington replied, to the presideni 
 of Congress, announcing liis appointment, in llie 
 following words : 
 Air. President, 
 " Though I am truly sensible of the hish honour 
 done me, in this appointment, yet, I feel great dis- 
 tress from a consciousness, that my abilities and 
 military experience may not be equal to the 
 extensive and important trust. However as the 
 consress desire it, I will enter upon the momentous 
 duty, and exert every power I possess in their 
 service, and for the support of the glorious cause. 
 I beg they will accept my most cordial thanks, for 
 
 '2il, Charles T,ee. 
 .Id, Philip Schuyler. 
 Illi, Israel Putnam. 
 
 Adjt. (ieneral, 
 Horatio (iaies. 
 
 ed for their redemption. This sum was increased 
 from time to lime by farther emissions. Tlie co- 
 lonies, having neither tiumey nor revenue at their 
 command, were forced to adopt this expedient : 
 the only mie which was in their power foi sup- 
 porting an army. No ime delegate opposed the 
 measure. So great hail been the credit of the for- 
 mer emissions of paper, in the greater part of the 
 colonies, that every few at that time foresaw or ap- 
 prehended the eonseqiicnces of unfunded paper 
 emissions: but had all the conseipionces which ro- 
 sulled from this measure, in the course of the war, 
 been foreseen, it must, notwithstanding, have been 
 adopted ; for it was a less evil, that there should 
 be a iieneral wreck of property, llian that the »>s- 
 senlial rights and liberties of a growing conntrv 
 should be lost. A happy ignorance of fnliirc 
 events, combined wilh the ardour of the tiinei. 
 ptevenied many reflections on this subjeci, and 
 gave credit and circulalion to these bills of eiedii 
 
 (ieneral Washington, soon after his appointmeiii 
 to the command of the American army, set out fur 
 the camp, al Cambiidge. On his way thither, he 
 was liealed with the highest hmiotirs, in e\cry 
 place ihioiigh which he passed. Large detach- 
 uiirils of volunteers, composed of private gcnllo- 
 iiien, turned out to escort him. 
 
 On his arrival at Cambridge, .Tiily 3d, 177.'), h« 
 was received willi the joyful acclamations of the 
 American army. At the head of his troops, he 
 published a declaration, previou.sly drawn up by 
 Congress, in the nature of a manifesto, selling 
 forth the reasons for taking up arms. In this, af- 
 ter enumerating various grievances of the colonies, 
 and vindicating them frntn n premeditated design, 
 of establishing independent stales, it was added: 
 "In our own native land, in defence of the freedom 
 which is our biilhrighl, and which we ever enjoy 
 ed till the late violation of it ; for the protection o( 
 our pro|)erty, acquired solely by the industry ol 
 our forefathers, and ourselves, against violenci 
 
 •I 
 
 this distinguished tesliinony of their ;ip|iic)l)ation. [actually offered, we have taken up arms ; we ahuU 
 
 . . ,-i. yi l fcJMSF5 fcl»--J^ 
 
 im^m: 
 
\»y tlipin down when hoalililipa iili'.ill ceiMcoti iIik 
 
 |i;irl iif ilii! injL'ri'swR, anil all tl.iiiL'i'r nCilii'ir ln!- 
 inj: it'iii'wi'il, sli!ill lin rciniiviMl. ,inil ni>l lirlori' " 
 
 U'lii'n (iciii'nil \Vinliiii)jliinJiiiiii'(l ilir AnicriiMii 
 army. \if riiiiiiil llli! llrilisli niii -mi lied on liiiii- 
 k<'rN liiil, liaviii;; alsii lliri'i; lli>.iiiii<: li.illrrict in 
 iM)Nric rivor, and a twinity cnii slnp hciow ilic 
 fi'rry. Iii'Iwpimi lioslnn anil ('liarli'Hinwn. 'I'lii'y 
 liail altii abullery on CDpte'sliill, anil him nilriiriu- 
 ly furliliuil on tlm ncrk. 'I'ln; Aini'riian-i wi'ii! 
 iiilri'iicliRd at Winicr lilll, I'mnpi'i:! Inll, and Knx- 
 liiiry L'oiiininnicatin^ with uni- aniithi'r liy small 
 |ii)v.ti ovci II distaiici! Ill' ten inlli.'H. 'I'lii'ri! wi'ic 
 ahii |iartic!i !ilatiiini!il in si-'vnral towns, nlnii); tlir 
 Hea Liiasl. They had neither cnuineen tii plan 
 Biiilable works, nnrsnlTicicnl tools lor their erertinn. 
 
 In the American camp, was collected a lar^^e 
 body of men : bnt without those conveniences, 
 which ancient entablishment.s have introdnceii liir 
 the comfort of regular armies. Instead of teiils. 
 sails, (now rendered useless by the iibstrncliiinsof ' 
 commerce,) were applied for their coveriiii; ; but,: 
 even of them, there was not a siinicjenry. 'I'liej 
 .\inerican soldiers, liavinK joined the camp, in allj 
 that variety orclotliiii);, which they used in llieir 
 daily labour, were without uniformity of dnss. | 
 i'o abolish provincial dislincliiins, the hunljii!; 
 shirt was introduced. They were also without 
 those heads of departnientR, in the line of commis- 
 saries, or qiiarteriiiasteis, which are necessary for 
 llie reKularand economical supply of armies. In-j 
 ilividiials, brought to camp their own provisions, 
 on their own liorses. In some pans conimiltees 
 of supplies, were appointed, who piinhased ne- 
 cessaries at public expense, sent them on to camp, 
 and distributed Ihein to such as were in want, with- 
 out any rei;ularily or system. The ciiiinliy af- 
 forded provisions; ami nothini; iiiiire was waniiinx, 
 than proper systems for llieir cnlleriion, and ilis- 
 •ribulion. Other articles, thnnyh ei)iially iieres- 
 Kary, were almost wholly ilelii ient ; and coiibl mil 
 be procured, but with ilimciiliy. On the llh of 
 AuKiisi, the whole slock of powder in the Ainoii- 
 oaii camp, and in Ihepiibkc iiiat;a/,ines, ofllie four 
 New lCn;;land provinces, would make liiile nine 
 than nine rounds a man. The roiilineiiial ainiv 
 remained in this destitute comliiion, fora lorlniuhi 
 or more. 'J'his was penerally known anion;: 
 themselves, ami was also ciinimiinicaied to the 
 Hrilish, by a deserter : bnt tliey,siispeciinH a plot, 
 would not believe it. A supply ofa few Ions was 
 seni on to them from the comniillee of Kii/alielh- 
 towii : but this was done privately, lest the ndja- 
 cent inhabitants, who were equally desliiiile, 
 should stop it for iheirown use. The public rulers 
 in Massaclinsetts issued a recoininemlalioti ti. the 
 inhabitants, not to lire a gun at beast, bird, or mark ; 
 in order that they niight husband their little slock, 
 for the more necessary purposes of shooling men. 
 A supply of several thousand pounds weijjht of 
 (louder, was soon after obtained IVoni .\IVica, in 
 exchange for New Knglaml rum. This was 
 managed with so niiicli address, that every ounce 
 for sale in the liritish Forts on the African coasts, 
 was purchased up. and brought olf for the use of 
 the Americans. 
 
 Kinbarrassments, from various quarters, occur- 
 red in the formation ofa conlinenlal army. 'I'lie 
 appoinlnient of general oiriceis, made by Congress, 
 WIS not satisfactory. Enlerpiisiin leaders had 
 come forward, with their folloHeis, on the coiii- 
 inencemenl of hostilities, without scrupulous at- 
 tenlion to rank. When these were all blended 
 together, it was impossible to assign to every offi- 
 cer the station which his .services merited, or his 
 canity demanded. Materials for a good army 
 were collected. The husbandmen who flew to 
 arms, were active, zealous, and of unquestionable 
 courage : but to introduce discipline and subordi-! 
 nation, amnng freemen who were habituated tol 
 think for themselves, was an arduous labour. ! 
 
 The want of system and of union under proper 
 heads, pervaded every department. From the 
 circumstance, that the persons employed in pro- 
 viding necessaries fr.i the army were unconnect- 
 ed with each other, niucb waste and unnecessary 
 
 NORTH A .M E R I C A. 
 
 dfllays were occasioned. The troops of the dif- 
 ferent colonics came into scrviiu*, under variant 
 e.ttat>li>lniirnts. .Sihim- wrrc ciil -ili'il wiih the ex- 
 press roiidilion of i linosiiig llieir i>nii:ers. The 
 rations luriiished liy the local lei;islaliire-'. vaneil 
 both as III i|iianlii\. ipialily, and price, 'i'o form 
 one niiifiMiii mas., iit these discorilant (Materials, 
 and to subject llie licenlionsness ol' independent 
 lieeinen to the rontiol of military discipline, was 
 a delicate and dilllciilt business. 
 
 'I'lio conlinenlal army, put under the command 
 ofdeneral Washniglon, amnnnleil to 1 l,.'j()0 men. 
 'i'hi'se hill been so jndiciiinsly slaliiiiied around 
 iiostiin as to ciinlinc the llrilish to the town, and 
 to exi'liiile them from the forage and provisions, 
 which the adjacent country and islands in lloston 
 bay allorded. This force was thrown into three 
 grand divisions, (ieneral Ward commaniled the 
 riglil wing, at Roxbury. (ieneral Lee, the left, 
 at I'riispect hill ; and the centre was coinmanded 
 by (ieneral Wasliingion. Jii arraying the army, 
 the mililary skillof Adjutant (ieneral (i.iteswasof 
 great service. Method and punctuality were in- 
 troduced. The olliceis and privates were taught 
 to know their respective places, and to have the 
 iiiechaiiisin and inovcincnls, as well as the name 
 of an army. 
 
 When some ciTectual pains had been taken to 
 discipline the army, it was found that the term, 
 for which enlistments had taken place, was on the 
 point o expiring. The troops from Comieciicut 
 and Rliiide Island, were engaged only, liM the 1st 
 day of iJeceiiiber, 177.0; and no part of the army 
 longer than the 1st day of .lanuaiy, 1771). Sucii 
 iiiisiaken apprehensions respecting the future con- 
 duct of (ircat lirilain prevailed, that many thought 
 the assninplion ofa determined spirit of resislance, 
 would lead lo a reihess of all grievances. 
 
 'I'he Massachusetts assembly and the conlinenlal 
 congress, both resolved in November, to (it out 
 armed vessels, to cruise on the American coast, 
 for the purpose of intercepting wailike stores and 
 supplies, designed for the use nl the liritish army. 
 The object was at fust liiiiiied ; but as the pros- 
 pect of accommoilatioii vaoislicil, it was exiendi'd 
 lo all llrilish properly alloal, on the high seas. 
 The Americans were dilhdeiil of their ability to do 
 any thing on the water, in opposiiion to the great- 
 est naval power in the win Id ; lint from a coinbi- 
 natiiin of circunislanccs, their first allempts were 
 successful. 
 
 'I'lie Lee privaieer, (japtain Manly, look the 
 brig Nancy, an ordnance .ship, fioiii Woolwich, 
 containing a large brass nioilar, several pieces of 
 bra.ss cannon, a large i|uanlily of arms and aninin- 
 nilioii ; with all nianiier of tools, iilensils, and iiia- 
 chiiics, necessary for camps, and artillery. Had 
 Congress sent an order for supplies, they could not 
 have mule out a list of articles, more suitable lo 
 their situation, than those, luis providuiilially 
 thrown into their hands. 
 
 In about nine days after, three uhips, with va- 
 rious stores, for the Hrilish army, and a briir from 
 .\iJligiia, with rum, were taken by Captain Manly, 
 lieline live days more had elapsed, several oilier 
 store ships were captured. IJy these means, the 
 distresses of tli"! Hrilish troops, in liiislnn, were 
 increased, and supplies, or the continental army, 
 were procured. Naval captures, being nnexpecl- 
 eil, were matter of Iriuniph lo the .Viiicricans, and 
 of surprise to the llrilish. The latter scarcely be- 
 lieved, that the former would oppose them by land, 
 wiih a regular army : Init never suspecled, that a 
 people 90 iinfnrnislied as iliey were, with many 
 things necessary for arming vessels, would pre- 
 sume to alieinpt any thing on the seas. A spirit 
 of enterprise, invigorated by patriotic zeal, prompt- 
 ed the hardy New-Eaglandinen to undertake the 
 hazardous business; and their success encouraged 
 them to proceed. Hefore the close of the year, 
 (Congress determined to build five vessels of 32 
 guns, five of liS. and three of 21. About this 
 time, an event look pi ue. which wimlil have dis- 
 posed a less deleiinined people lo ili'sist from pro- 
 voking the vengeiiini' of the llrilish navy. This 
 was the burning of Kalniouih, in the northern pati 
 
 «87 
 
 of Massachusetts. Captain Moet, in the (,'iincraiiic, 
 of sixteen guns, on the ISth of October, 177.5, 
 desiroyeil l.'J'.t houses, and 2'i>i s' jres, and olliei 
 linildiiius 111 ihat town.* 
 
 'I'liis spie.id ,111 alarm on the coast, but produ< 
 ceil no disposition lo submit. Many moved Ironi 
 the sea ports, with ihuir lamllies and ellecis : but 
 no solicitations were prelerred to olit.iin llrilish 
 protection. 
 
 In a few days after the burning of Falmouth, 
 the old south meeting house, in ihision, was laken 
 iiilo possession by the liritish : and liesliiied liir a 
 riding school, ami the service of the light dr.igoons. 
 These proceedings |iiodnci'il, in the miiiils ol tiio 
 colonists, a more delerniined spirit of resistance, 
 and u more general aversion to (-ireat Britain. 
 
 ClIAI'TER X. 
 
 Ticitnilerof^a taken ; Canndn iiivnilL-il, niiil rvnrimteil. 
 
 It early occurred to many, that if the sworil 
 decided the conlroversy between (ireat liiitain 
 and her colonics, the possession of Ticondcrnga 
 would be essential to the secnrily of the latter. 
 Situated on a proniontory, forined at the jnnclibn 
 oflhe watersof Laketieorge and Ijake(;hamplaiii; 
 It is the key of all communication between New 
 Vork and (Canada. Messrs. I)eane, W'ooslcr, 
 Parsons, Stephens and others, of ( 'onnecliciit, 
 planned a scheme to obtain possession of this 
 valinble post. Having procnied a loan of INJO 
 dollars of public money, and provided a sulficieni 
 quanlily of powder anil ball, ihey set olf fir lleii- 
 ninglon, lo obtain the co-operation of Colonel Al- 
 len, ij ihat place. Two hniidred and sevenly men, 
 mostly of that brave and hardy people, who an; 
 called green mountain boys, were speedily collect- 
 ed at Caitlelon ; which was fixed no as the place 
 of rendezvous. At lliis pi. ice, (.'olonel .\iiiold, who, 
 though attended only with a servant, was prose- 
 cuting the same object, unexpectedly joined them. 
 He had been early chosen captain of a viilnnleer 
 company, by the iiihabilanlsof .New Haven, among 
 whom he resided. As soon as he received news 
 oflhe Lexingion bailie, he marehed oil' with his 
 company fm the vicinity of lioslon, and arrived 
 there, ihoiigh l.'iU miles distant, in a few days. 
 Immedialely after his arrival, he wailed on iho 
 M.issachiisetts comniillee of safety, and informed 
 llieni that that there were, at Ticondeioga, many 
 jiieces of cannon, and a great qnantily of valuable 
 stores ; and that the fort was in a ruinous condi- 
 tion, and garrisoned only by about foily men. 
 They appointed him a colonel, and commissioned 
 
 * (Jiiptaiii Mont Iinil Ill-en frei|tii*nily at Fnliiiniiili, nnd 
 wns lli.'re hrispiltilily eiitiTl.iini'il. AOt'r liiisi lilit's Imil 
 f luiiinfiicrd, but licl'ure goriuiis war wiis ciiiili'iiijtlHle,l, 
 be imidi'il as formerly; bill hot as an eiii'iny. llrit;ailit*r 
 'riiianpsoii, iinili'r no orilrrs of (jiivernim'iit, look hiirt 
 pri-.oiii'r. Tbe inliabinoits iiitcrpnii'il ; ami, from mi»- 
 livf.* of iuRiico ami iiol!'*v. iirffil and aicdinoliflii'd bis 
 tiii'-itiiiliiiiinai ibscnariTP. 'J'b« nlTrmil rniiklnl in llio 
 bnarl iil' the eaplaill. He sniin all.'r riliiriioil willi n 
 «iiiali nnv.il, fun e, ami Ran" milii'i', ibal lie was lillilur 
 orili'rs I.I reilare the town to uwlifs, and Ibal be sbnuld 
 bi'cin llic bnxinoss nl mm rise, llie next iiMimin^. IVo 
 rpni.ilance was inaiia. Tlio iiiliabitants omployed 
 Ibennelve.i. diinni; llie nislit. in riMnovini; llii'ir clFf els. 
 Tbe iii'xl innrninL', iho town was in (l(inu'!». Miiet's 
 iirnii'ii naval fiiri-i^ lay all day lii'fnrr it, ami, without 
 crsaaliun. throw plirlls. rarpns«ep, and bol phot inlii it 
 till its driirunlion was coiiiplelfil. This lipintt ilmie, 
 (.'aptniii Moi'l. Willi bia fli'rl, iliew iilT. Thus die prido 
 of the proTiiier of .Maine was laid desolate, in nm' day : 
 ami i:l'.M'aniilies,»bo, -'Ihoiirs hrfore, bved in I'ase and 
 riimfiirt, rvere re.lueed to want, and had no ulirlter 
 Irnin the nuluiiinal slortns, and approaehinc wiiilnr. 
 Kalmnulh had formerly Iwen twice naekrd by Indians, 
 anti fiinie of its iiibahiiants had Is-en killed hy tbeiii ; 
 but nil nnl of theirs, was to he cniiiparnd to this ronfla- 
 enuinn. The Indians Fralped women and ihildren lo 
 obtain n bountv. Thev robbed houses, fur ihii sake of 
 pliimler; hut Oaplnin Moot, without the hope of L-niii. 
 and without provocation, deslniyed the aiih^isteneo 
 anci blaste.l the hopci" of a whole roniuiuuily. A new 
 linvu, like the pluvnix, has arisen finui the a«lii'« of llio 
 old. and is now in flouri«liin!; cireiiniJtaiui n. .'^I'a 
 SiillivBn'a History of the Uialriet of Maine, pugo 20ii 
 ■iW. 
 
888 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 1 f; 
 
 him to riiinc 400 men, nnd lo t^ike TiconilcroKn. 
 The liMileiH 1)1 ilic |iiin)'. wliicli hid previously 
 rpiiiliv.vnii.Hed lit (^'ii!<ili'loii, admitted Colonel Ar- 
 iKilil lo Join Iheni. It vntH :igii't'd ilial (.'oIoiihI 
 Allen should bH the roinuiander in chiel' ol' the 
 ex|ieclitioii, and (hat Colonel Arnold xhonlil be his 
 assisianl. They proceeded wiihoul delay, and 
 arrived, in the iiii;hl, at lake Chauiplain, opposite 
 lo TiconderoLia. Allen and Arnold crossed over 
 with >>)1 men, and landed near the ;;!irrison. They 
 contended who slioulil (!o in tirsi : but it wa.s at 
 taut apreeil, that they uliould both fio in together. 
 Thev advanced abreast, ami entered tlie lorl at 
 the dialling of day. A sentry nnapped his piece 
 at one of them, and ihi'ii retreuled, throu!:li t!ie 
 covered way, lo the parade. The Anieric- n , 
 lollowed, and immediately drew up. 'I'he com- 
 mander, Hurpriseil in his bed, was called upon lo 
 •uineinler the tort, lie asked, by what authority .' 
 ('(dcMiel Allen replied : " I dem.ind it in the name 
 nl'the (ireiit Jeliuvah, and of the conliueulal con- 
 gress." 
 
 No resistance was made; and the fori, with 
 100 pieces of cannon, other valuable Mores, and 
 48 prisoners, fell into tlu' hands of tlic .Vmericans. 
 The boats had been sent back, for the remainder 
 of the men : but the business was ilone before they 
 got over. Col. Seth Warner was sent olf willi a 
 party to take possession of Crown-Point, wliere a 
 sergeant and twelve men pprf(umcd gariison duty. 
 'J'his was speeilily ciVected. 
 
 The next object, callins for l)ie attention of 'he 
 .\mericans, was to obtain the command of lake 
 Champlain : but, lo accomplish this, it was neces- 
 sary for them lo get possession of a sloop of war, 
 iyinj; at !Si. .lohn's, at the northern extiemity of 
 the lake. Willi the view of capturinj; this sloop, 
 it was agreed to man and arm a schooner, lyim; at 
 South Hay ; that Arncdd should command her, and 
 thai Allen shr id command soiue badeaux on the 
 game expedi' on. X favourable wind carried the 
 <clio(mer ahead of the balleaux, and Colonel .\r- 
 nold got miniediate possession of the sloop by sur- 
 prise. The winil again favouring him, lie leturn- 
 rd, with his pii/.e, to Ticondeioga, and rejoined 
 ('(donel Allen. The latter soon went home; and 
 the former, with a number ofmen, agiecd to re- 
 main there in garrison. In this rapid manner, the 
 possession of 'I'iconderoga, and the command of 
 lake Champlain, was obtained, u,,iioiit any loss, 
 by a few deterinined men. Intelligence \>( these 
 events was in a few days, comninnicaled to Con- 
 press, which met, for the (irst time, at ten o'clock 
 o iK'same day, in the morning of which, Ticoii 
 deroga was laken. They rejoiced in the spirit of 
 enterprise, displayed by tlieir countrymen ; but 
 feared the charge of being aggressors, or of doing 
 any thing lo widen the breach between (heat iiii- 
 tain and the colonies ; for un accomodation was, 
 at lliat time, their unanimous wish. They there- 
 lore recommeniled to the committees of the cities 
 and counties of New i'ork and Albany, lo cause 
 the cannon an<l stores to be removed (rom Ticon- 
 ileroga to the south end of lake (Jeorge, and lo 
 take an exact inventory of them : " in order that 
 they might be s;U'ely returned, when the restora- 
 tion of the former harmony between <ireat Hrilain 
 and the colonies, so ardently wished for by the lat- 
 ter, shoiiJd render it prudent, and consistent with 
 tlie overruling law of self-preservation." 
 
 Colonel Arnold having begun his military ca- 
 reer with a series of successes, was urged by his 
 native iiiipetuosity to project more extensive ope- 
 rations. He, on the 13tli of .liinc, wrote a letter 
 to Congress, strongly urging an expedition into 
 Canada, and oftering with 2000 men to reduce the 
 whole province. In his ardent zeal to oppose 
 (ireat Britain, he had advised the adoption of 
 offensive war, even before Congress had nrga- 
 nized an army, or apfiointed a single military offi- 
 cer. His iinpoi'iuiiity was at last successful, as 
 shall hereafter be related : but not till two months 
 had elapsed, subsequent lo his first proposition of 
 conducting an expedition against Canaila. .'^iicli 
 was the increasing fervour of the public mind in 
 1770, that what, in the early part oflhc year, was 
 
 deemed violent and dangerous, was in its progress' 
 pronounced bo'h modeiale and expedient. \ 
 
 ."^irliiiy Cailelon, the king's goviriior in Canada 
 no sooner liearil that the Amei leans hail siirprisid 
 Ticonileroga, and Cronnl'oini, and olilained ll •' 
 command of lake (.'hamplain, than lie planned a 
 scheme for their recovery. Having only a lew 
 regular troops under his cinuniand. he endeavoured 
 lo induce the Canadians and Indians, to coopeiaie 
 with him : but they both del lined. He establish- 
 ed martial law, that he uiiglil compel the inliabi- 
 tanls to take arms. They declared llieiuselves 
 ready lo defend the provime ; but refused lo march 
 out of it, orto commence h istiliiies on their neigli- 
 /oiirs. Colonel .lohnson had, on Ihe same occ:i- 
 sion, repeated conferences with the Indians, and 
 eiiileavoured to inlluence them to take up the 
 lialchel; but they steadily retiised. In order Ki 
 gain their co-operation, he invited thein lo feast 
 on a Mostonian, and to drink his blood. This, in 
 the Indian style, meant no more than to partake of 
 a roasteil ox and a pipe of wine, al a public enter- 
 tainment ; which was given to induce their co- 
 operation with the British troops. The colonial 
 patriots alVected to understand it in its literal sense. 
 It furnished in their mode of explication, a con- 
 venient handle for operating on the passions of the 
 people. 
 
 These exertions in Canada, which were princi- 
 pally made wiih a view to recover Ticonileroga, 
 (/lown-l'oint. and the conimand of lake Cham- 
 plain, induced Congress to believe that a formida- 
 ble invasion of their northwestern fionlier was 
 intended, from ihat ipiarler. The evideni leiiden- 
 cy of Ihe Quebec act favoured this opinion. I!p- 
 lieving it lo be the fixed purpose of the British 
 ministry. In attack ihe united colonies on that side, 
 they conceived that they would be inexcusable if 
 thev neglected the proper means of warding olf 
 so terrible a blow. They were also sensible that 
 the only pralicable plan lo elfect this purpose, was 
 to make a vigorous attack upon Canada, while it 
 was unable to resist the unexpected impression. 
 Their success at Ticonileroga and Crown-Point, 
 had already paved the way forihis bold enterprise, 
 and had broken down the femes which guarded 
 llie entrance into that province. On tlie other 
 hand, lliey were sensible thai by taking this step, 
 they changed at once the whole ualuie of the war. 
 Kriini defensive it became olfensive ; and siilijected 
 them to the imputation of being the agressors. — 
 They were well aware that several who had es- 
 poused their cause in liritain, would probably be 
 oll'ended at this measure ; and charge them with 
 heightening the mischiefs occasioned by the dis- 
 pute. They knew that the principles of resistance, 
 as far as they had hitherto acted upon lliein. were 
 abetted by a considerable party in (ireat Britain ; 
 and that to forfeit their good opinion, might be of 
 great disservice. Considerations of this kind 
 made them weigh well the important step, before 
 they ventured upon it. 'J'hey, on the other hand, 
 rellccted that the eloquence of the minority in par- 
 liament, and the petitions and remonstranees of the 
 merchants in (ireal Britain, hail produced no solid 
 advantages in their favour; and that they had no 
 chance of relief, but from the smiles of heaven on 
 Iheir own endeavours. The danger was pressing. 
 War was not only inevitable, but already begun. 
 To wait till they were attacked by a formidable 
 force at their backs, in the very instant when their 
 utmns'. exertions would be requisite, perhaps insuf- 
 ficient, lo protect their cities and sea coast, against 
 an invasion from Britain, would be the summit 
 of folly. The laws of war and of nations justified 
 the forestalling of an enemy. The colonists main- 
 tained Ihat to prevent known hostile intentions, 
 was a matter of self-defence. They were also 
 sensible they had already gone such lengths, a» 
 could only be vindicated by arms; and that, if a 
 certain degree of success did not attend their re- 
 sistance, thev would be al the mercy of an irritated 
 government, and their moderation in the single in- 
 stance of Canada, wiiiild be an unavailing plea for 
 indiili;'Mice. They were also encouraged to pro- 
 ceed, by certain information, thallho French inha- 
 
 bitants of Canada, except Ihe noblesse and tlir cler 
 gy, were as niiiili disconlenled wiili llieir presen 
 syslem of government as llie llrilisli selileis. || 
 seemed I herel'ore probable, that ihey wiiiild cini- 
 sider the provincials, rather as I'liends, than aseii(>' 
 niies. Tlie invasion of that province was iliere- 
 lore determined upon, if found practicable, and not 
 disagreeable to the Canadians. 
 
 Ciingreiis had commitled the management of 
 their iiiililary arrangemenls, in this norllirrn de- 
 parlmeiil, lo (ienerals Schuyler and .Montgomery, 
 While the former remained at Albany, to . leiiil 
 an Indian treaty, the latter was sent torward lo Ti- 
 conileroga, with a body of troops from New Vork 
 and New Kngland. About tliis time, (ienerai 
 .'><eliiiyler addressed the inhabitants, informing 
 them, " that the only view! of (Jongress were lo 
 restore lo them those rights, which every aubjecl 
 of Ihe British Knipiie, of whatever religious senti- 
 nienls he may be, is entitled to ; and Ihat, in the 
 execution of these trusts, he had received the 
 most positive orders to cherish every Canadian, 
 and every friend to the cause of liberty, and sacred- 
 ly to guard their properly." The Americans, 
 about 1000 in number, ell'ecled a landing at ."^l. 
 .lohn's; which, being the first British post in Ca- 
 iiaih, lies only 11,5 miles to the northward of Ti- 
 conileroga. The British picqiiets were driven 
 into the fort. The environs was then recnnnoi- 
 tereil, and the fiirtifications were found lobe much 
 stronger than had been suspected. This indiiceil 
 the calling of a council ofwar, which recommend- 
 ed a retreat to Isle aiix Noix, twelve miles soiitli 
 of St. John's, to throw a boom across the chan- 
 nel, and lo erect works for its ilefence. .Soonaf- 
 lerthis event, a bad state of health induced Ceiieia' 
 .Schuyler to retire lo Ticonileroga; and the com 
 maud devolved on (ienenil Montgomery. 
 
 This enterprising officer, in a few days, returned 
 to the vicinity of St. John's, and opened a battery 
 against it. Ammunition was so scarce, thai the 
 siege could not be carried on, with any prospeit of 
 speedy success. The genenil detached a small 
 body of troops, lo attempt the reduction of fort 
 t'liaiiiblee, only six miles distant. .Success al lend - 
 eil this enlerpri/.e. By its surrender, six Ions ol 
 gunpowder were olilained, which enabled llie gene- 
 ral lo prosecute the siege of. St. John's with vigour. 
 The garrison, though straitened fiir provisions, 
 persevered in defending themselves with uiiabaling 
 t'orlitude. While (leneral .Alontgomery was prose- 
 cuting this siege, the governor of Ihe province col ■ 
 lecicil, at ."Momreal, about 800 men, chiefly inilitii 
 and Indians. He endeavoured to cross the river 
 St. Lawrence, with this force, and lo land al Lon- 
 quiel, intending to proceed thence lo attack the be- 
 siegers : but Colonel Warner, with 300 green 
 mounlain boys, and a four pounder, prevented llie 
 execution of the design. The governor's party 
 was siilVered to come near the shore ; but was then 
 fired upon, with such etVect as lo make them re- 
 tire, after sustaining great loss. 
 
 An account of this atl'air being commiinicaleil to 
 the garrison in St. John's, Major Preston, the 
 commanding officer, surrendered, on receiving 
 honourable terms of capitulation, .\bout 500 regu- 
 lars and 100 Canadians became prisoners to Ihs 
 provincials. They also acquired 39 pieces of 
 cannon, seven mortars, two howil/.ers, and about 
 SOO stand of arms. Among the cannon were many 
 brass field pieces; an article ol which the Ame- 
 ricans were nearly destitute. 
 
 While the siege of St. John's was pending, Co- 
 lonel Allen, who was returning with about 86 men 
 from a tour on which he had been sent by his gene- 
 ral, was captured by Ihe British near Montreal. 
 Though he had surrendered in action, with arms 
 in his hands, under a verbal capitulation that he 
 should receive good treatment, he was loaded with 
 irons, and in that condition sent to England.* 
 
 "Colonel Allen, nfler bis cxclitng", piiblisbcj iiii in 
 terrstine narrative of his captivity, 'i'lie crime nlleircil 
 ncniiist bill) was his taking Tironileroea ; ami it was 
 inli-mloil Ihat be sholilil bo tried for thii, as an nil iil 
 reliellion. From his narrative, it appears that Mie irons 
 placed on him were uncommonly heavy, and so fa»tc>u 
 
 ses> 
 
 
 IR99BSS1BKSBC9HM 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 380 
 
 •■fitiililK. clrr 
 'liiMi pri-seii 
 
 ll M'lllcis. Il 
 
 "iMilil roll- 
 "• llinii iiHi'iie* 
 
 wii.H ilii-rp. 
 ii'ililf, ;iinl tint 
 
 ACler the reduction ol'St. Joliii's, (iuiicMl .Mdiit- in Muiilre.il, ami 8cii<ling (le(:icliiiiciiu iiiUi clilVer- hud lu cut tlinir way, fur tuWuH li>);vilirr. iIiioiikIi 
 (iiiiiiery piuci'eded towards .Miiiilrcal. 'I'lie li'w till |iarla ol lli« iiioviiue, ailvaiict'd lun.iid?* ilic luri'sls 8ii I'lnbiirrasitril, thai llirir |>ii>^ii's<i wan 
 Uriliuli I'lircuit llieri', uiiablc to siand tlit'ii KiDiiiiil, iii|Hlil. lilt liltlo uriii) arnvi'd wiili ixiicdilinii iinl) luiiriir livii iiHlcsa da). 'riiiToiiAlaiit laliitiie 
 lepairedlDrsately "11 boii'd tlii'irsliipiiiiiK, in liip|i(t liiiurc (iiifliuc. Sucuess had liitlii'rln hdwimmI 
 ul cscapInK dtiwii llie i..er; hut ihcy hiti.' |iru- ivery allcmpt iif (icricral Munl|iunii'i}r ; liiil lii.t 
 Vfiiled. tieiierul Pic»C()t, who wa.s on board mlualion was noverllielcss very I'nibarraiitiii);. 
 null several olticets, and about l:iU privatis, liav- ; Mncli to be pitied is the oiricer, who, having been 
 
 ini! no chance oC escape subniilleil to be prisoners . bred lu arms, in the strict diciplinc of reKular at leugth su icarce, that some ot'lhe men eat their 
 on terms ul' rapitulation. KIcven sail ol' vessels, | armies, is allcruards called li command men, who do);s, carluuch boxes, breeches, and shoes. When 
 
 caused nianv to Tail sick. One third ol llie lum- 
 ber which set out, was Irnni want ol iieciHsaries, 
 obliged to return ; the others proceeded wiih una- 
 bated fortitude and constancy. I'rovisions grew 
 
 with ull their conienls, consisiiu); ol' aimMUiulion, 
 provisions, and intrenching tools, became the pro- 
 perly of the pruvMicii'Is. (iovemor Carlelon was 
 
 carry with them the spirit of freeilom into the held. ; they were an liunilred miles from any habilalioii. 
 
 The greater part of the Americans, olhcers, as or prospect of a supply, their whole store was di- 
 
 well as soldiers, havin<: never seen any service, vided, which yielded four pints nf Hour (o each 
 
 about this tiii'ie conveyeil in a boat with miillled ; "ere ignoiant id' their duly, and feebly Iniptesseil man. After they had baked and eaten llieir last 
 
 p.iddles, by a secret way lu the Thiee Rivers, and i wiih the iiiihlary ideas of union, suburdiiialion and morsel, they had thirty miles to travel, befoie they 
 
 llieiice to Quebec in H lew diys. j discipline. The army was continental in name could expect any farther supply. The men boro 
 
 When .Montreal was evacuated by the troops, I •ind pay ; hut in nu other respect. Nut only the up under these complicaleil ilistresses, with tho 
 
 the inhabitanls applied to tieiieral .Mo'nlgoinery for j troops of dill'ereiit colonies conceived themselves greale-t forliuide.* Thev gloried in the hope of 
 
 independent of each other ; bui, in some instances, completing a march, wliicli hoiiIiI rival the fame 
 
 u capitulation, lie informed them as they were 
 'Jc^feiiceless, they could not expect such a eonces- 
 >iiiMi : but, he engaged, upon his honour, to main- 
 lain the individuals and religious eominnnilies of 
 'lie cily, il the peaceable enjoyment of llieir prop- 
 erly, and llie free exercise of their relij;ioii. In 
 all his transactions, he s|M>ke, wrote, and acted | 
 » nil dignity and propriety ; 
 
 the dilleieiit reglinenls of ilie same colony were of similar expedillons undertaken by the heroes of 
 backward lo submit to the orders of olhce'rs in a antiquity. 1 laving spent thlrty-nne days, in tia- 
 liigher grade of another line. They were soon versing a hideous wilderness, without ever seeing 
 tireilof a mililaiy lile. Novelty and the first liii- I 'Uiy thing huniaii, they at length reached the in- 
 pulse of passion had led them lo camp; but, j habited parts of t'anada. They were there well 
 i>, wrote, and acted | '''^ approaching cold season, logelher with the | leceived, and supplied with every thing necessary 
 nd treated the inha- 1 f'"'g"*"'' '""' dangers incident to war iiiduceil a for their comfort. The t'anadianswereslriick with 
 
 ania/cmeiit, when they saw this armed force emer- 
 ging from the wilderness. Ji had never entered 
 their conceptions, that it was possible for human 
 
 Ijjl s with liberality anil polileness. general wish to relin<|uish the service. 'I'hoiigh. 
 
 Monlreal which at this time surrendered to the j ^> ''"^ "'^^'""' "''lieir enlisiinenl, lliey were to be 
 provincials, carried on an extensive trade, and I 'l""^''''"Hi"'l hi a few weeks, lliey could not biook ^ 
 rontained many of those articles, which fioiii the "ii absence lioiii their homes, for that short space i beings lotraieise such immense wilds. 'I'lie most 
 
 operation of the lesohilloiis of Congress, could not 
 be Iniported into any of the united colonies. From 
 these slores, the Anieriean soldiers, who had hith- 
 ei'io sulVered from the want of suitable clothing, 
 obtained a plentiful supply. 
 (Jcnerul .'Monlgomery, after leaving some troops 
 
 eil, tbnt he roiilil not lit* tlown iitbrrwJKe ilinn on Uix 
 \nwU. \ rliesi wfts bi-« sptil by tliiy ninl bis lieil tiy 
 liifhi. Ill U'llfrs 1(1 the ltrili!*li gciitTiil Prfsrol, lu' orizeil 
 liis i-ltiiiii to litMlor tri-utint'iil, on ihu f^mniiil ul' his hii- 
 tiiiiiiily anil ptililtMioris lo tilt llic prisotitTS lie Imtl Inki-n : 
 !ml IM) Hii!*vvi'r OMT cioiie to In* hioiils. .Aftor lio hiui 
 licfii Kfiit i:i iruilK ns a 8lntc priHiiriiv lo KngJaiMl, lie wns 
 sfiil tiurk as H primiiHT ol" wiir lo Aincricii. t)a his re- 
 turn, whi-n the iUh'I, on ImanI ul'wiiicli ho wos CDiifin- 
 rii, r,*iitlt'/,voii!*i'(l nl the I'mi' of t'urk. ho ri'ccivcd 
 I'ldiii ihe kiiidiu'^s of the iiilKiliiliints tkl' tlint cily, a lilrn. 
 lit'ill Hlipply t'ur nil lu!t wiillU ; hut their he'iieviilpilre 
 was inlt'rceplPti hy ('apl:iiii Symoiiilj*, of ihe llrili^li 
 r ivy. who rtwore lli.it " ihe (laiiiiied Aineric.iii rebels 
 kIiiiuUI not he »() feaiiteil by llie (laitttieil rebels of Ire- 
 buui." .\fler niiieb bud tisa::o in n eireuinms solace 
 he was laiuled at Halifax, f ii-k with ihe feiirvv.' and 
 there put in pri.ion. Theiiee he v\as sciil In ,\e\v' Vork, 
 ami fur u few iiiunllis was adinilli'd lo hi-* parole ; Imii 
 ill .\u|;usl, 1777, on pretenee of Itreukiili; it, was eollliii- 
 fd in ibe provo.^t juil. Diiriiic hi:* residence there, be 
 was wiuiesH of the nuist linrriil ccene:* of npnressinn 
 Olid enielty, to the American prisiinerit; and de<-luros, 
 thai, from Ills own know ledu'c, he bad no dindit, llial iip- 
 wnrds of *J0t)O nf them perish''d wilb biincer, e(dil, and 
 
 time. The ideas of liberty and independence, ! pointed instiuclioiis had been given lo this corps, 
 which roused the colonists to oppose the claims of 'o conciliate the alVections of the Canadians. It 
 (•real Dritain, operated against that implicit obe- i was particularly enjoined upon them, if llie son of 
 dience, which is necessary to u well regulated j hifd Chatham, then an ollicer in one of the Hriijsh 
 
 army. 
 
 Even in Kiirupcan slates, where long habits 
 have established submission to .superiors, as a 
 primary duty of the 'j-inmon people, the dillicully 
 of governing lecriiits, when first led to the lielil 
 from the civil occupations, is great : to exercise 
 discipline over freemen, accusloiiied lo act only 
 from the Impulse of their own iiiliids, ie(|uired not 
 only a knowledge of human nature, but an accom- 
 modating spirit, and a degree of patience, which 
 are rarely loiind among ollicers of regular armies. 
 The troops under the imiiiedialecoiiimaiid of (iene- 
 lal .Moiugoinerv, were, from their usual habits, 
 
 regiments In that piovlnce, should (all liilo ilieir 
 hands, to treat him with all possible allenllini, in 
 letiirn for the great exertions of his farllier, in be- 
 half of .\iiierican llbeity. .\ nianlfeslo, siibM-rilied 
 by (ieiieral Washlngtoii, which had lieenseni from 
 Cambridge with this, delachineiit was ciiculated 
 among the inhabitanls of Canada. In this, they 
 were invited to arrange themselves nndir the 
 standard of general liberty ; and were informed 
 that the .\merlcaii army was sent, nut lu pliindir 
 but lo protect lliem. 
 
 While (iener.il .Monl;omery lay at Montreal, 
 Colonel .\ri!old arrived ,il I'oiiit Levy, oppoMlc lo 
 
 averse to the ideas of siiliordinaliun, and had sud- i Quebec. Such was the conslernatlon of the giir- 
 deiily passed from duiiieslic ease, to the number- j "*"» ""d inhabitants, al his nnexpecicil appear- 
 less wants and distresses, which are incident to j aiice, that had not the liver iniervcned, an iiniiie- 
 inaiches through strange and deseit countries, j diale attack, in the fust surprise and confusion, 
 Kvery difficulty was increased by the short term, ' might have been successful. The bold enteiprisu 
 
 for which they weic enlisled. To secure the al- 
 feclions of the Canadians, It was necessary for the 
 American general to restrain the appetites, and 
 control the licentiousness of his soldicrv ; while 
 
 of one .\iiierlcaii army, marching lliriingli the wil- 
 derness, at a time when success was crowning 
 every undertaking of anolher. Invading in a dill'e- 
 reiit direction, struck tenor into the breast ol iliosa 
 
 the appearance of military harshness was danger- i Canadians, who were unfriendly to the designs of 
 ous, lest their good will might be forfelied. In Congress. The enibarrassinenls of the garrison 
 
 were increased by llie alisence ol Sir (iii\ Caile- 
 
 fiiekness. occasioned by [he lillli nf ihe phices in which j this choice of diliicullles, the genius of .Moiilgo- 
 
 Ihev were eotihned, and tin fcaiilv iinw udrsinne urn-' . i , • , i^ . ..I, ir\ . n ' . .r i .-'it 
 
 visum., wilb which thev were 'scr>e,l. Me IWiher ! T * f """"""«'' '"''"y <>l>stacles. During his l»n. 1 hat gallant olhcer on hearing ol .Moiilg.,. 
 Mules, that till Ihe delou'i nf llie Hessians at I'reninii, '*"""•'""»''" '"US career, he conducted with so ! mery's invasion, prepared to oppose him in tlin 
 in December, 177i!, ilic coiicpiesi nf ilie cnuniry was , much prudence, as to make it doubtful, whether ] extremes of the province. While he was collect, 
 ecinsidered 08 cerialii ; ihai the f.iiieiiiire nf c'sinies, j we ought to admire most, the goodnessof the mail, ! '"S ■> '""^e 'n "'l^tck invaders In one ilueclioii. a 
 
 :pfki'^o"'n;"e;enu' I'le^r'^'haTid'-" I'n',; I'h:"'.';::.";;;";';.: ! - l'"-- -•''!'- '""-. ?>■--!.■ I dUlerent corps emerging on, of ll.n de s of an 
 
 tn'aiuieiii of tho prisoners was fnunilc.l nn llie i,h-n, ihni I , About the same time that Canaila was invaded , unexplored wililerness, siuldenly appealed Irom 
 every iliing sliurt uf immedialc exeeiiiinn, was better in the usual route from New York, a considerable , another. In a few days Coliitiil .•\riuild crossed 
 
 ilelacliment, from the Aineriran arinv at Cam- 'he river .*^t. Lnwreiieo; 'this chance of sue. 
 bridge, was conducted IiiIg liiat royal province, by ' ceeding by acoiipdo iiiain, was in that short spaco 
 a new and miexpecud passage. Colonel Arnold, ! gieally diuiiiiislied. The criliial moiiicnl was past, 
 who successfully condiicred this hold undertaking, 'he panic oceasioiied by his hist appearance had 
 thereby acipilred the iM-.i . , the .\mcrlcan Han- alialed, and solid prepaialions for the defence of 
 iiibal. He wasdet.ic-M I vi li a thousand men, ! 'ho tovMi were adopted. Tho inhabilanis, both 
 from Cambridge, tn |wnclrale into Canada, liv in- 1 Kngliih and Canadians, as soon as danger piu.ssed, 
 cending the river Kennebeck, and descending by j unilod for their coniiiion dcfeneo. Alarmed for 
 the Chaudiere, to the river St. Lawranee. (Jreal 'heir property, they were at their uwii rei|uest, 
 were the dllliculiies these troops had lo encounter, ' embodied fur its security. The sailors were taken 
 in marching by an unexplored ruulw, three hundied i fio"" 'ho ihippiug in the harbour, and put to iho 
 miles, through an uninhabited couiitrv. !n ascend- 1 hatieries on shore. As Colonel ArnoM hail no 
 
 lliun they as rebels bad a rislil to expeit; that tl 
 llMisi iin'{;Fn('rnus and rrnel inethnds. by starv.ninn. an.l 
 mllerwise, were adopted tn compel llieir enli>tment 
 inlu lliB Itrilish service; that innliv snliiiiilted Ui ileutli, 
 in prefereiu-e In that iikhIc nf uhlainini; a release ; tliul 
 the bailer and the fjullnws were, in the early neiiods nf 
 the wor, often presented tn bis own view, as the ennse- 
 quence «f bis ohsliiiaey nnd rehellinn ; hut. afterw urils. 
 high command, and n lar^e irnet nf the e!in<)Mi'rfil 
 country was ulfered him on eonditinn be would join the 
 Briti.ili. To the last be replied: " ilmt he viewed their 
 offer, of ronipion'd United Stales' land, tn he siinihir In 
 that which ihe devil olTered to Jesus Clnist; to cive 
 bim all (he kinedums nf the world, if he would fall 
 down mill wnrship bim, when al the Banio time, the 
 piKir ilevil had not one (<«>t of land upon earth." A n- 
 view c' this narrative nalnralty excites npeculalinns nn 
 ihe^ nnmerniis exe<'ulinns, atiil extensive ennfiscatiniis 
 **hicli, probably, would have been the eimseqneiice nf 
 the failure of the revolntinn. and oiigbl to excite cnvli- 
 
 ludo in the breast nf everv American, that these ruiiifui , . ...... 
 
 ineiauies were nreventcil, by the final success of their ^ ilirir mairh by land more eligible, llin 
 
 orniB. Cdlniiel .\llen was ronfnied in the pnnnsi juil. 
 
 of New York, till Mav. 17711, when he was evchaiiL-ed; i "i ■ ■ • . ■ ■ 
 
 inil, lo the »rem Joy of Us ooimirv resturcd to uctivity i "'""'s. dilticult mountains, and craggy precipices 
 
 Iniuaervite. ' ' laltoinaiely to encounter, Al snnie places, ihey 
 
 ing the Kennebeck, they wei* constantly obliged 
 to work upwards, asninst an impetuous current. 
 They were often rompellml, by cataracts or other 
 im|iediinenls, to latid, and to haul their halteaiix up 
 rapid streams, anil over falls of rivers. Nor was 
 
 this pas- 
 age by water. They had deep swamps, thick 
 
 artillery, allor parading iniiie days nn the helghis 
 near Quebec, he drew oil' his troops, mteiidliiii 
 nothing moro until the arrival of Montgomery, 
 than tp cut nll'supplitisfroin entering ihe garrison. 
 8o favniirabln were the prospects of tho united 
 
 * .\aiios ItcKH, ailerwards vice-presidoui nf the Vni, 
 toil Slates, wos one of his parly. Me was then iilmu 
 twenty years nld, and had broken t*(f fmin his leffal llu 
 illos liiu'i he nilgiil servo on hie cxpediliaih 
 
800 
 
 THK lllSTOKY OK 
 
 il 
 
 coliJiiiea at (lila periuil, ilia. (Icncral M>iii(Koiiii-ry 
 ii'l nil foul n reginivnt <.f Ciiniidiuii*, lu be in llir 
 iM^ iirCiiiiifrcnii. JnincH IjiviiiKiluii. u ii;ilivi- ul 
 Ninv York wild linil li)ii){ iphkIi'iI in Canmla. was 
 a|i|ii>iiiti'il Ici ilii' ciiiiiiiiand llirrriil'; anil .irvcral 
 ri'criiilH inTi- (■MKa^ird liir the li'iiii ol' twrlvf 
 iiiiiiith'i. 'I'lif inliabilHiitii, on liiitli kiiIi'h iiI' iIic 
 Mur St. liiiwioMte, wi're niy Irii'iiill)'. Kx- 
 |>irM?<iii ill (lie ('iii|>liiy III' (III! AiiK'i'icaii!), \triil 
 wiiliiiiil iiiiili'iiMlidn, liackwaiiU ami I'lirwuriis, bi>- 
 int'i'ii Miitiiri'al anil l^iirhec. Many iniliviiliial.i 
 jii'iliiniK'il itit:nal st'ivlci'D, in ravmirur llie invail- 
 iiiU army Ainung u cuMHiilcrable niinibhr, Mr. 
 I'riii' nianil!! ciinii|iieii(iui), wliu advanceil OOWIl 
 ill siii'i'ii', I'ur llieir UkC. 
 
 \ arioiis caiucn liad conlribiiled In attach tlic 
 ' iiiliabilantii of Canada, eH|>ruially iIiikso id' ilic in- 
 IVriiir claHsestii (lie IntcrfNt ut C'liiiKii'iiii. and to 
 alieniatc iheir all'veiiuiia rriiin lli« ^iivrrnnient uf 
 (irt'at llritain. Tlie cunte.st wan tor liberty; and 
 there is soiiielhiii); in that miiiiul i'a|itivalin|{ to 
 lliv mind ol° man, in a stale of uii^iiial Himiiliuily. 
 li \\i\» lor Ihc colunieM; and Canada wan al.so a 
 colony. The objecH of lliu war were theielore 
 8ii|i|>iiHcd lo be lor their eoniinon adtantage. The 
 ' loriii of Kiivernnienl, lately im|iiised on them by 
 net of |iarliaiiieiit, n-M far fruni lieiii); no free, a.i 
 the ciiiiHlitiitioti!) of the oilier ciilonie!4, and wm in 
 many resiieets particularly opprensive. The coiii- 
 liiun people had no representative ahare in eiiacl- 
 ini; Ihc laws, by which they were lo be tfoverned ; 
 and were subjected lo the arbitrary will of per- 
 sons, over whom they had no ronirol. Di.'tliiic- 
 lions so degrading were not unobserved by the 
 native (.'aiiadians : but were more obvious lu those 
 who had known the privilet;es enjoyed in the 
 lieii;hl)ourin{( provinces. ,Sever:il inilividiials, 
 tdueated in New Kn^laiid and New York, willi 
 the liii;li ideas of liberty, inspired by then free 
 consliliilions, had, in (he interval between the 
 peace uf I'aris, 1703, and the cunimencement of 
 the American war, migrated into (.'aiiaila. i^iich 
 sensibly fell the dill'erence between the Bovern- 
 iiienlstliey had lett, anil the aibitrary coiisliliiliun 
 imposed uii llieni; and, both fnini principle and 
 allectiun, earnestly persiiailed the C'anadians lo 
 make a comiiiuii cause with the united colo- 
 nies. 
 
 'i'lioM;;li iiiollves of this kind induced the pea- 
 santry ol the country to espouse the inlcrest of 
 Conuiess, yet siindty individuals, and some whole 
 orders of men, threw the weight of llieir inlluence 
 into the opposite scale. The le;;al iiaile^es 
 which the lioman catholic clert'y enjoyed, made 
 iheiii averse lo a change, lest llifiy shoiilil he en- 
 d.iiigeied, by a more intimate conne.xion with their 
 prolestant neiglibonrs, 'i'liey used their supposed 
 iiilliieiicc In the next wiirlil, as an f ngiiie lo ope- 
 rate on the inoveniirils of the present. They re- 
 fused absolution lu such of their Hocks as abetted 
 ihc .\nierii Ills. This inlerdiction of the joys uf 
 heaven, by iliuse who were supposed lo hold the 
 keys of if, operated powerfully on the opinions 
 and practices of the superstitious multitude. The 
 seigneurs had iiiHiinnilies iinknuwn in the other 
 colunie*. .Such in the fondness for power in eve- 
 ry hiiin:iii breast, that revoliilions ate rarely fa- 
 voured by any order uf men, who have reason lu 
 apprehend thai their fiituie situation, in case of a 
 ciiange, will be less preeininent than before. 
 
 The sagacious (ieneral .Montgomery, no less a 
 ■nan ofthe world than an olVicer, discuvered great 
 address in accummodaliiig himself lo these clash- 
 ing interests. Though he knew the part the po- 
 pish clergy had acted, in opposition to him, yet he 
 conducted towards iheni, as if totally ignorant uf 
 the mailer ; and treated then) and their religiun 
 with great respect and attention. .\s far as h" 
 was aulhnrised lo promise, he engnged that their 
 ecclesiastical properly should be secured, and the 
 free exercise of their religion continued. To all, 
 he helil forth the (latterini; idea of calling a con- 
 vention of representatives, freely chosen, to jn- 
 glitute, by its own will, such a form of govern- 
 ment as lUey approved. While the great mind 
 ortbisilltutrioiu man, was meditating sclicmes of 
 
 liberty and happiness, a military t'lrce was col- 
 lecting anil tramnig to oppose niiii, whlili in a 
 Khorl Mine put a peiioil to his valii.ible lite. 
 
 At the lime the ,\mericaiis were bef(ue Mon- 
 treal, (ieneral ( 'iirletun, as has bei'ii related, e« 
 caped through their lianilH, and got sale to (Jue 
 bee, Ills preseui e uai itself a garrison. The 
 cinilideiice repused in his talents inspired the men 
 under his coiiniiand, lo make the most deteimined 
 resiitance. .Soon alter his arrival, he issued a 
 proclamation, setting forth: "Thai all persons 
 liable lo do imlilla duty, and residing in (^ni bee, 
 who refniied to arm in coiijnncilon with the royal 
 army, should, in luunlays, quit (Quebec, with llieir 
 families, and withdraw Iriiiii the limils ofthe ilis- 
 Iriel, by the first uf December, ini pain i.f being 
 treated ufterwvtds as spies or rebiU." All who 
 neie unwilling lo co operate with the llrilish ar- 
 my, being ihus dispo-eil of, the remaining inhabi- 
 tants, Ihuiigh unused lo arms, became, in a little 
 time, so lar actpiainted with them, as (o be very 
 iiselul in derending (he town. They supported 
 fatigues, and siibiiiitted lo command, with a pa- 
 tieneeand checrfiilness, that could not be exceed- 
 ed by men I'amiliari/.t'd lo the hardships and siib- 
 orihnatiun of a military life. 
 
 (ieneral Montgomery, having efl'ecled at I'uinI 
 aux Trembles a j unci iuii with Culunel Arniild, cuiii- 
 meiiced the siege uf (Jiicbec. Upon his arrival 
 befuie the town, he wrote a letter to the liiiiish 
 governor, recoimneinling an ininiediate siiriendci, 
 to prevent the dreadful conseiptences ul' a storm. 
 Thungli the ll.ig nliiih conveyed this letter was 
 filed upon, anil all coinmuiiicationreliised, (ieneral 
 .\Iontgomery foiinil other means to cumey a let- 
 ter uf the same tenor into the garrison: but the 
 firiiiness of the governor could not be moved, 
 either by tlireals or dangers. The Americans 
 soon alter commenced a boiiibardmciit with five 
 small mortars; but with very little elfect. lu a 
 few days (iencr:il Montgiiiiiery opened a six gun 
 battery, at the distance of seven hundred yards 
 from the w:ills; but his met:il was loo light lo 
 make any impression. 
 
 The news of (ieneral Montgomery's success in 
 Cariaila hail lilleil the culonies with expectatiuns, 
 thai the coni|iiesi oftjuebec would soon add fresh 
 lustre to Ills aheaily brilliant fame. lie knew 
 well the loiiseipieiices of popular disappointmenl, 
 and was >,f opinion that unless something decisive 
 w.is iiiiniedi:itely done, the benefit of his pievious 
 ai'(|iiisitloiis would, in a great degree, be lost to 
 the .\ineriean cause. On both accounts, he was 
 strongly impelled lo make every exertion, for sa- 
 tisl'ying the expectations and promoliiig the inte- 
 rest of a people, who Iniil honoiiied him with so 
 great a share uf their confidence. The govern- 
 iiieiit of (ileal liritain, in llie extensive province 
 of Canada, was at that time reduced lo the single 
 town of (Jitebec. The astonished world saw 
 peace:ible colonists, suddenly transforined into 
 soldiers, and these marching through unex|ilored 
 wililernesses, ;ind exieniliiig lliemselvcs by coii- 
 ipiests, in the fust moment alter they had aisiinied 
 the profession of aims. 
 
 Towards the end ofthe year, the tide of fortune 
 beg:oi lo turn. Dissensions broke out between 
 ( 'olonvl .\riiuld and some uf his uflicers, threaten- 
 ing the annihilaiiun of discipline. The continen- 
 tal currency h:id no circiilalion in Canada, and :ill 
 the hard money furnished for the expedition was 
 nearly expended. Difficulties uf every kind weie 
 daily increasing. The extremities uf fatigue were 
 constanily to be encountered. The American 
 general had not a sufficient niiniber of men to 
 make the proper reliefs, in the daily laboiiis they 
 iin:icrwcnt; and that iiicunsider:ible number, wiirn 
 duwn with toil, was constantly exposed lo the 
 severities i>{ a Canad:i winter. The period for 
 which a grear part of his men had enlisted, being 
 oil the point of expiration, he apprehended that 
 thry who were entitled to il, would insist on their 
 discharge. On the other hand, he saw no pros 
 peel of staggering llin resolution i>( the garrison. 
 They were well supplied with every thing iieci.'s- 
 4ary fur tlicir defcucu, aad were daily aci|uiring 
 
 additional lirmness. The extremity of wiiilrr wa* 
 fist approacliiiig. 
 
 Krum these cuniliined circniiKlances, (Genera 
 Muiiigomeiy WiiH iiiipri'ssed with a luiiviiiiun. that 
 the siege should ellher be laised, or bionglit to a 
 snmmaiy leniimation. To stinm the pi. ice, waa 
 the unly leasilije method of elli'itmg llie lall'. I 
 puipuse. Hut this was an iiiideit.iking, in which 
 siicress was but barely possible, (ileal minds urn 
 seldom ex.irt calculalurs of daiigei. Nor '') titry 
 niiniitely attend to the dilliculties which obsirn>:> 
 llir att.iinnient of their objects, {''ortuiie, in con- 
 tempt of the pride of man, has ever had an inllti- 
 eiice ill the success or failure of militiiiy enter- 
 prises. Some ofthe greatest achievements, of that 
 kind, hive owed llieir success lo a noble contempt 
 uf cumnion furiiis. 
 
 The upper pari oftjuebec was surrounded with 
 very strong works, and the access from (he lower 
 luwii was excessively diOicull, friii ' 'osl per- 
 
 pendicular steepness, (ieneral , Ml y, fiuiil 
 
 a native inliepiilily, and an ardeiil lor glory 
 
 overlooked all these dangers ; and resolved al 
 once, either lo carry llie place or perish in the at 
 tempt. Trusting iiiiicli lo his good fortune; con 
 liiling in the bravery of his troops, and then 
 readiness til lollow wliitjiersuever lie nholilil bid' 
 and depending somewhat on the exli'iisiveness ol 
 the works, he determined to attempt 'he town by 
 escalade. 
 
 The garrisunuf (Jtieliee at this lime consisleil of 
 alioiit I.Vil) men, of which MM) were iiiililii. ami 
 l.lll were seamen belonging lo the king's In^ ites, 
 or merchanl ships in the haibuiir. The rest weie 
 marines, regulars, or Colonel .Maclc.in's new-rais- 
 ed eniigranis. 'l"he \iiie;icaii army consisted ot 
 about hOO men. Some lad been left al Moniieal 
 .mil near a third of .Vriiuld's detachment, as has 
 been related, had relumed lo Cambridge. 
 
 (ieneral .^lolltgomery, having divided this link 
 force into four detacliiiieiits, ordered two feints tc 
 be made against tlie upper town; one by Coliine 
 1/ivingsion, al the head o( the Canadians, agains. 
 Sjl. .lolin's gale ; and the other by ?' 'or llrown 
 against ('ape Diamond ; reserving i 
 Colonel Arnold the two principal 
 the lower town. Al live o'clock 
 (ieneral .Montgomery, advanced iij;,.. 
 lonn. He passed the first barrici, and 
 opening to attack the second, when he was killed 
 together with Captain ,lohn M'I'herson, Captain 
 ('heesinan. and some others. This so dispirited 
 the men, that Colonel C'amphcll, on wliiim thii com- 
 iiiand dovidved, thought proper lo draw them off 
 In the mean time Colonel Arnold, at the head of 
 about 3.')0 men, passed through St. Koques, ami 
 appruached near a two gun battery, without being 
 discovered. This he attacked, and, though it was 
 well defended, carried il ; but with considerable 
 loss. Ill this attack. Colonel Arnold received a 
 wound, which made it necessary lo carry him oil" 
 the field of battle. His party nevertheless continu- 
 ed the assault, and pushing on, made themselves 
 masteis uf a second barrier. These brave men 
 sustained the force ofthe whole garrisun furthrte 
 hours; but finding themselves hemmed in. and 
 without hopes either of success, relief or retreat 
 they yielded lo numbers, and the advantagcuuii 
 sitiialiun uf Iheir adversaries. 
 
 The luss of the Americans, in killed and wound- 
 ed, was abuiit 100, and 300 were taken prisuners. 
 Among the slain were (.'aptain Kendricks. Lieute- 
 nant Humphries, and Lieutenant Cooper. The 
 behaviuiir of the pruvincial troops was siicli, as 
 might have silenced those who had reproached 
 them, for being deficient in courage. The must 
 exiK rienced veterans could not have exceeded Ihe 
 firmness they displayed in their last attack. Tlio 
 issue of this assault relieved the garrison of Que- 
 bec, from all apprehensions for its safety. 
 
 The provincials were so much weakened, as to 
 be siarcely equal lu iheir own defence. However 
 Colonel .Vrnold had the boldness to encamp within 
 three miles ofthe town, and had Ihe address, eyen 
 with his reduced minibers, lo impede 'he convey- 
 ance of reiceshiueots and provisions into the gnx- 
 
 iself aiic 
 
 agains- 
 
 iriiing 
 
 .le luwei 
 
 was jus* 
 
nr iviiirrr wut 
 
 IIIUIKlfcl wjlil 
 
 nil llip Iciivi-r 
 MNt prr- 
 ,> /null 
 iiir i^liiiy 
 
 ICHIllu'll M 
 
 i'tli ill (III- .It 
 iirtiiMi* ; cun 
 
 mill ihi'ii 
 liiiiilil li'iil- 
 'iisivi'nrs.H nt 
 
 ill' linm lij 
 
 rUon. IIU niliiiiliiiii wnt rxlreiiirly <ljlTli.'ull. lie 
 
 (V.lN ill nil llMllll'MMi* ili»tiiii(-i? I'liiiii lhn>4<' |lilllH, 
 wlidiri' itli'iliLiI iKHinl.Mn (' ciiiilil lir rx|»'i'|i'il. 
 On liii lii'il nilriinri' iiiiii ihe |iriiviiii'i', lin li.iil v%- 
 |ii'M<'iiri'il iiiiirli kiiiil IriMtiiiriil (111111 llir iiiliiiln 
 I iiiN. 'I'lii' ( 'iiiMiiliiiiM, lii'siili'H Iji'iiik lirklr III llirir 
 It-MiliilioiiN iiir iipl In 111* lii.itt'tl liv Niici'irss. 'I'licir 
 iliMimsitinn fn iiiil tin- ,\iiii>ii('iiii«i, lii'Ciiini* il.iily 
 liiii.i' |iM'i Mliniii. Ii win rvcii iliiriciill In kri'|i 
 till' |iinviiiriiil llni>|ii liniii riliiriiiiiK In llicjr rii 
 Biii'iiiu) jiniiii's. 'I'lii'ir ^iilli'iliiUK wi'ii' (jiciil. 
 \\'liili' (Inir nilvrrHiiiieN wi'in iiiiiiriirMliI) liiiiHi'il 
 III (jiii'lii'i', llii'V well' e<|ii>inl In ijii' n|i('ii uir, to 
 llic rxluilll* ll^nlirnl' till' sl';l>tnll. Till' Nl'Vi'lK 
 
 I'niiu 
 H Willi 
 
 nl 11 ( 'iiiiiiilii uirili'rH:i.H 1:11' lii'|niiil iiii^ tliiii 
 wliirli llii'V wi'ii' ;iri|ii:iiiili'il. 'I'lie siinw l,i) iibnllt 
 liinr rt'i*! ili'i'|i nil ;i Icvi'l. 
 
 'I'liln ilrlivrraiui' nl (jiiclii't- iiiity he riMHiilprril 
 ill) .1 jiriMil. Iiiiw iiiiirli limy In' ilmii' liy niic iimii, Inr 
 llii> iiri'ni'iviitinii 111' II cniiiitry. It altn |irnvrH, 
 lliiil Hnlilli'rx iiiiy ill It sliurl lime lielnrinciJ nut ol 
 till' iiiiiHH nl'cili/.riK. 
 
 'I'lir cnnllirl liiiii); nvrr, tin* ill will uhii'll lliiil 
 • iiliHiKli'il, iliniii); ihi- Mii'ui', lirhtii'ii llir iiiyiil ami 
 |iintiiii'ial li'iin|is, ^ ivt* way In Mriitinii'iil.'i nl liiiin 1- 
 iiily. 'J'lir Aiiii'in aiii, wlin '<iiiii'iiilvii'il, wvir 
 tii'aU'il Willi kiiiiliiPM^. Ain|ile |iri)Visinli was 
 liiaili' lin llii'ir ivniiiiclcil, anil no iiMiieri'xsi'iy spvi - 
 rily «a'i'<linwii In, my. Ki'W mt'ii liavt' i^vrr I'alli'n 
 ill liallli' »n iniii'li ii'uii'lli'il liy linili Hiili'4 as (in- 
 iii'ial .MnnlKnincry. His many aiiiialili! iinalitii's 
 liail |iinriiri'il liiin an iinrnminnii share nl privali' 
 alli'i'llnii, anil Ins |;ii'at aliililii-s an I'ljiial |irn|Mirlinli 
 III' |iiililir I'sii'ein. Ilemy asnuiTi' liivi'r nlliln'rly, 
 Le liail i'iii;a);i'il in ilie Aiiifiiian I'aiisi' I'riiin priii- 
 I'lpli' : anil i|iiilli'il lli>- I'lijiiyini'iil nl' an easy I'nr- 
 liini', anil llir liiulii'sl ilniiii"iMr I'l-liiily, In talio an 
 ai'livi' sliari' in ilii' laliKiu's anil ilaiiKi'i's iil'a war, 
 iiiHiiinli'il liii llii' ili'li'iii'i' nf lliii ('iimmiiiiily, nl' 
 itliirli liP was an ailn|ili'il mrnilifr. Mis well kiinwn 
 rliararliT, was ainiiist i'i|iially i'sIci'ImimI liy till' 
 iVicnils anil liii'snl llir siili' nliirli lie hail •.'s|innsi'il. 
 Ill Anii'iiia, III' was relrlnali'il as a iiiarlyr In the 
 lilierlii's III' maiikiiiil ; in (Iieal Hi ilaiii, as a iiiis- 
 Uniili'il U'inil man, sariiliiinK In nliat he Hii|i|iiiseii 
 in lie the lights nl' Ills rniiiihv. His name was 
 liieiiliinieil In |iailiaiiieiil willi sini;iilar i'rs|ie<'l. 
 Sinne III llie iiinsi |iii»i'iriil speakers in that illiis- 
 lrinnsasseinlily,ills|i| lyeil |l,ejrel(ii|iienee in soiinil- 
 iliK Ins |iiaise, anil laiiientiii); his I'ale. 'I'liii-,!' in 
 |iarlirnlar, whn hail lieeii his lellnw niiIiId ik In llie 
 iale war, t Xjialialeil nn his many virtues. 'I'he 
 lililiisler himsi'll' aekiiiiwleili;eil his wnrlll, while 
 he rejirnlialeil the eaiise Inr wliieh he tell. He 
 coiielnileil an iiivnliinlary |iaiie|>yrii', liy sayiiii! : 
 "Curse nil his vjriue.s they liaie iiiiilone liisemm- 
 try." 
 
 Thniivli the iiiv isiiin nrCanaila was liiially iiii- 
 niircessl'iil. yei the ailvaiilaues wliii h the Aiiieri- 
 laiis !>aini'il in lliu mniiths nl' Se|ileiiilier anil Or- 
 tulier, ijave I'resli spiiils in ilieir army anil peiiple. 
 'I'lie hnlilness (il'llie enterprise iiiiuhl have taiiBlil 
 Cireat liritaiii the lolly of peisislliiir iiillic ilesiun 
 ol'siilijiiitaling Aineriea. ISiit insleail of pieserv- 
 liiu; the iininii, am,' resloriiit; the peace nl'lhe em- 
 piie, liy repealini; ; lew nfliur law<, she, Irnm mis- 
 taken ;!i;!nily, I'l'snlveil on a more vignrniis prnse- 
 ciilion nl' the war. 
 
 'The liile ol'uoiiil rorlniie, which, in the autumn 
 of 177.'), (lowcil ill iipn,! (ieiieral Montgomery, in- 
 iliieeil ('nngress In reiiirmce the army iiniler his 
 eniniiianil. ('hainlilee, St. John's, anil .Vnnlreal 
 having siirrenileieil, a (air prnspect openeil ol'ex- 
 pelliiiK the Itriiish rroin C'anaila, nntl of annexing 
 that prnvincc to the iiniled colonies While they 
 were in iiiiatfinatlun aiiticipalinf; llie.se events, the 
 army in which they cnnfiileil was ilcrealeil,nnil the 
 general wUi.m they so highly esteemed slain. 
 
 'riieinlellinencetransiiiitteil IVoiii (icneral Mont- 
 gomery, previous to his assault onCJiieliec.encoiir- 
 aiiiil C'oiigress to resolve that nine lialalions 
 sliiinlil lie kept up anil maiiitaineil in Oaiiaila. 
 'llie repulse nf llieir army, ihnngli liiscouiagiiig. 
 Hill not exliiigiiish the anlniir oC the .\meriraii.!. 
 It was no titiiiner known at head i|iiarters in Cam- 
 bridge, than Ucucral Was'iiogtou cuovuneU a couii- 
 
 NOUTII AMKRICA 
 
 cil III war, liy which ii was rcnlved : " That a-^ 
 no iriinps Cdiilil he ->, neii liiiiii ( 'ainliriilge, the 
 cnliiiiii's III .Mass.ii III, Hills, ('oiinei'liciil, and .\cw 
 H.impslnri' hIiiuiIiI he rei|iieiiled In iiiise lliue trgi- 
 ineiilH, and liiMvard theiii 10 <'aiiail.i. i'niigress 
 also resiihed In lorwiinl (he leinliitcemenls pnti 
 iiiisly vnli'd, and to raise liiui lialtalioiis In New 
 Vnrk, Inr the ileleiice ol that colony, and in garil- , 
 soli Clown I'oinI, and the aewral poals to Ihel 
 Hiiiithward nl that Inrtresn. That the uriiiy iiiikIiI | 
 he supplied with blankets Inr this winter expeili- 
 lion, a comniiltee w.is appninted In procure rroiii 
 hnusehulilers, such as conid lie spared Iruin llieir 
 lamihes. To ulitaiii a supply nl' hard inniiey, tut 
 the use III ihe army in Cuiiadii, proper peisoiis' 
 were employed to exchange p.iper miiiiey Inr »iie , 
 cie. .Such was the eiilhiisiasm nl'lhe tunes, that I 
 many thousand Mexican dollars wete Ireipiently 
 exchanged at par. liy iiidivldnals. lor the pajwi lulls 
 ol Cnngtess, It was alsn resnlved, to laise a corps 
 of artillery lor this service, and to lake iiiln the 
 pay nl the cnloiiies, one ihniisaiid Canailiaiis, in 
 addilinn lo Cnlonel l,ivingstoii's regiment. Mnses 
 llii'/.en, a ii.ilive ol .Nlassachusetts, who had resi- 
 ded many ye us in Canada, was appointed lu the 
 cuiumaiid 111' this new cor,,s. 
 
 Congress adihessed a letter to the riinaillans, in 
 which lliey ohserved : "Such is the lot ol hiiinan 
 nalnre, that the liesi causes are snliject In vicissi- 
 tildes : hut geneious souls, etiiiglneneii and wariii- 
 ed with Ihe (ire nl' hlieilv, heconie iiinrc resninie -t 
 dlDiculties inciease." 'I'liey staled In ihi'iil, " ih il 
 eight hall iliniis were raising In prnceed tn their 
 province, and, that it more nirce were necessary, 
 it should lie sent." They reipii'sied them tosci/e. 
 with eagerness, the lavniiralile opporlniiily then 
 nll'ered to co-operate in the present glorious en- 
 terprise ; and advised Iheiii tn eslahlisli assncia- 
 linnsin their diU'ercnt parishes; to elect depnlies 
 lor rnrmiiig a provincial asseinlily, and I'lir repie- 
 seiiting them in Cnngress. 
 
 The cause nrilie Americans had received such 
 p< irl'iil aid rroiii many palrintic pulilicniions in 
 ilii'ii gazelles, and Crom the ("erveni exhoilalions 
 "I popular preachers, coimecling the cause of li- 
 lierly with the aniinaling principles of religion, that 
 it nasdelermined lo employ these Inn powerful in- 
 slinineiils of revnluiions, priiilmg and preaching. 
 In nperale on the iniinls of the Canadian. .\ coiii- 
 plcle apparatus for piiiiliiig, together wiih a prin- 
 ter and a clergyman, wcro iherefoie sent itilu Ca- 
 nada. 
 
 Cnngress alsn appointed Dr. Franklin, Mr. 
 Chase, and .Mr. Carrol, the two fust of whom were 
 inemhers of their lindy, and the last a respeclalile 
 gentlemen nftlie Kniiian Calhiilic peisuasinn, lo 
 proceed lo C.inada with the view of gaining nver 
 llie people nf that cnlnny lo the cause of America ; 
 and aniliori/.ed ihem In prnmise, on hehalf of the 
 iiniled colonies, that Canada should he received 
 iiiln their association on ei|iial terms ; and also 
 lliat the inhabitants ihereof should enjoy the free 
 exercise of iheir leligion, and the peaceable pns- 
 sessinii of all Iheir ecclesiastical pinperly. 
 
 The desire of ell'ecting .something decisive in 
 Canada, before the approaching spring wniild per- 
 mit relief tn ascend the river St. Lawrence, added 
 In the enlhiisiasiu nf the day, encounlered difli- 
 cullies, which, in less aniinaled tinics, wniild be 
 reckoned iiLSiirmountable. Arthur .St. Clair, who 
 was appninted cnlnnel of one of the Pennsylvania 
 regiuienu, received his recruiting orders on the 
 Ullli nf .lannary ; and, notwillislandinglhe short- 
 ness of the period, his regiment was not only rais- 
 ed, but six coinpanies nf it had, in this exireiiiely 
 cold season, coinpleted their march frnm Pennsyl- 
 vania lo Canada, a distance of several hundred 
 iMiles; and, on the eleventh of April following 
 joined the American army before Qiielicc. 
 
 Though Congress and the states made great 
 exertiuns to support the war in Canada, yet fioiii 
 the fall nf .Moiilgniiiery their interesi in that co- 
 lony daily declined. The reduelliin of (Quebec 
 was an object to which their r':,iiuicc» were in- 
 adei|uale. Their unsucce'..-,iul assaul' on Quebec 
 iiiudo uu iaipressioii butl) UD tlip CaHudiaiis and 
 
 891 
 
 Indians nnravoiir aide lo lIliu Uexs. A woman, 
 inlccleil witli the sinall-piik. had elhei been tent 
 out, lit vnlunlarily came out ofQuelirc, and, by 
 iinxnig with Ihe Ameiic.in soliliers. pinpiiKalcd 
 (h'tt %i >' i^e of the iii'w world, lo (he great iliiiii 
 hmimi 01 (lie eilciiivi' loic e ol (hen uniy. 'I'm 
 ii'hiirrs iiincul.iled theinselves, (hough (hen of. 
 hceis Issued posinve oiders to the cinitiaiy. Ity 
 (he liiiit of .Mav. ■.II many in» (loops had arrived, 
 lllill the Anii'iitan ariii\ . m name, aiiiouiKed (■) 
 JUOO: bill lioin the pievalence nl the smallpox, 
 llicic w.re only lUiO lU for duly. The incieasnig 
 nuniber nl invalids retarded iiiilitaiy operaiions, 
 while (he opposite paity Hasbnoyeil up, tviih the 
 expeclaliiMi that the advancing season uoiild sonn 
 liriniJi tliciii relief. To these causes of the de- 
 clining inlerent ul Cnngress, it iniisl be added that 
 (he allecdoiis of (he Canadians were alienaleil. 
 They had many, and well-founded enmplaiiKs 
 against the American solilieis. I'lireslrauied by 
 (he (etror of the civil law, and relnsiiig nbedience 
 (o a milKaiy code, (he liiipe of impunity, and (hu 
 love ul plunder led iiiaiiy of (he invading army 
 to practices no( less disgracclnl lo tliemsi Ives, 
 than injurious (n (1 cause in which lliey had 
 lakeii arms. Nut unl^ the cnimnnii soldieis, but 
 (he ullicers nf (he American ariiiv devialed In 
 (heir iiKercnuise with the Canadians, (mm (ha 
 inaxims nisnuiid policy. .Seveial nf them, hav- 
 ing 1 II lately i.ikeii from obscure life, were giddy 
 will !heir exallalinii. h'ar lioni linnie, |hey were 
 uiniH' .1 by those checks, which cumniunly lesirala 
 Ihe (em ,'• of man. 
 
 The re 'ocdnn of Chamblee, .S|, John's, aud 
 .Mondeal, (ogedier Willi (he exposed KiUiation nf 
 (Quebec, being known in Kin^laiid, measures were 
 widinia delay adopleil by the llrilish iiiiiiislry, to 
 inlinduce into Canada, as somi as possible, a liiice 
 sudicicnt for the double purpose of rei nveriiig 
 what ihey had losi, and of piosecniing ollehsive 
 operations from thai ipiailei against the revniled 
 colonies. The tan ol this force made good itii 
 passage, very early in .May, through the ice, up 
 the river St. |,awreiicu. The expecialion of 
 their cniiiing had for some lime damped the linpeM 
 of (lie besiegers, and had induced (hem tn think 
 of a reircat. 'the il.iy before the (irst of (he llri- 
 lish leinforcemciils arriw'd, the measure was re- 
 solved upon by a council of war, and arraiigo- 
 iiieiUs weie made bir carrying il inio cxeciiiinn, 
 
 (iovernor Carlclon w.is too great a prolicient 
 in Ihe art of war, lo delay sei/ing the advanlage!) 
 which Ihe consiernaiion of the besiegers, and the 
 ariival nf a rciiiforceineiii, allorded. A small 
 dclachmeiit of soldiers and marines hum thi 
 ships, which had just ascended the river St. 
 Lawience, being landed, and joined In the gar- 
 lison in (Quebec, he marched out at their head 
 tn attack the Ameivcans. (hi his approach, he 
 found every thing in confusion. The Iale be- 
 siegeis, aliaiidoning their arlilleiy and military 
 stoles, had in glial precipllalinn retreated. In 
 this manlier, at the expiraiion of live uioiiiIh, 
 ihe mixed siege and Idnckade of (Quebec was 
 raised. 'I'he liiriilnde and perseverance nf (ho 
 garrison iellec(ed honour on bu(h ulliceis and pri- 
 vates. 
 
 The reputation ac(|uircd by (ieneral C'arleton in 
 his mililary characier, for bravery and judiciously 
 defending (he province committed lo his care, was 
 exceeded by the superior applause ineriled from 
 his exercise of the virtues of hiimanily and geno- 
 losily. Among the iiiimerniis sick in the Ameri- 
 can hospilals, several incapable uf being mnved 
 were left behind. The victorious general proved 
 himself worthy uf success, by the treatment o( 
 these iinfortunHlemen : he nnt only fed and cloth- 
 ed them, but permitted then wlieii recovered to 
 rnturii home. Apprehending (hat fear might make 
 |«nnic conceal theinselves in (he woods, rather 
 [than, by applying for relief, make themselves 
 I known he reninved their doubts by a proclaiiia- 
 I lion, in which he engaged : " thai as soon as iheir 
 ; health was restnied, they should have free liberty 
 |of re(urniiig to (heir respective provinces." This 
 1 humane lino of conduct was mure iDJuriouu to tbo 
 
I i 
 
 TllK HISTORY OF 
 
 III 
 
 \% 
 
 vinwH (if the Irmlrn in llin AiiiiMiciin (oiincih, 
 lli;iii llip ncvpiiiy (irarlisi'il liy ollim Hiitinli ((iiii 
 iiiiinili'rH. 'I'lir Inilji |icilllir, ;h nfll ii'< liiiiiiiiiic 
 (ii'iii'iul Cailcinn iliiiiiinird llirsr |iiiw)ii('r'< :ilU'r 
 lilH'iiilly NiipplyiMK llioir »;iiH«, wiili a ri'iiiinmi-ii- 
 itaiiiin. " (II K'> liKiiir, niinil llicir laiiii'<. ami Itcc-p 
 lli<>ni«i'lvi-s anil llii-ir ii<'ii;liliiiiir'< liiiin all partjii- 
 paliiiii III llii< iinliappy miii." 
 
 'I'lii' iniall lull r nliirli aiilvnl at l^iH-liiT rally 
 in Mav, was I'lilliiwnl liy ipviMal lliiliili rruinii'iils, 
 tiiUi'llii T Willi llii- lliiiniwiclt liDiips, ill mihIi a lapiil 
 Niii'i'i'sKinn, llial in a li'W wrrks lliii wliiilu nHM 
 I'Niiniali'il al KI.KIIII nirn. 
 
 'I'lic Aiiiniianii iPliratrd (iirly-fivn iiiilci Ih>- 
 rmc lliry jliippni. Aliri a sliiiil hall, llii-y piii- 
 I'fOili'il 111 llip Siincl, al wliirli place, llicy llili'W- 
 lipniiini> sliijlil winks (ni tlii'ii Kaii'ly. 'I'ln'V winr 
 iIk'ic jiiiiM'il liy xiiiiio liallaliinis cniniiii! In ii'iMliin'o 
 llirin. MinilllliisliinrOriK'ial 'l'lliiiiia<i,llii' rinn- 
 ilianiirr in i-liii I in Canaila, was sri/ril williilii- 
 Mniall piix, ami ilii'il; liavint linliiilili'ii liis inrn In 
 iniuiilali', lir iiiiiliiinicil III Ins iiwn luli', ami ii" 
 (ihimI 111 avail liiinsi'll iil llial pii-ranliiin. < »ii llis 
 iloalli, tlip riimiiiami ilcvnln-il al (iisl nn (ii-iicial 
 Ainiilil. ami aOi'rwanls nn (Ji'iii'ial Sullivan. Il 
 siiiin lii'i'iiiM' oidi'iil, llial llii- Ainriirans must 
 .iliamliin llir wlinli' pniviiiii' iil Canaila. 
 
 Kiiini a ili'siiT III ilii siinn'lliina wliirli iniiilil 
 roiinh'ilial.^ni'c. in llii> iniinls iililii' < 'anailiaiis, llir 
 linraviiuiaiili' iinpirssinn wliirli lliis I'aillin ti'lirai 
 Hinilil i-iiininniiirali'. (irnnal 'riiiiin|'siin pniji'dcil 
 aiiallaiK npnnllir Itiilisli pusi a( llii' 'riiipi- Kivors. 
 This lii's aliiiul hair wav lirlwirn (Jni'lirr ami 
 Miinlp-al. ami is sn ralli'il Inini ihi' viiinily iil iini' 
 iil'llii' liianrlirs ill a larui- livrr. wlni'-o walrrs an 
 ilisihaii;cil lliiini);h llnci- iniinllis into tlio Si. 
 Lawii'itiT. 
 
 A plan nliiprialiiins vvasattii'Pil iipnn, in wliiili 
 il was ilciiiiniiiiMl In makr llii" allaik. in tiinr ilit- 
 I'cirnl plari's, al ihr sanii- linii" ; anil vriy oaily in 
 the niiiiiiiiii;, in llio hnpi- al smprisini; lln> iMii'iny. 
 Much ii'siiluli.in was ilisinvrri'ii in lis rxi-rnlinn ^ 
 lit iho oiininiK'ni'c nl inn many rinumslaiiri'S 
 M-as iii'crss.nv in inisnrr snrross. The expi'rla- 
 lion nl simullanrnns npi raliiins laili'il ; lln'ihain'o 
 ol" a snipiisi' was Insi, Tin' a -sailanls wcw 
 tC))iilsi'il ami iliivin snnie iiiilrs llniinch a ili'pp 
 swamp. (Ji'iii'ial 'I'lnimsnn ami Ciilnni'l livinc, 
 with "JOO niiMi. win' lakrn pnsnncis, anil aliniil ;i.'i 
 wiTO killi'il. 'I'ho hiss 111 iho Unlish was jninn- 
 fiilcralih'. 
 
 Till' Hiilisli fiiiri's havinc aiiivnl, ami a onn- 
 .sjili'ialili' liiiilv lit Ihi'iii havini! ii'iuli'/mnsoil at 
 tho Tliii'i' Kivi'is, a sriiiius pnisiiil nl the Ainri- 
 iran 3im\ riinniicnri'il. Hail sn tiuy Carlilnn 
 laki ' nn pains In cul iilV ihi'ir ii'lii'at, ami at iim i- 
 altarki'il llii'U pii^l. nr lallirv thi'ii finlilii'il ramp 
 nl Siiii'l, il wnnlil pmlialiiy han' lalli-n inin his 
 hands : Iml oilhi'i ihi' linld. ihnngh iinsui-rrssl'iil at- 
 tai'k al ilii' Tliiri' Hin'is hail lanchi ihi'iiitnii'spi-it 
 ihi'iii. Ill In- wislii'd III ii'ilui'i' ihom wiilnini lilnnd- 
 shoil. In till' puisuil liP inadi' ihii'o ihvlsinns 
 nl' his annv ami an inaril thi'in sn as to rinlnai-i' 
 thpwlinli' Aniriii-an rniampmi'nl, ami In rnm- 
 niand il in rvny part. Thi' ii'lri'al was drlayi'd 
 pn Inns llial ihi" Ami'iirans rvainali'd Snipl, iiiily 
 aliiiul Iwn hnnis lii'lnir iinc di\isinii iil'lho Itiilish 
 lliaili' its appi'aiar.rn. 
 
 W'liilr llii- Vini'iuans wi'iiMctii'ilins. \hf\ wpio 
 daily a«saili'il liy llii' ii'innnslranrcs nl'llio inhalii- 
 tauts ml '.Iliad. 1. wlin hid I'llhi-r iuini'd iii lielVicml- 
 rd ihi'in. tiiTil iiuiiiIh is nl' ( 'anadians had l:ik"n 
 a denilrd pall in ihi'ii Liviini, n'mli'iod llirni rsson- 
 tial sen Ill's, and tlion'liy inriini'd tin' heavy peii- 
 iilties annexi'd to the eiiine ot'snppnilini; n lirlliiin. 
 These, ihiiush ('oiii;m'ss had as«iiieil ihrin lull a 
 fe'* niiiiilhs hi'liire, "thai they would never aban- 
 don ihem III the liiry nl'lhoir enmnion enemies," 
 were, from the ni'iBssiiy ot' the rase, left exposed 
 tothe re'enlmenl of iheir pnivinrial rulers. Se- 
 veral nf iheni, with tears in their eyes, exposluhi- 
 led with the nlreaiinc army. and. hevvailma their 
 hard file, prayed fnrsuppnil. The niily relief the 
 Anil iiiMns I mild oiler, was an assuranie of run- 
 tiiiiii li pidlerlion ifllny relri'aled with il.eui ; Init 
 Ciis was t hard altcrn.itire, to nieii uhu had wives, 
 
 lehildren ami iimnnveiilile ellerls. They Keiieial- 
 ly eiiiirlndeil, thai il was the leant of two evils. In 
 east Iheniselves nn the merry of that |>nveriimeiil, 
 at>aiiisl whieh liny had 'itfendeil. 
 
 The distresses nf the leltealini! iiniiy veie 
 ureal. The lliilish were rinse on their rear, and 
 thiealening iheiii with ileHirnrtioii. 'I'lie iiiiliir- 
 iilsheil state nl Ihe rnhiiiies in pniiit nf orihiaiire, 
 imposeil 11 neressily of pieserviiiK their eaiinnn. 
 The men were olilii(ed In ilraj; their loaded liat- 
 leaiix tip the rapid* liy mere strength, and when 
 lliey were to the waist in water. The lelrealiiiK 
 army was also ei riuiihpred with great niimlieiH 
 lalinuriiiK under ihesmall pox, and oilier diseases. 
 Two leKinienls, at one time, hud mil a single man 
 ill health. Annlher had only six, ami a fniiilh 
 only forty, and two ni re were in nearly the same 
 eondilion. 
 
 To retreat in fare of nn enemy is at all times 
 ha/anlntis; liiil, nn this oeeasiiiii, il was altended 
 Willi an iiniisnal prnpnrlinn of eniliairassmenlK, — 
 (ieneral .'^ullivan, wliii enmlnrled the retreat, 
 nevertheless, aelrd with so niiirli juilKiiieiil and 
 pnipriely, that the liaggage and piililie stores were 
 saved and ihe niimeniiis siek lironuhl olf. The 
 Aineriean army learhed Crnwii I'liinI on llie first 
 of .lillv, and at thai plare made iheir liist stand. 
 
 A sliorl tune lieliiie Ihe Amciirans rvarmtrd 
 the provinre of Canada, (Jeneial Ariinld i onvened 
 the merrhants nf IVIontreal. and proposed In them 
 111 furnish n ipianlity nf speriiied arlirles fur the 
 use of the army in Ihe seiviee of ( 'iiiii;ress. While 
 they veie liehlieialini' on the snlijeet, he plaieil 
 sentinels at Iheir shop doois, and made snrli ar 
 langemrnls, that what was al first only a leipiesi, 
 npeiali'd as a eiiiiimaiid. A great ipianlity of 
 goods were taken on pretenre that they were 
 wanted lor the use nf the Aineriean army, lint in 
 then immlier were many arlirli's iiiily seivirealile 
 In wiinien, and In persniis mrivil lil'e. i lis nephew 
 siiiiii after ii|ieneil a sinie in Alliany, and pnlilirly 
 dispnsed nf gniids whirli had Ih en pinriiied al 
 iMonlieal. 
 
 The pnssessinn of ( 'anada so eminently favour- 
 ed the plans nl defenre adoptod liv Congiess, that 
 the provinre was evarnated with great lelnelanee. 
 'I'lie .\meiiraiis weie nut only liiorlilied at the dis- 
 appninlmenl of their f.ivonrile srheiue, nf annex- 
 ini: il as a loiiilrrnlh link in the ehaiii nf iheir enii- 
 leileiary; lull ap|iielienileil the niost serious eon- 
 seipienres fniiii the asiendemv of the Itrilish pow- 
 er in that unarler. Anxious to preserve a fontinu 
 ihere, they had persi'vered for a Iiiiii; lime, i'l 
 slrmming the tide of nnfivnnralile events. 
 
 (ieneral tiates was ap(ioiiileil In eiiininand in 
 Canada, June ITlh, l7T(i : Iml nn eiiming to the 
 kmiwledire of the tale events in Ikiat prnvmee, he 
 riinrluded to stop si ort wiihin the limits of New 
 \ ork. The srene was hrneeliirlh reversed. In- 
 stead of medilaliiu; the rernnimeneement ofolVen- 
 s've operations, that armv, whirli had la.ely ex- 
 rileil sn miirh terror in Canada, was railed upon 
 III lie prepared for repelling an iiirasinn ihreateiied 
 iVciiii that province. 
 
 The allenlloii of the Anierirans lieiug exrlii- 
 sively lived nn plans nf defenre. their ueneral nlh- 
 cers, rnnimanding in the niirlhern deparlmenl, 
 were ennvened to dehlieraie on the plare and 
 tiieans, must siitialile for that purpose. To foriii 
 a judgment on this subject, a reenlleetion of the 
 evi'iiis of the late war. Iietvveeu I'Vanrc and Kiig- 
 liinil, ><as of advantage. The same gioiind was 
 to he fought over, and ihe same piists ,n he again 
 contended for. On the rnnlines of lake (ieorge 
 and like Champlain, two inland seas, which stretrh 
 almisi I'inm the sniirres nf Hiidsnii's river to ihe 
 .'Jt. l,a»rence. are situated the famoiia posts of 
 'I'iconderoga and Crown I'oint. These are of 
 primary necessity to any pnwer which contends 
 for (he posspiision of ijie adjacent country ; for 
 ihey alfiird the iiinst convenient stand either for its 
 annoyance or defence. In the npiniiin of some 
 .Xineriian olTicers, Crown I'uini, In which the 
 army oi the evaciialinii of ('anada had retreateil, 
 I wab tho iiiiist proper place for ererling works of 
 i ilefcnco \ but it was otliurwiso doleriiiiiip>', by the 
 
 cniineil convened on (liin oeenslnn. Il was alsn 
 by tlii'ir ailvire residved In iiiiive lower down, and 
 (o make ihe piini ipal work on the sluing K<nnml 
 east of Ticiimleniga, and esperiaily by eveiv 
 means to enileavonr to iiiai 'lain a naval siiprri 
 'itily nn lake Champlain. In roiilinniiiy In iln o' 
 reHiihilinns, (ieneral (ia(es, with about I'i.dlMI men, 
 which I'nllrcleijin ihe rniiise id llie siiiiiniei, «.is 
 fixed in cnnnnand al Tieonderoga, and a Heel was 
 eonstrilcled at ,*'^ketiesliorough. This was eaiiieil 
 on with mi iiiiicli rapidily, that in a shoiilmie iIk le 
 were alliial, in lake Champlain, nne sloop, lliiee 
 schooners, and six gondolas, carrying in the whoh 
 .W gnus, St; swivels, and 110 men. .*^ix iilliei 
 vessels were also nearly ready for laiinehnig at 
 the same time. The Heel was put under the 
 cnmmanil nf Arnnlil, and he was inslriieled In 
 prnceed lieynnd Crnwn I'niiit, down lake Cliani- 
 plaiii to Ihe ,Sp|it Itork : bill niiisl |iereni|iliirlly 
 restrained fiiiin advancing any laiiher; fur secu- 
 rity against an apprehenileil invasion was the nhi- 
 111. lie end of the arnriment. 
 
 'Ihe expulsion of the Ameiiean invadeis fiotii 
 Canada, was iiiily a part of the llrilisli ilesii>iis in 
 ihat ipiarler. 'I'liey urged the pmsiiit no lailher 
 than .'si. .Inlin's ! but indulged in a hope nl being 
 sunn in a (iimlilinn for passing the lakes, and pe- 
 iietialiiig ihioni'h the coiiiitiy In Albany, sn as lu 
 toiiii a ciimmunicalinn with New \iirk. The ob- 
 jerls they had ill view were gie it, and the olista- 
 eles in the way of their aeeiiniplislimeiil eipially 
 so. Itefnre they eonlil advanre with any piiis- 
 pecl of snrress, a Heel, snpeiinr In that ol ilni 
 Anierirans on Ihe lakes, was to be eiiiistrniled. 
 The malerials of some laige vessels weie. lor lliis 
 purpose, bnilighl from Kiigland; but llieii tiaiis- 
 porlation, and the labour necessary In pin llieiii 
 togelher, H'ipiiied liiilli time and palienee. The 
 spirit of till' llrilisli enmmandeis rose in prnpiir- 
 liiiii In the dilhrullies whirli were In be enrnnii- 
 leieil. Nevertheless, il was late in ihe miiiilh of 
 ( ictober, before llieii Meet was prepared lofaeelhn 
 Aineriean naval liirre, on lake Champlain. The 
 fnrnier cnnsisteil of the ship Inllexible, iii iiiiitiiig 
 l'^ twelve pniinders, which was sn expeihlinnslv 
 ennslriicted, tiiat she sailed fnilii .'^1. .loliii's :!K 
 days afirr laying her keel ; one srhnonei iiinunl- 
 iiig 11, and annlhei 12 six pounders; a Hat but- 
 Iniiied railean carrying six ',l\ and six \'l pnniid- 
 CIS, besides hnwii/.eiH, and a giiiidola with seven 
 !l pi'iinders. There were also twenty smaller 
 vessels, with brass field pieces, fnilii !• In '■l\ pniin- 
 ilers, or with howil/.eis. Some linig liiials weie 
 furnished in the same maimer. An eipial nnmliei 
 III large boats acted as lenderH. Itesides Iheso 
 vessels of war, there was a vast numlier d.stineil 
 fur the Iraiisporlalion of the aiiiiy, its stores, ailil- 
 lery, baggaae and provislnns. The vvhiile was 
 put under the eoiiiinand of Captain I'ringle. The 
 naval fnice of the Americans, liiini the ilelicienry 
 of means, was fir short of what was Inoiighl 
 against them. Their principal arnieil vessel wai 
 a schooner, which lununled only I'.' six and liiiir 
 pnundeis; and iheir whole Heel, in addition to this, 
 consisled of only (ifteeii vessels of inferinr fntre. 
 
 No one step cniild be taken Inwards arrniii- 
 plishingthe ilesigiisof the llrilisli, on the norlliein 
 liimtieis 111 .New York, till ihey had the command 
 nf li.ke Champlain. With this view, their lleet 
 proceeil'd up the lake, and engaaed the Ameri- 
 cans. The wind was sn iinfavnuialile In the liri- 
 tisli, that their ship Inllexible, and soiiie other ves- 
 sels of force, could not be bninitht into aciiini. 
 This lessened the ineipialily between ilie cunleud- 
 ing Heels sn iiiiich. that the principal damage sii.s- 
 taliu'd by the Anicricanii, was thelnss nf a srhonn- 
 er and gondola. At the approach of night, the 
 action was discontinued. The vani|uishcil Inok 
 the advanlage which the darkness aH'orded, to 
 make their escape. This was elVecled by (iene- 
 ral Arnnld, with great judgment and ability. My 
 the next morning, llie whole Heel under his coiii- 
 mand wasoiil of sight. The llrilisli pursued with 
 all ihe sail they eniild crowd. The wind havini; 
 becoiiic more favoiiruble, they overtook the Ame- 
 rican, and brought them to nction near Crown 
 
 
NORTH AMKIIICA 
 
 nil. Il Wiin iilnn 
 liiivrr ildwi), iiimI 
 
 il' (iliiiiiu tMii:nil 
 ri;illy |ij I'Vi'iy 
 il iiiivnl »ii|iii('- 
 iliiiiiiiiv III ilicMi' 
 mill I'i.lllllliiii'ii, 
 
 III' HIIIIIIMI'I, UilH 
 
 . mill il lli'i't \M\H 
 Tliin »iiH I'liiiii'il 
 
 Hliiirlliiiii' iIkm' 
 IK" »Imii|i, iliirn 
 iiiK III III!' ivlinli 
 ii'ii. Six iiiIii'i 
 ir hiiiiicliiM); H( 
 
 (lilt iiiiilcr ilie 
 
 IK lllNlllll'lI'll 1(1 
 
 wii liiki' (.'liiiin- 
 
 II |ii'ri'iii|iicprily 
 lii'r ; (iir nccii- 
 iiii WM ihi' ulii- 
 
 I iiivmliiH I'loiii 
 illKJi ilfsjcno ill 
 iHiiii nil liiiilii.r 
 il liiipi' III lifiii)/ 
 
 ' lilkl'M. iiliil |),,. 
 
 Uliiiiiy, Nil iin lo 
 
 ink. 'I'llC (ll). 
 illlll lllf llllHtil- 
 linidll C'(|lli|||y 
 
 «illi liny iitiif). 
 
 Ik lliiil III III)! 
 
 (' iiMiHlriu Icil. 
 
 * wi'ii'. Iiir iliiH 
 
 tllll llicil IlilliH- 
 
 y III |iiii iliiMii 
 
 lilliriiri". 'riii. 
 iisi' ill |irii|iii|. 
 
 III III' <'iii'iiiiii- 
 llip iiKiiilli iir 
 
 ilril 111 litre llm 
 iiii|il:iin. 'i'lie 
 ilili'. Ill inniing 
 r«|ii'ilitiniiN|y 
 .''<l. .liilin'N 'JH 
 iiiini'i niiiiiiit- 
 is; il dill liiii. 
 six j-i |i|iiiiiil- 
 
 ulil "illl SCH'll 
 
 vi'iily siiiiijlir 
 
 !' I(>~'l IKIIIII- 
 
 ■U liiiiiin ui'i(> 
 niiiiil niiiiilii'i 
 
 Itl'sillfM llllsll 
 llllfl- cl;slili|.|| 
 
 ly sliiri'.H. iiiiil- 
 
 I' wllllll- »-|s 
 
 •tiiiulr. 'riii. 
 
 till' lll'licicilcy 
 
 Wiis liliilli;lil 
 cij vessel win 
 
 six iiiiil liinr 
 lililiiinldlliis, 
 li'i iiir (iii( I', 
 mrds iHTdiii- 
 
 llie iiiMlliPiii 
 llic I'liininaiiil 
 IV, Iheir (leet 
 I llie Aiiu'ii- 
 le lo the Hii- 
 iiic other ven- 
 
 inlii iirlliiii. 
 lli« roiilruil- 
 
 iJilllliliJC SU1- 
 
 of il srhiinii' 
 lit' ni«lil, tliH 
 jilislieil look 
 iiiriirileil, III 
 [•il liy (ieiic- 
 iiliilily. I)y 
 lei- Ills cciiii. 
 iinsiieil will) 
 «iiiil liiiviiir 
 jk llie Anic- 
 ncar Crowo 
 
 I'oinl. A miiiirlengiigemiiiil on^ii«(l,i>nil win well ,or(llniiry |irii(|piief! win oliservpil, tlin pnlilic peiicp 
 i(U|i|inileiJ (III liolli ■udei, (iir nliiiiil Iwn liiiiiit. wim iiiiiliHtnrlieil. Iii other eimeii, ilie iiiieinperiiie 
 Siiiiiei)l the Aiiierjciiii vesneU which were iniisl /,p:il ol ((iivernorH. iinil the iiii|irililiiil wiiiiiitll ol 
 iiheii I esi;i|ieil In 'riionileninii. 'I'lvo ({iiIIi"h mill i the |ieo|ile, iiiilin|)iileil the eiiliiinitiPH o( wiir. Vir- 
 live Kiitiiliil.li reniiitneil iitiil levi^tpil iiti i|iiei|iiiirj liiniii, ihoiiKh lliere witi mil ii single flnliih snlillpr 
 
 liiire, Willi il H|>tiit it|i|iiii»i'liili|; In i|pii|ieriiliiiii. 
 UiK- 111 lite giillie'i 111 lick iiiiil WHS iiiken. (Jeiter-il 
 Arnnlil, lltoiiuli lie knew lliiil In esriipe wiis iiii- 
 |iussilile. iiiiil In lesisl tiiiiiviiiliitK, yet, insteiiil nf 
 Htirreiiileiiiii!, ileleiinineil lliiil his penple shntilil 
 lint lii'ciiiiie piisniiers, nor his vessels ii leinlorii ■ 
 iiiPiil In the Itrlllsh. 'I'lie spirileil resoliilioii WHS 
 exi'lllleil Willi 11 jllilgllieiil, eipiiil In lite linlllliess 
 with whirhil liiiil lieen iiilnpl"il. lie riili the (,'nii- 
 (iiess giilley, nil Imiiril whiili liP wiis, Ingelher wtlh 
 lite hve giiiiilnliis, on shiire, in siirh it pnsilion its 
 riiiilileil hiiii In liinil his iiieii iiinl lilow up the *es- 
 sels. Ill the exeeiilion o( litis periloiis entirprisp, 
 he piiiil II riiiiiitiilie iillenlinii In u piiiitt ol lionniir. 
 lleiltil not ipiil Ills own (riilley till she wits in (Ihiiiph, 
 h'sl the llriiisli shntilil Ijiiiinl lieriiiiil strike Inn fliig. 
 'I'he ristill ol litis tiiinn, ihnimli tinriivoiiritlile lo 
 the Antirii'iiits, tiitseil lite repiiliilioii n( (ieneriil 
 Aniolil, htijhei Ihiiii ever. In iiilililinn lo lite (iiine 
 III II liriive solilier. In' iiiipiireil tliiil of iiii iilile sen 
 ollii'er. 
 
 Till* Aiiieririitt ititviil loief Iieint; neiiily ilestroy- 
 pil. the Itiilisit hltil lltiiltspilleil pnssessinll nf hike 
 ('hiitttpliiiii. (In litis evetil. ;i lew lotiliiieiititl 
 Irnnps wliirli Itiiil lieeii iil Ciowti I'nitit, retired In 
 llteir ttiitiii lindy ill 'I'ieniideroKH (ieiterid Ciirle- 
 tnti Iniik possession ol'the ^roiittd 110111 which tln-y 
 hud icltciitcd. iind wits ihere soon joined liy his 
 iirttty. lie sent otti sevcrid ri'cnttiioili'i'ini; \^^,^r■ 
 lies, ittid 111 one tittle pushed i'nrwitid it sltont^ de 
 liichttieitt on liolli sides id the liike, wlticltitp- 
 pMiitcltcd iteitr lo Tlcntlllero^Il. Sottte I'riltsh 
 vessels iippeitreil lit the snine tune within cittinoii 
 
 witliiit its Ittnit, wits, Ity iht; iitdtsciprtiiii id its 
 governor, Inrd Oiiitinnrp, involved hir severitl 
 Ittnitllts ill (Itnienllies, lilllp slinrt nf tltosp lo which 
 the i.liiihilmtls of iMiissii(,ltiisplts wpie siilijPctPil, 
 His htrdship wits very iiidil In Iir lit the Itehit, in 
 this leiiipeKitiniis scitsnii. His pitssinim prednrni 
 tutted liver Ills iitideistitiidiiig, iiitil precipiiiited him 
 into iiiPiisiirps liijtiiinns liiilli lo the peoplp whom 
 he goveriied, and lo llip iiiterPSI n( his royitl inns- 
 ter. The Virginiitiis, iriiiii thn piirliest stiige ol 
 lite eontrnvprsy, hiid liepii in the rnreinnst line n( 
 the opposiiiiin lo ihe i liiiins ol lireiil lirltinn; hut, 
 III lite sitnie little^ treitled lord IfiiiitnnrP with the 
 iittentiiiii lliitt WHS due In his stiitiiin. Incnininon 
 with iltenlher provinces, they hiid titkrn (dreitiinl 
 ineiisiiips Inprepiire their inililiii, fur (he purposes 
 111' deleiice. 
 
 While they were pursuing this nhjcct, liis lord 
 ship etigitgcil a pitrty, lieloiiging lo it rnjiil vessel 
 in .Iuiiics'n iiver. In cniivey snitie piildic powder 
 Iroiii It nlll^lt/.lne in W'tlltittttslinrKh.nn hoitrd lltctr 
 ship. The viiltte nr i|liitiility ol the powder wiis 
 tncnnsideriilile ; lint the ciicutnstiinccs itlleiidnig 
 its retnovid liegiit misplcintis, ihitt lord Uiinniorc 
 iiieittit In deprive the tnliiiliiliitil', nf the nteiins id 
 defeiicp. Tliey were, llicri jure, iiliirtticd, iitiil as- 
 setnlded with itrins In deinaiid its resliliilion. 
 
 I'y lite itiierposttton of lite iiiiiyor itnd corpora- 
 tion III W'llliitiiislittrult. extretnilics were privenlcd. 
 Heporls were soon itlletwiirils spre.id, tliitt it se- 
 ciiitd ittleinpi to roll the iiiiieii/.tne was intended, 
 'i'lie inltiiiitliinls iigitin took iirtns iind iiistitiiled 
 iti<;litly piitinles, with it deterinitied resolution to 
 
 shol ol lite Anierii lilt winks at lliitl place. It is j jiinlect it. 'I'lie gnveriinr was irrtlitted at these 
 
 ptnlialile he had il in rniili'tttplaltoti, if circniiislati- '■"I'lui'i'ioiis, and in the warinth of his temper, 
 
 res f.ivoitred, to reduce the post ; and ihit the ap- 1 'luf^i'i'mil to set tip the royal standard, etilran 
 pinent sltciii;ilt of the works rcsliaiiicd liiiit front 
 
 I urn to (,'a- 
 
 cltise the negroes, nitil aim iheiit against their 
 maslers. This irriliiled, lint did not intiinidale. 
 .Several piildic iiteelings were held In lite dtllereni 
 conttlies, in all nf which, the rettiov.d of lite pow- 
 der front the itiai.;it/.itie, and ilie nnn'rnor's tlire.ils, 
 were enlircly ciindenincd. .Smiie of the gentle, 
 nieti ol flanover, and the nciglilioiiring cnnnlics. 
 assciiililed in amis, niidcrllie conduct of Mr. I*at- 
 
 niitkini; ihe aiienipi, iitid Itidticed In 
 Itiidit. 
 
 Sncli WHS the teritiitiHtiiiit nf the norlltern cam- 
 paien, ill IV'/'i. Tlioii(;lt idler the surrender of 
 Miintreiil, eVHcnHtiotis, defeitis and tctreats had 
 aintiisl Inleriitpledly lieeit the lot of the Anic- 
 ricaiis, vet, with respect to the great olijecl of 
 
 defence' nit ll e side, and nfcnnipicsl on thc/iik Henry, hikI tiiHri lied lowitrds Willt.iiitslinrL'. 
 
 other, a whole (aiiipaii;n was gained to them mid "Hh im avnwed de«ii;n In olilHin rcsiitiilion of the 
 Inst In their adversaries. 
 
 The Mtilisli had cleared ('mtinlii nf its invHilers 
 iitiil deslroyeil lite Attn riciitt fleet nn lite lakes; 
 yet, f'toni itnpeditnetits llirnwti in their way, tltev 
 laded ill llieir nllerior di'sn;tts. The delays, ciin- 
 trived liv (Icneial limes, relariled the ilritish, |i 
 
 powder, mid to take inca aires lor secnriiig llie 
 
 the general assemhiy. The leading inntive, for 
 this itncxpecti'd measure, was In procure their ap< 
 prolialion mid acceptance of the terins id llie tnii- 
 edialnry inntion, agreed In in pitrlimiienl, on th« 
 ^flili of the preceding Kehrnary. His lotilsliip 
 introduced linn In llieir coitsiderallnn, in a lung 
 and plansilde speech. In a few days, they pri^- 
 senled their address in answer; in which, iirniing 
 other grniiiids of rejection, ihey staled, that " the 
 pr'ipnned plan only changed the form nf op[iies- 
 sion, wilhiiut lessening lis linrden ;" hut, they re 
 ferreii the papers fur a finiddetertnlnaltiin. In ('on 
 gress. Knr themselves they declared: "We 
 Ititve exhansteil every iiinile of appliciilion, which 
 our invenl.'iin mild siigtesl as pinper and prnint»- 
 iiig. We have decently rr inonsltated with piir- 
 Itaitteiil ; ih'y have added new injuries In the old 
 We have weaned our king wtlh snpplicaiion ; i, . 
 has not deigned lo answer lis. We have appealed 
 In Ihe native hiiiionr and justice , if the ISrttisli na- 
 tion ; llteir elloits m niir favour have heeri hither- 
 to meflecltial." 
 
 The asseiiildy, iimnng their first acts, appninted 
 a cntiiinttlee to inipitre intn the causes of the lain 
 dtstnrliaiices ; and particularly In exaniiiie the stato 
 111 the magazines they found most of ihe reinain- 
 itig powder liiirted ; Ihe niiiskels ileprived of their 
 locks; and spring guns planted in Ihe tiiagiiztno 
 
 These discnveries irritated the people, and occn 
 sinned intemperalp expressions of resentment. 
 Lord Hnninore fptitted the pal.'ce piivately. and 
 retired on liniird the Kiiwey man of war, wltiih 
 llteii lay i.ear Vork Town, '/le left a message for 
 lite house of hnriicsses, ai(|uaiiiting ihein. " that 
 he tlioiiglit It prudent lo reiue m a place of safely, 
 hiving reason to hejieve that lie was in constant 
 daiiiicr ol lalliiis; a sacrifice to popular liiry. Me, 
 nevertheless, hoped that 'hey would prflceeil in 
 lite ('real liiisiness before them : and hr eiii;aj;cd 
 to render the coiuinnnication lieiwccn Imn aiirl the 
 hoii'c, as easy and as safe as pnssdile. He as- 
 sured them thill he would attend, as herelofore. to 
 the diilies nf his office ; and Ihai lie was well dis- 
 poserl lo resliire thai harmony whiili had heeii un- 
 liitppily inleriii|ited." 
 
 'I Ins inessaiie produced a joint address froin the 
 conned and house of Imrgesses ; in which, they 
 represented Ins lordship's tears lo he i;roiind|ess, 
 and declared their wldlngnes^ to cnncor in any 
 measure he wiiiilfl propose for the security nfhirn 
 sell and faniily , and concluded, hy enlreating hi.' 
 ret urn In the palace. I,ord Dnoniore, m reply. 
 
 which a was agreed, lit. it p.ivmenl fnr the pnwder. 
 liy the rccctvct geticrid of the colonv, should lie 
 accepted in lieu of rcsiiiniinn ; and. lit. it, tt|Miiitlie 
 engagenienl id lite itdtaliilmits of Willtunislinrg lo 
 
 Hii gteal a pail of lite s titer, that, hv the time > Ki'iifi' ''I'll' 'I"' treasury and llie tnai;a/,inc. the 
 
 Ihey had iciiclieil 'I'iconilernua, their 'rrlieiil, onl'"'"i'''' primes should relurii to their habtlaiioiis. 
 itecnnnl of ihe approaclilng winli'r liecame itittne-! 'I'll''- 'iliim of this allair inrliicpd Inrd Dun- 
 
 dialely e-saiy. On the part of the Americans, i 'uon' lu si'ud his lady and family onboard the 
 
 Hniite'tneii and a' few itrnied vessels were lost ; lint | I'owey man of war, in .laines's river. Alinut the 
 time was uaitied ; their aimy saved: anil iheh*'"'"' '"iK'. Ins lordship, willt the assistance of a 
 I'roitlier nf the iidjaccnl stales secured fVnm a prn- Mi'l'i'limi'ii' of inarines. fortified lits palace, and 
 
 public treasury. This ended in a tienolialion, b) jiisiilicd his iippieliensinnH of danger, from tli" 
 
 threats which had been repeaiedly thrown out 
 He ( hart'ed the lion«e of burgesses with connte- 
 naiicing the violent proceedin.'s of the people, and 
 Willi a design to ii'tirii the exec niivp priwer, and 
 subvert the cnnstituiMin. Tins produced a reply 
 Iniuiilit Willi recrimination and dcbiisiie argu- 
 ments. Kvery incident afforded fresh room foi 
 altercation. There w.is a conrinued tnterconrse, 
 by addresses. mPssa:;es, and answers, between the 
 house ol bnrt'csses and the Kowej ; but hlile nf 
 the public business was i-oniplcieil. His lordship 
 
 jecle.! invasion. ( »n the part nf the lirtti^li, the! siiifontided il wiili arlillcry. I Ic sunn after issued ■ was .still acknow led^:"!! as the lawful t'overnor „f 
 
 liliject iifit < attipiiign, in which l!!,l)llll men were 
 Vltiplnyed, and neitrly a inillioii id money expended 
 wai reiitleii'd in a gieat measure itbnitive. 
 
 (:11AI"1'KK X[. 
 
 Tranimolluni in Viririiitii; the Ciinilinnn ; lienru'in ; the 
 
 ffnncml rtlllr of public tilfiiirs, ill llie ceintlien i,l f77.'l 
 
 rruiiiAv:liiitiH ill .MaHsiit-litii4L.'lts; evuctiaiiint ui' ItiiNiifii, 
 1771,. 
 
 il pioclatiialtoit III which .\tr. Ilenrv and his itssn 
 ciatcs were charged with rebellions practices; 
 and the existing eotiitiiottons were nllriliuled In a 
 desire in the people, of chanL'iiiiZ the esii'bltslied 
 
 the province: but ihd not tlnnk p'o|,«r to set hi.l 
 loot on shore, in the connlry over which hn func 
 liofis were to be exercisefl. 
 
 .\l leiiJfih. w hen the riPcessarv bills were ready 
 
 loiiti of i>overniiteiit. .'several iiieettni;s were lidd j for ratibcation. the council and burgesses jointly 
 in llie tieighbnurini; counlies, in which, the con- ' entrealed the eovernor's presence, to give his as- 
 ducl nf llenry and his assnciates was appl.iu'l ' sent to tlicnt and finish the session. .Alter sever d 
 ed and resolutions weie adopted, that, al every ! iiiessaKPH anil answers, lord Dunrn'ire [leremplorily 
 
 ri'., he and they should be indemnilied. .\bntit 
 
 ll s time, copies of some letters horn covernor 
 
 JJiiniitnre, In the miiiisler of the .•Vtiiertcan de- 
 
 I paVtment, were made piiblie. These, in the npin- 
 
 rctused tn meet the assembly at ihe e.ipiird. ibcir 
 usual place fnr deli!ieralion : but sjtd. he wmilrl h-i 
 ready to receive them on the next .\Ii,nday at his 
 [iresent resilience nn board the Kowey. for the pur 
 
 iTJias iilreiitly heett iiipiilinned that llie roln- ion of the \irgiiitaii«. contained unfair and un- 1 pose .,:' ;:vinir his assent to such bills a.s lie should 
 
 nists, fruiii the lisiiii! of ('ittitress, in October, just representatjons of fads, and also of their tein- 1 approve of. I 'con receivine this ••nswer, the houw 
 
 ]77'l, and parlitiilarly after the Nexinglou baltle per and disposition. .Many severe tltincs were of buri;psses passed resolutions, tn wlmh thev de- 
 
 wcie allentive lo the li-'ining nf their militia, and said nn liotli sides, and lame, as usual ma^nitied ' darerl, that the mess i^p. re'|iiirini; tliem to iiipnd 
 
 making the net'essary preparations for their de- or ttttsrepresetited whatever was said or done. ■ ihe uovrrnor on board of a ship of w ir. was i hijli 
 
 f'-'tii'P, <)iiedisinisl bcLMl anoilier. K.very tliini; tended breach nl tlteir rights and privileges; th.,t iheT 
 
 The cilcrts ol llieir an, in'.;ement, for this piir- lo ptodiice .t spirit olilis. oiiitnt, and the lever ol j had reason lo tear a .l.inijeruui iti,ici» wai inedi 
 
 pu8e viried with circuinittances, the public ittiinl daily iiicreised, i titej against the colony: and it was, therefore, 
 
 VVlioro llicrc were no rnyal iionps, uml where, lit tliia slate of disorder, the goveroor conrcDcd i their opinion, ihit they should prepirc fir the pr« 
 
m 
 
 894 
 
 THE HISTORY OK 
 
 
 acrvation uf their rights and hberties. After 
 Ktroiigly prureasing h>)'iihy to the king, and ninitji 
 to the inotlier country, they broke ii|i their at'ssion. 
 
 The roy;)! government in Virginin, from that day, 
 Jnly lOih, l??.*), reasod. Soon al'lerwarils, a con- 
 vention of delegate.') was appointed to supply the 
 place of the assembly. As these had iiidimiled 
 confidence reposed in them, they became at once 
 IKisseased of unde/ined discretionary powers, both 
 legislative and executive. They exercised this 
 authority, for the security of their con.stituenls. 
 They raised and embodied an armed I'orce, and 
 took measures fur putting the colony in a state of 
 defence. They published a justification of their 
 conduct, and set forth the necessity of the mea- 
 sures they had adopted. They concluded willi 
 professions of loyalty, and declared, that though 
 they were determined at every ha/.ard to maintain 
 tlieir rights and privileges, it was also their fixed 
 resolution to disband such forces as were raised 
 for the defence of the colony, whenever their 
 danger was removed. 
 
 'J'he headstrong passions of lord Dunmore pie- 
 cipitated him into farther fidlies. With the aid uf 
 the loyalists, ri.n away negroes, and some frigates 
 that were on the station, he established a marine 
 lorce. liy degrees he equipped, and armed a num- 
 ber of vessels, of ditl'erent kinds and sizes, in one 
 of which lie constantly resided, except wlieu he 
 went on shore, in a hostile manner. This force 
 was calculated only for depredation, and never be- 
 came c'ual to any essenlial service. Obnoxious 
 persons >-i re seized and taken on board. Negroes 
 were carried olf; plantations ravaged ; and houses 
 burnt. These proceedings occasioned the sending 
 of some detachments, of the newly-raised provin- 
 cial Ibrces, to protect the coasts. This produced 
 a predatory war, iVom which neither honour nor 
 benelit could beacipiired, and in which, every sup- 
 ply from the shore was purchased at the risk of 
 blood. The forces under his lordship attempted 
 to burn Hampton : but the crews of the royal 
 vessels employed in that business, though they 
 had begun to cannonade i', were so annoyed by 
 rilleiiien from the shore, that they were obliged 
 to quit their station. In a few days after this re- 
 pulse, Nov Tth, 1775, a proclamation was issued 
 by the governor daie<l on board the ship William, 
 olf Norlblk, declaring that, as the civil law was 
 at present insulficient to punish treason and trai- 
 tors, martial law should take |ilace, and be exe- 
 cuted througlit the colony ; and requiring all 
 |>ersons capable of bearing arms, to repair to his 
 majesty's standard, or to be consiilered as trai- 
 :ors. He also declareil all indented servants, ne- 
 groes and others, appertaining to rebels, w ho h cie 
 able and willing to bear arms, and who joined his 
 majesty's forces, to be free. 
 
 Among the cireumslances which indiired l)ic 
 lulers (d (ircat Britain to count on an easy con- 
 quest of America, the great number of slaves had 
 a considerable weight. l)n the sea coast of five 
 of the most southern provinces the number of 
 slaves exceeded that of Ireemen. It was suppos- 
 ed that the proffer of fieedom v .Mild detach ihvm 
 from their masters' interest, and bind them by 
 strong lies to support the royal standard. I'erhap.s, 
 under favourable circumstances, these expecta- 
 tions would in some degree, have been realized ; 
 Imt lord Dnnmore'.'S iiidiscretiiui deprived his royal 
 master of this resource. Six months hail elapsed 
 since his lordship first threatened its adoption. 
 The negroes had in a great measure ceased to 
 belir-.e and the inhabitants to fear. It excited 
 less surprise, and produced less elfect, than if it 
 had been more iiiiiiiediale and unexpected. The 
 country was now in a tolerable state of defence, 
 and the force for protecting tlie negroes, in case 
 they had closed with his lordship's offer, was far 
 short of what would have been necessary fur their 
 ueciiiiiy. 
 
 'J'lie injury, don" the royal cause by the bare 
 proposal of the srheine, far outweighed any ad- 
 vantage that re suited from it. The colonists were 
 ■truck with horror, and filled with detestation of a 
 guvoriiiueni, which vma exercised in loosening tha 
 
 hands of society, and destroying domestic security. 
 The union and vigour, which were given to their 
 opposition, was great, while the additional force, 
 acquired by his lordship, was considerable. It 
 nevertheless produced s(mie elfect in Norfolk and 
 the adjoining country, where his lordship was joined 
 by several hundreds, both whites and blacks. The 
 governor, having once more got footing on the 
 main, amused himself with hopes of acquiring the 
 glory of reducing one part of the province by means 
 of tlie other. The provincials had now an object, 
 against which they might direct their arms. An 
 expedition was therefore concerted against the 
 force which had taken post at Norfolk. 
 
 To protect his adherents, lord Dunmore con- 
 structed a fort at the great bridge, on the Norfolk 
 side and furnished it with artillery. The provin- 
 cials also fortified themselves, near to the same 
 place with a narrow causeway in their front. In 
 this state, both parties continued quiet fur some 
 days. 'I'he royalists conimenccd an attack. C'ap- 
 tain Kordyce, at the head of about GO lUitish gre- 
 nadiers, pa.ssed the causeway, and boldly inarched 
 up to the provincial intrenchiiienls with fixed bay- 
 onets. Tliey were exposed, without cover, to the 
 fire of the provincials in fiont, and enfiladed by 
 another part of their works. The brave captain 
 and several of his men fell. The lieutenant, with 
 others, was taken ; and all who survived were 
 wounded. The slaves in this engagement were 
 more prejudicial to their liritish employers than 
 to the provincials. Captain Kordyce was interred 
 by the victors, with military honour. The Kng- 
 lisli prisoners were treated with kindness; but 
 the Americans, who had joined the king's stan- 
 dard, experience<l therescntuieiit of their country- 
 men. 
 
 Tlie royal forces on the ensuing night, evacu- 
 ated their post at the great briilge ; lord ])iininore 
 shortly afterwards aliandoneil Norfolk, and retired 
 with his people on board his ships. Many of the 
 lories, a name which was given to those who ad- 
 hered to the royal interest, sought the same a.sy- 
 luiii, for themselves and moveable cll'ccts. The 
 provincials took possession of Norfolk ; and the 
 fleet, with its new incumbrances, removed to a 
 greater distance. The people on board, cut olf 
 from all peaceable intercourse with the shore, were 
 distresseil for provisions and necessaries of every 
 kinil. 'J'his oc(^asioned sundry unimportant con- 
 tests, between the provincial forces and the armed 
 ships and boats. At length on the arrival of the 
 Liverpool man of » ar from Kngland, a flag was 
 sent on shore, to put the (|uestion, whether they 
 would supply his majesty's ships with provisions .' 
 
 All answer was returned in the negative. It was 
 then determined to destroy the town. This was 
 carried into effect ; and .Ian. 1, li7(>, Norfolk was 
 reduced to ashes. The whole loss was eslimaled 
 at ItOO.OOOI. sterling. The provincials, lo deprive 
 the ships of every source of su;iply, destroyed the 
 houses and plantations near the water, and ohiigeil 
 the people to move their cattle, provisions, and ef- 
 fects, further into ilie connlry. 
 
 Lord IJuniiiore, niih his fleet, continued for 
 scver.il months on the coast and in the rivers of 
 Virginia, ilis unhappy followers snifered a coiii- 
 plicalion of distresses. 'I'll'- scarcity of water 
 and provisions, the closeness and fiUli of the small 
 vessels produced disea.ses which were fatal to 
 many, especially to tlie negroes. Though his 
 whole force was trifling when compared with the 
 resources of Virginia ; yet the want of suitable 
 armed vessels made its expulsion impracticable 
 The experience uf that day evinced the inadeipia- 
 cy nf land forces, for ihe defence of a maritime 
 country ; and the extensive m'tchief which may 
 be done, by even an inconsiderable marine, when 
 unopposed in its own way. The want of a navy 
 was both seen and felt. .Some arrangements 
 lo procure one were therefore made, Killier (he 
 expectation of an attack from this quarter, or the 
 sufferings of the crews on boaril, induced his lord- 
 ship, in the sniiimerof I77(i, to burn the least va- 
 luable of his vessels, and to send the remainder, 
 auiuuutinK to 'M or 4U sail, to Florida, Bermuda, 
 
 and the West Indies. The hopes which lord Dun 
 more had entertained of subduing Virginia, by the 
 co-operalimi of the negiue.s, teriiiinaled with tills 
 movement. The unhappy Africans, who had en- 
 gaged in it, arc said to have almost univcisally 
 perished. 
 
 While these transactions weie carrying on, an 
 other scheme, in which lord Dunmore was a party 
 in like manner miscarried. It was in conti iiipla 
 tion lo raise ;< 'Considerable force at the back of thi 
 colonies, particularly in Virginia, and the C'aroli- 
 n,is. Connelly, a native of Pennsylvania, was the 
 framer of the design. lie had gained the appro- 
 bation of lord Dunmore, and had been .sent lo him 
 by Ceneral (iage at ISoston, and from him he re- 
 ceived a commission to acl as colonel commandant. 
 It was intended that the Hrilish garrisons at De- 
 troit, and some other remote spots, with their ar- 
 tillery and ammunition, should be subservient lo 
 this design. Connelly also hoped for the aid ot 
 the Canadians and Indians. He was aiilhori/.ed 
 to grant comnll^'8iollS, and to have the supreme 
 direction of the new forces. As soon as they were 
 in readiness he was to penetrate tliioui;li Virginia, 
 and to meet lord Dunmore near Alexandria, on the 
 river Potomac. Connelly was lsx\<cn up on suspi- 
 cion, by one of Iheconio '••"■s in Maryland, while 
 on his way lo the sr f action. The pa- 
 
 pers found in his posst •■ betrayed tlie whole. 
 Among these, were a gei.i'ral sketch of the plan, 
 and a letterl'rom lord Dunmore to oneid'the In- 
 dian chiefs. He was imprisoned, anil the papers 
 published. So many fortunate escapes induced a 
 belief among serious Americans, thai tlicir cause 
 was favoured by heaven. The various projects 
 which were devised, and put in uperalioii against 
 them, pointed out the increasing necessity of union; 
 while the havoc made on their coasts, the proffer 
 of f'reedoni lo their slaves, anil the enconragemen* 
 proposed lo Indians, lor making war on their Iron 
 tier in liabilanis, quickened their resentment agains 
 (ireal ISritain. 
 
 North ('arolina was more fortunate than Virgi 
 nia. The governors of both were perhaps equally 
 /.ealous for the royal Interest, and the people ol 
 both equally attached lo llie cause of America . 
 but the former escaped with a smaller portion < I 
 public calamity. .Several regulations were at this 
 lime adopted by most of the provinces. Councils 
 of safely, commillees, and conventions, were com- 
 mon substitutes for tegular governmenl. .Similar 
 plans for raising, arming and snppintiiii! troops, 
 and foi training the iiiililia, were, f'loiii north lo 
 south, generally adopleil. In like manner, royal 
 governors, Ihidughoiit the piovinces, were exert 
 iiig themselves in attaching the pcopli^ to the 
 si'hemes of (iieat Hiilain. (lovernor Martin, of 
 North Carolina, was particularly /ralons in his 
 business, lie fortified and armed liis p.. lice at New- 
 bern, that it might answer the doiilile purpose of 
 a garrison ami maga/.iiie. While he was ihus em- 
 ployed, such comiiii siiiiis were exciinl among 
 the people, that he llionghl it expedient lo retire 
 on board a sloop of war in Cape I''ear river.^ 
 'i'he people found powder and various military 
 stores, which had been buried in his garden and 
 \ard 
 
 (iovernor Martin, though he had abandoned his 
 usual place of lesidence, conliiined his exertions 
 for reducing North Caiolina to idiedience. He 
 particularly addressed himself to the regulators 
 and Highland emigrants. The former had ac- 
 quired this name from attempting lo regulate the 
 administration of justice, in the remote settle 
 ■nenis, in a summary manner, subversive of the 
 public peace. They had suffered the consequen 
 ces of opposing royal government, and. from obvi- 
 ous principles of human nature, were disposeil to 
 support Ihe auihurily, whose power lo punish they 
 had recently experienced. The Highland emi- 
 grants had been only a short lime in America, and 
 were yet more under the influence uf Kiiropcan 
 Ideas, than those which their new situation was 
 calciilateil to insnire. 
 
 (iovernor Martin sent commissions among Ihcno 
 people, for raising and uumiiianding regiments 
 
NORTH AMERICA 
 
 895 
 
 'liicli liird Dun 
 ir^illi», l>y llie 
 liileil wiih 1I119 
 », U'liu had cii- 
 lusl univorsall; 
 
 iiriyini; on, an 
 Die was a parly 
 I ill cuiici iiipla 
 (lie lia<:k of (111 
 iiid the Caioli- 
 Ivaiiia, was llio 
 nvd ihc appro- 
 Ben sent If) him 
 oiii him he re- 
 I cuiiiiiiandant. 
 arrisiiiis at Ue- 
 I with iheir ar- 
 
 Biibservieiit to 
 lor tlie aid of 
 *ii!j aiithorixed 
 he supieiiiu 
 on -M they were 
 oiii'Ji N'irjjiiiia, 
 xaii(hia,oii the 
 '11 lip on siispi- 
 laryland, while 
 ion. The pa- 
 yed the whole. 
 lIi ol'ihe plan, 
 
 one of the In- 
 iind the papers 
 apesi inducvrl a 
 lal ilicir causa 
 trioiis pidjeets 
 eralion against 
 ^essity oCniiinn; 
 isis, the proller 
 eneoiiragenien' 
 r on their lion 
 Miliiientagains 
 
 He than Virgi 
 lerhaps ecpi.iHy 
 I (lie people ol 
 >e of America . 
 alter portion ( I 
 HIS were at this 
 ees. (.'onneils 
 ins, were coin- 
 iiieni. Similar 
 lorliiic troops, 
 iVom north to 
 
 manner, royal 
 I's, were exi'rt 
 people to the 
 nor Martin, ol 
 '.ealiMis in his 
 
 p.' liee at New- 
 ilile purpose of 
 1' was iliiis eni- 
 xi'ileil among 
 ■rlieiit 10 retire 
 
 l'"ear river.— 
 irioiis iiiililaiy 
 lis garden anil 
 
 alianiloneil Ins 
 Ills exertions 
 ledieiiee. lie 
 he regulators 
 iner had ac- 
 1 regulate the 
 remote settle 
 lersivc of the 
 lie consequen 
 md. from ulivi- 
 e disposed to 
 lo punish Ihey 
 lighland eiiii- 
 America, and 
 of Kiiropcan 
 ailiiation was 
 
 8 among Iheno 
 ig reginicnls 
 
 and he granted one to Mr. M'Donald, to act as ^ superior numbers that opposed them. They every 
 their general. He also sent them a proilainalion where gave way, and were obliged either lo lly or 
 cniinnandmg all persons, on their allegiance, to re- feign submission. Solicitations had been iiride 
 pair lo the royal standard. This n:is erected by about this time for royal foices to awe the soiitli- 
 (ieneral iM'Doiiald, about the miililleof February, cm provinces ; lint without eliecl, till the proper 
 Upon llie (list ihlellii;eiicc of iheii asseiiibliiig. season was over. One sclicine for this purpose 
 ltii!;adr'r (ieiieral .Moore, Willi some provincial was <Vu9iraied by a single device. Private intel- 
 troops and imliiia, and some pieces ol cannon, hgeiice had been received of an express being sent 
 inaiclieil to oppose them. He took possession of ifioni sir .l.iines Wright, governor of iieorgia, to 
 Kiick-lisli briilge, and llirew up some works. lle|(>eneral (Jage. ISy him, the necessity of ordering 
 had not been lliere many days, when iM'Donald | a part of (he royal army to the southward was fully 
 approached ; and sent a leiter 10 >loore, enclosing I stated. The express was waylaid, and compelled 
 the governor's proclaniatioii and advising liini and 1 by two gentlemen lo deliver his leders. One to 
 his party to join the king's slandard ; and adding, (ieneral Uage was kept back, and anoil."' one 
 that ill ease of a refusal, they must be treated as forwarded In its room. The seal and hand-writing 
 ciieinies. To this Moore leplied, that he and liis{were so exactly iinitaleil that the deception was 
 olliceis consideied (liemselves as engaged in al not suspecled. The forged letter was received and 
 cause, the most glorious and honourable in the | acted u|ion. It is stated the degree of peace and 
 
 worlil, the defence of mankind ; and in his turn 
 olleied, that if ,M' Donald's party laid down their 
 anus, they shoiilil be received as friends; bin, 
 ollieiwise they must expect consequences, simi- 
 lar lo tiiose which they threatened. Soon after 
 this, (Ieneral .M'Donald, with hisadherenis, push- 
 ed on to join liovernor .Martin : but Colonels Lil- 
 I iigion and Caswell, with about 1(10(1 militia men, 
 took posses'. ion of Moore's creek bridge, which 
 lay ill tiie'r way, and raised a small breast work 
 to si'c<;(e themselves. 
 
 0.1 llie next morning, the Highland emigrants 
 al'.icKed the militia posted at ilie biidge; but M' 
 'lend, llie second in coimnand, and some more of 
 tlU'ir ollicers being killed at the first ousel, they 
 lied with precipilalioii. (ieneral .^^Dollald was 
 lakeii prisoner, and the whuic '>f the parly broken 
 and dispersed. The overthrow produced colise- 
 ipieiices very injiiiioiis lo the liritisli interest. A 
 royal lleei and army was expected on the coast. 
 
 tranquility to be such as induced an opinion, that 
 there was no necessity of sending royal ti oops to the 
 southwaril. 
 
 While these states were thus left to themselves, 
 they had lime and opportunity lo prepare for ex- 
 iremiiies; and, in llie mean lime, the friends of 
 royal governinent were severally crushed. A 
 series of disasters tollowed the royal cause in the 
 year 17?.'). (ieneral (iage's army was cooped up 
 III IJosloii, and rendered useless. In the southern 
 slates, where a small force would have made an 
 impression, the royal governors were unsupport- 
 ed. Much u - done to irritate the colonlsls, and 
 10 cement the union; biitvery little, either in the 
 way of coiiipiest and (concession, to subdue their 
 spirits or conciliate their all'ections. 
 
 Ill this year the people of America generally 
 took the side of the colonies. Kvery art was 
 made use of, by llie popular leaders, to attach the 
 nliabitants lo their cause; nor were the votaries 
 
 A jiiiiciion formed between them and the High- lof the royal interest inactive : but little iiiipie? 
 
 land eiiiigianls, in the inleiior countiy, niigln 
 hive iii'ide a sensible Impression oil the province. 
 (•'nun an eagerness to do semeihing, the iiisur- 
 genis pieiiialiiiely took arms, a'ld being crushed 
 bt'loie the arrival of proper support, their spirits 
 were so eiitiiely broken, that no future cll'orl could 
 be expected iVomlliem. 
 
 While the war raged only in Massachusetts, 
 each province conducted as if it expected 10 be 
 the next allai'ked. (leorgia, ihoiigli a majority 
 ol its inhabilanls were at liisi against the mea- 
 sures, yel, about the middle of this year, joined 
 the oilier colonies. Having not concurred in the 
 |>elitioiis from Congress lo the king, they pelitioii- 
 eil liy themselves ; anil staled their rights and 
 giievaiiies, in firm and decided language. They 
 also ailopled the coiitinental association, and sent 
 on llieir (tcpnlies to Congress. 
 
 Ill .'^oiilh Carolina, there was an eagerness I'lbe 
 prepared for defence, which was not surpassed 
 in any of the provinces. Kegimenls were raised ; 
 forls were liuili ; the iniliiia liaiiied; and every 
 necessary pri'paration made for that purpose, 
 rjiiid William Campliell, the royal governor, 
 eMdi'avoiiied lo form a parly for llie support 
 of goveinmeiit, and was in some degree siic- 
 cesslnl. Dislnisling his personal safely on shore. 
 
 sion was made by the latter, except among the 
 uninformed. The great mass of the wealth, learn- 
 ing, and inlluence, in all the southern colonies, and 
 in must of the norlliern, was in favour of the 
 .Xinencau cause. Some aged persons were ex- 
 ceptions to the contrary. Attached to ancient 
 habits, and enjoying the fruits of their indiistiy, 
 they were slow in approving new measures, sub- 
 versive of the former, and endangering the latter. 
 A few, who had basked iii the siiiishiiie of court 
 favour, were restrained by honour, principle, and 
 interest, Irom forsaking the fonnlain nf their en- 
 joyments. .Some feared the power of Itrilain, and 
 oilieis doubted the perseverance of America ; but 
 a great majority resolved lo hazard every thing, 
 in preference to a tame snbmissi.m. In the be- 
 ginning of the year I77(), the colonists were far- 
 mers, meichaiils, and niechanics : but in its close, 
 they had assumed the profession of soldiers. So 
 s'ldilen a liaiisliirmalion of so numerous, and so 
 diS|'ersed a people, is without a parallel. 
 
 This year was also remarkable for the general 
 terimnalion of royal goveinment. This was el- 
 fecled without any violence lo its executive olli- 
 cers. The new system was not so much forcibly 
 imposed, or designeilly adopted, as intro'liiced 
 thiongh necessity, and the imperceplilile agency 
 
 aliiiiii llie middle of Sepiembei, he took up his i of a comiiion danger, operating unifornily on the 
 lesiilcnce on board an armed vessel, then in the iiiiiid nf the public. The royal governors, for the 
 hailiiiiir. iiiosi pail voluntarily abdi,caled their governmenis. 
 
 The royal governmenl slill existed in name anil and lelired on lioaiii ships of war. They assigned 
 form; but the real power, which the people obey- 
 ed, was exercised by a provincial congress, a 
 council of salely. and subordinate committees. 
 To conciliate ilie friendship of the Indians, the 
 popular leaders sent a small supply of powder into 
 their country. They who were opposed lo Con- 
 gress, embodied, and roblied the wagons which 
 
 lor leasiin that they apprehended personal dan- 
 ger; but this, in every instance, was unfounded. 
 I'erhaps. these represenlatives of royally ihoiighl, 
 that as they were consiitiitionally necessary to llie 
 adininislralioii of justice, the horrors of anarchy 
 would deter the people from prosecuting their op- 
 position. If they acted from this principle, ihey 
 
 were employed in its tiansportalion. To inllamei were mistaken. Their withdrawing from the 
 
 the minds of their ailherenls, ihey propagated a exercise of their oDicial duties both fiirnisheil an 
 
 report that the powder was inlendeil lo be given lo apology, and induced a neiessily for orgaiii/.ing 
 
 the Inilians. for the purpose of iiiassarieiiig the sysleni of governnienl. iiiili'pendeni of royal aii- 
 
 IVieiiils of roy.il governnienl. The inhabitants tiiorily. liy encoiiiaging opposition to ihe popu 
 
 took arms, s'liiie to support loyal goveriiinent, but lar measures, ihey involveil llieir friends ill (lis 
 
 more lo Hiippoil the Ameiican measures. tress. The iiiisiiccessl'nl insurrections, which 
 
 The royalists acted feebly, and were easily they fomented, being improperly limed, and tin 
 
 ovci])awered. They were disheartened by the supported, were easily overthrown; and actually 
 
 strengthened the popular goveriiiiient, whieh they 
 meant lo destroy. 
 
 \s the year 177,^ drew near to a close, the friends 
 of Congress were embarrassed with a new dilhcul- 
 ly. 'J'lie army was temporary, and only engaged 
 to .serve out the year. The object, for w hicli Ihey 
 had lakeii up arms, was nol obtained. Kvery rea- 
 son, which had previously induced the provinces to 
 embody a military force, still existed and with in- 
 creasing weight. It was therefore resolved lo form 
 new army. The same Haltering hopes weie 
 indulged, that an army for the ensuing year would 
 answer every purpose. A committee of Congress, 
 consistingof Dr. Franklin, Mr. Lynch, and Mr. 
 Harrison, repaired to head quarters at Cambridge : 
 and there, in conjunction with (ieneral Washing- 
 ton, made arrangenients for organizing an army 
 for the year ITiti. It was presumed thai the spirit, 
 which had hitherto operated on the yeomanry of 
 the country, would induce most of the same indi- 
 viduals to engage for annther twelvemonth; but, 
 on experiment, it was found that much -jf their mi- 
 litary ardour had already evaporated. The first 
 iinpnisc of passion, and the novelty of the scene, 
 had brought many to the field, who had great ob- 
 jections ag;iinst continuing in the military line.^ 
 They found, that to be .soldiers, required sacrifices, 
 of which, when they assumed thai character, they 
 had no idea. So unacquainted were the bulk of the 
 people with the mode of carrying on modern war, 
 that some of them flew to arms, with the delusive 
 expectation of settling the whole dispute, by a few 
 decisive and iinmediale engagements. Kxperience 
 soon taught llieni, that to risk life in open fighting 
 was but a part of a .soldier's duly. .Several of the 
 inferior ollicers retired; the men frequently refused 
 lo eiihst, unless they were allowed to clioo- • llieir 
 ollicers. Others would nol engage unle. .. they 
 were indulged with furloughs. Fifty would apply 
 together for leave of absence; indulgence threaten- 
 ed less ruinous consequences than a refusal woiibl 
 probably have produced. On the whole, enlisl- 
 incnts went on slowly. Though the recruits foi 
 the new army had not arrived ; yet, the Connec 
 ticiil lroo|)s, w hose lime expired on the first of Do. 
 ceinbei cuiild not be peisiiaded to continue in ser 
 vice. On their way home, several of them wert 
 stopped by the country people, and compelled to 
 return. When every thing seemed to be exposed, 
 by the departure of so great a part of the late 
 army, the militia were called on for a temporaiy 
 aid. Anew dilliciilly obstructed, as well the ric- 
 cruiting of Ihe army, as the coming in of the mill 
 lia. Sundry persons, infected with the small-pox, 
 were sent out of Boston and landed at I'oiiit Shir- 
 ley. Such was the dread of that disease, that llie 
 lliilish army scarcely excited eipial lerror. So 
 III my (liliicullies lelarded the recruiting service, 
 t'lat on the last d;iy of the year, 177.'), the whole 
 .Vmerican army aiiioiinled t'o no more ihaii >)().'i() 
 men, <.)f the remarkable events, with which the 
 subsequent important year was replei", it was not 
 Ihe least, that, within inuskel shot of wenly liri- 
 tisli regiments, one army was disbanded ami ano- 
 ther enlisted. 
 
 .\ll this lime the Hritish troops at Hoslon were 
 siiHering ilic iiicoiuenience ofa blockade. From 
 the I'.lih of .April, they were cut olf from those 
 refreshmenis which iheirsilnation reipiired. Their 
 supplies from Itrilain did not reach the coast, for 
 a long time after Ihey were expected. Several wero 
 lakeii by the .American cruisers, and others were 
 lost at sea. This was in particular the fate ol 
 many of their coal ships. 'I'he want of fuel was 
 particularly fell, in a climate where Ihe winter Is 
 both severe and tedious. They relieved them- 
 selves, in part, from their sulferings on this ac- 
 count, by the timber of houses, which they piilleil 
 down and bnriil. Vessels were despatched to the 
 West Indies lo procure provisions : but the islands 
 were so striiicned, that they could alloid lilile as- 
 sisiance. .Armed ships and transports were order- 
 ed totieorgia, with an iiilent to procure rice ; bin 
 the people of that province, with Ihe aid ofa party 
 fioiii South Carolina, so piVectually op| isedllicni, 
 that of eleven vessels, only (wo got olVsafc witb 
 
■ 
 
 so-J 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 ii I 
 
 their cai goeR. It was not till the slock of the gar- 
 nsun WHS nearly exhniisied, that the iriiiis|)urts 
 Iroin Kiighind intered the port ul' Boston, and re- 
 lieved the distiessesof the iiarrison. 
 
 While the Iruops within the lines were appre- 
 hensive ol'suDeiing from waul of provisions, the 
 troops without were equally uneasy lor want of 
 einpioynient. Used to labour and motion on their 
 farms, ihey could not brook the inactivity and con- 
 finement of n camp life. F'iery spirits declaimed 
 in favour of an assault. 'J'hey preferred a bold 
 spirit of enterprise, to that passive fortitude, 
 which hears up under present evils, while it waits 
 fur fivourable junctures. To be in readiness for 
 nn allempi of this kind, a council of war recom- 
 mended to call in 7^8U mililin men, from New 
 Hampshire or Connecticut. This number, added 
 to the regular army before Koslon, would have 
 made an operaliniimrce of about 17,0U0racn. 
 
 The provincials laboured under great inconve- 
 niences from the want of arms and anununition.^ 
 Very early in the contest, the king of (ireat I5ri- 
 lain, by proclamation, forbade the exportation of 
 warlike stores to the colonies, (ireat exeriinns 
 had been made to manufacture saltpetre and gun- 
 powder : Imt liie supply was slow and inadequate. 
 A secret committee of Congress had been appoint- 
 ed, with ample power to lay in a stock of this ne- 
 cessary article. Some swift sailing vessels had 
 been despatched to the coast of Africa, topurcliase 
 what conlil be procured in that distant region. A 
 |)arly from Charleston forcibly took about 17,0IIU 
 lbs. of powder, from a vessel near the bar of .St. 
 Augustine. Some time after, (Commodore Hop- 
 kins stri|)|)ed Providence, one of the Itahama is- 
 lands, of a quantity of aitillery and stores; but 
 the whole, procured from all these quarters, was 
 far short of a suflicicncy. In order to supply the 
 new ainiy before Koston, with the necessary means 
 of iSsf^nce, an application was made to Massachu- 
 setts for aims: but, on examination, it was found 
 that their public stores alTurded only 200. Orders 
 were issued to purchase firelocks from private per- 
 sons: but lew had any to sell, and fewer would 
 part with them. In the month of Febrr.ary, there 
 were 2000 of the American infantry, who were 
 destitute of arms. Powder was equally scarce, 
 and yet daily applications were made for dividends 
 of Ihesmall <|uanliiy which was .>ii hand, fur the 
 defence of various parts threatened with invasion. 
 The eastern colonies presented an unusual sight. 
 A powerful enemy safely entrenched in their first 
 city, while a fleet was ready to Irnnspoit tlieni to 
 any part of the coast. A numerous liody of hus- 
 bandmen was resolutely bent on opposition ; but 
 without the necessary arms and ammunition for 
 self-defence. The eyesof all were fixed on (iene- 
 ral Washington ; and it was unreasonably expect- 
 ed, that he would, by a bold exertion, free the 
 town of Uoslon from the British troops. The 
 dangerous situation of public allairs led him to 
 conceal the real scarcity of arms and amnumilion ; 
 and, with that magnanimiiy which is characleiis- 
 tic of great minds, to sufl'er his character to be 
 assailed, rather than vindicate himself, by expo- 
 sing his many wants. There were not wanting 
 persons, who, judging from the superior nuniliers 
 of men in the American army, boldly asserted, 
 that, if the commander in chief were not desirous 
 of prolonging his importance at the head of an 
 aimy, he might, by a vigorous exertion, gain pos- 
 session of Boston. Such suggestions weie report- 
 ed and believed by several, while they were un- 
 contradicted by the general, who chose to risk his 
 fame, lalher than expose his army and his country. 
 
 Agreeably to the request of the council of 
 war, about 7000 of the militia had rendezvoused 
 in February, (ieneral Washington stated to his 
 oHicers, that the troops in camp, together with 
 the reinforcements which had been called for, 
 iind were daily coining in, would amount nearl" 
 to 17,000 men; that he had not powder 8uKi« i -it 
 for a bombardment ; and asked their ; -e. 
 wiiether, as reinforcements might be daily ex- 
 pected to the enemy, it would not be prudent 
 betore that event took place, to make au assault 
 
 on the British lines. The proposition was nega- 
 tived : but it was recommended to take possession 
 of Dorchester heights. To com'eal this design, 
 and to divert the attention of the garrison, a bom- 
 bardment of the town from other directions com- 
 menced, and was carried on for three days, with 
 as nmch briskness as a deficient slock of powder 
 would admit. In this first essay, three of ihe 
 mortars were broken, either from a defect in Ihelr 
 construction, or, more probably, from ignorance 
 of the proper mode of using them. 
 
 The night of the '1th of iMarch was fixed upon 
 for taking possession of Dorchester heights. A 
 covering paily of about SUO men led the way. 
 These were Ibllowed by the carts, with the in- 
 trenching tools, 1200 of a working parly, com- 
 manded by (ieneral Thomas. In the rear, there 
 were more than two hundred carts, loaded with 
 fascines, and hay in bundles. While the cannon 
 were playiiig in other pins, the greatest silence 
 was kept by this working party. The active zeal- 
 of the industrious provincials completed lines of 
 defence, by moriiing, which astonished the garri- 
 son. The diU'eieiice between Dorchester heights 
 on the evening of the lilt, and the iiiorning of the 
 ijth, seemed to realize the tales of romance. The 
 adiuiral inlormed (ieneral Howe, that if the Ame- 
 ricans kept possession of these heights, he would 
 not be able to keep one of his niiijesty's ships in 
 the harbour. It was tlieieloie determined in a 
 council of war, to attempt to dislodge them. An 
 engagement was hourly expected. It was intend- 
 ed by (ieneral Wasliiogtoii, in that case, to force 
 his way into Boston witli JOOO men, who were to 
 have einbaikcd at the mouth of Cambridge river. 
 The militia had come l'orv.ard with great alertness 
 each bringing three days' provision, in expecta- 
 tion of an imniediute assault. The lueii were in 
 high spiiits, and impatiently wailing fui the appeal. 
 
 They were reminded, that it was the ;Jih of 
 March, and were called upon to avenge the death 
 of their counlrymcn killed on that day. The many 
 eminences in and near Boston, which oveiliioked 
 the ground on which it wasexpecled mat the con- 
 tending parlies would engage, were crowded with 
 numerous spectators ; but (ieneral Howe did not 
 intend to attack until the next day. In the night, 
 a most violent .stoim, and, towards morning, a 
 heavy flood of rain, came on. A carnage was 
 thus providentially prcveiileil, that would probably j 
 have equalled, if not exceeded, the fatal 17lli of ' 
 June at Bunker's Hill. In this siiiialion, ii was | 
 agreed by the British, in council of war, to evacu- 
 ate the town as soiiii as possible. 
 
 In a few days al'ier, a flag came out of Boston, 
 with a paper signcil by four selectmen, iiil'oriniiig, 
 " thai liiey hail applied to (ieneral Koberlson, who, 
 on anapplicalion to (ieiieial Howe, was authoris- 
 ed to assure them, lliiit he had no intention of 
 burning the town, unless the troops under his 
 ciiiiiinauil were inolesled, during their embaira- 
 lion, or al their (leparliire, by the armeil foire with- 
 out." When this paper was presented to (ieneral 
 Wasliingloii, he replied, '• that as it was an iiiiau- 
 tlienticaled paper, and without an address, anil not 
 obligatory on (ieneral Howe, he could lake no no- 
 tice of it ;" bill at the same lime intimated his good 
 wishes forllie security ol the town. 
 
 A proclamaiion was issued by (ieneral Howe, 
 ordering all woollen and linen goods to be deliver- 
 ed to (.'lean Brush, Ksq. .'^hopswere opened and 
 stripped of their goods. .\ licentious plundering 
 took place. Aluch was carried oil', and un'rc v.ii:; 
 wantonly destroyed. These iriegularilies were 
 forbidden in orders, and the guilly thieatened with 
 death; but, nevertheless, greatmischief was com- 
 mitted. 
 
 The British, amounting lo more than 7000 men 
 evacuated Boston, March 17th, 177() ; leaving 
 their barracks staniling; a number of pieces of 
 cannon spiked ; four larije iron sea mortars ; anil 
 stores to the value of liO.OOO/. They demolished 
 the castle, and knocked off the triinions of the 
 cannon. Various incidenls caused a delay of nine 
 days alter the evacuation, before they left Nan- 
 taskel road. 
 
 This embarcalion was attended with many cir 
 ciimstances of distress and embarrassment. On 
 Ihe departure of the royal army from Boston, a 
 great number of the inhabitants, attached lo their 
 suvereign, and afraid of public resentment, chose 
 lo abandon their country. I< roin the great iimlti- 
 lude about to depart, there was no possibility of 
 procuring purchasers for their furniture ; neither 
 was there a suflicicncy of vessels for its conve- 
 nient transportation. Mutual jealousy subsisted 
 between Ihe army and navy : each cliaiging llio 
 other as the cause of their eoinmon di.s..ess. The 
 army was full of disconient. Reinforcements, 
 though long promised, had not arrived. Bol li oDicers 
 and soldiers, thought themselves negleclrd. Five 
 months had elapsed since ihey had recv ived any 
 advice of their destination. Wants and inconve- 
 niences increased their ill linmonr. Their intend- 
 ed voyage to Halifax subjected theni to great dan- 
 gers. The coast at all limes hazardous, was 
 imminenlly so at that tempesiuoiise(|iiiiioctial sea- 
 son. They had reason to fear, that ihey would 
 be blown off to the West Indies, and without a 
 sulhcient stock of provisions. They were also 
 going to a barren coiinlry. To add to their dilfi- 
 eiillies, ihis dangerous voyage, when completed, 
 was directly so much out of their way. Their 
 business lay to thesoiilhwaril; and they were going 
 northward. Under all these dilliciillies, and will) 
 all these gloomy propect, the fleet steered for 
 Halifax. Contrary to appearances, ihe voyage 
 thither was both slioit and prosperous. They re- 
 mained there si ,iie lime, wailiiu; lor rcinloicC' 
 inenis and instructions from Fiiglanil. 
 
 When the royal fleet and army departed from 
 Boston, several ships were left liehind, fin ihe 
 protection of vessels coming fioiii Knglaiid ; but 
 the American privateers were so alert, that ihey 
 nevertheless made many prizes. Some of ihe 
 vessels whichthey captured, were laden wiili arms 
 and warlike stores. .Siime transports, wiili troops 
 on board, were also taken. Tlie«e had inn into 
 the harbour, not knowing that the place was evacu- 
 ated. The boats employed in Ihe embarkation of 
 the British troops, hail scarce completed their bu 
 siiiess, when (ieneral Washinulon, with his army, 
 inarched into Boston, He was received wiili 
 inaiks of approbation more llatteiing than the 
 pomps of a triumph. The iiihabiianls. released 
 from the severities of a garrison life, and from tlio 
 various indignities to which they were subjected, 
 hailed him as their deliverer. The evacuation of 
 Boston had been previously deiermined upon, by 
 the British ininisiiy, from prim iples of political 
 expediency. Being resolved tocairy mi the war, 
 for purposes alVecling all the coloniirs, ttiey con- 
 ceived a ceiiliat posiiioii to be pict'erabli! lo Bos- 
 ton. Policy of this kind had iiiiluced the adoption 
 of the measure; but the American works on Kox- 
 bury expedited its execution 
 
 ClIAPTKR .\ll. 
 
 Tlie I'rnppcdinps of Pnrliiirneiit, niriiinst ihr, ('oloiiies 
 1775-1); (>|>eniliuiis ill fiuiilh (Jaroliini, Ni^w I'ork, niid 
 New Jcr(»ty. 
 
 TiiK operations, carried nn aeainst the united 
 colonies, in the year I77."), were adapted lo cases 
 of criminal combination, among subjects not in 
 arms. The military arrangements for that year, 
 were therefore made on the idea of a trilling addi- 
 tion lo a peace eslablishmenl. It was either not 
 known, that a majority of the .\ineiicans had de- 
 teimined to resist the power of (ireat Britain, 
 rather than submit to the coercive laws, or it was 
 not believed that they had spirit suDicient to act 
 in conformity lotliat determination. 'I'he propen- 
 sity in human nature, lo believe thai to he true, 
 which is wished to be so. had deceived ihe royal 
 servants in Ameiica, and Ihe British ministry in 
 Kngland, so for as to induce their general belief, 
 that a determined spirit on the part of guvein- 
 menl, and a few thousand troops lo support tlvit 
 dotermination, would easily compose the troubles 
 
NORTH AMERICA 
 
 897 
 
 rided willi niiiny cir 
 PiiibiirnissMieiii. On 
 mi)' lidin Huston, a 
 iilii, Hituclied 1(1 theic 
 ie reseiilineiii, eliiise 
 roiii ilic gioiii imilii- 
 vi\» iiu |>u9Hibilily of 
 r I'lirtiiUirc ; nciiher 
 I'ssels iiir its oorive- 
 1 JL'iildiisy xiilisiHied 
 : eauli clniminn t|,o 
 iniiiiin (li.s,.t-.sM. 'I'lie 
 I. Rfiiilorct'riu'iits, 
 •irivcd. HiMliollicfr!) 
 Insiii'ijleuied. Kjve 
 •y W.ui rei\ived iiny 
 W;iiilH iiiid iiitonve- 
 icinr. 'J'lieiiiiiti'iid- 
 dthciii to grciii iliiii- 
 11"* hii/.;ii(loiis, was 
 MiiiMP(|nin(iriiiil sen- 
 !ir, lli!it ilipy noiild 
 dies, and wiilioiil a 
 I. Tliry were iiUo 
 I'o iiild to their dilFi- 
 ". when foin|)leled, 
 their way. 'I'heir 
 and ihey weregoinL' 
 hlliiiihies, and wiili 
 le lleet steered (oi 
 ranees, the voyaije 
 is|ieroiis. 'I'hey rc- 
 iiini; lor icinloice 
 In^land. 
 
 riny (h-parted from 
 left hehiiid, lot the 
 loni Kiijilanil ; biK 
 ' so alert, that ihey 
 /.es. .Some of the 
 ere laih>ii with arms 
 is|)orts, with lroo|is 
 i'hese had inn Into 
 he plaee wasevaeii- 
 Ihe embarkation of 
 ;oin|deted their bii 
 Ion. with his arniv, 
 ■iis received wiih 
 iilteiing tlian thu 
 habitanis, releaseii 
 
 I hie, and iVoni the 
 ey were sniijeeled, 
 'I'lieevaeualioii of 
 lermined upon, by 
 
 II i|iles of iioliliial 
 ) eairy on the w.ir, 
 :olonies, they eoii- 
 |iielerabli! to lios- 
 Inced the adii|iiion 
 can works on Rox- 
 
 ;nitisl ilie l'iibuiii<ii 
 )liim, New fork, niiij 
 
 mainst the united 
 idapled to canes 
 X siibjeels not in 
 nis for that year, 
 I of a trilliiii; a(hh- 
 It was either nut 
 inericaiis liad de- 
 of (Jreat Itrilain. 
 vc laws, or it wm 
 t snflirient lo acl 
 on. 'I'he prnpen- 
 e that to bo true, 
 eceived the royal 
 Iritish ministry In 
 ir uenerai belief, 
 pan of uuvein- 
 s to support llvil 
 ijiuso llio Iroiiblca 
 
 in Americ.i. Their military operations, in the 
 ^oar 177;'), were iherefoie calculated on the small 
 kcale of. slren<;theiiiii^tlie civil powei.and not on the 
 laii^e one of leslsting an uri;ani/.eil army. Though 
 it hid been declared by parliament In February, 
 177<'i, that a rebellion existed in iMassachusetls, 
 yclitwai'nnt believed that the colonists would 
 dare to abet their opposition by an armed force. 
 
 The resistance made by the militia at Lexing- 
 tun,tlic consequent military arrangements adopted, 
 liriit by Massachusetts, and afterwards by Oungress, 
 together with the defence of Hunker's hill, all con- 
 spired to prove (hat the Americans were far from 
 being cnniemptible adversaries. The nation, linil- 
 liig itself, by a fatal progression of the unhappy 
 dispute. Involved in u civil war, was roused to re- 
 collecliiin. 'J'lioiigh several corporate bodies, and 
 snniliy distinguished individuals in (ireat iirilain 
 were opposed lo coercive measures, yet there was 
 a majority for proceeding, 'i'he pride of the n.'ition 
 was iiileic-.ie(l in liiimbhng the colonists, who had 
 dared lo risist the power which had lately triiimpli- 
 ed over I he comltiiied force of France and Spain. 
 The prospect of IVeeing their own estates from a 
 pari ol Ihe heavy taxes char^ed therec:n, induced 
 niimlieis of the landed gentlemen in (treat Itritain 
 to support the same measures. They conceived 
 the coercion ol'the colonies to be the most direct 
 mode of securing their contiiliution towards sink- 
 ing the national debt, liilluenced by these opl- 
 iiiiins, Ihey not only justified the adoption of rigor- 
 ous measures, but cheerfully consented to present 
 ailililional t.ixes, with the same spirit which indu- 
 ces llii:;ants in private life, to advance money for 
 forwardimi a lawsuit, from the termiiialion ofwiiicli 
 great prolits are expec led. 
 
 Lord .North, llie prime minister of Knglaiid. (inil- 
 iiig hiinself supported by so iininy powerful iiite- 
 resls, was encouraged to proceed, lie had already 
 buiidned a powerful party in the city of Loudon, 
 anil trinmpheil over the Kast India company. The 
 Riiliinissioii of the colonies was only wanting to 
 conijileie ilie glory of his administration. Previ- 
 ous success emlKildeiied him to attempt the ardu- 
 ous business. He llattered himself, that the ac- 
 complislimenl of it woulil not only restore peace to 
 the empire, bill give a btilllancy to his name, far 
 exceeding that ofanvofhis predecessors. 
 
 l^ncli was the temper of a great part i<( the na- 
 tion, and such the aiiiiiitioiis views of its prime iiiin- 
 isler ; ivlieii the parliament was convened, on the 
 "illliof October, 177-">. in the speech from the 
 ilirone. great complaints were made of the leaders 
 in tlierolonies, who were said, by their misrepre- 
 iientalions, to have infused into the minds of the 
 dr hided miiltil tide, opinioas repugnant to their con- 
 slitiilional subordination; ami afterwards to have 
 proceeded to the coniiiiencenientofhostilities. anil 
 the usurpation of the whole powers of government, 
 ills majesty ilso charged his subjects in America, 
 with " meaning only to amuse, by vague expres- 
 sions of attaelimenl to the parent state, while ihey 
 were preparing for a general revolt." And he 
 farther asserted, •' that the rebellious war now 
 levieil by them was become more general, and 
 manifestly carried on for the puipose of establish- 
 ing an mdepenilent empire ; and that it had be- 
 come the part of wisdom, and, in its ell'ects, of 
 clemency, to put a speedy end to these disoiders, 
 by the most decisiviM'xerlions." 
 
 Informalion was also given, tliat " the most 
 friendly oilers of foreign assistance had been re- 
 ceived ; and that his majesty's electoral troops 
 were sent to the garrison of (iibraltar, and I'ort 
 Malum, in order that a large number of the estab- 
 lished I'erces of the kingdom might be applied to 
 themaintenaiicp of its aulhority." The severity 
 of these assertions was mitigaicd by the declaration, 
 " that when the imliappy and deluded multitude, 
 dgainsl whom this force should bcdiiecled, would 
 become sensible ofthcir error. Ills majesty would 
 be ready to receive the misled with tenderness and 
 mercy ;" and " that to prevent inconveniences, he 
 Blionid give authority to certain persons on the 
 «|iot, to grant general or patticulur pardons and 
 indemnities to such an sliuuld be'iisposcd turtiturn 
 
 to their allegiaoce." The sentiments expressed obliged to serve as » citi/.en; and that compelling 
 
 in this speech, and the heavy charges therein laid ' 
 against the colonista, were re-echoed in addresses 
 to the king from both houses of parliament, but not 
 without a spirited protest in the house of lords. 
 In this, nineteen dissenting members asserted the 
 American war to be " unjust and impolitic in its 
 principles, and fatal in its consei|uences." They 
 also declared, that they coiilil not consent to an 
 address, "which might deceive his majesty and 
 the public into a belief of the conlidence of their 
 house in the present lllinl^.lers, who had disgraced 
 parliament; deceived the nation; lost the colo- 
 nies; and involved them in a civil war against 
 their clearest interests, and, upon the most un- 
 jiistill.ible grounds, wanlonly spilling the blood 
 of tlioiisanils of their fellow subjects." 
 
 The sanction of parliament being obtained forn 
 vigorous prosecution of the Ameiicaii war, esti- 
 mates for ihe public service wereagreeil to, on the 
 idea of operating ag.iinst the colonies, as an hos- 
 tile armid foreign power. To this end, it was 
 voted to employ :iS,()0() seamen, and .'>.J,UUU land 
 forces ; and anthoriiy ivas given lo engage for- 
 eign meiceiiaiies. No ininisirv had, in any pre- 
 ceding war, exerted themselves iiiore to proseiute 
 miliiaiy opeiations against alien enemies, than the 
 present, lo make the ensuing eai.'paign decisive of 
 the dispute, between the inotlier country and the 
 colonies. One legislative act was still wanting, 
 to give full eliicacy to the intended prosecution of 
 hostilities. This was brought into parliament, in 
 a bill interdicting all trade and intercourse with 
 the thirteen united colonies, .Nov. 20lh, 177.J. 15y 
 it, all property of Americans, whether of ships or 
 goods on the high seas, or in harbour, was de- 
 clared " to be forfeited to the captors, being the 
 oliicers and crews ol his iii.ijesty's ships of war." 
 it farther enacted, " that the ii'iasters, crews and 
 other persons found on board captured .\nierican 
 vessels, should be entered on board his iii:ijesly's 
 vessels of war, and there considered to be in ids 
 majesty's service, lo all intents and puiposes. as 
 if lliey had entered of their own accord." This 
 bill also authorised the crown to appoint commis- 
 sioners, who, over and above granting pardons to 
 individuals, were empowered to " Inipiiie into 
 general and particular grievances, and to deter- 
 mine whether any col'-';.'y, or part of a colony, had 
 returned to that stale of obedience, which might 
 entitle it lo be received within the king's peace and 
 protection." in that case, upon a declaration from 
 the commissioneis, "ihe reslrictions of the pro- 
 posed law were to cease." 
 
 it was said in laviiiir of this bill, "that as the 
 Americans were already in a slate of war, it became 
 necessary th.it hosiiliiies should be carried on 
 against them, as was usual aijainst alien enemies ; 
 that the more visjoroiisly and extensively military 
 operations were prosecuted, tliesoonerwotild peace 
 and order be restoied ; that as the commissioners 
 went out willi the sword in one hand, and lernisof 
 coiicilialion in the other, it was in the power of 
 the colonists lo prevent the inlliction of any real 
 or apparent severities, in the proposed si onte." 
 
 In opposition, it was salil, ■■ that liealiiig tlie 
 .Americans as a foreign nation, was chidking out 
 the way for their independence." One meniber 
 observed, that as the liidisiriiuinale rapine of pio- 
 petly amliorised by the bill, would oblige the colo- 
 nists to coalesce as one man, its title ought to be : 
 •' \ bill for carrying nioie eirei-Uially into execu- 
 tion the resolves of Congress." The clause, for 
 vesting the property of the seizures in the captors, 
 was reprobated as tending to extinguish m the 
 breasts of seamen the principles of patriolism ; of 
 national pride and glory; and tosiibsiliute in their 
 room, habits of cruelty, of piracy and robbery, 
 iiut of all parts of this bill, none was so severely 
 condemneil as that clause, by which persons, 
 taken on board the American vessels, were indis- 
 criminately ciimpelled to serve as common sailors 
 in Kritish ships of war. This was said lo be 
 relincment of tyranny worse than death." It was 
 also said, '■ that no man could be despoiled of his 
 goods as a foreign enemy, r.nd at the same time 
 
 captives to bear arms, against their families, kin- 
 dred, friends and country, and, after being plunder- 
 ed thciiiselvcs, to become accomplices in plunder- 
 ing their brethren, was unexampled, except anionic 
 pirates, the outlawsandenemiesof human society. 
 To all these high charges the ministry replied, 
 " that the measure was an act of grace and favour ; 
 for," said they, "the crews of Aineiican vessels, 
 instead of being put to death, the legal punishment 
 of their demerits, us traitors and rebels, are by this 
 law to be rated on the king's books, and treated as 
 if they were on the same footing with a great body 
 of his most useful and faithful subjects." it was 
 also said, " that their pay and eiiiolunients, in the 
 service of their lawful sovereign, would be a com- 
 pensation for all scruples that might arise frr.n the 
 supposed violation of their principles." 
 
 In the progress of the debates on this bill, 
 lord Manslield declared, " that the ipiestions of 
 original right and wrong were no longer to be 
 considered ; that they were engaged in a war, and 
 must use their utmost elVorts to obtain Ihe ends 
 prupose'l by il ; that they must either fight or be 
 pnrsiieo , ard that tlip justice of ibc cause must 
 give way f ii.-. nrcsent situation." Perhaiia no 
 speech, ir o.- jutoi';<arliainent, operated more ex- 
 tensively on the irritate:' minds of the colonists 
 than this one. 
 
 The great abilities and profound legal know- 
 ledge of lord Mansfield, were both known and ad- 
 mired in America. That this illustrious oracle 
 of law should declare from th'- .sc.ii of legisla- 
 tion, " that the justice of Ihe cause was no lon- 
 ger to be regarded," excited the astonishment, 
 and cemented the union of the colonists. A 
 number of lords, as usual, entered a spirited pro- 
 test against the bill ; but it was carrieil by a great 
 majority in both houses of pailiament, and, Dec. 
 '■il, 177;"), received the royal assent. 
 
 This law arrived in the colonies in March, 177G. 
 The ell'ects resulting from it were such as had 
 been predicted by its opposers. It not only uni- 
 ted the colonies in resisting tireat IJritain, bill 
 produced a favourable opinion of independence in 
 the minds of thousands, who previously reproba- 
 ted that measure. It was considered from New 
 Hampshire to (irorgia, as a legal discharge from 
 allegiance to their native sovereign. What was 
 wanting to produce a decided majority of the par 
 ty for breaking olf all connexion with (Jreat liri 
 tain, was speedily obtained from the irritation ex- 
 cited, by the hiring of foreign troops lo light against 
 the colonists. This measure was nearly coincident 
 with the ratification of the prohibitory law just 
 mentioned ; and intelligence of both arrived in the 
 colonies about the same time. 
 
 The treaties, which had been lately concluded 
 with the landgrave of llessc Cassel, the duke of 
 ISrnnswick, and the hereditary prince of tlcsso 
 Cassel, for hiring their troops lo the king of (Jrojt 
 llritain, to be employed in the .American service, 
 being laid before the house of commons, a motion 
 was made thereon for referring them to the com- 
 iiiiti' ;■ of supply. This occasioned a very inte 
 resting debate, on tlic propriety of employing fo 
 reign no ;is against the .Vuieiicans. The mea- 
 sure was supported on Ihe necessity of proseeii- 
 ting the war, and the impraclicabiiily of raising a 
 sullicient numlier of domestic levies. It was also 
 urged, "that foreign troops, inspired with Ihe 
 military maxims, and ideas of implicit submission, 
 would be less apt lo be biased by that false lenity, 
 which native soldiers might indulge, at theexpensc 
 of national interest." Il was asked : " are we to 
 sit still and snller an unprovoked rebellion to ter 
 luinale in the formation of an independent hostile 
 empire 1" " Are we lo sull'er our colonies, the 
 object ol great national expense, and of two bloodv 
 wars. Id be lost for ever lo us; and given away to 
 strangers, from a scruple of employing foreign 
 troops lo preserve our just rights over eoloniei) 
 lor which we have paid so dear a purchase 1 As 
 the Aiiiei leans, by refusing the obedience and tax- 
 es of subjects, deny themselves lo bea part of the 
 i3ritish eiii[iiie, and make themselves foieigners. 
 
I 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 ! 
 
 \ 
 
 k 
 
 S08 
 
 Ihey cannot co:ii|« am tlmt foreigners wtis employed 
 against them." 
 
 On tlie other side, the measure w.is seveiely 
 condemned. The neeessliy ciCthc war ivas deni- 
 ed, and the nation was represented as (hsi>rai'eil 
 by anplyin;; to llie petty prinees oC (ierm any, lor 
 sni'coiir aijainst her own rehi'lhons sniijeils. Tlie 
 teinleney of the exatnple, to indnee the Aiin'ricans 
 to I'orin alliatiees with lorei};n powers, was strong 
 ly urged. It was naid, " hitherto the eolonists 
 Iiave ventured to cominil themselves singly in 
 this ardnoiis contest, without having reeonrse to 
 foreign aid ; but it is not to be doubled, that in 
 fnturc they will think tlicmselves fully jintified, 
 Loth by our example, and the laws ol selfpre- 
 scrvatinn, to engage foreigners to assist them in 
 opposing tliose inereemiries, whom we are about 
 to transport for their destruction. Nor is it doubt- 
 ful, thai in case of their application, Kuropean 
 powers ofa rank farsuperior to that of those petty 
 princes to »liom we have so abjectly sued for aid, 
 will consider l!ieinselves to be eipiully entitled to 
 interfere in the quarrel between us and our culo- 
 tiies." 
 
 The supposition of the Americans, receiving aid 
 from France or Spain, was, on this and seveial 
 other occasions, ridiculed, on the idea that these 
 powers would not dare to set to their own colonies 
 the dangerous example of encnnraning those of 
 (iteat ISrilaiii, in opposing tlieir soveicign. It was 
 alsosuppiised, that they would be ini1n>'nced by 
 consideralionsof fntnie danuer to their Ann'riran 
 possensions. In he esiablislinient of an iinlepen- 
 denl empire in their vicinity. 
 
 In this session of parliament, between llie SOth 
 ofOctober, 177'), and the '2:id of May I77(!, the 
 ultimate plan for reducing the colonies was com- 
 pleiely fixeil. The .\niericans were declared out 
 of the royal prole( lion ; and 10,001) foreign mer- 
 cenaries employed by national auiliority, to ell'ect 
 their snbjnsation. These measures induced (.'oii- 
 press, in the lollowing summer, to declare them- 
 selves iiidepeinlent. and to seek lor foieis;!! aid : 
 events which shall be licreal'ier tiioie I'lilly ex- 
 pl.iine<l. 
 
 I'arliainentary sanction, for carrying on the war 
 agiinst the c(diinists, as against alien enemies, 
 being obtained, it became necessary to fix on a 
 commander of the royal forces to be employeil on 
 this occasion. This, as a matter olriulil, <v;is, in 
 .he (irst instance, ollered to (ieneral t)glel!ioipe, 
 the founder oft ieorijia ; as being the first on the 
 list of general oHicers To the surprise of the 
 niinisler, that respeclalile veteran readily accept- 
 ed the command, on condition of his beiim proper- 
 ly supported. A mimeroiis, well-appoinleil army, 
 nnd a powerful Heel were promised him ; to which 
 lie replied: *' I will nndertake the business with- 
 out a man, or a ship (d' war, priiviiled you will au- 
 thorise ine to assure the colonists on my arrival 
 aiiiongthem, that yon will do liieiii justice." lie 
 added farther: "I know the people of America 
 well, and am satisfied, that his majesty has not in 
 any part of hi»di.ii;:;noiis. more obedient, or more 
 loyal subjects. Von may secure their obedience 
 by doing them justice : but you will never subdue 
 them by force of arms."* These opinions, so fa- 
 vourable 10 the .Xmeiicans, proved (Jeneral Ogle- 
 thorpe to be an improper person for the purpose 
 intended by the British ministry, lie was there- 
 fore passed over, nndthe conimand given to Sir 
 William Howe. 
 
 It was resolved loopen the campaign, with s icli 
 a powerful force, as "would look down all oppi si- 
 lion, and effectuate submission without bloodsheo," 
 and to direct its operations to the accomphshinent 
 of three objects. The first was the relief id' (Jcie - 
 bee, and the recovery of Canada: which also in- 
 cluded asubsmpient invasion of the north-western 
 frontiers of the adjacent provinces. The second 
 was, a Strom: impression on soiiie of the southern 
 colonies. The third and principal, was to take 
 possession of New Yory, witii a force snlficienlly 
 
 • Tl.i^ <uief Into WftS rMinoii.'Oi'iltiMl tu tlio inillior by 
 llt'iifv Liniruiis, Es(|. who reiM?ivL'U it from general 
 Oclctb'iritc. ; 
 
 THK HISTORY OF 
 
 iii*'ViMM«liaHll 
 
 Ipowerl'iil to keep possession of lliiilsim's river, 
 land form aline of cmiiiiiunication with the royal 
 ' army in Canada, or to ovcrniii tlieadj.iceol cniiiitiy. 
 The partial siicce.ss ol'lhe litsi p:trt of this pbiii, 
 has been, in the prcceilini: chapter, explained. 
 i'l'lio excciilioii ol'lhe uecdnd p.irt was coinmiileil 
 . to (iiMieral ( 'liiiton, and sir IN.'ter l*.irkrr. The 
 lornicr, with a small loii^e, liavlii!; calleil at New 
 York, and also visited in N'iiginia lord Diinmore, 
 the late royal governor of that colony, and lliiding 
 that nothing could be done at either place, pro- 
 ceeded to Cape Feai liver. At that place, he 
 issued a proclainalion ironi on board the Pallas 
 transport, olfering free pardon to all such as should 
 lay down their arms, excepting Cornelius Harnett, 
 and It '>ert Howe : but tlie recent defeat of the 
 regulauus and Iliglandeis, restrained even their 
 li lends Ironi paying any attention to this act of 
 grace. 
 
 At Cape Fear, a jiinctimi was fio'iued between 
 sir Henry Clinton and sir I'eier I'arker; the lat- 
 ter of whom had sailed with his sipiadron directly 
 I'rom Klirope. They cmicliiiled to altenipt the 
 reduction of ('harleslon, as being, of all places 
 uiihiii the line of their iiistiiictioiis, the olijects at 
 which they could stiike, with the greatest pros- 
 pect of advantage. Tliey hail 2,KI)() land forces, 
 which, they hoped, with the co-operation of their 
 shipping, would be fully siilficlent. 
 
 For some months past, every exertion hail been 
 made to put the colony of .South ('arolliia, and 
 especially its capital, (,'harlestini, in a respeiMalile 
 posture of ilefence. Ill subserviency to this view, 
 works had been creeled on .Sullivan's Island, which 
 li sitnateil so near the cli iiiiicl leading up to the 
 I town, as to be a i-onveniciit post for annoying ves- 
 jscls approaching il. 
 
 On the :iNili of .lime, 171.'), sir I'eter I'arker at- 
 
 I tacked the fort on that island wiili two llliy gun 
 
 ships, the Ilrisidl and Kxperinient ; four liigaies, 
 
 J the .Vctive, Alteon, .Solebay, and .Syren, each ol 
 
 i JS gnus; the Sphyiix of :iO gnus, the Friendship 
 
 armed vessel oi:i:i guns : Kaiiger sloop and riiiiii- 
 
 derbonili, each ol .S aiiiis. On the foit were 
 
 iiioiiiikmI 'Mi cannon, 2l>. IS and II jioiliiders, Tli(> 
 
 attack commeiiced lieiHeen ten and eleven in the 
 
 loreniioo, anil was conilniied liir iipH'ards often 
 
 I lioiM's. Till* uarrisoii, coiislsiiiig ol' If, '« 'egnlars 
 
 and a lew militia iiinler the coniniand of Colonel 
 
 ! .NIoiillrie, made a most gall. nil ilelencc. 'I'liey 
 
 j lireil dehbeialely ; for the most pnil took aim, and 
 
 1 seldom missed their oliject. The ships were torn 
 
 almost to pieces: and the killed and wounded on 
 
 j boaid exceeded 'Jllll men. The loss ol' the gar- 
 
 I risoii was only 'en men killed, and Ijri wounded. 
 
 I The toil, beiii<; oiiilt of palmelto, was little daiiia- 
 
 i geil. The shot hIiicIi struck it were iiielfectually 
 
 I burled in its suit wood. 
 
 I Ceneral Clin'oii, hail, some time before the eu- 
 'gagemenl, landed null a niimber of troopson Long 
 I Island: and it was expected that he would have 
 cooperated with Sir I'cler I'arker, by crossing 
 I over the narrow passage, which divides the two 
 'islands, and attacking the lorl in its iinliiiished 
 jieai ; but the extreme danger, to which he must 
 unavoidably have exposed his men, iiiilllced him 
 tu decline llie periliiils atlempl. 
 
 Colonel 'I'hompson, with 7 or SOO men, was 
 
 stationed at the east end of Sullivan's idand, tu 
 
 oppose their crossing. No serious attempt was 
 
 made to I iiid, either from the lleet, or lliedetai; 
 
 iiieni commanded by sir Henry t'liiiton. The lir- 
 
 iiii; ceased in the evening, and the ships slipped 
 
 tlieir cables. Ilel'ore miirnini;, they had retired 
 
 I about two miles from the island. Witliiii a lew 
 
 'days more, the troops re-embarked, and the whole 
 
 j sailed fur .New York. The thanks of Conaress 
 
 I were given to (ieiierid ijce, who hail been sent on 
 
 ; by ('ongressto take the coiimiand in Carolina ; and 
 
 also to Colonels .Moultrie and Thompson, for their 
 
 good conduct on this memorable day. In compli- 
 
 iiient to the cominanding olfieer, the fort was from 
 
 this lime called Fort Moultrie. 
 
 During this eni;ai;ement. the inhabitants stood 
 with arms in llieit hands, at iheli respective posts, 
 I prepared tu receive the enemy wherever they might 
 
 ijMiMiimm 
 
 land ; impressed with high iileas of Mritlsh progr- 
 ess anil bravery, they were apprehensive that the 
 I'oit wiiiild be eilhi'i silenced or passed, and lliat 
 they slionld becalird to imiiiidlale action. 'I'liry 
 weie cantoned in the various liiiidiiii; places tie: r 
 ('harleslon, and llieir lesohilion was fixed to niect 
 the invaders at the water's edae, and dispute eveiy 
 inch of lii'ound, tiiisting the event to heaven. 
 
 liy the repulse of this armament, the sontheril 
 states oblained a respite from the calamities of 
 war, for two years and a half The defeat tliR 
 ISritish met with at Charleston, seemed in hoiiio 
 measure to coiinterbalanee the unfavourable im- 
 pression, made by their subsequent Biiccesses, to 
 the northward. Throiighoiit tlie whole sninmer, 
 and till the close of the year. Congress had little 
 else llniii the victoty on .Sullivan's island, to con- 
 sole llieni under the various evacuations, retreats, 
 and defeats, to which, as shall hereafter be related, 
 their armies were obliged to siibmii, in every other 
 partofthe tiiiion. The event of the expedition con- 
 tributed greatly to establish the cause, which it was 
 intended to overset. In opposition to the bold asser- 
 tions of some, and the desponding fears of others, 
 experience proved that America iiiighl ellectiially 
 resist a Uritish lleet and army. Those who, from 
 interested motives, abetted toe royal iiovcrnmeiit, 
 ashamed of their opposition to the struugles of all 
 infant people for their dearest rights, letired into 
 obsciiiity. 
 
 'i'lie etfects of this victory, in animating tho 
 .\iiiericaiis, were much greater than coulil be war- 
 ranted by the circnmsiaiices of the action. A< it 
 was the first attack made bv the British navy, it.') 
 iinsiiccessfiil issue inspired a confidence, which a 
 more exact knowledge of military calciilatioiH 
 would have corrected. The circumstance cf 
 its happening in the early part of the war, and in 
 one of the weaker provinces, were happily in- 
 slrilineiital in dispelling the nlonm which over- 
 shadowed the minds of many of the colonists, on 
 hearing of llie powerful llceis and niinierons ar- 
 mies whi.'ii were coioini: against them. 
 
 The command of the force, which was desii'iieii 
 to operate ngaiiist .New York in this campaign, 
 was uiveii to admiral lord Howe, ami his brotliei 
 sir W'illiaiii, olliccrs who, ;is w'ell from their per- 
 sonal characters, as the known bravery of tlieii 
 family, stood high in the conndence of the Hritish 
 nation. To this service, was allotted a very pow- 
 erl'iil army, coiisistim; of about l>ll,OIIO men. This 
 t'orce was far superior to aiiv tliiiii: that America 
 had hitherto seen. The troops were amply pro- 
 vided with artillery, military stores, and warlike 
 materials of every kind ; and were supported by a 
 mimeroiis lleet. The admiral and eeneral. in :kI- 
 dltioii to their miliiary powers, were appointeil 
 coumiissioiiers for restoring peace to the colonies. 
 
 (ieneral Howe, haviiii! in vain waited two 
 months at Halifax, for his brother, and the expect- 
 ed reiiil'orceineiits from F.nuland, impatient of fir- 
 tlier delays, sailed lioiii that harbour, with the 
 liirce which he had previously conimaiided in lios- 
 toii, and directing his course towards New ^'ork, 
 arrived in the latter end of.liine, off .Sandy Hook. 
 Admiral lord Howe, with pait of the reliil'orce- 
 iiieiit liiitu Knglaiid, arrived at Halilax, soon allei 
 his brother's depaitiire. Without dropping anchor, 
 he followed and joined him near .Stiiien Islanil. 
 The Hritish general, on his approach, found every 
 part of .New York island, and the most exposed 
 parts of Long Island, birtified and well defended 
 by artillery. About fifty Hritish transports an- 
 chored near .Slateii Island, which had not been so 
 iniich the object of attention. The liihaliitaiits 
 thereof, either from fear, policy, or alfectioii, ex- 
 pressed great joy on the arrival ol the royal linces. 
 (ieneral Howe were there met liy 'I'ryoii, late gov- 
 ernor of the province, and liy .leveral of the loy- 
 alists, who had taken refttiie with him, in an armed 
 vessel. He was also joined by about sixty per- 
 sons from New .lersey ; and 200 of the inhabitanis 
 of Staten Island were embodied, as a royal inihtia. 
 From these appearances, meat hopes were Inilnlg- 
 pil that as soon as the army was in a condition (n 
 pcnelrale into the coiiiilry, and protect the loyal 
 
 ,■,.,. >..., ..^-i-:vB.-..icaaia 
 
NORTH AM K RICA 
 
 800 
 
 >(!;« (if DritHli prow- 
 |i|]rclicrivivc i|i;ii the 
 I (ir |i;is>,eil, miiiI iIi^iI 
 
 IiIlHC iu'lJDIl. 'I'llfV 
 
 s hi rilling |il;ircs iici'r 
 iciri »;is (iscil lo mut 
 
 \ili', illlll lliN|llll(' CVI'IV 
 
 ••vi'iii lo lip;ivcM. 
 ii.'iiiiiMil, ihft .Hiiiilliurii 
 
 III llii- riihiiiilliii.'j (if 
 ill'. The (leliMt iliR 
 
 (III, SCIMMImI ill 801110 
 
 ID iinnivouruble iiii- 
 «"i|iiciil siirreHsen, |i> 
 t llii- wliole .siiiiiiiipr, 
 Coii-ircsH JMlj lillll! 
 iviin'.i ishiiiil, 10 r.iiii- 
 I'VMniiiiiioiis, relr«iit>i, 
 
 licri-Mlicr b(! iclalod, 
 iiiliiiiii. III every oilii^r 
 nl'tliKc,x|if(liiiiiiin)ii- 
 •Tiiiisc, wliicli it WHS 
 linn to till' linlihissrr- 
 iilini; fc;irs nrnlhciK, 
 ii:i mifilil cIlfciiMlly 
 . Tliosi! wlin, I'idii) 
 K rnyiil aon-riiiiiciit, 
 I) llle stinuyleM of , ill 
 1 iii;lil», it!tiiP(l into 
 
 V, in nnininting tlio 
 •r liiiin (Miiilil 1)0 w;ir- 
 C)f tlip ;icii(Mi. \i it 
 till- Itiliisli nnvy, its 
 I'oiifiilcni'o, wtiii'ii a 
 nilitiiiy calriilniion-i 
 e riiciiiiislanci! cf 
 't of the war, iiiiil In 
 *, wrie happily in- 
 illoom which Iivor- 
 
 ol the eoloiiisis, on 
 
 lillll niinieroiis ar- 
 itl lliem. 
 
 whiih was (lesit>iiej 
 > ill lliis caMipaiRn, 
 >ve, and his liriithei 
 veil from their per- 
 ivn hravery of iheii 
 ilence of I'he liriti.sh 
 iillolled a very piiw- 
 ;iO,();)0 men." 'I'liis 
 lliinu tlial Aiiieriea 
 ps were amply pro- 
 flores, and warlike 
 'vrv supported liv a 
 and gi'iieial. in ;kI- 
 rs, were appoinied 
 ace to the eolonies. 
 
 vain waited two 
 ler, anil the expert- 
 id, inipalieiit of far- 
 harhoiir, with ihe 
 oinnianded in l!os- 
 iiwanls New \'ork, 
 \ olf .Sandy Hook. 
 
 nf the reinforee- 
 llalilax, soon aliei 
 ildroppinjtanrhcir, 
 i-.-ir .Siaien Island, 
 'niitli, foiiiiil every 
 Ihe iiioKl exposed 
 iiiid well (letended 
 isli triinsporiH an- 
 'h had not been so 
 
 The inhaliilaiits 
 . or alfention, ex- 
 if the royal forees. 
 y Tryoii, late );ov- 
 everal of the loy. 
 I liiin, in an nrined 
 
 iiboiit sixty per- 
 nrtlic inhaJiiiants 
 lis a royal iiiihlia. 
 opes were indiilg. 
 
 ill a condition (n 
 protect (he loyal 
 
 inls, siieh numbers would Hock to their slandard, I 
 as woiilil farilitaie llie allaiiiinrni of ihe olijecl of i 
 lliu cainpaiun. | 
 
 On Ihe loiirlli ihiy al'ler llie Itrilisli li;insporls| 
 appe.ned oil' .S.inily Hook, ( 'oiinriss, ihoiiuh fully j 
 iiilnrined of llie niiinheis jiid appoiiMineiils of the ! 
 fmre altoiit to lie eniployt.d ai<ain>.l llii^ eolttnies. , 
 ralilied llicir fiinons ilerlaralioii of inilependeiKte. i 
 This was publicly read lo the Aniericaii army, 
 .iiid received by lliein with iiiilei;;iied acclanialions 
 of jiiy. Thoncli it was well kiinwn that (ileal 
 lirilain liad employed a I'oice of Tm, (1(1(1 men, lo 
 ■var upon the new formed stales, and that the con- 
 linenlal army was not nearly eipial lo half that 
 miinber, and only eiiKa^ed fnr a lesv moiilhs, and 
 that (ToiiKiess was without any assurance of for- 
 ei(,n aid ; yet both the American olficers and pri- 
 vates gave every evidence of their hearly appro- 
 bation of the decree, which severed the cidoiiies 
 from (ireai llrilain, and siibmiiteil lo the decision 
 of the sword, whether they should be fiee slates 
 or conquered |iroviiices. "Now," said they, " we 
 know the |;round on which we stand. Now we are 
 a nation. No more shall the opproliiioiisterm of 
 rebel, with any appearance of justice, be applied lo 
 us. Should the forluiie of war throw us iiilo the 
 hands of our enemies, we may expect the Irealment 
 of prisoners, and not the piinishnient of rebels. The 
 prize for which we contend is of such mafjniliide, 
 that we may freely risk our lives lo oblain il." 
 
 It had early occimed to (Jeneral Wasliiiii;lon, 
 that ihe possessiim (d' New York would be wiili 
 the ISritisli a favourite object, lis cenlral sittia- 
 tiun, and conliKiiily to the ocean, enabled them lo 
 cairy, wiih facility, the war to any pan of ihe sea 
 coast. 'J'liK possession of it was rendered si ill 
 moie valuable, by the ease with which il could be 
 mainlaineil. .Surrounded on all sides by water, il 
 v.as defensible by a small number of Itrilisli ships. 
 a;;aiiisi adversaries, whose whole navy consisied 
 only of a few frii;ates. Hudson's river, bein« na 
 vi^able lui ships of the largest size to a threat dis- 
 l.iiice, alfoi'ded an opportiinily of severing the east- 
 ern from the more souiheru stales, and of pii^vent- 
 in;; almost any coniniiiiiicalion between them. 
 
 Kioiii Ihesu well-known advantages, il was pre- 
 sumed by the Americans, that the lirilish would 
 make meat exerlions to ell'ect the reduction of 
 New York, (ieneral Lee, while the IJritish were 
 yet ill possession of the capital of iMassachiiseKs, 
 had been delached from Cambridge, lo put Lout; 
 Island Hiid New York into a posture of defence. 
 As Ihe ileparliire of Ihe lirilish from liostmi be- 
 came more cerlain, the probabilily nf iheir instant- 
 ly tiuiiis! lo New York increased llie necessity of 
 collectliii! '< li'tce for its safely. It had been iheie- 
 fdie agreed in a council of war, that five reiri- 
 ineiils, together with a rille ballalion, should 
 march willioiil delay lo New York; and lint ihe 
 stales of New York ami New Jersey should be 
 reipiesled to furnish, llie formertwii Ihoiisand, and 
 Ihe lallerone llious:inil men, for its immeiltale de- 
 fence, (ieneral Washinulon soon followed, and 
 • arly in April fixed his head quarters in that cily. 
 A new distribution of the American army look 
 place. Pari was left in .Massichuselis. Iteiween 
 two and three thousand were ordered to Canada; 
 Ijul the greater part rendezvoused at New York. 
 
 Kpeiience had taught the Americans the dif- 
 ficiilty of attacking an ariiy, after it had eflecleil 
 alodgnient. 'I'hey ihe'efore made strenuous ex- 
 ertions to prevent tin lirilish from enjoying the 
 ailvantages in New Vork, which had resulied from 
 Iheir having beL,i permitted to land and fortify 
 themselves in lioston. The sudden commi'iice- 
 inent of hostililies in Massachiiselts, together with 
 the previous undisturbed lauding oftlie royal nriiiy. 
 sdlowcd no lime for deliberating on n system of 
 war. A change of circumstances indicated the 
 prnpricty of fixing on a plan, for conducting the 
 defence of the new formed f:tale.s. On this occa- 
 sion, (ieneral Washington, after much Ihoiighl, 
 determined on a war of posts. Tills mode of eon- 
 ducting military operations gave confidence lo llie 
 Americans, and il both retarded and alarmed their 
 
 •riariei. The soldier* in the Americans army 
 
 were new levies, and had not yet learned to stand 
 uncovered before lln' iiislriimenls (d ilealli. Ila- 
 bilii.iling iheiii lo llie sound ol lire aims, while llii'V 
 were shellered from danger, was one step lowaids 
 inspiring them wilh a porlion of mi'idiaiiical cour- 
 age. The lirilish remembered liiinker's hill, and 
 had no small reverence lor even slight lorlitica- 
 lions, when defended by IVeeinen. Willi views 
 of this kinil, works were erected in and about New 
 York, on liong Island, and the heights of ll.irlem. 
 These, besides batteries, weri^ held redonbis, foim- 
 ed of earth, wilh a parapi'l and ditch. The for- 
 mer weic someliines fraised, and the hitler pali- 
 sailned ; bill they were in no inslance formed lo 
 sustain a siege. .Slight as ihey were, the cam- 
 paign was nearly wasted away, before they were 
 so far reduced, as to peimit the royal army lo pe- 
 neliale into the ('oiiiiliy. 
 
 The war having Mken a more important liirn 
 than in ihe preceding year had been foreseen, 
 (congress at the opening of llie canipii'^n, found 
 themselves deslilule of a I'oice sntfieieiil I'm' their 
 delence. Tlii'y, iherefme, in .liiiie, iblennined 
 on a )ilau lo reinforce their conlinenlai aiioy, by 
 biinging iiilo the field, a new species of Mdops. 
 that woiib! be uioie permanent lliaii llie ciiinmon 
 militia, and yet mure easily raised than regulars. 
 Willi this view tiiey insliliileil a llyini: camp, lo 
 consist of an interniediale corps, belween regular 
 soldiers andtiiililia. Ten thousand men were call- 
 ed for from the states <d' rennsylvania, .Maryland, 
 and Oelaware, lo be in conslant service lo the 
 first ilay of llie ensuing Di'ceniber. Congress at 
 the same lime called for I!!, Mill of the common 
 niililia from iNIassai liiisells, ( 'onnecticiit, .New- 
 York, and New Jersey. The men, for forming 
 llie Hying camp, were generally procuied ; but 
 there were great ileliciencies of llie iiiililia; and 
 many of those who obeyed their eiuinliy's <mII, so 
 far as loliirn oul, maml'esled a rehiciaiicc to sub- 
 mil lo the ni'cessaiy discipline. 
 
 Tliedil1i(Milty of providing the troops wilh arms, 
 while before lloslon, was exceeded by the superi- 
 or ilillicully of supplying them in llii'ir new posi- 
 tion, lly the returns of the garrison at fort .Mont- 
 gomery, in the Highlands, in .\pril, it appeared 
 that there were ;itlH privates, and only 11 miis- 
 kels fit for usi-. In the garrison al fort (,'oiisiitu- 
 tion, there wi'ie l.'ili men, and only (JIS muskels 
 (il for use. l'linl»" were also much wanted. Lead 
 would have been equally deficient, had not a sup- 
 ply for llie imisipieiry been obtained by stiippiiig 
 dwelling houses. 
 
 The tincerlaiiily oftlie place wheie the lirilish 
 would coinnience iheir operalinns, added much lo 
 the einbariassment of (ieneral Washmglim. Not 
 only each colony, but each sea-port town, supposed 
 itself lo be the object of till' lirilish, and was ar- 
 dent in itssiipphcalions to the cimimander in chief, 
 fnr his peculiar allenlion. The people of .Massa- 
 chu-ietls were slroiiily iuipiessed with an idea, that 
 the evai'iialion of lioslim was only aleiiil. and that 
 the lirilish aiiiiy would soon iitiirii. They were 
 for thai reason very desirous, that ihe contiin'iiial 
 troops should not be wiiliihawn from iheir stale. 
 The inhabitanis of Itliode Island iirgeil, in a long 
 petition, that their luariii me siliial ion exposed I hem 
 lo uncomninii danger, while their creal exerlions 
 ill lining oul armed vessels, had ileprived them of 
 many of their I'ilizeiis. They iheiefoie prayed 
 for a body of continental soldiers, to be slalioned 
 for their conslani and peculiar di'feiK c. So vari- 
 (Mis were the applications lor Iroiips. so numerous 
 the calls for arms, thai a decided coiidnci beeame 
 necessary to prevent the feeble American force, 
 and the deficient slock of public arms, lioni being 
 diviile<l and subdivided, sn as to be uneipial to the 
 proper defence of any one place. 
 
 In this crisis of particular danger, the people of 
 New Y'ork acted with spirit. Though they knew 
 they were to reeeive tlie first impressions of the 
 lirilish army, yei their convention resolved, "that 
 all persons, residing within ihe staleof New York, 
 and claiming protection from its laws, owed it al- 
 legiance; and that any person owing it allegiance, 
 and levying war against the state, or being a'l ad- 
 
 herent to the king of (ireat Rrilain, should be 
 deemed giiiliy of treason, and sutler dealli." 'i'liej 
 also resolved, "that one liiurth oftlie inihlia of 
 W'esi ('hesier, Uulchess, and (Jrange coiiiilles, 
 should be forlhwilh drawn out for the defence of 
 the liberties, properly, wives and children of the 
 good people of the stale ; lo be continued in ser- 
 vice III the last day of December :" and, " lint an 
 llie Inhabiianls of King's county had delermlned 
 iiol lo oppose Ihe enemy, a cummlKee should bu 
 appoiiiled to inquire into (he authenlicily iiflhe.se 
 reports, and to disarm and secure (he disall'ecled ; 
 to remove or destroy llie slock of grain, and, if 
 necessary, lo lay the wliole country waste." 
 
 The two royal commissioners. Admiral and (ie- 
 neral Howe, ihoiight proper, before they coiii- 
 mi'iiced their mililary operations, to try what 
 iiiighl be done in their civil capacity, towards ef- 
 fe( ling a re-iiiiinii between (ireat lirilain and the 
 colonies. It was one of the first acts of lord 
 Howe, lo send on shore, a circular letter, to seve- 
 ral of the royal governors in Anieiica, inforininj; 
 llieni oftlie late act of parliament, " for restoring 
 peace lo the colonies, and granting pardon to such 
 as should deserve mercy;" and desiring theni lo 
 publish a declaration which accompanied the same. 
 In this, he inforined the colonists of the power wilh 
 which his brother and he were intrusted ; of grant- 
 ing general or parlicular paiilons to all those, who. 
 though they had deviated from their allegiaiice, 
 were willing lo return lo Iheir duty :" and of de- 
 claring, " any colony, province, county or town, 
 port, district or place, lobe in the peace of his ma- 
 jesty."* Congress, iinpre.ssed with a belief, that 
 
 * Willi llieno ciivalur letters In tin: j^uveriiors, lord 
 lltmi! si'ht u ;ir|vttlt! oiin Ui Dr. l-'riiiikliii : In uliicli u 
 imisl iiileiesiiio; niitwc-r wu« retiiriu'il, wurlliv of rver- 
 ltistin<; ri'iu(']iili)uiii-n. 'I'lie K-ttur uml luiswer were oj 
 lolluw ; 
 
 Lord Ifotce to Dr. FraiiA-fin. 
 
 "I cnniiol, ijiv vviirlliy tVi.-nil, pfriiiil llie leller.^ nil J 
 piiri-els wliii-li I liuvc fti'ijl. In Ik; laniled, witlimil ii<l,liiig 
 .1 wonl lipuii llii! Hiilijei-l of llm iiijuriuiis e\truiiiitii-s ill 
 wliii'h iiiir unli'ipjiy ilispiiten Imvc eiit^ageil nn, 
 
 " \'(Mi will li'iiri) Ihe iiiuiire of my inissinn fniiii llio 
 onii-lid (li'spiili-llfti, wtiicli 1 Iinve recoiiiilietlilfi! lu b.? 
 Inrv\uriled liy lie' sunie conveyance. Itcliijniii^ all lliu 
 I'liriicsliR.Hs 1 ever cxpre^seil. In Bi-e nur ililVi*rt'nc('s uo 
 i-nMiiiKiJaletl, I hIiuII tuucrive, it I incft willi llm ili^po 
 .siliiin in the rolnnies, wlii<-li I was uncn taught lo ex 
 pet-l, llie most llallrriiiK hiipcH of priivilie Hcrviccahle in 
 lilt' uhjccls of ihe kiig's paternal Holiciliiile, liy prDitint 
 ire; Ihe eslultlishiiii'rit of lahliii); [N-ace anil tinioii willi 
 lilt; rnhinies; bill, if the ileep-riKitnl prrjiiiiirc- of .\nie 
 rira, ahfl Ilio nec'ssiiy- of prcvrnliiit? Ili'r Irath' from pas 
 siiii; iiilo foreif^n cluoinels, iiiuhI kei'piis still a diwdi'il 
 pcopja, I nIuiII, from every privolc as well iiR jmhlir m »- 
 live, iiiiisl hearlily lami'iil Ihiit this is nol lli|. miiiiienl 
 vilit'ri'in those i;reiil ohji'cts of my amhilioli arc In Im* at- 
 Iiiiiii'il ; Mini thni 1 am to he loiieer deprivetl nf an np 
 pnrliiiiily In asKiire yun, personally, nf the regard with 
 « hii^h I am," ,Vc. 
 
 Dr. franklin aniwercil — 
 
 " I rereivfil Kttfc iho lellrrs your lnr(l..<hi|) f» Kiiitily 
 fnrwnrih'il In me, and Itetr .vnn In acrept my llMilik:<. 
 
 "The nllirial ilesjialcheH, In whii-li yun ri'lrr ine, 
 i-niil.iin liolhimf ninre limn what we h.iil seen iulheai'l 
 nf |iailialtieiit ; * olfcrs nf panhlii lipnn imhiiiis!«inli ;' 
 v^hi.-h ( am snrry In find, as it imlst i;ive ynilr Inrdnhip 
 jiiiill, In he netil t«'n far on fo hojiele.Hs a hilsi)irF.s. 
 
 '' llin-rling panlnlis to he oiliTeil In the t-nlniiien, who 
 arfr Ihe verv parlies injureil, expre!«seR indeed that opin- 
 ion nf ntir ii.'nnrniM-e, haseness, anil iltsensiliilily, whii-ti 
 vniir iiiiinfnrmed and proinl lialior. ba.s Inn^: hi-en ph-as. 
 I'll In enlerlnin nf lis; but it can have no nllier eltl-ri 
 ihiiii Ihiit nf increasing our resentments. Il is impnssi- 
 hie we slinilhl ihlllk of fmhinisKinn t<i n flnvermiieiil 
 llint has, wilh the ninst waninn harlmrily anil cruelly, 
 hiirnecl luir tiefeneeless Inwns in the niiilsl nf winler, 
 exeiied die pavaires lo mnsi-nere nnr peaceful farmers, 
 mill nur slaves to muri|.ir their iimsti rs ; anil is even 
 iinvv hriiii;iiur fnreign inereenarieH Ui deluire our setlle- 
 ineiils wilh hinnil. Tlieso nirncioiis injuries have ex- 
 (iiu^iiisheil every spark of alTeclioti for thai parent eniin- 
 tr\i;ihat we onrp liehl so ilear; but wore it pnssihle fnr 
 us In fnr>;el and fnrf;ivc theiii, il is not pnttsihle for vnn, 
 1 mean the Mritisli nat on, to fnri;ive the penplu ynu bnve 
 sn heavily iniiired. Y^il can never ennfule a|;ain in 
 llinse, as' fellnw snhjetrls, and permit them In enjny 
 eijual freedom; lo whom yon know ynu have ,«riven 
 ciieli just causes nf lasting enmity; nlld Ibis ninst impel 
 you, were we aKniii uniler ynur i^overliiuent, to eiidea. 
 vniir In break our spirit, by the severest tyianny, nnd 
 nhstiuelinL', h.v every iiieniiH il) your power our grow 
 ing iitreiiclb and pros'perily. 
 
400 
 
 HISTORY OF 
 
 !:l I 
 
 J 
 
 ,''■1 
 
 
 the proposals of the coinmia«ioiirrs. iiisiiMclorill.s- 
 unitiiit; i)ic people, wi)iil<l liiive a coiiiiiny I'lVect, 
 orilered llieiii tu be spfeclily piiblislied in ilie sc- 
 vcrnl Aiiiericiiii iiewspiiperN. Unci it ri'ilrcss ol' 
 grleviUK^efi been at iIiIh late hour olVerecl, iIioiikIi 
 the honour ol'lhe tilatcH wiim involveil in siip|ii>rl- 
 ing their hue declaration of inclepeiideiice, ytM the 
 love ul' peace, and the bias of )!rcat iiiiinbers lo 
 Iheir parent slate, would in all probabilily, have 
 made a powerfid party (or rescinding the act of 
 ■eparaiion, and for re-uniting with (ireat lirilaln: 
 but, when it appeared that the power of the royal 
 coinniissioners was litile more than lo grant par- 
 dons, (Jongress appealed lo the good sense of the 
 people, for the necessity of adlierini; lo ihe act of 
 inilependcnce. The resohillon for piiblishingthe 
 cirru'ar letter, and the declaration of llie royal 
 roininissioners, assigned as a reason thereof, " dial 
 Ihe good people of the United Stales may be in- 
 formed of what nature are the commissioners, and 
 what Ihe terms, with expectation of which the in- 
 sidious court of Ureal liritnin had endeavoured to 
 amuse and disarm Ihem ; and that the few who still 
 
 " Vniir luntsliip mentions tlio ' king's paternal i)i>ti- 
 cilutte fur proiiioiin? Ihe estiihlirtlniiciit of luKlini? priicr 
 anil uiiitin wall thu cciliiniHtR.' If, by pe(KM%be hrre iiuMtiit 
 a peure, to be entered into by difllinct olntcs, now (it war, 
 aiitl liiti niujcHty lias given your lordHbip puvvcrt) to trrut 
 with ii», ol' finch a pence, 1 may vcntun; to »>n\', tliiiii};h 
 witlinnt authority, that 1 think a treat;- for that pNr|io.>«c 
 not quite hnpnicticablo before wc outer into Inrcieti 
 alliances: but I nni porAundod you have im nnch puw- 
 erit. Vnur nation, thuugh by piniishinc: thoi^c Ameri- 
 can goveriiorx, who have fumentrd the dixcord; rc- 
 builduig our burnt towns; and repairing, as fur an pii,'<- 
 sihlr, the niiHchielrt dune us, she might recover a great 
 share of our regard, and the greatest fharo of our 
 groning commerce, with all ihe advunlnges of that ail- 
 tlitional strength to be derived from a frienilsbip nilb 
 us; yet, I know loo well her abounding pride and deii- 
 cient wiHtlom, to believe she will ever lake such salu- 
 tary measures. Her fondness for ccniquesi, ns a war- 
 like nation , Iter lust of dominion, as an audutinus one ; 
 and her thirst for a gainful monopoly, as a couimercial 
 one, none of iheni legitinmto causcsof war, will join to 
 biile finm her eyes every view of her true interest, and 
 continually goad her on, in these ruinous dislant expe- 
 diticms, so destructive both of lives and of treasure, that 
 they nmsi prove as pernicious to her in the end, ns the 
 croisadcs furmcrly were to most of the nations of Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 " 1 have not the vanitv, mv lord, lo think of intlmidn- 
 ting by thus predicting the cflects of this war; for I know 
 that it will ni England have the fate of all my former 
 predictions, not to be believed till the event shall verily it. 
 
 " Long did I endeavour, with nnrcigncd nud uuweo- 
 ried zeal, to preserve from breaking, that fine and iiohle 
 
 Iiorcelain vase, the llritish empire; for, I kni«, that 
 icing once broken, the separate parts could not retain 
 even their share of the strength and value ibat existed 
 •n the whole, and Ihnt a perfect reunion of those parts 
 could scarce ever bo hoped fur. Your birilMbip nia\ 
 possibly remember Ihe tears of joy that wetted my 
 cheek, when at your ^ood sisters,' in I.<iliitun, vii'u 
 cnee gave me expectation ibat a reeoncilintion niiizht 
 take place. I had the misfortune In linil these expecla- 
 lions disappointed, and In be treated ns the caii-e of the 
 mischief I was labouring to prevent My coiisolalicin, 
 under that groundless and malevolent treatment, was, 
 that I retained the friendship of many wise .nid good 
 men, in that country, and among the rest some fIiuic in 
 ihe regard of lord Howe. 
 
 "The well-fonnd;-d esteem, and permit nie to sav, 
 nffeetion, which I shall always have fur your liirilshiji, 
 make it painful loino to see yon engaged iii conducting a 
 war, the great ground of wliich,asdescribeil in your let- 
 ter, is, ' the necessity of preventing ihe American trade 
 from passing Into foreign channels. To ine, it seems 
 that neither the obtaining or retaining anv tratie, bow 
 valuable soever, is an object for which men may justly 
 epil! each other's blood ; that the true and sure menu's 
 of extending and securing commerce are the goodness 
 and cheapness of commodiiies; anil that the profits of 
 no trade can ever be equal lo the expense o( eiiinpel- 
 ling it, and holding it by fleeti- and annies. I consider 
 this war against us, therefore, as both unjust and un- 
 wise: and f am persuaded thai cool nud dispassionate 
 lostcrity will condemn to infamy those vvlio nilvised it; 
 and thai even success will not save from some decree 
 of dishonour those who have voluntarilv engaged to 
 Conduct it. 
 
 " I know your great motive in comin^ hither was Ihe 
 hope of being instrumental in a reconiiliaiinn : and, I 
 believe, when you find that lo be impossible, on anv 
 terms given you lo propose, you will then relinquish so 
 odious t commaml. and return lo a more honourable 
 priv lie v'.ation. 
 
 ■' With the greatest and most sincere respect, I have 
 Ihe honour to be " &c. 
 
 remain siispeiiiled by a hope, fininiled either in the 
 jiisti'.'e or iiKideratinn ol their iale kiiii;, iii:iy now 
 at length be convinced, that the valour alone of 
 llieir ooiinliy is to save iis hlienies." 
 
 Ahdiil Ihe same lime. Hags ivncsent ashore by] 
 lord Howe, witha letter ilirccieil lo (ieiiige Wash- 
 iiglon, Ksi|. which he refliseil to leceive, as not 
 being addressed to him nil h the title due lo his; 
 rank. In his lelier lo (^'iiiigress, on this siibjecl, 
 he wrote as follows : " I would iiol, on any occa- 
 sion, sacrifice essentials to ptiiictiliii : hut. In this 
 instance, I deemed It n duly lo my coiinlry and 
 appoinlmeni, lo insist on that lespect, uliich, in 
 any other than a public view, I would willingly 
 have waived." Congress applauded his conihicl 
 in a public resolution, anil alllie same time direct- 
 ed that no letter or message should be received, 
 oil any occasion whatever, from the enemy, by 
 ihecominanilcr in chief, or others llie comniaii- 
 tiers of the American army, bin such as were di- 
 rected lo them in the characters Ihey severally 
 siislaineil. 
 
 Some lime after, Adjulant (ieneral Patterson 
 was scnilo New Yoik, by (ietieial lliiwe, with a 
 letter addressed liitieurge WasliingloM, iVc. \'c. 
 iVc. On an interview Willi the adjulant general, 
 Washinglon declared that he would decline re- 
 ceiving any letter direcled lo liini as a private 
 person, when it related to his public station. \ 
 long conference ensued, in which Ihe adjulant 
 general observed, that " the commissioners weie 
 armed with great powers, and wiiulil be very hap- 
 py in etVecliiig an accoiiimoilalion," He received 
 for answer, " that from what apiicaied, Iheir pow- 
 ers were unlylo grant pardon ; that they who had 
 commltlcd no fault, wanted no pardon." Soon 
 after this interview, a lelier from Howe, lespect- 
 ing prisoners, which was properly addressed lo 
 Washington, was received. 
 
 While the I'rilisli, by iheir manifestoes and de- 
 clarations, were cnileavoiiring lo separal;; those 
 who preferred a reconcilialiiin with (ireat Hrilaiii, 
 ftom those who were the friends of independence ; 
 Congress, by a similar policy, was altetiipliiig to 
 detach the foreigners, who had come with the 
 royal troops, from the service of his Hiilanic ma- 
 jesty. Uefore hostilities had commenced, the 
 I'ollnwing resniution was adopted and circulated 
 among those on whom it was iiilended to operate : 
 " Resolved, thai lliese slates will receive all such 
 foreignets who shall leave the armies of his Driian- 
 nic m.ijesty in .\merica, and shall chose lo become 
 members ofany of these slates'; and Ihey shall be 
 prolected in the free exercise of iheir respective 
 religions, and be invesied with the rights, privile- 
 ges, and immiinilies of natives, as eslabiished by 
 the laws of these stales: and moreover, that this 
 coniriess will provide for every such person, (illy 
 acres of unnppropriated lands, in some of these 
 states, to be lield by him and his heirs, asabsolule 
 properly." 
 
 '•" numbers wliich were prepared to oppose 
 the Hri' li, when ihey sluiuld disembark, made 
 them .irsome lime cautious of proceeding to their 
 projected land nperalions: but Ihe su|icriority of 
 llieir navy enabled Iheni to go by water whither- 
 soever they pleased. 
 
 A British forty gun ship, with some smaller 
 vessels,sailed up the North river, without receiving 
 any damage of consequence, though fired upon 
 from Ihe batteries of New York, Paulus-Hook, 
 Red-Bank, and (Tovernnr's Island. An allempi 
 was made, with two (ire ships, to destroy the Bri- 
 tish vessels in the North River: but without ef- 
 fecting any thing more than the burning of a ten- 
 der. They were also attacked with row gal'.ies, 
 with little effect. After some lime, the I'hccnix 
 and Rose men of war came down the river, and 
 joined the fleet. Every effort of Ihc Americans, 
 from their batleties on land, as well as their exer- 
 tions on the water, proved ineflectual. The .Bri- 
 tish ships passed with less loss than was generally 
 expected : but, nevertheless, tlie damage they re- 
 ceived wassiich as deterred them from frequently 
 repealing the experiment. In two or three inslan- 
 cea, the^ ascended North river, and in one or two 
 
 tiiumtimi 
 
 Kast rivei ; but those which sailed up the fortnei 
 speedily rettiined ; and by llieir reliini, a freecom- 
 iiiiimcatioii was opened through the upper pari of 
 Ihe Slate, 
 
 The American aimy, in and near .New ^■ork, 
 a'limiiiled to nri'i.'i men. These were iiiosily 
 new Hoops, and were divided, in many small and 
 uni'otineclcd posts, some of which were (Ifteeu 
 miles removed fioiii oilicis. The Bri'ish force 
 before New Voik was incieasiiig, by frequent 
 successive arrival from Halifax, .Sutilh (.'arolina, 
 Klorida, the West Indies and Kiirope: but su 
 many unforscen d lays had lalieii jilace, thai the 
 moiilli of August was far advanced, before ihey 
 were in a condition lo open the campaign. 
 
 When all things were ready, the British com- 
 manders resolved to make liieir (irst allempt on 
 Long Island. Thisvvas pieferteil to New \ork. 
 as it abouniled with tlio.se supplies which their 
 forces required. 
 
 The British landed wilhout opposition, be- 
 tween two small towns, Utieclit, ami (iravesend. 
 The .\iiiericaii works proteetcd a small peninsula, 
 having W'allaboiil bay to the left, and sirelching 
 over lo Red Hook on the right : the Kast rnei be- 
 ing in the rear, (ieneral Sitlliv with a strong 
 
 liiice was encamped witjiin these works at Biook- 
 lyii. Kioiii the east side of the narrows, runs a 
 ridge of hills covered with thick wimd, abiiiit ftve 
 or six miles in length, which lerminates near .la- 
 iiiaica. There were three passes ilnoiigh these 
 hills; one near the narrow.s, a secoiiil on the l'"lal- 
 
 bush road and a third on the Heilford r I ; and 
 
 Ihey are all defensible. The A ricaiis had M)(', 
 
 men on each of these roads; and Colonel .Miles 
 was placed with his battalion of rillemen. to s-uard 
 the road from the south of the hills, to .lamaica, 
 and to watch the millions of the British. 
 
 (ieneralde lleisler, wiili his Hessians, took post 
 at Klalbush, in Ihe evening, Aiigiisi rili, I7?(i. In 
 Ihe following night, the greater part of the British 
 army, coiiimaiided by (ieneral ( 'linton, maicheil in 
 gain the road leatling round the easterly eniliifllir 
 lulls to .lamaica, and lo turn the left oi" the Ame- 
 ricans. He arrived about two hours before day, 
 with half a mile of this road. One of his pirtiivs 
 fell in with a patrol of American ollicers. and look 
 them all prisoners, which prevented the early 
 ttansmission of intelligence. Upon the (irst ap- 
 pearance of day, (ieneial Clinton advanced, and 
 took possession of Ihe heights over which ihe road 
 passed, (ieneial (irant, which llie left winir, ad- 
 vanccil along Ihe coast by the west toad, near the 
 narrows; but this was intended chiedy as a feiiil. 
 
 The guard which was slaiioned at this road, 
 lied wilhout making any resistance. A I'ew of 
 them were afterwards lallied, and lord Stirling 
 advanced with l.jOO men, and look possession of 
 a hill, about two miles from the American camp, 
 and in front of (ieneral (iraiil. 
 
 An attack was made very early in the morn- 
 ing, August ^7, 177(i, by the Hessians from Klal- 
 bush, under (ieneral tie Heisier, and bv (ieneral 
 (irant on the coast, and was well supported ftir a 
 considerable lime on both sides. The Americans, 
 who opposed (ieneral de Heisier, were first In- 
 fiirined of the approach of (ieneral (;iiiitoii, who 
 had come round on Iheir left. They immmediaiely 
 began lo retreat to their camp, but were ir..ci 
 cepted by the right wing under (ieneral Clinton, 
 who got into 'he rear of their left, and attacked 
 them with his light infantry and dragoohs. while 
 returning lo their lilies. They were driven back 
 till Ihey were met by the Hessians. 'I'hev wer" 
 thus alternately chased and inlercepled, between 
 (ieneralde Heisier and (ieneral Clinion. .Some 
 of their regimenl.s, nevertheless, found tlieir way 
 10 the camp. The Americans under lord .Stirling, 
 consisting of Colonel .Allles'slwo balalions, (Colonel 
 Alice's, Colonel Siiiallwood'3,and (/'olonel Hatcha'a 
 regiments, who were engaged with (ieneral (irant, 
 fought with great resolution for about six haul's. 
 They weie unimformed of their movemenUniade 
 by (ieneral Clinioii, till some of liie troops under 
 his command had traversed the whole extent ol 
 the country io their runt. Their relreul thus was 
 
I Miiilcd lip ilic I'lirini'i 
 n'lr ii'linn, » Iri'c Cdin. 
 iii,'li llie ii|i|iir |Kiri of 
 
 liiint ii|i{iiisliiiiii, he- 
 'I III, iiiiil (iriivcsciid. 
 It'll a siii;ill |)iMiiiisii|;i, 
 ' li'li, mill siicic|iii,_. 
 II I llie l';iisi inr, III' 
 illivan, ivitli II sinpiii; 
 
 hcsi! WDlks al lillliili'I 
 
 I lliK iiairinvs. runs ,\ 
 
 lii-k wnoil, iiliiiiit live 
 
 li li'inrriiali's immi- .In. 
 
 passes lliiiiii^l, ilif.se 
 
 a sccmid on iln! (•'Im. 
 
 !• HfiliiHil riiail ; anil 
 
 I- Aiiicrirans Imil M)(; 
 
 ; anil t'liloiifl .Miles 
 oriillfiiicii. to iiuiiiil 
 
 llii' liills, til .laiiiaii:,, 
 
 llie liiilisli. 
 
 is llpssians, iimk pusi 
 AiiKMsirili, 177(i. ii, 
 HTjiarl III' 111,. Itiiiisj, 
 
 I Cliiiioii. iiiaiiliciliii 
 thccasifrlv fiiilot'iln- 
 
 llie led oi' i|„. Aim.. 
 
 I) liiiiir.s l)».(iire ilay. 
 
 One III liis piiiii.s 
 
 ii'aii oOieeis, and limli 
 
 |irevenleil the piirlj 
 l'|"in (lie (irst ap- 
 lintnn advaneed, anil 
 s over whiil, ide road 
 ieli tlie leli wini;, ad- 
 1! west loiid, iieir tlit 
 I'll ehiedy a.s n leiiii. 
 ilinned iit this road, 
 sislance. A lew of 
 1. and lord .Stirling 
 I liink pii.sspssion of 
 lie American camp, 
 
 •■ally in tlie morn- 
 Hessians rriiiii Klat- 
 sler, and hy (Jeneral 
 *ell .siippoVted lor a 
 •"<• 'lie Aiiierieaiis, 
 i-isier, were fir'st li|. 
 eneial Clintnn, wlio 
 Tlipy iiniiiiiiediately 
 ip. 1)111 were ii.,ei' 
 IT (ieneral Clinion. 
 r lpli. and atlaoked 
 nd (IragoiiiiN, while 
 .V were driven liaek 
 fsians. 'I'liey wer» 
 ilercepteil, h'elweeii 
 ral (.'liiiion. .Siihib 
 ■s.ii, liiiind I heir way 
 under lord Stirlinif, 
 I) lialalions. Colonel 
 III (Colonel Hatcho'3 
 wiih (ieneral (Jranl, 
 ir alioiit six houiii. 
 ir nioveinenlBniade 
 ol' iho troops iiniJcr 
 " whole extent ot 
 eir retreat thus was 
 
 in'ereeiited ; uiit tinvemi, nntwithManHing, hroke | 
 tliiuiillh anil ^ot liitu the woods. Many threw j 
 tlienioelves 'iiio tlu ini'ish, siiiiie were ihowiied, 1 
 «iid olliers perisli'jd In the mud : a coiisideralilc 
 tiuiiiliei fs..apeil In llieir lines. 
 
 Tlie kiiKsUdop.s displayed ureal valour lliroiis;li- 
 out ilie wlioliMi.iy. The variety ol the ;;riMiiMl iic- 
 casioiied a siiccens.mi ■>( small eni;a);eiiieiits, pur j 
 tiiits and Hlaiighler, which lasted liir many hours. | 
 BrUinh discipline, in every instance, triumphed 
 over the native valour ol raw tioops, who had ne- 
 ver been in action, and whose ollicers were unac- 
 quainted witli the stralaiji'iiis ol'war. 
 
 The loss III' tlie liritlsh and lles.sians was about 
 J-W. The killed, wounded and prisoners ol' the 
 Americans, iiirliidiiiK tliose wlio were drnwned, or 
 perished in the woods or mud, considerably ex- 
 ceeded a thousand. Anions the prisoiierK of the 
 liilter were two of their general oiricers, Sulli- 
 van and lord .Sterliiii; ; 11 colonels, I lieiilenant co- 
 lonels, .'i majors, IS capiaiiis, ]:< lieutenants, and 
 11 ensif;iis. Smallwood's regiment, the ollicers 
 of wliirii were of the best ramilies in the stale of 
 Maryland, sustained a loss of 250 inen. The Hri- 
 lisliafier their victory were su impetuoua, that it 
 was with dilhciilty they co'uh! be restrained I'roiii 
 ultackiiii; llii' American lines. 
 
 Ill the lime of. and subsequent to, the engage- 
 niciil, (ieneral Washinglon drew over to Long Is- 
 binil llie I'lealest tiart of his army. After he had 
 collecieil his priiii-ipal force there, it wan his wish 
 and hope, that Sir William Howe would attempt 
 til sinriii the works on the Island. These, though 
 iiisiiHicient to stand a regular siege, were strong 
 enough In resist a coup de main. The remein- 
 braiiee. of Uunker's-hill, and a desire to spare his 
 men, restrained the British (ieneral, from making 
 an assault. On the ciinlrary he made demonstru- 
 tiniis of proceeding by siege, aod broke ground 
 ivilhin three hiindied yaiils to the left, at Piit- 
 nain's redoubt. Though (ieneral Washington wish- 
 ed liir an assaiill, yet being ceitain that his works 
 would lie untenable, when the Dritlsh batteries 
 should be fully opened, he called a council of war, 
 to consult on the measures proper to be taken. It 
 wastliMi determined, that the objects in view were 
 ill 111! di'gree proporiioiied In the dangers, tn which, 
 by a conliniiat'ion on Ihe island, they would be ex- 
 posed, (..'onformalily In this opinion, dispositions 
 were made for an immediate retreat. This coni- 
 nienced soon after il was dark, from two |H>ints, 
 the iiijperand lower ferries on the Kasl river. Oeii. 
 M'Doufial regiilaieil the oniharkation at one, and 
 I 'olonel Knox at the other. 
 
 'I'lie intention of evacuating the island had 
 been so prudently concealed from the Americans, 
 that they knew not whither they were going, but 
 supposed to attack the enemy. The field artillery, 
 tents, baggage, and aliout ilDOO men, were eon- 
 vevetl 111 the city of New York, over the Kast liver, 
 iiKiie than a mile wide, in less than l.'i hours, and 
 witliout the knowledge of the British, though not 
 (illO yards distant. I'roviiience, in a remarkable 
 niaiiner, favoured the retreat Kor some time 
 iiflerlhe Americans began il, the stale of the tide, 
 and a strong norlheast wind made it impossible for 
 ilieiii to make use iif their sail boats : and their 
 whole number of row boats were insiilVicienl fur 
 coiniileling the business, in the course of the night : 
 lint about eleven o'clock, Ihe wind died away, and 
 soon after sprang up at south-east, and blew fresh, 
 whiili rendered ihe .sail boats of use, and at Ihe 
 saiiie time made the passage from the Island to the 
 city, direct, easy and expeditious. 
 
 Towards morning, an extreme thick fog came 
 up, which hovered over Long Island ; and, by con- 
 cealing the Americans, enabled them to complete 
 their reiieit without internip.ion, though the day 
 had liegnii to dawn some time before it w<is finish- 
 ed. By a mistaki! in Ihe transmission of orders, 
 the Ainerit m lines were evacuated for about three 
 quarters of 'in hour before the last embarkation 
 look place : but the British, though so near that 
 •heir wniKing parlies could be distinctly lieard, be- 
 ing niveioped 111 the fog, knew nolliins of til" 111:11- 
 ter. The lines were repossessed, and held till six 
 o'clock in the luoining. 
 27 
 
 NOUTIl AMERICA. 
 
 When every thing except woine heavy cannon 
 was removeil, (icii. .Milllin, who commanded the 
 rear guard, left the liiirs anil under the cover of 
 llie log gut oil' sale. In about half an hour, llie 
 log cleared away, and ihe British entered the 
 works which had been just relinijuished. Had llic 
 wind not shilii'd, the half of the Aiiicricaii army 
 could not have crossed ; and even as it was, if 
 the fog had not concealed their rear, it must 
 have been discovered, and could hardly have escap- 
 ed, (ieneral .Sullivan, wlio was taken prisoner 
 on Long Island, was immediately sent on parole, 
 with the following verbal message from lord Howe 
 to congress : •■ that Ihiiiigli he could not at present 
 treat with them in that character, yet he was very 
 desirous of having a conference with some of tlie 
 iiieuiber.s, whom lie uoiilil consider as private gpii- 
 tleinen ; that he, with his brother, the (ieneral, had 
 lull power to compromise the dispute between 
 (ileal Britain and America, upon terms advanta- 
 geous to both ; that he wished a compact might 
 be sellled, at a lime when no decisive blow was 
 struck, and neither |iarty could say it was com- 
 pelled to enter into such agreement ; that were 
 I hey disposed to treat, iiiaiiy things which they 
 had not yet asked, might and ought to be granted ; 
 and that if upon conference they found any pro- 
 bable ground of accoiiiiiiodatioii, llie aullioiity of 
 congress would be afierwards acknowledged to 
 render the treaty complete." 
 
 Three days after this tiie.ssage was received, 
 (ieneral .Sullivan was requested to inform lord 
 Howe: "that congress, being the representatives 
 of Ihe free and independent stales of America, 
 cannot with propriety send any of their iiiembeis 
 to confer with his lordsliip in their private cliarac- 
 lers; but that ever desirous of establishing peace 
 on rea.sonable teriiis, they will send a coiiiiniltee 
 of their body, to know whether he has any aulho- 
 rily to treat with persons aiithoriNed by congress, 
 for that purpose, on behalf of America, and what 
 that aniliorily is ; and to hear such jiropositions as 
 he shall think lit to make respecting the same." 
 They elected Dr. Krankliii, John Adams, and Kd- 
 waiil Rnlledge, their committee (or this purpose. 
 
 In a few days they met lord Howe, on J^ialeni 
 Island, and were received with great polileticss. 
 On their teliirn they iiiaile a report r,:' (heir conlcr- 
 ence, which they summed up by saying; il did 
 not appear to your coiiiiiiitlee that his lordship's 
 coniiiiission contained any other aulhority thantlial 
 expressed in the act of pailiamenl ; namely, that I 
 of graining pardons, with such exceptions as the I 
 coiiiuiissioiiers shall think proper to make, and of 
 declaring .\iiierica, or any part of il, to he in the 
 king's peace, on submission. For, as to the power 
 nf iiii|uiriiig into the stale of .\merica, which his 
 lordship iiientioned to us, and of conferring and 
 (consulting with any persons the comuiissioners 
 might think proper, and representing the result of 
 such cotiversalion to the ministry, who, provided 
 Ihe colonies would subject themselves, after all, 
 might, or might not, at their pleasure, make any 
 alterations in the former instructions to governors, 
 01 [iropose in pailiameiit any amendment of the 
 acts complained of; we apprehend any expec- 
 tation, from the ell'ecl of such a power, would have 
 been too uncertain and precarious, to be relied on 
 by America, had she still continued in her slate of 
 dependence." Tjorit Howe had ended the con- 
 ference on his part, by expressing his regard for 
 America, and the extreme pain he would stiller in 
 being obliged to distress those whom he so much 
 regarded. Dr. Franklin thanked him for his re- 
 gards, and assured liim that Ihe Americans would 
 show their gratitude, by endeavoring to lessen as 
 much as possible, all pain he might feel on their 
 account, by exerting their utmost abilities, in tak- 
 ing good care of ihemselves. 
 
 The committee iu every respect, maintained the 
 dignity of congress. Their conduct and senliments 
 were such as became their character. The friends 
 to independence rejoiced that nothing resulted 
 from this interview, that might disunite ihe peo- 
 ple, f'ongress, Irusling to the good sense of their 
 coiinlrymen, ordered the whole to be prinled for 
 their information. All the slates would have then 
 
 401 
 
 rejoiced at less benericial terms than they obtained 
 aboul seven years after : but (ileal llrilaiii couui- 
 eil on ihe cerlaiiity of llieir absolute conquest, or 
 uiicoiiililional siibiiiissioii. Her oilers, therefore, 
 coiii|ioitcd so little Willi the fc iigs of America, 
 that they neither caused del ir nor disunion, 
 aiiioog the new formed stales. 
 
 The uiisucccsslul lermliialion of the action on 
 the^7lh led to conseqiiences moreseiioiisly alarm- 
 ing to the Americans, than the loss of llieir men. 
 The army was universally dispirited. 'J'he mili- 
 tia ran olf by companies. Their example infected 
 the regular reginieiils. The loose footing .iii 
 which the militia came to camp, made it ha/ardoiis 
 III exeicise over them that discipline, without 
 which, any army is a mob. To restrain one part 
 of an army, while another claiiiied and exercised 
 the right of doing as they pleased, was no less ini- 
 practii able than absurd. 
 
 A council of war recouimeniled to act on the 
 defensi'.'c, and not to risk the aiiny for the siil.e of 
 New Vork. To retreat, siibjecled the commaiidcr 
 ill chief III relleclions painful to bear, and yet im- 
 politic to refute. To stand his ground, and, by 
 siiU'eting himself to be surrounded, to ha/.ard the 
 fate of America on one decisive engagement, was 
 contrary to every rational plan of defending tlio 
 wide-extended slates commilled to his care. A 
 middle line, between abaiidoning and defending, 
 was therefore for a iiliort lime adopted. The pub- 
 lic stores were leiiioved to Dobbs's ferry, about 
 twenty six miles from New Voik. Twelve thou- 
 sand men were ordered to till' northern exlremily 
 of New York island, and 4,.')()0 to remain for the 
 defence of the city ; while the remainder occupied 
 the inlermediate space, with order.s, either to sup- 
 port the city, or Kingsbridge, as exigencies iniglil 
 require. 
 
 lieforc the Itritish landed, it was impossible tn 
 fell what place would be first a:tacked. Thismado 
 il necessary to erect works lor the defence of 
 a variety of places, as well as of New York. 
 Thongh every thing was abandoiied, when lite 
 crisis came that either llie city must be relinquish- 
 ed, or the army risked for its defence ; yet from 
 the delays occasioned by the redoiibls and oilier 
 works, which had been erected on ihe idea of 
 making the defence of Ihe stales a war of posts, 
 a whole campaign was lost to the ISrilish, and 
 saved to Ihe Americans. The year began with 
 hopes that (ireat Britain would recede from her 
 demands, and therefore every plan of defence was 
 on a temporary system. The declaration nfiiidu- 
 pendence, which the violence of (ileal Brilaln 
 liiiceil the colonies to adopt in .luly, though neither 
 foreseen nor intended at the cominencement of the 
 year, pointed out the necessity of organi/.ing an 
 army, on new terms, correspondent to the enlarg- 
 ed olijecis for which they had resolved to contend 
 (.'ongress accordingly determined to raise t<8 bat- 
 talions, to serve during Ihe war. 
 
 I'lider these circumstances, to wear away the 
 campaign, with as little misfortune as possible, and 
 thereby to gain lime for raising a periiianeiit army 
 against the next year, was to the Ameiieans a mat- 
 ter of the last importance. Thougli the comman- 
 der in chief alaiidoned tho.se works, which lii.d en- 
 grossed much lime and attention, yet the advan- 
 tage resulting from the delays they occasioned, 
 far overbalanced the expense incurred by their 
 erection. 
 
 The same short sighted politicians, who had 
 before censured (ieneral Washington, for his cau- 
 lioiis conduct, in not storming the British lines a( 
 Boston, renewed their clamours against him, for 
 adopting this evacuatiii!; and retreating system. 
 .Supported by a consciousness of his own inleurily, 
 and by a full conviction that those measures weie 
 best calculated lor securing the inuepeniience if 
 America, he, lor the good of his country, vohiiiia- 
 rily subjected his fame to be cversnanoned by a 
 temporary cloud. 
 
 (ieneral Howe, having j^epared every thing for 
 a descent on New York isiaiiL', ;-e'j'>n to I.iihI his 
 men under rover of ships of war. between Kepp's 
 bay and Turtle bay. A breast work had 1 leii 
 erecled in the viciuily, auJ a party siaiioiici in 1^ 
 
♦■t 
 
 
 III i 
 
 H'! 
 
 409 
 
 o oppoiie the Hritishi in case of their attempting 
 to liinil. Hut on the tlrMt appoarunce of iliini;>'r, 
 they ran off in cnnriiaiiin. I'liv commander in 
 chit'lcaini' ii|i and in vain atlrniplfd tti rally tlii'm. 
 ThoiiKli llic llrilish in siijlii did not cxcei'd .sixty, 
 he roiild nol, I'itlii-rliy cxainpli', intrcaly, or aullio- 
 rity, prevail on a snpcriiir fence to stand their 
 gniiiml, and face that inconsiderable number. 
 
 On the <lay after this shameful Ihght of part o 
 the Aiiieriean army, a skirmish took place between 
 two battalions of lii;ht infantry ami Highlanders, 
 :nninian<led by lirigadier Leslie, and s(niie ilelarh- 
 inenls front the American army, under the com- 
 mand of liieulenant Colonel Knowllon, of Connec- 
 ticut, and Major Ijeilrh, of Virginia. The colonel 
 ivns killed, and the major badly wounded. Their 
 men behaveil with great bravery, and fairly beat 
 their adversaries ftom the field. Most of these 
 were the sanu- men, who had disgraced themselves 
 the day before, by running away. Struck with a 
 sense of shame for thoir late misbehaviour, they had 
 offered themselves as volunteers, and reipiested 
 the commander in chief to give them an oportu- 
 nily to retrieve iheir honcuir. Their good conduct, 
 at this second engagement, proved an antidote to 
 the poison of their example on the preceding day. 
 ?l demonstrated that the .\merican8 only wanted 
 residntion anil good olVicers to be on a footing with 
 the llrilish ; and inspired them with hopes, that a 
 little more experience would enable them lo assume 
 not only the name and garb, hut the spirit and firm- 
 ness cil'siddiers. 
 
 The .Vmericans, having evacuated tlie city of 
 New York, a brigaile of the British army inarched 
 into it. They had been only a few days in pos- 
 session, when a dreadful fiie broke out and con- 
 sumed about a thousand houses. Dry weather, 
 and a liiisk wind, spread the flames to such an ex- 
 tent, that, had it not been for great exertions of the 
 troop* and sailoin, the whole city must have shared 
 Ihe same fale. After the Americans liad evacii- 
 aleil New York, ihey reiired to the north end of 
 the i^lanil on which that cily is erected. In about 
 four weeks, (Jeneial Howe began to execute a plan 
 for cutting olf (ieneral Washington's communica- 
 tion with the eastern states, and enclosing him so 
 as lo compel a general engagement on the island. 
 Wilh this view, the greater pari of the royal army 
 passeil ilirough Hellgatr, entered the sound, and 
 laiideil on Tlirog's neck, in Wesldicster county. 
 
 Two diys after lliey made this movement, (iene- 
 ral l,ee arrived from his late successful command 
 to the southward. He found that there was a 
 prevailing disposition among the olhcers in the 
 American army for remaining on New York island. 
 A council of war was called, in which (teneral Lee 
 gave such cmivincing reasons for quitting it, thai 
 they residvcd immeilialely to withdraw the bulk 
 of the army. He also pressed the expediency of 
 evacuiling fort Washington ; but in this he was 
 opposed by (ieneral (Jreenc, who argued that the 
 possession of that post would divert a large body 
 of li.e etieiny, from joining their main force, and, 
 incoiijnnciion w'th fort Lee, would bo of great 
 use in covering ihe transportation of provisions 
 and stores up llie North river, for the .service of the 
 American troops. He added farther, that the gar- 
 rison could lie brought otf at any time, by boats 
 from ilie .lersey side of the river. His opinion 
 prevailed. Though the system of evacuating and 
 retrealing was in general adopted, an exception 
 was made in favour of fort Washington, and 3000 
 men were ass'jned for its defence. 
 
 'i'ho royal army, after a halt of six days, at 
 Throw's neck, advanced near to New Rochciie. 
 On their march they sualained a considerable loss 
 by a parly of .\mericans whom (ieneral Lee post- 
 ed behind a wall. After three days, (jenerai 
 Howe moved the right and centre of his army, 
 two miles to the norihward of New Kochelle ; on 
 the road to the White Plains : there he received 
 a large reinforcement. 
 
 General Washington, while retreating from 
 New Vcnk island, vas careful to niak» a front to- 
 wards the Kritish, froni Kast Chester, almost to 
 Wliile Pl.iius, in order to secure the march of 
 
 HISTORY O F 
 
 those who were behind, and to defend the removal 
 of the sick, the cannon, and stores of his army. 
 In this inamier his troops made a line of siuidl de- 
 lacheil and ciilreiiched camps, on thu several heights 
 and slidiig grounds frnm Valenlme's liill, cm ilie 
 riglil, lollic vicinily of llie While I'lains, mi ihe lell. 
 
 The loyal army moved in Iwo columns, and took 
 a position with the Bronx in fioiil ; upon which 
 the Americaos assembled Iheir main force at 
 While Plains beliind intrenchmeiits. \ general 
 action was hourly expected, and a considerable one 
 look place, in which several hundreds fell. The 
 .\niericaiis were commanded by (ieneral .M'Poii- 
 gal, and the British by (ieneral Leslie. While 
 Ihey were engaged, the American baggage was 
 moved olf in full view of the British army. Soon 
 after lliis, (ieneral Washington changed his front, 
 his left wing stood fast, and his right fell back to 
 some hills. In this position, which was an admi- 
 rable one in a military point of view, he both desir- 
 ed and expected an action ; but (leneml Howe de- 
 clined it, and drew olf his forces towards Dobbs's 
 ferry. The Americans afterwards retired to 
 North Castle. 
 
 (ieneral Washington, with a part of his army, 
 crossed the North river, and took post in the 
 neighbourhood of fori Lee. A force of about 
 7.^0 men, was left at North Castle, under (ieneral 
 Lee. 
 
 The Americans having retired, Sir William 
 Howe determined In improve the opportunity of 
 their absence, for the reduction of fort Washing- 
 Ion. This, the only post the Americans then held 
 on New- York island, wa? under the command of 
 Colonel iMagaw. The ro.al army made four at- 
 tacks upon it. The fii-st on the north side, was 
 led on by (ieneral Kniphausen. The second 
 on the past by General Matthews, supported by 
 lord Cornwallis. The third was under the di- 
 rection of Lieutenant Colonel Stirling, and the 
 fourth was commanded by lord Percy. The troops 
 under Kniphausen, when advancing to the fort, 
 had lo pa.ss through a thick wood, which was oc- 
 cupied by (v'olonel Rawliiig's regiment of rifienien, 
 and sulfered very much from their well-directed 
 fire. 
 
 Diiriiig the allack, a body of the British light 
 infantry advanced against a parly of the Ameri- 
 cans, who were annoying them fri¥n beliind rocks 
 and trees, and obliged them to dispeise. Lord Per- 
 cy carried an advance work on his side; and liieu- 
 tenant Colonel Sterling forced his way up a steep 
 height, and look 170 prisoners. Their outworks 
 being carried, the Americana left Iheir lines, and 
 crowded into the fort, (a)l(inel Rahl, who led the 
 right column of Kniphansen's attack, pushed for- 
 ward, and lodged his column within a hundred 
 yards of the fort, and was there soon joined by 
 the left column ; the garrison surrendered on terms 
 ofcapilulation, by which the men were to be con- 
 sidered as prisoners of war, and the officers to 
 keep their baggage and side arms. The number 
 of prisoners amo''.ated to 2700. The loss of the 
 British, in kil'ed, wounded, and missing, was about 
 1200. Shortly after fort Washington had sur- 
 rendered, lord Cornwallis, with a considerable 
 force, passed over to attack fort Lee, on the op- 
 posite Jersey shore. 
 
 The garrison wa» saved hy an immediate evac- 
 uation, iiiit at the expense of their artillery and 
 stores. (ieneral Washington, about this time, 
 retreated to Newark. Having abundant reason, 
 from the posture of affairs, to count on the neces- 
 sity of a farther retreat, he asked Colonel Reed; 
 "should we retreat to the back parts of Pennsyl- 
 vania, will the Pcnnsylvanians support us ?" The 
 Colonel replied, if the lower counties be subdued, 
 and give up, the back counties will do the same. 
 The (ieneral replied ; " we must retire to Augusta 
 county in Virginia. Numbers will be obliged to 
 repair to us for safely. We must try what we can 
 do in carrying on a predatory war ; and, if over- 
 powered, we must cross the Allegany mminlain." 
 
 While a tide of siiceesi; was llnwmg in upon 
 (ieneral Howe, he and liis briitlier, as royal ciiiii- 
 missioners. issued a pinclainatioii, in whicli (hey 
 
 conmianded all persons asseinoled in arms against 
 his majesty's government to disband : and all ge- 
 neral or provincial ciiiigresses lo desisl IVcini iheir 
 tieasiinable aciings, and lo iclinipiisli llieir M\iirp- 
 cd pon.i." Tliey also dcclated, "thai every 
 pcrsiinwiiii wiiliJMsiMy days shiinld appear lietoro 
 the governor, lieiilenanl governor, or coniinander 
 inchief of any of his majesty's colonies, or before 
 the general or ciimmaniling oHicer of his majesty's 
 forces, and claim the benefit of the proclamation ; 
 and testify his obedience In the laws, by snliscrib- 
 ing a certain declaration, should obtain a full and 
 free pardon of all treasons by him commilted, and 
 of all ((irfeilures and penalties for the same." 
 
 The term of lime for " hich the American sol- 
 diers had engaged to seivc, ended in November or 
 December; wilh no other exception, than that ol 
 two companies of artillery, belonging to Ihe state 
 of New York, which were engaged for the war. 
 The army had been organized at the close of the 
 preceding year, on the fallacious idea, that an ac- 
 commodation woiilil take place within a twelve- 
 month. Kven the flying camp, though insiliuted 
 after the prospect of that event had vanished, wa* 
 enlisted only to the fir.st of December, from a pre- 
 siimplion that the campaign would terminate by 
 that time. 
 
 When it was expected that the conquerors 
 would retire to winter ipiarters, they commenced 
 a new plan of operations more alarming than all 
 their previous conqnesls. The reduction of fort 
 Washinglon, the evacuation of fiirt Lee, and the 
 diminution of llie American army, by the depar- 
 ture of those whose term of service had expired, 
 encouraged the British, notwithstanding the seve- 
 rity of the winter, and Ihe badness of the road.s, 
 lo pursue the remaining inconsiderable coniinen- 
 tal force, with the prospect of annihilating it. By 
 this turn of affairs, ilie interior country was sur- 
 prised into ciinfiisiiiii, and found an enemy within 
 its bowels, wilhout a sufhcieiit army to op| )se it. 
 To retreat was ihe only expedient left. This hav- 
 ing commenced, lord Cornwallis followed, and 
 was close in the lear of (ieneral Wasliini;ii)n, 13 
 he retreated successively to Newark, to Bruns- 
 wick, to I'rinceton, lo Treiilim, and to the J'enn- 
 sylvania side of Ihe Delaware. The pursuit was 
 urged with so much rapidity, that the rear of the 
 one army, pulling down bridges, was often within 
 sight, and shot ofthevanof the other, building 
 them up. 
 
 This retreat into, and through New Jersey, was 
 attended wilh almost every circumstance that 
 could occasion embariassment and depression of 
 spirits. It commenced in a few days alier the 
 .•\uier cans had lost 2700 men in I'oit Washing- 
 ton. In fourteen days after that event, the whole 
 flying caiiip claimed their discharge. This was 
 followed by the almost daily ileparliire of others, 
 whose engagements terminated nearly about the 
 same time. A farther disappointment happened 
 to (ieneral Washinglon. (iatcs had been ordered 
 l)y congress to send two regiments from Ticonde- 
 roga, to reinforce his army. Two .Jersey legi- 
 nienls were put under the command of (ieneral St. 
 (-'lair, and fonvarded in obedience to this order • 
 but the period for which they were enlisted was 
 expired, and the moment they entered iheir own 
 state, they went off to a man. A few officers, 
 without a single private, of these two regiments, 
 were all that General St. Clair brought to the aid 
 of the retreating American army. The few, wbn 
 remained with General Washington, wcr" 1 a most 
 forlorn condition. They consisted mosi.y of the 
 troops which had garrisoned fort Lee, and had 
 been compelled to abandon that post so suddenly, 
 that they commenced their retreat without tents 
 or blankets, and without any uiensils to dress their 
 provisions. In this situation they performed a 
 march of about ninety miles, and had the address 
 to prolong it to the space of nineteen days. 
 
 As ill ! retreating Americans, inarched through 
 Ihe country, scarcely one of the inhabitants joined 
 them ; while iiumbeis were daily fiockiiig to the 
 royal army, lo make llieir peace, and idilain pro- 
 tection. They saw on ihe one side a nutneruus. 
 
 ^^iwrn^hi^, 
 
«-Hem-,lr,| in „rm, as.h,, 
 in I" ilisbiiml : ,111,1 ;ill ge. 
 
 " ' "> <l<-siMi |,„|„ iiicir 
 
 '" ',''l""|iii-<li ilicir iKiirp. 
 
 ; .l.rhM..,!, ■•thai rvef. 
 
 I'l.vs sl,„„|,| ;,|,,„,,„. ,„,Hj^;; 
 
 -"*'■','""■' '"■ 'iPiiimaiHler 
 ytl^ s iMilc.nies. (ir l)r|„re 
 
 iiiK "flicer oCliid maji-sty's 
 ■'"•lil(.(ll,e,m,,.|a,„atio,,; 
 
 '"Hie lawa, by s,||,s,.ril). 
 ■"lioulil obtain a lull and 
 ' }>}• liim coniiiiitiPil, anj 
 llu's lorthn name." 
 
 Iiifli llii< Arncrinaii aol- 
 
 •'iiili'il in NovcinbiT or 
 
 •■ "-xroiuion, ilian thai ol 
 
 ''"'l"ii.«''iR to Ihe .stale 
 
 « <M.Bai..Nl (or tlio war. 
 iiz';'l.it tlio ol,,,e or the 
 liicioiis idr:,, tliat an ac- 
 
 place Hiiliin a tivclve- 
 Ciiin|i, tlioiigli instiintp(( 
 
 even, |„„| vanisln.,!, «•„» 
 rJl Ueconiber, Croni a pre- 
 ign would terniinaio by 
 
 '• that the conqm-rors 
 irtcrs, tlipy eoiinncnced 
 s more alarming than all 
 
 IMe ri'duction nl fort 
 in ot fort Lee, ami the 
 II •■"■my. by the drpar- 
 o( service had expired 
 otwiihsianding the seve- 
 
 badness of the niads 
 iiconsiderabin nintinen' 
 
 of annilnlatinK it. Hy 
 I'rior eonntrv was snr- 
 imiid an enemy withi,, 
 '111 :irmy to ..p, ,so ;,. 
 icdient left, 'lliis hay. 
 irnwallis followed, ami 
 icneral Washi„i;,„„_ ^ 
 to Newark, to liriins- 
 "ton, atid to the J'enn- 
 'iirc. The pursuit w.is 
 1'. that the rear of the 
 'd«e3, was often within 
 ol the other, building 
 
 ough New Jersey, was 
 >y circiiinstanec that 
 f'lit and depression of 
 a few days alier the 
 men in foit Washine- 
 I i:it event, the whole 
 discharge. This was 
 departure of others, 
 ted nearly about the 
 ppointnient happened 
 IC9 liad been ordered 
 iments from Titoiide- 
 Two .Jersey rt^gi- 
 iiimand of Oeneral St. 
 ieiice to this order ■ 
 f were enlisted was 
 ley entered their own 
 II- A few oDrcers, 
 these two reginienlsi, 
 r brought to the aid 
 ii'.v. The few, wbn 
 igton, wer» i a most 
 isted mosi.y of the 
 <l lort Lee, and had 
 t post so .suddenly, 
 etrcat without tents 
 ensils to dress their 
 they performed a 
 itl had the address 
 iRteen days. 
 I marched Ihroiigb 
 e inhabitants joined 
 l;iily (locking to the 
 iii-e. and obtain pro- 
 e side a immerous. 
 
 NonTlI AMT.RIOA. 
 
 well-appointed, iind fidl clail army, ila/,y.ling their 
 eves with the elegaiiiiMil luiihiniiily : on ihe other, 
 a lew poor (rllows, »lni, Inmi llieir sliiililij clcilli- 
 ing, were r.illc'd ragniiilfiiis, (jii'iiii; (or llicir 
 
 (lal'eiy. Nul only llic rdiiuiKin | pie rlianu'ed 
 
 sides ill this uliKiniy ''liiic of piiblir alliiirs : lint 
 siiiuc of llie Icailiiig men ill New .ler^ev ami I'eiiii- 
 s\lvaiiia ailiipteil the same expeilienl. Among 
 tiie-e .Mr. (iaIloHay, and the family of the .Miens 
 ill I'liilailelpliia, were most disliriguislied. The 
 foruier, ami one of the latter, had been members 
 of (.'ongress. In tliisliourof adversity, they came 
 within llie llrilisli lines, and siirremlereil them- 
 selves to the coiii|iierois, alleging in jiisiifnaliiin 
 oftheireoniliicl.tliat though they had joined with 
 their eoiiiiliymen, in seeking for a redress of 
 grievances in a constitutional way. they had never 
 approved of the measures lately adopted, and were 
 in particular, at all times averse to independence. 
 
 On the (lay Oencral Washington relteated over 
 the Delaware, the llrilisli took possession of Rhode 
 Island, without any loss, anil at the same time 
 blocked up Commodore Hopkins' squadron, and a 
 mimber of privateers at Providence. 
 
 In ihis period, when the American army was 
 relinquishing its (iencial ; the people giving up 
 the cause ; some of their leaders going over to 
 the enemy; ami ihe Itritishcommandeissncceed- 
 1111! in every enterprise, (ieneral Lee was taken 
 prisoner at Uaskenbridge, by [iieutenant Colonel 
 Ilarcoiirt. This ciiused a depression of spirits 
 .unoiig the Americans, far exceeding any real in- 
 jiiiy done to their essential interests. He had 
 been repe.ilc<lly ordered to come forward with his 
 divisinii, and join (ieneral Washinglon; but these 
 ordeis were not obeyed. This circiinislance, and 
 the ilangcidus crisis of public alfairs, together with 
 his being alinie, at some disiance from the troops 
 which he commanded, begat suspicions tint he 
 chose to fall into the hands of the liritish. Though 
 these apprehensions were without foiimlatinn. they 
 produced the same extensive mischief, as if they 
 h:iil been realities. The Americans had reposed 
 exiravagant confidence in his mililaiy talents, and 
 experience of regular K.niiipean war. i\rercly to 
 have lost such an idol of ihe slates, at any time, 
 would liave been distressful ; bill losing him under 
 circiimsiances, which favoured an opinion that, 
 despairing id" the .Vmi'riian cause, he chose to be 
 taken prisoner, was to iiiiny an extinguishment of 
 evi.ry liope. 
 
 I!y the advance of the Rritish into New .lersey, 
 the neiiihboiirliood of I'liilailelpliia became the 
 seat of war. This prevenled that umlisiiirberl at- 
 tention to public I'iciness which the deliberations 
 of Congress required. They therefore adjourned 
 Iheinselvcs to meet in eight days at Baltimore, re- 
 Bulviiig al the same time, "that (ieneral Washing- 
 ton should be possessed of full powers to order 
 and direct all things, relative In the department. 
 and the operations of war." 
 
 The activity of the llrilisli at the close of the 
 catuiiaigii, se:'med in some measure to compensate 
 for llieir tardiness in the beginniii<.' of it. 
 
 Hitherto they had succeeded in every scheme. 
 They iii.irched up and i' in the .Jersey side of 
 the Delawnie, and llirongli the connlrv withnnl 
 any moleslation. All opposition to the re-eslalj- 
 lishment of royal government seemed to be on 
 the point of expirini;. The .Americans had 
 thus far acted without system, or rather feebly ex- 
 ecuted what had been in|uilicioiisly adopted. 
 Though the war was changed from its first ground, 
 a redress of grievances, (o a struggle for sove- 
 reignty, yet some considerable time elapsed, before 
 arrangements conformable to this new .system, 
 were aiiopled ; and a much longer, before they 
 were carried into execution. 
 
 With 'he year 177(!, a retreating, half-naked 
 army wa° to be dismissed, and the prospect of a 
 new one was both distant and uncerlnin. The re- 
 cently assumed independence of the stales, was 
 ajiparenlly on the verge of dissolution. It was 
 supposed by many, that tin- icconi I'f their exist- 
 ence would have been noiuini' llian, lliai ", i tickle 
 paopic, lin|i.itient :fllie restraints of regular go- 
 
 vernment, had in n fit of passion, abolished that 
 of (ireat lirilain. and established in Its room, free 
 consiiiulionsof llieir own ; imt these new estab- 
 lishments, iVomwanl id wisdoiii in their rulers, or 
 of spirit in their people, were no sooner formed 
 llian annihilated. The leading men in their res- 
 pi'Clive uovernmenls, and llie principal meiiibcrs 
 oft'ongress, for by this name the insurgenis dis- 
 tinguished their supreme council, were hanged, 
 and their estates conllsoaled. Washington, the 
 gallant leader of their military establishments, 
 worthy ol a bctlerfile, deserted by his army, aban- 
 doned by his country, rushing on the thickest hat- 
 lalions of the foe, provoked a friendly Hrilisli 
 bayonet to deliver him from an ignominious death." 
 
 To human wisdom it appeared probable, that 
 such a paragraph noiild have closed some small 
 sectiimin the history of Kngland, treating of the 
 .\niericaii troubles. There is in human all'airs 
 an ultimate point ofelevation or depression, beyond 
 »hi( h they neith-r grow better nor worse ; hut 
 turn back in a contrary course. 
 
 In proportion as dilficiilties increased, Congress 
 redoubled its exertions In oppose them. Tiiey 
 addressed Ihe states in animated language, calcu- 
 lated to remove their despondency, renew their 
 hopes, and confirm their resolutions. 
 
 They, at the same time, despatched gentlemen 
 of character and inlliicnce, to excite the militia to 
 take the field, (.ieneral AlilTlin was, on this oc- 
 casion, particularly useful. He exerted his great 
 abilities, in arousing his fellow citi/.ens, by anima- 
 ted and alfectionate addresses, to turn out in de- 
 fence of their endangered liberties. 
 
 Congress also recommended to each of the Uni- 
 ted States, "to appoint a day of solemn fasting 
 anil humiliation, to implore of Almighty (!od the 
 forgiveness oftheir many sins, and to beg the coun- 
 tenance and assistance of his providence, in Ihi' 
 prosecution of the present just and necessary war." 
 
 In the dangerotls situation, in which every thing 
 dear to the friends of independence was reduced, 
 congress transferred extraordinary powers to (Je- 
 neral Washington, by a resolution expres.sed in the 
 following words : 
 
 " The unjust, but determined purpose of tlie 
 British court, to enslave these free states, obvious 
 ihiough every delusive insinuation to the eontriry, 
 having placed things in such a situation that the 
 very existence of civil liberty now depends on the 
 right execution of military power ; and the vigor- 
 ous, decisive conduct of these being impossible to 
 distant, numerous, and deliberative bodies; this 
 (Congress, having maturely considered the present 
 crisis, and having perfect reliance on the wisdom, 
 vigour, and uprightness of General Washington, 
 do hereby — 
 
 " Residve that General 'Washington shall be, 
 and he is hereby vested with full, ample, and com- 
 plete powers, to raise and collect together, in Ihe 
 most speedy and clfectual manner, from any or all 
 of these United States, sixteen battalions of in- 
 fantry, in addition to those already voted by Con- 
 gress ; to appoint olliccrs for the said battalions ol 
 iidantry : to raise, otficer, and equip 3000 light 
 horse, three regiments of artillery, and a corps of 
 enaincers ; to establish their piiy ; toapplytoany 
 of the slates for such aid of the militia as lie shall 
 judge necessary ; to form such maga/.ines of pro- 
 visions, and in such places as he shall think pro 
 per ; to displace and appoint all officers under the 
 rank of Brigadier General; and to fill up all vacan- 
 cies in every other department in the American 
 armies ; to take, wherever he may be, whatever 
 ho may want for the use of the army, if the inha- 
 bitants will not sell it, allowing a reasonable price 
 for the same ; to arrest and confine persons who 
 refuse to take the contii ental currency, or are 
 otlienvise disalfected to the American cause ; and 
 return to the states of which they are citizens, 
 their names, and the 'latiire of llieir olfences, to- 
 nether with the wiliif sses lo prove them : that the 
 foregoinc powers !)■• vested in Geni'ial Washing- 
 Ion, fur, and diiriii; the term of six luonlhs, Iroiii 
 llie date thiMi'iil", unless siioiiiT dclerinineil by 
 ''oiiiiress." 
 
 408 
 
 In this hoiirof extremiiy, ihe alteniniii ol < 'on- 
 gress was emplo)ed In devising plans to "ave the 
 stales from sinking iindi-r the heavy itl imities 
 whii'li were bearing llieiii down. Il i- leiuaika- 
 ble. ili.it, iii'illier ill llie present condilim llioii.;li 
 living and severe, nor in any other siiiii- ihe de- 
 elar.iiion of iiidepcnileiice, was Cnniiess iiillnen- 
 ced eillici by lince. di'-lress, artifice, oi persuasion, 
 lo entertain the most distant idea ol |/'irc|iasing 
 peace, by returning lo the condition u Itrilisli 
 suhjeclH. So low were lliey reduced in me latter 
 endofl77(>, that some inenibers distrustful of 
 their ability to resist the power of (treat lirilain, 
 proposed to aiiihorise their comniissinneri al the 
 court u( l''ram e, (whose appointmenl shall bo 
 herealler explameil,) to transfer to that coiiiilry 
 the same moiiM)Hdv of their traile, which (ire; . 
 lirilain had hillierto enjoyed. ( )ii exaininalion, it 
 was found, that concessi"usof lliiskiii'l would de- 
 stroy the force of many ai ^ iiinenls herciofore used 
 in favour of independence, and probably disuniln 
 their citizens. 
 
 It was next proposed <■■ nd'er a rnii poly of 
 
 certain enumeraled ailn I' ofproduii. To this 
 the variant inleiests of tie dill'eienl slates were 
 so directly opposed, as to occasion a speedy and 
 decided negative. Some proposed otfering tr 
 France, a league idfensive and detensive, ill cis* 
 she would hearlily siippinl Amerii in indepen- 
 dence : but this was also rejected. The more en- 
 lightened members of (-longiess argued : "though 
 Ihe friendship of small slates might lie purchased 
 that of I'" ranee could not." They alleged, that il 
 she would risk a war wlili (ireat Britain, hy open- 
 ly espousing their cause, cl would not be so much 
 from the prospect of direct advantages, as from » 
 natural desire lo lessen the ovcriiiown power of a 
 dangerous rival. It was thereroie supposed, that 
 the only iiidiiceinent, likely to inlliieiice l-'raneu 
 to an interference, was an assurance iliat the Uni- 
 ted States were determined to perMvere in retii- 
 ning a return to their former allegiance. Instead 
 of lisleniiig to the terms of the royal conmiission- 
 ers, or to any founileil on the idea of ilieir resuming 
 the character of Biitisli subjects, il was therefoic 
 again resohed, to abide by their declared indepen- 
 dence, and prolVeied freedom of trade to every 
 foreign nation ; trusting the event to providence, 
 and risking all consequences. Copies of tnesc 
 resolutions were sent to the principal courts of 
 Kiiropc, and proper persons were appolnleil to 
 solicit their friendship to the new-formed slates. 
 These despatches fell into the hands of the Bri- 
 tish, and were by them published. This was the 
 very thing wished for hy Congress. They well 
 knew that an apprehension oftheir making up all 
 dill'erences with Great Britain was the principal 
 objection to the interference of foreign coiiiis, in 
 what was represented to be no more than a domes- 
 tic quarrel. A resolution adopied in the deepest 
 distress and the worst of times, that (Jongress 
 would listei> to no terms of re-union with their 
 parent state, convinced those who wished for the 
 dismemberment of the British empire, that it was 
 sound policy to interfere, so far as wii I prevent 
 the conquest of the United .Stales. 
 
 These judicious determinations in the cabinet 
 were accompanied with vigorous exertions in the 
 field. In this crisis of danger l-OOO of the Penn- 
 sylvania militia embodied, to reinforce the conti 
 nental army The merchant, the farmer, the 
 tradesman, and the labourer, cheerfully relin(|uisli- 
 ed the conveniences of home, to perform the 
 duties of private soldiers, in the severity of a 
 winter campaign. Though most of them were 
 accustomed to the habits of a city life, they slept 
 in tents, barns, and sometimes in the open air, du- 
 ring the cold months of December and .Taniiaiy. 
 There were, nevertheless, only two instances of 
 sickness, and only one of death, in that large body 
 of men, in the course of six weeks. The dt-liiy, 
 so judiiiously contrived on llie retreat through 
 .Tersey. all'iiiiled lime fur tlicse voliinleer rein- 
 forcemenls III join (Ieneral Wa-iliinglnn. The 
 . iMiiiiher oi IriMips unilcr lii< com ma < il a I thai tune, 
 llhiclualeil between 'uo aii.l ilnie iluMisand. To 
 
404 
 
 II IS TOR V UK 
 
 turn rniiiiil miil fncr n victoriiiiiH mid iiiiiid-iimk 
 
 Ml 
 
 i| 
 
 f i 
 
 foe, will) (hill Kii'oiHJilpriililf lorcr, w.h ri»kiiiK 
 
 milcli : lull llic iirKfiH'y nl'lhe iunp rrqiilrid tliiii 
 
 ■riiivrliiiiK ^liciiilil lir iitli'iiiptiMl, Till' icriiiilinu 
 
 hllKiiicsn, liir llii> |iri>|>i>Hi>il iirw ciiiiliiKMihil iiiiiii, | llii' l)i'l:i»;i 
 
 Wiis al II Mliiiiil, wlillr lilt' llrllinh tvcrc ilrlviiii' ilir (ii'iii'ial \\'\ 
 
 I ■i|itur*'ili cxri<|it uliuiit GOO, wliii ('iti'ii|i(iil hy ijii- 
 
 1(1 jrailmu III Itiirili'iiliin. 
 
 Till' Mrili^li liail a nliniik; h.illall I liiilit iii- 
 
 liilili V at riuiri'liiii, anil a liiici' vrl iiiiiaiiiili); iii'ar 
 
 ii|iriiiii' I'l till' Aiiiriiiaii anil)'. 
 
 liin;;liiM, llirirliiir, In llii' rvi'iiiiiu ill 
 
 AnirricaiK lirfnrw llii'iii. Tlir iiipncnl ii'jjiilar llii' laiiir ilny, llinntlit il inii'it |iriiili>nl In rcciiiss 
 
 liiln I'iMilHvivaiila witli IiIh |irHiiiii'r8 
 
 Till" rllfi'lK 111 tliJH micci'NMriil fiilt'rpriHB werr 
 npi'i'ilily Irll III it'iriilliii); lli« Aiiii'rii'aii Hiiiiy. 
 Aliiiiil 1 100 rfftiilar auldlrrs, wlume liiiiv iil Ncr- 
 vlt^e win< (III llie |i<ijii( iir('H|i|riiiH, a)(M'r(l to nrrve 
 mIx H'ci.'kn liiii);<'ri "ii i> |M>iiiiisi'il giatiiily nl' ini 
 |m|irr iliillam to i-ai'li. iMrii iif liilluciicr wrii' 
 Hunt to iliU'i'reiil |iai'tii orilie cimiitrv to riiiiMo llic 
 iiiililla. Tlir ia|iiiir anil liiipiililic oiiiiiliii't iil'tliK 
 lli'ili.ili iipcratfil iiioif riiiclbly nil tin' iiilialiitaiils, 
 III expel till-Ill rriiiii till' .:ale, ilian clliii'r patrinl- 
 Ixni, nr prrsuiiMUiii to prevriil llirirovrrriiiiiiiiiK ll. 
 'I'lip llcsDiaii prisoners taken on tliR ^ililli belli); 
 seciiii'il, Oeiicral Waslilnntoii re frnnseil the De- 
 laware, and tiiiik possession ol' Treiiloii. 'I'he 
 iletacliiiients, nliich had lieeii dislrilinted over 
 New Jersey, previous to llie capture ol'tlie llea- 
 siaiis, iiniiM'dialrly alter that event, asscinliled at 
 rilneeton, anil were joined liy (lie army I'riiin 
 Itriinsivick, under liiid ('onmallis. I'Toiii this 
 positiiin, ,lan. ^d. I77li, lltey pioeeeded tiinnrds 
 Tii'iiton in itreat loree, hopiin; by a vinoroiis onset 
 to repair the iiijiiry their eaiise had sustained liy 
 the late del'eal. Tiiily delicate was the sitiintioii 
 ot'the leelili! Aineriean army. 'l"o retreat was to 
 lia/.ard the city nl' I'liiladelphia, and to de>iroy 
 every ray of hope which hadlieyun to dawn Irniii 
 their late success. To risk an actiiiii, with a su- 
 perior I'orce ill trout, and a river in rear, was dan- 
 gerous in the extreme. To ^el roiiiiil the advan- 
 ced parly ot'llie lirilish, and, liy piishiiiK liirwards, 
 III attack in their rear, was deemed preleralile to 
 either. 'I'he Itritish. on their advance IVoin 
 I'riiicetoii.alioiit I I'. M. attacked a body ofAme- 
 ricans posted with lour field pieces, a little to the 
 iiortliward of Trenton, and coiiipelleil them tn 
 retreat. The purDuiii^ ilritish, bciti^r checked, 
 at the hrid);e over Sanpiiik creek, wliieh runs 
 through that tuwii, by some field ))icces, posted on 
 the opposite banks of tliat rivulet, fell hack so far 
 as to be out of reach of tlio caiinoii, and kindled 
 tlieir lires. 
 
 The .-Vmericans were drawn up on the other 
 side of the creek, and ill that position remained 
 till niiiht, caniiiiiiadin); the enemy and receiving 
 their lire. Iii this critical hour, two armies, on 
 which the success or failure of the American re- 
 viiliiiinn materially depended, were crowded into 
 the small vijlaiic of Trenton, and only separated 
 liy a creek, in many pi, ices forihi'ile. 'I'he liii- 
 lisli, believiiii; they had all llie ailvaiila):es they 
 coulil wish for, and that they could use them w hen 
 they pleased, discontinued all farther operations, 
 and kepi themselves in readiness to iiuike tlic at 
 tack next morning. Sir U'illiain Krskino 'i» re- 
 ported to have advised an immediate attack, or 
 at least to place a .strong guard al a bridge over 
 .Sanpink creek, which lay in the route the Ameri- 
 cans look to Princeton ; giving for a rea.soii thai, 
 oilierwise, Washliigloii, if a good general, would 
 make a move to the left ofthe royal army, and at- 
 lack the post at I'riiicelon in the rear. 
 
 'I'he next morning presented a scene as brilliant 
 on the one side, as it was unexpected on the other. 
 .""looii alter it became dark, (leneral Washington 
 ordered all his baggage to be silently removed, 
 and having left guards for the purpose of decep- 
 tion, inarched with )iis whole force, by a circui- 
 tous route, to I'rinccton. This iiianicuvre was 
 deteriiiined upon in a council of war, from a con- 
 viction that it would avoid the appearance of a 
 retreat, and al the same time the ha/.ard of an ac. 
 lion in a bad position ; and that it was the most likely 
 way to preserve the city of Philadelphia, from 
 falling into the hands of the lirilish. (ieneral 
 Washington also presumed, that from an eagerncsi 
 mfnt.sof Kalil, finslier'.', anil Kniphausen, amount- to ell'acc the impressions, made by tlie late capture 
 ing in the whole lo ab.iiil l.")(IO men, and a troop of the He.ssians at Trenton, the iSritish comiiian- 
 uf iiritlsb Ught iiors'.-. A II these were killed orl ders hud jnisbed forward their principal force, aud J 
 
 •nlilirrs could, as a niatter of right, in less than a 
 week, claim their discharge, and scarce a single 
 recruit olVered to sufiply Iheir place, ruder these 
 cireiimiilanceii, the hold resolution was formed, of 
 recrossing into the slate of ,leiHey, and atlaeking 
 that part of the enemy which was posted at Tren- 
 ton. 
 
 When the Americans retreated over lite Dela- 
 ware, the boats ill the vieiniiy were moved out of 
 the w.iy of their pursuers ; this arrested their pro- 
 grr»<« i but the Itritish commanders, in the seciiri- 
 ly of oonipiest, cantoned their army in llurlinglon, 
 Uordniilon, Trenlon, and other towns of New 
 Jersey, in daily expectation of being enabled lo 
 crnsH into Pennsylvania, by meansof ice, which is 
 generally fiirmei! aboiil that lime. 
 
 Of all events, none seemed to them more im- 
 
 I>roliable, than that their late retreating, lialfiia- 
 ied enemies, should, in this extreme cold season, 
 face about and commence olleiisive operations. 
 They indulged themselves in a degree of careless 
 inaltention to ihj possibility of a surprise, wiiich, 
 in the vicinity of an enemy, however contemp;i- 
 blc, can never be Jtisllfied. ll has been said that 
 Colonel Kalil, the comtnaiidingoiricer in Trenlon, 
 being under some apprehension for that frontier 
 post, agiplied lo (ieneral (iiaiit for a reiiiforceiiienl, 
 and that (ieneral reliirned lor answer : " Tell the 
 colonel, he is very safe. I will undertake lo keep 
 the peace in New .lersey, with a corporal's guard." 
 In the evening of ( 'hrislmas day ( leneral Wash- 
 ington made arrangements for re-crossing the 
 Delaware in three divisions ; at iM'Konkey's ter- 
 ry : ill Trenlon ferry ; and al or near llordenlon. 
 'I'he troops which were lo have crnsscd at the two 
 last places, we e commanded by (ienemls Kwiiig 
 and Cadwalaik , who made every exertion to get 
 ovt. : but the i^iiantlty of ice was so sieal, that 
 ihey could not elVecl their purpose. The main 
 tody which was conmianded by (ii'iieral Washing- 
 Con, crossed at .M'Koiikvy'i) ferry •■ but the ice in 
 the river retarded it« passage -.o long, that it was 
 three o'clock in the iinnning, belbre the artillery 
 could be gotten over. On landing in .lersey, it 
 was formed into two divisions, coiiimaiiiled hy (ie- 
 nerals Sullivan and (ireeii. who liail under their 
 command Drigadiers lord .Smliim, .Mercer and .St. 
 Clair. One of the divisions were ordered lo pro- 
 ceed on the lower, or river road, the oilier on the 
 upper, or Peiiiiington road, ('olniiel .^lark, with 
 some liglil troops, was also directed lo advance 
 near to the river, and lo possess himself of that 
 part ofthe town which is lieyond the bridge. The 
 divisions having marly the same distance lo 
 march, were ordered, iiniiiediately on forcing the 
 out guards, lo push direclly into Trenton, thai they 
 might charge the enemy before they had time to 
 form. Though they marched ililli'reiit roads, yet 
 they arrived at the enemy's advanced post, within 
 three minules of each oilier. The mil guards of 
 the Hessian troops al Trenlon soon fell back ; but 
 kept up a eoiistanl retriating (ire. Their main 
 body, being hard pressed by the Americans, who 
 had already got possession of half their artillery, 
 attempted to file olf by a road leading towards 
 Princeton : but were checked by a body of troops 
 thrown in their way. Kiiidiiig themselves sur- 
 rounded, they laid down their arms. The num- 
 ber which subinitted was :i;! officers and SSli men. 
 Between HO .ini. -tO of the Hessians were killed 
 and wounded. Colonel Kalil was among the for- 
 tmer, and seven of his otiicers among the latter. 
 Captain Washington, of the N'irginia troo|)g, and 
 five or six ofthe .'Americans, were wounded. Two 
 were killed, and two or three were fro'/.en lo death. 
 The delachinent in Tientmi consisted ofthe regi 
 
 thai of course the reiiiainiler III the rear at j'rinre- 
 ton was not ninie than eipiid lo his own. Thti 
 eveni verilieil tins coniecliiie. The mure eHei'tu- 
 ally to ilitt;iii*e ihe liepainiie ol' llie Amenr.iiii 
 hum Trenlon, lues weie lighted up in trniil ol 
 
 their camp. Thes I only gave appearance 
 
 III going lo rest, bill, as ll.iiiie i .iiiiiol be seen 
 lliroiigli, concealed Irom the Ilritish what was 
 Iraiisacting behind them. In this relative position 
 they were a pillar of lire to the ntin army, and a 
 pillar of a cloud >o the other. 
 
 I'rovitlencelavoiireil this movement ofthe .Vme- 
 ricans. The weather had been for some lime so 
 warm and iiioisi, thai the gioiiiid was soft, and thii 
 roads so deep as lo be scarcely passable ; but the 
 wind Hiiddenly changed to the niirlhwt'st, and the 
 ground in a short time was fro/.en so hard, iha' 
 when lite .\iiiericans look up their line ot niareii. 
 they were no more retarded, lliaii i. they had been 
 upon a solid paveiiienl. 
 
 (ieneral Washiiigloii readied Princeton early in 
 Ihe morning, .laiiiiary .'I, and would have complete- 
 ly surprised the Urilish, had not a party, wliich 
 was on their way to Trenton, descried his troops 
 when they were two miles distant, and sent back 
 couriers to alarm their iinsiispecliiig fellow sol- 
 diers in their rear. 'I'liese consisted of the I'dli 
 the lOtli, and .Ofitli regiment of Ilritish infantry, 
 soiiie ofthe royal artillery willi two field piece's, 
 and three troops of liulil diagooiis. The centre of 
 the Americans, coiisisiing of ihe Philadelphia iiii- 
 rnia,w hile on their line of inarch, was brisi,ly charg- 
 ed by a parly ofthe Ilritish, and gave na'v in dis- 
 order, 'i'he inomenl was critical, (iencial Wash 
 inglon pushed forward, anil placed himself between 
 his own men and the itritish ; with his horse's 
 head fronting liie latter. The .Vmericans, em iiu- 
 raged by ins exampli- and exlimtalions, made a 
 stand, and returned lite Ilritish lire. The general, 
 llioiigh between both parlies, was providentially 
 uninjured by either. 
 
 A party of the lirilish tied into the college, and 
 were there attacked with field pieces wliich were 
 lired into it. The seat of the muses lieiame tor 
 some time the scene of action, 'i'he party, which 
 liad taken refuge in the college, alien eceivini; a lew 
 ilLscharges fioin the .\iiierican field pieces, came 
 out and surrendered themselves prisoners of war. 
 
 In the course of the engagement sixty of llio 
 Ilritish were killed, a greater niiniber wounded 
 and about liOO of them taken prisoners. The test 
 made llieir escape, some by pushing on towards 
 'i'rentiiii, others by retiiining tonaids ilriiiiswick. 
 'I'he .'\inericaiis lost only a few : but Cnlonels Has- 
 let and Poller, and Captain Neal of llie artilleiy, 
 were among the slain, (ieneral Alerier received 
 iliree bayonet wounds, of which lie died in a i^liort 
 tune. He wasa .Scolchnian by birth : but Ikhii 
 principle and all'eclion had engaged lo support the 
 liberties of his adopleii country, with a '/.eal eipiai 
 to that of any of its native sons. In private life 
 he was amiable, and his character as an olhcei 
 stood liis;li in the public esteem. 
 
 W'liili lliey were lighling at Princeton, the liri- 
 lish ill Trenlon were underarms, and on the point 
 of making an assault on the cvacn.iled camp of 
 the .\iiiericaiis. With so iimch address had tlie 
 iiiovemeiil to Princelon been conducted, tiiat 
 tiioiigh from the critical slliialion ii| il.e tun ariiiieii 
 every ear maybe suppose' in hav. 'ipeii. 
 
 and every watchl'ii! 
 yet (ieneral W;i-li 
 ground, witli ' 
 artillery, iinki 
 versaries. 'i 
 entirely deceii 
 report of tlio arliii, 
 in Ihe depth of 
 thunder. 
 
 That part of ;he royal ainiy, which, having 
 t!.scaped from Priiicetcii, lelieated towards New 
 Uruiiswtck, was piiisned for three or tour miles, 
 Aiiotlr'r parly which had advaiiceil as far as 
 Maidciihi'iid, no their way lo Trenton, hraring llie 
 freipient discharge of (ire arms in tlicir rear 
 wheeled round and marclicd to ihu aid of the 
 
 \e been ciiipluyed, 
 
 d complelcly nii iho 
 
 III . ■,tores, bagua." and 
 
 id unsiispecieil by .id- 
 
 iii.sl" in Trenton, > so 
 
 bat wlieii ihey lieaid the 
 
 It Prim I. Ill, ihougii it was 
 
 Willi' r,thi- supposed it lo bo 
 
 .jmnitHiim 
 
"•ar III rriiii'f. 
 II" imii. 'I'li^ 
 1' MiiiiiTilrilii- 
 llii' AiiiriiiMiH 
 
 ll|> III Hiilll III 
 ur .i|i|>r;ii;iiii'p 
 .llilliil lir Ki'i'ii 
 IIhIi wliiil »ilii 
 i'lalivi'|iiwiiiiii| 
 1" aiiii^', mill a 
 
 ■111 'irilicAiiir- 
 
 ■* Illlli' sii 
 
 < ■'iilI, anil till, 
 ■ lili' : hill till! 
 Ii «i'<t, anil Illl- 
 li >" liaiil, iha' 
 liiii' III iiiai'm, 
 tlii'v hail lii'i'ii 
 
 iiCrliiiiiMrly ill 
 lan' riiiii|i|«ie. 
 a [larly, wliiili 
 ii'il IiIh lriMi|is 
 ami si'iii liack 
 111; I'l'lliivv Kill. 
 I'll III llir {"(111 
 liti^'li iiiraiilry, 
 
 1> lirlll IMIMCM, 
 'J'lll! CI'lllieDf 
 
 iilaili'l|i|iia iiij. 
 iliii«Jily iliarg- 
 ivi^ Hay ill iJH- 
 ii'iinal Wash 
 iliiNi'iriirtncrij 
 ill Ills |llllS<''l| 
 llraiis, ciuiiii- 
 ■liiMis, inailf a 
 Till' tjniiTal, 
 |)ri)vii|i>iilially 
 
 ici'iillcjrp, nnd 
 k'swliitli were 
 ^I'S lii'iaine lor 
 K' party, wliich 
 lT(riviiij;ale\» 
 
 I pirci's, laiiie 
 soiicisol war. 
 il sixly 1)1 iliu 
 ilicr wiMiiiili'J 
 ITS. 'I'licicst 
 IK 1)11 Imvaiilii 
 Is Itriiiiswirk. 
 
 ' 'iiliiiifls llas- 
 I'llii' ailillny, 
 •HIT iiiiiM',1 
 lii'il in a >liiiri 
 
 II : liiit liiiiii 
 "siippuii the 
 
 I a zi-al iM|iial 
 
 II privali' lile 
 as uii ofliicr 
 
 I'tllll, IIk! lili- 
 I 1)11 llic pillllt 
 
 iIimI iiaiiip lit 
 lii-s hail the 
 'liHK'il, Ihat 
 iiiiiii's 
 ijieii. 
 1 I Mi|i|uyci|, 
 ilclcly iiij iho 
 liajii;^! mil 
 ■ill,< „|. 
 
 II. ' Sll 
 
 lii'ard the 
 oti<:li it wai« 
 cil il to he 
 
 it'll, haviiit; 
 waril.i New 
 lour mills, 
 as I'ar as 
 li'iirini; lh(! 
 I heir rear 
 lid of tbe 
 
 NORTH AMKKICA. 
 
 405 
 
 r Mii|iaiiiiMii«. The AtiirrivHiia, by ilfxtroyiiif 
 hriilKcx, i«li<rilr(ltlii*sp, lliiiugh cIiiah in lili'ir rnir 
 <■ I liiiii^as lo Kaiii liiiii' for llii'iiinflvcii In iiinvi' nil' 
 ill ^iiDil iiiilir, III I'liii'ki'iiiiii. 
 
 .Su :;iral was ihr ('oiiHlrriiiiliuil ol'llir llrilisli »l 
 llii NL> iiiii'xpi'i'U'il iiiDVi'iiii'iils, lliat llii'V iiislanlly 
 cvaciiali'il Ixilll 'I'rnntiiii anil I'riiii'i'lnii, aii'l re- 
 lit'ilnl Willi ihi'ir wliiili' liiri'i' lo Ni-w llriiiiswirk. 
 'Ill'' Aiiii'ili:aii inililia I'lillrcli'il, anil, roriiiin;; 
 IhriiiM'lvi's inlii partiuii, waylaiil iheir ('iii'iiiii'x, 
 ami lilt tlii'in oil' whi'iiHoRver iiii o|ipiirliiiiity prr- 
 m'liii'il. Ill a l'«w ihiyii tliry overrun ihv .lerHcys. 
 Ili'iii'ral iMaxwi'll HUrprineil Kll/.abcthlown, anil 
 liiiik ni-ar 100 pilHOiii'm. Newark wan uhaiiiloii- 
 I'd ; ami the lale I'omiUBri'ra wern lorceil lo li-avc 
 WooilhriilK)'. The royal troops were coiirnii'il lo 
 Aiiilioy and llriiiiHwick, wliieli held a water I'oin- 
 iniiniialioii with New York. TIiiih, in ihe Nliort 
 spiu'e ol a nionlli, llial pari of .li-rsey, which lies 
 hi'Uvi'i'ii New DriiiiHwIrk and Delaware, was liiilli 
 uverriinby Ihc llritlsh. and recovered hy the Aiiie- 
 riiaiis. The retreat of the conliiienlal army, llie 
 (iliiiil policy iil'lhe Jersey larmers, who chose ra- 
 ther III secure Iheir properly hy Hiiliinission, than 
 deleml it hy resistance, made the llritish helievi< 
 their work was done, and lha! little else remained, 
 hut to reap a harvest of plunder as the reward ol' 
 Iheir lahoiiis, Unreslraiiied hy Ihelerriirs ol'i ivil 
 law, uiii'i)iilri)!led hytlie severity ol discipline, and 
 elali'd wilh their success, the soldiers nl' the royal 
 army, and pari icularly the Hessians, (jave full scope 
 Id Ihe selllsh and lerncioiis passions orhiimaii na- 
 ture. A ciiiii|ueieil country and suhinilliiiK inhahi- 
 laiils presented easy plunder, equal to their iiii- 
 boumli'd rapacity. Inrants, children, old men and 
 wiiincii. were siripped ol' their blankets and clotli- 
 inn. Kiiriiillire was liiiriit iiriillierwiseileslroyed, 
 Diiinestic animals were carried oil', and the|ieii|)lc 
 I'lihbed of their necessary houseliold provisions. 
 The rapes and brutalities coiiimitled on women, 
 and even on very yuiiii;; Kirls, would shock the 
 cars of modesty if particularly recited. These 
 violences were perpetrated on iiihahilaiits who had 
 remained in Iheir houses, and received printed 
 protections, signed hy order of the commander in 
 chief. It was in vain tliat they produced these 
 protections as a safei^uard. The Hessians could 
 nut read them ; and the llrilisli soldiers ihoiiKlit 
 they were entitled to a share of the booty, eijually 
 with their foreign associates. 
 
 Sucli, in all ages, has been the cnniplexion of 
 the bulk of nriuies, that immediate and severe 
 punishments are indispensibly necessary, to keep 
 them from llagrani enoruiities. That discipline, 
 without wliicli an army is a band of armed plun- 
 derers, was, as far as respected the iiihabilaiits, 
 either neglected, or but feebly admiiiistercd in the 
 royal army. The soldiers luiding they might take 
 with iinpunily what they pleased, were iiioie 
 strongly urged by avarice, than checked by jiolicy 
 or fear. Had every citizen been secured in his 
 rights, protected in his property, and paid for his 
 supplies, the consequences might have been fatal 
 tn the ho|)es of those who were attached lo inde- 
 pendence. What the warm recoinmendations of 
 Congress, and the ardent applications of d'eneral 
 Wasliington could not elVect, took place of its own 
 accord, in consequence of tlie plunilerings and de- 
 vastations of the royal army. 
 
 The whole country became instantly hostile to 
 the invaders. Suli'erers of all parties rose, as one 
 man, to revenge their personal injuries. Those, 
 who, from age or infirmities were incapable of 
 bearing arms, kept a strict watch on the inovc- 
 menls of the royal army, and, t'rom time lo time, 
 communicated information to their couniiyiiien in 
 arms. Those who lately declined all military op- 
 position, though called upon by the sacred tie of 
 honour pledged to each other on the declanilinn of 
 independence, cheerfully emhodieil. when they 
 found submission tn he nnavaihu!; fur the security 
 of Iheir estates. This was not done originally in 
 consequence of the victories of Trcnion and Prince- 
 Ion. In the very moment of these actions, or bc- 
 fuie till' news of them had , circulated, sunilry in- 
 dtvidu,-\ls, unknowing of (jeueral Wuhiugton'ii 
 
 nuivvmentii, were 'iincertiiig private iiisiirrprlions, 
 lo roveiige ihejnselves on the pliinderets. The 
 dispute oriuiiiali-il aliiiiil priipcriv, nt' iii oilier 
 wiiiils, about the riL:hl of laxalioii. I'nini llic 
 saiiie siiurie, at lliis tiiiii', il rernvrd a new and 
 Inn ilili' impulse. The laiiiier, w lin ciiiild mil li.iii' 
 (III conseqiiriii'i's of llritish laxaiiiiii, nor of Ami' 
 man indipi'iiili'iii'i', fell the injuries he Hiisiaiiiiil 
 IVoiii the depri'datiiin of liieiiliiiiis tiniqis. Tln' 
 i.lililia of New .leisey, who had lulherlo behaved 
 must sliamefiilly, I'riiui this liiiie lorwaid ri'ileemeil 
 tlii'ir character, and, thi'iiiighoiil a ti'dioiis war, 
 performed services with a spirit and disciplini', in 
 maiiv respects, equal lo that of regular sobliers. 
 
 Tlie victories of Trenlon and I'riiici'lon seemed 
 tube like a resurreilion from the dead, to ilic iles- 
 pniidiiig Iriemls of independence. A mi'lanchiily 
 gloiiiii had, in the first twenly-live days of Decem 
 iier, overspread the I'liited .Si.iies ; but, from thi' 
 ineniorable era of the 'Jlitli of Ihe same month, 
 their prospects licgan lo brighten. The recruiting 
 service, which for siime time had been at a slaiiil, 
 was successfully renewed : and hopes were soon 
 indulged, Ihat the commander in chief would be 
 enaliled to lake the lield in the spring, with a |H!r- 
 manent regular force, (ieneral W'ashingliin re- 
 tired In .Miirrislown, that he might alhiril slii'ller lo 
 his sullering army. The .Xnieriiaii inililia had 
 sundry successriil skiriiiishes wilh ili'tachineiits of 
 their adversaries. Within four days after the af- 
 fair M I'riiicetoii, belHcen forly and lifiy Waldeck- 
 ers were killed, wouiiiled, or taken, at Spriiiglield, 
 by an equal numlier of the same New Jersey mi- 
 litia, which, hula month before, siiU'ered the Ijii- 
 lish lo iivcrrim their coiinliv without iqiposilion. 
 This eiilerprise was coiiiliii'led by Coliini I Spen- 
 cer, whose gallantry, on the occasion, was reward- 
 ed wilh the coniinind of a regimenl. 
 
 During the winter miivrinenls, which have been 
 just related, Ihe soldiers iifboth armies underwent 
 great harilships; but Ihe Americans siiMered by 
 lar the greatest. .Many of them were wiihimt 
 shoes, thiiimh marching over fro/.en ground, which 
 so gashed their naked feet, ihat each step was 
 marked with blood. Tlieie. was scarcely a tent 
 in the whole army. The city of I'hiladelphia 
 had been twice laid under contribution, to provide 
 them with blankets. DlTicers had been appointed 
 lo examine every house, ami, after leaving a scanty 
 covering for the family, to bring otf the rest, for 
 the use of the troops in the lield ; but, niitwiil 
 standing these exertions, the quuntily procured 
 was far shiii I of decency, ninch less of comfort. 
 
 The oiricers and soldiers of the American army 
 were about this lime inoculated ill their canliin- 
 nient at jMorrisiown. As very few of them had 
 ever had the small pox, the inoculation was nearlv 
 universal. The disorder had previously spread 
 among them in the natural way, ami proved miir- 
 lal to many : nut after inoculaiion was introduced, 
 though whole regiments were inoculated in a day, 
 there was little or no mortality from the small 
 pox ; and the disorder was so slight, that, from the 
 lieginniiig til the end of it, there was not a single 
 day in which they could not, and, if called upon, 
 would nut have turned out and fiiught Ihe llritish. 
 To induce the inhabitants to accommudale nllicers 
 and soldiers in their houses, while under the small 
 pox, they and their families were inoculated gra- 
 tis by the military surgeons. Thus, in a short 
 time, the whole army, and the inhabitants in and 
 near .Morristown. were subjected lo Iho small pox, 
 and with very little inconvenience to either. 
 
 'J'hree inonlhs, which follnned the actions of 
 Trenton and Princeton, passed away without any 
 important military enterprise on either side. Maj. 
 (ieii. Pulnain was directed to lake post at Prince- 
 ton, and cover the country in the vicinity. He had 
 only a few hundred troops, though he was no more 
 than eighteen niiles distant from the strong garri- 
 son of the llritish at llruiisnick. At one period 
 he had fewer men for duly, than he had miles of 
 friiiiiier to guard. The situation of ttenend Wasli- 
 ingion at Morrislown was not more eligible. His 
 Ibrce was trilling, when compared with that of the 
 British ; but the cneiny, and his own couotrymtiUi 
 
 believed ihn cnnlniry. Their iliiception wa« che> 
 risbed, and artfully continued by the specious pa- 
 rade of a ciiiisideialile army, '['be Aiui'lliaii of 
 lirei-i look llii'M sliiiiiin in piisilniiiH of dillii'iill ac 
 less, and kept up a i iinslanl I'limniiinicaliiiii with 
 each other. This siciired iheiii Iroiii insult and 
 surprise. Wliiln they ciivered Ihe coiinlry, they 
 harassed the forauing parlies of the liritlsh, and 
 olleii altacked them with success. Of a variety 
 III these, Ihe two lollowmg are selecled as most 
 norlhy of iiiilice. (ieneral Dickinson, with four 
 hiiiidied Jersey militia, and liliy of ihe Pemisyl- 
 vania rilleiiien, crossed Millstone river, near .So- 
 merset court-house, and allacked a large foraging 
 parly of the llrilish, jvllh so iiiuch spirit, that they 
 ahaiidimed llieir coiiioy and tied. Nine of them 
 were taken prisoners. Forty wagons, and upwards 
 of one hundred horses, with a considerable booty, 
 fell into the hands of the geneial. While the llri- 
 lish were loading Iheir wag.ins, a single man be- 
 gan to lire on them from Ihe woods, lie was soon 
 joined by more of his neighbours, who could not 
 patiently see Iheir property carried away. \(iet 
 the foragers had been annoyed for some lime by 
 these unseen marksinen, they fancied, on Ihe ap- 
 pearance of (ieneral Dickinson, that they were al- 
 lacked by a superior force, and began a precipitate 
 llighl. 
 
 Ill about a miiiith after the alVair at Soniersel 
 conrt-hoiise, ('nlonel .Nelson, of llrunswick, with 
 a ilelachmeni of l.'ill militia men, surprised and 
 captured at Ijawrence's Neck, a major and fifty- 
 nine privates of the refugees, who were in llritish 
 pav. 
 
 I'liroughout the campaign oflTTG, an iincoin- 
 moii degree of sickness raged in the American 
 army. Ilusbaiiilmi'ii, transferred at once from 
 the ciinvenienci's of ilomeslic life, to the hardships 
 of a lield encampment, could not acciimmodale 
 themselves to Ihe sudden change. The soulhern 
 troops sickened from the want of salt provisions. 
 Iiinen shirts were generally worn, in contact wilh 
 the skill. The salutary iiilluence of dannel, in 
 preveiiliiig the diseases of camps, was either nii- 
 kmiwn or disregarded. The discipline of the army 
 Has loo feeble In enforce those regulations which 
 experience has proved lo be indispensably neccs- 
 sery, for preserving the health of large bodies ol 
 men collecled tugelher. Cleanliness was also 
 too much neglected. On the Hih of August, the 
 whole American army before New Vurk, consist- 
 ing of 1 7,^1^;') men; but of that number only lO,,')^ 
 were (il for duty. The numerous sick sull'ereil 
 much from the want of necessaries. Hurry and 
 confusion added much to their distiesses. 1'heio 
 was besides a real want of Iho requisites for their 
 relief. 
 
 A proper hospital establishment was beyond tbe 
 abilities of Congres.s, especially as the previous 
 arrangements were not entered u|)on till the cam- 
 paign had begun. Many, perhaps some thousands, 
 of the American army, were swept ofV in a few 
 months by sickness. The country every where 
 presented Ihe melancholy sight of soldiers sud'er- 
 iiig poverty and disease, without Ihe aid of modi- 
 cine or attendance. Those who survived gave 
 such accounts of the sufferings of the sick, as 
 greatly discouraged the recruiting service. A 
 rage for plundering, under Ihe pretence of taking 
 lory property, infected many of the commnu sol- 
 diery, and even some of the ofliccrs. The army 
 had been formed on such principles, in some of the 
 states, Ihat commissions were, in several instances, 
 bestowed on persons who had no pretensions to 
 the character of gentlemen. Several of the oflS- 
 cers were chosen by their own men ; and they of- 
 ten preferred those from whom they expected the 
 greatest indulgences. In other cases, the choice 
 of the men >v.\". in favour of those who had con- 
 sented to throw their pay into n joini stuck with 
 the privates, from which uOtcors and men 'hew 
 equal shares. 
 
 The army, consisting mostly of new recruits 
 and inexperienced ofticers. and beini; only enga- 
 ged fur a Iwelveiiionth. was very dtficiciit in th.n 
 mechanism and discipline, whicji t mc and c)>|Mj> 
 
> ft 
 
 1 
 
 III ■ 
 
 406 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ricnce licstowcil on vcleran troops. (liMKirali 
 Wasliiiigtoii was iinrciiiitting in hia repipsentalioris [ 
 »(> ( 'iJimirss, liivciurin;; MU'h iiilcraluins iis pioinisi'd j 
 |)fiMi;iiirni'V, cinlcr, and iliscipliiii^ ill ilif army : ( 
 but his jnilii'iiiiis opiiiiiiii-f on llipsr sniijccts ut'ic^ 
 kIohIv iiiloplpil. 'I'lic srnliiiiciils 111' liberty wliicli 
 llic'ii uciKMMlly prevailed, made some disliiijjuislied 
 iiieiiiiiers ol' Cotmreis so ilistnisllid oC the rutiire 
 power and prolialde desiijns oCapprniaiient domes- 
 tic arriy, llial lliey had well iii;;li saeriliced llieir 
 country to llieir jealousies. 
 
 The iiiil)(Minded rreedoin of the sava;;e, who 
 roams the woods, must he reslraiiied, when he 
 becomes a ciii/.en ol' orderly government ; and, 
 from the necessity of the case, must be miicli 
 more so, when he submits to be a soldier. The 
 iinhvidiials, eoinposiu}; the army of America, could 
 not at onie pass over Irom the full enjoyment of 
 civil liberty to the discipline of a camp, nor coulil 
 the leadinj; men in C'oni;ress for some tirucbe|ier- 
 suaded to adopt energetic establishments. " (iod 
 forbid," would siicli say, '• that the citizens should 
 be so far lost in the soldiers of our army, that they 
 should i;i\e ovir loiiniii}: for the enjoyments ol 
 (loiuestic happiiie-s. Let frei|Uent furl()U!;lis be 
 granted, rather than the endearmeuls of wives and 
 children should cease to allure the individuals of 
 our aipiy from camps to farms." The amiable- 
 ncss of this principle veiled the error of the senti- 
 
 ment. Tlie minds of the civil leaders in thi coun- 
 cil."; of America were daily occupied, in conteni- 
 platini! the rights ol human nature, and ii.vestiga- 
 lins; ariiumenlsouthe principles of nenetal liberty, 
 to in •lily llieir own opposition to (ireat Britain. — 
 Warmeil with these ideas, they trusted too much 
 to the viiliie iifllieii (■oiintrymen, and were back- 
 ward to ec'force llial suliordination and order in 
 their army, which, llionuh it intrenches on civil 
 lioerly. produces ell'ecis n ihe military line un- 
 eiiualled by the eli'usions of patriotism, or the cx- 
 ei'ions of undisciplined v.iloiir. 
 
 The experience of two campaii;n.s evinced the 
 folly of lrn-,tini; the defence of the country to mili- 
 iia, or to levies laiseil only for a few months, and 
 had induced a resolution for recruiting an army for 
 the war. The good elfecls of this measure will 
 appear in the seipiel. 
 
 The campaign of 177(> did not end till ii had 
 ^een proiiacled mio the first month of the year 
 1777. 'Die liritish had counteil on the complete 
 and speedv rediiciion of their lite colonies ; hut 
 they liiuiid llie work more dilficull of execution, 
 than was supposed. They wholly faileil in their 
 designs on the soiilliern stales In (^lnada, they 
 recovered wliat, in tin; preceding year, they had 
 lost ; drove thi! Americ ins rut of iheiv borders, 
 and deslroyed their fleet on the lakes : but they fad- 
 ed in making their intended iinp,ession on >'o'i 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 northwestern frontier of the stales. They obtain 
 ed possession of Khode Island : but the actpiisition 
 was of litiln service ; perhaps was of deitiinent. 
 Kor nearly three years, scveril thousand men 
 stationed thereon, for its secunly, were lost to 
 every purpose of active co-operation with the royal 
 forces in the field, and the iiossessionof it secured 
 no eipiivalent advantages. The British completely 
 succeeded against the city <d' .New York, and the 
 adjacent country ; but when they pursued their 
 victories into .\ew .lersey, and subdivided their 
 army, the recoiling Americans soon recovered the 
 greatest pan of what they had lost. 
 
 Sir William Howe, after having f . -jy rcacli- 
 cd Philadelphia, was confined to limiia so narrow, 
 that the fee simple of all he commanded would 
 not reimburse the expense incurred by its con- 
 quest. 
 
 The war, on tlie part of the Americans, w,is 
 but barely begun. Hitherto they had engaged 
 with temporary forces, for a redress of grievances : 
 but towards the close of this year they made ar- 
 rangements for raising a permanent army, to emi- 
 tend Willi (ireat Biitain for the sovereignty of thn 
 counliy. 'I'll have thus far stood iheir ground, 
 with their new levie.;, wasa matter of great iiiipor- 
 innce. To them delay was victory ; and not to 
 be coi'.ipiered was t,) conipier. 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 CIIAl''J'i:;R I. 
 
 or liiiU'iit'iuli'iic ', .Stale t'liiistilulitiiis, tiinl the Cinfi-de. 
 niliitii. 
 
 If it be lawful for individuals to relinipiish their 
 native soil, and pursue their own happiness in other 
 regions, ami under oilier political associations, the 
 settlers of New Kngland were always so far inde- 
 pendent, as to owe no oliodimce to their parent 
 state, but such as resiilteil from their vohiiiiary 
 assent. What, for several centuries after tin- 
 christian era, would have been called Ihe iiisliti- 
 tion of a new government, was by modern refine- 
 ment denominated only an extension of the old, in 
 the form of a dependent colony Though llie pre- 
 vailing ecclesiastical and political creeds tended 
 to degrade the condition of thn settlers of .New 
 England, yet there was always a party there which 
 believed in tlieir natural right to independence. — 
 They recurred to first principles, and argued, that, 
 as they received from government notiiing more 
 than a charter, ' lunded on idle claimsof sovereign- 
 ty, they owed it no other obedience tlian what was 
 derived from express, or implied contract. It was 
 not till the IHtli century liad more than halfelaps- 
 ed, that it occurred to any number of the colon- 
 ists, that they hail an interest in bring detached 
 froui (ireat Britain. Tlieir attention was first 
 tunied lo this subject, by Ihe British daii'i if tax- 
 ation. This opened a melancholy prospect. Imiiiid- 
 less in extent, and endless in diiiation. The Bos- 
 ton port act, and llie other acts, passed in 1774 
 and 177.'>, which have been already Ihe subject of 
 jomnietil, progressively weakened Ihe attachment 
 of the colonists, to the birth place of their fore- 
 fathers. The commencenienl of hostilities on the 
 1'1'h of April, 177'), exhibited the parent state in 
 nn odious point of view, and abated the original 
 Jrcud of leparating from it. Hut nevertheless, at 
 
 that lime, and for a tweln'inoiilh alter, a inajo- 
 ritv of' til* cdoni^ls wished I'nrini inure lliaii lo be 
 re-established as subjects, in their ancient rights. 
 
 In 17 <G, llie coloiiisisliegan In lake nil ler gioiind, 
 and contend that it was t'or iheir inletest to be foi 
 ever separated from (ireal Brilaiii. In fivoiir of 
 this opinion, it was said, l:ial, in case ul' llieir eon- 
 tinning subjects, ill,' inother iiiuiuiy, ihoiigli she' 
 redressed their grievances, luiglil at pli'asiire re- 
 peat similar oppressions ; thai slieoiiglil not lo be 
 trusted, hivin;; Iw ii e lesuiiiid llie exercise of tax- 
 ation, alter it liad been apparently leliiKpiished.— . 
 The favourers of separation also uigeil, lliat (iif.:U 
 Britain was jealous of their increasing n mbers, 
 and rising greatntss; that she wnnld iiol exercise 
 goveriiiuenl for liieir bein lit, bu! for Iter own ; and 
 thai the only |ieriiiaiiciil security lor .Xmerican 
 happiness was, to ileny her liie pmver of iiilerfer- 
 ing with llieir government or emiiii:,'ii ". 'I'd ef- 
 fect this pcrpose, ihey were i I opinion, thai it was 
 necessary to cut the knot, which connected the two 
 countries, by a piililic lenuncialioii of all political 
 connexions beiween them. 
 
 The Americans about liiis lime iicgan to be in- 
 lliieiiccd by new views. The miliiaiy arrange- 
 ments of the preceding year ; Iheir unexpected 
 union, and prevailing enlhiisiasm, expanded ihe 
 minds of their leaders, and elevated the Kentiments 
 of the people. Decisive measures, which would 
 have been lately reproliaii'd, now met with appro- 
 bation. 
 
 The favourers if subordination under the fiirmer 
 constilulion urged 111,; advantages of a supreme 
 head, lo contiol t'le disputes of inlerfering coloiiii s, 
 and also the benei.is wliich flowed from union : that 
 independence was untried groiinil, and should not 
 be entered upon, lint in the last extremity. 
 
 They mattered themselves that (ireal Britain 
 was sofiilly convinced of t!ie determine'' spirit ol 
 America, that if the present coiilrover.sy were 
 cumpruuiiaed, she would not, at any future |<<!rioJ 
 
 resume an injurious exercise of her supreinaf y 
 They were therefore for proceeding no fan her 
 than to defend themselves in the character of siib- 
 jei Is, trusting that ere long the pieseiil hosiilo 
 measures would be relinipiislicd, and the liarinony 
 ol the two countries re-estaiilished. The favomein 
 of this system were embarrassed, and all their ar- 
 giimenis weakened, by the perseverance of (ireat 
 Biitain in herscheines of coercion. .\ probable 
 hopeofa sp;edy repeal of a t'vw acts of parliaini'nt 
 would have greatly increased the niinii.er of iIiosh 
 who were advocates for rei'onciliation : but llie 
 certainly of intelligence to the conliary. gave ad- 
 ditional force to the argiimenls of llie opposit,, 
 partv. 'I'hough new weight was daily thrown into 
 the scale, in which the ad" anlagev of indepindencu 
 weighed, yet it did not prcpoiiderale till about llial 
 lime in I77(), when inlelligeiice riMched tiie colo 
 nists of the act of parliamenl passed in Oeceinber, 
 177.'), for throwing them out of British proteclion, 
 and of hiring foreign troops to assist in alfecting 
 their conipiest. Kespectiiig the first it was ?-aid, 
 ' that protec'lion and allegiance were reciprocal, 
 and that the refusal of the first was a legal ground 
 of jnsliiicllion lor withholding the last." They 
 considered themselves to be thereby discharged 
 from Iheir allegiance, and that lo declare them- 
 selves independent, was no more than to aiinonncu 
 to the world the real political slate in whicli (in'at 
 Britain had placed them. 
 
 This act proved that the colonists might coiisti- 
 tiifiiinallT.declaretlii'insclvesindependeni ; lint the 
 hiring of liueign troops lo make war upon them, 
 demonstrated the necessity of their doing it imiiie- 
 diat.'lv. The, reasonecl that if (ireal Biitain 
 called ill the aid of strangers to crush them, they 
 must seek similar lelieffiit their own preservation. 
 I'liry well knew that this cniilil not be experied, 
 while they were in arms against their a< know ledg- 
 ed sovereign. They had therefore only a elioiio 
 ufdilGculties, and mu«t either »«vk foreign aid as 
 
 ,,-*'^ie»ft,-. 
 
. Thcj- (ililaiii 
 t lli« arqiiisiiiiin 
 1.1 ()(' (Iciriiiii'iit. 
 lli(ius:iiiil iiiiMi 
 .y, wrrn lusl lo 
 nil will] tin' i(>y:il 
 iDiicil' it siTiired 
 lilisti roinpliucly 
 > Vdi'k, ami the 
 y imrsneil iheir 
 mbilividi'd their 
 111 iccovcreJ the 
 t. 
 
 It; r ' 1 ly rcacli- 
 liiiiiu s(i narrow, 
 iiiiiianiled wuiild 
 red by its coii- 
 
 Ainpricans, was 
 ■y had enuajjoj 
 IS of urii'vriiicijs : 
 r they made ar- 
 iit army, to eoii- 
 veieiaiity of tho 
 lid their ^roiiriil, 
 
 oCu'eat iiii|iiir- 
 iry ; and i<ut to 
 
 
 '<r-^ 
 
 ''^^w'\M. 
 
 <yt^ rry^^^^tp^cty^- 
 
 
 
 ^.<^4^y^ try ^>^'^'<i^'^=^--^^ 
 
 ^y^ ^ ly>^X . //, y> lit .J •• 
 
 her siiprtiiiaf y 
 ililiS nil Ian her 
 haracter ol' siili- 
 |iieseiil hii-ilihi 
 md the liarmnny 
 . The ravoiirci'H 
 md all their ar- 
 eraiiee nC lireat 
 III. A priilialilo 
 ■Is (>(' parliament 
 niinii.er (iI'iIkish 
 lialion : liiil the 
 inlraiy, i;ave all- 
 ot' the opposiitj 
 daily thrown iniu 
 of itidepiiideiieo 
 lie lill aliiiiit thai 
 eaehed tin' coto 
 eil in Deieinlier, 
 ritisli proleelion, 
 isist in ad'ei'iiiig 
 first it was >aid, 
 were reeipvoral, 
 IS a le!;al Kronnd 
 he last." 'I'liey 
 L'reliy diseliari;ed 
 to deelare thi'IM- 
 than to aniioiiiicii 
 Icin whicli (iieat 
 
 ists ini|;ht eoiisii- 
 ■pendeiii ; liiit Iho 
 war upon them, 
 ir doiii;: it itiiiiie- 
 if (ireat lliitain 
 rush them, they 
 own preservation, 
 not lie expecte'l. 
 lheira<linowleil!x- 
 ire onl\ a elloiro 
 ek fureigu aid :u 
 
 l^^/u-.^'^A^ 
 
 o-^ , 
 
 ^— 4^?.^;^ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 1<VV_— N 
 
 l>mitltii,i,i)f,iinir i<''4imliit»li>tttfi- iluililiit u a^ioHMKCTii/if tfHi. otifimiiH)nliir,iiirniflii,l,)/rHilrtut H'/ii-fU-il nl l/ii- nepoi-d.uni nfH l/iiil I ttart ctmxircd 
 nil Uu im^tuift tiU «W.rt/«W •/•V'W un.J /uutjiiuui Uiaii t.xitr viUK.ijta.tt: f ^_. J2-t.i,.-*\.,*irt/ ^ Ar L-t-ilt 
 
•1 
 
 n 
 
 II. i."'r 
 
 if 
 
 .1til^^^0Sm^Wm!^^^m!-:^"-V^. 
 
t; N ITK I) SI' ATKS. 
 
 407 
 
 iii(lc|»'iiclt'iit "tales, or t'oiilinuu in llie awktviiid 
 nnil li»/aril(iiis situnlion nt' Miibjrcis, carrying on 
 rar Iniin llicir own ri'sourcrs, IkiiIi aifainst their 
 kill!;, and such nnMcrnarirs as lie i'liii:<(' tii rni|iliiy 
 (Vir llicir .siil)iii);aiiiin. NtM:t'ssiiy, nut clniicc, 
 I'lirci'd tlii'iiKintlif ili'cisioii. Siiliinissiiiii without 
 olitaiuin!: a riMlicss of ilii-ir grievanci's was advo- 
 caled hyiiniiiMvlio |)o-""ss('illlie piililic coiilidciicc. 
 Some ol' tli« |io|Mil:' I sidi'is may have secretly 
 wished lor ii"!.-|»Md('nce iVoni llie beginning; ui' 
 the coiitr(.-"r;;) : but their iininbcrwas small, and 
 their aentlnients we>-.: not generally known. 
 
 While the ;;uiilic mind was balancing on this 
 eventt'iil -.niijcct, several writers placed tlie advan- 
 tage' ol' independence in various points of view. 
 Among these, Thomas I'aiiie, in a pamphlet under 
 the signature of Cunimoii Sense, held the most 
 distinguished rank. The style, manner, and laii- 
 gu'.ge ol' this performance were calculated to in- 
 terest the passions, and tu rouse all the active 
 poweis of hiiniaii nature. With tlie view of ope- 
 rating on the sentiments ol a religious people, 
 Bcripture was pressed into his service ; and the 
 powers, and even the name of a king, were ren- 
 dered odious in the eyes of the mimerous colonists, 
 who liail read and studied the history of the .fews, 
 as recorded in the ()I<1 Testament. The folly of 
 that people in revolting from a government, insti- 
 tuted by heaven itself, and the oppressions to 
 which lliey were sulijecteil in coiiseipience of their 
 lusting after kings tortile over them, all'ordcd an 
 excellent handle for prepossessing the colonists in 
 favour of republican institiilions, and prejiKliciiig 
 (hem against kingly government. Hereditary 
 succession was turned into ridicule. Tlie absiiiil- 
 ily of sul)jecting a great continent to a small 
 isl.ind. on the other siile of the globe, wis repii'- 
 seiiled in such strikin.; laiigii ige, as to inieiestllie 
 honour anil pride of the colonists, in renouncing; 
 the government of t ileal liritaiii. The necessily, 
 the advantages, and practicability of iiidependcnue 
 were forcilily demoi.siiati'd. 
 
 Nolhiiig coiilil 1)1' belter liiiieil iliaii this pi'r- 
 lorniaiiLe. It was addressed to Irei'ineii, who had 
 just received convincing proof, that (ileal llrilain 
 iiad thrown them out of her protection, had en- 
 gaged loreign nieicenaries to mike war upon 
 them, and seriously ilesigiied to compel their uii- 
 .uidilional submission to her uiilimiled power. It 
 I "lid the colonists most thoroughly aiarineil for 
 111 ir liberties, and disposed to do and sutler any 
 thing that promised their esiablishmeiil. tu union 
 with the feelings and senliiuents of the piople, it 
 produced surprisiiiL^ elfects. .^lally tlioiisands 
 were convinced, and were led to approve and long 
 for a separation from the mother country. TIioul'I' 
 that measure, a lew months before, was not only 
 foreign from their wishes, but the object of their 
 abhorrence, the current suddenly becaiiu" so strong 
 ill its favour, that it bore down all oppisition. 
 The niiilliliide was hurried dowiil' >• slie.im: liut 
 some worthy iiieii could not e.isily 'iicile lliem- 
 Relves to llie idea of an eternal se| .loii t'loiii a 
 connlry, to which they had long bet ii bound by 
 the most f>ii<icariiig lies. They saw the swonl 
 drawn: .n;l could not tell when it would be 
 sheathed. They feared (hat the dispersed indi- 
 viduals of the several colonies would nol be brought 
 to coalesce under an elVicient government, anil 
 that alter much anarchy somefuluie Oaisar would 
 grasp their liberlii's, anil cunfiriu himself in a 
 tliione of 'b-spolism. They doubted the perse- 
 verance of I heir countryinen in elfecliiig their in- 
 depeiideni'e. and weie also apprehensive that, in 
 case of success, their future cuinlition would be 
 less litippy than their past. 
 
 .Some respectable individuals, whose principles 
 were pure, but whose souls were not of that linn 
 lexlnre which revolutions require, shrunk back 
 Iriini llie bold measures proposed by their more 
 Hdvenliiroiis countrymen. To submit without an 
 appeal to heaven, though secretly wished for by 
 Home, was not the avowed sentiment of any: but 
 tu persevere in petitioning and resisting was the 
 vvMem of nnmc iiiisguiJed, honcit men. Tlin fa- 
 vourers uftliu opiuioii were generally wuutiiig in 
 
 that decision which gr.isps at great objects, and 
 inlluenced by that timiil policy, which does its 
 work by halves. .Most of lliem ilri'ailedlhe power 
 of Ltritain. A (vw, on the score of interest or an 
 expectancy of favours Irom ihe royal government, 
 reliised to concur with the general voice. Some 
 of the natives of the parent stale, who, having 
 lately settled in the colonies, had not yet ex- 
 changed Kuropean for American ideas, together 
 with a few others, conscientiously opposed the 
 measures of Congress : but the great bulk of the 
 people, and especially of the spirited and indepen- 
 dent part of the commuiilty, came with surprising 
 unanimity into the project of independence. 
 
 The eagerness for independence resulted more 
 from feeling than reasoning. The advantages of 
 uu unfettered trade, the prospect of honours and 
 cniolunienis in administering a new goveriuent, 
 were of themselves insulficient motives lor adopt- 
 ing this bold measure. ISut what was wanting 
 t'rom considerations of this kiiiil, was made up by 
 tlie perseverence ufdreat Britain, in her schemes 
 of coercion and conijuest. The determined reso- 
 lution of the mother country to subdue the colo- 
 nists, together with the plans she adopted for ac- 
 complishing that purpose, and their eipially deter- 
 mined resolution tu appeal to heaven rather than 
 submit, made a declaration of independence as 
 necessary in 1771), as was the non-iiiiportatioii 
 agreement of 1771, or the assiimplion of anus in 
 177.'). The last naturally resiilteil from the lirst. 
 The revolution was not forced on the people by 
 ambitious leaders grasping at supieini' power; but 
 every measure of it was forced on Congress, bv 
 the necessily of Ihe case, and the voice of tin' 
 people. The change of the public mind of Amer- 
 ica, respecting coniiexiuii with (ire, it ltritain, is' 
 without a parallel. In the short space of inoj 
 years, nearly three luillions of people passed over 
 Iroiii the love and duty of loy.il subjects, to the 
 hatred ami icsenlment of enemies. 
 
 The motion for declaring the colonies tree and 
 independent, was lirst made in Congress, .liiiie 7, 
 177(), by Hicliard Henry Lee, of Virginia. He 
 was warranted in making this motion by the par- 
 ticular instructions ol his inimediate conslilueiits. 
 and also by the general voice of the people of all 
 the states. When the time for liikini; the subject 
 under consideration arrived, iiiiich knowli'iige, in 
 geiiuity and elmpience weie displayed on both 
 sides of the (piestion. The debates were coniiniieil 
 for some time, ami with great aniinalion. In Ihese 
 .loliti .'Vdanis ami .John Dickinson look leading and 
 opposite parts. The foriner began one of his 
 speeches, by aninvocalionof the godol'eloipience, 
 to assist him in deleiiding the claims, anil enl'or- 
 ciiigtlie duty of his coiinliymeii. He sliiiii:;ly 
 urged the inimediate dissolution of all political 
 connexion of the colonies with Creat Diitain, 
 from llie voice of the people, from the necessity 
 ot' till.' iiicasure in order to obtain toreign assisl- 
 ance, Irom a regard to consistency, and fionithe 
 prospecis of glory and happiness, which opened 
 iieyond the war, to a free and independent people. 
 .Mr. Dickinson replied to this speech. He began 
 l)y observing, that the iiiemlier from Massacliu- 
 setts, .Mr. Adams, had iiitrodiiceil his defence of 
 the declaration of imlependence by invoking a 
 heathen goil ; but that he should begin his objec- 
 lioiis toil, by solemnly invoking the (iovernor of 
 the universe, so to inlluenceihe miiidsof the niem- 
 
 bersof Congress, that if the prop I nieasinewere 
 
 forthe benelit of .\iiierica, nothing which he should 
 say against it iiii;;ht Uiake the least impression. 
 He then urged that the present tinie was improper 
 for the declaration of imlepeiideme : that tlie war 
 might be conducted with eipial vi>:our withoiit it; 
 that it would divide the Americ.iiis, and unite the 
 I (leople of (treat llrilain against ilieiii. He then 
 proposed that sotiie assurance slinnld be oblaineil 
 of assistance from a foreign piwer. before they 
 renoiiiK eil their connexion wiili (ireal liritain; 
 and that the declaralion of indep ndeiiie slioubl be 
 the cunililioii to be oll'ered for this assistance. He 
 likewise stated the disputes that existed between 
 •ereral of tiie colonies, and prujiosed that some 
 
 measures for Ihe settlement of them should be de- 
 termined upon, before they Inst sight of that tribu- 
 nal, whiidi had hitherto been the umpireuf all their 
 dillerences. 
 
 After a full discussion, the measure of declaring 
 the colonies free and independent was approved, 
 July 1th, by nearly an unanimous vote. The anni- 
 versary of the day, on which this great event took 
 place, has ever since been consecrated iiy the 
 Americans to religious gratitude, and so''ial plea- 
 sures. It is considered by lUcm as the birth-day 
 of their freedom. 
 
 The iict of the united co.onies, tor separating 
 themselves from the government of (Jreat liritain, 
 and declaring their independence, was expressed 
 in the following words: 
 
 " When in the course of human eveits, it be- 
 comes necessary for one people to dissolve the 
 political bands which have connected them with 
 another, and to assume among the powers of the 
 earth, the separate and e(|:ial station to which the 
 laws of nature, and of nature's God entitled them, 
 a decent respect to the opinions of mankind, re- 
 (|uires that tliey should declare the causes which 
 impel them to the separation : 
 
 " We hold these truths to be self-evident ; that 
 all men are created eipial ; that they are endowed 
 by their Creator with certain umilienable rights; 
 that among these are life, liberty, and ihe pur- 
 suit of happiness; that to secure these rigliLs, 
 govcr.niiien'-: are instinited among men, deriv- 
 ing their jisst powers from the conseni of the 
 governed; that whenever any form of goveiimient 
 becomes deslriiclive to these ends, it is the right 
 of the peo|ile to aller or to abolish il. and to insti- 
 tute new goveriiiiieni, laying its foundalion on 
 such principles, and organl/.iiig its power in such 
 foriii, as to ihem shall seem most likelv to eifect 
 tlieii safety and Inippiiiess. I'rildeme, indeed, 
 will dictate tli:it gon'rniiii'iiis long esiiibhslied 
 should not be clianged for liulil and ii.insient 
 causes; and accoidiiigly, all experience hath shown, 
 that iiKinkind are iiioie disposeil to siilfer, while 
 evils are sulferiible. than to right tlieniselvcs, by 
 abolishing the forms to which they aiearciistoiiied. 
 Mill when a long train of :ibuses and usurpations, 
 pursuing invariably ihe same ob|ecl, evince-i a de- 
 sign to reduce them under absoliile ilispoiism, it 
 is their right, it is their duly, to throw olf siich 
 ^overnmenl, and to provide new i;ii mis for their 
 future security. Such has been llie patient suf- 
 ferance of these colonies, ami such is now the ne- 
 cessily which constrains llieiii to alter llieii for- 
 mer systems of governnienl. The history of (he 
 present king of (ircat liritain is a hisiory of re- 
 pealed injuries and usurpations : all having in di- 
 rect object the establishment of analisohilrlvranny 
 over these states. To provt? this, let facts be sub- 
 mitted to a candid world. 
 
 " He has refused his assent to laws, the most 
 wholesome and necessary for the public good. 
 
 "Hellas forbidilen his governors to pass laws 
 of iniiiieiliale :iiid pressin:: iniporlanci'. unless 
 suspended in llieir operation till his ;issetit slioukl 
 be obtained : and when so suspemleil. he has 
 iillcrly iieglecli'il to ;ittend to tlieiii. 
 
 "He has refuseil lo pass other laws for the 
 :iccoimidalion -if ln:;e districts of people, un- 
 less those people would lelimpiish the right of re- 
 presentation in the Legislature, ;i right iiieslima- 
 jile to llietii. and forinidalilc to lyraiils only. 
 
 " He has called loiiellier l^ejislativi' liodies at 
 pi. ices unusual, uiicomforiaiile. and ilislaiit from 
 the depository of tlieii public records, lor the sole 
 purpose of I'atiguing them into coiiiphance w iih his 
 nuasiiies. 
 
 "He has dissolve*' repteseiilaiive houses re- 
 peatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, hi* 
 invasions on the rights of the people. 
 I " I le has refused, for a long linn' ai'ier such dis- 
 I solutions, to r:iiise others to be elected : whereby 
 itlie legislative powers, incapable of aninhilatiun, 
 have returned I i the penpleal large for iln'irexet 
 cise; the slate einaiiiiiig in iho meantiiiie expos 
 ed (u all the d.inger of invasion f' .)in witliuul, and 
 convulsions within. 
 
TT^ 
 
 i 
 
 40b 
 
 II 
 
 inn 
 
 II ISTOK V <)|- Til K 
 
 " He has oiiilcnvourcd to pirvi'Mt (lie |Mi|)iiliiliiiii 
 orthc-.x; stnti's; for llial |>ui|)(is(' cilisliiirliiii; ilii' 
 Uws (if iinliii':ili/.:iliiiii <>( Idicinni'is ; icl'iisjni; ii> 
 pass III liPi's III <'ii('i>iii:ii;i- llicir iiii!;rali<iii liitlicr; 
 and laisiiij; llio Cdiiilllloiis iif nt'w up|>i'opi'iall<iiis 
 ul laiiils. 
 
 '■ lit' lias olistiu'tcil the aiiniinistratiiiii nljns- 
 tiie, liy ri'liisiiij; his assent to laws I'lir estaliiish- 
 iii;; juihciaiy poHi'is. 
 
 "He has made jiidups ilcpiMiilciit on his will 
 aldiir, liir llie Icniiic ol' their olVnes, ami llir 
 iiinoiiiit anil payment ol' their salaries. 
 
 " lie has erected a iimllitnde of new nOices, 
 and sent hither swarms ol' oHiucrs to harass our 
 people, and eat out their siibslanee. 
 
 "lie has kept aiiioM^ us, in times of peare, 
 standiiii; armies, without the eoiMenl id' inir le- 
 gislatures. 
 
 "lie lia.s all'erted to render the militaiv inde- 
 pendent ol', and superior to, the civil power. 
 
 " lie has eiimliined with others to suhject us to 
 a jurisdieliou loieinn to oiir eonsliiiition, and un- 
 arkii(iwledi;ed hy our laws; i;iviiif; his assent to 
 their acts ol' prelended le;;islaliiin : 
 
 " Kor ipiartering large bodies of armed ti'oii|M 
 ainoiii; lis : 
 
 " l''or protectins them, liy a mock trial, Ciom 
 punishineiit lor any nitirders whicli llicy nIioiiIiI 
 Cdininit nil the inhabitants of these states; 
 
 " Kor cutting oil' our trade with all parts of the 
 world : 
 
 " Kor imposing taxes onus without oiir consent : 
 
 " Kor depriving us, in many cases, ol' the be- 
 iieliis of lri;il by jury : 
 
 " For transporting us beyond seas to be tried 
 for prelended oU'eiices ; 
 
 " Kor abolishing the tree sysleni iiri'.riglisli laws 
 in a niighbouiing province, cslablishiiii; therein 
 an arbitrary government, anil enlarging its bnunda- 
 ries, so as to render it at once an example ami lil 
 instrument lor introducing ihi' saiiie alisolule rule 
 into these colonies; 
 
 " Kor taking away our charters, al.'olisliing our 
 most valuable laws, and altering rundanientally the 
 forms of our novernments: 
 
 " Kor suspending our own lei-islatures, ami de- 
 claring Iheiiiselves iiivesled with power lo legislate 
 for us in all eases whatsoever. 
 
 " lie has abdicated giiverniiient here, by de- 
 claring us out of his protection, and waiting war 
 against us. 
 
 "lie has pliiiidered our seas, ravaged our 
 coasts, burnt our towns, and destmyed the lives of 
 our people. 
 
 " lie is. at this lime, Iraiisporling large armies 
 ofl'oieii;n inercenaries. to com|>li'le the work of 
 death, desolation and tyranny, already be^iiii with 
 rirciiiiist.mces of cruelly and perlidy, scaKsdy 
 paralleji'd in the most barbaious ages, and totally 
 unwdrlhy the head of a civi|i/,eil nation. 
 
 " He lias consliained our felUnv cili/.,Mis, taken 
 captive on the high seas, to bear arms against 
 their coiiniry ; to li •come the executioners of their 
 friends and iiretliren. or to I'all themselves by their 
 lianils. 
 
 " 111- has cm ili'ddiiiuestic insurrections aniofigsl 
 us, and has emleavoiired to bringon the inhabitants 
 of our tronlieiK the meicil'ss Indian savages, 
 whose know n rule of warfare is an iindisiingiiished 
 destruclion of ;ill ages, sexes and eondilions. 
 
 " I'l every staue of these oppressions, we have 
 petitioned for ri'iiress in the most humble terms; 
 our repeated pelilions have been answered only by 
 repeated injury. .\ prince, whose character is 
 ihiis marked by every act which may define a ty- 
 tant, is unlit to be the ruler of a free people. 
 
 " .Nor have we been wanting in altenlion to our 
 Hrilisli bielliren. We have warned ihem from 
 time to time of alleinpls made by their legislature, 
 lo exten.l an iiiiwarrant;ible jurisdiction over tin. 
 We have reminded them ol the ciicumstances of 
 our einig(alion and seiilemi'iil here. \V e have ap- 
 |)eab'd lo tiieir native justice and magnaiiimity ; 
 and we have' conjured them, by the lies of our 
 roniuion kindred, to diiiavow these usurpations, 
 wliich would iiiovilubljr inteniipi our counexiuua 
 
 mid corieipoiideiiee. 'I'liey too have been deaflo 
 the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We 
 must, thereroie, acipiiesce in llie necessity, which 
 denoiiiices our separation, and hold them, as we 
 hold the rest ol luankind, eneiiiies in war, ill peace, 
 friends. 
 
 " We, iheiel'ioe, the lepresi'iiti'iivcs of the 
 t'niled Slates of America, ill gcieial Congress 
 asseiniiled, appealing to the .Supieii.e .liidge of the 
 world lor the rectitude of our intenti ins. do. in llie 
 name, and by authority, iifthegooil people of these 
 colonies, solemnly |oul>lisli ;iml declare, ih.il these 
 united colonies are, and of ri^ht ougl.' to be, 
 KKKK and l.N'DKl'KNDK.NT S'lW'I'K.S; that 
 they are absolved friiiii all allegi:ince lo the l!>i- 
 tisU crown ; and that all political connexion he- 
 twecii them and the slate of (ileal liril;iin is and 
 ought III be totally dissolved; and that as free and 
 iiidepemlent states, they have lull power to levy 
 war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish 
 commerce, and to do ;ill other acts and things 
 which imlependent stall's may ol right do. .\iid, 
 tortile support of this declar.ilion, wiili a linn re- 
 liance on llie protection of Divine I'lovideiice, we 
 mutually pledge In each oilier our lives, our for- 
 tunes, ami our sacred liiinoiir. 
 
 .loiiN IIamih I\, I'ri'sideiit. 
 ".Nk.w 11 ami'siiikk, .liisiili Uaitlett, 
 
 Williaiii Whipple, 
 .Matthew 'riioriiton. 
 " .M AssAi iirsi-nrs Hav, ."saniiiel .\ilaiiis, 
 .Inliii Adams. 
 Itiibert 'I'reat I'aine, 
 I'.lbriilgi' (ieny. 
 .'''Ii'phen lliipklii^, 
 William Klleiy. 
 Koiicr SlicMiiali. 
 Saiiiuel lliiiitini:toii, 
 William Williams, 
 ( 'hver Wolcoll. 
 Willnni Kloyd, 
 I'hilip l.ivin^ston, 
 KiaiK is Lewis, 
 Lewis .\|orris. 
 liiclmrd Slockliui, 
 John W^ilhi rsp.ioii, 
 Kra;icis llopkiuson, 
 John il,ir>, 
 A''raliaii: t'la;'k. 
 lio'ieit .Morris, 
 l^eniamin I'lisli, 
 lieiij.imiii Ki.iiiklin, 
 .lolin .Million, 
 (ieiui:e ( 'In mer, 
 .lames Sniitli, 
 (ii'orge '1'. IV lor, 
 ,l;imes Wilson, 
 (leiirge Knss. 
 (_':esai Kodney, 
 'riiiimis .M'Keaii, 
 (leiilge Head. 
 .Saiiiiiel ( 'base, 
 Willi. mi I'aca, 
 'I'hiimas .Stone, 
 t'harlesCarroll of Carroll- 
 ton, 
 (ieorge Wythe, 
 |{|i hard lleiiiy l,ee, 
 Thomas .lelfcrson, 
 llenjaiuin Harrison, 
 'I'liomas Nelson, jiiiir. 
 Knincis Lighiloot Lee, 
 Carter Itraxton. 
 William Hooper, 
 .loseph I lewes, 
 John Peiin. 
 Kilward Kiitledge, 
 'riiomas I ley ward, jiiiir. 
 Thomas Lynili, jiiiir. 
 Arthur .Miiidlcton. 
 ilutlon Cninnelt, 
 l,yiiian Hall, 
 (ieoige Walton." 
 Kroin the proiniilgalion of this declaration, 
 every lliin); assumed a new fnriii. 'llie .\iiieri- 
 cann nu lunger appeared in the cliaraeter of sub- 
 
 ■ .^Iassai llisKTrs, 
 
 ■ llitotit; Island, A.c. 
 
 • Cio.Nf'.crici'T, 
 
 ' .\i;w York, 
 ' .Nkw JkR9KV, 
 
 • 1'k.nnsvi.va\;a, 
 
 DKLAW.tnK, 
 
 .Makylanu, 
 
 ' VlROINI.*, 
 
 ' North Carolina, 
 
 ' South Carouna, 
 
 ' (Ikohuia, 
 
 jects in arms against their sovereign, hut as an 
 independent people, repelling the attacks of an in- 
 vading I'oe. The piopiisiiiiiiis and siippbriiiiiuis 
 for reconcilialio'i were done away. The iliS|iiili'. 
 was brought to a single point, whelher llie late 
 llnlish colonies slicild be conipiered proviiici s, or 
 flee and iiidependeiit states. 
 
 'i'lie ileclaraliiHi of indepemleiice was read pub- 
 licly in all ll'iC slates, and w;is welconieil wiili 
 many demonstratioiis ol joy. The people were 
 encouraged by it lo bear up under the calaiiiilies 
 
 ol war, and viewed the evils they sull'ered Iv as 
 
 the thorn that ever accompanies the rose. The 
 aiiny received it with pailicular satisfaction. An 
 far as it had validity, so far it secured theiii from 
 sulfering as rebels, and held out to their view an 
 object, the attainment of which would be an ade- 
 ipiate recompen.se for the toils and dangers of war. 
 They were aniiiiated by the consiileration that lliey 
 were no longer to risk their lives for the trilling 
 purpose of procuring the repeal of a lew oppressive 
 acis of parliament ; but for a new organi/alion of 
 government, that would for ever put it out of the 
 power of tireat liritain to oppress them. The 
 llalleriiig prospects of an extensive eominerce, 
 treed iVoiii liritish icstrictions, and the honours 
 and einoliiments of offices in independenl si;ites, 
 now began lo gliller belore the eyes of the ( olon- 
 isls, and recoiuilcd llieiii lo the iriDicnllies ol their 
 situation. What was supposed in (Jieat Hrilain 
 to be their primary olijei t, had only a secondary 
 inlliicnce. While they were cinuged with lim- 
 ing at indepenileiice Irom the impulse of avarice 
 iinil ambiliiin, they were ardently wishing for a re- 
 I onciliatloii. Itut, alierthey had been coinpelled 
 to :iiliipl ihil measure, tlm-c powerful principles 
 of linnian aclions opposeil Us relraclion, and sli- 
 miilateil lo its supjHiit. That separation which 
 the colonist al liist dieadeil as an evil, lliev siiim 
 gloried inasa national blessing. While the rule;, 
 of (Ileal llrilain urged their people lo a vignrons 
 prosecution of the .Xincrican war, on the i.lea that 
 llie colonists wcrs aiming .it independence, they 
 inijiosed on them a tiece.' sity of adopting that vcrv 
 iiieasii;c. and a( tlially elhcted its ai lomplislmieni, 
 l!y repeiledly charging llie .\inericans with aim- 
 ing :il the rreclion of a new iiovernuient, and by 
 pioeeeiliiig on th;it idea to snbdile llieiii., predic- 
 lii'iis. winch were originally false, eventually be- 
 came true. When the declaration ofimlependence 
 reached (ireat liritain, the parti/:iiis of luiinslrv 
 triiimphe.l in thcirsagaeity. •• The iiic;isuie." said 
 liny." we Inive liuig foreseen, is now come to 
 pass." They inverleil the natural oidei ollhings. 
 Without rellceliiig that their ow ii policy hail fiirced 
 a revolution contiaiy to the original design of llie 
 colonisls, the declaration of imb'pendence, was 
 held out to the people ol (ireat ISrilian as a jiisti- 
 liealion of those pieviinis violences, which were Us 
 ellieient cause. 
 
 The act of ( 'ongress, fur dissevering the colonies 
 I'liini their parent stale, was the siibiect of inanv 
 animadveisions. 
 
 The colonists were said to have been precipitate 
 in adopting a measiiie, from which llieie was no 
 hononrable ground of letreating. 'I'liey replied 
 that, for eleven yeais. they had been incess;iiiily 
 petitioning the throne for a redress of then griev- 
 ances : since the year 171)."), a continental t oiimess 
 had, at tlire" sundry times, staled their claims, 
 and prayed liir their consinutional rights; that 
 each asHenibly of the thirleen colonies had also, 
 in lis separate 'apacity, concurred in the same 
 meannre; that from liie perseverance of (ireal 
 lliitain in her schemes lor their coeri ion, they had 
 no alternative, but a mean submission, or a vigor 
 oils resisiance ; and that, as she was about to in 
 vade llieir coasts with a large body of menenaries, 
 they were eompelled lo declare themselves imie- 
 pemlenl, that they iiiiglit be put int.) an immediate 
 capacity of solicitini; t'oreigii aid. 
 
 The virulence, of ihosewho had been in oppo- 
 sition to the claims of the colonislH, was incre.ised 
 by their bold;ict, in breaking nlfall suborilinalinu 
 to the pari'iit slate, "(ireat liritain," said they, 
 " ha« founded colonies al great ex|>cni)e ; has in- 
 
 
' 
 
 eri'iyii. Iiiit -M an 
 
 III' Htllick!) Ill' ,111 in- 
 
 and -^iipiilii iiliiiiH 
 iiv. Till' (lis,,iiin 
 VvllI'lllIT lllf l.ilc 
 
 iirri'il |iiiiviin TV, iir 
 
 lire Has n-ail |iiili- 
 IS tu'h'iiiiii'il mill 
 'I'lir |)i'cp|ilr wcif 
 iliT lllf lalainllifs 
 > siidcrcil, onlv :n 
 PS llin ri)S(!. 'I'lic 
 r siiiist-itiiiiii. As 
 nirnl llirm inim 
 It til tlirir nrw an 
 woiilil lip an ailc- 
 nil ilaii^iTH iilHar. 
 iilcralinn llial lliry 
 ••s I'lir till' iijilini; 
 a rcwii|i|iirssi\i' 
 w i)r(;aiii/.alicin dI' 
 r put it lint ol' tlir 
 iipss llu-iii. Tlie 
 nsive «oiiiiii<'rc'r, 
 anil till' liiiniiiirH 
 iilcpt'iiili'iil Kialii, 
 I'Vi'M III' till' riilnn- 
 iliHiciillii'snl ilii'ir 
 I ill tiii'at liniain 
 only a si'i'iniilaiy 
 •liarm-il will) ill,,, 
 nipnlsc (,r avariro 
 y wisliiiis; liir a re 
 111 lii'i'li riiinpi'ljcil 
 iiwcrliil priiii'i|i|rs 
 rrlractiiiii, anil sii- 
 1 s('|)aratiiin wliiih 
 an I'vil. iIm'v sniin 
 While ilirriili':, 
 nplr Id a vi^i,riiii-i 
 r, nil llir i.lra i|i:,t 
 ilt'pniili'nii', ihi'v 
 ailnpliiif; lliai vii'v 
 1 ai (•iiiii|i|isliiiii.|,t. 
 iriirans hiiI, ,„m- 
 
 >*•'"! I, ami liv 
 
 Inc thi'iii, piiilic'. 
 Hf, f\.-ntnally hc- 
 iniirini|r|ii'in|,.||,.,. 
 'li/.ans dl' niiinsirv 
 III' inrasnir." ^alll 
 II iMiH nnni' In 
 ral iiiili'i iiHliiinr^. 
 I piilir\ hail Inri'i'il 
 inal ili'sijrn nl Ihr 
 iil"|H'nili'nri', w;is 
 liiilian as a jiisli- 
 •I's, » Ini'h wcir ils 
 
 I'linu' llie I'liliiiiics 
 siilijiit III' iiiaiiy 
 
 I' bi'cn picripiialc 
 lirli llii'ii' was nil 
 ;. 'I'hi'y rfphi'il 
 lit'i'ii ini'i'ssaiiilv 
 s« 111 then ciiiv- 
 itin('nlal('i)iii.'iess 
 leil their claims, 
 inal riiihls; thai 
 ninnies hail al mi, 
 reil III the Name 
 eranee nl' (iieal 
 lercinii, ihey hail 
 Hsiiin. nr a vii;iir 
 was aliniii In in 
 y nl iiii'iienaiies, 
 hi'iiiselvis iiiije- 
 it'i an immeiliiiie 
 
 ail lieen in nppii' 
 In, was iniriMsi'il 
 ill Hiiliiinlinaliiin 
 aiii," Naiil Ihey, 
 !X|M!nae ; Una iu- 
 
 ^ ''I 
 
 
If 
 
 I' 
 
 :,1H'?:'»3»S«9WrT't'^a.i 
 
ITNITKD STATES. 
 
 eiirrril n loud of debts by wiirs on their iirroiiiit; 
 Una protected their coininerce, iiiiil r.iispd I hem Ici 
 hII the r(iiisp(|iiencp. they posxcsH; and now, in llii' 
 InMolcnci- of »ihUt years, rather than pay ihi'ir 
 |)ro|><iili()ii of the conunun expeiises oi govern- 
 nx'iit, they iini;rateriilly rcnonnee all t'onnexion 
 with Iho nurse of their yoiilh. and the proleciM-v 
 111' llieir riper years." The Anierieans aeknow- 
 jediiecl that niiieli wasdiie to (ireal Krilain, I'or tin' 
 prolei'lion nliieh her navy pnirureil in thi' coasis 
 and thf cinnineree (if the colonies J hnl conleniled 
 that nnieh was pai<l by the latter, in eonsiMpu'ine 
 ul'tlie reslrietions imposed on iheir eonnnerce by 
 the (iirnier. •• The ( harije of ini;ratitiide wonid 
 have been just," said they, " had alleiiiance been 
 renoiuieed while protection was t;iven ; but when 
 the navy, which formerly secured the commerce 
 and .seaport towns of Atnerica, began to distress 
 the former, and burn the latter, the previous obli- 
 galicmsto obey, or be grateful, were no longer in 
 force." 
 
 That the co! mists paid nothing, and would not 
 pay to the support of governnieiit, was conlklenlly 
 asserted : anri no credit was given for the sums 
 iiidireclly levied upon Iheni. in con.sequencc of 
 Iheir being conlined loihe consuniplion of British 
 manid'actures. By such ill-founded observations, 
 weri' the people of <ireal Brilain inllained against 
 their fellow sulijecis in America. 'I"he latter were 
 rept"scnled as an iingr 'eful people, refusing to 
 bear any part of the cx))enses of a protecting go- 
 vernnM'jil, or to pay their proportion <>( a heavy 
 debt, said to be incmieil on their account. 
 
 Miinv of the inhabilants of (ireat Brilain, de- 
 ceived in maticrs of faci, coiisidi-red their .Ameri- 
 can bieilncn as ( cserving the severity of military 
 coercion. So sirongly were the two countries 
 riveted !ogellier, ihal if the whole truth had been 
 known to the people of both, their separation 
 wouiil have been scarcely possible. .\ny I'easible 
 plan, iiv which snbjectiou lo (ireat Britain could 
 have been recmiciled with Aiuerican safety, would, 
 at anv Unie previous to 177G, havs met the appro- 
 balioii of the colonists. But whilo the lust of 
 power and of gain, blinded the rulers of Cireat 
 Briiaii'. misstateil facts, and uncandid representa- 
 tiinis brought over the people to second the infatu- 
 alion. A few honest men, properly authorised, 
 inighl have devised measures of compromise, 
 which uniler the iiilluence of truth, humility, and 
 moderation, would have prevented a dismember- 
 ment of the empire; but these virtues ceased lo 
 inlluence. and falsehood, haughtiness and blind 
 zeal usurped their places. 
 
 Had (ireat Britain, even after the dcclaralion 
 of independence, adopted the magnanimous reso- 
 luliiui of declaring her cobmics free and indepen- 
 dent Slates, interest would have prompted them to 
 form such a connexion as woubl have secun'il to 
 the mollier country the advantages of their com- 
 merce, without the expense or trouble of their go- 
 vermnenis. But misguided politics coiitiiMied the 
 fatal system of coercion and conipiest. Several, 
 on both siiles of the Atlantic, have called the de- 
 ( laralioii of independence, " a bold, and acciden- 
 tally, a lucky speculation ;"b«t subsequent events 
 (iroved that'll was a wise measure. Jt is acknowl- 
 edged, that it deiacheil smne limiil friends from 
 supi'orting the .Xnu-ricans in their opposition to 
 < Ireat Britain; but it increased the vigour and 
 union of those, who possessed more fortitude and 
 p.Msevctance. Without it, the colonists would 
 have had no object adecpiale lo the dangers, lo 
 which they expcsed theiii.sclves, in continuing lo 
 
 1 tend with (treat Britain. If the interference 
 
 of France were necessary to give success to the 
 lesistancc of the Americans, the declaration of in- 
 dipendeiice was also necessary : for the French 
 expressly foitnded the propriety of their treaty 
 V'ilh Coiigress on the circumstance, "that they 
 found the Unilcil States in possession of indepen- 
 Jence." 
 
 All political connexion l-.elween (ireat Britain 
 and her cobmics being dissolved, the institution of 
 Etw forms of goverimient became unavoidable. 
 'The necessity of this was so nrgi^ntthat Congress, 
 
 before the declaration of independence, bad re- 
 (!omnicnd(*d to the rcspecii\e assemblies and con- 
 veiiliiMis ol the Inileil .stiale.s, III adopi such go- 
 vernnicnlsas should, in their opinicni, liisl condnce 
 (o the happiness and safely of Iheir constiineiils. 
 
 During more than twelve months, the cidonisis 
 had been held togclhcr liy the lorceof ancient ha- 
 bits, and by laws under ihe simple style of recoin- 
 mcndatiims. The impropriety of proceeding in 
 conns of justice by the anillorily of a sovereign, 
 against whomllic ciilimics were in arms, was sell- 
 eviiienl. The impossibilily of governing, lor any 
 length of lime, lliree millioiiH of people, by the tics 
 of honour, nitlKoit ihcaulhorily of law, waseipial- 
 ly apparent. The rejection of British sovereignly 
 therefore <lrew after it Ihe necessity of fixing on 
 some other printiple of govermnenl. The genius 
 of the Americans, llieir republican liablls and sen- 
 timents, naturally led Ihem lo snbsliliite the ma- 
 jesty of the peo|ile, in lieu of discarded royally. 
 The kingly olliie was dropped ; but in most ol the 
 subordinate depaitnienis of guvernmeni, ancient 
 forms and iiaincs are retained. Such a portion 
 of power had at all lines been exercised by the 
 people and Iheir lepresenlalives, that the change 
 of sovereignly was hardly perceptible, and the le- 
 voluliontook place wiihonl violence or convulsion. 
 Popular elections elevated private citizens lo the 
 same oDices, which formerly had been ( (Uiferred 
 by royal appoinlnienl. The people felt an iinin- 
 lerrnpled coiilinualion of the blessings of law and 
 government under old names, ihougli deriveil from 
 a new sovereignty, and were scarcely sensible of 
 any change in their political constitution. The 
 checks and balances, which restrained the popular 
 assemblies under the royal government were part- 
 ly dropped, and parlly retained, by substituting 
 simielhing of Ihe same kind. The temper of the 
 people would nol permit that any one man how- 
 ever exalted by olbce, or distinguished by abili- 
 ties, should have a negative on Ihe declared sense 
 of a majorily of their representatives; but Ihe ex- 
 perience of all ages hail taught them the danger 
 of lodging all power in one body of men. 
 
 A second branch of legislature, consisting of a 
 few select persons, under the name of senate, or 
 council, was therefore constituted in eleven of the 
 thirteen slates, andtheircoucurrence made neces- 
 sary lo give the valiility of law to the acts of a 
 more numerous branch'of popular representatives. 
 
 .New VcnU and Massachusetts went one step 
 farther. The former constituted a council of re- 
 vision, consisting of the (iovernorand the heads 
 of the judicial (leparlments, on whose objections 
 to any proposed law a reconsideration became 
 necessary; unless it was confirmed by two Ihiriis 
 of both houses, il could have no operation. \ 
 similar power was given to the (governor of Massa- 
 cliusetls. 
 
 (ieorL'iii and Tennsylvania were the only slates 
 whose legislatures consisted of only oni' branch.* 
 Though many in these stales, and a majorily in 
 all tile others, saw anil acknowledged Ihe propri- 
 ety of a compounded legislature, yet the mode of 
 creating two branches, out of a hoiiiogeneous 
 mass of people, was a matter of didicnlly. .No 
 distiiiclioii of ranks existed in the colonies, and 
 none wereenlitled lo any rights, but such as were 
 coinmon to all. .Some possessed more weallli 
 than others ; but riches and ability were nol al- 
 ways associaled. Ten of the eleven slates, 
 whose legislatures consisted of two branclies. or- 
 dained that the members of both should be elect- 
 ed by the people. This rather made two coor- 
 ilinate houses of representatives, than a check on 
 a single one, by the moderation of a select few. 
 
 Maryland adopted a singular plan for consti- 
 tuting an independent senate. By her consiiiii- 
 lion the members of that body were elected for 
 live years, while the members of the house of dele- 
 gates hebl Iheir seals only for one. The number 
 ijf senators was only (ifleeu, and they were all elec 
 ed indiscriminately from the inhabitants of any 
 part of the state, excepting that nine of Ihem were 
 
 ' Abcrod l>yaub«ci|iienl cimvcniiuiia; botb •tstcs luvc 
 iiuw n ucnoto. 
 
 400 
 
 lo be residents on the west, and six on the ensl 
 side of ihe Chesapeake bay. They were elected 
 nol immedialely by the people, but by eleclors, 
 two from each connly, appoiiiled by The iiihabl- 
 lanis for that sole purpose. By these legulations 
 Ihe senate of .Marylaie' coiisisled of men of inlhi 
 ence, iniegrily and aliililies, and sucii as were n 
 
 real and bi iicial check on ihe hasty proceedings 
 
 ol a more iiiiiiieroiis branch of popular represent-. 
 atives. The laws of that stale were well digest- 
 ed, and its nueresl steadily pursued with peculiar 
 unity ofsysit while elsewhere il too often hap- 
 pened, in Ihe llimciualion of public assemblies, and 
 wliere the legislative departmenl was not siiirieicnt- 
 ly checked, that passion and parly predominated 
 over principles and public good. 
 
 I'ennsylvania instead of a legislative council 
 or senate, adopted the expeilieni of publishing bills 
 after Ihe second reading, for the information of the 
 iiihabilanls. 'j'his had its advantages and disad- 
 vaniages. Il prevented the precipitate adoption 
 of new regulaiions, and gave an opportunity of 
 ascerlaining Ihe sense of the people on those laws 
 by which they were lo be bound : but il can led 
 ihe spirit of discussion into every corner, and dis- 
 turbed Ihe peace and harmony of neighbourhoods. 
 By making the business of govermnenl the duly 
 of every man, it drew olf the allenlion id" many 
 from the steady pursuit of their respecting biisi- 
 ni'sses. 
 
 The slate of Pennsylvania al.so adopted another 
 inslituiioii peculiar lo itself, under the denomina- 
 tioii of a council of censors." These were lo be 
 chosen once every seven years, and were aiillio- 
 rised lo inquire whether tiiecoiislitiilion had been 
 preserved ; whether ihe legislative and exeenlive 
 branch of government, had performed their duly, 
 or assumed to themselves, or exeeicised other or 
 greater powers, than those to which they were 
 constiliitionally enlilled ; to inipiire wheiher the 
 public taxes had been justly laid and colleci- 
 ed, aril in what manner the public inoiiics had 
 been disposed of, and whelhcr, the laws had been 
 duly executed. However excellenl this inslilii- 
 lioii may appear in theory, il is doubiliil wheiher 
 in practice it answered any valuable end. It most 
 eerlaiiily opened a door for discord, and fiirnished 
 abundant matter for periodical allcrcation. Killier 
 from the disposition of its iiihabilanls, iis form of 
 government, or some other cause, the people of 
 Pennsylvania have constantly been in a stale of 
 fermentation. The end ofone public conlroveisv 
 has been the beginning of anoilier. I'lom the 
 collision of parlies, the minds of the cili/.ensweie 
 sharpened, and their active powers improved : but 
 inlernal harmony has been niikiiiiwn. They who 
 were out of place, so narrow ly watched those who 
 were in, that nothing injurious to the public conlil 
 be easily elTecled : but from the Ihicinalioii of 
 power, and the total want of peinianent syslein, 
 nolhing great or lasting could nilli safely lie iin- 
 dertaken, or prosecuted lo ell'ect. rnderall these 
 disadvantages, the slate llourislied. and. from the 
 industry and ingenuity of its iiihabilanls, acipiired 
 an unrivalled ascendency in arts and inannfactiiro. 
 This must in a great mcasme be ascribed lo ihe 
 inlluence of the habits of order and indnslry llial 
 hail long prevailed. 
 
 The ,\mericans agreed in appointing a siipieini' 
 executive head to each stale, wilh the tilb- eillnr 
 of governor or president. They also agreed in 
 deriving the whole powers of governineni, citlni 
 ineilialely or immediately, from the people. In 
 the eastern stales, and in New York, their giiver- 
 iiors, were elected by the inhabitants, in llieir re 
 speciive towns or counties, and in the oilier si iir., 
 by the legi.slalures;t but in no case was the sin, ill- 
 esi title of power exercised from heredilaiy riu'lil. 
 New York was the only stale which invesied its 
 governor with executive authority without a coun- 
 cil. t Such was the extreme jealousy of pmver 
 
 * Aliiilisbcil liv u Rulisoipient convi'iiiiim. 
 
 t l*'>nnsylvHMiii bus i^iiioe iiiloplcd llir pupiiliir iniidf iif 
 clcriine n ^ovcrTior. 
 
 i>r>rr»l ."inlta ><Hvr iiince abolished couucila un purt 
 • jf till- oxevulive. 
 
 U 
 l')| 
 
 ■ 11 
 
410 
 
 HISTORY OK THE 
 
 I M 
 
 wliicli pcrvuiliMl ihi' Aiiicriniii itluH'ii, lli^il llicy 
 (ll'l iiol tliiiik |ini|M'r III Inist llii' iii;iii iiC tlii'ir 
 rliiiMi' \tilli till- |iii»ri' III rxrriiliiii; llii'ir iiwii ilr- 
 ii'MiiiiiiilliHiM, H'liliitiit iililiuiiiu liiiii ill tniiiiy rsiMiw 
 I.I liiki' llii' ailvii'r III siii'li ciiiiiisiMliirs ;in llirv 
 i>i'iii:;lil |irii|irr III iiiiiiiiiiiili>. 'I'll)' illHailviinl.iui's 
 III llii« liiHiiiiitiiin Car iiiilw<<i)^lii'il lis ailviiiii,it;i'4. 
 Mail ilir ijinrriiiiis mirci't'ilcil liy lii'roililary ri)i|il, 
 I I'liiiiiMi'l niiiilil liavi' liiM-ii (illi'ii iicri'Msary In nii|i 
 l<l)' ihi' real waul iil aliililii's, liiil wlicn an iiiili' 
 viiliial liail Im-i'ii si-N'i'Ii'iI liy lliii |ii-ii|ili-, an llii^ I'll- 
 li'Hi |ierM(iii I'lir iliHcliarKinK ''>*' iliilii'H ol'lliis liiiii 
 iii'|iai'liiii'iil. III I'tMicr liiiii wjlliacuiiiiRil waHcillicr 
 III Icsni-ii hilt cajKirity (il'iluini; Kiiod, or lu I'lirniHli 
 liiin Willi a Ncrcrii liir iliiiii|{ evil. It tli'strnyi'il 
 till' srcriM y, vi^iiiir anil ilKspalRli, which llii- pxrii- 
 tivp |iiiwfr iiniihl to iiiixsk.s!) ; and, liy making no- 
 vcriiirnlal arli the acln ol'a biiily, iliiiiiiiiihi'il in- 
 iliviiliial rt)H|>iin!iiliilily. In Niiinii siales it ^riMtlv 
 enhanceil the vx|icnsrs of govt'rnnirnl, anil in ail 
 rplarilcil its uftemlioni), without any c(|iiitaleiitail- 
 
 \HntiI^CH. 
 
 New V'lirk in another particular, iliKplayi-il poli- 
 tical Hajiarily, Hiipcriiir In her luMKliliiiiirK. This 
 was in hi-r council orap|Hrniliiii'iil, cniisimint; of 
 one si'iialor rrinn each of her liiiir ureal election 
 ilislricis, aiilhiirlseil lo ilesiynale proper per4iiii>; 
 for lilliiiij vacancies in ihe exeriitive (leparliiii'iils 
 ul t:o\rrinneiii. l/.ii'>!e limlies are lar rrniii lieini; 
 the iiiiisl proper ilepnsilories of the power of iip- 
 |>iiiiiliiiu lo ollices. The assiiluous alti'niion ol' 
 eaniliilales is loo apt lo hias llic voice ol' iniliviil- 
 iials in popular asseinlilies. Ilesiiles, in such ap- 
 pninliiii'iils. llie lespoiisiliility lor tlieconilnclorihe 
 ollicer is ina (Ileal nieasiire annihilaleil. The coii- 
 eiiirenee ol'a select lew in the noniinalion ol' one 
 Hcenis a more eli^ililc mode, lor sectirilii! a proper 
 choice, than appoiiilincnlN made either liy one, or 
 l)V a niiiiierons lioilv. In the rornier case, ihere 
 wiiiild lie dan:;er ol' t'avoiiriiisin : in the lallei, ihat 
 inoilest iiuasHiimiiij! ineril would lie overlookeil, 
 in 1:1111111 III' the lornaril and olise(|iiions. 
 
 A riiialion III' pnlilie olhcers made a part ol' most 
 orilp' Ami'lican coiisliimions. I''re(|iienl eleclions 
 were reijiiired liy all : but several leliiieil still I'ar- 
 ther, and deprived ihe electors ol' ihc power ol' 
 conliniiini; 'lie same olVicu in the saiiie hands, al'- 
 Ici a specilicd lenulli ol lime. Voiiii(; politician* 
 Hiiildeiily imIIciI rriini Ihe ordinary walks ol lilc. 
 lo make li»'> and institute loriiis of unvernment, 
 lltriied iheir aileiilion to the histories ol' ancieiil 
 reptittlic.!, and ihe uriliiitzs of speculative men on 
 the snlijecl ol' !>nveriiment. This led them into 
 many errors, and occasioned them lo adopt sundry 
 opinions, imsuilalde lolhe slate iifsocicly in Ame- 
 rica, and I'liiilrary lo Ihc genius of real repulili- 
 cunism. 
 
 Tile principle of rolalion wan carried so far, lhat 
 in some of the slates, piililic oH'icers in ihe several 
 dcpartmenis scarcely knew their oDicial duly, till 
 Ihey wereoliliced lo rilire and i;ive place to olhcis 
 ax itiiioranl as ihey hail been on iheir first a|ipoinl- 
 ment. IfolViceshad been insliliiled for the benefit 
 of Ihe lioldeis, ihe policy of dill'ilsini; those beiie- 
 fils would have been proper : lint inslilutcd as lliey 
 were for ihe cniivenienep of the public, the end 
 was inarreil by such ficipienl changes, liy lon- 
 finili)! Ihe olijei'ls of choice, it dimitiished tlif pri- 
 vileges iif electors, and l'ie(|iienlly deprived ihein 
 of the liliei'ly of chiiosiiii; ihe man who, from pre- 
 vious experience, was of all men ihe most snilalile. 
 The favourers of lliis sysleni of rolation conleiid- 
 ed for il, as likely lo prevent a perpetuity of of- 
 fice and poner in llie same iniliviihial oi family, 
 and as a seciirilvaiiainst hereditary honours. To 
 this it was replied, lhat free, fair and frequent 
 •elections Here ihe iiiosi natural and proper secu- 
 rities, tor Ihe liberlies of the people. It produced 
 a Inoie general dilfiisinn of |Militical knowlediie 
 but made mine smalleiers lliaii adepts in the sci- 
 ence of iroveihineiii. 
 
 As a farlher secirity for the continuance of re- 
 |iiiblic,iu principles in the Aiiierican consliliilions, 
 lliey a!;ieed in piidiibiliiM.; all hereditary honiinrs 
 unil ilisliii'iion of ranks. 
 
 It was iiiir uf ih* peculiaritiesof theso new fuinm 
 
 of covernnieiit, that all r"liKii>ii!i eHlablishmenls 
 were abolished. Some re.'ained a conslilulional 
 disliiii linn belween ( 'hrisliaiis ,iiid olheis. with res- 
 pect lo ele;:iliilily lo iiDice : bul ihe idea olsuppiirl- 
 iiiK one deiioiiiiiialion al the expense of others, or 
 ofraisiii); anyone sect of < 'hrisliaiis to a le(;al pie- 
 eminence, was niiiversallv reprobaled. The alli- 
 ance belween chuicli and stale «a< coniplelely 
 broken, and each was left lo suppoil ilsell inile- 
 pcndenl of the other. 
 
 The far-faiiied social compact between the pen- 
 pie and Iheir rulers, did not apply lo llie United 
 .'^lates. The sovereiKiily was in Ihe people. In 
 their sovereicn capacity, by their represenlatives, 
 they agreed on forms ot'covernineni for iheir own 
 security, and deputed ccrfiiin individuals as tlieii 
 auenis to serve them in public atulinns, agreeably 
 In constiiutioiiH which Ihcy prescribed for their 
 conduct. 
 
 The world hnn not liitherin exhibited so fair an 
 nppnrliinity for proinotinH social happiness. Ii is 
 hoped for the honour of huinan naliiie, ihal Ihe re- 
 sult will prove the fallacy of those theories, which 
 suppose lhat mankind are incapable of sidf-^overn- 
 meiit. The ancients, nol knowing Ihe doclriiie of 
 ri'prrseiiTalion, were apt in llieir public iiieelin,;^ 
 
 10 inn inlo confusion '. but in America this mode 
 oftakint: Ihe sense of ihe |iciiple, is so well under- 
 slonil, and so coniplelely reduced lo sysleiii, thai 
 itsmosi popiiliiiis sialcs are iillen peaceably con- 
 vened in an assemtdy of deputies, nol too larce for 
 ordirly deliberalioiis, and yet represeulin;; the 
 whole in eipial pioporlions. 'j'hese popular branch- 
 es of le|;islalure are minialnre pictures of the com- 
 munity, and, from ihe mode of iheir elei lion, are 
 likely lo lie iiilliienieil by the same iiilerest and 
 leidiiii;s willi ihe people whom ihey represent. 
 Asa f.iriher securiiy for their fideliiy. iliey arc 
 bound l.y every law ihey make for their cniisiiiu- 
 eiils. The assemblaiie of ihesir circumslaiiees 
 (lives as ureal a securiiy lhat laws will be made, 
 and uovernmeiM admiii'slcred, for the Koiid of Ihe 
 people, as can b" l'xp(^'led friini ihe impeifeclion 
 of human iiislilulions. 
 
 Ill this short view uf the foriiialion and esiablish- 
 nient of the American cnnstiiutionsue behold our 
 si>"cies in a new sinialion. In no a^e before, and 
 in no oilier coiiiilry, did man I'ver possess an elcc- 
 linii iif the kind of governmeiil, under which he 
 would ciionse lo live. 'I'lie conslilueul parts of 
 Ihe ancient free ((uverninriils were ihriiwii lii- 
 licllier by accidrr.t. M'he fieedoiii of modern Ku- 
 ropean mivernu'euts vas, for the most pari, ob- 
 lained by the concessions, or libeiality of nionarchs 
 or military leader!. In .Smrri'a alone, reason and 
 liberty concurred in the formation of conslitiiliiiiis. 
 
 11 is iriie. friini the infancy of polilical kiiowledtie 
 in the I'niled >'lales, lliere were many defecls in 
 Iheir forms of uovernmi nl : bul in one ihiiiu ihey 
 were all pcrli'Cl. They leli In the peiipl the 
 power of alierinc and amending them, whenever 
 lliey pleased. In this happy peculiarity lliey pla- 
 ced the science ofpolilicsou a foiilini; with the 
 oilier sciences, by opeiiintx it to iinprnveinents 
 from ex|MMience, and ihe discoveries of fiilnre 
 aues. |{y means of this power of amendini! .Ame- 
 rican consiiinlions, the friends of mankind have 
 fondly hoped llial oppression will one day be no 
 more ; and that political evil will al least be pre- 
 venied or restrained wiih as much certainly, by a 
 proper comliination or separation of power, as na- 
 tural evil is lessened or pievenled, by the applica- 
 lion of the knowledue or iiiuenuitv of man In do- 
 mesiic purposes. No pari of the history of an- 
 cient or modern Kiirope can furnish a single fact 
 thai niihlates a^ainsl this opinion ; since, in none 
 of its uovernmeuls, have the principles of eiilial 
 r«preH«nlalion and checks been applied, for the 
 preservation of fieeilom. On these two pivots are 
 suspended the liberlies of most of the stales. 
 Where ihey are uanliiu:, there can be no securiiy 
 for liberty : where ihey exist, ihey render any far- 
 lher securiiy unnecessary, 
 
 Kroni history the cili/.ens of ihe T'liiled .Siales 
 liail been lauuhl, lhat llie maxilils, aiiopled by Ihe 
 nilertof Ihe earth, thai socielv was instituted for 
 
 the sake of the unvernnrs; and thai the inleremi 
 of the many were to be p.isfnoned in the con«eni- 
 eiice of llie privilei;eil le», li.id lillid llie world with 
 bloodshed anil i\ ickediiess; while ex] rt j.'i.re had 
 proved, llial il is the invariable and nalnral cha- 
 racter of power, whelher iiilriisifd or assumed. In 
 exceed lis proper liiiiils, and, if nmestrained, In di- 
 vide the world into masters and slaves. They 
 iherefore bewail upon llie opposite niaxims, lhat 
 socicly was insliliiled, nol for ihe cnvernnrs. bul 
 Ihe Koverned ; lhat ihe inleresi of the lew, should 
 in all cases, (;ive way lo llial of the many; thai 
 exclusive and hereditary privileijes were uselvst 
 and dani'erous iiislilulions in society ; and lhal en- 
 Irusled anlhorilies Nhnnldbe liable lolreipienl and 
 periodical recalls. Wilhlhem lliesovereiijntv of 
 the people was more llian a mere iheorv. Thn 
 characierisiic of lhal sovereiuiily was displayed by 
 Iheir aulhorily in wrilleii cnnslilulinns. 
 
 The rejeclion of llrilisli snveieiunty lint only in- 
 volved a necissily of erecliii'; indepeiidenl cniiHli- 
 liilinns, bul nf ( ciiienlini: the hIioIc rniled States 
 by some ciiininoii liniiil of iininn. The ael nf In- 
 depeuilciicc did mil hnlil niil In the wnrld thirteen 
 sincreiuii stales, lint a cniumou sovereii;nly of the 
 uliole in ilieir iiniled capacily. Il iherefore be- 
 came necessary lo run the line of dislinclion, be- 
 Inen the local le|;is|aliiies, and ihe assembly of 
 stales in I'onuress. A commillee was appointed 
 for iliuesllnf; articles nf cniifederalion, belween 
 ihe stales or nniU'd cnlonies, as tliev weii> Iheii 
 called, al the lime the propriety of declaring inde- 
 pendence was under debate, and some weekH prit- 
 viously lo ihe adoption of that measure: bm Iho 
 plan was not for sixleeii months alter so far di- 
 l>esteil, as lo be ready for ciimiiiiinii alioii lo ihu 
 slates. Nor was il linally ralilicd by llie accessiiir. 
 of all Ihe stales, till nearly lliiee years more had 
 elapsed. In dis' nssiie^ iis arlicles, niaiiv dif- 
 licnll ipieHltoiis occurred. Due was, to aseertaili 
 the ratio of coiilriliulioiis from each stale. Two 
 principles piesenled llicm-eUes; nuinbeis of peo- 
 ple, and llie value of lauds. The last was pre- 
 ii'ried, as lieiuu the IriiesI bainiiielcr ol the wealth 
 ofnalinns; bin from an apprelieiided iinpraclira- 
 biiily nl canyiiie ii into clfect, il n as soon leliii- 
 i|Uislied, ami recurrence had In llie loiiner. That 
 llie stales should lie lepreseiiled in piopnrtiun In 
 iheir iniporlance. n is cniiieiiiled by liiii>e » ho had 
 exieiisive lerritnrv : bul iIoim', nliii uei" , ,,u|int'd 
 In sTiiall dimensiiiMs. replied, that llie stale-, i nn- 
 fcdcralcd as iiidlvidii.ils in a stale ot'natiiir. .uiil 
 should ihi'ieloie hue eipial voles. The lir);e 
 slalesyielded llie poiiil, and ciiiiseiiled ihii each 
 slate should ha\e an eipial sulVra^e. 
 
 Il was nol easy iiMleilne the pnwer of the slale 
 leuislalures. sn as in preveiil a clasliiuu bciHcen 
 Iheir jiMisdiclion, and lhal of ihe ccneral <;overM 
 iiieiil. It was l!ioii>;hl proper, lhal the In'iner 
 shnitld be abridged nf llie pnwer nf forming; any 
 oilier confederalioii or alliance ; of laviiiu on anv 
 impost nr duties thai iiiiuhl inlefcre with Irealie'a 
 made by ( 'nnuress. nf keepiii<r up anv vessels of 
 war, or KranliiiK leileis nf marque or reprisal. 
 The powers of I 'oii<:ress were also defined. Of 
 lliese Ihe piincipal were as fnllnw : To lia»e ihe 
 sole and exclusive M^hl of delerminiii); on peace 
 or war; ofsendiiiu nr reieivinii aiiili;issadnrs ; nl 
 enlerint! inlo licaiies and alliances; of uiaiiliiif; 
 lellers of iiiaripie and reprisal in limes of peace ; 
 to be the last resort on appeal, in disputes be- 
 tween two or more stales; lo have the sole ;iiid 
 exclusive riylil nf rennlatiii!: the allny and value 
 nf cnin ; nf lixinu ihe slaiidard nf Hei|>hts and 
 measures; re<!ulalinK ihe Inide ;iiid inaiiauini; all 
 alfairs with llie Indians; eslaldishiii): and re^il- 
 lalinc post ollices; in bniiiiu' money, nr emil hilln 
 nil the credit nf the rniled .Stales; in build and 
 equip a Navy; lo a^ree upon the iiiimbei nf land 
 fiirees ; ;inil In make ■eqiiisitioiis from each slate 
 for its quota of men. in priiporln.u to ihe miiubet 
 of its uhite inliabilaiils. 
 
 No coercive power w-as tiiveii to llie ccuera 
 government, nor was il innsii d with any leuis- 
 lative pinver over indiviilii;ils, hut only over stales 
 in llieir corporate capacity. A power lo reyiilalc 
 
 tnxat'flfen^''-^-'^-'''^ -I- ■," . 1 
 
UNITED STATBS. 
 
 itH'iltri i||i< ntim-ni- 
 lill'ililic u'orlil iviih 
 iilc i-\\ , r,.'i.ii' Ii;mI 
 ' :iiiil iiiiliinl I'lia- 
 
 tl'cl (II !|S>tl|||l|.||, lo 
 
 iiiiii'siniiiii'il, iiiill. 
 
 iiiiil sl:ivrH. 'I'licy 
 msiii' iiuixiiiii. i|i:i( 
 
 tlir i;iiKTiuii-i, liiK 
 t lit till' I'nv, sliiiiilil 
 
 III' llif iiiiiiiy : tliiK 
 li'm's wiTe iiMi'li'sii 
 lii'ty ! iiiiil lliiilftl- 
 iililr liil'rei|iii'iit ;iiiil 
 II llii!«(ivcrcii{iilv (if 
 IKTI- lliciiiv. 'i'liB 
 ly «;is ilisphiyeil liy 
 liliiljiiiH. 
 ii'iuiiiy lint (inly jn- 
 
 iiilc|ii'ii(lciit ('(iimii- 
 
 liolc I'mtiMl .Slates 
 III. 'I'lic act (il'ln- 
 
 tlic wiirld ihirlmn 
 
 1 sdvcii'iniiiy of the 
 
 It lliciclori' lie- 
 
 of ilisliiictldii, lin. 
 il till' iissfiiilily of 
 
 Ice was »|i|i(iiii|(>(| 
 I'lli'Miiiiii, lii'iwfen 
 iis lliry wen- then 
 y (irdicliiiiiij,' iiiilf-. 
 "I •^(iiiic wpckH |ir«- 
 
 iiKMsiiic: hill iho 
 Ills mu'r s(i far di- 
 iiiiiiiiii iiiidii III tlio 
 iril liy till' IK irssiar. 
 MM' yciiis iiiiiri^ had 
 iliilis, many dif- 
 ir was. III as'iTtllin 
 
 lai h stale. 'IVo 
 i; iiniiilicis (if ()(io- 
 'I'hc lasi was pro- 
 iiiclci (il Mil' wcaltU 
 icimIcnI iin|iiailira- 
 , il Mas siMin ii'liii. 
 > ihc liii-iiicr. 'I'hai 
 ■il ill |i"ii|milioii t(i 
 (I liy lliiiM' uliii had 
 wliii wei" riiiilini'il 
 lial llic siaii-^ I'liii. 
 all' nliialiin. and 
 Kills. 'I'hc larni' 
 iiiiM'iiliil lint each 
 fr-.tjii: 
 |i(iwil (if llip stall: 
 
 I ( liisliini; lii'iwci'ii 
 111' nciK ral mivfiii- 
 r, thai the fn'imr 
 IT (il liiiiiiiii;; any 
 ; (if layiii(! nn any 
 ipfiTP with Iri'atjc'ii 
 
 ii|i any vissils nf 
 larqiic nr ic|irisal. 
 
 alsii dclint'd. Of 
 l(iw ; 'I'll lia\c iliH 
 i'lniiiiiii}! "Il iK'acc 
 ; aiiiliassadiirs ; ol 
 iiliris; (il f!i:,iiiiii^ 
 ill liiiii'N (if |ii'an>; 
 d. ill (li.s|iiiii's hf. 
 lavc till- sdli- and 
 II' alliiy and valiia 
 (I (il »('ii>liis and 
 
 and iiianaiiiiiK ill 
 ilisliiii): and rp<;ii- 
 iiin"y, (ir I'liiii hillo 
 lies ; til hiitid »nH 
 11' iiiiinlici (if land 
 IS liiiiii each stall' 
 
 •I 1(1 the mindiei 
 
 •n Id ihr upiipra. 
 (I with any li'ni.i- 
 
 II only (ivcr states 
 puwpr to re^dliilc 
 
 trade, nr to laisr a ii'vpiiiii' from II, thoiiKh liiitli 
 were eHHi'iilial lo tin- willarc of Ihc iiniiiii, inailc 
 no pari of ihi" first federal syslini. 'I'li rcini'ily 
 this and all dllier delccis, a diior was left iipen liir 
 intriidncin^' liiriliiT pi'dvisidiis, siiiled hi Inline 
 circiiiiislanii's. 
 
 The arIK Ics (if('(inf(*i|i'rat((in were prdpii-icd at 
 a nine nhcn ihc cili/.ciis iil /kiiierici were yinini; 
 111 till' srn'riieiil piililiiH. and when a ediiiinandinit 
 neiiseiil duly, eiilnrced liy ihc prcsmirc (if a ((innnnii 
 iiaTc;i I. I'lei lildcd iheneccssiiy ol a piiwcr (irciiiii- 
 pnUiiin. The ciilhiisiasin iil the day gave siirh 
 crcdil and currency Id paper cinissidiiH. as made 
 the raisin;: (if supplies an easy mailer. 'I'hc sys- 
 tem (if federal Kdvcriinicnt was, therefore, mure 
 calciilaled for what men then were, under those 
 circiiinsiances, than lor the laiitfiiid years of peace, 
 when selfishness usurped ihepl.ice of piihlic Hpiril 
 and when credit no hinder assisted, in providJiiK 
 for the exiuencies of I'overmiient. 
 
 'The experience of a lew years, after tile termi- 
 natiiin iif the war. priivcd, as will appear in its pro- 
 per place, that a radical cliaii;:c of the wh.ile sys- 
 tem was necessary to the):'""' gdverimient of the 
 I'liitcd .States. 
 
 CHAI'TKIl II. 
 
 Till' ('niiipni^ll iif 1777. in the Miilillr Slntcn. 
 
 Soon after the ileRlaralion of IndepiMidcnce, the 
 luthiirity of ('(lll^ress was ohi. lined tiir raising an 
 uiny. that wiiulil lie mure permanent than ilie 
 'empiiiaiy levies. whi(di they had prcvionslv 
 irdilulil inid the liclil. It was ai fust priipiised Ui 
 recruit lor ihc indefniite term of the war -, liiil it 
 icin^ I'linnd nn experiiiicnl. that the lialiils df ihc 
 people were averse to cn^Mucments liir such an 
 '..ncdtain period (irseriiic. the ricniitiiii ollicers 
 were nislrncleil to oiler ihe allernalives of enlislini; 
 either I' ' 'li' war. or liii three yeais. 'I'liosc wliii 
 »iii;ai;eil >hi the first ciindilidii. were promised a 
 hniidtcil acres of land, maddilion In their pav and 
 bonnly. 'I'lic tniiips raised liy Cnimress. Iiir the 
 service (if the rnited Slalcs, were called Cdnlincn- 
 tals. 'riiou^h ill Scplemlier, I77(i, it had licen 
 resolved lo raise W lialtalions, and in Dccenilicr 
 IdlldwiM'.:. anlhorily w.is ^iven to (iencral Wash- 
 nc'lmi III raise Id mine, yet very little pnmress 
 hid liecn made in the iccriiilin:: liiisiness. till alter 
 
 the lialllcs (if 'rrenldii and I'rincetdii. .S icji 
 
 liinc was necessarily cdiisumed, licfiire these new 
 rccrnils joined the cdiiiinandcr in cliiet'. that his 
 whole force, at Morristowii and tin; several oiil- 
 piists, for sonic time did not exceed 1.^(10 men, — 
 Vel lliesv iriOl) kept many thonsands of the llri- 
 lisli cidsely pent up in ilrnnswick. Almost eveiv 
 parlv, that w.is sent (itit liy the latter, was success- 
 liilly opposed liy the former, and the adjacent coiin- 
 ny preserved in a crial decree of lrani|iiilily. 
 
 II was mailer of astonishment, that the llrilish 
 siilleted the dangerous inlcrval, liirtvveen the dis- 
 liandiii^ of one army and tin; raisiiid of another, to 
 pass away wilhiiut (l(lill^ sdiiiclliini: iif ciinse- 
 ()ucnce, at^ainst the reinainini; shadow of an 'jrine(l 
 Idicc. Hitherto, there had hecn a deficiency (if 
 arms and ammunitidii. as well as nf men ; lint in 
 the sprint; a vessel df !il t'lins artived frdin France, 
 at I'drtsmuiith. in New Ilaiiipshire. with upwards 
 (if n.tlDO stand of arms, and IIMIO liarrels of 
 piiwder. Ten thousand stand of arms arrived 
 alidiit the same lime, in aniither part ol the United 
 Stall's. 
 
 III line the royal army took the field, in prose- 
 cuiidii df the main biisinesH of the campaign, two 
 cute, prises for the destriirlioii of American stores 
 were iinderlaken. The first was condueled hy 
 (aildiii'l llird ; the second by Major (ieneral Try- 
 on. The former landed 23d March with alioiit 
 5IK1 :ii "11 at I'eekskill. near .'iO miles from New 
 Voil.. (ieneral WashiiiKton had repeatedly cau- 
 tidiic'l rhc commissaries, not tosiilfcr lartre ipian 
 tities of provisions to he near the water : but his 
 piudenl advice had not been regarded. The few 
 
 Americans, who were stationed as a uiiard al 
 I'eekskill, on thi! approach of (ailonel lliril. fired 
 the firincipal sliirc hdiises. and relircd Id a uiiiiil 
 piisilKin, Ivvddr llirce miles distant. The loss of 
 pi-dvisidiis, Idtanc, and dihcr valuable urtieles, was 
 ciiiisiderablc. 
 
 .\Iaj(ir (ieneril Tryiin. with a delachiiicnt nf 
 ■-'IMH) men, cinbarkcd' at .New Vork, rilith April 
 and p.issin^ iliniiiKh Ihc .Siiiind. landed lietween 
 Kairlii Id and .Norwaik. They advanced tliroiiuh 
 Ihc (ainniry wiihinit inlerrnpliiiii. and arrived in 
 alioiii twenty hnnrs al Danliiiry, On iheir ap- 
 proa. h, Ihc lew conlinenlals who were in the town 
 wilhiliew iKiiii it. The Itritish be(jan to burn and 
 dcslrny : biil absiained Irdin injnrinu the pioperly 
 ofsinhas were repined lories. Kii;hteen houses. 
 8(1(1 barrels of pork and beef. S(H) barrels of lliiiir. 
 2011(1 bushels of Krain, 170(1 tenis, and some other 
 articles, were lost In the Americans, (ienerals 
 Wdoster, Arnold, and Silliman. having hastily 
 eollecled a few hundred of the inhabilanls, made 
 arrannements for inlerniplini; the inarch of llie 
 royal delacliinenl : but the arms of thone who 
 came forward on this eineri;eney were injured by 
 excessive rains, and the men were worn dnwn 
 Willi a march of thirty miles in the course of a 
 day. .Siii'li dispositiiins were nevertheless made, 
 and aucli posts were laken, as enabled them to 
 annoy the invaders when rcturnini; to their ships, 
 (ieneral .Vrnold. witji about .'ilHI men. by a rapid 
 iiidveinent. readied liidKc field in their fiiint, liar- 
 lieadoed the road, kept up a brisk lire upon them, 
 and sustained their attack, till they had made a 
 lo(l):inent on a lc(l|;e df rocks (in his left. Alter 
 the llrilish had gained this eminence, a whdle pli- 
 looii levelled al (■ciieral Arnold, not more than 
 tliirly yards distant. His horse was killed ; lint 
 he escaped. While In: was extricalini; himseir 
 frdiii his Inirse. a suldicr advanced lo run him 
 llirouuh with :i bayonet : lint he shut liiiii dead 
 with his pistdl. and alierwards dot olf safe. The 
 Americans, in several dctachcil parties, harassed 
 the rear of the llrilish, and from various stands 
 Kept up a Kcallcriiij: '>r'' ii|i(in them, till they reach- 
 ed their shippiiiL'. 
 
 The Krilisli accdinplishcil the object df the ex- 
 pedition : but il cost them iL irly. They had, by 
 I iimpulation, two or lliree hiiiiilred men killed, 
 Wdiindcd. and taken. 'I'hc liiss df the .Americans 
 was about twenly killed, ami I'orly Wdiinded. — 
 .\iuiini: the fdriner was I)r. Alwalcr. a i^enlleinan 
 (if character and inttnence. ( 'iiloncl Ijaiiib was 
 aiiiiini> the lallei. (ieneral Wiiiistei, lliduah se 
 vciily years did, behaveil wilh lli('Vi'.;dnr and spirit 
 ol ydiitli. While ^idrioiisly delciiiliniiihe lilieilies 
 (if his cduntry he received a nidrlal wdiind. Con- 
 uress resolved, tlial a nKiniimcnl shiiiild be erected 
 Id his memiiry, asaii ackiidwlcdumcnt of his inerii 
 and services. They also rcsdhed, that a hiirse. 
 pnipcrly caparismied, sliinild lie presented Ki (ieii. 
 Vriiolil, in iheir name, as a tiiken nf their appro- 
 lialiiin 111' hl^ iiall.int ciindncl. 
 
 .Not loll!; atier ihe cxeiirsidii iii Danbiiry, Colo- 
 nel .Mei^s, an eiilerprislni; .\inerican iilficer on 
 the 2 lib df .May transpdrled a delacliinenl (if ilKint 
 170 .\nicricans, ill whale Imals, over llie SMiiiid. 
 which separates Liiiii; Island tVoiii ('oiiiiccticiil ; 
 burned twelve bri^s and sloops, beldni:ii,>; In the 
 Mrilisli ; destroyed a lar^e (|iiaiilily of ldrai;e and 
 iither articles, collected fur iheir use in Sa:; liar 
 hour, (III that Island ; killed six of their Sdldiers, 
 and brought olf ninety prisoners, wiilmut liavini' 
 a siiiijle man either killed or wounded. The ( 'olo- 
 ncl and his parly returned lo (luilford in Iwentv- 
 live hours from the time of tlieirdcparliire. liavini,' 
 ill that short space not only coiiiplelcd the object 
 of their expedition, but traversed by land and wa- 
 ter, a space niii less than ninety miles. (Niniiress 
 ordered an eleijant swoid to be (|resenteil to (,'olo- 
 ncl ,Mcii;s. fdr his ^dod condncl in this expedilinn. 
 
 .\s the aeasdii advanced, the American army, 
 in New .lersey. was reinfiirccd by the successin' 
 arrivals (if recruits : bill ncverlhclcss. at llicdpen- 
 iiiK of the campaign, it amounted only to 7,272 
 tnen, 
 
 Urcat jKiiiig had been taken to recruit thu llrilish 
 
 jttt 
 
 army wilh American levies. A coininission of 
 llriKadicr (ieneral had been conferred on Oliver 
 llelancy, a loyalist of iircil inlliienre in New York, 
 and he was aiilhiirised to r.iise lliice bail dnins.— . 
 Kvery ellorl had licen made, lo raise ihe men, 
 lidlli willnnanil wilhoiil ihc Ihilish Inns, and also 
 Irdiii amiiiiii ihc Aincrie in prisiinirs : lint wilh all 
 these cxerlions, nnlv .i!!/ were prociired. ('iii;r|. 
 land Skinner, a loyalist well Undivii in .leriey, w.is 
 also appoiiiicd a lirmadiet, and anlhdri^ed In raisii 
 live baltahdiis. (ireal cddrls were m.ide Id prii- 
 1 lire recruits lor Ins command : lint ihcir i^linle 
 number anidiinled only to .'il7. 
 
 Towards the latter end of .May, (Iciierdi Wash 
 iiiKlon ipiilled his winter encampment al Morris- 
 town, and look a siron;; positional .Middleiirook. 
 .Soon after this movemenl. the llrilish marched 
 from Ilrnnswick. and extended their van as far as 
 .Somerset coiirt-hduse ; but in a few days returned 
 to their tiiriiier station. This sudden ( liaiii;e was 
 owiiii; lo the unexpected opposilidii nliicli seemed 
 Id be cnllecliiiK fldiii all (piarters ; fur the .lersey 
 militia turned out in a very spirited manner, lo 
 opp'ise them. The same army had lately march- 
 ed through ,New .lersey. witlioiit licinu fired upon; 
 :'nd even small parties oflhcin had safely palrnlleil 
 the country, at a distance from their camp; but 
 expeiience haviiii; proved that Itritish prdlcctidiis 
 were no security for properly, the inliabiliiiils i;c- 
 ncrally resolved lo try the ettecis of resisiance, in 
 pridi'r(nice to a second siilimis'ridn. A fortiinaln 
 mistake |>a\e them an opporlnnily (if assembling 
 in ureal force on this cmcrKency. .SiunaN had 
 been ai^reed (in. and beacdiis erected (in hit;li 
 places, wilh the view nf cnmmnnicalnii;. iiver the 
 Cdiinlry, insianlaiKMius inlelliucncc ol the approach 
 of the llrilish. .V lew hours beriirc the royal army 
 be^an their march, the si'.;nal of alarm, on the 
 fdiinilalidi) df a false repiirl, had lieeii hinsled.^ 
 Tin; farmers, wilh arms in llicir lianils, ran in ihe 
 place of lendc/.vons friini cdnsiderable disianees. 
 Tliev had set unt at least twelve hniirs lieldie the 
 Hrilish, and on their aiipcaiance were eiillerted in 
 fiirmidalile minibeis. WhelhcrSir William lliiwii 
 inliuidcd to force Ins way ihroiiKli the ( (iiiiilry In 
 the l)i'laware. and afterwards to IMiiladeljihia. i r 
 to attack the American army, is uncerlaiii; but 
 whatever was his design, he suddenly rclni'jiii.hc'l 
 il. and 1(11 back to Ilrnnswick. The Itritish army, 
 on their lelreal, burned and deitroycd llie firri 
 hiinses on the road ; nor did ihcy spaic ihe liiiild- 
 ins;s iIciIk alcd lo the wairship ol llie Deity. 
 
 Sir William lldwc. alter his relreal in Itrnns- 
 wick, cnileavonrcd Id priivuke (ieneral Wa^hiii;;- 
 1(111 Id an i'iii:a|;einent : and jell no niaiKCiivrc nn. 
 tried, that was calculated In inilnce him lo ipiil Ins 
 posilidii. ,\t line lime, he appeared as if he in- 
 Iciided In push (in. willniul reijardinu the army up 
 piiseil III him. .\t aniither. he acciiralcly c .. iiiini 
 cd ihc situatidn of the .\iiierican eiir.ini|tini'!tt, 
 hdjiiiifi thai some nnunardt'd p.iil iiii>;lit be Idiiiid. 
 nil which an attack iiiiuht be made, that winild 
 open the way Id a ucneral eii:;a'.;eiiii'nl. Ml llicsn 
 hnpcs werefrnslraled. (icn. Wa-.hinuldii knew llie 
 riill value (if his situation. He iiad Inn nun li iiene- 
 tralKin Id Iiisc il from ihi; ciri iiiitventinii ol iiiili- 
 larv maiKi'uvrcs. and tou much leiiipeiio be pro- 
 Vdkcd Id a dereliclidii (il il. lie w.is well :i}> 
 prised lliat it was no! the interest of hii Cdiintiv, 
 III ciimmit Its fortune to a siin:le aclinn. 
 
 Sir William Howe suddenly relinipiislied Ids 
 pdsiiKwi in from of the Americans, and lelirc i 
 wilh Ins whole liiice to Aiiiboy. The appireinly 
 riMrealin;; Itritish were pin-siied by a ciinsidcr ilije 
 delachment of Ihe .\iiierican army, and (ieneril 
 WasliiiiKldii advanced from .Middlebroo!, iiii^nili- 
 lilcldwn, lo be near al hand for the siippiirl of Ins 
 advanced pirliea. The itritish ijencr il. nn the 
 2llh.lnne, marched his army back Iriiiii Aiiiboy, 
 with threat expeditidii, lidpint; to brint; on a uenc- 
 ral action (in ecjual Kronnd : but he wasdisappdint- 
 ed. (ieneral Washint;liin fell back, and piisiei! 
 his aiiiiy in such an advaiilai;e(ins pusiii'in, ;s 
 Cdinpeiisale.l fur the infcriiirily dl' Ins inniuirrs. 
 Sir William IIowi! was now fully ciinviii('( d nf 
 thu iiupuiwibility uf cutnpelling a general ciij-ago- 
 
4U 
 
 mrnl on equal trrinx, anil »!«r ■Hllnfird ihnl it 
 woiilillic 1(111 liazirdiiiis In »llfiii|il |vi.s«iiik tllf Df 
 liiw.ire. wliilu till- I'liiiiilry »mh in iiriii^, uiiil tin- 
 tlinlii Anii'iii'iiii iiriiiv in riill liiri'i' in liit n-ar. Hi' 
 llirti'liiii' ii'lunii'il ii) Ainliny, :inil ttirni'i- [wshi'iI 
 ovi'r III Sl:ili'ii Niiinil, iPsDJviiig to |ir<mi'i'ntr llii' 
 iihjiTts iilliir iMni|i;iii!n liy aniillii'r iiinie. 
 
 Dnrniu Ihi- |>itii)iI iillhrHi- innvi-iiifnn, lln- real 
 dciiiiin iir(ti'ni'i.il llii»t> WITH iiiviiivi'ij in iihsrii- 
 
 rity. 'riiiinttli llii' se.iion liir nulilary i>|ii'riii » 
 
 \y;ii ailvanri-il ai I'ar an thi' niunlli iilMiily, yi'l lii-i 
 (li'lnniiiiali- iiliji-rt riinlil not be aiioprluiniMl. — 
 Niithlii)! nil liiM |iarl hail liillirrto lakrn iiliicr, but 
 iilli'inatrly ailvani'inK anil riMreiitinK. Wa.iliiiiK- 
 Iniri ciiibiirrassinent on litis account wan inctcascil. 
 liy intclligi-nci- llial MiirKoync was coiiiin); in ureal 
 fiiiTc inwarili New Vnrk Irnin Canada. A|)|>rf- 
 hi'mlini: lliat Sir William Howe would iilliinati-ly 
 iMiiVf n|i till- Nnrlli River, and that hiii niovenienls 
 which looked Hoiilhwardly were I'eintii, the Amen- 
 ran i;enera! detached a briKade to reinl'orce ihe 
 tlnrlhern division nl' his army. Successive advices 
 (i( the advance o(" l!iiri;nyne t'avniired the idea, 
 thai a jimctiiin olthetwo royid armies near Albany 
 was intended. Some innvements were therelore 
 iiiiiileby Washinuton Inwards Peekskill, and on 
 the nther side tiiwirilsTieiilnn : while the main 
 nrniv was encamped near the Clnve, in readiness 
 to march either to the nnrlli or sniilh, as the move- 
 ments ol' Sir William llnwe niinlil reipiire. At 
 leiicth, till main body of the inyal army, cnlisisl- 
 ing of thirty -six Kritisjiand Hessian batlalions, with 
 a reuimenioriijihl horse, a loyal provincial corps, 
 called the ipieen's ranijers, and a poweiliil artillery, 
 .iiiioiintinK in the whole to abniit |I>,()UI) men, ile- 
 |wrli'il from .Sandy-liook, and were reported to 
 meer sniilhwardly. 
 
 About the time of this enibarcation, a letlerfroni 
 SirWilliani Howe to (ieneral Hiin;oyiie was iii- 
 IPMepled. This cnnlained intelliiience, that the 
 Uritish troops were destined to New Hampshire. 
 'I'lie intended decepiinii vtas so snperfirially veiled, 
 lliat, in conjunction with the inlellinence of Ihe 
 Urilish enibarcation, it produced a contrary ell'ect. 
 Within one hour after the reception of the inter- 
 cepted letter. Washington gave orders to his army 
 to move to the soulhwaid ! but he was neverthe- 
 less so much impressed with a cnnviclinn, thai it 
 was the true interest of llnwe to move towniils 
 HnrKoyne, that he ordered 'he American aimy to 
 hall flit some time, at the river Delaware, sus- 
 pecting that ihe movement of the royal army to 
 Ihe soiitliwaril was a feint, calculaled In draw him 
 farther from the .Nnilh Kiver. 'I'lie Urilish licet, 
 liavinu sailed I'rnm Sinclyhnok, was a week ai sea 
 lielore it reached Cape ilenlopen. At this time 
 and place, lor reasons that do not obviously occur, 
 (ieneral llnwe gave up the idea nf approaching 
 I'liiladclpliia, by ascending the Polaware, and re- 
 golvcd on a circuitous riinte by the way of the 
 (Hiesapeake. I'erhaps hecoiinied on being joined 
 hv large reinforcemenls, from the numerous lories 
 in Maryland or Delaware, or perhaps he feared 
 the nbsiructions which the I'ennsylvanians had 
 (ilanted in the Delaware. If these were his rea- 
 Kons, he wasmislaken in both. Krom the lories 
 lie received no advaniage : and from the obstruc- 
 tions in the river, his ships could have received no 
 delrimenl, if he had landed his troops at Newca.s- 
 tle, which was I I miles nearer Philadelphia, than 
 the head of Chesapeake bay. 
 
 The lUiiish. alter they had left Ihe (^apesof Ihe 
 Delaware, h id a tedious and uncniiifnrlable pas- 
 sage, being twenty days before they entered the 
 (,'apes nf Virginia. They ascended the bay, with 
 a lavnurable wind, and nn the :i.')th of .August 
 l.indi'il at Tinkey-poinl. The circumstance nf 
 the llritish pulling out to sea, after they had looked 
 into the Delaware, added to the apprehension be- 
 tnre enlertained, thai the whole was a feint calcu- 
 l.iled lo draw the American army farther from the 
 Noilh Ki»cr, so as to pievent their being at hand 
 lo oppose ti jiinctinn belween Howe and Uiir 
 (;,ivne. Washington iherefnie fell back In such a 
 
 middle station, as would blehiiii, either speed! 
 
 )y 10 return to the North Kiver, or advance to the 
 
 HISTORY OK TM K 
 
 , relief nf I'liiladelphia. The Drllish fleet, afier 
 I leaving the C.ipesnflhe r)ela»are, was not heard 
 III for nc.irly lliiee weeks; cMcpl lliil il had unci' 
 ] or twice liein '•ern near the cn.isi siiciing sniilli- 
 ivaiilly. A cnniicil nl nlliieis cnnveni'il, '.'Ui nl 
 Aiitfiisi, al Nesli. iiiiiiy, near I'hilailelphi.i, nn mi 
 mniisly gave il as their npiiiina, that CliailiNloii, 
 III .Sniilh Carnliiia, w IS innsi prnbalilv llieir oil- 
 jei'l, and that il wniilil be impiissible Inr llie ariiiv 
 In inai'ch Ihillicr in season Inr its relief. Il na> 
 therelnie cnni'ludeil, lo try to lep.iir the loss nf 
 Charleslnn, which was cnnsiih'reil as iinavnidable, 
 either by altempiing .snmelhing on New Vork 
 island, or, by mining wiih the northern army, lo 
 give mnie ell'eiiual opposition to Kiirgoyne.' A 
 small change of positiiin, conformably lo ilns new 
 system, tnnk place. The day before the above 
 resolution was ydnpted the Uritish Heel entered 
 the Chesapeake. Intelligence tlierenf in a lew 
 days reached Ihe Aiiierlcan army, and dispelled 
 thai mist of uncertainty, in which General Howe's 
 movements had heretofore been enveloped. The 
 American troops were put in motion to meet tl- ' 
 ilritish army. Their numbers on paper amoiinled 
 to 14,(KI0 ; but their real ell'eclive force, nn which 
 depenilence might be placed in the diy nf battle, 
 did not luiicli exceed SOOd men. Kverv appear- 
 ance of contidence was assumed by iheiii as they 
 passed tliinugh I'liiladelphia, that the citi/.ens 
 might be inliinidaled from joining the Itritish — 
 .Vboiil the same time numbers nf tjie principal in- 
 habitants nf that ciiy, beiii'4 suspected nf disalfec- 
 lion to the .American cause, were taken into cus- 
 tody and sent lo Virginia. 
 
 Soon alter Sir William Howe had landed his 
 liiinps in .Maryland, he put fnillia declaralinn. In 
 which he infnrnied Ihe inlialiilanls, that he had 
 issued the strictest orilers lo the troops, "for the 
 preservation nf regularity and good discipline, and 
 lliat the most exempl.iry piinislmieni wniilil be in- 
 tliclcd upon those who shniild dare In pliiniler the 
 properly, or molest the persons of any of Ins ma- 
 jesty's well dispiisi'il subjects." He seenii'd In 
 be fully apprised nf the cnnseipiences, which h.id 
 resulted Iriim Ihe iniliseriininale pliinderings of 
 his army in .New .lersey, and deleriiiined lo ailopi 
 a more pnlile line ol conduct. Wliatevei his 
 Inrdship's inteiitinns might havi been, ihey were 
 by no means seconded by his trnops. 
 
 The royal army set oiil from the easlern heads 
 of till' Chesapeake, .'September ild, with a spirit 
 wlni'li promised to compcnsale for the various 
 delays, that had hiiherto wasted the campaign. — 
 Their tents and baggage were left behind, and 
 lliey trusted Iheir flllure accoiniiioilalinii In such 
 ipiarlers as their arms nuglii procure. They ad- 
 vanced with boldness, till they were within two 
 miles of the .\meiican army, which was then 
 posted near Newport. Washington sonn changed 
 his pnsilinn, and took post nn the high gtniinil 
 near < 'liadd's fnril, on the llrandywine creek, wiili 
 an inlention nf disputing the passage. It was the 
 wish, but by no means the interest of the .Aiiieii- 
 caiis to try their strength in an engagement. — 
 I'lieir regular troops were not only ureally infe- 
 rior in discipline, iiiit in niinibeis, to the royal 
 army. The opinion of the inhabltanis, ilioiigh 
 fuunded nn nn circmiistances more substantial 
 than their wishes, imposed a species of necessity 
 on the .American (ieneral, to keep his army in 
 front of the enemy, and lo risk an action for the 
 security of Philadelphia. Instead of this, had he 
 taken Ihe ridge of high innimlains on his right, the 
 Krilish iiiiisl have respected his numbers, and pro- 
 bably would have followed him up the counlry. — 
 Ity this policy the campaign might have been 
 wasteil away in a manner lalal lo the invaders : 
 but the majority nf the .Viiierican people were so 
 impalii'iit nf delays, and had such an overweening 
 conceit nf ihe numbers and prnwess of their army, 
 that they could not comprehend the wisdom and 
 pulley of manii'iivres, in shun a general engage- 
 ment. 
 
 On this occasion necessity dictated, that a sacri- 
 fice slioiild be made on the altar of public opinion, 
 A general actiou was therefore hazarded on the 
 
 lllli of .Septcinber. This tooK place at ChaiM'e 
 ford, nil the Itrandywine : a small stream which 
 emplies iiscif inin I liiisii,iii,i click, near its cim 
 lliix nilli ihe iiiir Del.iware. 
 
 Till rii\,d army advanced at day break in two 
 ihIiiiiiiis, I'linmiiindeil by llenlenant general Knip- 
 liiiisi'ii, anil lord Cnriiwallis, The iirsl tnnk the 
 iliriri mad lo < 'liadd's |ni,il, and made a show of 
 passing il. III Iriiiil nf the main body of the .Vmeri- 
 caiis. At the same lime, ihe oilier cohinin moved 
 up on the west siilc nl the Itrandywine lo its fork, 
 irnssed linili lis branches, and then marched diiwn 
 nn lis c.isl side, uilh the view nf tinning ihe right 
 wing nf their adversaries. This ihey all'ecled, 
 and com)ielled them In retreat with great Inss. 
 
 (ieneral Kiiipliaiisen amused ihe .\inerirans with 
 the appearance nf cinssing the ford, but did not 
 altempi it until lord Cnriiwallis, having crnssed 
 alinve, and moved ilnwn nn the npposite side, had 
 conimenccd Ins attack, Kniphaiisen then crossed 
 the foril,an'l attacked the trnops posted for its de- 
 fence. These, alter ii severe conllict, were com- 
 pelled to give way. The reiieal of the Americans 
 soon became general, and was continued to ( 'hesler. 
 The final issue nf balilcs often depends on small 
 ciicnmsiani'i's, which human prudence cannot enn- 
 tinl. Onenf lliese nccm red here, and prevented 
 (ieneral Washinglnn from exi'i'iiting a biilil design, 
 III ellect which his trnops wre aclually in mnlinii. 
 This was. In ernss ihe llrandynine, and attack 
 Knipliaiisen, while (ieneral Sullivan and bird Stir- 
 ling should keep Karl Cnrmvallis III check, liitlie 
 mnst crilieal iiioiiii'mI, Washmginn received intel- 
 ligence which he was obliged lo credit, that the 
 column of loiil Ciirnnallis had been only inakin); 
 a feint, and was reliirning to join Kniphaiisen. — 
 This prcvenled ihe execuiinn nf a plan, which, il 
 carried into elicit, wnnlil prnbably have given a 
 ilillerent liirii In the evenis nf the day. 
 
 The killed and wiiuikIi'iI, in the rnyal army, 
 weie near six himilred. 'I'he loss of the Ameri- 
 cans was mice llial number. In the list of their 
 woiiiiili'd Hire two general ollii ers, the Marquis 
 lie la I'.iyrlli'* and I ieneral Wonilfnrd. 
 *.\s we iiiiciid to scalier ihrniigh this wnrk sniiie 
 biographical notices nl' those distingiiisheil men 
 who tnnk an active pmt in the revolnlionary 
 war, and who assisicil in the coiiiicils of out 
 nation, we slcill heie introduce the great and 
 good I, a h'ayelte. frum the pen nf that eminent 
 slali'-'iiian and schnlar, .lohii (jiiincy .\ilam«. — 
 The nialtnn was ileltvereil before the congiess 
 nl the I'niled Stairs, nnlhelllst nf Decembei, 
 ISill, at their leipiesi, and exhibits the finest 
 vietv, that I'lllier cniiiilry has prniluceil, nf the 
 patriot and warrior of bnlh hemispheres, whose 
 name is given lo inmiortaliiy on every hour thai 
 llies — Kii. 
 
 O RATION. 
 
 l-'i-ll,iw-(-ili/t'iis of llie St'ieili' iiiiit 
 
 lliii|.t(' III' lti'|i:i's''iiliitivi's III' llie Itiiileil Stfltes ; 
 
 Ir the aiiihnrity by which I am now culled to 
 address vnii is one of the highest honours tli.it 
 
 could b< iilerred iipnn a cili/.en of this Union by 
 
 Ills counliymi'ii. 1 caiinol dissemble to my.self that 
 it embraces al the same lime one nf the iniisi ar- 
 duousdiilies that could be imposud. (iialefiil In 
 you for the hnnniii cnnferred upon me byynui iii- 
 vitalion, a senliment nf irreptessible and feaifiil 
 dillidence absnrbs every faculty of my snul in cnn- 
 lemplaiing the magnitude, the diU'iculties, and ill" 
 delicacy of the task which it has been your ple.i 
 sure lo assign lo me. 
 
 I am to speak to the North .Vnierican states 
 and people, assembled here in the persons ortheir 
 honoured and conlidenlial lawgivers aiel repre- 
 sentatives, Iain to speak lo them, by tlieir own 
 appointment, upon the life and characier ol a man 
 whose life was, fur nearly threescore years, the his 
 
 ■■'-•'■'^ivm^f^mw^'^!'^ 
 
I'.N ITKI) STATK8. 
 
 m 
 
 lok |ila<'i< HI Chstdd'f 
 
 ainiill sirrain which 
 
 I iirk, iirur its oin 
 
 Ht iliiy hri'iik in two 
 ilciiaiit liiMirrMl Knlp- 
 'I'lii' linit l»iil> ihn 
 ml iii:iilt> ;i hImiw of 
 II liiiily »( I III- Anirri- 
 nllii'r I'liliiiiiii iiiiivt-d 
 iiiilywiiii' III IN liirk, 
 
 I llicii iiiiiirliril iliiwii 
 V iit'liiMiiiii; llic righl 
 
 riiis llifv iill'ri'leil, 
 
 II Willi f,rvM lllHH. 
 
 il llir AiniTiriiiiH wilh 
 III- liiril, but iIkI mil 
 liillis, liiiviiiu rrim»i-(l 
 11- ii|i|>o.Hiii< niilt-, liail 
 |ili:iilsi>ii llirii criMsi-il 
 ii|M iHi.tinl I'lir ilmle- 
 ' riiiiMirl, wen- ('(iiil- 
 rnl iil'llii- Ami-riciin.H 
 I'lintiiiiii-illoChi-ilfr. 
 Ii-ii ilr|M-iiils on small 
 priiili'iK'i' i-annnlciiii- 
 
 I lirir, anil |iri-trnli"il 
 I'lilini; a liiilil ilt»*i|;n, 
 r arliially ill iiiiiliiin. 
 
 iiilyivini-, anil aliack 
 illivaii and liiril Stir- 
 allis III clii-i'k. liilliR 
 iiiilliin ri-ceivt'd iiilt-l- 
 nl III rrnlil, llial llie 
 ad lii'i-ii iinly making 
 jiiin Kni|iliaiis(-n.— 
 
 II III' a plan, nliirli, il 
 iilialily liavi- jjiveii a 
 I'llii-ilay. 
 
 in llii- riiyal army, 
 
 I' lims 111 llie Aiiieri- 
 
 In till- list III' ilieir 
 
 111! i-rx, till- MarquiK 
 A^Dudlurd. 
 
 iiii;li this wiirk nituw 
 1st- disiini,'ni'<li<>il iiii-ii 
 
 in till' ri'viilniiiiiiaiy 
 
 llii- I'liiincils III' uiii 
 iidnci- I III- urt-al and 
 I- prn iil'llial I'liiincnt 
 lin (jiiinry AdaiiK. — 
 
 ln'rori- iho cnii^it-^s 
 u-ilNl 111" l>i'fi-inlu-i, 
 d I'xiiiliils (III- tini-M 
 las pi'iidni'i'd, nl' iht; 
 I lii-miiiplii-rcs, whose 
 ly on evvry hour thai 
 
 L) N. 
 
 I'llio I'liili-il Smti-ii ; 
 I am now callrd to 
 lii^lipsi !ionuui!i that 
 li/.t-n ol'ihis Union liy 
 4s(>iiilik lu inyHi-lfthat 
 r iim- nl'thc most ar- 
 iiposuil. (■inti-l'nl In 
 I upon nil- liy yiiiii iii- 
 [iivHsililt- and ri-arliil 
 liy nl' my hoiiI in run- 
 11' diDicultlt-s, aiifl lh<- 
 it has Id.'ii vimr pli-.i 
 
 rill American slali-t 
 ill ihi- pi'isiiiis 111 ihi'ir 
 lawi;ivi'rs and ri'|iri-- 
 1 lli)-ni, liy llirir own 
 ml t-hararirr ol a man 
 ■■i^scori: years, lliuhis 
 
 lory III' Ihii civili/.i-d world; ol' i man, nl' wlinsi-, 
 I'liarai'ii-r, tii say lliat il is indisviiliilily iili- itiliid 
 Willi iIm' rcviiliiiKiii 111 mil tinlrprndriii'i', is liMlrj 
 
 iniiii' >lian to iniik lli>' ri-aliiris nl his rliildli I; 
 
 nl a III. Ill, the pi-rsnnllii'il iiiiii:i' ol si-ll riiiiini 
 srrilii'd lilii'rly. Nnr ran ll i-MMpr ihn iiinst sii 
 prilii I d iiliii'it.ilinii, llial, in spi-akinii In llii- lallii-rs 
 III' I III' land iipiiii I III' lili' and i:liar.irii-r ol li ti Ar- 
 KTir:, I raiiiiol InilM'ar In loin h upon lopirs ivliiili 
 an- yl di'i'ply cniivnlsiiiu llic world, linlli nl' iipi 
 iiMiii and ol .ii'linii. 1 am In walk lii'twci'ii liiirn- 
 iiii; piiiiiuhsliaii's : In iii-ad npnii liri's wliiili liavi- 
 iicii yrl rn'ii iidli'i It'll I'liidiiis In rnvrr llirni. 
 
 ll, III addii'ssniii llii'ir rniiiilrymi'ii iipnii llii'ir 
 iiinsi iinpnrliint inlrirsls, Iht- Oralnrs nl' Aiitiipiily 
 will' a> I'llslniiii'd In Im>);iii liy siipplicalinii In 'hrir 
 i:nilslli,il iiip'.liiii^ iinsiiiialili' In In' s.iid nr nnwnrlhy 
 III 111' licaid iiiIkIiI rsrapr rroiii llirir lips, how 
 iiiiii'li iiinir Inri'ilili' is iiiv nlilicalinn In iiivnki' llii- 
 l.nniir nl I Inn "wlin Iniirlii'd Isaiah's liallo»i-d 
 lipi Willi liii', " iinl niilv In I'xtniuwish ill tlir mind 
 I'lirv inncrplinii nnaiiapli-d to llie t!randi-iir and 
 siililiniiiy nl llii- llirinr, lint In draw Iroiii the ho 
 sniii nl llii' di'i'pi'sl I iinvirluili iIioiikIiIs cnnKi-nial 
 III llii' ini'rils whirh il islliv duly ol'tlii- disioiirsi- 
 lii iiiitnlil, and Molds not unworthy ol lilt- diKinly 
 til lilt' aiidilory lit'lnri- whom I appi-ar. 
 
 In iii<it-r In Inriii a jnsi i-slimali' nl tlir llli- and 
 iliaiat irr ol Lalayi'lif, il may he iieiiessary In ail- 
 viTl, iini nnlylii the tut iiiiistant'esronnt-iied with 
 )ii>liiilli, ediitaiinn, anti lineaKe, liiilto llie polilii'al 
 coiidiiinii ol his t'liniilry and (treat Krilain, her 
 ii.iiiiiii.il rival and adversary, at the time nl' his 
 linlli, .iiiil tliiriii;; his years ol' ehililhooil. 
 
 (Ill tlie sixth tlay ol SeplenilM-r, nne ihnnsantl 
 M'ti'ii liiinilredand lil'ly-si'veii, llie hereditary .Mnii- 
 .111 ll III ihe llrilish Isl.inds was a native nl' lier- 
 III. my. A rude, ilhlurale nlil snlilier nl the wars 
 lor the Spanish sintessinn ; lillli- versed even in 
 iIk' laiiiinai;!' nl the nation nver whirh he rnleil ; 
 eilueali'd In the inaxims and prineiples nl'lhe I'eii' 
 I ll l.iw : 111' openly heenlinns hit-, ami nl mural 
 ili.iraiter lar rriiiii crt'tlilalile ; he siyled hinisill', 
 !i\ llie ur.iee ol (inil, ol' (ireat llrilain, l''iam'e, 
 aiiil lielami, l\liii> ; lint there was annlher and 
 II'. ll Kill',; nl l''r.im'e, nn lieller, perhaps wnrse, than 
 liiiiiseh, and with whnlii he was then al war. This 
 was l.niiis, the lilieenlh nrihe iiaiiie. ^real Kiaml- 
 sdinil his imineiliale preilett-sstir, liOiiis the l<'oiir- 
 tt'i'iilll, sonieliines tienoliimaleil thelireal. 'I'liest- 
 'wii kincs held their ihnines, by the law nl'liereili- 
 laiy sneit'ssinn, vaiiniisly inoililied, in Kiaiiee hy 
 ■ III- lininan ('athnlirs, and ill llrilain by I'rolestanI 
 lelnrined flirijtianity. 
 
 'I'liey were al war, ehielly lor eonl1ietin« riaims 
 In the possession nl' the wt^stein wilderness nl' 
 .N'lrtli Ameriea ; a pri/.e, the eapidiihlit-sor whith 
 are now iinl'oldini; tlieniselves willi a urandeiir and 
 iiia^iiiruMMiot! iinexampleil in llu history nl the 
 world ; lint nl' wliieii, il' the nnininal possession had 
 reiiiaiiied in either of the two pri lees, who wt'ie 
 stakinu iheir kiimdiinis iipnnlhe issue ol' the slrih-, 
 llie luillalo and the beaver, with ili -ir hiinler, the 
 liiilian savai^e, would, at this day, li.ive lieeii as 
 llii'V llien were, the only iiihabitaiit i. 
 
 Ill this war, I!koiii,k W.Asni^it.TiiN, then al llie 
 .1^1' nriweniy riiiir, was on the side iil'lhi- llritish 
 liiriiian Kinn, a yoilllil'ul, bill herni.' eniiib.ilaiil ; 
 mil. Ill llie same war, the father nl' lalay-tle was 
 nil llir npposile siile, rxposiim his lil<-inlhi' heart 
 iiriieimany, lor llieeanse nl'lhe Kiiii; ol' Kiaiite. 
 
 On that ilay, the sixth nl' Sn ptember, nne llitni- 
 saiiil seven hundred and lilty-seven was burn (in • 
 
 UKRT .MtlTlK.R l)K lj.\FAVETTK, at the Caslb- 111' 
 
 Chavainae, in Auveri;ne, and a few ii iinllis alter 
 his birth his father fell in hattle al Mii«den. 
 
 I, el us here observe the inllueiice of polilieal in- 
 slitniinns over the destinies and tliP cliarailers ,if 
 men. (ieorge the .Seetind was a (JeriiK'n I'rinre ; 
 lie had been math- kini; of the Krilish Islamis liy 
 the aeeident of his birth : that is to s:.y, heeause 
 bis |<reat Kranihiiollier had been the d lu^hter o ° 
 James the l''irsi ; that (jreai i>raiitliiiollier had been 
 niarrii'd Intl" KiiiK nf Itolieniia, and her yonns;i-st 
 ilau^hler had been iiiairied to llie Klerioi of Han- 
 uver. Ueuige the tSeeninrH father was her sou. 
 
 and. when .laiiii's the .-sft-niid had been expelled { 
 IViiiii llii thiiine >uiil Ills iniiiiliy bv the indiitnalinn ' 
 lit' Ills pntpU', ir\nlrril aijaiiisi his Ivi .iiitiy. and ! 
 u 111- 11 his I It 1 1 il.ini;lih'is, u hii sni-reedi-il litni, h id 
 ilird wiiliiini issue, (jenri;e the l-'iist, the son nfj 
 the l')lerlii'ss nf Hanover, beraine Kim; nf (ileal 
 llrilain, bv llie seilti'iiii'iil nl .in ail nf p.iiiiiiiiieiil, 
 blendmt; Inuelher llie priiit'ipb- of hereililaiv sue. 
 eessiiiii Willi ihal nl Keliiiniid I'rolesi.ml ehrisii- 
 aiiil\ Mill the lilt's III ihi' ( 'hiiii'li 111 Kniil.iml. 
 
 'riielliinne nf l-'raiire was nt'i'iipied b\ urine tt( 
 the same prinriple nf lieredilarv snrei'..sinn, till 
 fereiilly nindilied, and blended with the ehnsliaiiily 
 nf the elinrth III Koine. Kriim this line nf siie- 
 tession all females were inllexlbly excluded. — 
 Ijoiiis the l-'ifleeiiih, at Ihe aue of six years had 
 bet'omi- ihe absnlnie snvt-reiirn ol'I'Vaiit'e, heeause 
 he was ihe ureal i;ramlsoii of his imniediale pre- 
 ileeessnr. I |e was of llie third iieneralinn in ile- 
 seeiil from the preeedini; kiiit!, and, liy the law of 
 prinioueiiitiirt^ engrailed upon that nf lineal sneees- 
 sioii, did, by the death nf his aneeslnr, fnrihwith 
 siieeet-d,tlinuKh in I'hildhoiiihlu an absolute throne, 
 ill prefeiente In numeriiiiN deseendanls from that 
 same aneeslor, then in the full vi|;or of maiiliooil. 
 
 The first relleelion that innsi oeeiir to a laliiiiial 
 beint!, in eiiiileinplaliii|! these two resnlis of ihe 
 prineiple nf hereditary siiri essioii, as resnrled In 
 for desijinalinK the rulers of naliniis, is, that Iwn 
 peistins more unlit to oi'eii)iv the thrones nf llrilain 
 and nf Kraiiet-, at the lime of llirir respeelive ar- 
 ei-ssiniis, riinid searrelv have been fniinil iipnn the 
 f.n't- nl'lhe ( ilolie ; (ienruethe .Seeoml. a foreigner, 
 the sou .iiiil uramlsiin nf foreiunrrs, burn lievnnd 
 the seas, t-ihieated in nni'niiceiii.d m.inners, i|inn- 
 rant nf the eonsiilnlinn, of the laws, evt-ii of the 
 laiiKiiat-e of the people nver wliiini he was In rule : 
 anil l.niiisthi- Kilieenlh, an inf. ml, imapalde nf 
 tliseernin;; his rii>hl handfriim Ins left. Vi'l,siraiii;e 
 asit may snund In the ear of nnsnphistiealetl rea- 
 siin, the Itrilish nalinii wi-rti wedded In the belief 
 that this art of setllemenl, lixini; their erown upon 
 the heads ol'ihis sueeession of lot.il stranuers, was 
 llie briuhtest and niosi I'lorioils exeniphlieatiiin of 
 their nalioiial freedom; and mil less sliani;r. if 
 aimlil in the imperleetion of hniiiau ri-asnn eonltl 
 seem slraiiKe, was that ileep convielinn of the 
 l-'reiieh people, al the same period, that //ic/r eliief 
 ultiry and happiness I'oiisisled in the vehemenre 
 nf their alleitiiin Inr their kins;, beeanse he was 
 deseeiided in an niiliioken male line of );enealn|iy 
 I'rniii .St. Lniiis. 
 
 One of the fruits of this line of lieredilarv sne- 
 I'l'ssion, miidilied bv seetarian prineiples of reli- 
 ijion, was to make the peaee and war, the happi- 
 ness nr misery of the people of the British em- 
 pire, dependent upon the fortunes of the Kleetn- 
 rate of lianover ; the personal diim.iin nf their ini- 
 piirted kini;. This was a ri-snll ealaniitniis alike 
 In the penpit- nf Hanover, of llrilain, and nf 
 l''i,im'e; lint it was one nf llie two causes of that 
 dreadful war then wauiliK between them; and as 
 the cause, so was this a principle theatre nf that 
 tlisaslrnns war. ll was al Miiiden, in the heart of 
 the Klecliirate nf Hanover, that the father nf l,a- 
 fayetle t'ell, ami left him an orphan, a ^ituimto 
 :hal war, :ind In the principle nf hereililary Riie- 
 cession from which it emanated. 
 
 riiiis, then. It w.is on the fith of September, 
 17.17, the ilay when l,af.i\eiie was born. The 
 ki lilts nf l-'ranceand llril;iiii wcie seated npnn their 
 ihiiiiies by virliie nf the principle of hereditary 
 snccessioii. variniisly mnililii'd and hlended with 
 ditVerent I'nrnis nf reliuioiis I'ailh, and ihev wert- 
 wanin^ war aiiainst each other, and exhanstmi; 
 tilt- lilnnil and treasnrt- of their people for caiist-s 
 in which neither id the uuliuns liad any briu-lieial 
 or biwl'nl interest. 
 
 In this wai the father of Itafayetle fell in tlie 
 cause of his kin^, but not of his comitry. He 
 was an ollicer of an invatlin;; army, the iiistrii- 
 inent of his sovereinn's waninn imbilinn and Inst 
 of cnmpiest. The people nf tin- l''.lecliirale of 
 Haiinver had dnnc no wtniii; tn liini or In his 
 counlrv. When his son came In an a:;e capabtt- 
 of uuihi'standliiK the it rep;iiable loss Ihuihe had auf- 
 
 lered, and to relleel upon the c.iiisr nf his hther'i 
 l.ile, lliere was nn ilrnp of cniisnialinn iiiiiiiilpil in 
 
 the inp Iriiiii till' i Mdeialiiiiilli.il he li nl dieil 
 
 fill Inst 111,. \n.| will 11 Ihe tniillifiiliniMil «.,< 
 
 itt.ilciicd 111 mcdil.iiinii npnn llir riKlils nl iiiiii- 
 kind, ihe piinripirs 111 lirrilnni. .mil lliciiiirs nf 
 unveiiimenl, il c.innni be ihlfiriill In penrite, in 
 Ihe lllnsiralions nf his tiivii l.iinilv irt mils, tin 
 source of (hat aversion to hereililary iiilr. perliap» 
 the most distiiiKllishmi; fealiire nf his poliliral opi- 
 nions, anil to which lir adheinl lhriiii){li all ihit 
 vicisnitiides of his lile. 
 
 Ill ihe same war, and al Ihe same lime, (ieoriie 
 W.islimnli'ii was armed, a loval siibjei I, in sup- 
 port of his kill); ; but to him thai was also the caiistt 
 nf his country. His eonimission w.is iiiil iiiiliit 
 army nf (ienrtte the .Second, but issued iiinlrr llic 
 aulhniity of the cidoiiy of \irKinia. the prnume 
 111 which he received hisbiiili. On the linnlris nl 
 llial prnviiice, the war in its uiiist hniriil Iniiiis n m 
 wa^eil; iinl a war nf mercy, and nl cniirlesy, hkn 
 th.it of the ciuli/ed embiililed It'uinns of Kiirnpe -, 
 bill war In the kinle; the wai nf Indian sav.iurs, 
 lerril le tn man, but iiinre terrible In llie leiidei sex, 
 ami intisl lerriblr In lirlpless inl.inry. In ilrfeueii 
 nf his t niiiitiy against the ravages nf such a war, 
 Waslmiainn, m the d.iwn nf uiaiilinnd. Ii.iil drawn 
 his swnid, as it I'rnviileiiee, with drhlirrair piir- 
 pnse, had sanrlilird fnr him llir piarlirr nl war, 
 all deleslabh- .mil imhallnwrd as il is. that lin 
 
 inii;hl, in a cause, virlnniis and exalled bv ils - 
 
 live and ils end, lie iiained and lilted in .1 cninie- 
 llial schiinl to man h in .ilierliuies llie leader nl he- 
 lorsiii ihr » ir nl lii~ iinmiry's inilepemlriice. 
 
 \l the nine III ihr liirlh nf Lalavrllr. lliis war, 
 which W.IS In m.ikr linn a lillieibss i liild, and iii 
 whirli W'isliiiiciiiii W.IS liMim briiad and drrp, ill 
 the defence and proleciinn nf Ins native bind, the 
 loimdaliiins ol his imriv.illid rrmiHti. was liiil ui 
 
 its early si me. It was in m mi' (in. vear* 
 
 lonucr. and was In rinse wilh the Inial cxliiiuuish- 
 nieiil nf the cnlnni.d ilnniininn nl l'°r.tiice nn iha 
 cnnlinenl tif .Ntiiih Americ.i. Tin- deep hniinh.i. 
 linn nf l''i,ince, and llir iriiirii|ili.iiii ascriiil.iney 
 nn Ihisrnntinriil nf hrriir.il, «rii. the (irsi rrsnlta 
 111 this i>real nalinn.d cniilliii. Tin. cninplrie ex- 
 pillsinn of Kiaiice Irniii N'nrlli .\iiieiii i sermed to 
 the siiperlirial visinii of men In lix the lliilisli 
 piiwer nver these exlensive ri'itinns, nn Iniimla- 
 titills inimov.ilde as llie rMrlisiini; hills. 
 
 Let us pass in mi.ii;iiial .i priind of only 
 
 Iweiily years, anil aliulit npnn llie linrdrrs nf the 
 river liLimlywiiie. \V.isliini;iiin is •nmni.inder- 
 m-"liiif nf the aiinies nl thr I'liiitd .sJiiies nf 
 .\nieiira; war is a^,lln i.ii;iiii> in the heart nl \\in 
 iiativr land ; hnsiili. .iriincs nl one ;iMd llie same 
 name, Idniid, and l.iiis:iiai;e, are ;irr.iNeil fnr batlli) 
 nil the banks nf ihe stream; and riidadelplna, 
 where Ihe rmletl Stales are in ( nn^iess asseiii- 
 bleil, and wlienei' their deoree nf mdepeiidenco 
 has gone forth, is ihr tlesliiied pii/.e to llie riiolhcl 
 of Ihr ilay. Who is that tall, sbnilrr Miiilh, ol" 
 foreign air and aspect, srarct ly emerucd linni tliu 
 years of bnylinnd, and fresh Irniii llie walls ol 4 
 cnllcne ; liijhlinj;, a vnlimteci, al llie siditif Wash- 
 
 iiiKlnn, bleediii);, uncnnsciniisly lo liinisell, I 
 
 rallyinn his men to secure the ietreal nl the seal- 
 tereil .\iiieric.iii ranks' ll is ( iii.iiKiir .Motikr 
 UK IvAIAVKi I I ; the snn nl the vielininf .Mimleii; 
 and heisblreijins in the cause nf .Nnith Aliiericail 
 iiidi-pemleiice and nf freednin. 
 
 We pause nne ninment In eiiquire what wa.mhis 
 cause of North .\iiierican independence, and what 
 were the innlives and indiicenienis tnthe youthful 
 strani;er to demte himself, his life, and foiliine to il. 
 
 The people of the llrilish colonies in North 
 .America, after a controversy of ten m ns' ihira- 
 tiiin wilh their snveii'ii>ii beyond the seas, iipnii 
 an attempt hy him ami his pa'rliamenl lo tax iheiii 
 without iheir consent, had been coiistiained hy 
 necessity to tU-elare tlieniselves iiiile|>eiidi-iil ; to 
 dissolve the tie of their alliKiance lo him ; to re- 
 noniice iheir rii;ht to its proteelion, ;ind to :.. siimii 
 their station anioiii; ihe imlepeiident civilized na- 
 liniis of the earlli. Tins had brrii dnm- willi a 
 dehberatiuii uud .suit iiimlv unr\aiii|ilud in the hik- 
 
mmm 
 
 411 
 
 II l.STOK V OK TIIK 
 
 
 lory o( llip world; rionn in the rniiUl of ■ civil 
 w;ir, lilili'iiiii' in rhiinirii-r rriim niiy ol' tliosr 
 nliiili liii I i'iiiiirii"< lii'liii'p liiiil (li'niiliiii-il Kiiiii|ii'. 
 'I'lir H.n li'iil rini-ii ii|Hiii H i|ii<'Hlicin hrlni'i'ii llir 
 ri;lil'<iPt III! |'rii|)li' :iiiil llir impwims ol' llrir unv- 
 iTiiiiO'iil. Tiu* ilioMiHnioiiii, ill llir |iriik;ii"<s ol llii< 
 ( •)iirrnvi'i'>4V, liiifl iitM'iM'il to (III* niiiti'iii|iliitiniiH ot 
 iiii'ti ilii- liiHt liiiiiiil.iliiiiiH ol' t'lvll miciFty mill ol 
 Kovi'riiMii-iil. TliP wnrnl' Inilp|iiiii<lrni'P lii>i;iiii liy 
 lililiiiliiin ii|ioii » (M'lly iil»iii|i on |iu|it-r, iiiiil u l:ix 
 III' llirrr |H>iifR ii ponnil on Ipii; liiit llirap lirokr 
 Mpilir loiinlniiK ol llic eiiMl ili'i'|i, iinil tin* iIpIiik*' 
 Pimni'il. Iliiil ill)' llrillKli |iHi'li»in«nl llir ri^lil to 
 tnx llii' iipoplf of tlii> I'olonicH in iiiioiIiit IiimiiIii- 
 iilirre, not ri'|itP!ipnti'il in the iinpcriHl lf'Bi*<hitnr<' 1 
 Tlii-y iiinniiril llicy liiiil : iIip pco|ili> ol lliv colo- 
 nic inniHtccI llicy Iriil not. 'riii-ri- wnr Irii ye;irM 
 of plr-iiiliiiK lii'lorp llicy r;iini' to an iiKiic ; ami all 
 the Ii'ciliiiialc minrcrK ol' powrr, anil all lliv primi- 
 tive cli-iiiPiilPt of iVi-dloiii wi'ri' Hcrnlini/.i-d, ill- 
 haleil, analy/.i'il, ami fliiriilalfil, lirliiri' llii" li;;lil- 
 iiiu III' llir torch ol' Ale, anil her cry ol' havoc up- 
 on Icliiinj nlip the iloi,'» ol' war. 
 
 When till" (lay ol'conllici came, the iiwiic of the 
 rontem wan ncrcnnarily chaiini-il. The people ol' 
 the colonicH hail inaiiitaineil ihe conieHi on ilie 
 principle of re-iisiiin; I he iiivaiioii of charlcreil 
 riiililH; lirnt hy .iraiimenl and reiiioiHlraiive, ami. 
 liiially. Iiy appeal lo the sword. Iliii HJih ijn- 
 war laine the iieceiiary exerciie of sovereign 
 |Miwi'r<. 'I'hc Declaralion of liidepeiidence jiKii- 
 (iod il.^elf a< Ihe only poisilile remedy for insiiD'er- 
 alile wioii!.'s. It sealed itself upon ihe first fonn- 
 dalioiis of ihe law of nature, and the incnniesialde 
 doctrine of human rmhls. 'I'liere was no lonijer 
 iinv i|nestion of the conslitiiiiiinal powers of ilii> 
 Hiitish parliament, orof violaied colonial charters, 
 'riieiiieforward llie American nation supported ils 
 exislence liy war: and the Krilish nation liy war, 
 was conlei.diim for coiii(iiest. As, lieltveeii the 
 Iwii parlies, the single (|iieslion al issue was In- 
 Hi pendi'iice ; lint in the confederate exislence of 
 Ihe .N'orlli American I'liion, liberty: not onlv 
 llieir own lilii'rty, lint the vital principle of lilierty 
 to the whole race of civilized man, was involved. 
 
 It was at this slaiie of the conllict, and imme- 
 dialely after llie Declaralion of Independence, that 
 it drew the atleniiiin, and called into aelioii the 
 moral sensiliilities anil the inleljertnal faculties of 
 Tjafayetie, then in llie nineleeiilli year of his ai;e. 
 
 'I'lie war was revnlnlionary. Il hej;an liy the 
 (lissidnlion of the llrllish i;overnment in the colo- 
 nies ; ihe people of which were liy that openition, ' 
 left wiihoiit any Koverniiienl whalcver. They j 
 were then at one and Ihe same lime mainlaiimiy [ 
 Iheir independent national exislence hy war, and j 
 rnrniin^ new social coiiipacis for their own gov- j 
 Rrnmenl thenceforward. The construction of 
 civil society ; the extent and Ihe liiiiilalions of 
 orttani/.Pil power; the pstahlislimenl of a system ' 
 of govpiiiment coinhinin!; the greatest eiilarj;e- 
 iiient of individual liberty with the mosi periii'i 
 preservation of public order, were Ihe coiiliiinal 
 iKcnpations of every mind. The conse(|neiii:es 
 of this slate of things to llie history of maiiliiiid, 
 and especially of Kiirope, were foreseen by none. 
 Kiiiope saw nothing but the war; a people .siriig- ' 
 gliiig for liberty, and against oppression; and llie 
 people in every part of Kiirope sympallii/.ed with 
 llie people of the American colonies. 
 
 Wiih their governments it was not so. The 
 people of the American colonies were insuigenls; 
 all governinenis abhor insurrection ; they were re- 
 volted colonists. The great marilimc powers of 
 K. mope had colonies of their own, to which the 
 example of rcsistence iigaiust oppression might be 
 conlagions. The American colonies were slig- 
 mati/.ed in all the official ads of Driiish govern- 
 ment as rebels: and rebellion lo the goveining 
 part of mankind is as the sin of witchcnifl. The 
 governments of Knrope, therefore, were, at he iri, 
 on tile side of the Krilish government in this war, 
 and the people of Kiirope were on the side of the 
 American people. 
 
 Ijalayette, hy his piisiiiiri. a:iil (■(indiiioii in life, | 
 A'aa one ot th.ise who, "ovenicd b . ihe indinaivl 
 
 impulses which inlliienee and control ihn coiidiicl 
 of men, would have sided in senlimriit with ihe 
 Krilisli in iiiyal cause. 
 
 Lal.ivelle was liiirii a »iib|ect of the must aliso. 
 Iiileaiid most spliiidid iiiiinarchy of Kiirope, iiid 
 111 llie liigliesi rani, of her jitoiid and cluvalioiis 
 noliilily. He had been cdncaled al a college mI 
 Ihe llinversily of Paris, founded by the royal mii 
 iiiflcence of lioiiis the Koiirleenlh, orof hismiiiis- 
 ler, Cardinal Kichelieii. hell an orphan in early 
 childhood, with the inherilance of a princely for- 
 luiie, he had been married, al sixteen years ol age, 
 lo a daiighler of the house of Noailles, the mosi 
 distinguished family of Ihe kingdom, acircidy 
 deemed in public consideration inferior lo ihal 
 which wore the crown. He came into active life, 
 at Ihe change from boy lo man, a husband and n 
 lallier, in the full enjoymeiil of every thing that 
 avarice could covet, with a i erlaiu prospect before 
 him of all that ambilioii could crave. Happy in his 
 domeslic alfeclions, incapable from llie benignilv 
 of his iialiiie, of envy, h iireil, or revenge, a lile 
 of " igiioblR ease and indolent repone" seemed lo 
 be thai nliich iiatiiieaiid forliine had condiined lo 
 piepare before him. To iiicii of ordinaiy mould 
 this conditiiiii would have led lo a life of Inxiirioiis 
 apailiy and sensual indulgence. Such was Ihe 
 life iniii which, from Ihe operation of Ihe same 
 causes, I, Mills ihe I'llieeiilli had sunk, with hii 
 household and coiirl, while l.afiyeile was rising 
 lo manliiMid, siiriiiiiiiiled by the conlaiiiiii.ition of 
 tlieii example. Had his natural endowments been 
 even of llie higher and nobler onlenif such iis ad- 
 here to tirtiie, even in llie lap of prosperily, and 
 in the bosom of leinptalion, he mizlil have lived 
 and ilied a p.illern of ihe niibililv of Kraiice, lo be 
 classed, in alierlinies, willi ihe Tnrennes and llie 
 .^loMt.ltlsiers of the age of Louis the Koiirleenlli, 
 or Willi ihe N'lllars or llie liamolgnoiis of the age 
 itiimrdialelv prc-ediiig his own. 
 
 Km as, 111 Ihe fniiiameiil of heaven that rolls 
 over oiii heads, lliere is, among the stars of the 
 first magiiiliide, one so pre eiiiiiient in splendour, 
 as. III Ihe opinion of aslronoiiiers, lo cnnslilule a 
 class liv itself; so, in llie foiirleen hundred vears 
 of the rreiich monarchy, among the miillitndes of 
 gieal and iiiighly men hIiIcIi il has evolved, the 
 name of Lafayeile slaiids unrivalled in Ihe solitude 
 of glory. 
 
 In enlering upon the threshold of life, a career 
 was lo open before liiiii. He had the option of 
 the court and (he camp. An olfice was tendered 
 to him in the hoiiseliold of the king's brolher, Ihe 
 coiiiii de Provence, since successively a roval exile 
 ami a reinsialed King. The servitude and iiiaclioii 
 of a conn had no charms for him ; lie preferred a 
 coinmissioii in the aiiiiy, and, at the lime of the 
 declar;itioii of independence, was a captain of dra- 
 goons in garrison al .Mel/,. 
 
 There, at anenlerlainment given by his relative, 
 the .Marechal de Itioglie, the commandaiil of llie 
 place, lo ihe duke of (iloucesler, brother to the 
 lliilisli king, and iheii a transient traveller ihrough 
 ihal pail of Kriiice, lie learns, as an incidenl of 
 intelligence received thai morning by the Kiiglish 
 prince from London, thai the congress of rebels, 
 al Philadelphia, had issued a declaration of inde- 
 pendence. A conversalion eiisiies upnii the catt.ses 
 which have conlribiiled lo produce this event, and 
 upon the coiiseipieiices which may be expected lo 
 llow from il. The iinagiiialion uf Lafayelle has 
 caught across the Allanlic tide the spark einilted 
 from the declaralion of independence ; his heart 
 has kindled al the shuck, and before he slumbers 
 u|)oii his pillow, he has resolved lo devote his life 
 and fortune lo the cause. 
 
 You have before you Ihe cause and the man. — 
 The self-devotion of Lafayette was twofold. Kiisl, 
 to the people, maintaining a bold and seemingly 
 desperate struggle against oppression, and for na- 
 tional existence. Secondly, and chiefly, lo Ihe 
 principles of their declaration, which then first iiii- 
 I'urled before his eyes the consecrated .standard of 
 liuiiian rights. ,So thai siandavd, wilhoul an iii- 
 s"iil of liesilalion, he repaired. Where it would 
 lead him, il is scarcely probable that he himself 
 
 then liireMiw. It mil tlirii ideniicul with ili« tiant 
 I and snipes of the Ame.iiaii I'nioii, floaliiig lo the 
 bree/.e Hum llie hall ol lodrpeiidi me. al I'liilidel- 
 I pliia. Nor sordiil avarice, nor viiIl:.ii ainlitiiun, 
 could poiiil his foiilsieps lo llie p.ilhw.iy le.nlnig 
 lo llial banner. 'In the love of e,isi. or pliisnie 
 nolliliig could be more repulsive. Soiiieiliin ; may 
 be allowed In the bealings of ihe yoiilliliil Ineasi, 
 which mnkeiimhiliiiii viriiie, and someihing lollie 
 •piril of mililary ndveiilure, imbibed from liis pro- 
 fession, and of which he fell inconinioiiniili ni.iiiv 
 others, Krance, llermany, Poland, liiinislinl {,, 
 the armies of ihisniiiim, in our revolulionaiN •ling- 
 glc 111) inconsiderable iiumlier of ulliceis of liiiii 
 rank and dislinguisl ''diiieril. The name of Piil.is- 
 ki and de Knlh an iinmbered among ihe niiUlMs 
 of our lieedom, ami iheir ashes reiiose In mirsoil 
 side by side with the canoni/ed bones of W '.uieii 
 and ol ,Moiilgomeiy, To llie virtues of l,:il iville, 
 a more prolracted career and happier earlhlv ilesii- 
 nies were reserved. To the moral principle of po- 
 litical action, Ihe snrrilices of no other man were 
 comparable to his, Voiilli, health, linlnne ; ihe fa- 
 vour of his king ; Ihe eiijoymcnl of ease and plea- 
 sure; even Ihechoicesl blessingsof domeslic feli- 
 city ; he gave ihein all for mil and danger in a ills- 
 lain land, and an almost hopeless cause : bin il wan 
 the cause of justice, and of the rights of hiiniin kind. 
 
 The resolve is Uriiily fixed, and il now nniains 
 lo be carried inio execuli'<ii. (In ihetllinl Dr- 
 cemher, 1771), Silas Deaiie, then a secret a'^eiil of 
 Ihe Ameiican Congress al Pans, siipiil.iii's with 
 Ihe Mari|uis lie l,alayelle ihal he shall leeeiie a 
 commission, to date from llnit day, of iiiapir gene- 
 ral in the aimy of the rnileil .'^laies; and the 
 .Maripiis slipulales, in lelnrn, to deparl wlirti and 
 how .Mr. Deane shall judge proper, lo sine the 
 I'nileil .Stales with all possible /i .d, uillioiil pay or 
 emoliiinent, reserving to hiinsell only llie bb'eiiy 
 of reliirning lo Kiirope if his family in Ins kinj; 
 should recall him, 
 
 ,\eiilier his family nor his kiiic iviri' uiHin); 
 thai he should depart ; nor had .^lr. heane the 
 power, either lo conclude this lonirMil. orlo fir- 
 nish Ihe means of his convey ance in Aiiieiica, 
 Difliciillies lise up before hini only lo l,v ili.pers 
 ed, and obslacles ihiiken only lo be siirniuiinteil. 
 The day after Ihe sigiiiiliire of llie i i.ini oi, .\|r. 
 Deane's agency is superseded by llie .itrlial of 
 Doctor Heiijamin Kraiiklinand Ariliiii l.er as Ins 
 colleagues in coinmissioii: nor did iliiv lliitik 
 themselves aiilhorized lo conlnin hismi^aginienls, 
 Lafayette is not to bediscoiiiagi d. The loMiiuis- 
 sinners exleniiale nothing of the iiiiproiiiisjiiu' coii- 
 illlion of their cause. .Mr. Deane atons Ins inabi- 
 lity lo furnish him with a passage lo the I'liileil 
 Stales. " 'I'lie more desperale llie cause," savs 
 Lafayelle, "ihe greater need has i| of mv ser- 
 vices; and if ,Mr. Deane has no vessel lir my 
 passage, I shall purchase one myself, I'lid will iia- 
 verse the ocean with a selected company i.l my 
 own." 
 
 Oilier inipedimcnts arise. His design bei nnns 
 known III the llrllish ambassador :it Ihr ei i;ii of 
 \ iisailles, who remoiislrales in llie I'leiii h go 
 vetnmeiil against it. .\l his instance, on'i is are 
 issued for the delenlion of llie vessrl pnii|.iisi.|| \.\ 
 Ihe .Maripiis, and filled oiil al Pnidetiov, and f/r 
 Ihe arrest of his person. To elude ihe lir:-! ol lliese 
 orders the vesspl is removed I'loiii liniile.iiix to 
 tile neighbouring port of p:issage, ui^liiii ilie do 
 minion of Spain, The order for his airesi i.s 
 executed; but, by slralagem and disguist I c 
 esca|)es from the custody of those >v|io hate him 
 ill charge, and before a second order can leaeh 
 him he is safe on Ihe ocean wave, bound In Iho 
 land of independence and of freedom. 
 
 Il has been necessary lo clear out the vessel (or 
 an island liir Ihe West Indies; but, once al sea he 
 av,iils himself of his right as owner of the ship, and 
 compels his captain to steer for llie shores of eiiian- 
 cipated North .America. He hiriU- wiili his com- 
 panions, on the 2otli of .\pril, n'lT, in ■'^i iiili Ca- 
 rotina, mil l:ir from Charleston, and fi.'its a musi 
 cordial receplion loid lios|'i;al,|e v,elcoii;u ill thi! 
 house of iMajor Iliij;cr, 
 
UNITED STATKS 
 
 4M 
 
 III il mill till" kiiir^ 
 inn, MiKilini; In ihf 
 I' IMC. lit I'IiiImIi'I. 
 
 wiIl:.ii iiiiiIiiIiimi. 
 
 |i.illi».iy liMilini; 
 
 IMHI' III |lli'.HI|ll' 
 
 Snlllrlliiii ; iiiiiy 
 I- Vnllllltlll lili'iisi, 
 
 I iiillli'lllili); III IliK 
 iliiil rriiiii liii jirii- 
 iMiiniiiii Willi III, iriv 
 I'IIkI, riiiiiislinl |i) 
 H)liiliiiii;ii\ •.iiiii;- 
 
 il' iillliris Ml |iim|i 
 III' llllliir III I'lil.is- 
 iiiiiiii; llii- iii;ii|\m 
 < ri'jiiMf III iinr h'ihI 
 liiilH'H lit W.iiirii 
 tiles III |,:i| iM Mr. 
 i|iii'ii'iirllil» ilrsii- 
 r;il |iriii(i|ilr iit'pn. 
 
 II iilliiT 111,111 Here 
 II, liiiliiiii' ; ilir |i|. 
 
 t lirtMHI- IIMil ||||,||. 
 
 l!Miiriliiliicstii- Iclj. 
 
 III ihiiiifrr in » ilin- 
 
 I r;iii«c ; hill it ivim 
 lilHiiriiiiiiiiii kiiiil, 
 
 ml il iiiin ii'Miiiiim 
 I'll llii' '/III III |)r. 
 n :i -iTiri ;i'.;i'ii| n|' 
 
 K. .Hl||il||-|ll'^ will) 
 
 »li;ill iiTi'iii' II 
 
 111 iiMjiir uciic- 
 
 il ,'>'l;iics ;■ mill till! 
 
 llr|«lll «lii II :ilii| 
 
 plT. to SIMVI' llic 
 
 imI. "Ill I |iii_v iir 
 
 II iiiilv llii' lilii'iiy 
 iiiiih 1)1 Ins King 
 
 kilic ivcir ulllln^ 
 I .^Ir. jliMiir tlie 
 ■milr;iil. m in l\ r- 
 iiiiri' III Aiiii'iir,). 
 inly tn 111' ili.|ii'tM 
 n lir MirnMiiilileil, 
 llir (ipiili let, Air. 
 Iiy till' :iriii;il ol" 
 
 \llllll; I,i'i> ;is ||li4 
 
 r iliil iliiy iliink 
 I lMsi.M:;;ii;rllirills, 
 ■il. Till' ( iinilllis- 
 iiii|,iiiiiiisiii^- niii- 
 ir MViiHs his iiiiihi- 
 ij-'i' 111 llic riiiliil 
 tlir I'iiiiM'," s:n« 
 i:is il 111' my si'r- 
 liii vi".sil III' ijiv 
 >srir, I'liil nil! till- 
 <'iiiii|i;iliy 1.1 my 
 
 \s ilcsiijii hrriiiiirs 
 T ill llic I'lilMl i,f 
 llii' rirtiili ^1) 
 l;imo, luiliis ;ii-r 
 •■'•I'l puri'l.iiM'il In 
 'iilili'Mliv. :i|:il C'r 
 rllii' ('ii:-l iiUlicsr 
 mil liiiriliMiix to 
 
 I', Wi^Mll till' ill! 
 
 liir Ills iinrsl is 
 ml ilis;;iii>.. 1 (,. 
 SI' <vliii lime hiiii 
 oilier e;iii iPiieh 
 I', liiiliiii! Ill iIki 
 Iniii. 
 
 1)111 the vessel (nr 
 111. lime at M'ii lie 
 rill llie ship, and 
 esliiiiesiiCeniuil. 
 iN' "illi Ills 11)111- 
 '<7. ill .'^iiitli (,'i,. 
 111(1 (iiiils 11 most 
 wel™ii;o ill the 
 
 Kvrry ileiiiil iil' ihiii ailvriitiiriiiix ex|ii<iiiiiiiii, 
 full III nil iilwils, I'liiiiliiiiiiiK Willi Ihe siiiiplieiiy dI 
 liinlnrii il liiilli 111! llie iiileresi iilriiiiiiiiii e, is an 
 Hrli kiiii»ii. ,iiiil 111 l.iiiiili.ii III llie iiieiniiiy nrall 
 will) lii'.ic me, llial I pass I Ill-Ill nvcr williniK |iir- 
 llier iiMitre. 
 
 riiiiii ( li.nlesliiii he fitineeileil In I'liilailelpliia, 
 ^Oieir llir I 'iilli;ie'S III llie leviilntllill weie in ses 
 "Hill, anil »lieie lie nlleieil Ills sertii'es in the 
 (Miise. Ileie, auaiii. hi was iiiei Hilli ilillieiililes, 
 hIiii 11, 111 iiii'li III iiiilinaiy iininls nmilil lia\elieeii 
 iiisiiiiniiiinl.iliie. Ml. Diane's ennirails were sii 
 iiiiineniiis, anil Inr nlliii's nl rank sd Iiii;Ii, llial il 
 was iiiipiissilite lliey sliiiiilil lie lalilieil liy ihe ( 'un- 
 less, lie hail "lipiiLileil tin llie appiniiliiienl 
 111 iillier .M.ijiii drill 1. lis; iinil, in llie same enii- 
 liai'l mill lli.il 111 l,al,iyeiie. Inr eleteii nihei 
 iillii eis, Iniill llie Milk III ,1 1 nlilliel in that III Kiell- 
 tiliaiil. 'I'll iiilinilili'e these oltieeis, slraii|;eis, 
 Ni-aii'i'lv line nl' wliuni einilil spfak the lanuiiaue 
 III the eiinnlry, iiiln llie .\ineiiiaii .inny, In lake 
 I ink ami pieieileiiee iiver the iialiie i iii/,eiis 
 W'hiise ,nilenl pan mll'-ni liail pinnleil tliein In the 
 sliiiilaril 111 llien rniiiiiry, i inilil mil, wiihniil 
 (.ii'al iiijiisliie, iinr williiiiil eMiliiii; the iiinsl 
 j'alal ilisseiishiiis, haxe lieeii iliiiie ; ,iml this answer 
 was iiei-essatily ^iveii .is we!i In l.al.iyelle iis 
 In the iilher nllirers ivliii hail aeeninpanieil liiiii 
 Iriiin {'.nrnpt'. Ills leply was ,in nll'er In seive as 
 a vnliinleer. anil wiilnnil pay. .Nlaunaiiiniity, thus 
 ilisiiileiesleil. eiilllil mil lie le^isteil, iiiir cnnlil llie 
 SIMM' III It lie Hinlhily inanilesieil by a mere 
 ..I'i'i piani I' I'l the I'llii. On tile lllsl nl' .Inly, 
 liii, then rule, llie Irillnw iii'.> lesiiliilinn anil pre- 
 a ml lie are tee I ii'< lei I 1 1 pi in llie jiii I mills nl' ( 'undress ; 
 
 •■ \\ lieie.is. the .\|ari|iiisili' l/il'ayclle. nut nl Ins 
 i:ieat /.I'al In llie cause nl' hlieiiy, in wliieji the 
 I'lilteil .Slates are iMi;;aueil. has lell his laiiiily 
 aii'l eiinne\liiiis. ami. at his iinii expense, eiiiiie 
 liver 111 iiliei Ins seiviie In the I'liiteil .Stales, 
 uilhiiiil peii-inii III jaitienlar iilliiwiinee, anil is 
 iaixiiiiis III 1 isk Ins llie 111 iiiir e iii^e : 
 
 " Ki'siilv-'il. Til It Ills si-mres lie areepteil. anil 
 til, It, ill I'liiisiiler. It 11)11 111 Ins y.e.il. illiistiiiiiis lamily. 
 anil eiiiinexiniis, lie have the rank ,iml i iimniis. 
 KiDii III .Majiir (trnrral in llie aiiiiv nl the I'lilleil 
 States.'- 
 
 He liail llie rank anil (iiiiiinissiiiii. lint tin rum- 
 niaiiil as a .M.ijiir (leiieral. Willi tins, all per- 
 ■nnal ainliiliiiii was ur.ililleil: ami wliali" r ser- 
 sii'es he miulil pi'irnrin. lieiiiiiM allain iin lii^lii'r 
 rank in llie \iiii-iiiiii ,iiiiiy. Tlie ili^i niiients nl 
 nllieefs alieiily in llie -inne, at lieina siiperseil- 
 eil ill eiiiiimanil hy a stiipliie.; Iiireii;nei, were ills- 
 inine.l : nin was the pi inleiiie nl ( 'iiii;:ress, per- 
 haps, williniil il'i inlliienee in withlinliliiii; a eniii- 
 liiaiiil. wliicli. Inn Inr a jinUiiieiit pri'in.iliii'e •• In'- 
 Minil the sliiw ailvaiiie nlyeais." iiie.:lil have lia/,- 
 iii'ileil sDinelliini; nl' the sarreil e;iiise ilsfll', liy 
 riinrnleiiie Inn hastily lieslimeil. 
 
 'I'lie ilay alter the ilate nl his e'lmiiiissinn, he 
 WIS inlriiiliieeil to Wiishiimtnii eninmaiiiler-lii- 
 cliu'l' ill' the armies nl' tile riiiire;ler aliiiii. It was 
 till' eritiral perniil nl' llie eampaii^n nl' I'l't'i. The 
 lirilish army eiimniamleil liy Innl llinve, was ail- 
 vaiieiii;; 1111111 llie he ail nl' Klk, in wliieli they hail 
 lieeii transpiiiieil liy sea 1111111 .New N Drk, iipiiii 
 I'liiliiilelpMii. Wiisirnmlnn liy .1 eniiliteraetiin; 
 iniiveiiieiit liail liteii appinailiiiii; I'lnm his line nl 
 ilel'eiiee, in tlie .lerseys, Inwaril llie city, anil 
 urriveil lliere nii the Isl of .Xiimisl. It was a 
 inerliiiK nreniiKeiiial souls. At llie < lose nl' it, 
 WiisliiiiKloii uiive the yiiiithriil slraimer an iiivitii- 
 tinn In make the heaili|uartersiif' the enmiiianiler- 
 lii-chier hi-' linme : that he shniilil eslalilish him- 
 iieir thereat his nnii lime, anil iniisiiler liimsell' at 
 all times one nl' his I'amily. It was natural tli:it, 
 n givmu this iiivitalinii, he sliniilil remark the 
 tontiast of lite siliiatiiin iti wliieli il woiilil plaee 
 nitii, with III It nf ease, anil rniiiforl, aiiil iiixii- 
 nuiis eiijnymeiit, whieh he hail left, at the spleii- 
 iliil I'linrt of I. Dills the ,S|xtreiitli, anil ufhisheaii- 
 liflil anil ai'i'oiiiphslieil, liiit ill-faieil ipieeii, then at 
 llipveiy Miinmit of iill whieh entistitiiles the com- 
 miiii I'slimale nf felieilv. I low deep iiiiil solemn w.is 
 '.his iMiiilra.sl ! No iiali ; Aiiiuricaii liiut iiinler- 
 
 finiiv llir trial nf lh« name allernalive. .Smie ol 
 
 ill sate halayrlle, hail lirnnulit the same tri- i 
 
 liMi», nf his hie, |ii« Inrlime, anil Iiih I ir, In a 
 
 I .tiise III ,1 I'onnlry liMi'ii>n III Ins hhh. Tn |,i-, 
 l.iyetle the siiil nl Ireeilinn was Ins eniiiiMy. Ills 
 
 I |Hisi III hniiiiiii w.is the piisl III ilaii)>er. Ilisliie-| 
 siile was the lielil nl li.illle. lie aeiepliil Willi joy , 
 
 I the iiikitaiiiin 111 W'.ishiii^tnii, anil lepaneil Imih 
 
 'hiiIi 1,1 the eamp. The liniiil nf iiiilisanhililr 
 I'lleiiilship : the frieiiilship of heroes, waa araleil 
 I'rimi ihi' first hour ol their meetlnt!. In last tlirniiKll- 
 
 Jniil their lives, unil tn |i\e ill the meiiiniy nf man- 
 
 j kiliil Inr ever. 
 
 j 11 WIS, peihaps, at the snunesiioii of the Atiie- 
 rieiiii 1 niiiimssiniiers ill Kriiiie, that this iiivilalinii 
 
 , was Kiveii liy \V;i-liiii)jinii. hi a leller Irniii ilieiii, 
 of the •-Villi III ,\|ay, \',',y. to the niliimillee ol 
 foreiiiii iill.iirs, tin y inmnime that the .Maii|ms 
 
 I liini ileparleil for liie I'liileil ,S|ates in a ship nf 
 
 'Ins nwii. ai I'lnnpami il liy some iilVn ers of ihsliiie- 
 lion, ill oriler to seiie 111 niir aimies. They nliaerve 
 that he is exieeilintly lieloveil, anil thai every 
 I'liilv's ;;niii| w ishes altenil llllll. Tliey ealillnt 
 lint linpe that lie will inei t « illi sinh a reeeplinn 
 as will make llie iinintiy ami hi" exprilitinii aiiree- 
 alile III hiin. They Inither s.iy ih.il lliiise who 
 eeiisnre il as iniprinleiit in liini, ilii iieveilheless 
 
 I ii|i|ilinil his spirit : ami they ine s.ilislieil that I'i- 
 vililies anil rispeil <liii»ii in liiin will lie serviee- 
 alile In oiir eaiise in Kram e, as pleasmi; imt nnly 
 III his pnweilnl relations ami to the loiirl, Imt lii 
 Ihe wh. lie Kreiieli iialinii. They liiially ailil. that 
 he hail lell a lieantiliil ymini: wife, iiml Inr her sake, 
 jiiiilii iilaily. they Impeil that Ins 'a:i\ny ami anient 
 ilesire tn ilisiinmiisli himself wo ilil he a little le- 
 straiiieil liy the ^iener.il's ( W'asliiii.Mnn's | prinleiiee 
 so as lint In peimli his lieiii); ha/.aii!"il iniirli. bill 
 npnii siiiiie impoiliiiit oeeasimi. 
 
 The lieail ipMiters nf U'asliincion. senilis; as 
 a vohinieer, with the rank anil eiimmis' inn nl a 
 Majiir (ieneral witliniii rnmm.inil, was priisely 
 iheslatinn iiilapteil In the ilevilnpinenl nl hi- elia- 
 lai'lei, tn his iinii hiiiiinir, ami that of the a. iiiv, 
 a, I In 'he priiilenl iiianauemi'lil of the eniinlrv's 
 ea . To him il was at iniee a seveie elmi I nl 
 eNpi'.ieiiee, ami a ri;:nriiiis ti s| of merit. I!i I il 
 wiis iiiil the plaee to restrain him I'liim exposiire 
 In llan^l'r. The tune at wliiih he piiiieil llie 1 .imp 
 was line nf pre eminent peril. The lirilish ijnverii- 
 ineiil, anil the emiim imler in ehnl nf the lirilish 
 liirees, hail imaiimeil that the pnssessinn nf I'lii- 
 liilel|iliia, enmlilneil Willi that iilllie line alnin; the 
 Illlilsnn river, fiiiiii the ('anailian Irnnlier In the 
 lily nf .New Vnrk. wnnlil lie fatal In the .Xmeriean 
 eaiise. By the lapliirenf lliu|;iiyiie iiiiil his army, 
 thill poriioii of the projeet siislaiiieil a total defeat. 
 The final issue nf the wiii Wiis indeeit aenleil with 
 
 Il iipiliilalinii of the lilh nf( )eliih<>r, 1777, at 
 
 Saiiitnua : sealed, nut with the siilijiiQalloii, hut 
 with the imlepenilenee nf ihe Niirlli Ameiiean 
 tliilnli. 
 
 Ill the sniitheni eampaiiin the lirilish 1 nm- 
 inaniler was mure stiecessfiil. The fill of I'liila- 
 ilelpliia was the result nf the haltle nf lirandy- 
 wiiie, on the lllh nf Septemlier. This was the 
 lirst iirtioii in whieh Lafayette wiis eiiviiueil. and 
 the first lesson of his priieliral military sehiinl 
 WIIS a lesson nf miafnrtitnr. Ill the attempt to 
 rally the .\iiieriiaii irnopa in iheir relreal, he le 
 eeived a musket hall in the leij. lie wiis seareely 
 eniiseioiis nf the wniiiid till made sensible of il by 
 
 the loss of 1)1 1, iiiid even then eeased iint his 
 
 exeitiona in the lirlil till he had srciircd and cov- 
 ered the retreat. 
 
 This casualty eimfmed him for some linin to his 
 lied at Philiiilelpliia. and afterwards detained him 
 somedayaat itethlehem ; bill within six weeks he 
 rejoined the he id-ipiarters of Washimitiin, near 
 W'hilemarsh. I!e sooiibncamc aiixinii!< to obtain 
 a cniimiiiud eipial to his rank, and, in the slinri 
 space of lime thai he had been with the eiimiiiaii- 
 deriii-chief. had so thnroiiahly oblained iiis ciiiili- 
 deiice as to seciiie an earnest snlicitation froiii him 
 In ('niii;ressin his fivoiir. In a letter In Coimress, 
 of the Isl nf .Viiveuilier, 1777. he sivs ; "The 
 ManiiiU de Lafayulte is oxtremely solicilnns of 
 
 havim; a coinniiiml eipial In liii' rank. I iln nol 
 kmiw in what li^hi Cniiureaa wil view the maltar 
 Inn it .Ippe.irs In me. iVnlll a colisiili r allnli III lilil 
 illnstiiiins and iiiipiirl.ini cnniiexiniis, llie attach- 
 ineiit wliii'l, he 1i,in m.imlestcd fur our ciilise, and 
 the I nlisripleiires H Inch In I el III 11 111 dist; list nn^lit 
 piiidllie, thai It will he .iiliisilile In ;;l,ilily lillll ill 
 Ills wishes ; and ihe iiinie su. .is srveral ueiiileiiieii 
 hiini I'laiice, wliii came over miiler siinn' a^siir- 
 iiiicps, have lioiie back ihsappinnieil in llieii opec- 
 t.lllnlin. Mis cnlldncl with lespeel In themslaiidt 
 in a fivoiirable point nf view ; hat ill): mteieat- 
 I'd himself to remove their nneasiness. and iiiKril 
 the iiiiprn|iriely of llieir m.ikiiip any iiiilatniir- 
 iible rcpreseiitalintis iipiiii llieir aitital liiime { 
 iiml tn all his letters he his placed om albiiri 
 in the best sitiiatiiiii he cniild. Ilesides. he ia 
 sensible, disrieel in Ins inaiiiiers ; has iiiailu 
 Kieal priilii leiicy in inir laiit>u lue ; and. Iiiiiii ihe 
 dispnsilioii lie dlsciitelcd ill llie billte nf Iti.iiidv. 
 Hiiie, possesses a lai^e sliiiie of bravery and iiiiii- 
 larv iirdnur." 
 
 i'erhiips one nf the hiuliesi emiimiiiiiis ever 
 priiiiiinm cil nl ;i man in pnlilic lile. Is ihal nf 11 
 historian eminent for his prnt'niiml iicipiiiintaiieii 
 with maiiKiiiil, who, in paiiiliiii: ii I'leat cli:n,iclrr 
 by a siii|;le line, says th.it he was just eipial in all 
 Ihe duties III the IiilIicsI ollii is which he att.iiiieil, 
 and iieti*r iilmte them. Then' ;iie in snine men 
 ipiidities which il.i/./.le and coii'-uine to liltle or no 
 talualile pnipose, They sililinii bclini'j to the 
 i:reiit liciiel ictnis of niaiikiml. They tierennltlip 
 i|'iiililics nf W.isliitnitnii. 01 of l.ai'.iti'ile. The 
 lesiimniiial nlt'ered by the Amiiiciiii cnniniamler 
 III his yoiiii^ Irii ml, alter ii prnbiilloii ol -I'veriil 
 inniillis, iind alter the severe test nl the ilisiisiiiinx 
 day of llramlyivine, wiis piciiselt adapiiil in tho 
 iiiiin In wliiise fiviinr il w:is u'im 11, iiml In llie nb- 
 jecl which it Wiis to acciiinplisb. W'liiit earm -.1- 
 iiess of purpose I what sIimciiIv nf coiivicliiin f 
 wliiit eiier<.'clii' siiiiphciit if i<pii«siiiii ; what 
 ihnniimli deliiieiilinn of 1 liaiaelcr ! The merits of 
 I/lliltelte, III the eve of \\'il<lnil;:l(ni, ale llie Cilll- 
 diim iiml i;eiierosiiy nf his ili^pnsiiinii ; ihe iiiilif 
 fiiticalde imhi-lry of iipplir.ilion. whiih in ilia 
 course nf a fctv minillis, has alrciidy uiven him 
 the mastery nf a loieimi l.iiii.'nii!.'e i uiniil sense, 
 discretion of niiiiini'i's. an atliilin'e iint only litt- 
 le-iiiil in early ycais, but ilniililt riiie in iilli.mre 
 wiih that enliiiisiain sn siuiiillt maikeil by hlii 
 selfib'tiilion In ihe Amerli 111 caiise ; and, to 
 cinuii illi the ri"-l, the briveiy iind iniliiiiry iiriloiir 
 sn bnlliiiMlly maiiifesied at the ItMiiilyHine. llerH 
 is nil r iiiilnm praise ; no uiiincaiiini: piineiiyrir. 
 This I luster nf ipiidities. all plain iind siniplr. lint 
 so seldom foiiiid in union touelher, so iienerally 
 illi nmpatible tvitli one anotlii r. these iire the pio- 
 [lerlies emiiietilly Iriislwiirthy, in the |nil!;im'iil ol 
 \Viis|iini;toii : and these are the pinperties tvliicli 
 his disceriimenl has liinnil in l.iiliiyclte. and w liicli 
 iiri:i' him thus eiirnestly in advise the i;iiitilication 
 nf his wish by the assii:ntiieiil nf ii 1 nmmaiid eipial 
 to Ihe riii'k wlinhhail been planted In his xttal 
 anil his illiistnniis name. 
 
 The lecoimneniliilinn of \\'iis|iiiii;loii Iliid ila 
 itnmediiite cll'cci : ami on the lirsi of llecetnber. 
 1777, it Wiis resolved by Confess, that he slioiihl 
 be informed it was liiiihly iiureciible In ('oiii;ieas, 
 that the .Maiipiisde l/it'iiyetie should be appointed 
 In the enimnaiid nf a divisinn in the eiiiitiiienlal 
 ariiiv. 
 
 lie received acrnrdinijly stieli nn appoinlmrnt ; 
 iind a plan was oraani/.ed in Cnngress fnr a second 
 invasinii of ('11111111:1. at llie lieiiil of which he was 
 placed. This expeditinn, oriniiiiilly prnjeeted 
 without entisnllalinn w itli the ciimiiiamler-in-chiel', 
 miaht be connecled tvilb the leinporary dissalls- 
 facliiiii in the coiiiiminity a'ld In Conqress. at the 
 ill success nf his endeavinirs tn defend I'hilad.i- 
 phia, which rival and unfriendly partisans wero 
 tun reailv to compare with the splendid teimina- 
 tioii, by iheeapliireor lliiruoyne and his army, of 
 the niirlhern campaiuii, under the ciimniiiml of 
 ( Ieneral < iates. To foieclnse all siispicinn ol ii par 
 licipation in these views. I.afayetie prnceeded tc 
 the sraiof ('<>i)i;ri'ss, iind. arrrjiiin): (Iik iMi|tur(iinl 
 
4 III 
 
 II I SI' (HIV OK 'I' UK 
 
 cliutut' wliirlt i' wii'* propimpil tii ihmi;;!! !o htm, 
 nlM;iiii>'<l ;il lim |iirliinliir ii'i|iii'h| ilhii lii' ••liniild 
 1)(* riitl<i)'li>H'il ;ls .irt ntliri'l iI'Milrlli'*! tiiMii till' 
 nnnv nl \\ ,i«liiin:l"ii. mid l.i win. mi iiiiilii lii< m 
 ilil-. Ili'llirll l;|i;iili'il I'l |<ri«ii|i fn AIImiiv. In 
 liiKi' rcinini:inil i:<' lln' linM|iH w Ini wcii' In n^icmlilr 
 Mi III il |il.lrr. Ml nlilcl In i inis llli hikr' nii lln' 
 Icf, :iiiil aM:irk >lniniiMl', l>iil cm iiiiiviii); ;il Al 
 Itimv, In' tniiiifl iiniio n( llii* |itniiiis-Mi |nr)t;iniiinii*i 
 in IT nliiirs^ ; ilir\ wi ii* inMrr I'llrcifd. I *nn 
 orrsi Hoiiii" linir '.ilH'r ri'lim|iiiwli''d llw ilciitn. niid 
 till' M.iMiniH w;iH nidrtrd In rt'imii llif iirin) nl 
 V:i"liinKlnn. 
 
 Ill llif xiiriM'rdinu iiinnlli ill Miiv. liiM iiiillMiv 
 tiili'iil «;i" iljiiiliiy'l liv llir Mi.isii'ily hmiimI I't 
 fcrli'd 111 llio |in"«'nri' nl :iii iin'iwliiliiitiii; »ii|ii' 
 nnnlv nl lln> I'lirnix'M Inni' tiiMii lln- |in«iiinii ^il 
 H:iii<'ii llill. 
 
 llr «,!» <iiiiii iirii-r ilisliiii;iii'<lii'il ;il llir liiilllr nl 
 Mniinnulli ; ind in Si>|ii<'iiiln'i. I7i^l, ;i ii'inliiliim 
 nl ('niii;n"<H ilnl.in'il llii'ii lucli «rnir nl hi. «i'i 
 till-', mil niil> III ihi' lii'ld, lull iii Ini i'\rili.iiis In 
 mm tlinli- ;iiid hr.il ilr '<i'ii'<;i:n'. Ihmhim'ii lln- nlli 
 
 «i"N nl' ihi- KiTinli iK'i-l umlci ill r'>iii:ind nl 
 
 Clin;:' •'■;■, Kliiini: iiiiil «i<iiir nl lln' iiiili'o nlhii-K.! 
 inn aiinv. Tlivio difsiMilinii'. h:Ml airn'ii in ihr 
 liiil miiini'iils 111 I'll ii|iri:ilinn in iho srivirr. .1111I 
 had iliti'ali'iii'il pi'inii inn- ciiiHriiiii'mi h. 
 
 In lln' iiiiinlli nl Vpiil. I wli. ihi' rniiilnni'd uis 
 dniii nl till' ("mini di" Vi'i i^i"iiin"< and nl ,Mi. Tin 
 Cni.lln- 1*111111' MiiiKli'i. mil llir liii.imii'i nl l,niiis 
 llir SiMi'i'iilh. tiail Inniuhl hull In ilii- i'iiiirlii«inn 
 
 (hil II ii'iil llii' iiinsi di'iiianln In l-'iami'. willi 
 
 i.'uani 111 ihi' I'linltitvri'iX hflwrni IJii'al lltilain 
 and lii'i Vniiiiiiii inlnmri. «a« lliai llir iiniiiii'i' 
 Inni sliiiiild I'l'iiippii'i-'i'il. 'riiis jiid;:niiiil. rvinc- 
 1111; nld» till- Inlal ali^rnri' nl' .ill llinial riillMili'ia 
 liniH, 111 lln' i'«liiiiilr. Iiv tlii'-i<' I'iniiii'iil "lali'-'inrii. 
 nl'iihil i'..!-' di'Mnldn In l'"t.imi'. had iindi'iuniir ,1 
 tii'.ii iliins'' h^ lln- 1 ln'<i' nl llii' M'ai ]'i~i'i. 'I'lii' 
 niil.iralinn ol liidipi'iidi'ini' had ihaiiRi'd 'hr 
 i|iii'Miiiii liiMwri'ii ihi' parHi'<. 'I'lic pnpnlar li'il 
 iiii; 111 Kraiiri' «ai all nii llir «iih' nl llic Aini'ii 
 I'aiiK. I'hi' il.iiini; an. I rniiianllr iiinti'iiK-iil nl 
 I.iiravi'iic. in di'liam- ■ nl lln' t;n\i'iiiiiM'iH iNi'll'. 
 ihi'ii hii;hlv laii-Mii'd liv piililu- npiiiinii. »a'<rnl 
 liiHi'il \<\ iiiiixri^al adiiiiialiiin. 'I'lii' spnnlani'inis 
 *piiil nl' ihi' |H'npU' cradiiillv '*prt'ad ilirll' I'vrii 
 ini'i lln- 1. ink 1 niinplmii nl ihr idiirl ; a siiipn-iniis 
 and di-i rplin' in'iili ilily •iniri'i'drd In an n-ili-iiii 
 llir I'vrlii'.niii nl llir I'l^iiiuinli linm thi" pniN nl' 
 I'laiiri'. (ill llif lapiliilaliDii nl lliiixnyiir salislird 
 ihr iaMii'<ls 111 iiiirinali.inal law al \'i-rsaillos ihal 
 ihr Mippii""»ioii 111 ihr mMinrrlinn was tin Iniiiicr 
 ihr mnsi di'sii il.Ii" nl' 1 vi ills ; lull llial ihr liiili'd 
 ."Jl.itr'S «rir. ilr l.nln. sovrrt'icn ai d indrpriiilrnl ; 
 .Mid lint Kiaiiri' iiiichl rnnrliidr a liriiv nl' rniii 
 inrn r wilii thrill, \iilhniil v;iviiii; jiiit raiisr nl' nl'- 
 l"ii(C In llir >irp iimlhri rniiiiin. < 'n lliPlilh nl' 
 ••"rill III an. I7 7N. a Irraly nl rnliiiiiricr hrlwpi'ii 
 Kiaiirr and ihr rniird Slatrswas rniultidrd. and 
 »nh 11. nil Ihr "iaiin" day. a Iroaly nl rvrnliial dr 
 !V'ii>iM' alli Mirr. In lakr rlVrrl niily in llir ovri,i nl 
 liiral Hilt. nil's irsrtitiiii;. hy » .11 aa.iinsl I'r am r. 
 till' i-nnsiiiiiiiialiiin nl llir rnniiiiriri.il liraiy. 'I'hr 
 oar iiiiinrdtalt l\ rti'.tird. .I'ld 111 llir sii.iKiirr nl 
 177"^. a I'iriii h ih'rl iiiidri thr iniiiininil nl I 'niiiil 
 d'K'laiiii; » IS ~riil In rnnprrair «ilh thp liirrrs 
 nl thr 1 iiilrd Stairs I'nr iho maiiilrmn"t iil" llii'ir 
 indrprmlrm r. 
 
 Bn ihrsr ri Pills thr "nsnniii nl' ihr .^la^|llis dr 
 I.alavrlte was rswiiiially ihiiierd. Il hpraiiir 
 nercssarx Inr hull In rriiislatr hiiMsrll' in llii- gnnil 
 cr. rrs nl his si.vrrri jii. nfVrii'lrd at his atisriiiitn; 
 niiiisrll I'lniii his rounlry williniil |)piniis!«ii.ii, but 
 );riiilirii with ihr disinirtinii «h;<h hr liad ar- 
 quirrd bv aallaiil dreils 111 a sriurr iinw hrrnii'r 
 that nl Kraiup lirisi'lf. .At the flnspnl' thr cam 
 yir.:£:i nl' \'i'^. »ilh the appiiihalinn nf Viis rijriid 
 ;.n'\ patrnn. thr rniimiandrriii-chirr. he aililrrss"d 
 a ielier In ihe jirrsidrn: nl' (*nni;it'Rs. ipprrsrii .;; 
 his then pirsriil (■wrunist.iiirrs with ihr roiilidrtirr 
 til' al'trrlinii and urafinidr obs-rviii'^ that thr srii- 
 Iw'irnls whiih Imiitid liitii In his rniiiiiry rniilil 
 n.n r lir iiinir pmptily -pok> n nl than in tin- prr- 
 •till e nf iiirii mIiii had doiir >n iiiiich Inr tllfir uwn 
 
 1" Ah linn;. " I niiliiiiM'd hr. " as I ihniii'lll I rniibl 
 dlspfisr nl inxst'll. I iiiadi' it iiiv pildr and plrasiiir 
 til li'.'Jll llnilri Allirlli.in i-nlnnis, in drlrnrr nl a 
 1 iiisr nliiih I dan' iiinir p.iriii'iilai ly 1 all inns, 
 tirransr I li.id thr t,'iind Initniir nl Idrnlill^ tni' 
 lirr. Nnw. sir. ill. It I'laiirr is invnlvrd 111 a uai. 
 I am iii^rd. Iiy a sriisr nl' iiiv iliit\, as wrll as bv 
 thr lii\r 111 iiiv rniinlrv, in prrsriil iinsrlT lirlnir 
 till' kiiiK, and kiinn 111 what inaimri hr iiiili;rs 
 pi..pi'|- In I'lnptnv iiiv srrvirrs. 'ritr iiinsi ai[iri» 
 dill' III all will always lir smli as may riiablr iiir 
 In srrvr llir rniniiinn r.iiisr aiMnti|{ ihnsr whtisr 
 liiriidslnp I had till' h.ippmrss In nblaiii, anil whnsr 
 Iniiiim' I had thr linnnnr In tnllnw 111 Irss riiiiilinu 
 liiiirs. Thai ii'.isnii, andnlhi'is, whirl) I Iravr In 
 till' Irrlmits III ('n.iurrss, i'ii)(aKr iiir !ii bi'u 1111111 
 ihi'iii thr lilirr; ;, ol unliiK hiiiiir (ni ihn iirvi win 
 ti 1. 
 
 " As '..111); as ihi'ir wrir any hnprs nf an arlivr 
 ■ aiii' .lira, I did mil think nl IraviiiK ihr tirld ; 
 nnw ilial I srr a vny ..rarraldr and iiiiilislinbril 
 iiiniiiriit, I laki' tills iippiiriiniity nf wailitii: "i< 
 rimK' •'"■s." 
 
 Ill thr ii'iiianiilri nf ihr Irlirr he sniiriii'il that. 
 Ill Ihrrvriit nf his rripii'st liriiii; matitrd, hr lllii;lil 
 lip nin-'.lriril as a snldirr nil liiilntiuh. hr'iiilv 
 wishini; In M'i;aiii 111-, rnlniirs and his psirriiird 
 and brlnU'd Irllnw snldlns. \i|i| hr rlnsrs Willi 
 a Ir.idrr nf ,iiiy srn nrs nhirli hr tin, in hr riia 
 bird In irndri In thr \mpiirati rar.sr 111 his iiwii 
 rniinliv. 
 
 < bi thr irrripl n tins Irllri. arrniiipaiiird bv 
 
 niip linm (triirial W'aslnn^inii. irrntiiiMPmlmi: I" 
 
 I nlli;n<ss. Ill II nij IllnsI hnllnin.lbir In ihr Mai 
 
 ipiis. 1 rninpli.iiir. 'vith Ins iiipirst, that bndv iiii 
 
 tnrdiatrly p.issrd rrsidiitinns }m.iiiIii u linn an 1111 
 
 iiiiiitrri Ir.nr nf alisrnrr. w iih pri inissinn In rrliiin 
 
 In ihi' I'liiird ."si. Ill's al Ins nwii must rnnvrnirtit 
 
 liiiir: thai thr pirsidrnl nl ( nimirss shnnld wiilr 
 
 linn a Irtln rriininnr Inm thr thanks nl ( 'nni;irss 
 
 Inr thai disiiitrirsird /ral nliirli had IpiI him In 
 
 .\iiirrira. and Ini thr srrvn'ps hr had rrndrrril In 
 
 jihr I'nitrd Stalls bv ilir rxritiiin t\( liis rniiraur 
 
 . and alidilirs nil iiiiiiy signal iiirasintis ; and ihal 
 
 thr iiniiistrr plrinpntrnllaiy nf thr rtiitpil ."st.ilrs 
 
 [altlir rnint III X'risailli's shniild br diii'ilril In 
 
 ii.iiisr a.'. rlr;;aiit sHnid. wiiliprnpri drtirrs, In lip 
 
 I III idr, .111(1 pii srntril In linn 111 thr n.iinr nf thr 
 
 j I'liitrd .'^l.ilrs 'I'hrsr rrsnlniinii'i wrrr rniiimii- 
 
 iiiratrd In hull ill a Irttrr rxprrssivr nf thr spiisibi' 
 
 I lily rniii;riiial til ihrm. fiiiiii Ihr prrsiitrnl nf Cnn- 
 
 ! trrss. I Irinv L.iiirrns. 
 
 ! llr rmb.irki'd in .laniiaiy. 1T7!'. in llir frisatr 
 
 Allianrr. at llnsinn. and. 1111 the sin ii'pdini; I'.'tli 
 
 d.i\ nf frbni.ny. pirsrnird Iniiisrh a' Vrrsaillrs. 
 
 Twrlir ninnihs hi I ,ilii'.id> rlapsrd sinrplhr run 
 
 j ritisinii nl' llir lir.itirs nf rnliiiiirrrr .mil n( rvriit- 
 
 iial alli.inrr brtwrrii Kiamr and thr I 'niird .Stairs 
 
 I 'I'hry hid. ilinnii; ihr i;rrali'r pail nl lliil liinr. 
 
 I lippii ilrrply riiitauPii m a war with a i niiimnn 
 
 jr.iiisp i^.iinsi i;ir.it llril.iin, and il was ihr ransp 
 
 III wliirh l.atayrllr had brrii slirddim; his lilnnd : 
 
 jVPt. insirid nl m riMiit; him with nprn arms, as 
 
 I Ihr pridr a::d nriiaiiirni nl his rniintry. a rnbl and 
 
 hidlnn hr iitrd nidri was issiird In him nnl In prr 
 
 ;.sriit hiiiisrli at 1 nil It. bill In rnnsidrr hinisrlf iiiidrr 
 
 arrest, wiib prrni|..sinn In rrrriir visits niilv finin 
 
 his irlatlnns. This nsiriisiblr mark nl thr rnyal 
 
 ilispirasmr was In last pii;hi days, anil LafavrllP 
 
 m.iiiifpsU'il Ills spiisp nf it nnly by a jptlpr In iIip 
 
 ('niiiii dr \'pri;riiiirs. itiipiirinu whriliprllip iiilpr- 
 
 dirlinii iipnn hi 111 In rrr.'ivr visits was In he pnii- 
 
 sidpieil aspxiriidiiii In iliat nf Dnrlnr Krinkliii. — 
 
 Thr srntimriit nl iniivrrsal admiiatinn whir'i hail 
 
 fdllnwi'il him It his liisi drparliirp. i;i< <ll>' iiiriras 
 
 Pit by his splpiidiil rarrrr nf srrvirr diniiii; tliPtwn 
 
 yrais nf his absriKP. mdrnimlird. him fur thp iii- 
 
 dii-.iily nf thr rniirtly riliiikr. 
 
 Up reniainpil in Kramr ihrniiiih lliP vrar 177!', 
 anil rptiniird In llic siriip nf arlinii parly in llip 
 riisiiini; ypar. I Ip pntiliinipil in thr Frrtirh srr- 
 \irr. and was appniiilpd In 1 niiimand thr kiiiii's 
 nwii rrttimrrit nf il'-asimiis. si uiniird diiiiiii; ihr 
 yrar in varimis parts .d'lhr kin;:dnni. and Imldiiii; 
 an iiii-rss.nit cnrrrsi-.'iidrni-r with ihr iniiii^Irr n( 
 forPijin HiVaii'it ,'\nil ol'wur, iir^inj; thr piiiplnymrnt 
 
 III II laiiil and naval liirrp in llip iiiil nf tllfi AtTII'rl- 
 ran raii"r "ihi' M.iiipiis i|p l.alaypltp," ii»yil 
 llnrlni I'lankhn. in a b Itri nl llii' llii nf jMatrh, 
 I (^11. In till' pirsidrn! nl I 'nlinipss, " ivlln. dm m^ 
 Ins ipsidrni I- III l''ialirr. has brrll PXllPlllply /.P.l- 
 Inils III siippnilnip iiiir rallsr nil all inrasiims, rr- 
 tiniis aiiaiii In liulil Inr 11 I li' is mliiniplv rstrriii- 
 pil and bi'lnvpil Iipip, and I am ppismidril will ilii 
 rvrry ihini; in his pnwrr In iiiPrit a riiiilinnanrp nf 
 thr saiiip alfpplinn frnm AiiiPiira." 
 
 Immpihalply aftrrhisarrival iiillip llnilflil .Slnlrn, 
 It was, niillip I'llhnl .M.iy. I'<MII. iPsnlvi'd in Ciiii- 
 crpss, th.il tlipy pnnsidri his rpliirii In AniPiirii 
 In irsumr his rnnimand as a frrsh prnnf nf ihr lis- 
 iilti'ipstpil '/.pal and prispvpimi; allailimrn; wl ii'li 
 liavr pmtiv iprnnimrndrd Inm In tlip piiblip pon. 
 (iilrinp anil applansp, and that lln" rirnvpil with 
 plpasiiiP " Ipnili'r ii( llip failhi'r si :i!i "s nl sn ijal- 
 laiil and mrrilnriniis an 11 lirrr. 
 
 I''rnm tins liiiir until tin' tPrmiiiatinn nf lliu 
 rampaiiin nf \TH\, bv llip siirrpiidi'r nf bud ' 'nrn- 
 wallis and his aiiny al Viirklnwii, Ins srniri' wu.s 
 nf iiirrssaiil ai'livity, always simiali/i'd bv iiiili- 
 tarv lalrnls nnsiirpassrd, and bv a spnii nrvr In 
 be slibdllrd. A I tin* Imir nl'llir lir.isnnni Al llnlll, 
 liafaypltr wii ; ai'i nmpanyiiii' Ills rnniniaiii|pr-jn- 
 fhipf In an impni'laiil rnnli'rcnrp and i-nnsnlialinii 
 with Ihr l''rriirli < ii ni'tal, Itnrh.imbran : and llipii, 
 as 111 pvcrv slam' "f thr war. it Mrrinrd as if ihn 
 pnsilinii wliiili hr nrriipicd. Ins prisniial 1 liarai 
 trr, his individual iplatinns with \\ asliim;lnii, wilh 
 tlip nllipprs nf bnth llip alliid aimips, ,iiid uilhllip 
 aiiiiips lliPMisplvps, had lippii sprrially niibird In 
 prnmntr anil srriiri' that haimnnv and miiliial 
 Ciiiiil ini'lrrsl.iiidniu indisprns ildr in thr iiliimalp 
 slii'i'i'ss nl thr rnliniinll railsr. I lis pnsttinn, Inn, 
 as a liitrii;iirr by liiilli, a Kinnppan. a Milinilrpr 
 III the AniPiiran srnirr, and a prrsnti nl hi^h 
 rank in Ins nativr rnnntrv, pninlrd him niit as 
 ppi'iiharly sintpil in ilip painful duly nl iln ldlll^ 
 lipnll I 111' rhararlrr nf llir rrillli'. illd 11 p. in thr fair 
 nl till' llrilish nlliri'r. ihr ai'pnii.plipp and \iplini 
 nf tlip dplrsiril trailnr. .vriinld. 
 
 In llip pally pi:rt nf llip pampaiun nl MHl 
 wliPii ('nriiwallis. with an nvprwlirlinini; fnrir, 
 was s)irradin<: nitn and drvastatinn nirr lln' 
 sniithrrn pnitinn nf thr iiiiinn. wr find |,alayrtlp, 
 with iiipans altnuPllipr iiiadp(|iia|p, rhaiKi'il wiih 
 thr dpfrnrr nf tliP Ipriilnrv (il \'iri:iiiia. Alwavs 
 pipial In the rfiprui'iipirs m which ptrriimsi.m- 
 ips plarril hiiii, his pvprdii'iils fur Piirniinlrriii); 
 and sii.iiiiiiinliiiL' Ihi' nlistarlrs which tiny past 
 in Ills way arp invariably slaiiipril with thr prrii- 
 liaiilirs.M ins charartrr. The Irnnps plarcd iiii- 
 drr I'.s rnmnianil tin ihi' ilrfrnrr nf \ ii);inia, 
 wrri' ihirlly lakrii Iniiii thr rasirrii r>'uinirnls. 
 inisr:,snnrd In llir climatr In ihr smith, and pirjii' 
 di'-i'd I'^amst it as iitifavninablr In llip hralih nf 
 thr iialivrs nf tin' iiinip lii'nrmis ii'|;iniis nf thr 
 iinrth. Dpsrrtinns lirramr frripirnl, till tlirv 
 ihrratPtird thr vny dissnlnlinii nf thr pnrps. |n- 
 slr III nf irsinlim; In niililary p\rpiilinn In main 
 his nipii, III' appp lis III iliP syinpathii's nf hnnniit. 
 llr st.itrs. in unirral iirdrrs. thr yrrat danger and 
 dilViriilty nf tlii' I'lili 'piisp iipiiii wIiipIi hr is abmit 
 In riiibaik ; irprpsrnts tlip nnly pnssilnliiy by 
 which il pan prmiiisp siipcpss, ilip faiihlnl ad- 
 hrrriipr (\( thr snlihri's In their chirf. and Ins 
 rnnrulpiicp that llipy will nnl aliindnn hiiii. lie 
 then adds, ihal if, hnwrvpr, any individual nf tlip 
 (letat 'itiiPiil was iniwillitiu In fiillnw litiii. a pass- 
 purl In rplinii in his hniiip shniild be Inrlhwilh 
 CraiitPil him iipnii hisapplipalinii. It istnacaiisp 
 likp thai nf.Xiiii'ripaii iiiilppcndpticp that rcsniircps 
 like this aiP rnnuptnal. .M'ter tlii'se (ipiipial inili is. 
 nnthilii; lump was lipanl nf ilrsritinn. Thr vpry 
 crippU'siif tliP army prpferipil paying I'm their nwn 
 Iransportatiun, In fnllnw the rnrps, rall'rr than li> 
 ask fill ihp (limnissiiiii which had Iippii made .si> 
 easily I'cessiblp In all. 
 
 I'lil hnw shall llip dpliriptirips nftlip inililary 
 clirsi be siipplii'd ? TIip want nf niniipy « as lipa- 
 vily pipssinit iipnn thr spivici' in pvpiy diiprlinii. 
 W'hrre air flip siiirw i nf war * I \n\\ air the iinntis 
 tninarrh wilhnilt shncs, linrn, cli iniiii; nt ali ilr.<. 
 pripliotis, anil utlier tlPcesBaiirs nl life ' hafayeilu 
 
 'm&gaas 
 
 ^^*«^ 
 
T/NirKD STAT KM. 
 
 417 
 
 III' niil of (hn Anirri- 
 !>■ I.liliivnin." myii 
 t iIk' hii .il Ma.rli, 
 
 :irti, " ivlld. (Illlili;^ 
 lirill I'XIll'IMI'lv ZIM- 
 IMI iill itM-iistnlls, ||t. 
 
 > ts inliitiiflv c'ltccin- 
 II |>ri«iiiiili'il mil (III 
 
 ■ill !l rolllllllMlllt- of 
 iril." 
 
 iiiilii' I'liiliMlSliilps, 
 ■'^M, ii'milvi'il III ( 'iiii- 
 irltiiii til Aiiii'iini 
 i'hIi |iriMirii| iIii' Ii^. 
 
 ii; ;itl:ii liiiii'Mc wl.jrii 
 
 II III llii' |iiili|ii' roii- 
 I ill"' rri'i'ivnl nlili 
 r II ^iiii'i III MO ({ill- 
 
 li'iiMiii:iliiiii iif Ihii 
 I'llllrl Ml Innl ''orn- 
 Hii, liii Hiniri' wiM 
 Hii;ii:ili/.i'il hv iiiilj. 
 Iiv ;i i|iiiil iii'ViT III 
 
 Ii' iM'.IHIIIIIll Allllllll, 
 
 liH riiiiiiihiiiili'i-iii- 
 111' mill I'liiiiiili:!!!))!! 
 Ii.imiIm Mil : Mini ilirii, 
 II sirim-il ;is il llin 
 Ills iii'IsiimmI rliMiiir- 
 til \\';islimi;ioii, tvidi 
 illllirH, .iliil Hllli till! 
 "I"! Hilly nlllcl.'il III 
 lllllllll) MK'I llllllllill 
 lllll' til till- llltllllMll' 
 
 I lis |iiisiliiiii. Inn, 
 iii|ir;iii. ;i uiliiiiti'iT 
 il ;i |iiisiin III |||^|, 
 |iiiiiili'il liiiii nut m 
 
 III (lllt^ III ili'i iiltiii; 
 II'. mil iijMii ihr l;iti' 
 oilijiliri' Mini virljiii 
 
 rMiii|iiiii;ii III I7SI 
 Ivi'nilii'iinjii^. I'liiiT, 
 
 I'VMSlMliiili |M|.| III,. 
 . «l' liliil |,,|| ivi'llp, 
 |tlMtl', rliMi^i'il uiiji 
 I \ iimiiiM. AlHii)'« 
 
 wliirli rliriiiiislMli- 
 Is for i'iiriiMiiii'rlii)< 
 Irs wlilcli iliiv I'Msl 
 l|iril Willi ilir |ii'ri|. 
 I' triMi|ls jilMri'd nil- 
 I'friiri' 111 \li^iiii,i. 
 
 I'Mstl'lli li'i;iiiirMls. 
 Ill' Slllllll, Mini |>li'jll 
 ill' 111 till' IllMJlll 111 
 Hills ll'^illlls 111' ||||> 
 (ll'l|llllll. till lIll'V 
 
 I of till' i'iir|is. In 
 rxrciitiiiii 111 ii'iMJn 
 ii|i;iiliii's iif liiiniiiir. 
 
 Ill' tll'MI iImiiui'I Mini 
 111 wliirli III' is Mliiiiit 
 iiiily |iiissilii|iiv hy 
 
 s», till' flitlllll'l Mil 
 
 lii'ir cliii'l. Mini liN 
 mIumiIiiii Iiiiii. ||f 
 ly iiiiliviiliiMl iif till- 
 
 llllllW hilll. M |IMSS- 
 
 liiiiilii III' fiirllitvitli 
 in. It is liiM I'Miisi; 
 •Mici' lliMt ri'sciiirri's 
 lli'si' (ji'ihtmI (irili is. 
 si'itioii. Till' n-ry 
 (Myiiif; fill tln'iroivii 
 ijis, rall'ir tliMii tii 
 
 llMll lll'I'll IIIMlll' nu 
 
 •ii'H of till' iiiilitMry 
 
 of Illnlll'V M IS hi'ii- 
 III I'U'iy ilirri'tiMii. 
 I In" ■.'{■<• till' 1111111)1 
 I'll 'i 111 Ml: tWi- 
 
 1 of lili' ' I/Mliljl-IKI 
 
 liMK fniiiiiltlii'iM nil. {''roiiitlii' (iMtriiitlr iin riliMiil* 
 III ll.lltlllluli' III' iihtMllls, on llir jlli'if'i' iil Ills nun 
 |ii'|siiiimI rii'illl, M lii'lll ol llioiiry .iiti"|ll.lti' tii llil> 
 (11111 liMKi' 111 till' iiiMli'ri.ils ; Mini liiiiii till' l.iir IimihIs 
 ol llir iImiIkIiIi'Is of till' lliiillllliii'llhil I Hy. run 
 llii'ii w'lilliy to 'ii' sii i'mIIi'iI. Ill' iilit.iiiiH ltii- Inil ol 
 iiiMkiiiK up IIh' iii'i'ili'il K iriiii'iils. 
 
 Till' ili'iMili ol till' i'MiM|iMiuii, Iroiii it«i iiiipriiiiili 
 iiil( oiitsi't, wliiiii i !iiMiwiilliH, till' IUiIhIi roniiiMii 
 ilfr, rxiilli'il ill niilii'i|i»liiiii tint tin* liny roiilil 
 mil I'sriijir liiiii till till' sliiniiinj; nl llir twin ri' 
 iloiilils, III I'liiiihiliiiii of K>ll'<'i"> I'y 'III' vmIimiiI 
 l''iriirliiiii*ii of Viiiiiii'miil, miiiI iIii' Aiiii'ririiii li-l 
 
 low HolllllTH of liMlMyi'tIr, Iril llllll til vii'tory Ml 
 
 Viirktowii, iiiiiHl III' li'ft to till' riTorilinij jn'ii of 
 iiiittorv. Iliilli ii'iliiiilils wi'ri' r iriii'il m) tin' |iiiiiii 
 of till' Hwiiril. anil CoriiWMllis with mvitIi'iI Imi-p 
 Nlllirilili'ii'il Ills swiiril to WmsIiiiiitIiiii. 
 
 Tills WMH till' hist viImI »lriim;lo of ilip war, 
 wliirli. liowi'Vi'r, liiiui'"''! lliioniili Miioilnr yi'ar 
 ratliiT of iii'Koliatioii iIimii of ai iinii. Iiiiiiinliaii'ly 
 ufliT till' ca| lllll.itioli Mt ^'oiklowii. liMliyrl'r Mik 
 nl anil olitaiiii'il anaiii a Iravr nl alisi'ini' in visit 
 Ills iMinily anil Ins riiiinliy, ami »illi tins ilnsi'il Ins 
 military srrviii' in llir lii'lil ilnrint: tin* ri-vnlii 
 liiinary war. Unlit was not fnr tlii' inilivnlnal rn 
 jnviiii'iit of liiHH'iiowii tli.il III' ii'liiiin-il til l-'i.inri'. 
 Till' ii'Holiiiintis of ( 'nniiri'ss arcninianvniL' iliat 
 wliirli IJMVI' hllll a illsrii'tnniaiy li.ivi- nl .iliscnrr, 
 winli' liiiniirary in llii' IiikIii<i ili'.'ii'r in linn. 
 wi'M' I'ljiially inarki'il liy a t;iMiii hi vniiial rii- 
 tlinilials fnr ni'|iiiiialtoii, anil U\ iln- imst ol i nnh 
 ilrntial |iiiW'i'rs, lot^i'tlirr with a Iril'-r nl tin- w.iriii 
 I'si rnninii'iiilatioii of llii' iiail.inl soiilni In llir la 
 vniir nl Ins Uin;;. Tin' I'lisiini!; yi'.ir was ion 
 Hniinil III |iri'|i.iralioiis lor a loiinnlalili' roinliini'l 
 Kri'iirli anil Sjianisli i'\|ii'ililiiin ai;aiiisi llir I'm 
 lisli iKlanils ill llii' U rsl Inilns, ami |i iiiiiiil.iily 
 till' Isl.inil nfJain.iiri ; llii'ini' to m' "il ii|inn Ni« 
 Vnrk, anil to |iiirsiir llir olli ihih- «.ir iii'ii <'.iii.i 
 ila. Till' fli'i'l iti'stini'il lor lliis :'iL:.iiittr. nmli-r 
 lakiiiK was alri'Mily assrnilil"il it ( miIi/, ; anil Li- 
 layi'tli', a|i|ioinlril tin' iliii'l nl llir staff, «,is tliiir 
 rraily to rniliark iijinii lliii |irriloiis ailvrnliiri', 
 wlirn, on tin- 'UMli of iNini'iniin . IV^'.', llir prr- 
 liniinary trr.itirs of pracr wi ri' rnmlinlril luliirrn 
 Ins Itritaiinii lllii|r<ty nil nlir p,nl. ami llir ,i||iril 
 pnwt'rs of ^'ranrl', .'<paiii, ami llir Initril Static 
 of Aiiii'rifa, on till' nllirr. llir fiist iiilrllmrni r 
 of lliiH I'vi'iit ri'i'i'ivril liy tlir Ainriiraii ( 'nn(;rrss 
 »aii in iIdi rninniunii aiion if a Inirr Irmii La 
 fayrlli'. 
 
 'I'lie war of Ainrriian Inili'|irm|i*ni i» is rinsril. 
 Tim propli' of till" .Norlli AiiMirin i onlrclriuinn 
 ari' in iiniiin, Kovrri'i^n ami itnlrpi nitrnt. L itav 
 I'ltr, Ml Iwrnly-fivr yrMrs nf a(;r, li.is linil llir lilr 
 of a palriaroli, anil illiisiralnl llir rairrr nf a linn. 
 Mail liisilays ii|inii rarlli lirrii llirn nniiiliriril, ami 
 liail liP tlii'ii slrpt Willi Ins l.illirrs. i|lii..iriiinH as 
 for ('('iitiirii's tln'ir liMiin's Innl Inrn. Ins iiaiiir. to 
 till! rnil 111 tinir, wi :ilil li nr transri'iiilril tlnni 
 all. Kiirlnnali' vonili ' Inrlniiati- In-ymnl nrn llir 
 iiirasiiri' of Ins i'nin|iaiiioiis in arms with ulaiin lir 
 liail acliievrd tlir ^Inrinns rniisnniiii.ilinn nf Aiiir 
 rirati inile|ietiilriirr. Ills taiiir was lil ins own ; 
 lllll iliraply rarnril ; not inmiMy wnii. Ills Irl 
 low-Holilirrs liail lirrn tlir I'liiinipinns mil ilrlrinlrrs 
 of tlii'iriiiiintry. Tliry irajH I l.ir llirnisrUrs, Inr 
 llirir wivrs, llirir cliililirn. tln'ir jMislrrin 'o llo' 
 lalrsl liiiif, tin' rrwarils nf llirii il iir.;rrs .mil tlii-ir 
 toils. Lal.iyrlli' liail nali linl. ami l.iliniirril, mihI 
 IiiiikIiI, anil iilril. not for liiinsrll. mil Im hi-l iiiiily. 
 not, in tliii first iiisiain r.rvrn fiir liisinnniiy. In 
 (lir Iri^rnilary taii-H nf chivalry wr rrail nl Iniirna- 
 ini'iils at wliicli H forri^n .mil iinknnwn kiiii(lil. 
 miililenly prHsriils liiinsrif ariiinl in loniplHtr 
 sII'pI, anil with tli« vi/.nr ilowii, rntcrs tlir tiiit 
 111 fiinliMi'l with llie assrinlili'il llowrr nf knitilit- 
 hoiiil for tlir pri'/.c ofhonoiir. tn lir awarilril hy thr 
 haiiil uf brauty : br.irs il in iri'inipli aiv.iy, iml 
 ihaapiU'iirH fruiii the aslonishnl niiiltilinlr nl roiii 
 pi'iitors anil spiTtaiiirs of llii- IratM of arms, lint 
 where in the rolls of history, whrtr, m tlir fii'linns 
 of romanri', where, Iml in the lilr nf I.afivrtte, 
 hai hrcn srrn iho niilile !ilraii;;rr, (lyin^ with tin' 
 tribute of Ilia name, hin rank, Uni aniui'ii':c, his 
 28 
 
 ease, hin iloiiirsiii' hliss, f is trrasnrr, his hlooil, i'l i 
 till' rrlirf of a snflirmt' iml ilisiaiit lami, in llir 
 liniir ol lirr ilri'prst raliiniiy ; liaimi^ Ills h'isniii 
 In liri liirs ; ami mil at llir liaiisirnl pa^r iniiy ol 
 n I'piiin i,r<i'iii, liiii Inr a surrrssion nf livr yrim 
 hIimiiiil; all tin* vn is^iiinlrs III lirr f''i iiinrs ; .ilways 
 e.itrri In apjir.ir .it llir pn ii of (l.iii^rr ; Irinprrinr 
 till' ({low nf yniiilifnl ariloorwilh tlir riilil raiilinii 
 nf a M'lrran rnniinamlrr ; hnlil anil ilaimi; in ar 
 lion; pioinpl in mn iiiimi ; rapnl in pursuit i frr- 
 tile III I'Kprilirnls; iiiiMtiMiiiahlr ill rrlrral ; olirn 
 expiisi-il, lllll nrvrr snrprisril, iirvrr ilisronrrrtril ; 
 elinhni! hii I'm'niy wlnn williiii Ins fanrinl i;iasp : 
 tir-irni;^ upon liiiii wiili irirsislihlr sw.iy wln-ii of 
 (ori r 111 inpr Willi linn III thr ioi,(lirt of arms > 
 Ami wh.il IS tins Init thr ihary ol Lafiyrtle, froiii 
 the ilay (i| his r.illvmii llir sratlrrril lii.;ilivrs of 
 the llramlywinr, insrn^ililr of thr lilnnil finwint; 
 fmin his wniiml, tn the stiirinint; nf the ri'ilonht ai 
 \ niklown > 
 
 I !• iiri'lorili. as a piihlir man, f jafayrllr is tn hr 
 rniisiili'inl as a T leni liiiiaii, alw-iys artive ami 
 .iiilint tn srrvr the l.'nilril .Sialis, hut no loiiL'rr 
 III tlirir servirr as an nffirrr. So transrrmlrni 
 li.iil hrrn Ins inrrils m the iniumoii i aiHr, th.it. 
 In rew.iril lliriii, llir iiilr of prnuirssivr ailvauir. 
 inrnl ni ihr arniirs nf f'ranrr was set asiile for 
 hllll. Mr riii'ivril frniii thr miiii'O'r nf w.ir, a 
 miiiliraliim lli.il Iroiii thr ihiy of Ins iriimiirnt 
 fi.iin till si'rm r nf thr rnilnl Slair i a^ a M.i|ni 
 
 'irliri.il. Mt thr I losl- of tlir war. hr sllonhl hnlil 
 
 tlir saiiir rank in thr arniirs nf frani r. In il iir 
 finni ihr il.iy of thr r ipiliilalliin nf dnril f nrliwallls. 
 
 Ilrmrloitli hr is a F'rrinhinm. ilrstinrit to per 
 form in thr history of his rnnntrv a part, as pi'i-ii- 
 liirly his own, ami mil h ss iilnrinus than that 
 "Imli 111 lllll piilnrmril in llir w ir nf imlrprml- 
 "llir. A shnll prriml ol prnlnilirl pr.iii' Inllnwi i| 
 thr :;iral trinin.ill ol limfini. Tlir ih-sirr nl I, i 
 I lyi Mr lime innrr to sn- thr liirl nl liM ailnplln'i 
 ■iml lilt assn'i.ilri nl his i;lniy, tin' Irllow-snhlirrs 
 who liMil lienimr to iiitn as firolhers. ami thr (rienil 
 ami palrnii ol Ins yoiilh, who li.iil hrronie to liiiii 
 -IS a fallirr; Hyinpathi/.inu with thrir ilrsirr oiii e 
 iiiorr to srr him ; to see. in tlirir prosprriiv hiiii 
 who hill lirsi rninr tn tlirin in tlinr afllntinn, in- 
 lllll 111 hllll. Ill ihr jrar IV^I, to pay a visit to the 
 I lilliil Stairs. 
 
 On the llh of Aiiijust. nf that year, he lamlnl 
 .Il .Nl w \oik, ami. in thr spare of live innnilis 
 Irnni th.il tiiiir, visjieil Ins vrnerahle frirnil Ml 
 .Mniinl Vernon, where he was thru livniK in re- 
 iirrinrnt, ami traverseil ten stairs of the union, re- 
 iiivnii; rury Hlierr, rrniii tlinr lil;;isl itive asseiii. 
 Iiiiri, Iriim thr niiioii ipil Inelirs of the i iiies ami 
 loMiis ihiiiiii:h Willi h ill' p.issril, from ihr n'fi. ers 
 of the .oniy his l.itr as^niialrs, nnw rr^iornl In 
 thr vtrfiirs .iml on iip.iii.ins nl piivatr life, ami 
 r\rii liniii thr rrrriit rmt^rants Irnin frelami who 
 h.nl roiiir to ailnpi lor their eonnlry the sril emiii- 
 ripati'fl lanil. a<l'lirssrs of ^irainlitiiin ami of joy. 
 thr rllii, inns 111 hr.irts graO'lnl in llie enjoy nieol 
 of tlir l<lrssni;;s Inr tin- possessinn nf whnli they 
 hail lieriiso l,ir:;r|y m.lrliiril to his enerlions ; ami. 
 liii.illy. Imiii thr iriiiiril Stales of .\inoi-ic.i in f.'oti- 
 ^rrns assrinhlnl ii Trrnion. 
 
 I )ii Ihr !l|h of Drrrmlirr il was resoUnl hy lint 
 holly that a roni -^riire. In niiisist of one menihrr 
 iKiiiiearli st.ite, shniilil ti.' a|ipoiiileil tn rereive, anil 
 III llir name of ( 'iin'.;ri'ss take Ir ivr of the .Nlanpiis. 
 rii.it they shunhl he iiisiriii o li I'l assure linii 
 ill. It I 'nii[;ir^s I nnimiii'il tn r-iirrtrtiii ihr s.iinr lii::li 
 
 srnse nl his .ihihlios .iml /.•■ >\ In prolllntr tin wr|- 
 
 f.iir oi Aiiienr.i. Imtii heir ami in Miirnpr, whieh 
 tliry hail iVi'ijiieiiily i-xprrssril ami inainlr.inl mi 
 fnrnier m-i-.isions. ami whirh the reirni marks of 
 his Mttrnlion In their eoinuierrial ami other iiitrr- 
 rsls liM>l perlrrtly conlirniril. •• Til it, as his uni- 
 form ami mil eiHiin; atlai'hiiirni i-i ihisronmry his 
 rrsrlllhlril til It • pHrinlir riluen, the I'liileil 
 
 Si, lies re:;.iril linn w ith p irlinil ir ilf.-< tioii.aml will 
 not erase tn feel an itilrrrsi in whnrter iii.iy eon- 
 errii his hnnoiii ami prosprrily, ami ihxl their b<>^( 
 ami kimlesi wishes will alwavs alteinl iiifti." 
 
 Aii'l II v^' IS lariher rr....Ui',l. th.it a letter lie 
 uriueu to liU must ChruM.ati .Majesty, to be wjjucii 
 
 hy Ins I'xi I'llem V the preaileni of ('oin.'rrss, en- 
 pressive ol the hillh srnse wliii li Ihr I 'iiiird .S|: te^ 
 Hit 'nni:irss assrinlili il rntert.ininl the y.ral. lalrnt^, 
 ami inriil.inniiH srrvii rs nl thr .\|.iri)iils ilr ha- 
 f.iyrlir, ami rri'oimnrmlmif hiiii in thr l.ivonr anil 
 p.itinli.ii^r nl his inip-siv. 
 
 Thr first nl ifi".ir rr .nlntinns was. on ihr riexl 
 ilay I arriril mill rier iition. At a solemn niter- 
 view with the rninmittre nf ('oiiKres^, reieivril in 
 tlinr hall, ami aiMirssnl hy thr i ii.urmaii nl llieir 
 rnmniiller, .Inhii .lay. the piii|inrt nf ilirse rrsolii. 
 lions wrre roinmnnii atiil to hini. Mr rrplinl m 
 Irriiis of frrvrni sriHiliiliiy Inr thr kiii'liirss inani- 
 frslril prrsnnally ;o liini'r!!; ami, uiih alliisinii* 
 to llie siliialinn, Ihr prosprrls, ami thr iliitirs of 
 Ihr prnple nl this roiintry, hr poililrcl not thr (trrat 
 inirrrsts whnli he In lieveil It mihspnisililr lo their 
 well, ire that lliry nhnnl'l r nliijalr ami i lirrish. In 
 thr lollnwiii); mniiorahle sentf m es the nliiiiialn 
 nh)r(is of Ills siilii'ituilr are ihsr.loseil in a tone 
 ileeply soleiiili ami thipri'ssive: 
 
 " Alay this iinmrn.(e lemplr nf freeilotii," iiaiil 
 he. " ever stami, a lesson to oppressors, an eK- 
 Miiiplr to the npprrss'il, a san'tiiary for llie ri[,'ht^ 
 nf iii'inkirnl ' ami may these hippy l',iii»-il .SiMle^ 
 .itta 111 that roniplelesplemloiir aii't prosperity wipe II 
 will illnsirair the hiessniL's nf ihrir t'o^ernnirnt, 
 ami lor a[irs to eoine rejoiee the ilepaiteil miiiN of 
 Its fo'imlers." 
 
 f'r|low-i ili/rns ! A !/es have pas^eil away iiinen 
 llir^r wor'ls wi-rr spoken ; liiit a^frs arr lie- ^^•■tT^ 
 I I the rxislriire nl natlnlis. 'i li> fnlimir r< nl till* 
 I iimense temple nf Ireeilnm liavr all ileparleil, 
 save here .mil there a siilitary eteepimn, evri 
 wliilr I speak, at the point of likmii winj!. Tlie 
 prayer of l.alayette is not yei < onsiiinniateil.— . 
 Al'i's upon aL.'is are siilt to pass awa* tietore it 
 I an h ive lis full Ml I oiii|ilisliinrnt ; ami, for its full 
 ai I oniplishinriit, Ins spirit, hoveriii',; over our 
 he.i'ls. III more th.ili n hoes t.ilks .iroiiiiil ihesi; 
 walls. It ri'inais the prMyer, wlmh from his lipt 
 fifty years aijo was at iini-e a p irtint; lile^sins; anil 
 a prophery ; for. were it piissilile h»r the whole 
 hnrnaii rare, now hreaihinii the hreatli of life, to 
 hr assnrihleil within this hall, your nratnr wniiiil, 
 m yniir n.iiiie. anil in that rif yni.r i ntistitiienis, ,,p. 
 peal to tloin lo testily for your fathers of th" last 
 t'eiirr.irion. tint, so far as his dr|wn'lef| ii|Kir) 
 tlieiii. the hlessiii.'of f,alayette l;as heeri pro|<hery 
 Ves ! this iioniense tempjeol frreilom «iill stanilt, 
 a lesson lo oppressors, an exaitifile ttt the oppress- 
 ed, and a sam iiiary fir the riKliU of niaokinil.— 
 ^'es ' Willi the "miles of a benign nl pro»idrnre, 
 the splendour and p,-nsperiiy ol these happy I niteil 
 I .'states have illosir iie.l the Mrssini;* f.f their L'0»- 
 erimient. and. we may hnniMv lio|ie. haye rejnn eil 
 ihr departed souls of its tnnnders. I- oi the past 
 your l.itliers and yon have he^ii res[M,iisilde. 'I'hft 
 eharL'e of the future devolves upon you and ipon 
 your ehililre.i. The vestal fire of freedom in in 
 your .riisiody, .May the noiils of its depirleil 
 loiinders never he i ailed to witnes*i ii.s extinption 
 hy neiilert, nor a soil upon the |inrily of its keep- 
 ers ! 
 
 With this valeilietory. I.afiyette took, as he 
 and those who heard hiin then heheved, a final 
 leave of the people of the United States. Me re- 
 turned to Franre, and arrived at i' ins on the 'i-'nh 
 of Jiniiary, l",''' 
 
 lie rontiniie.l i. ^ deep iniereM in the coi>- 
 
 reriis of the rniieil ues, and exerted his inllu- 
 
 eiiri' wrh the Krrneh goverament to obtain ret- 
 
 diii tiniis til duties I itniirahle to their fomniercc 
 
 mil lisherirs. In the summer of IVSJ, he «i»ile<! 
 
 several ol the (iernian rourts, anj aiteniled the 
 
 hist great review by Krederic the Si-'ond of hn 
 
 veteran anny : a review unusually spleo'lid, an 1 
 
 specially remarkable by the attemlaner of in.vny 
 
 of ihi> most .listnuuishe'l military commanders ■->' 
 
 ■ Kiirnpe. In the same year the lejisUtiire of Vu- 
 
 I llllll manitesie I the rootinie I recollectrin nf hi.) 
 
 I services reiiileied to 'he people of that cotnni'in- 
 
 I ireallh. by a riitn|iliinentary token of entitiide not 
 
 I less honourable ilia'i it »a« unmuil. They r 
 
 i solved ill It two busts M I.ilavette. to be e»eciif« i 
 
 I by the ceb'bialeJ >cul|>tor, iiuuJuD, iiioubJ ^^ 
 
418_ 
 
 procured at llwir ex|irii)o; llial oiio cil' llicm 
 flliuuld l)U jilaci'il ill lln'il' nnii li'i;l>il;iiivi' li:ill, anil 
 ibc utlliM' [iri'Mi'iili'tl. in tlifii' ii.tinr, tii llir iiiiiiiiri- 
 |):il aiitliiirilii's iil llu' illy nl I'aiis. Ii \ia< arcur 
 din;;!}' presi'iilt'it liy Mi- •Ictl'tTMin, [lini iniiiiHirr 
 |ili'iii|iiili'iitiaiv III till- I'liilcd Slali's in I'laiin', 
 unil, liy iIk' |iiriiiix»iiiiiiir L/iniiKilu' Sixtt'ciilli, was 
 »cci'|ilod, anil, ivilli a|i|)r(i|iiial<' ^iili'iiiniiy plai'i'd 
 in one of tlic liallM ut the lloli'l du Villo u( the 
 iiK'triipolis 1)1 Kraiici". 
 
 Wr have (;i)iie lliruugli one strige of the lilo of 
 Liilaydle; nv ar? now to .iru liiiii acting iipiiii 
 aiiotlifr lliraliT; in aiaiisr still I'ssiMitially llii' 
 itaiiie, liiit in the applicallun ulil:! prinripli'slo liis 
 own country. 
 
 The iiiiini'iliali'ly originalini; (|UOKtion wliii'h 
 orcasiiini'd tin- Kiuiich icnilntioii, was the saiiir 
 with lliat tViiiii whirh the Anieriean ri'vnlnlion had 
 npililif;: laxalioii ol the people without their eon- 
 sent. l'"or nearly two ceiiliiricst the l>ini;s ol 
 Franee had heeii aeeiislonied to levy taxes iipiiii 
 the people liy royal ordinaiiees. |{nt it was iie- 
 eessary that these oidinaiiies should he registered 
 ill the parliaineiils or judii.ial triL inals ; and these 
 parliaments elaiined the r ';lit ol' reiiioiistratini; 
 ajiaiiist iheni, and soiiiet'iiies rel'used the rei;istiy 
 ol" them itself. 'The I'leiiilieis of the parhainents 
 held their olliees by piireliase, lint were appiiiiiled 
 by the hiii'j, and >vere siilijeet In hiniahmeiil or 
 iiuprisoniiieiil, at his pleasure. I.oiiis the Kif- 
 leenlh, hiuanh^ the eiose ,:'' lii< reinii, had alio- 
 lished the pailiameets, but they had been n stored 
 at the aeeession of his snecessor. 
 
 The (inanei's of the kingdom were ill ex'reini' 
 disordrr. 'l^lie minister, or I'oniplroller ueneral 
 de Calonne, after attempting various pnijeils for 
 obtaining the supplies, the amoiinl and need of 
 uliieli he was with lavish liaiiil daily inereasiiig. 
 hetliunght hiiii'^elf, al last, nl ealling liir the eiiiin- 
 sel of others. I le prevailed upon the king to con- 
 voke, not the stales general, tint an .issemblv nl' 
 notables. There was sonielhing riilieiiloiis inihi 
 very name by \>liieli this iiieeling was ealleil : lint 
 it eoiisisied of a si'leetion iVoni all the grandees 
 and dlginlaries of the kingdom. The two bro- 
 thels of the king : all the princes of the blood; 
 arehliishops and bislmps, dnki's 'iid peers; the 
 rhancellor and presiding members of the parlia- 
 lueiits : distinguished iiiiMiibeis of the noblesse, 
 and the niayois and eliiet' magistrates of a few ot' 
 the principal cities of the kingtiom, eoiislitiited 
 this assembly. It was a represent, ilion of every 
 interest but that of the people. They were ap- 
 pointed by the king ; weie memliers of the highest 
 aristiM'i.icv, and were assembled with the design 
 that llieii d( hlieralions shoiilil be < oiilinetl exclii- 
 Hive'y to the snbjecis submilled lo their consider- 
 ation by the mmisier. These were eerlain plans 
 devised by him for replenishing the insolvent liea- 
 aurv, by assessnienls upon the privileged classes, 
 the very princes, nobles, ecclesiastics, and magis- 
 trates exclusively represented in the assembly it- 
 self, 
 
 t)f this nieeiing, the >rar(piis ile T,afayette was 
 a iiiember. It was held in Kebriiary. li^i, ami 
 terininaled in the overihiow and banislmient of 
 the minister by whom it had been convened. In 
 the fiscal eoiieeriis which absorbed the care and 
 attention of ollieis, l.afayetle look comparatively 
 little interest. Ills news were more compiehen- 
 sivr. 
 
 Th« assembly eonsisted of one hiuidred and 
 thirty-seven persons, and dindcd iisidl into seviMal 
 Heclioiis or liiiieaiix, e.icli presided by a p'liice of 
 the blood. I.afayelle was allolleil lo the division 
 under the presidi-iicy ol the ( 'omit d'Ailois, the 
 Voiinger brother of the king, and since i nowii as 
 Charles the Tenth, The propositions inaile by 
 Ijafayelle were 
 
 I. The siippi ssiioi of lettres de cachet, and the 
 aboli'ion ol all ailiitr:iry imprisonment. 
 
 2 The establishment of religion. i toleration, 
 and the resloialimi id ihe protesiants to theireivil 
 rights. 
 
 \l The eonvoeritioii of a national a jsenibly, re- 
 pnsriiting the people uf France ; {ivraouul liberty 
 
 IIISTdltV OK THK 
 
 ri'ligions hheiiy: ami a lepreseiilaiive assembly 
 of llie people. These were Ins ilema'ids. 
 
 Tlic lirsl and ^ecmd ol ilieiii prialiice<l, per- 
 haps, at the liine. no (b-i p ii!i|iressi oi upon the 
 assembly, imr iipniiilie public. A i binary imprison- 
 iiicnl, and the ii'I'gi.ins |ierseciiii in of the pio- 
 lesiants iiad iiecome iin.^eisa!!, odious. They 
 were worn-out instruments, even in the hands ol' 
 those w!io wielded them. There was iiniie lo de- 
 feiiu tlieni. 
 
 Hut the demand for a national assembly startled 
 the prince at the head of the liiireau. What ! said 
 the Count il'.Vrlois, do you ask tin- states gene- 
 ral .' Ves, sir, was the answer of Lafayette, and 
 I'orsoinelliiii;; yet better. Vein desire, then, replied 
 the prince, thai I should take in w litiiig, and report 
 lo the king, that the motion to convoke the states 
 general has been made by the Maripiis de La- 
 fayette .' " Ves, sir;" ami the iiaiiiu of Lafayette 
 was accordingly reported lo the king. 
 
 The assembly of notables was dissolved, — |)e 
 ( 'oloiine was dispbiced and banished, and his suc- 
 cessor iindititook tor.iise the needed liinrls, by the 
 ;iiitlioriiy of royal edicts. The war ol litigation 
 Willi the parliaments lecoiii iieneed, which terini- 
 naled only Willi a positive piiiiiiisc that the slates 
 generil should b(! cmivoki .' 
 
 l-'roni •hat lime a tot.' ' 'Volution of govern- 
 ment 111 France was m p ■; ress. Il has been a 
 siili'inn, a sublinie olleii ;i iiiosl painful, and yet 
 III the contempl.itiim iH' great resnils, ;i rel'resh- 
 111); and ehecnng eoiilemplatKOi. I cannot fiillow 
 it i> oveiwhelmmg iiiiilliliide of details, even 
 
 as connected with the life and clnnailer of La- 
 layelte. A second assembly ol' notables siiceeed- 
 eii the first; and tlo'ii an assembly of the slates 
 general, lirsl to deliberate in sep;irale orders of 
 ell ruy, iiobilily, and lliird eslali' ; but, linally 
 coiisliliiting ilsi'll a ii:ilioii;il assembly, and loriii- 
 iiig a consiiiiiliim of limited monarchy, with an 
 lieiedilary loyal execiilive. and a legislature in a 
 single assembly representing the peopli'. 
 
 Lalayelte was a member of the stales general 
 (irs! assembled. Their meeting was signah/ed 
 by a struggle between the several orders of which 
 they were cimiposeil, which lesnlled iii breaking 
 them all down into one naiional assembly. 
 
 The cioi^ocation ol' the stales general had, in 
 oiii> respect, operated, in the progress of the 
 I'leni'li re\olii,ioii, like ilii' declaralion of inde- 
 pendence ill that ol .Noitli Aiiierie;i. It had chang- 
 ed the ipiesMon in controver:^y. It was, mi the 
 p;irl nt' the king ol h'rance, a coneessioii thai In* 
 had nn lawful power to lax the piM>ple without 
 their consent. The slates general, therpfore. met 
 with this admission already concedeil liy the king. 
 In Ihe .\mericaii cinilhct ihe Itrilish governiiienl 
 never yielded the coneessioii. They undertook 
 to maintain their supposed right of arbilraiy tax- 
 alion by hnee ; and then the people id the colonies 
 lenonneed all cimimiinily of government, not only 
 Willi the king and parhaiueut, but with the itrilisji 
 nalien. Thi'V leconstriicted the labricol govi'rii- 
 liienl for themselves, ;inil held the people of Hri- 
 taiii as biieigners; Irienilit in peace; enemies in 
 war. 
 
 The c iiieession by Ijoiiis the ,'^ixleenlli, iiii- 
 Ipliedinlhe convocation of the stales general, was 
 la virtual !.iiiieiider of alisoliile |iower: an ae- 
 kiiowledginenl ill, '.I. as exerciseil by himself and 
 his predecessors, it had been usurped. Il was, in 
 siibstaiiee, an abdicalion ot his crow n. There was 
 no power whiih lie exercised .is king of Fraiici'. 
 ibo lawliilne--s ol'wliich was not conlesialde mi ihe 
 same prini:iple which denieil limi the right ol tax- 
 alion. When the assembly of the ^1 lies general 
 met at Versailles, in ,\|.iy, liMI, iliere wis bir a 
 shadow of the royal aiilhorily left. They fell 
 the power of the ij.ilion was iii their lianils, and 
 they were not sparing in ihe use of it. 'Ihe re- 
 presentiilives of til > iliird eslale. ilonlde in niini- 
 liers to those of ihe i lerijv and the nobility, eoit- 
 stiliiled ihemseUes a naiional assembly, anil, as 
 sign, d for the flemoliPon of all privileged orilers 
 refused to deliber;ile in sepirale chambers, anil 
 tliim coiiipelleil the rnjiieucutuiiveii uf the clerg^r 
 
 and nobility lo merge their separate existence in 
 the general mass of ihe popular lepresentation, 
 
 Tims the edifice id sociely was lo be reeon- 
 siriicled ill Fiance as il had been in Ainiriea.— 
 'Ihe king made a feeble allempl lo overawe ilie 
 assembly, by calling regimeiils ol Ironps lo \'er- 
 sadles, and surroniidiiig with llieiii llie hall ol llieii 
 meeting. Iliil there was defeclion in the army il- 
 sell', and even the person of the king soon ceased 
 lo be at his own disposal, (in the lllli of .Inly, 
 17^^!), in the midst of the fei mentation which had 
 succeeded the fill of the monaridiy, and while the 
 assembly was surrounded by arineil soliliers, l,a- 
 fayelle presented to them liisdeelaration of rights; 
 the first ileelaration of human rights ever proclaim- 
 ed ill F.iirope, It was adopted, and became the 
 basis of that which the assembly pruinult;ated with 
 their constitution, 
 
 Il was in this hemisphere, and in our own eoiiii- 
 Iry, that all its principles had been iinbibed. At 
 the very iiioinenl when the declaration w-as pre- 
 sented, the convulsive struggle between therxpir- 
 iiig tiionarehy and the new born but porlenioui 
 anarchy of the Parisian populace was taking place. 
 The royal palace and the hall of assembly were 
 surrounded with troops, and insmieetion was 
 kindling al I'aris, In ihe midst of the | >'| :il ir 
 coimuotion, a depnialion of sixty members, wnh 
 l.alayetle at their head, was sent from the assembly 
 lo iraiKpiilli/.e the people of I'aris. and that inci- 
 dent was the oecasioii of the itisiiiniiou of the na- 
 tional guard thioughoiit the realm, and of the ap- 
 pointment, with the approbation id the king, of 
 liafayette as their general eonmiander-iii-chief 
 
 This event, wllhoiit vacating his seal in the as- 
 sembly, connected him :it once with the mihlarv 
 and Ihe popular iiioveiiieni of the revolnlion. The 
 naiional guard was the armed iiiihlia of ihe whole 
 kiiigilom, embodied for the pieservalion of inder, 
 and the proleclion of persons and properly, as wtdl 
 as for the est-,ildis|iiiient of the liberties of llie pen- 
 pie. In Ills doiibl(> eapaeilv of rommaiider geneial 
 
 of this Ibrce. .iiid ofa represenlalive in lb iisii- 
 
 tlK lit assembly, his career, for a period of more 
 than three years, was besiM wiili the most immi- 
 nent dangers, aiel with ditheiillies beyoint all liii- 
 iiiaii power to surmoiini. 
 
 The aneienl monarchy of Frince hid criimbled 
 into ruins. A naliniial assembly, formed liv an 
 irregular represenlalion of clergy, nobles. ;ind 
 third eslale, after nt'dting at the lire ol a revolu- 
 tion into one body, had tiansl'ormed itself into a coii- 
 sliliienl assembly repiesenlint' the peopb', liiil 
 assiiined the exercise of all the powers ol govern 
 ineiit, extorted from the h. mils id llie king, and iii>- 
 derlaken to lorm a coiisiiinlion lio' llie I'lcnih n i- 
 lion, fonndeil at once upon the llieorv of liiim.m 
 rights, and upon the preservation of a rov.d lieie- 
 dilary crown upon Ihe head of Louis the Sixlecnili. 
 IjafaM'iie siiiecretv believed that sncli a sysieir 
 would not bi> absolulely ineoinpalible Willi the iia- 
 liire of things. An hereditary innnareliy, siirroniid- 
 eil by piipula" instiiiiiions, piesenled iisell lo his 
 iniaginalion :ts a praelic.dde form ol gnvcinmeni ; 
 nor IS il certain lliil e\eii lo his last days he evei 
 abandoned this persuasion. The elemenl ol lie 
 redilary inonareliy in ihisconstitiilion was indeed 
 not eongi'iii.il with il. The prololype Iroiii wliicli 
 llie whole fabiic had been drawn, hai' lo such 
 element in lis coinposiiion. A feeling iJ nenero- 
 sily. of eompassinn. of eotmniseial'on w ilh ihe nn- 
 forlunale prince then iipioi the lliioiie, wlm had 
 been his sovereign, and for his ilt-]',iied l.iindv 
 mniL'ted itself, peiliajis niicoiiscinnslv lu loiiiseji', 
 with his well-reasoned laith in llic ibsira 'I pniici. 
 pies of a republican creed. The total abolilmn 
 ol the monarchieal feature nndonblenlv belonged 
 I to his llieory, bill Ihe fiinily of llnurbon had tlill 
 a sirong hold on the adeclions of llie Fienc h peo 
 pie ; hisiioy h id not made up a mm mil latonialili 
 lo the esiablishmenl of eleelive kings ; a strong 
 exeeuiive head was .ibsohiielv necessary lo ciiili 
 llie impelnosilies of ihe people of I'Vaiii e ; and 
 the same docliine which played upon the laiicv. 
 and crepi upon llie kmd-lieailed benevideoce o( 
 Lalayetta WUM aii optctl by a largo uiaiutity ol 
 
i;nitkd states. 
 
 m 
 
 p;iriiii' cxislrnco In 
 ir M|iri'MiMit.itiiiii. 
 
 was li) he riviiii- 
 ic'i'ii ill AtiiiniTi. — 
 |)l III (ivcriivvH ihu 
 
 I 111 tl'(lll|H Id \'lM- 
 
 nii III!' Iialliil llii-ii 
 null iiillii-iii'iiiv il- 
 e Kill!; simii rcascil 
 IIk- IIiIi (iI .IiiIy, 
 iilatiiiii wliicli liatl 
 ri'liy, mill wliiU' iho 
 rillt'il NttliiiiTS, \,;\- 
 'rlanitiiiiMir riuliti; 
 alils pvrr |M()rliiiiii- 
 I, anil lii-i'Uiiic lliR 
 y |iruiniil);nti'il wiili 
 
 •ini'i' hail ciiiTiililnl 
 ililv, liiriiii'il liy an 
 li'iuv, iiiiMcs, anil 
 111- lire 111 a ii'idIii- 
 iinl iKi'll iiiiiia I iin- 
 ; llii' |ii'ii|ili'. h.iil 
 pmii'is III i;ini-iii 
 it dii' kill;;, anil in,- 
 I liir ilir Kiriiili n i- 
 I' llicinv 111 liiini.in 
 nil III a niy il licir- 
 <iinHilii' SiMi'i nlli. 
 lat siiili a svsli'ir 
 jialilili' null till' na- 
 iinairliy, sniniiiiiil 
 iinlril iisi'll 111 Ins 
 III 111 uioi'inini'iil ; 
 1 la^l (lays lir ivri 
 III' I'lrinriil 111 III- 
 ilnlnin nan iiiili>i>il 
 iliily|ii. li'iihi nliii'li 
 awn, \i.\i' III siii'li 
 Irrlini; i : i;i'iirrii- 
 laliiin mill iln- nn- 
 
 f llllllllf. »lhl ||;t,l 
 
 IS ill-laii-n laniilv, 
 'riiinsly III liiiiiM'ii'. 
 llii' ilislrai'l |iiinri- 
 'III' tiilal aliiiliiiiiii 
 
 llllllll'llly lli'llii|;i|'l) 
 
 lliinilmn liail ciiil 
 il llii' Kii'iiili |ii'i> 
 I ii'i mil raviinralilf' 
 r kincs ; a siniin* 
 
 nrri'Hsatv (n null 
 ' 111 l''ranri' ; anil 
 il npiin llii' lanrv, 
 I'll lil'lil'liilriM I' 111 
 
 laig'! uiaiutiLy o) 
 
 tliciialinnal iis^cnilily, sanrtiniifil by llir siilli.i;;('s 
 of ils ninsl iiili'llisi'iili Miniinis, ami |iali'iiini' 
 ini'inliers. ami »as linally rnilinilii'il in lliai inyal 
 di'innci.K'y, till' ii'snll III tlii'ii' laliinns, sini liiiili 
 III the Hiiilil, iiiiiliM llir ^naianly III nnnilirrli'ss 
 oalhs, as llif (■(iiislituliiin nl rraini' Ini all allii- 
 tiiiii'. 
 
 lliii, iliiiin^ till' .sami' |ii'i".il. al'iir llir (irsi 
 int't'lnii; ol lln' slalrs miii'i .mil wliilr liny 
 wrri' ill aciual conllicl uiili llir <x|iiiiii;i i'M('ii;ii"< 
 iil'llie croHii, and with tlio rxclii^ivi; |iiivili',;i's oi 
 thi'i'lei')iy anil nnbilily, aiuithrr piiili'iilinis |iiiuci 
 liad iiri.si'11, and cnlcii'd tviih trriilir aiiiMty liiM 
 tho ciiiitrover»ie» of ihe ihiir. 'Tins was llir 
 |)o»fr III |i(i|iiiliir iiisni'i'i'clioii, iir^ani/ail liy vnliin- 
 tiiry axsuciatnins ol' chilis, and iiii|it'lli'il in ac- 
 tiuii liy the municipal autlinrilics nl llir city nl' 
 Piiris. 
 
 'J'hr first mnvemenls of thr pcnpli' in tin- stair 
 of insurtoclin;i !iv>k plati: nn tlir I'.'ili nl .Inly. 
 178!), iiiiil issiic'l ill thcdcsliiK linn nl llir Itaslilli'. 
 und In ihc nillidcr of its ){iin rmn, ami nl srnial 
 other iH-isiins, hiiiii; up at lamp pnsis. nr turn In 
 |ii«('i's by the Ircn/.led miillilinli', wilhunt Innii nl 
 trial, anil witlinni sliadnw iifKiilll. 
 
 The Itaslille had luii;; brrii (idlniis as tin' plan' 
 of rniifini'inent of pi'rsnns arrnslt'd by arbilr.iiy 
 oiili'i-s lor oHi^iiri's aKainsi Ihi' KnK'rnini'nt, ami Ms 
 dfslriielion was liaili'd by imist nf ilu- iVii-mls nl 
 hbiTly throiiuhniil tlii' world as an art nl palnnt 
 ism and inaunaiiiiiiily nn ihi! pan nl llir pnipli'. — 
 Tho brutal li'iocily of Ihr iiiniilinswasiin'rlniiki'd 
 or palllati'il In tin' ^Iniy ol ihi' arliii'vrinriil nf i.i/.iiii; 
 til Ils fniindalluiis iho I'xccratrd i iMili'l nf ili'spm- 
 '.sm. lint, as ilii' siimiiiary jiisiiii' of Iiisih iiciiini 
 .''an maiiil'i'st llst'll'oiily by dt'sirnrlion. tin- exam 
 l)le niire se!, ht'oame a prrrcib'tit liir a sri irs ol 
 years, t'or seenes so alroeiniis, and tnrbnti'linii's so 
 niereilpss and hnrrible, that iiii'inniy U'lnlts at the 
 task of recalling tiieni In llie iiiiinl. 
 
 It would he iinpn.ssilile, uilliin the I'ompass 111 
 tills diseoiirse, tn fnllowllie details nf the l-'reiieh 
 rpvniulliiii to the final ilellnonenii'iil nl I.iiiiIsiIm' 
 Sixteenth, and llie extinelinn nl tin' I'oii-liinliiinal 
 Ciniiari'liy of Kraiire, nn the llllli ol Aiiiiiisi I "r'.li. 
 Dtiliii^ liiat period, the two ilisiinri pnweis were 
 in ','oiitiniial opi'iatinn ; siimetmies In riinei'il wiili 
 caeii ither, snmelimes at iriieoiM liable iippusinnn. 
 Of these |Hiweis, one ».is ilic people nl I'l.iiiee. 
 icpre'?iiied by the I'arisian pnpnlaie In Ihsimee- 
 tl.in ; the oilier was the people III I'lame, repie- 
 henled sueeessivelv bv the rnnstituenl assembly, 
 wliii'h liiriiied the ('onsliiiilinn ul I i'.ll, and by ihe 
 h'f;islalivt' assembly, eleiled to earry It into exe- 
 rntloii. 
 
 Thir movements of the insni^enl power were 
 oeiasiiiiially ioii\;ilslve and i rnel, wiihonl iiiiiii;a- 
 Iniii or inerey. (iiilileil by secret spriiii;s ; pninipi- 
 eil by vinilletive and sanuninary anibilion. diieeted 
 Dy lianils nnsei'ii to iib|ei:ls of indivnln il auaiiii 
 di/.ement, ils agency fell like the thnmlerbnlt, ,iiid 
 swept like the whirlwind. 
 
 The prneeeilnnis ol the assemblies were ileli- 
 beralive and iiiti'lleitnal. They liejaii by jiraspmi; 
 at the wliiile power of the imni.ni'hx, and tliev 
 finished by sinkini: iimbr the ilirl.iliiin nl the I'.i 
 risian pnpid.iee. The lonsiiineiil assembly niiiii 
 bereil aiming lis membi'is in, my iiidiMilnals ol 
 f;ieal ability, and of pure prineiples, bin lliey weie 
 overawi'il and domineiiid by tli.il nihil reprisen- 
 lalinii nf the people nl I'lanre, wliiili. ilnoimh the 
 inslriiinentahly of ill" laiobin I'liib. niil llienmiii 
 eipahty of I'aris, dlseoiieeiled the wi-ilinii nl the 
 wise, and sr altered In the »ini|s the rniinselsnl llir 
 prnilent. Il was impnssiblr liiat, iiiidrr tlie prr- 
 ImbatinnKnf sill II a enntiollmi; p'luii. i •'onsiiiu 
 lion suited In the eliarai'ler and eninnisiani'i's nl 
 the iialinn shii'ild be fiiimed. 
 
 ThriiiiRh tlie whnle nf this pennil. the part 
 peilorniud by (jalayelle was willioiil par.illrl in 
 iiisloiy. The annals of the hum. in rare exhibit 
 no other llislanre of a nosiiion rompaiabb' loi its 
 unllilertmtteil perils, its deep respnnsibilitirs, anil 
 it* proviileiiiial issaes, willi that wliirli lie nirnpi- 
 td as cumm.inde teiieral of the iiatinn.il Hmml, 
 uuiwi) kadliig millibcr uf thu coiintiluriit an- 
 
 si'iiibly. Ill ihe niimerons liisiirrectinns of the i 
 prnplr, he saved the lives of iiiidlilndcs devoted ; 
 as Mrii:iis. and .ilw.ivs al tlir most iniiiiiiirni h.t- 1 
 /,ai I ol Ins own. (In ihr .'nil and lllli of ( (rtobrr, : 
 l.'s'.l, he savril the lives nl i^iinis llii' Sixieeiilli. j 
 and III Ins (|iii'eii. He escaped, time alter liiiir, | 
 the d.i^m'is sharpened by prinrely I'onspiracy on | 
 one h.ind, and by popni.ir lieii/,y on the nlliei. lir 
 wilnessed, too, wiihniit beiiif; able In prevent il, 
 llir bntchriy nf I'onlrn lirlnir Ills ryrs, and the 
 irrkin;; hrarl ol lierlhier, torn iVniii ills lifeless 
 Iriiiik. was held up ill exullini; Iriwnipli before liiiii. 
 On Ihis occ.ision, and nn annlher, lie threw up his 
 I onnmssioii as coinmandernl the national Kiiards; 
 bill who loiild have siiccreiird him, even willi 
 eipial piiwer to restrain these volcaiiu: rxeessrs .' 
 Al the earnest soiirllation nf those ivl'.o wril knew 
 that Ills pl.ur I'oiild never be .,pplied, lie resumed 
 and cnntniiied in the cninm.ind iiiilil the solemn 
 prnrlani.itiiin of the conslilntlon, iipnii wliirli he 
 delinilni'ly laid il ilnwii, and retired In private life 
 upon Ills eslair in Anver^ne. 
 
 .\s a mriiibrr of llir rniisllluenl assembly, It 
 Is lint In the drtailrd iiri:.'iiii'/.allnii of thr f;ovrrn- 
 nirnl wliirli tliry pirp.iied, that his spirit and co- 
 operation Is to be Ir.irrd. It is In the prniriples 
 ivliirli he proposrd and inl'nsrd liiln the syslriii. 
 .\s, at Ihe liisl assi'iiibly i' niii;ilili's, his vnii-r h.iil 
 lirrn raisril lor the abniiinnof arbitrary Imprisiin- 
 iiiriil, lor llir rxlnirliiin of irli^ions inlnlrraiirr. 
 and till thr leprrsrnt.iiinn nl thr prnplr, so, in ihr 
 nation.il assrmlily, brsiilrsilirdrrlaration nl ri'.:lils, 
 which Inrniril llir basis of ilii! cnnsiiiiiiinii ilsrll, 
 111' iiiaile in supported the motlniis fur the eslaU- 
 lishinrnl nl' trial by jury, for llir I'.radnal eiiiaiicl- 
 p.itinn 111 sl.ives, Tor the freedom 'i[' the press, for 
 llie iilinlilion of all lilies ol nnbihty, and Inr the 
 ilerlai iliiiii nl eipialiiy of all the rili/.riis, and ihr 
 Mippic'sinn III all till' privili'rrd onlrrs, williniii 
 excrplinii of Ihr pniirrs of thr royal l.imily. 
 Tims, while as a Ir^ishitnr lir was spreading thr 
 pinicipirs 111 universal liberly over the whole snr- 
 larr III thr stair, as riimmamlerin chief of llir 
 ariiiril loicr of the nallini, he was cnntriillin::, re- 
 pressing;, and miti^atini;, as far as It ciiiild be el- 
 Irrli'd by hninaii pii« rr, thr rxeess's ol' the people. 
 
 The cinisiiiiilinn w.is .it leni^tli piorl.iimrd, and 
 the rn'isliliirnt ii.iliiiiial assmiblv ^vas dMSnl\ed. 
 Ill aihaiii e nl this rvriii, llir siiblinr spectacle nl 
 the Irdri.ilinn was rxhibilrd on thr 1 lih of .Inly, 
 I'/tM), thr ln>t anniviM'siirv of thr drstrnrtinn nf 
 the ll,islllle, Tlirre was an liii;i'iiiiiiis and lam iliil 
 assni laliiin nl ideas in the selectinii of that ilav. 
 The IJ.isiillr was a siatr prison, a massive slriir- 
 
 tiiie, which hid St I fniir hiimlrrd years, every 
 
 stone ol which w.is satnr.itrd with si^lis and trars, 
 and rclinrd tlir t;inansiit fniir rrntinies nl' op- 
 prrssni'i. Il wis the very type and i iiililrni of 
 the I'i'spntism wliirli h id s'l loiii; writhed iipiin 
 Kr.ii ,e. Demohslird Iroiii Ils sniiiiiiil to llsioiiii- 
 ilall',11 at the fust shunt of Irrnlom I'roiii thr pro 
 pir, what day rniilil be mine appriipri.ite th.iii Ils 
 anniversary lor the day of snlrimi ennsrrr iiinii nl 
 ihr iirw labrir nl unvrrniiient, I'oiiiidrd upon the 
 iiL'lils of man f 
 
 1 sliall not drseribr thr mai^nificenl and iiirlan- 
 rlinly p.i,;i'aiil of that day. Il his brrii dniir In 
 abirr li.imis, and in a siylr which could niilv br 
 weakeiieil and diliiled by ri'prlitinii.* The rrli- 
 i^iinis solrmmiv nl* the mass was perrnnneil tiy a 
 prel.itr, tlirn emiiiepl aiiiotn; llir memlieis tt( llie 
 .issembly and the iii|<nllaries of the land ; still 
 rininriit, allrr .siirvivitiir iiie wlioir circlr of sidi- 
 sripiriii rrtoliitinns. .\o longer n lalhrr ol thr 
 chiiri'h, but amnii^'tlir mnsi nniiiii'^uishrd laymen 
 and ninst celrbralrd statesmen nf Fiance ins was 
 llir voice tn iiivokr thr blrssnm of iicii,in iiiioii 
 this nrw cniisliinlinn for his liberatrd enni.liy ; 
 and hr, and i,onis tlir Sixleenlii, and lialayrtte, 
 .mil ihirlv ihoiisaiid ilrlri;atrs rioiii all the ciiii- 
 lederateii nalinnal ui'aids ot the kiii<:dnni. Ill the 
 presence nf .Mmliilily (tod, and of live hiiiiilrcd 
 ihoiis. mil nf their innntrympii, tnnk liin oatli of 
 
 ' 111 llir .Vililrcss Ul llir .Vtnliit; iiiimi uf ItoHtull, by K«l 
 ward i'^vtrt'tt. 
 
 lideliiy of the natinn. In the consiiiiition, and all 
 save the imiii.ncli hinisell. In the kliii;, ilistnr* 
 I'espniidiin; n iih was, ol lidrlily In iliscliari;r iho 
 ilnlies of Ins lii;;li otfn r, .mil in llir prnplr. 
 
 Al.is ! and was it all laUr .mil hollnw .' Ii id lliesn 
 oaths no mure snbst.iiirr ih.iii thr brralh that 
 Ushrird lliriii to thr winds .' It was impnssible tu 
 'onk b lek upon the sliiirl and Inrniilenl exisleiico 
 nl this riiyal deninrrary, to in, irk the freipieut 
 paroxysms ol popular Irni/.y by wineli It >va.s as- 
 sailed, and the calastrnplie by wnicli it pi rislied, 
 lid to believe that thr vows of all who swire to 
 suppnrt il were sincere, lint, as well iiii;;lir tho 
 si'iilplnr nf a block of inaible, allri exhansiim; Ids 
 Ki'iilns and Ins art In uiviii^ it a beaniifid liiiman 
 liirm, call (ind to witness that II sliill prrlorm all 
 the fum'.tinns nl aiiiiiial liir, as the constiineni as- 
 sembly nf Kraiirn eniild pledi-r thr fiiih nf its 
 members that ihrir inyal drmocracy should work 
 IS a prrniaiirnt iir;;aiil/.rd form of uiivrriiiiient.— . 
 'I'hr declaiatlnn nf rii^hls conlained all the princi- 
 ples essential lo fieediiiii. 'I'lie frame ol (joverii- 
 iiieiil was radically and irreparably ilelrrllvr. The 
 lirirdilary royal rxecntive was Itself an liiconsls- 
 leiicy with Ihe declaration of ri;;lits. 'I'hr Injis- 
 lallvr powrr, all concentralrd In a siii<;lr assrinbly, 
 was an iiicoiijjiiiily siiW mine lilariii);. 'I'liese weic 
 both drparlnrrs from thr sysirin nf or;;aiil/.atlim 
 nliicli Ijalayrtte had wiliirssnl in the Vmrrlcau 
 I'onsiitntioiis : ni'ilhrr nf llinn was approvrd by 
 l.al.iyrltr. In derrrrnrc to 'hr pirvallinj; iiplnioiis 
 and piejniliirs of ihr times, he acipiiesced In 
 them, ami he was destliied to incur the must liii- 
 miiient ha/.ards nf his life, and to make the sacrilicu 
 fall that :;ives value In hie iiself. In rallhl'id ail- 
 hciencr In iliat cnnstilutinn which he hail swum 
 
 siippnrl. 
 
 Slinrtly after ills rrsij;iialinn, as cnminandoi 
 
 nrral olllir national guards, ihr I'ririids ol liber- 
 ty and oilier pieaeuted liiiii as .i caiidiil.ite bir rlec- 
 liiiii as mayor of I'aris ; liiii br had a rninprtllur 
 
 in thr prrs il i'rtlii more snitrd in thr party, 
 
 piiisniii!; with Inrxinablr lanronr thr abohlinii of 
 the monaicliy and thr dr^linriiiiii of the kiirj; ; 
 and, what may srrm srairrly rreilible. the lemnaiil 
 nl the parly whirh still ailhrird In thr l.liii;, the 
 
 kim; liimself, and ...uvr all. thr ipi fuoiired 
 
 Ihe rleetion of the j.icnbin I'rthinii, In prefrience 
 In that III l.alayritr. They were, too fatally lor 
 ihemselvrs, snrcesstiil, 
 
 i'rniii the llisl merlini; of the In-islalivr assem- 
 bly, under tlir cnnstnniinn nl I V'.ll. thr ilrsinic- 
 tion of thr kiiiu and III thr mniiaichy. and thr es- 
 l.ililisliiiietii 111 a repnblir. by iiirans nl llir pnpnlat 
 passions and of |inpiiliir vinlrncr, wrir llir ilrll- 
 brr.ilr piirpiisrs ol its Ir.'diim inembcrs. Tin) 
 
 spun with which llir rrvolntlnn had I n pnrsiieil, 
 
 linoi the tiiiir nf till' deslriiction of thr K.istlllc, 
 li..d c.iuseil thr eiuii;rallnii of :;irat numbers of the 
 nobility and cleriiy ; and, aiiinin; tliriii, of ihr two 
 bnillirrs of l^oiiis the .Sixlrrnlli, and of several 
 oilier princes ol Ins iiliiod. They hid applied lo 
 all Ihr iitlirr i;rr.it miin.irchlrs nf Kiirnpe I'nr .is- 
 sistancr In uphold or restore the criimblin^ inniiar- 
 cliy ol i' ranee. 'I'lie Kretnli irrniiiiris tlieiu- 
 selvrs. III ihr liral nf llirir pnliiir.d f.iiiaticisiii, 
 avowed, withnul ilisi;iiisr. tin; desli;ii lo revnlii- 
 tioiii/a' all iMiiopr, and had emissaries in every 
 rniinliy, oprnly or smelly pirarhiin; thr dnclrinc 
 111 msiirrri lion .i,;aiiist ,ill rsiablished Kovernineiits. 
 Ijoiiis the .'sixlrrnlh, and his ipirni, an Austrian 
 prmii'ss, sistrr In the i'.mpriin Ijropnld, weie In 
 srcrrt nruoci.itinn with liir All" riaii unveriitiieiit 
 lor the rescne of thr km;; .nid inyal finiily of 
 i''iaiiii' t'lniii tlir ilaiij;ris with wliirli they were 
 so iiirrss nitly beset. In the Klrcloiate nf 'i'leves, 
 a pari of the (iermainc empire, the einii;ranls 
 Iriiiii i'rance were assembling, with Indicalioiis nf 
 a design to Piiler i''iaiicr in linsiilr array, tn ell'ect 
 a eoimter-revnliitinii : and the bnillirrs of llio 
 kiiii:, assiimiii); a posiiinii al ( 'nblriii/., on thrbnr- 
 dris of ilirir country, were liiililiin; cniincils, iho 
 object of winch was lo much ni arms in I'aiig, 
 to rele.ise the kiii^ t'inm eaptn i;v, and to reslofo 
 the anciriil iiioiiaichy to the doimmoii of alisullilo 
 power. 
 
420 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 I r 
 
 i 
 
 The Wins, who, even before hia forceil accept- ineelines hy fdice. He proposed also lolhe kini; 
 nnee oftlieconslilulion of l-'^l, hail made an nn- hinisrlf lo furnish liim wiih means of wiihdr;i»iiii! 
 sncci'ssfnl allcmpi li> escape from his palace pri- with his fiinily tn Cdinpi'inne, where he himiM 
 son, was, in April, 179-, reduced to the hiinnlia- have heeu out of llie rciicli of lliit li'rocicins and 
 tini; necessity of declaring waragainst the very so- bloodlhirsly ninlliliide. The Assembly, hy a yieat 
 verei);ns who were arming their nations to rescue . majority of votes, siisiained the principles ol his 
 liim from his revolted suhjecls. Three atmies, ^ letter, hut the kini; declineil his proll'ered assisi- 
 each of lifty thousand men, were levied to meet I he jance to enable him to withdraw from I'aris; and of 
 
 emergencies of this war, and were placed under 
 the coniiuand of Luckner, Kocliamheau, and La- 
 fayette. As he passed ihroimh I'aris to i>o and 
 »'/kc the coinmaiKl of his army, he appeared belcire 
 the legislative assembly, tlie president of which, 
 in addressing him, saiil that the nation would op- 
 pose to their enemies the constitution and La- 
 fayette. 
 
 But the enemies to the constitution were within 
 the walls. At this distance of time, when most of 
 the men, and many of the passions of those days, 
 have passed away, when the Kreiich revolution, 
 and its results, sliould be regardt ., with the search- 
 ing eye of (ihilosophiial speculation, as lessons of 
 experience to at'lerages, may it even now be per- 
 mitted to remark how much the virtues and the 
 crimes of men, in limes of political convulsion, are 
 modilied and charaeti'ri/.ed by the ciieumslaiices 
 in which they are placeil ! The great aeiors of the 
 treineiidoiis scenes of icvolntion in tlio«i' times 
 were men educated in schools of liigh civilization, 
 and in the humane and lienevolent precepts of the 
 christian reliiiioii. A small portion uf them were 
 vicious and ilc;iraved ; but the great majority were 
 wound up to madness by that war of condicliiig in- 
 terests and absoriiing passions, enkindled by a great 
 convulsion of the sixial system. It ha.s been said 
 by a great master of human nature — 
 
 " 111 pence. thiTc's iintliiii<: )*" tteroiiifi* a iimn 
 " As iniicti'-<l ^lilliii'Ns iiiiil liniiiiltl) ; 
 *' UllI wllfh llie b iisl III" war blnws ill \nureiirs, 
 ' 'llu'ii iiiiiljili- the (ii'li.iii of llie li^i-r.*' 
 
 those upon whom he called to inarch with him, 
 and shut up the hall where the jacobins held their 
 meetings, not more than thirteen persons present- 
 ed themselves at the appointed time. 
 
 He rcliirned to his army, and became thenr:- 
 forlh the special object of jacobin resentment .-nd 
 revenge. l)ii the Sib of .\iigusl, on a preliminatv 
 measure to the intended insurrection of the Ulth, 
 the (|uestioii was taken, alter several days of de- 
 bate, upon a formal motion that he shoiilil be put 
 in accnsalioii and tried. The last remnant of free- 
 dom in that assembly was then seen hy the vote up- 
 on nomiiial appeal, or yeas and nays, in wliieh four 
 bundled and forty-six votes were lor rejecting the 
 charge, and onlv two hMinlred ami nveniy four for 
 sustaining it. 'I'wo days after, the 'I'liilliMies were 
 sldrmed by popular insiiriection. The unfortunate i 
 king was compelled to seek iel'iii;e. wilh his family. I 
 III the hall of the legislative assembly, and escaped | 
 from being torn to pieces by an infuriated iniilti-| 
 tiiile, only lo pass liom his palace to tiie prison, in 
 his way to the scall'cdd. j 
 
 This revolution iliiis accomplislieil. annihilated | 
 the constitution, the government, and the cause for ' 
 whii li Lafayette had conleiided. The people of 
 h'raiice, by their acipiiesceiiie. a great piirtiiin of j 
 
 them by direct approval, conlirmed and saiicli mI | 
 
 the abolition of the monarchy. The arinies and 
 their comiiianders took the same victorious side : 
 not a show of resisiaiice was made to the revolu- 
 lioiiaiy torrent, not an arm was iilliil to restore the 
 lallen monarch to hislhione. nor even to rescue or 
 Too faithlullv did the people of rran-c. and the |m"«'t' '";'. I'"""" hom the fiirv of his inexorable 
 , , .-.,■ A .: ...I. _ .■ .11 .1 lloes. Lalavelle liimsell would have marched lo 
 
 leaders of their factions, in that war of all (he | 
 litical tdemeiils. obey ihal injunction. Who. ihat 
 lived in that day. can ri inember ? who. since born, 
 can read, or bear lo be lidd, the horrors of llie 'JOth 
 of.Iuiie, the lOlli of Ailgusl. the 'id and ;t<l of Sep- 
 tember, 17'.l:i. of the rUstof May, IT'.Kl, and of a 
 intiltitude ofolhcrs, during which, in dieadlul sue- 
 cession, ihemiinb'reis of one day were the victims 
 of the next, until lhat. when the insiiigeiil popu- 
 lace themselves were shot down by ihousands, in 
 the very streets of Pans, bv the mllilaiv legions ol 
 
 I'aris wilh his army, lor the defence of the eoii- 
 slitnlion, Imi in this disposiiion he was not second- 
 ed by his troops. After aseerlaiiiiiig that the ef- 
 fort would be vain, and after arresting at Sedan 
 the members of ihe depiitaiion from the legislative 
 assembly, sent, after their own siibjir;atioii, to ir- 
 resl him. he determined, as ilie only expedient led 
 hiiiilo save his honour and his principles, to nith- 
 draw both from the army and the ciiiinliy; lo pa"s 
 iito a neutral lerrilor\, andlhence into these (iii- 
 
 IIIP very siiceis 111 I .Ol-*, !•> Mil- loiiii.ii > o Knois ui i . ^ , ' .■ i ■ , i • 
 
 , II' ,■.'■- ICO .stales, the conn rv ot his ear v adootioii an 
 
 the convention, and the rising lorliine and genius , ,. , . .. ,• ," ' 'oy ■"> '\" "' 
 
 ' . -^ liluliiliillt'irli-ilil,' >.l....'.>li.. .., ... ...1 I. ...I 
 
 of .Napoleon ISoiiiiparte / W'lioran remember, or 
 read, or hear, of all this, without shuddering al ihe 
 eight of man. his fellow-crealiire. in ihe druiiki'iiness 
 
 of political fren/.v, degrading hinisell beneath thc: , , , i , 
 
 ' I . .■ I ■ II II .1 line support o princip es. against I le vio i 
 
 eoiidlliou ol the cannibal savage.' beneath even i ,'..... i .i. .■ . I ■■ .i 
 
 the coi dition of the wild beast of the ileseit .' and 
 who, bill wilh a feeling of deep niorlificalioii, can 
 rcllei't.tlial the laiional and iiimiorlal being, to the 
 race of which he himself belongs, should, e\eii in 
 his most palniv slate of inlellecliial ■ullivali'iii. be 
 callable of this sclllransform.itioii tobri'laliiy ! 
 
 In this dissolution ol all the moral elemenis which 
 regulate the condiicl ol iiieii in their social condi- 
 tion; in this nioiistrons. and scarcely conceivable 
 spectacle of a king, al the head ol'a mighty nation, 
 in Beerel league with the enemies against whom 
 )ie has proelainied himself al war. and ol a legisl.i- 
 tureionspning lo destroy ihe king and const II lit ion 
 to which tlii'V ha\e sworn allegiance and support. 
 Lafavi-tle alone is seen to picseive his lidelilv lo 
 the king, to the conslilulion, and to his country, 
 
 ** I'rifilinkrrK tllireibirod. iint'Tririnl, 
 
 " llislnyidly Iw kejil. Ins liiti-, III' 7.e,il." 
 
 till the Itiih of line, nil'.', four ibiys befoie the 
 first violation ol the palace of the Tuillenes by the 
 populace of I'aris, al the iiisli^;,tion of the jacii- 
 bins, Tjafavelle, in a lelliT lo the tegisl.itive assem- 
 bly, had deiioiiiiied llie jaiolai club, and railed up- 
 on the assembly lo siippii'ss iheiri. lie aflenvards' lianslerred his illusiriuiis piisoncr lolhe .\iisir 
 repaired lo I'ai is in person, piesciiledhinisi'lfal the aiix. I'mm .iliioii hi' hid nieiveil liini, thai h" 
 bar ol llie asseinlily, repiMlei! his deiiuncialion ol iniglil be ili'pnved of llie lib -iMiig ol ifj lining Ins 
 th'J club, and took iiieasiiies lor sujipressiinj ihcirl libeitj', even from iIk' liands of peace. I'lve years 
 
 Ills fond partiality, when' he w.is sore ol liiidiiii; a 
 sale asylum, and of meeting a cordiid welenme. 
 
 Hilt his destiny had reserved him for oilier and 
 severer trials. \Ve have seen him siriiggliiig for 
 
 of 
 raging faclions. and the liekleiiess of the miilli- 
 tiide: we are now to behold him in the hands of 
 Ihe hereditary rulers of maiiknid. anil lo witness 
 the n.iture ol their lender mercies lo him. 
 
 It was ill the neiilral territory of Liege llial he, 
 together wilh Ins companions, Laloiir .Manboiiri;. 
 liiire in (le I'u/y. imiiI .Mcxander Laineih. was ta- 
 ken by the .Viisiiians, and t. iiislerred lo Prussian 
 guards. I'liilcr llie ( irciiio-I iiu'es of the ease, he 
 could not. by ihe principles ol llie laws uf naiioiis. 
 be Irealeil even as a prisoner of war. He was 
 treated as a prisoner of stale. Prisoners of stale 
 ill the moiiarclnesof I'.iirope are always presumed 
 guilty, aiitl are treaieil as if entilled as lillle to 
 mercy as lo jiisiiie. Lal.iyelle was iinniiired in 
 diiiigeons. (irsi at Wesel, llii'ii al .Mai;deliiirg. and. 
 finally, at Olmiilz, in .Moravia. Mv whal right .' 
 Ilynoiii' known .niiong men. Ilv whil aiilliorilv f 
 That has never been an.v.e.l. Vio "lial cause .' 
 Noni' has ever been assigned. T ikeii hv .\iisiri 
 an soldiers upnii a iieniral lerrilorv. handed over 
 to Prussian jailors; a, id, when h'rederic Williaiii 
 of Piiissiii abandoned Ins ,\iislriaii ally. ;iiid made 
 his separate pe.iee wilh republican I'r nice, he r 
 
 was the duration of this imprisonment, aggnivatcd 
 by every indignily that iiiiild make oppression bit- 
 ter. That it was intended ;is imprisomncnt for 
 lile, was not only freely avowed, but signilicanlly 
 made known lo him by his jailors ; :iiiil while, 
 with allecteil precaution, tiie means oflerminatin); 
 his siill'eriiigs by his own act were removed I'roin 
 him, the barliailty of ill usage, of nnwholesomc 
 food, and of pesiiferioiis atmosphere, was appliec, 
 wilh i'lexorable rigour, as if lo abridge the day<i 
 which, at Ihe same lime, were rendered as far as 
 pos.-ible insiippertable to himself. 
 
 Neither the generous syiiip;ithies of the gallant 
 soldier, (icnenil h'il/.patrick, In the British house 
 of commons, nor the personal solicitation of Wnsh- 
 inglon, president of the rniled .States, speaking 
 with the voice of a grateful union, nor the per 
 snasive accents of domestic anil conjugal alfection, 
 imploring the monarcli of Austria for the release 
 of Lafayette could avail. The iinsophisiicateil 
 feeling of generous nature in the hearts of men, at 
 this outrage upon justice and humanity, was inani- 
 fesied in anotiier form. Two individuals, privalo 
 eili/ens, one, of ihe I'niled ,S|a!es of .VmeriiM, 
 Krancis linger, the other, a native of the Kleilo- 
 nile of Hanover, I) ictor Kriek Ilollmaim. under- 
 took, at immitienl lia/.ard of their lives, lo supply 
 means for his escape from prison, and their per- 
 sonal aid lo its accomplislniient. Their design 
 was formeil wilh great address, pursued with iiii- 
 firiiig perseveranie, and execiiled with iindaiinled 
 intrepidity. It was fnislrated by accidents beyond 
 the control of liUMi;m sagacity. 
 
 To liispciscciitions, however, the linnd ofatvise 
 ;m>ljiisl Providence had, in its own lime, and in ils 
 own way, prepared a terniiiiation. The hands ol 
 the Kmperor Kniicis. tied by mysterious ami in 
 visibh' b:inds ;ig;iinst the indulgence of iiiercv lo 
 the tears of a more than heroic wife, were loosen- 
 ed by the more prev;iiliiig elmpi nee, or. rather, 
 weiesevereil by the completing sword of Napoleon 
 lioiiaparle. acting under instrnelions from the exe- 
 (iilive directory, then swaying the destinies ol 
 !•' ranee. 
 
 Lalayelle and hist'ellow-suflerers were still un- 
 der r.ie sentence of proscription issued by the far- 
 lion wliieh had destioyed the conslilulion of I7!ll, 
 and murdered the ill-fated Louis :iiid hisfpieen.— 
 Itiit revolution had followed upon revolutionsince 
 llie downlall of the monarchy, on the Kith ol 
 .\iigiisl. \'i'.>\i. The federative republicans of the 
 (liiondc had beenbntehereil by llic j:icobin repub- 
 licans of the mountain. The nioimtaiii had been 
 siib|ecled by the iminicipalily of I'aris. and thi* 
 sections of I'aris. by the reorgani/.aiion of p;iities 
 in the national convention, and with aid from the 
 armies, Hrissol and his federal associates, I);in- 
 liin and his party, Kobespierre and his subaltern 
 denions, had successively perished, each by thc 
 measure ipplied lo themselves which they had 
 meted out to others ; ;md as no experiineiit of no- 
 lilical emiiiricism was lo be omitted in the medley 
 of llie l''iein h levolulions, the heredit;iry execii 
 live, with a single legislative assembly, was sue 
 
 I lied by a coiistitiiiion wilh a legislature in two 
 
 braiiche-, iiid a five-headed execniive, eligible, 
 ansiially one liflli, by their concurrent voles, and 
 bearing the ii.iine ot' a direelory. This was the go 
 veriiiiieiii at whose instance Lalayelle was finah) 
 liberaieil iVoniihe diingeon of Olitinl/.. 
 
 Hill, wiiile iliis directory were stniking to ihcl* 
 deepesi liiumlalions all the monarchies of Kninpc ; 
 wliileihav weie stripping .\iislria. the most potent 
 ol them all. piecemeal of her Icrritories ; while, 
 Ihey were imposing upon her the most humiliat- 
 ing eonililioiis of piMce, :uid bursting open her 
 ilunm'iiii.. lo restore their illuslrious countryman 
 lo liie light of (lav ami the blessing of a ptn'suiini 
 liceiloiii. ihey were themselves ■■x|iloding by in- 
 lunal combiisiion. dividi'd into two factions, each 
 conspiring the destruelion of the other. Lafayette 
 received his lieedom, only lo see the two mem- 
 bers of ihe directory, who had taken the warmest 
 inieresi m elVeeliiig his liberalioii, oiiilawed and 
 prosriibed by their coHeagnes: one ot them. Ciir. 
 nut, a fugitive Iroin his cuunlry, lurking in baniitb. 
 
 aMK 
 
 IliB iW U l i! 
 
 ijwmii'jiw'i 
 
ininont, iiji-ruvnicil 
 i:iki'ii|i|)i('ssiiiii t>il- 
 I iiii|>rjsiiiiiii('rii for 
 il. liiJt sij;iii(iiMiilly 
 jiiildis ; iiiiil wIiIIp, 
 iMiis iil'li'i'iiiin^itiiig 
 inTC rriridH'il .'rora 
 I'. oC niiHlKilfsniiic 
 pliric, Will M|i|ilio(°i 
 
 ;>l)iiiljic |||i> ihiysi 
 rciidoicfl ;w liir iis 
 
 ir. 
 
 'hies of I he g,ill»nt 
 
 the Itriliih lioiiso 
 
 iliriiaiioM ofWasli- 
 
 1 Stiili's, s|)CHkirig 
 linn, (Kir iIh" per 
 Iroiijii^-iilnHertiiin. 
 tri:( lor llir rcliMse 
 
 p iiiisiipliisticateil 
 
 lir;irl!( ni'iiuMi, lit 
 
 miaiiiiy, wiis iii.iiii- 
 
 iiiliviiliiiils, pi'liMio 
 
 iH'.fs ol' AiiicriiM, 
 
 live Ol' llic Klcrto- 
 
 llolliiiiiiiii, iiiiili'r- 
 
 tr livrs, t<i siipplv 
 
 on, iinil llicir prr- 
 
 pni. 'riipir ilfsiiin 
 
 pnrsncil wiih nii- 
 
 I'll with iiiiiliiiinti'il 
 
 y iiccidi'iils licynnil 
 
 '. the li.Tiiil of i1n•i^;n 
 own lime, iirid In iN 
 in. 'I'lir hitnds nt 
 niy^lciinns and in 
 
 "MM (■ of nilTIV to 
 
 «ifi", well' lodicn- 
 pi. IMT, rir, nlli.T, 
 sword 111' Napoli'iiii 
 tiims friiin llif c'\i'- 
 ; till! dcsiiini's of 
 
 prors wprp slill iin- 
 1 Is'iiiPd liy the far- 
 msiitniidii of I7;il, 
 i< and hisrpircn.— 
 (Ill rpvolniidii slurp 
 ', on ihc lOili III 
 
 rppiilillrans of llii> 
 the japoliinn pnli- 
 iidiiiitain had Iippii 
 df Paris, and ilic 
 nizalliin iif parliiw 
 with aid friiiii iho 
 d asHorlalPs, Daii- 
 aiiil his siibah.'rti 
 shPil, pach hy thr 
 
 whirh they had 
 
 Pxpi-riniPiil of po- 
 tii'd in I hi' iiH'dlp} 
 hiTPihtary pxpph 
 ssi'iiilily, was 3IIC 
 Ipuisialiiro in two 
 'XPiMillvp, phj>ihh\ 
 riirrpnt lolps, aim 
 . This was the )(o 
 riyplip was fnialij 
 hiiiil/.. 
 
 p shaking lo llicl' 
 irchipsof Kniopc ; 
 a, thp iniisl poipnt 
 Iprriliirips ; while, 
 ic iiioHt huiiiihal- 
 liiirslInK "I'Pii hpr 
 rious poiiiilryinan 
 liiig id a piM'sonni 
 
 pxploiliim '') in- 
 !ivo factions, e;\r\\ 
 ' dthi-r. hafayptle 
 ipp thi' Iwii niPiii- 
 akpii ihi' wariiipsi 
 iin. iiitllawi'd and 
 iinp ol thi'in. Car. 
 hirkiiig ni I'iiiiinlj. 
 
 tTNITKD STATKS, 
 
 421 
 
 roctit topsrape |Mirsiiit ; uiiil tlip other llarthi'U'iny, 
 i]i-piiitt'<l, with fifty iiiPiidiprs if thr h'H'sl.itup as- 
 iPiiilily, wllhdiil loriii of trial, or pvimi ol h';:al pro- 
 cess, to tlip pcslilcnliai chinatp of (iiii.ina. .Ml 
 this ua^ ilohi' with the appiubalioii, cxpriHscd in 
 the iiidsl iinipialificd tcriiis, id .N.ipidi'on. and wiih 
 Cd-iippralidii III his army. I'piiii licin<: inlorincd 
 of the success III this I'ride'.s pinyi', lie wrote to 
 the ihrectdiy that he hud with hini imp hiindrpil 
 thdiisaiid men, upon uhoiii they iiiiuhl rely to 
 railsp Id III' respected all the iMcasiires that llipy 
 ehoiildlakp to estalilisli liberty upon sidiil ftiuiida- 
 
 (lOIIS. 
 
 '|'«d years afterwards, aiiiilher rpvolnliiin, ili- 
 ffcllv accomplished by Naptileon himselt, ileino- 
 lislied the direcliny, the I'oiislitiition of the two 
 coiincils, and the snhd liberty, to the support of 
 which the Imiidred thiiiisaiid iiii'ii had beeii pledg- 
 ed, and iiitrddiiced aiiiithei ciiiisiiiniion, Willi Itiiiia- 
 partp himself lor its expcnlivo head, as the first of 
 three ciiiisids, for live years. 
 
 Ill the interval lietween tlit'se two revdiiiiiiins, 
 Lafayette resided liir aliiiiit two years, (irsi in the 
 Danish territdiy id lliilsteiii, and, aflerwanls, at 
 I'trecht, in the Italaviaii lepnblic. Neither iif 
 them had been ellected by means nr in a inaiiiK r 
 uhlclicdiild piissibly ini'i't Ins appriibatiim. Itm 
 the ciinsular Koverninent ciiiiiniPiiceil with broad 
 professions of repiililican piiiii-iples,iin the laith of' 
 which he returned to Kraiice, and for a series of 
 years resiiled in privacy and ri'tnenient upon his 
 email' of La (iianjip. Herein the cnltiv.iiion of 
 his farm, and the erijo%'iiieiit id' diimestie fellcitv, 
 pinbilleied didy by the biss, in 1S17, of that aimel 
 upon eaith, llie partner of all the vicissitudes of 
 his life, he I inployed his lime, and wlliiessed the 
 lipwaiil lliulit and dounw:nd fall of the soldier and 
 sport of liiitnne. .Napdlcon liniiapaite. lie had 
 siion perceived the hidlowness id the ciiiisnl.ir pro- 
 fessliins III pure repulilican principles, ami withhclil 
 himself liimi all participation in the udvermiienl. 
 In IMIJ, he was elei ted a meiiiber iif the ;;eiii'ral 
 Cdiincit 111' the dcpaitment of I 'pper Loire, and. In 
 dcchinnu the ap)Milntineiit, tdok ocimskhi to pre- 
 sent a review of his preccdin.; life, ami a pledi;e 
 of his perseverance in the principles vvliii li he had 
 previously snslalned. "Kir," said he, " from I 
 the scene of public all'.iirs, and devotinj; myself at I 
 last to the repose of pi Ivale Inc. my ardent wishes 
 are, that external peace should siiiiii pnive tliej 
 fruit df those niiraidi's of uliiiy which are even 
 now surpassing the priidluies of the piecedm^ 
 L'ampaiuiis, and ihatlnlcrnal peace shiiiild lieciiii' 
 Kolldated upon the essential and Invariable fdiiii- 
 daliiiiis df true lllierty. Happy that luenlv-lhiee 
 years of vicissitudes in my fort line, and of lon- 
 Ktaiiey to my principles, aiilliml/.e me lo lepeat, 
 lli,it, if a iiatldii, lo recover its rls;lits, needs only 
 the will, they can only he preserved hy infle\ilile 
 lidehty til lis oidl'.:atiiin." 
 
 When the first consulate for live years was iii- 
 veiiteil as one of the steps of the ladder of .\,ipo 
 Icon's amblliim, lie sullered .s^leves, tin niemle r ol 
 the ilireetorv whom he had n^ed as a" mslriinient 
 for casliti); idf that woise than worthless iiiililii- 
 tioii, to prepare aniilher ciiiistilnlion. of which he 
 took as iiincli as suited Ills piir|>osi'. and ciiiisl^ned 
 the rust Id iilihvldn. One of the wheels of this 
 new polillcal en^ilip was a ctinseivatlve senate. 
 tdrmiiii; the peerai;e to sustain the execnllve head. 
 'rills liddy it was the inteiesl and the piilli y of 
 Napoleon lo com lllale, and he tilled it with men. 
 who, ihriiiiKli all the previous slai;es of the revo- 
 liilidii. had aci|iiired and iiialiitalned the lil;:lie'it 
 lespedabilily of eliaraeter. Lalayelle as iirKcd 
 w'lih ^reat earnestness, by Napideoii himself, to 
 tiiUe a seal In this senate ; but, after several iiiii- 
 leienees with the first eoiisul. In which he ascer- 
 tained the extent of Ills desiuns, be |n leiiipliirily 
 deetined. His answer lo the mmtsfei ol' wai 
 lempeipd his refusal with a tein miiis and ilellcaic 
 Cdinplimenl alliulm^al the same time to the po- 
 a'iliiiii *vhich the Cdiislsi*iicv ol" Ins i *i iractei made 
 II Ills duty to oci'iipy. To the tii»i > onsiil liiiii 
 fell. In terms eipially eamlid .miexpl > it. he said. 
 " thai, from the directiuB «hlcll public alKiirs weie 
 
 takitii;, what he already' saw, and what il was easv royal throne. Such was their rel at 
 
 .' Has history a I 
 
 ive piisitino 
 
 to fdiesee. It did not seem suitable to hlscharactei tin n ; what 
 
 to eiiier into iiii order of tilings contrary to his m.mkind iiiiire Insiriirtive than tin iitrast niiil 
 
 esxpll for 
 
 iriiiciiiles, am 
 
 tend wilhiiiit sue 
 
 I in whli h he would have to con- ihe par.illel of their fortunes am 
 
 I the 
 
 as without public iitlllly. and chiiii e, and llie linger of I'rovldei 
 
 late I 'I'imn 
 vhich, 
 
 aiiainst a man to wliiiin he was indebted lor );real in every ilevlalliiii I'riiiii the path iif jiisllcp, re- 
 
 dbhuatiiins.' 
 
 erves nr iipeiis to itself an avenue of retn 
 
 has 
 
 Not liini' afterwards, when all repiiblicaii prin- briiu);ht eac'i iif these niii;hly men to a eliise of 
 ilple was so utterly prosiraleil, that he was sum- life, eonseiilal to the ehaiacler with which he 
 moiled to vote on the ipiestion whether the citi/en travelled over its scenes. The consul for life, 
 .Napoleon lliinapiirie shotilil be ennsiil for life, the hereditary em, leriir and kin;;, expires a eap- 
 liafiyelte adileil to his vote the fiilliiHltii; eiiiii- five on a barren rock in Ihe wiblerness of a iHh- 
 tiieiit : ■■ I cannot vole for such a inaKislracy until I taut ocean ; separated from his iiiipi>rial wife; 
 the piildie liberty shall have beeii suflicieiitly [separated from his son, who survives him oiilv to 
 ;:iiaiaiitii'il ; aiul in that event I vote for .Napoleon ! pine away his existence, and die at the niomeiit of 
 lloiiaparle. 
 
 He wriit 
 
 iilioiid, 
 
 till 
 
 at till 
 
 iiiiilill( 
 
 Ausi 
 
 ' time to the first eoiisnl a I The apostle of liberiv survives, a^aiii t 
 
 nan prince. 
 
 lelter ex| lanatorT of his vilte. which no repiibh- 1 liirwaid. iheevev-ciinslstent champioii of hercailsi-, 
 can will now read without recounl/.lni; the iinai'e and, finally, to close his career In peace, a repiib- 
 iif inordinate and triumphant aiiiiiiiion covverin;; licaii, without reproach in ilealh, as he had been 
 
 ider the ri liiike of disinterested viilne. 
 
 vlihiiiit fear ihriin^ilidiit lifi'. 
 
 The l^th of lirniii lire, (said this letter) saied lliil Napoleiui was tii be the aitllii er of his < 
 
 1'' ranee; and I felt myself recalled by the hlier.il fdrtniies, priispeious and adverse. He 
 
 as risiiif; 
 
 priifcssloiiM to which yon had allai lied your ho- {by the swiird; hy the sword he was destined lo 
 
 tl 
 
 len we liave seen 
 
 ill ihi 
 
 iisnlar ' tall. The eiiunsels of wisibi 
 
 and of virtue fel 
 
 piiwer that rcpaiatoiy dictatorship wlil.li, under loreeless upon his ear, nr sunk into his heart only 
 
 till 
 miiel 
 
 inspices of yiiiir ^'eiiiiis, has achieved an to kindle resentment and hatred. He sou;;ht 
 I ; yel not so mueli as will be the risioratlon farther personal inteicdiirse with Lalavetie ; nnil 
 
 of liberty. Il Is iiiiposslble that yiiii. (ieiural. the : denied eduinidii jnslice tii his son, w ho had entercil 
 fust of that order of me'i who, to compare and I and dlstinj'ulslied himself in (he ariiiv of Italy, 
 seat themselves, take In the ciimpass of all a^, s. and from wliiuii he withheld the priimiitldii jiislly 
 iliat yiiii shdiild wish such a revolution; sii many due to his services. 
 
 victories, so much lildiid, sii many calaniltles and ' The career of' ^liiry, of fame, and of )iowpr, of 
 priidi;;ii's, should have for the world and fur von which the consulate Hu life was lint the liisi step, 
 
 •il 
 
 111 oilier rcsii 
 
 It Ih; 
 
 rlill 
 
 rarv tdvemmeiil. 
 
 i'hi 
 
 if ten veais' eiMiliiHiaiice. till it hail reac 
 
 Krencli peiiple have Iimi well known their rli;lits its zenith: till the astdiiished eves of mankind 
 iilllmalely to forget llieiii ; hut perhaps they are liehelil the charily scholar of Itrlenne, emperor, 
 now better prepared, than in the lime id their ef- i kin:;, and protector of the conle(ler:ilioii of tho 
 fervesi enee, to recover them iisel'iilly : and you, i ivhliie. bainpieini:; at Diesilen, surioniideil by :i 
 
 by the liiree of yiiur i haracte 
 
 iilid 
 
 confiilence 
 
 by till 
 
 I of' the piildle circle of tiiliiitaiy ci 
 
 ipi 
 
 ritv of your talents, ol 
 
 d heads, aiiidii^ whiiiii 
 
 len that veiy l''r:iiicls nf' Anslrla. the keeper, 
 
 your tHisiilon, of yoiii fdrlune, may, by the re es- |in Ills castle of I lliiiut/.. of the lepiildican Laf:iy- 
 l;ilillsliinent of lllierf, siiiuionut every daiim'r. and cite. And upon that day of the baiiipiellin at 
 
 velieve every .iiixielv 
 
 I 1 
 
 liter than ' Hresden, the star of .N ipoleon cnlmmated f 
 
 palriiilic :iiid peisoiial nnili 
 
 last .idditidti to your :ildrv ; :i perm iiienl nciuisiia 
 
 i.ive, then, noo 
 
 Ives for wlsliin:; yon this the eipialor 
 I :iiotion 
 
 viti 
 
 Theneeliiiw.ird it w:is to desceiiil 
 far more rapid th:iii when risiii);, till 
 
 cy ; but il is due to the principles, the eiu;a;;e- ' it sank ill endless iiiiiht. Thioil:;li lh:il liiii'.; period. 
 
 ineiils, and ihe actions 
 befiire tiviim iiiv viili 
 
 IV whole life, to wait, i Lalayelle 
 
 d 
 
 until llbeilv shall h: 
 
 in reliremeni at La liiaiii{c. 
 
 .•"Iiienl amidst the deafening shouts of victory friitn 
 
 been setiled upon t'onndalions worthy of the natiiiii .Marenun, :ind .leiia. and Aiisierht/.. and (''riedlanil, 
 and of yon. I liiiiie, general, that yiiii will here and \Va;;raiii, and lliirdiliiiii : silent at the ciiiifla- 
 fiiid. as heretofore, that wilii ihe perseverance of|ur:iliiin of' Moscow ; ;it thi 
 iiy polillcal opir 
 
 1'' 
 
 111' the Itere- 
 
 noiis ;ire 
 
 visiles personallv lo you. and a profound sentlmeni 
 d iiiv iibli'.;atiiins lo voii.' 
 
 iiiilleil sincere uiiiiil ^ sina : at the irrelilevable discomlltnie of Leipzig ; 
 
 'I'll! 
 
 vriler id this letter, and he to whoiii it 
 
 iililr 
 
 'd, ha 
 
 I'll 
 
 his :ippiiiprlaii' sphere, 
 leeii instriinients of ti:iiisei'iiileiit power, in tin 
 
 at thi 
 
 lecapiliilatloii at the i;ale> 
 
 IViris. and ;it the 
 
 first restoration of the jtoiirbons, iiiider the nii- 
 
 <pic 
 
 Id' th 
 
 e mvelerate eneme's 
 
 iif !•• 
 
 little could L;il.iyi lie partlcipale in the measure') 
 of that restoration, as In the n>urpatioiis of' N'a)Hi- 
 l.inds of I'rovideni e. In shape the ends nf its w Is- i leiiii. Limis the Kiuhleeiith w is ipiaiieieil iipiin the 
 doiii 111 the wniiderlul sliirydfthe Kieiieh levolii- 1 l''rencll nation as the sidihers of ihe vicidiioiis ar- 
 loii. Ill conleiiiplatinL' the pari which each iil'i mles wire ipiarlered iipoii the inliabiKinl' of Paris, 
 
 hem had acted upon that i;ii'at ihe.nreof hniiian 
 
 id the letler. how stra 
 
 M 
 desuny, belore tile da 
 was :it thill iiioment the relative position of the 
 two iiiiliviilu:ils III each other, and lo the wiiild ! 
 Lalayelle was liie founder of ihe meat moveinenl 
 
 till 
 
 pro>;r 
 
 I f'lir till 
 
 stabll^hment 
 
 ireddii 
 
 III 
 
 the K 
 
 iiiiipi 
 
 world ; but hi 
 
 agency had been all iiilelleciui 
 
 d and 
 
 al. Ill 
 
 had asserted and pidclaimeil the principles. II 
 had never vidlaled, never betrayed tlu'iii. Napi 
 leoii. a nillilarv ailvenliirer. had vapoiiied in pri 
 < laiii:itiiins, and had the Irolli of jacolilnlMii iipii 
 Ills lips : bill Ills soul w:is at the point id Ills sword. 
 
 The ri'voliillon was In I,alavetle the cause 
 i:in kind ; to N:ipoleon it 
 
 iif im- 
 
 anibitidii. 
 
 was a mere 
 
 ladde 
 
 \vt Loins the l'!i::lilei'nlli. who liel I Ins crown : 
 
 the mil of llii' Cdiiipieii 
 
 i.f I' 
 
 lie 
 
 III III 
 iiished 
 
 III lie 
 
 iilil 
 
 le conilitions niiposi 
 
 d 
 
 till 
 
 nalion. 
 
 :ilh'ileil to hold It by illvlnit 
 
 iIkIiI, 
 
 mil to i;raiit, as a spec 
 
 a I f 
 
 ivoiii, a (' 
 
 harte 
 
 or cdiisiitiitidii, fiiiini 
 
 that 
 
 Ihe hill 
 
 led 
 Id tl 
 
 hail L^raliiiioiis 
 
 do 
 
 III tfie aviiwi'it principte 
 le ii.ilion were no more 
 
 llf the k'llL'. 
 
 'i'liese preiensiiiiis. with :i eoiiespondhi:; coiirsn 
 of' policy piiisiied by the reinstated i;overiiiiieiit iil 
 the ihiiirbons. and the disregard of the nallonat 
 feelincs and Inleresls of !•' ranee, wilh which Ku- 
 rope w as re 
 
 -modelled ill the ( 'nnures^ of \'ie 
 
 iipened the way for the reliiin id .N:ipoleon from 
 Kill, I, within il yciir li'din the time when he h:iU 
 been reli'(;aled llicie. He liinded as a sojit.iiy ad- 
 venturer. .Hid the iKiilon rallied round him with tap- 
 
 >'ei. at the lime when this letter was written, 
 L.tliyctte after a series of imniense sacrifices audi line. He c;iiiie with priimises to the nation of 
 
 iiiipiii 
 
 illeled 
 
 II lie 
 
 iis a private . itizeii. freedom ;is 
 
 4 well: 
 
 id liidi 
 
 epeieleneii 
 
 The .illIcK of 
 
 d to accdiiiii to ihewiirld for loelln im t i vnle \'iiiiii.i pniclaimed iittalnst him a war of exterini- 
 
 liir placinu 
 
 di'dii at the he. id of the Kieiich icitioii, and re mvided Kraiice with armies exceed- 
 
 allcin. with arbiirnviind indeliiille pnwer 
 iiiid Napoleon, iinild priifessidiis of' iiiibou 
 
 tor h 
 idedile 
 
 e : iiii; in nniiibi 
 
 Midlion of men. Liiliiyelle had 
 
 iiled by Napdieoii upon his reliirn. He 
 
 to liberiv. w IS. in the face of m iiikind. wiia .iii.im uri^ed lo tiike ii se.il in the hoii 
 
 I of 
 
 idiiig llie steps uf an luTeditaiy imperial and peeiai hut peremptonly declined, fiutu avcrtiiuti to 
 

 43> 
 
 11 ISTOK V or TIIK 
 
 Its heriMlitary clMriiclcr. I If hail rd'iiscil In rc- 
 ■lltnr Inn tillciir iiiilnlity, <inil iirnlrKtcil ai^iiiiisi ilii- 
 CDiiNliliKiiili (>r till' empire, iiiiil llir ;iilillliiiii.il :ii'( 
 cnlailiiif; liii< liii|ii'ri:il licri'ililaiv rmwii ii|iiiii thr 
 family III' N;i|niU'iiii. liiil lir hII'i'iimI Iiiiiisi'II' ;is a 
 caiiiliiliitc lor I'lri'Iiim as a iiiriiilirr nf llir |i(i|Milai 
 ri'pri'si'iilativi" cliaiiilicr nt llir li'!;ii|aliiri'. ami «as 
 Uliiiliiliiiiiisly rliii-'i'ii liy llli' clrilnial c iilli'^e "I his 
 (IpjiarliiiiMil III thai Hialinii. 
 
 J'hr liallli' 111' Walrrino was llir \:\M ili"*|i('rali" 
 struu^lf (iT Napoit'i'tt In rt rovrr Iiih raJliMi rnrliiiif^, 
 ami lis issue (ixi'il his ili-siiii\ I'mcvcr. Ili'i-i' ipeil 
 alniiisl aliHif IriMii ihe lirlil, anil i'i'IiiiihmI a riii>iiivi' 
 
 10 Paris, |iriij('Otinu (n ilissnivc l>y ariiu'il Inrr*' ihi* 
 |p)<lslativK asseiiilily, anil, assiiiniiiK a ilii talnria! 
 |m»pr. In levy a new army, ami try ihe despeiaie 
 fliaiiees nrannllier liallle. This |iiir|)iisi' «as ile- 
 fealei' liy the energy anil pininplitiiile nl' I/ilayellr 
 At his iiislaneelhe as>piiilily aili'pli'il lliiee resnlii- 
 lions, line nl' uhiih ilerlaieil ilieiii in perinaiient 
 tessinn, and ilenonntril any alleinpt lo dissnlve 
 them i.s a erinie nl' liiyh Ireasiin.— — 
 
 Alter a I'eeble and rniilless allenipl nl' .Napnieiin, 
 lhroiii;h hishrnlher l.iieii'ii, tniiliMin iVmii the as- 
 nenihlyilsella teinpiiiary ilielaliirial pnwer, he ili 
 dioaled llie iniperiii rriinn in laviinr nl his ini'ant 
 enii ; hnl his aiidiralinn cniilil mil niieve I'raiire 
 from the ileplnralile inmliliiiii In uhii h he had re- 
 duced her. I'lanre, I'nim the day of the hallle nl 
 AValerIno, was at the merry nf the allied imii'.arihs ; 
 and, .IS ihe last art nl their revenue, they tave 
 lier asain Inllie Ifniirlinns. I' ranee nas rnnstialiied 
 toreriive them. It was at the point nl the liaynnet. 
 and resistanre w.is nl" tin avail. The lei;islalive 
 lissemlily appninled a piinisinnal cnnniil nlVnvein- 
 meiil. ami ■nnimissiniieis, III' ulinm l.al:iMttr was 
 one. In iie:;ni'ialr with the allied armies llien rapid- 
 ly advanrmt: iipiiii I'aris. 
 
 The allies inanili'sied no ilispnsitinn in nei:iiti- 
 ale. They ilnsed tin' ilonis ol ilieir hill upon ihe 
 represenialives oC ihe people nl I'raiire. They 
 reseated I, mils the Kiuhleinlh upon his ihrone. 
 A^iainsi these nieasnies l,ara\elle and the meni 
 hers III' the assemlily had no means nl' resisianir 
 left, save a tearless piolest. lo lie reinemhered 
 when the day of IVeedom should return. 
 
 From the time ol' this sn niiil reslnratlnii nnlil 
 his death. I.alayi'lte who hail ileelined areeplm;' 
 ii seal m the heiedilary rh.imlier ol' peers, ;ind in- 
 IIinIIiIn reliised lo lesuine his title nl iioliilily, 
 Ihoimii the eharler of |,onis ilie Ki^hteiiilh had 
 testori'il tlii'in all, was alinosi i-iiiisi;ini|y a niemliei' 
 1)1' the I hamlier ol' depiilies, the popniat liranih 
 of the lej;islaliiie. .^lolelllan nni e, ho«e\ei,lhe 
 inlliieiK e nf the eomt was snrrissrnl in delealim: 
 his elerlion. Atone nf llnse inleitals, he em- 
 ployed the leisure ullolded him in riMsitini; the 
 I'llited ."slates. 
 
 l*'ortv Years had elapsrdsinre he had visited and 
 taken leave of them, at llie elnse of the reiohition- 
 ary war. The urealer p.irl ol ihe yemralion for 
 and with whom he had foMi:lit his lirsi fields, li.i.i 
 passed away. (If the two millinns of sniils lo 
 whose resetie from nppri'ssioii he had rrossi'il the 
 • leeaii in n77.iiot one in ten survive '. Mm their 
 pl.iees wet" supplied liv mine than live limes their 
 niimlieis. ilieir desiendaiiN and sneressi.is. The 
 senlinii'jit ol uialiMide ,itid alleelion lor l,.il.iyelle, 
 l.ir Hom dei'hiiiii'.: wilh the lapse ol ii;ne. ipiii ken- 
 ed in spirit as it advan.ed in years, and seemed lo 
 iniilliply w nil the iiieiiasini; miiiiliersnr the people. 
 The nation had never eeasi d to sympalhi/.e wilh 
 liis I'nrtiines, and, in every viiissiliide nf his life, 
 had manifested the deepest inleresi in hiswelfire. 
 lie had oiiasionally expressed his iiilenlion to visit 
 iniee more tne scene of Ins early acliievements. 
 and the i niinlry which li id reipiiled his services liy 
 a just estimate nf iheir value. In I'llniiaiy, l^'.'i, 
 
 11 solemn legislative act, iinanimonsly passed liy 
 liotli hmises of < 'oii;;ie>s, and appioveii liv lie' pre- 
 nident nf the 1 'iiiied Stales, cl :iri;( d tli ihiel' ma- 
 liisiraienf :lii' nation wiili the duly of coii'mimica- 
 tin;; In him the assiiraniesni' <;rali'lnl and all'i iliiin- 
 iile ailachini'iil siill i lien^lied I'nr liiiii li\ llie yov 
 prninent and people nf llie I'nilid .'"'■tales, and of 
 lendering ui liiiu a nallunal ship with suitublu ar- 
 
 eommodalion, for hi ■ eonveyance lo this eonn- 
 iiy. 
 
 Ten years have passed awav since the oecmrriice 
 nf that event. .Since then, ihe incicase nl popii- 
 lalioii within llie linnlers ol oiir iiniiin eveeeds, in 
 nnnihers, the whole iii.ms of that inl'.int coimmiiiitv 
 In whose llla'ilies he had devnied, ill Cllly yolllh, 
 liis hie and Inrtniie. His cnmpaniniis and I'lllow 
 soldiers 111 Ihe war of indepcnilciice. ol whom a 
 seamy rcmriani slill exisied lo join in ihe Mint eisal 
 shniil nf welcome wilh which he landed iipnn onr 
 slinres, have been since, in the nidlnary course of 
 nalnie, droppir^u away : pass hut a lew slinri years 
 liiore. and iinl an miliveliial of that generation with 
 »liicli he toiled and hied in the cause nf hmnan 
 kind, iipnn his first appcaiiiice nii the field nl liii- 
 iiian action, will he led. The >;allani oHicer. and 
 disliiiunislied representative of the people, at whose 
 ninlinn, upon this lliior, the invilalion of the nation 
 was i;iven — the chief mauislrale liy whom, in einn- 
 phaiice wilh the will of the lei^islaliire, it was ten- 
 dered — the siirvivinj; piesidenls of ihe I'liiled 
 .Stales, and tlie-r veiieralile compeer sieiiers nf the 
 declaration of independence, who leceived him lo 
 the aims of private Iricndship. while inin:;!!!!!; ilieir 
 voices ill the clioiiis of piilihc cMillalion and joy, 
 are no loni;erhere lo shed the tear of sorrow upon 
 Ills depaitiire Iroiii lliis earthly scene. They all 
 preceded him in the Iranslalioii to aiiolher, and, 
 we trust, a happier world. 'I'lie active, enerKetic 
 inanlinod of the nation, of whose infancy he had 
 heen the piotectorand henelaclor. and w ho, hy the 
 proIiLicted festivities of more than a year of jiihi- 
 lee, manifesled |o loin iheii sense of the olili;;a- 
 liiins for which they were indeliled lo him. are al- 
 ready descendinj; iiitii the vale of years. The 
 children of the pnlilic schools, who i|iinii!:ed in 
 doiihle files to pass in review liefnre him to catch 
 a ulinipsc of his coiiiilenance, and a smile from his 
 eye, are now anions; the men and women of the 
 land, rearine another i;eiieralion to envy ilieir pa- 
 rents the joy w liich lliey can never share, nf haviiiK 
 seen and conlrihiiied Inthe ulnrionsanil Iriiimphanl 
 receplioiiof hafivelle. 
 
 I'pon Ills retmii to riance, I,afiyetle was re- 
 ceived with a welcome hy his ciiiinlrymen scarce- 
 ly less enlhiisiasiic than til, II with which he had 
 licen t^iecled in this cnnnlrv. Kroni his landiiii: 
 at Havre III] he arrived at his residence at I, a 
 tiran^e. it was ai;aiii one triumphal march, ren- 
 dered Inn the more sirikiii!> hy the inlerriiplions 
 and olislacirs ol an envious and jealous i^overn- 
 menl. Threats were not even spared of ariesiiim 
 him as a criminal, and holdiiiu him respnnsililefm 
 the sponlaneoiis and iirepresiilile fcehims mani- 
 lesieil liy the people in his favour. He was. very 
 soon after his reliirn. ai^ain elected a memher nf 
 the chamber of ih'pniies. and ihencel'orward in 
 ih.il himoiiralile and milependeni slatinn. wa%ihe 
 soul III llial sleadlasi and inllexible parly who li ne- 
 ver ceased to defend, and was iiliniiately destined 
 lo viiidicale llie libcrlies of I'rance. 
 
 The ^iiverninenl ol'llie liiinrbons, hnm the lime 
 nf their resioralion, was a perpelnil sirn^iile In 
 reiurn to the .S.iinrnian times of absohile power. 
 
 l-'or lliem rlie smi and mnnn had si i siill, iint. as 
 
 in ihe miracle of ancient siiirv. for alioiit a whole 
 (lav, bill lor more ill, in a ^vhole cenliiiv. Kesealed 
 upon their ihioiies, nnl. as ihe .Siiiiirls had been in 
 the seventeenth cenliiry, by the vohinlary act ol 
 Ihe same people which had expelled ihcni. bill by 
 the arms of fnrciirii kimis and hostile ariiiiis, in- 
 stead nfainiini;. by the liberality of their govern- 
 ment, and by improving; the cnnditinn of their pi n- 
 jilc. In mak" llieiii fnrifi't the linmilialinii nf the 
 yoke impnsed upon them, they labnmed with iin 
 vicldim: tenacilv In make it ninre uallini;. Tliev 
 ills. iriiied the nalioiial ^lla|■ds; ihey cramped and 
 crippled the rii;ht of siilliase in elections; they 
 pervcried and Iravcsiied the instiiniinii of juries : 
 they fcltered llie freeiloni of the press, and in their 
 exieiiial piilii y lent iheniselves, williim instriiieiils 
 to crush the liberties of Spain and Italy, The spi 
 ril ofllie III Mill HIS cilllied li,ll mil <iibdlied. The 
 priiiriples of liecdoni proclaimed in the declaratiun 
 of rights of 1/80 had takrn luu dceii root lo be ex- 
 
 tirpated. Charles the Tentli, by a j;iailiial intfo- 
 dneiinn into his cniincils nf llie most inveterate .ul- 
 heieiils In ihe anil rcMiliilinnary );nvernnieiil, wiis 
 prep.iriiit: Iheway liir the aiiniliilalion iiflhechar- 
 ter and nrilie legislative represenlafion ofllie peo- 
 ple. Ill proporlion as this pi. in approached m its 
 maliiiiiv. Ihe resislance of the iiilion to its ac- 
 ."oni'ilishineiil acipiired coiisisiencv and or.:aii- 
 i/atioii. The lime had been. when, liv the resiiic- 
 lions upon the iii:lit of siitfra^e. and llie coiitiot 
 of tiie press, and even of the freeihmi of debate in 
 llie letjisl.iture, the opposition <ti the cliamber m' 
 ile|Mities had dwindled down to lint more than 
 lliiriy members. Hut, iindera lipid snceessioii ol 
 inenmpetent iiid iinpopnlar alimini^lralin:ls, the 
 majnrity of the house nf deputies had passed f'lini 
 the side nf the coitrl lo that nf the people, in 
 \iiunst. IS-:.".!, the king, ronfnlingin his inrijsiinry 
 slreiiiith, reori;:ini/.eil his ministry by ihe appoint- 
 menl of inen whose repniation was Itself a pieili:>! 
 of ihe violent and desperate designs in eontempla- 
 liiili. .\t ilieliist mcetinj: nl I'le legislative assem- 
 bly, an address to the king, signed by tn'!i hiindied 
 and Iwenly one out of four hundred members, de- 
 clared lo him, ill respecll'iil terms, that a entienr- 
 reiice of sentiments lielween his ministers and the 
 natinii was indispensilile In the happiness nf ihfl 
 people under Ills govcrmneiil, and thai liiis cnii- 
 eiirreiice did nut exist. He replied, that hisdeter- 
 ininalion was immovable, and dissolved the assem- 
 bly. A new election was held ; and so odiniis 
 tlitniighniit the nation were ihe measures nf tlio 
 court, that, of the two hnmlied and twenlvonc 
 memliers who had signed the addiess against the 
 minisiers. mnie than two hnndred were le-elected. 
 The opposiiiim had also gained an aecesjioii nt 
 minilieis in the remaiiiing part nf the ilepiitations, 
 and it was apparent that, upon the meeiing of the 
 assembly, the court party could not be sustained. 
 
 .\l this crisis. Charles the Tenth, as if resnlved 
 In leave himself nnl the sliadnw of a preiext to 
 coiiiplain nl his expnlsinn I'rniii the ihrntie. in de- 
 fiance of the cliarter. to the observance of which 
 he had solemnly sworn, is,<ued, at one and the saino 
 time, lour ordinancrs ; the first ofw liicli suspend- 
 ed the hlierly ol'tlie press, and prnhiliited the piib- 
 hcalinii nf all the daily newspapers and ntlier peri- 
 odical joiirnals, bill by license, revok.ible at plea- 
 sure, and renew, ible every three months', the se- 
 cond annulled llie elections of depiilies. which had 
 just taken place ; the third changed the mode of 
 eleelinii prescribed by law. and tednced nearly liv 
 one-half Ihe nnmbers nf the hiiiise nf depiilies m 
 be elected ; and the hiiirth cnmmaiided the new 
 eh'clions lo be held, and fixed a day lor llie meet- 
 ing ofllie assembly to be so eoiisiitiited. 
 
 These nrdiiiaiices were the mmiediale nccasinii 
 ofllie last levolNtion of the three ilavs, terniiiia- 
 liiig 111 the liii.il expnlsinn nl ( 'harles thr Tenth 
 Irniii ihe llirniie. and nl 'limsell and his fiiinlv 
 Irnm the liinloryol Kra'ice. This was elfectid 
 by an iiisuneclion nf'lie people of I'aiis, wliuli 
 burst forth, by spontaneous and unpreineihiaicd 
 niovemeni. mi the very day nl the prniiiiilgation 
 111 the I. llir oidinaiiees. The first of these, the 
 siip|iiession of all the ilailv newspapers, seemed as 
 It sliidinllsjv devised In provoke lllsl iiil;ineol|s re- 
 slsiiince. and the cnnllii-( ol phy^e al lorce. Had 
 Charles the Tenth issued a decne to rIiih up all 
 the b.ikehoiises of I'aris, it CO ilil not haie been 
 mure filal in his aiithoiiiy. Ihe i ondin lots ol 
 the proscribed journals, by mutual engageiiieni 
 an oiig lliemselves, determined to eonsnier the or- 
 dinance as unlaw fill, null, and vnid ; and this was 
 In all classes nf the people the signal of resistance. 
 The piiblislii rs of two of the journals, sunimoiied 
 immediately before the judicial tribunal, were jiis- 
 tilied ill their resislance by the sentence of the 
 court, proiioimcing the ordinance null and void. .\ 
 inarslial of !■' ranee receives the i .imiiiands of the 
 king lo disperse, by force nf arms, ihe popiilalinii 
 of I'aris ; biil the spontaneous resin reclion nfllie 
 nalinii.il giiaiil organizes at mice an army to defend 
 the libeilii's of the ii ..ion. lial.netle is again 
 called liom his retreat at La (iraiige, and, by the 
 uiiauiiuous voice o( the people, confirmed by sucb 
 
deputies of the Icj^islulive assi'iiil)ly iis were utile 
 tu meet for ciiiiiiiiciii c(>iiMiill;iiiiiii n: tliiii ti>i"); 
 ciiiei'geiicyi is again |ilai'i'il at llii'licait (il lliu iii- 
 licilllU guarii as tlll'ir CdlllllialKlrl-MIl liirl. lir 
 a.ssuilU'd tile colliinaii<t on tin- sccotirl tl.iy ol' tin' 
 conllict, iIIkI on the third ( liailcs ilie 'I'ljiili had 
 ceased turei;;n. lie lurniallv alidicalril lli' croHii, 
 uud hisi son, thcduke d'AnijoiileMie, renunnced his 
 preteiiaioiiH tu the siiiecegsiun. Jtiit. hiinilde iini- 
 latorsi of iNapuleon, even in Hnlinnllin); to their 
 own dejrradalion, they clung to the last ^asp ol 
 heredit;ity sway, by tran.sniiltini; all their claim of 
 dominion tu the orphan chdil of thr ilnke He lii'in. 
 
 At an early stage of the revolution oll/^'l, La- 
 fayette had declared it as a prinriple that iiisnr- 
 rectiun against tyrants was the nnisi sacieil of du- 
 ties, ile lia<l hurrowed this senllnn'ni. perhaps, 
 fruni the nnjttoof .letrers(ni — •• Jvelicllion to iyranl« 
 is obedience tu (iod." 'J'he principle it>ell is as 
 suund ns its enunciation is dating. Likeall gene- 
 ral inaxinis, it is susceplilile of very (lan;;i'rous 
 abuses: the test of its Iriilh is eschisivily in the 
 currcctiiess of its application. As lorining apart 
 of the political creed of Lalay>'lle, it has noi been 
 ■everely criticised; nor can it be deined that, in 
 the experience of the l''n'n<li revohilions, the 
 eases In which popular insiiiri'i linn iius bi'<'n re- 
 burted tu, for the extinction of existing authorily, 
 have been so frerjueiil, so unjuslifiable in thiir 
 causes, soalrnciousin their execution, so destruc- 
 tive to liberty in their eonseipiences, that the 
 friends of freedom, who know ihat she can exist 
 only under the supremacy of I hi' law, have snme- 
 tinies felt themselves cinislrained to khriiik from 
 the ilevelopement of abstract truth, in lln'ihead of 
 the danger with which .she is surniundiil. 
 
 In the levolution of the ihrer d.iys of |s:>ll, ji 
 was the steady, calm, but inllexiiile adhi'ii'ine of 
 Lafayelle to this maxim which deiiileil the fate of 
 the Hourbons. After the siruugles of the people 
 Iwil -(unnn'nced, and even while liberty and power 
 were urappllii'.' with each other for life or dialli, llie 
 depniies eli'ct to the leiiislativc assembly, then at 
 I'aris, hebl si'veral meelings at the hoii>e of ilicir 
 colleaaue, Laliitle, and elsewhere, at wlii( h the 
 question of resi>tanee against lije onlinances was 
 warnilv debated, ami aversion lo that re:-isiance bv 
 force was the sentiment pirdoniln.int in Ihe minds 
 of a majority uf the meinbi'is. 'I'lic hearts of some 
 of the most aiileiil patriols (piaileil wiiliin ihciii ai 
 llie thought ot anolJK'roveilhron nl the inonaiihy. 
 All the horrible recolleciionsof ihe irii;ii of icrror. 
 the iiiassacie of the prisons in ."seplemlier, tin- 
 hutcheries of the guillotine iVmii yen in \e.ir. the 
 headless Iriinksol'llrissol, ami Daulioi. .iixl Itubcs- 
 pieire and last, not leasi, ilie iron (•iin\ii aiiil scep- 
 tre of Napoleon liiniself, rose in hideous sin eis- 
 siini beliire them, and haunted (lii'ir imaginalions. 
 Tht'v detested ihe ordinaiiees, bill hoped lliat. bv 
 negotiation and renionslraine willi ihe leereant 
 king, it might yei he possible to obiain llie revoea- 
 (iou of them, and the siibstiliiiiim ol a more liberal 
 ministry. 'J'liis dehberalioii was not eoielndid 
 till Ijaliiyette appeared among them, from that 
 luonieut the die was cast. They had till then mi 
 military leader. Ijoiiis I'hilippe of Orleans, had 
 not then been seen among iheiii. 
 
 In all the changes of governnieiit in Krance. 
 from the fust assembly ol notables, to that day, 
 there never had been an act of aiitlinrily |iresent- 
 ing a case for the fair and jiisi application of the 
 duty of resistance ag:iinsl oppressiun. so clear, sm 
 unipiestioiiable, so llagiant as this. The violali.iis 
 of the charter were so gioss ami palpable, lhat 'he 
 most deterinined royalist eoiild not deny ihein. 
 The mask had been laid aside. Tin' sword of 
 despotism had been drawn, and the se abbaiil east 
 away. \ king, openly liirsworii, hid lorli'ited 
 every claim to allexianee : and the only resource of 
 the nation le^aiiist him was le^isianee bv foree. 
 This was the opmimi ol Lalavelle, and he ileebii 
 eil himself ii'idy to lake ihe eiimiiiand of llie Na- 
 tional tiuard.^lioiiid the wish oil he people, alie.iijv 
 declared thus tn place liiiii at llie lie.ul if this 
 spontaneous niuvemenl, he coiifirmed by his enl 
 leagues uf tlio legislative assembly. The appuint- 
 
 U N I T ]•: 1) STATES. 
 
 iiient was iiccordmgly conferred upon him, and the 
 second day allein.iiils t'liarles the Tenth and his 
 lamily were liigiini's in a loieign laiiil. 
 
 I'lance was wiihoiit a goverumenl. .'^Iie might 
 llieii have consliliiled herself a lepublic, and Miih 
 Has, nniloiibleilly, the aspiration of a very liirge 
 poriion ol her popiibilion. lint with anoih'er, and 
 >e' laiger portion oilier people, llie name of re- 
 public w.is idenlilicd with the ineinory of Kobes- 
 picrre. Il was held in execration; there was iiii- 
 luinent danger, it not absolute certainty, that (bt- 
 attempt lo oigani/e a republic would have been 
 the kignal for a new civil war. The name of a 
 republic, tuo, was hateful to all the neighbours uf 
 Krance; to the couh'deiacy ofemperori .ind kings, 
 Hhich had twice replaced the Hourbons upon the 
 tliione, and »hu might be propitiateil under the 
 disappoinlmenl and inoililication ol ihe result, by 
 the leleinion ol the name nf king, anil ihe siibslilii- 
 tion of the SI niblance of a lionrbon for the reality. 
 
 Till pi opie ol I'Vanee, like the t ardinal de Jtel/.. 
 more than two centuries before, wanted a descend- 
 ant Iroiii Henry the Fourth, wlm luiild speak the 
 language of the I'arisian pupulaee, and who had 
 known wh.it il was to be a plebeian. They foniiil 
 hiiii in the person of Louis I'hilippe, of tji leans. 
 Lalayi It:' hnnsell was coinpelleil In i ompioniise 
 Willi his princples, purely and simply lepublic.in, 
 and to accept him, hist as heiilenanl jeneral ol 
 the kingdom, and I ben as lieiedilaiy king. 'J'heri' 
 was, pel haps, in this ilelerniina'.ion, besides the 
 niolivcs nlin II opcialcil upon ollieis, a considera- 
 tion of ilisinteiesied ilelicaey, winch eonld be appli- 
 cable only to himsell'. || iln republic should be 
 I'laimed, he knew llial the eliiel niagislrai'v could 
 b' ilelcgatcd only lo hiiosell. Il nnisl have been 
 a chief inagislracy for life, which at his age, coiibl 
 only !'.:i.ve (;;u'i. Uir a short lei in of years. Indepen- 
 dent of the extreme dangers and dilliciillics to 
 himselt', lo Ins I'.iinity, and to his conntiv, in w liich 
 the posiii„:i '.vi'.ioh he would have occnpicil might 
 have involved them, the iiiipiiry could not escape 
 his foiecasi, who iipoli his ileniise, could be his 
 successor .' and » hat iniisl be the pesiiwn occupied 
 by him f It, at that moinenl, l,e had lint spoken 
 Ihe word, he miglit Inoe closed his career with a 
 erovtn upon his head, and wilha nilhering blast 
 upon Ins name to the en.) ol lime. 
 
 W nil ihe iliike ol Orleans liimself, he used no 
 conce.ilment or disguise. When the crown was 
 olleied lo that prim e, anil he looked to Lafayetle 
 for consiilialioii, '• yon know (said he) that 1 ai i of 
 the .Vmencaii sclmol, and partial to the consiilu- 
 Mon ol the 1 lilted .'^lalcs." So, il seems, was Louis 
 I'hilippe. " I think with yon," said he. "It is 
 impossihle lo pass two years in the riiited .'"States, 
 without being convinced iha! llii'ir govcrninent is 
 the besi in ihc world. Jtiit do von think it suited to 
 our present circumslaiices and conililion .'" No, 
 replied Lalayelie. •• Tliey leipiiie a moiiarchy siir- 
 lounil"d by popular iiisliliilioiis." .'^oihnimht also, 
 Ijoiiis I'liiiippe ; and he accepted llie crown under 
 till' eiinililioiis iij'on which it was tendered to him. 
 
 Lalayelie letaini d the coinmand ol the national 
 guard so long as il was essential to the seltleineiil 
 III Ihe new and old things, on the basis of order 
 and of freedom ; so long as it was essential to con- 
 trol the sloriny and excited passions of tlje I'.iri- 
 sian people; so lom: as w.as neccsaary to save the 
 ministers of the giiilly linl lalleii moiiareli from the 
 rash and revengefi;! resenlnients of tln'ir conipier- 
 ors. When this was ai eomplished. and the people 
 had been ]iieserved from the e,ilaiiiily of shedding 
 111 peace the blood of war. he once more resigned 
 his command, retired in priva.y lo La tirange and 
 lesnmed his post as a deputy in the legislative as- 
 semlilv, which he coiitinned to hold till the close 
 of life'. 
 
 His station there was still iit the head of the 
 phalanx. «iipporli rs of liberal principles and of 
 roiisliliitional lieeilom. In Spain, in I'ortngal, in 
 llalv. ami. above all, in I'ol mil, llie cause of liberty 
 has been sinigglilig ai;aiiisl .he hand of power, 
 ami to the last hniir of his life. lliey fonml in La- 
 layelie a nevei'-failiiu; friend and palroii. 
 
 'in his last ilhiu.':^. the siliiutliug wUicU ho held 
 
 423 
 
 in tlie liearts uf tUHiikinii was attested by iho for- 
 inal resiiliiijuii of the house of deputies, sent to 
 make iinpiiries concerning his conihtioii ; uud, dy 
 ing, as he did, lull of je.iis and ol glory, never, lO 
 Ihe hisimy ol Inankind, has a priiale' imlivlihini 
 departed more iiniiersiilly lamented by the wliulo 
 generation ol inen whom he has leli beliind. 
 
 Such, legislators of the North American Con- 
 federate liiioii, was the life of tiilbcrt .Moiier do 
 Lalayelie, and the record of his life is the delinea- 
 lioii of Ins character. Consider him as one hu- 
 man being of one thousand millions, his cotempo- 
 
 raries on the siirlaee of the terraipieoiis glnlic. 
 
 .\iiiongthal ihonsand millions seek for an object 
 of I'omparison with linn ; assume lor tin slandaril 
 of comparison all the virtues which exalt Ihe cha- 
 rueterofmau above that of the brute cieatioii ; 
 take the ideal man, little lower than the angels; 
 mark the ipialities of Ihe mind and heart which 
 entitle him lolliis station of pre-eminence in tho 
 scale of created beings, and impure who, that 
 lived In Ihe eiglileenih and niiieieenlh centurie.t 
 jot the chrisiian icra, i ombined in liim.sell so many 
 of those ipialities, so lillle alloyed with tliuso 
 [which belong lo that earthly vesture of decay in 
 JHliich the iimnoilal spirit is enclosed, as Lalay- 
 elie. 
 
 I I'loiiuiiiiee him one of the fnsi men of his age, 
 j and you have yet not done him jiisiice. 'J'ly him 
 I by lhat lest to which he sought in vain to stiiiiu- 
 late the vnilgar and scllish spiiii of .Napolsou ; 
 ji'lasshiin among the men who, to coinpaie anil 
 {seal Iheinselves, miisi lake in llie compass uf all 
 jUgi's; turn back voureves upon the records ot 
 I tune; siimiiion from the creation of the world tu 
 this day llie mighty dead of every age and every 
 dime ; and where, among the race ol merely mur- 
 lal men, shall one be found, who, as the benefac- 
 tor of his kind, shall claim t:i lake precedence uf 
 Lalayelie .' 
 
 'I'heie have doubtless been, in all ages, men, 
 whose discoveries or iiivenlions. in ihc worbl ol 
 matter or of mind, have opened new avenues tu 
 the doniiniou of man over the material creation; 
 have increased his means nr his facnities of enjuy- 
 iiienl : hate raised him in nearer approxiination 
 to that hiuher and happier condition, liie object 
 of his hopes and aspirations in his present state uf 
 exislence. 
 
 Lafayette discovered no new principles of poli- 
 ties or of morals. Ile invenled iiiilhiiii! in seieiice. 
 He disclosed no new plienomenon ill llie laws of 
 iialnre. Horn and ediiciled in the hieliesi order 
 of feudal nobilily, iiiider the mo..| absoliile mu 
 naicliy of Kiirope, in possessii>n cil an alllnent fur- 
 tune, and inasler ol himselland ol all his capabili- 
 lii's at the moinenl of allainiiig m.inhood, tho 
 principle of repnblieaii jiisiiee :inil ol smial eipiali- 
 ty took possession of his lieail and mind, as if by 
 inspiration from above. lie devoted liiniself, his 
 life, his fortune, his hereiliiary honours, his low- 
 eriin; ainbilion. Iii< spleelid hopes, all to ilie eausn 
 of liberty. He eanie In anoilicr licniisphcre tu 
 delend her. He became one of ibe iiio-l elfeetivo 
 champions of our Indepciiileiice ; bill, lhat oiicn 
 achieved, he reliiriieil lo Ins own country, anil 
 Iheneeforwaril took no part in the controversies 
 uliieli liaveiliviilcd lis. Ill the evciils of our te- 
 voliiiiou. and in tin forins of policy uliich we have 
 adopted lor the I'-lablisliinenl and perpctiiatioii ol 
 our fiecdoiii. Lalayntle loiiiid the most perfect 
 form of uovernmeiil. Ileuisheil to add iiolhiiig 
 to II. He would gladly have abstracted nolhing 
 from it. Iiistiiad of the imaginary republic ot 
 I'latii. or the I'lopiaof I^ir 'I'hoinas .Nlore. he tooK 
 a practical exiiilmg iiiodel, in actual operation 
 here, and never allcmptcd orwished more tliaii to 
 apply il laithlnlly to his own country. 
 
 It was |iol given to .Moses to enter the promised 
 land ; but he saw it from the snniniil of I'isuah.— 
 Il was not irivcn lo Lalayelie lo \iiiiiess the ciin- 
 snnim:ilioii of his wislns in the eslablisluiieil of a 
 lepublic, and the exiiiiclion of all lierediiaiy rule 
 ill Krance, His priiHiples were in advance of tho 
 iigc and hemisphere In wl'ichlie lived. A Dour- 
 bun Still reigns uu the thrune of France, aud it ig 
 
ii* 
 
 HISTORY OF TIIK 
 
 ' I 
 
 
 nnd'iir iistdiirnilini/.rlhp titli' l>y wliii'li Ih- ri'iKii!i. 
 Till- |>ririi-i|il<'» 1)1" clritivi- :iiicl liomlliiiry |iiiwit, 
 blrnili'd in ri'liu-l^iiit iiiiidii in hit ppison, ilki' llie 
 red anil nliiif ri>M's (>r Vnik anil l/inr:istct, may 
 pi>»l|i(>n('lii alU'rlinic llu' last cnnllicl liiullirli llii'V 
 must iilliiiiaH'ly ciiinc. 'I'lii' lilr nl tlic paliiarrli 
 wns nut liin^ rniniKli lor llic ili'v lii|inii'nl ol' his 
 whole juililiral sysii'in. Its linal acconiplisliini'nl 
 \» in the nmnli i>l' tunc. 
 
 Tlic iinliri|iati(iii nl' litis rvrni is tlie timrc ri-r- 
 (alii, rriiin titi' niiisiili'iatinn tliat all tlic prinripli's 
 for wliiili Iialayi'ttc rntiti'iidi'il wcic practical, lie 
 lirvi-r iniliiluvil hiitisi'irin wilil atiil ranciliil spccn- 
 lalinns. 'I'lie principle nl licicditary pnwcr was, 
 in his npininii, the lianpiirallicpuldii an liberty in 
 Kuriipr. I'tialilc tiicxtiiiL'tlish it in tlicrcvnliilinn 
 of INK), sdl'aras ciinccrniMl the cliiet' nia(;istiacy 
 of the nation, I.al'ayelte had the sati»racliiin ol'see- 
 inp it aliolished with rcleienee to the peerage. An 
 hereditary ciown, siript of the support which it 
 may derive iVom an liereditary peeiai;e, however 
 rnmpatilile with Asiatic ilespoiisin, is an aiiiiinaly 
 ill the history of the i hrisiian world, and in the 
 llipory ot Tree (.'overiiinent. '{'here is no aru'iiincnt 
 prodiii il>1e aiiaiiist llie existence nl' an lieieditaiy 
 pperaue, lint applii's with atiijravalcd Height ai;ainsl 
 tile traiisniissiiiii, rroni sire to son, ol'an lieicdilary 
 crown, 'i'lie prejudices and passions nt'tlie people 
 of Krance rejected the principle ol'inherited power, 
 in every station iif pnlilic trust e\i I'ptini; the (irsi 
 and hiuliest ol' them all : Iml theic they ciiini; to 
 it, as did the Israelites iil'old to the savory deities 
 of Kcypt. 
 
 This is nut the time or tlie place lor a disipiisi- 
 lion upon the coinpar.iiive merits, as a system ol 
 povernnii'iit, of a repniilic and a monarchy siir- 
 roliiided liy lepiililicaii iiislitntions. rpiin this siili- 
 ieel there isamoni; its no diversity of opinion : and 
 if it should lake the people of France anothi'r half 
 century ol internal and external war, of da/./.lint' 
 und delusive iilorics ; of unparalleled Irinmplis, 
 humiliating' reverses, an I hitler disappointmenls, lo 
 Bfltle it to their satisfaction, the idtimate result 
 can only hriiii; llieni to the point where we have 
 stood from the day of the declaration of indepen- 
 dence ; 111 the point whi'ie I^afiyetle would have 
 briMmhl theiii, and li> which he looked as a con- 
 sunimaiion devoutly lo lie wished. 
 
 Then, loo, and then only, will lietlie lime when 
 the eliaracler of Lafayelle will lie appreciated at 
 its true value tliriiiii;liout the civili/.cd world. — 
 ■Wlientlie principle of liereilitaiy dominion shall he 
 extinguished in all the institutions of h' ranee ; 
 when (•overnment shall no loiii;er lie considered as 
 properly Iransmissihle from sue lo son, hut as a 
 trust comniilled for a linnled time, and llieii to re- 
 turn to the people whence it came ; as a liuidensome 
 duty lo lie dischartied, and not as a reward lo be 
 abused; when a claim, any claim, lo political 
 power liy inheiltance shall, in the estimation of 
 the whole Kiench people, be held as it now is by 
 the whole people of the .Norlh .\iiiericaii union: 
 then will be the time for ciiiileinplaliiif; the cha 
 racier of l.afayelle, not merely in the events ol his 
 lite, bill, in the lull developmetil of Ills inlcllecliial 
 conceptions, of his terveni aspirations, of the la- 
 hours and perils and sacrifices of liis loni; and 
 Fventfiil career upon earth; and thenceloiwaid, 
 till the lioiir wliiii the iriiiiipof tin archangel shall 
 Round toannoiiiK e thai time shall be no iniiie, the 
 name of l,al lyelte shall stand eiirolleil upon the 
 annals of our race, hi^li on the list of the pure and 
 diiiinleri'sted beiielaclois of mankind. 
 
 ]«afivi)tle* was a Krcncli nolilcniaii of hi^h 
 nnk, who, iinimaled with the love of liberty, hail 
 left his native coimlry. and oll'eied his seivices lo 
 Congress. While in I'laiii e, and only ninelcen 
 years of aire, he espoused ihe cans" nf llie Ame- 
 ricans, with the iiiosi ilisiiiteresied and ;;<'iieioiis ar- 
 dour. I lavinu deterniineil to join then), he com- 
 liiiinicaled hisinienlioiis to the .\merican Ciimmis- 
 
 nioners. at I'aiis. They justly c iveil, tliilaj 
 
 patron 111 so niiich iinpori nice woiibl he of service 
 tu llieir CUU8V, and eiiruuia^ed hi» design, ilefure 
 
 *Sco |iQgc 31)6. 
 
 lie had rtiiliurkfil from France, inlelliKencp arri- 
 ved in Kurope, that the .\niericau insuri;eiils, re- 
 duced to 'JIIUII men, were lleeiii): lhroii};h .lersey, 
 before a Itiilish lime ol .lll.IMM). I'nilci these cir- 
 ciimslances, the .\uit*rican coimnissiouers at Paris 
 tlioiiuhl ll hill honest to dissuade him Iroiii the pre 
 sent pioseciition ol his perilous eiilerpiise. It was 
 in vain thai ihey acted so candid a part. His /eal, 
 III serve a distressed country, was mil abated by 
 her luisforlnnes. Ilaviim embarked in a vessel, 
 which he purchased for the purpose, he .iMtved at 
 Charleslon, early in 1777, and soon alter joined the 
 American army. Coukiiss res.^lnd. that, "in 
 consideration of his /,e il, ilhistriouH lainily and con- 
 nexions, he should have the rank of major licne- 
 ral in thcirarmy."' Indepeiidenl of the risk he ran 
 as an American oHicer. he ha/.aided his large for- 
 tune in conseipieiice of the laws of I'lance. and 
 also the coiilinemcnl of his person, in c;isc of cap- 
 ture when on his way to the (nileil .States, witli- 
 olil the chain e of beine .' knowledged by any na- 
 tioii ; for his court had lorbiddeii his proceeding lo 
 America, and had despalcheil orileis lo iiave liim 
 conlined in the West Inilies if found in thai ipiailer. 
 
 This gall. ml iiolilemaii, who, under all these dis- 
 advantages, had denionsirated his good will to the 
 I'niled .^stales, received a wound in his leg at the 
 battle of llrandywine ; lint he nevcrllieless eontiii- 
 lied ill the lield, and exerted himself both byword 
 and example in rallying the Ameiicans. Oilier 
 foreigners of ilislinclioii also shared in the eiigage- 
 nienl. Count I'lilaski, a I'olish nolileman. the 
 same wlio a few years bel'ore carried oil' king .siiaii- 
 islans from his capital, though snnoiindcd with a 
 numerous bmly of guards, ;inil a Kiissi.in ariiiv. 
 fonglil with the Americins al lli.indywine. lie 
 was a thunderbolt of war, and always sought for 
 the post of danger as the post of honour. .Soon al- 
 ter lliisengageinent. ( iingiess appointed him com- 
 mander of horse, with the rank of brigadier. 
 
 Howe |iersevereil ill his sclieiiie of gaining the 
 right llaiik of the .Vmericaiis. This was no less 
 sleadily pursued on the one side, llian avoidnl on 
 the other. Washington came forward in a few 
 days with a resohition of lisking anolhcr ai'linn. 
 He ac( tirdingly ;iilvaiiced as I'ar as the Warren 
 t:iiern. on the I. am astir toad. .N'eai ihat pi. lie, 
 on the |Sth September, boili armies were on the 
 point of engaging, with their w hole time : bii' wen- 
 pretenlcd by a most violent storm of rain, which 
 continued lor a whole day ;iiiil night. When the 
 rain ceased, the .Vmericaiis found that their ain- 
 iminilion was entirely ruined. Itctore a proper 
 supply was procured, the llriiisli niarcheii iVoni 
 their position near the White Horse tavern, down 
 towards ihe Swedes' t'oid. The Anieiii-ans again 
 took post in lliPir front ; hut the Itiilish, instead ol 
 urging an action, began to maiili up towards Ke til- 
 ing. '1\) save tlie stores which had been deposited 
 in that place, Wasliingion took a new position, 
 and lell the I'lilish in iindistiiibed possession ot 
 the roads which lead lo I'liiladelpl la. Ills troops 
 were worn down with a succession of seveic dii 
 lies. There was in his army above a thousand 
 men who were barelooteil, and who had perlorineil 
 all their late inovemenls in that iindilion. 
 
 About this time, the Americans sustained aeon 
 sifleralile loss liy a iiigli' 'lack, condiicled by (icii. 
 eral I irey. on a dctacliiin in ol their troops, w liicli 
 w,is encamped near the Paoli tavern. The out- 
 posts and pickets were I'orced wilhoiit noise, about 
 one o'eliick in the moriiing nl the 'illili of .Septem- 
 ber. 'I'lie men. when they turned out, iinfortn- 
 nalely panided in the light of llieir flies. This di- 
 rected the llritisli how and where lo proc I. 
 
 'I'liey rtishcd in upon them, and put about 'MM to 
 deatli, ill a silent mannei. by a tree and exclusive 
 use of the bayonet. The enterprise wasconducled 
 with so inncli address, llnil the loss of llie assail- 
 ants did n.il exceed eight. 
 
 Congress, which after a short residence al l!al- 
 tinioie, had returned lo I'hilailelphia. were obligeil 
 a second iinie to consnll their safetv by llighl. — 
 'I'licy reined al lirst to Lancaster, and alterwaids 
 lo Vorlitown. 
 
 Tlio bulk o( (he lirttiiih army being kit in (ier- 
 
 iiianlonn. .Sir Williaiii liowr, with n miiall pir', 
 made Ins triumphal ciiiiy Into I'liibidelphia, on llin 
 ■Jiiili of .Scpienibei, and was received with the 
 hearty welcome ot minierous ciii/.ens, who, either 
 lioiii I oiisi leiice, cow iiilice, interest, or principle, 
 had hitheito separated thrinsehes Iroiii the das* 
 ol ai'tive wliigs. 
 
 The possession of tlie largest city in the Utiiled 
 Slates, together with the dispersion ol that grand 
 council wliii h had heietoliiieciiiidiii led their pub- 
 lic all.iirs, were reckoned by the short-sighted as 
 dei'isive of their file. The siibiuis.Hion of conn- 
 tries alicr Ihe coiiipiest of llieir capital, had olieii 
 been a thing iifcoiii'se : but in the great coiilesl lor 
 Ihe sovereignly of the I'niteit .S|ate>. the i|iiestion 
 did not rest with a ruler, or a body of riiler8: nor 
 was it to be deleriiiiiied by lliv possession or loss 
 of any particular place. It was the public iiiiiid, 
 llie sentmienls and opinions of they eoiiiaiiry ol lliu 
 country whii hneie to decide. Though I'iiiladel- 
 pliia had beiiiiiiethe residence of the llrilish aiiiiy, 
 yet as boig as the mijorily of the people of the 
 rtiited .Stales weie opposed to their goveniment, 
 
 the country was unsnbdneil. liiil I it was picMi- 
 
 iiicil by the more discerning politicians, that lliu 
 luxuries of ,i gie.it city would so far eneivale the 
 Kiitisli tido| s, as lo indispose them tor those ae- 
 lue exiiiioim lo wliichlhey were prompted, while 
 incoiiveiiii inly encamped in the open c iiintiy. 
 
 To lake oil the iiiipiession the llrilish successes 
 inighl make in France, to the prejudice of Amer- 
 ica, l>i. Fr.inklin gave them an ingenious turn, by 
 obscmn-. •• th;ii instead of saying Sir William 
 Howe h. Ill taken IMiil.idelphia, il would be more 
 pioper to say, I'liibidelphia had taken Sir Willi.iiu 
 Howe." ■ 
 
 <) I Ihe first objects of Ihe llrilish, after they 
 
 had gotten possession, was to erect balterie-' to ciitii- 
 niand the river, iiid to protect the city lioiii any 
 ass,inli by waler. The llrilish shipping were pre- 
 vented liiiiii ascending the Delaware, by obstnie- 
 t" heiealler lo be described, which were fixed 
 Mud' Island. I'liiladelphia thiingh possessed 
 by the Itiilish army, was exposed to danger from 
 the Ameiican vessels in the river. The Ameiicaii 
 Innate Dilaware ol ,'I'J guns, ancliored within .ilH) 
 yaitls ol ihe niilinished batteries, and, being sec- 
 onded with some smaller vessels, connncnci<l a 
 he, ivy camionade upon the batteries, tower; but 
 upon the tailing of the tide, she ran aground. Ite- 
 ing briskly lireil upon friiiii the town, while in this 
 condition, she was compelled lo surrender. The 
 othei .Vnicricaii vessels, not able to resist the lire 
 t'roiii the battel ies, after lisiiig one of their numlicr, 
 reined. 
 
 (ieneial Washington having been reinforced by 
 •J.'ilM) men lioni I'eekskill and Virginia; anil 
 having been intormed, thilt (ieneral Howe had de- 
 tached a consideralile part of his force, for redu- 
 cing the liirts on the Delaware, conceived the de- 
 sign lit all ickiiig the Itritisli post al (ieriiiantown. 
 Their line of encanipmi nl erossed the town at 
 right angles near its ceiilre. The letl wing ex- 
 tended to the ,Si huvlkill, and was covered in I'loiit 
 by the iiioiiiited and ilismoiinted ehasseiirs. The 
 ipicen's .Vmericaii rangers and a baltalioii of light 
 ilifanliy were in friiiit of the right The IDlli 
 regiment, with another baltalion of light-iiifintry, 
 were posted on the Chemiiit-hdl road, three ((imV- 
 teis ot a mile in advance. Loiil Coiiiwallis lav 
 at I'liiladelphia with four batalions of grenadiers. 
 
 .\ lew III the general olhcers of the .\iuerican 
 
 army, whose advice was reipiesled on lit a- 
 
 siiin, unaninionsly reciinimended all attack ; and 
 It was agreed that il should he luade in dill'erent 
 places, lo pioiliice the greater coiiliision, and t'l 
 pievent the several parts of ll llrilish forces 
 Iriim alfoiihng support to each mlier. From an 
 appieheiision, that the Ameiicans, thriiiigli the 
 Hunt III iliscipline. would not persevere in a long 
 attack, i; was lesnlved that it should be siidilen 
 and viuoroiis : and if unsuccessful to be I'lillowed 
 by an expedilioiis retreat. The divisions ol .Sul- 
 livan and W'.iyne, tlanked by ( 'onwav's bri^^ade, 
 were lo enter the town by llie way of Chisnul- 
 liill, while Ueiieral .\riiislrong with the I'ennsyl- 
 
 U' -,-. 
 
UNITKD STATKS. 
 
 4911 
 
 'l»li'», llie i|iirHtiiiii 
 
 rnnia militia ilioiilil I'hII iIuwii iId- Mariiitanny I'll lii!;p||ier, in llir manner usual t'cir iiinkinK llici linil with i;r<'»reiilhi.<tn' (li-rrnilril tlip fnrt Triim (ha 
 
 riiaci anil ^»m llic It'll anil ii'iir nl llii- llllll^ll. lniinilalinn u( wliarvvK, in ilct'p watrr. Si'ti-ia! iiiiii'i' I'liil iil' Si'iiIcmiIii'i, In llic I Itlinl' Niivcinbai, 
 
 'JMuMlivi^iiinH III' (fii'rnc anil Sli'|>lii'ii4, llaiilx'il hy laiui' |ii>iiil.i nl In anliil ii'iiii |iriiji'i'tiiiu iln»n llir liiini: Hniimlril nai icninvril In llir main. With 
 
 M'Uinmal'M lihgaili', wcri' In I'liler liy llif limr- rnir, wiTr annrxnl In llii' ii|i|iri |)iil» nlllir ilir- iti ll»r iI.ivh aliri Ins rriiinv il, M.ijni 'I'liayi!!, wln» 
 
 kiln mail. 'I'lir mllilia nt' .M.inl.iiiil anil .Icricy, vaiix ilr I'lisi-, ami iln- ttlinlr was <iiiiik willi '<lnni's, 
 uiiiU'r (iiMieralu Sinallwiii.ij ami Kiiniian, wi'ir in sn as In lie iliniil I'niir li'ct niiiirr walcr al Inwiiili'. 
 inarc'li by I* " 'ilil Vork mail, ami In Tail ii|inn llit' 'I'lii'lr |iriiiliKinns ui'i|;lil ami slii'iiiilli I'niilil iinl Tail 
 rear of llic . ri){lit. | In I'lli'cl llii? ili'sliiiclinn nl any n-sscl vvliirli caiiii' 
 
 Luril S.iiliiiKi Willi Nash's ami M.«\»rirs Ini- ii|inn iImmii. 'I'liirly nf lliese macliincs witi- sunk 
 gailH, were tn lurni ainrpsiir ri'srrvi-. 'I'lic Ann-- ahniil iliii'c liumlrpif yarils lielnw I'nrl Milllin, sn ai 
 rii'ans lin^an llieir allaik aliniil niinnsc, nil llir llli In slri'lili in a iliaginial liiip avrusn llie cliaiiiiel. 
 of Oclobrr. nil ihi" lOlh irKiini'iil, ami a liall.ilinn ] 'I'liP only npHii passage Irl't was brlwerii Iwn 
 nrii|;lll inlanlry. 'I'lirsi- Iwn rnrps, licinj; iililijjiij pirrs lyiii); tinsi- tn ihf inri, anil llial was ^fitiirril 
 III rclriMl, wi'ri^ (inrsni'il intn llii- Tilla^i'. ( )ii liy a sirnii);linnni, ami iniilil not lipapprnai'linl liiil 
 tlliMr ri'ireat, Ijivnli'iiaiil Cnlnni'l .MnsKriivr, willij in a ilirecl liiip In I In* bullery. Ainillit>r rnrtilicatinii 
 hIx I'oinpanics, Innk post in Clifw's Nlrnni; nIiiiip was cri'i li-il nil a liiKli bank nil tlir .Irrsry »hni'i-, 
 Iniiisi', wliii'li lay in liniii nl llif AiniTiians. I'min [ i'jIIimI ltillin|>spnrl. Anil oppiisile tu lliis, anollirr 
 an iillli'iont'i! In llii' iiiililaiy inaxini nl'ncvi'r Icav- rani;i.' nl cln-vaux-ili' iVisi- was ilppi.sitnl, Umviiik 
 iiiK a Inil pussi'ssivl by anrni'iiiy in lint ii'ar, it was' mily a nairnw ami sjinal iliinni-l nii tin- iiiii> «iili>. 
 rrsolvt'il to atlaik lln- parly in llii' liiiiisi'. I'l'ln'ri" was alsn a Iptiipnrary biilh-ry iiIIho liiMvy 
 
 In llii! iiii-an 'iiiir (irnrral (iici'iii' );nl lip willi ran inn, al thr niniilli nl' .Manilla i:ii'i-k, abniit ball' 
 liiicniuiiiii, anil allacki-il llic ri|;lil wiiii;. Cnlnni'l uav ■''niii Ki'il-llaiik In ltillint;spiirl. 
 iM.illii'US rniilnl a parly nlllir llrilisli nppnsi'illn. I'lii' Itrilisli ncrv will appriscil, (bat, wilhnlil 
 lliin, killi'il si'Vi'ral, anil Innk 110 piisnni'isi liul llii' rnininami nl' ibc Ui'lawair, ibi'ir pnssi'ssinii nl 
 troni llii' ilarkiii'ss nl' llii' ilay, InsI si<;lil nl ihi' bri- 1 I'bilaili'Iplii.i wniilil bi' nl' nn ailvaiilai;i'. Tlii'y 
 ^mIi' tn wliicb ill' bi'liin^i'il ; anil, liaviii;;si'paral<'il ' tln'ri'lnii' siraini'il t'verv lirrve, In npi'ii llir navi- 
 I'liiiii il, was laki'ii piisninr, willi bis wlmli' ii'UI- 1 ualinii nl'llial rivi'r. 'in ibis cml Inril llnwi' hail 
 niriil : ami llii' prisnmrs, ubnin In* bail pri'Viiiiisly i-arly taki'ii ibi' inn.st I'lVci'luil iiii'asnri's I'nr i nn- 
 ti.krti, wcrt' H'li'asi'il. A niiinliirr nl' lh<* linnps in ' ilnclin;; lb» lli'i't i'liil lian<pnrts rniinil, troni the 
 (Ili'i'iii''s ilivisinn hi'ii- slnppt'il by llii* ball nl llir | < bi'sapraki' In ibr Driawarr, anil ilri'W ihrni up 
 
 jarlv lii'lnir C'Iii'h's hniisi". Nrar onr liairnriln* 
 Ainrrn an army ri'in.iini'il Inr snmr liinr at ibal 
 plan' inaclivr. In ilir ini'an liiiii', (irnrral (irry 
 U'll nil ibirr ballaliniis nl' llir lliiiil bnuiilr, anil 
 allai'kril null vi!;niii \ sli.irp iniitrsl Inllnuril. 
 '['»n liiili-'li rri:i!iirni-^ allai'kril al llir saiiir liiiir 
 nn llir nppnsiir Shir nllbr lii»n. (irnrral (iranl 
 inovi'il up llir Idili ri'.:iiiiriil In llir aiil nl llinsr 
 wllii «rrr fii^aiii'il wiili (lirrnr's rnliiiiin. 
 
 Till' inninini; was lni;i;y. This, by rniirraliiiK 
 tin' tiiir siliMlinn iiT llir parlirs, oirasinnril mis- 
 lakrs, anil liiaile sn iiinili ranlinn iiriissaiy as 
 gavr llir lintisli liiiir in rrcnvrr Irniii ibr I'llrils 
 111 llirir liisl siirprisr. I''iniii tlirsr i:aiisrs. thr 
 early prniiiisjii;' appraiaiirrs nn ibr pall nl ill 
 
 nil Ibr I'rniisylvania shorr, rrnm Ki'rily-luluiil tn 
 Nrwrasllr. 
 
 Karly in Oi'tnbcr, adntachmcnt rrnm thr ISrilish 
 army crnsfinl ibr Orlawarr, with a virw nl' ilis- 
 lni];;ini; thr Amrriraiis I'miii Itilliii^spnrt. (In il.s 
 appinarh thr plan' wax rvariialrd. Asthrsrasim 
 ailv.ini-rit, mnrr vi^nrniis iiirasiirrs I'nr ri-iiinvin;; 
 tlir nlislriirtiniis «rrr (nnrrrtril brinrrn llii: ijr- 
 nrial anil llir ailmiial. Ilallrrirs wrir rrrrlril nn 
 llir I'lniiHylvaiiia slinir. In assist in ilislniluiii^ thr 
 .Kmriiiaiis rrnm .\|iiiMslaml. Al thr samr tiiiir, 
 Cniiiil Dniinp Willi 'Jdllll iiii'ii, haviii); rrnssril iiiln 
 Ni'w Jrrsry, nppnsiir In I'hilailrlpbia, marrhril 
 ilnwii nil Ibr raslrin siilr iiT Ibr Driawarr, to at- 
 liU'k llir rrilnnbt al Kril-llank, which was ilrlrmlril 
 
 sailaiils Hrrr s| lily rrvrrsril. 'The .\iiicricans ! by aliniit 100 men, iiiiilcr the cnmiiianil nl Cnlnncl 
 
 Icll llir brills liasiily, and all cll'nru In rally ibriii ' (irrcnr. Thr attack immrilialcly cniiimencrd 
 wcrr iiirllrrinal. I,iiiii ('nrnwallis arrivril nilli | by a smart caimnnaib'. iindrr cnvrr nl' which thr 
 H parly nl' lii;hl biirsc, and jniiicd ill the piiisiiii. ! cniinl advancrd In ihr rcdniibt. This placi! wa.s 
 This »as cniilinncd Inr snmr miles. The Inss nil iiilcmb'd I'nr a much lariirr );arrisiin than was then 
 Ibr inyal army, inclmliiii; ibr tvniindcd and prisniil in it. It had tbrrrbirc brrniiir nrcrssary tn run 
 
 a liiir lhrnii!;b tlu* niiddir and cvaciiair niir part (if 
 il. That part was easily carrird by llir assail- 
 ants, nil which ihry imlnli;eil in bind liii/./..is I'nr 
 
 crs, was abniit .'iOO. .\lllnn^ llirir sl.itii wcrr 
 ltn;;:idicr (trnrral .Viiiirw.aml Lieiilcnanl ( 'ntniict 
 itiiil. The Inss nl' the .\inrricans, incliidnm 10(1 
 prisnncrs, was abmil 1000. .Xmim^ tlirir slam 
 H'crr (irnrral Nash and his aiddr-camp .Major 
 U'ilbrispnnn. 
 
 .•sunn allrr ibis balllr llir Drilish bit (icrmaii- 
 Innii, ami liirncd ibcir piincipal allriilinii Innaid i 
 cpi'iiint: a Irrc commiinicalioii between ibcirariiiy 
 and llirir shippini:. 
 
 iMiicli imhisiry and iii)icnnily had been excited 
 for the security ol' I'hiladelpliia on thr wain sidr. 
 Tbiriirn nalbrs, twn llnalini; ballrrirs, i«n /.rlircks, 
 one liiii;, one ship, brsiiirs a iinmbcr nt' armrd 
 biKils, lire ships and rails, wrrr consiriirird nrrin- 
 ployrd Inr this piirpnsr. The .\mericaiis alsn had 
 built a Inn nil .\I ml Island, In which I hey |:avr the 
 liaiiir III' KnrI .Milllin, and rrrclrd ihercnn a con- 
 iiidcralilc battery. This island is admirably .siiii- 
 titcd liir the ereclinn nl' works lo aniiny sbippini; on 
 (heir way up the iJclawaie. Il lie^ near the mid- 
 dle nl. he river, about .seven miles bebiw i'liila- 
 delpbia. .Nn vpsseln nl' burden can come up but 
 by the main ship channel, which passes close lo 
 Mild Island, and is very narrow lor more than a 
 mile below. Opposiic'to Knrt Milllin there is a 
 hei(;ht. called Hed-liank. This nverlnnk.4 nut only 
 
 their supposed victory. The uarrisnii kept up a 
 severe and well directed lire nn tbcm by which they 
 were cnmpelled In retire. They siiHcred not only 
 in the U'isaiill, but in the approach lo, and retreat 
 I'inm ihe I'nrl. Their whido loss in killed and 
 wounded was about 100. (Jouiit Doiiopwas mor- 
 tally wounded and taken prisoner, (,'ongress re- 
 snlved, lo present t'oloiicl (ireenc with a .sword 
 lor his |;nod condiicl oil thisnccasion. .\ii attack, 
 made about (he same time on Fort Milllin, by 
 men ol" war and Iriijates, was not more .siiccess- 
 riillhaii the assault on Ked-Hank. The Augusta 
 of III jjims, and the Merlin, two of the vessels 
 which were eniiaiied in il, i;ot around. The 
 former was lircd, and blew up. The latter was 
 evacuated. 
 
 Thnui-li the first attempts of the British, fnr 
 openiii}; the naviijalion of the Delaware, were un- 
 successful, they cariied their point in anolherway 
 that was unexpected. The chevaux-de-frise, ha- 
 vini: been sunk some considerable time, the current 
 of the water was diverted by this great bulk into 
 new channel.s. In consequence thereof, the pas- 
 sage between the islands and the Pennsylvania 
 
 (he river, but the neinhliouriiin country. On this! shore was so deepened as to admit vessels of con 
 eiuiiience, a respeclable ballery was erecled. lie- slderable drauulit of water. Through this passage, 
 (ween ibese two fortresses, which are half a mile 'the \'iuilaiit, a larije ship, nil down so as to draw 
 
 duslaiit from earliolhrr, ihr .American naval ariiia- 
 meiil, fnr ihr delnn'e of llie river I )i'lawari', made 
 Its baiboiir of iriir.it. 'I'wo raiigrs of chrvaiix- 
 de-frise were also sunk in the channrl. 'I'hrsr 
 consisted of large pieces of timber, strongly I'ram- 
 
 II lillle water, inounird with 'i\ pounders, madr 
 her way In a position finm which she might eiili- 
 lade the works nn .Mud- Island. This gave thr 
 lirilisb siirh an advaiilage, that the pnst was no 
 longer leiiable. Lieutenant Colonel .Smith, who 
 
 as a vnlnnleer bad iinldy nllerrd In takr I'liargc of 
 ibis daii'^rrniis post, was nbligrd In cvuciiale it. 
 This evriil dill mil lakr place nil Ihr wnrks wrra 
 rnliirly brat dnwn. every pirer <}( caiinnn ilis- 
 mnnnled, and niir nf llie Itrilish ships so nrar, that 
 slir ihrrw urenadrs into ihr fori, and killed Ihn 
 men uiicnvrred in ihr plallnrm. Thr troops, who 
 had HO bravrlv drb'nded Kort .Nlilllin, made a sain 
 retreat lo Keiillank. Coiigress viiird swords to lio 
 givrn to lirutenanl colonel Siiiilh and roinmodore 
 lla/.b'wood for I heir gallant defence of i he I lela wars 
 Wilhiii three days after .Mud Island was evacu- 
 ated, llie garrisnii was aUo wiihilrawii from Iteil- 
 Ilaiik, oiitlie approach of [lOrd Cornwallis, at iho 
 bead of a large force prepared lo assault il. .Some 
 of the American gallics and arincil vessels, esca- 
 ped by keepiim close in with the Jrrsry shorr. In 
 places of seciirily above I'hilailrlpbia ; but sevi'ii- 
 lecn of lliem weie abaiifloned liv their crews, and 
 fned. Thus the llrilisli gained a free conmmni- 
 calion bclwern llieir army and shipping. This 
 en'iil was lo them very desirable. They had been 
 previously o''' "cd lo draw llirir provisions from 
 I'lirslrr. a disiaiice of fifleen miles al some risk, 
 and a ccriain great rxprnsr. The long pmlracleil 
 drfriice of the Delaware, deranged llie plans of 
 the Drilish, for Ihe remainder nf the campaign, 
 and cnnseipienlly saved the adjacenl cnniilry. 
 
 Abniil Ibis lime, ihr rliair nf Congress becaiun 
 vacaiil. by the drparlnir nl Mr. Ham ock, after ho 
 liaildisrhargi'il thr diilirsof that nlVnr tn giral ar- 
 ceplame, two years and live moiilhs. Henry Laii- 
 iriis, of ."-Joiiib Carolina, was imanimoiisly riecled 
 bis successni- on the Isl nf .Nnvrmber. lie had 
 been in Kngland fnr snnie years, anlecedcnl tn the 
 hnsiile dclermiiialiims nf parii iiiirnl against ihi: 
 cnlnnirs; bill linding thr dispnir growing srrioiis, 
 be conceived that linnnnr and duly called him In 
 take pan wilh his native cniinlry. He had In eii 
 warmly sniiriird lo slay in Kngland; and nirnt 
 wrrr made him lint niily lo secure, but In dii.llilu 
 his American eslale, in case of his continuing lu 
 reside Ihrrr: but these were rrfiispil. Tn a par- 
 ticular frirnil in riniidnn, ilissnading him finmcnm- 
 iiig lint tn .Viiicrica, he replied nn the '.Mb nf .Nn- 
 veniber 1771, when at Kalmniilh, nn the pniiit nf 
 
 embarking, " I shall never fnrget yniir fn Hy at- 
 
 lenlion to my interest ; but I dare mil reliirn. Voiir 
 minislers are deaf lo informalion, and seem bent 
 on provoking unnecrssary conlesi. I think I have 
 acted the pan of a faithful siiliject. I now go re- 
 solved still to labour for peace; al the same limo 
 determined in the last event lo stand or fall with 
 my country." 
 
 When ,Sir William Howe was succeedin<; in 
 every enterprise in I'eimsylvaiiia, inlelligence ar- 
 rived, as shall be iclaled ill the next chapter, that 
 (icncral Hiirgoyiie and his whole army had sur- 
 rendered prisoners of war to the .\mericans." 
 
 (iencraj Washington soon aflerwards received it 
 considerable reinl'nrcemciit from the northern army 
 which had accomplished this great event. Willi 
 this incrensed force, hrlnnk apnsilimi at and near 
 Whitrmarsh. 'J'hr rnyalarmy, having succeeded 
 in removing the obstructions in the river Delaware, 
 were ready for new cnlerpriscs. ,Sir William 
 Howe, on the llli of December, marched out of 
 I'hiladelpliia wilh aluiost his whole force, expect- 
 ing to bring on a general engagement. The next 
 morning he appeared on Cheslnnlhill in front of, 
 and about three miles distant from, the right wing 
 of the .Xmericans. On the day following, the Brit- 
 ish changed their ground, and iiinved to the right 
 Two days after, they lunved still farther to tlio 
 right, and exhibited every appearance nf an inten 
 tioii to attack the American encampment. Somo 
 skiiniislirs took place, and a genrial action was 
 hourly expected ; but inslrad iheienf. nn the morn- 
 ing nf Ihr iirxl day, Decemlier '.HU. al'ier variniis 
 marches and couiiirrmarchrs, the Ifrilisb lilcil niV 
 I'rnm llie right, by two or three dill'ereul routes, in 
 full march for PJiiladelphia. 
 
490 
 
 IIISTORV OK THE 
 
 1 : 
 
 !j 
 
 J S 
 
 
 Tlic pcHition (irOenrral WnnliiiiKliin, in :i iiiili- 
 tiirv [HiinI III vliMV, u,)s iiiliiiiiiitili', Mr » ;is -^n 
 ni'iisihUi iit'ttir ]iilv.iiil:i!;t*s lit il. ih.tl tlii> iiriMini- 
 \ri'H 1)1' Sir Williiiin Hiiwr I'ur Hiiint* iliivHrmilit mil 
 alliiri' liliii rriiiii II. In riiiisi'iiiiiiK i- iil'ilii- inii- 
 rurrciiit'iil hiiclvrfii'in'il, lii' li.iil mil in iiiiy |nr 
 ccilinK iirriiiil iil' tlip ciiiii|iiUi;ii lii'iii in an t'lpial 
 Cuiiililiiiii liir a K<'ni'riil I'nuaiii'inriil. 'I'limmli hi' 
 eviileiilly wislicil In be allarkcil, vi'l lir wiiiilil mil 
 irlini|ni»li a |iiisiiiiiii, 110111 wliii li lie liii|>i'il (n ic 
 |inir the iniirortniieM iil'llii- <'»iii|r.ii^n. llr riinlil 
 iinl lii-lii'vi', llial <>i'hrral llnnc uiili a viriiniiiiii 
 uriiiv, mill lliat lalrlv rfiiit'nn ril wiili liiiir llinn 
 minti nirn iVotii Ni'W York, almnlil runic iiiil iil 
 i'liihiilel|iliia, nnly In rclnrn lliilhrr ai;aiii. lie 
 thrrcl'iirr prfKunu'il, thai In aviiiil ilic ili^i-rarr i>l 
 Kiicli a innviMncnl, lliR llrillHli rnnnniimlrr uimlil 
 rriiiii a niMiiiPnC iiiililary honniir, li<> i'iini|>i'lli'il in 
 alliirk him, Ihiiimh iiinh'i ureal ilisailvania,':i"<. — 
 When \\ei riiunil him cauliniiH nt'('ii<;at;inK, ami in- 
 cliiiiii); III IiIh Ii'I'i. a ilariii}; ili'simi wan linnii'il 
 wliirh wniilil have liri-nrxi'cnlol, liail tlir llrilish 
 pilhpr colli iniifil in llicir poNiiion, 01 iiiovi'il a lililt 
 farlher In llu* Irtt ol lhi> Aini'rican army. 'I'lns 
 WM» III have aiti'inpli'il in llic inijlil in Ninpn^r 
 I'hilnili'Iphin. 'I'hf nci'i'iHary picpnraliuiM I'm this 
 piir|Misf Mi-ri> iiiailc ; liiit llii' lelriMl of ilic MiiiinIi 
 prevcntPil iH pxcculinn. 
 
 Sunn alier llipsp pipiiln. (ipm-ral Sinallwiinil 
 wilh a iiiii-iiilrralilr I'orcc, was pntlnl at W'ilmini: 
 Inn, on llii' lianks nl'llii' Drlawaip; anil Wasliiii);- 
 loM. with ilip main army, tptirpilln uintiriinailcrs 
 al V'alli'y I'orj;'', Hi inilps Irdin I'hilaiii'Ipliia. — 
 'I'liiM posiiiiin was prdi-rrpil In illslanl anil iiiiirr 
 ('iimrortaiili' villages, an lipini; 1 iilrnlaii'il lu ^it|. 
 llip moil pxli'iisivi- sciiirily In llin I'linnlrv. 'I'lir 
 American army iniuht have lircii Irai kcil, hy ihr 
 blooil oftheii fei't, in marehini! wiihnnl slnii's or 
 morkiiiK" nvpr the haril I'ro/.en |jroiinil, lietneen 
 Whileiiiarslianil Valley Korijp. Snnie hiimlieiN 
 of (hem were wilhniit lilanket.s. I'mlertliese lir- 
 ciiiiiilanceK, they hail lo !<it iliiwn in a wnoil. in 
 the latter eiiil uf Deceintier, anil lo Iniilil hiiis Inr 
 their acconiiiiiiilation. This ninile ol piiicnrinu 
 winter ipiarlers, if not cnlin-ly novrl, has lieen 
 rarely, if ever pracliseil in inoili'in war. The 
 cheerfulness willi which llie general and his army 
 Stibinilled to spenil a severe winter, in snrli in- 
 ciimstances, rather than leave the eoiinirv ex- 
 posed, hy retirini: farther, ilemnnslraleil as well their 
 |iatrioti8in as their lixeil resolniiori lo siillir iveiv 
 inconvenience, in preference to siilimission. 
 
 Thus ended the campaign ol |;;7. Tl (.(i 
 
 Sir William Howe's army had been crowneil wilh 
 the most brilliant snccess, haviii!; ijaineil ino con- 
 liderahle victories, and been ei|ually iriiiinpliani in 
 many smaller aclions, yet the wlmle ainmint ol 
 this tide of noiid tortune was no imireilian a i:ooil 
 winter loilKin;; for his troops in I'liiladilpliia wliiNi 
 the men under his cnmiiiami posMssed no mine 
 of the adjacent country, than what they imniedi- 
 alely commanded wilh their arms. Tlie('iini;ress, 
 it is true, was compelled lo leave the lirsi seal ol 
 their deliberatiiins : and the Krealest litvin the 
 United .States chanKcil a number of its whi^ inha- 
 bitants for a numerous royal army; bwl il is as true 
 tliat the minds iif the .\meiicaiis weie. it pnssilile. 
 more hostile to the claims of (ireat llriuiin than 
 ever, and their army had fiained as imicli hy ills- 
 ripline and experience, as compensated lor Us di- 
 minution by defeats. 
 
 The events nf this campaign were aiUerse to the 
 sanguine hopeg, which had been entertained of a 
 speedy ronipicst of the reroltcd colonies. Kepeat- 
 cU proofs had been given, that though Washing- 
 ton was very forward lo engags when he thought 
 it tu his advantage, yet it vta» impossible for the 
 royal communder to bring hiiri to a,-'ioii against 
 his consent. Hy this mode of coiidncling tiie de- 
 fence of the new fiirincd .slates, two campaigns 
 had been wasted away, ami the work which *as 
 originally allotted for -, was still iiiifiiiislieil. 
 
 An account of some miscellaneous traiisaclions 
 will close this chapter. Llenicnanl Colonel liar- 
 
 Island, accntnpanird hy about forty vohinieera, 
 passed by night, on the '.Mh ol .Inly, Itom U'ar 
 wick neck to Khoile Isl.iml, siirpii~.iil < li'iier.d 
 I'rescotI in his ipi.nters. iml lironglit liim and oin' 
 of his aids sale oil to llic 1 iintmeiil. Tlioimh tin) 
 li.iil a passage ol* ten miles by water, llicy elmleil 
 the hhips III war ami cnaiil boats, whiili l.iy all 
 riiiiml tlie hl.ind. The enterpn/a' n.is coiiiliiitcd 
 wilh so much silenie and address, ili.il there was 
 no aliini among the lliilish, till the colonel ami 
 his parly h.id nearly reai lied the coiilineni wilh 
 their pii/.e. Coimri'ss soon after resolved, that an 
 elegant sword shoiilil be presented to Ijieutenanl 
 I'oloiiel llaiion, as a testitiionial of their sense of 
 Ins gallant liehavioiir. 
 
 It has already been nieiitioneihlhuti'oMgress, In 
 the latter end ol .November, I'l'io, anlllori/.ed the 
 capture III vessels, laden with slori's or reinforc- 
 mi'iils lor their enemies. ()ntheL,':!d of March, 
 li'/li, tliey exlemled this permission so far, as to 
 aulhori/.e their iiihabitanls to lit out armed vessels, 
 to cruise on the enemies of the rniled colonies. 
 The .\mericaiis heiicelorth devoted llieiiiselves lo 
 privateering, and were very successful. In the 
 roiirse ot llie war. they iii.ide many valuable c.ip- 
 tiires, partii III 'I'ly of hoinenaid lionnil West In- 
 diamen. The particulars lannot be ennnierated : 
 lint good iiidges hive calculateil, that within nine 
 monllis alter < 'oiigress authori/.ed privateering, the 
 llrilish loss in capliires, exclusive of transports 
 and goveriiMienl store ships, exceedeii a million 
 ■lerling. They found no dilhcnlty insellmu ilicir 
 pii/.es. The ports III I'raiice were open lo ihein, 
 lioth In Kiiiope and in the West Indies. In the 
 latter they were sold without any disguise ; biiMii 
 the liirimr a uiealer regard was |iaiil lo appear- 
 .lines. < Ipen sales were not permitted in the bar- 
 lioiirs of Kranee al parlii iilar limes ; but even then 
 they were made at the entnince, or ofTing. 
 
 Ill the rreiii II West India Islands, the inhabit- 
 aiils not only purchased piizes, brought in by the 
 American cruisers, bill hited out privateers under 
 .\inericaii colours and commissions, and made 
 captures of llrilish vessels. William Itingham. of 
 I'liiladelphia, was stationed as the aueiil of Con- 
 gress, at Martinicu : and he t,iok an early and ac- 
 tive part in arming privateers in St. I'lerre. to an- 
 noy and cruise against llrilidi property. Thefa- 
 voiiralilu disposition of the inhabiiants fiirnislied 
 him wilh an opporlnnity, which he siiccesslnlly 
 improved, not only lo distress the Itrilish coiii- 
 liierce, but to sow the seeils of discord between 
 the French and Knglish. The Ameriian priva- 
 teers also loniid countenance in some of llie ports 
 of Spain ; but not so readily nor so universally as 
 ill those of France. The llrilish took many of the 
 Ameiican vessels. Such of them, as weie l.iden 
 with provisions, proved a seasonable relief lo llieir 
 WesI India Islands, which ollieiwise wi.iild have 
 sull'ired from the want ol those supplies, thai be- 
 fore the war had been usually piociiied iVom the 
 iieiL'hboiiring conlineni. 
 
 The .\iiierican privateers, in the vear 17/7, in- 
 cre-iseil in nnmbers and boldness. I'liey insnlied 
 the coasts of Creat llritain and Ireland, in a man- 
 ner that had never before been alleiiipled. .Such 
 was llieii spirit of adventure, that il became ne- 
 cessary lo appoint a convoy for the proleclioii of 
 the linen ships from Dublin and Newiy. The (ie- 
 neral .Mililin privateer, after making repealed eap- 
 tuies, arrived at Ilresi, and saliilrd the French ad- 
 miral. This was returned in li.riii, as to the ves- 
 sel of an independent power. lionl Stonnoiit, 
 llie Hritish ambassador, at the court of Versailles, 
 irritated at the countenance given to Ihe Ameri- 
 cans, threatened lo return immeilialely to l.omlon. 
 unless salisfaelion were given, and iliH'erent mea- 
 sures was ailoited by France. An order was is- 
 sued in conse.,iieiice of his application, requirint! 
 all .\iiiericaii vessels to leave llie ports of his most 
 clirisiian majesty ; lint llioiigh the order w as posi- 
 tive, so many evasions were practised, ami the exe- 
 cution of it was so relaxed, that it proilnced no per- 
 manent discouragement <,( tlie heueficial iuier- 
 coume. 
 
 CIIAI'TKR til. 
 
 Tltr NoriJH-rii ('iiiii|iiijt;ii iif 1777. 
 
 To ellict a free coniiniiiiiealion between New- 
 York and I ' iiMila. and lo iiiainlani the iiavig ilioii of 
 the iiiteiioeili lie l.ikes, were prim'i|i.il oli|i'e|« wilji 
 the lliilisli. Ill llieranipaii;ii ol I i i'l. 'I'lie Amer- 
 ii'ins presnimiig on this had been eaily alteniiro 
 III ilieir secnriiv in tli.it ipiirler. They had re> 
 solved III consirncl a fort on .Nloniit Indepemlenre, 
 an eminence adjoining the strait on which Tiriin- 
 deroga stands, and neatly opposite to thai fortreH*. 
 They had also resolved, to oJistriiel the n.ivlgalion 
 of the strait by eaissoims, to be Hiiiik in Ihe water, 
 and joined ho as to serve al the same lime for a 
 bridge, between the tiirlilicatlons on the east and 
 west sides III it ; that, lo pieveiil the llrilish fioni 
 drawing their small cr.ilt o\er land into l,aku 
 (ieorge, the passage of that lake should be ob- 
 slriicled ; that Fori .Schuyler, the siiiie w liich had 
 formerly been called I'liil .'■itaiinix, slionld bo 
 slreliglhened, an. I other fortilicalions erected near 
 llie .Mohawk river, lieipiisitioiis were made, hy 
 the commanding iilVner in the deparliiieiit, tor 
 lil.lilHI men, as necessary for the security of thin 
 ilisirict. The ad|ai'enl stales were nr^ed lo fill up 
 llieir recruits, and 111 all respects lo be in leailineiM 
 for an active eaiiipaign. 
 
 The liritish minisiiy were very sanunine in their 
 calcul.ilions, ontheciiiisi'ipieiicesol lorniincalineof 
 comintiiiicalion lietween New \'iiik and ( 'anaila. 
 They coiisiilered the New Knulaml people I he soul o| 
 the conlederary .and promised llienisili es niiicli by 
 seveiinglhem lioin all free eoiiininiiiiation wilh 
 the nemhboiirini! stales. They hoped, when this 
 was acconiplished, to be able lo snridiiiid llieni so 
 ellectnally wilh Heels, armies, and Imliaii allies, a:1 
 III compel their siibinission. Ammaled » ith theiiii 
 expei'lalioiis, they lilt nolliing iiiidone. winch bid 
 fair for insuring the success of llieir plans. 
 
 The ri'uiilar troops, Itrilish and lieiiiian, allotteil 
 III this service, were upwards of 7IHMI. .\s artil- 
 lery is eonsidered to be parlii'ularly useful in in 
 Xnieiiean war, where iinnierniis inha'iilaiils are lo 
 lie diiven out of woods and fasliii'sses, this part of 
 the service was parliciilaily attended to. The 
 brass train sent out w as perhaps the fiiiesl, and the 
 iiiiist excellently supplied, both is to olliceis and 
 men, llial had ever been allollid to sei o'ld llio 
 operaliiins of an eipial liiice. In addition 'i iho 
 regulars, it was supposed thai the Caiiadia. ind 
 the biyalists, in the neiulibouriii!; slates, would add 
 l.irge reinlorcemeiits, well ealcnlaled for the pecu- 
 liar iialiire of the service. .Anns ami accoutre- 
 iiients, were acciirilingly provided to supply them. 
 Several nations of savages had also been induced to 
 take up the lialchel, as allies to his Itritamiic ma- 
 jesty. .Not only the humanity, but the policy ol 
 employing them was (pieslioned in lireat llril lin. 
 The o|iposers ol' il conleniled lliat Indiaii..< weru 
 eapiicious, ini'onHlaiit, and intractable ; their rapa- 
 city iiis.iiiale, and their actions cruel and barba- 
 rous. Al the same time, their services were rep- 
 resented uncertain, and their engauements without 
 the least claim to coiilideiice. ( >n the oilier hand, 
 the /.I'll of liiitish ministers for ledncing the re- 
 volted colonies was so violent, as to make tlieiii, ill 
 llieir excessive wrath, lotgel that their adversaries 
 were tiien. 'I'hey contemleil. that in then cirenill 
 Hiances every appearance of lenity, by inciting (u 
 disobedience, and thereby iiicieasing the object!* 
 of punishment, was eveninally cruelly. In their 
 opinion, partial severity was ueneral mercy, and 
 Ihe only inelliod of speeilily cruslim;: the relielliun 
 was lo envelope its alienors in such complicaled 
 distress, as by rcnderiii!: their situation intolera- 
 ble, would make ihem willing lo accept the priif- 
 lered blessiii!;s of peace and security. Thesenti- 
 nieiils of those who were for einploying liiiliana 
 .igainsl the Americans prevailed. Presents were 
 liiierally disiiibnted among llieni. Induced by 
 these, and ahii by their innate thirst for war and 
 plomler, lliey poured forlli their warriors in such 
 abiinilance, thai Ihcir nuiubciii ihrealcnvd to beau 
 iDcunibraucu. 
 
 ■n 
 
tl. 
 nil;;?. 
 
 I! Ix'IWl'I'll Nl'|». 
 
 !lii' iriviniliiiMof 
 
 ( l|l.ll (lll|l'''(< Willi 
 
 ( / ( . 'I'lii' Aiiier- 
 II (Mily iilleiiiivu 
 'I'lii V Inil re- 
 nt liiili'iD-iiili'iii'n, 
 nil wliirli 'I'iciin- 
 li'tii Ihiii t'lirtrcHH. 
 iirl ilii' ii.ivi;;iiljiiii 
 mink in llii- wiiii-r, 
 H.iiiii' liiiir liir :i 
 i'« nil I hi' iMHi mill 
 llir llrilitll I'iniii 
 hinil iiilii l,:iLu 
 
 ikc ollllllill III- oli- 
 
 II' •i.iiiir hIiIi'Ii h.iil 
 
 illlHln, NJlllllill lie 
 
 lint cirrli'il iii'iir 
 
 It ttrif iii;iili', hy 
 
 ili'|Miliiiriil, liir 
 
 ir miiirily iiC llijn 
 
 ir iii:;i'il III till lip 
 
 1 til III' III U'^iilint'ss 
 
 V Haiiiiiiiiic in tlii'ir 
 sill |iiiiiiiiic;iljni-iif 
 Viiik anil < 'aiiuihi. 
 lil|il'n|ilt'lln-«iill|ii| 
 
 II'III'M'IVI-S Illlll'll liv 
 
 iiiniiiiiii Miiiin Willi 
 
 i llll|'l'll. wlll'll tllJK 
 
 siiiniiiiiil llii'iii sii 
 ml liiiliiiii allii"<. iLi 
 niiii.ili'il uiili ilii'ju! 
 iiiiiliiiii', nliii'li hill 
 llii'ii' plans. 
 
 I (M'liiian, alliitlnl 
 7(MI(). As arlil- 
 laily list I'liI ill in 
 s iiilia'iitanis are lu 
 ii.sscs, this pari iif 
 atli'iiili'il III. 'I'lic 
 s till' liiii'st, anil llin 
 I IS III iiMici'is mill 
 Inl to M'co'iil |!jo 
 
 III aililitiiiii 'I the 
 till' ( aiiailia. mil 
 m Staler, Hiiiilil add 
 iilalt'il liir till' pccii- 
 I'liis and iKTiMiliv- 
 li'd III supply llii'iii. 
 Isii lii'i'ii iiidiicnl 1(1 
 I liis llrilannir iiia- 
 
 liiil till' piiliiy III 
 I In (iri'at liriliin. 
 that Iniliaii-i wcrti 
 I'lahle ; tlii'ir lapa- 
 
 iriK'l and hariia- 
 si'rvii'i's weri' ri'ji- 
 Uaiiriiii'tits willidiit 
 < )n lliriitiirr liiiiid, 
 r irdliiinii llii- rc- 
 is to iiiaki' tlit'Mi, ill 
 at tlii'ir ailii'rsarie.9 
 lilt ill their circiiiii 
 lily, liy inciliii); lu 
 I'asir.j the iilijecl!) 
 ciiii'lly. In their 
 I'lieral iiii'K y , and 
 shiii!: the rehi'lliiiii 
 sui'li riiiiiplirated 
 siiiiatiiiii iiitiilera- 
 I) accept the piiif- 
 ■iirily. 'I'lieseiiti- 
 'iiipliiyint! IndiaiiH 
 il. I*le";enls wero 
 I'm. Induced by 
 tliMst lor war and 
 r warridis in siirli 
 threatened to lioaa 
 
 K.N \rV.U ST A IKS. 
 
 TIk" vaHl force deatined fur this seime was pul 
 under the cuiiiiiiaiid of l.ieiiteiiaiil liiiicial lliir- 
 (TOVne, ail ollic'l vllii^e alllhlles wele viell kllown, 
 iiiid wliose spirit III em ei'prise and I hirst lor nil 1 1 1. 1 
 rv I line could mil he ixeeided. I le was siipporled 
 li\ .M.iioi lieniral I'liilips ol llie aililli'iy, who h.iil 
 I'^laiilisheil a soliil M'piil.ilion hy liM i;iiod i omiiii i 
 iliinii;: the I. lie w,ir in (iciioaiiN ami liy Majni i ic- 
 iici.il lleiili'sci, and I'riiiadier lieiieial Speech , nl 
 the (icrmaii troops, lo):eihcr with liie lliitish (ieiie- 
 r.ils l-'ia/.er, I'owel and llaiii.'lliiii, all iillkeri* of 
 ilislumilislied merit, 
 
 The Itrilisli had xlso niiilispiited possession of 
 the iiaviuatKinof Lake ( 'haniplain. Their marine 
 force ihereoii, with uliieli in the prccedini; cam 
 paiun they had destroyed the American shippiii); 
 on the lakes, was not only entire, hut unopposed. 
 
 A considerahle hirce was left ill Canada for its 
 Internal security ; and Sir (iiiy Carleton's mdiiary 
 coimnand was restricted to the limits of thai pro- 
 vince. Tlioimh the Itiltish ministry attiihiiled the 
 preservation of Ciiiada to Ins aliilities in \'i'i') and 
 177li, yet, hy their arranaemrnts hir the year 1777. 
 lie was only called upon to act a seeondaiy pail, in 
 siiliscrviency to the );raiid expedition loniniitled to 
 loner d Itiiruoyne. His hehavioiir en this oci.i- 
 Sinn was eonl'ormahle III the greatness ot'liis mind. 
 
 Insi I of thnarliiiK or relaiilinu a seiv'ce which 
 
 was .virtually taken iml of his hands, h.' applied 
 Ijini'i'll to support and hirward il in all iis paits, 
 Willi llie same dili|;eiiee as if the arrani^emeiit had 
 l/ccn entirely his own, and commilted In hii.isell 
 loi cM'ciition. 
 
 The plan of the Itiitish, for tlieir pro|ccted i,'- 
 riijilion into the north western frontier of New 
 N'oik, consisted of twopaits. (ieneial liiii'uovne 
 Willi the main iiiidy was In advance h\ the w ly ol 
 lake ( 'haniplain, with positive oiders, as has heeii 
 0:iid, to t'oree his way to .Mliany, or at least so far 
 as III elleet ajiiiiclion with the royal army Irom 
 iNcw ^'ork. AdetaelituPiil was to ascend llie riv- 
 er St. Lawrence, as far as lake ( )iilai'iii, ainl, from 
 that ipiarler. to penetrale inwards Alliaiiy, hy the 
 w ly III the .Nlidi.iwk river. This was put nmlei 
 the I oinmaiiil of l.ieiilenaiit Cidonel St. Lei:er. 
 and eonsisicd ofalioiit Iwohiinilred lliilisli troops, 
 a reiinneiit of .New \'oik loyalists, raised ami coiii- 
 iiianilcd hy ."^ir .lohn .lohnson, and a lar^e hodv ol 
 savaL'es. Licnlenanl iiciier.d Itiir^oyiie arrived in 
 CJiieliee on the ilili of .M.iy.aml exerted all ililii;enci' 
 to prosecute III due lime the ohjects ol' the expedi- 
 tiiiii. I le pi'oceeiled up lake I 'haniplain, and l.ind- 
 ed Ileal I 'low n-l'omt. .\t this place he met the 
 Iniiiaiis, 'ili||i .liine. i;',ive them a war feast, and 
 in.ide a spei'i h to them. This was well caleula- 
 Icd to excite iheiii to lake part with llie royal 
 army : Iml at the same time to repress their har- 
 li.'iriiy. lie pointedly forliide tlieni to shed hlooil 
 when not opposed in arms, and coiiinianded that 
 aued iiii'ii. women, ami children, iiid prisoners 
 should he held s:icred Irom the kiiile and the halcli- 
 el. even in llie heal of actual conllicl. ,\ reward 
 was piomiscd lor prisoners, and a severe iiii|iiirv 
 llne.ileiied for scalps; tholii;li permission was 
 (iranled to lake them from those who were piivi- 
 oii-ly killed in f.iir opposiiion. Thescrestriilions 
 will' mil siilllciciil III restrain tlieir harliarilies. — 
 The Indians lia\in<; decidedlv taken part with the 
 llrilish army, (ieneial liiiruoy lie issued a pioel.i- 
 iiialion, ealeulated to spread terror anion}; the in- 
 liahitanls. The nninliets of his Indian associates 
 were iiia$;tiilied, and their eagerness to he let loose 
 to their prey ileserihed in liiuli soinidini; words. 
 The foiceof the Uritish armie-i and Heels, prepa- 
 led to crush every part of the revolted colonies, 
 was also displayed in pompous hinmiaue. Kneour- 
 iiueinent and eiiiployment weie promised to those 
 who should assist in the reeslahlishmeiit of leual 
 );ov< rniiieiit, and security held out to the peace- 
 alile and imiiisirioiis. w ho coiillniU'd in theirhahl- 
 talioiis. All the calamilies of war, ariayed in their 
 liiosi lerrifn I'urins, weie deiioiinced ayainst lliose 
 who sIkiiiIiI persevere in a mililaiy oppnsiliun to 
 the loyal forces. 
 
 (ieneial liur^oyne advanreil with Ills niiny, on 
 llie JUlli of June, to Crown I'oinl. At (hiii place 
 
 ■427 
 
 lie issued iirders, of which the follow iiiK wiirds HrrI was iinnle In appear, I Iml, tlioiiuli l.'l.lilMlinen had 
 
 pail ; 
 
 The .niiiy enih.iiks to iiinriow to ap- heen eailv i ailed I 
 
 as iieccss,!! V to dclenil the 
 
 pioacli the eiiemv, The servii es reipiired on this iioilhern posts, \ci, on tli:' approiich of lieniial 
 
 expedition are critical and conspii lions, Diirini! Ilniuoyne. llie v 'liiie force collei led to oppose linn 
 
 our progress iiccisioiis may oci iir, in which no w, is only '.'.ilii loniineni^is, and 'JIHI nuhii.i. h. idly 
 
 hlliciiliy, not l.ilionr, nor hie, aie to lie re;;ariled. supplinl ,ini| woisc aimed. I'lom ilic iiisiiIIh lehcy 
 
 rills army iiinsi nm reiieal." I'loini lown I'm 
 the loyiil iiiiiy procei'ileil to invest Ticomleioua. 
 
 their iiiimhei-., they could not pi 
 
 till 
 
 On till 
 
 |.pi 
 
 ih, lie 
 
 iilv 
 
 d with 
 
 I C'liial cm 
 
 the I 
 
 ves ol .siiiijar 
 
 lull. 
 
 or of Moiinl llope, tlion;'.ll 
 
 oriiier coimiian 
 
 lion and older on hotli xiiles the lake, while iheir deiii 
 
 led tin 
 
 inks, lioili III Tici'ii 
 
 .iiiil .Mount liidepciidei 
 
 Old the latter 
 
 naval force kept in ils centre Within ii lew days, i was ol ^real lin|iori.inee for eoinnmmcalioii wiili 
 they had xurroiindrd three lotirlliHof the Aimri- > lake (leorL'e, and li.id heen foriilied the yen he- 
 can works, at Tieiiiiderii):a and Miiiinl Indepeml- 1 fore with that view. To the ipiesiion wliieli hail 
 ciiee ; and had >ilsii iiilvniieed a work on Siiiiar-lidl, heen repeiiledly asked ; ■■ why was the etaenation, 
 so far liiwarditcoMipletiiin, thai intwenly-fiinr hours; if really iieress»ry, delayed till the Aineiic.iiK 
 it wiiiild have been reinly to open. In these cir- i were so nearly Hnrrniinded, as to occasion the los« 
 inmstanres, (ienrral St. (lair, the \ oniniandlnc'of such valuable stores ^' it wasansweied: thai 
 ill 
 
 otlicer, resi 
 
 Ived to evacuate the post; hut eon- 1 " from various rireiiiMslances it wis impossihle lor 
 ceivinu it prudent to 'ike the scntimetitii of tlie> (ieneial St. (lair In ^'et earlv inlormalioii of thii 
 
 al ollii 
 
 cers, he e 
 
 died 
 
 a coiinci 
 
 I of 
 
 war on the • ii 
 
 iiniiil) 
 
 lers opposci 
 
 I to III 
 
 Tl 
 
 II' s;iva!.'is, whom 
 
 OCI asiiin. Il was lepresented to this council, thai the llrilish kept in front, deterred sina 
 
 Ihi 
 
 half of the u oiks ; that, as the whole miisi he 
 
 leir whole niiiiihiis were nolKUlficieiitto man oiiej lioilerini! parlies Iroiii approachmi; so near as In 
 
 iiv iliscoveiies of their niiniheis. l,ari;o 
 
 I make 
 
 conntant duly, it would he iinpossihle for them to [parlies, Irom the nature of the l'ioiiiiiI. could not 
 sustain the in cessary faliiiiie for any length nl have heen snpporti d w illioni riskini: a nencial ac- 
 tiiiie ; and that, as the place would he eompleiely j lion, '''rom the coliiliincd oper.iliun of these cir- 
 invesied on all sides within a day, iiiiiliini; Iml an ; cumsiaiKeN, the numhers of the appio ii hiiii; roval 
 linmediale ov:ii'iniiion III ihe posts could sate llieiri army were elleeliiallv eoneealiil Imm the i;airi- 
 
 Iroops. 
 
 le siliialion of (leiicra 
 
 I St. (la 
 
 I'liiinenlly i inbariassmi:. ,>such was the confnlence 
 of the Slilesin the fancied strenulli of this post, 
 and in the supposed superiority of force I'orils de 
 leiice,llial to retreat wilhont riskiiiL' anaclion ciinld 
 
 till III 
 view liefore it.' 
 
 van of lliiir lore 
 
 e appealed in 
 
 full 
 
 The relrealine army emliarked as inilcli of their 
 haKSiat"' and Ktores as lliey had any piospect of 
 siiMiiL', and lU'sp.iiched it iimler coiiiov ot tivii 
 
 not fid of diawiiiji on him the execralion of Ihe'armed fjalhes to Skeiieslioioii<jli. Their 
 
 niiiltituile 
 ■elf to lie 
 <i,.jjle I 
 
 To stand still, and, hy snilerini! Iiiiii- 1 body took ils riiiile towar'ls llie 
 rroimdeil, to risk his whole aiinv for a I wav of ( astlelon. The llrili-.li weie i 
 
 hv 
 
 Hist, was conlrarv 
 
 to tl 
 
 III sooni'r 
 
 le true inieiesis of i apprized of the H'tieat of the Americans than they 
 
 the Sl.iler.. In lli.s try iii^ siiuatioli. with ihe una- 1 pursued lliein. (ieneral fra/er. at the head of 
 
 iippiobalion of a council of his iieneral | the liiiht troops, advanced on ihiir inain hodv. 
 
 otlictr.s, lie a.li'pted the lieioic resolniion of sacri- 
 licini; per?.iiial repulalioii to save his army. 
 
 'i'fe asoimplioii of eonlirlenl appearances, by 
 need their adversaiies, to pro- 
 While from this cause tliev 
 
 h 
 
 ;dii 
 
 the garrison, 
 eeed wllll c; 
 
 were awed into respect, the evaein.tion was eoiii- 
 pleled with so niurli secrecy and eKprilition, that a 
 consider. ihle part of the piildic stores were saved, 
 and the whole would have heen einharked, had not 
 a violent i:ale of u iml prevented the hoat.s Ir 
 reiiclil 
 Th. 
 
 :tl 
 
 leir slalion. 
 iirks. abandoned by the .■\inericaii«, were 
 
 ill llie 
 
 cliielly the old I'reneli linen coiistrueted 
 late wai beiween I'' ranee and Kiiuland, which had 
 been repaired the year behire, and were in i;oiid 
 order. .New works were bei;au on the mount ; hut 
 tlieie was neilher time nor slien;;lli of lianils In 
 
 IIMIj 
 
 iletc till 
 
 A rieal ilea! of limber had been 
 
 felled belwei 
 
 n tl 
 
 le east creel 
 
 ml the fool 
 
 till 
 
 iiionnt, to retard the approaches of the lliitish. Al 
 llie reihiubls on the low ground were abandoned 
 
 lor want ot men to occupy 
 
 tin 
 
 Tl 
 
 lese vviirl. 
 
 ether wiili ninclv-llirce pieces of ordnaiiee, and 
 
 I hll'L 
 
 idleelii 
 
 if the llrilish. 
 
 1,1 I 
 
 irovisions, lell into the hands 
 
 evariialion of Tieoiiilero^a, July (!, was the 
 
 died 
 
 riie 
 
 ect of a severe scrutiny. 
 
 Concress rec 
 
 siilij 
 
 their i;eiieral officers in the nnrlliern deparimenl, 
 
 and ordered an impiiry into iheir comliict. They 
 
 iilso iioniina 
 
 led IV 
 
 111! 
 
 w. to assist llie jiidiie a'lvoeate in proseciitini; 
 
 la 
 
 that inipiiiy. 
 
 wo yenlleinen of einitieiice in 
 
 1 appointed a eotnmitlee ol' their 
 
 hodv In collect evi<lei 
 
 liar 
 
 support nf the 
 
 liicli were on this occasion lirouuht 
 
 i;es, w 
 iiist tlieiii, (icneral St. Clair, I'm 
 
 aKa 
 
 cessity of the 
 in the 11101" 
 behalf 
 
 till 
 
 ase, siiliiiiitted to this innovation 
 
 le of eoiidiictin;; courts martial; but In 
 the army protested auaiiist its beiny 
 drawn into precedent. Charues, of no less niafini- 
 tiiile than cowardiie, ini apacity an ' 
 
 <l ir 
 
 ehi 
 
 I'll' liroimlil forv 
 
 d in 
 
 rt ;i;iaiiist him, and 
 
 hehi 
 
 d hv 
 
 I.I 
 
 ■oiiilerii 
 iiiiiht Id 
 
 The public iiiinil, sore with 
 
 .\| 
 
 ijor (ieneral Keidesel was also onlered. witli 
 
 the L'reater pait ol the llrniiswiek troops, loniaii li 
 in the same direcl.'on. (Ieneial lluruovne in per- 
 
 i.le 
 
 son I'ondiieted the pursuit by 
 
 siriiclinns In the naviualiiin, iinl hat in;: been 1 niii 
 
 rill 
 
 leleil. 
 
 were soon cut tliroii"h. 
 
 The I 
 
 wo Iri^aieii 
 
 the Itoyal (leor':e and the Inllcxible, lo<.:elhe| 
 with the uiiii boats, liaviii;,' ellecteil their pass;i;:i', 
 pursued with so iimch rapidity, lliiit in the conrsc 
 of a day the i;nii boats came up wiih and allackcil 
 the American nillies, ne.ir Skeiiesboioii;;li l-'.ills. 
 On the approach of the fri" ites, all opposiiioii 
 ceased. 'I'wo of the jjallies were laken. and llirii! 
 rile Amerieans set lire to iheir works. 
 
 own up. 
 
 mills, and balteaiix. They were now left in ihu 
 woods, desliliile of provisions. In this forlorn 
 
 situation, thi'y in ide their cscapi 
 III fort .\niie. llriL'adicr l''i,i/.er pi 
 
 Wood creek 
 
 pillslll 
 
 d Ihl 
 
 treatini; Amerieans. and on the 'lih .Inly, lainenp 
 
 with 
 
 id attacked lliei 
 
 Thev m.ide 
 
 allaiit 
 
 resistance, but, alter stislainiii^ coiisiiteialde loss, 
 were iibliijed to i;ive w ly. 
 
 I.ieulenanl Colonel Hall, with the <I||| llrilish 
 retnnenl, was delached fiom ."skenesboidii'jh by 
 (ieiier;il Hiir;;oyne, to take post near lint Anne. 
 An eiif;ai;eiiii'nt eiisned belvecn this re^iiiient anil 
 a few .Aniericans ; but the litter, alier a conllii t 
 ot' two hours, lireil the foil, aiiil rclrealeil In fori 
 
 d. The ilcslriictioii of llii 
 
 dlii 
 
 and liat- 
 
 teaux 1 
 
 if till 
 
 Mnericans a 
 
 I Skeiiesli 
 
 the defeat of their rear, obliued (i 
 
 III order to avoii 
 
 1 beilii; b,'l 
 
 ween two lire- 
 
 bailee the route of his 1 
 
 I hodv 
 
 iroii^h, ami 
 :d St. Clair, 
 to 
 oir 
 
 nil In liirii 
 
 from Castlelon to the left, .\fier a fati;;iiinii anil 
 
 ilisi 
 
 ressiin; marc 
 
 h of 
 
 seven (lavs, he joineit ( lenera 
 1 fo 
 
 al 
 
 ir conitiineit Ion 
 
 Schuyler at fort Kdward. The 
 
 inclusive of the militia, not exc Iin;: in the whole 
 
 l.tlKI men, were, on the approach of ( ieneral lliir- 
 Uoyiie, coiiipelled !■) retire firlher into the conn- 
 in .Mliaiiv. 
 
 horde 
 Such was the rapid torreiil ol 
 
 in Ihi 
 
 I'riod of ihi 
 
 al disir 
 
 ipon the [•enera 
 
 I, and appieheiistve ol i^eiie- posuion Irom 
 
 I Iiel'o 
 
 tl 
 
 CSS, w'iir'h, 
 :iiiipai;;n, swept awav all o| 
 
 le roval .irniv 
 
 'I'heollicers 
 
 ' ilsell hv ihrii 
 
 1. When the siliialion 
 
 11;; lifiini 
 till 
 
 id me 
 
 'J'hi 
 
 lii;;lily elaied wiili their t:ooil fur- 
 eniisideied their lolls to be nearly at 
 
 army permitted an iiniuiry into his coniliiet, he was an end ; Alb;iiiy to be within their jjrasp ; and tho 
 honourably ac({uitied. In (he course of his trial, it 'conquest of the adjacent provinces reilueed to a 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 v 
 
 '^o 
 
 {./ 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 i/.x 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 B- IIIIIM 
 
 ' iiiip 
 
 |M 
 
 22 
 
 1.8 
 
 . 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 '- 
 
 .^ 
 
 6" — 
 
 
 ► 
 
 V] 
 
 <^ 
 
 % 
 
 /2 
 
 ■c'l 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 /^ 
 
 
 '/ 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

 
 i/.x 
 
li 
 
 428 
 
 HISTORY OF TirK 
 
 1 1 
 
 i 
 
 critiiiiity. Ill (jreat Urilnin, intelligence of (lie 
 |)ici};rc»s ('(' Uiii(',i>jiie ilJM'iised u general jo^. As 
 lu llie Aiiieiicaiis, (lie loss ul i'f|iululiun, ivhleh 
 tliey siislained in (lie u|iini(iii <il' tliuir Kipopenii 
 adiiiiiers, was yrealer than llieir loss iil' posls, ar- 
 tillery and iriiops. 'J'lii'V were stigmatized as 
 waniing residiitiiiii. Their iinqualilied .siihjuga- 
 tiijii, iir iineiinditiuiial subiiiission was cunsiileied 
 near at hand. An (i]iiniun was dilliised, that the 
 war ill elleet was over, ur that the farther resist- 
 ance III the coluiiists, would serve only to make 
 the terms ol' their submission more huiiiiliating. 
 The terror wliieli the loss ul T'ieunderogu spread 
 thiuiigliont the New England states was great ; 
 but nevertheless no disposition to purchase salety 
 by sniiinisslon, appeared in any (piarter. They 
 did not sink under the apprehension ol danger, but 
 acted with vigour and liriiiiicss. 
 
 The royal army, alter these successes, contin- 
 ued lor ome days in Skeiicsburuugh, waiting for 
 their tents, baggage and provision. In the iiiean- 
 liiiie, lleneral ISnrgoyneput liirtli a proclamation, 
 in w liich he called on the inhabilanta of the adja- 
 cent towns, to send a deputation ol'len or more 
 pi'isons, lioiii their respective townships, to meet 
 (,'olonel .Skene at Caslleton, on the 15th of July. 
 'I'lie troops were at the same time busily emjiloyed 
 in opening a road, and clearing a creek, to favour 
 their advance, and to open a passage for the con- 
 veyance of their stores. A party of the royal ar- 
 my, which had been left behind at Ticunderoga, 
 Mils eipially indi:sti'iuus in carrying gun boats, pro- 
 visions, vessels, and batteaux over land into Lake 
 tieorge. An immensily of labour in every <|uar- 
 ter was necessary; but animated as they were 
 with past successes and future hopes, they disie- 
 gaK.'ed loll and danger. 
 
 Kioni Skenesborougi', Gen. Burgoync directed 
 his course across the country to Fort Kdward, on 
 Hudson's Kiver. Though the distance in a right 
 line Iroiii one to the other Is but a few miles, yet 
 such is the imiiiacticable nature of the country, and 
 such were the artilicial dillicultiesthroHU inhisway, 
 that neaily as many days were consumed as the 
 distance passed over in a direct line would have 
 measured in miles. The Americans uiidv. the 
 direction of (icn. Schuyler, had cut large tiees 
 on both sides ( f the road, so tliat they fell across it 
 with their branches interwoven. The lace of the 
 country was likewise so broken with creeks and 
 marshes, that they had no less than forty bridges 
 to construct, one of which was a log-work over a 
 moiass, two miles in extent. This dillicult march 
 might liave been avoided, had lieneral liuigoyiie 
 fallen back from Skenesborough to Ticonderoga, 
 and thence proceeded by Lake tieorge ; but he de- 
 clined this route, from an apprehension that a ret- 
 rograde motion on his part would abate the panic of 
 the enemy. He had also a suspicion that some 
 delay might be occasioned by the .\inerican garri- 
 son at Koit George; as in case of his taking that 
 route, they might safely continue to resist to the 
 last extremity, having open iu their rear a place of 
 retreat. On the other hand it was presumed, that 
 as soon as they knew that the royal army was 
 marching in a direction wliich was likely to cut olf 
 their retreat, they would consult their safety by a 
 seasonable evacuation. In addition to these rea- 
 sons, he had the advice and persuasion of Colonel 
 Skene. That gentleman had been recommended 
 to him as a person proper to be consulted. His 
 land was so situated, that the opening of u road be- 
 tween Fort Kdward and Skcnesborough, would 
 greatly enhance its value. This circumstance 
 might have made him more urgent in his recom- 
 mendationsofthat route, especiallysiiice, being the 
 shortest, it bid fair for uniting the royal interest 
 with private convenience. 
 
 The opinion formed by General Hurgnyne of the 
 ell'ect of Ills direct movement from .Skenesbonuigli 
 to Foil Kdward, on the American garrison, was 
 verified by the event ; for being apprehensive of 
 having their relreal cut oil', they abandoned then- 
 fort, and burnt their vessels, 'i'he navigalioii of 
 lake George being thereby left free, provisions and 
 aiorauaition were brought forward fruiii Fort 
 
 George, to the first navigable parts of Hudson's 
 Kivei. This is a distance of ij miles, and the j 
 roads of dillicult passage. The intricate ciiiiibina- j 
 lion of land and water carriage, together with the ' 
 insiillicient nieaiis ol transpciilaliou, and excessive ' 
 rains, caused such delays, thai, at the end of 111'-! 
 leeii days, there were not more than four days' pio- 
 visioii brought forward, nor above ten batteaux in 
 the river. The diliicultics of this conveyance, as 
 well as of the march through the wilderness from 
 Skenesborough to Fort Kdward, were encountered 
 and overcome by the royal army, with a spirit and 
 alacrity which could not be exceeded. At length, 
 on the 3()th of .luly, after incredible fatigue and 
 labour. General Uurgoyiie, and an army under his 
 command reached Fort Kdward, on Hudson's Kiv- 
 er. Their exiihation, on accomplishing, what for 
 a long time had been the object of their hopes, 
 was unusually great. 
 
 While the liritish were retarded in their ad- 
 vance by the comliined ditliciilties of nature and 
 art, events took place, which proved the wisdom 
 and propriety of the retreat from Ticonderoga. — 
 The army, saved by that means, was between the 
 hihabitants and General Burgoync. This abated the 
 panic of the people, and became a centre of rendez- 
 vous for them to repair to. On the other hand, 
 had they stood tlieir ground at Ticonderoga, they 
 must, in the ordinary course of events, either have 
 been cut to pieces, or surrendered themselves 
 prisoners of war. In either case, as General St. 
 Clair represented in his elegant defence ; " Fear 
 and dismay would have siezed on the inhabitants 
 from the false opinion that had been formed of the 
 slrength of these posts; wringing grief, iiiid moping 
 melancholy, would have lilled the habitations ol' 
 those whose dearest connexions were in that ar- 
 my ; and a lawless host of rullians, set loose from 
 every social principle, would have roamed at large 
 through the defenceless country, while bands of 
 savages would have catiied havoc, devastation and 
 terror befoie them. Great part of the State of 
 New York must have submilteil to ihecoiuiueror, 
 and in it he would have found the means to prose- 
 cute his success. He would have been able ef- 
 fectually to havcco-optrued v. iih General Howe, 
 and would |irobably soon have been iu the same 
 country willi him ; that country where the illus- 
 trious Washington, with an inferior force, made so 
 glorious a stand, but who must have been obliged 
 to retire, if both armies had come upon him at 
 once ; or he might have been forced to a general 
 and decisive action, iu unfavourable circumstances, 
 whereby the hopes, the now well-founded hopes of 
 America, of liberty, ])eace and safety might have 
 been cut olV for ever." Such, it was apprehended, 
 would have been the coiisi^piences, if the Ameri- 
 can northern army had not retreated from their post 
 at Ticonderoga. Verydill'erentevenlstook place. 
 
 In a few days after the evacuatimi. General 
 Schuyler issued a proclamation, calling to the 
 minds of the inhaliilants the late barbarities and 
 desolations of the royal army in Jersey; warning 
 them that they would be dealt with as traitors, if 
 they joineil the liritish, and requiring them with 
 their arms to repair to the American standard. — 
 Numerous parties were also employed in bringing 
 olf public sliires, and iu felling trees, and throwing 
 obstructions in the way of the advancing royal ar- 
 my. .\t first, an universal panic intimidated the 
 inhabitants ; but they soon recovered. The laws 
 of self-preservation operated in their full foice,and 
 diffused a general activity through the adjacent 
 states. The formaruies of convening, drafting 
 and olTicering the militia were in many instances, 
 dispensed with, Hundreds siezed their firelocks, 
 and marched on the general call, without waiting 
 for the orders of their immediate commanders. — 
 The inhabitants had no means of security, but to 
 abandon their habitations, and take up arms. — 
 Kvery indiviilual saw tlie necessity of becoming a 
 K'niporary siddier. The terror excited by the In- 
 dians, iiiste;id of disposing the inhaliilants to court 
 liritish piolection, hid a coiilraiy elleet. 
 
 The Irienils of the royal cause, as well as its 
 enciuies, sull'ered from their iudiscriminate barba- 
 
 rities. Among othei instances, ihcmiirderof Miss 
 iMCica excited an universal horicir. Tliis young 
 lady, in the innocence of yiiiuli. and the bloom oi 
 beamy ; thv. daughter ol a steady loyalist, and en- 
 gaged III be marncil In a lirilisii ollirer, was, on 
 the very day of her iiileniled nuptials, massacred 
 by the savage auxiliaries, attached to the liiitisb 
 army.* Occasion was thereby given to iidlamo 
 the populace, and to blacken the royal ci use.— 
 The cruelties of the Indians, and the c lusc in 
 which they were engaged, were associated toge- 
 ther, and presented in one view to the alarmeil in- 
 habitants. They, whose interest it was to draw 
 forth the militia in support of American independ- 
 ence, strongly expressed their execralions of the 
 army, which submitted to accept of Indian aid 
 and loudly condemned that government which 
 could call such auxiliaries as were calculated not 
 to subdue, but to exterminate a jieoplR w lioiii tlu^y 
 alVecled to reclaim as subjects. Their cruel mode 
 of warfare, putting to death, as well the smiling 
 infant and the defenceless female, as the resisting 
 armed man, excited an universal spirit of resist- 
 ance. In conjunction with other circumstances, 
 it impressed on the minds of the inhabitants a 
 general conviction that a vigorous delerniined op- 
 position was the only alteriiaiive for the preserva- 
 tion of their property, their children and their 
 wives. Could they have i: liilged the hope of se- 
 curity and protection while they remained peace- 
 ably at their homes, they would have found many 
 excuses fur declining to assume the pioli'ssioii of 
 soldiers ; but when they contrasted the dangers of 
 a manly resistance, with those of a passive inac- 
 tion, they chose the former, as the least of two un- 
 avoidable evils. 
 
 All the feeble aid, which the royal army receiv- 
 ed from their Indian auxiliaries, was infinitely 
 overbalanced by the odium it brought on their 
 cause, and by that determined spirit of opposition 
 which the dread of their savage ci nellies excited. 
 While danger was remote, the pressing calls of 
 Congress, and of the general oHicers, for the iii- 
 habilants to be in readiness to oppose a dislaiit foe, 
 were unavailing, or tardily executed : but no soon- 
 er had they recovered from the lirst impression of 
 the geneial panic, than they liiriied out with iiii- 
 exaiiipled alacrity. The owners of the soil came 
 fotward with that ardour, which the love of dear 
 connexions and of properly inspires. An army 
 was speedily poured forth from the woods <ind 
 mountains. When they who had begun the re- 
 treat were nearly wasted away, the spirit of the 
 country immediately supplied their place, with ,i 
 much more formidable force. In addilion to these 
 incitements, it was early conjecttired, that the 
 royal army, by pushing forward, would be so en- 
 langled as not to be able to advance or relreal oa 
 equal terms. Men of abilities and of elo(|iienee, 
 influenced with this expectation, harangued the 
 inhabitants in their several towns, and set fiirlli in 
 high colouring the cruelties of the savage auxilia- 
 ries of (ireat Hritain, and the fair prospects of 
 capturing the whole force of their enemies. From 
 the combined influence of these causes, the Ame- 
 rican army soon amounted to upwards of 13,UU0 
 men. 
 
 While Hurgoyne was forcing his way down to- 
 wards Albany, St. Legcr was co operating with 
 him in the Mohawk country. He had ascended 
 the River St. Lawrence, crossed Lake Ontario, and 
 commenced the siege of Fort .Schuyler. On the 
 
 * 'riiis, (lluugll true, was not preiiiiMliliilPtl hurhurily. — 
 Tbc circiiiiiAtaiieRs were as tiillow ; .Mr. Jones, licr lover, 
 I'roiii an iinx.'-iy Cor licr Hati!ty, oiit;ii^rt>i| noinn liidjanj 
 to remove her I'roiti niiioltf; tlie 'Aiiierii-dtis, and proiniseit 
 to reward the person who shuulil hrin^ hor oaio In him, 
 with a barrel uf rillii< Two of Die llullanK, who hail 
 eoiiveved her flome (linlaiiee, dii the way lo her iiilciij- 
 0(1 hushaiul, disputeil, which of ihiMli hIkmiIiI present 
 her to Mr. Jonen. Hotli were anxious for the reward. 
 One of them killed her wilti his tomahawk, to prevent 
 llie other from reeeiviiiK it, Iturgfiyne ohlitred this 
 liidiaiiH to deliver uli llie miirderei, and threatened lo 
 [lilt him to death. Hi.." life wits only fpareil, iipotl llio 
 Indians aureeing to tenii!>, wliieli Ihe irenerul tlniii^hl 
 would hii more ellieiteious llluli Ull c\u(.ulion, ill prevcut* 
 ing similar iniacliief*. 
 
 1 / 
 
 J, I 
 
;es, llio imiiilprol Miss 
 1 liomir. Tills jdiiiig 
 tlllh, uihI tilt; biixiiii oi 
 Hlciidy Idy.'ilisl, and en- 
 irilisii ollicer, was, on 
 pel niiptiiil.s, iiiassaci't'il 
 Lttaclicd Id il)c Itiiliab 
 cit'hy given to inlUiniu 
 icn tlic royal ci use. — 
 ans, and the o msc in 
 
 were associated loge- 
 view to tlie alarmed in- 
 nterest it was to draw 
 of American independ- 
 lieir execrations ol' the 
 
 accept of Inditm aid 
 lat goveriinieul which 
 as were cali.ulaie<l not, 
 ale a |)eople nliom they 
 cts. Their cruel luodo 
 th, as well the smi|iii{{ 
 leiiiale, as the resisting 
 iversal spirit of resist- 
 h other circmnstances, 
 iS ol' the inhahilants a 
 if;oroii» delern)incd op- 
 iialive lor the preserva- 
 leir children and their 
 ; Itiljjed till! hope ol'se- 
 i! they remained peaee- 
 r'onld liavi; found many 
 siiine the proli'ssion of 
 inlrasled the dangers of 
 hose of a passive inac- 
 , as the least of two iin- 
 
 I the royal army receiv- 
 xiliaries, was infinitely 
 III it bronifht on their 
 lied spirit of ojiposition 
 avajie ei nellies excited. 
 .', the pressini; calls of 
 •ral oflicers, for the in- 
 I to oppose a distant foe, 
 executed : but no soon- 
 1 the lirst impression of 
 cy turned out with lui- 
 iwners of the soil came 
 which the love of dear 
 ly inspires. An army 
 1 from the woods and 
 who hail begun the re- 
 iiway, the spirit of llio 
 lied their place, with .1 
 ce. In addition to these 
 conjecUired, that the 
 iiwaril, would he so en- 
 [) advance or retreat oa 
 lities and of elo(|uence, 
 :ctatioii, harangued the 
 towns, and set forth in 
 •s of the savage aiixilia- 
 
 I the I'air prospects of 
 if their enemies. From 
 these causes, the Ame- 
 J to upwards of lLi,000 
 
 roing liis way down tn- 
 was co-operatiii}' with 
 try. lie had ascended 
 (issed Lake Ontario, and 
 >'ort Schuyler. Or. the 
 
 it preiMi'ditntei! btirhurily. — 
 How: Mr. J<>iic8, licr lovrr, 
 tty, oiii;ii}!(mI tioiiin IikIjiou 
 j'AiiiericiuH, iiihI proliiiKcd 
 uiild brin^ bor Riito (o liiiii, 
 of tliu liiiliiini4, wild hiul 
 oil the wuy to bor intend' 
 b of tliein Hbntlld pri>HOllt 
 TV. niixtoilH Tor tlli! mwnrd. 
 bis toninlitlwk, to prevent 
 Uui'giiylie oblii^ed tba 
 iirderci, uiul Ibrciilniipd to 
 wiiH only cpioTiI, upon tbo 
 liiicii llie griirml iliuii^bt 
 
 II uii cxcculiuii, in pri'vciu- 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 -^ 
 
il 
 
 'Ml 
 
 i 
 
 kssKm^^^i 
 
UNITKD STATKS 
 
 4'.'!» 
 
 appniaili iil'tliis iletacliment of the royal army, on 
 thriM 1)1 Auf;iiHl,<ieiit1al llerkimi'rciillrt'lt'dalxiiil 
 8(10 »l ill" wlii^ iiillilla of the parts adjacLMit, for 
 tl[c relief of the fjarrisiiii. 
 
 St. l^em'r, aware of the conse(|uences of heing 
 altaiki'il III his irenclics, detached Sir John John- 
 sun, with koiiic tories and Indians, to he in am- 
 bush, and intercept the advancing inihiia. The 
 strniagem tooli ciVect. The general and his mi- 
 hiici were surprised on the 6tli of August ; but se- 
 veral of the Indians were nevertheless killed by 
 their lire. A scene of confusion followed. >Soine 
 of Herkimer's men r.inoll'; but others posted them- 
 selves behind logs, and continued to light with bra- 
 very and success. The loss on the side of the 
 Ainericans was KiO killed, besides the wounded. 
 Among the former was their gallant leader, tiene- 
 nil llerkiiner. Several of llieir killed and wound- 
 ed were principal inhabitants of that part of the 
 country. Colonel St. Leger availed himself of 
 the teirorexcited on this occasion, and endeavour- 
 ed by strong representations of Indian barbarity, to 
 inlimidate the garrison into an immediate surren- 
 der, lie .sent veibal and written lues.sages, " de- 
 maiuling the surrender of the fort, and stating the 
 impossibility of llieir obtaining relief, as their 
 friends under (ieneral Herkimer were entirely cut 
 off, and as (ieneral Hurgoyne had forced his way 
 through the country, and was daily receiving the 
 submission of the inhabiiants." He represented 
 " the pains he had taken to soften the Indians, and 
 to obtain engagemenls from them, that in case ol 
 an immediate surreniler every man in the garrison 
 should be spared ; and particularly enlarged on the 
 circumslance, " that the Indians were determined 
 in ease of their meeting willi further opposition, 
 to massacre not only the garrison, but every man, 
 woman or child in the Mohawk country." Colo 
 liel (iansevort, who cniiimanded the fort, replied, 
 '• that being by the Uniled Slates entrusted with 
 the charge of the garrison, lie was determined to 
 defend it to llic last extremity, against all enemies 
 fthalever, wiihiiiit any concern forthe conser|uen- 
 ces of doing his duly." 
 
 It being resolved, maugie the threats of Indian 
 barbaiilies, to defend the fort. Lieutenant Colonel 
 Willet iinderlook, in conjunction with Lieutenant 
 Stockwell, to give information to llieir fellow-cili- 
 r.cns, of the stale of the garrison. These two ad- 
 venturous orticers passed by night through the be- 
 siegers" works, ami, at the hazard of falling inio 
 llie hands of savages, and sulVeriiig from them the 
 severity of torture, made their way for fifty miles 
 llirougli dangers and dilTiciilties, in order to pro- 
 cure relief for their besieged associates. In the 
 nieanlime, the ISrltish carried on their operations 
 with siicli industry, that in less than three weeks 
 they had advanced within 1.50 yards of the foil. 
 
 The brave garrison, in its hour of danger, was 
 not forgolten. (jciieral Arnold, with a brigade of 
 continental troops, had been previously detached 
 by (ieneral .Schuyler for their relief, and was then 
 near at hand. Tost Schuyler, who had been taken 
 up by the Americans, on suspicion of being a spy, 
 was promised his life and his estate, on consiilera- 
 tlon that he should goon and alarm the Indians, 
 with such represcntalions of the numbers march- 
 ing against tlieni, as would occasion their retreat. 
 He iinniedialely proceeded to the campof the In- 
 dians, and, being able to converse in their own 
 language, informed them that vast numbers of 
 hnslile .\inericans were near at hand. They were 
 llioronghly frightened, and determined to go od'. 
 St. Leger used every art to retain lliem; but 
 nothing could change their determination. It is 
 the characteristic of these people on a reverse of 
 fortune, to betray irresolution, and a total want of 
 thai constancy, which is necessary to struggle with 
 diffnullies. 'rhey had found the fort stronger 
 and belter defended than was expected. They 
 had lost several head men in their engagement 
 wilhtjeneral Herkimer, and h.id'gollenno plunder. 
 These circumstances, added to the certainly of the 
 approach of a reinforcement to their adversaries, 
 \vhicli they believed to be much greater than it 
 Rally was, made them quite intractable. Part 
 
 of them instantly decamped, and the remainder 
 llirealened lo follow, if the liiilish <Hd ,iot imme- 
 diately retreat. 'J'liis measure was adopted, and, 
 on the 2:2(1 of August, the sieg'i was raised. From 
 the disorder, occasioned by the precipilancy of the 
 Indians, the lenls and iiiiii h of the artillery anil 
 stores of the besiegers, fell inio the hands of the 
 garrison. The discontented savages, exasperated 
 by their ill fortune, are said, on iheir retreat, to 
 have robbed their British associates of their bag- 
 gage and provisions. 
 
 While the fate of Fort Schuyler was in suspense, 
 il occurred to (ieneral liiirgoyne, on hearing of its 
 being besieged, that a sudden and rapid movement 
 forward would be of the utmost "ronseouencc. As 
 the principal force of his adversaries was in front 
 between him and Albany, he hoped by advancing 
 on them, to reduce them lo the necessity of fight- 
 ing, or of retreating out of his way to New Kng- 
 land. Had they, to avoid an attack, relrealeil up 
 the Mohawk River, they woubl, in case of .St. Le- 
 ger's success, have jiut themselves between two 
 (ires. Had ihey retreated to Albany, it was sup- 
 posed their situation would have been worse, as a 
 co-operaiion from New York was expected, lie- 
 sides, in case of that movement, an opportunity 
 would have been given for a junction of Jlurgoyne 
 and St. Leger. To have retired from the scene 
 of action by filing oil' for New Kiiglanil, seemed 
 to be the only opening left for their escape. Willi 
 such vieivs, (General Hurgoyne proniised himself 
 great advantages, iVoiii advancing rapidly towards 
 Albany. The jirincipal olijection, against this 
 project, was the dinicully of furnishing provisions 
 lo his troops. To keep up a coinniiinicalion with 
 Fort tieorge, so as to obtain from thai garrison, 
 regular supplies, at a distance daily increasioi;, 
 was wholly impr.icticable. The .■;dvaiilages, which 
 were expected from the proposed measure, were 
 loo da/.ziing to be easily relinquished. Though 
 the impossibility of drawing provisions from the 
 stores in their rear was known ami acknowledged, 
 yet a hope was indulged lliat they might be else- 
 where obtained. A plan was therefore formed to 
 open resources from the iilenlifiil farms of Ver- 
 mont. Every day's account, and parlicniarly the 
 inforiiialiou of Colonel Skene, induced Hurgoyne 
 to believe, that one descripliin of the inhabiiants 
 in that country were panic struck, and thai another, 
 and by far the mnsi numerous, were friends to the 
 British interest, and only wanted the appearance 
 of a protecting power to show themselves. Helv- 
 ing on this intelligence, he detached .TOO men, lUO 
 I.ndians, and two (ield pieces, which he supposed 
 would be fully snflicient for the expedition. The 
 command of this force was given lo Lieutenant 
 Colonel Baum ; and it was supposed that with it 
 he would be enabled to seize upon a magazine of 
 supplies which the Amercans Imd collected at 
 Bennington, and which was only guarded by iiiili- 
 lia. It was also intended to try the temper of the 
 inhabitants, and to mount the dragoons. 
 
 Lieutenant (Jolonel Baum was insiructed to keep 
 the regular force posted, while the light troops fell 
 their way; and to avoid all danger of being sur- 
 rounded, or of having his retreat cut oil'. But he 
 proceeded with less caution than his perilous situ- 
 ation required. Confiding in the numbers and pro- 
 mised aid of those who were depended upon as 
 friends, he presumed too much. Un approaching 
 the place of his desiinalion, he found the American 
 militia stronger than had been supposed. He 
 therefore took post in the vicinity, entrenched his 
 party, and despatched an express to (ieneral Hur- 
 goyne, with an account of his situation, (.'olonel 
 Breyman was detached lo reinforce him. Though 
 every exertion was made to push forward this re- 
 inforcement, yet from the impracticable face of the 
 country and defective means of tran.qiortalion, 
 thirty-two hours elapsed before they had marched 
 twenty-four miles. 
 
 (ieneral Slarke, who commanded the American 
 militia at Bennington, attacked Colonel Baum, be- 
 fore the junction of the two royal detacnmeiils 
 could be ell'ecled. On this occasion, about ISOO 
 undisciplined militia, without bayonets, or a single 
 
 piece of artillery, attacked and routed 500 regular 
 liDops, advantageously posted behind intrench- 
 ineiits, furnished willi the best arms, and defended 
 Willi two pieces of artillery. The field pieces 
 were taken from the party comnian Jed by Colonel 
 Baum, and the greatest' part of his delachmeut 
 was eitlicr killed or captured. 
 
 [Major Oeneral, John St.\rkk, the son of Archi- 
 bald S., a native of (Jlasgow, wlio married in Ire- 
 land, was born at Londonderry, N. II., Aug. 2S. 
 nUS. In 1730 his farther removed to Derryfield. 
 now .Manchester on the Merriniac. While on a 
 huni'mg expedition ho was taken prisoner by the 
 St, Francis Indians, in 1752, but was soon re- 
 deemed at an expense of 103 dollars, paid by 
 .Mr. Wheelwright of Boston. To raise tliis money 
 he repaired on another hunting expedition to the 
 Aiidioscoggin. He afterwards served in a com- 
 pany of rangers wiih llogers, being made a cap- 
 tain ill n,')ij. On hearing of the battle of Lexing- 
 ton he repaired to Cambridge, and, recievinga co- 
 lonel's commission, enlisted in the same day SOD 
 men. He fought in the battle of Breed's hill, 
 June 17, 1775, his regiment forming the left of 
 the line, and repulsing three times by llieii 
 deadly fire the veteran Welsh (usileers, who had 
 fought at iMinden. His only defence was a rail 
 fence, covered with hay, to resemble a breast- 
 work. In May 1776 he proceeded from Nevr 
 Vork to Canada. In the attack on Trenton he 
 commanded the van of the right wing. He .las 
 also engaged in the battle of Princeton. Dis- 
 pleased It heiiii' neglected in a list of promotions, 
 he resij^.ied his commission in March 1777 and re- 
 tired to his lanu. In order to impede the progress 
 of Bur;;oy.e, he proposed to the council of New 
 llampsli.rc to raise a body of troops, and fall upon 
 his rear. In the battle of Bennington, so called, 
 thoiigii fought six miles north west from B., in the 
 borders of .New Vork, Saturday Aug. 10, 1777, he 
 tlefealed Colonel Baum, killing ii07 and making 750 
 prisoners. The place was near Van Schaack'.s 
 nulls, (denominated byBiirgoyneSlantcoick mills,) 
 on a branch of the Hoosiick called by Dr. Holmrs 
 Walloon creek ; by others Walloumsack, and 
 Walloinschaick, and Looins-chork. This event 
 awakeiK d ei^nfidence, and led to the capture of 
 Biirgoyne. Of those who fought in this battle, 
 the names of T. Allen, J. Orr, and others are ic- 
 corded in this volume. In Sept. he enlisted a new 
 and larger force and joined (iates. In 1778 anil 
 177'J he served in Khode Island, and in 1780 in 
 New Jersey. In l/tsl he had the comnu.nd of the 
 northern department at Saratoga. At the close of 
 the war he bid adieu to public omployments. In 
 181S (Jcngress voted him a pension of GO dollars 
 per month. He died May 8, 1S2:>, aged, 93. 
 He was buried on a small hill near the Merri- 
 niac ; n granite obelisk has the inscription — " Maj. 
 (ien. .Stark." A memoir of his life was publish- 
 ed, annexed to reminiscences of the French war, 
 !•_'. 1^31.— Allen's Biog.] 
 
 Colonel Breyman arrived on the same ground, 
 and on the same day ; but not till the action was 
 over. Instead of meeting his friends, as he ex- 
 pected, he found himself briskly attacked. This 
 was begun by Colonel Warner, who, with his ciin- 
 tinental regiment, having been sent for at .Man- 
 chester, came opportunely at this time, and was 
 well supported by Str • 's militia, which had jiisl 
 
 I defeated the party coi nded by Colonel Baum. 
 
 Breyman's troops, though fatigued with their pre- 
 ceding march, behavod with great resolution ; but 
 were at length compelled to abandon their artillery, 
 and retreat. 
 
 In these two actions, the Ainericans took four 
 brass field pieces, twelve brass drums, 250 dragomi 
 swords, 4 ammunition wagons, and about 701) pri- 
 soners. Their loss, inclusive of the wounded, was 
 about 100 men. 
 
 Congress resolved, " that their thanks he ure- 
 sentcd lo General Starke, of the New Hampshire 
 inililia, and the oflicers and troops under his com- 
 mand, for their brave and successful attack upon, 
 and signal victory over, the enemy, in (heir lines 
 at UeningtuD, and also, that Brigadier Starko be 
 
'i !. ! 
 
 i 
 
 480 
 
 HISTORY OK TH K 
 
 apioiiitcd ii brigadier general in llie ainiy ol' the 
 Uiiitiil Slates."* Never were thanks nnire tlc- 
 8er\ellv bestuwed. 'llio uverthruw of these ile- 
 taehnients was the lirsl link in a ^raiid ehaiii ol' 
 events, wliieh linall} drew dciwii niin un the w licde 
 royal army. The eonlidenee with which the 
 Anierieans were ins|)iied, un lindiiii; themselves 
 able lo defeat rei;iilai troops, produced siirprisinf.!; 
 eliects. h animated their exertions, ami Idled 
 ihem H illi expectation ol' larlhcr .sneeesses. 
 
 That military pride which is the soul oriin ar- 
 my, was iiiirtureil by the captured artillery, and 
 oilier trophies ol' victory. In proportion to the 
 elevation ol' the Americans, was the deiuession of 
 llieir adversaries. Accustomed to success, as they 
 had been in the precediii); part of the campaign, 
 they I'elt uiiiisuil mortilieationrrom this unexpect- 
 ed check. Though it ilid not diminish their cour- 
 age, it abated their eonlidenee. It is not easy lo 
 enumerate all the disastrous conscijuences which 
 resulled to the royal army, from the failure of 
 llieir expcihlion to lieimingtoii. These were so 
 extensive, that their loss of men was the least con- 
 siderable. It deranged every plan for pushing the 
 advantages which liad been previously obtained. 
 Among o''ier embarrassments, it reduced General 
 Uurgoyne to 'he alternative of halting, till he 
 brought forward supplies from fort George, or of 
 advancing without them at the risk of being 
 starved. The former being adopted, the royal 
 army was detained from August Itjih, to Septem- 
 ber 13th. This unavoidable delay gave time and 
 opportunity for the Aiiifciicans to collect in great 
 numbers. 
 
 Thedcfeat of Lieutenant Colonel 15aum,waslbe 
 first event which for a long time, had taken place, 
 in fivour of ihe American nortliern army. From 
 December, 1775, it had experienced one uiisfor- 
 lunc treading on Ihe heels of another, and defeat 
 succeeding defeat. Every movement liad been 
 either letieating or evacuating. The subsc(|nent 
 Iransactions present a remarkable contrast. For- 
 nine, which, previous lo the battle of liemiinglon 
 Iiad not for a inomenl<|uittedthe Hrilisli standard 
 seemed after that event, totally to desert it, and 
 go over to the opposite party. 
 
 .\l'ter the evacuation of Ticonderoga the Ainc 
 ricaiis had fallen back from one place to another, 
 till they at last fixed at Vanshaic's Island. Soon 
 idler this retreating system was adopted, Congress 
 recalled their general olVicers, and put Geiieial 
 (lates at the head of their northern army. Hi 
 arrival, on the I'.lth of August, gave fresh vigour 
 to the exertions of the inhabitants. Tlie militia, 
 (lushed with their recent victory at Bennington 
 collected in great numbers to his standard. Tliey 
 soon began lo be animated with a hope of captur 
 ing Ihe whole British army. A spirit of adveii 
 ture burst forth in many dillcrenl points of direc 
 tion. While General Burgoyne was urging Ills 
 preparations for advancing towards Albany, an 
 enterprise was undertaken by General Lincoln to 
 recover Ticonderi/ga, and the other posts in the 
 rear of the royal army. He detached Colonel 
 Brown with 5U0mcii to the landing at lake George 
 The colonel conducted his operations with so much 
 address, ihat on the 13lh September, lie surprised 
 all the out-posts between the landing at the north 
 end of lake George, and the body of the fortress 
 at Ticonderoga. He also took Mount Defiance 
 
 * In nn tirrniiKcineut of Reiierul olficerc, innde by Con 
 grtflj*. in ihfi |>reer(litif; yenr, a junior olVu-er bad been 
 proinotiMl wbile Slnike wns lir^leeted. He Imil wtll- 
 tcn (o ConercMS on tins sidijeri, unil his loners were laid 
 on the lablo. He qnittnd the army, and retired lo his 
 fartn ; hut on the approach of Ihirgoyne, aerenled n 
 hrigadier^s roininission nnd n pepanile connnanil fruin 
 New llampHliire. As their niTiccr ho achieved this 
 victory, ami iran.-^inilied an olTK.iiil aecnnr.t of it to the 
 executive of that fitnle. Congress, hearing of it, iii(|ni- 
 red, why they were uninfoniied on the aulije,.( T Htiirke 
 answered, llmt his eorrespondence will; their body was 
 closed, ns they had not attended to his last Idlers, 
 riiev took ihe hint, and prtnnoteil him. Starke was too 
 tineli of n patriot 10 refuse his services, ihout>li his mili- 
 tary feelincs wen^ hurl; nnd ('onirress was loo wise lo 
 ■Ijiiil on etii|uctte, when their country's interest was nt 
 stake. 
 
 and .Mount Hojie, the Freiieh lines, and a bliiek- 
 hiiiise, :^(IU baileaiix, severil gun boats, ami an 
 armed sloop, together with 2'M prisoners, and at 
 Ihe same nine released lOU Americans. His own 
 loss was trilling. 
 
 Colonels lirown and .Johnson, the latterof w hoiii 
 Had been detached with <'iUU men, to attempt >]oiint 
 Independence, on examination found that the re- 
 luction of either Ihat post or of Ticonderoga was 
 beyond llieir ability. When the necessary stores, 
 or thirty days subsistence, were brought forward, 
 from lake George, General Burgoyne gave up all 
 coinniunicalion with the maga/.iiies in his real, 
 and, on llie 13th and l-lth, ciossed Hudson's river. 
 This moveiuent was the subject of much discus- 
 sion. Some charged it on the impetuosity of tiie 
 general, and alleged thai it was premature, before 
 he was sure of aid from the royal forces posted in 
 New York ; but he pleaded the peremptory orders 
 of his superiors. The rapid advance of Burgoyne, 
 and especially his passage of the Norlli river, 
 added much to the impracticability of his future re- 
 treat ; and, in conjunction with subsc(|ucnl eveiils, 
 made the lotal ruin of his army in a great degree 
 unavoidable. 
 
 Burgoyne, after crossing the Hudson, advanced 
 along its side, and in four days encamped on the 
 heights, about two miles from Gates's camp; 
 which was three miles above .Stillwater. Tin 
 Americans, elated with their success at Benning 
 ton and fort Schuyler, thought no more of retreat 
 ing, but came out to meet the advancing British, 
 and engaged them with firmness and resolution 
 The attack began a little before mid-day, .Se|)tem- 
 ber 19th, between the scouting pariies of the iwo 
 armies. The commanders on both sides supported 
 and reinforced their respective parties. The con- 
 llict, though severe, was only partial for an hour 
 and a half; but alter a short pause, it became 
 general, and continued for three hours willioiil 
 any intermission. A constant blaze of fire was 
 kepi up, and both armies seemed lobe delermined 
 on death or victory. The Americans and British 
 alternately drove, and were driven by each other. 
 Jlen, and particularly oliicers, dropped every mo- 
 ment, and on every side. Several of the Ameri- 
 cans placed themselves in high trees, and, as often 
 as they could distinguish an officer's uniform, took 
 him otf by deliberately aiming at his penioii. Few 
 actions have been characterized by more obstina- 
 cy in attack or defence. The British repeatedly 
 tried their bayonet?, but without their usual suc- 
 cess in the use of that weapon. At length, night 
 pul an end lo the ellusion of blood. 
 
 The British lost upwards of .'JUO men, including 
 their killed, wounded and prisoners. The Ameri- 
 cans, inclusive of the missing, lost 310. Thirty-six 
 out of forty-eight British matrosses weie killed or 
 wounded. The G'2d British regiment, which was 
 TiOO strong, when it left Canada, was reduced to 
 ()0 men, and 4 or C) officers. 
 
 This hard-fought battle decided nothing ; and 
 little else than honour was gained by cither army: 
 but nevertheless it was followed by important con- 
 secpienees. Of these, one was the diminution of 
 the zeal and alacrity of the Indians in the British 
 army. The dangerous senice, in which they were 
 e4igaged, was by no means suited to their habits 
 of war. They were disappointed of the plunder 
 they expected, and saw nothing before ihem but 
 hardships and danger. Fidelity and honour were 
 too feeble motives in the minds of savages, to re- 
 tain them in such an unproductive service. By 
 deserting in the season when their aid would have 
 been most useful, they furnished a second instance 
 of the impolicy of depending upon them. Very 
 little more perseverance was exhibited by the Ca- 
 nadians, and other British provincials. They also 
 abandoned the British standard, when they fiiund, 
 Ihat, instead of a flying and dispirited enemy, they 
 had a numerous and resolute force opposed to them. 
 These desertions were not the only disappointments 
 which (icneral Burgoyne experienced. From the 
 commencement of the expedition, he had promised 
 himself a strong reinforcement from that part of 
 the British arinv, which was gtaliuned at New 
 
 Vork. He depeniled on its being able lo force its 
 way to Albany, and tojoin him there, or in the vi- 
 cinity. This co-operation, though altempted, fail- 
 ed in the execution, while llie expectation of it con- 
 Iribiiied to involve him in some dinicullies, to which 
 he would not oiherwise have been exposed. 
 
 General Burgoyne, on llie :ilsi of September, 
 received inlelliience in cypher, that Sir Henry 
 Clinton, who then commanded in New Vork, in- 
 tended to make a diversion in his favour by atlack- 
 he fortresses which the Americans had erect- 
 ed on Hudson's river, to obstruct the intercourse 
 between New York and Albany. In answer to 
 this communieation, he despatelied to Sir Henry 
 Clinton some Iriisty persons, with a full account of 
 his situation, and with instructions to press the im- 
 mediate execution of the )Hoposed co-operation; 
 and to assure him, that he was enabled in point of 
 provisions, and fixed in his resolution. In hold his 
 present position till the Irilli of October, in the 
 liopes of favourable events. 'I'lie reasonable ex- 
 pectation of a diversion from New York, founded 
 on this intelligence, made it disgraceful lo retreat, 
 and at the same time improper lo urge offensive 
 operations. In this posture of aliiiirs, a delay of 
 two or three weeks, ill expectation of the promi- 
 sed co-operation from Nev/ York, became neces- 
 sary. 
 
 In the meantime, the provisions of the royal 
 army were lessening, nnd the animation and num- 
 bers of the American army increasing. The New 
 Fngland pco|)le were fnlly sensible, that their all 
 was i'l stake, and at the same time sanguine, that, 
 by vigorous exertions, Burgoyne would be so en- 
 tangled, that his surrender would be unavoidable. 
 Every moment made the situation of the British 
 more critical. From the uncertainty of receiving 
 fiirlher supplies. General Burgoyne on the 1st ol 
 October lessened the soldiers' provisions. The 
 l^lli of October, the term till whiehthe royal army 
 had agreed to wail for aid I'loiii New York, was 
 fiist approaching, and no intelligence of the ex- 
 pected eo-opeiation had arrived. In this alarm- 
 ing situation, it was thought proper to makeamove- 
 ineni lo the left ; the Americans. The body ol 
 troops employed fortius purpose, consisted of LjOU 
 chosen men, ;' id was commanded by Generals 
 Burgoyne, Philips, Keidesel, and Frazer. As they 
 advanced, they were cliecked by a sudden and im- 
 petuous attack, on the 7th of October : but Major 
 .\ckland, at the head of the British Grenadiers, 
 sustained it with great firmness. 
 
 The Americans extended their attack along the 
 whole front of the German troops, who were posted 
 on the right of the grenadiers ; and they also 
 marched a large body round their Hank, in order to 
 cut olVtheir letrfat. To oppose this bold enter- 
 prise, the British light infantry, with a pan of the 
 :i Itli regiment, were directed to form a second line, 
 and lo cover the retreat of the troops into the 
 camp. In the mean ti.nc, the Americans pushed 
 forward a fresh and strong reinforcement, to renew 
 the action on Burgoyne's left. That part of bis 
 army was obliged lo give way ; but the light infan- 
 try, and 21th regimenl, by a quick movement came 
 to its succour, and saved it from lotal ruin. 
 
 The British lines being exposed to great danger, 
 the troops which were nearest to them icliirned for 
 their defence. General Arnold, with a brigade of 
 continental troops, pushed for the works, possessed 
 by lord Balcarras, at the bead of the British light 
 infantry ; but the brigade, having an abba'is lo 
 cross, and many other obslriictioiis to xurmount, 
 was compelled lo retire. Arnold left bis brigade, 
 and came to .lackson's regiment, which he ordered 
 instantly to advance, ^-nd attack the lines and re- 
 doubt in their front, wl. eh were defended by Lieu- 
 tenant Colonel Ureyma I at the head oftlie German 
 grenadiers. The assailants pushed on with rapid- 
 ity, and carried the works. Arnold was one of the 
 first who entered ihem. Lieutenant Colonel Brey- 
 man was killed. The lioops commanded by him 
 retired firing. They gained iheir lents about 30 
 or 10 yards from their works ; but on finding that 
 the assault was general, they gave one fire, after 
 which sonic retiealeU lo the British camp, but oih- 
 
 . .sa«pwP9*«ft!*i««w*»«ww^^ 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 431 
 
 s; ;il)Ie (o force its 
 lere, or in the vi- 
 ;li attfiiiplcil. f.iil- 
 iiTtiilioii ol'it eoii- 
 Iticiillips, to which 
 Ml c\|iuse(i. 
 SI ol Spplt'iiiljcr, 
 ', lliiit Sir llfury 
 ill New Vorlt. iii- 
 I favour liy atlack- 
 Micaiis hail erect- 
 ct the intercourse 
 y. In answer to 
 hcil to Sir Henry 
 h a full account of 
 lis to press the ini- 
 sed co-operation ; 
 ■nalileil in point o( 
 liition, to liolil his 
 f October, in the 
 he rcasoiiahle e.\- 
 ew York, foiiiuled 
 graceful to retreat, 
 to urge olleiisivc 
 all'airs, a delay of 
 ion of the prouii- 
 rk, became iieccs- 
 
 sions of the royal 
 liinatinn and nuin- 
 casing. The New 
 silile, that Iheir all 
 me sanguine, that, 
 e would be so en- 
 Id be unavoidable, 
 ion of the Uritisli 
 itainty of receiving 
 lyiie on the l.st ol 
 ' provisions. The 
 lichthe royal army 
 111 New York, was 
 ligence of the ex- 
 il. In this alarni- 
 lerto make a move- 
 is. The body of 
 ', consisted of liOU 
 led by (ienerals 
 id Fra/.er. As they 
 sudden and iiii- 
 lober : but Alajor 
 rilish (irenadiers, 
 
 r attack along the 
 who were posted 
 ; and they also 
 Hank, in order to 
 this bold cnter- 
 with a part of tho 
 form a second line, 
 e troops into the 
 \iTierican9 pushed 
 rcement, to renew 
 That part of his 
 lilt the light infaii- 
 k movement came 
 total ruin. 
 I to great danger, 
 them letiirned for 
 with a brigade of 
 ' works, possessed 
 the Uritish light 
 ng an abbatis to 
 ms to surmount, 
 J left his brigade, 
 which he ordered 
 the lines and re- 
 efendcd by Lieii- 
 lad of the German 
 led on Willi rapid- 
 old was one of the 
 ant Colonel Brey- 
 iimanded by him 
 r tents about 30 
 lit on llniling that 
 ave one fire, aflcr 
 all camp, l>u( oih- 
 
 cro threw down iheir arms. The night put an end 
 to the ac'lion. 
 
 [Major (ieiier;il Hkmkuict An.Noi.n, in the Ame- 
 rican iriiiv, and iiilaiiious lor deserting the cause 
 III his roiiiitry. is supposed to have been a desceml- 
 aui ol lienedicl Arnold, governor of Kliodi' Island, 
 who succeeded liiiner Williams in that ofiice in 
 K;.)/. lie was bred an apollieeaiy with a Dr. 
 [vallirop, who was so pleased with him, as to give 
 him t'.JDO sterling. From 170IJ to 17(i7 he coiii- 
 liiiied the business of a druggist with that of a 
 bookseller, at New Haven, Con. Ueiiig captain 
 of a volunteer company, after hearing of the batlle 
 of Lexington he immediately marched with his 
 company for the American head quarters, and 
 reachtd (-lambridge. April !2!i, 177o. He waited 
 oil Ihe Massachusetts committee of safety and in- 
 formed them of the defenceless slate of Tieonde- 
 loga. The committee appoinleil him a colonel, 
 and commissioned him to raise four hiiiiilred men, 
 and to lake that fortress. He proceeded directly 
 to Viiniont, and when he arrived at Castleton was 
 aitended by one servant only. Here he joined Col. 
 Allen, and on Slay lOlh the fortress was taken. 
 
 In tl'.e fall of 1775 he was sent by the com- 
 mander in chief to penetrate through the wilder- 
 ness of the District of .Maine into Canada. }le 
 commenced his march Sept. ICi, with about one 
 thousand men. consisting of Now England infan- 
 try, some volunteers, a company of artillery, and 
 three companies of rillemen. One division, that 
 of Col. Enos, was obliged to return from Dead 
 river from the want of provisions ; had it pro- 
 ceeded the whole party might have perished. 
 The greatest hardships were endured and tlie most 
 appalling dilficiilties siirniounted in this expedition, 
 of which JIajor jMeigs kept a journal, and Mr. 
 Henry also published an account. The army was 
 in the Hilderness, between fort Western at Au- 
 gusta and Ihe first setileinents on the Chaudiere 
 ill Canada, about ;^ weeks. In the want of pro- 
 visions ('apt. Dearborn's dog was killed, and eaten, 
 even llie feet and skin, wiili good appetite. As 
 the army arrived at the (irst settlements, Nov. llli, 
 the iiilelliiience necessarily reached Quebec in 
 one or two days; but a wt ok or forlnight before 
 this, (iov. Cramahe had been apprised of the ap- 
 proach of this army. Arnold had impniilenlly 
 seiil a b'ller to Schuyler, enclosed to a friend in 
 (Quebec, by an Indian, dated Oct. 13, and he was 
 liiiiiself convinced, from the preparations made 
 lor his reception, that the Indian had betrayed 
 Lini. Nov. ;jth the troops arrived at St. ]\Iary's, 
 10 or 1"J miles from Quebec, and remained there 
 3 or I days. Nov. !ltli or lOlli iliey advanced 
 to I'oiiil I,evi, opposite Quebec. Eorly bircli 
 (anoes ha\ing been collecleil, it was still found 
 necessary to delay crossing the river for 3 nights 
 on the account of a high wind. On the lltli the 
 wind moderated; but this delay was very favour- 
 alile to the city, for on the 13ih Col. M'Lean, an 
 active oHicer, arrived with SO men to strengthen 
 the girrison, which already consisted of more ihan 
 a llioiisaiiil men, so as to render an assault hope- 
 less. Indeed .Arnold himself placed his chief de- 
 pendence on the eo-opeiation of Montgomery. 
 
 On the Mill of Nov. he crossed the .St. Law- 
 rence ill Ihe night : and, ascending the precipice, 
 which Wolfe had climbed before liiiii, formed his 
 small corps on the height near the plains of Abia- 
 haiii. With only about seven hundred men, one 
 lliiiil of whose muskets had been rei.dered useless 
 ill llie march through the wilderness, success could 
 not be expected. It is surprising, that the garri- 
 son, consisiiiis, Nov. lllh, of liaO men, did not 
 niaicli out and destroy the small force of Arnold. 
 .■\fler parading some days on the hcigths near the 
 town, and sending 2 flags to summon Ihe inhabit- 
 ants, he ictired to Point aux Trembles, twenty 
 miles above Quebec, and there wailed the arrival 
 of Alontgomery, who joined him on the first of De- 
 cember. The city was immediately besieged, but 
 the best measures had been taken for its defence. 
 The able (ien. Carleton had eiiiered the city with 
 60 men Nov. 20tli. On llie morning of the last 
 day of the year an assault was made on the one 
 
 side of the Lower town by Monlgomery, who was 
 killeil. At the same time Col. Arnold, at the head 
 ol about three hiiiidred and fifteen men, niaile a des- 
 perate allaek o he opposite siilc. Advancing 
 Willi the iMiiiost iiiiiepidiiy along the .St. Charles 
 thiiiugh a narrow path, exposed loan incessant tire 
 ol grape shot and imiskelty, as he approached the 
 fust barrier he received a musket ball in the left 
 leg, which shattered the bone. He was compelled 
 to retire on foot, dragging ' one leg after him,' 
 near a mile to the hospital, having lost 60 men 
 killed anil wounded, and three liunilred prisoners. 
 .\llliougli Ihe attack was unsiiccessful.the blockade 
 of Quebec was continued till .May 1770, when the 
 aiiiiy, which was in no condition to risk an assault 
 was reniovedto a more defensible position. Arnold 
 was coiiipelleil to relinipiish one post after another, 
 till the IMtliof .hiiie, when he quilted Canada. Af- 
 ter this period he exhibited great bravery in the 
 command o( the American fleet on Lake {,'ham- 
 plain. 
 
 In August 1777 he relieved fort Schuyler under 
 the command of Colonel (Sansevoort, which was 
 invested by Colonel St. Leger with an army of 
 from fifteen to eighteen hundred men. In the bat- 
 tle near Stillwater, Sept. I'Jth, he conducted him- 
 self with his usual intrepidity, being engaged in- 
 cessantly for lour hours. In the action of t)cto- 
 ber 7th, afler the iiritish had been driven into the 
 lines, Arnold pressed forward and under a tremen- 
 dous fire assaulted tho works throughout their 
 whole extent from right to left. The intrench- 
 inenls were at length forced, and with a few men 
 he actually entered the works; but his horse being 
 killed, and he himself badly wounded in the leg, 
 he found it necessary to withdraw, and, as it was 
 now almost dark, to desist from the attack. De 
 iiig rendered unfit fiir active service in conseipienee 
 of his wound, after the recovery of Philadelphia he 
 was appointed to Ihe commanil (d° the American 
 garrison. When he entered the city, he made the 
 house of (iov. Peiin, the best house in the cily, his 
 head qiiarlers. This he furnished in a very costly 
 manner, and lived far beyond his income. He had 
 wasterl the plunder, which ho had seized at Mon- 
 treal in his retreat from Canada ; and at Philadel- 
 phia he was determined to make new acquisitions 
 He laid his hands on every thing in the cily, which 
 could be considered as the properly of those, who 
 were unfrienilly to thecaiise of his country. He 
 was charged with oppression, extortion, anil enor 
 moiischarges upon llie public in his accounts, and 
 with applying the pubf . money and property to his 
 own private use. .Siicli was his conduct, that h 
 drew upon himself the odium of the inhabitants not 
 only of ihe city, but of the province in general. 11 
 was engaged in trading speciilalions and had shares 
 ill several privateers, but, was unsuccessful. Krom 
 the jiidgnient of the commissioners, h ho had been 
 ;ippoiiited to inspect his aceounis, and who had 
 lejecled above half the amount of his demands, 
 he appealed to Congress . and they appointed a 
 commiltee of their own body to examine and settle 
 the business. The ciiimnitlee confirmed the re- 
 port of the commissioners, and thought they had 
 allowed him more than he had any right to expect 
 or demand. By these disappointments he became 
 iriitated and he gave full scope to his resentment. 
 His invectives against Congress were not less vio- 
 lent, than those, which he had before threwn out 
 against tliC commissioners. He was however soon 
 obliged to abide the judgment of a court martial 
 upon the charges, exhibited against him i.y the ex- 
 ecutive of Pennsylvania, and he was subjected to 
 the mortification of receiving a reprimand from 
 Washington. His trial commenced in .Tiine 1778, 
 but such were the delays occiisioned by liie move- 
 ments of the army, that it was not concluded until 
 .January 2()lh, 1779. The sentence of a reprimand 
 was approved by Congress, and was soon after- 
 wards carried into execution. 
 
 .Such was the humiliation, to which (lencral 
 Arnold was leihiceil in consequence of yielding to 
 the temptations of pride anil vaiiily, and imliilgins 
 himself in the pleasures of a siimpliioiis lable and 
 expensive equipago Krom this time his proud 
 
 spirit revolted from the cause of America. He 
 turned his eyes to West Point as an aeipiisilion 
 which would give value lo treason, while its loss 
 would inllict a mortal wound on his former friends. 
 He addressed himself lo the delegation of .New- 
 York, in which slate his reputation was peculiarly 
 high and a iiieniber of Congress from this stale re- 
 commended him to Washington for ihc service, 
 which he desired. The same application to the 
 comiiiander-in-chief was made not long afler 
 wards through (ien. Schuyler. Washington ob 
 served, that as there was a prospect of an active 
 campaign he should be gratified vith the aid ol 
 Arnold in the field ; but intimated at the same 
 time, that he should receive ihe appointment re- 
 quested, if it should be mnre pleasing to him. Ar- 
 nold, without discoveiing much solicitude, repair- 
 ed to camp in Ihc beginning of August, and re- 
 newed in pcr-son ihe solicitations, which had been 
 before indireeily made. He was now olfered Ihe 
 command of the left wing of the army, which was 
 advancing against New York; but he declined it 
 under the pretext, that in consequence of his 
 wounds, lie was unable to perforin the active 
 duties of the field. Without a suspicion of his 
 palriotism he was invested with the command of 
 West Point. Previously to his soliciting this sta- 
 tion, he had in a letter to Colonel Beverly Robin- 
 son signified his change of principles and his wish 
 to restore himself to the favour of his prince by 
 some signal proof of his repentance. This letter 
 opened to him a correspondence with Sir Henry 
 Clinton, the object of which was to concert the 
 means of pulling the important post, which he 
 commanded, into the possession of the British ge- 
 neral. His plan, it is believed, was to have diawn 
 the greater part of his aimy without the works un- 
 der the pretext of figluing the enemy inthedetVies. 
 and lo have left unguarded a designated pass, 
 llirough which Ihe assailants might securely ap- 
 proach and surprise the fiirlress. His troops he 
 intended to place, so that they would be compeiied 
 lo surrender, or be cut in pieces. But just as his 
 scheme was ripe for execution the wise Disposer 
 of events, who so often and so remarkably inter- 
 posed in favour of the American cause, blasted hi!> 
 desir,ns. 
 
 Maj. .Xndi-, after his detection, apprized Ar- 
 nold of his danger, and the traitor found opportu- 
 nity to escape on board the Vulture, Sept. 2i), 17fSll, 
 a few licMirs before the return of Washington, who 
 had been absent on a journey to Hartford Con. 
 ( )n the very day of his escape Arnold wrote a let- 
 ter to Washington, declaring, that the love of his 
 country had governed him in his late conduct, and 
 requesting him to protect Mrs. Arnold. She was 
 conveyed to her husband at New York, and his 
 clothes and baggage, for which he had written, 
 were Iransmilted to him. During the exertions, 
 which were made to rescue Andre from the de- 
 struction, which threatened him, Arnold had the 
 hardihood to interpose. He appealed to the lin- 
 maiiily oflhecomiiiander in chief, and then sought 
 to intimidate him by stating the situation of many 
 of the principal characters of South Carolina, who 
 had forfeited their lives, but had hitherto been 
 spared through the clemency of the British gene- 
 ral. This clemency, he said, could no longer in 
 justice be extended to them, should Major Andre 
 sillier. 
 
 Arnold was made a brigadier general in the 
 British service ; which rank he preserved through- 
 out the war. Yet he must have been held in con- 
 tempt and detestation by the generous and honour- 
 able. It was impossible for men of this descrip 
 tion, even when acting with him, to forget that he 
 was a traitor ; first the slave of his rage, then pur- 
 eliascd with gold, and finally secured by the blood 
 of one of the most accomplished officers in the 
 British army. One would suppose, that his mind 
 could not have been much at ease; but he had 
 proceeiled so far in vice, that perhaps his re- 
 lleclions gave him but little trouble. "I am mis 
 taken." says Washington in a private letter, "it 
 al this lime Arnold is undergoing the toiinentk 
 of a mental hell, lie wants feeling. From some 
 
433 
 
 HISTORY OF THK 
 
 h 
 
 tiaita ul'liis charncter, wliioli linv<i liiii^y cniiie In 
 my knowledge, he seems to liiive been 8o linckiiieil 
 in crime, NO lost lu nil sense ul' Imiioiir and shame, 
 ihal while his facilities still enable him Ui conliiiiie 
 his sordid pursuits, there will be no lime lor re- 
 iiiiirse." 
 
 Arnold found it necessary to make some exer- 
 (iiins to secure the attachment of his new friends. 
 With the hope of alluring many uf the discontent- 
 ed to his sinndard, he published an address to tha 
 inhabitants of America, in wliich he endeavoured 
 tu justify his conduct. He liad encountered the 
 dangers of the field, he said, from apprehension, 
 that llic rights of his country were in danger. He 
 lind acquiesced in ihe declaration of independence, 
 though he tiiought it precipitate. Uut the rejec- 
 tion of the overliires, made by (ireat Britain in 
 1778, and the French alliance had opened his eyes 
 to the ainbilious views of tliose, who would sacri- 
 fice the ha))piness of their country to their own 
 aggrandi/.ement, and liad made him a confirmed 
 loyalist. He artfully mingled assertions, that the 
 principal members of Congress Iield the people in 
 sovereign contempt. This was followed in about 
 a fortnight by a proclanu.tion, addressed " to the 
 oHicers and soldiers of the continental army, who 
 have the real interest of their country at heart, 
 and who are determined to be no longer llie tools 
 ond dupes of Congress or of France." To induce 
 the American officers and soldiers to desert the 
 cause, which Ihey had embraced, he represented, 
 that the corps of cavalry and infantry, whicli he 
 was authorized lu raise, would be upon Ihe same 
 footing with other troops in the British service; 
 that he should with pleasure advance those, wliose 
 valour he might witness ; that the private men, 
 who joined liini, sliuiild receive a bounty of three 
 guineas each, besides payment at the full value 
 for horses, arms, and accoutrements. His object 
 was the peace, liberly, and .safety of America. 
 " Vou aie promised liberly," he exclaims, "but is 
 there an individual in llie enjoyment of it, saving 
 your oppressors .' Who among you dare speak or 
 write what he thinks against the tyranny, wliicli 
 Lis robbed you of your property, imprisons your 
 p'^rsons, drags you to the field of battle, and is de- 
 luging your country willi your blood ?" " What," 
 he exclaims again, "is America now, but a land 
 of widows, orphans, and beggars .' As to you, 
 who have been soldiers in ihe continental army, 
 can you at this day want evidence, that Ihe funds 
 «i your country are exhausted, or that llie mana- 
 gers have applied them to llieir private uses .' In 
 cither case you surely can no longer continue in 
 tlieir service with honour or advantage. Vet you 
 have hitherto been their supporters in lliat cruelly, 
 which with equal indifference to yours as well as 
 to the labour and blood of others, is devouring a 
 country, that from the moment you qui! their co- 
 lours will be redeemed from their lyraimy." 
 These proclamations did not produce the ellV'Ct de- 
 Bigned, and in all the hardships, siili'erings. and ir- 
 ritations of the war, Arnold remains tlic solitary 
 instance of an American officer, who abandoned 
 the side first embraced in tiie contest, and turned 
 his sword upon his former companions in arms. 
 
 He was soon despalohed by Sir Henry Clinton 
 to make a diversion in Virginia. With about 1700 
 men he arrived in Ihe Chesapeake in .Ian. 1781, 
 and being supported by siicli a naval force, as was 
 suited to the nature of the .service; he committed 
 extensive ravages on the river and along the un- 
 protected coasts. Il is said, that while on this 
 expedition Arnold inquired of an American cap- 
 tain, whom he had taken prisoner, what the Ame- 
 ricans would do will) him, if he should fall into 
 their hands. The officer replied that they would 
 cut ofl'his lame leg and bury it with the honours 
 of war, and hang the remainder of his body in 
 gibbits. After his recall from Virginia he con- 
 ducted an expedition against his native stale, Con- 
 necticut. He look fort Trumbull Sept. 6lh witli 
 Inconsiderable loss. On the other side of the har- 
 tiour Lieut. Col. Kyre, who commanded another 
 detachmeit made an assault on fort (Jriswold, and 
 with Ihe greatest difficulty entered the works. Au 
 
 officer of the conquering troops, asked, who com- 
 manded ! " 1 di' ," answeied Colonel Ije(ly:ii(l, 
 " but you do now," a,i<l pri'scntcd him his sword, 
 which was instantly plunged into his own bosom. 
 A merciless slaughter commenced upon the brave 
 garrison, who had ceased to resist, until the greater 
 part were either killed or wounded. Alier burn- 
 ing Ihe town and the stores, which were in il, and 
 thus thickening the laurels, with which his brow 
 was adorned, Arnold returned to New Vork in 8 
 days. 
 
 From tho conclusion of the war to his death 
 (lenernl Arnold resided c liielly in Kngland. In 
 17^6 he was at St. .lohn's, New Brunswick, en- 
 gaged in trade and navigation, and again in 1700. 
 For tome cause ''.e became very unpopular in 1792 
 or 1793, was hung in elTigy, and the mayor found 
 il necessary to read the riot act, and a company 
 of troops was called to quell the mob. Kepairing 
 to Ihe West Indies in 1791, a French fleet anchor- 
 ed at the same Island ; he became alarmed lest he 
 should be detaineil by the American allies and 
 pa.st the fleet concealed on a raft of lumber. He 
 died in Gloucester place, London, .Inne 11, 1801. 
 He married Margaret, the daughter of Kdward 
 Shippen of Philadelphia, chief justice, and a loy- 
 alist, (jieneral Green, it is saiil, was his rival. — 
 She combined fascinating manners with strength 
 of mind. She died at London Aug. 31, 1801, 
 aged 43. His sons were men of jiroperly in Ca- 
 nada in 182!). His chatacter presents little to be 
 commended. His daring courage may indeed ex- 
 cite admiration ; but it was a courage without re- 
 flection and without princigilc. He fought bravely 
 for his country and he bled in her cause ; but his 
 country owed him no reuiins of gratitude, for his 
 subsequent conduct proved, that he had no honest 
 regard to her interests, but was governed by sel- 
 fish consideiations. His progress from self-indul- 
 gence to treason was easy anil rapid. He was 
 vain and luxurious, and to gratify his giddy desires 
 he must resort to meanness, dishonesty, and extor- 
 tion. These vices brought with them disgrace ; 
 and the contempt, into which he fell, awakened a 
 spirit of revenge, and left him to the unrestrained 
 inlUiencc of his cupidity and passion. Thus IVoiii 
 the high fame, to which his bravery had tievateil 
 him, he descended in>o infamy. Thus loo he fur- 
 nished new evidence of the inlaliialion of the hu- 
 man mind in attaching such value to the reputa- 
 tion of a soldier, which may be obtained, while the 
 heart is unsound and every moral sentiment is en- 
 tirely depraved. — Allen's Biog. Die] 
 
 This day was fatal to many brave men. The 
 British officers suffered more than their common 
 proportion. Among their slain, (ieneral Fra/.er, 
 mi account of his distinguished merit, was the sub- 
 ject of particular regret. Sir .lames Clark, Biir- 
 goyne's aid-de-camp, was mortally wounded. The 
 general himself had a narrow escape: a shot pa.ss- 
 ed through his hat and another through his waist- 
 coat. Majors Williams and Ackland were taken : 
 the latter wounded. 
 
 The loss of the Americans was inconsiderable, 
 (ieneral Arnold, to wliose impetuosity they were 
 much indebted for the siicce.is of llie day, was 
 among iheirwounded. They took more than 200 
 prisoners, besides 9 pieces of brass artillery, and 
 the encampment of a German brigade, with all 
 their eipiipage. 
 
 The royal iroiqis were under arms the whole of 
 Ihe next day, in expectation of another action ; but 
 nothing more than skirmishes look place. At this 
 time. General Lincoln, who reconnoilering, reciev- 
 ed a dangerous wound ; an event which was 
 greatly regretted, as he pn.ssessed much of the es- 
 teem and confidence of the American army. 
 
 The position of the British army, after the ac- 
 tion of the 7th, was so dangerous, that an imme- 
 diate and total change became necessary. This 
 hazardous measure was executed without loss or 
 disorder. The British camp, with all its appurte- 
 nances, was removed in the course of a single 
 night. The American general now saw a fair 
 prospect of overcoming the army opposed to him, 
 without exposing his own to the dangers of another 
 
 balllc. His measiirrs were iherelore principally 
 r iili'iilali'd 1(1 c 11' oil llicir relieal.aiiH prevent their 
 receiving any larllier supplies. 
 
 While ( lineial Itiirgiiyne was pushing on towards 
 Albany, an iinsiiccessful altempt lo relieve him was 
 made by the British comiiiander in New York. 
 For this purpose, October Tilli, ."sir Henry Clinton 
 conducted an expedition up Hudson's river. Thin 
 consisted of about 3000 men, and was accompanied 
 by a suitable naval fiirce. After making many 
 feints, he landed at Stony Point, marched jver 
 the moimlains to fort Montgomery, and attacked 
 the different redoubts. The garrison, commanded 
 by Governor Clinton, a brave and intelligent offi- 
 cer, made a gallant resistance : but as the post had 
 been designed principally lo prevent the pa.ssing of 
 ships, the works on the land side were incomplete 
 and untenable. When it began to grow dark on 
 the (itii, the British entered the fort with fixed 
 bayonets. The loss on neither side was great. 
 Governor Clinton, General .Tames Clinton, and 
 most of the oflicers and men effected their escape 
 undercover of the thick smoke and darkness that 
 suddenly prevailed. 
 
 The reduction of this post furnished the British 
 with an opportunily for opening a passage up the 
 North river: but instead of pushing forward to 
 Burgoyne's encampment, or even lo Albany, they 
 spent several days in laying waste the adjacent 
 country. The Americans destroyed fort Consti- 
 tution, and also set fire to two new frigates, and 
 some other vessels. General 'i'ryon at the same 
 lime destroyed a settlement called Continental Vil- 
 lage, which contained barracks for ];)(I0 men, be- 
 sides many stores. .Sir, lames Wallace with a fly- 
 ing squadron of light frigates, and General Vaiig- 
 lian with a detachment of land forces, continued 
 on and near the river for several days, desolating 
 the country near its margin, (ieneral Vaughanun 
 the 13tli(Jclobersocomplelelyburiie(IKsopus,afine 
 flourishing village, thai a single house was not left 
 standing, though on his approach, the Americans 
 had left the town without making any resistance. 
 Charily would lead us lo suppose that these devas- 
 tations Here designed lu answer military purposes. 
 Their authors might have hoped to divert Ihe at- 
 tention of (ieneral (iaies, anil lliiis indirectly re. 
 lievcGei.eral Burgoyne ; but if this weie intended, 
 the artifice did nut take effect. 
 
 The presci-vatiun of properly was with the 
 Americans only a secondary object. The captur- 
 ing of Burgoyne promised such important conse- 
 cpiences, that llicy would not suffer any other con- 
 sideration to interl'tre with il. (ieneral (iates did 
 not make a single uio-.'»iiiciit that lessened the pro- 
 bability of effecting his grand purpose. He wrote 
 an expostulary letter to Vaiighan, part of which 
 was in the following terms; " Is it thus your king's 
 generals think lo make converts to the loyal cause ? 
 It is unless .surpiising than true, that the measures 
 they adopt to sene their master have a quite con- 
 trary effect. Tli'jir cruelty establishes the glori- 
 ous act of independence upon the broad basis of 
 the resentment of the ('cople." Whether policy 
 ur revenge led tu this devastation of property is 
 uncertain ; but it cannot admit of a doubt, that it 
 was f'ar from being the most effectual method of 
 lelieving Burgoyne. 
 
 The pas- ;ige of the North river was made so 
 practieabiu by Ihe advantages gaiiiei! nn the (itb 
 of October, that Sir Henry (,'liiiioii, with his whole 
 force, amoiinting lo .'JOOO men, niiglil not only have 
 reached Albany, but (ieneral (iates's encanipmenl. 
 before the 12lh, the ilay till which Burgoyne had 
 agreed to wait for aid from New York. While 
 the British were doing mischief to individuals, 
 without serving the cause of their royal ma.ster, 
 they might, by pushing forward, about 136 miles 
 in six days, have brought Gates's army between 
 two fires, at least twenty-four hours before Bur- 
 goyne's necessity compelled his subnii-ssion to ar 
 tides of capitulation. AVhy they neglecied this 
 opportunity of relieving their suffering brethren, 
 about 3() miles lo the northwaid of Albany, when 
 they were only about 100 miles below it, has nev- 
 er yet been satisfactorily explained 
 
 „^i>;p<Hy W 1t W u W !WiP WW iwag 
 
V N ITKD STATES. 
 
 438 
 
 " »•■'■•■ ""rrlnre priiicipallT 
 
 "irrwnMt, ami prevoni their 
 supplies. 
 
 '>Vni'"aspiHl,i„jnn,„„,,|^^,^ 
 m.ittciiiptl,. ielj..velii„Mvi,s 
 niniiiiiindcr in Svw York 
 "'"■r r.rl,, Sir Heni-v Cli„,on 
 Dniiplliidsoirsilver. Tliia 
 ' "leii, aiKl ivas accompanied 
 •rce. ACter maki.is "mnv 
 "'','"> I '""'. marched jver 
 Moiitgoinpry, and attacked 
 
 J he Rarrison, coiii.naiided 
 1 hrave and intelligem offi- 
 ';■'"'•'■■■ '"'t •■"•the post had 
 My to prevent the passing of 
 ' ':"",' ""'c were incomplete 
 » It iH'snn ,„ grow dark oi. 
 niered the (ort with fixed 
 n neither side was great 
 ;<-iiil James Clinton, and' 
 
 n)en eflected their escape 
 k smoke and darkness that 
 
 post dirnished the British 
 
 opeiimtr a passage up |i,e 
 nd of pushing forward to 
 I, or even to Albany, they 
 i>ing waste the adjaceiii 
 tis destroyed fort Consli- 
 
 '" '»■" "Pw frigates, and 
 eneral Tryon at the same 
 •'It called Continental Vil- 
 ;rra,ks for lm> men, he- 
 l.imesAVallaeewiih a fly. 
 Kiiles, and General Vaiig. 
 '■ '■""• l'<"-ces, continued 
 
 several days, desolating 
 
 '"'•, ''•■'"■'i'lVaughanon 
 
 f(elyl)iirne(IJ.;s„,,„s,j,f,„e 
 
 single house was not left 
 
 i|>P'<'!"''li, the Americans 
 
 I making any resistance. 
 
 iiipposethat these devas- 
 
 "swer military purposes. 
 
 lioped to divert the at- 
 
 ;ind thus indirectly re. 
 
 itif this weie intended, 
 
 'roperty was with the 
 - ohject. The captur- 
 iich important conse- 
 II sillier any other con- 
 I- <i'eneral (iates did 
 that lessened the pro- 
 ml purpose. He wrote 
 iialian, pan of which 
 "Is II thus your king's 
 'rts to the loyal cause? 
 nie, that the measures 
 ister have a quite con- 
 establishes the glori- 
 i>n the broad basis of 
 Whether policy 
 station of property is 
 ''lit of a doubt, that it 
 eliectual method of 
 
 river was made so 
 
 Ramei! on ,|,e c,th 
 
 iiitoii. with his whole 
 
 "light not only have 
 !iiles's encampment. 
 'Inch Hurgoyne had 
 Sew York. While 
 liifl to individuals, 
 llieir royal master, 
 m, about 13G miles 
 Ips's army hotwecn 
 [ hours before Bur- 
 is submission to ar 
 Hiey neelecied this 
 siillering brethren, 
 'I of Albany, when 
 * below it, has tjov- 
 aed 
 
 (lUtes posted 14()U men on the heightt opposite a republican in America. He was u scholar, well 
 the folds of .'Saratoga, and ^ODOiiioiu in llii^ iisir, versed in history and the T aliii classics. While 
 
 o prevent a lelreal to fort Kdwaiil, and |.i(KI at he was just hospitable, and generous, and possess- 
 a ford higher up. IJiirgoyiie, receiving inlelligenie ed a li'ehiig heart, his maiiuers and depuitmeiit 
 oflbese iiiovenienls, coiiciuileil tliiil (jiites, iiiiMrit yet indiu.itcil his iiiililaiy cliarai:ler.^ 
 til turn his riglii. Tlii* ifelfecled, would have Allen's Hun:;. Die.] 
 
 e-'irely eiielowd him. To amid iieing lieiiiined' To prepare the way for a re'reallo iaketieorge, 
 
 II, he resolveil en an iiniiiedia'e retreai to .Sarniu- j lliiigoyue oiilered a delachiiieiit of artiliceis, with 
 ga. tits hospital, with ihe sick and wounded, la siroiig escort of British and provincials, lore 
 
 were necessarily left behind ; but they were re 
 eonimended to the humanity of General (iaies, and 
 reeeiveil from him every indulgence theirsitiiatioii 
 required, Wiien (ieneral Burgoyne arrived at Sa- 
 ratoga, he found that the Americans had posted a 
 :o'isiderable force on the opposite heights, to iin- 
 peile his passage at thai ford. 
 
 [.Major (ieneral IIokatio (iatks, a major gene- 
 ral ill the army of the United Stales, was a native 
 iif Knglaiid. In early life he entered the British 
 army, and laid the foundations of his future military 
 excellence, lie was aid to (Jen. iMonkton at the 
 capture of IMartinico ; and after the peace of Aix 
 la Chappelle he was among the first troops, which 
 landed at Halifax iiniler (ieneral Cornwallis. He 
 was with Bradilock at the time ol his defeat in 
 Mj'iH ; and was shot through the body. When 
 peace was concliiiled, he purchased an estate in 
 \'ii'glnia, where he resideil until the commence 
 
 pair the bridges, aud open the load leading thither. 
 I'art of the ,'scort was withilrawn on oilier duly ; 
 and the remainiler, on a slight attack of an incon- 
 siderable parly of yXmericans, ran away. The 
 workmen, thus left without support, were unable 
 to elfect the business on which they had been sent, 
 'I'he only piaclicable route of letreat, which now 
 remained, was by a night march to tort Kdward. 
 Ilefore this attempt could be made, scouts return- 
 ed with inlelligence, that the Americans were in- 
 Irenched opposite to those fords on the Hudson's 
 river, over which it was prop{<seil to pass, anil 
 that they were also in force on the high ground 
 lietweeii fort Kdward and fort (ieorge. 'i'hey had 
 at the same time parlies down the whole shore, 
 and posts so near as to observe every motion of 
 llieroyil army. Their position extended nearly 
 rounil liie British, and was by the nature of the 
 ground in a great measure secured from attacks. 
 
 men' of the American wai in 177'), when he was j 'I'he royal army could not sttind its ground where 
 appoinleil by (Jongress adjutant general, with the jit was, lioiii the want of the means necessary for 
 
 rank of brigadier general. He accompanied Wash 
 iiigtiMi 10 (Jamliridge, when he went Intake com 
 inaiidofthe army in that place. In .luiie 177U 
 (iates was appointed to the command of the army 
 olf'anada. He wassuperseded by (lenetal. Schuyler 
 III .May 1777, but in August following he took the 
 place of the oDicer in the northern department. 
 The success, which attended his arms to the cap 
 tiiie of Burgoyne in October, fillcil America with 
 joy. Congress passed a vote of thanks and oiiler- 
 ed a medal of gold to be presented to him by the 
 president. His conduct towards his conipiered 
 eiieiny was marked by a delicacy, which does hiiii 
 the highest honour. He did not permit his own 
 iriMips til witness the mortification of the Biilisli 
 in depositing their arms. Afier(ien. Lincoln was 
 
 ubsistence ; norcouldit advance towards Albany, 
 without attacking a foico greatly superior in num- 
 ber; mir could it retieal without making good its 
 way over a river, in the face of a strong parly, ad 
 vantageously posted on the opposite side. In 
 case of eiiher attempt, the Americans were so 
 near as to discover every movement ; and by means 
 of their bridge could bring their whole force to 
 operate. 
 
 Truly distressing was the condition of the royal 
 army, .\baniloned in the most critical moment by 
 their Indian allies, unsiippiuled by their brethren 
 ill \ew York, weakeneil by [\u: timidity and de- 
 sertion of the Canadians, worn down by a series 
 (if incessant elforls, and givatly reduced in their 
 numbers by repeated battles, they wen- invested 
 
 aken prisoner, he was appointed .lune 13, 1780 by an army nearly three limes their number, with- 
 
 to the command of the southern department. Aug 
 1(), he was defea'ed by Cornwallis at (.'aniden. 
 Me was superseded Dec. 3, by (ieii. (Jreene; 
 but was in 1782 restored to his command. 
 
 After the peace he retired to his farm in Berkeley 
 county, Virginia, where he remained until theyeiir 
 17i)0, when lie went to reside at New York, hav- 
 ing first emancipated his slaves, and made a pe- 
 cuniary provision for such as were not aide to pro- 
 vide for themselves. Some of them would not 
 leave him but continued in his family. On his 
 arrival at New York the freedom of the cily was 
 
 out a possibility of retreat, or of replenisliiiig iheif 
 exhausted stock of provisions. A continual can- 
 nonade pervaded their camp, and ride and grape 
 shot tell in many parts of their lines. They ne- 
 veitheless reiaineil a great share of fortitude. 
 
 In the meaniime, the Ainerican army was hour- 
 ly incieasing. Volunteers came in iVoiii all (jiiar- 
 ters, eager In share in the glory (d' destroying or 
 capturing those whom they consiilered as their 
 most dangerous enemies. The I'Jth of Oiioher 
 at length airived. The day was spent in aiixiiius 
 expectation of its producing soiiielhiii^ ol* coiise 
 
 presented to him. In ISOO he accepted a seat in|<pieiice. But as no prospect id'assistance appear 
 the legislature, but he retaioeil it no longer, than ed, and their piovisiiqis were nearly expended, ihe 
 
 he conceived his services might be useful to the 
 cause of liberty, which he never abandoned. His 
 pidiiical opinions did not sepaiate him iViiiii many 
 respectable citi/.ens, whose views dilfered widely 
 friiui his own. He died April 10, IWHi, aged 77. 
 His widow died Nov. '20, 1S|0. A few weeks lie- 
 fiiie his death he wrote to his fiienil, Dr. .Mitchill, 
 
 hope ol' receiving any. in due time lor their relict 
 could not be fu'tlier liiilul!:i'd. (Ieneral liurgoyne 
 thought proper in the evening, to take an account 
 ol'ihe priivlsiiMis left. It was t'oiind on iiupiiry, 
 thai tliey would amount to no more than a scanty 
 subsisience for tliiee days. In this state of dis- 
 tress, a covincil of war was called, and it was made 
 
 then at Washington, on some business, anil closcil l.so general, as to conipiehend both the field oflicers 
 his letter, dated Feb. 27, 180G, with the following Ian ' the captains. Their unanimous opinion was, 
 Words: — " I am very weak, and have evident sign.s I tV.ct their piesent silualion justified a capitulation 
 of an approaching dissolution. But 1 have lived |,in honourable terms. A messenger was there- 
 long enough, since 1 '.-.ave lived to see a mighty fore despatched to begin this business. (Jeneral 
 people animated with a spirit to be free, and giiv-IOates in the lirst instance demanded, that the royal 
 
 erned by transcendent abilities and honour." H 
 retained his faculties to the last. He took plea- 
 sure in professing his attachi t to religion and 
 
 his firm belief in the doctrines of Christianity. 
 The will, which wasynade not long before his 
 death, exhibited the humility ofhisfailh. In an 
 article, dictated by himself he expressed a sense 
 of his own iinworihiness, ami his reliance, solely 
 on Ihe intercession and sull'erings of the Redeemer. 
 
 army should surrender prisoners of war. He also 
 proposed, that the British should ground their 
 arms: but General Burgoyne replied, "This arti- 
 cle is inadmissible In every extremity ; .sooner 
 than this aimy will con.sent to ground their arms 
 in their encampment, they will rush on the enemy, 
 determined to take no quarters." 
 
 .\fter various messages, a convention was set- 
 tled, by which it was sulistantially stipulated as 
 
 In another paragraph he diiecteil, that his body i folloivs : " The troopsunderGeneralHiirgoyne, to 
 should be piivalely buried, which was accordingly j much out of thi'ir camp with the honours of war, 
 done, (ieneral Gates was a whig in KiiglamI .uid aii<l the artillery of the entrenchments to the verge 
 2t> 
 
 of the river, where the anus and artillery are to bo 
 left. The arms to be p'led by word of lanuiiinnd 
 from iheir own olVicers. \ free passage to he 
 granleil lo llii'anny under Iiieiilenaiit (ieneral Kur- 
 goyne to Great Mritiiii. upon condition id' not 
 serving again in .Norlli America during the pre- 
 sent contest ; and llic port ol lioslon to be assigi ed 
 lor the ( ntry ot the tianspants lo leicivc the 
 troops, whenever (ieneral Howe shall so order. 
 The army under Lieutenant General Burgoyne to 
 inarch lo .Massachusetis Bay, by the easiest mute, 
 and lo be quartered In or near to llosion. The 
 troops to be provided with provisions by (ieneral 
 Gates's orilers, at the same rate of rations as the 
 troops of his own aiiiiy. .Ml olVicers to retain 
 their carriages, bat-horses, and no baggage to be 
 molested or searched. The ollicers not to be 
 separated frotn llieir men. The ollicers lo be 
 quartered according to llieir rank. All corps wliat- 
 everof Lieiilcnant (ieneial IJnrgoyne's army, lo be 
 included in the aboie articles. ' All Can nlians, 
 and pinsons belongiog lo the Canadian estabh^h- 
 meiii, and other fidlowers of the army, to be per- 
 milled to return lo Canada ; lo be condiicleil to 
 Ihe (list Uritisli post on lake George : lo be sup- 
 plied with provisions as the other troops, and lo be 
 bound by ihe same conililiimof iiol serving during 
 the present contest. Passports to be granted to 
 three officers, lo cany despaiches to Sii William 
 Howe, .Sir (iiiy Carlelon, and lo Great Britain. 
 The otfueis lo be admitted im llieir piride, anil to 
 be permitted to wear their sid iiis." 
 
 ■Such were the eiiibariassmenis of the roy.il ar- 
 my, incapable of subsisting wheie it was, or of 
 making iis way to a better silualion, that these 
 terms were rather more favoiiralile than iliey had 
 a right to expect. On the other hand, it would not 
 have been priiilent for the .\nn-iican generd at the 
 head of an army, which, I'loimh niimeroiis, con- 
 .ilsted mostly of militia or new levies, lo have pro- 
 voked the despair of even an inl'eriiir iinmbrr of 
 brave, disciplined, regular troops. General Gates 
 rightly judged, that ihe best way lo secure his ad- 
 vantages was lo use them with looderaliiMi. .Soon 
 aflerihe convention was signed, the .\nieiicans 
 marched inio their lines, and weie kept there till 
 the royal army had deposiied their anus at the 
 place appointed. The delicacy, with which this 
 business was conducted, reflected honour on the 
 .\mericau general. Nor did the poliieness of 
 (iaies end here. Kvery circumstance was with- 
 held, that could const it lite a Iriiimph in the Ameri- 
 can aiiiiy. The captive general was leceived by 
 his conqueror with respect and kindness. \ num- 
 ber of the principal oliicers, of both armies, met 
 at General Gates's quarters, and I'm- a while seem- 
 ed to forget, in social an-.' convivial pleasures, llnit 
 liny had been enemies. The conduct of (ieneral 
 liurgoyne in this interview with (ieneral Gales 
 was truly dignilied; and ihe historian is at a loss 
 whether lo ailinire most, the magnanimity of the 
 victoilous, or the fortitude of the vanquished 
 general. 
 
 The l!i itish troops partook liberally of the plenty 
 ihat reigned in the American army. It was the 
 more acceplableto tliein, as they were desiitiite ol 
 breaii andlloiir, and had only as much meal left, 
 as was suiricienl for aday's subsistence. 
 
 By the convention which has been mentioned, 
 r)7'J0 men were surrendered prisoners. The sick 
 and wounded left in camp, when the British re- 
 treated lo .Saratoga, together with the numbers ol 
 the ISritish, (ierman and Canadian troops, who 
 wi'ie killed, wounded or taken, and who had desert- 
 ed in the preceding pait of the expedition, were 
 reckoned lo be 4GS0. The whole royal fiuce, ex- 
 clusive of Indians, was probably about 10,000 
 
 The stores, which the .\uiericans acquired, were 
 coiisidenible. The captured artillery consisted ol 
 ',i'> brass field pieces. There were alsol(;,17 inns- 
 kels, and avaiiety of other useful and much want- 
 ed articles, which fell into their hands. The con- 
 tinentals in (jeiieral (jales's army were nine thou- 
 sand and ninety-three, the militia four thousand one 
 liiindred and twenty-nine ; but of the former two 
 thousand one hundred and three were sick, ur on 
 
484 
 
 furloiij;li, unci live liuiidieil and 8ix(y-two of the I 
 lillcr ncii' in the snnie giliiiition. 'I'lic nuniher oil 
 (bcniiliiia w;is ciinslinilly llucliialini;. ! 
 
 Tlic ai'ni'ral exnilatinn ol'llic Aineiiiaiis, on re- ] 
 ccivinc ilie agiet'alili;inlfllinenci;orilic ciinvrntion j 
 ol' 8iirali>^a, ilisaniu'il llieni of nincli of llu'ir re- | 
 si'iilniciit. 'rill' hnrniiiKS anil dcvasiaiioMH nhicli 
 liiMi taken place neru .iiiDii lent to have iiillanied | 
 llu'ir minds: but private feelini;» were in a (jrcal i 
 measure absorbed by tlie I'onsideration ol the many ' 
 advantages, wliicli the capture ol so large an army j 
 promised lo the new-formed stales. I 
 
 Ilia short time alter the convention was si;;ned, 
 (ieneral tiates moveil ibrwaid lo stop the devasta- , 
 tioiis of the Hrllish on the Noiih river; but on 
 heaiiiiu of the fite of Hiir^oyiie, X'aiiuhaii and 
 Wallaie, reined to New York. 
 
 About the same time, the liritish, who hiid teen 
 left 111 the rear of ihe royal army, destroyed their 
 cannon, and abandoning ricoiideroga, retreated to 
 Canada. The whole eotinlry, after experiencing 
 for several months, the conliisioiis of war, was in u 
 liiomeiii restored to peifect traii(|uilily. 
 
 'ireat was the uiief and dejection of Itritain, on 
 receiving ihe inteliiiieiice of the fate of ISnigoyne. 
 The expedition committed to him had been under- 
 lakeii with the most cmilident hopes of success. 
 The (juality ol the troops he comnianded was such, 
 that lioiii their bravery, directed by his zeal, ta- 
 lents and eoiiraiie it was piesiiined that all the 
 northeni parts of the United .States would be sub- 
 dued bet'oie the end ol the campaign. The good 
 foiiiinc, which for some lime followed him, jiisli- 
 (ied these expectations: but the c itastrophe proved 
 the lolly of planning distant expeditions, and of 
 projecting remote conquests. 
 
 The conse(|ueiices of these great events vibrated 
 round the world. The capture of Hiirgoyne was 
 Ihe hinge on which the revolution turned. While 
 it encouraged the perseverance of the .\mericans, 
 by well jijioniided hopes of final success, it increa- 
 sed the.euibarrassnientofthat ministry, which had 
 so iiielfectually laboured to compel their snbinis- 
 sion. Opposition to their measures gathered new 
 sliength, and tociiied a stumbling block in the road 
 lo coni|uest. This prevented (ileal liritain from 
 acting Willi that collected force, which an union of 
 sentiments and coiiitcils would have enabled her tc 
 c!u:;it. Jiltherto the best informed Americans had 
 doubts of success in establishing their independ- 
 ence : but henceforward their language was: "That 
 whatever might be the event of their present strug- 
 gle, they were forever lost to (ireat Hritain." Nor 
 were they deceivtv 'J he eclatof caplurhig a large' 
 army, ni liritish and (iermau regular troops, soon 
 procured them powerful friends in Europe. 
 
 Immediately after the surrender, i!iirgoyne"s 
 troops were marched to the vicinity of JSoston. 
 On their arrival, they were quartered in the bar- 
 racks on VVinler and Prospect hills. The gene- 
 rid court of Massachusetts passed pi'o|ier resolu- 
 tions for procuring suitable accommodations for 
 the piisooers; but from the general unwillingiiess 
 of llie people to oblige them, and from the feeble- 
 ness of that authority which the repiihlican ruleis 
 had at that time over the properly of their lelluw 
 cili/.ens, it was impossible to provide immediately 
 for so large a number of otficers and soldiers, in 
 Much a manner as their convenience required, or 
 as Irom the articles of convention they might 
 reasonably expect. The olRcers remonstrated to 
 (ieneral Kurgoyne, that sin or seven of them were 
 crowded togethei in one ruoiu, without any regard 
 (i> their respective ranks, in violation of the seventh 
 article of the conventinn. Biirgoyne, on the 14ih 
 of November, forwarded this ace.ount to (iates, 
 and tidded, " the public faith is broken." This 
 letU'r, being laid before Congress, gave an alarm. 
 It corroborated an apprehension, iweviously eiiter- 
 (aiiM'd, tliat the captured troops, ou their enibar- 
 cation. would make a junction with the Dritish 
 garrisons iu America. The declaration of the 
 general, that " the public faith was broken," while 
 ill ihe power of Congress, was considered by them 
 as destroying the security which they before had in 
 his peisiiiiyl liunuur; lor in every event he iiiiglit 
 
 HISTORY OF THK 
 
 adduce his previous notice to justify his future con- 
 duct. They ihcielore resolveil ; " That Ihe eiii- 
 barcaliimiif Lieiilcnant I ieneral liiiri'oyne, and ihe 
 troops nndi'i his cimimaiid. he poslponed, lill a dis- 
 liiiclaiid ('\plii ii lalilicaliiiii ol the convemion of 
 .Siiralo.:a be piopcrly notilied by the court ol (ireat 
 ISritaio lo (.'oM^rl•^^." 
 
 liiirgoyne explained the inlention and constiiic- 
 lion ol the passage objected lo in his letter, and 
 pledged himself, ili.it his oliicers would join with 
 liiiii III sigiiingr.ny iiisiiiiinenl that miiilit bethought 
 necc-iary for conlhiiiing the convemion ; but Cnn- 
 giess would no recede troin tlicii resolution. They 
 alleged, tliat't had been ofl'.'ii asserted by their ad- 
 versaries, that faith was not to be kept with rebels;' 
 and that therefore they would be deficient in atten- 
 tion to the iniercsls of their consliliients, if they 
 did not re(|uiie an authentic ratilication of Ihe con- 
 vention by national aiithorily, before they parH'<l 
 with the captured troops. They urged faitlier, that 
 by the law ol nations, a compact, broken in one ar- 
 ticle, was nolonger binding III any other. They 
 made a disiiiii lion between the suspension and ab- 
 rogation ol the convention, anil alleged, that ground 
 lo suspect an inlention to violale it was a jiistilying 
 reason forsuspendiiii; its execniion on their part, 
 lill it was properly ralilied. The desired ratilica- 
 tion, ifdreat lirilain was seriously disposed lo that 
 measure, niiglil have been obtained in a lew immihs, 
 and C'Ongie.si uniformly ileclaied themselves will- 
 ing to carry it into lull ell'ect, as soon as they were 
 secured of its observance, by proper authority on 
 the other side. 
 
 About eight months ifterwards, certain royal 
 commissioners, whose oflicial functions shall be 
 hereal'ler explained, mule a ri'quisilion respecting 
 these tronps; otlered to ratify the convention; and 
 leqiiired permission lor their embarcaiion On 
 uiquiiy it was found, that they had no authority to 
 do uiy thing in the iiiaiter, which would be obli- 
 gatory on (ireat liiilain. Congros therel'ore re- 
 solved, >■ that no raiilicatiiin of the convention, 
 which may belendeied iiiconseipienee of poweis, 
 which only reach that case by construction and 
 implication, or which may subject whatever is 
 transacted relative lo it, lo the fiituie approbation 
 nr disapprobation of the parliament of (ireat liri- 
 lain, cin be accepted by Congress," 
 
 Till the capture of Unigoyne, the powers of 
 Kurope were only spectators of the war, between 
 (ireat lirilain and her late colonies, but, soon after 
 that event, they were drawn in to be |)arlies. In 
 every peiiod of the coiitroveisy, the claims of the 
 Americans were pationi/.ed by siiiniry respectable 
 foreigners. 'I'he letters, addresses, and other ;mb- 
 lic acts of Conmess were adinireil by many who 
 had no personal iiileiest in the contest. Liberty 
 is so evidently the iindoulited right of mankinil, 
 that even llicy who never posscsseil it, feel the 
 propriety of contending for it: anil whenever a 
 people take up arms, either lo defend or to recover 
 it, ihey are sure of meeting with encoinagement 
 or good wishes from the liicnds of humanily in 
 every part of the v.orld. 
 
 Kroiii the opeiatioii of these principles, the 
 Americans had the esteem anil good wishes of 
 miillilndes in all parts of Kurope. They were re- 
 puted to be ill used, and were represented as 
 a resolute and brave people, deietmiiied to re- 
 sist oppression. Being both pitied and ap- 
 plauded, generous and sympathetic seniimenls 
 were excited in their favour. These circuiii- 
 stauces would have operated in every case; but 
 in the present, the cause of the Americans was 
 patronised from additional motives. An universal 
 jealousy prevailed against (ireat Dritain. Her 
 navy had long tyrannised over the nations of Ku- 
 rope, and demanded, as a matter of right, that the 
 ships of all other powers should strike their sails 
 to her its mistress of the ocean. Krom her eager- 
 ness to prevent supplies going to her rebellious 
 colonists, as she called the Americans, the vessels 
 of foreign {lowers had for some lime past been 
 subjected lo searches and other interruptions, 
 when steering towards America, in a manner thai 
 could nut b.it be iiii|)atiently borne by independent 
 
 nalions. That pride and in.Holetiee which brought 
 
 on the .Niiierccaii war, had loi.g disi;iisli'd her 
 
 neighbo'irs d made llien. rejoice at her misliir- 
 
 nines, and especially at the prospect of disiiieiii 
 beriiig her overgrown tuiipire. 
 
 CHAI'TKR IV. 
 
 The Alliiilioc lii'lweni Kr»nr« and the (Jnllrd Slnirs. 
 The Ciniiiiuigii or I77U. 
 
 Soo.'y after intelligence of the capture of Hur- 
 goyne's army reached Kurope, the court of Franco 
 concludiMl at I'aiis, treaties of alliance and eoiii- 
 mereenith the L'niied .States. The circuiiisl in- 
 ces, which led to this great event, deserve lo be 
 particularly unfolded. The colonists liavii'^; lakeii 
 up arms, tininllueiiced by the enemies of (ireat 
 Hrilain. conducted their opposition lor seveial 
 months alter they had raised troops, and emitted 
 money, without any reference to toreign poweis. 
 They knew it to be the inleresi of Kurope, to pro- 
 mote a sepaiation between (ireat lirilain ami hei 
 colonies ; but as they began the contest with no 
 other view than to obtain a redress of grievances, 
 they neither wished, in tlie lirst period oftheii oppo- 
 sition to involve (ireat lirilain in a war, nor to pro- 
 cuie aid to themselves by paxing court to her 
 enemies. The policy of(ireal lirilain, in atlempt- 
 iiig to deprive the Americans of arms, was the lirsi 
 event which made it necessary for them to seek 
 liiieign eoimexions. At the lime she was urging 
 military preparations lo compel their s;ibmission, 
 she forbade the exportation of arms, and soliiifd 
 the commercial powers of Kurope to co-oper;iie 
 with her by adopting a similar prohibition. To 
 frustrate the views of (ireat lirilain. Congress, be- 
 sides recommending the domestic niaiiiifaciiire ol 
 the maierials tor miliiary stores, appointed ii se- 
 cret committee, with powers to piociire on their 
 account arms and aiiiniunition, and also employed 
 agents in foreign eoiiiilries for the same purpose. 
 The evident advantasje, which France might de- 
 rive from the eoiilinu;ince of the disp n ,\inl the 
 countenance which individuals of that coiiniry daily 
 gave lo the Americans, entourageil Congress to 
 send a political and comniercial agent to that King- 
 dom, with iiislnictioiis to solicit its friendship, and 
 10 procure miliiary stores. Silas Ueane, being 
 clioser. for this purpose, sailed for France early in 
 \Ti(}, and was soon after his arrival at Paris in- 
 slriicied to smmd Count de Vergennes, the French 
 minister lor foreign alVaiis, on the subject of the 
 American eoiilroveisy. .\s ll e public mind, for 
 reasons which have been inentioneil closed against 
 (ireat lirilain, ii opened towards other nations. 
 
 On the 1 1th of .luiie, Congiess appointed a com- 
 mitlee, to prepaie a plan of a irealy lo iie propo- 
 sed lo lorcimi poweis. The discussion of this no- 
 vel subject engaged their attention till the latter 
 end of September. While Congiess was dehliera- 
 ting thereon, .Mr. IJeane was soliciting a supply of 
 anus. animiiniti'Mi, and soldier's clothing forilieir 
 service a siilViciency lor lading three vessels was 
 soon procured. What agency the government of 
 France hail in furnishing those supplies, or whether 
 they were sold, or given as presents, are questions 
 which have often been asked, but not satisfaeloi.ly 
 answered ; for the btisiness was so conducted that 
 Ihe transaction might be made lo assume a variety 
 of complexions, as circumstances might render ex- 
 pedient. 
 
 It was most evidently the interest of France lo 
 encourage the Americans, in their opposition to 
 (iioal lirilain; and it was true policy to do this by 
 degrees, and in a private manner, lest (ireat liril- 
 ain might take the alarm. Individuals are some- 
 limes intliienced by considerations of friendship 
 and generosity ; but interest is the pole star by 
 which nalions are universally governed. It is cer- 
 tain that (ireat Britain was amused with declara- 
 tions of Ihe most pacific dispositions on the pari of 
 France, at the time ihc Americans were liberally 
 supplied wilh the means of defence ; and it is 
 cqua ly certain, that this w;ia the true line of policy 
 
UNITKD STATES. 
 
 eiice wliirli lirouulif 
 
 loi.i; ilisunNit'*! Iirr 
 
 'jotl'r' al Ih'I llli^lnl'- 
 
 iroapi'cl III ilisiiinii 
 
 d the Uiiilrd Hlnirs. 
 177H. 
 
 llii- capture of Hiii- 
 llii- cmiit of Franco 
 ' alliaiiL'L' anil eoiii- 
 Tlie ciriunisl. in- 
 vent, ili'siMVf to be 
 ilniiists liavii", taken 
 !• iMit'inies III (ireal 
 |Hisiii>in I'lr st'veial 
 li(>i>|is, and vniiltetl 
 ti) IniTian powers. 
 <t i>( Kiirope, til piii- 
 eat lirilain ami liei 
 the eiiiiti'st uilli no 
 ilress of );rievanreM, 
 period of'tiieii oppo- 
 in a war, nor to pro- 
 )a>in^ court to liir 
 t (intain, in alleiiipt- 
 iil'ariiis, was the lirsi 
 y lor tlirni to seek 
 iiiie she was nryiii); 
 el their snliinissioii, 
 lariiis, and solirifd 
 iriipe to eo-operate 
 ar prohil)ition. To 
 riiaiii, Conaress. lie- 
 I'stie. iiianiiraciiirK iil 
 res, appointed a se- 
 lo piucnre on their 
 n, and also einplnyed 
 r the same purpose. 
 I France uiif>ht ile- 
 the ilisp ti Ahd the 
 III that counir)' daily 
 mailed Conijress to 
 il ai;ent to that KiiiL'- 
 'it its rriendship, and 
 Silas Deane, lieini; 
 I tor France early in 
 arrival at I'aris in- 
 raeiines,the French 
 a the sulijeel iil' the 
 I e public mind, tor 
 tinned closed a'.;aiiist 
 ds other nalioos. 
 ess appointed a coin- 
 treaty to lie prii|io- 
 lisciission of tliis no- 
 ntion till the latter 
 ngtess was dtditiera- 
 iiilicitin>; a supply of 
 s cliithini! lor their 
 g three vessels was 
 r' the novernnient of 
 supplies, or whether 
 esents, are i|uestions 
 but not satisfactoi.ly 
 ii9 so conducted thai 
 to assume a variety 
 ces might render ex- 
 
 ntercst of France tu 
 their opposition to 
 policy to do this by 
 ner, lest Great Brit- 
 idiviiliials are some- 
 rations of friendship 
 is the pole star liy 
 fioverned. It is cer- 
 iiiised with declara- 
 silionson the part of 
 licans were lilierally 
 defence ; aiitl it iil 
 he true line uf|)ulicy 
 
 fur piitiiiotiiiL! that ilisiiiemlierment of the liritish 
 enipiie, »hirh l''r,inre had an iiiteiesi in aicnm- 
 
 ,'lh^hlnn■ 
 
 C >u;;ress knew, thai a iliMHiinlinn of the nver- 
 prov'n piiwerof liriM n. ; oiild not lint be ilc»ii,ilile 
 III Fiance. .Sine Willi ilie loss iil her piissessiiiin 
 on the ciiiilinent ol .Noilli Aniiiica, by the peace 
 of I'aris ill I'di:!, and also by ihe c.iplure of many 
 lliiniMnils ol her siidois in l(."i;j, aniecelcnl tu a 
 declaration of war, she must have been sonnihin^ 
 iii'ire than human, not to have rejiiiced at an iippiir 
 tiinily of ilcpressmi; an ancient and forniidalile ri- 
 val. ' licsidesllie increasing! naval superiority of 
 (ire.it llritaiii, her Viisl resnilices, not only in her 
 ancient iloininions, but in colonies ^rolvinK daily 
 in iiunibeis and weallli. added tii the liaiii;liliness 
 of her llaa, made her the olijecl both of tenor and 
 .■nvy. It was the interest of tNm(;ress to apply to 
 ihe'conrt of France, and it was the interest ol 
 France '.i lisien to their applic.Uion. 
 
 Con ress, havini; aticed on the plan of the trea- 
 ty, wliicli tbcy intended to propose to his Must 
 Christian .M.ijesiy pun ceded to elect commissiiin- 
 ers to siilicii its acceptance. Dr. Franklin, l^ilas 
 De.ine, anil 'riiomas .lelfersoii were chosen. The 
 laitci declinina to serve, .\rtlinr Lee, who was then 
 in London, and had been serviceable to his coiiii- 
 trv, in a variety of ways, was elected m his riiotii. 
 It was resolved, that no mcmlier .shonid be at lib- 
 erty to divnluc any thin;; more of these transac- 
 tiiiiis ihaii •• that Conyiess had taken such steps as 
 they jndj;ed iiecessaiy for obiainini! fori'ii'n allian- 
 ces!" The secret committee were directed to 
 make an elfcctiial loduemeiit in France, of ten 
 tbiiiisand pounds sterhni;, subject to the order ol 
 these conimissioneis. Or. Fianklin, who was 
 cMil'loyed as aacnl in the business, and atterwards 
 as minister plenipotentiary at the court of France, 
 »as in piissessiiiii of a meater proportion of loreicn 
 fame, than any oilier native nf America, liy the 
 ili.il of superiiil abilities, and with but few advanta 
 f;es in cirly life, he had attained the liifjiiest emi- 
 nence amiinsj men of learning, and in many instan- 
 ces extended the empire of science. His genius 
 vtas vasi and comprehensive, and will, eipial ease 
 investigated the mysteries of philo'iophy. and the 
 ', .l.yrinihs III politics. His fame as a philosopher 
 had reached as far as human naliiic is polished or 
 reliiicd. Hi) |.hilaiilinopy knew no bounds. The 
 priis|ieriiy and happiness of the hiiniaii race were 
 ob|ecls which at all limes had attracted his allen- 
 liiiii. Disgusted with (iieat lirilain, and glowini; 
 Willi the most ardent love foi the liberties of his 
 oppressed native ciuintiy, he left London, where 
 he had resided sonic years in the character of agent 
 fiirsevenl of the colonies, early in 177-'i ; retnrneil 
 to I'liiladelphia ; and immediately afterw arils »as 
 elected by the legislature of Pennsylvania, a ineiii- 
 Ijcr ofCongrcss. ,\fler his appointnient, to solicit 
 the inlercsisof the Unileil States in France, he 
 sailed for that country on the y'dli of Oclnber, 
 17(0. lie was no sooner landed, lliili of Decem- 
 ber, than universally caressed. His fanie had 
 sniootheil the nay for his reception in a public 
 character. 
 
 [I!k:<j.\mi.n Fii.*NKi.iN,a philosopher and slates- 
 man, was born in liosion, .Massaclinseiis, .laniiary 
 17, 170(i. His fuller, who was a native of Kng- 
 land, wasasoap'liinler and tallow-chandler in that 
 town. At the age of eight years, he was sent to a 
 Hianiniar school, but at the age of ten, his father 
 leqiiired his services to assist him in his business. 
 Two years afterwards, he was bound an apprentice 
 to his biother, who wasa printer, lii thisemphiy- 
 inent he made great proficiency, and having a 
 taste for book.s, lie devoted luiich of his leisure 
 time to reading. So eager was he in the pursuit 
 of knowledge, that lie frequently passed (he greater 
 part of the night in liis studies. He became ex 
 pert in the Socratic mode of reasoning by asking 
 questions, and tliu.s he souietiiiies embarrassed per 
 suns of iinilerstaiiding superior to his own. In 
 17'J1, his brother began to print the New Kngland 
 Courant, which wasthc thiiil newspaper published 
 in America. The two preceding papers were the 
 Uuston News Letter and iiostun Gazette, Young 
 
 Franklin wrote a number of essays lor the Courant 
 which well' «ii well received, as in cncnnia^e hiun 
 lo ciiiiliniie his liici.uy labours. 'To iiiipiovc lii.^ 
 ■•ty le, he resiihcd to imitate .\ildisiiirs .Specla 
 loi. The melliiid which he tnok. was lo make a 
 siimiiiiiy III a paper, alter he hail read it, and in a 
 lin days, when he h.id liirgollen the esprcssions 
 
 ihe.iuthiir, to eniliMvuiii to restore il to its ori- 
 ginal form, liy this lueaiis he w,is taught his er- 
 rors, and perceivcil i lie necessiiy of being more 
 fully acquainted with ihe synoniinmis words of the 
 l.mguage, tic wus much assisted also in acquiring 
 
 acility and variety of expreuiun by writing po- 
 etry. 
 
 .\l this early period the perusal of .Sh.iftsliury 
 and Collins made him completely a sceptic, 
 mil he was fond of disputing upon the sub|ect ol 
 religion. This circiislance caused hmi to be n- 
 gariled by pious men with abhoricuce ; and on tins 
 iiccoiint, us well as on accoiinl iil'thc ill-lrealmcnt 
 which he received from his brother, lie deterinined 
 to leave lliiston. His ilcparluie was lacilitaled 
 by the piissession of his indenliire, which his bro- 
 ther hiid given him about the year 17'.'.'l. not Iriim 
 friendship, bill because the geneial couil had pro- 
 hibited him liom publishing the .New I'.iiglanil 
 Courant, and III order that it miglil be conducted 
 iniler the name of Itenj iiiiin Fianklin. lie private- 
 ly went on board a sloop, and soon arrived at New 
 iork. Fiiidiog III) employment here, he pursued 
 Ins w, V to I'liiladelphia, and enlered the city with- 
 out a l.iend, and with only a dollar in his pocket. 
 I'lirchasing some rolls a( a baker's shop he put 
 
 e under each arm, and eating a third, walked 
 through several streets in search of a lodging. 
 There were at this time two printers in I'liiladel- 
 phia, .Mr. .\ndre\<' liradloid, and .Mr. Keiiiier, by 
 the latter of whom he was employed. Sir William 
 Keith, the governor, having been informed that 
 Fianklin was a young man of proniisi ig talents, 
 Invited him to his house, and treated him in the 
 most friendly iiiauner. He advised him to enter 
 into business for himself, and, to accomplish this 
 liject, to make a visit to London, in order that he 
 might purchase the necessary articles for a prim- 
 ing oHice. I'eceiving the promise of assistance, 
 Franklin prepared himself for the voyage, and on 
 applying lor letters of lecoiiimendation, previously 
 to sailing, he was told, that they would be sent on 
 board. When the letter hag was opened, there 
 was no packet for Franklin ; and he now discover- 
 ed, that the governor was one of those men, who 
 love to oblige every body, and who substitute the 
 most liberal professions and oilers in the place 
 [if active, siili.siantial kindness. Arriving in Loii- 
 iliin in II'M, he was obliged to seek einploynient 
 lis ajourneyinan printer, lie lived so econoniically 
 that he saved a great part of his wages. Instead 
 ofdiinking six pints uf beer in a day, like some of 
 his fellow laboiireis, he drank only water, and he 
 persuaded some of them to renounce the extrava- 
 gance of eating bread and cheese for breakfasl 
 and III procure a cheap soup. As his principles 
 al this time were very loose, his zeal to enlighten 
 the world induced him to publish his dissertation 
 on liberty and necessiiy, in which he coiitendeil mat 
 virtue and vice wcie nothing more than vain (lis 
 unctions. This work procured hinithe acquaint 
 ance of Alandeville, and others uf the licetiiions 
 class. 
 
 He returned to I'liiladelphia in October, 172(), 
 as a clerk to Mr. Dciiham, a merchant, but the 
 death of that gentleman in the following year, in- 
 duced him lo return to Mr. Keiiner, in the capa- 
 city of foreman in his ollice. He was very useful 
 to his employer, for he gave him assistance as a 
 letter founder. He engraved various ornaments, 
 and made printer's ink. He soon began business 
 in paitnership with Mr. Meredith, but in 1729, he 
 dissolved the connexion with him. Having pur- 
 chased of Keiiner a paper, which had been con- 
 ducted in a wretched manner, he now conducted 
 it in a style which attracted much attention. At 
 this lime, though destitute of those religions prin- 
 ci plos, which give stability and elevation to virtue 
 he yet had discernment enough to be convinced 
 
 43S 
 
 that truth, probity, and siiiceiity, wiiiild prH.nole 
 his lull rest, and be iiseliil !<i liiiii in ihe wcibl, ai.i' 
 lie ii'^iiKed 111 iispeil iliciii iii his ciMiilin I. The 
 expeiisi's 111 hisesi.ililislimenl in llllMlll■s^, iiipmiili- 
 si. Hilling his iiiilusiiy and econiiiiiy, luuiiglii linn 
 mill enib.Miassiiieiits, t'loiii wliii h he was relicu'd 
 • ly llic gi iieriiiis ;issisiance iit Willi, iiii Cnleinan 
 and llolieit (li.ice. In addiliiui >ii Ins niliei eiii- 
 ploymeiils, he now opened a small sliiliiiner'ii 
 shop. Hut the cl.unis of business did not extin- 
 guish his taste fur literature and sciiwice. He 
 loriiied a club, which he called "The .liiiito," 
 ciimpiised of the most inlelligenl of his acqiiaiii- 
 lance. l|uestiiins of nioi.iliiv, piilitics, philoso- 
 phy, were discusseil every Friday evening, and 
 the insiitninin w is conilniied almost luriy years. 
 
 .\s bunks wcie fieqi llyqiinteil in the cfiili, and 
 
 as the members had lirinighl their bniiks ingethet 
 for niiilnil advantage, he was led in Inriii the plan 
 nf a public library, which w.is carried inlii ellect 
 in I7.'!l, and became the foiiuilatinn nf ihit iiiiblc 
 insiiiuiinn, the piesenl libiary company of I'hila- 
 delphi.i. lo l/.'i'.', he began to publish I'lmr Kicli- 
 aid's Almanac, which was enriched with iiiiixiiiis 
 nf friigalily, teaiperaiice, industry, and integrity, 
 .•"ill gri It was its icpiitaliiin, that he sold ten tliiiii- 
 sanil annually, aiicl il was cnntinned by him about 
 twenty-live ye.irs. The maxims were collected' 
 
 in the last ahiianac in the form of i dilress call 
 
 ed the Way to Wealth, which has appeared in vj 
 rloiis pnlilicalions. In 17.'l(i, he was appointeil 
 clei kill the general assembly of I'ennsylvania, and 
 in I7;{7, puslmastei of I'hiiadelphia. The lirst lire 
 company was formed by him in 17:!S. When the 
 frontier of I'cimsylvatiia were endangered in 17-14, 
 and an iiiellectiial altempt was made to piociiie a 
 iiiilili I law, he pmiinsed a voluiitaiy association 
 for the defence of the province, and in a shorl 
 time oliiained ten thousand names. In 1717, he 
 was chosen a memlicr of the assembly, and coii- 
 liniied ill this sl.nion ten years. In all importanl 
 discussions, his presence w.is cuiisideieil as indis- 
 pensable. He seldiim spoke, and never ( xhibiled 
 any oraloiy ; but by asingle observalion he siinie- 
 tiiiies determined lliefiieiif a question. In the 
 long coniriiversies wiih the propricMiies or llieir 
 governors, he took the most active pan, and dis- 
 played a liriii spirit of liberf. 
 
 He was now engaged for a niimber of yivirs in a 
 course of electrical experiments, of whicli he pub- 
 lished an account. His great discovery was the 
 identily of the electric lliiid and lighlniiig. This 
 discovery he made in the slimmer of l7.Vi. To 
 the upright stick of a kite, he allaclicd an iron 
 point ; the string was of hemp, excepting the part 
 which he held in his hand, which was of silk ; 
 and a key was fastened wlieic the hempen string 
 terminated. Willi this app.iialns. on the approach 
 of a thunder storm, he raised his kite. .V cloud 
 passed over it, and no signs of electriiitv appear- 
 ing, he began lo despair; but observing the loose 
 libres of his string to iiiiive suddenly Inward an 
 elect position, he pieseiiled his knuckle to the key, 
 and received a strong spark- The success nf this 
 experiment complelely established his ihe.ii v. The 
 practical use of this discovery in securing hunses 
 from lightning by pointed ci.iidiicinis. is well known 
 ill America and Kiirope. In I7.')'>. he was ap- 
 pointed deputy postmaster general of the lirliish 
 (polonies, and in the .same year, the acadeinv of 
 Philadelphia, projected by hiiii, was eslablislied. 
 lo n!j\, he was one of thecoiiimissioners, who at- 
 tended the congress at Albany, to devise ihe best 
 means of defendingthe country against the Fiencli. 
 He drew up a plan of union for defence and gtMie- 
 ral government, which was adopted by the con- 
 gress. It was however rejected by the board of 
 trade in England, because it gave too much power 
 lo the representatives of the people : and it was re- 
 jected by the assemblies of the colonies, because 
 it gave too much power to the president general. 
 After the defeat of Kraddock he was appointed 
 colonel of a regiment, and he repaired to the fron- 
 tiers, and built a fort. 
 
 Higher employments, however, at length called 
 him from his cuuutry, wb'cli he was dustined ti> 
 
; 
 
 i,: 
 
 9 > 
 
 '* 
 
 480 
 
 serve riiorr rirccliinlly i<« ila ngeiit ill Kiitiluiiil, 
 wlii'linr III' wim «piil in ITciy. 'I'lif •liiinp aiM, liy 
 (vliirli iliii lliitisli iiiinintr)! tvlslicil I niiiiili:irl/f 
 till! Aiiii'iiriiiH to |Kiy l.iM'ii III ilir iinilliri iiinii- 
 Iry, reiivi'il iIihi love ul lli)«rly wliirli iiiiil ieil 
 tliiiir riiii'lilherii In ii niiinliy .u lli;il tiini' a ili*- 
 
 Hl-lt; IIMlj llll' Clllllllil)!! flirilll'll ll('llll)(l>'^^i lIll'llKll 
 
 iiliM III nliicli liail bnoii ciiiiiiiiiinii'ali'il liilliniiliy 
 Dr. KMiiklln, a( the ciiiili'reiiii'ii at Albiiiiy, in 
 I7')l. Till! war lliat wa« jimt lenniiiali'il, anil llic 
 rxi'iliiiiiii iiiaili! Iiy ilieiii to i*u|i|iiirl it, liail (iivi'n 
 llii'in a ciiiivictiiMi ut'tlii'ir Htri'iiutli ; llicy (i|i|iiia)'il 
 this iMiMHiir)*, anil llit! ininiHler Kave way, lint lii! 
 ri'Hnvt'il till! iiD'aiH ul ri'ni'wini{ lliv alli'in|>t. 
 Duel' raiilnineil, Iidwcvit, llii'y ifiiiaini'il nil llii!ir 
 )iii nil ; lilrily, elii-riDlicil liy tlieir alainiH, tonk 
 ii('t'|it'r mill : ami ilin rapiil circiilatinn iiC iilivis 
 by iiiuaiH III' inMvs|ia|ii'rs, I'nr the intriiilni'llnn iil' 
 wliirli, ilii'V wi'if inilclili'il III lln! |irinlrr ill' I'lii- 
 laili'l|ilna, iinili'il llii'in iiiniMln'r in ri'sinl every 
 i'ri'sli cnliiininr. In llir year IT'ili, tliis |iriiiler, 
 ealleil In the liar nl'llie liiiiise nl' cnnininns, niiilei- 
 weiit llial raiiinns inieriii;;aliiiv, wliieli plaecil ihe 
 name nf (''raiiKljii an lii<!li in |in|jlirs, an in natural 
 |illiliisii|i|iy. h'riini that lliiie lie ilelenileil llie eaiHe 
 III AiiieruM, Willi a lirinness anil ninileralinii be- 
 enniiiii; a t;real in. in, pninlin^ mil to the iiiinis- 
 Iry all llu! erriiis lliey rniinnitleil, anil llic enii- 
 fieijiienees lliey wiiiilil |iiniliiee, lill the periuil 
 wlien. the lax ini lea iiieetini; llie i-aiiie oppiisi- 
 tinii as ilie iilaiiip ail hail iliiiie, Kii|;lanil bliiiil- 
 ly faiiiied lieisrU'eapable of siihjectini;, by I'nrcc, 
 three iiilirinn nl' men ileleriniiieil to be free, lit a 
 ilistani'e iil' line ihniitanil leagues. 
 
 In I7',)(), he visiti'il Ilullanil iinil (lerinaiiy, anil 
 receiveil the ure lest marks nl alientinii I'rnni 
 incnol'seli'iiee. In his passage tliruuiih Hnllaiiil, 
 lie leanieil 1111111 llie ualerninii, the elVect ivliieli 
 the 'Jiniiniition nl' the (|iiaiilily of water in canals 
 has in inipeilini; the prii}(ress of bnats. Upnii his 
 return tu KiiKlaml, he was leil tn make a niinibcr 
 of experimeiiis, all of which tenileil tu confirm the 
 obscrvalinn. 
 
 In tlie t'lillnwini; year, he Iravellcil into France, 
 where he met with iin less favourable reception than 
 lie hail experieneeil in (Jermany. lie was intro- 
 duced In a iiiiinber of literary characters, anil to 
 the kill!;, Ijoiiis XV. 
 
 He reiurneil In America, and arrived in Phila- 
 delphia In llie bej^iniiing nf May, 177,5. and was 
 receiveil willi all those marks nf esteem and af- 
 feciinn, which his eminent services merited. The 
 day alter his arrival he was elected by the legis- 
 lature of Pennsylvania, a member nf C'ongress. 
 
 AIniott iinmeilialely on his arrival from Kni;- 
 land, he wrote letteis to some nf liis friends in 
 that coiinlry, in a strain fitted In inspire lolly ideas 
 of the virtue, resolulion, ■inil resniirress of the co- 
 lonies. "All America," s.iid he tn Dr. Prieslley, 
 " IS exaspeiaied, and innie (irmly united than ever. 
 Great frngaliiy and great iniliislry arc beeoine 
 fashinnable here. Hriiain, I conclude, has InsI 
 her colonies I'nr ever. .She is now giving us such 
 miserable specimens of her goveriimeni, that we 
 shall ever detest and avoid it, as a complication 
 of robbery, murder, fair'iie, fire, and pestilence. 
 If you flatter yourselves with beaiing us into sub- 
 mission, you kiinw iieilher the people nor the 
 country. You will have heard, before this reaches 
 you, of the defeat of a great body of your troops 
 by the country people at Lexington, of the action 
 at Bunker s hill, i.Vc. Enough has happened, one 
 woubl think, to convince your ministers, that the 
 Americans will fight, and that this is a harder nut 
 tn crack than they imagined. Britain, at the ex- 
 pense of three millions, has killed one hundred 
 and fifty Yankees this campaign. During the 
 aanie time, sixty thousand children have been born 
 in America. From these data, the matlieinalici 
 bead of niir dear good friend, Dr. Price, will ea- 
 sily calculate the time and expense necessary to 
 kill us all, and conquer our whole territory. Till 
 biui, as he sometimes has liis doubts and despon- 
 doncles about our firmness, that America is deier- 
 nuned and unanimous." 
 
 It was in ill's varied tone of exultation, reaent- 
 
 m STORY OF THE 
 
 inent, and defiance, that he privately comiinlcalrd 1 
 with Knriipe. The strain of the papers respect- 
 ing Ihe llritisli government and iialion, which he 
 prepared for t 'iiiii',ress, was deemed by his ctil- 
 ieagiies loo indignant and viliiperalive ; to siiili 
 a pilch were liis feelings exi'ileil by the injuries 
 and siilhrings of In." coniiliy, and so anxioiiH was. 
 he that the striingesl impetus should be given to' 
 the nalional spirit. His anger and his ubhorrenre 
 were real ; they endured wilhoiit alialement dur- 
 ing the (vliole conlinnance of the syslein which 
 provoked them; lliey wore a ciiinplexion which 
 lenileiid it iinpuHsible to mistake llieiii lor the off- 
 spring of personal pique or coiisiitiilional iiriliibi- 
 lity ; lliey had aviiiilirlive power, a corrosive en- 
 ergy, proportioned lo the weight of his character, 
 and the dignify of the sentiments finm which they 
 sprung. 
 
 It was in this year that Pr. Franklin addressed 
 that memorableand laconie epistlelo his old friend 
 and companion, Mr. Slialiaii, then king's primer, 
 and meinbei nf the lliiii.,li parliament, of which 
 the fiilliiwing IS a correel copy, and of which a 
 fac-simile is given in the last and most correel 
 addition of his works : 
 
 Philadelphia, July •">, 177.'). 
 Mr. Staaiun, 
 
 Voiiare a member nf parliament, and line of that 
 majority which has doomed my coiinlry lo destruc- 
 tion. — Vou have begun lo burn our towns, and 
 murder our people. — Look upon your hands .' — 
 They are stained with the blood of your relations ! 
 You and I were long friends ! — You are nnw my 
 enemy, and I am. Yours, 
 
 It. FRANKLIN. 
 
 In October, 177;), Dr. Franklin was appointed 
 by Congicss, jointly with .Mr. Hairison and Ml. 
 Lynch, a cnmniitlee 10 visit llie American ramp 
 at Cambridge, and, in conjunction with the cnm- 
 mandiir in chief, ((ieneral Washington,) lo endea- 
 vnur lo convince the troops, whose term of enlist- 
 ment was about to expire, of the necessity of theii 
 continuing in the field, and persevering in the 
 cause of their coiinlry. 
 
 He was afterwards sent on a mission tn Canada, 
 to endeavour to unite that country tu the common 
 cause of liberty. But the Canadians could not be 
 prevailed upon to oppose the measures of the Bri- 
 tish gnvernmcnt. 
 
 It wasdirected that a printing apparatus, and 
 hands competent tn prim in French and Knglish, 
 should accompany this mission. Two papers were 
 written and circulated very extensively thrnngh 
 l^anada ; but it was not until after the experiment 
 had been tried, that it was found not more than one 
 person in five hundred could read. Dr. Franklin 
 was accuslomed to make the best of every occur- 
 ence, and suggested, that if it were intended to 
 send annllier mission, it should be 3 missinn com- 
 posed of gchoolmaslers. 
 
 He was, in 177(!, appointed a committee, wilh 
 .lolin Adams and Kilward llntledge, tn inquire 
 into the powers wilh which lord Howe was invest- 
 ed in regard to the ailjuslmcnt of our dill'erences 
 wilh (ileal Biitain. When his Innlship expressed 
 his concern at being obliged lo distress those whom 
 he sointich regarded, ])r. Fianklin assured him, 
 that Ihe Americans, out of reciprocal regard, 
 would endeavour to lessen, as much as possible, 
 the pain which he might feel nn their account, by 
 taking the utmost care of themselves. In llie dis- 
 cussion of the great question of independence, he 
 was decidedly in favour of Ihe measure. 
 
 In July, 177G, he was called to add to his fede- 
 ral duties, those of president of a convention held 
 at Philadelphia, for Ihe purpose of giving a new 
 constitution lo the state of Pennsylvania,. The 
 unbounded confidence reposed in his sagacity and 
 wisdom, induced the convention to adopt his fa- 
 vourite theory of aptnral executive and single le- 
 gislature, which the expeiience of modern times 
 has justly brought into disrepute. It may be said ' 
 to be the only instance in which he cherished a spe-j 
 culatioo that experiment would not conlirin. [ 
 
 Franklin early conjectured that it would hcenmo 
 necessary fiir .\iiierira to iipply to some foreign 
 power lor assslslance. To prepare the w.iy lor 
 tins slep, and asrerlain the pioliabilily of lis suc- 
 cess, he had, lowaiils the dose iil li'i.'i, iqiiiied, 
 iiiiili'l the saiirlioii nf I 'ongress, a iiirrespniMlein u 
 Willi Hull. mil, which lie maii.iged Willi adiniialila 
 jiiilgilKiil, as may be perceived by Ins lellei lo .Mr. 
 Dumas, of Amsierilam of Deiember, 17i(i, eon- 
 lained in the lilili voliiine of llie Amerieaii riliiion 
 of his works. When at the end of I77(i, our af- 
 laiisliad assnmeil so threatening an aspect, lliR 
 liiipesiirCoiigicssHere nalur.illy turned lo Kiirope, 
 and III France pariicniaily, the iiiveleraleainl iiiosl 
 powcrliil rival of Kiigland. Kveiy eye resieil nn 
 Fraiikhn as a proviileiilial insiriimeiii for siisialn- 
 iiig the .Vmeneaii cause abroad ; and lliuiiijli ho 
 liiiil repeatedly similfied from l,iiniU>ii, Ins deter- 
 iiiiiialion lo revisii Kiiiope no iiiiire, yet. having 
 consi'iraled liiinself anew In the pnrsnii of nation- 
 al inilepeiidi'iii!e, he accepted wiiliout hesilation, 
 ill his seventy-first ye.ir, the appoiniiiienl of com- 
 inissiiiner plenipnleiitiary lo the co.irt of France. 
 
 He wished, partly with a view to protect his 
 pei'son, in case of capture on the voyage acrnsi 
 the Allaiitic, to carry wilh him propositions for 
 peace wilh Ktigland, anil siibmilleil lo the secret 
 coimnillee of Congress, a series of aiticles, which 
 his grandson has published. We are especially 
 struck with that one of them which asks the ces- 
 sion to the I'liiteil Stales, of Canada, Nova .Sco- 
 tia, the Fluridas, iVc. ; and the explanalion an- 
 nexed lo ihe article by this long sig>iieil staiesinan, 
 is nut a little remarkable. ■■ It isnnrlh our while 
 
 tn iifl'er such a siiin for the roiinlries lo be 
 
 ceded, since the vacant lands will in time sell for 
 a great part of what we shall give, if not more ; 
 and if we are lo obtain them by conquest, afiei 
 perhaps a long war, they will probably cost us 
 more than that sum. h is alisoliilely necess.iry 
 lor us to have them for our own securily ; and 
 ihongli the sum may seem large lo the present 
 generatinn, in less than half the term of years al- 
 lowed for their paymeni, it will be lo Ihe whole 
 United .Stales a mere trifle." Who does not, on 
 reading this passage, recollect with gratitude, and 
 feel disposed to honour as a master-stroke, the pur- 
 chase of Louisiana, acciimplisheil by Franklin's 
 successor in the missiuii tn France? 
 
 Ill the iiinnth uf October. 177U, our philosopher 
 set sail on this eventful mission, having first de- 
 posited in Ihe hands of Congress, all ihemnney lie 
 could raise, between lliree and four thousand 
 pounds, as a demnnstralion of his confidence ia 
 their cause, and an incenlive for those who inigt' 
 be able lo assist it in the same way. His passacu 
 to France was short, but exiiemely boisitroiis 
 During some part nf the mnnlli of December, he 
 remained at the ennnlry seat of an npnlenl frieni< 
 of America, in Ihe neigliboiirlinnd of NanI/,, in nr- 
 dertn lecoverfrom the fatigues of the voyage, and 
 lo ascert;iiii the posture of American allairs at 
 Paris, before he approaelied that capital. Wilh 
 his usual sound diserelion lie fureboie to assume, 
 at the moinent, any public character, thai he iiiiuht 
 not einliariass the court which it was his province 
 to conciliate, nor subject the mission to the hazard 
 of a disgraceful repulse. 
 
 From the civilities with which he was lo aded by 
 the gentry of Naniz. and thesurrnnnding country, 
 and the lively satisfaction wilh which they appear- 
 ed lo view his supposed errand, he drew auguries 
 that animated him in the discharge nf his first du- 
 ties at Paris. The reception given to him and his 
 colleagues, by M. de Vergennes, the ininislei for 
 foreign affairs, at the private audience 10 which 
 they were admitted, towards the end of December, 
 was of a nature to strengthen his patriotic hopes, 
 and eminently to gratify his personal feelings. 
 The particular policy of the French cabinet did 
 not admit, at this period, of a formal recognition 
 of the American commissioners. Franklin ab- 
 stained from pressing a measure for which circum- 
 stances were not ripe, but urged, without delay, in 
 an argumentative memorial, tlirnrayei nf CoigreM 
 fur substantial fui'cours. 
 
 IMCi'fir' 
 
 msmm 
 
 ^>-^^'^«■^J■-^I^'M^■tVl^''■^'j'*^^fi^^^f'^^ 
 
UNITED .STATK 
 
 m 
 
 lal it wiiiild hi'Riiino 
 y lit Miimi! Ii)t('n(ii 
 I'IPiirc lllr wiy lor 
 >>iiiliilii)' ol ii» sue- 
 B III' l'«7.'>, l)|ii|iril, 
 1 a ('iirri's|iiii>ilHiii 11 
 It'll with :iiliiiiMtlil0 
 liy hii Ifiii'i III .Mr. 
 ifliilicr, I7((i, run. 
 p AiiiHriiMii I'lliiiiin 
 il ul' I'i'iM, iiiir iil- 
 11(5 an iiH|H.i-i, iho 
 ytiiriii'ilti) Kiiriiiii', 
 iiivfli'ratt'iiiiiliiiiiHt 
 .■fry i-yc ri-sti'il im 
 
 linil'llt till :IIISMi||. 
 
 I ; anil tlionuli ho 
 l.tiiiili'ii, ln.H ili'ii-r- 
 
 innii', jft, liiivlni; 
 r iHiisiiii III iiaiiiin- 
 viiliiiiit lifslintiuii, 
 IMiJniniciil III' cuiii- 
 III. irt ol Kraiitc. 
 fw to priileiM hia 
 llie H)ya«e acriiu 
 
 II |irii|iiisiliiiii!t I'nr 
 illeil 1(1 ilie Dpcret 
 I nriiitlcleH, wliiih 
 \Vi( ai« t'.ipccially 
 iliii'li asks llic ci'S- 
 iiiiaila, Niiva ,Sco- 
 It' •■X|ilaiialii>ii an- 
 !<iu'ili'il siaicMinan, 
 iitKiirlli iiiir ivlnje 
 
 i« riinnli'ies In lie 
 nil In tliiii' si'll liir 
 ivp, iC nut nidiv ; 
 ly ri)ni]iifsi, iillcr 
 
 prolialily cosi us 
 isolnli'ly necessary 
 iwn seinrlly ; anil 
 ije to the presenl 
 tprni of years al- 
 ii he to liie whole 
 Who lines not, nil 
 
 llh ^ratitiiile, and 
 •r-slroke, the pnr- 
 ipil by Friinkliu'g 
 
 MP.' 
 
 'J, ourplillosopher 
 liavinv first de- 
 all iheniiiMpy he 
 il I'niir lliniismd 
 his confidence ia 
 those who initjl' 
 ay. His passaiTU 
 ■inely holsttrons 
 of J)ecenilier. he 
 n opulent frieni^ 
 
 III of Nam-/., in or- 
 f the voyage, and 
 iierican allairs ni 
 I capital. With 
 ehoie to assnine, 
 ler, that lie inii;lit 
 
 was Ills province 
 lion to the hazard 
 
 he was lo ailed hy 
 mindiiif; country, 
 lich lliey appear- 
 le drew auguries 
 ?e of his first dii- 
 en to him and his 
 
 the ininislei liir 
 dience to which 
 nd of Deeeinlier, 
 
 patriotic hopes, 
 ersnnal feelings, 
 nch cabinet did 
 ma! recognition 
 I. Franklin ab- 
 >r which circnin- 
 without delay, in 
 avei of Co'iKres* 
 
 Ilisinry prmcnts no other case In which Ihe 
 Inteirsls III a people ahrond derived so iniii II es- 
 •eiilial, ilirerl aiil Iriini the aiispires of an iiidivi- 
 iliiih there is no other inslame of a I'liiirnrrinie 
 III iinaHlii's in a nalional inissjiinaiy, so full imil 
 opporlline. Koreii;n assistance had lieriiine, as il 
 w.is thiMmhl, iiidlspensalile fur the rescue of the 
 ciiliinles : h'ranci) was the only siilhrieiil aimilary, 
 mill hv her interventiiiii, and the inlliienies of her 
 lapil.il, alone, could any coiinlenance or supplies 
 III' expeclpil from any other Kiiriipean power. 
 Ili'r riiiirl, llioneh naturally anxious lor llieihs 
 
 ni Iierinent of the Krilish empire, shrunk friiiu 
 
 the risks of a war; and could be pieveiiled from 
 sMan.iliiiu' in irresohilion only by a kIioiih current 
 of public opinion: Her people, already touched 
 bv Ihe causes and motives of the colonial slrui!)(le, 
 ri'ipiireil, however, some slrikinK, imuiediale cir- 
 cninsiaiice, lo be evciied to a clamorous syiiipalhy. 
 Il was from I'aiis, ihiil the impulse necessary lo 
 (lister and friiclify this usefnlpnlhiisiasm was lobe 
 ii'ci'ivcil, as well by the whole Kiiiopeaii ciiiilineiit, 
 as by the mass of llie Kreiicli naliiin. At tin 
 lime' when Kranklin appeared in I'aris, the men 
 nfli-llers and of science possessed a reiiiarkalile 
 ascenilancy over all lUoveiurMit uiid jiidumei 
 llii'V cave the lone lo );eiieial opinion, and c 
 Irilinled lo di'cide minisleri.d policy, (''asliion, ,iiii, 
 had no inconsiderable sliaie ill liiouldinu public 
 Bcntiuient, and rcjinlaliii!; events; and al ilii« 
 ppoch, beyond any oilier, it was delemiined, and 
 lialile to be kindled into passion, by aiiamalous, or 
 fanciful exlernal appearances, liowever trivial in 
 themselves, and moral assiiciations of an t'levated 
 or roinaiilic cast. 
 
 Observinp the prediliciion of the people of 
 l''rance for ihe American cause, the rapid dilfusion 
 •fa lively sy !ii|,'atliy over the whole coiitincnl, tin 
 devotion of tlr' lileraiy and fashiiiii.ilile circles of 
 Paris to his objects, ihe dilitienl preparations for 
 war made daily in France, ami the frozen mcin of 
 all the conlincntal powers inwards (Ireat Krilain, 
 Frnnlilin did not allow himself to be iliscouraned 
 by ihc leserve of Ihe conn of' Versailles ; and, in 
 order lo counteract its natural ell'ecl, and that of 
 other adverse appearances upon the resiilulion of 
 his countryinen. he emphatically detailed those 
 circumstances in his corresponilence with Ame- 
 rica; adding, al the same lime, accounts of the 
 domestic einbarrassmenis, and growinj» despair of 
 the enemy. 
 
 When the news of the surrender nf nurgoync 
 reached Fiance in October, 1777, and pniiliiced 
 there an explosion of public opinion, he seized 
 upon the auspicious crisis, lo make his decisive 
 elliirt, by urging tlie most peisuasive motives for 
 a formal recognition and alliance. The epoch of 
 the treaty concluded with the court of \'ersailles, 
 onllieGlhof February, 1778. is one of the most 
 splendid in his dazzling career. 
 
 In conjunction with Mr. John Adams, Mr. .lay 
 and Mr. Laurens, he signed Ihe provisional arti- 
 cles of peace. Nov. ."JO, 17S3, and the definitive 
 treaty, Septembpr 30, 17S3. While he was in 
 Fiance, he was Hppoinled one of the comniissiim- 
 ers lo examine Mcsmer's animal magiielism. In 
 
 1784, being desirous of returning lo his native 
 fouiiiry, he rc<|ucsled that an ambassador iiiighi 
 be appointed in his place, and on the arrival of his 
 (iuccessor, Mr. .IcIVerson, he immediately sailed 
 liir Philadelphia, where iie arrived in September, 
 
 1785. He was received with universal applause, 
 And was siion appointed president of the supreme 
 executive council. In 1787, he was a delegate to 
 the grand convention, which formed the constitu- 
 tion of the United States. In tliis convention he 
 had diD'cred in some points from the majority, hut 
 when the articles were ultimately decreed, he said 
 lo his colleagues, " We ought to have but one 
 opinion ; the good ofourcoiintry requires (hat the 
 resolution should be unanimous ;" and he signeil. 
 
 On the 17th of April, 1790 in the eighty-fourth 
 year of his age, he expired, i i the city of Phila- 
 delphia ; encounlering this last solemn conflict, 
 with the same philosophical tranquility and pious 
 resignutiou to ibe wUl uf heaven, which had dLi- 
 
 tlngiiished him through all (he various events of 
 his life. 
 
 He was inlerred on the '2\»i uf April, and ('on- 
 gress oiilereil a gencr.il miiuriiliig fiir him 
 thiiiugliiMit America, of line moiilli. In France, 
 Ihe expiession of public grief was siaiicly less 
 enthusiastic. There the event was siileuinizcil, 
 under the directiiin of the muiiicipalily of Pans, 
 by funeral orations, and the national assemldy, 
 his death beinu announced in a very eliii|ueiit, ami 
 pathetic discourse, decreed, that each of the iiieiu- 
 iiers should wear miinrniiig liii three diiys, "in 
 comiiiemiiration of the event ;" and that a lelici 
 of condolence, for the irreparable loss they had 
 snslained, should be diiei'led lo the Ameiican con- 
 gress. Honours exlreinely gliiriinis to hismeniiiry, 
 mil such, it liiis been ninaikeil, as were never be- 
 lore paid by any public body of one nation, to the 
 citizer of aiiollii'r. 
 
 He lies buiii'd in the north-west corner nf 
 Christ chiiri II yard ; dislinguisheil lioiii the snr- 
 riiiinilini: dead, by the liumilily of his sepubhre. 
 He is covered by a siniill mailile sl.ili, on a level 
 with the surface of lb. earth ; and bearing I le 
 single insciipiiiiu of his name, with that of his 
 Hili'. A iiiiinumenl sul1icieiill\ i oirespnnding In 
 llie plainness of his mainiei's, little suitable to the 
 splenilimr iil his virliies. 
 
 He hail , ■< ' liiliheii. a son and a daughter, and 
 several granii i I jlilren, who survived him. The 
 son, who hail U< n governnr of New .lersey, nri 
 iler the llri'isli governineiil. adlieicd, during the 
 levolntiiin. In the rny.il parly, ami spent the rc- 
 inaiii''r »f his lil" in Kngi' '. The daughter 
 iiiai , Mr. IJaclie, of Pi. .iilelphia, whose dc- 
 scenilanis yet re iile ii. 'ii.it city. 
 
 Fiaiiklin eiij 'il. during the greater part of his 
 life, a hiallliy i .:' .lilution. and excelled in exer- 
 cises ot -.ii'n;;!'! and ai liviiy. In stature, he was 
 above ihe initl.lle size, manly, allilelic, and we 
 proportioned. His countenance, as it is repn 
 senli'd in liispo '..it, is dislinguislied by an air of 
 serenity and sjlisfaclion ; the iiatnr.d coiise(|ueii' 
 CCS of a vigoious teuipeianu'ii: "f slrenglh of 
 niiiiil, and consciiius integrity : It is al>i> ni.iiked 
 in Msible characters, by dccji thought and iiiflexi 
 ble resolntion. 
 
 The nliole life of Franklin, his mcdilaliins and 
 his labours, h;ive all been diiccteii to public utili- 
 ty ; but the gland object that he had always in 
 view, did not shut his In ai' against private fiiend- 
 ship ; he loved his family, and his friends, and was 
 exlreinely beneficent. In society he was scnten- 
 lions, but nut fluent ; a listener rather than a talk- 
 er ; an infurmiiig rather than a pleasing companion : 
 impatient of inierrnptiun, he olien uicnlioncd the 
 custom of the Indians, who always reuiain silent 
 some lime before they give an answer lo a qiics- 
 lion, vv'liich they lr,i\e heard allenlively ; unlike 
 some of the politest siiciclies in Kuiiipe, where a 
 sentence can scarcely be finished without inter- 
 rii|iliiin. In the midst nf his greatest occupations 
 for the liberty of his conn'iy, he had some physi- 
 cal experiments always near him in his closet ; 
 and the sciences, which lie rather discovered than 
 sludieil,air>nileJ him aconlinual source of pleasure. 
 He made various bequests and donations to cities, 
 public iHiiliis, and individuals. 
 
 The following epitaph was wiilteu by Dr. Frank- 
 lin, fur himself, when he was only .wenly-thrce 
 years of age, as appears by the original (with va- 
 rious corrections) found among his papers, an: 
 from which this is a faithful copy. 
 " The body of 
 UKN.IAMIN FRANKLIN, 
 
 FKlNTF.n, 
 
 (Like the cover of au old book. 
 
 Its contents totn out. 
 
 And stript of its lettering and gilding,) 
 
 Lies here, food for worms : 
 
 Hut the work shall not be lost. 
 
 For it will (as he believed) appear once more. 
 
 In a new, and more elegant edition, 
 
 Kcvisod and corrected 
 
 THE AUTHOR." 
 
 Doctor Franklin, .Silas Deane, and Arthur Len, 
 having rendezvnnspd al Paris, nn (he 2Hih opened 
 their biisinesi in a private audienco with count ile 
 N'l'igeiiiies. The I'liiigress could not have aiiplled 
 lo the couit of Fr.ince under mine favourable cir- 
 inmsliinces. 'I'he llirone was filled by a prince in 
 the (lower of his age, and animaleil with ll.e de- 
 sire 111 reiiilering Ins leign illustrious, ('iiiinl ih) 
 \ ergennes was not less remarkable liir extensive 
 political knowledge, than for true grealiiess of 
 ninil. He had grown old in (he lialius of govern- 
 ment, and was convinced thai conipiesis aie neither 
 ihe surest nor the shortest way lo snbsianlial (aiue. 
 He knew full well that no success in war, how- 
 ever brilliant, ciiuld so ell'eclually proniote the se- 
 curity of France, as the emancipation of the colo- 
 nii's of her ancient rival. He had the superior 
 Hisdom lo discern, that there were no preseni ad- 
 vantages to lie oblaincd by unequal lerins, thai 
 Hiiuld rompensale fiir those bisii'ig benefits which 
 were likely to (low (Voma kind .mil generous be- 
 ginning. Insiead of giasping al liio much, or ta- 
 king any advantages of llie hnuiblesiiiiaiiiin of the 
 invaded colonies, he aimed al nolliing iniue than, 
 by kind and generous (eimsto a disiressed coun- 
 try, to perpeluaie the separation which had already 
 taken place between ihe couiponent parts of au 
 empire, iVonithc union of which his sovereign had 
 iliucll 111 fear. 
 
 Truly ditlicnll w as the line of ( nnilucl, » liii li the 
 real inleresi of the iialion ri'qiiiied iil the minislers of 
 ills .Most Cliristian M.ijesty. A hanghiy reserve 
 Hiinlil have iliscoiirageii the .\iiiericans. An I'peu 
 11 1 1'pl inn, or even a legal countenance of iheir ill pu- 
 lies iniglit 11 ive alarini'il t!ie rulers of (ircal llrit- 
 ain, and disposed theiii lo a eompromlse Willi llieit 
 colonies, or have brought on an immediate rupture 
 bi Iwecn France and Kiigland. A miilille line, as 
 piefi'rable In either, was thereliire pursued. Whilst 
 the French j^iivernment (1777) prnhiliiled, llireal- 
 eneil, and ev'ii pnnishcd ilii- Americans ; pri- 
 vate persons i ncoiiragcd, supplied, and siipporled 
 lliem. Pruil nee, as well as pnlicy rei|niied, ihai 
 Fiance shoul I not be over hasty, in openly espous- 
 ing their cause. She was by no means fit bir wai. 
 From ihe stale of her navy, and the condilinii of 
 lier foieign trade, slip was vulnerable on i ■. eiy side, 
 'Her trading people dreaded the ihoiigliis of a tvar 
 with (ireat Britain, as they would thereby be ex- 
 posed to great losse.s. These considerations were 
 I strengthened from another quarter. The peace uf 
 Kiiropc wtts supposed to be unstable, from a pre- 
 vailing belief, tiiat the speedy death nf llie clecliir 
 of liavaria was an event exlreinely probable, lint 
 ihe principal reason which induced a delay, was au 
 opinion that the dispute betw< .'n Ihe mullicr coun- 
 try and the colonies would be couipruniiseil. Wilh- 
 in Ihe thirteen years imniediately preiediiig, iwicc 
 had the coiiteste.l claims .jf the two counliies 
 bronght matters lothe verge uf exiremily. Twice 
 had the guardian geniu: of both inlerpiised, and re- 
 united them in the bunds of love and allection. It 
 was feared iiy the sagacious luinislry nf France, 
 that the present rupture wiinlil termiiialu in the 
 same inanuer. These wise observers of human 
 nature apprcliuuded, that their loo early inter- 
 ference would favour a reconciliation, and that the 
 reconciled panics would direct their united force 
 again.st the French, as the distiirliprs uf ihir do- 
 mestic tianqnility. It had nut yet entered inio the 
 heartsof the French nation, that il was possible 
 orlhelSritish .\meiicancolonists, to join with their 
 ancient enemies against their late friends. 
 
 At this period. Congress did nut so much expect 
 any direct aid lioin France, as the indirect relict 
 of a war between that country and Great Hritain. 
 To subserve this design, they resolved that "tlieii 
 cumiuissioners at the court of France should be 
 furnished with warrants and commissions, and au- 
 thorised to arm and fit for war in the French |)or(8. 
 any number of vessels, tot exceeding six, al the 
 expense of the United Stales, to war upon Hritish 
 property ; provided they were satisfied this mea- 
 sure would not be disagreeabb' to Ihe court of 
 France." This resolution was carried into ellecl i 
 aud in the year 1777, marine ufTicurs, witli AintrU 
 
h 
 
 ; 
 
 m 
 
 i i 
 
 488 
 
 cun coininissiunii, both sailed out of Kreiich ports, 
 ami currivil prizes of Urilisli property into tlieiii. 
 V'hey euiild not prucjre tlicir condeiiiimlioii in the 
 courts (ill-'runce, nor sell tlieiii pnblirly ; biittliey 
 neverlliele^s lotind ways and means to turn llieni 
 into money. The communders of these vessels 
 were soiiieliuics punished by iiutliority, to please 
 the Hn^lish ; liut they were oftener caressed Iroui 
 iinolher (|uarter, to please the Americans. 
 
 While private agents on the pan of the United 
 Stales were endeavouiiii^ to onibroil the two na- 
 tions, ilie .\merican coimnissioners weie urging 
 the iiiinlsiers of his most Clirislian Majesty to ac- 
 cept the treaty proposed by Congress. They re- 
 ceive.! assurances of the good wishes of the court 
 ol France ; hut were from time to time informed, 
 that the important transactions required farther 
 con.xideralion, and were enjoined io observe the 
 most profound secrecy. Matters remained in this 
 Unci lulling state from December 1776, till Decem- 
 ber 1777. Private encowragenienl and public dis- 
 coiiiiienaiice neie allerniited ; but both varied ac- 
 coiding to the complexion of news from America. 
 The del'eat on fiong Island, the reduction of New 
 Vork, and the train of disastrous events in 1776. 
 which have already been mentioned, sunk the cre- 
 dit of the Ameiicans very low, and abated much 
 of the naticuial ardour for their support. Their 
 subseipieiit.iiiccesses at Trenton and Princeton ef- 
 faieil these impressions, and rekindled active /.ea) 
 ill their behalf. The capture of Uurgoyne lixei. 
 these wavering politics. The success of the 
 .Viiiericaiis, in the campaign of 1777, placeil them 
 on iiigh ground. Tiieir enmity had proved itself 
 formidable to Britain, and their friendship became 
 desiralde to France. Having helped themselves, 
 lliey found it less difficult to obtain help from oth- 
 ers. The same interest, which hitherto had di- 
 rected the couit of France to a temporising policy, 
 now required decisive conduct. Previous delay had 
 favoured the disinemberiuent of the empire : but 
 farther procrastination bid fair to promote at least 
 such a federal alliance of the disjointed parts of the 
 British empire, as would be no less hoslilu to the 
 interests of France, than a re-union of its several 
 parts. The news nf the capitulation of .Saratoga 
 reached France veiy eaily in December, 1777. 
 The .American deputies took that opportunity to 
 press for an acceptance of the treaty, which had 
 been under consideration for the preceding twelve 
 months. The capture of Uurgoyne's army con- 
 vinced the French, that tlie opposition of the .■\me- 
 ricaiis to Oreat Jitilain was not tlie work <d' a few 
 men who had gotten power in tlieir hands, but of 
 the seat body of the people ; and was likely to 
 be finally successful. It was therefore deterniiiied 
 to take them by the hand, and publicly to espouse 
 their cause. 
 
 The commissionersof Congress on the IGih De- 
 cember, 1777, were informed by Mr. IJerard, one 
 of the secretaries of the king's C4iuncil of state 
 '•that it was decided to acknowledge the indepen- 
 dence of the United .States, and to make a treaiy 
 with them ; that in the treaty no advantage would 
 be taken of their situation, to obtain terms which 
 otherwise, it would not be convenient for them to 
 agree to; that his Most Christian Majesty desired 
 the treaty once made should be durable, and their 
 amity to subsist forever, which could not be ex 
 pected, if each nation did not find an interest in its 
 continuance, as well as in its couiDiencemenl. It 
 was therefore intended, that the terms of the treaiy 
 ■hould be such as the new formed states would be 
 willing to agree to, if they had been long since 
 established, and in the fullness of strength and 
 power, and such as they should approve when that 
 time should come ; that his most christian majes- 
 ty was fixed ill his determination not only to ac- 
 knowledge, but to support their independence ; 
 that in doing this he might probably soon be en- 
 gaged in a war ; yet he should not expect any 
 compensation frmn the United .Stales on that ac- 
 count. i\or was it pretended that he acted wholly 
 lor their sakes, since besides his real good will to 
 th"iii, it was inanifesily the interest of France, 
 (hut the power of England should be diminished, 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 by the separation of the colonies from its govern- 
 ment. The only condiiion he should require, and 
 rely on, would be, that the United States, in no 
 peace to be made, should give up their indepen- 
 dence and return to the obedience of the Hrilish 
 government." At any time previously to the 16th 
 of Deceiuber, 1777, when \Ir. Gerard made the 
 foregoing declaration, it was in the power of the 
 British minislry to have ended the American war, 
 and to have established an alliance with the United 
 States, that would have been of great service to 
 both ; but froi.i the same haughtiness which for 
 some time had piedominated in their councils, and 
 blinded them to their interests, they neglected to 
 improve the favourable opportunity. 
 
 Conformably to the preliminaries proposed by 
 Mr. (ierard, his most cliristian majesty Louis the 
 16th, on the 6th of February, 177S, entered into 
 Ireaiies of amity, commerce, and alliance with the 
 Uiiiicd .States, on the footing of tlie most perfect 
 equality and reciprocity. Uy the latter of these, 
 that illiisiriuus monarch became the guarantee of 
 their sovereignty, indepeiidence and commerce. 
 On a review of the conduct of the French minis- 
 try, to the Americans, the liiinier appear to have 
 acied uniformly from a wise regard to national in- 
 terest. Any line of conduct, ililleieiit from that 
 which they adopted, might have oveiset the niea- 
 s'l'es which they wished to establish. Had they 
 tided to act from disiiiteieslcd |)rinciplcs of 
 rosity to the distressed, the known selfishness 
 o, . man nature would have contradicted the ex- 
 travagant pretension, liy avowing the real mo- 
 tive of their conduct, they furnished such a proof 
 of candour as begat confidence. 
 
 The terms of reciprocity, on which they con- 
 tracted \, ith the United States, were no less re- 
 commended by wise policy than dictated by true 
 magnanimity. As there was nothing exclusive in 
 the treaty, an opening was left for (iireat Britain 
 to close the war when she pleased, with til the 
 advantages for liilure coininerce that France had 
 stipulated for herself. This judicious measure 
 made the establishment of American independence 
 the common cause of all the commercial powers 
 of Europe ; forihe question then was, whether the 
 trade of the Uniled Slates should, by the subver- 
 sion of their independeiice, be again monopolised 
 by Creat Britain, or, by the esiablishinent of it, 
 laid open on equal terms to all the world. 
 
 Ill national events, the public attention is gene- 
 rally fixed on the movemenls of armies and llects. 
 Mankind never fail to do Innnage to the able Ke 
 'leial. and expert admiral. To iliis they are jnsily 
 entitled : but as gicat a triluile isdue tothestales- 
 iiiaij,wlio, from a more elevated station, determines 
 on measures in which the general safely and wel- 
 fare of empires are involved. This ulory, in a par- 
 ticular iiianner, belongs to llie count ile V'ergennes, 
 who, as his JIust (,'hrislian .Majesty's minister for 
 foreign alfairs, conducted the confeiences which 
 terminated in these treaties. While the ministers 
 of his Britannic iMajesty were pleasing llieinselves 
 with the Haltering idea ol permanent peace in 
 Kurope, they were not less surprised than provo- 
 ked by hearing r.f the alii nice, which had taken 
 plice between his Most Christian Majesty and the 
 United Stales. This event, though often foretold, 
 was disbelieved. The zeal of the lirltish ministry 
 to reduce the colonies, blinded them to danger 
 from every other quarter. Forgetting that inter- 
 est governs public bodies, perhaps more than pri- 
 vate persons, they supposed that feebler motives 
 would out-weigh its all-commanding influence. In- 
 tent on carrying into execution the object of their 
 wishes, they fancied that, because France and 
 Spain had colonies of theirown, they would refrain 
 from aiding or abetting the revolted British cci >- 
 nies, from the fear of establishing a precedent 
 which at a future day might operate .icainst them- 
 selves. Transported withintlignalion iigainst their 
 late fellow subjects, they were so infatuated with 
 the American war, as to suppose llial trifling evils, 
 both distant and uncertain would induce the court 
 of France to neglect an o|iportunily of securing 
 great and immediate advanUiges. 
 
 How far this interference of the court of France 
 can be justified by the laws of nations, it is not the 
 piovince of history to decide. Measures of this 
 kind are not determined by abstract leasonint;. 
 The present feelings of a iiaiion, and the probable 
 consequences of loss or gain, influence more than 
 the decisions of 8|)ecnlaiivc men. Suffice it to 
 mention, that the French exculpated ihcinselves 
 from the heavy charges brought against iliem> by 
 his summary mode of reasoning : " We hive 
 found," said they, " the late colonies of (ireai Hii- 
 lain 111 actual possession of independence, and in 
 the exercise of the prerogatives of sovereignly. It 
 is not our business to inquire, whether they had. or 
 had not, suflicieiit reason to withdraw themselves 
 from the government of Great Britain, and to erect 
 an independent one of their own. We are to con- 
 duct towards nations, agreeably to the political 
 slate in which we find them, without investigating 
 how they acquired it. Ob.serviiig them to be inde 
 pendent in fact, we were bound to suppose tliey 
 were so of right, and had the same liberty to make 
 trealies with them, as with any oilier sovereign 
 power," They also alleged, that Great Britain 
 could not complain of their inleiference, since she 
 had set iliem the example only a few years before, 
 ill supporting the Corsicaiis in opposition to the 
 court of Fiance. They had besides many well- 
 founded complaints against the British, w lio.se arm- 
 ed vessels had for months past harassed theii 
 commerce, on the idea of preventing an ilhcit trade 
 with the revolted colonies. 
 
 The marquis lie la Fayette, whose letters lo 
 Fiance had a considerable share in |)reparing the 
 nation to patronise the Uniled States, was among 
 the first in the American aimy who leceived the 
 welcome tidings of the treaty. In a liansport of 
 joy, mingled wiih an effusion of tears, lie embraced 
 General Washiiiglon, exclaiming, " the kii.g my 
 master has acknowledged your independence, and 
 entered into an alliance with you fur its establish- 
 ment." The heait-lelt joy, which spiead from 
 bieast to breast, exceeded description. The seve- 
 ral brigades assembled by order of the coinniaiider 
 in chief. Their chaplains offered up public thanks 
 to Almighty God, and delivered discoursessuilable 
 to the occasion. A feu-de-joie was fireil, and, on u 
 proper signal being given, the air resounded with 
 iiuzzas. " Long live the king of Frai"—." poured 
 Ibrthfrom the breast of every private ii he army. 
 The Americans, having In their own strength lor 
 three years weathered the slorins of war, fancied 
 the port of peace to be in full view. Keplele with 
 the sanguine hopes of vigorous youth, they presu- 
 med that Britain, whose northern army had been 
 reduced by their sole exertions, would uol continue 
 the unequal contest with the combined force of 
 Fiance and America. Overvaluing theirown im- 
 porlance and undervaluing the resources of their 
 adversaries, they were tempted to indulge a i!ai'- 
 geious confidence. That tlicy niiglil noi be lulled 
 into carelessness. Congress made an ani>,ialed ad- 
 dress to them, in which, after reviewing the lead- 
 ing features of the war, they informed them : 
 " They must yet expect a severe conflict ; that 
 though foreign alliances secured their Indepen- 
 dence, they could not secuve their country from 
 devastation.'' 
 
 The alliance between France and .Vinerica hail 
 not been cuncludeil three days, befiire it was known 
 lo the British ministry; and in Icsi* than five 
 weeks more, March 13th, it was ofVicially commu- 
 nicated lo the court ol London, in a rescript, de- 
 livered by the French ambassador, to lord Wey- 
 mouth. In this new situation of atVairs, there 
 were some in Great Britain who advocated the 
 measure of peace with America, on the fooling of 
 independence ; but the point of lionour, which had 
 before precipitated the nation into ilie war, pie- 
 doininated over the voice of prudence and interegt 
 The king and parliament of Great Britain resolvec' 
 lo punishthe French nation for treating with their 
 subjects, which Ih y termed "an uiqirovoked ag- 
 gression on the honour iil the crown, aiid essen- 
 tial inteiesls of the kingdom." And at the same 
 time, a vain hope was indulged, that the alliauce 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 480 
 
 uit o( France 
 9, itii! iiui ific 
 stiles i)( iliis 
 ct leiisDiiint^. 
 I the pioliiiliie 
 CH mute tliiiii 
 Sutiice il lo 
 (I llieinst'lvcs 
 iiisl llieiiK by 
 " We li;ive 
 sol'Gieiit Hii- 
 lence, unil in 
 veieigiily. It 
 I' they hud, or 
 w themselves 
 II, jiid lo erect 
 We lire to con- 
 o the |iulitic:il 
 t iiivestiifiiling 
 in to be inde 
 suppose tliey 
 ibeiiy lo niiike 
 ler sovereitiii 
 Uieiit Itrilnui 
 euee, since slie 
 ■w jeiirs before, 
 lusilion to iliu 
 es many Hell- 
 ish, whoseaini- 
 liiiiassed iheii 
 g an illicit Hade 
 
 hose letters lu 
 n prepuriiij; the 
 lies, n.is among 
 ho leceiveil the 
 
 I a tianspon ol 
 1!^, he einUiaced 
 
 '■ the kii.g my 
 Jepciidcncv. and 
 or its eslablish- 
 cli spiead I'roiii 
 ition. The seve- 
 I'the commander 
 up public lliankg 
 iscoui'sessuilabic 
 us fired, and, on a 
 ' resounded with 
 
 I'"ri "." poured 
 
 tale il lie army, 
 own strength lor 
 i of war, fancied 
 -'w. lieplele with 
 ouih, lliey presu- 
 
 II army had been 
 oiild nut continue 
 inbined force of 
 ing llieirown iiii- 
 esuuices cf their 
 o indulge a dui'- 
 ighl nol be liilleii 
 e an aiii<,ialed uiU 
 viewing the lead- 
 informed iheui ; 
 re conllict ; that 
 d '.heir indepen- 
 leir country fruiu 
 
 a'nl America had 
 ifoie it was knuwn 
 
 III lesH than fivu 
 ufficially coiiimu- 
 
 iiia rescript, de- 
 or, to lord Wey- 
 
 of alVaii's, then! 
 10 advocated the 
 on the fooling of 
 lonuur, which had 
 ilo ihe war, pie- 
 ence and inteieBt 
 It Itritain resolvec' 
 leating wiili their 
 n unprovoked ag- 
 ro»vn, aiMl essen- 
 
 Aiid at the same 
 
 that iha alliaaca 
 
 lieiwreii Franco and the United States, which was 
 supposed to liave originated in passion, might be 
 dissolved. Tlie national prejudices against the 
 French, had been so instilled into the minds of 
 Knglishiiien, and of their American descendants, 
 that it was supposed practicable, by negotiations 
 3nd concessions, to detach the United States from 
 their new alliance, and re-unite them to the parent 
 state. 
 
 Eleven days after the treaty between France 
 ind America had been concluded, 17ih February, 
 .he British minister introduced into tlie house of 
 commons a project for conciliation, founded on the 
 idea of obtaining a re-union of the new states with 
 (jieat ISritain. This consisted of two bills, with 
 the following titles : " A bill for declaring the in- 
 tention of Oreat Britain, concerning the exercise 
 uf the right of imposing taxes within his majesty's 
 colonies, provinces and plantations in North Ame- 
 'Ica ;" and a bill " to enable his majesty to appoint 
 coiniiiissiuners with sufficient powers, lo treat, 
 consult and agree upon the means of quieting Ihe 
 disorders now snbsistingin certain of the colonies, 
 plantations and provinces of Noiih America." 
 'JMiese bills were hurried through both liouses uf 
 parliament, and before they passed into acts, were 
 copied and sent across the Atlantic, to lord and 
 General Howe. On their arrival in America, they 
 were sent by a flag lo congress at Yorktown. 
 When lliey were received, 21st April, congress 
 was uniufornied of the treaty which their coimnis- 
 sioners had lately concluded at I'aiis. For up- 
 wards of a year, lliey had not received one lino of 
 information from tlieni on any subject whatever. 
 One packet had in that time been received : but 
 all the letters therein were taken out, before it was 
 put on board ihc vessel which brought it from 
 France, and blank papers put in their stead. A 
 committee ol Congress was appointed to examine 
 th.'se bills, and report on them. Their report was 
 brought in the following day, and was unanimously 
 adopted. Ity it they rejected the proposals of 
 (ir«ai JSritain. 
 
 The vigorous and firm language in which Con- 
 gress expressed their rejection of these ofl'ers con- 
 sidered in connexion with the ciicumstance of 
 their being wholly ignorant of the late treaty with 
 France, exhibits the glowing serenity of fortitude 
 While the royal commissioners were industriously 
 circulating these bills in a paitial and secret man 
 ner, as if they suspected an intention of conceal- 
 ing ihem from the common people.Congress trust 
 ing to the good sense uf theirconstitiients, ordered 
 ihem to be fortliwilh printed for the public infor- 
 mation. Having directed the alVairs of their conn 
 try with an honest reference to its welfare, they 
 had nothing to fear from the people knowing and 
 judging for themselves. They siibmilled the 
 whole to Ihe pulilic. Tlieir report, after some gen 
 eial remarks, on the bill, concluded as follows: 
 
 •• From all which il appears evident lo your 
 cominillee, that the said biljjwcre intended to ope 
 rate upon the hopes and fears of the good people 
 of these slates, so as to create divisions among 
 them, and a defection from Ihe common cause, 
 now, by the blessing of Divine Pioviilence, draw 
 ing near to a favourable issue; that they are Ihe 
 sequel uf that iiisiduous plan, which, from Ihe days 
 of the stamp acl, down to the prenent lime, hitli 
 involved this cou/itry in contention and bloodshed; 
 nnd that, as in other cases, so in this, although 
 circumstances may force them at times In recede 
 from their unjustifiable claims, there can be no 
 doubt they will, as heretofore, upon the first fa- 
 vourable occasion, again display tliat lust ofdomi- 
 nation, which hath rent in twain the mighty em- 
 pire of Uritain. 
 
 '• Upon the whole matter, the committee beg 
 leave to report it as their opinion, that as Ihe Ame- 
 ricans united in this arduous contest upon principles 
 of coinmon interest, for the defence of common 
 rielits and privileges, which union liath been ce- 
 nieiiieil by common calamities, and bymutual good 
 odires and alfection, so Ihe great cause for wliich 
 lliey contend, and in which all mankind are iiiter- 
 eaiud iniitt derive iti lucnesf from the continuanfle 
 
 .)f that union. Wheiefore any man or body of 
 men, who should presume to make any separate or 
 (lartial convention or agreement with commission- 
 ers under the crown of Great Britain, or any of 
 them, ought to be considered and treated as open 
 and avowed enemies of these United States. 
 
 " And farther, your committee beg leave to re- 
 port it as their opinion, that these United States 
 cannot, with propriety, hold any conference with 
 any commissioners on the part of Great Britain, 
 unless they shall, as a preliminary thereto, either 
 withdraw their fleets and armies, or elie, in posi- 
 tive and express termii, acknowledge the indepen- 
 dence of the said states. 
 
 " And inasmuch as it appears to be Ihe design 
 of the enemies of these slates to lull them into a 
 fatal security ; to the end that they may act with a 
 becoming weight and importance, it is the opinion 
 of your committee, that the several states be called 
 upon to use the most streni <us exertions, to liave 
 their respective quotas of continental troops in the 
 field as soon as possible, and that all the militia of 
 the said slates be held in readiness to act, as occa- 
 sion may require." 
 
 The conciliatory bills were speedily followed by 
 royal commissioners, deputed to solicit tlieir re- 
 ception. Governor Johnstone, lord Carlisle and 
 Mr. Kden, appointed on this business, attempted to 
 open a negociatlon, on the subject. They re- 
 quested General Washington, on the 9th of June, 
 lo furnish a passport for their secretary, Dr. Fer- 
 guson, with a letter from them to Congress ; but 
 this was refused, and the refusal was unanimously 
 approved by Congress. They then forwarded, in 
 the usual channel of communication, a letter ad- 
 dressed, " To his Excellency Henry Laurens, the 
 president, and other tha members of Congress," 
 in whicli they communicated a copy of tlieir com- 
 mission, and uf the acts of parliament, on which it 
 was founded ; and they oflered to concur in every 
 satisfactory and just arrangement towards the fol- 
 lowing among other purposes : — 
 
 To consent to a cessation of hostilities, both by 
 sea and land ; 
 
 To restore free intercourse ; to revive mutual 
 atfcction ; and lenew the common benefits uf na- 
 turalization, through the several parts of this em- 
 piie ; 
 
 To extend every freedom to trade that our re 
 spective interests can require: 
 
 To agree that no military forces shall be kept 
 up in the dlll'erent stales of North America, with 
 out the consent of the general Congress, or paiti 
 ciilar assemblies ; 
 
 To concur in measures calculated lo discharge 
 the debts of America, and to raise the credit and 
 value of the paper circulation ; 
 
 To perpetuate our union by a reciprocal depu- 
 tation of an agent or agents from the diflercnt 
 states, who shall have the privilege of a seat and 
 voice in the parliament of Great Britain ; or if 
 sent from Britain, in that case to have a seat and 
 voice ill the assemblies of ilie diHeient slates to 
 which they may bedeputcl respectively, in order 
 lo attend the several interests of those by who 
 they are deputed ; 
 
 In short, to establidi Ihe power of the respective 
 legislatures in eaeli particular slate ; to settle its 
 revenue, its civil and military establishment : and 
 to exercise a perfect freedom of legislation and in- 
 ternal government, so that the British states 
 throughout North .Vmerica, acting with us in peace 
 and war under one common sovereign, may have 
 the irrevocable enjoyment uf every privilege, that 
 is short of a total separation of interests, or con- 
 sistent Willi that union of force, on which Ihe safe- 
 ty of our common religion and liberty depends. 
 
 A decided negative liaving been already given, 
 previous lo the arrival of the British commission- 
 ers, to the oiriiiires contained in the cuncilialory 
 bills, and intelligence of the treaty with France 
 having in the mean lime arrived, there was no 
 ground left for farther deliberation. President 
 Laurens, therel'ure, by niilcr uf ('uiigrcBS, on tlie 
 27th of June, returned the following inswer: 
 
 " I have received tbo letter from your excellen- 
 
 cies, of the 9th instant, with the enclosures, ant] 
 laid them before Congress. Nothing but an earnest 
 desire to spare the farther etTusion of human blnod 
 could have induced them to read a paper, contain- 
 ing expressions so disrespectful to his Most Chris- 
 tian Majesty, the good and great ally of these 
 slates ; or to consider propositions so derogatory 
 lotho honour of an independent nation. 
 
 '• The acts of the British parlimeni, the com- 
 mission from your sovereign, and your leiiei, sup- 
 pose the people of these states to be subjects of the 
 crown nf Great Britain, and are founded on the 
 idea of dependence, which is utterly inadmissable 
 
 " I am farther directed to inform yourexcellen 
 cies, that Congress are inclined to peace, nolwiih 
 standing the unjust claims from which this war 
 originated, and the savage manner in which it hath 
 been conducted. They will, therefore, be ready 
 to enter upon the consideration of a treaty of peace 
 and coinmerce,nnt inconsistent with treaties already 
 subsisting, when the king of Great Britain shall 
 demonstrate a sincere disposition for that purpose. 
 The only solid proof of this disposition will be, an 
 explicit acknowledgment nf tlie independence of 
 these states, or ths withdrawing his fleets and 
 iirniies." 
 
 Though Congress could not, consistently with 
 national linnuur, enter on a discussion of the terms 
 proposed by the British commissioners, yet some 
 individuals uf their body ably proved the propriety 
 of rejecting them. Among these (ionverneur 
 Morris and William Henry Drayton, with great 
 force of argument and poignancy of wit, justified 
 the decisive ineastiresadopted by their countrymen. 
 
 As the British plan for concilialiun was wholly 
 founded on the idea of Ihe states retiirriiiis to their 
 allegiance, it was no sooner known than rejected 
 In addition lo the sacred lies of plighteil faith and 
 national engagements, the leaders in Coiigiess and 
 Ihe legislative assemblies in America had tasted 
 the sweets of power, and were in full possession of 
 its blessings, with a fair prospect of retaining them 
 without any foreign control: The war, having 
 originated on the part of Great Britain fiom a lust 
 of power, had in its progress compelled the Arae- 
 cans in self-defence lo assume and exercise its 
 highest prerogatives. The passions of human na- 
 ture, which induced the former to claim power, 
 operated no less forcibly with the latter, against 
 the relinquishment ofil. After the colonies had 
 declared themselves independent states, luid re- 
 peatedly pledged their honour lo abide by thi.tie- 
 claraliun, had under the smiles nf heaven main- 
 tained it fur three campaigns without fnreign aid, 
 after tlie greatest monarch in Europe had entered 
 into a treaty with them, and guaranteed their in- 
 dependence: after all this lo expect popular lea 
 dels, in the enjoyment of power, voluntarily tore- 
 tire from the helm of governinenl, lu Ihe languid 
 indifference of private hfe, and while they violated 
 national faith, at liie same time to depress their 
 country from the rank of sovereign stales lo that 
 of dependent provinces, was nol more repugnant 
 lo universal experience, than In the governing 
 principles of the human heart. 
 
 The high-spirited ardour of citizens in the 
 youthful vigour of liunuur and dignity, did not so 
 much as inquire, whether greater political happi- 
 ness might be expected iVum clusing with Ihe 
 proposals of Great Britain, or by adhering to their 
 new allies. Honour forbade any balanring on the 
 subject ; nur were its dictalcs disobeyed. 'I'huiigh 
 peace wasdesirable, and tlie on'ersufGrial Britain 
 so liberal, that, if pruposed in due time, they would 
 have been acceptable ; yet for the Americans, af- 
 ter ihey had declared themselves indepenilent, and 
 at their own solicitation obtained the aid of France, 
 lo desert their new allies, and leave ihem exposed 
 to British resentment, incurred on their accuunf, 
 wuuld have argued a total want uf liunour andf 
 gratitude. The folly of (Ureal Britain, in expect- 
 ing such conduct from virtuous freemen, could 
 only be exceeded by Ihe baseness of America, had 
 her citizens realised that expectation. 
 
 These offers ol conuiliation in a great measure 
 originated in an op'.aion that (McQUgfCM wai lup- 
 
N i 
 
 : . 5 
 
 440 
 
 porti'd liv » r;u'.li(iii, and iliiit (he gient body ol' the 
 people wiis licisiile to in(le|iiMiileiice, iinil well dispo- 
 Bed 10 le-uiiile witli Gioiit Britain. 'I'lie latter of 
 these a^<.'<ertilllls was triit', till a certaiti period of 
 the contest : hut that period was elapsed. With 
 their new situation, new opinions and altachinents 
 had taken place. Tlie political let'ohilion ol'tlie 
 goveriiinenl was less eNliaoruinary than that of 
 the style and manner of thiidvini; in the United 
 Stales. The independent .\iiiericansciti/.ens saw 
 with other eyes, and hea.'d with other ears, than 
 when they were in the condition oCliritish subjects. 
 The narrowness of sentiment, which prevailed in 
 Kngland towaiils France, no lonj^er existed among 
 the Americans. The Uritish commissioners un- 
 apprised ol'this real change in the public mind, ex- 
 pected to keep a hold on thecili/.eiisorthe United 
 States, by that illiberalily which they inherited 
 IVoiii ilien lorelathers. Presuming that the love of 
 peacl^ and the ancient national aniipathy to France 
 woiilil coiinterlialance all otiier lies, lliey llatlered 
 lheni>eUes that, by perseverance, an impression 
 lUvoiirable to (ireat iSiitain might yel be made on 
 the mind of America. They ihcieloie renewed 
 their ell'orlsto open a negocialion with Conuress 
 in a Ic'tirr ol ihe llih of July. As they had lieen 
 
 nformed, in answer to their preceding lelieroftlie 
 JUlh of .luiie, that an explicit acknowledgment of 
 the independence of the United Stales, or a wilh- 
 (Irauing of their fleets and nrinies, must preci'ile 
 <in entraiice on the consideration of a treaty of 
 peace, and as neither branch of this alternative had 
 oeen complied with, it was resolved by Congress 
 (hat no answer should be given to their reiterated 
 application. 
 
 In adililion to his public exertions as a commis- 
 sioner, Governor Johnstone endeavoured u> obtain 
 (he objects on which he had been sent, by opcniiiL' 
 a private correspondence with some of the mem 
 
 cersof Congress, and other Americans of inlliience. 
 He in particular addressed himself by letter to 
 Henry Laurens, Joseph Reed, and Jtobert Morris. 
 His letter to Henry Laurens was in these words; 
 
 " Dear Sik, 
 
 " 1 beg to transfer to my friend Dr. Ferguson, 
 the private civilites which my friends Mr. Man 
 iiing, and Mr Oswald, re(|uest in my behalf, lie 
 (8 a ii.an of the utmost probity, and of the highest 
 esteem in tne republic of letters. 
 
 " If you should follow the example of Hiitain, in 
 the hour of her insolence, and send ns back wilh- 
 out a hearing, I shfill hope, fiiiin private friendship, 
 that I maybe permitied tosee Ihe copntry,and the 
 worthy characleis slic has exhibileil to the worlil, 
 upon making the request in any way you may point 
 out." 
 
 The following answer was imniinediately written : 
 
 " York Town, June 14, 1778. 
 Dkar .Sir, 
 
 Yesterday, I was honoured with your favour 
 of the lOtli, and thank you for the transmission of 
 those from my dear and worthy friends, .Mr. ()s 
 wald and Mr. .Manning. Mad Dr. Ferguson been 
 the bearer of these papeis, I should have shown 
 that gentleman every dearee of respect and atten- 
 tion, that times and circumstances admit of. 
 
 " It is, sir, for (Jreat liritain to determine, 
 whether her conimissioners shall return unheard 
 by the representatives of the United Slates, or re- 
 vive a friendship with the citi/.ens at large, and le- 
 main among us as lung as Ihey please. 
 
 " You ate undoulnedly acquainted with the only 
 terms upon which Congress can treat for accom'- 
 plishing this good end; teims from which, al- 
 though wriiiii); in a private character, [ may ven- 
 tnre to assort with great assurance, they never 
 will recede, even admitting the continuance id' 
 hostile attempts, and that, from the rage of war, 
 the good people of these stales shall be diiven to 
 eomnience a treaty westward of yonder luouniairis. 
 And permit me to adil.sir, as iiiy linnd>le opinion, 
 the true interest of (iieat lirit.iin, in the piesiMit 
 advance of our contest, will be found in confirni- 
 jjig our indcpcndeace 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ■' Congress in no hour have been haughty; but 
 to suppose that their minds are less firm at the 
 present, than they were when destitute of all for- 
 eign aiil, and even without expectation of an al- 
 liance; when upon a day of general public fasting 
 and humiliation in their house of worship, and in 
 I presence oftiod, they resolved, "to hold no con- 
 ference or treaty with any commissioners on 
 Itlie part of (iicat liritain, unless they shall, as a 
 preliminary thereto, either withdraw their Hects 
 iind armies, or in positive and express terms ac- 
 knowledge the independence of these states," 
 would be irrational. 
 
 " At a proper time, sir, I shall think myself 
 highly honoured by a personal attention, and by 
 contributing to render every part of these states 
 igreeable to you; but until the basis of mutual 
 confidence shall be established, I believe, sir, 
 neither former private friendship, nor any other 
 consideration can inlliience Congress to consent, 
 that even Governor Jidiiislone, a genlleinan who 
 has been so deservedly esieemed in America, shall 
 see the couniiy. 1 have but one voice, and thai 
 shall he against il. lint let me inlreat you, my 
 dear sir, do not liiMice conclude ihat 1 am deficient 
 in all'eclion to my old frii'iids. llirongh w hose kind- 
 ness I have obtained ihe honour of the present 
 correspondence, or that I am noi, with very great 
 personal respect ;ind csleeni, 
 
 •'Sir, your most obedient, 
 
 *■ And most humble servant, 
 
 •HK.NKY LVURKXS. 
 "The honourable Gkd. Joh.nsto.m.;, Es(|. 
 " Philadelphia." 
 
 In a leller to Joseph Keed, of ,\pril the 11th, 
 Governor Johnstone said, " The man who can be 
 insiruniental in bringing us all to aci once more in 
 hariuony, anil to unite together the various powers 
 which tills con .'sl has drawn forlh. will ileserve 
 more from the king and people, Ikuii patriotism, 
 humanity, and all the tender lies that are allecled 
 by the qnatiel and reconciliation, than ever was 
 yet besiowed on Imnian kind." On the IGth of 
 June, he wrote to llobert .Morris : "1 believe the 
 men who have conilncted the alfaiis of America 
 incapableof beiu'Z influenced by improper motive^} ; 
 but in all such iransiclions there is risk. And, I 
 think, that whoever ventures siioiild be secured, at 
 the same time that honour and emolunicnt should 
 naturally lollow the furtnne of those, who have 
 steered the vessel in the storm, and brought her 
 safely to pint. I think Washington and the presi- 
 dent have a rinht to every favour, that giateliil 
 nalions can bestow, if they could once more unite 
 our interest, ;ind spare the miseries and devasta- 
 tions of war." 
 
 To Joseph Reed, private informalion was com- 
 inunicaled, on the rilst June, lliat it had been in- 
 tended by Governor Jnhnslone, to oiler him, that 
 in case of his exertiiii; his abilities to pronioie a 
 re-onion of the two coiinlries, if consisleiil with 
 ( his piinciples and jlidumenl, ten thousand pininils 
 slerlini;, anil any ollice in the cidonies, within his 
 majesty's gill. To whii'h Mr, Heeil replied: ''I 
 am not wintli purchasing : but such as I am, the 
 king ol Great liritain is not rich enoiiyh to doil." 
 (Aingress on the i)lh July, ordered all lellers, re- 
 ceived by members of Conmess frmn any of the 
 ISritisli commissimier, or their agiMils, or from 
 any subject of the king of (ireat liritain, of a pub- 
 lic nature, to be laid before them. The above let- 
 ters and information being conimnuicated.l'ongress 
 resolveil ; "that the same cannot biitbcconsidereil, 
 as direct allcnipts to cinriipt their inleiirity, and 
 that it is incompatible with the honour of Congress, 
 to hold any manner of correspondence or inter- 
 course with the said (Jeinge Johnstone, Ksipiiii' ; 
 especially to netrociate with him upon alfaiis in 
 j which Ihe cause id' librriy is inlercsted." Their 
 I deierminalion, with the reasons, was expressed ex- 
 1 presseil in the form of a dei'laraliini, a ''opy of 
 i which was siijned by ihe president, anil sent by a 
 llag to the cinnniissiiiners at New ^'ork. This was 
 answered by (jovernor Johnstone, by an angry piib- 
 lination, ill which he denied, or explained away 
 
 what had been alleged against him. Lord Car- 
 lisle, .sir Henry Clinton, and Mr. Kden denied hav- 
 ing any knowledge of the matter charged on (>o 
 vernor Johnstone. 
 
 The conimissioners, failing in their attempts to 
 negociate with Congress, had no resource leii, but 
 to persuade the inhabiianis to adopt a line ol con- 
 duct, counter to that of theirrepresentatives. To 
 this purpose they published a maiiifeslo and procla- 
 mation addressed to Congress, the assemblies, and 
 all others, the free inhabitants of the colonies, m 
 which they observed ; " The policy as well as the 
 benevolence of Great Britain have so far checked 
 the extremes of war, when they tended to distress 
 a people still considered as our fellow subjects, and 
 to desolate a country shortly to become a source of 
 niulualadvantage; but whenlhatcoiinlry professes 
 the unnatural design, not only of estranging her- 
 self IVoin us, but of iiiortgaging herself and her re- 
 sources to our enemies, the whole contest is 
 changed ; and the (|uestion is, how far (ireat liiii- 
 ain may. by every means in her power, destroy, 
 or render useless a connexion connived liir her 
 ruin, and for the aggiandizement ol Fiance. Un- 
 der such circumstances, the laws of self-preserva- 
 tion iiiiisi direct the conduct of (ireat Britain ; ami 
 il the British colonies shall become an accession to 
 France, will direct her to render that accession of 
 as little avail as possible to her enemy." 
 
 (Jimgress, upon being informed of tliedesignof 
 the commissioners to circulate these paper.s, decla- 
 red thai the agents, employed to distribute the 
 manifestos and proclamation of the eoinmissioneis, 
 were not entitled to protection from a llag. They 
 also recommended to the several stales to secure 
 and keep them in close cnslocly: biit that lliey 
 might not appear to hoodwink t'heit consiiliient.H, 
 Ihey ordered the manifestos and pioclamalionlo be 
 printed in the newsiiapers. The proposals of ihe 
 commi.ssioners were not more favourably received 
 by the people than they had been by Congress. In 
 some places, the Hags containing ihem were not 
 received, but ordered instantly lo depart ; in oth- 
 ers, they were received and forwaii.'ed to Con- 
 gress, as the only proper tribunal to take cogni- 
 zance of them. In no one place, not iinmedialely 
 comiuanded by the British army, was there any at- 
 icmpt to accept, or even to deliberate on the pro- 
 prietry of closing with the oilers of Britain. 
 
 To deter llie British from exeenling their ihrea:s 
 of laying wasle thecouiitiy, (Jongress, on the ;i(lili 
 of October, publisheil to the worlda resoluiiinianil 
 manifesto, in which they concluded with these 
 words : 
 
 " We, therefore, the Congress of the I'liiled 
 States of America, do solemnly declare and pio- 
 claiiu, that, if our enemies presume to execute 
 their threats, or persist in their present career of 
 barbarily, we will lake such exemplaiy veimeaiice 
 as shall deter othersfioni a like einidncl. We ap- 
 peal lo Ihat (iod who searcheih the loans ol miiii, 
 for the rectitude of oiir inlentiims; and in Ins Iml) 
 presence we declare, that, as we are not moveil by 
 any light and hasty suiigeslions of ani;er and re- 
 revenge, so, Ihrougj every possible e ha in;e of for- 
 tune, we will adhere to this our determination." 
 
 This v.asihe last effort of Great liriiain. in the 
 way of negocialion, to regain her colonies, h 
 originated in folly and ianorance of the real slate 
 of alfairs in America. She had begun with wrong 
 measures, and had now got into wrong time. I hr 
 concessions, on this occasion, were an implied jus 
 tilicatioii of the resistance of the colonists. By ol 
 fering to concede all that ihey at first asked lor-, 
 she virtually acknowledged herself lo have been 
 the agiiiessor in an unjust war. Nothing coiilil 
 be more f ivoiirable to the cementing of the fi ieiid- 
 ship of the new allies, than this unsuccessful neen- 
 ciatioii. The states had an opportunity of evin- 
 ring thesincerity oftheirengagements, and Franco 
 ahiinilant reason lo believe Ihat, by previ'iiiiii'j 
 their being conipiered, her favoiirile scheme nl Its 
 selling the power of (ireat Britain, would he secu 
 red beyond the reach of accideut 
 
St liiin. Loril Car- 
 Ar. Kilen deiiieil liav- 
 tier fhaiged mi t>u 
 
 ; ill llieir allMnpu lo 
 no resource lell, but 
 
 iiilopt ci line olcuii- 
 represenliilives. 'Vn 
 inaniieslo anil procla- 
 s, tlie asseiiililies, and 
 It!) of the colonies, in 
 ; policy as well as llie 
 
 liave so far cliecked 
 ley tended to distress 
 ir fellow subjects, and 
 lo become a source of 
 lliat country professes 
 ily of esiraiiniiij; bei- 
 iiig herself and her le- 
 the wlnde contesl is 
 is, how lar (ileal IJrii- 
 
 1 her power, destroy, 
 ion connived for her 
 iiiieni of l'"iai]ce. In- 
 I laws ol'si'lf-preserva- 
 Kd'OreatHritaiii; and 
 lecoine an accession to 
 •nderihat accession of 
 her enemy." 
 
 ormed of the design of 
 He these papers, ilecla- 
 lyed lo liislribiilc llift 
 1 of the coniniissioneis, 
 ion from a llaa. They 
 icvcial stales to secntn 
 isloily : bill lliat lliey 
 viiik iheii consliluenis, 
 I anil pioelaiiialionlolie. 
 
 The proposals of the 
 ore favourably received 
 I been by Congress. In 
 laining iheni were not 
 nlly to depart ; in olh- 
 ind forwaii!ed to C'ou- 
 libiinal to take cof;ni- 
 
 place, not immeilialely 
 army, was iherc any at- 
 
 delilierale on the pio- 
 olfers of JJrilnin. 
 lexeciilini; their ilnea's 
 
 (^onaress, on ihe ^ilHii 
 le wmlda resolulionand 
 
 coiiclmled with ihesu 
 
 onjjiess of ihe t'niled 
 mnly ileclare and pio- 
 prcsiimi! lo execnie 
 heir present career iif 
 exeinplaiy venj;cance 
 liKecciiidiicl. We a|i- 
 helh the hearts of iiiin, 
 nlidiis; anil in his hid) 
 ve are mil moved by 
 slions of an:;er and re- 
 possible ehanue of for- 
 oiir deterniinalion." 
 
 of (Jreal Hriiain, in ihe 
 'i;ain bet colonies. It 
 irance of the real stale 
 e had beauii with wroni! 
 
 into wroiiB time. Iter 
 on, were an implied jus 
 if ihe colonisls. By ol 
 
 they al first asked for, 
 'i\ herself lo have been 
 t war. Nolhini; conld 
 ceinenlinj; of Ihe frieiid- 
 
 this unsuccessful iiean- 
 iin opporiuniiy of evin- 
 
 igagenienls, and Franco 
 ve llial, by prevenilu^; 
 rfavourilescliPMie III It'., 
 
 Hiitain, would lie sec.' 
 
 ccideut 
 
 'I ^ 
 
 l« 
 
 4> _ 
 *: 'I 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 441 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Tlio Campaign of 1770, 
 
 AFTEHthe termination of the campaign 011777, 
 the IJrilisli army retired to winter quarters in I'liil- 
 ailelpliia, anil iliB American army to Valley Korga. 
 The lornier enjoyed (1778) all the conveniences 
 which an opulent cily allordecl, while the latter, 
 not half clothed, and more than once on the point 
 or utarviug, were enduring the severity of a cold 
 winter in a hutted camp, it was well for them, 
 that the British madt i:j attempt to disturb them, 
 while in this destitute condition. 
 
 The winter and spring passed away without any 
 more remarkable events in either army, than a lew 
 successful excursions of parties from Philadelphia 
 to the neighbouring country, for the purpose of 
 bringing in supplies, or destroying properly. In 
 one of these, a party of the liritish proceeded to 
 Hordenton, and there burned four store-houses full 
 of useful cotumodilies. Before they returned to 
 Philadelphia, they burned two frigales, nine ships, 
 six privateer sloops, twenty-three brigs, with a 
 number of sloops and schooners. 
 
 fciooii afterwards, an excuision from Newport 
 was made by liOO British anil Hessians, under the 
 command of Lieutenant Colonel Campbell. These, 
 having landed in the night of the 2iith of May, 
 marched next morning in two bodies, the one for 
 Warren, the other for Kickenmit river. They 
 destroyed about 70 flat bottomed boats, and burned 
 a quantiiy of pilch, tar and plank. They also set 
 fue to llie meeting house at Warren, and s»ven 
 dnelling houses. At Bristol, they burned the 
 uliuroh and 2'i houses. .Several olhei houses were 
 plundered ; and women were stripped of their shoe- 
 buckles, gold rinus and handkerchiefs. 
 
 A l'"ren«h squadron, consisting of 12 ships of the 
 line and 1 lVigates,coininanded by Count D'Estaign, 
 sailed from Toulon for America, soon after the 
 trealy had been agreed upon between the United 
 Stales and the king of France. After a passage of 
 87 days, the countarrived July !)th, at the en 
 trance of the Delaware. From an apprehension 
 ofsomething of this kind, and fiom the prospect o! 
 greater security, it was resolved in tireat Britain, 
 forthwith to evacuate Philadelphia, and to concen- 
 trate tlie royal force in llie city and harbour of New 
 Vork. The commissioners brought out the orders 
 for this movement; but knew noihingof the mat- 
 ter. It had an unfriendly influence on their propo- 
 sed !ieg(iciations ; but it was indispensably neces- 
 sary, i'or if the French fleet had blocked up the 
 Di'laware, and the Americans besieged Philadel- 
 phia, the escape of the British from either, would 
 have been scarcely possible. 
 
 The royal army, on the ISth of June, passed 
 over llie Delaware into New- Jersey. Washing- 
 ton, having penelialed into theirdesign of evacua 
 tins; I'liilailelphia, had previously detached (j.;nera 
 Maxwell's briaadc, to co-operate with the Jersey 
 miliiia, for ohslruetiiig llieir progress. The Britisli 
 were incumbered with an enormous baggage, 
 which, together with the impediments thrown in 
 their way, greatly retarded their march. The 
 American army, having, in pursuit of the British, 
 crossed the Oelaware, six hundred men were ini- 
 meiliately detached under (Jiilonel .Morgan, to lein- 
 force (leneial Maxwell. Washinston hailed his 
 Irimps when they had marched to the vicinity of 
 Princeton. The general .ilficers, in the Ameriran 
 army, se\e,iteen in number, being asked by the 
 commander in chief: " Will it be advisable to ha/,- 
 aid a general action ?" fifteen of them answered in 
 the negative ; but recnminended a detachment iif 
 1500 men, to be immediately sent, to act as occa- 
 sion might serve, on the enemy's left flank 
 rear. This was immediately forwarded un<ler 
 General Scott. 
 
 When Sir Henry Clinton hadadvanced to .\lleii- 
 towii. he determined, instead of keeping the direct 
 criuise towards .Staten Island, to draw towards the 
 sea coast, anil to push on towards Sandy I look. 
 Qencral Washuigluu, on receiving iaielligence 
 
 that Sir Henry was proceeding in that direction, 
 towards Monmouth court-house, despatched 1000 
 men uniler (jeneral Wayne, and sent the Maiquis 
 de la Fayette to take command of the whole ad- 
 vanced orps, with orders (o seixe the first fair op- 
 portunity of attacking the enemy's rear. General 
 Lee, who, having been lately exchanged.had Joined 
 the army, was oll'ered this command ; but he decli- 
 ned it. as he was in principle against hazarding an 
 attack. The whole army followed at a proper 
 distance, for supporting the advanced corps, and 
 reached Cranberry the next morning. Sir Henry 
 Clinton, sensibl« of the approach of the Ameri- 
 cans, placed his grenadiers, light infinlry and chas- 
 seurs in his rear, and his baggage in his front. 
 
 Ueneral Washington increased his advanced 
 corps with two brigades, and sent General Lee, 
 who now wished for the command, to take charge 
 of the whole ; and followed with the main army to 
 give it support. On the next morning, orders were 
 sent to Lee, to move on and attack, unless there 
 should be powerful reasons to the contrary. When 
 Washington had inarched about five miles to sup' 
 port the advanced corps, he found the whole of it 
 retreating by Lee's orders, and without having 
 made any opposition of consequence. Washing- 
 ton rode up to Lee, and proposed certain questions 
 to him, which implied censure. Lee answered 
 with warmth and unsuitable language. The com- 
 mander in chief ordered Colonel Stewart's and 
 lieutenant colonel Kamsay's battalions to form on 
 a piece of ground, which he judged suitable for 
 giving a check to the advancing enemy. Lee was 
 then asked, if he would command on that ground ; 
 to which he consented, and was ordered to take 
 proper measures for checking the enemy : to 
 which he replied, "your orders shall be obeyed 
 and I will not be the first to leave the field." 
 Washington then rode to the main army, which 
 was formed with the utmost expedition. 
 
 [Charlks Lek, a major general in the army of 
 the United States, was born in Wales and was 
 the son of John Lee, a colonel in the British ser- 
 vice. He entered the army at a very early age ; 
 but though he possessed a military spirit, he was 
 ardent in tkis pursuit of knowledge. He acquired 
 a competent skill in (ireek and Latin, while his 
 fondness for travelling made him acquainted with 
 the Italian, .Spanish, (jerman, and French langua- 
 ges. In 17513 he came to America, and was en- 
 gaged in the attack upon Ticonderoga in July 
 1758, when A bercrombie was defeated. In 1762 
 he bore a colonel's commission, and served undei 
 Burgoyne in Portugal, where he much distinguish- 
 ed himself Not long afterwards he enteied into 
 the Polish service. Tiiough he was absent when the 
 stamp act passed, he yet by his letters zealously 
 supported the cause of America. In the years 
 1771, 1772, and 1773 he rambled over all Kiirope. 
 During this excursion lie \\iiis engaged with an 
 officer in Italy in an all'air of honour, and he mur- 
 dered his antagonist, escaping himself with the 
 loss of two fingers. Having lost the favour of the 
 ministry and the hopes of promotion in conse- 
 quence of his political sentiments, he came to 
 America in Nov. 1773. He travelled through 
 the country, animating the colonies to resistance. 
 In 1771 he was induced by the persuasion of his 
 friend, (jeneral (iates, to purchase a valuable tract 
 of laud of two or three thousand acres in Berke- 
 ley county, Virginia. Here he resided till the 
 following year, when he resigned a commission, 
 which he held in the British service, and accepted 
 a coiiiiiiission from Congress, appointing him ma- 
 jiir general. He accompanied Washington to the 
 camp at (■ambriilge, where he arrived, July 2, 
 177/>, and was received with every mark of re- 
 spect. In the besinniiic of the f<illii»iii;r year he 
 was despatched to .New Voik to prevent the l!ii- 
 tishfrnm oblaitiing poisession oftlie cily ami the 
 Hudson. This trust he executed with itieat wis- 
 dom and energy. He disamieil all suspicions pci 
 suns on I.ona island, and drew up a test to be of 
 fered to everyone, whose allachmeiil to the Aiiie 
 rican cause was doubled. His bold measures car- 
 ried terror wherever he appeared. He seems to 
 
 have been very fond of this application of a test ; 
 for in a letter to the president of Congress he in- 
 forms him, that he had taken the liberty at New- 
 port to administer to a number of the tories a very 
 strong oath, one article of which was, that lh,>y 
 should take arms in defence of their country, if 
 called upon by Congress, and he recommends, that 
 this measure should be adopted in relereiice to all 
 the tories in America, Those fanatics, n ho might 
 refuse to take it he thought shoulil be carried into 
 the interior. Being sent iiiiu the suuthei n colonies, 
 as commander of all the forces, which should there 
 be raised, he difl'used an ardour anmng the soldiers, 
 which was attended by the most salulaiy conse- 
 quences. In Oct. by the direction of Congress ho 
 repaired to the northern army. As he was march- 
 ing from the Hudson through New Jersey to form 
 a junction with Washington in Pennsylvania, he 
 quitted his camp in Morria county to reconnoitre. 
 Ill this employment he went to the distance of three 
 miles from the camp and entered a house for 
 breakfast. A British colonel became acquainted 
 with his situation by intercepting a countryman, 
 charged with a letter from him, and was enabled 
 to take him prisoner. He was instantly mounted 
 on a horse without his cloak and hat, and carried 
 safely to New York. He was detained till Apiil 
 o' May 1778, when he wasexchanged for Geneial 
 Prescolt, taken at Newport. He was very soon 
 engaged in the battle of iMonmoulh. Being de- 
 tached by the commander in chief to make an at- 
 tack upon the rear of the enemy, Washiiiglon was 
 pressing forward to support him June 28ili, when 
 to his astonishment he found him relrealing with- 
 out having made a single clfurt to maintain his 
 ground. Meeting him in these circumstances, 
 without any previous notice of his plans, Wash- 
 ington addressed him in terms of some w.irmth. 
 Lee, being ordered to check the enemy, conducted 
 himself with his usual bravery, and, when forced 
 from the ground on which he had been placed, 
 brought olf his troops in good order. But his 
 haughty temper could not brook the indii;nity, 
 which he believed to have been olfeied him on thi, 
 field of battle, and he iidilresseil a letter to Wash- 
 ington, requiring reparation for the injury. Hu 
 was on the 30lli arrested for disobedience of or- 
 ders, for misbehaviour before the enemy, and fur 
 disrespect to the commander in chief. Of these 
 charues he was found guilty by a court m.irlial, at 
 which lord Stirling presided, and he was seiiien- 
 ccd to be suspended for one year. He defended 
 imselfwith his accustomed ability, and his re- 
 treat seems to be justified from the circiimsiance 
 of his having advanced ,ipon an enemy, whose 
 strength was much greater, than was apprehend- 
 ed, and from his lieini: in a situaiion with a morass 
 in his rear, which would preclude liini iVinii a re- 
 treat, if the British should have proved victorious 
 Hut his disrespectful letters to the coinnianiler in 
 chief it is not easy to justify. His suspension 
 gave general satisfaction to the army, fi>r he was 
 suspected of aiming himself at the supreme com- 
 mand. Afler the result of his trial was confirm- 
 ed by Congress in January 1780, he retired to his 
 estate in Berkley county, where he lived in a 
 style peculiar to himself. Glass windows and 
 plaster wiuild have been extravagances in his 
 iioiise. Though he had for his companions a few 
 select authors and his dogs; yet, as he found his 
 sjination loo solitary and irksome, he sold his 
 farm in the fall of 1782, that in a ilin°erenl abode 
 he iiiiglii enjoy the conversation of mankind. He 
 went III Philadelphia and took lodisings in an inn. 
 After being three or four days in the city he was 
 seized with a fever, which terminated his life Oct 
 2, 17S2. The last words, which he utteied. were 
 "stand by ine, my brave grenadiers." 
 
 In his person General Lee was rather above 
 the middle size, and his remarkable aquiline nose 
 rendered his face somewhat disagreeable. He 
 wa> master of ti most iienteel address, but was 
 iiiilf ill his iiiaiiiii'i's and excessively iieErnrent ill 
 his a|i)iraram'e and lieliavioiir. His appetite was 
 so wliimslca!, that he was every where a most 
 troublesome guest. Two or three doga usualljp 
 
mmm 
 
 5S 
 
 8! 
 
 ! 
 
 ii 
 
 ! . 
 
 I 
 
 443 
 
 HISTO R V O K T U K 
 
 folliiwcd him wherever he went. Aa an officer he 
 was brave niul able, and did miicli low»nls disci- 
 plininiethe Anii^rican army. With vigotcms powers 
 of mind and a brilliant fancy he was a correct and 
 elegant classical Kcholar, and he both wrote and 
 spoke his native language with propriety, force, 
 {ii)d beauty. His temper was severe. The his- 
 tory of his life, is little else than the history of 
 disputes, quarrels, and duels in every part of the 
 world. He was vindictive, avaricious, immoral, 
 impious, and profane. His principles, us would be 
 expected fiom his character, were most abandon- 
 ed, and he ridiculed every tenet of religion. He 
 published about the year 1760 a paniphk". on the 
 importance of retaining Canada. After hs death, 
 memoirs of his life, with his essays anJ letters, 
 were published, 12mo. 1792. Lee's memoirs.] 
 
 A warm cannonade immediately commenced be- 
 tween the British and American artillery, and a 
 heavy firing between the advanced tioops of the 
 British army, and the two battalions which Gene- 
 ral Washington had halted. These stood their 
 ground, till they were intermixed with a part of 
 the British army. Lieutenant Colonel Ramsay, 
 the commander of one of them, was wounded and 
 taken prisoner, (ieneral Lee continued till the 
 last on the field of battle, and brought off the rear 
 of the retreating tioops. 
 
 The check the British received gave time to 
 make a disposition of the left wing, an-! second 
 line of the American annv in the wood, and on the 
 eminence to which Lee was retreating. On this, 
 some cannon were placed by lord Stirling, who 
 commanded the left wing; which, with the co- 
 operation o( some parties of infantry, effectually 
 stopped the advance of the British in that quarter, 
 (ieneral Greene took a very advantageous posi- 
 tion, on the light of lord Stirling. The British 
 attempted to turn the left flank of the Americans, 
 but were repulsed. They also made a movement 
 to the right, with as little success ; for Greene 
 with artillery disappointed their desigu. Wayne 
 advanced with a body of troops, and kept up so se- 
 vere and well-directed a fire, that the British were 
 soon compelled to give way. They retired ;md 
 took the position, which Lee had before occupied. 
 Washington resolved to attack them, and ordered 
 General Poor to move round upon their right and 
 GiMieral Woodford to their left; but they could not 
 gel within reach, before it was daik. These le- 
 reinai'ied on the ground, wliich they tiad been di- 
 rected to occupy during the night, with an inten- 
 tion of attacking early next morning ; and the 
 main body lay on their arms in the field, to be 
 ready for supporting them. 
 
 General Washington reposed himself in his 
 cloak, under a tree, in hopes of renewing the ac- 
 tion the next day ; but these hopes were frusiriited. 
 The British troops marched away in the night, in 
 such silence that General Poor, though very near 
 them, knew nothing of their departure. They left 
 behind them. 4 offic"-" ""d about 40 privates, all so 
 badly wounded, that they could not be removed. 
 The British, June 30, pursued theirmarch without 
 farther interruption, and soon reached the neigh 
 bourhood of Sandy Hook without the loss ofeithcr 
 their covering party or baggage. The American 
 general declined all farther pursuit of the royal ar- 
 my, and soon after drew ot^his troops to the borders 
 of the North river. The -oSs of the Americans, in 
 killed and wounded, was about 2,')0. The loss of 
 the royal army, inclusive of prisoners, wiis about 
 3.50. Lieut. Colonel Monckton, one of the Brit- 
 ish slain, on account of his singular merit was 
 universally lamented. Colonel Bonner of Penn 
 sylvania, and Major Dickenson of Virginia, offi 
 rers highiy esteemed by their countiy. fell in 
 this engagement. The emotions of the mind, 
 added to fatigue in a very hot day, brought on 
 BUch a fatal suppression of the vital powers, that 
 (Oiiie of the Americans, and Cid of the British 
 were found dead on the field of battle, without any 
 marks of violence upon their boilies. 
 
 It is probable, that Washington intended to take 
 no farther notice of Lee's conduct in the duy of 
 ivtioni but the lattei could not brook ths expres- 
 
 sions used by llii' Ininier ai llicn IiinI iii('vliii!i,and 
 wrote liiiii two passinnale Icncis. 'I'liii occiisiiiii- 
 ed his being arrested, anil iiionglil lo trial. The 
 charges exliibiled against him were ; 
 
 1st. For disobedience <d' orders, in not attack- 
 ing the enemy on the 2Slli of June, agreeable lo 
 lepeated instructions. 
 
 2dly. For misbehaviour before the enemy, on 
 the same day, by making an unnecessary, disorder- 
 ly, and shameful retreat. 
 
 3dly. For disrespect to the commander-in-chief 
 in two letters. 
 
 After a tedious hearing before a court martial, 
 Lee was found guilty, and .sentenced to be sus- 
 pended from any command in the armies of the 
 United States, for the term of one year : but the 
 second charge was softened by the court martial 
 who io their award only found him guilty of mis- 
 behaviour belure the enemy, by making an unne- 
 cessary, and in some few instances, a disorderly 
 retreat. Many were displeased with this sentence. 
 They argued, "that by the tenor of Lee's orders 
 it was submitted to his discretion, whether to at- 
 tack or not ; and also, that the lime and manner 
 were to be determined by his own judgment : that 
 at one time he intended to attack, but altered his 
 opinion on apparently good grounds ; that the pro- 
 priety of an attack, considering the snperioiity o( 
 the British Cavalry, and the openness of the ground, 
 niiG v£;y questionable ; and that, though it might 
 have distressed the enemy's rear in the first in- 
 stance, it would probably have brought on a gene- 
 ral action, before the advanced corps could have 
 been siipporird by the main body, which was some 
 miles in the rear." "If," said they, "Lee's judg- 
 ment were against attacking the enemy, he could 
 not bu guilty of disobeying an ordei for that pur- 
 pose, which was suspended on the condition of his 
 own approbation of the measure." They also 
 contended, that a .suspension from command was 
 not a sufficient punisliinent for his crimes, il really 
 guilty. They therefore inferred a presumption of 
 his innocence from the lenient sentence of his 
 judges though there was a diversity of opinion 
 relative to the first and second charges, all were 
 agreed in pronouncing him guilty of disrespect to 
 the commander-in-chief. The Americans had for- 
 merly idoli'/.ed General Lee ; but some of them now 
 went to the opposite extreme, and without any 
 foundation pronounced him treacherous, or defici- 
 ent in courage. His temper was violent, and his 
 impalience of subordination had led him often to 
 (piarrel with those whom he was bound to respect 
 and obey; but his courage and fidelity could not 
 be questioned. 
 
 Soon after the battle of Monmouth, the Ame- 
 rican army took post at the White Plains, a few 
 miles beyonil Kings-bridge ; and the British, 
 though only a few miles distant, did not molest 
 them. 'J'liey reniiuned in this position, from an 
 early day in July, till a late one in the autumn: 
 and then the Americans retired to iMiddle Brook 
 in Jersey, where they built ihemselves huts in the 
 same manner as they had done at Valley Forge. 
 
 Immediately on the departure of the British fruni 
 Philadelphia, Congress, after an absence of nine 
 months, returned to the former seat of their de- 
 liberations. Soon aflei their return, 6th, August, 
 they weie called upon, to give a public audience 
 to a minister plenipotentiary from the court of 
 France. The person appointed to this office was 
 M. (ierard, tin same wlio had been employed in 
 the negociations, antecedent to the treaty. The 
 arrival and leception of a minister from France, 
 made a strong impression on the minds of the 
 Americans. They felt the weight and im|)ortance, 
 to which they were risen among nations. That 
 the same spot which in less than a century, had 
 been the residence of savages, should become the 
 theatre on which, the representatives of a new, 
 tree, and civili/.ed nation, gave a public audience 
 to a minister plenipotentiary, from one of the old- 
 est and most powerful kingdoms of Kurope, alVord- 
 ed ample materials for philosophic contemplation. 
 
 the united supplications of the colonists, praying 
 for peace, liberty and safety, they !<hould,as!in in- 
 li'pendent people, be hoiionieil with the lesidencq 
 ol a iiiiiiisler Ironi the court of Frame, exceeded 
 ilie expectation of the most sanguine Americans. 
 'J'lie patriots of the new world revolved in their 
 minds these transactions, with heart-felt, satis- 
 faction ; while the devout were led lo admire 
 that Providence, which had, in so short u space, 
 stationed the United .States among the powers 
 ot the earth, and clothed them in robes nf sove- 
 reignty. 
 
 The British had barely completed the removal 
 of their fleet and army, from the Delaware and 
 Philadelphia, to the liarbour and city of New 
 York, when they received intelligence, that a 
 French fleet was on the coast of Ameiica. Tliia 
 "Was commanded by Count D'Kstaign, and consis- 
 ed of twelve ships of the line and three frigates. 
 Among the former, one carried 90 guns, unotlier, 
 80, and six 74 guns each. Their first object wu3 
 the surprise of lord Howe's fleet in the Dehware ; 
 but they arrived too late. In naval history, there 
 are few more narrow escapes, than that of the 
 British fleet, on this occasion. It consisted only 
 ()lsix6l gun ships, three of CiO, and two of 40, 
 with some liigales and sloops. Alost of these 
 had been long on service, anil were in a bad con- 
 dition. Their foice, when compared with that of 
 the French fleet, was so greatly inferior, that had 
 the latter reached the month of the Delaware, in 
 7d days I'rom its leaving Toiilim, their ca|iture, in 
 the ordinary course of events, would have been 
 inevitable. This was pievented by the various 
 hindrances which retarded D'Kstaign in his voy 
 age to the term of 87 days ; in the last eleven of 
 which lord Howe's fleet not only quitted the Dela- 
 ware, but reached the larbour of New York. 
 D'Kstaign, disappointed i his first scheme, pur- 
 sued, and, July Ilth, ap ared off Sandy Hook. 
 American pilots of the first abilities, provided for 
 the purpose, went on board his fleet. Among them 
 were persons, whose circumstances placed them 
 above the ordinary tank of pilots. 
 
 The sight of the PVencli fleet roused all the ac- 
 tive passions of their adversaries. Transported 
 with indignation against the French, for inteifer 
 ing in what they called a domestic quarrel, the 
 British displayed a spirit of /.eal and bravery which 
 could not be exceeded. .\ thousand volunteers 
 were despatched from their transports to man their 
 fleet. The masters and mates of the merchiint- 
 inen and traders at New York, look their stations 
 at the guns with the common sailors. Others put 
 to sea in light vessels, to watch the motions of 
 tlieii enemies. The officers and privates of the 
 Biilish aimy contended, with so much eagerness, 
 III serve on board the men of war as marines, Ihtt 
 il liecame necessary to decide the point of honour 
 by lot. 
 
 The French fleet came to anchor, and con 
 tinned «ii limit the Hook fiir eleven days. During 
 this time, the British hail the iiiorlilication of see 
 ing the blorkiiile of'their fleet, and the capture of 
 about 20 vessels under Knglisli colours. Chi the 
 22d, the French fleet appeared under weigh. It 
 was an anxious moment m the liiilisli. They 
 supposed that Count D'iOsi.iign would f'oiie his 
 way into the 'larbour. anil llial an en<:a<:ement 
 would be the consequence. Kveiy thing with 
 them was at stake. Nothing less than ilestriietion 
 or victory would Have ended the contest. If the 
 first had been their lot, the vast fleet of irans|.(jrls 
 and victuallers, and the army, must have f':illeii. 
 The pilots on board the French fleet, declared it 
 to be impossible to carry the large ships thereof 
 over the bar, on account of their dmiight of water. 
 D Kstaign, on that account, and by the advice of 
 General Washington, lefl the Hook and sailed fiir 
 Newport. By his departure the British fleet had 
 a second escape; for hail he remained at the 
 Hook but a few days longer, the fleet of Admiral 
 Byron must have fallen into his hands. That of- 
 ficer had been sent out to relieve lord Howe, who 
 
 That in less than three years from the day, on had solicited to be recalled ; and the fleet under 
 which an answer was refuted bv Great Brituiu to his command had been sent t. reinforce that which 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 443 
 
 colonists, priying 
 sy !<hoiild,iisiin in- 
 nitli tlie residence 
 Kraii'c. I'xci'edi'il 
 guine Anieiiriins. 
 
 revolved in their 
 
 heart-fell, siitis- 
 
 re led tu admire 
 
 so sliort a spnce, 
 
 inong the powers 
 
 in rolies of suve- 
 
 ileted the removal 
 he Delaware nod 
 
 and city of New 
 itellijjetice, that a 
 if America. This 
 istaign, and consis- 
 and three frigates. 
 
 90 giitia, another, 
 eir first object wua 
 Bt in the Dehware ; 
 laval history, there 
 ), thiMi that of the 
 Ir consisted only 
 fiO, and two of 40, 
 is. iMost of these 
 
 were in a bad con- 
 npared with that of 
 y inferior, that had 
 if the Delaware, in 
 iin, their capture, in 
 I, would have been 
 iteil by the various 
 'Estaign in his voy 
 I the last eleven of 
 nly quitted the Dela- 
 our of New York. 
 is first scheme, pur- 
 ■d oil' Sandy Hook, 
 bilities. provided for 
 I fleet. Among them 
 itances placed iheiii 
 
 Ills. 
 
 el roused all the ac- 
 
 ■aries. Transported 
 
 ''renih, for interfer 
 
 iniestic quarrel, the 
 
 I and bravery which 
 
 liousand voliiiiteers 
 
 nspofts to man their 
 
 !s of the riierch.ml- 
 
 look their stations 
 
 iiilors. Others put 
 
 the inotiuns of 
 
 and privates of the 
 
 so niiich eagerness, 
 
 ■ar as marines, ihil 
 
 the point of honour 
 
 o anchor, and con 
 leven days. During 
 iiKirlifiraliiin of sec 
 
 and the capture iil 
 ill colours. (.)n the 
 'il iiMder weigh. It 
 
 lie Urilish. They 
 
 gii would fdice his 
 
 lial an eniiaucuiiMit 
 
 Every tiling »i'h 
 
 ss than clcsiriii'li<in 
 the coiilesl. If the 
 isl fleet of irans|.(Mls 
 ■, luiist have filli'ii. 
 
 h fleet, declared il 
 large ships thereof 
 eir draught of water, 
 ind by the advice of 
 
 Hook and sailed for 
 
 the British fleet had 
 .. remained at the 
 
 the fleet of Adiniial 
 
 lis hands. Thai of- 
 .(■ve lord Mowe, who 
 
 and the fleet under 
 
 reinforce that which 
 
 had III en previously on the coast of America 
 Admiral Hyron's squadron had inci with bud wea 
 iher, and was separated hi dillerent storms. It 
 now arrived, scattered, broken, disniasled, or 
 iilherwise damaged. Within eight days alter the 
 drpiirtiiie of the French fleet, liie Kenowii, the 
 Itaisniioable, the (.'enturion, and the Cornwall ai- 
 /ived singly at Sandy Hook. 
 
 The next allenipt of Count D'Estaign was 
 against Kliiide island, of which the Ilrllisli had 
 lu'i'ii III possession since December, 177(!. A 
 ciiiiiliiiii'il attack against it was projected, in which 
 It was agreed that iieneial Sullivan should com- 
 niiind the American hnd forces. Such was th 
 eagerness of the people to co-operate with their 
 new allies, and so confident were they of success, 
 lliat some thousands of volunteers engaged in the 
 service. The militia of Massachusetts was under 
 llie eiimin:>iid of General Hancock. The royal 
 troops on ijicisfind, having lately been reinforced, 
 were about (JUI)U. Sullivan's force was about 
 10,01)0. Lord Howe followed Count D'Estaign, 
 and raine within sight of Hhoile Island, the day 
 lifter the I'lench fleet entered the harbour of New- 
 port. 'I'lie Krilish fleet exceeded the French in 
 point of iiuniber,biii was inferior in efl'ective force 
 anil wuiglit of melal. On the appearance of lord 
 llowe, the French admiral put out to sea wiili his 
 H-liole force to engage him. While the two coni- 
 nianilers were exerting their naval skill to gain re- 
 Rp''clivcly the advantages of position, a strong gale 
 of wind came on, which greatly damaged the ships 
 on both sides. In this conflict of the elemenls, 
 two capital French ships ivere dismasted. ^I'he 
 Langiiedoc of Oil guns, D'Estaign's own ship, after 
 losing all lier masts and rudder, was attacked by 
 llie Henown of do guns, coininanded by Captain 
 Dawson. The same evening, the Preston of CtO 
 guns, fell in with the Tonnarit of 80 guns: with 
 iiiily her mainmast standing, and attacked her with 
 spirit : but night put an end to the enga,'!emenl. 
 Six sail of the French squadron came up in the 
 night, which saved the disabled ships from any 
 farther attack. There was no ship or vessel lost 
 nil either side. The lirilish suffered less in the 
 Klorm than their adversjaries; yet enough tu make 
 It necessary to return to Ncw-Vork, for the pur- 
 pose of refitting. The French fleet came to an- 
 chor, on the 20th of August, near to Klioile Island ; 
 but sailed on the 22d, to ISoston. Before they 
 sailed, (General Greene and the iManpiis de la Fay- 
 ette went on board the [janguednc, to consult on 
 measures proper to be puisueil. They urged 
 D'Estaign loretnrn withhisfleet into the harbo.r; 
 but liis principal officers were opposed to the niea- 
 siire, and protested against it. He had been in- 
 slrucied to go to Boston, if his fleet met with any 
 niisl'orlune. His officers insisted on his ceasing to 
 prosecute the expedition against Hhoile Island, 
 that he niight conform to the orders of their com 
 nion superiors, 
 
 I'pun the return of General (ireencand the .Mar 
 qiiis lie la Fayeite, and their reporting the de 
 teriniiialion of Count D'F.slaign, a protest was 
 drawn up and sent to him, which was signed by 
 John .Sullivan, Nathaniel (ireene, .fiilin Hancock, 
 I. Glover, E/.ekiel Cornel, William Whipple, .John 
 Tyler, .Solomon Lovcll, Jon. Fitconnel. 'I'hey 
 protested against the count's taking ilie fleet to 
 Boston, as derogatory to the honour of France, 
 contrary to the intention of his most Chrisljan Ma- 
 jesty, and the interests of lis nation, destructive in 
 the highest degree to the welfare of the United 
 States, andliighly injurious to the alliance formed 
 benveen the two nations. Had D'Estaign prose- 
 cuted his original plan within the harbour, either 
 before or immediately after the pursiiil of lord 
 Howe, the reduction of the British post on Rhode 
 Island would have been probable ; but his ilepar- 
 tiirc in the first instance to engage the British fleet, 
 and ill the second from Rhode Island to Boston, 
 frtistiated the whole. Perhaps Count D'Estaign 
 hoped by something brilliant loellace the iiiipres- 
 siims m.iile by his late failure at New Voik. < )rlie 
 might have thought ii imprudent to slake bis whole 
 fleet, within an harbour possessed by his enemies. ' 
 
 After his ships had sull'ered both from battle and 
 the Sturm, the letter of his instructions, the impor- 
 tunity of his oflicers, and his anxiety to have his 
 ships speedily refitted, might have weighed with 
 him to sail directly lor Dosion. Whatever were 
 the reasons which induced him to adopt that mea- 
 sured, the Americans were greatly dissatisfied. 
 They complained that lliey had incurred great ex- 
 pense and danger, under the prospect of the most 
 ell'ective eo-operaliiin ; that depending thereon, 
 they had risked their lives on an island, where, 
 without naval protection, they were exposed to 
 particular danger ; that in this situation, they were 
 first deserted, and afterwards totally abandoned, at 
 a time, when, by persevering in the original plan, 
 they had well-grounded hopes of speedy success. 
 Under these apprehensions, the discontented mili- 
 tia went home in such crowds, that the regular ar- 
 my which remained, was in danger of being cut off 
 from a retreat. Jn these embarrassing circumstan- 
 ces. General Sullivan extricated himselC with judg- 
 ment and ability. He began to send olf his heavy 
 artillery and baggage on the 2()tli, and retrealed 
 from his lines on the night of the '.^8tli. It had 
 been that day resolved in a council of war, to re- 
 move to the north of the island, fortify their camp, 
 secure a coimuunicalion with the main, and hold 
 the ground till II could be known whether the 
 French fleet would reliirn to their assistance. The 
 ,^^arqnisde la Lafayette, by desire of his associates, 
 set olf fur Boston, to request the speedy return of 
 the French fleet. To tliisfjounl d'Estaign would 
 not consent; but he ur.ide a spirited ofl'er to lead 
 the troops under his command, and co-operate with 
 the American land forces against Rhode Island. 
 
 Sullivan retreated with great order; but he had 
 not been five hours at the north end of the Island, 
 when his troops was fired upon by the British, who 
 had pursued them, on discovering their retreat. 
 The pursuit was made by two parlies and on two 
 roads; toone was opposed Colonel Henry B. Liv- 
 ingston ; to the other John Laurens, aid-de-camp 
 to General Washington, and each of them had a 
 command of light troiips. In the first instance 
 these light troops were compelled by superior num- 
 bers to give way ; but they kept up a retreating 
 fire. On being reinfiiiced, ihey gave their pur- 
 suers a check, and at length repulsed them. By 
 degrees the action became in some respects gen- 
 eral, and near 1200 Aineiicans were eiignged. 
 The loss on each side was between two and tliiee 
 hunured. 
 
 Lord Howe's fleet, with sir Henry ('linton and 
 about 4000 Hoops on lioaid, being seen off the 
 coast, (ienerid Siillivan concluded iinmediaiely to 
 evacuate Rhode Island. As llie sentries of both 
 armies were within 100 yards of each other, the 
 greatest caution was necessary. To cover llie de- 
 sign of retreating, the show of resistance and con- 
 tinuance on the island was kept up. The retreat 
 was made in llie night, and nearly coinpleled by 
 iwelvfi o'clock. Towards the last of it, the Mar- 
 quis de Lafayette returned from Bosion. He had 
 rode thither from Ilhiide Island, a distance of 70 
 miles, in seven hours, and reliiriied in six and a 
 half. Anxious to partake in ilie engagement, his 
 mortification was not litile at being absent on the 
 day before. He was io time to bring olf the pic- 
 qiiels, and other parties that covert,'d the -elreat of 
 the American army. This he did in excellent or- 
 der. Not a man was left behind, nor was the small- 
 est article lost. 
 
 The bravery and good conduct which John Lau- 
 rens displayed on this occasion, were excelled by 
 his lepulilican inagnaiiimity. in declining a milita- 
 ry comniision. which was conferred on him, by 
 the representatives of his country. Congress re- 
 solved, that he should be presented wiih a ciinti- 
 nenliil commission, of lieutenant colonel, in testi- 
 mony of the sense which they entertained of his 
 patriotic and spirited services, and of his brave 
 ciinduct in several acliiins. particularly in that of 
 Rliiiile Island, on llie 2!llli of August. 
 
 On the next day he wrote to Coiigiess a letter, 
 expressing " his gratitude for the unexpected hon- 
 our which they were pleased to confer hiru, and the 
 
 satisfaction it would have aflTurded him, could he 
 have accepted it without injuring the rights of the 
 officers in the line ol'ihe army, and doing an evi- 
 dent iiijiisiiie to his colleagues, in the fami'y ol lliu 
 commamler in i liiet'. That having been a specia 
 tor of the convulsions occasioned in the urniy liy 
 disputes of rank, he held liie tranquillity of it loo 
 dear, to be iiislrumenlal in disiiiibiiig il, and llieie- 
 lorc inlrealed Ciiimress to suppress their resolve, 
 ordering him the coniiiiissiun of lieutenant iiiloiiei 
 and to accept his sincere thanks lor the inteniled 
 honour." 
 
 With the abortive expedition to Rhode Island, 
 there was an end to the plans, which were in this 
 first campaign projected by the allies of Congress 
 for » co-operation. The Americans had been in- 
 toxicated with hopes of the most decisive advan- 
 tages ; but in every instance they were disappoint- 
 ed. Lord Howe, with an inferiority of force, not 
 only preserved his own fleet, but counteiacted and 
 defeated all the views and attempts of Count D'Es- 
 taign. The French fleet gained no direct advan- 
 tages for the Americans ; yet their arrival was of 
 great service to their cause. IJesides deranging 
 the plans of the British, il carried conviction to 
 their minds, that his most Christian Majesty was 
 seriously disposed to support them. The good 
 « ill of their new allies was manifested to the Aine- 
 iicans ; and though il had failed in producing the 
 ellecis expected from it, the fiiiliire was charged 
 III winds, weather, and unavoidable incidents.— 
 Some censuied Count D'Estaign ; but while ihoy 
 ailempted to console themselves by throwing 
 blame on hiir they felt and acknowledged their 
 obligation to me French nation, and were encour- 
 aged to persevere in the war, from the hope iliat 
 better fuitunc would attend their future co-opera- 
 tion. 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton, finding that the Americans 
 had left Rhode Island, returned to New York ; but 
 directed (ieneral Grey to proceed to Bedford and 
 the neighbourhood, where several American pri- 
 vateers resorted. On reaching the place if their 
 destination, the general's party landed, and in a 
 few hours deslroyed about seventy sail iif ship- 
 ping, besides a number of small ciaft. They also 
 blunt maua/.ines, wharves, stores, waielioir-'. s, 
 vessels on the stocks, anil a considerable riiiinber 
 of dwelling houses. The building buriied in Bed- 
 lord, were estimated to be worth .£20,000 sterling. 
 The other articles destroyed were worth much 
 inoic. The royal troops proceeded to .Maltha's 
 N'ineyaril. There they destroyed a few vessels, 
 and made a requisition of the militia arms, the 
 pulilic money, 1100 oxen, and 2000 sheep, which 
 was coniplled with. 
 
 A similar expedition, tinder the conimand of 
 Capiaiii Ferguson, was about the same tiiiie uiider- 
 l;iken against Little Eug-Harbunr, al wliiili plaea 
 the Anieiiciinshad a niimlierof privaleeis and pri- 
 zes, and also some sall-wiirks. .'several of llio 
 vessels got oil"; but alt that weie foiinil were de- 
 slroyed. Previous to the einbaicalionof the Bri- 
 lisli fniiu Egi; Harbour for. New \'oik.Capt.iiii Fer- 
 guson with 2.70 men, surprised and pni to death 
 about TiO of a party of tlic Anieriiaiis, uho were 
 posted in the vicinity. The attack beinii made in 
 the night, lillle or no quarter was given. 
 
 The loss sustained by the Brilisli in these seve- 
 ral excursions was trilling; lint the advantage was 
 considerable, from the supplies they procured, and 
 the check which was given to the American priva- 
 teers. 
 
 One of the most disislrous events, which occur- 
 red at this period of the campaign, was the sur- 
 prise and massacre of an Americau regiment of 
 light dragoons, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel 
 Baylor. While employed in a detached situation, 
 to iniercept and watch a British fiiraging party, 
 they took up their lodging in a barn near T.ippau. 
 The (irticer who commanded the party which sur- 
 prised them, was Major General Grey. He acqui- 
 red llie name of the '■ No flint General." from his 
 I'limiiion practice of orderiii!; the men under his 
 conimand to take the flinis out of their muskets 
 that they might be confiueU to the use ef their bay- 
 
HISTORV OF THE 
 
 444 
 
 uiiali. A party of militia, which had been ■Utiunedteniptecl by proveeiling fruni north to aoiilh but | 
 on the roud, by which the British adtiinced, quitted 1 that order wnt henceforth invciled, and tlip nouih- j 
 their poalH, without givinK any notice to Culouel ern stales became tlie principal theatre, on which 1 
 Hiivlor. This disorderly conduct was the occasion i the Hrilish conuiienced their otl'ensive o|>erali(ins. > 
 
 of the disaster which followed, (iicy's men pro- 
 ci'cded with such silence and address, that they 
 rut oil' a seri;eaiit's patrol without noise, and sui- 
 munded old Tappan without being discovered. 
 Tliey titer, rushed in upon Haylor's regiment, while 
 iliey were in a profound sleep. Incapable of de- 
 liMice or resistance, cut oH'ftom every prospect of 
 selling their hves dear, thesurprised dragoons sued 
 fur quarters. Unmoved by their supplications, 
 their adversaries applied the bayonet, and contin- 
 ued its repeated thrusts, while objects could be 
 found in which any signs of life appeared. A few 
 escaped ; and others, after having received from 
 five to eleven bayonet wounds in the trunk of tl<e 
 body, were restored in a course of time, to perfect 
 health. Day lor himself was wounded but not dan- 
 gerously. He lost in killed, wounded and taken, 
 67 privates out of 101. About 40 were made pris- 
 oners. These were indebted, for their lives, to 
 the humanity of one of (Jrey's captains, who gave 
 quarters to the whole fourth troop, though contra- 
 ry to the orders <d' his superior oOicers. The cir- 
 cumstance of the attack being made in the night, 
 when neither order nor discipline can be observed, 
 itiay apologise in some decree with men of a cer- 
 tain description, fur this bloody scene. It cannot 
 lie niaii]tained that the laws of war require that 
 quarters slioiild be uiveii in similar assaults ; but 
 the lovers of mankind must ever contend, that the 
 laws of humanity are of superior obligation to those 
 of war. The truly brave will spare when resist- 
 ance ceases, and in every case wliere it can be 
 done with safety. The perpetrators of such ac- 
 tions may justly be denominated the enemies of re- 
 fined society. As far as their example avails, it 
 tends to arrest the growing hutnanity of modern 
 times, and to revive the barbarism oftiothic ages. 
 On these principles, the massacre ofColonel Bay- 
 lot's regiment was the subject of much complaint. 
 The particulars of it were ascertained, by tin- oaths 
 of sundry credible witnesses, taken before (jover- 
 nor Livingston, of .lersey ; and the whole was sub- 
 Liitted to the judgment of the public. 
 
 In the summer of this year, an expedition was 
 undertaken against Kast Florida. This was re- 
 solved upon, with the doidde view of protecting the 
 state ofCjeurgia from depredation, and of causing 
 a diversion. General Kobert Howe, who con- 
 ducted it, had under his command aboutSOOU men, 
 a few hundred of whom were continental troops, 
 and the remainder militia of the stales of South 
 Carolina anil (ieorgia. They proceeded as far as 
 •St. Mary's river, and without any opposition of 
 consequence. At this place the British had 
 erected a fort, which in compliment to Tonyn, 
 governor of the province, was called by his name. 
 On the approach of General Howe, they destroyed 
 this fort, and after some slight skirmishing, re- 
 treated towards St. Augustine. The season was 
 more fatal to the Americans, than any opposition 
 they experienced from their enemies. Sickness 
 and death raged to such a degree, than an imme- 
 diate retreat hecaine necessary ; but before this 
 waselfected, they lost nearly one-fourth of their 
 whole number. 
 
 The royal commissioners having failed in their 
 attempts to induce the Americans to resume the 
 character of British subjects, and the successive 
 plans of co-operation between the new allies hav- 
 ing also failed, a solemn pause ensued. It would 
 Hcem as if the commissioners indulged a hope, that 
 the citizens of the United States, on finding a dis 
 .ippointmentoftheir expectations from the French, 
 would re-consider and accept the offers of Great 
 Britain. Full time was given, both for the circu- 
 lation of their manifesto, and for observing its ef- 
 liects on the public inind : but no overtures were 
 made to them from any quarter. The year was 
 JrawinK near to a close, before any interesting ex 
 pediliun was undeilHkcti. With this new era, a 
 new system was introdiicoii. 
 
 Hitherto the conquest of the states had bp<!n at. 
 
 (ieorgia, being one of the weakest states in the 
 union, tuid at the same lime abouniling in provis- 
 ions, was niarkcil out as the first object of renewed 
 warfare. Lieutenant Colonel Campbell, an officer 
 of known courage and abiliiy, embarked from New 
 York for Savannah, 27lh November, with a force 
 of about 2UU0 iuen,under theconvoy of some ships 
 (d° war, commanded by Commodore Hyde I'arkcr. 
 To make more sure of success in the enterprise. 
 Major (ieneral I'revost, who commanded the royal 
 forces in Kast Florida, was directed to advance 
 with them into the southern exiremiiy of (jeorgia. 
 The fleet that sailed from New Vork, in about 
 three weeks effected a landing near the mouth of 
 the river Savannah. From the landing place, a 
 narrow causeway of six hundred yards in length, 
 with a ditch on each side, led through a swamp. 
 A body of the British light infantry moved for- 
 ward along this causeway. On their advance, 
 they received a heavy fire from a small party un- 
 der Captain Smith, posted for the purpose of im- 
 peding their passage. Captain Cameron was killed; 
 but the British made their way good, and com- 
 pelled Captain Smith to retreat, (ieneral Howe, 
 the American officer to whom the defence of 
 (ieorgia was committed, look his station on the 
 main road, and posted his little army, consisting 
 of about 600 continentals, and a few liuodr d mi- 
 litia, between the landing-place and ihe town of 
 Savannah, with the river on his left and a morass 
 in front. Th's disposition announced great dilli- 
 cullies to be overcome, before thu Americans could 
 be dislodged. While Colonel (.'ampbell was mak- 
 ing the necessary arransements for this purpose, 
 he received intelligence from a negro, of a (irivate 
 path through the swamp, on the right of the Ame- 
 ricans whicli lay in such a situation, that the Bri- 
 tish troops might march through it unobserved. 
 Sir James Baird, with the light infantry, was di- 
 rected to avail himself of this path, in order to turn 
 the right wing of the Americans, and attack their 
 rear. As soon as it was supposed that sir James 
 Bairil liad cleared his passage, tlie British in fiont 
 of the Americans, were directed to advance and 
 engage. Howe, finding himself attacked in the 
 rear as well as in the front, ordered an immediate 
 relreat. The British pursued with great execu- 
 tion ; theii victory was complete. Upwards of 
 100 of the Americans were killed. Thirty-eight 
 officers, 41.') privates, 48 pieces of cannon, '£i 
 mortars, the fort, with its ammunition and stores, 
 the shipping in the river, a large quantity of pro- 
 visions, will) the capital of (ieorgia, were all, in 
 the space of a few hours, in the possession of the 
 conquerois. The broken remains of the American 
 army retreated up the river .Savannah for several 
 miles, and then took shelter by crossing into South 
 Carolina 
 
 Agreeably to instructions, (ioneiaj Prevost had 
 marched ftom Kast Florida, about Ihe same time 
 tliat the embarcation took place from New York 
 After encountering many difficulties, the king's 
 troops from St. Augustine reached the inhabited 
 paits of Georgia, and there '.card the welcome 
 tidings of the arrival and sncr if Colonel Camp- 
 bell. Savannah having fal' .i, ihefort at .Sunbiiry 
 surrendered, (ieneral I'revost marched to Sa- 
 vannah, and look the command of the combined 
 forces from New York and .St. Augustine. Pre- 
 vious to his arrival, a proclamation had been is 
 sued, 10 encourage the inhabitants to come in and 
 submit to the conquerors, with promises of protec 
 lion, on condition that with their arms they would 
 support royal government. 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel Campbell acted with great 
 polic;-, in securing the submission of Ihe inhabit 
 ants. He did more in a short lime, and with com 
 paratively a few men, towards the re-establish 
 men! of the British interest, than all the geni'Ml 
 officers who hid preceded hiin. He not only ex- 
 tirpated military opposition, but subverted for some 
 time every trace of republicau government, and 
 
 paved the way for the re-establishment of a royal 
 legislature. Georgia, soon after the reduction of 
 its capital, exhibited a singular speclai'le. It was 
 the only stale of the Union, in which, after the 
 declaration of independence, a legislative body 
 was convened under the authority of the crown of 
 (ireat Britain. The moderation and prudence of 
 Lieutenant Colonel (Jampbell were moresuccessful 
 in reconciling the minds of the citizens to their 
 former constitution, than the sevcie measures 
 which had been generally adopted by othei Biitish 
 commanders. 
 
 The errors of the first years of the war, forced 
 on Congress same useful reforms, in the year 1778. 
 The insufficiency of the provision made for the 
 support of Ihe officers of their army had induced 
 many resignations. From a conviction of the jus- 
 tice and policy of making commissions valuable 
 and from respect to the warm, but disinterested re- 
 commendations of General Washington, Congress 
 resolved: "that half- pay should be allowed to 
 their officers, for the term of seven years, after 
 ihe expiration of their service." This was, after- 
 wards, extended lo the end of their lives: and 
 finally, that was commuted for full pay, for five 
 years. Uesignations were afterivards rare ; and 
 the Slates reaped the benefit of expeiienced offi- 
 cers continuing in service, till the war was ended. 
 
 A system of more regular discipline was in- 
 troduced into Ihe .Vmerican army, by the industry, 
 abilities, and juilicioiis regulations of Baron de 
 Steuben, a most excellent disciplinarian, who had 
 served under the king of Prussia. A very im- 
 portant reform took place in the medical depart- 
 ment, by appointing dilleient olficers, to discharge 
 the directing and purveying business of the mili- 
 tary hospitals, which hail been before united in the 
 satne hands. Dr. Rush was principally instrumen- 
 tal in eli'ecting this beneficial alteration. Some 
 regulations, which had been adopted for Imiling 
 the prices ofcommodilies, being fimnil not only im- 
 practicable, but injurious, weie abolished. 
 
 The Randolph, an American frigate of 36 guns 
 and three litiiidred and five men, commanded by 
 Captain Biddle, having sailed on a cruise from 
 Charleston, fell in with the Yarmouth, of 64 guns, 
 and engaged her in the night. In about a quarter 
 of an hour, the Randolph blew up. Four men 
 only were saved, upon a piece of her wreck. 
 These had subsisted foiu days on nothing but rain 
 water, which they sucked from a piece cdblanket. 
 t)n the Stiiday, Captain Vincent of the Yarmouth, 
 though in chase of a ship, on discovering them, 
 siispendeil the chase, and took them on board. 
 Captain liiildle, who perislieil on board the Ran- 
 dolph, was universally lamented. He was in the 
 piime of life, and had excited high expectations 
 of future usefulness lo his countiy, as a bold and 
 skilful officer. 
 
 [NitiioLAS BiDDLR, captain in the American 
 navy, during the revolutionary war, was born in 
 tliecity of Philadelphia, in the'year 17.10. Among 
 the brave men who perished in the glorious strug- 
 gle fiir the independence of America, Captain Bid- 
 die holds a distinguished rank. His services, ant" 
 the high expectations raised by his military genius 
 and gallantry, have left a strong imptessio'n of his 
 merit, and a profound regret that his early fata 
 should have disappointed, so soon, the hopes of 
 his country. 
 
 Very early in life he manifested a partiality fol 
 the sea, and before the age of fiiurteen he had 
 made a voyage lo Quebec. In the following year, 
 ne."), he sailed from Philadelphia to Jamaica, and 
 the Bay of Honduras. The vessel left the bay in 
 the latter end of December, 176.5, bound to Anti- 
 gua, and on the sectmd day of January, in a heavy 
 gab of wind, she was cast away on a shoal, called 
 the Northern Triangles. Aftei remaining two 
 nights and a day upon the wreck, the crew look 
 to their yawl, the long-boat having been lost, and 
 with great difficulty and hazard, landed on one of 
 the small uninliabited islands, about three le-igues 
 ilisiant from the reef upon which ihcy struck 
 Here they staid a few days. .Son.e provisions 
 were procured from the wreck, and their boat was 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 ilishineia of a royal 
 'tcr the reduclioii of 
 ir spectacle. It wan 
 in wlileli, alter the 
 , n legislative body 
 ority of the crown of 
 ion and prudence of 
 were more successful 
 the citizens to their 
 lie seveie measures 
 ipted by other Uiitisb 
 
 rs of the war, forced 
 
 rms, in the year 1778. 
 
 vision made for the 
 
 ir army had induced 
 
 conviction of the jus- 
 
 ommissions valuable 
 
 II, but disinterested re- 
 
 Vashinptnn, C'onuress 
 
 hoiild be allowed to 
 
 of sevf n years, after 
 
 :e." This was, after- 
 
 J of their lives : and 
 
 for full pay, for five 
 
 afterwards rare ; and 
 
 fit of expciicnced offi- 
 
 iill the war was ended. 
 
 iilar discipline was in- 
 
 1 army, by the industry, 
 
 [ulations of ISaton de 
 
 ilisciplinarian, who had 
 
 Trussia. A very im- 
 
 in the medical depart- 
 
 nt officers, to discliarKO 
 
 iiH I)usine9s of the mili- 
 
 leen before united in the 
 
 s principally insiruinen- 
 
 icial alteration. Some 
 
 en adopted for Jmiling 
 
 being found not only iin- 
 
 weie abolished. 
 
 .■ricaii frigate of 3(3 guns 
 
 s men, couunanded by 
 
 died on a cruise from 
 
 e Yarmouth, of C4 guns, 
 
 gilt. In about a quarter 
 
 h blew up. Four men 
 
 11 piece of her wreck. 
 
 days on nothing l)Ut rain 
 
 Ciom a piece of blanket. 
 
 .ncent of the Yarmouth, 
 
 J, on discovering them, 
 
 took them on board. 
 
 led on board the Ran- 
 
 . nted. He was in the 
 
 ited high expectations 
 
 is counliy, as a bold and 
 
 ipiain in the American 
 onarv war. was born in 
 .the'yearl7.')0. Among 
 led in the glorious strng- 
 of America, Captain Bid- 
 
 raidt. His services, an(' 
 led by his military geniiis 
 
 strong impression of his 
 
 ret that his early fate 
 
 j, so soon, the hopes of 
 
 anifested a partiality fot 
 ge of fourteen he had 
 J'. In the following year, 
 ladelphia to.Tamaica, and 
 The vessel left the bay in 
 ler, 176.5, bound to Anti- 
 lay of .January, in a heavy 
 t awav on a shoal, called 
 . Afiei remaining two 
 the wreck, the crew took 
 .at having been lost, and 
 hazard, landed on one of 
 amis, about three le->gue9 
 |i(in which they struck 
 days. Son.f provisions 
 wreck, and their boal was 
 
 rcfltled. As it was Ion small to carry them all oil', 
 lliey drew lots to determine who shu.ild remain, 
 and young Diddle was among the numlier. He, 
 and his three companions, sull'ered extreme hard- 
 ships for want ol provisions anil good water ; and, 
 although various ell'orls weie made for their relief, 
 it was nearly two months licfure they sncceeiled. 
 
 Such a scene of dangers and snO'ering in the 
 cominencenient of his career, would I ave discou- 
 raged ayouih of ordinary enterprise and perseve- 
 rance. (.)n him it produced no such ell'ect. The 
 coldness and promptitude with which he acted, in 
 the midst of perils that alarmed the oldest seamen, 
 give a sure presage of the force of his character, 
 and alter he had returned home, he nniile several 
 Kuropean voyages, in which he acquired a thorough 
 knowledge of seaiuaiiHliip, 
 
 In the year 1770, when a war between Great 
 lirilain and .Spain was expected, in consequence 
 uf the dispute relative tii Kalkland's Island, he went 
 to London, in order to enter the liritish navy. He 
 tiiiik with him letters of recommendation from 
 Tliomas Willing, Esq. to his brother-in-law, Capt. 
 Sterling, on board ot whose ship he served for 
 some lime as a midsliipinan. Tlie dispute with 
 Spain being accommodated, he intended to leave 
 the navy, but was persuaded by Captain Sterling to 
 remain in the service, promising that he would use 
 all his interest to get him promoted, His ardent 
 iiiiiid, however, could not rest satisfied with the 
 inactivity of his situatiim, which he was impatient 
 to change for one more suited to his disposition. 
 
 In the year I77H, a voyage of discovery was 
 undertaken, at the request of the Royal Society 
 in order to ascertain how far navigatiiin was prac- 
 ticable towards the Norlh Pole, to advance the 
 discovery of the northwest passage into the south 
 Bcas, ami to make such astronomical observations 
 as might prove serviceable to navigation. 
 
 Two vessels the Race Horse and Carcase, were 
 lilted out for the expedilion, the command of which 
 was given to Captain Phipps, afterwards lord Mul- 
 giave. The peculiar dangers to which such an 
 undertaking was exposed, induced t he government 
 to take extraordinary precautions in fitting out and 
 preparing the vessels, and selecting the cretvs, and 
 a positive order was issued that no hoys should be 
 received on hoard. 
 
 To (he bold and enlerpiising spirit of young 
 lliildlc, sucii an expedition had great attractions, 
 Kxlieniely anxious to join it, he endeavouied to 
 |iria'iiie Capta n .Sterling's permission fur that pur- 
 pose, but he Has unwilling to part with him, and 
 wiiulil not consent to let him go. The temptation 
 wai. however, irresistable. He resolved to go 
 and laying aside his uniform, he entered on 
 hoard the Carcase before the mast. When he first 
 went on board he was observed by a seaman who 
 had known him before, and was very much attach- 
 ed to him. The honest fellow, thinking that he 
 nmst have been degraded and turned before the 
 Miasl in disgrace, was greatly allecled at seeing 
 liiiii, hut was equally surprised and pleaseil when 
 he learned the true cause of the young olfiier's 
 disguise, and he kept his secret, as he was le- 
 <|iiested to do. Impelled by the samespirit, young 
 Horatio, afterwards lord Nelson, had solicited and 
 olitained permission to enter on board the same 
 vessel. These youthful adventurers are both said 
 to have been appointed cockswains, a station al- 
 ways assigned to the most active and trusty sea- 
 men. The particulars of this expedilion are well 
 known to the public. These intrepid navigators 
 penetrated as far as the latitude of eighty-one de- 
 iiiees and thirty-nine minutes, and they were, at 
 one time, enclosed with mountains of ice, and theii* 
 vessels rendereil almost immnveabie lor five days 
 al thehazardof instant destruction . Captain Rid- 
 dle kept a journal of his voyage, which was aftcr- 
 warils lost with him. 
 
 The commenccineni ol the revolution gave a new 
 turn to his pursuits, and he lepaired without delay 
 to the standard of his country. When a rupture 
 heiween Kiiiiland and America appeared inevita- 
 ble, he returned In Philadelphia, and soon alter his 
 arrival, he was appointed to the command of the 
 
 <Jamden galley, fitted for the defence of the Hela- 
 tvare. He found this too inactive a service, and 
 when the lleet was preparing, under Commodore 
 Hopkins, for an expedilion against New Provi- 
 dence, he applied for a command in the lleet, and 
 was immediately appointe.! commaniler of the An- 
 diew Diiri.i, a brig of 14 guns and li^U men. Paul 
 Jones, who was then a lienlenanl, and was going 
 on the expedition, was distinguished by Captain 
 Diddle, and introduced to his irieiids as an officer 
 of merit. 
 
 Before he sailed from the capes of Delaware, an 
 incident occurred, which marked his personal in- 
 trepidity. Hearing that two deserters from his 
 vessel were al Lewistown in prison, an officer was 
 sent on shore for them, but he returned with infor- 
 mation that the two men, with some others, had 
 armed themselves harricadoeil the door, and swore 
 they would not he taken ; that the militia of the 
 town had been sent fio', hut were afraid to open 
 the door, the prisoners threatening to shoot the first 
 man who entered. Captain Riddle immedialely 
 went to the prison, accompanied by a midshipmaii, 
 and calling looneofihe deserters, whose name 
 was Green, a siotit resolute fellow onlered, 
 him to open the door; he replied that he would 
 not, anil if attempted lo eiiier, he would shnoi 
 him. He then ordered llie dour to be fuiced, 
 and entering singly with a pistol in each hand, lie 
 called to (ireeii, who was piepared to fire, and 
 said, " now. (Jreen, if you do not lake good aim, 
 yon are a dead man." Daunted by his manner, 
 their resolution failed, and llie militia coining in 
 secured them. They af'teiwaids declareil to the 
 officer who furnishes ihis accoiiiit, that it was 
 Captain Riddle's look and manner which had awed 
 them into submission, for that they hail ileterinined 
 to kill him as soon as he came into the room. 
 
 Writing from the capes lo his brother, the late 
 Judge Riddle he says, ■■ I know not what may be 
 our fate ; be it, however, what it may, you may 
 rest assured, I will never cause a blush in the 
 cheeks of my friends or countrymen." Soon 
 after they sailed, the sinall-pox broke out and r.i- 
 ged with great violence in the fleet, which was 
 manned chiefly by New Kngland seamen. The 
 humanity of Capt. Riddle, always prompt and ac- 
 tive, was employed on this occasion to alleviate 
 the general (lislress, by all the means in its power. 
 His own ciew, which was from Philadelphia, be- 
 ing secure against the distemper, he took on board 
 great numbers of llie sick from the other vessels. 
 Every part of his vessel I'lis crowded, the long- 
 boat was fitted for their accommodation, and he 
 gave up his own cot to a yining midshipman, on 
 whom he bestowed the greatest attention till his 
 death. In the mean while he slept himself upon 
 the lockers, refusing the repeated solicitations of 
 his olhcers to accept their births. On their arri- 
 val at New Providence, it surrendered without op- 
 position. The crew of the Andrew Doria, from 
 llie crowded situation, became sick, and before she 
 lel't Piovidence, there were not men enough cafia- 
 ble of doing duty to man the boats; Capt. iSiddle 
 visited them every day, and ordered every neces- 
 sary refreshnient, but they continued sickly until 
 they arrived al New London. 
 
 .\lter refilling at New London, Captain Biddle 
 received orders lo proceed oil' the Banks of Ncw- 
 loumlland, in order to intercept the transports 
 and stoieships bound to Boston. Before he reach- 
 ed the banks, he captured two ships from Scotland, 
 with 100 highland troops on board, destined for 
 Boston. Al this time the .\ndrew Doria had not 
 100 men. Lieutenant Josiah, a brave and excel- 
 lent officer', was put on board one of the prizes, 
 with all the highland officers, and ordered to make 
 the first port. Unfortunately, about ten days af- 
 terwards, he was taken by the Cerberus frigate, 
 and on pretence of his being an Englishman, he 
 was ordered to do duly, and extremely ill used. 
 Captain Biddle hearing of the ill treatment of Lieu- 
 tenant Josiah, wrote to the admiral at New York, 
 that, however disagreeable it was to him. he would 
 treat a yoiirii; man of liimily, believed to be 
 son of lord Crastoii, who was then his prisoner, 
 
 44» 
 
 in the manner they treated Lieutenant Josiah 
 He also applied to his own goverrinieni m be- 
 half of this injured officer, and by the pioieeiliiig» 
 of Congress, on the 7lh of Aiigiisl, 17(0, it ap- 
 pears, •• that a letter from flaptaiii Nicholas Bid- 
 dle to the marine commitlee, was laid before Con- 
 gress and read : whereiip Resolved, That (iene- 
 
 ral Washingion he directed to propose an exchange 
 of Lieutenant Josiah, for a lieutenant of the navy 
 of (Jreat Britain ; thai the general reir.onslrale lo 
 lord Howe on the cruel trealment Lieutenant Jo- 
 siah has met with, of which the congress have re- 
 ceived undoubted infoiiuation." Lienlenanl Jo- 
 siah was exchanged, after an iiriprisonmein i,r leu 
 month*. After the capture of llie ships with the 
 highlanders, such was Captain Riddle's a.tiviiy 
 and success in taking prizes, that when he aiiived 
 In the Delaware, he had but five of the crew will, 
 which he sailed from New London, the rest hav- 
 ing been distribiiled among the captured vessels, 
 and their places supplied by men who had eiiieied 
 from the prizes. He had a great number of pri- 
 soners, that, for some days before he got in, lin 
 never left the deck. 
 
 While he was thus indefiiigahly engaged in 
 weakening ilie enemy's power, and "ad\aiicing his 
 country's interest, he was disinterested and geiier- 
 • iis in all that related to his private adv.intage. 
 The brave and woitliy op|)oneiii, whom the chance 
 of war had thrown in his power, fiiiind in him a 
 patron and friend, who on mure than one occasion, 
 was knoun to restore to the vanquished the fruits 
 of victory. 
 
 In the latter end of the year 1776, Capt. Biddio 
 was appoiiiteil In the command ol the Uandolph, 
 a Ingaie of iliiriytwo gnus. With his usual ac- 
 tivity, he employed every exertion lo gel her rea- 
 dy for sea. The difficulty of procuring American 
 seamen at that time, obliged him. in order to man 
 his ship, lo lake a number of Rritish seamen, who 
 were prisoners of war-, and who had requested 
 leave lo enter. 
 
 'I'he Rajidolph sailed from Philadelphia, in Fe- 
 bruary, 1777. ,Soon after she got lo sea, her 
 lower masts were discoveied lo be unsound, and, 
 in a heavy gale of wind, all her masts went by iho 
 board. While they were hearing awav forChailes- 
 ton, the English sailors, with some others of the 
 crew formed a design lo take the ship. When all 
 was ready, ihey gave three cheers im the gun- 
 deck. Ry the dei.-iiled and resolute condiicl of 
 Captain Biddle and his officers, llie rim; leaders 
 were seized and punished, and the rest siihmilted 
 without farther resistance. After refitting at 
 Charleston, as speedily as possible, he saileiron a 
 cruise, and throe days'after he left the bar, he fell 
 ill with four sail of vessels, hound from Jamaica 
 to London. One oftliem, called the True Rrilon, 
 mounted twenty guns. The commander of her, 
 "ho had frequently expressed lo his passengers his 
 hopes of falling in with the Randolph, as soon as ha 
 perceived her, made all the sail he could from her, 
 but finding he could not escape, he hove to, and 
 ke|;t lip a conslanl fire, until the Randolph had 
 bore down upon him, and was preparing for a 
 broadside, when he hauled down his colours. By 
 her superior sailing, the Randolph was enabled lo 
 capture the rest of the vessels, and in one week 
 from the time he sailed from Charleston, Cap- 
 tain Riddle returned there with his prizes, whicU 
 proved lo be very valuable. 
 
 Encouraged by his spirit and success, the state 
 of South Carolina made exertions for fitting out 
 an expedition under his command. His nam<^ 
 and the personal attachment to him, urged foi 
 ward a crowd of volunteers lo serve with him, 
 and in a short time, the ship (ieneral Moultrie, 
 the brigs Fair American, and Polly, and the Notre 
 Dame, were prepared for sea. A oelachmenl of 
 fifty men from the first regiment of .South Caro- 
 lina continental infantry, was ordered lo act as 
 marines on board the Randolph. .Such i- as !lie 
 attachmenl which the honourable and aiir bic de- 
 portment of (Japlain Biddle had impressei, during 
 his stay at Charieslon, and such the iiinliili'in r ••" 
 spired by his professional conduct and valour, thai 
 
446 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 II )ri'>>''>''>l eiiiiihiiioii pvrvailei! the curpa to linvc 
 llie lioiiDiir (>^8«rvill^ iiiiilL-r li'm cuiiiiiiiind. The 
 Kiiir urittiiy, iitierii );eiivriiiis ciiiii|ii'Uliiiii iiiiuiiig 
 the olMcers, wiisdecidHiJ toCii|iUiiii Jour, iiiiil Lwu- 
 tRiiaiil8 Grey iiiiil Siiniii mn, wlmse Kiilliint vuiiiliicl, 
 anil ihiil of their hriivv ilelaehiiii-iii, ihil jiiKiire lo 
 the hi^li chiiriclcr iiflhe rei>iiiient. As soon as 
 the KHiuhil|ili was roruteil, iinil a new inaiiimiist 
 obtained in place of une which had been slrnck 
 with hghtiiing, she drnpt duwii lu Kebelliun Ruadi 
 with her liltle sipiadron. Tlieir intention was to 
 «ttacl( tlie Caryslott I'rifjate, the Perseus twenty- 
 Tour gun ship, the Hiuhinbroult of sixteen guns, 
 ind u privaleer whicli had been cruising oil' the 
 bar, and liad iiiucli annoyed the trade. They 
 were detained a considerable time in Rebellion 
 Roads, after they were ready to sail, by contiary 
 winds, and want of water on the bar for the Ran- 
 dolph. As soon as they got over the bar, they 
 stood to the eastward, in expeciaiiun of falling in 
 with the British cruisers. The next day they re- 
 look a disinasicd ship from New England ; as she 
 had no cari;o on board, they took out her crew, 
 ■ix light guns, and some stores, and set her on 
 fire. Finding that the British shins had left the 
 coast, Ihey proceeded lo the West Indies, and 
 I'ruised to the eastward, and nearly in the latitude 
 of Barbadoes, for some days, during which time 
 they boarded a number of French and Dutch ships, 
 and took an English schooner from New York, 
 bound to (iieiiada, which had mistaken the Ran- 
 dolph for a llritisli frigate, and was taken posses- 
 sion of before the mistake was dicuvered. 
 
 On the night of the 7thofMarch, 1778, the fatal 
 accident occurred, which •erininated the life of this 
 excellent oflicer. For some days previously he 
 hail expected an attack. Captain Blake, a brave 
 officer, who commanded a detachment of the se- 
 cond South Carolina regiment, serving as marines 
 on board the General Moultrie, and to whom we 
 are indebted for several of the ensuing particulars, 
 dined nn board the Randolpli two days before the 
 engagement. At dinner Captain Biddle said, "We 
 have been cruising here for some time, and have 
 ■poken a number of vessels, who will no doubt 
 give information of us, and I should not be sur- 
 prized if my old ship should be out after us. As 
 lo any thing that carries her guns upon one deck, 
 ] think myself a match for her. About 3. P. IM. 
 rit'tlic 7th of March, a signal was made from the 
 
 Randolph for a sail to windward, in consequence 
 of which the squadron hauled upon a wind, in or- 
 der to speak her. It was four o'clock before she 
 could be distinctly seen, when she was discovered 
 to be a ship, though as she neared and came before 
 the wind, she had the appeariiiiceof a large slooi 
 with only a square sail set. About seven o'clock, the 
 Randolph being to windward, hove to ; the Moul 
 trie, being about one hundred and fifty yards astern, 
 and rather to leeward, also hove to. About eight 
 o'clock the British ship fired a shot just ahead of 
 the Moultrie, and hailed her ; the answer was, 
 the Polly, of New York ; upon which she imme- 
 diately hauled her wind, and hailed the Randolph. 
 She was then, for the first lime, discovered to be 
 a two decker. After several questions asked and 
 answered, as she was rangin" up alongside the 
 Randolph, and had got on hei weather quarter, 
 [lieutenant Barnes, of that ship called out, " This 
 is the Randolph," and she immediately hoisted 
 her colours and gave the enemy a broadside. 
 Shortly after the action commenced, Capt. Biddle 
 received a wound in the thigh and fell. This oc- 
 casioned some confusion, as it was first thought 
 that he was killed. He soon, however, ordered a 
 chair to be brought, said that he was only slightly 
 wounded, and being carried forward encouraged 
 the crew. The stern of the enemy's ship being 
 clear of the Randolph, the captain ofthe Moultrie 
 gave orders to fire, but the enemy h.iving shot 
 ahead, so as to bring the Randolph between them, 
 the last broadside of tlie Moultrie went into the 
 Randolph, and it was thought by one of the men 
 saved, who was stationed on the quarter-deck near 
 Capt. Biddle, that he was wounded by a shot from 
 the Moultrie. The fire from the Randolph was 
 constant and well directed. She fired nearly three 
 broadsides to the enemy's one, and she appeared, 
 while the battle lasted, lo be in a continual blaze. 
 In about twenty minutes after the action began, 
 and while the surgeon was examining Capiain 
 Biddle's wound on the quarter deck, the Ran- 
 dolph blew up. 
 
 The enemy's vessel was the British ship Yar- 
 mouth, of sixly-four guns, commanded by Captain 
 Vincent. So closely were they engaged, that Cap- 
 tain Morgan, of the Fair American, and all his 
 crew, thought that it was the enemy's ship that 
 had blown up. He stood for the Yarmouth, and 
 had a trumpet in his hand to hail and inquire how 
 
 Captain Uiddle was, when ho iliHi'iiveri'd his mis- 
 take. Owing to the diHalileil condition of the Yar- 
 inoiilh, the other vessels rHcapeil. 
 
 The cause of the expliision was novel ascer- 
 tained, but it is reniarkiilile that j.isl before he 
 sailed, after the clerk ha.l c 'pied the signals and 
 orders for the armed vesse s that accompanied 
 him, he wrote at the liiot of ilieni, "In case of 
 coming to action in the night be very careful of 
 vonr magazines." The number of persons oo 
 board llie Randolph was three hundred and fifteen, 
 who all perished except four men, who were toss- 
 ed about for four days on a piece of the wreck bo- 
 fore they were discovered and taken up. From 
 the information of two of these men, who were af- 
 terwards in Philadelphia, and of some iniliviiluals 
 in the otiier vessels of tlie squadron, we have beec 
 enabled to stale some particulais of this iinfoitu 
 nate event, in addition lo the accounts given of ii 
 by Dr. Ramsay in his History ofthe Anieriran 
 Revolution, and in his History of the Revolution 
 of South Carolina. In 'lie former work, the his- 
 torian thus concludes his account ofthe action : 
 
 Captain Biddle, who perished on board the Ran 
 dolph, was universally lamenleil. He was in the 
 prime of life, and had excited high expectations 
 of future usefulness to his country, as a bold and 
 skilful naval ofiicer." 
 
 Thus prematurely fell, at the age of twenty-se- 
 ven, as gallant an oflicer .is any coiiiiiry ever 
 boasted of. In the short career which I'roviilence 
 allowed to him, he displayed all those ipialities 
 which constitute a great soldier ; brave to excess, 
 and consummately skilled in liis professsion.— 
 Anier. Bioi;. Die] 
 
 Major Talbot took the British schooner Pigol, 
 of 8 twelve pounders, as she lay on the eastern 
 side of Rhode Island. The major, with a nnnibei 
 of troops on board a small vessel, made directly 
 for the Pigot in the night, and sustaining the fim 
 of her marines, reserved his own till he had run 
 his jib-boom through her fore shrouds. He then 
 fired some cannon, threw in a volley of musketry, 
 loaded with bullets and buckshot, and immediately 
 boarded her. The capiain made a gallant resist- 
 ance but was not seconded by his crew. Major 
 Talbot soon gained undisturbed possession, and 
 jariied ofl" his prize in safely. Congress, as a 
 reward of his merit, preseoted him with the com- 
 mission oflieiileiiant coliiiiel. 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 417 
 
 <ciivi'ri-(l liU inls- 
 (litidii 1)1' llie Vai- 
 I. 
 
 wim tievtM ascer- 
 It j,Ht bclnro he 
 I'll llii! !ii«iiiilH nnd 
 lli:it iiccoiiiimiiied 
 lieni, " 111 ciisoof 
 IB vrry ciirefiil of 
 )cr ()( persniis on 
 iinilrcil mill fil'lfen. 
 Ml, wli" WITC lois- 
 ;« of ihe wi«ck bo- 
 tiikfii ii|i. Vtoia 
 iiu'ii, wild wt-renf- 
 I' HDiiic iiKliviilu.ils 
 ilroii, wp liiive beer. 
 IIH of lliis llllI'lllIU 
 ncounlK KiviMi (if il 
 y of ihe Aiiiiiiniiii 
 
 of till' Rcvciliilioii 
 iiicr work, llii' liif" 
 iiint III' ilii' iirtion : 
 
 on Imaiil tliK Ran 
 lmI. 11c was ill llie 
 
 hinli expeclatioiis 
 ntry, as ii bold and 
 
 le agcoflwcnty-sc- 
 any country ever 
 
 >r which Proviileiice 
 all those (pialitiRa 
 
 ■r ; brave lo excess, 
 
 1 1)19 |irofes9sion.— 
 
 lish schooner Pifiot, 
 lay on the eastern 
 iiajor, with a inmibci 
 esscl, made directly 
 d 9uslaiiiiii(» the fim 
 own till he had run 
 3 shrouds. He theu 
 volley of musketry, 
 hot, and iminedi^tely 
 nade a gallant resist- 
 by his crew. Major 
 bed possession, anil 
 !ty. Conisress, as a 
 il him with the coiii- 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Campaign of 1779. 
 
 TiiRuuaiiouT Ihe year 1779, the British seem 
 10 have aimed nt little more, in the stales to the 
 northward of Carolina, than distress and depreda- 
 tion. Having publicly announced their resolution 
 of making "the colonies of as little avail as pos- 
 sible to their new connexions," they planned sun- 
 dry expeditions, on this principle. 
 
 One of these, consisting of both a naval and land 
 f(ircp, was cu.iimitlcd lo Sir George Collyer and 
 (.ieiieral .Matthews, who made a descent on Vir- 
 <;lnia. They sailed for Portsmouth, and on their 
 arrival look possession of that defenceless town. 
 The remains of Norfolk, on the opposite side of 
 'he river, fell of course into their hands. The 
 \mericans burned some of their own vessels; 
 but others were made prizes by the invaders. The 
 Urilisli guards marched 18 miles in the nighl, and, 
 irriving at Sufl'olk by morning, proceeded to Ihe 
 destruction of vessels, naval stores, and of a large 
 magazine of provisions, which had been deposited 
 in that place. A similar destruction was carried 
 on at Kemp's landing, Shepherd's-gosport, Tan- 
 ner's creek, and other places in the vicinity. The 
 frigates and ai'ined vessels were employed on the 
 lanie business, along the margin of the rivers. 
 Thiee thousand hogsheads of tobacco were taken 
 at Portsmouth. Every house in Sullblk was 
 burnt, except the church, and one dwelling house 
 The houses of several private gentlemen in the 
 country shared the same fate. Above 130 vessels 
 were either destroyed or taken. All that were 
 upon Ihe stocks were burned, and every thing re 
 alive to the building or filling of ships was either 
 carried od'or destroyed. After demolishing Fori 
 Nelson, and setting fire lo the store-houses, and 
 other public buildings in the dock-yard at (Jos 
 port, the Brilish embarked from Virginia, and re- 
 turned with their prizes and booty safe lo New 
 Vork, in the same month in which they had left il. 
 This expedition into Virginia, distressed a number 
 of its inhabitants, and enriched the Brilish forces, 
 btit was of no real service lo the royal cause. It 
 was presumed, that, by involving the citizens in 
 losses and distress, they would he brought to re- 
 flect on the advaniaefs of submitting to a power, 
 against which they had not the means of defend- 
 ing themselves: but the temper of the times was 
 unfavourable to these views. .Such was Ihe high 
 toned state of the American mind, that properly 
 had comparatively lost its value. It was fashion- 
 able to suH'er in the cause of independence. Some 
 hearty whigs gloried in their losses with as much 
 pride as others gloried in their possessions. The 
 Brilish, supposing the Americans to be influenced 
 by the considerations which bias men in the lan- 
 guid scenes of tranquil life, and not reflecting on 
 the sacrifices which enthusiastic patriotism is will- 
 ing lo make, proceeded in their schemes of dis- 
 tress : but the more extensively they carried on 
 
 (his mode of warfare, the more obstacles they cre- 
 ated lo the re-union of the empire. 
 
 In about five weeks after the termination of the 
 expedition to Virginia, a similar one was projected 
 against the exposed margin of Connecticut. Gov. 
 Tryon was appointed to the command of about 
 !2tiOO land forces, employed on this business, and 
 lie was supported by (jeneral Garth. Thctrai sports 
 which conveyed these troops, were covered by a 
 suitable number of armed vessels, commanded by 
 Sir (ieorgo Collyer. They proceeded from New 
 Vork, by the way of Hell-gate, and landed at East 
 Haven. Tlie royal commanders made an address 
 to Ihe inhabitants, in which they invited ihem to 
 return to their duty and allegiance, and promised 
 protection lo all who should remain peaceably in 
 their usual place of residence, except the civil and 
 military ofificers of the government. It also stated, 
 ' that their property lay within the grasp of that 
 power, wliosc lenity had persisted in its mild and 
 noble eflbrts, though branded with the most unwor- 
 thy imputation ; that the existence of a single 
 house, on their defenceless coast, ought lo be a 
 const:inl reproof of their ingratitude; thai they, 
 who l:>y so much in Ihe Brilish power, atl'otdcd a 
 striking monument of their mercy, and therefore 
 ought to set the first example of returning to their 
 allegiance." 
 
 One of the many addresses, from which the 
 above extract is taken, was sent by a flag to Colo- 
 nel Whiting, of the militia near Fairfield. The 
 colonel was allowed an hour, for his answer; but 
 he had scarcely time to read il, before the town was 
 in flames. He nevertheless returned the follow- 
 ing answer: "Connecticut, having nobly dared to 
 lake up arms against ihe cruel despotism of Great 
 Britain, and the flames having preceded the an- 
 swer to your flag, they will persist lo oppose to 
 the utmost the power exerted against injured in- 
 nocence." The British marched from their land- 
 ing lo New Haven. The town on their entering 
 il, was delivered up to promiscuous plunder, a few 
 instances of protection excepted. The inhabitants 
 were stripped of their household furniture and 
 other moveable properly. The harbour and wa- 
 ter side were covered with feathers, which were 
 discharged from opened beds. An aged citizen, 
 who laboured under a natural inability of speech, 
 had his tongue cut out by one of the royal army. 
 After perpetrating every species of enormity, but 
 that ofburning houses, ihe invaders suddenly reem- 
 baiked and proceeded by water lo Fairfield. Tlie 
 militia of that plane and the vicinity, posted them- 
 selves at the court-house green, and gave consider- 
 able annoyance to them, as they were advancing, 
 but soon retreated to the back of the town. Ou 
 the approach of Ihe Brilish, the town was evacu- 
 ated by most of its inhabilanls. A few women 
 remained, with the view of saving their property. 
 They imagined that their sex would protect them. 
 They also reposed confidence in an enemy who had 
 been formerly famed for humanity and politeness; 
 but theybitlerlyrepented their presuinption-Parties 
 
 of Ihe royal army entered the deserted hnustM 
 of the inhabitants: broke open desks, trunks, clo- 
 sets and chests, and took every thing of value that 
 came in their way. They robbed the vviiiiien of 
 their buckles, rings, bonnets, apriins anil handker- 
 chiefs. They abused them with the foulest lan- 
 guage, threatened their lives, and presented the 
 bayonets to their breasts. A sucking infant was 
 plundered of part of iis clothing, while the iiayo- 
 iiel was p'esented lo the breast of its mother. 
 Towards evening, ihey began lo burn llie hoi:ses, 
 which they had previously plundered. The women 
 begged General Tryon lo spare the town. ,Mr. 
 .Sayre, the episcopal niinisler, who had siillVreil 
 fur his attachment lo the royal cause, joined the 
 women in their requests : but their joint siipplica 
 lions were ilisregariled. They then begucd, that 
 a few houses might be spareil liir a general shelter. 
 This was at first denied: but at lenutli Tryon con- 
 sented to save the buildings of iMr. Burr and of 
 Mr. Klliol, anil also that the hmises lor public 
 worship should be spared. After his ilepariure on 
 the next morning with the main hmly, the rear 
 guard consisiing of German yeacers set lire to 
 every thing which Tryon had spared ; but on their 
 departure ihc inhabilanls extinguished the flames, 
 and saved some of the houses. The militia were 
 joined by numbers from the coiinliy, who succes- 
 sively came in lo their aid ; but Ihey were loo few 
 lo make efl'eclual opposition. 
 
 The British in this excursion, also burned F.asI 
 Haven, and the greatest part of (ireen's I'arnis, and 
 Ihe flourishing town of Norwalk. A considerable 
 number of ships, cither finished or on ihe storks, 
 with whale-boats, and a large amount of stores and 
 merchandize, were destroyed. Partiriilar ac- 
 counts of these devastations were, in a short lime, 
 transmitted by authority to Congress. By these 
 il appeared, that there were burnt at Norwalk, two 
 houses of public worship, SO dwelling houses, 87 
 barns, 22 stores, 17 shops, 3 mills, and Ct vessels: 
 and at Fairfield, two houses of publi' worship, 1,5 
 dwelling houses.ll barns, and several stores. There 
 were, at the same lime, a number of certificates 
 transmitted lo General Washington, in which sun- 
 dry persons of veracity bore witness on oath lo va- 
 rious acts of brutality, rapine and cruelty, com 
 milted on aged persons, women and prisoners. 
 Congress, on receiving satisfactory attestation ol 
 the ravages of the British, in this and other simi- 
 lar expeditions, resolved ; " To direct their rna- 
 rine committee to take the most efleciual mea- 
 sures, to carry into execution their manifesto of 
 October 30lh. 1778, by burning or destroying the 
 towns belonging the enemy in Great Britain or the 
 the West Indies:" but their resolve was never car- 
 ried into eflcct. 
 
 The elder citizens of the United States, who 
 had grown up with habits of love and atiachment 
 to the British nation, felt Ihe keenest sensations 
 of regret, when they contrasted the years 1759 
 and 1779. The former was their glory, when in 
 the days of their youth, they were disposed to 
 
448 
 
 HISTORV OF THE 
 
 bnam nl' lliR luiniiiirn nl' tlirir coininon iiiiinlry : 
 hui the liilK-r lilli'il llii-m wiiii ilinticii'), mil nnly 
 fur ivliiil tlicy NiilVi'ri'd, lint liir tin' ili'izriiiliilidii iif 
 n riiiiniiy liirv rpvpri'cl m lliR niilal hhII nf tlipjr 
 fiirpnuliprH. 'I'liP line ennolileil the Hrithli name 
 Willi ihi'CiinqncNl (il'Cniwn I'liini, Oswi'un, Miin- 
 treal, Qiii'Imm!, iiimI the wIioIb province of Cinaila. 
 The utiirrwnii reniarknble only fur the burning of 
 magnzinm, ntnre-hniiitri, (lock-yiirdt, the towns of 
 Kiiirfield iind Norwalk, nnd for the general distress 
 of H defenceless (leiisantry. 
 
 The (ires mid deitruciion which iiccoinpnnied 
 this exiwdilion, were severely censured by the 
 Anieiiciins, and a|iiilo)(ispd for by the liritish in 
 n very iinsatisliiolury manner. The latter, in llieir 
 vindication, '.illeKeil that the houses which they 
 hail burned gave shelter to the Americans, while 
 (hey lired I'riimlheni, and oD other occasions con- 
 cealed iheir retreat. 
 
 Tryon, who was ii civil governor as well as a 
 general, unilertiink the justification of the measure, 
 on jitinciplesof policy. " 1 shiiiild be very sorry," 
 said he, "if the destruction of these villages would 
 he thought less reconcilenble with humanity, than 
 the love of my country, my duty to the king, 
 and the laws of arms. The usurpers have pro- 
 fessedly placed llieir hopes, of severing the em- 
 pire, in avoiding decisive actions; upon the waste 
 of the Uritish treasures ; and upon the escape of 
 their own properly, during the protraction of the 
 war. Their power is siipporteii. by the general 
 dread of their tyranny nnd threats, pracilseil to 
 inspire * credulous multitude, with a presumptu- 
 ous confidence In our forbearance: 1 wish to de- 
 tent ihis delusion." These devastations were the 
 subject ol an elegant poem, written on the spot, a 
 few days afterwards, by Colonel Ilumphieys. 
 
 While the British were proceeding in these de- 
 solaling operations, Washington was called upoo 
 for continental (roups ; hut he could spare very 
 few. He durst nut detacli largely ; as he appre- 
 hended that one design of the British in these 
 uiovements was, to draw off a proportion of his 
 army frum West Point, to favour an intended at- 
 tack on thai iinpurtnnt post. General Parsons, 
 ilioiigh closely connected with Connecticut, and 
 tliiiugh, frum his small force, he was unable to 
 make successful opposition to the invaders, yet, 
 instead of pressin/; IJeneral Washington for a large 
 dclachmeiit of continental troops, wrote to him as 
 follows: '-The British may probably distress the 
 'oiintiy exceedingly, by the ravages they will 
 cumiiiii : but I would rather see all the towns on 
 the coast of my country in llaines, than that the 
 enemy should possess West Point. 
 
 The inhabitants fcarea much more than tliey 
 sulfered. 'I'liey expected that the whole margin 
 of ll .'Ir coiintiy, 120 miles in extent, would sutler 
 the late of Fairfield and Norwalk. The season 
 of the year added much to their diflicullies; as 
 the clos, ttenliiin of the farmers to their harveit- 
 mg could iiot lie iimilled, without ha'/.ardlng llicii 
 eiibslslence. These fears were not nf lun>> diira- 
 tiun. In abuut ten days after the laiidint; of the 
 British truups, nn urder was issued for their im- 
 mediate return to New York. This they elVected, 
 ill a short time, and with a loss so inconsiderable, 
 that, in the whole expedition, it did nut exceed 
 one hundred and filly men. 
 
 While the Briiisii were successfully making 
 these desultory operations, the American army 
 was incapable of cuve-ing the country. The fur- 
 iiier, by means of their superior marine force, hav- 
 ing ihe conmand of the numerous rivers, bays, 
 and harbours of Ihe United Stales, had it in their 
 power to make descents, where they pleased, with 
 nn expedition that could not be ecpialled by the 
 American land forces. H.id Washington divided 
 his army, conformably to the wishes of the invad- 
 ed citizens, he would have subjected his whole 
 force to be cut up in detail. It was therefore his 
 uniform practice, to lisk no more by way of cover- 
 ing the country, than was consistent with the ge- 
 neral safely. 
 
 Ills arm,y was posted at some distance from 
 
 llrilish head i|iiarleis in New York, and uii biilh 
 sides of the Norili Itiver. The rear thereof, con- 
 sisling ol :III0 inlaiilry and lAU cavalry, under the 
 I oiiioiaoil ol I 'iiluni'l Aiiiliiiiiy Walton While, pa- 
 liulled ciiiisiaiitly, lor several munllis in front of 
 llie llrilisli liiiOM, and kepi a cuiistaiil walchontlie 
 .Sound, and on the Norlli lllvcr. This cotpa, hail 
 sundry skirmishes with parties nf the British, and 
 WIS particularly useful In checking their excur- 
 sions, and in procuiing nnd communicating intel- 
 ligence of their movements. 
 
 About this lime. General Putnam, who had been 
 slationed with a respectable coiiiinand at Heading, 
 ill Connecticut, when on a visit to his out-pust, at 
 Horse-Neck, was attacked by Governor Tryon, 
 with about l,'>UOinen. General Putnam had only n 
 pic<|uet of 150 men and twolrun Aeld pieces, with- 
 out horses or drag-ropes. He however planted 
 his cannon on the high ground, near the meeting- 
 house, and, by seveial fires, retarded the advanc- 
 ing enemy, and conlinued to make opposition, till 
 he perceived the enemy's hoise, sup|iorled by the 
 Inlaniry, was about to charge. General Putnam, 
 after oiileilng the picket to provide for their safe- 
 ty, by retiring to a swamp inaccessible In horse, 
 plunged down the precipice at the church. This 
 is so sleep as lu have artificial stairs, composed of 
 neatly uDe hundred stonesieps, fortlieuccommu- 
 daliuii uf lout-passengers. The draguuns stopped 
 short, wilhoiil veniuring down the abrupt declivi- 
 ty, and bcfure they got round the brow of the hill, 
 Puiiiam was far eiioiigh beyond their reach. Of 
 the many balls that were fired at him, all missed 
 except one, which went Ihroiigh his hat. He pro- 
 ceeded to .Stamford, and having ^tri'OgilieiiiMl Ins 
 picquet with some iiiililia, faced about, and pursu- 
 ed Gov. Tryon on his return. 
 
 [Israel Plt.nam, a major-general in Ihe army 
 of the United Stales, was bom at Halem, Massa- 
 chusetts, January 7, 1718. His mind was vigor- 
 ous, but it was never cultivated by education. 
 When he for the first time went to Boston, he was 
 insulted lor his rnsliciiy by a boy of twice his 
 size. After bearing his sarcasms until his good 
 nature was entirely exhaiisled, he attacked and 
 vanquished Ihe nnmaiinerly fellow, to the great 
 diversion of a cruwd of spectators. In running, 
 leaping, and wresllin:;. he almost always bore 
 away the prize. In 1739, he removed to Pom- 
 fret, in Connecticut, where he cultivated a con- 
 siderable tract of land. He had, however, to en- 
 counter many dilficiilties, anil among his troubles, 
 the depredations o( wolves on his sheep-fold was 
 not the least. [ii one niuir seventy fine sheep and 
 goals were killed. A she wolf, who, with her annual 
 whelps, had for several years inlesled the vicinity, 
 being considered as the principal cause of the ha- 
 voc, Mr. Piiliiam entered into a combination with 
 a number uf his neiglibuiirs tu hunt alleriiately, till 
 iliey sliuuld destroy her. At leiiijth the huiinds 
 druve her iiilo her den, and a miinber of persons 
 soon collected wiili 1:1111s, straw, fiic, and sulphur, 
 to attack the common enemy. Hut the dogs were 
 afraid to appiuarh her, ami the fumes ufhrimsioiie 
 could not force her from the cavern. It was now 
 •en o'clock at niiiht. Mr. Piiliiain proposed to his 
 black servant lu descend intu the cave, and shoot 
 the wolf; but as the netro (leclined, he resiilveil 
 to do it himself. Having ilivesied himself of his 
 coat and waistcoat, and liavina a long rope fasten- 
 ed round his legs, by which he iiiiuht be pulled 
 back :it a concerted signal, he entered the cavern, 
 head furemosi, with a blazing torcli, maue of strips 
 uf biicli bark, in his hand. He desceniled fifteen 
 feet, passed alun<! horizontally ten fee', and then 
 began the gradual ascent, which is sixteen feet In 
 length. He slowly proceeded nn his hanits nnil 
 knees, in an abode which was silent as the house 
 of death. Cautiously glancing forwards, he dis- 
 covered the glaring eye-balls of the wolf, who 
 started at the sight of his torch, gnashed herteelh, 
 and gave a sullen growl. He !'nmediately kicked 
 the rope, and was drawn out with a friendly cele- 
 rity, and violence, which not a little bruised him. 
 Loading hUgun with Dine buck shot, and carrying 
 
 I it III one hand, while he lielu ihe torch with the 
 Jollier, lie descended, a second time, Ashe np- 
 proai'lieil the wolf, she howled, lolliil her eyes, 
 snappeil her teeth, dropped her lie.id liilueio liri 
 legs, and was evidently on the point of npiingiiig 
 at him. At this momeiit he fired at her lii'ail. and 
 sunn found himsell ijrawn out of ilic iiiu'. Hav- 
 ing lefieshed himself, he again deHCenileil, and 
 seized the wulf by her ears, kicked ihe rop*', and 
 his companions above, with no small exidiaiinn, 
 dragged ihciii both out together. 
 
 JJuring the French war ho was appoinlcil In 
 commund a company of the first troops uliirli 
 were raised In Connecticul, in n,'!!. He leniler- 
 
 ed much service to the army in the neighbonil I 
 
 of Crown Point. In H.^, while near Ticoiide- 
 roga, he was rcpeaiedly in the most immineni din- 
 ger. He escaped In an adventure of one niglii 
 witll twelve bullet-holes in his blanket. In Au- 
 gust he was sent oul with several hundred 1 In 
 
 watch the motions of the enemy. Being anibiis- 
 cailed by a party of equal numlieis, a general, lint 
 irregular actioo took place. Putnam had dischar- 
 ged his fusee several limes, but at length il missed 
 lire while its muzzle was presented to the breast of 
 a savage. The warrior with his lilied hatchet, 
 and a tremendous war-whoop, compelled him to 
 surrender, and then bound him to a tree. In the 
 course of Ihe action the parties cliaiigeil ihcir po- 
 
 sitii 1 as to bring this tree directly belweeii 
 
 them. The balls Hew by liini incessan'ily ; many 
 stiuck the tree, and some passed throngli his 
 clothes. The enemy now gained possession of 
 Ihe ground, but being afterwards driven from the 
 field, Ihey carried llieir prisoners with tliein. At 
 night he was stripped, and n fire was kiinlled 10 
 roast him alive. For this piiipose ihey led him 
 into a dark forest, stripped liiin naked, and bound 
 him to a tree, and piled dry brush, with otliei fuel, 
 at a small distance, in a circle round him. They 
 accompanied iheir labours, as if for his fimeial 
 dirge, with screams and sounds iniiniiable bin by 
 savage voices. They then sot the piles on fire. 
 A sudden shower damped the rising flame. Still 
 they strove to kindle it; at last the blaze ran 
 fiercely round the circle. Major Putnam suun be- 
 gan to feel the scorching heal. His hands were 
 so lied that he could move his body. He ufien 
 shifted sides as the fire approached.' This sight, 
 at Ihe very idea uf which, all but savages must 
 shudder, affurded the highest divers'" 'i tu his in- 
 human tormentors, who deinunstraled the delirium 
 of Iheir joy by cortespondenl yells, dances, and 
 gesticulations. He saw clearly thai his final hour 
 was inevitably come. He summoned all his reso- 
 luliiin, and composed his mind, so far as the cit- 
 cuinstances could admit, lu bid an eternal farewell 
 to all he held most dear. Toqiiiithe world would 
 scarcely have cost him a single pang; but fiirihe 
 idea of home, but for the remembranre of domes- 
 tic endearments, of the afVeclionale partner of his 
 soul, and uf their beluved offspring. His thought 
 was ultimately fixed on ahappiersiatc ofexislence, 
 beyond the turliires ho was beginning to endure. 
 The billerness of death, even of that death whicMi 
 is accompanied with Ihe keenest agonies, was, in 
 a manner, past : nature, with a feeble siriiggle, 
 was quitting its last hold on siiblimary things, 
 when a French officer rushed ihrough the crowd, 
 opened a way by scattering the burning brands, 
 and unbound the victim. It was Molang liimself 
 to whom a savage, unwilling to see another hu- 
 man victim immolated, had run and cninmunicaled 
 the tidings. That commandant spurned and se- 
 verely reprlmandeil the barbarians, whose noctur- 
 nal powwas and hellish orgies he suddenly ended 
 Putnam did not want fur feeling or gratitude. 
 The French coinmander, fearing to trust him alone 
 with ihem, remained till he could safely deliver 
 him Into the hands of his master. 
 
 The savage approached his prisoner kindly, and 
 seemed In treat him with pariicniar anectioii. He 
 offered him some hard biscuit ; but finding that he 
 could not chew them on account of the blow he 
 had received from Ihe Frenchman, Ihis more hu- 
 
 -*ii^«Sfcv 
 
 HCiiSiSSSOEE^GS 
 
UNITRD STATKS. 
 
 no 
 
 wiin ii|i|Hiiiili'>l III 
 rsl lri><i|w uliii'li 
 IT)'), lit! leiiilcr- 
 lie iie'iuhliiiiiilicKiil 
 le iiPiir 'riccinili'- 
 KiHl iiiiiniiii'nl iliii- 
 me III mil' iimlii 
 liliiiiln'i. Ill All- 
 ill liiiiiilrril iiii'ii III 
 y, liciiiK iiiiilmH- 
 I'lrt, II )(*'ii<'i''<l< lull 
 iliiiiiii liiiilillHcliiir- 
 III lenclli ll iiUHNPil 
 pil III llipliri'iiHl III 
 m liltril li:ili'lif>t, 
 roiii|irlli'il liiiii III 
 
 Id II tri'p. Ill ilii' 
 c)iiiii|ii'il ilii'ir |iii- 
 
 iliiiMliv lirlwci'ii 
 inoi'siiiiiiily ; iniiiiy 
 iLtst'il lliriiiiuli liiii 
 iii'il |iiiHS(>ii*tii)n (ll* 
 U ilrivt'ii (Viiiii llifi 
 m with lliriii. Al 
 lire w:iH kimlli'il m 
 |i(iHP llipy It'll liliii 
 I iiiikeil, iiiiil hiiiiiiil 
 
 sll, Willi IllllIM I'llfl, 
 
 roiiiiil liiiii. Tlii'V 
 if fur liis riiiii'iiil 
 A iniininililv liiil liy 
 till! |iIIhs (III llri'. 
 risirii> lliiiiic. Still 
 :ist tliP lilii/i' I'lin 
 ir Piiiiiiim siiiiii be- 
 llis liiiiiils wi're 
 I Imily. lie (il'teii 
 ilieil.' This siiihi, 
 but iiiiv:i);r!i iiiiiHt 
 [||vi<is''ii Id Ills iii- 
 ilnilud theilcliriiiiii 
 yells, (l;iiii'Rs, and 
 ihni his fhial liniii 
 inoiipil all his rcsii- 
 I, 911 far as llio cii- 
 aii eleinal farpwcll 
 uiltlin worlil wiiiilil 
 e |iaiii{ ; bill fur lliR 
 iiibraiicc (if ihiiiics- 
 inalc |iarliii'r uf his 
 iiii;. His thiiii|i;ht 
 T stale ofpxistciice, 
 t:iiiiiitig In eiiiliire. 
 )f that (lealh which 
 SI aiiiiiiies, was, in 
 » ItM'bIc slriiaulL', 
 subliinary things, 
 hriiiieh the criiwd, 
 m liiirninK bianils, 
 lis Molaiig iiiiiisi'lf 
 see niKitlier Inl- 
 and eninniiiiiiealed 
 It s|iiiriieil and se- 
 jiis, whiise ndcuii- 
 lie suddenly ended 
 ■linis or graliliiile. 
 ig to trust him aliine 
 ould safely deliver 
 I. 
 
 irisdner kindly, and 
 iMilar alTectinn. He 
 but findin:; thai he 
 unl of the blow he 
 man, this more hu- 
 
 iimnn savaue snaked snme nf the liiHciill In water, 
 iind iiiiide liiiii Hiick llie |iiil|i liKe jiail. Di'li'iiiiiii- 
 cil, linwevrr, mil In biii' liH r.i|ilin', llii' ni'irsli 
 lili'iil lirinu liiiislii'il. III' liiiik llii' Miiirr cisiii'i 1111111 
 Ins feel, iiiiil lli'il ihi'iii In iiiii' iil his ivii',1^; llirii 
 iJircL'linK liliii III lie iliiwn nil Ins liiirk nil llir h:iri' 
 l>riiiiiiil, liii siri'ti'lii'il dill' arm In ils liill Icniilli, 
 and liniinil it last In a ynnnu lice : the nllier arm 
 was exlcniled and liiinnd in the sanie mainn'r: his 
 loiis were Mlrelched apart, and lastencd In twii 
 Ha|iliii;;s, 'I'lieii a niiinliir nf (all, lint slrndei 
 pnli'S well! (lit iliiwn, »hli'li, with Hnine Inni: 
 hushes, were laiil aeriisn his liiidy IVnin head Id liinl : 
 dn each side lay as many Indians as Cdiild eiinvi'' 
 niently find liidiiini;, in iiriler In |irevi'iit the iidssl- 
 liiliiy nf his eiea|ii'. Ill this disaf;M'i'alile and 
 |iaiiilnl |iiislure he remained till nidrmiiL:. Dnrini; 
 the liiulit, the Iniinesl and must dieaiy en 1- 
 ceivalile, niir hern used tii relate thai he fell a 
 r ly nf clieerfnlness eniiie easnally airnss his iniiid, 
 and ennlil iinl even rel'rain Inim smiling when he 
 M'lleeleil (in this liidienius ;!i'nii|i for a |iaiiiter, (if 
 <vhii'li he himself was the inineipal liunre. 
 
 'I'lie next day he was alliiwi!il his blanket and 
 inucuasins, and |iermilleil In inari'h willinnl rar- 
 lyini; any |iaek, iir ri'oeiviiiK any insult. 'I'd allay 
 his eMreinc hniiKer, a little bear's meal was Kiveii, 
 wlnrh III! siirked iliiiiiii>h his teeih. Atnii'lilthe 
 parly arrived al 'rienniler(it>a, and the prisnner was 
 plaied under the care nf a h'reneh uiiard. 
 
 The sa"ai!es, wlin had been pievenled frniii 
 Clnlliiii: tlii'ir diabiilieal thirst fur liliidd, tniik this 
 ii|ipiirlLii.j '' i'( iiianileslin); their malevnlence I'nr 
 the din < iiiinienl, by hiirrid iirlmaces and antiry 
 (•esliiie^, lit they were sull'ered iiii mure Id oiler 
 vinli'iice (ir peiNdtial indiifiiily In him. 
 
 Aller liavini! been examined liy the .Marquis de 
 Miinlealiii, iMajiir I'lilnaiii was lundiieieil In .Mini- 
 treal by a Kreneh dDieir, wlin treated him with 
 the lireatest inilnlueiK^e and lininaniiy. 
 
 Al this plaee were sever. il piisnners. C'nlnncl 
 I'eier Schuyler, rem irkalile fur his philanlhrdpy, 
 );eiiernsily and friendship, was nf the niimlier. Nn 
 sooner had he lie.ird of .Major I'ulnam's airival, 
 llian he went In the Inierpreter's (|uarlei's, and in- 
 (piired whether he ha. I a prnvineial iiiajor in his 
 cuslddy. He fnund .^^ajllr I'litnani in a cniiifiirl- 
 less condilidn, without coal, waisieoat, or hose ; 
 the lemnant nf his elnthini; mispiably dirty and 
 r lilL'ed, his beard liint; and sipialid, his lei;s torn 
 by lliorns and briers, his face Hashed with niiiinds, 
 and swnlleii with bruises, ('oliinel .Schuyler, ir- 
 ritated beyniid all sull'erencc at such a sit;lit, entilil 
 scarcely restrain his speech within limiis cnnsist- 
 I'lit with the pindeiico nf a prisnner, and the meek- 
 ness nf a christian. Major I'litnani was immeili- 
 alely treated accnrdiii!; In his rank, clnthed in a 
 decent manner, and supplied with iiinney by this 
 lilieral and synipailietic patriin of the distressed ; 
 and by his assistance he was sunn after exchan'.;e(l. 
 When (ieneral Amherst was marchinsacrnss the 
 coniilry to (janada, the army comiiii; to due nf the 
 likes, which they were nliliiied tii pass, Iniiiid the 
 l''reiieli had an armed vessi'l ol' twelve nuns upon 
 it. lie was in i;re.it distress, his boats were ni 
 inaleh for her, and she alone was capable of sink 
 Ini; his whole army in tliil siiuatiiin. While hi 
 was pnnderin^ wiiat should be done, Putnam 
 Cdinesto him. and says, "(ieneral, iliat ship must 
 be taken." '• .\y," says Amherst, " 1 would i;ive 
 the world she was taken." " I'll take her," says 
 Putnam. Amherst smiled, and a>ked hnw ? "(iive 
 me some wedges, a beetle, (a laiue wooden ham 
 mer, or maul, used for driving v edges,) and a few 
 men of my own chdiee." Amherst cniild nnt cnn- 
 ceivu hnw an armed vessel was Id be taken by 
 four or five men, a beetle and wedijes. However, 
 he granted Putnam's request. When night came, 
 Putnam, w'nh his materials and men, went in a 
 boat under the vessel's stern, and In an instant 
 drove in the wedijes between the rudder and ship, 
 and left her. In the moriiin:;, the sails were seen 
 lluttering abnut; she was adrift in the iniilille of 
 the lake; and being presently blown aiihoic, was 
 easily lakeu. " . . 
 
 SO 
 
 At the pommeiicpiiienl of hnsliliiies between the 
 inliimi's and the niiillii't rniiiiliv. I 'nliiiii'l I'iiIimmi. 
 on lii'.iiiii'.:ii, llii' baillr al l.i'Miiuiiiii.ji ll liK ijInii^Ii 
 III the iniilil' III till' lii'ld, anil luiliiiiil liiaiiuiiiu 
 Ins I'Idlhcs, repaired In I '.iinliinl je. ri ':iilt in a siii- 
 ule day line liiiiidred iiiili's. He nas hiiiiii iippiniil' 
 ed a in.ijiii ucneial in ih" |iriivm(ial army, and re- 
 tiirnnig in ('iiiiiieilii iil, he inudu no delay in bring- 
 ing (III a bully III iKKips. 
 
 Aiiiong nllier examples nf patrlntism that might 
 lie lelated, the fnlliiwing is Iriiiii a living »ilne»i. 
 
 le day that the repot I 'il the hallle nf Lixingliiii 
 reached ll.iinslable, a company nf liiiliHa inimedl- 
 ately asseinlded and man lied olf In ('.imliriilge. 
 In llie hunt tank tlieie was a yiinni; man, the moii 
 nf a respectalile laiiner, and his nnly eliild. In 
 marching linni the village, as they passed his 
 liiiu>ie, he came nut In ineet them. There was a 
 mnmenlaiy halt. 'I'lie ilium and life paused liir 
 an insianl. The father, suppressing a strung and 
 evident eniolion, said, "(ioil be with you all, my 
 friends! and, .liihii, if ynii, my sun, ate called 
 iiiln battle, take care that yiiii behiive liki! a mun, 
 nr else let me never see your face again!" A 
 tear started into every eye, and the march was 
 resumed. 
 
 Not long after his appnintnienl, the Cdiiimander 
 nf the llritlsh army, iiiiM'illliig that sn valuable an 
 ofVieer sliiiiild act ill (ippiiMlinii, piivalely eniivey- 
 ed In him a pinpnsal, thai If he would qiiil I he rebel 
 party, he might rely nil being made a majdrgeiie- 
 ral in the llritlsh establishment, and receiving a 
 great pecuniary ciiinpensalinn for his services; 
 lull he spurned the oiler. On the Kith nf .liine, 
 I7'7''i, it was di'lermineil, in a council of war, at 
 which (ieneral Putnam assisted, that a lortilied 
 post should be established at, or near Hunker's 
 Hill, (ieneral Putnam niarelied with the lirst il' - 
 tachment, and cummenced the work : he was the 
 principal agent nr engineer wlin traced the lines nl 
 the redoubt, and he conliniieil most, if not all the 
 night, with the wnikinen; at any rate, he was nn 
 (he spot before sun-rise in the mnriiiiig. and had 
 taken his stalinn nn the lop nf Itiinker's Hill, and 
 participated in the danger, as well as the glory of 
 that day. 
 
 When the army wasorgani/.ed by (ieneralWnsh- 
 ingtnn al (lamliridge, (ieneral Putnam was appninl- 
 ed Id cnmmand the reserve. In Aug. I?7(i, he was 
 slatinned al lirnnklyn, nn Lung Island. After the 
 del'eat nf dur army, im the :i7tli nf that ninnth, he 
 went to New-Vdrk, and was very serviceable in 
 the city and neiiililiiiurhood. In DcKiber or Nn- 
 veniber, he was sent In Philadelphia to lorlify that 
 city. In .lanuary, 1777, he was directed to take 
 post at Princetnn, where heenntinued iiiilil spring. 
 .\t this place, a sick prisnner, a captain, reipiesled 
 that a friend in the Itrilish army at lirunswick. 
 iiiighl be sent fur. In assist him in making his will. 
 Putnam was perplexed. He had but (ifiy in 'ii 
 under his cnmmaiid, and did nut wish In have his 
 weakness known: bill yet he was unwilling to 
 deny the reipiest. He, however sent a (lag id 
 truce, aii.l diiectcd the nUieer 10 be brmmlit in the 
 niaht. In the evening, lights were placed in all 
 the college windoivs, and 111 every aparlnieiit of 
 the vacant hniises tlirdiiulinut the tnwn. The of- 
 ficer, on his return, if ported, that (ieneral Put- 
 nam's army could nnt cnnsist of less tlian four iir 
 five thousand men. In the spring, he was ap- 
 pnintid Id the enmmand uf a sepiiace army, in the 
 higlilan.ls df New Yiirk. One Palmer, a lieuten- 
 ant in the lory new levies, was delected in the 
 camp: (iovernor 'I'ryon reclaimed him as a liritish 
 ollicer, threatening vengeance if he was not re- 
 stored. General Putnam wrote the fullowing pithy 
 reply : 
 
 " Sin. 
 
 " Nathan Palmer, a lieutenant in your king's 
 I service, was taken in my camp as a spy; he was 
 
 tiled :is a spy ; he was ciindemned as a spy ; and 
 
 he shall be iianged as a .spy. 
 I " IsuAi:t. Putnam." 
 
 I " P. S. Afieruoou, lie is hanged." 
 
 After the loss nf fort .Mnnlgninery, thp roiii. 
 maiidrr III clni'l ili'li'iimnrd In liiiild aniilher fur- 
 iilK .iliiin, and he iliiei led (iiiieial Piiln.im to fix 
 nil a split. Til him lielnngs the praise ol h.iving 
 eliosen West Pnint. The eanipaign nf l<7;>, 
 which w.is priiii'ipally spent in slietiglheniii;; lli» 
 wiiiks at this pfii e, liiiislu'd ilie mililaiy career 
 III I'litnani. A pai.ilylic all'i'ctinn impaneil lliu 
 activity of his lindy, and he passed the remainder 
 nf his il.iy . in ri Ineini'iil, lelaiiiing his relish fnr 
 eiijiiymenl, his Inve nl pleasantry, his slrength uf 
 ineninry, and all the l.icullies nl his mind. 
 
 He died at lliiiiiMiiie, ('nniieclicul, iMay '£), 
 i'l'M, ayed sevenlylwo yeais. 
 
 /I'l't'i/.i' Amrr, liinr, Ihi'.] 
 
 The campaign of l(7'.l, though baiien of nil- 
 piiriaiil events, was disiinguislied by line of the 
 iiiiisl gall. ml eiitirpiisi's, winch Innk place in the 
 course III llie war. This was the caplnie nl .Stu- 
 
 neyPiiuit nn tlii! Ninth river, (li al Wayne, 
 
 wliii had Ihe hiinoiii nf cniidilcting this enlerpiisp, 
 at liodii, nil the l.'illi nf .Inly, set out at the head of 
 
 III IIIII, II, Oil III, I'.lll.' Il,.^.-,<llitllllll<l|.|,,l«ll 
 
 a silling delachiiient, of the iiiiisl active nifantiy in 
 the American army, and cnmpleled a march of 
 abnut I I mile I, nvir b:id roads, liy ei»lit o'l lock 
 till! evening. The iletachment, being then will 
 
 III 
 
 till 
 
 a mile and a liiilf nl lis nliject, was halted and 
 Idrnied liitii eidiimns. The gi'i^eril, with a lew nf 
 
 his niVicers. ailvaiiced and 1 imioitred thewiirks. 
 
 At half past eleven, the uhiile innveil liinvard lu 
 Iheatlaik. The van nf the right, ei.nsisiing nf 
 > l.iO Volunteers, iindrr the cnnmiand of liienlenant- 
 j ( 'didiiel Khieiy, advaiii'i'd with iiiilnadi d miiskets, 
 and lisi'd liaynneis. These wcie preceded by 
 iHenty picked iiieii. whn weie particiilaily instruct- 
 ed In leinove the alibiilis and other obsli iictinns. 
 The van nl the left was led by .Major .Sie\.arl, 
 and advanced wiih nnldailed ninski is and fixed 
 bayuiiets. Il Wiis also pieceiled liy a simibii liii- 
 liirii hnpe. The neneial placed himself at th« 
 liciid nl the riulil cdlninn. :iiid i:ave the iiidsl pninted 
 iilders not In file, but In depend solrly nn the hay- 
 diiet. The Iwn culniiins directed their altiieks In 
 (ippusile pniiils nf the wniks, while a del ichmenl 
 engaged the allenliiin nf the tianisim, by i\ feint i:i 
 their liiinl. The approaches were iiiiire ihlViciilt 
 than had been appielieiided. The wnrks were dn- 
 leniled by a deep miirass which was alsd at that 
 time, oveillowed by the tide. Neilherthe uinrass, 
 the double row of ablialis, niir the slienmh nf ihe 
 wniks, ilampeil the iirdoiir of the assailants. In tlif! 
 liice of a must liemendniis fire of niKsketiy and nf 
 cannon loaded with grape-shot, they foiied their 
 way at the point ol the bayonet, thrdiigh every 
 dbstiicle, iiiilil liolli cdliiiiins met in the centre ni' 
 the wiirks, at nearlv the same instant, (ieneral 
 Wiiyne as he passed the last ablialis, waswiiiinded 
 in the head liy a miisket ball ; hut neverlheless in- 
 sisted on lieini: carried forward, adding as .1 rea- 
 son, !' that if' he died, he wished it ini^lit be in th(! 
 t'liit.'* Ijienleiiants (iil'linns and Knox, who led 
 the forlnrn hope, escaped iinhilil, altlinii^h the first 
 lost seventeen men nut nf twenty, and the last 
 nearly as many. The killed and wounded nf the 
 \iiiericaiis iimiiunleil In iiiiiely-ei<ihl. The kilb'd 
 of llie g irrisiiii were sixty lliiee, and the nnmbernf 
 their prisoners ') I'!. Tim llai;s twd slandaiils fil'- 
 teeii pieces nf' nidiiance. and a ennsiderable (piaii- 
 tiiy nf iiiilitaiy stores, tell inlu the hands of the 
 coiiijiieriHs. 
 
 The viiimir and spirit with which this ontpr- 
 prise was condueleil, was mailer of triumph In the 
 American, ('nnsiress gave their thanks In (iene- 
 ral Washinatnn, "fnr the vigilan(!e, wisdom, and 
 magnanimily with which he had cnnducled the 
 military nperatinns nf the stales, and which were. 
 j aiiidng many diher sign:il intanees, manifested rii 
 I his orders for the idiiive enterprise." They also 
 ' gave thanks tii (ieneral Wayne, and ordered n gold 
 iiieilal, emblematical nf the aclinn, to be struck, 
 and presented to him. They directed a silver nno 
 In be presenied to [jiculenanl Cnlonel Kleiiry. and 
 j another to Major Sieiviirt. .'\t the same lime they 
 passed geneial re-ailuiions. in hniiour of the iillU 
 cersiind iiiuii, but pailiculaily doi^naling Lieutcn 
 
IM 
 
 wrt 
 
 VH>t\)i*«» '\>\i| ^l\»» Til \\\v \\\\\ \m\\\. M\i\ .lUi 
 
 \«itin' 
 
 
 
 sr 
 
 ii«', »t»>\ H'\vi> \\\v >'ii>li "( i'i)H>»» 
 
 VNh\\\iM\M>> Vv'CW rtW A\in\l\M (\-\ \\w 1 iiHtji\»i|iHii, 
 
 (hi' i\i«»l(Am« Ho <(>•» »)\>n>\ii\\f \l>\>\ (vl.\\i>i |iiii\»cil 
 \\\ \\v\\\y\y \S% mmw ■>» U\«'U i>\U>\<'\>U'« niVc.! til 
 (VMM \ t>»i\y \\»\ \\\\<\\\\\- \\\ ^\\\\\i'\ \\A\\\. \\sv 
 
 lS>im, A\w 'A\>M \\\>\>\\ >\ «\\\» >»iV'i V »i\i» \\\<i' *l>l(* 
 |>lrt| Irt \\» \\v\«\»S \'U( \\\\\\ vi\tili'« my\ M\ (liiw» 
 »h»M\Vv\, \» *V<tti\ «» \\\<> \\\'\\o\^\\<l^M' »>\i>\\\«j 
 
 «\MW \i» \|>\lft'\>' \ht> >1\\1V\ (V|H\v l\\\tt »>* \t'\0\\>> \\w\ 
 f.\\\\\*\ \\ \\\ \\\\ Wi\^M\% W\'\\\\\v\\ \\\\\\ \\\V V\\\\ 1 
 \t\>M« ^>M\it4>«lV m \\ ,\»!\ll>Jl\m\ \i\ lUV AH liHHI|i»> I 
 
 \V\vi\> «>i vii»w» >^\ h,.(>\i»i \Whi Ml' ii\i'H'iUn' »v i 
 i«\>vvi< (>Mi^ V (HHhh lyivO ii>vi\i'«,i\v»in\M\| \hi'\\i>i(i». '. 
 ty\\\\ v\^\■\\^\\Y^ iK»i v.\|i\\yiw( (y\>«i !*« \\i\\\\ i 
 
 \'hH\\l»\ HN|A\l\V\^ ^^►»>'»»\»1\ \\\ l^\W\t^\ \\\\\\\ \\\\\ 
 
 \\\r \i\{\\\ itiiv\ ArtW tt» vA\\««v» «W\ \\Uvv»\ \\\ W «! 
 
 >'MM«|l |lA>H*iy«, j 
 
 H»»k M>\v\>»«\\\ icm»>y')v\<i»\i n( ^^^l^ ,\\i\«v\U>AV\» *^ i 
 
 \\ hl\ h iM^rtAth-i^ H U\ «iv<t'<H»'>> 1'' >><">WV, V\)\* \\ A* ' 
 ihv V\M(M)1H^ \<1 >l\v <Vt\'«h dVWUliH A« i'il\\ll\» 
 i^'A'V, i>)V\«S\\M\\ Vr\y Vv'lV y\^'(i'>\ « 11 )>rt\'VH'i\ . 
 »»^ M^(rt»\,v*\*l\>>isf\M\\ V\\«ivH NUlm «»\»l\ ; 
 
 »(»«», »v\ vs* «^n^ \>> ^ »»>(iti MiM'V >m\\»f, \i« \\\v] 
 \A \^\ W ^^t"* V ^»^^ »>>>MM .%^ iM Vyi* rnvntti'^vKiH ; 
 r.t, >iH< ^'f'Vi '(^V^'^^ t>Mkvvii'i'«, Tl»\> V« <>\ \hv> ' 
 Vmv»<\»*s» *\« (m \w><i>i>w(il>k, M\(>y\ > v»> \n 
 
 ^^^«^^^1\>H\ «>\ X>H> »M\V\*^V ^IM< \V>'>'\\»'.V iMi^itc -Ml 
 
 \ VinyisUMT i>Miy»i;, w ((h^^yyi w ,M\Wn (V »•»»»«*> »'\it\>'i 
 
 «w>Ss< ^liW%^»^^»W»^ l^MxV*, »»\iU'«>«<i'»i^ A Wn>«\\ 
 
 >»«» \W*«M>W^ K IhtVl S» H 1>P'\M^, " «VH h\« (>!•., 
 i|K><Vi'>V TI,'*V»», H(i(^ »-lH\'M\ ' \'^flV »l!K\ |\(v»««'i( 
 ^V<^^f»lf'«>^^'» ><i\)>>!i\ti» >|^ >^4ii ^«i\\»«!i\V, *W<»'\|MVM 
 »HK <>«Mi >(hn «vn*(f >4\ tVi^ t>iii><< vviw^^v. "■ >>( M» ' 
 t«*,S(* , !M»<( >V tW ■«»«* linMf >«'*t«>t\>(4 % «-\'l«%HtM1\ 
 
 ^^.■•rr *<-N>rt^\tT> i»'»»>v m\MY t>w« <-i>««WT\f\l<« 
 
 \'K*i(«>\ »»»kA'^ ii-(V !V i*rt»\)imfm •>! P"*'* w*i>, 
 
 (^!■ v^iowA-v ,',«»|»»>^ ^ \v» Vw)(1»m4, «m( ^'>i« 
 
 »N>>w>» »v»'«'s»f VhSx 'iSv-»»K>»*»< «n »>«iT»> M 
 
 W'M v^^^v>«»<l v-rwt«iKi»x ^hi-iy ivwoNii^rt nfn^w 
 h'^*. VW<f»i »>«»«*» •y*»'«»V(r«. WM •»<(i'>1>. «»v*i 
 W x^s^w^!*^ Kv »» ^■\>>«s**»>Mi »»iH-ly 'd-in ftn'ri* 
 Aii^-Jv •vwxis-'.'w *W. .•>^'«i ;^»n^^'W. rtn <>«»K'»no^ M\ 
 *^•^^ i*v<n v*ii ti<ii ^ yK> »(»(» ,»^ V »>«»»,>fet«'«vf», 
 
 w «.»..v •*•< ,^vvl^1«^»«^s i(« W«),.»<(H»,><T S'«!^>i<«s'»t 
 \'V <»,•<*• i>»«t»^i >« «M< •^^s »« «W M" >w<Mi <v< 
 S? <w»< !'<'••«*• «f •v<>»!>*i*t"»«- "J^ «x1»«'« ♦■•rwy* 
 t - i>4 t* »t <cv««» V -Koit* «M »»»>r «il»^■'*>«. »>nw 
 
 ««>V)<IH «V •<» $>*i» ijv Jm*> jW \<»««-^^»« #««M. 
 
 *«»•*>>•"»<, «v S" irni '*«'V»'»v' f'f IViv^'^oV 
 
 *?s'*wi'»<NiS» f« *t-|**. V*N ^'•*»>r'»s»V*i %^'*'*»*^ H»«^ V^l^ 
 «»**i£ *•► **.'! »h»ck »■*« •»- »« »»l»»W«Jxvi »>V<> 
 
 "^^ <»«v-» »>iK •'ntt «*>. ■'. rHrw i«>«»; <t»*>f\ ^'btvT 
 »•. w ■»»»»»«««» tMlk •>««! •** •.•»»1*l»T« ^^«^V-•l>»« 
 
 iMUiirr) •. UK tif-a»M « o> 
 
 M II I'lMi \ tM I'll \» 
 
 \M\U V I'lDHIlHIAilllm l;l)MIIIIM)ll't>it, linil IVIJK llfjil 
 
 \\\\ WW 'iliiiiO I) iliiuiiultl l<itl iililtxiti mil i'iiit'i|ili'i 
 
 illill' I'llVrl \\ lltli> till' lii'iili'iii'lu It) ill tll'llililM 
 
 I'li'ii'ii'tiiiiii lui ii|i 'Im'iimiIi. iililiti Oii't liiil III liii 
 mi'ili'iii' 1 iiiii(iiii|i|.iiiii\\, Mil iiiiiiiii'i itllu'i ii|i|ii 11 
 I'll III itill Ui'«. lUiliA »i|ii'ii|iiiiinit till' ihlii'iHi ilii 
 pim^iiH >li' li'iil hiillc'l Hiiiii 'itiiilv ltii|ili. iiii 
 
 tll'lllllMI III llll' lltll'llllr:ll ilM'D'll III! riillilll'l l\l II 
 
 li"iiii<> |i|lin, 'iliil III iiiniiil I'li'liMi il'il* iiiilti'il III 
 ll\i' ilvi'i iS'iiiiliiiiiii llu iiiiiiliiK l\tii'ii iiiimliiiil 
 
 III llll' ilillniiHIl'llOl'. Ill III ,lhiU. mill llll' |ll||i|llii 
 rill' \llll'lll'lllli 'II lilal llllllll'llailllll III ll'llil'llll I' I 
 
 Inn ilii't luiiiiili'il llll mull', itiiii\ III II 1 1 1' llll' I Mill 
 
 |l)l||>l lllllli 111 lllllll' ll|l llll' lUl'l, tllill llll' l|M|i|l» 
 
 iiilulii iiiiVii llll ii|iiiiiuiiiiiiv III I'liiilitiii. mill iii'.iliiiiu 
 ilii'ii I'm ii'i- Till' •iii'iiliu li'iii' ii|iil wi'iiilii 111 
 \\\\'\\\\ III im> lliilaiiiiii'tliii' ti'i'i iiii"ii<iiilil)< A tii'iii' 
 
 IaI lilttlll nil l|ll' |llll< "llll'i Atlll A |ll'lll'l'll lIllli'H nil 
 llll' iillli'l. liinii )i|ai|' SIi Uiin^it' ili»>liii|r<il miil 
 Inlill iil'lillU'l'li 111 iIbIiIi'I'H AHIil'ii ll""(l'lt! lIlM 
 Vllll'lll'Ali inlillri* Ali'l 'illliiiii llA'l In li'lillll '1 1(11 'It 
 I'All 111 lllfU 11,11 I'l I'lll'l. Allil In I'^jilnlW llli'll 
 U'llli- llilnimll lllli It 11 mill* 
 
 \\ lull' llll' 11 II lAliMlllvlini A» 111 Hlflll lllljin'Mlll 
 llin ii'lliilil ulii'iii II i|il)|ln>ili>i|, ll 11 A« iiiulnu niiA 
 lll'M I'll'lllt'lll. iiml Ini nil Hill ilNl'IIH I'liHIIIlli'ii 111 lln 
 l|ll\ln KI'li'nilliiH lllllll* i^i.nilllllli'i, liillii'i'ii (lie 
 rtvi'lK n\ t'lAliu' Ainl llliAl illH'ill), IliDt n iiiilnn 
 HH IH Imlll lllli ^llilll'l, Allil 111 llll' l'llll'|!l'.lll HI' H, 
 ,1« Mill 1^ 11)1 I llll I'lMlal nl \llli'|tiA III* >\lni| 
 
 \'Aihii\li' M'\|i'ilN ii'i»Al«n, iiliiiiiUliiiilim\ liiitiH I'll 
 111 iiiV»* « iSifiUi^i'il I'lii mill t'lAiii'Ci adaIhui I llli'll 
 
 HUlAllI 
 
 hi llll* «miiil«i' ni iii'iHi lllli MiinHli |i' Mnin 
 
 llnVAt.l^H* yivlHlall AHlli'li«lilin,''i'llli'lril '1 HlillllH<i 
 Inin I niil\ l«i'nllHt\VnlllM'illll,iiii.iilin|liu m 1 ill' 
 vlMiMlniiiM 11.11 -1(1 mm liii'.ii lllli llll I'liu 11 ml 
 Iviil nAnii I'l'i'H I'liiliiivil 111 llin iiiliii'illi In ilii- 
 (linl'ih ^iilliiiiiinii lllli iVl»livlii'i 111 111 llll- inlin.< 
 li\ . I'hn liiiU'Mi'iiinni'il, "lliiii S)iii|n i inilil liun 
 im imi'H'M HI ("iiiiHin ilifli niliiii'.iiH'«i iliiii »liii 
 h^il I'lilimiv* ni Im'I nttn, ninl iiihIiIhuI ih>i in Imil 
 ^rt i>\'i|li|»lH IH ihi'iili lit IH BH|i AHV i-niliiliiiiii' n 
 in ill* \Hlt'lll'«n» " \l HAa aUa IaIiI ■' lIlH 'iliillll 
 VIA* tIMlil.lIU miAlKil 111 IJh'iH UllMlll •' I'lnn 
 Wci* HI Ml lm|« «i I \i|inii li\ lliili i'iui'iHr«i In 
 rrtVi'i il\>i vHn<|Hi'»i ,'\ iliv \'nHiil Siiiii «, k ih Iiii 
 ln'Nf \\\M \\\ 111' niin Mliiill llim HWln.l 111 In- hh 
 1'tiii rWiil |>iv\>nl, lli.H llin iiiiliili • nl liiii'l^ii |iini 
 ri-*! n\f «\\l iTilHilliUi in Am'iI |iiini i|i|i>» Humn 
 \iiw» mw imi'iv«i I'lA'lir' iMlli minilii'i i Ami li U 
 
 HHl ^^l»^S« lh«i VIW llvll till' 'UHHSI'*! IHrllilllilci 
 »i\ro. \\ lii'diii itif iniliiriii t< >i| llin i ii'inli 
 iiNnn«»>K >M iIh> |>i\v»|iri'i iH ivinMiiH» lilliKiliii. 
 i»m»«"x, (»Hi1 VhnnU, iH ihi' nn'smiii* nl im nut 
 ii^<il«>»> i^rivinwiM'il llin vHiiii nl M|>'iin In 'iilii|i| 
 lhl« w*'i«<i«i'»>, H l« liW|V»«llv' ' mill I nil linil In iln 
 \ r<*l> ; >l«t >llVH«l«IAnil<» .1 llif H |Mlihilllln, lll'lt 
 tHlP >rt\J»^ <^t IVlMHlAn «.l>"Allr» AHll i1aI11A1i>A « «« 
 
 iKr jMim"%jy<l iHitHvi>m<"ni 
 
 Vhi" nmKniH HI ^Jlv^M IdlliHl tt!H M lltlt llmt' ! 
 n«|\ x^iMivwiAii Shr w^-i iivitMnn-il iiml ili« 
 tiih tx^i h> s« w««ii«i'sl » H-, 111 wim |« ininix Hin I 
 iSni-tM «i» »<<\»»ii»«<'>»i Inn ilniViM nil it« H^iHiiil It 
 tisi» \« ihif miiftl «l llll« »A«ll«u i'niHn«t, IH 
 yi>^f\'h N*^i ^^l^\^ in ivthivi* Jii-i ii'inlii'il vninnma, 
 iWnsli »nh.Mii Kiiv«K«< »h4, »»« ilniilnl'iil. «li«< «ii« 
 •ml«*«ir|\ m>>>Nrvl in k ni«i» miil iwiuli mnin il^in 
 ii;*^vi«« WW. »nK rtn^ *>{ ihi> nir^ln»l |i<iwrii Hi 
 Kvwiv Si i)wvi»i\ nm*. «IiiIi> «Iii> « i« i-HUfis 
 t< tr: (Km »>,»nM* i««ii»ii», »kiii»i nl<l I'liiiniU mhI 
 aW frnMn**, Ko Miim \"»ihi<ln' M,i|^M\ A\lil«'il tin 
 S\.'vy tv tl>'»i <M IfM MumriVHt (n>>». 
 
 1« tV>» ni.()»iM». « .Vwln-iMn <»l (he \Hii'iii'i»ii 
 «»i •« i^N-wim^ixIfyl, h\ •<>mi" ifinlins cluiin' 
 f«-'x !^ !>»<■ r>t<ftM! , h«i fxm iMinxMnihin nt ilim 
 ^>t^ *■(»« t^x-Mxt'tr^^ , »tMl .^lani-^inir*, t\vn> Iwtli 
 tv^i-vr* <►! r\»i-l;»«>»!i, o-*-!* sn*n ^^ tin mM<-«iy. 
 ■ j<i »«r»rii>r( Iww M r««x^»»>j <m \ht »«« Kf«in>( nil 
 >>» »■fl*>mt^s " 
 
 Vivm «>>♦>!» fx-yivTH, »)i»o>i *>fiU ««V.««-.< tin- 
 l"o;«« S«»r«>«, »« »»i M ih»> irs-if sn-ril ilK-i-mlm 
 ,ii«i«N«r>ii (V' lir*-*! itfHUto. 1 irtiiitt to f^l^U' tlif 
 f'-flnx^f^M^n** 1 Hv>i ?<»Aii r»i»^*i^ III ihiM <(*«« Imi'U- 
 ^t iiK y«iM ill ^:\ ttN>«j;h ilif w«t «a»vMiiicJ imi 
 
 llll lllllll MIIIIH lllllll liUllt'«|i Ml lln|lll<lilll||lll, III lIlN 
 
 liiilllii'lllHliili'ii lllllll. I'lliilillnlilili'iil III III! uii |>i) 
 ii'iilMii'iil ii'i'i hi.iIiiiimI|' iiii>iii|iImI III I 'iiiiillliii iIimI 
 
 lll'lillll'l .Villi llll' ll illll'lllill III M'lHIIIIHlll, N 
 
 lllllll ji'lll III lllli nlillii III ll|.||lulll mill ll'illllllill III 
 llll' liliiM. H |'i"ii'i<. 'i'lii' tnv'il illiiiv III lliiil ijiliil 
 
 ll'l ll'|i|illll>l|Ull||i|l|.||lit llllllllll'llllM ll'llllllll I'llltilll 
 
 l|ii||i T'l'il I liillijiii mill llln iillii|ii lUH jilll iilitli't 
 ijini iiHiiiiAiiil III M'lliii lli'iii'iiil I'li'iiinl, TImiIhikh 
 
 I III. II III lll'IIMlJA ll'l 111 ll Hill lllllll lllilllll III lllli iI|||m 
 
 I I III lllllll"! Tlll'll' HI. Ill III lilnl lllllll lllli llll I'lill 
 HiiIiIIIaI lMIII|i'l III III lil|||.l. Ill tlillllll I '.|llilll|i|^ llllll 
 >i|.||i|.|| All! Ill Niiilli I .lllilllll I II I lllli lllli lllli llllll 
 
 l|iH>i||lllll|' lllllll lllilllll Kllllliili lill'V llllll lil'I'M 
 
 ill'lili'lli'il III mill' III lllli lllillll lllllll, I llllill|iillil|ii| lif 
 \\ >|ii|ll|IUllll|. \ InilU III llllllll'l IIjUIIiIIxIiI 'lllli ilMlil 
 llllll lllli III Nlillll I'lllllllHI. Ill lllli ilHI IllilUlllililllf 
 
 I'lii'iili Inllii'il llll' I iiiilli||i|||ill lliinlwi lull lllillll 
 
 ilii'i llllll Illll'lllill lllli III iii.iii|jiA. mill iiilii'ii |iiiiii 
 
 In Mull ill I 'iilnllli'i 'j'iiiiiiii|.i lllli I liinnnl I lie *m|( 
 lil'l. ItiiHinl I lllilllll. Ill )liii|iii|iiii>i| III lllli lllli. 
 llllll'* III famuli I 'iinlliiil. llii'i ii|i|iii|iili.il III I'liii 
 Hll'lln, 111 lllllll llll' |.|ll|IIHi|lli| III ll||.|l il|llll|ll'lll llllllf . 
 rill* I iilinlill'il HIlit III II D'A illllillli'll iiililllii'il 
 lulu in ii|i|i|i|i llll. llllll li'ini' III II iHli'ii niililli'iM, 
 
 II i'niiii|i|i>iiilili. lii'ilv III llllllllil II 'M iililiitiiil III llllll 
 lllllll I. HI lIll'V ilillll'll lllillll lllillll III lllH lllllllllMIH, 
 lIuHl III llU llll'l llll. lllli I' 
 
 llll V ll'iil mil ll'l li'iilliiiil llii'llli|i|li'll iilii'illi'lli'li. 
 m'ii>'i.iAi| llll inllliiill ii|ii I'lliniiii \i i ii>iliiiiii.ii 
 In lllilllll nil llli'll lllillll, llli't rnillil lllil lii'iil Ilin 
 |||llUlliil III '111 llll iiili|iHli III lllilllll ttliinil llji III 
 IiaIiIU 111 lli.nliilli llllll liiili'(i|i||ilii||i II. llict Ii.|l|il 
 lllllll hhIhhIiIi'iI III il|iiill>il illm l|illiii< i'lln Int'il 
 lllllll Al Miii<iii|iiil|, linlmi ll'llllllll I'll I't llll' llllll' 
 llllll nl till' lliiiilLi lllllll Ml \iiijl|.illi|i'. n 'in III I nil 
 illlliiH li> I'^li'llil llli'll imili Till' lll'il iili|i I'i iiii« 
 
 III I'llin |iii.i.ii "lllllll III I'ml lliiyiil. Ill Miiiilli I ''llllll 
 ll'l Al'll'il I I'llilllll'l, 11 llll lAll Illllillli'll llli'll, Ill'lHIf 
 ill I'll lii'il hIiIi llll'l lll'il , liiHili'il mi lllli liliiiiil I lllli 
 tli'iiiiiil iMniillili', III llll' liMiiil 111 All I'ljii'il iiiiiiilii'l 
 III AllH'lll "III*, III lllillll tlll'lli II I'll' lilllv llllll' li'llll 
 llll nnlilli'li, llli'll lll'il 'llll lllllll' llll. Ill nil Till* ml 
 
 1 AHI'lun Hill |illiH'l|i"illi yiilni'il liv Inn llilil |i|mi.iH| 
 hIiIi'Ii Hi'in null ii'liiil 111 iljiiiill nl t 'IiiiiIiiImii 
 llllllll'l Aillllill I'lln lllilllll lull iiliiiinil llll llllll 
 Ilillll'll liin \iiii'ili'iin'i Iniil I'lulil iiii'ii lillliil, 
 mil liii'iill inn iiniinilfil Ailiiiii(i till' liiiiiini, 
 » 1* I. ll'illllllill llllll lllllll Wllliliiii nil llllllllil III 
 llll'l nl lllllll IIH'lll, IIH'I 'I illli'i'il III ill*iln|iiil'ilii'i| 
 illllln, Hlin*n I'lilv lAll ili'jiilii'il il lilllili'iiili* In 
 mill nl tlll'll llllll >iilii|<iiil Itn mil llii< IIhi nl 
 III nl nl Snlllll I in iillinl ll lin liml llll lllli III illl|i 
 )iiiiiliiii llU liiilt'|ii'iiili'in n i'lil4 ii.)iiiUii ii'iliiilni'il 
 llll' lliHuli lliiiH iilli'iiijillnii mil liiiiiii'ill'iln I'lili.i 
 |iiiii', In till' nniiliti mil nl M'li'iniiiili t Inn llii'V Hi 
 III |iiiii4 111 I' lii'in ">i'i. mill \niiiiiii, iiiiili'ili'inli'il 
 iIh'Iii«i'Iii"» llll'l ll (iii'iil |iiii nl lliiiiiilii llihy 
 aNiI I'inli'ill mil I'll In alli'llHllli'H lIll'IIIHl'lll'l, liy IK 
 Ininii'i'iiii'lll* llniii till' Inilii*, In llin »i<<li'iii •nl 
 lli'iili'iiia nl tli'iiiiil'i mill I ''ilnlliiti. 
 
 I'liiUaiiln* iii'in ai'iit iiiiniiiii iIikIiiIiiiIiIIiimU nl 
 lllli ili'4ril|illnii. In I'lirniii'iui' llii'iii III II (ii'iiniitl 
 Humiviiiiin I'lll'l iii'in iH4iiii.il lllli, II ilii'ir 
 I'lilliiiilli'il mill lllilllll llli'll Iniin In iliiil nl llin 
 klnii'a lllllll III llrniiil'i, llll'l miiilil li ivn am li ii 
 ili'iiilml «ii|ii'iliiillv. II* nniilil lllillll' II Kju'i'ily in 
 mm In tlll'll lllillll* |iiiii'tli'iilili', mi iIikIi iinii Iniiii.i 
 S' I'lil liiin'lii''l*iil llii'ill III rniilliiiilv inililninVMii'i 
 I'll, mill "I'l nil In jnln t'ln lllllll Inlina lit Allullaln 
 
 Vniniii) ilinan nlin iiillnil tlii'iiKi'lm* Invnllal^ llii'in 
 iifii' IIKIIK nl llm iiiii«t tiilmiinii* I'limiii li'i'i 
 
 I'lli'll iinnniill iniiijili'tlnil mi* tlliil nl ii (iliiiiilnr 
 mil IkiiiiIiiiI, mnli'inlli'ltnllalnl liiinlv, lllilll llll llin 
 linnniii iiiiil in liHi'ivat nl tlinli inviil liiiialnr. Al 
 i-ii'M |ininiil Imliiin tin- mil. tlin ii n*lniii tvllilni 
 nii«*nl llininlnnii'*, nliinli I'Mniiili'il In llin Ml*iil* 
 «i|i|<i. iiiIoiiIimI ml ii*iliiiii llll llin lllli' III ill*iiiilii|lv, 
 «iin ili«ivli>lii'il llm in«tiiiiiit* nl nl i Ivll mii'li'ly. 
 
 Wliiln llio nil iiiiinil llin ili'iiiiiiiiU nl llllllllil iliiiy 
 ,*nil lit t.iM'a I null ilillll'll liiiH'll In till' |ii<ii|illll|! nl' 
 iliinan ivinnin ai'lilcmi'iitu. Iiv linlilliiii nut |iliiii|tiii'IH 
 nl i'\niii|iiinii tiniil tlin rmiiinl nl itn<"'iliiiii'iil. 
 
 \iiiiini< ilii'«i' i>i'n|ili', llin invil I'liiniiiilin* lliiil aiii' - 
 (('|l^lully |il.iiHi'il till' sUHil.iiil ul Ui^iAliyi ituil III' 
 
(/K('( (' (I U'f til P N 
 
 M 
 
 )\l't» III ili'|ill'il>llhill. Ill lIlH 
 "tliilimiiliii'MI III idllliili frii 
 
 ' nil' Mljlll'll III I 'IIMlillllllllllt 
 I. lllll'lllill III M'HIIIIMIlll, H 
 III lll'l|l||lil lllli) MiIIIIIImI lit 
 
 I' tnv'il iliiiiv III iIhii <|IM*i 
 
 I l|llltll|l'IIIIH It'llllllll lllltilll 
 
 liii' iiIiiiIk iiih jitil iiHili't 
 
 lli'iii ml I'lMiinl 'I IihIhm M 
 
 nilliiihi itliillll III lIlM ililjit 
 
 'M' III ll|!ll llljIM jllllll'lt I'llM 
 
 HI'I. Ill Miilllil ruiiilll|it,IMIii 
 I Mliillii'l I tmllilliili I||H hill) 
 lii'lll hIiiIi'-i, iIh'V IimiI IiI'MI 
 ' iiiiilli 'HUH, I i<iiiii|'iiiil|>ini( 
 
 I iiilllllu itiill'llii'l "ii'i ""'I' 
 
 ijllKI. Ill lllli ilXI lll'l|tl|l>llllll) 
 llHMIInl lliill|Ml lull Hill III 
 
 III lli'iiiulii. mill iiilii'ii |iii<i) 
 'iiiiiiiiIh IIik I IiiuhiiI iIii< «i'<it 
 , III lllli ii<i|iii'iii III lllli iIi'Im 
 
 ll'l, llll'l ll|l|ll>lllll'll ill' I 'nil 
 ll'lllii lilll|l'ltu|llll||l'lllllltllf. 
 Ill II IthI illllllill>|i I'lHlMllxil 
 rill liuii't III li'iHli'll milillHIx, 
 llllllll.l II'I4 iilllrtMl III jlllll 
 mill ll llliill> III IllM MIIHlliI'Mi 
 
 II I' 
 
 llllill lllhlllljilll II lllll'llll'lll H. 
 Ii|<l lilllllll'l Al lll'lllllll'il 
 
 ll", llii't riHilil Mill liiMii III!) 
 111)11 ll'iiliiK nliirtli ll|i III 
 
 llllll<|ll'lllll<lll I', llll't ll'llH I 
 
 iii'ii iiui i|iiiiii' rill' iiit'ii 
 
 'lli|i ii'lliliiii I'll l>v llll' |iilii' 
 fll \iii(ll'illi|i', " 'IH III I nil 
 |iii.iH 'I III' lll'il i.liji I'l ii|ii« 
 'ml lliiviil. I|i Miuilli I ''iiiilt 
 
 I llll lilnliiliiiliKil liii'li, lii'lHif 
 I , liiiiili'il nil lllli liliiiiil I lull 
 
 III' llM'lil III 'HI l'l|ll'll llllllllll'l 
 
 II llll'll' III ll> lilllv llllll' li'UH 
 I'l illiHi' llii'iil nil Till" llll 
 
 , U'lliii'il III Inn tli'lil |i|i<i I"), 
 
 ll I'l II |lllll| III I Illllll'Vlllll 
 
 llllllill lull illlliinil llll llll'll 
 III" ll'iil ilulll llll'll lillli'il, 
 ili'll AlllnllH llll' llllllll'l, 
 itn W'llliliii nil iiilllli'il III 
 
 I -I I llki'ii III il|iiilii|iiil<ilii'i| 
 ili'inUi'il II iiiiiiii'iiiiN I'l 
 
 "III III- 11 I" llll' IImI III 
 >i II llll llllll lil'i llin III i)ii|i 
 1' Tliltii'iniUi' ii'iliiiliii'il 
 illnit mil liiiiiii'ill'ili' I'lili'i 
 III M'li'iiiiKili I Inn llii't 111 
 mill \iiHii<ii I, miili'ili'iiili'il 
 
 II |i'iil III I li'iiU'lii 'I'licy 
 nllMllli'll lIll'IIIHI'ln'li ll» ll> 
 
 llllll'", In lllli tii'mi'iii Mil 
 I I 'mnlliiii 
 
 I nriiniii llin liilliilillniiK nl 
 iiiii'i|(i' llii'iii In It tfi'iii'iiil 
 I'll' ii"<iili'il tli'tl. II llii'V 
 llll'll Inii'K In iltitl III lllli 
 I, llii'V iiniilil li'iVK •III It II 
 lliilllil tllillii' It i<|il'l>ilv in 
 lli'iilili', nn llll'll nHlilKiiii'i 
 lit III I'inillntilv ti'iiili'mmii'i 
 'ill mini Inlrl"! Ill All|III"lil 
 I ilii'itiai'lii'" InvnllaK llti'in 
 iii"l lnrmiiiiii« I'liiitiii li'in 
 inn nil" lliiil nl it |ililiiili't' 
 llllll" till linniv, lliitti Ini lint 
 111 llll'll invii) iiiit'lnr. Al 
 ' Hill, till' ni'"l><iii ivllili'i 
 I'll I'Mi'iiili'il III llll' IMIihI" 
 nil llll llll' lilli'iii illiniilnilv, 
 "iiiinlii nl 111 I llll mii'li'ly. 
 Ill' ili'iiiiiinU 111 iitlllllit iliiiy 
 I iiiiii'lt In llin |ii'ii|illil|> III' 
 I". Iiv Inililinii mil |iiiiii|ioiMii 
 11' I niiitnl 111 unvi'iltiiti'iil. 
 II' iii\.il I'litimiiiii"! Itml "iir- 
 l.iinl.ilil III' lo,Villiy I UUil III' 
 
 (jlHl I lllKII Kiln 11 plh»{ |llll|ll||l|lll| III lilli'iii, ivIlH. Ill 
 
 lllli lllljIM lllll|lll| III Mil' I'lllllllll') llllll (llllllll'l 
 I llll'll lIll'lllUllIlM lIlH llllill ll llli'dllK I III f lllli 
 
 tin miiiiiM Miilinilli'il uliillii'iiiiiiilnl) liiiiii\ilii \iilll 
 lIlH infill IIIIII4 III ^linililii. ili'iii lIli'fliilllllli-IHNl 
 mil ll ll KM'iili III |i|liiiili llllll lllli iliili'lli'i'li'im «ii|ll/> 
 
 lllllll'l. Illlll!lvll nilli ll llllf liimmil, UK lllllllM'inllfi 
 iilill'liv lllllllilMllIn III lilMI mil III llllfiKih llllill 
 I'l I <li 'I I'll lii'liK nllli 'iliiilll 'I'lll nil ll III llll' I'lifi / 
 ll'iMI'll'l. Ilil|l|l'lll|ll'l|i IIIIIKIH ll, fifllll'illlll ll|i Kllll 
 llimil, llllll Id'Min (ilW'li. ^|( III (lull llllill liliih, 
 llllll ll lllrill'll lllllili l|ll llllill III llll linlll 'llll III 
 
 IHMil .llllill Itllllnliil, I {■:ilbUlllilil,l l\\k liilixll ^^hl> IHMUlMf ilH^^H^HIIhhi i\l* lif'tilniiltnii, 
 
 iluimtfiiinliiii hUiUiiI'.h, wii« I'iiIIhIui llll' I'll III III > liniiu li-H iili flii' »iilii\i nJli' iif fmliif fi/n, tu H(i 
 
 iii'« Mii'iii iiiiiillt iiiiiiiii i\iiiiiii imit III llllill 
 Hi'lc liljliili llllll III Ili'll liniillii I iV'ii III/ 11 li'iiili'l 
 I 'llllllll'l llllill iiiiii liiiillii'.' ,',' 31'1'ii'llf l'Mi|iliiyi'il liy 
 lllllliill 'iillliii|llr In llllllll'l llllll iil'iiij llll III Hi 
 l\lU lii'llnii. llll' llllllxll Ili'll' lllli milMli'l 'llll 
 
 iiiili'ii i«'i'iiMll>i|ii>iiii'il Hum- inn i^iiiih I'll iiiliim 
 
 hllll III llll'll llnlllli", llllll MmI I||''III0/<IH'4 fill llll' 
 llll'll t III llll II ililllillf 'I'lil'ih will' llll'll liy lllli 
 i'lun III Miiillli I'liiiilllni III! iillhllillliu iifi.illl'l nil 
 ml, Milllil llll' Mi'illliiiii ml, lllli ll li-llllii'lii fiU'-il'il 
 nllll'H llll' iKHlllllliili, lilt llll- m,i iiilli III llll, iit'H 
 )iii«l'llilili III Mi'vi'lilt III lIlMil ivi'li' I'liliili'liiliill 
 In il|i' t lull llll' til'lili'liM' ii'in iiiilf mm llllill ini lui< 
 
 III llll'll llllilll'lllll'IM 
 
 AnlllK Mllllill MIlMiili'il llll'll iiiiiiIk nil lli^ llllll 
 jll'l lllli' III MiIviIIiIIkIi (I«I'(, III )l/i»f|l l.lllMrlll llllhil 
 I'lll !llll|illltl|l|l| III llllll' Ktlllliy, llllll lll'lllli IIIIIHlHII' 
 ni All|lll'll!l llll lllli 'llllllllllf nllli' I'lllln llil-nh 
 
 |ill*|il, III' IiiMIIHiI 'I (llllll III f lll'inllllr llllll llhlllltl-i 
 nllll lllli tll'K III llllllllllll lIlK Itlllinll 111 lllh III*/ 
 
 iiiiiiilir, Ili'll llll' III I'liii (ll llll I'^i'i iiliiiii III 
 llil.i ill "lull 111 imi'il Anil oilll UillU Hiiilli I llll 
 llll I llllllll'l, mill II |('.« ii'idihii liiinjin, iilli-t ii'iK'iiiu 
 llll lln'l Hiitillltliill. llllill II fiimllliill nil llll'll l-ii-i'i ■ 
 I'lll III II li'if iliiyn III' •♦111 iiiii|,|iil'il lif liifiili'iiiiil 
 riilniinl ('(I'liiiai, ivlin, li'ifiiiii mull' II I'lll iiiiiiiH 
 Hi'iiili, III iiliiiMi llll iiiil('U, I'liiiic itiii mii'imlli llll 
 
 III" 11' II, Kllll 'illlllll 'lllli llll'll '('III. I|(||||;;( wl'l*. 
 Iliiimn llllll I'liiiliiiiliKi. llllll lllli .ll lllli /lllli Itii' 
 lllli' llllllllllll 'lllli (III* III llll' ^ll|l^lll iilin MMI' 
 I'llliil, mill iHiitnh (Illlllll ('(.« llllll iiiifilimiH' 
 III i«iii|ilii|i lull li» I (iii<"liiii (In- '< ("Illlllll/ II If 
 
 Il'|ll|lllll(l ll llll ll, (Il!l||(l »l'|l' iIKIWIIHI III llllltl' 
 
 llllll |iiii llll mil', ll llll ll (,iii n-iiiiiii"l Illlllll- 'I lit- 
 Illlllll' I llllll ii')iiliii'il llic Siiiiiii nil I miifi lllli lllli 
 I HI ii'il I'lll llll'll 'I III' li-^i mill I III' III nil llllill I I II 
 
 llllill I'llll ll, Illlllll' i| IlI'lH' II ilal'llll (• I 1/1(1 lilt- Kill 
 
 vlHiM III Ill/Ill, i*illi llll'll if'ill , III ll-mll'i, .ttrf nl 
 I i«l I iiiii|i('|lii' III uKid mil ( '/ liH I. Mil ilifitnnl 
 
 lll'llllil I, llll. llll III IKK' InilKll III Id" (liKllli/iM, 
 
 mill iijii mil 11 I ii(i(((i(iiii'i((iii(( lii'i«/<('(( fl(i. lUiiinh 
 llll' llllll Km, niiii (III! iKil/m i,l fiiillll "'i'l H'liuli 
 I iiiilliiii 
 
 llll it|ii'il((i( (III In (!((■ )(il (ll wni, i|i» hiiiitiiKiin 
 
 III II' "lllijl'l I III illlllll' IMMUliK III llilllllil, «)((/(| 
 
 iii'iiiiHii Illlllll viiiiiic •iililiMD llllll ifinniilnl M nil 
 iiiillim Y "II iiii(ii III", llllll (KK III ili«/ i|il(i(i-. mill lllli 
 
 lillilll'll III Icilill" III (((l|ill< II lillllllhlll h, llil-f Wftl' 
 
 llllill iiiii'ii I ll. mil ll III (I, |i 1(1, l,y f((,(.ni(.i| mil 
 Iniiniii" llll' iii'i ("Lilly (ll I'liliiinlii, "llllll, mill llll 
 
 lllllnilll'(|(l" III will llllll'il-'t ti/i/l (li"( IliUlfl' 't'ltt'lf 
 
 llllllllll'l" ill fill' III III, III (|((,ii(. ivldi nth iiii^minit'fl 
 mill I iiiii|i(';iii i»!i(" (diinl ii)i|i».ir ((!( (i(i<i<lcii«l,i« ', 
 lllli "III ll (• llic (lil|('(('id (' III llll- mil- 1,1 niifit-tf. 
 llllll III llic |i(i|llll:ll|ii|l. Ill ll((- dl'l ."idl lifv tilrrlil 
 llnil ill AinciK'K, i( l#'i¥ fd((((lr(''lK ilt-i rlt-il iihit-il^i 
 (i| Mliiiil (iniylill dl(' Mrdfi lliii-i- wild If. Id I'.iifiifif- ' 
 iviinlil liiivc /llllll llllll (Id- li(.|;| M iintif lli'iti 
 • Illlllll 'lid |i(i/( I Hill) llllill lot w.f< (I'dliditr l^« 
 llliin till' •fivi fi'lidily III lltfi'C |(f(ll((i(i" III Jft-ripit-. I 
 mill III li»c llilllllil li ((llllll, (I" dl .,t tnnil l-ti'l ■ itt,4 
 ^icl, llllill lid' r/'iiniic •diiiidiii iil (h* ((if.iilinjr 
 |i(iiii('i^. mill llic lliid |i(i|idl.iii<(fi 'if llif ititmlnl 
 •liilc", i"'|ii'( hilly id (lie •(iidld'rd (UllMd* lii l>i» 
 IIIIIIIII. llll" iiKiiid'dldii^ (|di'4ldiif mJin itinlfimlly M- \ 
 (fiidl Iiv llll' I ii(i"i (|i(i'(d>" 1(1 ImII|»*, in i»l(i'l( 
 
 KIllV 11 ll-ii' IiIIIIiIk'U f'd(Mt(M|, 
 
 'I'lll' "llll'H III (ll.llBlCf". wild ll liiid /(il|(.w»'l (h» 
 AlncMi-id miii'i. ^itiii- llll- VitiiUiitf III ll,*- I'rdiwli 
 liriii S.iviiiiiiiili, (d'Ciimiiiii'd wi'll (/(((d'l^'l n^i^i*^- ' 
 Id'lKiiili" liir ltd' •life x (if III*- nilyttml •<.>l*«. 
 
 'I ll llllll iif .Siiii(l( Cirdlidi K41 lli'rfdif. (jV 
 
 nil 11 li.-lici llilllllil.' .i((i| .( If ^rid,f'r(i (if ' iv.<!(j w «• 
 
 fliil'lllllllilll Iif 'III iilllllml IIIIHlinillifi llllll. llllll^ III 
 
 'I'-.^l'niiiiii Illlllll tiiiiii'iii llilllllil III liiiiiin, mini ml. 
 
 Ill I iiii,.,. llllll ftllll lili l-iililil-ll, H>ilU lllihliillnl 
 
 \iiniiin iii miliii- nl liiH iiuiiiiiiii^, iin iiiiiiiiMil I 
 
 1/ IlliHi- lllnlil III lllh llllllll'l. Ili'll lllli ll-llltH nl lllh 
 lii'lll' lllli llll'l lllltilll III' III nil.il.illl tlif-lllil-nil III 
 
 Illlllll ffiiiiiii i'liiiiii I fniiiiii Hi till I ii-i\iiiii'il 'rlik 
 iiiifiiii'.il \iUiii III lU'liiiiiiiiin mill Itiiiinjn nim iii i 
 •iii(i('/l I'llll III llm kiiiiitii Mil liiini 0111 uimnliii/l : 
 dfi lllh Illlllll ulilh nl llif >liii-iiiiinli,jil I'liilitiiiliiili 
 mill llllll! «*(/»/((. iv/dl/i Ih'iihiiil iiliiiiilii Hli/I lllh ' 
 
 Willi itlllif lliiini-il llllll lU-tilDIH lii'ill ^lllllilH \ 
 lll-hhlill I'llHllil HUlll-ll lllltHlll III lllh llllll, iV 
 lllllllll-lll. -"Iil-ll lllh Sllll-tll -III IIHIH lltii nm hli/ihil't 
 
 lull Illlllll. lu-MtnU lllh miiiiih til lllh H^-i^iiii-tli,'. 
 llllll l-lllivilll ".llll I ■ 'llilllllil, I, 'hi lllh mllltt Ill/Ill,' 
 lihiil III n-i llilllllil fiiili Hhiilll 'llifll llll'll A mil 
 llill-l ililh li{iili III llllllllllll, iMliiiHi- Uli-liilnliifi lllh : 
 lllllhll hull liiii-ziiiiiulf Htii inhi\ whih UMiii i.ilt /I 
 
 i^-iiii iliniiiiii lllli ht Illlllll Hill, 'tlih iiiiffnio/ fill 
 ii'ili Inn I}, inliiili I imihil HhhihimIi fitu mtnii 
 ininiii'lliil Ithiiml Mmiliiih. wlm •*,« I'liiifi,"! 
 
 ■Hllll lllh llhlnlill' lit Hnillll / ,»//(l(ld», III IHilh. 
 
 I.liiinlii nn n-i ii-miji Hiliilini'inn iil lli/mh tii/f/h I 
 llllllll'l ihi HI lihil liilj 1,1 llll Ilulll I inn fH III thill \ 
 
 iiUlltl Ihll nil lllh iiilUli ti'li' lif Afiilf lijH, tliHli 
 i.ililhii ilhlHifiiiihtil nl 'M llll'll htnmfiii IM iillf, 
 Hllll nfljih.llhll lihlliil- lllh lli'Hn hi lllh llihiilillHi*. 
 \illii hill #,v* III.UI liint nn Hi tml <« fiimKiiilt ('i* 
 lilh Ihilft III I llillnhin . lllli HI l/ll nlliifl ¥-iH 
 
 nmiliHiil Mill Ihll iiUin lumimitn, In p-ati ^hm 
 
 !»*♦ .V lliUilH lit llilhhililhlil h A fllllilh ll,,^ 'HH 
 
 Itihihdiih nfihiii in niliinfh i4 H.i^^ ' niiiim 
 nviiihn finiii lllh fiiimnn «hih iinUiiiih/i tiituu, 
 
 lllli fitiiin-ilnii lUiiii lllh iniin niii'i 
 
 ilh -III 
 
 llllill Ntiiiiliiii- 
 
 liinntiU llm i^ifiil if nt Ithliifiin Ilh -ii n ilj/illfni 
 
 III iiiiiiniii (in niiKinil iiiihiiiinn. l/nin an inhtih.ti 
 iiinhi„l I'li'iiini inhfiiii llilllllil^ ninth itmi in ifi 
 
 Uhll linn 111 K Ihllll nn t'llltllllin ; Hllll hht'HiHI, tli* 
 
 iniiti-liiiiK liii-Mii, till lllh unnitini/lh nt (hh n-ihi H.ii , 
 iiniiili, 'Illlllll nn .imiiii lull Ui>lh iiitlliiinn.fi Ithtty. '• 
 in ihii.iiiinif III nn lihthnhh s^tihn l/iiinnn t'l'liiA 
 llllll I'lhinni *'.»" thioiiillif fnitinnp tnl f Imfltii 
 inn. Ilh ih i-tnuihiiiiih Hmntnti, *iiS i/fi/fii*ii him, 
 'lllh Itliillll tnnthhilnl in itihn inmi-fr n-f ifi* timnH 
 
 mill llhUI lllh uhll 11,111, tlilll lull tHIth n^filUflllltfi. 
 
 nnil in lllh iiihiin iiiiih, llm AmhliiiM thiinitthif 
 hi-tiiih llihiii, ln->/tfll»< fi.ii1nil/in (lUiH-it *^nilf 
 lllh, wliii .llllf I nniiiiiihil iHi-n luiKi, Icff Mi hi 
 
 I'llll III tiihltl lllh .-flUinl inp fiih ilitlht-y 111 Ml 
 
 in hi-iiniiii-nitiilinnniliitinni 1*1* iifitii'iiiirn**, .M 
 Ilh in-illlihll llllllllllll lllh tiflifirtf. M -m-t .fi)4(* : 
 
 ilniif'l lif iiimf nt lllh imuufi, -iiii'i ^ihf^ m ih'tt 
 linnihn tliiii ttmHii-ii sft'f ^iip*i<i h-f (fi/^'fly 
 in lllh tiiiiiii nt ihh nil iitiiif iiiiii 'til* i*i-i*f>hti 
 nt lllh itmii .Mint ntiAn Linhiim. Ih* ff^-.t* M 
 ^Aiiiilifii-. lllh fAiinith/nifi .if,^ Ih-mvutifm-n // I'M 
 in-lilli-n mill tliii-li- rif Ifif 6fh>A 111 'h* tfiAh-.rfi 
 «f9i»i'«, llllll ifHifiifnlii'-it Ih* firjil tiltrf iftf 
 tii^nl .1 nnii-Klfriiiii- mnniifHi* tftViViitnn 'tYi* 
 ii-iini III t-zii-h iiiAniilini i,nMn* II tnrnf* h/l <*■> 
 ini In unnilin. Vinin Hi* nAnnii-* lA l^-^,: 
 mm*!, innii-f iihfh inH'ifil <i ifrf^f t'/f tW^nh 
 fitnihi'iiiin Hhfi niirvmi in il,* i-'r/A ii»;*n^.»/'J 
 hiiit* niniitnl It mtiiitii* if(<»iyi»*lv*'« 1rl1^ <\\*.-,f' 
 yimn-lnn. lif *fti-'infifitit lli*ff> in in'»m^ iTV 
 ii-liiiiii,n lit t hif>*>fnii. K*i*il i-fi I'S'i/ (V^*"i' 
 (My fini- niiii* ntin'in* I'l fur*,* if-'Wi-f^Af* '*fi 
 III* nli-i lit nllll »n iifi**:M*. IWin i/t ffn* *•<« 
 llll* '( lifif i*frl*i*tii*4 tin* iwK-»hi*;«ft « »*i«'/^ 
 t*nht^llf iifh'l lA III* If** <*4 nrwViiU'f (fn ^i*» 
 ll till hnniH 'tliff afvi i'*f*4 Ih-J* ( .iirrA*^fim . 
 mm mmfr.iiii* lA »iri*r, fwum**. 'tei*-<* '•ii"'t»^ 
 <ii.,i,ii-t. if,tt,ii,n*i1 Wfh rh* f**ihff ■n'li'h ^hi'-h 'n^ 
 liiiinh nni*h*il Itifii'ifh i'n». c<v*lfi'/. wi'twi'<«'i 
 li>-f,ntl f'i*i'ftf I'l »<r»iw1 hn ^-i-n in<l iV"!* '•vi' 
 
 f ,|Ml|»"f^,r> >>>/« |iH» -^'Altf,*'^ t» Al fl-f-n *^'V''<W- 
 
 iinn*it hf* inn'ti -rniit 'M ki^i" ci')"*'"-/ • <'il 
 wldch (( w« fi^/ijA. 'h*. iii-Mi-,' ■0'1^^'i pYi^My H!iv» 
 rf**fi 1-1111*4 hiy « te/i\^ 1^0 nv«f n ; iVK H^ <yn^i*A 
 lim lit llif** '^•■rjt, wt,*!! tiWi'^'fii ii»»r iwH' •'n* 
 iltHttl** Ili'll^ m'»fiM. *,**rf !>r<(><if(ri«>.i ».» 
 itKi4*. If-/ III* .■4<'n"l'> ' w/inrirtM. I'w iM '\->(<"ir* if 
 Ili*l1 '.nffilM. AK "fi» rnvwi^t K* ,■« «>»<w«i*w -f^r*. 
 tmllH. h"r** *«•♦ Xt^i-Aiil »*i». I » J""'* '^■t^• 
 *.niini iffiA* ifr* p»ni«'>>>'-4 r\»r»»»<i ,^^l\l^ mii 
 l',itfip*i fr**f9, *(vj r-i*vn*%«* m*f* *»i^»»i#i"ii ii •v-i'j^^ 
 sr,i*tt:iU If*, ^'« w'fift'* *tr*'.r. THAitn "Hn* «'«• 
 lit ffx f«/KMh. #»j^<Vr.)^iJ «s 'rvai-tj vi rt«»> ,.-i»i(t 
 ••J«. «•«« lm*.l«>»*i*-t : ♦!»» (I* » fc"» it-fft Zl-'M 
 pT'fwrJrtM'.n* ■»».■' mwU, in.t * iv"* A 'i'iV) n^n 
 rt»tnMt4 M thanrfiwriwv it* i»» 'fetVuKi. 
 
 Hl((-(ifii/ HIl/l kll(Hil-l Jill illil Hi* If/hHillt/i. 4im 
 lllhi ItiH ttiih mnit tllil'il,!/ In lliiM hiiliiiH, lit M. 
 Itimn nil* III lllh lliiiit-it kiitif,t, III. ^n*tHftii*/t if/ 
 lljh llhilil III fil.^ih tii'lUhln iiihi* (iti-nn, ■■ fnf 
 lUiiitfi ininiiiKH'thtiiiiliiihn ,i,;» ,».f/,ii,fy>/,„, ^f 
 
 Iht. ifl1*ll,llllf,lfinl Ifihf Hill lll,1 hliili* II, , I ■ - 
 hMliml^ Hlllt llmnl-ii. (1i.il ,1* ifih III), I 
 
 nlhili *hih III .ilili-i (ti*i HiiimH iiftii-i, , , .,. 
 hlf III ^.it 'ii/n iifiiift /hlm«t, Iiih Jl-.i^fmMl p* 
 fillhll Ini llillllllihlill'li itwiAtt , hill ll If. in Mif |f 
 Ihintiih/t. Ijiltih liintii 1,1 It* r«iV((i /».♦/, f/lif,l 
 l^hlif llliin llntlhf, Hiiniliflchn/ -fV'iHf ■hAIhIiii iI,* 
 
 iiiin. win, thiniiifi Him^iY* fm,-iy tij >. . , , , 
 iiihu 'tta* '*:)i» i I'iM iii/ih*it, 'fi,i , 
 
 tHihliriily \l,li fuM'ih i^ilii, MK''-. ' ■ ■ ; 
 
 hi II HH n hl'l/htl nAiihii III ^lh,« (. 
 
 itt-f nthtiu, ii.nf)Hhii Hi* ,iiii,n\*' / • 
 
 fhhl III iiliUhlMlthfH*! k^^MliVI / 
 
 ■Mm lihfiiihifiA nn* 'A li-* hitiUtt /f-rl -,..-.■ \ 
 tiihiiA-t M/i iti* lUiii I'll" nti*. lA ltd iy)'./iii<-«« 1,4 
 
 ItiHlhhiH flh'/lmt, I* ilfi'i-tif h-f .M i*if*4h*f1l*ii Wf 
 Iht Iti A Ihlihillti *H hi,tt,)Af till irt M«i Ihtt (*i/t 1* 
 hit UhHi I hilittlirli. «A4 ffii-H lA< ll'llH *,St *'.,<,(<» 
 Iiilh* (tntti Iil* tti-M II, (ll* iiltrt.ti lid 1/ (>!-" '»«, 
 (fci* M Mt'li' j(-liii/t*i*i<fi/i,*m**i\ t-t/i,^in H!f,<t» 
 mil,'!** *t,*»/tif,*4 tfi (ft* /d-M'M/ A< ^ H<ir1<'«f'vn. 
 "I/Uhfttlit, *■**» IAIH*ff iVfrt/^iW i^U iM* /f^H '/ 
 iittit' *W(»rt nV ifiii-V Will rtWHic Wii'Vi <l«itf ,'JliA 
 
 Aiti*/ih'-iM m A Iti y^ lA ivi* K/fMU »*/x^.»- 
 
 t^liff^ ^i^ihfl It P.'.it^fi Uit-f 't/M S-Ali*-» htattf-.- 
 
 ,f/,r,v< tun » R«* 'A cWivm'ntV iCdW «i4 d^i'f 
 
 ^♦'(••r Ifl <tl* rAV/K'l!'" : .W-trh* *-K»','-' <C(«| of*')" 
 
 ■•if ^'irKi j^ .iWri'iT fe-f .( ^*fi^**ft^ fi/-,rt ^^ 
 
 IhSM i*w (IV ivi'/it t,***! m-iA* (V-vm f4i>\m y<ii^A. 
 -ifnYt .» hiiA-f 'A ( .Yf--f.*irf,ti ff,-sWt-4, .IT iv m'M,*n< 
 Wh**i f (■'in'i'if f/ifU'M* ft»/..fi (>ui ^tKi*\i (Vmn ih* 
 tffi''*! \ tiTfl llirm i«*Yi*l<»«!(7ifrtl#f,r iViity /<l«< nr/i 
 t*'!*^! fn*'-.* fifiih* lA -f-n'm-K'iik'i. i,H -h* »*«'k,« *■« 
 
 *»**,ff M^wnti, tM >h* inmi^lm-it i.-.-iA iM*- vt-ri-^ 
 "If , 'iViyl '*,* t'.^^'iY.,*,** ,/ , ft,\r,(r,,,,,n**,i "f 
 fi-t*-/*-*,* i»Kt^li ,H« f^-.iKt ffrm firflPf (-H-iKit mi 
 i««i»4«4 m-ii\» ilvif f*if*ti t^'umm 't„» ,nim 
 tA lift* iht,*-/,* iii!i m !("ll*<( jn/r vro>Hi'<*'( .»-.«' «#i»,<if 
 ('/> ^if.ivi^-f rH» ^.M'm»i' 0Mf -.liiiuM (W!»i"« ot 
 nu\i*fy ■^I^^|*»I' rA ii-,iiin-/,Vv,h*i\ <m(ifi*» WWn^ 
 ft***. 1^*4 'n itiiff*m ,•» hi* *i<"/.| *nn'i^f f.n'iS-i^A 
 Ih* IV»4 (»##i1 jfiiKi.-' i\:iy'y 4*r-)>„»-^\i* ,n .ft^TiKii'/ 
 Mi\'-i t*-ftf,iyf,\w* ii\,^ii yr >«». ••»<ri«"M^,| titur- 
 (,*nn '.^••*->-i frt ''n* 'V,i'» ,ni»fTA vw*0<i stiif 
 iv«'(i-j wi-ftn^tit 4n4 Hi* t;'.,i7. n* »■•- r'»t«)»<< -m 
 '1n» ft<»M rA ri»tV Yf '"Ml win <" tnt-nn P'nh^^- i/ 
 Wn ly^it z* ji-roi'. T'-l** *tVfi^*it fvih*- i^rf^^ni'A 
 iM* »«»iV-< m iw wMt -MiH « Ji?t'.fta»'.«»« •«» iti. 
 tiMif* #"M"hy iA ir. «rt/( in im* I n U* 1«<Oik»-- ni 
 .ih^riy 4iiit w« 'n^wii-f <i1rf>' » i«irtf» •,wf»i»r<)»' 
 ' KVi . nif A*vr*ii Mm ♦ .nw.in* i» 'lit -^^r-^r^t ^-^a^M 
 n<<tirt-/ rtii- .'"•'Kwi** • ^vn ■li\*'nt 't* n< xSv iV ••••ful ;, 
 •vif 'rt f*»»"i ill* *vi/l'^ -y^ -A 111^ *^r,/\00. ' 
 I fm>»i»Hiar*ly (I'll*/- Hi» »fi-^»iV. h* t.-nu'-i'.iirm *M. 
 ' -.I'-ni. tmiy^i^iti -A ^ni^iwii 'Vnm ■Ii^.k -wi^w^"* •-,*. 
 r^ym*4 'H 'h*!* ')fei»«'^'int« wid .Ivdir h^ i^trir. 
 'ini* '}\* ^^t'lnh >rt- '4i^ ilKfi/fn ,*i*j,,,^,i* 'is#',^*^^-w 
 'Ai^. fi^'mut'mil -Vlfn il*f** ■(» vwil^t^r ili-lf^Y if**r 
 H If ?v rmrA *«<< ■l-'ivamfM 4 n lOiifc i •thn^ 
 farvfwin rm .#iJ »» •♦»<• 'nr-tKT ,i*!wi» uit lm ''^x^ 
 1*1 vr»"il!m<t : I'M t|» ••»<•» iniis •»»» -ifiJI^nmn-iM. 
 ■!"ii» •i<<iir"<iri>i flirt ^oniti I" .tn,iiim ^ juat i h r^'^ 
 xi.ry if»»i» n 'S'* Miii'ir'r^m*^! if \tr -ti^M '»««» 
 'MV v\iS»-\ imrH -n -hr •'"-..iiii «r ti^ !«*>r<^" irt- 
 ■li*'"*. mil •hllivn'n tf U* il»"»'Mi»i wnr .mi fll 
 wvnt at- ihif .i;«« ti »— « » W 'W minmr'tm*^ ""iw 
 tiwi'Ct flf«l>^ -U^ ^•nmimmii >»' ' '>»^w«ir.i .' -wnur, 
 i >ym9tt \>^nmii*'» <r*>r • ^immiKfrttiMi -mrt if -im 
 
HISTORY OK THE 
 
 m I 
 
 I \i 
 
 richest settlements of (ho state, and where there 
 are the fewest white inhabitants, in proportion to 
 the nuniberof slaves. There was much to attract, 
 nut Utile to resist the invaders. Small parties 
 visited almost every house, and, unopposed, took 
 ivhalever they chose. They not only rifled the 
 inhabitants of household furniture, but of wearing 
 apparel, money, tings, and other personal orna- 
 ments. Every place, in their line of march, ex- 
 perienced the elfects of their rapacity. 
 
 Soon after the aifair of Stono, the continental 
 forces, under the command of Lincoln, retired to 
 Sheldon, a healthy situation in the vicinity of Beau- 
 fort. Both armies remained in their respective 
 encampments, till the arrival of a French fleet, on 
 the coast, roused the whole country to immediate 
 activity. 
 
 Count D'Estaign, after repairing his fleet at 
 Boston, sailed for tlie West Indies. Having re- 
 ceived instructions from the king his master, to 
 act in concert with the forces of the United Stales, 
 and being strongly solicited by Genctal Lincoln, 
 President Lowndes, (iovernor Kullcdge, and Mr. 
 Pluinliard, consul of France, in Cliailesloii, lie 
 called from the West Indies, September 1st, f'lii' 
 the American conlinenl, with expectation of ren- 
 dering essential service, in operating ag:iinst tlie 
 romniun enemy. He arrived on the coast of b'cor- 
 gia, wilh a fleet consisting of twenty sail of llie 
 line, two of 50 guns, and eleven frigjles. His ap- 
 pearance was 80 unexpected, that the Expctiment 
 man of war, of 50 guns, commanded by Sir James 
 Wallace, and three frigates, fell into his hands. 
 
 As soon as his arrival on the coast was known, 
 General Lincoln, with the army under his com- 
 mand, marched for the vicinity of Savannah : and 
 orders were given for the militia of (jeorgia and 
 South Carolina to rende/.vous near the same place. 
 The British were equally diligent in preparing for 
 their defence. Great numbers were employed, 
 both by day and niglil, in strengthening and ex- 
 tending their lines. The American militia, fliibli- 
 ed with the hope of speedily expelling the British 
 from their southern possessions, turned out wilh 
 an alacrity, which far surpassed their exertions in 
 the preceding campaign. D'Estaign, before the 
 arrival of Lincoln, demanded the surrender of the 
 town to the arms of France. Prevost, iii his an- 
 swer, declined surrendering nn a general summons, 
 and requested that specific terms should be propos- 
 ed, to which he would give an answer. The count 
 replied, that it was the part of the besieged to pro- 
 pose terms. Prevost then asked foj' » «"'»;'cr:hi"ii 
 of hostilities, twenty-four hours, for preparing pro- 
 per terms. This was inconsideralely granted. 
 Before the twenty-four hours elapsed, Lieutenant 
 Colonel Mailland, wilh several hundred men, who 
 had been stationed at Beaul'orl, made their way 
 through many obstacles, an<l joined llie royal army 
 ^n Savannah. The garrison, encouraged by the 
 arrival of so respeclahic a force, determined on 
 resistance. The French and Americans, who 
 formed a junction the evening alter, were there- 
 fore reduced to the necessity of storming or be- 
 sieging the garrison. The resolution of proceed- 
 ing by siege being adopted, several days were con- 
 sumed in preparing for it; and in ihe meanlimc, 
 the works of the garrison were hourly strengthen- 
 ed, by the labour of several hundred negroes, di- 
 rected by the able enuineer, IMajor Moncrief. 
 The besiegers, on the 4th of Ociober, opened wilh 
 nine mnrlars, thirty-seven pieces of cannon, from 
 ihe land sidt, and fifteen from the water. Soon 
 after the commencement of the cannonade, Pre- 
 vost solicited for leave to send the women and 
 children out of town. This was refused. The 
 combined army suspected, that a desire of secret- 
 ing the plunder, lately taken IVoin the South Ca- 
 rolinians, was covered under the veil of humanity. 
 It was also presumed that a refusal would expe- 
 dite a surrender. On a report from the engineers, 
 that a considerable time would be necessary to re- 
 duce the garrison by regular approaches, it was 
 determined to make an nssniitt. This measure 
 wug forced ou Count D'Eslaiga by his marine of- 
 
 fleera, who remonstrated against his continuing in 
 risk so valuable a fleet, on a dangerous coast, in 
 the hurricane season, and at so great a distance 
 from the shore, that it might be surprised by a Bri- 
 tish fleet, completely repaired and fully manned. 
 In a few days, the lines of the besiegers might 
 have been carried, into the woiksof the besieged; 
 but under these ciitical circumstances, no farther 
 delay could be admitted. To assault or raise (he 
 siege was the only alternative. Prudence would 
 have dictated the hiltet : but a sense of honour 
 determined the besiegers to adopt the former. 
 Two feints were made with the country militia, 
 and a real attack on Spring-hill battery, early in 
 the morning of the Olh, with 3500 French troops, 
 600 continentals, and 350 of the inhabitants of 
 Charlestou. These boldly marched up to the lines, 
 under the command of D'Estaign and Lincoln; 
 but a heavy and well-directed lire from the batte- 
 ries, and a cross-fire from the galiies, threw the 
 front of their columns into coiifusion. Two stand- 
 ards were nevertheless planted o'l the British re- 
 doubts. A relrcat of the assailants was ordeted, 
 after they had stood ihe enemy's lire for fifty-five 
 miiiules. Count D'Estaign and Count Pulaski 
 were both wounded. 'J'he former slightly ; but 
 the latter tnorlally. Six htindreil and thirty-seven 
 of the French and upwards of two hundred of the 
 conliiienlals and iiiililia were killed or wounded, 
 (icneral Prevost, Lieutenant CidoncI Maitland, and 
 Major Moncrief, deservedly acquired great reputa- 
 lion by this successful <lefence. The force of the 
 garrison was between two and three thousand, of 
 which about loO were militia. The damage sus- 
 tained by llie bcsiegeil was trifling, as they fired 
 from behind works, and few of ihe assailants fired 
 at all. Immediately after this unsuccessful assault, 
 the mililia, almost universally, went to their homes. 
 Count D'Estaign rc-eiubaiked his troops and artil 
 lery, and left the continent. 
 
 While the siege of Savannah was pending, a 
 remarkable enterprise was cll'ccled by Colonel 
 John White of the Georgia line. Captain French 
 had taken post with about 100 men near the river 
 Ogechee, some time before the siege began. 
 There were also at the same place, forty sailors 
 on board of five British vessels, four of which 
 were armed. All tl;ese men, together wilh the 
 vessels and 130 stand of arms, were surrendered, 
 October 1st, to Colonel White, Captain Elholin 
 and four others, one of whom was the colonel's 
 servant. On the preceding night, this small parly 
 kindled a number of fires in dill'eient places, anil 
 adopted the parade of a large encampment. By 
 these, and a variety of ijeceplive stratagems, 
 Captain French was impressed with an opinion, 
 that nothing but an instant surrender, in conforini- 
 ly to a pereiir,itory siiminons, could save his men 
 fiom being cut to pieces by a superior foiec. He 
 therefore gave up, witliom making any resistance. 
 
 This visit of the fleet of his Most Christian Ma- 
 jesty to Ihe coast of America, lliongh unsuccess- 
 ful as to ils main object, was not without utility to 
 the United .Slates. Jt disconcerted the measures 
 aheady digested by the British commanders, and 
 caused a considerable waste of time, before they 
 could determine on a new plan of operations. It 
 also occasioned the evacuation of Rhode Island : 
 but this was of no advantage to the United .States, 
 For, of all the blunders commilled by the Brilish 
 in the cnnise of the American war, none was great- 
 er than their slationing (jOOO men, for two years 
 and eight months, on that Island, where they were 
 lost to every purpose of co-operaiion, and where 
 they could render very little more service to the 
 royal cause, than could have been afl<)rdcd by a 
 couple of frigates cruising in the vicinity. 
 
 The siege being raised, the continental troops 
 retreated over Ihe river Savannah. The vicissi- 
 tudes of an auliimnal atmosphere made a severe 
 impression on Ihe irritable fibres of men, exhausted 
 wilh fatigue, and dejected by defeat. Inpropnr- 
 liim to the toweling hopes, with which ihe expedi- 
 lionwas undertaken, was the depression of spirits 
 Kubscfiucut lu its failure. The Georgia exiles 
 
 who had assembled from all quarters to repossos* 
 themselves of their estates, were a second limo 
 obliged to flee from their country and possessions. 
 The most gloomy apprehensions, respecting tho 
 southern states, look possession of the minds of 
 the people. 
 
 Thus ended Ihe southern campaign of 1779, 
 without any thing decisive on either side. After 
 one year, in which the Britisli had overrun the 
 slate of Georgia, for 150 miles from the sea coast, 
 and had penetrated as far as the lines of Charles- 
 ton, they were reduced to (heir nriginal limits Id 
 Savannah. All their schemes of co-operation with 
 the tories had failed, and the spirits of that class of 
 the inhabitants, by successive disappoiutnien(8, 
 were thoroughly broken. 
 
 '{'he campaign of 1770 is remarkable for the fee- 
 ble exertions of the Americans. Accidental caus- 
 es which had previously excited their activity, 
 had in a great measure ceased to have influence. 
 An enthusiasm for liberty made (hem comparative- 
 ly disregard property, and brave all dangers in tho 
 first years of tlie war. The successes of their 
 arms near tho beginning of 1777, and the hopes of 
 capturing Burgoyne's army in Ihe close of it, to- 
 gether wilh the brisk circulation of a large quan- 
 lity of paper money, in good credit, made that year 
 both active and decisive. The flattering prospecta 
 inspired by the alliance with France in 1778, ban- 
 ished all fears of the success of the revolution : but 
 (he failure of every scheme of co-operation produ- 
 ced a despondency of mind unfavourable lo great 
 exertions. Instead of driving tlie Brilish 'of tho 
 country, as the Americans vaini; pres , the 
 
 campaigns of 1178 and 1779 terminal liout 
 
 any direct advantage^ from the French fleet sent 
 to their aid. Expecting too mucli from their al- 
 lies, and (hen failing in these expectations, they 
 were less prepared to prosecute the war wilh their 
 own resources, than they would have been, if 
 D'Estaign had not touched on their coast. Their 
 army was reduced in its numbers and badly 
 clothed. 
 
 In the first years of the war, the mercantilo 
 character was lost in tho military spirit of the 
 lines; but in the progress of il, the inhabitants, 
 cooling in their enthusiasm, gradually returned to 
 their former habits of Incralive business. This 
 made distinctions between the army and the citi- 
 zens, and was unfriendly In military exertions. 
 While several foreign events tended to the embar- 
 rassment of Great Britain, and indirectly (o the 
 establishment of independence, a variety of inter- 
 nal causes relaxed tlieexcrlionsof the Americans ; 
 and for a time, made it doubtful, whether they 
 would ultimately be independent citizens, or con- 
 quered subjects. Among these, the daily depre- 
 ciation of llieir bills of credit, held a distinguished 
 pie-eminence. This so malerially afl'ected every 
 dcparlinent, as (o meril a ])arlicnlar discussion. 
 The subject lo prevent an inleiruplion of the 
 thread ol Ihe narrative is (reaied in a se|iarate 
 chapter. 
 
 CHAPTER VH. 
 
 Of Continental Paper Currency. 
 
 In the itiodern mode of making war, money is 
 not less essential, than valour in the field, or wis- 
 dom in the cabinet. The longes( purse decides 
 (he fate of contending nations, as often as the 
 longest sword. It early nccurred to the founders 
 of the American empire, that the estohlished reve- 
 nues of Great Britain must, eventually, overbal- 
 ance Ihe sudden and impetuous sallies of men. 
 contending for freedom, on the spur of the occa- 
 sion, and without the permanent means of defence; 
 but how to remedy (he evil puzzled their wisest 
 politicians, (>old and silver, as far as was known, 
 had not a physical exislonce in llic coiinliy, in 
 any quantity equal lo the drmamls of war ; nor 
 could ihey be procured friim aliKniil ; as the cliaii 
 uula of cummercu had been pruvjously shut, by 
 
UN'ITED STATES. 
 
 4S3 
 
 arterg to repossos* 
 re a second liino 
 y and pussessiuiis. 
 119, reapcctiiig Ilio 
 ] of the miuda of 
 
 iimpnign of 1779, 
 iillier side. After 
 
 had overrun thd 
 from the sea coast, 
 e hnes of Chnrles- 
 r original limits ia 
 fco-ojie ration with 
 its of that class of 
 
 disappointments, 
 
 arkuble for the fee- 
 Accidental caiis- 
 ited their activity, 
 
 to have influence, 
 them comparativc- 
 ! all dangers in tho 
 successes of their 
 i', and the liopes of 
 ihe close of it, tu- 
 rn of a large ipinii- 
 ilit, made that year 
 Haltering prospects 
 ance in 177S, ban- 
 Ihe revolution : but 
 o-opcration produ- 
 favourable to great 
 e British 'of tho 
 inl_> pres , the 
 
 lerminai houl 
 
 French fleei sent 
 luch from their al- 
 
 cxpectatinns, they 
 I the war with their 
 luld have been, if 
 heir coast. Their 
 imbers and badly 
 
 ar, the mercantilo 
 
 litary spirit of the 
 
 it, llie inhabitants. 
 
 adually returned tn 
 
 'e business. This 
 
 army and the citi- 
 
 -lililary exertions. 
 
 ted to the embar- 
 
 indireclly to the 
 
 1 variety of intcr- 
 
 vf the Americans; 
 
 ful, wheiher they 
 
 cili'/.ens. or con- 
 
 . the daily depre- 
 
 :ld a distinguished 
 
 ally afl'ectecl every 
 
 rticular discussion. 
 
 nteirupliun of the 
 
 aied in a separate 
 
 m. 
 
 Currency. 
 
 king war, money is 
 n Ihe firld, or wis- 
 est purse decide] 
 I, as often as tho 
 red to the founders 
 le estuhlished revc- 
 venlnally, overbal- 
 iis sallies of men. 
 spur of the occa- 
 t means of defence; 
 iii7.7.leil their wisest 
 s far as was known, 
 the rounliy, in 
 niinils of war ; nor 
 Mi'.iil ; as the rliaii 
 iri'viuuslv shut, by 
 
 the voluntary association of Congress, to suspend 
 foreign trade. America having never been much 
 taxed in any direct way, and being without estab- 
 lished governments, and especially as she was 
 contending agiinsiwlial was lately lawful autho- 
 rity, could ni>i immediately proceed to taxation, 
 ilesides, as Ihe coniest was on Ihe subject of tax- 
 ation, the laying of taxes ailequate to llie exisjcn- 
 cies of war,even thougli it had been practicable, 
 would have been iiiipcdilic. The only plausible 
 expedient, in their power tn adopt, was the emis- 
 sion of bills of credit lepresenliiig specie, under a 
 public engagement to be ultiinalely sunk by equal 
 taxes, or exchanged for gold or silver. This prac- 
 tice had been familiar from Ihe lirst settlement of 
 the colonies, and, under proper resiiiciions, had 
 been found highly advantageous. Their resolu- 
 tion, to raise an army in .lune, 177;'), was there- 
 fore followed by another to emit bills of credit, to 
 the amount of two iMilliiiiis of dollars. To Ihal 
 Slim, on the 2,')tli of the next iminlli, it was re- 
 solved to add another million. I'or their redemp- 
 tion they pledgeil the confedeialed colonies, and 
 diiected each colony to find ways and means, to 
 sink its proportion and quota. In four annual pay- 
 ments ; the first to be made on or before the last 
 of November, 177!). 'J'liat time was fixed upon 
 from an expeclalion, thai, previous to its arrival, 
 the ciintcsi would be brought to a conclusion. On 
 the 29th of November, 177-3, an esliinate having 
 been made by Cimgiess of the public expenses al- 
 ready incurred, cu' likely to be incurred, in carry- 
 ing on their del'erice, till the lUili of June, 177G, 
 it was resolved lo emit a farilicr sum of three 
 millions of dollars, lo be le'leeincd, as the former, 
 by four annual piiyiiiciils ; the lirsi, lo be made on 
 or before the lust day of .November, 17S3. It 
 was, at the same lime, detenniried, that the quotas 
 of bills to be reileenied, by each colony, shu'dd be 
 in a relative proporlion to their respeclive niim- 
 bersof iohabilanls. 'I'his estimate was calculated 
 lo defray expenses, to ilie lOth of .lime, 1776, 
 on the idea, lhal an accommodation would take 
 place before lliat lime. lliiherlo all arrange- 
 ments, both for men anil niimey, were temporary, 
 and founded on the siipposeil probability of a re- 
 conciliation. Kaily in 1770, Congress obtained 
 inforiiiatinn, that (ireat lirilaiii had contracted for 
 16,(100 foreign mercenaries, to be sent over foi 
 the purpose of sul>iluing America. This enforced 
 the necessity of extendinu their plan of delence, 
 beyond the lOili of the next .liine. They, there- 
 lore, oil the 17ili of Kebrnary, 1776, ordered four 
 millions of dollars to be emilted, and on the 'Jtli 
 of May, and the 22d of .Inly following, cmilteil 
 ten millions mure, on the same security. iSiich 
 was the animaliim of the limes, that these several 
 emissions, amonnling in the agaresiate to twenty 
 millions of dollars, circulated, lor several inonllis, 
 withoiitany deprecialion, and commanded there- 
 sources of the coiinlry lor pnblii; service, eipially 
 with the same Slim of gidil or silver. The Uniled 
 .Stales derived liir a consiclerable limn, as iiiiich 
 benefit from this piper creation of their own, 
 though without any established fiinils for its sup- 
 port or redeinplioii, as would liaveresniled liom a 
 tree , in of as many .Mexican dollars. While the 
 ministry of Kiiiiland were pir/,/,llng lliemselves for 
 new taxes, ami I'limls, on wliiidi to raise their sup- 
 plies. Congress laised theirs by resolutions, direct- 
 ing paper of no ioirinsic value lo be struck oil', in 
 form of promissory notes. Hut there was a point, 
 both in time ami (|uaiiiily, beyond which this con- 
 gressional alchemy ceaseil to operate. That time 
 was about eighleeii monilis ftom the dale of their 
 first eniissiim, and that quantity about twenty mil- 
 lions of dollars. 
 
 Independence beinc declared, in the second year 
 of the war, ami the object for whici arms were at 
 first assumed beim; ciianged, it w; s obvious lli:il 
 more money must be procured. and jqiially so, that, 
 if bills of credit were niulliplieil b .'yond a reason- 
 nlile sum foi circulation, lliey must necessarily 
 depreciate, it was, therefore, or the 3d of Octo- 
 ber, 1776, resoiveil to boirow Cve iniUluai of dol- 
 
 lars ; and, in the month following, a lottery was 
 set on foot: for obtaining a farther sum on loan. 
 The expenses of the war were so great, that the 
 money arising from both, though considerable, was 
 far short of a suthciency. The rulers of Ameiica 
 thought it still premature to urge taxaiion. They, 
 tlierelure, reiterated the expedient of f.iliher emis- 
 sions. The ease, with which the means of pro- 
 curing supplies were fiirnisheil, by striking olf 
 bills of credit, and the leailiness of the people lo 
 receive them, prompted Congress lo multiply them 
 beyond the limits of prudence. A diminution of 
 their value was the unavoidable consequence. — 
 This at first was scarcely perceivable ; but it daily 
 increased. The zeal of the people, nevertheless, 
 so far overbalanced the nice mercantile calcula- 
 tions of interest, that the campaigns of 177G, and 
 1778, were not allecled by the depreciation of the 
 paper currency. Congress foresaw that this could 
 not long be the case. It was, therefore, on the 
 '■i'iii of November, 1777, recommended tn Ihe se- 
 veral slates, to raise by taxes the sum of five mil- 
 lions of dollars, for the service of the year 177S. 
 Previously to this, it had been resolved to bor- 
 row larger sums ; and fur the encouragement of 
 lenders, it was agreed to pay the interest nhich 
 should accrue thereon, by bills of exchange, pay- 
 able in France, out of monies boiiowed there, for 
 the use of the Uiiiied Stales. This tax unfortu- 
 nately failed in several of the states. From the 
 impossibility of procuring a suiliciency of money, 
 either from loans oi taxes, the old expedient of 
 farther emissions was reiterated ; but the value 
 decreased as the quantity increased. Congress, 
 anxious to put a slop to the increase of their bills 
 ofcredil, anil to provide a fund for reducing what 
 were issued, called upon the states on the 1st of 
 January, 1779, lo pay, into the cimtinental trea- 
 sury, their icspective quotas of fit'teen millions of 
 dollars, for the service of that year, and of six 
 millions annually from and after the year 177!), as 
 a fund fur reducing iheirearlyemissioiisand loans. 
 Such had been the mistaken ideas, which origi- 
 nally prevailed, of the duration of the contest. that, 
 ihuugli the war was raging, and the demands for 
 money unabated, yet the period had arrived, which 
 had been originally fixed upon, for the redemption 
 of the first emissions of Congress. 
 
 In addition to these fifteen millions, called for 
 on the 1st of January, 1779, the states were, on 
 llie 21st of .May following, called upon to furnish, 
 lor public service, within the current year, their 
 respeclive quotas of forty-five millions of dollars. 
 (Congress wished to arrest the growing deprecia- 
 lion, and, therefore, called for taxes in large sums, 
 proportioned to the demands of the public, and also 
 to the diminished value of their bills. These re- 
 qiiisitiims, thonnh nominally large, were by no 
 means snlficienl. From the fiucluating slate of 
 Ihe money, it was impossible lo make any certain 
 calculalions ; for it was not two days of the same 
 value. A sum which, when demanded, would have 
 purchased a sulliciency of the cominodities wanted 
 lor the public service, was very inadequate, when 
 thecnlleclion was mule, and the money lodged in 
 llie treasury. The deprccialiou began at ditferenl 
 periods in ditVerent stales ; but in general about 
 the middle of the year 1777, and progressively in- 
 creased for three or four years. Towards the last 
 cd' 1777, the depreciation was about two or thiee 
 for one. In 1778, it advanced from two or three 
 for one, to five or six for one; in 1779, from five 
 or six for one, to twenly-seven or Iwenly-cight for 
 (me ; in 1780, from iweiily seven or tweiity-eiuhl 
 for one, to filly or sixty for one, in the first four 
 or five months of that year. Its circulation was 
 al'lerwards (lartial ; but where it passed, it soon 
 depreciated to 1.30 for one. In some few pans, it 
 conliiiiied in circulation fiir the first four o. five 
 months of 1781 ; but in this latter period, many 
 would not take it at any rate, and they who did, re- 
 ceived it at a depreciation of several hundreds for 
 one. 
 
 As there was A general clamour on account of 
 the floods of money, which, at successive periods, 
 
 had deluged the states, it was resolved, in October. 
 1779, that no t'arther sum should he issued, on any 
 account whatever, than uhal, when added to tho 
 present sum in circulation, would in the whole bo 
 equal two hundred millions of dollars. It was at 
 the same time resolved, that Congress should emit 
 only such part of the sum wanting to make up two 
 hnndied millions, as should be absolutely neces- 
 saiy for the public exigencies, before adequate sup- 
 plies could be otherwise obtained ; relying, for 
 such supplies, on the exertions of the several states. 
 This was forcibly represented in a circular letter 
 from Congress lo their consliluenis; and thestates 
 were earnestly entreated to prevent thatdeluge of 
 evils, which would flow from their neglecting to 
 furnisi: adequate supplies, for the wants of the 
 confederacy. The same circular letter state>l the 
 practicability of reileeming all the bills of Congress, 
 at par, with gold and silver, and rejected, with in- 
 dignation, the supposition that the states would 
 ever tarnish their credit, by violating public faith. 
 These strong declarations, in favour of the paper 
 currency, deceived many lo repose confidence in 
 ii to their ruin. Subsequent evL.itscompelled Con 
 gress to adopt the very measure in 1780, which, 
 in the preceding year, they had sincerely rrpro- 
 baled. 
 
 From the non-compliance of the states. Congress 
 was obliged, in a short time after the dale of their 
 circular letter, lo issue such a farther qnantity, as, 
 when added lo previous emissions, made the sum 
 of 2U0 milliiins of dollars. ISesides this immense 
 sum, the paper emissions of the dilferent slates 
 amounted lo many millions; which mixed with the 
 continental money, and added to its deprecialion. 
 What was of very little value before, now became 
 less. The whole was soon expended ; and yet, 
 from its increased depreciation, the immediato 
 wants of the army were not supplied. The 
 source which fur five years had enabled Congress 
 lo keep an army in the field being exhausted. Ge- 
 neral Washington was reduced, lor some time, to 
 the alternative of disbanding his troops, or of sup- 
 plying them by a military foice. He preferred the 
 latter ; and ihc inhabitants of New Voik and New 
 Jersey, though they fell the injury, saw the ne- 
 cessity and patiently submitted. 
 
 The stales were next called upon to furnish, 
 in lieu of money, determinate quantities of beef, 
 pork, dour, and other articles, fiir the use of the 
 army. This was called a requisition far specific 
 supplies, or a tax in kind; and was found, on ex- 
 penmenl, to be so dilficult of execution, so incon- 
 venient, partial and expensive, that it was speed- 
 ily abandoned. About this time. Congress re- 
 solved upon another expedient. This was to issue 
 a new species of paper money, under the guaran- 
 tee of the several states. The old money was to 
 be called in by taxes ; and, as soon as brought in, 
 to be burnt; and in lien thereof, one dollar of the 
 netv was to be emilted for every twenty of the 
 old: so lhal when the whole two hnndied millions 
 were drawn in and cancelled, only ten millions of 
 the new should be issued in their placet four- 
 lenths of which were lo be subject to the order of 
 (Congress, and the remaining six tenths to the or- 
 der of the several states. These new bills were 
 to be redeemable in specie, within six years, and 
 to bear an interest at the rate of five per cent, to 
 be paid also in specie, at the redemption of tho 
 bills, or, at the election of the owner, annually in 
 bills of exchange on the American commissioners 
 in Kurope, at lout shillings and sixpence for cttch 
 dollar. 
 
 From the execution of these resolutions, it was 
 expected, that the old money would be cancelled ; 
 that the ciiriency would be reduced to a fixed 
 standard : that Ihe stales woiilil be supplied with 
 the means of piiichasing the specific supplies re. 
 quired of them; ami that Congress would bo fur- 
 nished with elficient money, lo provide forthe exi- 
 gencies of the war. That these good etfects 
 would have followed, even though the resolutions 
 of Congress had been carried into execution, if 
 very questionable : but, from tho partial cuiapli* 
 
' II 'I 
 
 454 
 
 HISTORY OP THE 
 
 !- I 
 
 inccs of ilie slntcfi, the Gxperiment was nevei 
 fnirly inirile, ;iiul llie new paper answered very 
 litlle purpose. It was hoped by varying the ground 
 of rreihi, that Congress would gain a repetition of 
 the ailvaiila<;es, which resiihed I'mm their first pa- 
 per expedient : but these hopes were ofsliort du- 
 ration, liy tliis time, much of the popular enthu- 
 Hiasni had spent itself, and confidence in public 
 cngauenienls was at a low ebb. The event proved, 
 that credit Is of too delicate a nature to be sport- 
 ed with, and can only be maintained, by honesty 
 and punctuality. The several expedients propos- 
 ed by Congress far raising supplies, having failed, 
 a crisis followed, very interesting to the success 
 of tlie revolution. The particulars of this aie re- 
 lated among the public events of the year 1781, in 
 which it look place. Some observations on that 
 primary nistrumcnt of American independence, 
 the old continental bills of credit, shall fur the pres- 
 ent close this subject. 
 
 It would have been impossible to have carried on 
 .lie war, without something in the form of money. 
 There was spirit enough in America, to bring to 
 the field of battle as many of her sons, as would 
 liave out-numbered the armies of Great Itrilain, 
 and to have risked their fale on a general engage- 
 ment ; but this was the very thing they ought to 
 avoid. Their principal hope lay in evacualim;, re- 
 treating and priilracting, to its ulmosl length, a 
 war of posts. The continued exertions, necessary 
 foi this species of defence, could not be expected 
 froi'i the impetuous sallies of militia. A regular, 
 permament army became necessary. Though the 
 enthusiasm of the limes might have dispensed with 
 present pay, yet, without at least as much money 
 MS would support them in the field, the most pa- 
 triotic army must have dispersed. 
 
 The impossibility of the Americans procuring 
 gold and silver, even for that pmpose, doubtless 
 weighed with the ISritish as an encouragement, to 
 bring the controversy to the decision of the sword. 
 What they knew cuidd not be done by ordinary 
 means, was accomplished by those which were 
 extraordinary. Paper of no intrinsic value was 
 made to answer all the purposes of gold and silver, 
 and to support the expenses of five campaigns. 
 This wr.s in some degree, owing lo a previous con- 
 fidence, which had been begotten by honesty and 
 fidelity, in discliaiging the engagements of goveiii- 
 liient. From New York to (ieorgia, there n> ver 
 had been, in matters relating lo money, an instance 
 ofa breach of public faith. In the scarcity of gold 
 and silver, many emergencies had imposed a ne- 
 cessity of emitting bills of credit. These had 
 been uniformly and honestly redeemed. The bills 
 of Congress being thrown into circulation on this 
 favourable foundailo'i of public confidence, were 
 readily received. The ciMhusiasm of the people 
 (ontributed to tlie same effect. Tliat the endan- 
 gered liberties of Americ.i ought to be defended, 
 and that the credit of their paper was essentially 
 necessary lo a proper defence, were opinions en- 
 graven on the hearts of a great majority of the citi- 
 zens, t was, therefore, a point of honour, niul 
 consider! I as a part of duty, to take the bills freely 
 at their full value. Private gain was then so little 
 regarded that the wliig citizens were willing to run 
 nil till! hazards iiicid'Milal to bills of credit, rather 
 than injure the cause of their country by under- 
 valuing its money. Kvery thing human has its 
 value diminished from th>! increase of its tpiantity. 
 Hepeateil emissions besat that natural deprecia- 
 tion, which results from an excess of quantity. 
 This was helped on by various causes, which af- 
 fected ihe credit of the iiiniiey. The enemy very 
 ingeniously coiinterli'iled their bills, and indus- 
 Irioiisly circulated their forgevies ihruiigh the Uni- 
 ted Slates. Congress allowed, to their public 
 ngenis, a cnmiiiission on the amount of their pur- 
 chases. Instead of exeriiiii! ihemsclves to pnr- 
 chf.?e low, they liad, therefore, an interest in buy- 
 ing nt high prices. So strong was tlie force of 
 |>rej)idice, that the Biilish mode of supplying ar- 
 
 mies by contract could not for a long time, obtain 
 tlie approbation ofCongress. While these causes 
 operated, confidence in the public was abating, and, 
 at the same time, that fervour and patriotism, which 
 disregarded interest, was daily dechning. To pre- 
 vent or retard the depreciation of their paper mo- 
 ney. Congress attempted lo prop its credit by means, 
 which wrecked private property, and injured the 
 morals of the people, without answering the end 
 proposed, They recommended to tlie states, lo 
 pass the laws for regulating Ihe prices of labour, and 
 of all sorts of commodities ; and for confiscating 
 and selling the estates of torics, and investing the 
 money, arising from the sales thereof, in loan- 
 office certificates. As many of those who were 
 disaflected to tlie revolution, absolutely refused to 
 take the bills ofCongress, even in the first stage of 
 the war, when the real and nominal value was the 
 same with the view of counteracting their machi- 
 nations, Congress early recommended toihe slates, 
 to pass laws for making the paper money a legal 
 tender, at its nominal value, in the discharge of bo- 
 na fide debts, thouch contracted to be paid in gold 
 or silver. With the same vieivs, ihey farther re- 
 commended, that laws should be passed by each of 
 the states ordaining that, " whosoever should ask 
 or receive more, in their bills of credit for gold or 
 silver or any species of money whatsoever, than 
 the nominal sum Ihcreof in Spanish dollars, or 
 more in the said bills for any coinmodiiies whatso- 
 ever, than the same could be purchased, from the 
 same person, in gold or silver, or oiler to sell any 
 commodities for gold or silver, and refuse to sell the 
 same lor 'he said bills, shall be deemed :in enemy 
 to the liberties of the United States, and forfeit the 
 properly so sold or offered for sale." The laws 
 which were passed by the states, for regula- 
 ting the prices of labour and commodities, were 
 found on experiment to be visionary and impracti- 
 cable. They only operated on the patriotic few, 
 who were tlisposed to sacrifice evciy thing in the 
 cause of their country, and wlio implicitly obeyed 
 every mandate of their rulers. Ollicrsdisregarded 
 them, and either refused to part with their commo- 
 dities, or ilemanded and obtained their own prices. 
 
 These laws, in the first instance, made an arti- 
 ficial scarcity, and, had they not been repealed, 
 would soon have made a real one; for men never 
 exert themselves, unless they have the fruit of their 
 exertions secured to them, and at their owndisposal. 
 
 The confiscation anil sale of the property of lo- 
 ries, for the most part, brought but very little into 
 the public treasury. The sales were generally 
 made on credit, and, by Ihe progressive deprecia- 
 tion, what was dear, at the time of the purchase, 
 was veiy cheap at the time of pnymeut. The 
 most extensive mischief resulted in the progress, 
 and towards the close of the war, from the opera- 
 tion of the laws which made the paper bills a ten- 
 der, in the discharge of delils. contracted payable 
 in gold or silver. When this measure was first 
 adopted, little or no injiisiice resulted from it ; for, 
 at that time, Ihe paper bills were equal, or nearly 
 equal lo gold or silver, of the same nominal sum. 
 In the progressof the war, when depreciation took 
 place, the case was maleiially altered. Laws, 
 which were originally innocent, became eventually 
 the occasion of inucli injustice. 
 
 The aged, who had retired from the scenes 
 of active business, to enjoy the fruits of their in- 
 dustry, found their substance melting away In a 
 mere pittance, insiifTicient for thei>sup!iort. The 
 widow, who lived comfortably on ;he bequests of 
 a deceased husband, experienced a frustration of- 
 all his well-meant tenderness. The laws of the 
 country intcrposeil, and compelled her to receive a 
 shilling, where a pound was lier due. The bloom- 
 ing virgin, who had grown up with an unquestion- 
 able title to a liberal patrimony, was legally strip- 
 ped of every thing, but her personal charms and 
 virtues. The ha|)less orphan, instead of receiv- 
 ing from the hands of an executor, a competency 
 to set out in business, was obliged to give a final 
 
 discharge on the payment of six pence in the 
 pound. In many instances, the earnings of a long 
 life of care and diligence were, in the space of a 
 few years, reduced to a trillini,- sum. A few per- 
 sons escaped these affecting calamities, by secret- 
 ly transfering iheir bonds, or by flying from the 
 presence or neighbourhood of their debtors, Tliu 
 evils which resulted from the legal tender of these 
 paper bills, were foreign from the intentions ol 
 Congress, and of the state legislatures. It is but 
 just'cc to add, farlher,'lhat a great propoilion of 
 them flowed from ignorance. Till the year 17S0, 
 when the bills fell to forty fur one, it was designed 
 by most of the rulers of America, and believed by 
 a great majority of the people, thai the ulinlesiini 
 in circulation would be appreciated by a rediiitioii 
 of ilsquantity, so as finally In be eipial lo gold or 
 silver. In every depariment of govermnenl, ihe 
 Americans erred from ignorance ; Lut in none so 
 much, as in that which related lo money. 
 
 Such were the evils which resulted lioiii papei 
 money. On the other hand, il wasllie occasi .of 
 good to many. It was at all limes the poor man's 
 friend. While it was cm rent, all kinds of lilioiir 
 very readily found their reward. In the first yerirs 
 of the war, none were idle from want of eniploy- 
 mcnt ; and none were emplnyi'd, wiihoiit having il 
 in their power to obtain ready payment for llieir 
 services. To that class of people, whose daily 
 labour was their support, the depreciation was no 
 disadvantage. Kxpending their money as fist as 
 they received it, lliey always procured its full va- 
 lue. The reverse was the case with Ihe rich, or 
 those who were disposed lo lioardiiig. No agra- 
 rian law ever had a more exiensive operation, than 
 continental money. That, for which ihe (iracohi 
 lost their lives in Koine, was peaceably elVecled in 
 the United Slates, by ihe legal tender of these de- 
 preciating bills. The poor bec.iiiie rich, and tho 
 rich became poor. iNIoney lenders, and iliey whoso 
 circumstances enabled them to give credii, were 
 essentially injured. All that the money Inst in its 
 value was so much taken from their capital: but 
 the active andind'istriousindemnined themselves, 
 by conforming the piice of their services lo the 
 present state of the depreciation. The experience 
 of this time inculcated on yoiiili twosaliilary les- 
 sons ; the impolicy of depending on paternal ac- 
 quisitions, and the necessity of their own exenions. 
 They who were in debt, and possessed properly 
 of any kind, could easily make the latter extin- 
 guish the former. Kvery thing that was useful, 
 when brought lo raaiket, readily fourd a puiclia- 
 ser. A few cattle would pay for a comfortable 
 house ; and a good horse for an improved planla- 
 lion. A small part of the productions of a farm 
 would discharge the long out-staniling accounts, 
 due from its owner. The dreams of the golden 
 age were realised to the poor man and the delilor; 
 but unfortunately what these gained, was just so 
 much taken from others. 
 
 The evils of depreciation did not terminate with 
 the war. That the helpless part of the comuiii- 
 iiity were legislatively deprived of their properly, 
 was among the lesser evils, which resulted from 
 the legal tender of the depreciated bills of credit. 
 The iniquity of the laws enslranged the minds of 
 many of Ihe citizens, from the habits and love of 
 justice. 
 
 The nature of obligations was so far clianged 
 that he was reckoned the honest man, who, from 
 principle, delayed lo pay his debts. The mounds 
 which government had erei^led. to secure ilie ob- 
 servance of honesty, in the commercial intercourse 
 of man with man, were broken down. Time and 
 industry soon repaiicd the losses of properly, 
 which the citizens sustained during the war; but 
 both, for a long time, failed in elfacing ihe taint 
 which was then communicated to llieir principles.* 
 
 * Tbis WHS written in I77tt, since vvhicli pi^rinil n new 
 eniHtilutiiin, good liiws, hiiiI ii vi:;<in)U8 nifilliiiirttrHtiiiii 
 of jiiNiiet>, linve elf.M'ieil ii cuiH'ilenibU' 'iniclinrAtioa in 
 llic iiiunilsor Ibo inliabitaiita. 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 if six pence in llis 
 he eiirnings of'ii Uinj; 
 're, in the lip^ice <il' a 
 uf; snni. A few per- 
 ciilnmiliea, liy seiret- 
 ■ hy flying from iho 
 ftheir dehinrs. Tliu 
 
 lei!iil leniler nC these 
 in the intentions ot 
 !;iahitiires. It is but 
 
 grciit proporlinn ot' 
 Till the year 1780, 
 
 one, it WHS ilesinneil 
 'licii, iind lit'lii'vt'd by 
 , thill the uhiile !iiiiii 
 ciiited liy ii leiliiitioii 
 > he ei|iiiil tu mill! or 
 
 (if coveininent, the 
 ice ; Lni in none so 
 I to iiioney, 
 resulted lliiin pnpei 
 
 was the occiisi . iil 
 limes the pnnr iiiiin's 
 , all kinds iif l.ilioiir 
 il. In the rnstye.iis 
 nil want of employ- 
 ed, without hiiviiiL; il 
 y payment for llieir 
 leople, whose daily 
 df'priMMation was no 
 iMr money as fist as 
 lociired its full va- 
 se with the rieli, or 
 loardint;. No agra- 
 isive operation, than 
 r which the (iracchi 
 leacealily elVected In 
 
 I tiniler id' these de- 
 ■eaiiie rich, and thu 
 lers, and I hey whoso 
 to j;ive credit, wero 
 he money lost in Its 
 
 II their capiial ; liiit 
 niiiified themselves, 
 leir services to the 
 in. The experience 
 ith twosalolaiy les- 
 ling on paternal ac- 
 their own exertions, 
 possessed property 
 ke the latter extin- 
 iig that was useful, 
 ly fourd a piitcha- 
 
 for il comfortable 
 in improved plaiita- 
 linctions of a farm 
 slandini; accounts, 
 ains of the |!olileii 
 lan and the (lelilor ; 
 ;ained, was Just so 
 
 I not terminate witli 
 irt of the comniii- 
 I of their properly, 
 liieh resulted from 
 iaied hills of credit, 
 ingeil the minds of 
 habits and love ot' 
 
 'as so far changed 
 pst man. who, from 
 ibts. 'I'lie mounds 
 I, to secure the ob- 
 tnercial iiiiercoiirse 
 down. Time and 
 losses of pro|.ierty, 
 iring the war; but 
 I elVaeing the taint 
 to their principles.* 
 
 ! which pfrind n ni'w 
 :oroiifl iithiiinistrtiliiiti 
 nihil} 'inielioratioii in 
 
 CHAPTER YIII. 
 
 Of Indians and expeditions into the Indian country. 
 
 When the English colon'es were first planted 
 in North America, the country was inhnb,;>.'d by 
 numerous tribes of Indians, who principally sup- 
 ported themselves by fishing, hunting, and by the 
 spontaneous productions of nature. The arts and 
 arms of Europeans soon gave them an ascendancy 
 over such untutored savages. Had the latter un- 
 derstood their interest, and been guided by a spirit 
 of union, they would soon have expelled the in- 
 vaders ; and in that case, they might now be nou- 
 rishing, in the possession of their ancient terri- 
 tories and independence. ])y degrees, the old in- 
 habitants were eiicumscribed within narrower 
 limits : and, by some strange fatality, their num- 
 bers have been constantly lessening. The names 
 of various nations, which, in the seventeenth cen- 
 tury, boasted of several lliousands, are now known 
 only to those who are fond of curious researches. 
 Many are totally extinct ; and others can show no 
 more than a few straggling iudividnals, the rem- 
 nants of their fallen greatness. That so many 
 tribes should, in so slioit a lime, lose both their 
 country and their national existence, is an event 
 scarcely to be paralleled in the histoiy of the 
 world. Spirituous liquors, the small pox, and an 
 abridgment of territoiy, to a people whose mode 
 of life needed an extensive range, evils which 
 chiefly resulted from the neighhourhood of Euro- 
 peans, were among the principal causes of their 
 destruction. The reflections, which are excited 
 by reviewing the havoc niaile among the native 
 proprietors of this new world, are in some degree 
 alleviated by its counterpart. While one set of 
 inhabitants was insensilily dwindling away, nn- 
 other,improving in the arts of civil and social life, 
 was growing in numbers, and rapidly filling up 
 their places.* As the emigrants from Europe, and 
 Iheii descendants, extended their possessions on 
 the sea coast, the aborigines retired from it. By 
 this gradual advance of the one, and retiiing of 
 the other, the former always presented an exten- 
 sive frontier, to the incursions of the latter. The 
 European emigrants, IVom an avidity for land, the 
 possession of which is the ultimate object of liii- 
 inan avarice, were prone to encroach on the terri- 
 tories of the Indians; while the Indians, from ob- 
 vioi;s principles of human nature, beheld with con- 
 cern the descendants of the ancient proprietors 
 circumscribed, in theirterritory, by the descend- 
 ants of those slrangeis, whom their fathers had 
 permitted to reside among them. Krom these 
 causes, and especially from the licentious conduct 
 of disorderly individuals, of both Indians and white 
 people, there were iVerpieiit interruptions of the 
 peace in their conliguons settlemenis. 
 
 In the war between France and EnBland,wliich 
 commenced in 177;), both parlies paiil assiduous 
 attention to the Aborigines. The former succeed- 
 ed ill securing the greater number of adherents; 
 but the superior success of the latter, in the pro- 
 gress, and at the termination of the war, tuineil the 
 cuircnt of Indian alfeclions and interest in their 
 favour. When the dispute between Great Britain 
 and lier colonies began to grow serious, the friend- 
 ship of the Indians became a matter of conse- 
 quence to both parties. Sirelching for fifteen 
 hundred miles along the whole north-westein fron- 
 tier of the colonies, they were to lliein desirable 
 friends, and formidable enemies. As terror was 
 one of the engines, by which (iieat Britain in- 
 tended tu enforce the submission of the colonies, 
 nothing could be more conducive to the excite- 
 ment of this passion, tlian the co-operations of In- 
 dians. Policy, not cruelty, led to the adoption of 
 this expedient : but it was of that over-refined spe- 
 cies which counteracts itself. In the competition 
 for the friendship of the Indians, the British had 
 
 ' Il Ima been cumpatcd, thiU five hiimlnul civili/.cil 
 hiiiimn beings may riijiiy lifo in plenty iinJ cnniriirt, 
 whci': only one savage drag!> out » miserahle existence. 
 
 advantages, far superior to any possessed by the 
 colonists. The expulsion of the French from Ca- 
 nada, an event wiiich had taken place only about 
 thirteen years before, was still fresli in the memory 
 of many of the savages, and had inspired llieni with 
 higli ideas of the martial superiority of the Britisli 
 troops. The first steps taken by the congress, to 
 oppo.se Great Britain, put it out of their power to 
 gratify the Indians. Such was the effect of the non- 
 importation agreetnent of 1774. While Great 
 Britain had access to the principal Indian tribes, 
 through Canada on the north, and Florida on the 
 south, and was abundantly able to supply their 
 many wants the colonists liad debarred themselves 
 from importing the articles, whicli were necessary 
 for the Indian trade. 
 
 It was unfortunate for t'.ic colonies, that, since 
 the peace of Paris, 17G3 the transactions with 
 the Indians had been luusll ' carried on by super- 
 inlendants,appoioted and pad by the king of Great 
 Britain. These, being mid< r obligations to the 
 crown, and expectants of farther f'vours from it, 
 generally used their influence with lb<- Indians, in 
 behalf of the mother country, and against the co- 
 lonies. They insinuated into the minds of the 
 uninformed savage.s, that tlie king was their natu- 
 ral protector, against the encroaching colonists; 
 and that, if the latter succeeded in their opposi- 
 tion to Great Britain, they would next aim at the 
 extirpation of their red neighbours. By such re- 
 presentations, seconded wiih a profusion of pres- 
 ents, the attachment of the Indians was pre-en- 
 gaged, in support of the British interest. 
 
 The Americans were not unmindful of the sa- 
 vages on their frontier. They appointed commis- 
 sioners to explain to them the grounds of tlieir 
 dispute, and tu cultivate their friendship, by trea- 
 ties and presents. They endeavoured to persuade 
 the Indians, that the quarrel was, by no means, 
 relative to them ; and that, therefore, they should 
 take part with neither side. 
 
 For the greater convenience of managing the 
 intercourse between the colonies and the Indians, 
 the latter were divided into three departments, the 
 northern, southern, and middle; and commission- 
 ers were appointed for each. Congress also re- 
 solved to import and distribute among them a suit- 
 able assortment of goods, to the amount of forty- 
 thousand pounds sterling, on account of the United 
 States ; but this was not executed. All the ex- 
 ertions of Congress weie insufficient for the secu- 
 rity of their western frontiers. In almost every 
 period of the war, a great majority of the Indians 
 took part with Great Britian, against the Ameri- 
 cans. South Carolina was among the first of the 
 states, whicli experienced the effects of British 
 influence over the Indians. The Cherokees and 
 the Creeks inhabit lands not far distant from 
 tli^ western settlements of Carolina and Geor- 
 gia. The intercourse witli these tribes had, for 
 several years prior to the American war, been 
 exclusively committed to .John Stuart, an offi- 
 cer of the crown, and devoted to the royal in- 
 terest. His great influence was wholly exerted 
 ill favour of Great Britain. A plan was settled 
 by him in concert with the king's governors and 
 other royal servants, to land a royal armed force 
 in Florida, and to proceed with it to the western 
 frontier of the southern slates ; and there in con- 
 junction wiihllic lories and Indians, to fall on the 
 li lends of Congress, at the same time that a fleet 
 and army should invade them on the sea coast. 
 The whidc scheme was discovered, by tlie cap- 
 ture of .Moses Kirkland.one of the principal agents 
 employed in its execution, while he was on llis 
 way to General Gage with dispatclies, detailing 
 tlic particulars, and soliciting the requisite aid to 
 accomplish it. The possession of Kirkland, and 
 of his papers, enabled the Americans to take such 
 steps, as in a great degieo frustrated tire views of 
 the royal servants ; yet so much was carried into 
 effect, that the Cherokees began their massacres, 
 at ttie very time the British fleet attacked the fort 
 on Sullivan's island. The undisturbed tranquili- 
 ty, which toott place in South Carolina aud the 
 
 453 
 
 adjacent states, after the British had failed in 
 their designs against them, in the spring and sum- 
 mer of 1776, gave an opportunity for carrying war 
 into the Indian country. This was done, not so 
 much to puniidi what was past, as to prevent all 
 future co-operation between the Indians and Bri- 
 tish, in that quarter. 
 
 Virginia, Nortli Carolina, South Carolina, and 
 Georgia, sent about tlie same time, a considera- 
 ble force, which traversed the Indian settlemenis, 
 burned their towns, and destroyed their fields of 
 corn. Above five hundred of the Cherokees were 
 obliged from the want of provisions, to take re- 
 fuge in Florida, and were there fed at the expense 
 of the Britisli government. These unfortun'dte, 
 misled people sued for peace, in the most subitris- 
 sive terms, and soon afterwards assented ic i 
 treaty, by which they ceded a considerable part of 
 tlieir land to South Carolina. The decision with 
 which this expedition was conducted, intimidated 
 the Cherokees, for some years from farther hos- 
 tilities. 
 
 Very din°erent was the case of those Indians, 
 who were in the vicinity of the British posts, and 
 contiguous to the frontier of the northern and mid- 
 dle Slates. The presents which they continually 
 received from England, the industry of the British 
 agents, and tlie influence of a great number of 
 American refugees who had taken shelter among 
 them, operating on their native passion for rapine, 
 excited them Infrequent hostile excursions. Col- 
 onel John Butler, :i Connecticut lory, and Brandt, 
 a half Indian by blood, were tlie principal leaders 
 of the savages in these expeditions. The vast 
 extent of frontier, and remote situation of the set- 
 tlements, together with the exact knowledge 
 which the refugees possessed of the country, made 
 it practicable for even small parties to do extensive 
 mischief. 
 
 A storm of Indian and tnry vengeance burst ia 
 July 1778 with particular violence on Wyoming, a 
 new and flourishing settlement on the eastern 
 branch of the Susquehannah. Unfortunately for 
 the security of the inhabitants, the soil was claimed 
 both by Connecticut and Pennsylvania. From the 
 collision of contradictory claims, founded on royal 
 chiirters. the laws of neither were steadily enforced. 
 In this remote settlement, wliere government was 
 feeble, the lories were under less control ; and 
 could easily assemble undiscovered. Neverthe- 
 less, twenty-seven of tliem were taken and sent to 
 Hartford, in Connecticut : but tliey were after- 
 wards released. These and others of the same 
 description, instigated by revenge against the 
 Americans, from wlioin some of them had sufl'ered 
 banishment and loss of property, maile a common 
 cause with the Indians, and attacked the Wyoming 
 settlement, with their combined forces, estimated 
 at 1100 men, 909 of whom were Indians. The 
 whole was commanded by Colonel John Butler, a 
 Connecticut tory. One of the forts, which had 
 been conslructed for the security of the inhabi- 
 tants, being very weak, surrendered to this party; 
 but some of the garrison had previously retired to 
 the principal fort at Kingston, called Forty-Fort. 
 Colonel John Butler next demanded the surrender 
 thereof. Culonel Zebiilon Butler, a continental 
 oliicer, who commanded, sent a message to him. 
 proposing a conference at a bridge without the 
 fort. Tills being agreed to. Colonel Zebulon But- 
 ler, Dennison, and some other olTicers repaired to 
 Iho place appointed ; and they were followed by 
 the whole garrison, a few invalids excepted. 
 None of the enemy appeared. The Wyominn; 
 people advanced, and supposed, that the tneniy 
 were retiiing. They continued to march on, till 
 they were about three miles from the fort. They 
 tlien saw a few of the enemy, with whom they ex- 
 changed some shot ; but they presently found them 
 selves ambuscaded, and attaokei] by the whole body 
 of Indians and lories. Tiiey fought gallantly, till 
 their retreat to the fort wag cut off. Universal 
 confusion ensued. Of 417, who had inarched out 
 of the fort, about 360 were inalanlly slaiu. No 
 quarters were given. Colonel Joba Butler again 
 
4se 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 iein»n(tc(l llie surrender of Forl;-F(>rt. This wns 
 njireed to, under articles of enpitulation, by wliicli 
 tlie I'lVt'Clsof the people lliorein were to hesenireil 
 to liifin. The giirrisiin, consislin<! of thirty men 
 nnd two hundred women, were pcrniitled ici cross 
 the •Sii'<queliann:ih, and retreat tiiron!;h the woods 
 to Northampton con- tv. The most ol' the scat- 
 tered settlers had prewoi.. sly retired, soinetlirouah 
 the woods to Northampton, others down the river 
 to Ncnllmmhcrliind. In this retreat, some women 
 w(Me delivered ol' children in the woods, and many 
 siill'ered iVoni want of provisions. (Several ol'the 
 settlers at Wyominj; had erected good houses and 
 hnrns, and made very considerable improvements. 
 These and the other liouses in the vicinity, were 
 destroyed. Their horses, cattle, sheep and hof.'s, 
 were lor the most part killed, or driven away by 
 the enemy. 
 
 A larce proportion of the male inhabitants, were, 
 in one day, slaughtered. In a single ensagement, 
 near 200 women were made widows, and a miicli 
 greater number of children were left fatlieiless. 
 
 Soon after the destruction of the Wyoming set- 
 tlement, an expedition was carried on against the 
 Indians, by Colonel Ihitlerofthe I'ennsylvania 
 troops. He and his paity having gained the iieiiil 
 of the Delaware, Oct. Isi. marclieil down the river 
 for two days, and then struck across the coimtry lo 
 the Snsquehannali. They burnt or ilesi toyed the In- 
 dian villages, both in that quarter, anil the other set- 
 tlements: butthcinhabitanlsescaped. The destruc- 
 tion was extended for several miles, on both sides 
 of the Susquehannah. The dilliculties which Co- 
 lonel Butler's men encountered, In tliis expedition, 
 were uncommonly great. They were obliged to 
 carry provisions on their backs, and thus loaded, 
 frequently to wade through creeks and rivers. Al- 
 ter the toil of a hard march they were obliged to 
 endure chilly nights, and heavy tains, without even 
 the means of keeping their arms dry. They com- 
 pleted the expedition in sixteen days. About four 
 weeks after Colonel Butler's return, some hundreds 
 of Indians, a large body of tories, and about fifty 
 regulars entered Cherry Valley, within the stale 
 of New York. They made an unsuccessful at- 
 tempt on Fort Alden; but they killed and scalped 
 tliirty-two of the inhabitants, mostly women and 
 children ; and also Colonel Alden and ten soldiers. 
 
 An expedition which was to liave taken place 
 under Henry Hamilton, lieutenant governor 
 of Detroit, fortunately for the Virginia back set- 
 tlers, against whom it was piiiicipally directed, 
 fell through in consequence of the spirited con- 
 duct of Colonel Clarke. The object of the expe- 
 dition was extensive, and many Indians were en- 
 gaged in it. Hamilton took post at St. Vinceniies, 
 in the winter, to have all things in readiness, for 
 invading the American setllemenis, as soon as the 
 season ot the year woubl permit, Clarke, on 
 hearing that Hamilton had weakeneil hiniself, by 
 sending away a considerable part of his Indians, 
 against the Ironiier seiners, formed the resolution 
 of attacking liiin, as the best expedient for pre- 
 venting the niiscliiefs which were designed against 
 his country. After s^urmounting many diiricullles, 
 he arrived with 130 men, unexpectedly at St. 
 Vincennes. 
 
 The inhabitants of the town immediately si;r- 
 rcndered on the 23d Feb. 1779, lo the Ameri- 
 cans; and assisted them ii< taking the foit. The 
 next day, l)aiii'!;on. ".ith 'he garrison, were made 
 prise' '^ ■ . . r, jn articles of capitulation. 
 f" tti , -^r I'lal a convoy of British goods 
 
 1' I'. . c, .. T ,>i; Its way from Detroit, de- 
 • •. ' .f.v^ ' men, which met them, and 
 
 ■ iii'jl •■ ,uli- By this well-conducted 
 ■■<•>■ )'. . ' '.imilliHi, his intended ex- 
 J<i.w')l. . ' ' .le bud. Colonel Clarke 
 
 «ran«nii ■ ■ -il of Virginia, letters and 
 
 papers, rehiiiog to ijieiiienant (iovernor Hamilton, 
 Philip de Jean, justice of peace for Detroit, and 
 William Ivamothr, captain of volunteers, whom he 
 li»d made prisoners. The board reported, that 
 Hamilton had incited the Indians to perpetrate their 
 nccusloined cruelties, oo the defenceless inhabit- 
 
 ants of the United Slates; had sent considerable 
 detachments of Indians against the frontiers; Inul 
 appointed a great council of theiii, to meet him 
 mid concert the operations of the ensuing cam 
 paign; had given standing rewards fur scalps 
 and had Heated American prisoners with cruelly 
 They also reported, that De Jean was the williog 
 and corillal instruineiil of Hamil:iH) ; and that La 
 moihe was captain of the volunteer scalping parties 
 of Indians and tories, who went out, from lime to 
 time, under general oiders to spare neither men, 
 women, nor children. They therefore consider- 
 ing them as fit objects, on whom to begin the work 
 of retaliation, advised the governor to put them in 
 Irons; confine them in the dungeon of the public 
 jail; debar them the use of pen, ink and paper; 
 and exclude them from all converse, except with 
 their keeper. 
 
 Colonel (joone Van Sliaick, wiih fifty-five men, 
 marched fioin fort Schuyler lo the Onondaga set- 
 tlements, and on the li)lh of .\pril, burned tin; 
 whole, consisting of aboi.t fifiy houses, together 
 with a large quantity of provisions. Horses, and 
 stock of every kiinl, were killed. The arms and 
 amnnilion of the Indians were either destroyed 
 Ol' btouuht ofl, and their setllemenis were laid 
 waste. Twelve Indians were killed, and tliiriy- 
 fonr made prisoners. This expeilitiun was per- 
 formed in less than six days, and wiihout the loss 
 of a single man. 
 
 In this manner, the savage part of the war was 
 carried on In America. Waste, and souielimes 
 cruelly, were iiiMlcled and reloiieil, with infinite 
 variety of scenes of honor and disgust. The sel- 
 fish passions of huiiiau nature, iiniestrained In 
 social lies, broke over all bounds o'' decency or 
 humanity. The American reliiizees, who had lied 
 to the western wilderness, indulged their passion 
 for rapine by assuming ihe colour and dress of 
 Indians. At otiiet times, they acted as guides. 
 and conducted ihese nieit iless ravagers into such 
 sclllenicnts, as alVnriled the most valuable booty, 
 and the faiiest prospect of escape, 'i'lie savages, 
 encouraged by British presents and agents, and 
 led on by Anierican refugees well acqnainleil with 
 the country, and who cloaked Ihe most consnin- 
 mate villany under the specious name of loyally, 
 extended their depredations and miirdeis far and 
 near. 
 
 A parlicnlar detail of the deveslalinn of proper- 
 ty; of the distress of numbers, who escaped only 
 by fleeing lo the woods, where they subsisted, 
 without covering on the spontaneous productions 
 of the earth ; and of Ihe barbarous iiiunleis which 
 were commitled on persons of every age and sex, 
 would be siilTicient to fill every liieast with horror. 
 
 In suni'.y expeditions, which had been cariied 
 on again (the Indians, ample vengeance had been 
 taken on some of them ; but these partial snccesses 
 produced no lasting benefit. The lew who escaped, 
 had it in their power to make thousands miserable. 
 For the permanent seem ity oliho iVonlicr inhabi- 
 tants, it was resolved, in llie year 17(0, to carry 
 a decisive expedition into the Indian couniiy. A 
 considerable body of contineiiial troops were select- 
 ed fortius purpose, and put under the command of 
 General Sullivan. 
 
 The Indians who form Ihe confederacy of the 
 six nations, commonly called the Alohawks, were 
 Ihe objects of this expedition. They inhabit tlial 
 immense and fertile tract of country, which lies 
 between New Kngland, the middle states, and the 
 province of ('anada. They had been advised by 
 (.'ongress, and they had promised, to observe a 
 neutrality in the war ; but they soon departed from 
 this line of conduct. The Oneidas and a few 
 others were friends lo the Americans; but a great 
 majority '.ook part decidedly against them. Over- 
 come bMlie presents and promises of Sir John! 
 Johnston and other British agents, and by their 
 own native appe'l.e for depiedaiion, they invaded 
 llie frontiers, carrying slaughter and devastation 
 wherever they went. From the vicinity of their 
 settlements, to Ihe inhabited parts of the United 
 tStates, they facllitaled the inroads of the more re- j 
 
 mote Indians. Much was therefore expected from 
 their expulsion. When General Sullivan was on 
 his way lo the Indian country, he was julneil by 
 the American general, Clinion, willi iipnaids of 
 lUOO men. The latter made his way down the. 
 Susquehannah, by a singular contrivance. Thii 
 sireain of water in that river was loo lo to llnai 
 his balteuiix. To remedy this inconveii iice, he 
 raised wiili great i'ldiisiry, a dam acioss the iiiuiiili 
 of the lake Otsego, which is one of the soutiesiif 
 the river .Susquehannah. The lake, being con- 
 stantly supplied by springs, soon rose lo iheheiulit 
 of the dam. General Clinton having got his bat- 
 teaux ready, opened a passage ihrongh the dani 
 for Ihe water to (low. Tills raised tlio river so 
 high, that he was enabled to embark all his Itoops, 
 and to float them down to Tioga. By this exer- 
 tion they soon joined Sullivan. 
 
 The Indians, on liearing of the expedition pro- 
 jected against them, acted with firmness. They 
 collected their sireniiih, look possession of piiiper 
 uroiinil, and fortified it with judgment. Gei,,-i.il 
 .Sullivan, on the 2'Jlh August attacked lliem in iheir 
 works. They had a cannonade for more than 
 two hours; but then gave way. This eiigai;e- 
 iiient proved ilecisive. After Ihe trenches were 
 forced, the Ind>ans lied wiihout making any alteiiipl 
 lo rally. The consternation occasioned among 
 lliein by this defeat was so great, thai they uiub 
 up all ideas of farther lesislance. As the Aineri- 
 eans advanced into their seitlemenls, ihe Indians 
 retreated before llieni, wiihout throwing any ob- 
 structions in their nay. (ieneral .Sullivan pene- 
 iraled into the heart of the ciiuntiy inhabiteil by 
 the Aloliawks, and spread desolation every where. 
 Many setllemenis in the form of towns weie de- 
 stroyed All their fields of corn, and whatever 
 was in a slate of ciihivatinu underwent the same 
 fate. .Scarcely any tiling in the form of a house 
 was left standing, nor was an Indian to be seen. 
 To the surprise of the .\mericaus, they found tho 
 lands about the Indian towns well ciihivaled, and 
 their houses both large and commodious. Tho 
 qiianiity of corn destroyed was immense. Or- 
 cliaids, in which were several liiindred liiiit trees, 
 were cut down ; and of them many appeared to 
 have been planleil fur a long series of years. Their 
 <;ardens, replenished wiih a variety of useful vege- 
 tables, weie laid waste. The Americans were so 
 full of reseniment against the Indians, for tho 
 many outrages they had suliered from them, 
 and so bent on making the expedition decisive, 
 that the officers and soldiers cheerfully agreed 
 to remain, till they had fully eompleleil Ihe de- 
 struction of the settlement. The supplies obtained 
 in the country lessened the inconvenience of short 
 rations. The ears of corn were so remarkably 
 large, that many of them measured twenly-tno 
 inches in length. Necessity susgested a novel 
 expedient for pulverizing the grains theieof. 'I'hh 
 soldiers perforated a few of their camp-kettles with 
 bayonets. The protrusions occasioned thereby 
 fiirmed a rough surface, and, by rubbing the ears 
 of corn thereon, a coarse meal was produced, which 
 was easily converted into agreeable nourishment. 
 
 The Indians, by this decisive expedition, being 
 made to feel, in the most sensible manner, those 
 calamities they were wont to inflict on others, be- 
 came cautious and timid. ThesiiireiiniistliFy had 
 undergone, and the dread of a repeliiion of them, 
 incase of their provoking the reseniment of ilie 
 Americans, damped theiirdourof their warriors lor 
 making Incursions into the .\metiean seitlemenls. 
 The frontiers, though not restored to perfect tran- 
 quility, experienced an exemption I'loni a great 
 proportion of t)ie calamities, in which they had been 
 lately Involved. 
 
 Though these good consequences resulted finin 
 this expedition ; yet, before its termination, several 
 detached parlies of Indians distressed di(Ter«'ni sei- 
 tlemenls in the United .Slates. A parly of sixty In- 
 dians, and twenty-seven while men, under Hiaiuli, 
 attacked the Minisink sell lenient on ihe-JSil Jnlv, 
 and burnt ten houses, twelve barns, a fort and inn 
 mills ; and carried oO' much plunder, together with 
 
 m 
 
creCore expecled froin 
 leral Siilliv;in wiis on 
 ly, lie WHS jdiiii'd by 
 iciii, wjlli ii|>»':ii(l.s iif 
 le Ilia wiiy dnwii ilie 
 ir coiilnviiiice. 'I'liit 
 r w;i9 too III to (liiiii 
 lis iiiiiiiiiveii iii:e, li<i 
 liiiii iieiiiss llie iiiiiiilli 
 one 111' llie Sdiirri'M ipl" 
 .Mm liikc, Iji'iii^ roii- 
 loi) ruse to the lieii:ii( 
 III linving got Ills iKit- 
 it;e iliiiiiii:li the ilmn 
 is rniseil tlio river so 
 ;ml>nrk :ill Ills troops, 
 'ioga. By this exef- 
 n. 
 
 f the expeililion pro- 
 »ilh firmness. Tliey 
 possession of pioper 
 jiKt^iiient. (iei.vM.il 
 illiiekeil them in their 
 mule fur mure ilmn 
 >viiy. 'I'liis enijiine- 
 r the treiielies were 
 It iiKikhi;; iiiiv iilieiiipt 
 
 I oec'iisioned :iiiioii<* 
 'jreiit, I lint they u;ua 
 lice. As tlie Aiiieri- 
 lleiiients, the Iiidi;ins 
 lit tlirowiiij' iiiiy oh- 
 iieiiil Siilllviiii peiiB- 
 coiinliy iiiliiiliiled by 
 Boliition every where. 
 
 II of towns weie de- 
 corn, iind nliiitever 
 
 underwent the 8;iiiio 
 the form of ii hiuise 
 n Indlnii to be seen, 
 ciins, they found llio 
 1 well ciil'iivated, iind 
 
 cominodions. Tlio 
 was imniense. Or- 
 
 liiindreil liiiit trees, 
 in many iippeareil to 
 eriea of years. Their 
 ariely of useful vei/e- 
 ! Americans were so 
 le Indians, for iho 
 ullered from them, 
 
 expedition decisive, 
 s cheerfully agreed 
 y completed the de- 
 "he supplies obtained 
 convenience of short 
 were so remarkably 
 ensured twenty-two 
 ' suagested a novel 
 iraiiis thereof. 'I'lm 
 eir camp-kettles Willi 
 occasioned thereby 
 
 by rubbing the ears 
 was produced, which 
 eeable nourishment, 
 ve expedition, beins; 
 isible manner, those 
 inflict on olliers, be- 
 esu(lerini;sthfy had 
 a repetition of them, 
 e resentment of the 
 rof their warriors (or 
 iierican settlements, 
 nred to perfect tran- 
 iption fiom a great 
 which they had been 
 
 lences resulted from 
 termination, several 
 tressed dill'erent sel- 
 A party of sixty lu- 
 men, under Hiainli, 
 ;iit nu ihe'JSd .Inly, 
 nrns, a fort and two 
 inder, together witi) 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 457 
 
 Beveral prisoners. The militia from (toslien and 
 the vicinity, to the amount of 119, collect-d and 
 pursued them ; but with so little caution, that they 
 were surprised and defeated. About this time 
 (ieneral Williamson and Colonel I'ickeiis, both of 
 .South Carolina, entered the Indian country, adja- 
 cent to the frontier oftheii stale, August 22d, 1779, 
 burned and destroyed the corn of eight towns, and 
 insisted upon the Indians removing iiiiiiiedialely 
 from their late habitations, into more reuiute settle- 
 ments. 
 
 Ill the same month. Colonel Broadhead engaged 
 in a successful expedition against the Mingo, Mun- 
 sey, and Seneca Indians. He left Pittsburgh with 
 (iOii men, and was gone five weeks ; in which time, 
 lie penetrated 200 miles from the fon,aiid deslroyeil 
 a number of Indian huts and five hundred acres of 
 corn. 
 
 The state of New York continued to siilfer in its 
 frontier, from Indians and their toiy associates. 
 These burnt fifty houses, and forty-seven barns, 
 the principal part of Canijohary, a fine settle- 
 ment about 50 miles from Albany. They also des- 
 troyed twenty-seven houses at Schoharie, August, 
 17bO, and Iweiily at Norman's creek. In about 
 two months afte: >vards, they made a second iriiip- 
 tion, and attackeil Stone Arabia, Caiiasniraga and 
 Schoharie. At the same time, they laid waste a 
 great extent of country about the Mohawk river, 
 kille<l a number of the settleis, and made many 
 prisoners. 
 
 The Cherokee Indians, having forgotten the con- 
 sequences of provoking the Americans to invade 
 their settlements, in tiie year 177G, made an in- 
 cursion into Ninety-Six district, in .South Carolina, 
 massacred some families, anil burned seveial limi- 
 Bes. Ueneral Pickens, in 17S1, collected a party 
 of the militia, and penetrated into their country. 
 This he accomplished in fourteen days, at the head 
 of 391 hoiseiiieii. In that short space, he burned 
 ihirteen towns and villages, killed upwards of lorty 
 Indiiins, and took a number of prisoners. Not one 
 of his party was killed, and only two were wound- 
 ed. None of the expeditious against the Cliero- 
 kecs had been so rapid and decisive as this. The 
 Americans did not expend three rounds of ammu- 
 nition, and yet only three Indians escaped, after hav- 
 ing been once seen. On this occasion a new and suc- 
 cessful mode of fighting them was introduced. The 
 American militia rushed forward on horseback, and 
 ch irged the Indiiiiis with drawn swords. The 
 vanquished Cherokees again sueil for peace, in the 
 niost submissive terms, and obtained it ; bin not till 
 'hey had promised, that instead of listening to the 
 advice of the loyalists, instigating them to war. 
 ;hey would deliver, to the aulhority of the stale of 
 South Carolina, all who should visit them on ihat 
 errand. 
 
 Towards the end of the war. in 1783, thete was 
 a baibarous and unprovoked massacre of some 
 civilized Indians, who had been settled near the 
 Muskinguiii. These, iiiid'-r the iulluence of some 
 pious missionaries of llie Moravi in persuasion, 
 had been formed into some degree of civil and re- 
 ligious order. They abhorred war, and would take 
 no part therein, giving for reason that, " the (ireat 
 Being did not make men to destroy men ; but to 
 love and assist each other." Kioni a love of peace, 
 they advised those of their own colour, who 
 were bent on war, to deoipt from it. They were 
 also led from humanity, to inform the white people 
 of their danger, when they knew that their settle- 
 ments were about to be invaded. This provoked 
 the hostile Indians tosiicha degree, Ihattliey car- 
 ried those pacific people quite away froin -Muskin- 
 gum, to a bank of Sandusky Creek. They, finding 
 corn dear and scarce in their new habitations, ob- 
 tained liberty to como back, in the fall of the same 
 year, to Muskingum, that they might collect the 
 crops they had planted before their removal. 
 
 When the white people, at and near .Mononga- 
 licla, heard lhat a number nl' Indians were at the 
 Jloravian towns, on the Muskingum, they gave 
 out that their intentions were hostile. Without 
 uny farther inquiry, 160 of them croued '.he Ohio, 
 
 and put to death these harmless, inolfensive peo 
 pie, though they made no resistance. In confor 
 iiiity to their relii:lous principles, these .^loravians 
 jiatieiitly submiltrd to their hard late, wilhout ai- 
 tumpting to destroy their inurderers. Upwards of 
 ninety of this pacilic race were killed by men, 
 who, while they called iliciiisclvesCliristians;were 
 more deserving of llie name of savages, than those 
 whom tliey iiiliuuianly iiiiirdeied. 
 
 •Soon after this niiprovida'd massacre, a party 
 of Americans sel out for Sandusky, to destroy the 
 Indian towns in that part; but the Ueluwares, 
 Wyandots, and other Indians opposed tlietii. An 
 engagement ensued, in which some of the white 
 people were killed, and several were taken pris- 
 oners. Among the latter weie Colonel Crawford, 
 and his souinlaw. The colonel was sacrificed 
 to the manes of those Indians, who were massa- 
 cred at the Moravian towns. The other prisoners 
 were put to death with the tomahawk. 
 
 Throughout the American war, the desolation 
 brought by the Indians, on the frontier settlements 
 of tliu United Slates, and on the Indians by the 
 .Vmericans, was sullicient to excite compassion in 
 the most obdurate hearts. 
 
 Not only men and warriors, but women and chil- 
 dren, were indiscriminately miiidered, while whole 
 seltlemenls were involved in pioinisciioiis desola- 
 tion. Kach was made a scoiirae to the other; 
 and the iinavoiilalile calamities ol war were ren- 
 dered doubly disiressiiig, by the dispersion of 
 families, the breaking up of settlements, anil an 
 addilion of savage cruelties, to the most exten- 
 sive devastation of those things, which conduce to 
 the comfurtof huiuaii life. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Cninpaign of 1730 in tlic Soutlioru States. 
 
 The successful defence of Savannah, together 
 wilh tliesiibscqiiem departure of Count D'Estaign, 
 fiom the coast of the United Slates, [1780] soon 
 dissipated all apprehensions, previously entertain- 
 ed for the safely of New York. These circum- 
 stances pointed out to Sir Ileniy Clinton, the pio- 
 priety of renewing oli'ensive operations. Having 
 ell'ected nothing of importance, for the two pre- 
 ceding campaigns, lie turned his atlenlion suuth- 
 waiilly, and regaled himself with flattering pros- 
 pects of easy conquest, among the weaker states. 
 Tlie suitableness of the climate for winter opera- 
 tions, the richness of the country, and its distance 
 from support, designated South Carolina as a pro- 
 per oliject of enterprise. No sooner, therefore, 
 was the departure of the French fleet known, that 
 Sir Henry Clinton committed the command of the 
 royal army, in New York, to Lieutenant General 
 Kniphausen, and embarked for the southward with 
 four Hank battalions, twelve regiments, and a corps, 
 British, Hessian and provincial, a powerful de- 
 tachment of artillery, '.I'M cavalry, together with 
 an ample supply of miliiary stores and provisions. 
 Vice-admiral Aibiithiiot, with a suitable naval 
 force, undertook to convey the troops to the place 
 of their destination. .M'tera tedious and daiigi'r- 
 ous passage, in which part of tlieirordnance, most 
 of their artillery, and all their cavalry horses were 
 lost, the fleet arrived at Tyliee in (Jeorgia, Jan. 
 31, 1780. In a few days, the transports, with the 
 army on board, sailed from Savannah, for North- 
 Edisto. After a short passage, on the 1th of Feb- 
 ruary, the troops made good their landing, about 
 thirty miles from Charleston, and took possession 
 of.)iihn's Island and .Stono ferry ; and soon after- 
 wards of James Island, and Wappoo-cut. A bridge 
 was thrown ovei* the canal, ami part of the royal 
 army took post on the banks of Ashley river, op- 
 posite to CMiarleston. 
 
 The assembly of the state was sitting when the 
 British landed; but broke up after "delegating to 
 UovernorRutledge, and such of his council, as he 
 could couvcuienily consult, a power to do every 
 
 thing necessary for llie public good, except taking 
 away the life of a citi/.en, wilhout a legal trial." 
 The governor immediately ordered the militia to 
 rendezvous. Though the necessity was great, few 
 obeyed the pressing call. A proclamation was 
 issued by the governor, under his extraordinary 
 powers, requiring such of the militia, as were regu- 
 larly dialled, and all the Inhabitants and owners 
 of propeity in the town, to repair to the American 
 standard, and join the garrison immediately, uiidei 
 pain of confiscation. 
 
 The tedious passage, from New York toTybee, 
 gave the Americans time to fortify Charleston. 
 This, together with the losses, which the royal 
 army hud sustained, in the late tempestuous wea- 
 ther, induced Sir Henry Clinton to despatch an or- 
 der to New York, for reinforcements of men and 
 stores. He also directed Major Ueneral Prevost, 
 to send on to him twelve hunilred men, from the 
 garrison of Savannah. Brigailier (Jeneral Patter- 
 son, at the head of this detachmeni, made his way 
 good over the Savannah, and through the inter- 
 mediate country ; and, soon afterwards joined Sir 
 Henry Clinton, near the banks of .\sliley river. 
 The royal forces, without delay, proceeded to tho 
 siei;e. At Wappoo on James Island, .hey formed 
 ilepot, ,'\Iarch39, and erected foitificatioiis, both 
 on that island and on the main, opposite to the 
 southern and western extremilies of Charleston. 
 .\ii advanced party crossed Ashley river, and soon 
 afterwards broke ground, at the distance of eleven 
 hundred yards from the American works. At suc- 
 cessive periods, they elected five batteries on 
 Charleston neck. Tlie garrison was equally assi- 
 duous, in preparing for lis defence. The works, 
 which had been previously blown u|), were sirength- 
 eiied and extended. Lines and reiloiibts were con- 
 tinued across, from Cooper to Ashley river. In 
 rout of the whole, was a strong abbaiis, and a wet 
 ditch, made by passing a canal from the heads of 
 swamps, which run in opposite directions. Be- 
 tween the abbatis and the lines, deep holes were 
 dug at short intervals. The lines were made par- 
 ticularly strong, on the right and left, and socou- 
 structed, as to rake the wet dilcli, in almost its 
 » hole extent. To secure the centre, a horn-work 
 had been erected, which, beiug closed during the 
 siege, formed a kind of citadel. Works were also 
 thrown up on all sides of the town, where a land- 
 ing was practicable. Though the lines were no 
 more than field-works, yet .Sir Ileniy Clinton 
 treated them with the respectful homage of tlireo 
 parallels. From the 3d to the 10th of .\pril, the 
 first parallel was completed ; and, iiriiiiediately 
 afterwards, the town was siiinmoned to surrender. 
 On the 12th, the batteries were opened, and. from 
 that day, an almost incessant fire was kept up, 
 .\bouttlie time the batteries weie opened, a work 
 was thrown up, near Wando river, nine miles froiiv 
 town ; and another, at Leinpriere's point, to pre- 
 serve the commuiiication with the country by wa- 
 ter. X post was also ordcicd at a feiiy over the. 
 Santee, to t'avour the coming in of reiiitorcements, 
 or the retreat of the garrison when necessary. 
 The British marine force, consisting of one ship 
 of fifty guns, two offorly-foiir uuns, fiiurof thirty- 
 two, and the Sandwich armed ship, crossed the 
 bar in front of Kebellioii road, anil anchored in Fivo 
 Fathom Hole. The .\iiierican force, opposed to 
 this, was the Brieole, which, though piercwl for 
 forty-four guns, did not mount half of that number, 
 two of ihircy-two guns, one of twenty-eight, two 
 nf twenty-six, two of twenty, and the brig Notre 
 Dame of sixteen guns. The first obje'itof its com- 
 mander. Commodore Whipple, was to prevent ad- 
 miral Arbulhnot from crossing the bar; but, on 
 farther examination, this was found to be imprac- 
 ticable. He therefore fell back to Fort Moultrie, 
 and afterwards to Charleston. The crews and 
 guns of all his vessels, except one, were put on 
 shore to reinforce the batteries. 
 
 Admiral Arbuthnot, on the 9th of April, weighed 
 anchor, at Five Fathom Hole; and, with the ad- 
 vantage of a strong southerly wind, and (lowing 
 tide, passed Fort Moultrie, without slopping lu 
 
408 
 
 UNITED STATKS. 
 
 h ! 
 
 ■ ^ 
 
 •ngige it ; and unchnreil near the remains of Kurt 
 Johnson. Culonel Pinckney, whocomniantleU iin 
 Sullivan's loanil, kept up a brisk and well-directed 
 firs, on the ships in their passage. To prevent 
 the royal armed vessels, Trom runnmg into Coo|)cr 
 river, eleven vessels were sunk in the channel, 
 opposite to the exchange. The batteries o( the 
 besiegers soon obtained a su|)Crioriiy over those 
 of the town. The former hud twenty-one mor- 
 tars and royals; the latter only two. The regu- 
 lar force in the garrison, was much Inferior to 
 tint of the besiegers. Few of the militia could 
 be |)ersuaded to leave their plantations, and tein- 
 force i.ieir brethren in the capital. A camp was 
 formed at Monk's corner, to keep up the commu- 
 nication between the town and country ; and the 
 militia without the lines, were requested to ren- 
 dezvous there ; but this was surprised, imd routed 
 by Lieutenant Colonel Tarleton. The British 
 having now less to feiir, extended themselves lollie 
 eastward of Cooper river. Two hundred and (ifiy 
 horse, and 600 infantry were detached on this ser- 
 vice, Aptil 16 ; but nevertheless, the weak slate 
 of the garrison made it improper to detach a num- 
 ber sufficient to alluck that small force. 
 
 About this time, Sir Henry Clinton received a 
 reinforcement of 3000 men, from New Vork. A 
 council of war agreed that " u retreat would be 
 Dilcnded with many distressing inconveniences, if 
 not altogether impracticable ;" and advised, *'that 
 offers of capitulation, before their alTalrs became 
 more critical, should be made to General Clinton, 
 which might admit of the army's withdrawing, and 
 afford security to ihe persons und properly of the 
 Inhabitanls." These terms, being proposed, were 
 instantly rejected ; but the garrison adhered In 
 them, in hopes that succours would arrive from 
 the neigbouring stales. The bare offer of ca- 
 pilulaling dispirited the garrison; but they con- 
 tinued to resist, in expectation of favourable events. 
 The British speedily completed the inveslilure of 
 Ihe town, both by land und water. After Admiral 
 Arbulhnot had passed Sullivan's Island, Culonel 
 Pinckney, and 160 of the men under his command, 
 were withdrawn from that |)08t to Charleston, 
 The fort on the island was surrendered on the 6lh 
 of May, without oppoaiiion, to Captain Uudsun of 
 the royal navy. On ihe same duy, the remains 
 of the American cavalry which escaped from the 
 late surprise at Monk's corner, were again surprised 
 by Lieutenant Colonel Tarlelon, at Laneau's ferry, 
 on Saniee ; and the whole were either killed, cap- 
 tured, or dispersed. While every thing prospered 
 with the British, Sir Henry Clinton began a cor- 
 respondence with Ccncral Lincoln, and renewed 
 his former offers lo the garrison, in case of theit 
 surrender. Lincoln was disposed lo close with 
 them, as far as they respected his army ; but some 
 demur was made, with a view of gaining better 
 terms for the citizens, which, it was hoped, might 
 be obtained on a confeiencc. This was asked ; 
 but Clinton, instead of granting it, answered, " that 
 lioslililies should re-cumnicnce nt eight o'clock." 
 Nevertheless, neither puny fired till nine. The 
 garrison then re-commenced hoslilliies. The be- 
 siegers immediately followed ; and each cannon 
 aded the other, with unusual briskness. The Brit- 
 ish batteries of the third parallel opened on this 
 occasion. Shells and carcasses were thrown, into 
 almost all parts of the town, and several houses 
 were burned. The cannon und mortars played on 
 the garrison, at a less distance than a hundred 
 yards. The Hessian chasseurs were so near the 
 American lines, that, with their rifles, they could 
 easily strike any object on th.^m. The British, 
 having crossed the wet dilch by sap, adviocoii 
 within twenty-five yards of the American works, 
 and were ready for luaking a general assault by 
 !tnd and water. All expectation of succour was 
 at an end. The only hope left was. that 9000 men, 
 the flower of the British army, seconded by a na- 
 val force, might fail in forcing extensive lines, de- 
 fended by less than 3000 men. Under these cir- 
 cumstances, Ihe siege was protracted till the 11th 
 of May. On that day, a great number of citizens 
 
 addressed Oenerul Lincoln in a petition, expressing 
 Iheir acquiesence in the lerms, which Sir i.f. 'iry 
 Clinton had offered, aud rcquealeil his acceptance 
 of them. On the receptionof this petition. General 
 Lincoln wrote lo Sir Henry, and offered lo accept 
 the lerms before proposed. The ruyal cnmniand- 
 ers, wishing lo avoid the extremity of a storm.and 
 unwdling to press lo unconditional submission an 
 enemy, whose friendship they wished lo concif ate, 
 returned a favourable answer. A capitulation was 
 signed on ihe 12lh of May, and Major (ieneral Les- 
 lie look (lossession of the town, on the next day. 
 The loss on both sides during ihe siege was nearly 
 equal. Of the king's troops, 76 were killed, and 
 189 wounded. Of the Americans, 89 were killed, 
 and 140 wounded. Upwards of 400 pieces of ar- 
 tillery were surrendered. By the articles uf ca- 
 pitulation, the garrison was to march out of town, 
 and deposit their arms in front of the works ; but 
 the drums were not lo beat a British march nor the 
 culuurs lu be imcased. The conlinentel troops 
 and seamen were lo keep ihelr baggage, and re- 
 main prisoners of war, till exchanged. The mili- 
 tia nerelo be |>ermiued lo return to their respec- 
 tive homes, as prisoners on parole ;and while they 
 adhered to their parole, were not to be molested by 
 ihe British troo|)s, in person or properly. The in- 
 habitanls of all conditions weie to be considered, 
 as prisoners on parole, and to hold their property, 
 on ihc same lerms with the militia. The officers 
 of the army and navy were to retain their servants, 
 swords, pistols, and baggage unscarched. They 
 were permitted to sell their horses; but not to le- 
 move them. A vessel was allowed to proceed to 
 Philadelphia, with General Lincoln's despatches 
 unopened. 
 
 The numbers which surrendered prisoners of 
 war, inclusive of the mililia,and every adult male 
 inhabitant, were above 5000 ; but the proper gar- 
 rison, at the time of ihc surrender, did not exceed 
 IMO, The precise number uf privates, in the con- 
 tinental army, was 1977 ; of which number f>OQ 
 were in the hospitals. The cuplive officers were 
 much more in proportion thun the piivutcs, and 
 consisted of one major-general, six brigadiers, nine 
 colonels, fourteen lieutenant colonels, fifleen ma- 
 jors, eighty-four captains, eighty-four lieulenanls, 
 thirty-two second lieutenants and ensigns. The 
 gentlemen of the country, who were mostly militia 
 utiicers, from a sense of honour, repaired lo the 
 defence of Charleston, though ihcy could not bring 
 with them privates, equal lo their respective com- 
 mands. The regular regiments were fully officer- 
 ed, though greatly deficient in privates. 
 
 This was the first instance, in which the Ameri- 
 cans liad attempted to defend a town. The unsuc- 
 cessful event, with its consequences, demonstrated 
 the policy of sacrificing the towns of the union, in 
 preference to endangering the whole, by risking 
 too much for their defence. 
 
 Much censure was undeservedly cast on General 
 Lincoln, for attempting Ihe defence of Charleston. 
 Though the contrary plan was in general the best, 
 he had particular reasons lo justify his deviation 
 from Ihe example of ihe commander-in-chief of 
 the American army. Charleston was the only 
 con8idend)le town, in the southern extremity of 
 the confederacy, and for its preservation. South 
 Carolina and the adjacent states seemed willing lo 
 make great exertions. The reinforcements, pro- 
 mised fur its defence, were fully sufficient for that 
 purpose. The Congress, and the states of North 
 and South Carolina, gave General Lincoln ground 
 to expect an army of 9900 men, lo second his ope- 
 rations : but, from a variety of causes, this army, 
 incluling ha m'tiiia, was little more than one- 
 third of that number. As long as an evacuation 
 was practicable, he had such assurances of sup- 
 port, that he could not alteinpf it with propriety. 
 Before he could be ascertained of ihe futility of 
 these assurances, the British had taken such a 
 position, that a retreat could not be successfully 
 made. 
 
 .Shortly after the surrender, the commander-in- 
 chief adopted sundry measures to induce the in- 
 
 habilanta lu return lo their allegiance. It was 
 staled to ihem, in a handbill, which, though with- 
 out u name, seemed lo flow from authority, "Ihal 
 ihe helping hand of every man was wanting, tore- 
 establish peace and good govrrnment ; that iho 
 commander-in-chief wi.shi'd not In draw ihem into 
 danger, while any doubt could remain of his suc- 
 cess ; bnl, as that was now certain, he liusled that 
 one and all would heartily join, and give efl'ect lo 
 necessary measures for ihul purpose," Thoso 
 who hud families were informed, "thai Ihey would 
 be permitted to remuin at home, and form a militia, 
 for the maintenance of peace and good order; 
 but, from those who had no families, it was ex- 
 pected, that they would cheerfully assist, in driv- 
 ing their oppressors, and all ilie miseries of war, 
 from their borders." To siicli it was promised, 
 " that, when on service, they would be allowed 
 pay, ammunition, and provisions, in the same man- 
 ner as the king's tioops." About the same time. 
 Sir Henry Clinton, in a proclamation, May 22, de- 
 clared, "that if any person should thenceforward 
 appear in arms, in order to prevent Ihe establish- 
 ment of his majesty's government in that country, 
 or should, under any pretence or auihoiiiy whal- 
 ever, attempt to com|iel any other person or per- 
 sons so to do, or should hinder Ihe king's fuiihful 
 subjects from joining his forces, or from perform- 
 ing those duties their allegiance recpiired, such 
 petsons should be Irealcd wiih ihc ulmost severi- 
 ty, and their estates be immedialely seized forcon- 
 fiscalinn." Sir Henry Clinlun and Admiral Ar- 
 buthnot, in the character of commissioners for re- 
 storing peace, offered to the inhubilunts, June 1st, 
 Willi some exceptions, " pardon for their pa^t 
 treasonable oflences, and a reiiislatrmenl in iho 
 |)ossessiun of all Ihose tights and immunilirs, 
 which they heretofore Iml enjoyed, under a free 
 British government, exempt from taxation, except 
 by their own legislatures." 
 
 The capital having surrendered, the next ob- 
 ject with the British was, lo secuie the genera, 
 submission of the whole body of the people. 
 
 To this end, they posted garrisons in diffrronC 
 parts of the country, lo awe ihe inhabitants. 
 They ulso marched, with upwards of 2000 men, 
 towards North Carolina. This caused an imme- 
 diate retreat of snme parlies of Aiiicricans, who 
 hud advanced into Ihe northern extremity of South 
 Carolina, with the expectation uf relieving Chat les- 
 ion. Among the corps which hud come forward, 
 with that view, there wus one commundcd by ('olo 
 nel Bufurd, which consisted of three or font hun- 
 dred conlinentul infantry, und a few horsemen. 
 Colonel Tarleton. with about seven hundred horse 
 and fool, advanced in front of the British army, in 
 quest of this parly. After a rapid march ol one 
 hundred miles in fifty-fuur hours, he came up with 
 them, at the Wuxhuws, and demanded their sur- 
 render. This being refused, un action ensued. 
 Bufurd committed l>tu capital mistakes in this af- 
 fair. One was, sending his wagons and uitilleiy 
 away, before the engagement. The wagons might 
 have served as a breast work, lo defend his men 
 against the attacks uf ihc cavalry. Anoihcr iiiis 
 t.ike was, urdering his men nut tu fire, till the enc 
 my were within ten yards. A single discharge 
 made but little impression, un the advancing Brit- 
 ish horsemen. Befoie it could be repeated, the 
 assailants were in contact with their adversaries, 
 cutting them down with their sabres. The Ameri- 
 cans, finding resistance useless, sued fur qiiar 
 lers ; but their submissinn pruduced nn cessutiun 
 of hostilities. Some of them, after they hud ceas- 
 ed to resist, lost their hands; others iheirurms; 
 and almost every one was mangled with a succes- 
 sion of wounds. The charge was urged, till five 
 out of six of Ihe whole number uf the Americans 
 were, by Turleton's official account of this bloody 
 scene, either killed or so badly wounded, as lu ba 
 incapable of being mnved from the field of battle : 
 and by the same account, this look place, though 
 they made such inefl'ectual opposition, as only lo 
 kill five, and wound twelve of the Brilish. Lord 
 Cornwallis bestowed on Tarleton high encomiuiu« 
 
allrKinneu. Il wiis 
 which, llinugh with- 
 loiii niHhnriiy, "thai 
 in WHS wiinlini;, tore- 
 iivrrnineiil ; ihiit iho 
 Kit In (Irnw iheiii inin 
 IJ remain of ]\h aiic- 
 rliiin, he liiialed that 
 in, ,in(l give eD'ect to 
 
 purpose." Thoso 
 !il, "l)i:it Ihey would 
 le, and form a militia, 
 ce and good order; 
 
 faniilica, il was ex- 
 erfully assiist, in dri«- 
 the miseries of war, 
 ch it was promised, 
 y would be allowed 
 ins, in the same man- 
 bout the same time, 
 iinalion. May 22, de- 
 lould thenceforward 
 revent the estabiish- 
 iienl in that country, 
 e or authniity whal- 
 other peison or per- 
 er tlie king's faithful 
 es, or from perform- 
 ance required, such 
 th ihe utmost severi- 
 Jialely seized fiircon- 
 on and Admiral Ar- 
 oinmissioners for re- 
 nhabilanls, ,Tune Isl, 
 irdon for iheir paft 
 reinstatement in tho 
 Ills and iminunilies, 
 injnyed, under a free 
 Vom taxation, except 
 
 ndeied, the next ob- 
 
 secuie the genera. 
 ' of the people, 
 garrisons in diflerput 
 
 awe ihe inhabitants. 
 Iiwards of 2000 men, 
 'his caused an imme- 
 s of Americans, who 
 rn extremity of .South 
 
 1 of relieving Chuiles- 
 ;h had come forward, 
 commanded by ('ulo 
 of three or font Imn- 
 nd a few horsemen. 
 t seven hundred horse 
 f the Drilish army, in 
 I rapid march ol one 
 lurs, he came up wiili 
 
 demanded ihcir sur- 
 J, an action ensued, 
 il mistakes in this af- 
 wagons and aitilleiy 
 I. The wagons might 
 ;, to defend his men 
 ivalry. Another mis 
 ot to fire, till the ene 
 A single discharge 
 n the advancing Brit- 
 luld be repeated, the 
 ith their adversaries, 
 sabres. The Aiueri- 
 rless, sued for qiiar 
 roduced no cessation 
 1, after they liad ceas- 
 i; others their arms; 
 angled with a succes- 
 ;e was urged, till five 
 ber of tlie Americans 
 ccount of this bloody 
 lly wounded, as to be 
 jm the field of battle : 
 is took place, though 
 apposition, as only to 
 of the Itritish. Lord 
 etoD high encomiiuni^ 
 
 UNITED STATKS. 
 
 for this enterprise, and recommended him, in a 
 special manner, in royal favour. This barbarous 
 massacre gave u more sanguinary turn lo the war. 
 Tarleloii's quarlers becanin proverbial ; and, in 
 the siibsuquenl halves, a spirit of levengo gave a 
 keener edge to millttiry resentment. 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton, having left about 1000 
 men for the southern service, embarked early in 
 June, with the niain army for Ni'w-Vork. On his 
 departure, the command devolveil on Lieutenant 
 (ieneral Cornwallis. The season of the year, Ihe 
 condition of Ihe army, and the unsettled slate of 
 South Carolina, impeded the immediate invasion 
 of North Carolina. Earl Cornwallis despalclied 
 instruciions lo the principal loyalists, in lliat stale, 
 to attend lo the hiirvrsi, prepare provisions, and 
 remain i|iiiet. His lordship conimilled the care 
 of the frontier lo lord Kawdon, and, repairing lo 
 Charleslon, devoted his principal attention lo the 
 coniiiicrcial and civil regulations of South Caro- 
 lina, [n the meantime, the iinpossiliility of Meeiiig 
 Willi llieir families and ell'ecis, and the want of an 
 army, to which the inililia of the state might re- 
 pair, induced the people in the country loalianilon 
 nil schemes of farther resistance. At Iteauforl, 
 (^linden, and Ninety-Six, llic^ generally laid down 
 their arms, and sniMiiilled either as prisoners or as 
 snbjccls. Kxcepling the extreinilies of the stale, 
 borilering on North t'aidlina, Ihe inhabitants, who 
 did not llee out of the country, preferred submis- 
 sion 10 resistance. This was followed by an un- 
 usual calm, and the Itritish believed, that the state 
 Mas tlioidiiglily conquered. An opportunity was 
 now given, lo make an expeiiment, from which 
 much was expected, and for the omission of which. 
 Sir Henry Clinton's predecessor. Sir William 
 Ilowe, Had oeen severely .:ensiire(i. it Mad been 
 confidently asserted, thai a majority of the Ameri- 
 cans were well affected to the Itritish government, 
 anil thai under proper regulations, substanlial ser- 
 vice might be expected iVoiii them in restoring 
 llic soiinlry to peace. 
 
 At this crisis, every bias in favour of Congress 
 was I't'iiiiived. Their armies in the southern slates, 
 were either captured or defeaied. There was no 
 regular force lo the southward of Pennsylvania, 
 which was sufTicient lo awe the friends of royal 
 goveroiuent. Kvery encoiiiagement was held 
 fiirili, lo those of the inhaliitanis, who would with 
 amis support Ihe oM consliliilion. Cunliscalion 
 am! (U'atliweie ihreateneil as the consequence of 
 t>ppiising ils re-esialilislinuMit. While there was 
 no regular army, within fniirhundred miles, to aid 
 the iVieiiils of iodepenileiice, the Itritish were in 
 force, posted over all the couiilry. The people 
 were ihiis left lo theniselves, or t-.ither strongly 
 iinpelled In abandon an apparently sinking cause, 
 and arrange themselves on ihe sidcof theconquer- 
 tirs. I'nder these favoiiialile circumstances, ihe 
 oxperiinent was made, for siipporling the Itritish 
 inieresl by the exertion of loyal inlialiilants, iinaw- 
 ed by American armies, or republican deiiiagogiies. 
 It soon appeared, that Ihe disguise, which fear had 
 imposed, subsisted no Immer than the present dan- 
 ger, and thai the minds of the people, though over- 
 awed, were actuated by aliosiile spirit. In prose- 
 ''iiliiig the scheme for olilaining a military aid from 
 llie inhabiianls, that I rani|uility. which previous suc- 
 cesses had procured, was clisiurbe<l, and that as- 
 cendency, which arms had naiiied, was inlerrnplcd. 
 'I'he iniliicement lo submission with many was, a 
 ho|>e of obtaining a respiie from the calamities of 
 war, under the shelter of Itritish proleclion. Such 
 were not less aslonislieil than confounded, on lind- 
 iiig themselves virliially called upon, lo take up 
 arms in support of royal government. This was 
 done in the following manner. After the inhabit- 
 i-nts, by the specious promises of protection and 
 security, had generally submited as subjects, or 
 taken their parole as prisoners of war, a procla- 
 iialion was issued by Sir Henry Clinlnn, which 
 set forth, " that il was proper for all persons to 
 lake an active part, in settling and securing his 
 iiiajesly's government ; that nil Ihe inhabitants of 
 the province, who were then prisoDers od parole, 
 
 those taken in Fort Moultrie and ('harlesion, and 
 such as were in actual cnnlinement excepted, 
 should, from and after tho 20lh of June, be freed 
 from their paroles, and resiored to all the rights 
 and duties belonging to cili/.ens and inhabiianls; 
 and that all persons under the iluscriplion above 
 mentioned, who should afterwards nei-lect lo re- 
 turn lo iheir allegiance, and lo his majesty's gov- 
 ernmenl, shiiulil be considered as enemies and 
 rebels lo the same, and treated accordingly." Il 
 was designed by ihis arbitrary change of the po- 
 litical condition of the inhabiianls, lo bring them 
 into a dileimna, which would foice them lo lake 
 an active part in scltling and securing the royal 
 goveinnieiil. Il involved a majority in the neces- 
 sity of either fleeing out of ihe country, or of be- 
 coming a Itritish mililia. With this proclamalioii, 
 the declension of llrilish authority coiniiienced ; 
 lor thiumh llie iiiliabilaiits, from motives of fear 
 and convenience, had aeiierally submitted, the 
 greatest pan of iliem relained an alVeclion for llieir 
 American brelhreii, and shuddered ol the Ihonglil 
 of taking up arms against them. Among such il 
 was said, ■■ if we must fight, let it be on the side 
 of America, our friends and connlryinen." 
 
 A great number considering this proclamalioii 
 as a discharge fiom llieir paroles, aimed themselves 
 in self-delcnce being imliiced iherelo, by the royal 
 menaces, thai they who did not reliirn to their al- 
 legiance, as Itrilish subjects, iiiiisl expect lo be 
 Healed as rebels. A greater number I'roui being in 
 the power of the llrilish, exchanged their paroles 
 as prisoners, for the proleclion id'subjecls; but 
 this was done in many cases, with a seciet lesei- 
 vation of breaking the compulsory engagement, 
 when a nroiier oi>|)orliinily should present itself. 
 
 .\ patty, always attached to royal government, 
 though they had confornied to the laws of the slate, 
 rejoiced in the ascendency of the royal arms ; but 
 their number was inconsiderable, in comparison 
 with the miilliltide who were obliged by necessity, 
 or induced by convenience, lo accept of Itriiish 
 protection. 
 
 The precaulions, taken to prevent the rising of 
 Ihe royalists in North Carolina, did not answer Ihe 
 end. Several of l/:i inhabitants ofTryon county, 
 under the direclion of Colonel Moore, took up 
 arms, and were, in a few days, defeated by the 
 whig inililia, commanded by (ieneral liutheiford. 
 Colonel Itryan, another loyalist, though equally in- 
 judicious as lo lime, was successful. He reached 
 the 71st regiment stationed in the (.'her»ws, with 
 about 800 men, assembled from the neighbourhood 
 of the river Vadkin. 
 
 While the conquerors were endeavouring lo 
 sirenglhen the parly for royal governmenl, llic 
 tVmericans were nut inallenlive to their inleresis. 
 (lovernor Uiitledge, who during the siege of 
 Clinrleston, had lieen requested by (ieneral Lin- 
 coln lo go out of town, was indiislriously and suc- 
 cessfully negocialing wiili North ('arolina. Vir- 
 ginia, and Congress, lo olitain a foice for checking 
 the progress of llic Itritish arms. Kepresenla- 
 lions, to the same etb'cl, had also been made in 
 line time by (ieneral Lincoln. Congress ordered 
 a considerable detaclimenl from their main army, 
 lo be marclieil to the southward. .North Carolina 
 also ordered a laige boily of militia to lake llie 
 field. .\s the Itritish ailvanced lo ilie upper coun- 
 try of .Soiilli Carolina, a considerable number of 
 delermined <vlii!!s relrealeil before them, and look 
 refuge in North Cai(diiia. In this class wasColonel 
 Sumter, a distinguished paiiisan, who was well 
 qualified for conducting military opeialions. .\ 
 parly <d' exiles, from South Carolina, made choice 
 of him for llieir leader. \t the head of this little 
 band of freemen, he returned lo his own stale, and 
 look Ihe Held again.u the virlorioiis Itrilish, after 
 llie inhabiianls had generally aliamloned all ideas 
 of farther resistance. This unexpecled impedi- 
 ment 10 the extension of Itrilish conqiiesis, roused 
 all the passions, which disappntiited ambition can 
 inspire. Previous snicesses hail Haltered the royal 
 commanders with hopes of disiinguislied rank, 
 among the conquerors of America; but the re- 
 
 480 
 
 . i.ewal of hoslililiesobscured the pleasing pr(.spect, 
 I Flushed willi the victories they liail gaineil in tho 
 first of Ihe campaign, and believing every Ihiiig 
 lold ihem, favourable to their wishes, lo be true, 
 they conceived that they had lillle lo feat on iho 
 south side of Virginia. Whenexpeiiencc irluled 
 these hopes, they were Iransporled with indigim- 
 lion against the inhabitants, and coiiliiied several 
 of them, on suspicion of their being accessary to 
 the recnminencemenl of hostilities. 
 
 The tirsi eHiirl of renewed warfare was on July 
 I2lh, two months after the fall of (.^harlesion, when 
 VJ'A vf Colonel Sumter's corps attacked and luuteii 
 a detaclimenl of the royal forces and ir.ililia, which 
 were posted in a lane at Willianison's planlalj m. 
 This was the firsl advantage Kaineil over llie Itril- 
 ish, since their hriding, in llie beuiniiing of ihe 
 year. The steady, persevering Irienils of .\meii- 
 ca, who were veiy numerous in the north western 
 frontier of .Soul h (.'ar(diiia, lurned out with grei,> 
 ainciily, lo join Colonel Sumter; though opposition 
 lo the itrilish government had eniirely ceased, in 
 every oilier pait of the stale. His Iroops, in 
 a few days, amounleil lo (i(KI men. With this in- 
 crease of slreimlh, he made a spirited attack on a 
 parly of the Itrilish, at Kocky .Mount : bin as he had 
 no aililleiy, tind lliey were secured iinderiover of 
 earlli, filled ill belween logs, he could make no im- 
 piession upon lliem, and was obligeil lo retreat. 
 Sensible thai llie minds of men are iiilliieiiced by 
 eolerprise, and llial, lo keep militia togellier, it is 
 necessary lo employ lliem, ihis active partisan al- 
 lackeil another of llie royal ilelachmenls, consisl- 
 ing of llie Prince of Wales's regiment, and a larue 
 body of lories, posted ;it the llaii^ioi; ruck. 'I'liu 
 Prince of Wales's reuiinent was altuosl totally iles- 
 Iroyed. K.om 278, il was reduced to nine. Tho 
 loyalisls, who were of that parly which had ailvan- 
 ced from Noilh Carolina, under Colonel Itryaii, 
 were dispersed. The panic occasioned by the fall 
 of Chailesioii daily abated. 'I'he nlii^ militia, on 
 the exireiiiiliesof ilu! slate formed themselves inlu 
 parties, under leaders of iheir onii choice, and 
 sometiiues ailacked delachmenlsof ihe Itrilish ar- 
 my, but more frequently thoseof their owiicoiin- 
 Irynien, who as a royal luililiii, were co-operating 
 Willi iheking's forces. While Sumlei kept up the 
 spirits of the people, bv a siiccessioti of i;all.inl en- 
 terprises, a respectable coiilinenlal force was ail- 
 Viincing lliroimli llie middle slates, for the relief 
 of their southern brethren. With the hopes of le- 
 lieving Charleston, orders were given, .Al.ircli 2(1, 
 lor the .Maryland and Del.iware troops lo niaicli 
 from (ieneral Washington's head qii.irlers.lo Soiuli 
 (Carolina; but the quarler-master-geiicral was un- 
 able lo pul ihis delacliiiient iniiiolion, as soon as 
 was inlended. 
 
 The maniifactnri'rs, employed in providini; for 
 the army, would neither go on wiili ilieir bnsi- 
 ness, nor deliver the articles lliey bad couipleteii ; 
 declaring they had sulfered so niiich iViuu the de- 
 preciation of llie iniiiiey, that lliey would not part 
 with their properly williout iniineiliaie paynienl. 
 I'liiler these einliarras.iing rirciiuistaiices, lli'j 
 soulherri slates required an aid iVoiii ihe nortlirro 
 army, lo be marched llionuli llie ioleintcili.itt; 
 spue ofSdO miles. The .Maryl.iiid and Delaware 
 iroops weie, with greal exerliiois, at length ena- 
 bled to iniive. Aliermarcliini; through Jeisi'V and 
 Pennsvlvaoia, they emliarked at the head of KIk, 
 .\pril i(j. landed soon aflerwards at Peleislmri;h, 
 and iheiiire proceeded iliroui>li ihe country towards 
 South Carolin I. 'Phis force was at fnsi put under 
 ihecommandof Major (ieneral Itaron ile Kalb, and 
 afterwards of (ieneral (iaies. The success ii( llie 
 laller, in the iiorlhern canipaicns of I77l> and 
 1777, induced many to believe, that his presence, 
 as commander of the southern aimy, would re- 
 animalelhe fiicndsof independence. Whde Itamn 
 de Kalb commanded, a council of war had advised 
 him to tile oil" from the direct road lo Camden, to- 
 wards Ihe well cultivated setllemenls in Ihe vicin- 
 ity of the Waxhaws ; but (ieneraUiales, on taking 
 the commands, did not conceive this uioveiueni lu 
 be accessary; supposing it to be must for the in 
 
460 
 
 HISTOHV OF T!1K 
 
 I I ; 
 
 - i\ 
 
 torcHt uf llie Hinlcs, that ho nliniilil prnnrrd imtnn- 
 dinlply Willi liiii iiriny, on ihe sliorirat roiiil, to the 
 virinity ufthf iiiilinh eiic»iii|iiiieni!<. ThU leil 
 llircjiigh a liant-ii country, in piissiiig over which, 
 llic Aiiicricans scveiBly I'cll the acurcity ol' pni- 
 vi'tiiiim. Their Miiiniiurii became audible, and 
 there were Htroiii; appearances ol'ninliny : but the 
 (il)icerx, who !tliaieil every calamity in common 
 with the privates, interposed, and concilifileil ihein 
 to a patient siill'erance of their haril lot. They 
 priiicipallvsnbsiiited on lean cattle, picked up in the 
 woods. The whole iirmy was under the necessity 
 of using green corn, und peaches, in the place ol' 
 breail. They were subsisted lor several days on 
 the lalteralone. Pysenieries became conunon, in 
 consequence ofthis tliet. The heat oCtlie season, 
 Ihe unhealthiness of the climate, together with in- 
 Biifllcient and unwholesome I'ood, Ihrratetied des- 
 truction to Ihe army. The common soldieis, in- 
 inslead of despondini;, began alter snme lime to be 
 merry with their misloitnnes. They used "starva- 
 tion" as a cant word, and vied wilh each other in 
 burlesquing their silualion. The wit and humour, 
 displayed on this occasion, contributed not a little 
 to rec(Hicileth?m to llieirsulVerings. The Ameri- 
 can army, having made its way through a country 
 III piije-barrens, sand-hills, and swaiops, reached 
 CleimnnI, thirteen imlesTroni Camden, on the 13ih 
 ol' August, The next day, (ieneral Stephens ar- 
 rived with a large body ol" Virginia militia. 
 
 As the American army approached South Ca- 
 rolina, lord Kawdon roncentrated his I'orcc al 
 Camden. The retreat ol' the Kritish from their 
 oiit-posis, the advances of the American army, and 
 the impolitio cnniluct of the conquerors towards 
 their new subjects, concurred, at this juncture, to 
 produce a general revolt in favour of Congress. 
 The (icoplewere daily more dissatisfied with their 
 siliiarion. Tired of war, they had submitted to 
 ISritish govermiient, wilh the expectation of bet- 
 tering their condition ; but they soon found their 
 mistake. The greatest address should have been 
 practised towards the inhabitants, in order to second 
 Ihe views of the parent state, in re-uniting the re- 
 volted colonies to her government. That Ihe peo- 
 ple might be Induced to return to the condition of 
 subjects, their minils and all'eclions, as well as their 
 armies, ought to have been con(piered. This deli- 
 cate task was rarely attempted. The olhcers, 
 privates, and followers of tlie royal army, were 
 (icnerally more intent on amassing fortunes by plun- 
 der and rapine, than on promoting a rc-iiniun of 
 the dissevered iiiemliers of the empire. Instead 
 of increasing the nundierof the real friends to royal 
 government, they disgusted those that they found. 
 The high-spirited citizens of Carolina, impatient 
 of iheir rapine and insolence, rejoiced in the pros- 
 pect of freeing their country from its oppressors. 
 >Jotives of this kind ; together wilh a prevailing 
 attachment to the cause of independence, induced 
 many to break through all ties, to join lieneral Gates; 
 and more to wish him the ccunpletest success. 
 
 General Gates, on reaching the frontier of South 
 Carolina, issued a proclamation inviting the patri- 
 otic citizens, " lo join heartily in rescuing them- 
 sclvesand their country, from the oppression of a 
 government, imposed on them by the ruffian liand 
 uf conquest. He also gave "assurances of for- 
 giveness and pe 'feet security, to such of the un- 
 ion unate citizens as had been induced, by the ter- 
 ror of sanguinary punishment, the menace of con- 
 fiscation, and the arbitrary measures of mililary 
 domination, apparently to acquiesce under the 
 ISrltish government, and to make a forced decla- 
 raiion of allegiance and support to a tyranny, 
 which the indignant souls of citizens, resolved on 
 freedom inwarilly revolted at with horror and de- 
 testation; excepting from this amnesty, only 
 those who, in the hour of devastation, had exer- 
 cised acts of barbarity and depredation, on the per- 
 sons and property of their fellow citizens." The 
 army, with which Gales advanced, was, by the 
 sirival of Stephen's militia, increased nearly to 
 4000 men ; but of this large number, the whole 
 regular force was only 90U infantry, and seventy 
 
 cavalry. On Ihe approach uf Gates, KnrI Curn- 
 wallis hastened from Charleston to Camden, and 
 ariived ihere on the 11th of August. The force, 
 which his lordship found eidlected on his arrival, 
 was 1700 iid'antry, ami liUII cavalry. This inle- 
 rior number would have jiislilleil a retreat ; but he 
 chose rather to slake his fortune on thu decision 
 of a battle. On the night of the l.'ith, he march- 
 ed from (!aindeii with his whole force, inteiiiling 
 to attack the Americans In Iheir camp al ('ler- 
 niont. In the same night. Gates, alter ordering 
 his baggage lo the Waxhaws, put his army in mo- 
 tion, wilh an intention of advancing to an eligible 
 position, about eight miles from Camden. The 
 American army was ordered to inarch at ten o'clock 
 V. M. in the following order : Colonel Armand's 
 advance cavalry ; Colonel I'oltetsfield's light 
 infantry, on the right Hank of Colonel Arinand, in 
 Indian-lile, two hunilred yards from the road; iMa- 
 jor Armsir(uig's light infantry, in the same order 
 as (.'oloiiel Polierlield's ; on the left Hank uf the 
 legion, ailvanceil guard of fool, composed of the 
 advanced picquets ; lirsl brigade of Maryland ; se- 
 cond brigade of iMaryland ; division of North (Ca- 
 rolina; Virginia rear guard; voluntc'-r cavalry, 
 upon the Hanks uf Ihe baggage, equally divided. 
 The light inl'anlry upon each llank were ordered 
 lo march up and support the ravalry. Hit should 
 be atlaeked by the lirilisli cavalry ; and Colonel 
 .\ri>iand was diiected, in that case, to stuiid the 
 attack at all events. 
 
 The advance of both armies nu't in the night, 
 and engaged. .Some of the cavalry of Armani's 
 legion being wouinled in the liist lire, fell l,ack on 
 others, who recoileil so suddenly, that the lirst iMa- 
 ryland leginient was broken, and the whole line of 
 the army was thrown into confusion. 'J'his lirst 
 impression struck deep, ami dispirited the militia. 
 The American aiiny soon recovered its order, 
 liolh they and their adversaries kept their ground, 
 and occasi(Mially skirniislicd through the night. 
 Colonel I'ottertield, a most excellent ollicer, on 
 whose abilities General Gates particularly depend- 
 ed, was wounded in the early part ofthis night at- 
 tack. In the morning, a severe and general en- 
 gagement took place. At the first outset, the great 
 body of the Virginia militia, who formed the left 
 wing of the army, on being charged v,rith fixed 
 bayonets, by the Hritish infantry, tlue\7 down their 
 arms, and with the utmost precipit;ilion lied from 
 the field. A considerable part of the North (,"aro- 
 iina militia followed the unworthy example ; but 
 the continentals, who formed the right wing ofthe 
 army, inferior as they were in numbers to the 
 British, stood their ground, and maiiilained the 
 conflict with great resolution. Never did men ac- 
 quit themselves better. l'"or some time they had 
 the advantage of their opponents, and were in pos- 
 session of a considerable body of prisoners. Over- 
 powered at last by numbers, and nearly surrounded 
 by the enemy, they were compelled reluctantly to 
 leave Ihe ground. Injustice to the North Caroli- 
 na inilitia, it should be remarked, that part ofthe 
 brigade commanded by General Gregory acquitied 
 themselves well. They were formed immediately 
 in ihe left of the continentals, and kept Ihe field 
 while they had a cartridge to lire. General (ireg- 
 ory hinisell was twice wounded, by a bayonet, in 
 bringing olf his men ; and several of liis brigade, 
 who were made prisoners, had no wounds except 
 from bayonets.* Two hundred and ninetvAmerican 
 wounded prisoners weie carried into Caind»n, after 
 this action, SOU of whom were continentals, 82 were 
 North Carolina militia, and two were Virginia mi- 
 litia. The resistance made by each corps, may 
 in some degree, be estimated with ihe number of 
 wounded. The Americans lost the whole of their 
 artillery, eight field pieces, upwards uf two hundred 
 wagons, an<l the greatest part of Iheir baggage. 
 .\liiiost all their ollicers were separated from their 
 respective commands, Kvery corps was broken 
 inaction, and dispersed. The fugitives, who fled 
 
 * I'bittilrtail wasfunildhcd by Or, W'illiainsun, snrgcun- 
 general ofllie North Curuliim inilitia, who, after the buttle, 
 went iuto Caindcu with a flug. 
 
 by Ihe common road, were pursued above twenty 
 miles by the horse of Tarleioii's legion ; and llio 
 way was coveieil wr.h arms, baggage, and wag- 
 ons, llaroii lie Kalb, the second in coiiuiiand, a 
 brave ami experienced olhcer, was taken piisiuier, 
 ami died on the next day, of his wounds. He w:is 
 a German by birth, but had long been in ihe Kremli 
 service. Congress resolved, that a moiinnieiit 
 should be creeled lo his memory, in Annapolis, 
 wilh a very honourable iiiseriptioii. General Uiiili- 
 cilord, ol North Carolina, was wounded and taken 
 prisoner. 
 
 The royal nriiiy fought wilh great bravery ; buf 
 the completeness uf tiieir victory was, in n great 
 degree, uwinglu their superiority in cavalry, and 
 ihe precipitate llight of the Ameiican militia. 
 Their whole loss is supposed to have amoiiiitcd lo 
 several hundreds. To add lo the distresses of the 
 Ameiicans, the defeat uf Gales was Immedialely 
 followed by the surprise and dispersion uf Sumter':] 
 corps. While Ihc former was advancing near lo 
 the British army, the latter, who had previously 
 taken post between Camden and Charleston, tooit 
 aniimbei of prisoners, and captured siindrv Hrilisli 
 stores, together with their ci nvoy. On 'hearing 
 of the defeat of his superior ollicers, he began lo 
 lelreat wilh his prisoners and stores. Tarletoii 
 with his legion, and a delacliiiient ofinfaniry, pur- 
 sued with such etierity and aildii'ss, astooverlake 
 and surprise this parly, al Kishing creek. The 
 lirilisli rode into Iheir camp, before they were pre- 
 pared for defei.ce. The letrealing Americans, 
 having been I'oi.rdays wilh little or no sleep, were 
 more obedientlothc callsof naliiie, than allenlim 
 to her first law, sell-preservation. Slimier had 
 taken every prudent pieraulioii to pieveiit a sur- 
 prise ; but his videtles were so overcome with fa- 
 ligue, that they neghcled their duly. Wilh great 
 ditliculty he prevailed on a few to stand their 
 ground, fora short lime: but the greater part ol 
 Ids corps lied to the river, or the woods. He lost 
 all his artilleiy ; and his whole deiaclmient wai 
 either killed, captured, or dispersed. The |.'risoii 
 CIS, he had lately taken, were all retaken. 
 
 On the 17lh and IStli of Aiigiisi, about 1;J0 of 
 Gates's army rendezvoused at Charlotte. These 
 had reason to apprehend, thai they would be im- 
 mediately pursued, and cut to pieces. There w.is 
 no magazine of provisions in the town, and it was 
 without any kind of delence. It was, thereroie, 
 concluded to retreat In Salisbury. A ciiciimslan- 
 tial detail ul this retreat wuuld be ihe picture of 
 complicated wretchedness. There were more 
 wounded men than could be conveniently enrri'd 
 oil' The inhaliitants, hourly expecting :he IJriiish 
 to advance into their seltlement, and •.■enerally in- 
 tending to flee, could not allend lo the acconinio- 
 dalioii of the sull'ering soldiers. Objects id' distress 
 occurred in every (piarlei. There were many w ho 
 stooil in need of kind assistance ; but there were 
 few who could give it. Several men were lo be 
 seen wilh but one arm ; and some without any. 
 Anxiety, pain and dejection, poverty, hurry and 
 confusion, marked Ihe gloomy scene. I'nder these 
 circumstances, Ihe remains uflhat numerous aimv, 
 which had lately caused such terror lo the fiiomls 
 of (ireat Hritain, retreated lo Salisbury, and soon 
 afterwards to Hillsborough. General Ciates had 
 previously retired lo the latter place ; and was 
 there, in concert with Ihe government of North 
 Carolina, devising plans of defence, and for renew- 
 ing military operations. 
 
 Though there was no army to oppose lord Cnrn- 
 wallis. yet ihe season, and bad lieallh of his army, 
 restrained him from pursuing his conquests, liy 
 the complete dispersion of the continental forces, 
 the country was in his power. The present mo- 
 ment of triumph seemed,therefore.the most favour- 
 able conjuncture, for breaking Ihc spirits of those 
 wlio were attached to independence. To prevent 
 their future no-uperation with the armies of Con- 
 gress, a severer policy was henceforward adopted. 
 
 Unfortunately fur the inhabitants, this was taken 
 up on grounds, which involved thousands in dis- 
 tress, and Dot a few in tlie loss uf life. The 
 
UNITED STATES 
 
 401 
 
 rtrilisli conceived tlieinielves in poaseaaiun of llie verniiient, loid C'iirnwiilli!i, in iilxiiit luui wrt'ks.if- 
 
 rlclKH of aoveieii^nty, over a coii(|ucreil country, t«r liin victory, Scptcnilier l(i, is.inril n prochonn- 
 
 iinil tli^it, tlicreforc, the elforls of the cili/.eii!i, to lion, fur the Hci|iicHlr;ilioii ol all cstiitcH, IicIciiikuik 
 
 iissi'il their iiiilepeiiilciice, exposed them to the to the iictive riieijilsof inilcpeiKlence, Uyllilslie 
 
 penal coiiHeqiieiicea of treason »iid rehellion. In- coniililiiled "John Criiclt'ii, coniiiiisHioner, with 
 
 fliienced hy thexe opinionn, and transported with lull piincr and aiithiiiity, on the rei ript (d an or- 
 
 iiidit!iialion against the inhahitaiila, they violated der or warruiit, to take into his po>i.ses4J<in the 
 
 the riishta, held aacred between indepenilenl hostile estates, both real :inil personal, not inchideil in the 
 
 natiiHia. Orders were (jiven by lord Cornwallis, 
 ••thai all the inhnbitania of the province, who had 
 subniitteil, and who hail taken part in this revoh, 
 alioidd be punished with the );reateal rigour ; that 
 they khonid be imprisoned, and their whole pro- 
 perty taken from tliein, nr destroyed." He also 
 ordered, in the most positive manner, "thai every 
 niihliii man, who had borne arms with the lUitish, 
 and al'lei wards joined llie Americans, shoiil-J be 
 put (o ilealh." AtAnguata, at Camden, nnil else- 
 where, several of the iidiabilants were handed, in 
 consequence of these orders. The men wlio »uf- 
 feied had been coiii|ielled by the necessities of 
 their families, and the prospect of savinj; their 
 properly, to make an involuntary siibiiiission toilie 
 royal coiM|iierors. Experience soon tauuht them 
 
 capilulation of ('harlesliin, of those in the service, 
 or acting under thoauthurily ofthe rebel ('ongresa: 
 and also the estates, both real and personal, of 
 those persons who, by an open avowal of rebel- 
 lious principles, or by other nolorious ads, maiii- 
 lested a nicked and desperate perseverance, iiiop- 
 posiiiKihe re eslablishnient of his majesty's juat 
 and lawful anihnrity.' It was I'lulher declared, 
 •' that any persiMi or persons idislructiii); or im- 
 
 fifding the Slid conMiiiisioner, In the execution of 
 lis iliity, by Ihe concealment, or removal of pro 
 perly, or otherwise, should, on conticlioii, be 
 punitihed asaiilini> and abetting rebellion." 
 
 All adherent to inde|>ciideiice waa now consid- 
 ered as one who conned exile, poverty, and ruin. 
 .Many yielile<l to the templalion, and became 
 the inetricacy of these submissions. This, in their ! Hritish subjectl. 'I'he miscliicvouscll'icts of slav- 
 opinion, absolved Ihem from their obligations loiery, in facllilaling thecoinpiesi of the couotiy, now 
 
 becami! appareiil. As the slaves had no inleresi 
 
 at slake, the siibjimalion ofthe slate was a mal!<'>r 
 
 nupport the royal cause, and left lli"m at liberty 
 to follow their inclinations. To treat men thus 
 
 circunislanced, wiih the severity of punishment, of no conseciiiencc to ihcii.. Instead of aiding 
 usually inllicled on deserters and traitors, might ! iii its di'fence, they, by a variety of means, threw 
 have apolitical tendency to iliscourage farther re- j the weight of their little iiilluence into the oppo- 
 volls ; but the impartial world must regret, that | site scale. 
 
 the unavoidable horrors of war should be aggia- Though numbers broke through all the ties 
 
 valed, by such deliberate elViisions of human blood, which Ixiiind them to support the cause of Ameri- 
 
 Notwithstanding the decisive superiority ofthe ca, illustrious sacrilices were made at the .shrine of 
 
 Hritish armies, in South Carolina, several of the ililierty. Several of the richest men in the stale 
 
 nio^t respectable citi/.ena, ihoiigh ill the power of 
 their conipierora, resisted every teniplatioii to re- 
 siinie the chaiacter of subjects. To enforce a ge- 
 neral submission, orders were given by lord Corn- 
 wallis, immediately :iller this victory, to send out 
 of Souili Carolina a number of its principal citi- 
 ■/.ens. Lieutenant (iovernor (-ailsilen, most of the 
 civil and militia ollicers, and some others,* who 
 had declined exchanging their paroles, (orthe pro- 
 tection of Hritish siilijecis, were taken up, Angiisl 
 27, put on board a vessel in the harbour, and sent 
 to .St. Augustine, (ieneral IMonllric remonstrated 
 against the confinement and removal of these gen- 
 tlemen, »s contrary to their rights, derived from 
 the capitulation of Charlestim. They, at tlie same 
 lime, challenged their adversaries to prove, that 
 any part of their conduct merited expulsion from 
 their country and families. They received no 
 firther satisfaction, than that the measure had been 
 " ailopted from motives of policy." To convince 
 the iidiabilants, that the conquerors were seriously 
 lesolved lo remove Iroiii the country, ail who re- 
 fused to become suliject.s, ail additional number of 
 aliiive tweiiiy citi/.ensf of .South Carolina, who re 
 
 sullcreil iheii forliims to remain in the power and 
 possession of their cont, "erors, ralhcr than slain 
 their honour by joining the enemies of their coun- 
 try. The patriolismof the ladies cootribuled much 
 lo this lirumess. They crowded on board prison 
 ships, and other places of conruiemeni, to solace 
 their sulfering countrymeiu While the conquerors 
 were regaling themselves, at concerts and assem- 
 blies, ilicy could obtain very few of the fair sex to 
 associate with them ; but no sooner was an Amer- 
 ican oDicer introduced as a prisoner, than his com- 
 pany was sought for, and his person treated with 
 every possible mark of attention and respect. On 
 other occasions, the ladies, in a great mea.sure, re- 
 tired from the public eye, wept over the distresses 
 of their country, and gave every proof ofthe warin- 
 esl allachnient to itssuD'ering cause. Among the 
 numbers who were banished from their families, 
 and whose property wasseized by the conquerors, 
 many examples could be picidiiced, of ladies cheer- 
 fully parting with theirsons, husbands, and brothers; 
 exhorting them to forliiude and perseveiance ; and 
 repeatedly entreating them never to stiller family 
 itlachmenls to inlertere with the duiv they owed 
 
 niained prisoners on p.irole, wero sent olf to thejlo their country. When, in the progress ofthe 
 
 «aiiie place, in less than three months, (ieneral 
 Kntherford and Cidonel Isaacs, both of. North Ca- 
 rolina, who had been lately taken near Camden, 
 were associated with Ihem. 
 
 To compel the le-establishmcnt of ISritish go- 
 
 * Their niunoa were : KilwnnI Blnko, Jolm Mudd, 
 Rdticrt Coclniin, Joliii F.tlvvnnU, ThoiiiaA l''('ri;uK<in, 
 :ie(irio l''lii-ir, Williniii Hii«sol tiililics, Williinri Hull, 
 ritoinnA Hull, TIhvikh Uevwnnl, jr. Isane ITotiiirs, 
 Kichiiril lliii!)oii, Witiiiin Jfiliii^nn, Itev. .lohn l.nwis, 
 Williiiin I.iviii^isioii, John Lovuiliiy, Kirhnrtl l.iislijn^r- 
 Pnil, Willitiiii .Mus!,e_v, l-',(lvvuril M'Bieiulv, .Mt'xnniler 
 Moiiltni*, Jnbn Alowiiit, JiiliM Neii^illf. K<lvv:tril North, 
 Joseph Parker, .lohn Krni'sl Pomis, l>nvi,I Itdrosny, .In- 
 ;oh Ueiul, IIiiL'h Rnth'ilire, Kdwiiril Kntleitu'e. ,lcihn Snn- 
 31)111 Thomas (^aviiire, Thoiiiiifl Siin;lc10)t, Josinh Suiith, 
 i.iiiios Huoihiioii Thuiusoii, IVMcr Tiiiioiby, Juliii Todd, 
 utid Aiilliony Tooiner. 
 
 t Tlirlrimiiies were: Joseph Roe, nirhnrd Heresford 
 John Herwit'k, Dnniel nniinlrntix, nonjiiiniii Cnilworth, 
 Henry ('nnich, John Splult (.'ripns. KdwnnI Dnrrell 
 Diiniol Ue Siiifsiire, Ceorpo A. Iltill, I'hniiins (Jriiii- 
 ImII, Nidilo Whiiiihprly Jones, Williinn I.i'e, WiHinni 
 I.o*iin. Arllmr .Middl.^loii, Chiistopher Triers, nenj>onhi 
 Potseli, Miiotiiel PrideiKi, I'liili[» Sniilli, Henintiiiii Wid- 
 ler, Juaics Wukelicid, Edward WcMimn, llorlon Wil- 
 kintm. 
 
 war, they were alsocompreheniled under a general 
 sentence of banishment, with eipial resolution they 
 parted with their native connlry, and the many en- 
 dearments of home, and folloned their husbands 
 into prison-ships and distant lands, where they were 
 reduced to the necessity of receiving charity. 
 
 Animated by suchexam|iles, ns well ashy a high 
 sense of honour, and the love of their country, a 
 great proportion ofthe gentlemen of South Caro- 
 lina deliberately adhered to their first resolution of 
 risking life and fmtune in support of tlieii liberties. 
 Hitherto the royal linccs in tSouth Carolina had 
 been attended with aluiiist iinintemipCed siicceas. 
 Their standard overspread the cimntry, penetra- 
 ted into every (|iiaiter, and liiuniphed over all op- 
 position. 
 
 The Hritish ministry, by this llatlering posture 
 of allairs, were once more intoxicated with the 
 hope of subjugating America. New plans were 
 t'orined, and great expectations indulged, id'spedi- 
 ly le-uniling the dissevered members of the em- 
 pire. It was now asserted, with a confidence bor- 
 dering on presiimplion, that such troops as fought 
 ut Cumdcii, put under such a coiuiiiauUvr :ui lord 
 
 Cornwallia, would aoon extirpate rebellion an eU 
 lectnally, as to leave no vestige of ii in Amerir.i, 
 The lliilish iiiinisiry iiiid army, by an impious inn* 
 lidence in their wisdom anil pro»i'<s, were duly 
 prepared to give, in iheir appio.iching dowiil ill, u 
 Useiul lesson lo the »inlil. 
 
 The disaster id the aimy, under (ieneral (iatea, 
 overspread, at first, the face of American afiaira, 
 with a diamal gloom : but the day of prosperity In 
 the United States, began, as will appear in the se- 
 quel, from that moment, to d.iwo. 'I heir prospecu 
 brightened up ; while those ol their enemies wero 
 obscured by disgrace, hiokeii by defeat, and at laat 
 covered with ruin. Elated wiiii their victories, 
 the ciinqueiors grew iiiiue lUHiilent and rapacimis, 
 while the real fi lends of independence became reso- 
 lute and determined. 
 
 We have seen .Sumter penetialing into South 
 Carolina, and le'Commeiiciiig a mililaiy opposiiinu 
 to liritish goverument. Soon alier that event, he 
 was promoted by (iovernor Kiilledge, to llie rank 
 ol bligailier general. About the same time, Ma- 
 rion was promoted to the same rank, who, in tlin 
 iiortheasierii extremity of the stale, siiceessl'ully 
 prosecuted a similar pliin. Unlurnished with iho 
 means id'd,"feiic',', he v,as nbliged to take possession 
 ofthe saws ofthe saw-mills, and to convert theni 
 iiilo horsemen's swords. .Sn much was he ,-iis- 
 iressed foraimiiuniiion, that he has engaged, when 
 he had not three rounds lo each man of his party. 
 At other times, he has brought his men into view, 
 though wilhoiit ammiinitioii, that he might make a 
 show of numbers to the enemy. For several weeks 
 he had under hiscoimnand, only seventy men. At 
 one time, haidships and dangers reduced that num- 
 ber to '2,') ; yet wi'h this inconsiderable niiinher, 
 he scctired himself in the mid-t of siirroiindiiig 
 liies. Various schemes were tried lo ilelaeh the 
 inhabitants trom co-operaling wiih him. IMaiiir 
 Wemys burned scores of houses on l'eilee,T,vncli's 
 creek, and HIack river; beloncing to such as were 
 supposed 10 do duly with .Mari or to be subser- 
 vient to his views. This had an ellect dillerenl 
 from what was intended. Kevenge and despair 
 en-operaled wiih patriotism, to make these riiineil 
 men keep the fi'dil. Having no houses to shelter 
 theiu, the camps of their countrymen became their 
 homes. For several months, Ajaiion and his party 
 were obliged to sleep in the open ail, and to shel- 
 ter themselves in the recesses of deep swamps. 
 From these retreats, they sallied out, whenever 
 an opportunity of harrassing the enemy, or ofser- 
 »ing llii'ir country, presented itself. 
 
 Opposition to Itritish government was not wholly 
 conliiied to the parlies eommaniled by .'^iiinlerand 
 Marion. It was at no time allngether extinct, in 
 the extremities ofthe state. The disposltimi in 
 revolt, which had been excited on the approarh of 
 (ieneral (iaies, was not eMingiiished by his defeat. 
 The spiiit ofthe people was overawed ; bin not 
 subdued. The severlly, willi which levullers, 
 who fell into the hands of ihe Hritish. were treat- 
 ed, indiiecd those who escaped, lo persevere, and 
 seek safely in swamps, 
 
 Frnm llie time of the general submission ofthe 
 inhabilanls, In 1780, pains had been taken lo in- 
 crease the loyal force, by the co-operation of llie 
 yeomanry of the country. The Hi insli persuaded 
 the people lo tiirm a royal iniliiia, by represenling, 
 Ihat every prospect of siiceeeiling. in their scheii'o 
 of independence, waa annihilaied ; and that a far 
 tlier opposition would only be a prolongation of 
 their distresses, if nut their ulier ruin. iMajiir 
 Ferguson, of the 71st regiment, was pariiciilarl) 
 active in this business. He visited Ihe setlle- 
 ments of the disafi'ected to the American cause, 
 and collected a corps of militia of that descriptiiin. 
 from which iiiiicli active service was expected. 
 He advanced to the north-western setleineiits, to 
 hold commiinicalion with the loyalists of bolhC^a- 
 rolinas. From his presence, together with assur- 
 ances of an early movement of the royal army iiiin 
 North Carolina, it was hoped lliat the friends of 
 royal government would be lonseil to aeiiviiv. in 
 the scrvico of their Ling. In ■hvuivaiitime, every 
 
4fta 
 
 HISTORY OK THE 
 
 r 1!^ 
 
 a I : 
 
 M * : 
 
 prrpnratliin wai niiide lur urging atlttiaive open- 
 tiiitiii, ua soon na the ii«uauii, uiiif ihe alvle ol' (lie 
 allien, wiiiilil prrniil. 
 
 I'lnt N|iirll oCotiterpriae, which linanlrendy been 
 menliuiiPil, m bcKinnini; lo revive aniniii; llio Aine- 
 rii'iin inililin, iiliuiil tliis time, niaiiiplcd Colonel 
 I'birliu tu in.ike an attempt on the liritiah poat nt 
 AiiKiiatn, ill (ieorgia ; but in this ho fiiileil, and wna 
 ubIiKed to retreiit. Miijor Ferguann, with the ho|ie 
 orinlereepling hia puny, kept nciir the moiintiiina, 
 mid at conaideiablediaiance Trom support. These 
 circunmtancea, iiigether with the depredniiona itf 
 the loyiiliatD, induced thoiehnrdy republicnns, who 
 reside un the weat aide of the Alleghuny muuntninn, 
 to lorn) an enlerpriae lur reducing that diatinguish- 
 cd parliaun, 'I'his was done of their own motion, 
 wiihoul any direction from Ihe governments of 
 America, or from the oflicera of the continental 
 uriiiy. 
 
 'I here was, without any apparent design, a pow- 
 erful CDiiibinalioii ofaeveral detached coiiiini^.iders, 
 of the adjacent slates, with their respective cuiii- 
 inands ofinililiii. Colonel Campbell, of Virginia, 
 Coliiiiels t;ii!velnnd. Shelby, Sevier, and M'Dowel, 
 ofNurlh Carolina, together with Colonels Lacy, 
 Hawiborii and llill. of South Caridinn, all ren- 
 dezvousi'il togrilier, with a number of men amount- 
 ing to KiOOi tlii>ugli they were under no general 
 coniiiianil, and llioiigh they were not called upon, 
 to embody by any common aullioiily, or indeed by 
 any authority at all, but that of a general impulse 
 of'llieir own minds. They had so little of the 
 iiieclr.uiiHiii of a regular army, that the colonels, 
 
 by to ion consent commanded each day uller- 
 
 n'llely. The liardihips these volunteers under- 
 went were very great. Some of them subsisted, 
 lor weelts touelher, without tasting bread, or salt, 
 or spirituous liipiors, and slept in the woods with- 
 out blaiikeis. The running stream quenched their 
 thirst. At night, the earth alforded them u bed, 
 uiid the heavens, or nt most, the limbs of trees 
 were their only covering. Kars of corn or pom- 
 pions, thrown into the fire, with occasional su|>plies 
 of beef or venison, killed and roasted in the 
 woods, were the chief articles of their provisions. 
 They had ntilher commissaries, quarter-masters, 
 not stores of any kind. They selected about a 
 thousand of their best men, and mounted them on 
 their (leetesl horses. These attacked Major Fer- 
 guson, 7lh October, on the top of King's moun- 
 tain, near the confines of North and South Caro- 
 lina. The Americans formed three parties. Colo- 
 nel Iiacy of South Carolina led one, which at- 
 tacked on the west. The two others were com- 
 manded by Colonels Campbell and Cleveland ; one 
 of which attacked un the east, and the other in the 
 centre. 
 
 On ihisoccasion. Colonel Cleveland addressed his 
 parly in the following plain unvarnished language: 
 •' .My brave fellows! we have beat the lories, and 
 wc can beat them. They are all cowards. If 
 ihey bad the spirit of men, they would join with 
 tlieir fellow citizens, in supporting the indepen- 
 dence of their country. When engaged, you arc 
 not to wait for the word of command from me. 1 
 will show you by my example, how to fight. I can 
 undertake no more. Every man must consider 
 hinself as an officer, and act from his own judg- 
 ment. Fire as quick as you can, and stand as long 
 as vou can. When you can do no better, get be- 
 hin 1 trees, or retreat ; but I beg of you not lo run 
 quite off. If we be repulsed, let us make a point 
 to return, and renew the fight. Perhaps we may 
 have better luck, in the second attempt, than in the 
 first. If any of you be afraid, such have leave to 
 retire, and they are requested, immediately, to take 
 themselves off." 
 
 Ferguson with great boldness attacked the as- 
 sailants with fixed bayonets, and compelled them 
 successively to retire : but they only fell back a 
 lillle way and getting behind trees and rocks, re- 
 newed their fire, iu almost every direction. The 
 Itrilish, being uncovered, were aimed at by the 
 American luarksnicn ; and many of them were 
 klain. An unusual uuinbcrufthc killed were found 
 
 shot in Ihe head. Ritlenirn took off rlfiemen, with 
 audi exHctncBS, that they killed each other, when 
 taking alght, ao effectually, that their eyes remained, 
 after they were dead, one shut, and the other ofx-n, 
 in the usual manner of marksmen, when levelling 
 at theii object. Major Ferguson displayeil as much 
 bravery, aa was possible, in his situation : but his 
 encampment, on ihn top of the mountain, was nut 
 well chosen; aa it gave the Ameiicans an opiMir- 
 tiinity of covering themselves in their approaeiies. 
 Had he puraued his march, on charging and driving 
 the first part of the mililia which gave way, he 
 might liave got off with moat of his men ; but his 
 unconquerable spirit disdained either to (lee or to 
 auriender. After « aevere conllict, he received a 
 mortal wound. No chance of escaite being left, 
 and all prospect of successful resistance being at 
 an end, the contest was endeil, by the submission 
 of Ihe survivors. Upwards ofWK) became prison- 
 ers, and 2'.i!t were killed and wounded. Very few 
 of Ihe assailants fell; but in their number was 
 Colonel Willi'ima, a distinguished mililia ofticer, in 
 Ninety-Six district, who had been very active in 
 opposing the re-establishment of llrilish govern- 
 ineiit. Ten uf the royal mililia, who had surren- 
 dered, wore hanged by Iheir conquerors. They 
 were provoked to this measure, by the severity of 
 the liritish, who had lately hanged several of the 
 captured Americans, in Soulli ('andiiia and (ieur- 
 gia. They also alleged, that the men whosiill'ered 
 were guilty of previous felonies, for which their 
 lives werelorfeited by the laws of the land. 
 
 The fall of Ferguson was in itself a great loss 
 lo the royal cause. He possessed superior abili- 
 ties as a paitisan, and his spirit of enterprise was 
 uncommun. To a distinguished capacity for plan- 
 ning great designs, he also added the practical 
 abilities, necessary lo carry them inio execution. 
 The unexpected advantai;e, which the Americans 
 gained over him and his paiiy, in a great degree 
 frustrated a well-concerted scheme, for strengthen- 
 ing the liritish army, by the co-operation of the 
 tory inhabitants, whom he had undertaken to dis- 
 cipline and prepare for active service. The total 
 rout of the party, which had joined Major Fergu- 
 son, operated as a check on the future exertions of 
 the loyalists. The same timid caution, which mail<^ 
 them averse to joining their countrymen, in oppo- 
 sing the claims of Great liritain, restrained tlieiu 
 from risking any more in support of the royal 
 cause. Henceforward, Ihey wailed to see how 
 the scales were likely to incline, and reserved them- 
 selves till the British army, by its own unassisted 
 efforts, should gain a decideil superiority. 
 
 In a few weeks after the general action near 
 Camden, lord ('ornwallis left a small force in that 
 village, and marched with the main army, towards 
 Salisbury ; intending to push fnrwariis in that di- 
 rection While on his way thither, the North 
 Carolina mililia were ver>- industrious and suc- 
 cessful, in annoying his e.Min hmenis. Kiflemen 
 frequently penelrate'l nc:;'.- Iiii ci nip, and, from be- 
 hind tiees, made sure n( thoir i .ijects. The lato 
 conquerors were expose I to inseen dangers, if 
 they attempted to ina!;f ". •! cursion ofonly a few 
 hundred yards, from !!;?';■ main body. The de- 
 feat of Major Ferguson, added to these circum- 
 stances, gave a serious alarm to lord Coriiwallis; 
 and he soon after retreated to Winnsborough. As 
 he retireil, the militia took several of his wagons ; 
 and single men often rode up within gunshot of his 
 army, discharged Iheir pieces, and made Iheir 
 escape. The panic occasioned by the defeat of 
 Gales, had, in a great measure, worn off. The 
 defeat of Ferguson, and the consequent retreat of 
 lord Cornwallis encouraged the Ameiican mililia 
 to lake the field ; and the necessity of the times 
 induced them to submit to stricter discipline. — 
 Sue. v., soon after the dispersion of his corps on 
 the ibth of August, collected a band of volunteers, 
 partly from new adventures, and partly from those 
 who had escaped on that day. With these, though 
 for three months there was no continental army 
 in the stale, he constantly kept the field, ii>. sup- 
 port uf Amuiican iudepeudeucc. He varied his 
 
 pOtMOB ftom itnttS tlnti ibnul F.norrp, llioad, 
 niHl Tjrgar rivtra, iinit hid fiequent skirmishet 
 with his adversaries. Having iiiounled hia fol- 
 lowers, he infested the liiitish parties with fre- 
 quent incursions : beat up their quarters ; inter- 
 cepted their convoys; and so liuraased Iheni with 
 successive alarms, that their movements could not 
 be made, but with caution and difficulty. His 
 spirit of enterprise was so particularly injurious to 
 the Kritiah, that they laid sundry plans for destroy- 
 ing his force : but they all failed iu Ihe execution. 
 He was attacked, November l^tli, at llroad river, 
 by Major Wemys, commandinga corps of infantry 
 and dragoons. In this action, the liritish were 
 defeated, and Iheir commanding officer taken pri- 
 soner. Kight days afterwards, November '.JUlh, he 
 was attacked at Black Stocks, near Tyger river, 
 by Lieutenant Colonel Tarletoii. The attack was 
 begun with 170 dragoons, aiut 80 men of the C3d 
 regiment. A considerable part of .Sumter's force 
 hud been thrown into a large log barn, from the 
 apertures of which, lliuy fired in security. Many 
 of the 63d regiment were killed. Tarlelon chargeil 
 with his cavalry, hut, being unable to dislodge the 
 Americans, he rttremed, and Sumter was left in 
 quiet possession of the field. The loss of the 
 liritish in this action was considerable. Among 
 their killed were throe nfiirers, Major Money 
 Ijieutenanis Gibson and Cope. The Ameiicans 
 lost very few ; but General Siiinler received a 
 wound, which, for several months, interriiplcd his 
 gallant enterprises, in behalf of hia coiinliy. His 
 /.eal and activity in animating the militia, when 
 they were discouraged by repeated defeats, and 
 the bravery and good conduct he displayed, iu 
 sundry attacks on Ihe British detachments, pro- 
 cured him the applause of his countrymen, nui! iho 
 thanks of Congress, 
 
 For the three months, which fiillowed the defeat 
 of the American army near Camden, (iencral Gates 
 was industriously preparing to lake the field.— 
 Having collected a foice at Hillsborough, he ad- 
 vanced to Salisbury, and soon afteiwards to Char- 
 lotte. He had done every thing in his power, to 
 repair Ihe injuries ofhisdef<iV anil was again in.i 
 condition to face the enemy ; b;it from that intlu- 
 ence, which popular opinion has over public af- 
 fairs, in a commonwealth. Congress resolved tu 
 supersede him, and to order a court of inquiry to 
 be held on his conduct. This was founded on a 
 former resolve, that whoever lost a post should bn 
 subject lo a court of inquiry. The cases were no 
 ways parallel ; he had lost a battle ; but not a post. 
 The only charge, that could be exhibited against 
 General Gates, was, that he had been defeated. 
 His enemies could accuse him of no military 
 crime, unless that to be unsuccessful might be so 
 reckoned. The public, sore with their losses, 
 were desirous of a change ; and Congress found it 
 necessary to gratify them ; though at the expense 
 of the feelings of one oftheir best, and, till August 
 1780, one of their most successful ofiicers. Vir- 
 ginia did not so soon forget Saratoga. When 
 Geneml Gates was at Richmond, on his way homo 
 from Carolina, the house of burgesses of that stale 
 unanimously resolved, December 18th, " that a 
 coinmitlee of lour be appointed lo wait on General 
 Gales, and assure him of their high regard and 
 esteem; that the remembrance of his former glo- 
 rious services could not be obliterated, by any re- 
 verse of fortune, ; and that ever mindful of iiis 
 great merit, they would omit no opportunity ol 
 testifying lo Ihe world, the gratitude which Ihe 
 country owed lo him, in his military character." 
 
 These events, together with a few unimportant 
 skirmishes, not worthy of being particularly men- 
 tioned, closed the campaign of 1780 in the southern 
 slates. They afforded ample evidence of the folly 
 of prosecuting Ihe American war. Though British 
 conquests had rapidly succeeded each other, yet 
 no advantages accrued to the victors. The minds 
 of the people were unsubdued, or rather more 
 alienated from every idea of returning to their 
 former allegiance. .S'.ii.h was their temper, that 
 the expense uf retaining l!i'.:ni in sulijectiou, would 
 
 iM-ffi^i^«¥fMiaiMBaMi 
 
UNITED ITATEfl. 
 
 408 
 
 t Knnrrtt, Krniul, 
 liiriit nkiriniiilii'i 
 liiilinlril hif I'ul- 
 pnrlirii niih iVe- 
 
 qiinrlcr* ; inirr- 
 'uitaeit llirni wiili 
 rmrnlii roulil mil 
 
 diinniilly. Ilii 
 ilnrly iiijiiriiMin (u 
 pinna liir ili'atniy- 
 ri till! rxrculliiii, 
 III nl iiriiiiil river, 
 
 I norpniil'inl'.iiitry 
 ilie lirilinli wcro 
 
 officer liiken pn- 
 luveiiihcr^Ulli, lin 
 
 ear Tyncr river, 
 Tho iiltiick wua 
 ) men of llie G'M 
 if .Siiiiiler'» forea 
 barn, IVoin llip 
 
 »eiMirily. Miiny 
 
 Tarlelon rliiirKeil 
 lie til iliHliiil){e llin 
 
 II inter vi;m lelt in 
 Tlie liHii a( the 
 
 ileriilile. Aiiiong 
 Miijiir Money 
 The Aineiicnns 
 miller received n 
 H, inlerrnplcil liia 
 lis country, ilia 
 lie niiliiiii, wlien 
 led deli!»lg, mill 
 he diii|ihiy<!d, in 
 et»chnient4, pro- 
 intryinen, luii) tlio 
 
 lillowed ihedcfcil 
 en, (ieneralOiiicH 
 lake the field.— 
 9boroui;h, he ad- 
 ieiwaril!) lo Char- 
 in his power, to 
 ind was again in.t 
 It iVum that inllii- 
 as over piililic af- 
 giess resolved lo 
 iirl of inquiry to 
 as founded on a 
 R po.<il should III) 
 he cases were no 
 le ; but not a post, 
 exhibited against 
 I been defeated. 
 1 of no inilitary 
 ssful might be so 
 'ith their losses. 
 Congress found it 
 (h nl the expense 
 li and, till August 
 il oflicers. Vii- 
 laratoga. When 
 un his way homo 
 esses of that slate 
 r ISih, "that a 
 I wait on (ieneral 
 liigh regard and 
 if his former glo- 
 irated, by any re- 
 mindful of iiis 
 10 opportunity ol 
 llude which the 
 ary character." 
 few unimportant 
 particularly inen- 
 in the soOthern 
 denceaflhe folly 
 Though British 
 each other, yet 
 ors. The minds 
 or rather more 
 turning in their 
 rir temper, that 
 ulijvctiuii, would 
 
 have cxcrednd all the profits ol the ciini|ueii. lirU- 
 iidi garrisons kept down open rrsisiaiice, in the vi- 
 sillily of the places whrrn they were ealablished ; 
 hut as sunn as they were wilhdrawn, and the peo- 
 ple lelt lo ihemaelves, a spirit of revolt, hoslilii to 
 1 11 eat llrilain, alwaya displayed ilanlf; and the 
 ntaiidard of independence, whensoever it was pru- 
 dently raised, never wanleil liillowers, »iiioii|; the 
 ui-live and apiriled pait of the coiiimunily. 
 
 CHAPTKR X. 
 
 Campnign nr I7CII, in ilio Niirlhrrn StalRS. 
 
 WiiiLK the war rag> il in South Carolina, the 
 campaign of 17N0, in li.'' n irlhern slates, was biir- 
 en of important events. At the close of the year 
 177'.), the American northern ariny took post at 
 IMorriatiiwn, and built ihemaelves huts agreeably 
 to the piaclicu whirh had been first iiilrodiiced at 
 Valley h'orge. This pnsiliiin was well calculated 
 to cover the eoiiniry, finiii ilie incursions of the 
 Jlrilish, being only twenty miles from New Viirk. 
 
 Kurd .Stilling maile an inetrecliial allenipt, in 
 January, 1780, to surprise a parly of the enemy 
 on Staien Island. While hn was on ihe island, a 
 niiiiiber of persons, liom the Jersey side, passed 
 ovei,aiid phiiidered the inliabiianls, who had siili- 
 iiiitled III the liritish giivurninenl. In those limes 
 of ciinfiision, licenlioiis persons fixed themselves 
 ncai the lines, which divided the Uritish from the 
 Americans. Whensoever the opportunity olfered 
 lliey were in Ihe habit of going within Ilie sellle- 
 nients, of the opposite party, and, under the pre- 
 tence iif distressing their eneuiies, coinmitted the 
 most slianieful depredations. In the first iiioiiths 
 of ihe year 17S0, while the royal army was weak- 
 ened, iiy the expedition against Charleston, the 
 liritish were apprehensive for their safety in New 
 York. The rare circumstance which then existed, 
 of a connexion between the main and York island, 
 br inciins of ice, seemed to invite lo the enter- 
 prise ; but the force and equipments of the Amer- 
 ican army were unequal to il. Lieutenant Uene 
 i:d Kniphaiisen who ih n commanded in New- 
 ^'iirk apprehending such a design, embodied the 
 iiiliabiiaiits of the city, as a militia, for iis defence. 
 They very rheeifully formed ihemsclves inio com- 
 panies dnd discovered great /.eal in the service. 
 
 An incursion was made into Jersey, from New 
 York, with five ihoiiHand men, commanded by 
 LieutcnanKicneral Kniphaiisen. Tliey landed at 
 lOli/.abclliluwn, and proceeded In Connecticut 
 farms In this neighbiiurhood, lived the Rev. iMr. 
 James Caldwell, a I'resbyterian clergyman, of 
 great activity, ability and influence ; whose suc- 
 cessful exeilions, in animating the Jersey militia 
 to defend their rights, had rendered him particu- 
 larly obnoxious to the liritish. When tlic royal 
 liiices were on iheir way into the country, a sol- 
 dier came to his house in his absence ; and shot 
 his wife instantly dead, liy levelling his piece di- 
 rectly at her, through the window of the room in 
 wliich she was sitting with her children. Her 
 body, at the request of an officer of the new levies, 
 was moved lo some distance, and llien the house, 
 and every thing in it was reduced to ashes! The 
 British iiiirnt about twelve other houses, and also 
 the I'resliyterian church ; and then proceeded to 
 ■Springfield. As they advanced, they were annoy- 
 ed by Colonel Dayton, with a few militia. On 
 their approach to the bridge near the town, they 
 were farther opposed by (ieneral Maxwell, who, 
 with a few continental troops, was prepared to dis- 
 pute iis passage. They made a hall and soon af- 
 ter returned to Kli/.abe'ihtown. Before they had 
 retreated, the whole American army at Morris- 
 town inarched lo oppose them. While this royal 
 detachment was in Jersey, Sir Henry Clinton re- 
 liiMied, with his victorious troops, from Chaileston 
 to New York. Ho ordered a reinforcement to 
 Kniphaiisen ; and tho whole advanced a second 
 lime Inwards Springf.eld. They were now op- 
 posed by Ucucral Urccnc, with a cunsidcrublv body 
 
 of continental lrao|is. Colonel Angel, with liia re- 
 giment and ■ piece of artillery, was posted lo se- 
 cure the bridge in front of the lowii. An engage- 
 iiienl took place. .Siiperinr numliers tiirced the 
 Americana lo retire, (leneril liieenn tiiok post 
 will) his troops, on a range of hills, in hopraol be- 
 ing attacked. Insteail of ihia, the llrilisli beg in to 
 burn the town. Near (illy ilwelling-liciiises were re- 
 duced to ashes. The liritish then retreated ; but 
 were puisiieil by the enraged iiiililia, till they en- 
 tered Kli/.aliethtowii. The next day, they set 
 out on their return to New York. The lina of 
 the Ameiieans in the action was about eighty; 
 and that of llie Itrilish, was supposed to bn mure. 
 Il is iliniciiltto tell what was the precise object ol 
 this expedition. I'erhapa the royal comiiianileia 
 hoped to get |iossession of Morrislown, and lo de- 
 stroy the American atotes. Perhaps they Haltered 
 themselves, that the inhabilaiits were so dispirited, 
 by the recent loss of Charleslon. that they would 
 siilimil without resistance; .iiid lliat thu soldiers 
 of the contineiilal army would di'sert lo llieiii : but 
 if theae were their views, they were disappointed 
 in both. The tiriii opposition, made liy the Jersey 
 fariiiera, eiinlriisled with the conduct of lliii saiiui 
 people, in the year 177(i, made it evident, that not 
 only their aversion lo (treat Britain contmiied in 
 full force; but that the practical haliils of seivice 
 and danger had improved the country militia, so 
 as to bring them near to an e(|iiality with regular 
 tiiinps. 
 
 By such desultory operations, were hostilities 
 cairinl on, at this lime, in the northern states. In- 
 dividuals were killed, houses were burnt, and much 
 mischief done; but nothing was efl'ecte ' which 
 tended either to reconcilement or aulijiigalion. 
 
 The loyal Americans, who had fled within the 
 British lines, commonly called refugees, reduced 
 a predatory war into system. On their petition lo 
 Sir Henry Clinton, ihey had been in the year 
 1799, permitted lo set up a distinct goveruient in 
 New York.under a jurisdiction, called tho honour- 
 able board of associated loyalists. They hail siiiiie- 
 tliing like a fleet ol small privateers ami cruisers,! 
 by the aid of which ihey comwincd various deore-' 
 dalions. A party of them, who had formerly be- 
 longed to Massachusetts, went to Nantucket, broke 
 open the warehouses, and carried olf every thing 
 thai fell in their way. They also carried I'lVtwo 
 loaded brigs, and two or three schooners. In a 
 proclamation left behind them, they observed,"thal 
 Ihey had been deprived of their property, and com- 
 pelled to abandon their dwellings, friends and con- 
 nexions; and that 'iliey conceived themselves war- 
 ranted by the laws of God and man, to wage war 
 against their persecutors, and to endeavour, by 
 every means in their power, to obtain compensa- 
 tion for their siiflerings." Tliese associated loy- 
 alists eagerly embraced every adventure which 
 gralificd clilier their avarice or their revenge. 
 Their enterprises were highly lucnlive to them- 
 selves, and extremely distressing to the AuiBricans. 
 Their knowledge of the country and superior 
 means of transportation, enabled them to make 
 hasty desents, and successful enterprises. A war 
 of plunder, in which the feelings of humanity were 
 nfleu suspended, and which temled to no valuable 
 public purpose, was carried on, in this shameful 
 manner, from the double cxeilemcnls of profit and 
 revenge. The ailioiiiing coasts of the continent, 
 and especially the maratiinc parts of New Jersey, 
 became scenes of waste and havoc. 
 
 The distress, which the Americans suffered, 
 from the diminished value of their currency, 
 though felt in the year 1778, and still more so in 
 the year 1779, diil not arrive to its highest pitch, 
 till the year 1780. Under the pressure of sufferings 
 from this cause, the officers of the Jersey line ad- 
 dressed a memorial lo their state legislature, set- 
 ting forth "that four months' pay of a private 
 would not procure, fur his family, a single bushel 
 of wheat; that the pay of a colonel would not pur- 
 chase oats for his hiirsc; that a common lalioiirer 
 or express rider received four times as miu'li as an 
 Aiiiciican officer." They urged, "that, unlessa 
 
 speedy and ample remedy waa prnvided, ihn total 
 dissuliiliou uf their line was inevitable ;" and eon 
 chilled with saying, "that Mieii pay should eiiliei 
 be made up iii Mexican dollais, ur in somelliint 
 equivalent." In addllion to the insiiiririemy of 
 their pay and support, oilier laiises of disconlenl 
 prevailed. The original idea uf a ciiiilini'nlHl 
 army, to be raised, paid, siilisisleil, and regiilaled 
 upon an eipr.il and uniform principle, had been in 
 a great measure exchanged liir siiite esiiblish- 
 meina. This iiiischevious measure partly origi- 
 nated from necessity; fur stale credit was not 
 quite so much depreciated as cuiilinriital. Cun- 
 giL'Ss not poaaeasingllie means i<( supporlmg iheir 
 aiiiiy, devolved the business uo the couipunen! 
 paila of the confederacy. .Some si iies, from their 
 internal ability and local ailv.iniages, fuiiiiHlieil 
 their Iroops not only with clolhing, liiit with many 
 conveniences. Others supplied them with soinn 
 necessaries, but on a mure cunlracled sc.ile. A 
 few, from their particular siiiialiun, cuiild do lililn 
 or nothing at all. The ofliceis and men, in tho 
 routine of diitv. mixed daily, and compared cir- 
 cumstances. Those who laied worse ihaii others, 
 were dissatisfied willi a service, which made siiili 
 injurious distinctiuns. Knim causes of this kind, 
 siiperadiled lo a coiuplicalion of wants .ind siill'er- 
 ing, a disposition to niulinv began to show ilsell 
 ill the .American army. This broke furih into 
 full action, among the soldiers, slaliiineil at Kort 
 .Schuyler, Thirty-one of the men of that gariisen 
 went olf in a body. Being pursued, sixteen of 
 them were overtaken: and thirteen uf the sixteen 
 were instantly killed. 
 
 About the same time, two ' ' I'imenls of Con- 
 necticut troops miilinied, ami . nndei arms. 
 They determined to return hn .r m g.iiii sub- 
 
 sistence at the point of the l> i I'lieir of- 
 
 ficers reasoneil with them, and I \i'iy aruu- 
 
 iiient, that could iiilcresi tliili i i!'i'ir pas- 
 
 sions. They were remimli'd m iiod con 
 
 duct, and of the impuriant ulijecis l<ji wliich they 
 were contending : but their answer was " our suf- 
 ferings are loo great, and we want present relief,' 
 After much exposliilaiiun, ihey went lo their huts 
 While the army was in this leteiish stale of dis- 
 coiileiit, from llielraccuiiiulaled distresses, a print- 
 ed paper addressed lu the soldiers iil llie cuiili- 
 nciital army, was circulated in the American camp. 
 This was in the fulluwing word: "The time ia 
 at length arrived, when all the artifices and false- 
 hoods 'of the Congress, and of your commanders, 
 can no longer conceal from you the miseries of 
 your situation. You are neither fed, clothed, nor 
 paid. Your numbers are waslini; away by sick- 
 ness, famine, and nakedness, anil rapidly so, by 
 the perioil of your stipulated sei vices being ex- 
 pired. This is now the period to fly from slavery 
 and fraud. 
 
 " 1 am happy in acquainting the old countrymen, 
 that the affairs uf Ireland :ire fully settled ; and that 
 (■real Britain and Iteland are united, as well friini 
 inlerest as f'luiii affecliun. 1 need not tell you, 
 who arc born in America, that you have been cheat- 
 ed and aiiiiscd. Yuii are buth sensible, that, in or- 
 der to procure your liberty, you must quit your 
 leaders anil join your real friends who scorn In 
 impose upon you, and who will receive you willi 
 open arms, kindly forgiving all your errors. Yuii 
 are told, you are surrounded by a numerous mill 
 lia. This is also false. Associate then together', 
 make useofyoiii firelocks ; ami join the British ar- 
 my, where you will be permitted to dispose ofyour- 
 selves as you please." 
 
 About Ihe same lime, or rather a little before, 
 the news arrived of the rediictiuo of Charleston, 
 and the capture of the whole American southern 
 army. Such was the firmness of the common sol- 
 diery, and so strong their attachment lolhe caiiso 
 wt their country, that, though danger impelled, want 
 urged, 8 "id British favour invited lliem to a clianga 
 uf sides yet, on the arrival of bill a scanty sti|iply 
 of meat, for their iimuediale subsistence, military 
 duty was cheerfully perl'urmed, and no uncuniu,.j!| 
 dcscrliun took place. 
 
461 
 
 HISTORY OF TIIK 
 
 {■ i I 
 
 I I W 
 
 11 
 
 111 
 
 So fjreal were iIip iiecessilies ofilie Ainciiciiii 
 nrmv, ilwt Wiisliinalnn was ohliKPil toc.ill <iii ilie 
 iin>Kislr;iles olllie iiiljiieeiil coiiiilies, lor spcuiliuil 
 qiiiiiililic.'< of |ii'iivisi>iii.s, to be !iu|i|ilit'd in a ^ivi'ii 
 iiiiiiilnT ot (lays. At ullier linifs, lie ttascoiiipfl- 
 U'd li> scud uiii delauliineiits i>( hid tri)u|i!«, lo lake 
 )>riivisiuijs al llif point of ilie bayonet. This ex- 
 pedient at length Tailed ; liii tlieeuiiiitty in the vi- 
 cinity o( the army atl'urdeJ no farther supplies. 
 These impressments were not only injutiuustutlie 
 morals and diseipline of the army; but tended to 
 alienate the all'ectinnsorthc people. Muchol'the 
 support which the American general had previous- 
 ly experienced frinn the inliabitaiits, proceeded 
 Irom the diU'ereiKe oltreatment they received (Voni 
 their own army, compared with what they sullered 
 I'romtlie lirilish. 'I'he general, whom the inhabi- 
 tants hitherto regarded as their protector, had now 
 no .illernative, but to disband his troops, or to sup- 
 port them l)y Corce. The situaliim ol' Washinj;- 
 toii w.iseimnently einbarrassiiiK. The army looked 
 lo him lor provisions, the inhabitants lor protection 
 of their property. To supply the one, and not ol- 
 fend the other, seenuu ';•''• '"ss tlian an impossi- 
 bility. To pieseive order and subordination in an 
 nnny of Creeiepublicaiis, even when well-led, paid 
 and cliilhed, would have been a workufdilliculty ; 
 but retain them in service, and restrain them with 
 discipline, n lien destitute, not only of the comforts, 
 but often of the iiecessaiies of life, required ad- 
 dress and idiiliiiesof such iiiai;nilude, asare rariiy 
 found in huiii.m nature. In this choice of dillirul- 
 ties, VVashiiiaton not only kept his army together, 
 but e Iiicled with so muclidiscretion, asto com- 
 mand the approbation both of the army and of the 
 citizens. 
 
 f'l fiieat a scarcity, in a country usually abound- 
 ing with provisions, appears extraordinary; but 
 various causes had concurred, about this lime, to 
 |)roilnce an unprecedented deficiency. The seasons 
 both in 1771) and 1780 were unfavoiiialile tu the 
 crops. The labours of the hiisbaiidnien, who were 
 attacneo o the cause of independence, had been 
 fr:(|uent.y interrupted by the calls for militia duly. 
 Those wiio caied for neither side, or who, from 
 prinno.es of religion, held the unlawliilness ol 
 war, or who weie secretly attached to the i>; .d 
 interest, had been very delicient in industry. Such 
 sometimes reasoned, that all labouron iheirlarms 
 hcyr.nd a bare supply of their own necessities, was 
 unavailing; but the principal cause of the sulfer- 
 ings of the army was, the daily diminishing value 
 of the conlinen'tal bills of credit. The farmers 
 found, that the longer they delayed the payment 
 of taxes, the less (iiiantiiyof country produce woiilil 
 discharge the stipulated sum. They also obser- 
 ved, (hat the longer they kept their grain on hand, 
 the more id' the paper currency was obtained in 
 nxcliange lor it. This either discoiir.iged them 
 from sellnig, or made them very tardy in coming 
 to market. Many secreted their provisions, and 
 denied having any ; while others, who weie con- 
 tigious to the JiritisI), secretly sold to them for 
 gold or silver. The patiiotisni, wliiili at theroin- 
 inencement of the war, had led so many to ^atri- 
 lice properly, for ihc good of their country, had, in 
 a gieat degree, subsided. Tlinngh they still re- 
 lained their good wishes for the cause, yet these 
 did not cany them so far, as to induce a willing- 
 ness to exchange the hard-earned produce of their 
 farms, lor a paper currency, of a daily diminishing 
 value. For provisions carried to New Vork, the 
 farmers, received real money ; but for what was 
 carried lo the .Vmericans, they only received pa- 
 per. The value of the first was known ; of the 
 other daily varying, and in an unceasing pio|j,ies- 
 cion, from bad to worse. Laws were made against 
 this intercourse ; but they were executed in the 
 manner laws uniformly have been, in the evasion 
 of wliirii inullitii I'slind an immediate interest. 
 
 Jn aililiiinn to these disasicis from shorl crops, 
 nnil depreciation money, disorder and confusion 
 pervaded ilu' ileparlmiMits for supplying the aiiiiy. 
 i\vsl.'ms for these purposes had beenhasiily adopt- 
 cJ| and were vciy Miude<|ualo to ihvenj proposed. 
 
 To provide for an army undci the best esuiMish- 
 nients, and with a full inililary chest, is a work of 
 difliciiliy ; and though guardeil by the precautions 
 which lime and expiTience have suggested, opens 
 n door to many frauds : but it was the hard case 
 of the Ainericaiis, lo be called on lo discharge this 
 duly, wiilioiii sunicient know ledge of the business, 
 and under ill digested systems, and with a pagiei 
 currency that was not two days of the same value. 
 Abuses crept In; frauds weie practised; and 
 economy was exiled. 
 
 'J'o obviate these evils, Congiess adopted tile ex- 
 pedient of sending a conimiltee, of theirown mem- 
 bers, to the cam)) of their main army. Mr. Schuy- 
 ler, of New York, Mr. Peabody, of New [jainp- 
 shire, and Mr. Matthews, of Soiiih Carolina, were 
 appointed. They were furnished with ample 
 powers and instructions to reform abuses, to alter 
 preceding systems, and to establish new ones in 
 their room. This couiinillee proceeded to camp, 
 in May, 1780, and tlient,' vroic sundry letters to 
 Congress and thestalis; in which they confirmed 
 the represenlalions previously made, of the dis- 
 tresses and disorders every where prevalent. In 
 paiticular, they staled, "t\\;i, the army was un- 
 paid for (nK months; that it seldom had more than 
 six days* provisions in ailvance ; and was on several 
 occasions, for sundry .-uccessive days, wiiliuiit 
 meat ; that the army was deslilule of forage ; that 
 the medical department had neither sugar, collee, 
 tea, chocolate, wine, nor spiriliious liijuors of any 
 kind ; that eveiy departmenl of the army was 
 without money, and hail not even the shadow of 
 credit left; that the paiience of the soldiers, worn 
 down by the pressure of coniplicaied sull'eriiigs 
 was on the point of being exhausted." 
 
 A tide of inisfiiitunes, from all quarters, was, a! 
 thia lime, pouring in upon the Unileil .'^lates. 
 There appeariMl not, however, in their public bo- 
 dies, the smallest dispnsiiion to purchase safety, 
 by concession of any sort. They seemed to rise 
 in the midst of their distresses, and to gain strength 
 from the pressure of calamities. When Congress 
 could neither con:inand money nor credit, for the 
 subsistence of their army, the citizens of Philadel- 
 phia formed an association, lo procure a supply of 
 necessary ailicles. for their sutVering soldiers. 
 The sum of 300.000 dollars was subscribed in a 
 few days, and converted into a bank ; the princi- 
 |)al design of which was, lo purchase provisions 
 for ilie troops, in the most prompt anil rlKcacious 
 manner. 'I'he advantages of this instiliilion were 
 gieat, and pariicularly enhanced by the critical 
 time in which it was insiiiuted. The loss of 
 Charleston, and the siibsequenl lirilish victories 
 in Carolina, produced ed'ccls directly the reverse 
 of what were expected. It being the deliberate 
 residution of the Americans, ni^ver to return lo tin? 
 government of (Jreal Hriiain, such unfavourable 
 events, as ihiealened the subversion of indepen- 
 dence, operated as incentives to ti.eir exertions. 
 The patriotic flame, which had blazeil forth in the 
 beginning of the war was rekindled. A willing- 
 ness lo do, and to suffer, in the causeof American 
 liberty, was revived in the breastg of many. 'J'liese 
 ilisposilions were invigorated by private assur- 
 ances, til It his Most Christian Majesty woiilrl, in 
 the course of llio campiiign, send a poweiful ar- 
 mament to their aid. To exiiie the slates lo be 
 in readiness for this event, Congiess ciictilaled 
 amiMig (hem an addiess, of which the following is 
 apart: "The crisis calls for exertion. Much is 
 lo be done in a little lime ; and eveiy motive, that 
 can stimulate the mind of man, presents itself to 
 view. No period has occurred in this long and 
 glorious struggle, in which indecisi' u would be so 
 ileslriictive on the one hand, and on the other, no 
 conjuncture has been more favourable to great and 
 decriding efforts." 
 
 The powers of the conimiltee of Congress, in 
 the .\'nerican camp, were enlarged so far, as lo 
 authorise* them lo f'lame and execute such plans 
 as, ill their opinion, would most "Ifeciiiallv draw 
 forili the resiinri'esof the country, '.n cooperating 
 with the aiiiiament expected from Kraiicc. In this 
 
 chnracter they wrote sundry letters lo the states, 
 slimulaling lliem to vigorous exeilions. It wa.« 
 agreed lo make arrangements for bringing intotho 
 field 3.'>,000 effective men, and to call on the states 
 for specific supplies of every thing necessary for 
 iheir support. To obtain the men, it was pro- 
 posed lo coinpleie ihe regular regiments, by drafts 
 from the miliiia, and lo make <ip what '.hey fell 
 short of 35,000 ell'ectives, by cad:-- forth more 
 of the militia. Kveiy nintive concuired to rouso 
 the activity of the inhabitants. The stales, nearly 
 exhausted by the war, ardently wished for its ter- 
 mination. An opportiinily nnw oli'eicd for striking 
 a decisive blow, that might at once, as they sup- 
 posed, rid the counliy of its distres.ses. The only 
 thing required on the part of the United States 
 was to bring into the field U'l.OUO men, and to 
 make eU'ectual arrangeinenls for their support. 
 The tardiness of ilelibcralion in Congress was, in 
 a great measure done away, by the full powers 
 given to their coirimillee in camp. Accurate esti- 
 mates were made of every article of supply, ne- 
 cessary for the ensuing campaign. These, and 
 also the numbers of men wanted, were assigned 
 to the ten northern states, in prnporlion lo their 
 abililies and numbers. In conformity to tliese re- 
 quisitions, vigorous resolutions were adopted for 
 carrying them into effect. Where voluntarily en- 
 li.simenls fell short of the proposed number, the 
 deficiencies were, by the laws of several stales, 
 lo be made up by drafts or lots from the miliiia. 
 The towns in New Kngland, and the counties in 
 the middle stales, were respectively called on, for 
 a specified number of men. Such wastlie zeal of 
 I he people in New Kngland, that neighbours would 
 often club together, to engage one of their number 
 lo go into the aimy. Iteing nithoiit money, in 
 conformiiy lo the practice usual in the caily stages 
 of sociely, they paiil for military duly with cattle. 
 Tweiity head were frequently given as a reward 
 for eighteen months' service. Maryland directed 
 her lieulenant.s of counties to class all the proper- 
 ty, in their respective counties into as n>any equal 
 classes, as there were men wanted ; and each class 
 was by law obliged, within len day theier.fter, to 
 furnish an able bodied recruit, to serve during tlin 
 war ; and, in case of their neglecting or refusing 
 so to do, the county lieutenants were authorised 
 to procure men, at their expanse, at any rale, not 
 exceeding fifteen pounds in every hunilred pounds 
 worth of properly, classed agreeably to the law. 
 Virginia also classed her citizens, and called upon 
 the respective classes fiir every lifteenih man for 
 public service. Pennsylvania concfniraled the 
 requisite power in her president .Joseph Reed, and 
 authorised him to draw forth the resources of the 
 slate, under certain limitations ; and, if necessary, 
 lo declare martial law over the state. The legis- 
 lative piirt of these complii'aleil arrangements was 
 speedily passed; but the execution, though un- 
 commonly vigorous, lagged fir behind. Few oc- 
 casions could occur, in which it might so fairly be 
 tried, lo what extent, in coniliicting a war, a va- 
 riety of wills migli! be brought to act in unison. 
 The result of the experiment was. that, however 
 favoiirabl ' republics may be lo the liberty anil 
 happiness of the people, in the time of peace, they 
 will be greatly deficient in ihal vigour and despatch, 
 which tniiitarv operation re(]iiiie unless they imi- 
 tate the policy of nionarcliies, by commilling the 
 executive departments of government to the direc- 
 tion of a single will. 
 
 While these preparnlionswere making in Amer- 
 ica, the armameiit, which had been promised by 
 his Most Christian Mi)e^,ly, was on its way. As 
 soon as it was knnwii in France, that a resoliiliim 
 was adopted, lo send out troops to the Coiled 
 .Slates, tlie young French nobility discoverfl tlio 
 greatest zeal to be employed on that service.— 
 Court favour was scarcely ever so'iicited with more 
 earnestness than was the honour of seiving undei 
 Washington. The number of applicants was min ll 
 greater than the service required. The disposi- 
 tion, lo support the Aiiiiiican ii'Volution. was not 
 only prcva.eut in the court of France, but it am 
 
 IM 
 
U NITED STATES. 
 
 46S 
 
 letters to the slatcsi 
 
 us pxedions. It Has 
 
 IS lor bi'iiiuiiii; iiitotho 
 
 ]il to call (in lliu stu!C3 
 
 >■ lliirii; neces»iiry for 
 
 he iiii'ii, it Wcis pro- 
 
 ;ir ri'HiiiiPnts, by driifla 
 
 kc Ml) wliiit they fell 
 
 y ciii!:-;; forth more 
 
 e eoiiciirrpd to rouso 
 
 s. The stales, nearly 
 
 itly wislieil for its ter- 
 
 low otVeied for striking 
 
 at once, as they sii|)- 
 
 (listresses. The only 
 
 of tlip Unilcil States 
 
 3ri,UU0 men, and to 
 
 ts for iheir support. 
 
 n in Congress was, in 
 
 \\ by llie full powers 
 
 camp. AotMirate esti- 
 
 irticle of supply, ne- 
 
 lupaign. These, and 
 
 'anted, were assiQoed 
 
 II propotlion to their 
 
 oiiforiiiity to these re- 
 
 uis were adopted for 
 
 Vherc voluntarily en- 
 
 roposed number, the 
 
 iws of several states, 
 
 lots from the militia. 
 
 , and the counties in 
 
 ertively called on, for 
 
 Such was the zeal of 
 
 ihat neiglibnurs would 
 
 !e one of their number 
 
 ;; without money, in 
 
 <ual iii the eaily stages 
 
 itaiy duty with cattle. 
 
 ly given as a reward 
 
 Alaryland directed 
 
 1 class all the proper- 
 
 es into as many equal 
 
 inted ; and each class 
 
 en day theier.fler, to 
 
 t, to serve diirini; tlio 
 
 'i;|pclinE! or refiisins; 
 
 Ills were authorised 
 
 nsp, at any rale, not 
 
 ery hunched pounds 
 
 meeably to the law. 
 
 OS, and called upon 
 
 ry fifteenlh man for 
 
 concrnlraled the 
 
 nt .losepli Reed, and 
 
 the resources of the 
 
 ; and, if necessary, 
 
 ^ slate. The legis- 
 
 d arrancemefits was 
 
 ciition, though un- 
 
 r behind. Few oc- 
 
 it niiulit so fairly bo 
 
 Incline a war, a va- 
 
 lit to act in unison. 
 
 was, that, however 
 
 to the liberty and 
 
 time of peace, they 
 
 vigour and despaicli, 
 
 liie unless they imi- 
 
 by commillinir the 
 
 eminent to the dircc- 
 
 eio making in Amer- 
 I been pimnisod by 
 ^as on its way. As 
 
 e. that a resoliilion 
 xips to the T\iited 
 ilily iliscoverf 'I tho 
 
 (III that service.— 
 •so'ijeited with more 
 iir of seivini{ undci 
 pplicaiils was mmli 
 red. The dispo>:|' 
 revolution, was not 
 
 Krance, but it u:ii 
 
 r ated tlie whole body of the nation. The wind fiivour of 'he allies, as to enable them to prosecute vpsIimI, by less than iiveiily thousand men. Though 
 jnd waves did not si'iond the ardent wishes of the their original intention of attacking New- Voik. some, even then, eiilcii, lined doiibls of Arnold's 
 li'iench troops. Tlimmli ihev sailed froiii Kiaiice When the (■xpc(^laliiiiis of llic Aiiiencaiis veie , lidilily, yei \V'.i<liiiiul"ii. in ihc uiisiHpccliiig spirit 
 on the 1st of May, l/rSII, tlii;y did nm reach a port raised lo the highest pilch, and when they were in im' a soldier, believing il to be impossible lliat hon- 
 in the United Slales, lill the tenth ol .Inly follow- jtreal forwardness of prepjialion, lo act in concert i our should be wanliiig in a liieasi, which he knew 
 iiig. On lliat (lav, to the great joy of the Ameii- ' wiili their allies, iiilelligence .itrived that (Joiiiil de ! was the seat of valiiiir, cheerfully gianied his re- 
 cans, .M. de 'I'^rnay arrived at Hliode Island, with i liuichen had sailed for h" ranee. 'I'he disappiiiiii- cpiot, and inlriisud lii:n wilii ihe important post. 
 
 a s(piaili(in of seven sail of ilie line, (iv; frigates, 
 and five smaller aimed vessels, lie likewise con- 
 voyed a lleet of transports, with four old French 
 regiments, besides the legion de Lauzun, and a 
 liatlalion of artillery, anioiinling in the whole to 
 1)000 men, under the command of Lieutenant Ge- 
 neral (Joiint de Rocliambeaii. To the French, iin- 
 luciliate possession was given of the forts and bat- 
 teries on the island; and by their exertions they 
 were soon p*"i in a higi, stale of defence. An ad- 
 dress of eongratiilalion, from the general assem- 
 bly of the slate of Uliode Island, was presented to 
 
 iiient was extremely morliliying. The .\uiericaiis Arnold, I'.iisinvesied with coininaiid, carried on a 
 
 had made uncommon exertions, on the idea of re 
 ceiving such an aid from their allies, as would en- 
 able tlicm to lay clfectual siege to .New Voik, or to 
 strike some djcisiv« blow. Their toweling ex- 
 pectations were in a moment levelled with the dust. 
 Another campaign was anticipated, and new shades 
 were added to the deep cloud, which, for some 
 time past, had overshadowed .American all'airs. 
 
 The campaign of 17SI) passed away in the 
 northern slates, as has beer related, in successive 
 
 disappuintmenis, and reiterated distresses, Tl 
 Coiiiit de Kochainbeau, in which they expiessed ; country was exhausted; the cmitinenlal currency 
 '• their most grateful sense of the inagnnniiniius] expiring. The army, for want of subsistence, was 
 aid alVorded to the United .Slates, by their ilhis- 1 kept inactive, and brooding over its calamities, 
 trioiis friend and ally, the monarch of France ; and j While these disasleis were openly menacing the 
 also gave assurances of ever; exertion in theiri ruin of i!ie American cause, treachery was silently 
 power, lor the supply of the French forces, with underinining it. A distinguished officer engaged, 
 all manner of lefreshments, and necessaries fori for a stipulated sum of money, to betray into the 
 
 rendering the service happy and agreeable." Ro-j hands of the liiitish, an important post coinmitied I had been greatly improved. He possessed many 
 chanibeau declaied in his answer, " that he only 'to his care, (teneral Arnold, who commilted this! nmiable (pialilies. and veiy iireat accomplishments. 
 
 negoclatwin, wilh Sir lleiiiy Clinton, by which it 
 was agreed that the fnrmer should make a dispo- 
 sition of his forces, which would enable the latter 
 to surprise West Point, under such circumstances, 
 that he would have the garrison so completely i" 
 his |iower, that the troops must either lay down 
 their arms or be cut to pieces. ']"he object of thin 
 negociation was the slioimesi post of llie Ameri- 
 cans J the thoroughfare of coininnnicarinn, between 
 the eastern and sonlheni slales; and was the re- 
 pository of their most valuable stores. The loss 
 of il would have been seveiely felt. 
 
 The agent employed in this negociation, on the 
 part of Sir Henry ( 'linloii, was Major Andre, adju- 
 tant-general of the liiilish army, a young olTicer 
 of great hopes, and of nncomiMon merit. Naturn 
 had bestowed on him an eleL'ani taste for lileraturo 
 and the line arts, which, liv indnsirioin culiivation, 
 
 broiiiilit over the vanguard ofa much greater force, j foul crime, was a native of Connecticut. That 
 
 which was destined for their aid ; and that he was 
 ordered by the king, his master, to assure them, 
 that his whole power should be exerted for their 
 
 support. 
 
 sta'c, remarkable for the purity of its morals, t'or 
 its republican principles and patriotism, was the 
 birth place of a man, to whom none of the ollie 
 
 rile French troops," he said, " were i slates have produced an eipral. He had been among 
 
 His lidelily, timeiher wiilihis placeand character, 
 eminently tilled liim for this business : bill his high 
 ideas of caniloiii. anil his aliliorence of duplicity, 
 made him inexpert in praclising those arts of de- 
 ception which il recpiircd. 
 
 [.loiix A Ml liK, aid (le-camp to Sir Henry Clinton, 
 and ailjnlaiil-;;cher;il of llie lirili^ll army in the re- 
 voliilinnaiv war. was born in Kngland in 17-11). 
 
 under the strictest discipline, and, acting under 
 the orders of (ieneial Washington, would live wilh 
 t'ui' .\ineticans as brethren." He returned their 
 comphinents by an assurance, " that, as breiliien, 
 not only his own life, lint the lives of all those un- 
 der his command were devoted lo iheir service." 
 
 Washington recoinmended, in public orders to 
 the American olficers, as a symbol of fiiendslii| 
 and aU'i'ction for their allies, to wear I 
 
 while cockaiies, the ground lobe oflhc firstcolouriwealth of wo.lils ought to have been insiiliicienl. } 1771. Al this lime lie had a strong ..llaclinieni 
 anil llie relief of the second. | His country had not only loaded him wilh hnniiiirs, [ to llonoiia Siieyd, who aflerwaids married Mr. 
 
 The French troops, united linth in interest and I but forgiven him his ciiii:es. Thoimh. in his ac- Kdi;i»inili. In I77i he vi^iiid ihe courts of (ier- 
 
 the lirst to take up arms against lircat Itritain, and 
 to widen the breach between the parent stale and 
 the colonies. His distinguished military talents 
 
 had procured him every honour a gralefiil coiinlry i His fallier was a nalive of I Icni'va, and a considcr- 
 couldbeslow. I'oels and painters had marked him i able merchant in the Levant trmlo ; he died in 
 as a siiilaule subject for the display of their talents. ' I'll','.). Vouiig Andre was desliiied lo mercantile 
 He possessed an elevated seat in ihe hearts of his j business, and alleiided his falli(>r's connling house, 
 liiendship couiitryin"n. and was in the full enjoyment of a \ after having spent some years for his education al 
 ilack and 1 substantial fame, for the purchase of which, the | Ceneva. lie liisl eiiieieil the army in .laiinary 
 
 alfuction with the .\inerieans, ardently longed for j counts against the states, there was much room to 
 
 an oppe'tunity to cooperate w ith lliein, against the 
 coininon enemy. The contineiilal army wished 
 fnrllie same wilh equal ardiinr. One circumstance 
 alone seemed unfavourable lo this spirit ofenter- 
 pii'^e. This was the deficient clothing of ihe 
 Americans. Some whole lines, olficers as well as 
 men, were shabby; and a great proportion of the 
 privates were without liirts. Siicli troops, brought 
 alongside of allies, fully clad in the elegance 
 of nniforinity, must have been nioie or less than 
 men, In feel nn degradation on the contrast. 
 
 .\dnnral Arbnthnot had only four sail of the line, 
 at New York, when AL de Ternay arrived at 
 
 suspect Iraud and imposition, yet the recollection 
 of his gallantry and good conduct, in a great mea- 
 sure served as a cloak to cover the whole. He. 
 wlio had been prodigi'l of life, in his coiinlry's 
 cause, was indulged in exlraordinary demands iiir 
 'lis services. The generosity of the slates did not 
 keep pace with the exiravagance of their favoutile 
 officer. A siimtiluoiis table and expensive equi- 
 page unsupported by the resources of private for- 
 tune, unguarded by the virtues of ecoinmiy and 
 good managciiient, soon increased his debts beyond 
 a possibility of his discharging them, llis love of 
 pleasure produced ihe love ofmoiif^y ; and tliatex- 
 
 Rliode Island. This inferiorily was in three days jtinguishedallsensibilitytolhe obligalionsof honour 
 reveised by the arrival of Adiiiiial (ireaves. wilh and duly 
 
 six sail of the line. The linlish admiral, having 'demanded graiilicaiion. though al the expense of 
 now a superiority, proceeded to Rhode Island. | fame and country. Contracts were made, specii- 
 llesoondiscovered, that the French v.ere perleclly j laiions entered into, and partneishi|)« instiinted, 
 secure from atl.ck by sea. ,Sir Henry Clinton, which ';onld not be ir investiiraiion Oppression, 
 who liiid rein rued in llie pieced log iiioiilh, with his : extoniiin, misapphcalion of public luoiiey and pro- 
 vicliirlons troops from ( 'hai lestoii, embarked about ' perty, furnished him wilh wilh the fariher means of 
 Mlllll of hisbesl men. and proceeded as far as Hun-! gratifying llis fivoiiriie passions. In these rir- 
 liiigilonbay, on Long Island, wilh the apparent icuiiislances, a change of sides alforded the only 
 design of concurring wiili ihe llrilish lleet, in at- (hope of evading a scriiiiny. and at the same lime, 
 lacking the French force at Rhode Island. When held out a prospect of replenishing his exiiausied 
 
 many, and ielurii;'il in Kngl.iiid in 177:i. He land- 
 ed at I'liiladeluhia in Sept. 1771, as lienlenant 
 of the Royal I-'.niilisli Fo^ileers ; ai.il soon pro- 
 ceeded liv way of HiKlon !(i f.'anadalo join his re- 
 giment. In 177") he was liken prisoner by Mont- 
 gomery, at St. .lolin's; but was aflerwaids ex- 
 chaiiiied, and a))poiiiled capiaiii. In the siiniiuA 
 of 1777 h(-' was appoinled aid to (ieneral Grey, and 
 was present at the engagements in New' .lersey 
 and Pennsylvania ill 1777 and 1777. On Ihe le- 
 tiirn of (ieneral (iiev, he was appointed aid lo (Jo- 
 neral Clinton. In 17 SO he was proinoled lo the 
 rank of major, and made adjutant general of '.liS 
 IJrilish army. 
 
 this movement took place, Washington set his ar- 
 my in inolion, and proceeded to Peekskill. Had 
 Sir Henry Clinton prosecuted what appeared to be 
 his design it was intended to attack New York in 
 his absence. Preparations were made for that 
 
 .\fier Arnolil had intimaird to Ihe liritisli. in 
 The calls of luxury were pressing, and j 17^0, his l,.ii nlioii of delivciing up West Point tii 
 
 them, .^lajor Andre was selected as ihe person, to 
 whom the nialuring of ArMoM's treason and tho 
 arrangements liir its execiilion slioidd bo commit- 
 ted. \ correspiindeiiie wasliir soni:' lo^iocarrieil 
 on beUvceo tin iiiiiiidcra inercaiitile disgn'.se. and 
 the fei'.;ni'd iiaiiie* of (!inlavin and Anderson; 
 and al Icnulli lo fai-ilil.ite ilieii ciinimiinicaiions. 
 the Villi nie sloop of Harmovid up ihe Noiili Kivcr, 
 and took a slalion cotivi iiieni fur ihe purpose, but 
 not so near as lo excile siispirion. .Vn inleiview 
 was aareed on. and 111 the nlglil of Seplemiier 'Jl, 
 
 cotiers. The disposition of the .Viuerican forces, 
 
 in the year 17S0, alforded an opportiinily of ac- ] 17S0, ho was taken in a boat, which was despalcli- 
 complishing this, so much to the advantage of | ed for the piiipo^e. and carried lo ihe beach, wiih 
 the liritisli, that they could well alford a liberal out the posts of both armies, under a pa.s.s for.Iohn 
 lewa.d (or Ihe benelicial lieaclieiv. The Aiiieri- ; Andirson. He me' (ieneral Arnold al tlie hiuiso 
 
 pnr|)nse ; but .Sjr Henry ('linton inslanily turned caii army was stalioned in the sirong holds of'of a Mr. Smiih. While iho conference was yr 
 
 about, frnm Hnntingdonbay, towards New York. ■ ' - 
 
 In the uieanliine, the Fiench fleet and army 
 being blocked up at Rhode Island, were incapaci- 
 tated ft 0111 co-opeialing wilh the Americans. Hopes 
 were nevcrlheb'ss indulged, thai by ihe arrival of 
 anollicr lleet of his .\Iosl Clin ll in Majisiy, then 
 in Ihe We.si Indies under the coinoiand (ifCoiiiil 
 de (Juichco '.he superiority world be .«o iiiiicii liiibeliiiid aiuillier 
 til 
 
 the Highlands on bolh sides of the .North River. I unfinished daylight approached; and to avoid Iho 
 In this arrangement, .Vrnnld solicited for the com- 1 d.mger of discovery, il was proposed thai he should 
 mand of West Point. This has been called lliu rem.iln cuiicealc'l till ihe siicueedii uight. He 
 (iibraller of .-Vnietiea. It was litiill, al'ler ihe loss is tinderslood to have lefiiscd to be caiiicd with- 
 iif Fort .Moiil!;iiiiieiy, for the defence of llie Norlh in the .ViiiiiiiMn |.o<H. but the promise iiiade liiui 
 Ivlver, and was deeincd llie niiisi piiiper for com- by .Xrii'ibl to respecl tlii'i olijeclion w.isnol oli. 
 nniidiiia lis iiavi.:atioii. Roi ky lidues. ii»ln_' one served. He wis curled willun ihein lon'riry lo 
 ii'iidcrcd it iiic.ip.ible ol bring in- : his Widi'd .u 
 
400 
 
 HISTORY OP THE 
 
 > I 
 
 P 
 
 'i! 
 
 linued with Arnold the succeeding duy, and when 
 on the following night he proposed to return to the 
 Vulture, the boatman refused to carry him, because 
 bhe had during the day shif ed her atation, in con- 
 sequence of a gun liaving been moved to the 
 shoie and brought to bear upon her. This em- 
 barrassing circumstance reduced him to the ne- 
 cessity of endeavouring to reach New York by 
 land. Yielding with reluctance to the urgent re- 
 presentations of Arnold, he laid aside his regimen- 
 tals, which he had hitherto worn under a surtout, 
 and put on a plain suit of clothes ; and receiving a 
 pass from the American general, authori/.ing liiin, 
 under the feigneil name of John Anderson, to pro- 
 ceed on the public service to the White Plains, or 
 •ower if he tliought proper, he set out on his return 
 in the evening of the 22<l, accompanied by Joshua 
 iSmith, and passed the night at Crompond. The next 
 morning he crossed the Hudson to King's Ferry 
 on the east side. A little beyond the Croton, 
 Smith, deeming him safe, bade him adieu. He 
 had passed all the guards and posts on the roMd 
 without suspicion, and was proceeding to New 
 York in perfect security, when September 23d, 
 one of the three militiamen, who were employed 
 with otlicrs in scouting parties between the lines 
 nf the two armies, springing suddenly from his 
 covert into the road, seized the reins of his bri- 
 dle and stopped liis horse. Instead of piodncing 
 liis pas'! Andre, with a want of self-possession, 
 which can be attributed only to a kind proviilence, 
 asked the man hastily where he belonged, and bein;; 
 answered, " to below," replied iinmediately, "and 
 so do I." He then declared himself to be a ISritish 
 ulTicer, on urgent business, and i>egge(l that he 
 might not be detained. The other two militia men 
 coining up at this luoment, he discovered his mis- 
 take; butitwaflnow too laletorepairil. Ileoirercil 
 Ihein his purse and a valuable watch, to which he 
 added the most tempting promises of aiuplc reward 
 and permanent provision iVoiii the government, if 
 they would permit him to escape ; but his oilers 
 were rejected without hesitation. 
 
 Tlic militia men, whose names were John Pauld- 
 ing, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart, pro- 
 ceeded to search him. They found concealed in 
 his hoots exact lelurns, in Arnold's haniUvriling, 
 of the slate of the forces, ordnance, and defences 
 at West Point and its ili'pendences, critical re- 
 marks on the works, and an estimate of the men 
 ordinarily employed in them, with other interesting 
 papers. Andre was cariied befoie Lieut. Col. 
 Jameson, the iiflicer rommandlng the scoulins; 
 parlies on the lines, and resaiilless of himself, and 
 only anxious for the safety of Arnold, he still 
 malNtained the character wliich he had assumed, 
 and reqnestifil Jameson to inform his r.onunaniliiig 
 officer that Anderson was taken. A leltorwiis ac- 
 cordingly sent to Arnold, and the traitor, ihni l)e- 
 coming acquainted with his danijer, escaped. The 
 narrative of the bearer of this leller, iMi. Solomon 
 Allen, is given in the skeicli of his life: it iliU'ers 
 in several respects from llie account of the all'air 
 in the Kncyclopieilia Americana, and throws li^ht 
 upon circumstances which have been herelofuic 
 obscure. 
 
 A board of general olTicors, of whicli .Major 
 (ieneral (ireerie was president, mil the two foreign 
 generals, Lafayette and .Steuben, were members, 
 was called to report a precise state of the cise nf 
 Andre, who had acknowledged himself adjutant- 
 general of the Hritish army, and to determine in 
 what character he was to be considered, and to 
 what punishment he was liable. He received from 
 (he board eveiy mark of indulttent alleoiion ; and 
 from a sense of jnstire, as well as of delicacy, he 
 was informed on (he (list opening of the examina- 
 tion, that he was at perfect liberty not to answer 
 any inicrriigalmy which might embarrass his own 
 teelings. Hut he disdained every evasion, and 
 frankly acknowledged every thing which was ma- 
 terial (M his condemnation. 
 
 " I came," said he, " to hold a coinmnnicallon 
 wiih a general officer of llio \iiiericari iinny. by 
 ••« otiici of my own cuiiini:iijdi.'i. 1 euuied the 
 
 Ameiican lines by an unquestionable authority 
 when I passed from them it was by the same au- 
 thority. I used no deception. I had heard that a 
 provincial ufticer had repented of the course he 
 had taken, and that he avowed, that he never meant 
 to go so far as he had gime in resisting the autho- 
 rity of his king. The Itritish commander waswill- 
 ing to extend to him the king's clemency, yea, his 
 bounty, in hope: to allure others to do the same 
 I made no plans; I examined no works: — I only 
 received his communications, and was on my way 
 to return to the army, and to make known all I 
 had learned from a geneial officer in your camp. 
 Is this the office of a spy? I never should have 
 acted in tliat light, and what I have done is not in 
 the nature of a spy. 1 have noted neither your 
 strength, or nakeilness. If tlicre be wrong in the 
 tiansaction, is it mine ? 
 
 " The office of a spy, a soldier has a right to re- 
 fuse; but to carry and fetch communications with 
 another army, I never heard was criminal. The 
 circumslanccs which followed after my interview 
 with general Arnold, were not in my power to con- 
 trol. He aione had the management of them. 
 
 " It is said tliat I rode in disguise. I rode for 
 security, incog, as far as 1 was able, but other than 
 criminal deeds induce one M> do this. I was not 
 houml to wear my uniform any longer than it was 
 expedient or politic. I scorn the name of a spy ; 
 brand my oH'ence with some other title, if it change 
 not the punishment, I beseech you. It is not death 
 I fear. I am buoyed above it by a coimciousness 
 of having inleniled to discharge my duty in an 
 honourable luanner. 
 
 " Plans, it is said, were found with me. This 
 is true; but they were not mine ; yet I must tell 
 you, honestly, that they would have beencommu- 
 jiicaied. If I had not been taken. They were sent 
 by general Arnold to the Billlsh commander, and I 
 should have, delivered them. From the bottom of 
 my lieart I spurn the tliought of attempting to 
 screen myself by criminating another; but as far 
 as I am concerned, tlie troth shall be told, whoever 
 sullVrs. It was the allegiance of (Jeneral Arnold 
 that I came out to secure. It was fair to presiiine 
 that many a brave officer would be glad, at this 
 time, to have been able to retrace Ills steps; ut 
 least we have been so infoimed. Shall I, who 
 came out to negociate this allegiance only, be 
 treated as one who came to spy out the weakness 
 of a camp ? If these actions are alike I liave to 
 leiirn my moral code anew. 
 
 " (ienllemen oHUers, belt understood that I am 
 no supplicant for mercy ; that [ ask only fioin Om- 
 nipotence, not from human beings. Justice is all 
 I claim; that justice which is neither swayed by 
 prejudice nor dislorteil by passion; but that which 
 (lows from honourable minds, directed by virtuous 
 ilelerinlnations. I hear, gentlemen, I'lat my case 
 is likened to that of Captain Hale, In 1770'. 1 have 
 heard of him and his misfortunes. I wish tliat in 
 all that dignifies man, that adorns and elevates hu- 
 in;in nature, that I coiilil be named with that ac- 
 complMheil, but unfortunate officer. Ills fate was 
 wtiywaid and untimely; he was cut olVyet youn- 
 ger than I now am. Hut ours arc not parallel 
 cases, lie went out knowing that he was assiiin- 
 iiig the characlerof a spy ; he took all its liabilities 
 on Ills head, at the request of his great comman- 
 der. He was ready to meet what he assumed, and 
 all its consequences. His death the law of nations 
 sanctioned. It may be complimentary to compare 
 me with liiiu, still it would be unjust. He took 
 his life in his liand wlien he assiiineil the character 
 and llie disguise. I assuiued no disguise, nor took 
 u|Kui myself any other character that that of a 
 iirilisli officer, who had business to transact with 
 an American officer. 
 
 " In fine, I ask not . ven for justice ; if you 
 want a victim to the names of those fallen un- 
 timely,! may unwell be that victim as another. I 
 have ill the niost unilisi.Milsed manner given you 
 every fact in the case. I rely only on the proper 
 I'liiwiniclliin of llipsi' f.icls. Li'i iiie be railed any 
 lliiii^ but a spy. I :iiii not a lipy ; 1 have exam- 
 
 ined nothing ; learned nothing ; cominuuicated 
 I nothing but my detention to Arnold, that he might 
 escape, if he thought proper so to do. This was, 
 as I conceived, my dniy. I hope the gallant of- 
 ficer, who was then unsuspicious of his general, 
 will not be condemned for the military error he 
 committed. 
 
 1 farther state that Smith, who was the nic 
 diuniof communication, did not know any paitof 
 our conference, except that there was some ne- 
 cessity for secrecy. He was counsel in varion.t 
 matters for General Arnold, and fioiu all the inter- 
 course I had with him ; and it was Smith who lent 
 me this dress-coat of crimson, on being told by 
 General Arnold that luy business was of that pri- 
 vate nature that I did not wish to be koown by 
 English or Americans; I do not believe that he 
 had even a suspicion of my errand. On me your 
 wrath should fall if on any one. I know your af- 
 fairs look gloomy, but that is no reason why 1 
 should be sacrificed. My death ciin do yonr cause 
 no good. Millions of friends to your struggle in 
 England you will lose if you condemn ine. I say 
 nc this by way of tlireat, for I know brave men 
 are not awed by them ; nor will brave men be vin- 
 dictive because they are desponding. I should not 
 have said a word had it not been for the opinion 
 ol others which 1 am bound to respect. 
 
 " I have done. The sentence you thi< day pro 
 nounee will go down to posterity with exceeding 
 great distinctness, on the page of history; and if 
 humanity and honour mark this day's decision, 
 your names each and all of yon, will be remem- 
 bered by both nations when they have grown 
 greater and more powerful than (hey now are ; 
 but if misfortune befals me. I shall, in tliue, have 
 all due honours paid to my memory. The mailyr 
 is kept in remembrance when the Iribnnal that 
 condemned hiiu is forgotten. I trust this liononr- 
 able court will believe me when I say, that what 
 I had spoken comes from no idle fears of a cow- 
 ard. I have done." 
 
 The court deliberated long, and at last came to 
 the decision, that .Major Andre was n spy, and 
 ought to sutler death. He was calm as a philo- 
 sopher when the award of the court was read. 
 
 J'he morning of the 2d of October, 1780, 
 dawned upon the American army. This time 
 was fixed for the exectillon of the prisoner. Il 
 was some distance from the prison to the place of 
 exe^tiilion, and this the prisoner desired to walk 
 There had been some fog during the night, which 
 was now settling abont the siirioiinding mountains. 
 Some of the leaves had begun to wear an aiitiim- 
 nal appearance. The army was drawn out to 
 witness the sad spectacle. lie passed through 
 files of soldiers, on whose pale faces sat the ut- 
 most melancholy, bowing to every one he knew. 
 
 As the pilsoner came wiiliin sight id' the gal- 
 lows, he turned to the officers who were with 
 him, and said, " Could not this have been other- 
 wise 1" lie was answered, no. " Well, then," 
 said he, " it is only one pang. I am leccniciled 
 to iny death, biit not to the manner of it. Sol- 
 diers, bear witness that I die like a brave man." 
 Ills manly air; his cheek, fresh as Iroin morn- 
 ing exercise ; his nerves firm as ever were in si 
 human frame ; his softened lone of voice ; his 
 sweet smile ; were all witnessed by the spectalois-, 
 and as he was lannrhed into eteiiilly, a groan in 
 voliintatily burst from the bottom of eveiy bosom. 
 
 The greatest exertions were made by sir Henry 
 Clinton, to whom Andre was partictilaily dear, to 
 rescue him from his fate. It was at first repre- 
 sented, that he came on shore uiiiier the sanction 
 of a (lag ; but Washington returned an answer to 
 Clinton, in which he slated, that Andre himself 
 disclaimed the pretext. An interview was next 
 proposed between Lieut. (!cn. Kiiberlsoii and Ge- 
 neral Greene ; bill no f Ids, which h 'id not before 
 1. cell considered, were midekiinnu. When every 
 other exertion (ailed, a letter fiiiiii Arnold, filled 
 with threais, was presented. 
 
 Tlie sympathy e\. ileil .iiiinn;: llie Ariierican of- 
 ficciJ by his fate, u,is as iiilveisal .i-. il ii uuu.Mial 
 
 •^i^m^mimanmam 
 
ig ; coiMinuiiicHtpd 
 rnuld, lliiil lie iiilKht 
 I) to do. Tliis WHS, 
 lope the giilliint ol- 
 oiis of liis gciicriil, 
 le inilitaiy error lie 
 
 I, w)io VIM llie iiir 
 (It know any pint of 
 liere was somib mp- 
 
 conn.tel in varionii 
 il fioni all ilipinlfr- 
 ivas Sniilli wlio lent 
 > on hein^ told liy 
 "ss was of that |mI- 
 sli to he known hy 
 lot helieve that he 
 rand. Oniiieyoiir 
 \ I know ynnr af- 
 
 no reason why 1 
 I Clin do yiiiircaii.se 
 10 your siriiecle in 
 condemn rne. 1 say 
 
 I know lirave niiti 
 I hrave men lie viii- 
 iiliii^. I shonlilnot 
 en for the opinion 
 
 respert. 
 
 e y<in tlii< day pro 
 
 rily with cx-ieedini} 
 
 of history; and if 
 
 his day's decision, 
 
 II, will he reiiieiii- 
 tliey have grown 
 
 han llipy now arc; 
 shall, in lime, have 
 iiioiy. The maiiyi 
 
 1 the ti'ilinnal that 
 I trust this linnonr- 
 ■n I say, that what 
 lie fears of a tow- 
 
 nnd ,it last came to 
 he was a spy, and 
 s calm as a philo- 
 pnnrt was read, 
 f October, 1780, 
 rmy. This time 
 the prisoner, ]| 
 ioii to the place of 
 I't desired to walk 
 a; the iiis;lit, which 
 iiniling inniintains. 
 [o wear an aiiiuiii- 
 vas drawn out to 
 e passed ihroiiijli 
 faces sat the iil- 
 eiy one he knew. 
 si<:lit of the i;al- 
 s who were wiili 
 i have lieen ollier- 
 '• Well, iheii." 
 I am leniniilcd 
 liner of it. .SdI- 
 ike a hravc man." 
 s)i as liiiiii iiiiirn- 
 is ever were in a 
 ine of voice ; his 
 by the speclalois-, 
 niily, a groan in 
 II of eveiy bosom, 
 nadft hy sir Henry 
 rliciilaily dear, lo 
 vas at first repre- 
 iiiclir the saiulion 
 rued an answer to 
 t Andre himself 
 ilerview was hi st 
 tobeitsoii and (ie- 
 ili h.'.d not befcre 
 mil. When every 
 oin Arnold, filled 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 467 
 
 nn such occasions; and proclaims the iiicril of liiiii 
 who siili'eied and the hmnaiiity of those who in- 
 dicted llie piiiilsliiiK'iil. Ill lS:;il the bones of An- 
 ihi- were dug up anil carried lo his native lainl by 
 royal inaniiale. — Kn.] 
 
 To favour the necessary commiinli ations, the 
 Viilliiie sloop of war had been previously slaliuneil 
 in llie Ncirlli Uiver, as near lo .Vihold's posts as 
 was piai ticable, without exciling suspicion, lie- 
 fnre this, a wiitleii correspondence, between Arnold 
 and Andre, had been for some time carried on, 
 under the lictilioiis names of (iustavns and .\iider- 
 Hon. A boat was sent at night from the shore, lo 
 fetch Major Andre. On its return, Arnold met 
 him at tiie iieacii, without the posts of either army, 
 'i'lieir business was not finished, till it was too near 
 the dawn of day. for Andie lo return lo the Vul- 
 ture. Arnold told him he iniisl be concealed till 
 the next night. For that purpose, he was con- 
 diicied within one of the American posts, and con- 
 tinued Willi Arnold ihe following day. 'J'he boat- 
 man refused to carry liiiii back tlic next nii:lit, as 
 the Vulture, from being exposed to thefne of some 
 cannon, brought up to annoy her, hail changed her 
 posilioii. Andre's return to New Vork, by land, 
 was ilien the on' ■ practicable mode of escape. To 
 favour this, he exchanged his uniform, which lie 
 hail liiihertn worn uinUu' a siirtoiit, for a common 
 coal ; was fiirnlsheil with a horse, and, under the 
 name of John Anderson, with a passport, "to go 
 to tlielinesof While I'lains, or lower, if he thought 
 proper; he being on public business." lie ad- 
 vanced alone and undisturbed, a !;ieal part of the 
 way. When he ihoiight himseir almost out of 
 danger, lie was slopped by three of llie A'ew Vork 
 militia, who weie, wiili others, scouting between 
 the oiil-piisis of the two armies. .Major Andre, 
 iiislead of p|•ollm■in^ his pass, asked the man who 
 sKippeil him. '• nheie he lieluimrd lo." He was 
 answeieil, " lo below." ineaning .New Vork. He 
 'ben leplicd, "so do I," declared himself a Brit- 
 ish iiliieer, and piessed thai he iiii:;lil mil be de- 
 laiiieil. He soon discovered his misi.ike. His 
 raptors proceeded lo seaicli him. Siiiidiy papers 
 were found in his possession. These were secret- 
 ed in his boois, and were in ,\riiold's haiid-wiiiiiig. 
 They coiitainiil exact reliirns of the stale of the 
 forces, ordnance, and delences, at West Point, 
 with the aitiiiery oiileis, ciiiical remarks on the 
 works. Arc. 
 
 Andre otlered his cap'ois a purse of gold and a 
 new valuable wauh, if lliey would lei him pass; 
 and peiinaiieiit provision, and future piomolioii, if 
 tliey would convey and accoiiipaiiy him to .New 
 Voik. They nobly disilained ill" prollered hiibe, 
 and delivered him, a prisoner, to liieulenanl-Colo- 
 iiel .lameson, who coiiinianiled llie sioniing par- 
 lies. In leMiiiKioy of llie hr^li sense, eiiieilaiiied 
 of ihevirliionsanirpalriolic conduct of .loliii I'aiild- 
 ini;, David Williams, and Isaac \'aii Wait, the 
 laplois of .\iiilie, Congress resolved, "that each 
 nf lliem receive, amiiiaily, two hundred dollars in 
 specie, during lil'e ; lliat'tlie board of wai be di- 
 Mcled lo prmiui- for each ol them a silver medal, 
 iMi one side of wliicii should be a shield willi this 
 oisiiipiioii, Pidcliiy, and on ihe oilier, the follow- 
 iiis iiiolio, vincii ,\nior i'alria' ; and thai lliecom- 
 niaiider-in-chief iie iei|iiislcd lo preseni llie same, 
 Willi Ihe thaiil,s oi( ini^iess. for iheir fidelity, and 
 llie eiiiineiit scivice liny iiail leiidcied their coun- 
 try." Aiidie, Mheii delivered to .lameson, coii- 
 liniied to caii himself iiy llie name of Anderson, 
 and asked leave to semi a p'lter lo Aniidil, to ac- 
 i|n:inil liiiii with Aiioeison's delenlion. 'I'liis was 
 iiiconsideialely grained. Arnold, on the recipt 
 of this lellrr, ;rhaiidoiied every tiling; and went 
 on board the Vniiiirt' sloop of war. Lieiitemint- 
 I'olooel .lameson forwarded to Washiiigloii ah the 
 pa,., rs lounilon .Andre, together with a Idler giv- 
 ing an iicroiiiii of the wliole alVair ; but the ex- 
 press, by taking a dilfeieiit royte fniiii the aemi- 
 ral.^who was leiurnioi; fioni a coiifcri tice, at Hart 
 bird, wiih Count ile Kochambe ii:, missed l.iiii. 
 I his c.iii-ed siieh a d.day as gavi' Aliiold lime In 
 cllcci his escape. The same packc;, which de 
 
 tailed the particulars of Andre's capture, brought 
 a letter Iroiii him, in which he avoweil his name 
 and chaiaclcr, and eiideavoureil lo show that he did 
 not come under the description of a spy. The 
 leitci was expressed in Icriiis of dignity wiihoni 
 insolence, and of apology wiihoiit meanness. He 
 slated therein, that lie lield a correspondence with 
 a person, under the orders of his geneial ; that this 
 atienlioii went no firtherthaii meeting that person, 
 on neutral ground, for the purpose of inlelligencc ; 
 and that, nguinst his stipulation, his intention, and 
 without his knowledge beforehand, he was brought 
 within Ihe American posts, and liad to eoiicerl his 
 escape from them. JSeiiig taken on his return, he 
 >vas betrayed into the vile condition of an enemy 
 in disguise. His principal reijuesl was, ihal, 
 " Whatever his falc mi(;hl be, a decency of lieat- 
 inent migiit be observed, which would mark, that, 
 though unfortunate, he was branded with r.othing 
 iliat was Jisliononrable, and that he was involun- 
 tarily un impostor." 
 
 Washington referred the whole case to the ex- 
 amination and decision of n board, coiisisliiig of 
 rourleen general olhceis. On his examination, 
 Andre voluntarily confessed every thing, that re- 
 lated to hiinsell, and, particularly, that he did not 
 come ashore under the proleciion of a Hag. The 
 boaid did not examine a single witness; but found- 
 ed their report on his own confession. In this 
 they stated the following facts : " That Major .\ii- 
 die came on shore, on the night of the 21sl of 
 iSepieiiiber. in a private and secret manner ; that 
 he changed his dress within the American lines, 
 and, under a feigned name, and disguised habit 
 passed their works ; that he was taken in ii dis- 
 guised habit when on his way to New Vork; and 
 thai, when taken, several papers were found in liis 
 possession, which contained intelli;;eiice for the 
 enemy." Kroin these f lels, they farther reported 
 il as Ihiui'tijiinion, " that .Major .\iidre oiii;ht to be 
 consideieiF as a spy ; and th.it agreeably to the 
 laws and usages of nations, he ought to siilfcr 
 death." 
 
 .Sir Henry Clinton, Lieutenant-(jeneral Uobcrt- 
 soii, and the late American general Arnold, wiole 
 piessing letters to Wasliiiigton, to prevent ihe de- 
 cision ol ihe board of general officers from being 
 carried into effect. Arnold in pailicular urged, 
 lint every thing done by Major Andie was done 
 by his particular re(|iiest, and at a time when he 
 I was the acknowledged commandiiig officer in the 
 department. He contended, " that he had a right 
 'to transact all these matters, for which, though 
 wrong, -Major .\ndre ought not tosiillei." And in- 
 terview, also, took place between (ieneral Kolierl- 
 soii, on the part of thelSrilish, and tteneral (iieeiie, 
 on the part of the Americans. Kvery thing was 
 urged by the former, that iineiiiitiy or hiiiiianiiy 
 could siigyest, for averting the proposed execu- 
 tion, (ireeiie made a proposition tor delivering 
 up Andre for Arnold; but this could nut be ac- 
 ceded to oyilie British, willioiit offending against 
 every principle of" policy, lioberlson urged, " that 
 .Xiiilre went on shore, under the sanclion of a flag, 
 anil that, being then in Arnold's power, he was 
 not accoiiiiiahle fiir his siibsei|iieiif acfioiis, which 
 were said to be eonipulsory." M'o this it was re- 
 plied, that "hv, was employed in ihe execiilioii of 
 measures, very foreiun from the objects of'll.iKsof 
 Irilce, anil such as they were never iiicaiit lo :iil- 
 Ihorise or coiinlenance ; and lli.it .M.ijor .-Viidre, in 
 the eouise of his examiiialion, had c indidly con- 
 fessed, that it was impossible for him lo suppose 
 that he came ou shore under the sanclion of a 
 flag.'' As (iieeiie and Koberlson dilleied so w ide- 
 ;iy, both in tlieir sMtement of fads, and the infer- 
 .'iices they drew from them, the latter proposed to 
 the (iiriiiei, that the opinions of disinterested gen- 
 llenien niiulit be taken on the subject, and iioiiii- 
 iialed Kiiipliaiisen and Hochambeau. Kobertson 
 also urged, lliat Andre possessed a ;;reat sliaie of 
 .'^ir Henry Cliiilon's esieeiii ; and that he would be 
 iiilliiilcly olili^eil. il'lii^ sliiiiil 1 lie spare. I. Ile of- 
 I'cred, lli.il, ill c.ise \iidie weii* peruiillcd lo re- 
 Uirii wiili him to Neiv Voik, any persuinihalever, 
 
 that might be named, sh.inld be set at liberty All 
 fliese argiimenls ami entreaties having failed, Ro- 
 berlson presenied a long Iclier from .\rnold, in 
 which he endeavoured lo exciilpale .Andie, by ac- 
 kiiowlcdKiiig himself the aiilhor of every part of 
 his conduct, "and parliciilarly insisted on his 
 coming from the \'ultiire, under » lias;, winch he 
 had sent fiir that purpose." He declariMl, thai, if 
 Andie suffered, lie slioiild think liiiii>elf b.iuiid in 
 honour to retaliate. He also observeil, " lli'it 
 forty of the principal inhaliilanls of .South Caro- 
 lina had justly forfeited their lives, who had hilh- 
 erto been spared, only through the clemency of 
 Sir Henry Clinton, but who could no longer extend 
 his mercy, if .Major .\ nil re suffered ; an event which 
 would probably open a scene of bloodshed, at whicli 
 humaiiily iinisi revolt." He enlrealed Washing- 
 Ion, by his own honour, and for the sake of hu- 
 manity, not to suffer an unjust sentence to touch 
 the life of Andre; hut if that warning should be 
 diregarded, and Andre suffer, lie called heaven 
 and eaitli to witness, that he alone would be just- 
 ly answerable for the torrents of blood, that might 
 be spilt ill coiisei|iience." 
 
 Every exertion was made by the royal com- 
 manders to save Andre; but without effect. It 
 was the general opinion of the American .army, 
 that his life was forfeited ; and that national dig- 
 nity, and sound policy reijiiircil, that the forfeiture 
 should be exacted. 
 
 Allure, though superior to the terrors of death, 
 wished to die like a soldier. To obtain this fa- 
 vour, he wiole a lelter to Washington, fraught 
 wilh sentimenls of military dignity. From an ad- 
 herence to the usages of war, it was not thought 
 proper to grant this letpiesl ; but his delicacy was 
 saved from the pain of receivine a negative an- 
 swer, the giiaid which allended him in his eon- 
 fnieiiieiit, inarched with him to the place of exe- 
 cution. The way, over which Ile passed, was 
 crowded, on each side, by anxious specl.itors. 
 Their sensibility was slioiijjiy impressed, by be- 
 holding a well dressed yoillli in the bloom of lif', 
 of' a peeiitiarly eiii;ai:iiin person, iiiiei, .tu.i .ispect, 
 devoted lo iiniiiediati: exeiiiiioii. .Alajor .\iiilre 
 walked willi fiminess. coiiiposiire and dii:iiiiy, be- 
 tween two officers of his gii iid, his arm bein;; 
 locked in theirs. Upon si eiiisj the preparations, 
 at the fital spot, he asked, with some degri^e of 
 concern, " must 1 die in this manner !" He was 
 told, it was uiiavoidalile. He replied, " I am re- 
 conciled lo my file, but not to the mode ;" but 
 .soon siilijoiiied, "It will be bill a momentaiy pang." 
 I He ascended llie carl, with a pleasing countenance, 
 I and with a degree of composure, which excited 
 I the ailiiiiratiun, and iiielle.l the hearts of all the 
 I spectators. He was askiMl, when the fatal iiio- 
 I iiieiit was at hand, if' he had any iliiiig to say ? 
 ; He answered, " notliiii: but lo request, that you 
 j will witness lo the world, thai I die like a brave 
 I man." The succeeding inoiiienls closed the af- 
 f'ecling scene. 
 
 This execiilion was llie siibjeel of severe cen- 
 sures. B.iiliarily, cruelly, and uiuriler were pleii- 
 lil'iilly cliars,''il on the .Vinericans ; liiil ihe iiiipar- 
 lial of' all naiioiis allowed lliat it was warranled 
 bv llie usaues of' war. Il cannot be eondeiimed, 
 willioul conileiniiiiii; the inaxiiiis of self-preserva- 
 tiiiii, which have iiiiifoniily guided the practice of 
 I hoslile nalioiis. The finer feelings of hiiiiianiiy 
 wciiild have liceii gialified, by ilispensini; with tin) 
 I rigid maxims of war. in favour of so disiingiiished 
 an office' full these f'eelin!>s must be controlleil 
 by a regard for the public safely. Such was the 
 disliessed slate of the American army, and so 
 abundant were their causes of complaint, that there 
 was much to fear from the contauious nature of 
 treachery. I'ould it have been reduced to ;i cer- 
 tainly, tiiat there were no more Arnolds in Amer- 
 ica, perhaps .\iiilre's life might have been spared ! 
 but the necessity of discourauJoK farther plots fixeil 
 his f'iite. and si. imped il with the seal of political 
 necessity. If conjectures in the boundless field 
 of posailile coniuueucies weie lo be indulged, it 
 iiili^ht be said, that il was iiiuru consonant lu c.\' 
 
HISTORY OF THE 
 
 i 
 
 tend luiiiianity, to take one life, than hy, ill-timcil 
 lenity, to lay a Toundjlion, which probably would 
 nccaxion no'l only the loss of man'-, but endanger 
 the inilependciice of a ereat country. 
 
 Tliongh a regard to the public safety imposed a 
 neiessily of inlllciinjj the riuours of martial law, 
 et the rare worth ol this unfortunate ofVicer made 
 is unhappy case the subject of universal regret. 
 Not oidy among the partisans of royal govern- 
 ment, but among the firmest Ainerioaii republi- 
 cins, the friendly tear of sympathy freely (lowed, 
 for (he early fallof this amiable young man. .Some 
 condemned; others justified ; but all icgretted the 
 fatal seiilcuce, which put a period to his valuable 
 life. 
 
 This grand project terminated with no other al- 
 teration, in respect of the Hiitish, than that of 
 their exchanging one of their best otTicers, for the 
 worst man in the American army. Arnold was 
 lnime<liHtely appointed a brigadiei-general, in the 
 service of the king of Great Hritain. The failure 
 of the scheme, res()ecting West Point, made it ne- 
 cessary for him to dispel the cloud, which over- 
 shadowed his character, by the performance of 
 some signal service for his new masters. The 
 condition of the American army alforded him a 
 prospect of doing something of consequence. He 
 lla((cred himself, (hat by (he allurements of pay 
 and promotion, he slioiilil be able to raise a numer- 
 ous force, from the distressed Ameiican soldiery. 
 lie tlierefore taok methods for accomplishing this 
 purpose, by obviatiiii; their scruples, anil working 
 on their passions. His fust public meas'.iru was, an 
 aildress directed to the inhabitants of.\merica, dated 
 from New York, Oct. 7, 17b(), live days after .\n- 
 die's execulion. In this, he endeavoured to justi- 
 fy himself for deserting their cause. He said, 
 " that, when he fust engai;ed in it, he conceived 
 the rights of his country to be in danger, and that 
 duty and honour called hiiu to her defence. A re- 
 dress of grievances was his only aim and ol)ject. 
 He, however ac(|uies( ed in the declaration of in- 
 depenilence, although he thought it precipitate. 
 Hut the reasons that were then olfered to justify 
 that measure, no longer could exist; when (ireat 
 Hritain, with the open arms of a parent, olfered to 
 embrace them as children, and to grant the wished- 
 I'or redress. I'rcun the rc('nsal of these proposals, 
 and the ratification of the French alliance, all his 
 ideas of the justice and policy of the war were to- 
 tally changed, and from that lime, he had become 
 a professed loyalist." He arknowleilged that, '• in 
 these principles, he had oidy retained his arms and 
 command, lor an opporlunily lo surrender them to 
 lireat Hritain." This address was soon followed 
 bv another, insciibed to llie ollieers ami soldiers of 
 the continental army. It was inlenilcd In induce 
 them to I'ollow his example, and eni;a!;e in ilie 
 loyal service. He inliiiiiM>d theni. that In' was 
 authorised to raise a corps of cavalry ami inl'inlTV. 
 who were to be on the same fooling with the 
 other troops in the British service, 'i'o alliiri* llie 
 private men, three guineas were olVere<i to each, 
 besides payment for iheir liinses. arms and aecoM- 
 treinents. Kank in the Hiilisli army was also held 
 out to the American ollieers, who wiudd recruit 
 and brim: in acrlain nnnilier of men. propoiiioneil 
 to the dill'erent grades in mililary service. These 
 oilers were pioposed ti» unpaid soldiers, who were 
 suH'ering froin the want of hoih food anil clothing, 
 and to ollieers who were, in a great degree, obli- 
 Hed to support themselves, fniin their own resour- 
 ces, while they weie spemling the prime of tlieir 
 day, and risking their lives, in the unprnduclive 
 service ofCooiiiess. Though they were urged at 
 a time when the paper currency was at its lowest 
 ebb of depreciation, and the wants and distresses 
 of the American aimy were at iheir hiiihesi pitch, 
 ye( (hey did no( produce the inlemleil ell'ect on a 
 ■ingle sentinel or uflicer. \\'hilher the eircuni- 
 rtances of .Arnold's case adileil new shades to the 
 crime of desertion, orwheiher the providential es- 
 cape from (he deep laid scheine against West 
 Poin(, gave a higher (one to the fnniiiess nl' the 
 Ameriiun soldiery, cannnol b^' uid'oldcd ; but, lioiii 
 
 thest or some other causes, desertion wholly ceas- 
 ed, at this remarkable period of the war. 
 
 It IS matter of reproach (n (he United Stales, 
 that they brought into public view a man of Ar- 
 nold's character; but it is lo the honour of liiiinan 
 nature, that a great levolutiini, and an eight years' 
 war, produced but one such example. In civil 
 contests, for olVicers to change sides has not been 
 unusual : but in the various events of the Ameri- 
 can war, and among the many regular ofTicers it 
 called to the field, nothing occurred, that bore any 
 resemblance to (he characierof Arnold. Ilissin- 
 giilar case enforces the policy of conferring high 
 trusts, exclusively, on men of clean hands, and of 
 withholding all public confidence from those, who 
 are subjected to the dominion of pleasure. 
 
 A gallant enterprise of JIajnr Talmailge, in the 
 course of this campaign, shall close this chapter. 
 He crossed the sound to Long Island, with eighty 
 men, Nov. 2Hth \ made a circuitous inarch of 
 twenty miles to Fortdeorge, and reduced it, with- 
 out any other loss, than that of one private man 
 wminded. He killed and wounded eight of the 
 enemy, captured a lieutenant colonel, a captain, 
 and fifty-live privates. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 rorrifrri AITuirs, conncrlnl with llio American Rcvniulinn, 
 17110, 1781. 
 
 Tm.4 t .'.park, which first kindled at Hoston grad- 
 ually .xpamlcil itself, till sundiy of the nations of 
 Hiii)|,. wire involved in ils wiile-spreading (lame. 
 Fiance, l^paiii, and Holland were, in (he years 
 J 773, 17711, and 1780, successively drawn in for a 
 share of the general calamity. 
 
 These events had so direct an influence on the 
 .American war, that a short recapitulation of them 
 becomes necessary. 
 
 Soon after his iMosl Catholic Majesty had de 
 claied war aijainst (treat Hritain, expeditions were 
 carried on by Don Ualvez, the .Spanish governor 
 of Ijoiiisiana, against the Hrilish settle inents. in 
 West Florida. These were easily reduced. The 
 coiKjnest of the whole province was completed in 
 a few moiiihs, by the reduction of Pensaeida, May 
 •)th, 17S1. The .Spaniards were not so successful 
 in iheir attempts against (iibralter and .lamaica. 
 They had blockaded the former of these places, on 
 the land side, ever since .Inly, 1779; and soon af- 
 terwards invested it as closely by sea, as the nature 
 of the gut. andvaiiety of wind and weather, would 
 permit. Towards the close of the year, the gar- 
 rison was reduced lo yieat straits. Veuetables 
 iveic ivilh great iliiricully to lie uot at any price ; 
 but bread, the great essential both of lile and 
 health, was must delicieiit. (iiivernor F.lliot. who 
 coinmaiided in the garrison, made an experiment, 
 to ascertain what quantitv of rice would suliice a 
 single person ; and lived fiireiiiht successive days, 
 on ihirty-lwo ounces of that iiiilrilious grain. 
 
 The critical situation of (iiliralter called forre- 
 lief. A strong sipiadrou was prepared for that pur- 
 jiiise, and the coniinand of it tlveii to Sir (ieorge 
 Kodnev. He. when on his way thither, fell in 
 with fil'leen sail of mercluinlnien, under a slight 
 convoy, hound fiiim Si. .Sebastian to Cadiz, and 
 caplurerl the whole, .Inly Idtli, 17S(). Several of 
 the vessels were laden w iili provisions, which beinu 
 sent into (iibralter, proved a seasonable supply. 
 Ill eiaht days afierwards, he eimiged, near Cape 
 St. Vincent, with a Spanish sipiadion, of eleven 
 sail ofihe line, eonimandeil by Don .IiiandeLan- 
 uara. lOarly In (he action, the ,'>panlsh ship San 
 Doininco, mounting 70 guns, and caiiying (iOO 
 men, blew up; and all on board perished. 'I'he 
 action continued wiili great vigour, on both sides 
 for ten hours. The .Spanish admiral's ship, the 
 Phiriiix, of SO guns, and three of 70, were carried 
 into a Hrilish [iiirt. The .San .lulian, of 70 guns, 
 was taken. A lieutenant, with 70 Hrilish seamen. 
 wa»* put on boaiil ; but, as she ran on shore, the 
 vii tors bi'ianie piisoneis, Anolhcr ship of (he 
 
 same force was also taken: but afierwards totalljr 
 Inst. Four escaped ; two of them being greatly 
 damaged. The Spanish admiral did mil strike, 
 till his ship was reduced to a mere wreck. Caplain 
 Macbride, of the Hienfaisaiil, to wh.iiii he struck, 
 disdaining to convey infection, even loan enemy, 
 nformed him, that a malignant small-pnx prevail- 
 ed onboard the Hienfaisant; andoU'erej to permit 
 the Spanish piisoners (n s(ay on board (he Phir- 
 nix, radier ihan, by a removal, (o expose them to 
 the sniall-pox, trusting to the ailmiral's honour, 
 that no advantage would be taken of the circiim- 
 stance. The proposal was cheerfully embraced, 
 and the conditions honourably observed. The con- 
 sequence of this important victory was, (he ininie- 
 dia(e and complele relief of (iiliralter. This be- 
 ing done, Uoilney proceeded to the West Indies. 
 The .Spaniards, nevertheless, persevered with 
 steadiness, in (heir oriuinal design of reducing 
 (iibrallar. They seemed lo be entirely absorbeil 
 in (lia( objec(. The garrison, after snme (ime, 
 began again (o sufl'er the inconveniences which 
 flow from ilencien( and iinwholesnme food : bu( in 
 April, 17SI, complele relief was oblained (hioiii:li 
 (he in(erven(ion of a Biidsh llee(, coimiianded by 
 Admiral Darby. 
 
 The court of Spain, mortified by these repeated 
 disappointments, determined lo make greater ex- 
 ertions. Tlieir works were carried on with more 
 vigour than ever. Having, on an experiment of 
 twenty months, found the inellicacy oi'a blockade, 
 they resolved to try the elfects of a bombardment. 
 Their balteries weie mounted with guns of the 
 iieavlest metal, and with mortars of the largest di- 
 mensions. These disgorged torrents of fire on a 
 narrow spot. It seemed as if not only the works 
 lint the rock itself must have been overwhelmed. 
 .\ll distinction nf parts was lost in flame and smoke. 
 This dreadful cannonade continued day and night, 
 almost incessantly, for three weeks; in eveiy 
 twentyfour hours of wliicli, lOO.OOOlbs. of tun- 
 powder weie consumed, and between four and ,"i()UO 
 shot ,ind shells went tlironsh the town. It then 
 slackened ; but was not iiilermitted, one whole 
 day, for upwards of a Iwelvemonth. The fatigues 
 of the gariison were exireme; but the loss of men 
 was less lhan miaht have liieii expected. FortliB 
 irst (en weeks of this unexainpled liombardmenr, 
 the whole number of killed and wounded was aboul 
 'W). The daiuase done lo the works was trilling. 
 The houses in town, about TiOO in niiinber, were 
 mostly destroyed. Such of the inlialiltaiits, as 
 were not buried in the ruins of their houses, or 
 torn lo pieces by the shells, fieil to the leniote 
 piutsofihe rocks; liiit destrucliiin fiilloHed them 
 to places which had always been di'em>'d secure. 
 No scene could lie mine ileplmalile. .Motheis 
 and chilihen, clasped in each otlieis" arms, were 
 so roiiipli'li'lv turn to pieces, that it sceineil more 
 like an aniulillatliin, lhan a illspersliin of llieir 
 diatteieil iVasiincnts. Ladles, of llie greatest 
 setislbiUly, and must delicate constitution, deem- 
 ed themselves happy to lie iidinilled lo a lew 
 hours of repose, in the casements, aiulilM the iioiso 
 of a crowded soldiery, and the groans of the 
 wiiunded. 
 
 ,Al the first onset, Cenerat Flliot retorted cm 
 llie lieslciiers a shower of file, but fniesci'lti^ the 
 illfTicultv of procnriii!; siipplli'S, he siiiiii retieiiched, 
 and received with comparative iincomcrii, the 
 fury and violence of his adversaries. Hy the lal- 
 ler end of November, the besieueis had lirnuuht 
 iheir wniks to that stale of perfection which llity 
 inleniled. The care and ingenuity emplnyed iipi n 
 them were exlraordinaiy. The best eiiuliieers of 
 France and .''^pain had united their abliities, ami 
 both kinsjdoms were filled wllli s:iiu;iiinc espec- 
 tatlons of speedy success. In this coiijnnctiire, 
 when all Kiirope was in suspense, eomeriiiiia llie 
 fate of the garrison, and when, from the proilii;!- 
 iius ell'iirls made fur ils rednclioti. m.uiy Irelieved 
 thai I: could not hold oiil niiiih loii'ji'r. a sally was 
 lircijected and execiiled, that in mImuii two hours, 
 ilcsiiiived tlici^c works, nii whiih so much lime 
 bkill, and lal.oiir had been cspciidcd. 
 
 
 
 I II wm i v i i i mtMmmmtimam 
 
t iillerwiirds tolnllj' 
 liLMii hoiiit; grnnlly 
 rnl (lid iiol sliikn, 
 IT« WlPck. C;l|il;li]l 
 n uli.ini lie .-ilriicU, 
 oven Id iin piiciny, 
 »iii;ill-|ic)X pri'vail- 
 irl oll'cri'i to |ipriiiil 
 n bdiiid tliK I'liir- 
 
 1(1 eX|)(lSD tlll'Ml lo 
 
 iidmiraj's lionoiir, 
 »(Mi of the rlrciim- 
 pfifiilly cinbiMrcil, 
 iliscived. The ciiri- 
 ory Mils, llip iiiiiiic- 
 liniltpr. 'I'liis l)p- 
 II tllP Wpst IlldjPH. 
 s, perspverpil ivilli 
 IpsIkii of rpiliiriiiir 
 piilirely iihsoilipcl 
 , lifter .siiinn time, 
 invpiiipiices wliieli 
 esoiiie food : liiii in 
 s oliI;iined lliionirh 
 et, cuiiiiiiiiiided liy 
 
 I by lliese repented 
 make Rrealer ex- 
 
 ried on wiili more 
 an experiment of 
 
 racy of a blookade, 
 
 iif a bombariliMeiii. 
 
 I Willi KiMis of ilie 
 'S of tlielarijest di- 
 iiiTPiils of lire (Ml a 
 lot only the works 
 pen overwlipliiipil. 
 
 II flame and smoke, 
 lied (lay and ni^lit, 
 
 weeks; in pvciy 
 
 DO.OOOibs. of iinn- 
 
 wppii four and aOllO 
 
 ilip town. It tliPM 
 
 iiilind, one wlndn 
 
 nil. Tlip faiiiinca 
 
 lint tlie lii<M of men 
 
 \xpertpd. Korllnj 
 
 lied lioinbai'dinpiil, 
 
 voiinded was about 
 
 works waslridinji. 
 
 in niimliri, were 
 
 e inliabitanls. as 
 
 f llieir houses, or 
 
 1 lo llip lemoie 
 
 ion followed llipiii 
 
 n (li'PiiK'd secure. 
 
 (liable. JIdilii'is 
 
 illipis' arms, wcm 
 
 It it sceiiied mon^ 
 
 spersion of their 
 
 (if the (.'leatpst 
 
 nslitnlion, deein- 
 
 (linilted to a few 
 
 'I, amid.M ihp niiist) 
 
 le t"""!'* of '.he 
 
 UNITEDSTATES. 
 
 Elliot retorled mi 
 
 111 f(iiescciii'.r Ihi^ 
 
 (•soon relieiiclieil, 
 
 iMKroncern, the 
 
 ies. liy Ihe lal- 
 ners had binimht 
 L'dioii wliidi ihpy 
 ly eiiiployed iipt ii 
 
 best PMuiiici'rs of 
 heir abilities, and 
 
 siin;niiip p\ppc- 
 lliis conjiiiM'tiMp, 
 c, concernitia the 
 from the prodii;i- 
 ni.iiiy liclii'i'pd 
 liiniicr. u s.illy was 
 
 -.ilMiiit two llOllll, 
 
 ■h >.'i iniicli time 
 idi'd. 
 
 \ body uf2()()Uvlioseii men, under the command 
 nf lirii;adicr (ieneral iloss, marched out about two 
 o'clock ill the moriiini;, November .'i/'lli, and, at liie 
 ^.>lMe instant, made a general attack, on tin: whole 
 I .vicrior front of the lines of the bcsieneis. The 
 .'•-p.iiiiarils gavi^ way on every side, and abandoiii'd 
 ilicn works. The pioneers and artilleryini'ii spread 
 Ihi'ir lire with such rapidity, that, in a lilll* liiiic, 
 c\erv tiling coiiilnislible wasinllames. 'i'hemin- 
 t:iis and cannon wen; spiked, and tlieii beds, plat- 
 liiinis, and carriaijcs destroyed. 'I'lie iiiai:a/.iiies 
 blew up, one iiller another. 'J'he loss of the de- 
 taclimeiil, wliichaccomphshed all this destruction, 
 was incunsideiable. 
 
 This unexpecled event disconcerted the bcsiei;- 
 er-i ; lint they soon recovered Iruni their niariii, 
 and, wjlli H perseverance almost peculiar tu their 
 ii,ilioii,(letermiiie(l to j;o un with tiiesiene. Their 
 siilisp(|uent exertions, and reiterated defeats, shall 
 l/c lei.iled in the older uf lime in which they look 
 pi. ice. 
 
 While the .'Spaniards were urtfing tlie sieije of 
 Clibraliar, a scheme, previously concerted with the 
 I'reiicli, was in a train of execution. This con- 
 Kisied of two parts. The object of the first, con- 
 1 cried between tin! French and .Spaniards, was no 
 less than the coiKjiiest of .lamalca. The object of 
 llic second, in which the I'^'inich and the .-Xmericans 
 »cie parlies, WIS the reduction ol .New Vork. In 
 Cdiiliniiiity III lliis plan, the iiionaiclis of France 
 and t^paiii, early in the year 17M), asMniibled a 
 Itnce in (he West Indies, superior to that of the 
 Ihilish. 'J'lieir combiiieil fleets aiii'imited lo lliiily- 
 .•^ix sail of the liin;, and their land f'oices were in a 
 ((irrespondent proportion, iiy actiiii; in c(in;;erl, 
 they hoped lu make rapid cuu(|uests In the We:it 
 liiihcs. 
 
 Fortunately for the Mritish interest, this great 
 liiisiile foice carried within iiself the cause of Its 
 (wn ovcrlhiow. The .Spanish troops, fiom beins; 
 li'o iiiiK h crowded on hoard their transports, were 
 sci/.cd Willi a iiiorial and contagious distemper. 
 riiis spread ihroiiiih tin; French fleet, and land 
 •iii(;c<, as well as their own. With the hopes of 
 cricsliii!; its piosiress, the Spaniards were latided 
 in llie h'reiich islands, liv tli(?se dis.istrons events, 
 the spirit of entcrprisi^ was damped. Th(* coiiibi' 
 lied llecis, having m-itlier effected, nor attempted | 
 my thins; of ciiiise(|neiice, desisted from the priise- 
 rniioii of the objects ot'llie canlpai^n. MMie failure 
 (if the first part of' ihe plan occasioned the failnie 
 (if the second. Coiiiil de (inichen, tliecoinmander 
 (it the Flench fleet, who waslo have followed M. 
 de 'I'ernay, and to have co-operated with Wash- 
 iiiiZlon, instead of' coniins; to the .\nierican conti- 
 iieiil, saileil willi a hu>;e c«nvoy. collected from the 
 Fiencli islands, directly lo France. 
 
 The tiborlive plans ofihe French and .Spcniards, 
 operated diieplly against the interest of tin; Ciiited 
 .Suites; lint this was. m a short lime, coiinlerbalan- 
 ceil.by the increased einliirrassmenls occasioned 
 to (ileal Ittilain, by the armed iieulralily of llie 
 iiiirihern powers, and by a rupture with Holland. 
 
 The naval superiority oftireat Itrilain had Ions; 
 been the snbjecl of ref;ipt and of envy, .\s it was 
 the inlerest, so it seemed to be the wish of F.iiro- 
 pcaii soveieiiiiis, to avail themselves ol'ilie present 
 l.ivoniable iiKiinent, lo effect an iKiiniliation of her 
 inar.ilime jraii lenr. That the flai; of all nations 
 iniisl strike to I5riti«h ships of war, could not be 
 olherwise than iiinrlifyiii'.; to independent .sove- 
 icimis. This haiiuhly demand was not their only 
 cinse of complaint. 'I'lie activity and number of 
 llriiisli privateers had rendered ihein objects of 
 terror, not only to ilie coiiiniercial shipping of their 
 enemies, lint to the many vessels bcloii<;iii); to 
 (itlier powers, that were employed in Iradinsi with 
 Ibein. Various liiinalions had taken place, be- 
 i»('('ii Ihe coinmanders of Itrilisli arnied vessels, 
 and those who were in the service of iieiilral pow- 
 ers, respecting the extent of that cominerce, which 
 was consistent with a strict and fair neutrality. 
 'I'lie IJritish insisted on llic lawfulness of seizing 
 PiipplleH, wliicli were .iliout to bo carried to their 
 eiiuini«!i. In the liabitof coinmaniliugoDtiieica, 
 
 th(;y considered power and iii;lil to be synonymous 
 lenns. As other nations, from a dread of provo- 
 kiii;; liicir xMigraiice. had snbiiiitii'il to llieir (daini 
 ofduminion on the ocean, they fancicil Ihiniisidves 
 Invested wilh aiithorily, lo control the commerce 
 of independent nations, when it interfered with 
 iheit views. 'J'he einprcsi of liussia took the lead, 
 in establishing a .system ..f iiiaratime laws, which 
 tended lo subvert the claims uf (ireal iiiitain. 
 Her trading vessels had long been hari'sse.l by 
 Urilish searches and sei/.nies, on pretence ol'iheu 
 carrying on a ooimn e, iiieonsistent with neu- 
 trality. The present crisis favoured the re-estab- 
 lislinient of the laws of nations, in place of the 
 usurpatioi s of (ireat Iiiitain. 
 
 A declaration w;is published in February, 1780, 
 by the empress of Unssia, addressed to tlie courts 
 of London, Versailles and Madrid. In this it was 
 observed, "that her Impeiial majesly had given 
 .^uch convincing proofs of the strict regard she had 
 lor the rights of neiilralily, and the 'ibcrty ofcuiii- 
 nierce in general, that it might have been hoped 
 her impartial conduct would have entitled liersub- 
 jects lu Ihe enjoyment of the advantages belonging 
 to iieuli:il nations. Fxperience had, however, 
 proved the contrary. Her subjects had been mo- 
 lested in ilieir naviiiation, by the ships and priva- 
 teers of Ihe billigercnt powers." Her majesly 
 therid'oie declared, " thai she found it necessaiy lo 
 leniove these vexations, which had beenolfeied to 
 the commerce of Unssia; but, before she came to 
 any serious measures, she ihonght it just and eipii- 
 table, to expose tu the world, and particularly lo 
 the belligerent powers, the principles she had 
 adopted for her conduct ; which were as follow ; 
 
 "That neutral ships should enjoy a fieenaviga- 
 tioD, even from port to poll, and on the coasts of 
 the nations at war; that all elfects, belonging to 
 the belligerent powers, should be looked on as free 
 on board such neutral ships, with an exception of 
 places actually blocked up or besieged ; and with 
 n proviso, that they do not carry to the enemy con 
 Iraband articles." These were limited by an ex- 
 planation, so as to "comprehend only warlike 
 stores and animunition." Her imperial majesly 
 (lechired that, "she w.is firmly lesolved to main- 
 tain these principb^s, and that with the view of 
 prolecling the commerce and navigation of her 
 siibjinMs, she had given orders lo fit out a consid- 
 erable p.irt of her naval force." This declaration 
 was commnnicaled to the .StatPS (ieneral ; and lite 
 empress uf Russia invited them lo make a coin- 
 moil cause wilh her, so fiir as such a iiniun llli^ht 
 serve lo protect commerce and navigation. Sim- 
 ilar commiinicatldii and invitations were, also, 
 made to the courts of Copenhai;en ; Sluckholin, 
 and Lisbon, .\ civil answer was received from 
 the court of Great liritain, and a very cordial one 
 f'loiii llie court iif France. On this occasion, it 
 wassaiil by his .MosH'liristian .Majesly, "thai what 
 her imperial iiiaj(*sty claiiniMl f'roiii tin; ludligereni 
 powers, was nuthing more than the rules prescribed 
 to llie French navy." The kin:;s of .Sweden and 
 Uenmark, also, formally acctMled to the principles 
 and measures, proposed by the empress of JUissia. 
 The Scites (ieneral did the same. TiKMiiie.en of 
 Purlngal lefnseil lu concur, 'i'lie powers engaged 
 in this assuciatidii resolveil to support each other, 
 against any of the bellis'eranl nations, whushunlil 
 violati^ the principles, which had liinMi laid duwii, 
 in the declaration of the empicss of Unssia. 
 
 This combination assumeil the name of the aim- 
 ed neutrality, liy it a respectable giianmlee was 
 procured lo a roiiuucree, from which France and 
 .Spain procured a plentiful supply of aiticles es- 
 sentially cnnducivp to a vigorous prdseculiiin (i. 
 the war. The usurped anllimity oftireat Iiiitain. 
 on the highway of nature, received a check. Her 
 embarrassments, IVom this .siiiirce, were aggrava- 
 ted by the cunsideraliuti, that they came fium a 
 power, in whuse friendship she had confided. 
 
 Abuut the same time, the eneinics uf (irc.il 
 liritain were increased, by the addition oi' the 
 Slates (ieneral. Though these two powers weie 
 bound tu each other, by the ubliga^u)a,3 of treaties, 
 
 489 
 
 the cuiidud uf the latter had long been cunsiidor- 
 ed rather hostile than friendly. Few Kurupeans 
 had a uiealcr piopec; of adv. image from Ameri- 
 can independeni ctlia: the I lolbiiiders. Theeou- 
 ipiesl (dtlie rniied Stales wdul.i nave regained III 
 
 (ileal liritain a n poly of their trade; but the 
 
 (^siablislinieiit of their iiiilep"ii(li^ii( c promised, to 
 oilier nalidiis, an eipial cliance of participating 
 iherein. ,\s commerce is the soul of the L'nited 
 .Nethetlands. tu have neglected the p'resent iippiir 
 tiinity of exlendim; it, would have been a devia- 
 tion from theireslablishcd maxims of policy. For- 
 mer treaties, framed in distant peiiods, when other 
 views were predoiiiinanl, opposed but a feeble bar- 
 rier to the claims of present interest. The past ge- 
 neration found it to their advantage lu seek the 
 friendship and prulectiun uf (ireat liritain. Rut 
 •hey, who were now on the stage of life, had similar 
 indueemenls to seek for new channels of trade. 
 I'liuiigh this cuuld not be dune, withuni lliwartin^ 
 the views of the court uf Londnn, their reculleclioii 
 of former favours was nut sufficient, lo curb their 
 imniediale favuurile passion. 
 
 From the year 1777, Sir Joseph Yurke, the 
 liriiisli minister at Ihe Hague, has made sundry 
 representaliuns to their high iniglitines.sea, of the 
 clandestine coinmerce, earned un between their 
 subjects and the Americans. He particularly 
 stated that Mr. Van (iraaf, the governor uf .Si. 
 Knstatia, had permitted an illicit coinniHrce with 
 the Anieiicans ; and had, at one time, retiiined 
 tin? salute of a vessel carrying their flag. .Sir Jo- 
 seph, therefore demandeil a formal disavowal uf 
 this salute, and the disinissiun and immediate re- 
 call of Cluveriiur Van (iraaf. This insolent de- 
 inanil was answered wilh » pusillanimous, tempo- 
 rising reply. 
 
 Un the \-2ih uf September, 1778, a memorial 
 was presented to the States (ieneral. from the 
 merchants and others of .\mslerd nil, in which 
 they complained that their lawful coinmeree was 
 nbstnicted by the ships of his liritannic majesty. 
 On the '>-M of July, 1770, Sir Joseph Vorke de- 
 manded of the .States (ieneral the sncconrs slip- 
 iilated in the tiealy of 11)78; but this was not 
 complied wilh. Friendly declarations and un- 
 friendly aclidiis followed each other in alternate 
 succession. At length, a declaration was publish- 
 ed by the kini: of (ire.it liritain, bv which il was 
 announced, " that the subjects of llie l'nited I'm- 
 viiices were, hencet'ortli, lu be cdnsidereii iipmi llit 
 same footing wilh oilier martial piiwers, not pri- 
 vileged by treaty." Thronuhuiit ihe whole uf this 
 period, the Dutch, by ineaiis uf neutral purls con- 
 tinned lo supply the .\niericans ; and ihe Knglisli 
 lo insult and iiiiercept their naviuation; but open 
 hostilities wereavoided by both. The flirmer aimed 
 principally at the sains of a lucr;itive commerce; 
 Ihe latter to remove all dbslacles, which stood in 
 the way of their fivonriie scheme of c(in(|iiering 
 the Americans. The event, which uccasiuned a 
 fiirmal dechiratiun of war. was the capture of 
 Henry Laurens. In the deranged slate of the 
 American linaiii es, ih.it i:enileiiian had been de- 
 puted by Congress, to solicit a loan from their ser- 
 vice, in the United .\eilierl,niils ; and, also, to ne- 
 Hociato a tie^ily lietwei n them and the United 
 States. On Ins way thither. .Seplember 3. 1780, 
 he was taken by the N'eslid frigate, cummanded by 
 ('a|ilain ICepple. Hi; had thrown his papers over- 
 lioard ; but many of them were recovered, without 
 li.iving received much damaije. His papei-sboing 
 delivered to the ministry, were carefully exHinin- 
 ed. Among them, was found one, purporting to 
 be a pl,;n of a treaty of amity tmd oomiiiurce. be- 
 :wep'i ihe slates o\ llnllanil and Ihe United .States 
 .'f America. 'I'his hud h(ieii originally drawn up, 
 in cunsei|nence of somu conversation between 
 William Lee, whom Congress had appninied coin- 
 missiunetto the cuiirls uf \'ieiiiia and llerlin, i\m[ 
 John do .Ncufville, iiuicliant of Amslerdaiu, as r 
 plan of treaty, destined lo lie cuncludeilherealter: 
 but it had nevei been pioiiosed, cither by Cungrces 
 or the stales ufUollatul; Ihough it hud received tho 
 ajuirobatiyu q{ (h? Peoiio.iary Van Uorliel.tind (j( 
 
1 1 
 
 I: 
 
 I- :l' 1: 
 
 470 
 
 HISTORY OP TFIE 
 
 the ciiy ol' Aiiisii'nluiii As iliia \vu!i iidt iin ul)i('i;il ^ 
 |i<i|i('i', iiiiil liii'l iievvr liecn read in (Jiiiii;i<'ss, the; 
 iiiii:i:ial uas ):ivi'ii to iMr. Luiirt'ii.t, us a |i<i|ii'r lliat 
 Mii;;lil liL- iist'liil to liiiii, ill Ills |j|iij('('li'(l iii'^iilia-l 
 luiiis. 'I'liis uiiaiitlii'iitic |ia|ii'i, uliK 1: • iii Mr, 
 U.iini'iis' |]().ssissuiii liy .iti'ulriit anil wliicli was 
 HI marl)' Mink in the iiceaii, pinvcil llie oi rasiini 
 ol' a iialinnal war. 'J'lie cniiit nl' (iicat iiiitaiit 
 >vus lii^liK' ollt'iided ul it. 'i'liu jiapir iiM 11, and | 
 siiniL' nllii'is ii't.iliii^ ti) llie satiiu siihjiri't, w ic tiv- 
 livirc'l til llit^ piincr <il Diani^r, uliii, on tlic llllli 
 nl' Niivt'iiilirr, laid llii-iii betuic tliu .stairs ol' lloi- 
 laiid and W'l'st I'ltlsland. 
 
 Sir Jost'|ili Voi'ku pit'suiited ii nicinurial tn tliu 
 Slutt'n liencral, in wiiicli he asserted, " that the 
 papers ol Mr. Laurens, who si) led liiiiisell presi- 
 dent of the prelended C'ongiess, had t'lirnished the 
 diseover) ol u plot, tiiiexanipled in the annals ol' 
 the repnlilic; that it nppeaied hy these papers, 
 that the i;enilenien of Ainsterdaiii had been en- 
 (;aj;eil ill a elandesline eoirespondonce wilh the 
 Aineriean leliels, lioiii the niuiilh of August, 17(^; 
 anil ilial insiriiiiions and lull powers had iieen 
 ^iii'ii h)' Iheiii, lor the loiichisiun ofatiealy of 
 aiiiiiv, Willi reliels, who weie the siilijecis of a 
 >oveiei<tii, to whom the lepiiblic was united by 
 the I losesi eiigascinenls." lie therefore, in the 
 name nl liis master, demaniUd a formal disavowal 
 ol this iiiegiilareondtiel, a prompt satislaelion pro- 
 porlioned to the oll'ence,and an e.xemplai) piinish- 
 menl of the pensionary \'an lierkel, and his ac- 
 tomphces, as di>lurbeis of the public peace, and 
 viulaters of the laws of nalions. 
 
 The i?lates (.ieneial disavowed tlie inieniled trea- 
 ty of ihe city of Amsleidam, and eiii.'at,ed to pios'>- 
 tiiielhe pensionary, aceoidiiii; to the law if th" 
 I'onnliy ; bnt this was not deemed sal' ..i liir\ 
 .Sir Joseph Vorke was, on the 2Utli of UeceiiiLer, 
 ordered to wiihdraw fioiii the Hague, and, soon 
 afterwards, a mamlesin againsi the n/li was 
 published in London. This was IoIIiiwm! by w 
 order in council, " that general reprisals be giai • 
 id against the ships, goods, and siibjecis of the 
 tilales (ieneral." Whatever may he ihotight of the 
 policy of this measure, its boldness must be ad- 
 mired, lireat llrilain, already at war with the 
 liiiied States of America, and the inonaichies of 
 Frame and Spain, delibciitely icsolveil on a war 
 Willi lloll.md, at a lime when she might have 
 avinded open hostilities. Ilcr spirit was slill far- 
 ther evinced, by the consideraiion, ihal she was 
 ileseried by her friends, and without a single ally, 
 iiieal must have been her resources, to support so 
 c.Hiei;sive u war, against so many hoslile sove- 
 reigns ; but this very aliihiy, by [iroving that her 
 iiveigrown power was ilangeioiis to the peace of 
 Kurope, furnished an ajiulogy for their combina- 
 tion against her. 
 
 A war wilh Holland being resolved upon, llie 
 loriii of liriiish vengeance fust burst on the Dnieli 
 .sland of .■>!. Kiistaiia. 'J'liis, though iiilrinsically 
 of liille value, had long iieeii ihe seat of an exleii- 
 (sivc cimimeice. It was ihe giand freeport of the 
 West Indies, and, as such, was a general market 
 and iiiai:a/.ine to all nalitins. In coiisei|uenee of 
 ils iieiilialiiy and situation, lugeiher wilh its un- 
 bounded lieedoiu of trade, it reaped the richest 
 liarvest of cjuiimeiee, during the seasons of war- 
 fare among Its neighbours. It was, in a particular 
 manner, a i:oiiveuieni channel of supply to the 
 Ainerieaiis. 
 
 The Island is a natural fortification, and very 
 capable of being made «ii'ong ; but, as ils inhabil- 
 aiils were a motley mixture of transient persons, 
 wholly intenton the gains of comtuerce, they were 
 more solicitous lo actjuire property, than attentive 
 to improve those lueaiii) of security, which the 
 island alfoiiled. 
 
 Sir (ieurge Koilnry and (general Vaughan, with 
 a large lle<>t and army, siirroiinded this island, and 
 on the .'W FebniJty, ITbl. deiiianded a surrender 
 thereof, and of ild dependencies, within an hour. 
 Mr. de (iraaf returned for answer, ■• that, being 
 Utterly incapable of iiuking any defence againsi 
 tlio (iirce lyljjch iuveitej llie islai'i \, lie iiiuat of ne- 
 
 cessity surrender it ; only recommending ihe lowii i next ordered olf the island ; ami, lastly, the iialivn 
 and its inhabiiaiils, to the known anil usual clem- Diilcli were oliligeil to submit In the same sen- 
 ency of Hrilish commanders." trnee. iMany opulent peisoiis, in conseqiiencc of 
 
 The wealth aceumiilaleil In this barren spot was | these proceedmgs, weie insianlly leilni ed to ex- 
 
 lieine indigence. 
 
 In the mean time, public sales were advertiserl, 
 and persons of all nalions inviled lo become pur- 
 chaseis. The island of .Si. Kiisialia becaiiic a 
 scene of conslant and ions. There never was a 
 beller market for biiyeis. The immense ipiaiiiiiies, 
 exposed for sale, reduced the price of many ar- 
 ticles, far below llieir ol igitial cost. iNlaiiy of tli.'i 
 commoililies sold on this occasion, became, in ill'.' 
 haiiilsuf their new purchasers, as elfeeliial sup- 
 plies to the enemies of (treat iSrilain, as Ihey 
 could have been in case the island had not bei :i 
 capliired. 'I'lie spirit of gain, which led tin' 
 traders of St. t'.ustatia to sacrilice (he interests of 
 iireat Itritaiii, inlliieneed the coiii|ueroislo dotiic 
 same. The friends of liiiinanily, who wish that 
 war was exleiminaled fiom ihe world, or enlcii'd 
 
 proiligioiis. 'J'he whole island seemed to be one 
 vast iiiaga/.ine. The storehouses were tilled, and 
 I lie beach covered wilh valiiable ciinimoiiilies. 
 These, on a iiiodcrale lalcuiaiiiin, were cslimatcd 
 10 be worth above .'!.li(l(l.(!l)llsleiling. All this pio- 
 perly, together wilh what wasfuiiiid on ihe island, 
 was indiseiiiiiinalely sei/.ed, and deelaied lo be 
 coidiscaled. 'J'his valuable booty was firlher iii- 
 cieaseil by new arrivals. The conipierois, for 
 soir' '!.iie, kept up Dutch colours, wliieh decoyed 
 a number of Kieiich, Dutch, and .\iiiericun vessels 
 into their liaiids. Above 1.>U iiierchant vessels. 
 most of which were richly laden, weie captured. 
 A Dutch frigate of itSgiins, and live small armed 
 vessels, shared the same fate. The neighbo,. 'n* 
 island of St. iMarliii and ISaba weie ill like man- 
 ner reduced, .lust before the arrival of ihe lirii- 
 
 ish, thirty largesliips, laden Willi W'csi India com- into only for ihe attainment of naiioiial jnsiice, 
 niodiiies, had sailed lioiii Kiislalia for Holland, iiiusi be gralilied, when they are told, thai this 
 under the convoy of a ship of sixty guns, .\dmi- [ unexampled rapacity was one link in ihe great 
 ral Kodney dcspalched the iMonaieh and l'aiitliei,| chain of causes, which, as hereafter shall be ex- 
 wilh the .Sybil frigate, in pursuit of this lleet. I plained, gieally conrribiiled to the eapliiie of a 
 The whole of it was overtaken and capliircd. large liriiish army, ill Vorklown, Virginia; an 
 
 The Dutch West India company, many oflhe'event which gave peace lo conlending nalions. 
 
 citi/.ens of Amsterdam, and several ,\uiericans. 
 were great siilVereis by the capiure of this island, 
 and the coiiliscalioii of all properly found iheiein, 
 which iiiimedialely hdlowed ; but the liriiish mer- 
 chants were iiiiicli more so. These, conliding in 
 the acknowledged neiitialily of the islanil, and in 
 els of parliameni, had acciiiniilaled therein great 
 itilies of West India proiliiee as weliasol Kii- 
 
 ,(an gnods. They slated their hard ease to .Xil- 
 iiiiral Kodney and (ieneral N'aiighaii, <:oiiieii(ling 
 that llieir connexion wiili ihe captured Island was 
 under <he Fanclion of acts of parliament, and ihal 
 'lieirc '. ee had been condiiclcd, accoiding to 
 
 ' nik'^ inu maxims ol Hading naliions. To ap- 
 plicaiioiiS of :iiis hind it was answcied, "that lilt! 
 island was Dutch; every tliiiu: in it was j)iilcli, 
 and under the pioleclion of ihe Dutch Hag ; and as 
 Diilch it should be Healed." 
 
 The sevciiiy, wilh which the victors proceeded, 
 drew on them poinled eensiires, not nnlv from the 
 imiiiedlale sull'ereis. but liniii all Kurope. It iiiiisi 
 be supposed, that they were tilled wilh lescnlnieiil, 
 for the supplies which llie .Xmerii'ans ri ceiveil 
 ihroiigh this channel ; but llicie is also reason to 
 suspect that the to\c of gain was cloaked under 
 the specious veil of national policy, 
 
 ^i'lie liorrois of a universal havoc of propeily 
 were realised. The iiicichanls and traders were 
 ordered lo give up their books id' coriespondence, 
 llieir lelteis, and also inventories of all their el- 
 I'ecls, incllLsive of an exact aceoiinl of all money 
 and plale in their |iossession. The Jews weie ile- 
 signated as objects of parliciilar reseiiliiient. They 
 were ordered to give up llie keys ollheir stores: 
 to leave their wealth anil meiiliandise behind 
 them; and to depart the island, witlioiit knowing 
 the place of ilieir declination. From a naliiral 
 wish to be furnished wilh the iiieans of supplying 
 their wants, in the place of iheir liiliiic residence, 
 they secreted in llieir weaiini; apparel, gold, silver, 
 and other arlicles of great value and small bulk. 
 The policy of these uiiforltinatc Hebrews did not 
 avail them. The avarice of the con(]uerors ell'ec- 
 lually counteracted their ingemiily. They were 
 stripped, searched, and despoiled of their money 
 and jewels. In this state of wretchedness, iiiaiiy 
 of the inhabiianls were transported as outlaws, and 
 landed on St. Christopher's. The assembly of 
 that island, with great hiinuinily, provided for 
 ihem such arlicles as their situation reiiuiied. 
 The Jews were soon followed by the Americans 
 Some of these, though lliey had been banished 
 from the United folates, on account of their having 
 taken part with (lieat I'rilain, were banished i 
 second lime, by the conipiering troops of ihe sov 
 ereign, in whose service they had previously suf 
 
 While .\diiiiral Hoilney and his iilliceis were be- 
 wililered, iii the sales of conlisealed properly, at 
 ■*^l. I'.iisialia, and espei ially while his lleet was 
 weakened, by a large ilelaelimeiit sent off lo con- 
 voy llieir booly lo (ileal lirilain, the French were 
 silenllv exeemiiig a well-dii;esled scheme, which 
 assured them a naval siipeiioiily on ihe American 
 coast. III the lolal ruin of the liriiish Inlerest in 
 the L'niled .States. 
 
 CHAPTF.R 
 IN 
 
 XII. 
 
 'rlio ri'vnll of till- I'nisilmniii line; of purl of iIm' Jer- 
 f^ry Iniop.s : disui'ssos of Iho Aliierii-tiii nriny : Ar- 
 liutd's iiiMi^ioti of \ iri^iniii. 
 
 Ttioidii general Arnold'n address to his country- 
 tnen produced no clicet, [I7M) in detaching the 
 soldiery id .America, from the unprodiictive service 
 of Congress, their slcadiness could not be account- 
 ed I'm-, iVom any inelioiaiionof iheircirciiiiisiances. 
 riiey slill remained without pay, and wilhoiit siicli 
 lolhing as ihe season rei|uiie'l. They coiilil not 
 be induced lo enter the liriiish service ; but iheir 
 eomphealed distresses at length broke out iiitude- 
 libei ale mutiny. This eveni, which had been Ion.; 
 expelled, made iis fiiM ihiealening appeaiance. in 
 ilic I'ennsylvania line. The comuion soldiers, 
 enlisied iii that slate, were, for the most part, na- 
 tives of Ireland ; but though not bound In Ameri- 
 ca, by Ihe ineidenlal lie of birth, they were infe- 
 rior lo none in discipline, courage, or aliaehment 
 lo the cause of independence. They had, on .ill 
 pievious occasions, done iheir duly to admiraiion. 
 An ambiguity, in the terms of tlieir eidislnient, 
 furnished a pretext for their conduct. A great 
 part of them were enlisted for three years, o» 
 iluriiig the war. The three years were expired ; 
 and liie men insisted, that the choice of slayiiiL' or 
 going remained wilh them, while the olTicers con- 
 tended that the choice was in the state. 
 
 The mutiny was excited, by the nou-commis- 
 sioneil oHicc-s and privates in the night of ihe Is', 
 of January, 1781, and soon became so universal, 
 in the line of that stale, as In defy all opposiiiim. 
 The whole, except three regiments, upon a signal 
 forthc purpose, turned nut under arms without Iheii 
 officers, and declared for a redress of grievances. 
 The officers in vain endeavoured to (|uell Ihem. 
 Several were wounded; and a captain was killed 
 in atteniptina it. CJeneral Wayne presented his 
 pistols, I's if about to fire on them ; ihey held ihcr 
 bayonei . to his breast, and said: "we ,,\r 
 and respect you ; I ut if you fire, you are a d.-ad 
 man. 'VVe arc not going to (he enemy. On the 
 
 fered. The Frcucli luerchauts tuid traders werelcootrnry, if tliey wcrcoow to comeout, you should 
 
U N I T K V S T A '1' K S . 
 
 471 
 
 il, h.slly, llie imlivn 
 () (tic .saint; .st'ri- 
 
 , ill I IIIIS<M|l|l'|||'(! of 
 
 Illy rriliici'il til i>x- 
 
 I'.H WI'll- nilviMlisi'il, 
 It'll III liiM'iiDii' piir- 
 %iisiaiia ht'iMiiii' a 
 'I. fit' iit'Vi'i »;is ,') 
 iliiiii'iisi' i|iianlilii's, 
 pill lit' many ar- 
 tist. iMaiiy til' tli'i 
 inn, lit'i'aini', in i!i<,' 
 , as firt'iiiial siip- 
 t iiritain, as tlit'y 
 ilaiiil liiiil iitii bt'i n 
 in, »lilch It'll tilt' 
 it-i? the intf'it'sis til" 
 int|iii'rtiisto tliitjio 
 ily, wliti wisli iJMt 
 
 Hiirltl, iir cntiMi'tl 
 (' iialitiiial jiisiifp, 
 ail! Itilit, ilial thin 
 
 link in llit' i^icat 
 ■alter shall lie ex- 
 ile t'a|iliiie III' a 
 wii, Vnsjiina ; an 
 nteiiilini: iialitins. 
 s nllicers wvtr lie- 
 latctl piiiperly, ai 
 liili; his lleet was 
 III sent till' til ttin- 
 , the Krenth ut'ie 
 eil silienie, wiiieli 
 V tin the Ainerii an 
 Ilriti.sh interest in 
 
 II. 
 
 ; iif I'.irt iif ilii' Jor- 
 ini-rii-tiii nniiv : Ar- 
 
 resstti hiscniintry- 
 I in th'iaehint! th*! 
 ipiotlntliveservici! 
 ilti nut lieaceiiiiiit- 
 leiroircnnistanec;. 
 , anil withtint such 
 'I'liey eiiiilil nut 
 service ; hnt their 
 
 III tike tint iiituile- 
 liit'h hail been Ion.; 
 ill)! appcaianee. in 
 etinnnon stililiers, 
 the most part, na- 
 : liiiiinil It) Aineri- 
 1, they were inle- 
 ^e, or aliachment 
 
 'I'liey haii, on all 
 Illy to admiration. 
 ' their enlistment, 
 nntlnct. A j;"';i' 
 r three years, or 
 ars were expireil ; 
 liniee tirsiayini: or 
 e ilie olTiters con- 
 le state. 
 
 the niin-roininis- 
 le niiiht of the Isi 
 laiiie so universal, 
 efy all opposiiion. 
 ints, upon a signal 
 arms without tlieii 
 es.s of grievances. 
 'tl to ijuell tlieiii. 
 -•aptain was killeil 
 
 lie presenteil his 
 II ; they helil tlicT 
 saiti ; " wc ,1 V 
 e, you are a ilcail 
 I enemy. On the 
 le out, you shcuid 
 
 cee us ri>>lit uiiiler yoin orilers, with as mneh alat:- 
 rilv as ever; lint wi: will tin Itinter lie amiisetl. 
 We are tleleiinineil on otitainiiii; what is our just 
 iltie.^* Hear to ari>ntneiils anil eiiliealics, they, In 
 the niimlier til KUlO intiveil oil' in a hotly. Irtini 
 Altirrisltiwn, anil prnei't'ilt'il, in untul oiiler, uilh 
 tlieirarmsaml six llflil pieces, to I'niit'i'liin. They 
 elecleil temporary olVii'f'is IVtiiii llieii own liiiily, 
 anil appoinletl a st'ii^eant major, who liail riirinerlv 
 ili'serieil 1111111 the lirilisli army. In lie ihtir fiiiii- 
 liiaiitlt'r. (ieiieral Wayne Iniitariieii piovlsitiiis 
 alter iheiii, to pievent their pliintlerini' the t'oiinliy 
 Cor theii snlisisleiUM.'. They iiiviitleil no man's 
 property, faitlier than their immeiliate iieeessiiies 
 matio unavnitlalile. This was reailily siil iiiilletl In 
 by the iiihaliilaiils ; who liati been Itni'.; iiseil Inex- 
 iittioiis of the same kinti levieil for similar pur- 
 poses, hy their lawful rnleis. They prtilesseil that 
 fliev liati tin obji'ct in view, Inn to obtain what was 
 justly tine to them, nor weie tlieir autiuiis incon- 
 sistent with that piiifessitin. 
 
 Congress sent a eiimniitloe of llieir hoily, eon- 
 sisting of (ieiieral Sullivan, i\lr. !\latlhew.s, iMr. 
 Allee, aiitl Dr. Witheispoini, to piocnre an ac- 
 eommotlaiion. The revtihers were resolnto in re- 
 fiisiiii; any terms, of ivliich a reihess of their griev- 
 ances was not llie fonnilaliiin. Kvery thing askeil 
 of their conntiy, ihey iniiiht, al any time, alter the 
 (illi of .lanuary, have tibtaiiietl liom llie Itrilisli, by 
 passing over into New Vork. 'I'his tlieV relnseil. 
 Their siilferings liati exhaiisteil their patieine, but 
 nut their patriiilism. .Sir lleniy Cliiiitm, by ctiii- 
 fnlenliat inessengers, olfeiiMl to take them (miliar 
 the. pi'otet:titiii tifllie Itrilisli goienimeiil ; to par- 
 iltin all their past otfences; to liau' the pay tine 
 iheni from ('ongi'ess I'ailhfiiilv niatie tip, without 
 any expectation of mililaiy servitie in rt^tnrn, al- 
 tbtingh il wtinltl he lei I'lveil, ii'voliiiilarily oU'ereil. 
 
 II was recniiinienitetl to then) to move behinil the 
 .Soiilli river, aiitl il was proiniseil, that a tlelach- 
 ineiit of lirilisli liiiops shiinlil be in reatliiiess for 
 liit'ir priiteclion, as soon as ih'sireil. In the iiieaii- 
 tiiiie, llie Iriitips passetl over from .New \'nik to 
 Sialeii Islaiiil, aiitl the necessary arrangeinenls 
 wire inaile for moving them inio .New .lersey, 
 whensoever they might be wanleil. The royal 
 coniniaiitler w is not It^ss tlisapptiinteil than siir- 
 priseil, to fniillliat the failhliil, ihoiigh revolting 
 siililiers, ilistlainetl his tillers. The messengers 
 til .Sir lleniy Clinton were .sei/eil, anti tieliveretl 
 
 III (•eneral Wavne. Presiilent Keeii antI (leneral 
 Totter were appointeil, by the iMinncil iif I'eiiii- 
 sylvania to acctimmotlate mailers with the revnll- 
 crs. They met theiitat l*tini'ettiti, anil agreeil to 
 dismiss all whose terms of enlistment were ctini- 
 pletetl, anil ailmitteil ihe oalhtifeach soltlier to be 
 evidence in his own case. A lioaitl ofoiricers tiied 
 anil contletntied the British spies ; anil ihev wert! 
 instantly execnietl. I'resitlent Keetl nll'eretl a purse 
 of one hiiiitlietl guineas to the niiitineers. as a re- 
 ward for their fnlelity, in deliveiing up the spies; 
 lint they refused to accept it, saying, " llial what 
 they had thine was only a duty they ti>»cil their 
 ronniiy, and that they iieilhet tiesireil, nor would 
 receive any reward, lint the approbation of that 
 country, fur which they hail so tifien fou[;lit and 
 bled." 
 
 Hy these healing tneasnies. on the I7lli .Tanu- 
 nry, the revolt was lainipleiely i|iiellt'tl; but the 
 romplaints of the solilieis being fuuntletl In jus- 
 tice, were fust rediesseil. 'I'hnse whose time of 
 '.:ervicc was expired oblainetl their ili.scharges ; and 
 others hail their arrears of pay in a great measure 
 uiailc up In them. A general amnesty closetl the 
 business. On this occasion, the coiniiianiler-in- 
 eliief stated in a ritenlar letter, to the four eastern 
 states, the well foiiiiiled complaints of his aiiny ; 
 and the imptissibility of keeping them together, un- 
 der Ihe pressuie of such a variety of sufferings, 
 (ieneral Knox was requested to be the bearer of 
 these despatches ; antl to urge the stales to an iiii- 
 inedi,it>'cxerlinn lor the relief of Ihcsoliliers. He 
 visited Ma.tacliusetts, New Hampshire, Connec- 
 ticut, and Ri'ode Island ; antl, with gre.it carnest- 
 oesi and equal success, dcse.rihaU the waals of the 
 
 iiriiiy. MassacliiisetlK "avo twenty-four silver ilnl 
 lars to each man of her line; ami also fnrnisheil 
 them Willi siiiiie clolhiiig. < liher stales, aboiil the 
 same lime, niatle similar atlvances. 
 
 The spirit til iiiiiliiiy pitivi il conlanions. Aliiiul 
 out' hiiiidred and si xlv of lilt! .lersey titiiips follinv- 
 ed the example of the I'eniisylvania line ; but they 
 iliti not ciiiiiliii't willi eipial spirit, nor with eipial 
 priiili'iitc. They fiimiiiilieil sundry at;ts tiloiiiiai;f 
 against paiticnlar iillit'eis, while tlii'y all'eclfil In 
 lit! siibniissive to iiiheis. i^lajiir (ieneral Howe, 
 with a ctinsitlerable fiiice, was ordered to takt! 
 methods for reducing llieiii to iibcilit!nce. ( 'on- 
 vinceil that there was no mi'ilitiiii between tlignily 
 and servility, but coeii^lon, anti that no other reme- 
 ily coiiltl 111! applietl williiiiit tilt! deepest wound 
 III the service, hi! ilcterniined In piiicf!eil against 
 tliem with tiecisiiin. (ieneial lloue marclietl 
 from Kingwniiil about mitlnight ; and, by the dawn- 
 ing til the next day, hail his men in font tliU'erent 
 piisiliiiiis, to prevent til" revolleis I'ltim making 
 their escapt!. Kvery avenue being set:ured. Colo- 
 nel liarber of the .lersey line was sent to them, 
 with Old ' s immetlialely to paratle without arms; 
 and tn ma.chioa particular spot tifgrouiitl. .Siiiiie 
 hesitation appearing among them, Ciilonel Sproal 
 was diiecled to advance ; antl only live miniiles 
 were given to the iiiutineers, to comply with the 
 orders whitili liati been sent them. This had its 
 ell'rt!t ; antl they, to a man, marchi'tl without arms 
 to the appoinletl gruiintl. The .lersey tillicers gave 
 a list iifiiie leaders of llie revolt ; upon which (ie- 
 neral Howe tlesired ihein to select three of the 
 greatest ollenilers. A lieltl courliiiartial was prt!- 
 senlly held iiptiii these three ; antl I hey ut're iinaiii. 
 miiusly senlencetl to tiealh. Two of them wfie 
 exet!iiled on the spot ; and the exet:nliiint'rs wire 
 selected from among the most active in the mu- 
 tiny. The men were dividetl inIo platntins, niaile 
 piiblie eoncessitins to their oflicers, and promisetl, 
 by future gtititl ciinilllct, to alone for past olfences. 
 
 Thest! mutinies alarmed the states ; but tllil not 
 priiiliit!e permanent relief to the army. Their 
 wants, with respect to provisions, wt!ie only par- 
 tially supplied, and by expetlienis fitini one shorl 
 lime to antilher. The mosi usual was iirdeiin'.' an 
 officer to sei/.eon provisions wlieievet found. This 
 dill'ereil frnni itilibing, only, in its being dune by 
 authority, for the public service, and in the iit- 
 licer being always direcletl to givt! the proprielor 
 a ceitilicale, of the ipiantily antl i|iiality of what 
 was taken from liiiii. .\t fust, some reliance was 
 placed nil iht'se certilicales, as viiiicliers to support 
 a fiilnrt! ili'inand on the Uiiiled States; but they 
 soon became so coiiimiin as tn lie of lillle value. 
 Kecourse was so freqnenlly hati It) coercion, both 
 legislative antl iiiililary, that the people not only 
 lost conlidence in public creilit, but becanin im- 
 patient iintler all exertitins of aiithoiily, for hirciiig 
 their property fioiii them. That an army should bt! 
 kept together, under such ciitumslances, so far 
 exceetis credibility, as to make it necessary to prii- 
 iluce stiiiie evidence of the fact. The .\iuerican 
 (ieneral ('linton, in a letter to Washinglon, tiateil 
 at Albany, April ]()lli, 17.St, wrole as follows: 
 "there is not now indepenilent of Ftirt Schuyler, 
 three tlays' provision in the whole departiuenl, fur 
 the troops, in case of an alarm, nnr any prospect 
 of procuring any. The recruits iif the new levies, 
 I canntit receive, because I have nothing to give 
 them. The Canadian fainiliesi have been obligeil 
 toileprive of their scanty pittance, contrary to every 
 principle of humanity. The ijiiarler inastor's tle- 
 partuient is totally useless. The public nriuoiy has 
 been shut up for nearly three weeks, and a ttital 
 suspension of every mililaiy operation hasensuetl." 
 Soon after this, Washingtnn was nliliged to apply 
 9000 tlollars, sent by the slate of Massachusetts 
 for the payment of her troops, to the use of the 
 quarter master's ilcpaitment, to enable him to 
 transport provisions from the adjacent states, lie- 
 foro lie conseiiletl to ailopt this expedient, he had 
 consumed every ounce of provision, which liati 
 been kept as » reserve in the garrison of West 
 Point ; and had strained im|ires8 by military' fuiqc 
 
 to so great an exieni, that there was leasun tn 
 apprehend the inhaliilanis, irritated by such fru- 
 ijiient calls, would proceed In dangt'itius insurrec- 
 tions. I'lirl .'^ihnyler. West I'oinI, and llni poslj 
 lip the .Niirili river, wert! on tlit! point of being 
 abaniloiied by their starving gairisiins. At this 
 lieriod of the war, there was little or no circuhi- 
 iing inedinm, eiilicr ill the I'linii III paper or specio; 
 and III the neiulibiiniliiind of the .\iiiericaii aiiiiy, 
 there was a teal want tif iii'iessary piiivisiiin.i. 
 Th" delit'iency of the I'oiiner tit:t:asioneil many 
 inconvenienct-s, :tnil an iiiiei|iial tlistribiition of 
 lilt! biiidens of the war; lint the iiisiilhciency of 
 the latter had well nigh disstilved the artiiv, antl 
 laid theeountiy, in every diieclioii, open to liril- 
 isli excursions. 
 
 These events were not unforseen hy Ihe ruler* 
 of .\iiieiif!a. Kroiii the progressive depieciatioiiuf 
 their bills of credit, it had for some lime past oc- 
 cuiretl, that ihe periotl ctiultl not be far tlisiaiit, 
 when they would cease to circulate. This crisis, 
 aitleiitly '.iislii'd for by the enemies, anil tireaded 
 by the frii!iitls of .\:nt'rit!an inilepentlence, look 
 place in 17SI ; but withiinl realising the hopes of 
 the one, or the fears of the niher. New resources 
 wt!re proviilenlially opened; anil ihe war Wiis car- 
 lietl on with the same vigour as befoie. A great 
 deal of giilil Mild silver was, about tliistiiii!*, intro- 
 iliieed into the i;nitt!tl Slates, by a benelicia! trade 
 will) the l''ieiieli and Spanish West liitlia islaiuls, 
 and by means of the l''rf!iii:h army in Itliode Island. 
 I'alhelie representations were iiiaile to the minis 
 leistilhis .\jiist Chrisllan .Majesty by Washington. 
 Dr. Kraiiklin, and parliciilarly by Lieutenant Colo- 
 nel .ltd in La lire IIS, who was sent to the con it of Ver- 
 sailles as a spetri.il minislt'i on this ot:casi(!o. 'I'iiti 
 king of Kiance cave the I'liileil Stales a subsidy 
 of six milhiins of livies, and became their security 
 lor ten inillionsmore, biirrnwetl, for tin ir use in till) 
 I'nitetl Nethirlantls. \ regular sysleii offmanco 
 was also, aliniit tins lime, ailtipli'd. All matters, 
 lel.itivt! to the treasury, the sii)iphes of the army, 
 and their acetiiinls, wt'ie put n itler the tlireclion 
 of liobert .Morris, who arianged the whole with 
 jiidgmeiit and ecoiiiimy. The issuing of pape,' mio- 
 iiey. by the aiilhorily of governilient, was tliscon- 
 liniietl, antl the piiblit! engageinants were made 
 payable in coin. The inlrotliiction of so much 
 i;old antl silver together with these jndieiiius do- 
 mestic regulations, aided by the bank which had 
 been erected, the preceding year, in I'hilailelphia, 
 exlricaled ( 'ongress fitiin iiiiich of llieir embarrass- 
 iiient, and put it in their power to feed, clothe, and 
 move their army. 
 
 About the same time, the oltl cnnlinental inonoy, 
 by common consent, ceased In have currency. 
 Like an aged man, expiring by the tiecays of na- 
 tiiie, withtint a sigh or groan, il fell asleep in the 
 liantls of its last possessors, liy the scale of dn- 
 pieciation the war was earrietl on live years, for 
 little iiiiiie than a tuillitin of piiuiiils stetling ; and 
 twti liiinilri!il iiiilliuns of paper ilolbirs were inailo 
 retleeniablt! by live iniHiiiiis of silver ones. In 
 other countries, such measures utiultl prtibably 
 have prodncetl popular insnriectiotis; but, in tlie 
 I'nitetl States, they were siibmitleil to without any 
 Inmiilts. I'nlilic faith was violatcil ; but, in the 
 opinion of iiitist men, public good was promoted. 
 The evils conseipient on depreciation liati taken 
 place, antl the redemplion nf the bills of credit, at 
 ilieii nominal value, as tirigiiially promised, instead 
 of remedying the tlistresses of the suiferet.s, would, 
 in many cases, have increased thotii, by subject- 
 ing their small remains of property to exoibitani 
 taxation. The money had, in a fcreut measure 
 gone out of the liantls of the original pruprietnrt 
 anil was in the pnssession of others, who had ob- 
 tained it, at a rate of value not exccetling what was 
 lixetl upon it, by the scalo of depreciation. 
 
 Nothing could alftiril asttonL'erpioof. that the re- 
 sistance nf America to (ireat Hiilan w,is grounded 
 in the hearts of the people, than these events. To 
 receive paper bills of credit, issiieil without itny 
 funds, and to give pritperiy in nxcliangofur them, 
 as cqua to ((old or silver, dcinuDstraicd tho zoul 
 
473 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 > ?; 
 
 tricj (■iilliiiHi:iriin willi wliieli tlie wiir WM buKiiii ; 
 hill lo rnnscnt to ihc exliriiMion ol'ilie M;nne, iiflur 
 It ciiric'iicy orCivp yours, wiihmil any iiili'(|iiiile |>ri)- 
 visicdi iniicli- Tor ilicir tdliiri! riilciiipiioii, was iinir« 
 lliaii wiiiilil liavf Ih'cii Ikhiih liy any |irii|ilt', who 
 iDiiii'ivfil lliil tht'ir rulers had !<t'|iaral(' iiilercsis 
 or vit'ws I'rnin lli(-iii.selvos. 'Dm; dt'inisc ot' oriu 
 kiiii;, and \\»', L'ordnalidii (if a liiwl'iil siicct^ssor, 
 liave uI'kmi cxcHimI tiii'alor L'liiiiiiiiiliniis, in royal 
 govfriiMitMits, than look |)la(;«* in lln; I'iiIIimI Stall's, 
 on lliesiiilden exliiictioii ultlicir »'liol« ininx'ni ino- 
 ni'y. 'I'Im" piople saw tin; necessity wliicli conipel- 
 li'ii llii.-ir rulers In act in the inaiincr iliey liad dnne ; 
 and, beinj; well convinced tliat the i;ou<l of llie 
 country vi\x» their object, quietly submitted to mea- 
 sures, whi':h, under oilier ciriuiiistances, would 
 scarcely liave been expiated by the lives and lur- 
 tiines of their authors. 
 
 While llio Americans weio snlTcrintt llie com- 
 plic.ileil calamities, uhicli introduced the year 
 17m, their adversaries were cariyiiia on the iiiosi 
 extensive plan ol' operations, which had ever been 
 attempled since the war. It had ol'ien been ob- 
 iecte.l lo the ISrilisli comiiianders, that they had 
 not condui led the war, in the manner must likely 
 to elVect the snbjiiuation ollhe revolted provinces. 
 Military critics, in particular, i'onnd I'ault with them, 
 liir kcepioE! a larae army idle at New York, which, 
 Ihey said, ilpropcily applied, would have beensiil- 
 ricienl to make siiccessjiil impressions, at one and 
 ■ he same lime, on several ol'ihe stales. The Itiii- 
 ish seem to have calculaicd the canipaiiin ol 1781, 
 with a view to make an experiment of the com- 
 parative merit of this mode ofconduciingiiiililaiy 
 operations. The war ra^ed in thai year, not only 
 in the vicinity of ISiilish head quarters, at New 
 York, but in (ieor^ia. South Carolina, Norlli C'mo- 
 lina, and in Virginia. The latter state, from its 
 peculiar situation, and from the modes of building, 
 piantini;, and livin<!, adopleil by the inhabitants, is 
 particularly exposed, and lies ill the mercy of what- 
 ever army is master id' the Chesapeake. These 
 circumstances, together with the pre-eminent rank 
 which Virginia lieUi in the confederacy, poinled 
 out the piopriety of making thai slate the object 
 o( particular attention. To favour Lord Cornwal- 
 lis's designs in the southern slates. Major (Jeneral 
 Leslie, with about :3U00 men, hail been detached 
 from New York to the Chesapeake, in the latter 
 end of 1780; but subsequent events indiiceil his 
 lordshijito order him from Virginia to Cliarlesloii, 
 with ibu view of his more ellicliially co-operalinu 
 with the ai my under liis own immediate command. 
 Soon after the dcpaiture of (Jeneral Leslie, Vir- 
 ginia was again invaded by another party from 
 New York. Tliis was communded by (Jeneral 
 Arnold, now a brigadier in the royal army. Ilis 
 force consisted of about 1()(K) men, and was sup- 
 ported by such a number of armed vessels, as 
 enabled him 10 coiiimil extensive ravages, on the 
 unpiotected coasts of that well watered country. 
 The invaders landed abont (il'teen miles below 
 Kichinoiid, and in two days iii'.iiched into llie town, 
 where they destroyed large quantities of tobacco, 
 salt, ruin, saijclothi inc. Successive excursions 
 were made to sjcvcral other places, in which tlie 
 royal army conimiliej liimilar devastations. 
 
 Jn about a forlnighl, they marched into Porl-s- 
 niouih, January SOili, and began to fortify it. The 
 Joss they sustained from the feeble opposition of 
 (lie dispersed inhabitants was inconsiderable- The 
 havuc made by (Jeneral Arnold, and the apprehen- 
 sion of a design to fix a )>erinaneiit post in Vir- 
 ginia, induced (Jeneral Washington to detach the 
 iSlarquis dc la Fayette, with 1200 of the American 
 infantry, to that state ; and also to urge the French 
 in KUodc Island to co-operate wiili him, in al> 
 tempting to capture Arnold and his party. The 
 French commanders eagiMly closed with the pro- 
 posal. Since they had laudeil in the United States, 
 no proper opportunity of gratifying theii passion 
 for inilitary fame, had yet presented itself. They 
 rejoiced at that which now offered, and indulged a 
 r.heerful hope of rendering essential service to 
 ,liicir allies, bj cutting otf the retreat of Arnold's 
 
 party. With this view, thi'ir fleet, wiih 1. ')()() ad- 1 the approbalion of Prince Ferdinand, iindiywhom 
 ditional men on board, sailed fioiii Khode Island, [lie had served in (Jermanv. As an ofTicer he wa» 
 MaichSlh, for Virginia. D'Kslouches, who since! universally admiied. Tlioii';h much cifilie il.'vas- 
 Ihe ilealh ofile Teriiay, in the preceding Decern- [ tations, coiiMiitled bv ihr troops iiniler hi't com- 
 ber, had commandeil the French lli'cl, previous toj maud, m ly be vindicaled on the prinri|ilrsof those 
 the sailinn of his wholi^ naval force, despatched ; n ho holil. that the riiihls and laws of war are of 
 the Hvcdie, a sixty-four gun ship, and two frii;ates, ; e(|iial obligation with llie rights unil laws of hiima- 
 witli (Oilers 10 destroy the liritisli ships and rtii;ali's; niiy; yet the IVienils of his lanu- hive reason to 
 ill the (Chesapeake. These took or destroyed ten | regret,' ihat lie did not die thiec weeks sooner, 
 vessels, and captured the Komiihis, of lorlv-loiir 
 guns. Arbiiilinot,nilli a llrilisli lleel, sailed from 
 IJardiiier's bay, in piiiMiiit of O'Kstouehes. 'i'lie 
 former overlook and engaged ilie latter off llie 
 capes of Virginia. The Dritish had the advantage 
 of more guns than the French ; but the latter were 
 much more strongly manned than the former. 
 The contest between the fleets, thus nearly bal- 
 iWiced, enileil without the loss of a ship on either 
 side; but the liritisli obtained the fruits of victory, 
 so fat as to frustrate the whole scheme of their 
 adversaries. The Meet of his .Most Christian Ma- 
 jesty returned to Khode Island, wiilioiit ell'eclinu' 
 the object of the expedition. Thus was Arnolil 
 saved from the imminent (Inn^er of fulling into 
 the hands of his exasperated countrymen. The 
 day before the French fleet returned to Newport, 
 March 'Z'nh, a convoy arrived in the Chesapeake 
 from New Yoik, with Major (Jeneral I'liilips, and 
 about ■JOOO men. This dislingnislied oHicer, who, 
 having been taken at .SaraloL' i,had been lately ex- 
 changeil, was appointed coiuiuander of the royal 
 forces in Virginia. Fhilipsand Arnold soon made 
 a junction, and cairied every thing before them. 
 Tliey successively defeated those bodies of mili- 
 tia which came in their way. The whole country 
 was open to their excursions. On their euibar- 
 cation from Portsmouth, a deiachment visiied 
 Yorktown ; but the main body proceeded to Wil- 
 liamsburg. On the ;i:id of April, they reached 
 Chicknpowing. A party proceeded up that liver 
 leu or twelve miles, and deslroyeil iiuuli propeily. 
 On the'ilth, they landed at (Jily point, and soon 
 alteiwards marched for Petersburg. About one 
 mile from the town, they were opposed by a small 
 force commanded by Itaron Steuben ; but this, 
 after making a gallant resistance, was compelled 
 to retreat. 
 
 At I'elersbiirg, on the 27tli,they destroyed 4000 
 hogsheads of tobacco, a ship, and a number of 
 small vessels. Within three days, one party 
 marched lo Chcslcrtleld courthouse, and burned a 
 range of barracks, and .'iOO barrels of f!our. .\i 
 the same lime, another parly iimler the cominand 
 of (Jeneral Arnold marclied to Osboine's. About 
 lour miles above that place, a small marine force 
 was drawn up to oppose him. (.Jeiiera! Arnold 
 sent a flag lo treat with the coinniander of this 
 fleet; but he decdaieil he would defend it to ihe 
 last extremity. I'pon this refusal, Arnold ad- 
 vanced with some aitilleiy. and fired upon him 
 with decisive effect fr(jiii the banks of the river. 
 Two ships, and ten small vessels loaded with to- 
 bacco, cordage, flour, iVc. were captured. Flour 
 ships, live biigantincs, and a niiniber of small ves- 
 sels were burnt or sunk. The quantity of tobacco, 
 taken or destroyed in this fleet, exceeded 2000 
 hogsheads; and the whole was effected without 
 the loss of a single man, on the side of the liritisli. 
 The royal forces then marched up Ihe fork, till 
 they arrived ut Manchester on the UOih. There 
 they destroyed 1200 hogsheads of tobacco. Ue- 
 turning thence they made great havoc at War 
 
 wick. They deslroyeil the ships on the stocks, 
 and in the river, and a large range of rope walks. 
 A magazine of •'300 barrels of Hour, with a number 
 of warehouses, and of tan-houses, all filled with 
 their respective commodities, were also consumed 
 in one general conllagatiou. On the 9th of May, 
 they returned to Petersburg ; having, in the course 
 of the preceding three weeks, destroyed property 
 to an immense amount. With this expedition. 
 Major General Philips terminated a life, which in 
 a'll its prnvLuus operations had been full of glory. 
 At early periods of his milllnry career, on difl'er- 
 eut occasions of n preceding war, he had gained 
 
 CIIAPTKR xm. 
 
 Campaign of 17C1. Opcrnlinns in ilio two Curoliim? am' 
 
 (ioiirgia. 
 
 TitK successes which, with a few checks, billowed 
 the liritisli arms, since ihey had reduced .Savan- 
 nah and Charlesion, encriurai.'ed them to pursue 
 their object, by advaneini; from south lo noilli. A 
 vii;orous invasion of North Caroliiia w;is ihereliirii 
 projected, liir the business of the winter, which fol- 
 lowed (Jener.il (iaies's ilefrit. The Auieiicani 
 were sensible of the necessity of icinf'oreiin; and 
 siipponing their southern army: but were desiiiulo 
 of the means of doinn it. Their noriliern army 
 would not admit of being farther weakened: nor 
 was there time to march over the inlervenini; dis- 
 tance of seven hundred miles ; but if men coubl 
 have been procured, and time allowed for mareliing 
 them to Siiulli ('aridina. money, fiir dclV.iying ilio 
 unavoidable expenses of their transpoitation, coulil 
 not be coiiimaniled, either In llie latter end of 
 1780, or the first months of 1771. Thouijli Con- 
 s;ress was unable to forward either money or men, 
 for the relief of the southern slates, they did what 
 was equivalent. They sent them a general whose 
 lieail was a council and )>hose military talents 
 were equal to a reinforceiiiPPt. The nomination 
 of an olTieet, for this important ttust, was left lu 
 (Jeneral Washington. lie mentioned denera.' 
 (Jreene, adding for reason, " that he was an of 
 licer, in whose abilities and integrity, from a lot 4 
 and intiniale experience, he hid the most enti.o 
 cmifidence." 
 
 [.Natiiamkl CiREK.vt-., a Major (Jeneral in Ihe 
 .\uieiicanariny, durini; the revolutionary war, wa; 
 born near the town of Warwick, in Khode Island, 
 in the year 1711. He received but a scanty, 
 chance education, when a boy, but possessed suf- 
 fleicnt sagacity tosee and feel his deficiency. His 
 lather was an honest blacksmiih, extensively en- 
 !;aged in making heavy work, but possessed liille 
 if any knowledge beyond that of reading the bible 
 or almanac, or being enabled to write well enough 
 to keep a day-book, in which to charge liisneigh- 
 bour with his work. Hiil Nathaniel was not con- 
 lented with this, he sought books, became his own 
 ihslruclcr, and made rapid progress in several 
 branches of knowledge. Those portions of ancient 
 history, which treat of wars and the exploits ol 
 heroes, were the most attractive 10 the young 
 (Juaker; and while he wore his plain beaver, his 
 mind was filled with the nodding plumes, and bur- 
 nished armour of ancient days. Friim the work- 
 shop, in which he was engaged with his father, he 
 was elected 10 the (Jeneral Assembly of Rhode 
 Island, to represent the ancient town of Warwick, 
 Ihc place of his birth. He was in that body, when 
 a proposition was made to raise a considerable ini- 
 litary force, for the exigencies of the times. lUhad 
 shown his taste for military life, in an independent 
 company, raised previously, in expectation oftlie ne- 
 cessity of using force lo protect themselves in I he ex- 
 ercise of their tights. With a sagacity and foresight, 
 seldom founil in a popular assembly, the legislature 
 of Rhode Island took him from the ranks, andgavo 
 him the command of the whole, with the rank 01 
 brigadier general. He accepted the cniuiiiand, and 
 inarched forthwith to the head (|uartersofilie Ame- 
 rican atmy, at Cambridsc. The keen eye of Wash- 
 ington soon marked (Jreene liir a soldier. He saw 
 ilio great military chieftain, in the yoiiihf'iil oifuer, 
 whose maiden sword had not then been llc^hed, 
 lo August, 1776, after having been but a liltle muro 
 
 ■> 
 
U N 1 T K T) S 'I' A 'I' I'. S. 
 
 473 
 
 II (wo Ciiroliiin) QnJ 
 
 tlian a yBiir ill the »ervir«, ho «ih ciiniiiiissiDiii'd uvIiii wrrn I'linH Io his ciiniiiiv. hiii iiiiKiii!! ihosniwith il, in rrcoverjni; the ciiiiiilt,'. 'I'hin (;n'.inl 
 n iii'ijoi' !!<'i"'i''>l< '>i"l ihls wilhout miy iiiiiriniir] who iiwi-d liiin ii ih'lx iil' ni.iiiiiiilv. lie, how- 1 nlijcci (mMimI I'or ihit iiiiiifcl clViirii iil' linili. Siiih 
 Iriiill iirjy line, ili; wis with llii' aiiiiy :il 'riRiiiiiii i hvit, lived dixvii envy iiiiil iiiiiiiee, and iost> tri- { » .is llic niliialiiMi iil (lie eoiiiiti v, ihiil il Wiii iiliniiit 
 uiiil I'liiieetiMi, iiiid IiimI a sliiiie in ili:it enler|ii'ise. I iiin|ihiiiit liver nil wliu assiiiieil him. 'I'herc was ei|ii:illy il.nif'ei'iins liir ihe .Xiiieriran aiiiiyiii t;ii 
 Kiiriiililiiaieriirllieeaii.se id' (lie leviiliiilnn. lie ' alioiil him in allliis naiisai ijinis, an iindevialiii^ I'lituard ill' slaiid slill. In llie lirsl rase, eveiy 
 was al llie liallle ol' (leiiiiaiilowii, and Cur liis himkI | liiiiiesly. a persevi'iMiiee ami li iidihiidd wiiilhy llie lliina was lia/.aideil ; in llie last, llie eiiiiialenee .if 
 eiHidiiel was hiiiiiiiiialily inenMned by llie euin- liesl ai;es iil llie wciilil. He claimed iiii lineal llie |ie(i|ile wiiiild lie liisl ; and uilli il all |iius|ieel 
 'tl.iiider-iii-eliier. .Sii liilly li.id I iiiMMie di^ei{>llne(l hiiniiiii's — he linl iiii advenliliiiiis sii|i|i(ii'l. He id' lieini; sii|i|i(irled by tlieiii. The iiii|)alieii(i' of 
 lie lesiiiirees id' his mind ilia! \Vasliiiii;i(in nii;ed , liriike rriiiii the llii ildniii id' the ridii:iiiii4 [ireju- 1 the siillerini! exiles and olhers led iheiii In iiii;e 
 
 the iidii|itiiMi III' rash measiiies. The iiiuile nf np- 
 
 Iiiiii to ilo the ilinies id' (jiiaiteriiiasler general In ' diees nl llie srci in wliiidi he was linrn and edit 
 liie army. Iielievini; ihal he wniilil liiid ways andiialed; lint he reiained all llieir (irmness of piir 
 
 means, that no other mail eiiiild. These duties 
 weie peilormed liy him while he mill held his rank 
 ill the line. Kvery lliini: had tfiiiii; wioiii: lor ilie 
 patriots III llie smith. The lirilishcnnsidered the 
 war as ended, south nl'llie Polomai', when (ieneral 
 (iieene was sent liy (ieneral Washiiiiiinn In the 
 .Siiiiihern district. He round the army he was In 
 ciininiaiiil ill a most wreiched eondition ; a mere 
 
 sUeleinn of military I'oree, wasted 4I0W11 to that | vaiieed ill ('harlnltel 
 
 pose and inte^riiy id' ehaiaeler. His lilu is a 
 prool, and alllioii^h lime and chance liappenelh 
 to all, still a iire It man, may, under our tree sya- 
 leni ol' novernineni, he the builder ul his own 
 r.iine.— Kii.] 
 
 The army, after its defeat and dispersion, to 
 Ihe Kiili of .Vimiist, 1?S0, rendezvoused at Hills- 
 liiiroii::li. Ill the latter eiiil of the ye. 11, they ad- 
 
 siale bv sword, famine, and desertion. Many of 
 his eonip lilies were worse than Kalslalf's lalterde- 
 nMlioiis, for they were not only covered with i;ms, 
 bill weri! hter.dly nakeil in a winier inoiilh. The 
 brave .Morn in was with him; and the very next 
 iii'iiilh alter (ireene airived in the district, liiiii;lil 
 the battle of the Cowpens, one of the most dis- 
 liii;^iiislied all'.iirs in the annals nf the revoliilion- 
 aiy war. The proud anil brave TaihMon was beaten 
 by a force smaller thin his own. and iwo-ihirds of 
 that lorce, raw miliiia. In .March, I7M, (ireene 
 made an attack on the enemy at (iuilford Court 
 House, and al'ler a smart action, was forced to re- 
 treat; but the lirilish, though victorious, were so 
 crippled that they were obliged to make a retro- 
 grade motion, havin<: trained no advantage by their 
 iiominid success, (ireene next atlempted the re- 
 duction of Caindeii, and had a battle with lord 
 jl.ivvdon ; hut throiiiih the bad ccuduct of one of 
 ■.be leuiipenls under his couimaiid, Cieneral (ireene 
 was compelled to retreat, lint lost no honour by 
 the li'^lit. Rawilon. like t'oriiwallis, was obli^eil 
 to ielie.it soon alter the en^a!;euient. I'"or some 
 time alter this the .Vmerican army was victorious, 
 anil several forts garrisoned by the Itiiliih, sui- 
 rendered; but the enemy's force, liein^ aii^ziiient- 
 t'd by reinl'orcemenls, the tide was chaiiued, and 
 (hey a^iaiii olilained the coiiliid of South Caroliiia. 
 (jieene. however, was iiol disiii lyed nor subdued ; 
 he .said in the piiile of his soul, and, in the cnn- 
 Bcioiisness of his powers, '■ I will recover the coun- 
 try, or die in the attempt." The battle nf Kutaw 
 .*spriiiiis, followed; (ireene's aiiuy was victnrioiis, 
 and the const^ipieiices were lavmiralile to the Aiiier- 
 iiaii cause. It was a hard lou!ilit battle; live 
 hundred of the .Vmerican army were slain, and 
 mure than double llr.it iiumlier of the British. To 
 the dilliciiltics that al this lime eiieompasseU (ien- 
 eral (jieeiie, was added that of treason in his 
 camp. Misfortune had broken down some men 
 iioin whom betler things weie expected ; but ener- 
 gy, and a kind providence, ilelivered him I'loiii all 
 the snares that suirounded him. Kebellloii was 
 hushed by well-timed severity, and confidence 
 restored In the camp. Our liinils will nnt allow 
 IIS to dwell longer on the harilsliips, the exertions, 
 and the successes of our southern army, duriiip: 
 this eventful perioil ; the details woulil re(|uire 
 volumes, anil happily these have already been 
 wriiten, by men of genius and research. The 
 surrender of Cornwallis, December 17, 17S2, put 
 an end to the liardsliips of tlie American army, 
 and laid the loiinilatiun for an honoutalde peace for 
 the coo'itry. (ieiieial (ireene now levisited liis 
 native state, and was received with every mark of 
 iilleiuion. Notwiihslanilini; all he had sulVered at 
 Ihe sniitli, he waa still pleased wiili it, and remov- 
 ed his family to (ieori;ia, in 178.'> ; but he did not 
 live long to enjiiy the life of a southern planter. 
 He died suddenly, on the 15th of June, 17SG, 
 leaviii<; behind him a wife and five children. 
 Coniiress voted liiiii » monument, but it lias nev- 
 er been erected. Greene had to encounter ene- 
 mies, sharp and severe enemies, who were de- 
 '.erinineil to tiealroy him ; not only among those 
 
 At this place (ieneral 
 
 (tales Iransl'eired the command to (ieneral (ireene. 
 The manly iesij;nalioii of the one was eipialled 
 by the deliiMie disinleresledness of the otliiir. 
 Kxpressions of civility, and acts nf friendship and 
 ailention, were reciprocally excliaiii;ed. (ireene, 
 upon all occasions, was the vindicator of (lates's 
 reputation. In his letters and conversation, he 
 uniformly luaiiit lined, that his predecessor had 
 failed in 110 part of his military iliity; and that he 
 had deserved success, though he could not coiii- 
 iiiand il. 
 
 Within a few hours after (ireene tniik eharae of 
 the army, a report was made of a successful en- 
 terprise of Lieutenant Colonel W'ashinj^ton. Heina 
 out nil a fora^ini; exiMirsion, he had penelraied 
 wilhiii tliirieeii miles of Camden, to('leriiiont, the 
 seat of Lieutenant Colonel Kiuley, of the liritish 
 militia. This was fortified by a block-house, en- 
 compassed by an abbatis, and defended by upwards 
 of one hundred of the mhaliitants, who had sub- 
 mitted to the liiitisli uovernment. Lieutenant 
 Colonel WashiiiKlon ailvanced with his cavalry, 
 and planted the trunk of a pine tree, so us to re- 
 semble a (ield piece. The lucky moment was 
 sei/.tid, and a peremplory demand ofaii inmiediale 
 surrender was made ; when the i:ariisoii was im- 
 pressed with the expeclaiioii of an imiiiediale can- 
 nonade, in CISC of llieir refusal. The whole sur- 
 rendered at ihsciellon, wilhnui a shot on either 
 side. This fortunate incident, through the super- 
 stition to which most men are more or less suhject, 
 was viewed by the army as a |iiesai;e of success 
 under their iieiv commander. 
 
 When (ieneial (ireene took the command, lie 
 t'ouiid the troops had made a practice of aoiiii; 
 home without permission, stayiii(>; several davs or 
 weeks, and then lelurniii!; to camp. JJetermiiied 
 to enforce strict discipline, he j;ave out, that he 
 Hdiild make an example of the first deserter of the 
 kind he caught. One such beiiii; soon taken, wa 
 
 position they preferred was the least likcdy to ef- 
 fect their ulliinaie wishes. The nature of ilie 
 country, thinly inhabited, alioiindini: with swauipii 
 iiid covered with woods; the incoiisider ible forcn 
 if the American army, the niiinber of the disalVcct- 
 ed, and the want of mauaxines, weiuhed with (ien- 
 eral (ireene to prefer a partisan war. lly close 
 ipplication to his new profession, he hail acipiired 
 a Kcientilic knnnledue nfthe principlesand inaxiins 
 for eiinductiiiL; wars in Kiirope; but consiileied 
 iliein as often inapplicable to Ameriea. When 
 they were adapted to his ( ircumstances. he used 
 them; hut oftener deviated from them, and follow- 
 ed his own practical jiidiiinent, founded on a coiii- 
 preliensive view nt' his real situation. 
 
 With ail imaiiisiderable army, miserably provi- 
 ded, (ieneral (iieene took the field, aiiainst asiipe- 
 lior liritish refiilar force, wliii h had marched in 
 triumph two hiindied miles from the sea coast, and 
 was flushed with successive victories lliiotmh n 
 whole campaign. .Soon alter he look the com- 
 mand, he divided his force, and sent (ieneral .Mor- 
 gan, with a respectable delai.liiiient. to the western 
 extremliy of .South C'aroliiia ; .itid, ab(jiit thi^saiiiu 
 lime marched with the main body to Hii ks's-creek, 
 oil the north side of the I'edee, opposite to (Jheraw 
 Hill. 
 
 After the ceneral submission nf the militia, in 
 the year 17!SU, a revolution look place, hiiihly fa- 
 vourable to the interest of America. The resi- 
 dence of the liritish army, insiead of increasing 
 the real friends to royal I'overnmenl, diniinished 
 their number, and added new vii;oiir to the nppo- 
 site party. The lirilish had a post in Nineiy-Six, 
 for thirteen months, dniini; which time the coiiii- 
 Iry was filled with rapine, violence and iiiiiiiler. 
 .Applications were dailv made f'or redress; yet, in 
 that whole period, there was not a single iiistaiu'e 
 wherein piinishmeiit was indicted, either 011 the 
 soldiery or the lories. The people soon Inniid, 
 that there was no security for their lives, libeities 
 or property, under the military i;overiiiiient ol lirit- 
 ish oiriceis, reisaidless of their civil ri'jhis. The 
 peaceable citizens were reduced to that uncouiiiion 
 distress, in which they had more to feat from op- 
 pression, than resistance. They therel'ore most 
 ardeiillv wished for an .\nieiican force. Coder 
 these favourable rircumslances, (Ieneral (Ireene 
 dclached (ieneral .Moriian, to take a posilioii in that 
 distiicl. The appearance of this force, a sincere 
 
 iccordiii;j;ly shot, at the head of the army, drawn |altaclimenl to the cause of independence, and the 
 up to be specialors of the |iiioishiiieut. This had 
 the desiied ell'ect, and put a stop to the dangerous 
 practice. 
 
 The whole soulliern army at this time consisted 
 of about yUOO men ; more tlian half of whom 
 were militia. The rei;ulais had been for a lonij 
 time withnut pay, and very delieieiit in cloihiiu;. 
 All snuices of supply from Charleston were in 
 possession of the liritish ; and nn iiiiported arliide 
 could he obtained, I'loiii a distance less than two 
 hundred miles. The procuring o," provisions for 
 litis small force was a matter of diiriciilty. The 
 paper currency was depreciated so far, as to he 
 wholly uneipial to the purchase nf even such sup- 
 plies as the roiintry afl'orded. Hard money had 
 not a physical existence in any hands accessible to 
 the Americans. The only resource left for sup- 
 plying the army, was by the arbitrary mode of im- 
 press. To seize on the property of the inhabit- 
 ants, and, at the same time, to preserve their kind 
 atVcctions, was a dillicull business, and of delicate 
 execution ; but of the utmost liioment, as it fur- 
 
 impolilic conduct of the Hrllish. induced several 
 persons to lusiime their arms, and to act ill conceit 
 with the continent d troops. 
 
 When this irruption was made into the district 
 of .Nineiv-Six, lord Cornwallis was far advanced 
 in his prepaiaiions for the invasion of .N'orili ('aro- 
 lina. To leave (ieneral .'Miirijau in his rear, was 
 contraiv to luditary policy. In order therelnre to 
 drive him from his stalion, and to deier the inhab- 
 itants from joinlnii him, Lieiitenaiil Colonel Tarle- 
 ton was ordereil to proceed, with about 1 1(10 men, 
 and " push him to the uliuost." lie had two field 
 pieces.and a supeiioiitynf infantry. in the propoilion 
 of five to four, ami of cavalry in the proportion of 
 three to one. Itesides this in equality of liiice, two 
 thirds of the troops under (ieneral Alorpiaii were 
 militia. With these fair prospects of success, 
 Tatleton enpaged Morgan at the Cowpens. on the 
 17lh of January, with the expectation of driving 
 him out of South Carolina. The latter drew up 
 his Mien in two lines. The whole of the southern 
 militia, with 190 from North Caiolina, were put 
 
 nislied the army with piovisinns, without impairing Under the command of Colonel Pickens. Tlies'i 
 the disposition of the inhabitants to cooperate I formed the first line, and were advanced a few bun- 
 
474 
 
 ilred yards liefDri- tli« spconil, with iirdvr« to form 
 f'li ilii' rialil 111' llu- si'ioml, ivlicii loroeil to roliri'. 
 'I'li<' '•I'i'iiiiil liiif ('(iiiHisicilorilii' li^lit iiiCinlry, niiil 
 ;i ('or|H (it \'ir)!liiiii niililiii rilli'iiicii. Lili'iili'iiiiiit 
 Coliiiii-I \V;ihIiiiiuI(iii, vviili Iiih ciivalry, ami iiliiiiil 
 limy live iiiilili'i iiini, imiiiiiiIi'iI and tM|iii|i|i('<l tviili 
 stviiittt, wore di;iwn il|) at Home dislaixM* in tlu^ 
 ii'ii III the wiiiilr. 'I'lii' ii|ii'n wiioil, in wliiidillny 
 wcrr t'liinit'd, was ni'ilhrr srciiml in tiiitit, llaiik, 
 III' ir n. On llif sjili' ni llic Mtilnili, llir lij^lit Ir- 
 t;ifin iiilanlry anil I'iisIIi'imh, tliiiii;:li wiirii iloivii 
 uiili I'xlii'iiic I'ali^iiiR, uciiMiiilt'i'i'd lu r»iiii in lini'. 
 Ill liiii; iIiIh uidrr was i-xrciili'<l, llu; line, llioiii{li 
 Car I'loiii lii'iiii; ciiiiijili-lr, was IimI Io iIih allack by 
 'I'arli'liin liiiiini'ir. 'I'hny advanced willi ii alioiii, 
 anil |Hiiii'<'d in an incrsHaiil lire oriniiski'lry, (miIii- 
 iiid l>i( krim direeied llie men under his coiniiiand 
 Io retain llieir lire, lill llie jSiilisli were williin lolly 
 or lilly yards. This order, lhoni;li exeeiiled wilii 
 Cieal liriiiness, was iiol siiniiieiil Io repel llieirad- 
 vaiieini; Toes. The niililia lidl liaek ; lull were 
 Minn rallied liy llieir olheers. The Itriiish advaii- 
 reil, and eii):ai;eil llie neeonil liue, wliieli, alter an 
 ol.siinalc ooiillirl, was coiiipelled Io relieal to the 
 cuvalrv. In lliiseiisis, Coliinel \Vasliiiik(loii made 
 u snieessl'iil eliar^e on Taileloii, who was ciiliin;; 
 diiwii till' iiiililia. hieiilenanl Colonel Howard, iil- 
 iiiiisi at llie same iiioiiieni, lallieil llie eonlinenlal 
 lroo|is, and ehariied u'illi lixed hayonels. The ex- 
 niii|ile was inslaiilly t'ldloned liy tiie mditia, xNo- 
 tliiiiL' eoiild exeeed the asionishnienl and eoidilsioii 
 ol' the Itritish, oceasioned liy these iinex|iecteil 
 rhaities. Their advaiiee lell liaek on their rear, 
 :ind eoiniiiiiniealed a |iaiiir to the whole. Tarle- 
 tiin's iiieeesol' aillllerv were seized liy the .Xnieri- 
 (;aiis; and llie (;realesl eiinrnsioii look plaee amoii); 
 his inlanliy. While they were i:i this stale ol 
 disorder, heiileiianl colonel Howard called Io them, 
 to "lav down llieir arms," and |iromised them 
 ^ooil i|narler<. I^ume liiindreilsaeeepird theoller, 
 and siiriendereil. The lirsl ballalioii ol' iheTlsl, 
 iiiiil Iwo Itritish li:;hl inlanliy uoniiianies, laid down 
 tlieir arms In the Ami'ricaii militia. A parly, 
 uhirli had heen left .some distanee in llie rear, to 
 ^iiard ihe liauit')!!'', W''^ >he only body ol' int. miry 
 that escaped. The olhcer ol'ihat detachment, on 
 lieariiiu of Tarlelon's deleal, destioyeil ;> uk"'' 
 put of the baas; ne, and teiieaied to lord (.'orn- 
 w.diis. 'I'liiee linmlied ol the lliilish were killeil 
 or wounded, and abi / live hnmlred |irisoiieis ta- 
 ken. I<',ii>lit liiinihi'd muskets, livo licM pieces, 
 thirly-live b if;i;aie-»,ii;i)iis, and one hiiiidred ilra- 
 gnon hiii'ses fell iiiln the haiiils of the ciiiKpierois. 
 'I'lie .\mertrans had only twelve men killed and 
 .sixty wounded. 
 
 fi(*iieral ,AIori;.in's t:ood conduct, on this memo- 
 rable day. was hoiiniired l)y( 'oiii;ress»itlia t;old me- 
 dal. They also pieseoted meil.ils (ifsilverto Ijieii- 
 leiiant Cnlonels \Vas|iio;:lon and Howard, a stvoril 
 to Colonel I'ickens, a brevet majority to Kdwaid 
 (■lies, the iieneiars aiil ile-caiiip, and a captaincy 
 to Itaroii (ilassbeck. Lienti'iiaut f'olonel Tarh;- 
 ton, hitherto trilimphani in a variety ol skirmishes, 
 on this occasion lost his laurels, though he was 
 supported by llieTih ret;imeiit,one battalion of the 
 TIsl, and two companies ofli<;lil infantry : and his 
 repnl.se diil more essential injury to the Krilish in- 
 terest than w.is eipiivaleiit to all the precedm;; 
 advantages he had ^aiiieil. It was the lirsl link in 
 a cliaiii of causes, which finally ilrew down ruin, 
 both in North and .South Carolina, on the royal in- 
 terest. 'J'liat impetuosity of 'I'arlelon, which had 
 'acipiiied him ^reat reputation, when on former oc- 
 casions lie had surprised :in iucauiioiis enemy, or 
 attacked a panicstriick militia, was at this lime 
 Ihe occasion of his niin. Inipalient of delay, he 
 I'l.^a^ed with fatigued troops, and led lliem on to 
 aclion, before they were properly formed, and be- 
 fore the reserve had taken its uroiind. He was 
 also i;niliy of a treat oversight, in not brin<;in); up 
 a cohiiim of cavalrv, to support and improve the 
 »dvaiila;;e.s he had gained, when the Americans 
 I>'lieaieil. 
 
 I.1011I Coriiwallis, thoui^h prcparingto extend his 
 coiu|iiests, iiurthwurdly, whs nut inattentive tu the 
 
 HISTORY or TIIR 
 
 •cRlirity of South Carolina. Itestdes the force at 
 (,'liarlesloii, he left a considerable body of troops, 
 under the comniaiid of lord KaH'dou. These weie 
 principally stationed >it Caniilen, from which cen- 
 tral sitiHilion they mixlil easily Im^ drawn forth to 
 defend the fronlieis, or to snppiess inmii lections. 
 To ficditate the intended operations, a^aiiisl North 
 (-.'arolina. .^^ljor (!i liu, with a detachment of about 
 thiee hundred men from Charleston, and a small 
 inaiine fotci', look possession of \V'ilmini>lon. 
 While these ari'aii|{emeiils were iiiakim.', the year 
 I'/SI coimneneed, with the fairest prospects to the 
 llritisli sovrninent. The arrival oftieneral I,es- 
 lie in Charleston, willi his late command in Vir- 
 ttiiiia, ^ave Karl Coriiwallis a decided superiority, 
 and enabled him to alleiiipi the reduction of North 
 Carolina, with a force sulhcient to bear down all 
 probable opposition. Arnnld was before him in 
 Viri;inia, while .Siiiith ('aiolina, in his rear, was 
 considered as completely subdued. His loidshij) 
 had much to hope, iiid little to fear. His admir- 
 ers tlatteied hiiii willi the expectation, that Ills 
 victory at Camden would prove but the dawn of ids 
 Kloiy ; and thai the events of tlie approachini: 
 campaii^n would imiiioii,ili/.e his name as the con- 
 i|ueror, at least of the soulheni stales. Whilst 
 lord Cornwalhs was indnliiim; these pleasiiii; pros- 
 pects, he received intelliaence, no less unwelcome 
 than iinexpecled, that Tarleton, his favourite of- 
 licer, in whom he placed the i;ieatest conlidence 
 instead ofdrlvin;; .Morcaii out of the country, was 
 completely defealeil l>y him. This siiiprised and 
 morlilied. but did not disconraije his lordship. He 
 hoped, by vii;ornus exertions, soon to obtain repa- 
 latioii for the I. He disastidiis event, and even to 
 recover what he had lost. With Ihe expectation 
 ofreiakini; ihi^ prisoners, captiiieil at tile (^ow- 
 peiis, and to olditeiate ihi^ impression made by the 
 issue of the late action at that place, his lordship 
 instantly deierniined on the pursuit of (ieneral 
 .^lor^'lill. who had moved oil' towards X'iri^inia with 
 his prisoners. 'JMit; movrments of the royal arinv, 
 ill ciioseipience oftliisdeiermin itlon, indnceiKien- 
 er.il (iieeiie iimnediately to retreat from Hicks's- 
 ciei'k, lest the liiitish, by ciossin;; the upper 
 sources of the I'edee, should (;et between him and 
 the dvtaul\'ii"iit, which was encniiibered with the 
 prisoners In this critical situation, (ieneial 
 (iieeiie left the main army, under the conimaiid 
 of (ieneral Himer, and rode l.'iO miles tliioiii;h the 
 country, to join the detachment under (ieneral 
 .Moi!;an; that he nilKht be in Iront of lord Curti- 
 wallls, and direct the uiotiiins of both divisions of 
 his army, so as to form a speedy jiiiiclion between 
 them. Immediately of the aclion, on the ITtli 
 olJaniiary, iMori^an sent on his prisoners under a 
 proper i;uaid ; and, haviiif; made every arraniie- 
 ineni in his power for their security, relreaied 
 with expedition. Nevertheless the ISiitish gained 
 Kidiind upon him. Mortfaii intended to cross the 
 luoniitains with his detachiiient and prisoners, that 
 he mi<;ht mine clfectiially seciiie the latter ; but 
 (ireene, on his arrival, ordered the prisoners to 
 Charlotteville, and directed the troops to (iiiilford 
 coml-hniise ; lu which place he had also orderi'd 
 (ieneral lluuer, lu proceed with the main army. 
 
 In this retreat, the Aiiiericans underwent hard- 
 ships almost incredible. Many of them performed 
 this iiiarcli without shoes, over fro/.eii i;iouii(l, 
 which so )<;ashed their naked feet, that thi'ir blood 
 marked every step of their pro;;ress. They were 
 sometimes without meal, often without Hour, and 
 always without spirituous lii|Uors. Tlieir march 
 led thruiiKli a barren country, which scarcely af- 
 furdeil necessaries for a few strai;i;liu); iuhabitanls. 
 In this severe season, also with very little clothing, 
 they were daily reduced to the necessity of liird- 
 iiij; deep creeks, and of rcmaiiiiiit; wet without any 
 clian<;e of clothes, lill the heat of their bodies, anil 
 occasional fires in the woods drieil their tattered 
 iai!s. To all these diHicultiesihey submitted, with- 
 out the loss of a single sentinel by desertion. Lurd 
 Coriiwallis reduced the ((uantity uf his own ba);- 
 Kasje ; and the example was followed by tlie of- 
 ficers under his coininund. Kvcry thing not ne- 
 
 cessary in nction, or In thn existence of ihn trnop* 
 was destroyed. No wagons were reserved, ex- 
 cept tlmse loaded with hospital stores, salt, and 
 aiiimiiiiitioii, and four empty ones for the use of 
 the sick. The royal army, eiicourai;ed by the 
 example of his lordship, snlimilled In every hard- 
 ship with cheeifnlnesK. Tlii'v beheld, without 
 mnrmurini;, their most valnalile ba<>L:ai:e destroy- 
 ed, and their spiiiiiions Inpiois staved, when tin y 
 were eiitermu on hard seivice, ami under eiriniii- 
 slances which precluded every pros|iecl of supply. 
 
 The llrilishhad iirKedlhe pursuit with so iiiin h 
 rapidity, that they reached lie' Catawba, on lliii 
 evenini' of the same day on wlili n their lleein^ ad- 
 versaries had crossed it. Ileforethii next uiorniii<{ 
 n heavy fall of mill made that liver impassable. 
 The Americans, conlident of Ihe justice of their 
 cause, considered this eveiil as an interposiiion of 
 I'rovidence in their favour. It is certain that, if 
 the rising of the river had taken place a few liouri 
 earlier, (ieneral .^toruan, with his whole detaidi- 
 iiient and ;"iOII prisoners, would have scarcely had 
 aiiv chance of escape. When the fiesli had sub- 
 sided, NO far as to leave the river fordable, a lai;;" 
 proportion of the kind's troops received orders to 
 be in reidiness to march at one o'clock in the 
 mornin;;. Keints had been made nf passim; at 
 several dill'erent fords; but the real attempt was 
 made oiithe 1st of Kebriiiry at a ford ni'ar .McCow- 
 aii's, the north banks of wiiiili were defended liv ii 
 small Kiiard of nidilia coimiiandeil by (ieneral Da- 
 vidson. The Itritish maichi'd ihroiiuh the river 
 iipwaids of live hundred yards wide, and about 
 three feet deep, snstaininij a constant lire from the 
 militia on the opposite bank without relurnini.: it 
 lill they had made (jood their passage. The liuhl 
 iiilantry and crenadier compiiiies, as soon as they 
 reached the land, dispersed the .\mericans. (ien- 
 eral Davidson, the brave leader of the latter, was 
 killed at the fust onset. The luiliiia throui;liout 
 the nei^liboiirinK settlements were dispirited, and 
 but few of them could lie persuaded to take or kee|i 
 the field. .\ small paily, which collected about 
 ten miles from the ford, was attacked and dispers- 
 ed by Liieittenant Colonel Taileton. All the fords 
 were abandoned, and the whole royal army crossed 
 over, without any fart her opposition. The passage 
 of the (,'atawba beiiiu eirecled, llie Americans con- 
 tinued to llee, ami the Itritish to pursuit The 
 former, by expedilioiis movcmenis, crossed llie 
 Vadkiii, partly in Hits, and partly by fordim:, on 
 Ihe second and third days of Kebruarv ; and se- 
 cured their boats on Ihe niiilli side, 'i'lioiinhtlie 
 Itritish were close in their tear, yet the want of 
 boats, and the rapid risiiii! of the river I'l pre- 
 ceding rains, made the crossins; impossible, 'i'liis 
 second hair-breadth escape was considered by the 
 Americyins as a firther evidence, that their cause 
 was favoured by heaven. That they, ill Iwo suc- 
 cessive instances should eirecl their passaue, 
 while their pursuers, only a tfW miles in their 
 rear, could not lollow, impressed the religious 
 people of that settleiiieiit with such sentiiiients of 
 devotion, iis added fresh viijour to tlieir exertions, 
 in irehalf of .'\merican iiidi'peinlence. 
 
 The Itritish, liaviiii> failed in their (irsi schenie 
 ol passinij the Vailkln, weie obli<:eil Io cross at thn 
 upper fords; but before this Wiis completed, the 
 two divisions of the .'\uieri>'an army made a June 
 lion at (iiidfoid coiiit-hoiise <m the seventh of i''eb 
 ruary. Though this had taken place, their emu 
 biiieil numbers were so interior to tin? Itriiish, that 
 (ieneral (tieenc could not with any propriety risk 
 an action. He therefore called a council of of- 
 ficers, who unanimously concurred in opinion, that 
 he ou<;lit to retire over the Dan, and to avoid an 
 encasement till he was reinliMced. fjoril ( 'orn- 
 walhs, knowing the inferiority of the American 
 force, conceived hopes, by gettini; between (ieneral 
 (ireene and Virginia, to cut liis retreat, inter- 
 cept his supplies and reinforcements, ami oblise 
 him to iii;ht under many disadvantaijes. With 
 this view, his lordship kept the upper country, 
 where only the rivers are fordable ; sitpposiui; 
 that his adversaries, from the want of a siiiriciuul 
 
UNITF.I) STATKH. 
 
 47.t 
 
 Nifiire of till! troc>|i<i 
 wern rcurrvi'il, ix- 
 ilil Htnict, mU, anil 
 unrH (i»r llir nM» nl' 
 i'iiriiiir;ii;ri| hy ilio 
 
 iiilli'il III rn'iy Irivil- 
 'V lirlli'lil, williiint 
 
 li' l);n:i:;ii:ii ilcsiniv- 
 
 H ■iliivril, wlii'ii till y 
 
 mill iiiiilcr I'iiriiin- 
 
 !■ |iriis|ii'rl iirsiiiiiily. 
 
 iir.'<nil Willi sii iiinrli 
 li'' <*;it;iivlt,'i, on t(ii) 
 
 ill II llii'ir lli'ciii); iiil- 
 III' lliii iii'XI liiiiriiiii^ 
 nil liviT i'ii|iii<s;ilili-. 
 
 till' jnstiri' 111' ilii'jr 
 H nil intcilinsiliiin iil' 
 
 It Is ci'i'l^iiii lli;il, ir 
 I'll plari- II li'w liiiiiri 
 
 I liM wliiili' ili'lai'li- 
 il liiive siiiii'i'ly liail 
 
 II Mil' I'li'sli liail ^iili- 
 'or riiriliilili", a laij;" 
 I ri'rrivi'il iiiiIpih Id 
 
 mil' ii'cliick ill ilii> 
 iiiailii lit' iiaHsJiii; at 
 II' real ail('iii|il ivih 
 aliiiil eii'ar MrCiiw- 
 I ivrit.' ili'lciiili'il liy a 
 iili'il by (ii'iii'ial |)n- 
 
 I tliriiiii:li till- liviT 
 Is Willi', anil aliiiiit 
 
 iiiislaiil till' iViiiii ilii- 
 vitliiiiil ri'liii'iiini; ii 
 lassai;!'. 'I'lii' liulil 
 lii'H, as siiiiii as tliry 
 Aiiii-ricans. (inii- 
 I'r of llii' laltcr, was 
 militia tliiiiiii;limit 
 vi'ri' ili<i|iiriliMl, anil 
 iili'il til lake iir kfrfi 
 ii'li <Milli'rli'il iiliiint 
 tarki'il and ilisjiris- 
 ii'liin. All till' liirils 
 ' nival army I'riissril 
 iliiiii. Till' |)assa<;i! 
 till" Aiiii'iirans rnn- 
 li to imisiii'. 'Pill! 
 mi'iils, i'missimI tin; 
 inly liy Ciinliiii;, on 
 Ki'liniarv ; ami si'- 
 siili". 'i'limis;li ilii! 
 ar, yi'l tlii' want of 
 till' liver f'liini pir- 
 ; iiii|>iissilili'. This 
 s (Minsidt'ri'il liv rill* 
 cr, lliiK llii'ir 1 aiisii 
 
 II lliry, ill Iwii siiu- 
 •I'l llirir |iassai;i', 
 I'i'W mill's in ihcir 
 ssi'il ihi' rrliiiimis 
 siirli si'iilimi'iits 111' 
 
 111 llii'ir t'xcrliiins, 
 iloiici'. 
 
 I llii'ir (list si'lirmo 
 li^t'il lo rriiss al lliii 
 as ciiiii|.'li'li'il, ilui 
 iiriiiy maili! a jiiiii' 
 the scvi'iillinr l''rli 
 I lilarii. llii'ir rum 
 
 III lliii llrilisli. iliiii 
 I any |irii|irii'ly risk 
 'il a ciiiinril iilnr- 
 rcil in opininn. thai 
 n, anil tii avniil an 
 itimI. fjoril Ciirn- 
 ' III' tlin Aiiicricaii 
 iiiliclwi't'ii (ii'iii'ral 
 his retiTal, iiiicr- 
 
 I'lminis. atiil iihlige 
 iilvaiitaijes. Willi 
 lie iipiiur ciiiinlry, 
 rdalilK ; sii|i|iiiH:ni! 
 'ant or a siiiriciuul 
 
 riiltnlirr nl' lliiis, cmilil nut iniiko pioil their I 
 tmssii[;ii ill till' ili'r|i v\iili'r lii'liiw, or in rasii nl' 
 iliiiir aili"iii|itiii;; it, lir i'X|iri'lril In n\i'rlaki' 
 iiial rmrii lliriil to iirlinu linliirn lliry ciiiiM 
 nnss. ill tills nxiii I'latlnii tin was iliTi'lvcil. 
 (Jriii'iiil (Ji'i'i'iii'i liy fTiiiiil liiaiiii;^i'mrnl, clii- 
 ili'ii Ills lnrilslii|i. Till' Uritlsli iirj;i'il llinir 
 |iiirsiiil. wllli sn miii'li ia|ilillly. tlial llir Aiiinrl- 
 ('aiilii;lil tl'nii|is wnrn (in tlir I llli ('niii{irlli'il In 
 rrliri' ii|i\varilsnr4U inilis. liy llii' iiinsi liuli'. 
 r.ili^alilii I'M'TliiiiiH ^cnrral ( i I'l'i'iir liinl lliat ilav 
 traiis|inili'il Ills army, iirlllli'i'V mnl lia^i;au'i'. 
 nvrr tin' rivrr IJiiii iiitn Vlri^inia. So lajilil 
 WIS iliii |iiir.siilt, iiiiil sn iiaiTiiw tin- i's('a|ii', llial 
 tin; vim nl'llii' |iiirdiiiiif; Itrltisli just urrlvi'il iis 
 till" rear of tlin Aliii'l'lrans liinl rrnssril. Tlin 
 iiai'iUlilliM iiirIiIIIIIimiIiIi'S, wIiIi'Ii till' inyal iiriiiy 
 
 liail iiinli'i'i;niii> in this inarrli, wnrc rxc ii'ii 
 
 liy tliii iiinrtilic.'ilioii, llial nil tlii'Irtnils iiiiil I'x- 
 rrtliins wnrn in nn |Mir|iiis('. I'liny cnnri'h I'll 
 il iirxt III iiii|iiissilili' tliat i^rnrral ( ii'i'rni' cniilil 
 ('sra|i(i, wllliniit, I'lTrivliif^ a lii'clslvn lilnw. 
 'I'lii'V llirri'liiri! iilii'i'rl'iilly siiliinltli'il In liilli- 
 ( nllli'S, nl' wliidi lliry wlin rfHiilr in ciillivnli'ij 
 (!niinlrli'.s c.iin liiriii im mli'ijiiati' ideas. Alini' 
 siiriiiniiiitiii^ inci'i'iillili' lianlsliijis, wlicii limy 
 iaiicli'il lliniiiselvi'S wlllilii f^l'iis|i nC tlii'ir ilijiTl, 
 tlii'V iHscnvcnMl tliiil nil tln.'li' lin|n',' wcrr 
 Llasii'il, 
 
 'I'lii' (^niitini'ntiil iii'iiiy lininj; ilriviii niif nt' 
 Nni'lli Oai'nlliia, curl ('nriiwiillis tliniii,'lil tlin 
 n]i|inrliiiilty ravniinilili' I'nr iissi'iiililln'; ilin Inv- 
 iilisls. Willi this vii'W hi' li'I'l tin' Dan, iinii 
 |ir I'di'il tn illllslini'niiLrli. On lii.s iirrival 
 
 tlirrn, lin nrurti'ii tin; kln^''s sliiinlaril 
 
 I' 
 
 ill- 
 
 lislii'il II priirlaniallnii, Inviliii;^' all Inviil siili- 
 ji'i'ls til n'|iair in it witli llii'li- anus iiml Inn 
 il lys prnvislnn, iiiiil iissiu'iii^ llii'iii nl'lils ri'iiil- 
 iiii'iis tn ennciir wllli tlii'iu in I'lli'rliial inrasiiri's 
 t'nr sn|i|i|-i'ssliii,' tlin i-rinaiiis nl' ri'lji'llinn, iinil 
 fill' till' rn-rslalilisliiiii'lil nl' ^jmicl niilnr anil rnn- 
 stlliiliniial ijnvi'rniiii'nt. Snnii atlrr llin kliiir's 
 slaiiiiaril was iTccti'd at lllll,sl)ni'nni;h, sniiir 
 liii III! rrdsnf till' iiilialillants null' Inin tin' Itrltisli 
 ('ain|i. Tliev si'i'ini'd In Im vitv ili'slrniis nl 
 [ii'ai'i', liiit avci'si' tn any rn-n|irratlnn I'm' prn- 
 rnriiif; it. Tiiny ackniiwli'dfii'd tlii' cnnlint'ii- 
 tals wiTi' rimsfd niitnl'lln' |ii'nvliM'i', Init I'X- 
 pn'sscd llii'ir aiipi'i'liriisiniis that llicy wniild 
 sunn ri'tiini, and nn tin' wlinli' ili'rlini'il tn taUn 
 buy drcidi.'d |iarl in iicaiisi,' wliirli yet appi'iir- 
 ed daiii^i'i-oiis. NntwillislainlliiLr llm inilllli'i-- 
 I'nci! nr tlinidity nt' llin Inyalists near liills- 
 linrniij;;li, Inrd ('nniwallls Imped I'nr siilistaiitlal 
 aid rrniii the Inhaliilanls lietweeii Maw and 
 Deep I'ivor. ] fi; thiTeliii-e delaehed lienlen- 
 iiiil cnlnnel Tarletnn with 'li'iO men, In (^ive 
 rniinlenance tn the rriends nf rnyal f,'nvermiieiit 
 III that district, (ii'i'ene lieiii^ int'iirined thiit 
 many of the inhaliitaiils had Jnlned his !nnlslil|), 
 and that they were repairinij; in j^reat iiiiiiiliers 
 tn liiaUe their snliiiiissinn, was ap|irelmii,slve 
 that unless soiiio .s|)ii'iled measure was iniine- 
 dlately taken, the wlinle cniintry wniild ho Inst 
 to till! Anieric.iiis. He therefnre concluded, 
 nt every liazanl, to rocioss the Dan. This was 
 done hy the lli;ht trnnps, and these on the next 
 day were fnllnwed liy the main liody accniii- 
 panied with a liri^ade of Viririiiia militia. Im- 
 mediately after the return of the Americans to 
 North-(jarollna, some of their li-^ht trnnps, 
 cominandi.'d hy general I'iekens and lieutenant 
 3ol(inel Lee, were detached in ]mrsiiitof Tarh.'- 
 ton, who had lieen smit to encourage the in- 
 surrection of thu lo^'alista. Three hundred 
 and fifty of llieao tones, commaaidcJ by colo- 
 
 tii'l I'yie, when on ihelr way tn jnlii the 
 llritish, fell in with this llL;lit Aiiierlrim party, 
 and llllslnnk llirlll I'nr the rnyal delai'lilni'lll 
 sriitliir their siippnil. 'I'lm Aiiierlciiiisallaik- 
 eil ihein, laliniiriii!^' under lliis mistake. In (.;reiit 
 adviinla;,'i'. Mini cut llieiii down as limy were 
 eryiii!; nut. "(ind save the kin^'," and ma 
 kiiii,' prnlenlalinns nf their Inyaltv. Natives nf 
 llie Iil ill.-h enlnnms whn were nt this rharaeter, 
 iiinre rarely fniind iiii'rry than I'Jiirnpean snl- 
 illers. 'I'liey were ennsldered hy the wlii;^' 
 Americans ns lieiiii^' cowards, whn nut nnly 
 wanted »pirlt tn defend their I'niistltntiniial 
 ri;,dils, hut whn iiiinaliirally cn-nperiited with 
 slraii;_'ers in (ixliii,' the chains nf tnreifiii dniii- 
 inalinii nn lliemselves and cmintrymen. Many 
 nl'tlmni nil this nccasinii sulli'red the extreinlly 
 nf mllllary vengeance. Tarletnn was refresh- 
 ing his leginii, iihniit a mile frnin this scene nf 
 sliiiighter. Iipiiii hearing the alarm he re- 
 crnssed the Haw and returned tn lllllslinrniigh. 
 On his retreat he cut down .several nf the rnv- 
 allsls, as they were advancing In jniii the Hrit- 
 ish army, mistaking lln iii I'nr the rehel mllirlii 
 nf the cniintry. These events, tngether with 
 llm reliiru nf the .\iiieilciin army, nverset all 
 the schemes nf Inrd ('nriiwalllM. The lide nf 
 piililic si'iillinent was nn lunger in his liivniir. 
 The recriiltin(.rservice III hehalfnl'thernyiil army 
 wasentiri ly sinppeil. The alisencenf the Amer- 
 ican aiiiiy, fur niie fnrtiiif^ht lunger, ini;;hf have 
 turned the scale. The advnciites I'nr rnyal 
 ^ivernment lieing dlscniiniged hy these nil- 
 verse acciileiits, and lieliii,' iilsn Ltelierally deli- 
 I'ieiit ill that ardent -/.eiil which characterised 
 the patriots, cnnid lint he induced tn act with 
 cinlideiK'e. They were sn dispersed iiver a 
 large extent of a thinly sellled cniintry, that II 
 was dilllcnll liihrlngthemtniinile iniiny cnmmnii 
 plan. They had nn .'^iiperiiilending Cnngress 
 In give syslem nr cniicert tn their schemes. 
 While each Utile district pursued scpariite 
 ineasiires, all were nhliged tn siihmit tn the 
 .American gnveriimenls. Xiimhers nf them, 
 whn were nn their way tn jniii Inrd Coriiwal- 
 lis, .struck with terrnr at the unexpected re- 
 turn nf the American army, and with the 
 unhappy file of thi.'lr hreihreii, went linine tn 
 wait events. Their piiliiy WH-s nf that timid 
 kind, which dlspnsed tiiein tn he tiinre atten- 
 tive tn persnnal safi'ly, lliaii tn the success of 
 eliher army. 
 
 Tlinii;_di general (Ireene had recrnssed, his 
 plan was nut In venture upnn an linmediale ac- 
 tlnn, hut tn keep alive the murage nf his par 
 ly — In ilepress that nf the Inyailsis, and tn har- 
 rasM the foragers and detachmeiils nf the liril 
 ish, till reinfnrcements slinuld arrive. W'hili 
 (ireene was unei|ual even tn defensive npera- 
 tiniis, he lay seven days \\ illiiii ten miles nf 
 Cnniwallis' ciimp, hiit took a new |insitiiin 
 every night, and kc; ' 'l a ]irnliiund secret 
 where the next wa' :■ 'a . Uv such freipienl 
 mnvements, lord Coriiuullis could not gain in- 
 telligence of his situation in time tn prnlit hy it. 
 He maniiiiivred in this manner tn avnld an ac- 
 tinn, t'nr three weeks, during which time he 
 was nf'teu nhliged tn ask hread from the cnm- 
 moii snldlei.s, having iinne nf his own. J?y 
 the end of that period, two hrigades nf militia 
 frnm North-Carolina, and one from Virginia, 
 together wllli fnur hundred regulars niised for 
 eighteen innnths, jnined his army, and gave 
 him a superiority ofiiumhcrs. Ho therefnre 
 dotcrmincd no loneer to avoid an cngngrment. 
 Lord Cornwallis Having sought for this, no 
 
 longer delay tnnk placi' on either nide. The 
 American army cniisisled ef aim.' I I'lO men 
 nf which mine than nne half were mllltlii. 
 The Itrlllsh nf llhnllt :.' I(l(l,cliielly Irnnps ernwil 
 vi'teraii in vlclniles. The fmiiier was drawn 
 up in three lines. The i'lnnt cniiipiised nf 
 Nnrlli-Ciirnlina inililla, ihe 'eciilid nf \'lrginla 
 militia, the lliiril and last nt ciintlnenlal trnnps, 
 ciimmaiided hy neiieriil II iiijerand cnlnnel W II- 
 llams. .'Mierii liriskcannnnailein ti'onl I lie I'liitish 
 ail VII need Inlhree cnhimns. The I le-.-ians nn ihe 
 riL;ht.thegiiards|n I he cent re, a ml I leuleniint cnl- 
 nnel Welisler'shrigade nnlhe left, and at lacked 
 the frnnf line. Tills i,'ave way when llielr adver- 
 saries were at the dlstaiice nf I III yards, and 
 was nccasiiiiii'd iiy tiie inisi'iindiict nfa cnlnnel, 
 whn on the advance of the enemy, called nut In 
 an nllicer at sieiie dlHlance "liiiil he wniild lie 
 surrnunded." 'I'iie alarm was siillii ieiil : 
 wllhniit inipiiring liiln tlie prnlialiillly cf wliiit 
 
 had 1 n injuillclnusly su;.'gesteil, llie militia 
 
 precipiliilely ipillled the field : As nne good 
 
 nllicer may sntnetlmes mend llie liii fiilliiirs, 
 
 sn the misciiiiduct nfa had nne may iiijiin? a 
 wiinle army. I'ntrained men when nn the 
 lield are siinlliir tn each nlimr. The dllli'ieneo 
 nf tiielr cnndiict depends much nii incidentiil 
 circumstances, iind nn nnne more tlian the 
 inaniier nf tiieir heiiig led nn, and the ipiiillty 
 nf the oHlcers hy w iiniii tiiey are cninmaiided. 
 T!ie N'irginia mllllia flnnij their frrniind, anil 
 kept lip tlieir tire till tiny were oidered to 
 retreat, (ielieral Stevens, liieir cnnimaiider, 
 iiiiil pnsted 'ID rilleman at i'i|iiai dislance.<<, 
 twenty paces in the rear nf liis hrigade, with 
 nrilers In sliiint every man who should leave 
 his pnsl. That lirave nllicer, liiniigli wniinded 
 thrniieh the tiiluli, did nnl ipiil tlm lield. The 
 contiiienlal trnnps, were last engaged, and 
 m.'.ililalneil llie innlliit with great spirit I'nr an 
 linnr and a half. i\\ length the discipline nf 
 veteran trnnps eaiiii'd the day. I hey hroko 
 till' second .Maryland hrigade, turned the 
 American left think, and gnl in reiirnftim V'ir 
 j.'lnla hrigade. They appeared tn he gaiiiin|T 
 < ireene's right, which wmild have encircled the 
 whnle nf the continental Irnnps, a retreat was 
 therefnre nrdered. This was made in gnnd 
 nriler, and nn farther than ever llie reedy fnrk, 
 a ilislaiice nf ahniit three miles, (ireene hal- 
 ted tiiere and drew up till he had cnllecteil 
 must nf the strag^'lers, and then retired In 
 Speedwell's linn wiirks, ten miles dislant frnm 
 (inilfnrd. The Americans Inst I pieces nfar- 
 lillerv and twn amtniinltlnn wiignns. 'J'ho 
 viitnry cost the lirllisii dear. 'J'heir killed 
 ami wniinded aiimniiled In several liutidreds. 
 The guards Inst cnlnnel Stuart and three cap- 
 tains liesldes siihallerns. "nlnnel Welister, an 
 ntlicernfdirlingiiisiieil merit, died nf Ills wniiiids 
 tn till' irreat regret nf the whnle rnyal a;my. 
 (lenerals O'Hara and Hnwaril.aiid lieutenant 
 cnlnnel 'J'arleinn, were wnunded. Ahniit .'iOO 
 nf the cniitinontals, and one hundred of the 
 Virginia niililia, were killed or wnundeil. 
 Among the former was riiajnr Anderson nf llm 
 Maryland line, a nmsl ^,lluallle nllicer, nf llie 
 latter were generals Hiiger and Stevens. 'J'he 
 early retreat nf the Nonii-Carnllnlans Favcd 
 them from much loss. The American army 
 sustained a great diminution, hy the inimernii." 
 fu"itive.s whn iiutead nfrejnining the ramp 
 went to tiicir hnmes. Lnril fViriiwallis suf- 
 fered so much tliat he was in no condition to 
 improve the advantages he had gained. Thn 
 Bntiah had only the name the Americans, aU 
 
HISTORY OF THF, 
 
 
 476 
 
 tln! (Tooil rfiiiKi'i|iiri.<«'g i(f II victory. Onnnnil I ntulo, Siinitor wnH j :)wci('iillv siippcirtcd liy 
 
 ooloMcls Nicl, Lncy, Hill, \Viiic, Uriillori, 
 ISi'uiiildii, 1111(1 (ilht'i'M.ciu li (iI'n\Iiiiiii Ih'M riiililiii 
 fonirriissiorid, nnil liiid iiiiiny liii'iids. In tlir 
 niiitli-castcrn extremity, Miirioii received in 
 liki' niiiiiner fjreiit nssiMtiinre from the netive 
 exertinna (if coloiieln I'eler Horry, and Hii|,'li 
 Horry, lieiiteniiiit eolonel ,101111 Uiixter, rolonel 
 .Tiinies J'oslell, iniijor Juliii I'ostell, uiid miijor 
 Joliii .lutnes. 
 
 The inhnhitnnts, either ns nd'eelion or vicini- 
 ty induced them, arranged themselves under 
 mime oCihe militia oflirers and performed many 
 piillant enlerprizes. These singly were of too 
 little coiiseqiience to merit a particular reliition, 
 hut in general they disjihiyed tlie determined 
 spirit of the people and emharrassed the Brit- 
 ish. One rn which major .John Postell com- 
 manded mny serve as an illustration of the 
 spirit of the times, and particularly of the in- 
 difl'erence for pro])rrty which then prevailed. 
 C"a])tain James de I'eyster of the royal army, 
 with 2f> grenadiers, having taken po.st in the 
 house of the miijor's father, the major posted 
 his small command of 21 militia men, in such 
 positions as commanded its doors, and ileman- 
 ded their surrender. This lieing refused, he 
 set fire to an out-lioiise, and was proceeding to 
 hurn that in which they were ))ostcd, and noili- 
 ilig hut the immediate suhmission of tlie \vl 
 ]iarty restrained him from smriticingliis futlier'H 
 valinilile property, to gain an advantage to his 
 country. 
 
 While lord Cornwallis was preparing to in- 
 vade Virginia, general (Jreene determined to 
 re-commence otU'iisive rnililiiry operations in 
 'the soulhern extreme of the confedeiarv, in 
 
 Oreeiie retrr-ulcd, and lord Cnrnwallis kejil the 
 field, liut nolliwitlislandiiig the Kritish inlerest 
 ill Nortli-Curolina was from that day ruined. 
 Soon al'li'rihis action, lord Cornwallis issued u 
 jiroclatnalicui setting forth his complele victory, | 
 and calling on all loyal siilijects to stand forth, and | 
 take an active part in restoring onleran<l good 
 govenirnent,anclofl'eringa])ai<lonandprolectioii 
 to all rithels, murderers exceiited, wlio would 
 BurrenJer themselves on or hefore the 20th of 
 April. On the nextdiiy after this proclamation 
 WttB issued, his lordship left his hospital and TTi 
 wounded men, with tlie numerous loyalists in 
 tho vicinity, and began a inarch towards Wil- 
 niington, which had tlie appearance of a re- 
 treat. ISlnjor Craig, who fiu- the purposes of 
 co-operating with his lordship, hud been sta- 
 tioned at Wilmington, was not aide to open a 
 water communication with tho Hritish army 
 while they were in tho upper country. The 
 distance, the narrowness of (^a])e-Fear river, the 
 commanding elevation of its hanks, and the 
 hostile sentiments of the inhahitanta on racli 
 side of it, forhade the attempt. The destitute 
 cimditionof the British army, made it necessary 
 to goto these supplies, which for these reasons 
 cuuld not he brought to them. 
 
 Cteneral Greene no sooner received infor- 
 mation of this movenieiit of lord Cornwallis, 
 than lie jnit his uriny in motion to follow hlni. 
 As he had no means of providing for tin; 
 wounded, of his own and the British forces, he 
 wrote a letter to the neighboring inhabitants of 
 the Quaker persuasion, in which lie mentioned 
 his being brought up a Quaker, and urged 
 them to take care of the wounded on both sides. 
 His recommendations prevailed, and the ] preference to pursuing his lordship into Vir- 
 Quakers sujiplied tlie hospitals with every ginia. (leneral Sumter, wlm had warmly ur- 
 conifortin their jiower. ged this measure, was abnutjhis time uuthori- 
 
 The Americans continued the pursuit of : zed to raise n slale brigade, to be in service for 
 Cornwallis till they had arrived at Humsay's eighteen months. He hud also prejiared the 
 niill on Deep river, but for good reasons do- tnilitia to co-operate with the returning conti 
 sisled from fullnwing him any farther. 
 
 Lord Cornwallis halted and refi>>slied his 
 nriny iiu- about three week-^ at Wilmington, 
 and then marched across the country to Peters- 
 burg in Virginia. IJelore it was known that 
 his lordshij) had determined outliis movement, 
 the bold resolution of returning to South-Car- 
 olina was formed by general Ctreeno. This ani- 
 mated llie friends oi'Congress in that (piarter. 
 TIad the American army followed his lordship, 
 the, southern states would have conceived them- 
 selves conquered ; fortheirhopesand fears jirc- 
 
 plaiii, covere<l on the soiilii iiml eu»t sides by 
 the Wiileree and a rnik, llie v eflerii and 
 norlhei'ii bv six ii'dnubls. Il wiisdeliiided by 
 (U'd Itiiwdon with abimt !)(J(I men. 'I'lie 
 Americiin army, conNi^ling only of about an 
 eipial number of conlinenlals, niid l.clween I'Ao 
 and three hundi'cd mililia, w;is uiiei{iiiil to the 
 task of carrying this ]iost by storm, or of com- 
 pletely invesling it. (n neral (Jieeiie iheieliiie 
 look a good position iibou: a mile distant, in 
 xpeclallon of alluring the garrison out ollheir 
 ines. Lord liawdon armed his wlioli' force, 
 and with great spirit sallied on the S.Oth. An 
 ngngement ensued. Victory for some lime 
 evidently inclined to the Atueri<ans, but in the 
 progress ol' the action, the premiiliire retreiil of 
 two compaiiies evi'ninally occasioned the de- 
 feat of the whole / i army. Greene 
 with his usual Hrnim n.iy tookmeosures 
 to jireveiit lord lla«.. .. irom imjU'oving ihe 
 success he had obtained. He lelri'iiled with 
 such Older that most of his wounded and all 
 his urtillerv, together with a number of prison- 
 ers, were carried otl. The Ibilish retired to 
 Camden, and llii' Americans encamped iibout 
 five miles from llieir Ibrmer |iosition. Their 
 loss was between two and three hundred. 
 Soon aflerlhis action general Greene, know- 
 ing that the JJrilisli garrison i uuld not subsist 
 long in Camden wilhmit fresh supplies from 
 Charleston <u' the country, took sucli iiosllions 
 as were most likely to iirevent their gelling any. 
 Lord I'll" t don received a reinforcelneni of t 
 or TiOO men by the arrival of colonel AV'atson 
 from Pedee. With this increase of strength, 
 lie attempted on the next day to comj)el gen- 
 era' Greene to anotlier action, hut found il to 
 be im|)racticable. Failing in this design he 
 returned to Cumden ur ' burned the jail, ml 
 
 Though lord Cornwallis marched through 
 Ninth-Carolina to Virginia, yet as the Ameri- 
 can army returned to South Carolina, the people 
 considered that movement oi'his lordship in the 
 light of a retreat. 
 
 While the two armies were in North-Caroli- 
 na the whig inhabitants of South-Carolina were 
 animated by the gallant exertions of Sumter 
 and Marion. These distinguished parlizans, 
 while surrounded with enemies, kept the field. 
 Though the continental army was driven into 
 Virginia, they did not despair of the common- 
 wealth. Having mounted their followers, 
 their motions were ra])id, and tlieir attacks un- 
 expected. With their light troo])s they inter- 
 cepted the Britsh convoys of provisions, infes- 
 ted their out-posts, beat up their quarters, and 
 liarrassed their detachments with such frequent 
 alarms, that they were obliged to be always on 
 their guard. In the western extremity cftbe 
 
 nentals. With these liitces an oll'ensive warwas 
 re-commenced in South-Carolina, und prose- 
 cuted with spirit and success. 
 
 Before Greene set out on his march for Caro- 
 bna, he sent orders to general Pickens, to pre- 
 vent supplies from going to the British garri- 
 sons at Ninety-Six, and Augusta, and also de- 
 tached lieutenant colonel Lee to advance be- 
 fore the continental troops. Tho hitler in 
 eight days penetrated through the intermediate 
 country to general Marion's qiinrters upon the 
 Santee. The main army, in u few more days, 
 vailed just as the armies marched nortliorsoutli. I completed their march from Deep river'to 
 
 Camden. Tho British had erected a chain of 
 posts from tho capital to tho extreme districts 
 of the state, whicli had regular communications 
 with each other. Lord Cornwallis being gone 
 to Virginia, these became objects of ei:ter])rize 
 to the Americans. While general Greene 
 was marching with his main force against 
 Camden, fort Watson, which lay between 
 Camden and Charleston, was invested by gen- 
 eral Marion and lieutenant colonel Lee. The 
 besiegers speedily erected o work '.vhicli 
 overlooked the fort, though that was built on 
 an Indian mount upwards of 30 feet high, from 
 which they fired into it with such e.xecution 
 that the besieged durst not sliow themselves. 
 Under these circumstances the garrison, con- 
 sisting of 114 men, surrendered by capitu- 
 lation. 
 
 Camden, before which tbe main American 
 army was encamped, is a village situated on o 
 
 many private houses 
 own baggage. He 
 and retired to the s 
 lordship discovered us 
 cuiiling Camden, as he 
 its defence. The fall 
 
 u great di-al ihI' his 
 
 •vaciiiiled the post, 
 
 1 of Sanleo. Ilia 
 
 . . .1 h pnidenci; in eva- 
 
 liiid shown bravery in 
 
 if Fort Watson broke 
 
 the chain of communlcallon with Cliarleslon, 
 and the position of the American arms, in a 
 great measure intercepted sujijilies from tho 
 adjacent country. The British in Soiiih-Cuio- 
 lina, now cut from all communicallon with 
 lord Cornwallis, would have hazarded the cap- 
 ital, by keeping large deliichments in their 
 distant out-])osls. 'Jhey iherefore ri solved to 
 contract their limits by retiring within the Sun- 
 lee. This measure animated the friends of 
 Congress in the extremities of the stale, ami 
 disposed ihem to co-o]ierate with the Amerleun 
 army. While Greene lay in llio neigliborliood 
 of Cumden, he hung in one day eight soldiers, 
 who hud deserted from his army. This hud 
 such eflect afterwards that there was no deser- 
 tion for three months. On the day after the 
 evacuation of Camden, the post at Orangeburg, 
 consisting of 70 British militia and 12 regulars, 
 surrendered to general Sumter. On the next 
 day Forte Motto capitulated. This was situa- 
 ted above tin; fork on the south side of tho 
 Congaree. The British had built their works 
 round Mrs. Motto's dwelling-house. She with 
 great cheerfulness furnished the Americans 
 with materials for firing her own house. 
 Those being thrown by them on its roof soon 
 kindled into flame. 'The firing of the house, 
 which was in the centre of the British works, 
 compelled the garrison, consisting of 166 men, 
 to surrender at discreiion. 
 
UNITED STATF.n 
 
 477 
 
 111 two (iiiyii ninru the ISritixh uvncunteil llifir 
 post nt Nclsoii'rt tl^rrv, ntul (Icstni^cd n pri'ul 
 iiurt III' ilicir sinicH. On tin' iliiy rcillnwinj^, 
 lint (ii'iiiiliy, Kurrisdiird liy .'iri!i men, iiKwlly 
 riiyii tiiililia, surii'iiiliTi'iJ to Urutrimnt rfiloiicl 
 l,(i('. Vrry mlviiiilii[;('()\ia l< rum wcii- pivcn 
 tlii'in, from an iiiiprclicnsion tliiit lord Jtiiwdon 
 Wiis miir<'hin(^ to tlieir riMii'f, 
 
 'I'lu'lr hn^;f,'iig<! wiis Hrciircd, in wliich was 
 incliidi'd III! iTiiincnsi! qmintlty ornlundcr. The 
 Anicriciin niililiiry wen- rniirli di!if;ii>li'd at tlio 
 ti'rins allowi'd tlio piirrlson, and dl!'rovi'ri'<l a 
 di«|.o, ition to lirriik tlic capitulation and kill llio 
 prii<oiHMH J lint (iicrno rrstrniiird llicm, liydn- 
 clai'iiij^ in tlio most pivri'mptory innnner, tlint 
 111) would instantly put to iliMitli any oiio wlio 
 should otliu' violcnci! to lliosr, wlio, liy (turrcn- 
 diuinij, wi'i'c undiu' liis protcrtion. 
 
 (iiMicial Marion \vitlia|iarly ol'niilitia, ninr- 
 rliPil about tliia liiiio to (irorijfctown, and he- 
 can ri'pnlar approac:hfs aj^ainst tlio Hrilish post 
 111 ihiit place. On tlu; first nif^ht ai'ti^r his men 
 had liidkiui pronnd, lhi:ir ailvorsarica t'Vacua- 
 ti'd tlii'ir works, and rutrralcd to Charleston; 
 sliorlly after, ono Maeson, an inhahitnnt of 
 .Soiitli-('arolina, who had Joined the Uritish, 
 appeared in an armed vessel, and demanded 
 permission to land his nien in the town. This 
 liclnj^ refiused, he sent a f(!W of (hem asliore 
 and set Urn to it. Upwards of forty houses 
 were speedly redur.i'd to ashes. 
 
 In the rapid miinncrjust related, the nritish 
 lost six posts, and aliaiidoned all tli(.' north-eas- 
 tern extremities of South-f'arolitia. They still 
 retained possession of Auf^ustaand Xinety-Six, 
 in aildilion to their posts near the sea coast. 
 Imniediatcdy afterlhesiirrender of fort (Iraiiliy, 
 lieutenant colonel Lee hetjaii his march for Au- 
 gusta, and in four d.ays completed it. 
 
 The JJritish post at Silvor-Hlun", with a field 
 pieri! and coiisideralile stores, surrendered to a 
 di.'tachment of Iice's legion coinnian<l(^l hy 
 raptiiin lludolph. Leo on his arrival at Aii- 
 frustu joined Pickens, who with a liiuly of mili- 
 lia had for some time past taken post in the vi- 
 cinity. They jointly carried on their approa- 
 ches against fort Cornwallis nt Au^nista, in 
 which colonel Brown commanded. Two 
 hiilteries were erected within 30 yards of the 
 parapet, which overlooked the fort. From 
 those eminences the American rillemen sliut 
 into tiie inside of the works with success 
 The garrison linried themselves in a great men 
 sure under grounil, and olislinately refused to 
 capit\ilate, till the necessity was so pressing 
 that every man who attempted to fire on th 
 liesiegers, was immediately shot down. At 
 li?iigth when farther resistance wouhl liavc 
 heen madness, the fort with aliout 300 men snr 
 rendered, on lnir,oralile terms of ca|)itulntion 
 The Americans during the siege had aliout for- 
 ty men killed and wounded. After the sur 
 render, licut. colonel (Jrierson of the Ilritisli 
 iTiilitia, was shot by the Americans. A re 
 ward of 100 guineas was ofiV-red, but in vain, 
 for the perpetrator of the perfidious deed. 
 Lieutenant colonel Brown, wouhl probably 
 have shared the same fate, had not his conquer- 
 ors furnished him with an escort to the royal gar- 
 rison ill Savannah. Individuals whose pas- 
 sions were inflamed by injuries, and exaspera- 
 ted with personal animosity, were ensjer to 
 gratify rev(uige in violation of tlie laws of war. 
 Murders had produced murders. Plundering, 
 ass:iHsinations, nrd house linrnin^'s, had become 
 couiinon. Zeal for the king or the ('onvicss 
 
 were the ostonsihle tnollvesof action ; liut in se- 
 verolof both sides, iho love of [ilumler, privnti* 
 piipie, iind a saviiL;i ncss of disposili' 'i, h'd to ac- 
 tions which \\ ere disgraceful to liuiii.m nature. 
 Such was the state of parties in the vicinity ot 
 Snvafiiiiili ii\er, and «iuh the exasperation i ! 
 whigs against tories, and of tories, against 
 whigs ; and so < inch liad they sufl'ered from 
 and inflicled on each oilier, thnt tha laws of 
 war, and the precepts of humanity, iilVor.led 
 but a feeble security for the observance of ca- 
 pitulations on either side. Thi> American odi- 
 cers exerted themselves to procure to their 
 prisoners that safety which many <if the inhab- 
 itants, iiilluenced by ii rcmenibrance of the 
 futlyrings of themselves, and of their friends, 
 were unwilling to allow them, 
 
 While operations were carrying on against 
 
 the smull posts, Greeiu; pror (led with his 
 
 main army nnd laid siege to Ninety-Six, in 
 which lieutenunt colonel Cruger, with iqiwnrds 
 f !"){)() miui, was advantageously posted. On 
 the left of the besieg-rs was a work erected in 
 the form of a star. On the right was a strong 
 blockade fort, with two block liouses in it. 
 The town was also picipii'tled in with strong 
 picquets, and surrounded with a ditch, and a 
 liauk, near the height of n common ])arai .t. 
 The besiegers were more numiu'ous than the 
 besieg( (I, but the disjiarity was not great. 
 
 Till' siege was jirosecuted with indefatiga- 
 ble industry. The garrison deti'iided them- 
 selves with s|)irit nnd address. On the morn- 
 ing after th(^ siege began, a Jiarty sallied from 
 th(; garrison, and drovi- the advance of the be- 
 siegers from their works. The next night, 
 two strong block batteries were erected nt 
 ill' distance of y.'iO yards. Another battery 20 
 I' • t high, was erected within 220 yards, and 
 -joon after a fourth ono was erected within 100 
 yards of the main fort, and lastly, a rifle bat 
 t(M-y was erected 30 feet high, within 30 yards 
 of th(! ditch ; from all of which tin; besiegers 
 fired into the I>ritish works. The abbatis was 
 turned, and a mine and two trendies were so 
 far extended, as to be within six ieet of the 
 ditch. At that interesting moment, intelligence 
 was conveyed into the garrison, that lord Haw- 
 don was near at hand, with about 2000 men for 
 their relief. 'J'hese had arrived in Charleston 
 from Ireland after the siege began, and were 
 inarched fiirNinety-Six,on the seventh day after 
 they landed. In these circumstances, gen- 
 eral Greene had no alternative but to raise the 
 seige, or att(Mnpt the reduction of the jilace by 
 assault. The latter was attempted. Though 
 the assailants displayed great resolution, they 
 l"ailed of success. On this gen. (ireene raised 
 the siege, and retreat(?d over Saluila. His loss 
 in the nssault and jirevious conflicts was about 
 150 men. Lieutenant colonel Cruger deser- 
 vedly gained great reputation by this succes^j- 
 fnl defence. He was particularly indebted to 
 major Greene,who had bravely and judiciously 
 defended that redoubt, for the reduction of 
 which, the greatest exertions had been made. 
 Truly distressing was the situation of tlie 
 American army. When lliey were nearly 
 masters of the whole country, they were com- 
 |;'>lled to seek safety by retreating to its tit- 
 most extremity. In this gloomy situation 
 Greene was advised to retire with liis remain- 
 ing force to Virginia. To susgestions of this 
 hind he nobly re]ilii'd, "I will recover South- 
 Carolina, or die in the ntti'iupt." This distin- 
 
 in those ptriloiisexIrcinilicK when feeble niind* 
 nhaiidnni d theni'^i-h es to despair, ailopted llio 
 only expedient now lefl him, that ofiiMiiiliiir nit 
 eni' iLreimviit till ilic liriiinh force ■.lionid be ili- 
 V ■' Lord Itnwdon, who by r.ipid iiMiirheg 
 
 near Ninety-Six ntllie tine of the- as.-iiilt. 
 
 pursued tlleAlnericansa^ til ra'^ I he l';noieeri\ cj'; 
 but without overtiikins the 
 
 Desisting from 
 this fruitlc->n pursuit 1 e diew oil' a part of hi« 
 fon-< lioni Ninel^-.Six, nnd lived a (letacliniei,t 
 III the Congaree. General < i i i-ciie, on hearing 
 that the British force wiisdnided, faci-d about 
 to give them battle. Lord Kawihui, no lesii 
 surpri/e,l than alarmed at this unexpecled 
 movement of his lalely retreating foe, abiinihui 
 ed the Congaree in two days after he had reach 
 t, nnd marched to Oiaiigebiirgh. (iineral 
 (ireene in his turn pursued and ofii'ii il him 
 battle. His lordship wiuild not ventiiri" out, 
 and his adversary was too weak to attack him 
 in his encamimient, with any ]iros[pcct o( 
 success. 
 
 Beasons similar to those! which induced the 
 British to evacuate Camden, weighed with 
 them iiboiit this time, to withdraw their troops 
 from Ninety-Six. Whih' the Ami'rican arniv 
 lay . arOrangi'burgh, lieutenant colonel ( 'ruMur 
 ha ing evacuated the Jiost he had Lrallantly <!e- 
 feni 'd. was marching with the troops oi' that 
 gar: ;s(ii . ■lirough the forks of Edislo, to join 
 lord Kawdon at Oraiigebnrgh. (Jeneial 
 Greene being unable to ju'eveiit iheirjuiictinn, 
 and still less so to stand before their combined 
 force, retired to ihi^hiixli hills ol'.'^antr-e. The 
 evacuation of Camden having been ellecled by 
 striking at the posts below it, the same nian- 
 a-uvre was now attempted to induce the Brit- 
 ish to leave Orangebiirgh. With this view, 
 gi'neral Sumter and Marion, with llii'ir briL'ades, 
 and the legion cavalry, were detached to 
 Monk's corner and Dorchester. They movcil 
 down difl'erent roads, and coiumenced separate 
 and successful attacks, on convovs and deliich- 
 meiits in the vicinity of Charleston. In this 
 manner was the war carried on. While the 
 British kept their forces compact they could not 
 cover the country, and the American generiil 
 had the prudence to avoid fighting. When 
 they divided their army, their detachnients 
 were attacked and defeated. M'hili^ they were 
 in the u[rp)er country, li^iht parties of Ameri- 
 cans annoyed their small posts in the lower set- 
 tlements. Till! people soon found that the late 
 conquerors were not able to nniird them their 
 promised iirotection. The spirit of revolt be- 
 calms general, and the royal interest declined 
 daily. 
 
 The British having evacuated all their posts 
 to the northward of Santee and Congaree, and 
 tothewestwnrd of Kdistoconceived tliemsclves 
 able to hfild all that fertile country which is in a. 
 great measure enclosed by these rivers. They 
 therefore once more resumed their station, near 
 the junction of the Waterre and Congaree 
 This induced general Greene to concert far 
 iher measures fiir forcing them down towards 
 Charleston. He therefore crossed the Watireo 
 and Congaree, nnd cnllecti'd his whole forc(> 
 on the south side of the latter, intending to net 
 ofTensively. On his approach the British re- 
 tired about 40 miles nearer Charleston, nnd 
 took post at the Eiitaw springs. General 
 Greene advanced with 2OO0 men, to attack 
 lliein in their encam]Uiieiit at this place. His 
 tciii-e was ilrawn up iu two lines; The first 
 
 -'1 I 
 
 ruisliedoirieer, whose genius was most vigorous was composed of militia, and the second of 
 
478 
 
 HISTORY OFTHE 
 
 cor.tinoiitul troops. As tho Americans a.lvan- 
 I'cd they i'oll in with two parties of the Britisli, 
 llirt'u or four lu'ies a head of tliclr main army. 
 These Ijeinij Irisltly attacked soon retired. 
 The militia continued to pursue and fire, till 
 the action liccamo general, and till thoy were 
 obliged to give way. They were well sup- 
 ported hy the continental troops. In tlie hot- 
 test of the action colonel O. Williams, and 
 luMilenant colonel Campbell, with the Mary- 
 'iind and Virginia continentals, charged with 
 trailed arms. Nothing could surpass the in- 
 irepidity of both oliicers and men on this oc- 
 easiiin. They rushed on in good order through 
 a heavy cannoiiiide and a shower of musketry, 
 with such unshaken resolution, that they boro 
 down all before them. Lieutenant colonel 
 Campbell, wlille bravely leading his men on 
 10 tliiit successful charge, received a mortal 
 WDiiud. After he had fallen, ho inquired w lio 
 gave way, and being informed that the Hritlsh 
 wen; fleeing in all cpiarters, replied, "1 die 
 C'.niti'iited," and inunediately expired. The 
 I'nlisii wen- vigorously ]>ursued, and upwards 
 (il'.JOOof them were taken prisoners. On their 
 retreat tliey took post in a strong biick house, 
 nuJiua pietpietled garden. From these ad- 
 vantageous positions they renewed the action. 
 F<;ur six ])oimders were ordered up before the 
 house from under cover of which the British 
 were tiring. Tho Americans were compelled 
 to leave these pieces and retire, but they ,eft a 
 strong p'.C([uet on the field of battle, and onlv 
 retreated to the nearest water in their rear. In 
 the evening of the next diiy, lieutenant colonel 
 Stuart, who commanded tho JSrilish on this 
 <ieeasion, left seventy of his wounded men and 
 a thousand stand of arms, and mov(!d from the 
 Ivitaws towards Charleston. The loss of the 
 Ibitish, inclusive of prisoners, was upwards of 
 I IDI) men, that of the .\inericans above .500, in 
 which number were sixty oflicers. Congress 
 honoreil general Greene fiu- his good conduct in 
 this action, with a Uritish standard and a golden 
 medal. Tlu-y also voted their thanks to the 
 diilereiit corps and their conunaiiders. 
 
 Soon after this engagcim'nt, the Americans 
 retired to their tiirmer position on the hie:h 
 hills <it'Santee, and the liritishtook ]iost in the 
 vicinity ofMonk's-C'orner. In the close of the 
 year, general Cireene moved down into the 
 .owi-r country, and about the same time the 
 I>rili-;h abandoned their out-posts, and retired 
 with their whole fiirce to the (juarter house on 
 (Miarleston-ueck. The deli'iice of the country 
 v.as given up, nnii the eon(|uerors, who had 
 l:it<'ly carried their arms to the I'xtremities of 
 thi" state, seldom aiin(>d at any thi'iginore than 
 t'l sicure tluunselves In the vicinity of llie cap- 
 ital. The crops, which bad been planted in 
 the spring of tlie year under Uritish auspici's, 
 and with the I'xpeclalioii of affording them s>ip- 
 
 iiave achieved so much with ecpial means, as 
 was done by general (ireeiu- In tho sliort space 
 of a twolvomoiith. He opened tho campaign 
 with gloomy prospects, but closed it with 
 glory. His unpaid and half naked army had 
 to contend with veteran soldiers, sup|)lled with 
 every thing that the wealth of Britain or the 
 plunder of Carolina could pro»;uro. Under 
 all these disadvantages, he compelled superior 
 numbers to retire from the extremity of tho 
 state, and confine themselves in the capital and 
 its vicinity. Had not his mind been of the 
 firmest texture, he v/ould have been discoura 
 god ; but Ills enemies found him as formidable 
 on the evening of a defeat, as on tho raorning 
 after a victory 
 
 ilies, l"ell Into tin- hands of th(" .Vmi 
 
 ericans ata 
 
 ilmlnisti-rei 
 
 1 to ll 
 
 liattleof JMitaw ni; 
 
 lem a seasoiiii 
 ly be ('(uisu 
 
 ll, 
 ll red 
 
 idief. Tl 
 closii 
 
 tl 
 
 le niilional war 
 
 !ith-Cii 
 
 excnrsKUis 
 
 ish, 
 
 id 
 
 were afterwards made by the Br 
 id 
 
 the le 
 lives. rims ( 
 Soiith-Carollni 
 Br 
 
 uniiry siiiall eiiterpr'.zes were execii- 
 onsei|iience 
 
 ted, but iiotliing of more LTeneral c 
 
 iif 
 
 projierty, iinc 
 
 lof 
 
 iiiiiiVKliial 
 
 ided the campaign of 1781, 
 
 At it 
 
 s ronunenceiiMMit tli 
 
 ritisli were m force over all the stiite 
 
 CHAPTKH XIV. 
 
 Canipuign of ITtlt. — Oprmlinr.i in Vircinin :--C^nnnvttlIi:» 
 ciiptiired ; — .\cvv I. ■tiiion ilHstroycd. 
 
 It has already been mentioned that lord 
 Cornwallls, soon after the battle of Guilford, 
 inarched to Wilmington in North-Carolina. 
 When lie had completed that niarch, various 
 plans of operation were presented to his view. 
 It was said in favour of his proceeding south- 
 wardly, that the country between Wilmington 
 and Camdeii was barren and of dilllcult jias- 
 sage — that an embarkation for Charleston 
 would be both tedious and disgraceful — that !i 
 junction with tiic royal forces in Virginia, and 
 the prosecution of solid operations in that 
 ipiarter, wmild be the most efl'eetual plan for 
 efl'ecllng ami securing the snbmlssioti of the 
 more southern states. Other arguments, of 
 apparently equal force, urged ills return to 
 South-Carolina. Previous to his departure for 
 Virginia, ho had received information that 
 general Greene had begun his march for Cam- 
 den, and lie had reason f'ro<n past experience to 
 fear that If he did not follow leni, the inhabi- 
 tants by a second revolt, would give tli<> .'\merl- 
 ctinarmy a superiority over the small force left 
 under lord IJawdoii. Though his hu'dshl]) was 
 very ap]M'eliensIve of danperfrom that quarter, 
 he iiopi'd that lord Bawdmi v.'ould be able to 
 stand Ills ground, ortlial general Greene would 
 followthe royalarmy to Virginia, or intliemost 
 favourable event he ilatlorcd himself, that by the 
 coiapiest of Virginia, the recovery of South- 
 Carolina would be at any time practicable His 
 liM-dshlp having too much 'irlde to turn back, 
 and preferring the extenslv scale of operations 
 which Virijliiia presented, to the narrow one 
 of preserving past coiiijiiesls, delerinined to 
 leave Carolina to its liite. Before the end of 
 April, he therefore jiroceeiled on his march, 
 from Wllmiiiiiton towards Virginia. To fivour 
 
 tin 
 
 vissaire < 
 
 iftl 
 
 le iniiny rivers, 
 
 with which the 
 
 little or no opposition from the dlspersfd in- 
 habitants. In less than a month tlie march 
 from Wilmington to Petersburg was completed. 
 The latter had been fixed u]ion as the jilace of 
 rendezvous, in a iirivate corresjiondence with 
 general Phillips. By this co.nblnatlon of tho 
 royal force jn-evlously employeil In Virginia, 
 with the troops v lilch had marched from Wil- 
 mington, lord Cornwallls was at the head of a 
 vory powerful army. This jimctJon was scarce- 
 ly completed, when lord Cornv.allis received 
 lord Uawdmi's report of the advantage he had 
 gained over general Greene, on the 2.1th oTtho 
 preceding month. About the same tiniehe re- 
 ceived Infm'ma'Ion that three British regiments 
 had sailed from Cork Cu- Charleston. 
 
 These two events eased his mind of nil 
 anxiety for South-Carolina, and insplre<l him 
 with brilliant hopes of a glorious campaign. 
 He considered himselfas having already sub- 
 dued both the Carollnas, and as being In a fair 
 way to increase his military fiinie, by the addi- 
 tion of Virginia to the list of his concpiests. By 
 the late combination of the royal forces under 
 Phillips and Cornwallls, and by the recent 
 arrival of a relnfcircement of loOO men directly 
 from New-York, Virginia became the principal 
 theatre of operations for the renuilndi'r of the 
 campaign. The formidable force;, thus collect- 
 ed in one body, called fiir the vigorous exer- 
 tions of the friends of Independetice. The de- 
 fensive operations. In opposition to if, weie 
 principally entrusted to the Marquis de la 
 Fayette. Early In the year he had been de- 
 tached from the main American army on an 
 I'xpedlfion, the object of which was a co-operj- 
 fion with the FreiR'h fleet in capturing geiieraj 
 Arnold. On the fiilbire of this, the Maniuis 
 marched back as far as the head of'Klk. Tlicro 
 he received an order to return to Virginia to 
 oppose the British forces, which had leceniu 
 more formidable by the arrival ofa considerable 
 rcinforcemonf, under general Philips. He 
 proceeded without delay to BIchiiKUid, aiul 
 arrived there the day before the British reach- 
 ed Manchester, on the o]>poslte side of .liinies 
 river. Thus was thecapital of Virginia, at that 
 time filled with almost all the military stores 
 of the state, saved from Imminent danger. So 
 great was tbi' superiority of niimbeis on the 
 side of the British, that the Miinpiis had before 
 blm a labour of the greatest dllllculty, and was 
 pressed with many enibarrassinents. In the 
 first moments of the rising tempest, and till he 
 c<uild provide agiiiiisl Itsiitinost lage, he began 
 to retire with his li'fle army, which consist, 'd 
 only of about 1000 regulars, tJdOO militia, and 
 00 dragoons. 
 
 Lord C(U-iiwallls nilvnnced fremPi'teisburg 
 to .lames river, which he- crossed at Westo-.v n, 
 and tlienc(> marching tiirough Hanover county, 
 crossed the South Anna <u- Piimunhey river. 
 The niaiiiuis followed his motions, but at a 
 
 countrv is mtiu-sc 
 
 cled, two boats wer 
 
 '(■ oiount- 
 
 eil on carriai;es aiul taken along wi 
 
 th hi 
 
 Th. 
 
 ' s triiops iirorrci 
 
 hd 
 
 several (fays 
 
 without o-.iposltlon, and almost withiuit iiitelll- 
 
 lie Aniencans niaile an altetniit at 
 
 Swift-C 
 
 reek iindalierwan 
 
 •ds at I'lshl 
 
 1" 
 ■ek t( 
 
 stop their iiropri-ss, but without any efli if. Tl 
 
 lirltish took the shortest 
 on their arrival there ili 
 
 feat. 
 
 .ftl 
 
 to Halifax, 
 1 sevi'i'al |ia 
 
 cl.ise they durst not, but with great pre<'iiiitIoii,! little loss on l] 
 
 le .MrienennsaiKl took some stores Willi very 
 
 leir sale. 
 
 The Boaiioke, tl 
 
 vent lire I went V miles li-om Charleston. H 
 
 but li. 
 
 istory 
 
 Me 
 
 ew 'iwiuucis of toimiiaiiders, wholcchsivelv cr jssed bv the royal uriiiv 
 
 (ii'rrin, and flie 
 I 
 
 iiliawiiy riV( rs wen 
 
 ■'1 
 •(led dlsta 
 
 Tl 
 
 le superiority of the 
 
 British army, especially of their cavalry, which 
 they easily supplied with good horses from 
 the stables and pastures of private gent. emeu in 
 
 la, enabled them to traverse ll 
 
 direcluuis. 
 
 T^ 
 
 dist; 
 
 le I'ountry 
 lltli 
 
 tl 
 
 lerefore undertaken. The 
 
 lilt extiedilinns 
 
 one was to 
 
 Charlotlevllle, with the view of caplurii ' tin 
 
 iilherto Point of !• 
 
 seiiibly of the state 
 oik to destrov stores. 
 
 L 
 
 tenant cohuiel Tiirleton, to whom the first was 
 
 coimiiilled, suc( ded so fiir as to disperse the 
 
 assembly, caplui,' Mveiiof'its membeis, ai.d 
 
 4S^' 
 
 ,«-=»* 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 470 
 
 a llin dispersed in- 
 
 I nioiitli till- iimirli 
 
 )lllg WHSCllIll])loll'(l. 
 
 1111)11 as 'lio ))liico iif 
 )iT<"S[inn<lciici' wltli 
 r»;iiiiiiinti()ii of tli(? 
 [iliiycd ill ViiLriiiiii, 
 miirdicd fVoiii Wil- 
 viisnt tlio licad (if n 
 juiwljon was scarcr- 
 ^oniwallis roccivcd 
 II' advaiitafri' 1ip had 
 
 K',011 tliC S/Jtll (if till! 
 
 tlip same tiinolir rc- 
 
 ('(■ Hl-ltit^ll IClilllll'lllS 
 
 JliarU'sUiii. 
 
 I'd Ills iiiliid (if all 
 
 a, and iiispiicd lilm 
 
 glorious canipaiiru. 
 laving already siili- 
 iid as being in a fair 
 "_v Dime, Inllie addi- 
 if his ron(iiiests. ]5v 
 
 nival forces under 
 
 and liy tlie reeent 
 if loOO men direelly 
 liocanie tlie prinri]ial 
 e remainder ol' llio 
 le forec, thus eollect- 
 
 the vigorous exer- 
 lendeiice. 'J"he dc- 
 iposition to it, weie 
 
 the INfaniuis de la 
 'ar he had been de- 
 leriean ariiiv on an 
 liieli was a eo-opora- 
 
 II ea])turing generai 
 of this, the Afanpiis 
 
 head of Kll;. Thero 
 I'tiirn to Virginia to 
 whirli had heei'tiiu 
 val of aeonsideral.jo 
 
 leral Philips. Jlo 
 
 to liiehiiiond, and 
 re the liritisli rearli- 
 osite sale ot' .lames 
 il of Virginia, at that 
 
 the military stores 
 inlnent danger. So 
 of nnmheis on the 
 Manpiis had liel'oio 
 ;t dillieiilty, and was 
 rasMneiits. In the 
 fcnipest, and till he 
 most lagc, he l-egaii 
 which consist, 'd 
 ■; LHIOO militia, and 
 
 cd fidmPetersl.urg 
 rossed at W'esto'.v n, 
 .'h Hanover coimty, 
 :■ I'aninnhey river. 
 
 motions, liiit at a 
 superiority of the 
 their cavalry, which 
 
 good horses from 
 iri\at(' geiiLi'iiicii in 
 raverse the country 
 distant expeditions 
 The one was to 
 •w of capliini ' tlio 
 >f the state. ''hi^ 
 stroy stores. I,ieu- 
 
 wlioiu the lirst was 
 r as to disperse the 
 f its ineiuLeis, ai.J 
 
 to destroy a great qunntity of stores at and 
 near Charlolteville. Tlio other expedition, 
 which was committed to lieutenant colonel Sim- 
 co(3, waa only in )iart successful, for the 
 Americans had previously removed the most 
 of their ste-es troni Point of Fork. In the 
 course of these miirclics and countermarches, 
 immense (luantities of property were destroy- 
 ed, and sundry unimportant skirmishes took 
 place. The Uritish mado many partial con- 
 ipiests, but these were seldom of longer duration 
 than their encampments. The young marquis, 
 with a degree of prudence that would have 
 done honour to an old soldier, acted so cau- 
 tiously on tho defensive and made so Judicious 
 a clioice of posts, and showed so much vigour 
 and design in his movements, as to prevent 
 aiiv advantage being taken of his weakness. 
 In his circumstances, not to be destroyed, was 
 triumph. He ellected a junction at Kacc'0(m- 
 ford with general Wayne, who was at the 
 head of SOO Pennsylvaiiians. While this junc- 
 tion was forming, the I5ritish got between the 
 American army and its stores, which had been 
 removed from Kiclimond to Albemarle old 
 court-house. The possession of these was an 
 object with both armies. The mari^uis by 
 fiu'ccd marches, got within a few miles of the 
 Uritish army, when they were two days 
 march from Albemarle old court-house. The 
 ISrilish general considered himself as sure of 
 his adversary, for he knew that the st(ues were 
 his oliject; and he conceived it impracticable 
 I'lir the marijiiis to get between him and the 
 stores; but by a road in passing which he 
 might be attacked to advantage. The mar- 
 <piis had the address to extricate himself frflm 
 this dillicully, by opening in the night a nearer 
 road to Albemarle old court-house, which had 
 been long disused and was much embarrass- 
 ed. To the surprize of lord Cornwallis, the 
 manpiis fixed himself the next day between the 
 liritish army and the American stores. Lord 
 Cornwallis, finding his schemes frustrated, fell 
 back to Richmond. About tliis time the mar- 
 (]iiis' army was reinfiirced by Steuben's troops, 
 and by militia from the parts adjacent. He 
 f illowed lord Cornwallis, and had the address 
 to impress him with an idea that the American 
 army was much greater than it really was. 
 His lordsliip therefore retreated to Williams- 
 liiirg. The day after the main body of the 
 Uritish army arrived there, their rear was at- 
 tacked by ail Anicricau light corps under colo- 
 nel IJntler, and sustained a consideralile loss. 
 .'Mioiit the time lord Cornwallis reached 
 \\ illiamsburgh, he received intelligence from 
 New- York setting forth the danger to which 
 llie royal army in that city was exposed from 
 a coniliined attack, that was said to be threaten- 
 ed by tile I'^renchand .Vmericans. Sir Henry 
 Clintiin therefiire recpiired a detachment from 
 earl Cornwallis, if he was not engaged in any 
 important enterpri/.e, and recommended hi him 
 a healthy station, with an amph? defensive force, 
 till the daiig'er of New- York was dispersed, 
 liord Cornwallis, thinking it expedient to com- 
 ply with this rc(|iiisition, and judging that his 
 coniinand afterwards would not be adeipiate to 
 inainlain his present position at Williamsburg, 
 determined to retire to Porf.smoutb. For the 
 execiifion of this project, it was necessary to 
 (■idss .Fames river. Tliemanpiisdehi Fayette, 
 conceiving this to b(> n lavorabli! opportunity 
 I'lr .iclins; oflensively, advanced ou the Uritish. 
 tieiicral Wuyiie, relying on tlej ml'ormatioii of 
 
 a countryman, tliat the main body of the Brit- 
 ish had crossed James river, pushed forwards 
 with aboutSOO light troops to harrass their rear. 
 Contrary to his expectations, he found the 
 whole liritish army drawn up ready to oppose 
 him. Hu instantly conceived that the best 
 mode of extricating himself from liis peril .is 
 situation would be, to assume a bold counte- 
 nance, and engage his odversaries before ha at- 
 tempted to retreat. He therefore pressed on 
 for some time, and urged an attack with spirit 
 before he fell back. Lord Cornwalllis, pcrhajis 
 suspecting an ambuscade, did not pursue. By 
 tills bold manoeuvre, Wayne got oft" witli but 
 little loss. 
 
 In the course of these various movements, 
 the British were joined by few of tho inhabitants 
 and scarcely by any of tho natives. The Virgini- 
 ans for the most part cither joined the Ameri- 
 cana, or, what was much more common, kept 
 out of the way of the British. To purchase 
 safety by submission, was the policy of very 
 few, and these were for the most iiart natives 
 of Britain. After earl Cornwallis had crossed 
 .Tames river, he marched for Portsmouth. He 
 had previously taken the necessary ste))s for 
 complying with the requisition of air Henry 
 Clinton, to send a part of liis command to 
 New-York. Bulbefiire they sailed, an express 
 arrived from sir Henry Clinton with a letter, 
 expressing his preference of Williamsburgh to 
 P(Utsmoutli for the residence of the army, and 
 his desire that (!)ld-Point-Coinfort or Hampton 
 road should be secured as a station for line of 
 battle ships. The commander in chief, at the 
 srme time, allowed bis lordship to detain any 
 part or the whole of uie forces under his 
 command, for completing this service. On ex- 
 amination, Hampton road was not approved of 
 as a station for the navy. It Vicing a principal 
 object of the campaign to fix on a strong per- 
 manent post or [ilaco of arms in the Chesapeake 
 fiir the security of both the army and navy, and 
 Portsmouth and Ham|)ton road having both 
 been pronounced unfit for that purpose, York- 
 Town and (iloiicester Points were considered 
 as most likely to accord with the views of the 
 roval commanders. Portsmouth was there- 
 fiiri" evacuated, and its garrison transferred 
 to York-Town. Lord Cornwallis availed 
 himself of sir Henry Clinton's ]>ermi3sion to 
 retain the whole forei; under his command, and 
 Impressed with the necessltv of establishing a 
 strong place of arms in the Chesapeake, applied 
 himself with industry to fortlfv his new posts so 
 as to rciuh'r them tenable by his present army, 
 amounting to 7000 men against any force that he 
 supposed likely to be brought against them. 
 
 At this jieriod the ofiieers of the Uritish 
 navy expected that their fleet in the West-In- 
 dies would join them, and that solid operations 
 in Virginia would in a short time re-com:iieiice 
 with increased vigour. 
 
 While they were indulging these hopes, 
 count de fimsse, with a French fleet of 2S sail of 
 the line from the West-Indies, entered the 
 Chesapeake, and about the same time intelli- 
 gence arrived, that the French and American 
 a. mies which had been lately stationed in the 
 core northern states, were advancing towards 
 ' 'irgiiiia. Cmint de (Jrasse, without loss of 
 time, blocked up York river with three large 
 ships and some frlLrates, and moiu'ed tin; piiiici- 
 pal part of bis fleet in Lvnhaveii bay. Three 
 thousand two huiulred FrencJi troops, brought 
 ill this lleet from the \V'e»t-lndics, commanded 
 
 by the Marquis de St. Simon, were dlsemhark- 
 ed and soon after formed a junction with the 
 continental troops under the iiiar(]iiis de la 
 Fayette, and the whole took post at M'illlams- 
 burg. An attack on this force was inteiideil, 
 but before all the arrangements subservient to 
 its execution were fixed upon, let tersofa nearly 
 date in September were re(;eived by lord Corn- 
 wallis from sir Henry Clinton, announcing that 
 he would do his utmost to reiidbrce the roval 
 army in the Chesapeake, or make every diver 
 slon in his power, and that admiral Rigliv was 
 hourly expected on the coa.st. On the reci'lptof 
 this intelligence carl Cornwallis, not thinking 
 himself justified in hazarding an eniragemeiil, 
 abandoned the resolution of attacking the com- 
 bined force of Fayette and St. Simon. It is the 
 province of history to relate what lias hap|ieii- 
 ed, and iiotto indulge conjectures in the bo; • '• 
 less field of contingencies ; otherwise it miuht 
 be added that earl Cornwallis, by this change 
 of opinion, lost a liivorable opportunltv of ex- 
 tricating himself from a combination of hostile 
 force, which by farther concentration soon be- 
 came Irresistible. On the other hand if an at- 
 tack had been made, and that liad prov( d 
 unsuccessful, he would have been charged 
 with rashness in not waiting fiir tlie iiromiscd 
 co-operation. On the same uncertain ground 
 of conjecturing what ought to hav;; Ix'en done, 
 it might be said that the knowledge earl 
 Cornwallis liad of public afVairs would have 
 justified him in nbandonlng York-Town, in 
 order to return to South-Carolina. It seems as 
 though this would have been his wisest plan; 
 but either from an opinion that his Instructions, 
 to stand his ground were positive, or that 
 efl'ectual relief was piobalile, his lordship 
 thought jiroper to risk every thing on the 
 iss'ii of a siege. An attempt was made to 
 burn or dislodge the Ficim h ships in the 
 river, but none to evacuate his posts at this 
 early jieriod, when that measure was prac- 
 ticable. 
 
 Admiral Greaves, with 20 sail of the line, 
 made an efi'ort fiir the relief of lord Cornwalll.s 
 but without effecting his purpose, ^\'hen ho 
 appeared olV thecapes of Virginia. M.de Cirasse 
 went out to iiiect him. and an indecisive en 
 gagement took |ila"e. 'I'he Uritish were willing 
 to renew the action ; but de (Irasse for gooil 
 reasons decllni'd it. Hlschief olijecf in coming 
 out of the capes was to cover a French fleet 
 of eight line of battle ships, which was expec- 
 ted from IJhode-lsland. In conformllv to a 
 preconcerted plan, count de liair.is, comnian- 
 derof this lleet, had sailed fiir the Chesapeake, 
 about tiie same time de (irasse sailed from tho 
 West-Indies I'oillie same place. To avoid the 
 Uritish fleet he had taken a circuit by Bermuda. 
 For fear that the Ihlllsli fleet, might intercept 
 him on liisapproa( h lothe capes of \'lroinla, do 
 (irasse came out to heat hand for his protection. 
 While (ireaves and de (irasse were mano'uv- 
 rlni; near the mouth of the Chesapeake, count 
 de Barras passed the former in the night, and 
 got within the capes of Virginia. This gave 
 the fl( et of his most christlai. majesty a decided 
 superiority. Admiral (iicavea .soon took his 
 departure, and M. de Crasse re-entered tho 
 Chesapeake. All this ilme, coiiformablv to 
 the well digested |)liiu of the campaign, iho 
 FiTiicli and the Americaii fiircea were march 
 lug throiigii the middle states on their way to 
 N nrk-iown. To understand in their proper 
 connexion the great events shortly to bo 
 
480 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 tlescrlbed, it is necussary to go back and trace 
 (lie remote causes wliicli l)roiiglit on this great 
 <;oinl)itiiili()ii ol' fleets and armies which j)u' a 
 period to the war. 
 
 Tiie fall of Charleston in May 1780, and the 
 :oni()leto rout of the southern American army 
 n August i'ollowing, together with tlie increas- 
 ng iuttbillty of the Americans to carry on the 
 »vu.r, gave a serious iihirm to the friends of in- 
 dependence. In this low ebb of their alTairs, a 
 pathetic statement of tlicir distresses was made 
 totlieirillustrious ally the king of France. To 
 give greater ellicaey to their solicita'ions, Con- 
 gress appointed lieutenant-colonel John Lau- 
 rens their special minister, and directed him 
 ufter repairing to the court of Versailles, to 
 urge the nect^ssity of speedy and elTectual 
 succour, and in jiarticular to solicit for a loan of 
 money, and the co-operation of aFrertch fleet, 
 in allteniptlng some iniportaut enterprise 
 agninst the eonunon enemy. His great abilities 
 as an ollicer, had been often displayed ; but on 
 this oeciisiou, the su|)erior talents of th(! stati'S- 
 ma-i and negociator were called forth into 
 action. Animated as he was with the ardor of 
 the warmest patriotism, and feeling most 
 sensibly for the distresses of ills country, his 
 wiiole soul was exerted to interest the court 
 «t' Framu! in giving a vigorous aid to their 
 allies. His engaging manners and insinuating 
 address, procured a favorable reception to his 
 represiiitaticuis. He won the hearts of those 
 who were at the liehn of public alDilrs, and 
 inflamed them with zeal to assist a country 
 whose cause was so ably pleaded, and whose 
 Butl'erlngs were so ])atlu:tlcally rejiresemed. — 
 At this crisis, his most christian majesty gave 
 his Amerloan allies a subsidy of six millions of 
 bvres, and became their security for ten mil- 
 lions more borrowed for their use in the United 
 Netherlands. A naval co-operation was 
 promlseil, ami a conjunct expeilitlon against 
 tlielr commcui liies Wiis projected. 
 
 The Anieri<an war was now so far involv- 
 ed in the c(Uise(|U<'nces of naval operations, 
 that a superior French flei-t, seemed to be the 
 only hinge on which It was likely soon to take 
 a fiivonrable turn. The Hrillsh army being 
 parcelled in the diirereiit sea ports of the Uni- 
 ted Stales, any divlsliui of it blocked uj) by a 
 French fleet, could not ion;^ resist the superior 
 combined force, which might be lirought to 
 operaf<" against it. The iniinjuls de Castries 
 who directed the marine of Fiance, with great 
 precision calculated the naval fiuce, which the 
 Mrltlsh could concentre on the const of the 
 United .Stiites, and dlsjKised his own in such a 
 manni'r as ensured liltii a superiority. In con- 
 formity to these principles, and In subserviency 
 to the deslijn of "he campaign, M. de (Jrasse 
 sailed ill .March 17.^1, froiii Ibi'st, with 25 sail 
 of the line, several thousand land forces, and a 
 large convoy amounting toinore than 200 sliljis. 
 A siiiiill part of tills fiirce was destined for the 
 Kast-Iiidles, but M. de(trass(! with thi" greiiter 
 part siilli'd for Martlniipie. The I'rltisli fleet 
 then in the We.st-liidles, had been jinniouslv 
 weakened by the di'parture of a s(piadron lor 
 the protection of the ships which were employ- 
 ed in carrvlnu to Kn^land the booty which had 
 been taken at St. Kiislatlus. The llrltish ad- 
 mirals Hood and Drake, were delachrd to in- 
 tercept the outward bound French fleet com- 
 manded by ^^. de (Jrasse, but a jiinctliui 
 between his iiirci' iiiid I'iglit slilps of the line 
 and oiiu of.JO guns, which were previously all 
 
 Martinique and St. Domingo, was nevertheless 
 efTected. Uy this combination of fresh ships 
 from Eurojie, with the French fleet previously 
 in the West-Indies, they had a decided supe- 
 riority. M. de Grasse having finished his bu- 
 siness in the West-Indies, sailed in the begin- 
 ning of August with a prodigious convoy. 
 After seeing this out of danger, he directed his 
 course for the Chesapeake, and arrived there 
 as has been related on the thirtieth of the same 
 month. Five days before liis arrival in the 
 Chesapeake, the French fleet in Rhode-Island 
 sailed for tho same ])lacc. These fleets, not- 
 withstanding their original distance from the 
 scene of action and from each other, coincid- 
 ed in their operations in an extraordinary man- 
 ner, far beyond the reach of military calcula- 
 tion. They all tended to one object and at one 
 and the same time, and that object was neither 
 known nor suspected by the British, fill the 
 proper season for counter-action was elapsed, 
 rills coincidence of fiivourablo circumstances, 
 extended to the marches of the French and 
 American land fiirces. The plan of ojieratlons 
 had been so well digested, and was so faith- 
 fully executed by the dlfU'rent commanders, 
 that general Washington and count UeRocham- 
 beau had jiassed the Ibitlsh head (juarters in 
 New- York, and were considerably advanced 
 in their way to York-town, before count de 
 Cirasse had reached the American coast. This 
 wasefVected in the following manner. Monsr. 
 de lianas, ap])ointed to the command of the 
 French sipiadron at New|)nrt, arrived at Bos- 
 ton with despiitches for count de Rochambeau. 
 An interview soon after took place at Wethers- 
 field, between general Washington, Knox, 
 and du Porlall, on the jiart of the Americans, 
 and count th; Rochambeau and the chevalier 
 Chastelleux, on the jiart of the French. At 
 this Interview, an eventual iilau of the wjiole 
 campaign was fixed. This was to lay siege 
 to New- York in concert with a French fleet, 
 which was to arrive on tin! coast in the month 
 of August. It was agreed that the French 
 troops should march towards the North-river. 
 Letters were adilressed by general Washing- 
 ton to the executive ofllcers of New-Hamp- 
 shire, Miissachusetts, Connecticut and New- 
 ■Tersey, iv(|ulringthi'm to fill npthi'lr battalions, 
 ami to hav(! their (|Uotiis, (t'iOO mllltla, in readi- 
 ness, within u week of the time they might be 
 called for. Ccuifornmbly to these outlines of 
 the cnmpalgn, thi^ French troops marched 
 from Rhode-Island In .Tune, and early in the 
 following month joined the American army. 
 About the time '.Ills junction took jilace, gem^ral 
 Washington miirclied his army from their 
 v/inter cnciimpmi'iit near ]'eeks-kl!l, to the 
 vicinity of Kiiitrsbrldtje. (leneral Lincoln 
 fell down the Niu'tli-river with a detachment 
 in bouts, and took possession of the ground 
 where I'oit Inil,'pendenc(> foiiiierly stood. An 
 attack was made upon him, but was soon dis- 
 continued. The llritish about this timi!, re- 
 tired with almost the whole of their force to 
 York-Island, (reneral Washini.;ton hoped to 
 be able to commence operations iignlnst New- 
 York, about the mlihlle, or at fiirlhest the lat- 
 ter end of .Tuly. I'^hit botfo; led boats sufli- 
 clent tolninspo'l .'iOOO men ivere built near 
 Albany, and l.rouijht down lludson's river to 
 the iieiirlibourhood of the American army bo- 
 re .Viv. V.ik. Ovens were erected opposite 
 to St^iten Island, for the use of tin' l''reiicli 
 t.-oops. Every movement wuij made which | 
 
 was introductory to the commencement of tlm 
 siege. It was not a little mortifying to general 
 Wu.shington, to find himself on the second ol 
 August to bo only a few hundreds stronger 
 than he was on the day his army first moved 
 from their winter quarters. To have fixed 
 on a plan of operations, with a foreign oflicer, 
 at tho head of a respectable force: to have 
 brotightthot force from a considerable distance, 
 in confident expectation of reinforcements siifll- 
 ciently large to commence efTectivo operations 
 ay linst the common enemy, and at the same 
 time to have engagements in behalf of the states 
 violated in direct 0])position to their own In- 
 terest, and in a manner derogatory to Ills jicr- 
 sonallionour, was enough to have excited storms 
 and tempests, in any mind h'ss calm than thiit 
 of general Washington. He bore this hard 
 trial with his u.sual magnanimity, and content- 
 ed himself with repeating his reqiilsltuuis to 
 the states, and at the siime time urged them by 
 every tie, to enable him to fulfil engiigementj 
 entered into on their account, with the com- 
 mander of the French troojis. 
 
 That tardiness of the states, which at other 
 times hod brought them near the brink of ruin, 
 was now the '"ccideiital cause of real service. 
 Had they forward their recruits for tho 
 
 regular an. and theirquotas of militia as wiis 
 expected, the siege of New-Yink would hiivc 
 commenced, in the latter end of .luly, or early 
 in August. While the season was wastliijj 
 away in expectation of these relnlbrcemenis, 
 lord Cornwallis, as has been mentioned, fixed 
 himself near the capes of Virginia. Hlsslliia 
 tlon there, the arrival of a reinforcement of ."iddO 
 (H-rmans from Europe to New- York, the su- 
 perior strength of that garrison, the fiiiliire of 
 the states in filling up their battnlliuis and em- 
 bodying their militia, and (jspecially recent In- 
 telligence from count de Grasse, that bis de- 
 stination was fixed to the Chesapeake, concurred 
 about the middle of August, to make a total 
 change of tho jilan of the campaign. 
 
 The appearance of an intention to attack 
 New-York was nevertheless kept up. While 
 this deception was played ofi", tlie allied army 
 crossed the Norlh-river, and ])iissed on by the 
 way of Philadelphia, through the intermediati.' 
 country to York-town. An attem|)t to reduic 
 the IJrltlsh fiirce in A'irglnia proinlsi'd success 
 with more expedition, and to secure an object 
 of nearly equal importance as the reducllon of 
 New-York. No one can iiiulertake to siiy 
 what would have been the conse(]nence, if the 
 allied forces hiid persevered in their original 
 plan ; but it is evident li'om lh(> event, tiiat im 
 success could have bi'eii greater, or more con- 
 ducive to the establlshmi'iif of their schrniis, 
 than what resulted liom their operations in \ ii- 
 
 gi'lii'; 
 
 While the attack of New-York was in seil- 
 ous contemplation, a letter from general Wash- 
 ington, detailing the particulars ol'the inlendeil 
 operaticuis of the campaign, being inlerceptid, 
 fell into till' hands of Sir Henry Clinton. 
 After the ])lan was changed, the royal com- 
 mander was 'lo much nndi;r the liiipresslon of 
 the intelllgi'nce contained in the interceptccl 
 letter, that he believed every movement towards 
 Virginia to be a feint, calculated to draw nlT 
 his attention from the deti'iice of New-York. 
 1 'iider the influeii<-e of this opinion he bent \m 
 whole fiirce to streii'.'llH'ii that post, and sntrercd 
 the {''reiii'li ami .Anierii'iin arniies to pa ;s |i;ni 
 without uijy molestalion. A\ hen the beat op 
 
 mmm 
 
monccmoiit of tlin 
 rtifying to gencrni 
 
 on tlir, second nl 
 liumlicds stronger 
 iirniy first moved 
 i. To have fiNed 
 h a foreign oflieer, 
 e foree : to liave 
 sider.ablo distance, 
 :"inf()rcenieiitssiifii- 
 ilective operations 
 ■, and at the siitno 
 behalf of tlie states 
 
 to tlieir own in- 
 ngatory to his jicr- 
 lave excited storms 
 h'ss calm than thai 
 He Ijore tliis hard 
 linilty, and conti^tit- 
 his re(]iiisitions to 
 inie urged them hy 
 i'ullll engagement 
 nt, witli tlic coin- 
 
 )S. 
 
 tes, which at other 
 
 ir the brink of niin, 
 
 ISO of real service. 
 
 cir recruits for the 
 
 tas of militia as was 
 
 -York would have 
 
 nd of duly, or early 
 
 ason was wasting 
 
 esc reinl'orcemenis, 
 
 n mentioned, fixi'd 
 
 'irginia. llissitna 
 
 inforcementof ."KKIO 
 
 New-York, thesu- 
 
 rrison, the liiilnro ol 
 
 1- battalions and cm- 
 
 !s[iecially recent in- 
 
 Grasse, tlmt his de- 
 
 lesapeake, concnrre(i 
 
 ist, to make a, total 
 
 cainjtaign. 
 
 intention to attack 
 'ss kept up. While 
 off, the allied army 
 nd passed on by the 
 iigh the interniediato 
 in attempt to redme 
 lia ))romised success 
 to secui'e an oliject 
 o as the n'duclicui of 
 n tmdertake to s;iy 
 [■ conse<jni"tice, if the 
 ■red in their original 
 un the event, tiiat no 
 rjreater, or more con- 
 lit of their scheniis, 
 leir operations in \ ir- 
 
 'W-Y(U'k was in serl- 
 from geni'ral Wnsli- 
 fidars ol'the intended 
 II, being interceplcil, 
 Sir Ilein-y Clinloti. 
 ged, the royal corn- 
 ier the impression ef 
 (1 in the intercepnd 
 rv movement towanl^ 
 Iculaled to draw efT 
 fence of New-Ymk. 
 is opinion he bent liis 
 that post, and suderrd 
 n armies to pa -s li;ni 
 A\lien the best op 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 481 
 
 portunity of striking at them was eln])scd, then 
 for the first time he was brought to believe 
 that the allies had fixed on Virginia, for tlie 
 theatre of their combined opcratK)ns. As truth 
 may be made to answer the purposes of decep- 
 tion, so no feint of attacking New- York, could 
 have beer more successful than the real inten- 
 tion. 
 
 In the latter end of August, the American 
 army began their march to Virginia, from the 
 neighbourhood of New- York. General Wash- 
 ington had advanced as far as Chester, before 
 lie received the news of the arrival of tlie fleet, 
 connnandcd by monsieur do Grasse. The 
 French troops marched at the same time, and 
 for the same place. In the course of this sum- 
 mer they passed through all the extensive set- 
 tlements which lie between Newport and York- 
 Town. It seldom, if ever happened before, 
 that an army led through a foreign country, at 
 so great a distance from their own, among a 
 people of dilfercnt principles, customs, lan- 
 guage, and religion, behaved with so much re- 
 gularity. In their march to York-Town they 
 Iiad passed through /iOO miles of a country 
 abounaing in fruit, and at a time when the 
 most delicious productions of nature, growing 
 op and near the public liighways, presented 
 iiotli opportunity and temptation to gratify 
 tlaur appetites. Yet so com|)leto was their 
 (llsci|)line, that in this long march, scarce an 
 instance could be produced of a peach or an 
 apple being taken, without the consent of the 
 inhabitants. Genci.il Washington and count 
 Tiochainbeau reached Williatnsburgonthe 14th 
 of September. They with generals Chastellcux, 
 (In I'ortail, and Knox proceeded to visit count 
 (le ( 1 rasse on board his ship the Villo de Paris, 
 anil asfrecd on a plan of operations. 
 
 The countafterwards wrote to Washington, 
 that in case a Rritish fleet appeared, " he con- 
 ceived that he ought to go out and meet them 
 at sea, instead of risking an engagement in a 
 confined situation." This alarmed the general. 
 He sent the marquis de la Fayette, with a letter 
 to dissuade him from the dangerous measure. 
 'fhis letter and the |)ersuasions of the marquis 
 had the desired eflect. 
 
 The combined forces proceeded on their way 
 to York-Town, partly by land, and partly 
 down the Chesapeake. The whole, together 
 with a body of Virginia militia, undei the com- 
 niaiid of general Nelson, amounting in the 
 n'jgregate to 12,000 men, rendezvoused i:t Wil- 
 liamsburg on the Sotli of September, and in 
 five (lavs after, moved down to the investiture of 
 Yiuk-Town. The French fleet at the same time 
 moved to the mouth of York-river, and took 
 a position which was calculated to prevent lord 
 C'ornwallis, either from retreating, or rcceivinsr 
 succtMir by water. Previously to the march 
 from Williamsburg to York-Town, Washington 
 gavt! out in general orders as fiillows : " If tlie 
 enemy should be tempted to meet the army on 
 its march, the general particularly erioins the 
 troops to |)lace their principal relianc! on the 
 bayonet, that they may prove the vanity of the 
 boast, which the Uritish make of their peculiar 
 prowess, iiideci<lingbattle3 with that weajion." 
 
 The combined army Imlti'd in the eveninj-, 
 about two miles from York-Town, and lay oti 
 their anus all night. On the next day colonel 
 Scammell, an officer of uncommon merit, and 
 nf the most amiable manners, in approai'liiiiir 
 the outer works of the British, was in(Mtiilly 
 wounded and l^ken prisoner. About this time 
 
 earl Cornwallis received a letter from sir Hen- 
 ry Clinton, announcing the arrival of admiral 
 Digby, with three sliips of the line from E urope, 
 and the determination of the general and flag 
 officers in New- York to embark 5000 men in 
 a fleet, which would ])robably sail on the flth 
 of October — that this fleet consisted of S3 sail 
 of the line, and that joint exertions of the navy 
 and army would be made for his relief. On 
 the night after the receipt of this intelligence, 
 earl Cornwallis quitted his outward position, 
 and retired to one more inward. 
 
 The works erected for the security of York- 
 Town on the right, were redoubts and bat- 
 teries, with a line of stockade 1. 'he rear. A 
 marshy ravine lay in front of the right, over 
 which was placed a largo redoulit. The 
 morass extended along the centre, whicli was 
 defended by aline of stockade, and by batteries. 
 On the left of the centre was a hornwork with 
 a ditch, a row of freize and an abbatis. Two 
 redoubts were advanced before the left. Tlie 
 combined forces advanced and took possession 
 of the ground from which the British had re- 
 tired. About this time the legion cavalry and 
 mounted infantry, passed over the river to 
 Gloucester. General de Choisy invested the 
 British post on that side so fully, as to cut off 
 all communications between it and the country. 
 In the mean time the royal army was straining 
 every n rve to strengthen their works, and 
 their artillery was constantly employed in im- 
 peding the operations of the combined army. 
 
 On the 9th and lOtli of October, tlio French 
 and Americans opened their batteries. They 
 kept up a brisk and well directed fire from 
 heavy cannon, from mortars and howitzers. 
 The shells of the besiegers reached the shi])s in 
 the harbor ; the Charon of 44 guns, and 
 transport ship, were burned. On the 10th, a 
 messenger arrived with a despatch from Sir 
 Henry Clinton to earl Cornwallis, dated on the 
 30th of September, which stated various cir 
 cumstances tending to lesson the probability of 
 relief being otitaincd, by a direct movement 
 from New- York. Earl Cornwallis was at 
 this juncture advised to evacuate York-town 
 and after passing over to Gloucester, to force 
 his way into the country. Whether this move- 
 ment would have been successful, no one can 
 with certainty pronounce, but it could not have 
 ]>roduccd any consequences more injurious to 
 the royal interest, than those which result "d 
 from decliningthcattem|)t. On the other haid, 
 had this movement been made, and th<! r( yal 
 ■\rmy been defeated or captured in the inf rior 
 coi;ntry, and in the mean time had Sir Henry 
 Clint.in with the promised relief, reached York- 
 Town, the precipitancy of the noble carl would 
 have been perliaps more the subject of censure, 
 than his resolution of standing his ground and 
 n'sisting to the last extremity. From this un- 
 certain ground of conjectures, I proceed to 
 relate real events. 
 
 The besiegers commenced their second 
 parallel 200 yards from the works of the 
 besieged. Two redoubts whicli were advan- 
 ced on the left of the Rritish, greatly impeded 
 the progress of the combined armies. It was 
 therefore proposed to carry them by storm. — 
 To excite a spirit of enmlation, the reduction 
 ol'the one was committed to the French, of 
 the other to the Americans, The nssailnnts 
 marched to the assault with nnloadeil arms ; 
 having passed the nbbalis and palisades, 
 they attjcked on all sides, and carried the re- 
 
 doubt in a few minutes, with the loss of 8 
 killed and 28 wounded. Lieutenant colonel 
 Laurens personally took the commanding 
 officer prisoner. His humanity and that of his 
 associates, so overcame their resentments, that 
 they sjiared the British, though they were 
 charged when they went to tlie assault, to re- 
 member New-London (the recent massacres at 
 which place shall be liereafter related) and to 
 retaliate by putting the men in the redoubt to 
 the sword. Being osked why they had diso- 
 beyed orders by bringing them off as prisoners, 
 they answered, "We could not put them to 
 lentil, when they begged for their lives." 
 About five of the British were killed, and the 
 rest were captured. Colonel Hamilton, who 
 conducted the enterprize, in his report to the 
 marquis de la Fayette, mentioned to the honour 
 ofhi^- detachment, "that incapable of imitating 
 xamplcs of barbarity, and forgetting recent 
 provocations, tliey spared every man whoccased 
 to resist." 
 
 The French were equally successful on their 
 part. They carried the redoubt as-signcd to 
 them with rapidity, but lost a considerable 
 number of men. These two redoubts were 
 included in the second parallel, and facilitated 
 the subsequent operations of the besiegers. — 
 The British could not with propriety risk re- 
 ])eated sallies. One was projected at this 
 lime, consisting of 400 men, commanded by 
 lieutenant colonel Abercrombie. He procee- 
 ded so far as to force two redoubts, and to spike 
 eleven pieces of cannon. Though the oflicers 
 and soldiers disjilayed great bravery in this 
 enterprize, yet their success prt need no es- 
 sential advantage. The cannon were soon un- 
 s|)iked and rendered fit lor service. 
 
 By this time the batteries of the besiegers 
 were covered with nearly a hundred pieces of 
 heavy ordnance, and the works of thi; besieged 
 were so damaged, that they could scarcely 
 show a single gun. Lord Cornwallis had now 
 no hope left but from otti-ring terms of ca))itu- 
 lationor attemptingan escape. Hedetermined 
 on the latter. This, though less jnacticablo 
 than when first proposed, was not altogetlier 
 hopeless. Boats were prejiared to receive the 
 troo])s in the night, and to trans])ort them to 
 Gloucester-Point. After one whole embarka- 
 tion had crossed, a violent storm of wind and 
 rain dispersed the boats, employed on this 
 business, and frustrated the wholescheme. Tho 
 royal army, thus weakened by division was 
 exposed to increased danger. 
 
 Orders were sent to those who had passed, 
 to recross the river to Ymk-Town. Willi 
 the failure of this scheme tl.o last hope of the 
 Britsli army (?xpire<l. Longer resistance could 
 answer no good purpose, anc might occasion 
 the loss of many valuable lives. Lord Corn- 
 wallis therefore wrote a letter to general 
 Washington, re<]nestinga cessation of arms for 
 24 hours, and that commissioners might bo 
 njipointed to digest terms of capitulation. It 
 is remarkable while lieutenant colonel Laurens, 
 tho oflicer emjiloyed by general Washington 
 on tliiH occasion, was drawing up these articles, 
 that his father was closely confined in thn 
 tower of London, of which earl Cornwallis was 
 constable. By this singular combination of 
 eircumstanci>s, his lordship became a ]>risoncr 
 to the son of his own prisoner. 
 
 The posts of Y<ul< anil Gloucester were 
 surrendered bv a ciipiliilation, the principal 
 articlej of which were as follows ; Tho troops 
 
483 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 « f.' 
 
 i ; 
 
 i, 
 
 to be prisoners of war to Congress, and the 
 naval force to France. The officers to retain 
 their side arms and private property of every 
 kind ; but all property, obviously belonging to 
 the inhabitants of the United States, to be subject 
 •o be n^claimed. The soldiers to be kept in 
 Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, and to be 
 supplied with the same rations, as are allowed 
 to soldiers in the service of Congress. A pro- 
 portion of the officers to march into the country 
 with the jirisoners ; the rest to be allowed to 
 proceed on parole to Europe, to New-York, 
 or to any other American maritime post 
 in possession of the British. The honour of 
 marching out with colours flying, which had 
 been refused to gen. Lincoln on his giving up 
 Charleston, was now refused to earl Cornwal- 
 lis ; and general Lincoln was appointed to re- 
 ceive the submission of the royal army at 
 York-Town precisely in the same way his own 
 had boon conducted, about 18 months before. 
 Lord Cornwallis endeavoured to obtain 
 permission for the British and German troops to 
 return to their respective countries, under no 
 other restrictions than an enKao-ement not to 
 servo against r ranee or America. -He also 
 tried to obtain an indemnity for those of the in- 
 habitants who had joined him ; but he '.\'as 
 obliged to recede from the former, and also to 
 consent that the loyalists in his camp should 
 bo given up, to the unconditional mercy of their 
 countrymen. His lordship nevertheless ob- 
 tained permission for the Bonetta sloop of war 
 to pass unexamined to New-York. This gave 
 an opportunity of screening such of them, as 
 were most obnoxious to the Americans. 
 
 The regular troops, of France and America, 
 employed in this siege, consisted of about 7000 
 of the former, and ,5500 of the latter ; and they 
 were assisted by about 4000 militia. On the part 
 of the combined army about 300 were killed or 
 wounded. On the part of the British about 
 500 ; and 70 were taken in the redoubts, wliich 
 were carried by assault on the 14th of Octo- 
 ber. The troops of every kind ttiat surren- 
 tlered prisoners of war exceeded 7000 men, 
 but so great was the number of sick and 
 wounded, that there were only 3800 capable 
 of bearing arms. The French and American 
 engineers and artillery, merited and rereived 
 the liigliest applause. Brigadiers general du 
 Portail and Knox were both piomoted to the 
 rank of major generals, on account of their me 
 ritorious services. Lieutenant colonel Gouvion 
 and captain Rocliefontairie of the corps of en- 
 gineers, respectively received brevets, the for- 
 mer to the rank of a colonel, and the latter to 
 the rank of a major. 
 
 Congress honoured genenU Washington, 
 count de Rochambeau, count de Graste and 
 the officers of the different corps, and the men 
 under them, with thanks for their services in the 
 reduction of lord Cornwallis. The whole pro- 
 ject was conceived with profound wisdom, and 
 the incidents of it had been combined with sin- 
 gular propriety. It is not therefore wonderful, 
 that from the remarkable coincidence in all its 
 parts, it was crowned with unvaried success. 
 
 A British fleet and an army of 7""" men, 
 ilestiried for the relief of lord Corn' Us, arri- 
 ved off the Chesapeake on the 24tn of Octo- 
 lM!r; but on receiving advice of his lordship's 
 Burrendi-r, they returned to Sandy-hook and 
 New- York. .Such wasthi? fate of that general 
 from whose gailaiitvy ami previous siirressi-s 
 llje speedy conquest of lliu southern Htules hiul 
 
 been so confidently expected. No event du- 
 ring tlie war bid fairer for oversetting the in- 
 dependence of at least a part of the confedera- 
 cy, than his complete victory at Camden ; but 
 by the conseijuences of that action, his lordship 
 became the occasion of rendering that a revo- 
 lution, which from his previous success was in 
 danger of terminating in a rebellion. The 
 loss of his army may be considered as the 
 closing scene of the continental war in North 
 America. 
 
 The troops under the command of lord 
 Cornwallis had spread waste and ruin over the 
 face of all the country for four hundred miles 
 on the sea coast, and for two hundred miles to 
 the westward. Their marches from Charleston 
 to Camden, from Camden to the river Dan, 
 from the Dan through North-Carolina to 
 Wilmington, from Wilmington to Petersburg, 
 and from Petersburg through many parts of 
 Virginia, till they finally sottled in Y^ork-Town, 
 made a route of more than eleven hundred 
 miles. Every ])lace through which they pas- 
 sed in these vnrious marches, experienced the 
 effects of their rapacity. Their numbers 
 enabled them to go withersoever they pleased, 
 their rage for plunder disposed them to take 
 whatever they had the means of removing, and 
 their animosity to the Americans led them often 
 to the wanton destruction of what they conld 
 neltlier use nor carry off. By their means 
 thousands had been involved in distress. 
 
 The reduction of such an army occasioned 
 unusual transports of joy, in the breasts of the 
 whole body of the people. Well authenticated 
 testimony asserts tliat the nerves of some were 
 so agitated, as to produce convulsions, and that 
 at least one man expired under the tide of plea- 
 sure which flowed in upon him, when informed 
 of his lordship's surrender.* The people 
 throughoiit the United States displayed a social 
 triumph and exultation, which no private pros- 
 perity is ever able fully to inspire. General 
 Washington, on the day adcr the surrender, 
 ordered "that those who were under arrest 
 should be pardoned and set at liberty." His 
 orders closed as follow*. " divine service shall 
 bo performed to-morrow in the different brig- 
 ades and divisions. The commander in chief 
 recommends, that all the troops that are not 
 upon duty do assist iit It with a serious deport- 
 ment, and that Bensll>illty of heart, which the 
 recollection of tlu' surprizing and particular in- 
 terposition of ]irovl(h"nce in our flivinir claims." 
 Congress, on receiving the official account of 
 the great events which had taken place at 
 Yorkfowii, resolved to go in processicm to 
 church and return public thanks to Almisrhty 
 God for the ailvantages they had gained. Tln-y 
 also Issued a proclamation for "rellglinislyobser 
 vlngthrough the Unil(>d States, the l.lth of De- 
 cember as a day of tlianksfrlvlng and pmyer." 
 The singularly interesting event of captivating 
 a second royal army, produced strong emotions 
 which broke out in all the variety of ways 
 with which the most rapturous joy usually dls 
 plays itself. 
 
 While thecomliined armies were advancing 
 to the siege of Yorktown, an excursion was 
 made from New-York, which was attended 
 with no small loss to the Americans. Genera 
 
 • T!t«» <1nor krpppr of tTimfffp^p, nn ncoil iiinn, «Im^i! 
 fiidili'tily, innnniliiilely nfrrr liniriii^ rtf tl"' rnntriri: nl' 
 lord C'nrnvvjilliM" iirrtty. TliiH ilrmli wan uiii\n'.^::ilty iis 
 cribcil to (I viuli'iu finctihii tif ]i(»litic-al joy 
 
 Arnold, who had lately returned from Virginia, 
 was appointtd to conduct an expedltl<m, the 
 objectof which was the town of New-London 
 in his native country. The troops employed 
 therein were landt^d in two detachments on each 
 side of the harbour. The one was commanded 
 by lieutenant colonel Eyer and the other by 
 general Arnold. The latter met with little o])- 
 position. Fort Trumbull and a redoubt which 
 was intended to cover the harbour, not being 
 tenable were evacuated,and the men crossed the 
 river to FortGriswold onGroton hill. This wui! 
 furiously attacked by lieutenant colonel Eyer; 
 the garrison defended themselves with great 
 resolution, but after a severe conflict of forty 
 mii-iUtes, the fort was carried by the assailants. 
 Ths Americans had not more than six or seven 
 men-killed when the British carried tliclr lines, 
 but a severe execution took place afterwards, 
 though resistance had ceased. An officer of the 
 contjuering troops inriuired onhis entering the 
 fort, who commanded. Colonel Ledyard an- 
 swered, I did, but you do now," and presented 
 him his sword. The colonel was immediately 
 run through the body and killed. Between 30 
 and 40 were wounded, and about 40 were 
 carried oiT prisoners. On the side of the British 
 48 were killed and 145 wounded : Among the 
 latter was major Montgomery, and among tlio 
 former was colonel Eyer. About 15 vessels 
 loaded with the effects of the inhabitants, re- 
 treated up the river, and four others remained 
 in the harbour unhurt, but all excepting these 
 were burned by the communication of fire from 
 the burning stores. Sixty dwelling houses and 
 84 stores were reduced to ashes. 
 
 The loss which the Americans sustained by 
 the destruction of naval .stores, of provisioiia 
 and merchandize, was immense. (Jeiieral Ar- 
 nold, having completed the object of the expe- 
 dition, returned in eight ilays to New-York. 
 The Americans lost many valuable men, and 
 much of their ])ossesFioiis, by this innirsion, 
 but the ciiuse f()r which they contended wasiin- 
 Injured. Expeditions which seemed to have no 
 hlglier object than the destruction of Jiroperty, 
 alienated their affectioiis still farther from Brit- 
 ish government. They •R'ere not so extensive as 
 to answer the ends of conquest, and the mo- 
 mentary impression resulting frimi them, pm- 
 duced no lasting intiitildation. On the nflicr 
 ha!id, tliiy excited a spirit of revenge against 
 the authors of such accuinulated distresses. 
 
 The year 17S1 terminated, In all parts of 
 the United States, in fivonr of the .Anier'cnns. 
 It began with weakness In Soiilh-C^aniiina, 
 mutiny in New-.Tersey, and devastations In 
 Virginia ; ncnertheless in lis close, the IJritlsh 
 wei-CM'onfiiH^d to their strongholds In or near 
 New-York, CImrleslon, and Savannah, and 
 their whole army in Virginia was caiiiuied. 
 They In course of the year had aci|uired mnrh 
 plunder by which individuals were enriched, 
 i)Ut their nation was In no respect benefitted 
 The whole campaign passed nway ;>n their pari 
 without one vaiualile con(|uest, or the acipiisi- 
 tionofiuiy post or place, from which higher ))ur- 
 poses were answered, than destroying public 
 stores or distressing individuals, and enrichlnsj 
 the officers and privates of their army and navy 
 The imporlanl services renilered by France to 
 the Americans, cemented theinilon of the two 
 nations with aiidllional lies. Tin; orderly Inof- 
 fensive behaviour of the FriMich troops in tho 
 Uniled-Stale'i, conlnisled villi the liaviir of 
 jiro])erty made by the Billisli In their uiarchej 
 
 * I 
 
J from Virginia, 
 rxiit'dition, ilic 
 )f New-L')n'lon 
 roops employi^d 
 climciits on each 
 ivas cominandi'd 
 id the otlicr by 
 ct with littlu op- 
 I reduubt wliidii 
 hour, not being 
 ! rnen crossed tlie 
 on hill. This was 
 It colonel Eyer : 
 :lves with great 
 1 conflict of forty 
 )y the assailants, 
 than six or seven 
 irried their lines, 
 ilacc afterwards, 
 An officer of the 
 iliis entering the 
 :iel Ledyard an- 
 '," and presented 
 vas immediately 
 ed. Between 30 
 
 about 40 were 
 ide of the Iiritish 
 ded : Among thu 
 /, and among the 
 bout 15 vessels 
 le inhabitants, re- 
 ' others romiiine<l 
 I excepting tlieso 
 lation of fire Iroin 
 elling houses at. J 
 les. 
 
 tans sustained by 
 es, of ]>rovisioii9 
 ise. General Ar- 
 liject of the expe- 
 s to New-York, 
 al'jable men, anj 
 ly this incursion, 
 •ontended wasiin- 
 eemed to have no 
 rlion of ))roperty, 
 farther froni Mrit- 
 ot so extensive as 
 pst, ami the ino- 
 ; from them, j)rii- 
 n. On the other 
 'revenge against 
 ted distresses, 
 d, in all parts ot 
 of the Anier'cr.iis. 
 1 Sonlh-(^anilii!ri, 
 i devastations in 
 
 close, the Ibitish 
 ; holds in or near 
 il Savannah, and 
 ia was captured, 
 ad acipiired much 
 Is were enriched, 
 espect benefitted 
 nway on their part 
 !S|, or the Bci|uisi- 
 whichhigher pur- 
 destroying publin 
 lals, mid rnricliins 
 eir army and navy 
 ered by France to 
 le union of th<" two 
 The orderly inof- 
 ncli troops in tho 
 iilli the Imvoc of 
 ill ill 'heir uiurclici; 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 «Bf 
 
 B 
 
 and excursions, was silently turning the cur 
 rent of popular esteem in favour of tjie former, 
 aiid working a revolution in the minds of tho 
 inhabitants, greatly conducive to the establish 
 ment of that which had taken place in the go- 
 vernment. The property of the inhabitants 
 of Rhode-Island, received no damage of any 
 account from the French troops, during their 
 eleven months residence among them. The 
 soldiers were rather a guard lliaii a nuisance ; 
 The citizens met with no iiiterruplioii when 
 prosecuting their lawful business, either by 
 night or day, and were treated with every 
 mark of attention and respect. 
 
 While the progress of the British army, in 
 a circuitous march of 1100 miles from Charles- 
 ton to Yorktown, was marked with rapine and 
 deiolation ; the march of the French troops 
 from Rhode-Island to tho same place, a dis- 
 tiince nearly eijual in a right line, was produc 
 tive of no inconvenience to the intermediate 
 inhabitants. They were welcome guests 
 wherever they came, for they took nothing by 
 fraud or force, but punctually paid for all they 
 wanted with hard money. In a contest where 
 the good will of the people had so powerful 
 an influence on its final issue, such opposite 
 modes of conduct could not fail of producing 
 their natural elfects. The moderation and 
 justice of the French, met with its reward in 
 the general good will of the people, but the 
 violence and rajiiiie of the Uritish contributed, 
 among other tilings, to work the final over- 
 throw of all their schemes in America. 
 
 On the last day of this year, Dec. 31, 17S1, 
 Henry Laurens was released from his long con- 
 fiuemeiit in the tower of London. He had 
 been committed there, as already related, on 
 the 6th of October 1780, " On suspicion of 
 high treason," after being examined in the pre- 
 sence of loril Stormoiit, lord George Ger- 
 maine, lord Hill.sborough, Mr. Chamberlain, 
 Mr. Justice Addington, and others. The com- 
 mitment was accompanied with a warrant to 
 tho lieutenant of the tower to receive and con- 
 fine him. Their lordships orders were " To 
 confine him a close prisoner ; to be locked up 
 every night; to be in the custody of two 
 warders ; not to suffer him to be out of their 
 sight one moment, day nor night ; to allow him 
 no liberty of speaking to any person, nor to 
 
 ficrmit any person to speak to him ; to deprive 
 lim of the use of the pen and ink; to suffer 
 no letter to be brought to him, nor any to go 
 from hiin." Mr. Laurens was then fifty-five 
 yt-ars old, and severely afflicted with the gout 
 and other infirmities. In this situation he was 
 conducted to apartments in the tower, and was 
 shut up ill two small rooms which together 
 made about twenty feet S(]uare, with a warder 
 for his constant companion, and a fixed bay- 
 onet unde" his window, without any friiuid to 
 converse with, and without any prospect or 
 even the means of correspondence. Being 
 debarred tho use of pen and ink, he procured 
 pcttcih, which prnved a mifitt substitute. After 
 a month's confinement, he was permitted to 
 walk out on limited groiiml, but awarder with 
 a sword in his hand followed close behind. 
 This indiilgeiice was occasionally taken for 
 ubiiut three weeks, when lord GiMirge Gordim, 
 who was also a prisiuier in the tower, unluck- 
 ily n-i:t and asked Mr. Laurens to walk with 
 him. Mr. Laurens declined the oiler and iti- 
 M:iiitly returned to his apartiii'-iit. (Joverrior 
 'ilire caught at this transgresjion uf orders. 
 
 and locked him up for 37 days, though the at- 
 tending warder exculpated him from all blame. 
 At the end of that time the governor relented 
 so far, as to j)ermit his prisoner to walk on the 
 parade before the door, but this honor, as 
 coming from him, was refused. General 
 Vernon, on hearing of what had passed, gave 
 orders that Mr. Laurens should be permitted 
 to walk out, and tliis exercise was in conse- 
 quence thereof resumed, after an intermission 
 of two months and a half. 
 
 About this time, Feb. 26, an old friend and 
 mercantile correspondent, having solicited the 
 secretaries of state for Mr Laurens' enlargement 
 on parole, and having ofi'ered his whole fortune 
 as security for liis good conduct, sent him the 
 folkiwing message : " Their lordships say, if 
 you will point out any thing for the benefit of 
 Great Britain, in the present dispute with the 
 colonies, you shall be enUrg-d." This pro- 
 position filled him with indignation, and pro- 
 voked a sharp reply, part of which was in the 
 following words : " I perceive from the mes- 
 sage you sent me, that if I were a rascal I 
 might presently get out of the tower, but I am 
 not. You have pledged your word and for- 
 tune for my integrity. I will never dishonor 
 you nor myself. 1 can forsee wfiat will 
 come to pass. Happen to me what may, I fear 
 no possible consequences." 
 
 'riie same fiiend soon after visited Mr. Lau- 
 rens, and being left alone with him, addressed 
 him as follows, " I converse with you this 
 morning, not particularly as your friend, but as 
 the friend of Great Britain. I have certain 
 propositions to make, for obtaining your liberty, 
 which I advise you should take time to con 
 sider." Mr. Laurens desired to know what 
 they were, and added, " That an honest man 
 required no time to give an answer. In 
 case where hi= honour was concerned. If," 
 said he, " the secretaries of state will enlarge 
 me upon parole, I will strictly conform to my 
 engagement to do nothing directly or indirect 
 ly to the hurt of this kingdom. I will return 
 to America, or remain in any part of England 
 which may be assigned, and surrender myself 
 when demandfxl." It was answered, " No, 
 sir, you must stay in London among your 
 friends : The ministers will often have occasion 
 to send for and consult you : You can write 
 two or three lines to the ministers, and barely 
 say you are sorry for what is past : A pardon 
 will l>e granted : Every man has been wrong, 
 at some time or other of his life, and should 
 not be ashamed to acknowledge it." M.. Laa- 
 rens replied, " I will never subscribe to my 
 own infamy, and to the dishonour of my chil- 
 Iren." He was then told of long and painful 
 confinement, and hints were thrown out of the 
 lossible consequences of his refusal : To 
 .vliich he replied, " 1 am afraid of no conse- 
 cpiences but such as would flow from dis- 
 honourable acts." 
 
 In about a week after this interview, major 
 general James Grant, who had long been ac- 
 quainted with Mr. Laurens, and had served 
 with him near twenty years liefiire, on an ex- 
 pedition against the Cherokee Indians, visited 
 him in the tower, and talked much of the in- 
 conveniencies of his situation, and then ad- 
 dressed him thus : " Colonel Laurens, 1 have 
 brought paper and (leiicil to take down any 
 propositions you have to make to the adininis- 
 tratiiin, and I will ili'livei- them myself" .Mr. 
 LaurenK r^'plied, " 1 Inivu pencil and pupir, 
 
 but not one proposition, beyond repeating a re 
 quest to be enlarged on parole. 1 had welj 
 weighed what consequences mi^ht fotlcw lie- 
 lore I entered in the present dispute. I tr^ik 
 the path of justice and honour, and no personal 
 evils cause me to shrink." 
 
 About this time lieutenant colonel John Lau< 
 rens, the eldest son of Henry Laurens, arrivetl 
 in France, as the special minister of Congress, 
 The father was recjuested to write to the son 
 to withdraw himself from the court of France, 
 and assurances were given that it would ope- 
 rate inliis favour. To these requests he replied, 
 " my son is of age, and has a will of his own ; 
 if I should write to him in the tem-syou re- 
 (juest, it would have no effect : He would 
 only conclude, that confinement and per- 
 suasion liad softened me. I know him to be a 
 mi n of honour; he loves me dearly, and would 
 lay dovn his life to save mine ; but I am sure 
 he w mil .'-ot sacrifice his honour to save my 
 life, and 1 app;;>ud him." 
 
 Mr. Laurens penc'led an address to the sec- 
 retaries of state for the use of pen and ink, to 
 draw a bill of exchange on a merchant in Lon- 
 don who was in his debt, for money to answer 
 his immediate exigences, 3iid lo request that his 
 youngest son might be {permitted to visit him, 
 for the purpose of concerting a plan for his 
 farther education and conduit in lifit-. This 
 was delivered to their lordshijis; but they, 
 though tliey had made no provision for the 
 support of their prisoner, returned no answer. 
 Mr. Laurens was thus left to languish in con- 
 finement under many infirmities, and v/ithout 
 the means of applying his own resources on 
 the spot, for his immediate support. 
 
 As soon as Mr. I,aurens had completed a 
 year in the tower, he was called upon to pay 
 W 7* lad sterling to the two warders for at- 
 tending on him. To which he replied, " I was 
 .sent to the tower by the secretaries of state 
 without money (for aught they knew) — their 
 lordships have never supplied me with any 
 thing — It is now upwards of three mnnths 
 since I informed their lordships that the *'ind I 
 had hitherto subsisted upon was nearly ex- 
 hausted, and prayed for leave to draw a billon 
 Mr. John Nutt, who was in my debt, which 
 they have been pleased to refuse by the most 
 grating of all denials a total silence, and now 
 a demand is made for 9/ 7* lOt/. If their 
 lordships will permit me to draw for money 
 where it is due to me, I will continue to pay 
 my own expenses, but I will not pay the war- 
 dens whom I never employed, and whose at- 
 tenilance I shall be glad to dispense with." 
 
 Tnree weeks after, the secretaries of state 
 con.sented that Mr. Laurens should have the 
 ise of pen and ink, fiir the purpose of draw- 
 ng a bill of exchange, but they were taken 
 away the moment that business was done. 
 
 About, this time Henry Laurens, jun. wroto 
 an humble request to lord Hillsborough for 
 ])erniission to see his father, which his lordship 
 refused to grant. He had at first been per- 
 mitted to visit his father and converse witn 
 him for a short time ; but these interviews 
 were no longer permitted. Tfcey neverthe- 
 less occasionally met on the lines and saluted 
 each other, but durst not exchange a singlo 
 word, lest it might occasion a second confine- 
 ment, similar to that which lord George Gor- 
 don had been accessary. 
 
 As the year 17S1 drew near a chisc, Mr. 
 Laurens' sutFcringi in the tower became gcno- 
 
i i . ?. 
 
 484 
 
 rally known, and excited compassion in his fa- 
 vour, and odium n^uinst tlio authors of his con- 
 finement. It had been also found by the inofli- 
 cacy of many attempts, tliat no concessions 
 could bo obtamed from him. It was therefore 
 resolved to release him, but difficulties arose 
 about tho mode. Mr. Luurens would not con- 
 sent to any act, which implied that he was a 
 British subject, and he had been committed as 
 auch, on charge of high treason. Ministers, to 
 extricate themselves from this difficulty, at 
 length proposed to take bail for his appearance 
 at the court of King's-Bench. When the 
 words of the recognizance, "Our Sovereign 
 Lord the King," were read to Mr. Laurens, ha 
 replied in open court, "Not my Sovereign," 
 and with this declaration ho, with Mr. Oswald 
 and Mr. Anderson os his securities, entered in- 
 to an obligation for his appearance at the court 
 of King's- Bench the next Easter term, and for 
 not departing thence without leave of the court. 
 Thus ended a long and painful farce. Mr. 
 Laurens was immediately released. When the 
 tirae of his appearance at court drew near, he 
 was not only discharged from all obligations 
 to attend, but was requested by Lord Shel- 
 bume to go to *' " continent, in subserviency to 
 a scheme for making peace with America. Mr. 
 Laurens, startled at the idea of being released 
 without any equivalent, as he had uniformly 
 held himself to be a prisoner of war, replied, 
 that "Ho durst not accept himself as a gift, 
 and that as Congress had once offered lieu- 
 tenant general IJurgoyne for him, he had no 
 doubt of their now giving lieutenant general 
 curl Cornwallis for the same purpose." 
 
 THE HISTORY OP 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Of the treatment of prinoncra, nnd of llio distresses of the 
 iahabiluiKs. 
 
 Many circumstances concurred to make the 
 American war particularly calamitous. It was 
 originally a civil war in the estimation of both 
 jiarties, and a. rebellion to its termination, in 
 the opinion of one of them. Unfortunately 
 for mankind, doubts have been entertained of 
 the obligatory force of the law of nations in 
 such cases. The refinement of modern ages 
 has stri])ped war of half its liorrors, but the 
 systems of some illiberal men have tended to 
 re-produce the l,,iil>arism of (iothic times, by 
 withholding the benefits of that refinement 
 from those who are effectijig revolutions. An 
 eMlis^litened philanthropist embraces the whole 
 human race, and emjuires not whether an ob- 
 
 tect of distress is or is not an unit of an ac- 
 iriowledged nation. It is suflicient that he Is 
 a child of the same enminon parent, and capa- 
 tle of happiness or misery. Tlie prevaknee 
 of such a temper would have greatly lessei ed 
 the calamities of the American war; but while 
 from contracted policy unfortunate captives 
 were considered as not entltli?d to the treat- 
 ment of prisoners, they wore often do'Mned 
 without being guilty, to suffer the punishment 
 due to criminals. 
 
 The first American prisoners were taken on 
 tlic 17th of .luiK-, 17V4 TlioBo were thrown 
 indiscriniliiatcly Into tlie iai! at IJoston, without 
 any ronilderallon of tlielr rank. fleneral 
 Washinsjlon wroti! to general (tnve, Auj.'.. II. 
 1775, on tliij subjeci, to whicli the latter an- 
 
 swered by asserting that the prisoners had 
 been treated with care and kindness, though 
 indiscriminately, " as he acknowledged no 
 rank that was not derived from the king." To 
 which general Washington re|)lled, " You af- 
 fect, sir, to despise all rank not derived from 
 the same source with your own ; I cannot con- 
 ceive one more honorable, than that which 
 flows from the uncon iptcd choice of a brave 
 and free peojile, the purest source and original 
 fountain of all power." 
 
 Gi" "ral Carleton, during his command, con- 
 ducteu iDward the American prisoners with a 
 degree ot' humanity, that reflected the greatest 
 honour on his character. Before he commenced 
 his operations on the lakes in 1776, he shipped 
 off those of them wiio were ollicers for New- 
 England, but previously sup[ilied them with 
 every tiling requisite to make their voyage 
 comfortable. The other prisoners, amounting 
 to 800, were sent home by a flag, after exact- 
 ing an oath from them, not to serve during the 
 war unless exchanged. Many of these being 
 almost naked were comfortably clolheil by his 
 orders, previously to their being sent off. 
 
 The capture of general Leo proved calam- 
 itous to several individuals. Six Hessian field 
 ofliccrs were olfered in exchange for him, but 
 this was refused. It was said by the British 
 that Lee was a deserter from their service, and 
 as such could not expv.^,. the indulgences usu- 
 ally given to prisoners of war. The Ameri- 
 cans replied, that as he had resigned his British 
 commission previously to his accepting one 
 from the Americans, he could not be consid- 
 ered as a deserter. He was nevertheless con- 
 fined, watched, and guarded. Congress there- 
 upon resolved, that general Washington be 
 du'octed to inform general Howe, that should 
 the proffered exchange of general Lee for six 
 field ollicers not be accepted, and the ;.>-atment 
 of him as aliove mentioned be continued, the 
 principles of retaliation should occasion five of 
 the said Hessian field oflicc^rs, fogctber with 
 lieutenant rolonel Archibald Campbell, to be 
 detained, in order that the said treatment which 
 general Lee received, should be exactly In- 
 Hlcled on their persons." The Campbell thus 
 designated as the subject of retaliation, was a 
 humane man, -and a meritorious nfhrer, who 
 had been captured by some of the Massachu- 
 setts privateers near Boston, to which, from 
 the want of iiiforniatio'; he was proceeding 
 soon after the Hrlllsh haci evacuate<l it. The 
 above act of Congress was forwarded to Mas- 
 sachusetts, with a request that they would de- Tl 
 tain lieutenant coliinel Campbell and keep him 
 In safe custody till the further order of ("on- 
 gress. The council of Massaclniselts exceed- 
 ed ibis request, and 8<'nt him to Com ord jail, 
 where In; was loilged in a gloomy dungiMiti of 
 twelve or tlilrleen feet square. The attend- 
 ance of a single servant on his person was de- 
 nied him, and every visit from a friend refused. 
 
 The prisoners captured liy Sir William 
 Howe in 177G, amount<'d to many hundreds. 
 The ofl'icers were admitted to parole, and had 
 some waste houses assigned to them as quar- 
 ters ; but the privates were shut up in the cold- 
 est season of the year, in churches, sugar 
 houses, and such like large open building'j. 
 The severity of the weather, and the ngor 
 of their treatment, occasioned the death Of 
 many huiiilreils of these unnirfunate men. 
 The filth of the jilaces of tlicir coiifiiieinem, 
 in coiiMJiiueiice of llu.ves which prevailed 
 
 among them, was both offensive and danger- 
 ous. Seven dead bodies have been seen in 
 one building, at one time, and all lying in 
 a situation shocking to humanity. The pro- 
 visions served out to them were deficient 
 in (juaiifity, and of an unwholesome qual- 
 ity. These suflerlng prisoners were get erally 
 pressed to enter into the Britisl. service, I: ut 
 hundreds sulnnitted to death, rather than 
 procure a melioration of their circumstances 
 by enlisting with the enemies of their coun- 
 try. After general Washington's successes 
 at Trenton and Princeton, the American 
 jirisoners fired .somewhat better. Those who 
 survived were ordered to be sent out for 
 exchange, but some of them fell down dead 
 in the streets, while attempting to walk to 
 the vessels. Others were so emaciated that 
 their appearance was horrible. A speedy 
 death closed the scene with many. 
 
 The American board of war, Dec. 1, 1777, 
 after coiifi;rrlng with Mr. Boudinot, the com- 
 missary-general of prisoners, and examining 
 evidences |)ro(liiced by him, reported among 
 other things, " That there were 900 |)rivales 
 and 300 officers of the American urmy, jiri- 
 soneis in the city of New-York, and about 
 500 privates and 50 ollicers prisoners in 
 Philadelphia. That since the beginning of 
 October, all these prisoners, both officers and 
 privates, had been confined in prisiui ships or 
 the Provost: That from the bc\st evldenco 
 the subject could admit of, llie general allow- 
 ance of prisoners, at most, did not exceed 
 four ounces of meat per day, and often so 
 damaged as not to be eatable: That it had 
 lieen a common practice with the British, on 
 a prisoner's being first captured, to keep him 
 three, four or five days, without a morsel 
 of meat, and then to tempt him to enlist to 
 save his life : That there were numerous 
 instaires of ])rlsoners of war perishing in aU 
 li.e agonies of hun;-or." 
 
 About this time there was a meeting of 
 merchants in London, for the |)urpose of rais- 
 ing a sum of money to ri'lieve the di.?tresses 
 of the American ]irlsoncrs then in England. 
 The sum subscrlbril for that pur|)ose amounti?d 
 to l())7/. 15,«. Thus while human nature was 
 dishonored by the cruelties of some of tho 
 British in America, there was a laudable dio- 
 ])lay of the Jienevolence of others of the samo 
 natiim in Europe. The American sailors, when 
 ca|)tured by tin- British, suflered more than 
 even the soldiers that It'll into their hands. 
 riic> former were coiifiiieil on board |>rison 
 ships. They were there crowded togiuher in 
 such numbers, aiul llielr accommodations were 
 so wretched, that discuses bi-oke out and swept 
 them olf in a Inaiiiier that was suflicient to ex 
 cite compassion in breasts of ihe least si'tisi- 
 billly. It lias been asserted, on as good evi- 
 dence, as the case will admit, that in the last 
 six years of the war, upwards of eleven thou- 
 sand persons died on lioard the Jersey, one of 
 these prison ships, which was stationed in 
 East river near New-York. On many of 
 these, the rites of sejniltiire were never or 
 but very Imperfectly conferred. For soino 
 time after the war was ended, their bones 
 lay whitening in the sun, on the shores of 
 Long-Island. 
 
 The operations of treason laws added to the 
 calamllies of the war. Indlviduids on both 
 sldi'S, while they were doltuj no mon^ than 
 tlii-y uuiiposcd to be their duly, were in\olvod 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 48S 
 
 in the penal conserjuencua of capital crimus. 
 The Americana, in conformity to the usual po- 
 licy of niitions, deniiuided the allegiiiiico of all 
 will) resided among them, but several of these 
 prcfiirred the lute; royal government, and were 
 disposed, when oj)portunity oirered,to support 
 it. While they aeted in conformity to these 
 ccntiments, the laws enacted li)r the security 
 of the new government, condemned them to 
 death. Hard is the lot of a people involved 
 in civil war ; for in such circumstances the 
 lives of individuals may not only bo legally 
 forfeited, but justly taken from those, who 
 have acted solely from a sense of duty. It is 
 to bo wislied that some more rational mode 
 than war might be adopted for deciding 
 national contentions ; but of all wars, those 
 which arc called civil are most to be dreaded. 
 They are atleniled with the bitterest resent- 
 ments, and produce the greatest quantity of 
 human woes. 
 
 In the American war, the distresses of the 
 country were aggravated, from the circum- 
 stance that every man was obliged some way 
 or other, to be in the public service. In Eu- 
 rope, whero military operations are carried on 
 by armies hired and paid for the purpose, the 
 common people partake; but little of the cala- 
 mitiea of war : but in America, where the 
 whole people were enrolled us a militia, and 
 where both si<les endeavored to strengthen 
 themselves by oaths and by laws, denouncing 
 llie penalties of treason on those who aided or 
 abetted the opposite party, the sufferings of iii- 
 diviiluals were renewed, as often as fortune 
 varied her standard. Each side claimed the 
 co-op(!ration of the inhabitants, and was ready 
 to punish when it was withheld. Where 
 either party had a decided superiority, the 
 common people were comparatively undis- 
 turbed; but the intermediate space between 
 the contending armies, was subject to the 
 alternate ravages of both. 
 
 In the first institution of tlie .Vmorican go- 
 vernments, the boundaries of authority were 
 not properly fixed. Committees exercised le- 
 gislative, executive, and ju<licial powers. It 
 is not to be doubted, that in many instances 
 ■ hesi! were improperly used, and that private 
 resentments were oi'teii covered under tlie spe- 
 cious veil of patriotism. TIk! sulferers in 
 passing over to the; royalists, carried with them 
 a keen remem!>ranciM)f the vengeance of com- 
 mittees, and when opportunity ])resente<l, 
 were tempted to retaliate. l''roni the nature 
 of llie case, tin! original olfenders were less 
 l're(|iiently the ol)jecH of retaliation, than those 
 who weri! entirely innocent. One instani-e ofl 
 severity begat anotlier, ami they continued to 
 iiii'ri'ase in a propiirtion that doubled the 
 evils of couenop war. I'rom one unadvised 
 step, individiin.s wen; often involveil in the 
 losi of all the'i' pro|>erty. Some from present 
 appearances, apprehejiding that the lirilish 
 would finally C(m.|uer, n^paired to their 
 Etandard. Their return al'tiu- the purtial storm 
 which intimidated them to submission, had 
 blown over, was always diilicult and often 
 impossible. From this sin^'le error in judg- 
 ment, such W(M'e often obliged to seek safety 
 by continuing to support the interest of tliose 
 to whom, in an hour of temptation, ihi^y had 
 devoti'd their.selves. The embarrassmiMits on 
 both sides were often so great, that many in 
 the lminl)ler wall:* of life, could not toll what 
 course was bust tu pursue. 
 
 It was liapny for those, who having made exiled from their homes to Virginia nnd Phi- 
 up their minds on the nature of the contest, ladelphia. Upwards of one thousand person! 
 
 were thrown upon the charity of their fi'llow 
 
 invariably followed the dictates of their con- 
 sciences, lor in every instance they enjoyed 
 self-approbation. Though tlicy could not be 
 deprived of this reward, llu^y were not aKvaya 
 successful in saving their property. They 
 who Viiriiul with the times, in like maimer often 
 missed their object, for to such it freipiently 
 happened that tliey were plundered by both, 
 and lost the esteem of all. A few saved their 
 credit and their property ; but of these, there 
 was not one fiir every hundred of those, wlio 
 were materially injured either in the one or 
 the other. The American whigs were exas- 
 perated against tlio'ie of their fellow citizens 
 who joined their enemies, with a resentment 
 which was far more bitter, than that which 
 they harbored against their I'luropean adver- 
 saries. Feelin'r that tin; whole strenirth of tin; 
 states was scarcely suflicient to ])rotect them 
 against the IJritish, they could not brook the 
 desertion of their coMiilrymen to invading 
 foreigners. They seldom would give them 
 credit for acting from princi]>le, liiil generally 
 sn])posed them to be influenced either by 
 cowardice or interest, and were therefiire in- 
 clined to jiroceed against them with rigor. 
 They were filled with indignation at the idea 
 of fighting for the [iroperty of such as had 
 di.'serted their country, and were therefore 
 clamorous that it should be seized fir public 
 service. The royalists raided the cry of 
 persecution, and loudly complained that 
 merely for supporting the goviu-nment under 
 which they were born, and to which they 
 owed a natural allegiance, they were doomed 
 to sull'er all the penalties due to ciipital 
 oU'enders. Those of them who acted from 
 principle felt no consciousness of guilt, and 
 could not look but with abhorrence upon a 
 government which infiicted such severe pu- 
 nishments on what they deemed a laudable 
 lino of conduct. 
 
 Humanity would shudder at a particular re- 
 cital of th(! calamities wliich the whigs inflicted 
 on the tories.and the tories on the whigs. It 
 is particularly remarkable that on both sides, 
 they for the most part consoled themselves 
 with the belief that they were acting or suf- 
 fering in a good cause. Though the rules of 
 moral right and wrong never vary, political 
 innocence and guilt ejianges so much with cir- 
 cumstances, that tJie innocence of the sufferer, 
 and of the party that punishes, arc; often 
 conipatllile. The distresses of the American 
 prisoners in the southern states, pri'vailei 
 
 citizens in tlie more northern states. This se- 
 vere treatment was the occasion of retaliating 
 on the faniilii.'S of those who had taken part 
 with the liritish. In the first months of the 
 year 17S1, the Urillsh were in fiuce in the re- 
 motest settlements of South-Carolina, but as 
 their limits were contracted in the courso 
 of the year, the male inhabitants who joined 
 them, tliought proper to retire with the royal 
 army towards the capital. In retaliation for 
 the expulsion of the wives and children of 
 the whig Americans from this state, governor 
 llutledge ordered the brigadiers of militia, to 
 send within tiie Hritish lines the families of 
 such of the inhabitants as adhered to their 
 interest. In conseijiience of this order, and 
 more espi^cially in consequence of the one 
 which occasiiuied it, several hundreds of help- 
 less women and children were reduced to 
 great distress. 
 
 The refugees who h.ad fled to New- York, 
 were formed into an association un<ler Sir 
 
 Henry CI. 'cir the jnirjioses of retaliating 
 
 on the AiiK"' ans, and fiir rc'imbiirsing thu 
 losses they had sustained from their country- 
 men. The depredations they committed in 
 their several excursions would fill a volume, 
 and would answer little purpose but to excite 
 compassion and horror. Towards the close of 
 the war, they began to retaliate on a bolder 
 scale. Captain Joshua Huddy, who command- 
 ed a small jiarty of Anuu-icans at a block 
 Innise, in M(Uiinouth county, New-.Tersey, was, 
 after a gallant resistance, taken i)risoner by a 
 party of these refugees. He was brought to 
 New- York, April ^d. and there kept in close 
 custody fli'teen days, and then told " that he wna 
 ordered to be hangtul." Four days after, he 
 was sent out with a party of refugees, and 
 hang<;d on the heights of -Middleton. The fiil- 
 lowing lab' I was affixed to his breast : "Wo 
 the refugees having huig with grief beheld the 
 cruel murders of our brethren, and finding no- 
 thing but such measures daily carrying into 
 execution ; we therefiu-e detiu-miiie not to suAIt 
 without taking vengeance fir the numenms 
 cruelties, and thus begin, and have made u.se 
 of captain Huddy as the first object to present 
 to your view, and further determine to hang 
 man for man, while there is a refuge.-; existing: 
 Up goes Huddy for Philip White." Tlio 
 Philip White in retaliation for whom Huddy 
 was hanged, had been taken by a party of the 
 .fersey militia, and was killed in attempting 
 
 particMllarly towards the close of the war. ('o- to make his escape. 
 
 j lonel Campbell, who reduced Savannah,! General Washington resolved on retaliation 
 
 [tlioiiLrh he had personally suffered from the ifor this deliberate mur(h>r,but instead of imme- 
 Americaus, treated all who fell into his hands dlately executing a liritish officer, he wrote to 
 
 'with humanity. Those wlio were t.ikeii at .Sir Henry Clinton, that unless the murderers 
 Savannah and at Ashe's di;fi.'at, suffered verylof Iluddy were given up, he should be uiide? 
 much I'nnii his successors in South Carolina.! the necessity of retaliating. The former being 
 
 I The .\merican prisoners, with a fi'W excep-| refused, captain Asgill was designated fi)r that 
 tions, had but litth; to cmnplain of 'till after purpose. In the mean time the Uriti.sh institu- 
 (tates' di'feat. Soon afier that event, sundry ted a court martial for the trial of captain Lip- 
 of ihi'iu, though entitled to the benefits of pencutt, who was suppo.sed to be the principal 
 the capitul:iti(Ui of Charleston, were separated agent in executing captain Huddy. Itappcar- 
 from their families and sent into exile ; otliers,'<'d in the courso of this trial, that governor 
 ill violation of the same solemn agreement, j Franklin, the president of llio board of asso- 
 were crowded into prison ships, and de-lciated loyalists, gave Tjip])encutt verbal orJera 
 prived of the use of their property. | for what ho did, and that ho hail been deiigna- 
 
 When a general exchanire of prisoners was ted as a jiroper subject for retaliation, having 
 effected, the wives and children of those in- been, as the refugees stated, a persecutor of 
 habitants who aJhcrcd to the AmQricans wore, the loyalists, t\nd particularly as having booa 
 
4M 
 
 instruinentBl in han^ng Stephen Edwards, 
 who hod been one of that deieription. The 
 court having considered the whole matter, 
 gave their opinion, " That as what Lippencutt 
 did was not the effect of malice or ill will, 
 but proceeded from a conviction ihnt it was 
 his duty to obey 'he orders of the hoard of 
 directors of associated loyalists, and as he did 
 not doubt their having full authority to give 
 such orders, ho was not guilty of the murder 
 laid to his charge, and therefore they acquitted 
 nim." 
 
 Sir Guy Carleton, who a little before this 
 time had been iippointed commander in cliief 
 of the British army, in a lettt-r to general Wash- 
 ington, accompanying the trial of Lippencutt, 
 declared " that notwithstanding the accjuittal 
 of Lippencutt, he reprobated the measure,and 
 gave assuninced of prosecuting a further en- 
 quiry." Sir Guy Carleton about the same time 
 broke up the board of associated loyalists, 
 which prevented a repetition of similar ex- 
 cesses. The war also drawing near a close, 
 the motives for retaliation, as tending to pre- 
 vent other murders, in a groat measure ceased. 
 In the mean time general Washington received 
 a letter from tl.e count de Vergennes interce- 
 ding forcuptiinAsgill, which was also accom- 
 panied witn a very pathetic one from his mo- 
 ther, M'S. Asgill.to the count. Copies of these 
 geverol letters were forwarded to Congress, 
 Nov. 7th, 1782, and soon after they resolved, 
 " that the commander in chief be directed to 
 set captain Asgill at liberty. " The lovers of 
 liumanity rejoiced that the necessity of retali- 
 ation was superceded, by the known humanity 
 of the new commander in chief, and still more 
 by the well foundisd prospect of a speedy 
 peace. Asgill, who had received every mdul- 
 gcnce, and who had been treated with all pos- 
 tiible politeness, was released and permitted 
 to go •.nio New-York. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 Csmpugn of 17S3. 
 
 xvr. 
 
 Foreign events and negocinlioni. 
 I'eace, 1782. 
 
 After the capture of lord Cornwallis, gen- 
 eral Washingt<m, with the greatest part of his 
 force, returned to the vicinity of New-York. 
 He was in no condition to attempt the reduc- 
 tion of that post, and the royal army had good 
 reasons for not urging hostilities without their 
 lines. An obstruction of the communication 
 l)etween town and country, some indecisive 
 skirmishes, and |)redatory excursions, were the 
 principal evidences of an existing state of war. 
 This in a great measure was also the case in 
 South-Carolina. From Deromber 1781, gene- 
 ral Greene had possession of all the state except 
 Charleston and the vicinily- The Hritish 
 sometimes sallied out o( ,heir lines for the ac- 
 quisition of property and provisions, but never 
 for the purposes of coni|uest. In opposing 
 one of these near Combahee, lieutenant colo- 
 nel John Laurens, an accomi)lished officer, of 
 uncommon merit, was mortally wounded. 
 Nature had adorned him with a large proper 
 tion of her choicest gifts, and these were 
 highly cultivated by uii <'lepuit, usctful and 
 practical education. His patriotism was of 
 
 the most ardent kiml. The moment he was i made for withdrawing the royal forces from 
 of age, he broke off from tlic aniutenients of | Georgia and South Carolina, Peace was re- 
 
 London, and on his arrival in America, in- 
 stantly joined the army. Whereever the war 
 raged most, there was he to be found. A 
 dauntless bravery was the least of his vir- 
 tues, and an excess of it his greatest foible. 
 His various talents fitted him to shine in 
 courts or camps, or popular assemblies. He 
 had a heart to conceive, a head to contrive, a 
 tongue to persuade, and a hand to execute 
 schemes of the most extensive utility to his 
 country, or rather to mankind, for hii enlarged 
 philanthropy, knowing no bounds, embraced 
 the whole human race. This excellent young 
 man, who was the pride of his country, the 
 idol of the army, and an ornament of human 
 nature, lost his life in the 37th year of his 
 age, in an unim|)ortant skirmish with a fo- 
 raging party, in the very last moments of 
 the war. 
 
 At the commencement of the year 1782, the 
 British had a more extensive range in 
 Georgia, than in any other of the Uniti'd 
 Slates, but of this they were soon abridged. 
 From the unsuccessful issue of the assault on 
 Savannah in 1779, that state had eminently 
 suffered the desolations of war. Political 
 hatred raged to such a degree that the blood 
 of its citizens was daily shed by the hands of 
 9ach other, contending under t!io names of 
 whigs and tories. A few of the friends of 
 the revolution kept togt-ther ir. the western 
 settlements, and exercised the powers of inde- 
 pendent government. The whole extent be- 
 tween these and the capital, was subject to 
 the alternate ravages of both parties. After 
 the surrender of lord Cornwallis, general 
 Greene, being reinforced by the Pensylvanla 
 line, was enabled to detach general Wayne 
 with a part of the southern army to Georgia. 
 General Clarke, who commanded in Savan- 
 nah, on hearing of their advance, sent orders 
 to his officers in the out jiosts, to bum ns 
 far as thoy could, all the provisions in the 
 country, and then to retire within the lines 
 at the capital. The country being evacuated 
 by the British, the governor came with his 
 council from Augusta to El)enezer, and re- 
 established government in the vicinity of the 
 sea coast. 
 
 Colonel Brown, at the head of a conside- 
 rable force, marched out of the garrison of 
 Savannah, May 21, 1782, with the apparent 
 intention of attacking the Americans, (iene 
 ral Wayne, by a bold mancKuvre, got in his 
 rear, attacked him at 12 o'clock at night, and 
 routed his whole party. A large number 
 of Creek Indians, headed by a number of 
 their chiefs and a British officer, made a fu- 
 rious attack on Wayne's infantry in the night. 
 For a few minutes they possessed themselves 
 of his field pieces, but they were soon re- 
 covered. In the meantime colonel White, 
 with a party of the cavalry, came up, and 
 pressed hard upon them. Both sides engaged 
 m close quarters. The Indians displayed un- 
 common bravery, but at length were com- 
 pletely routed. Shortly after this affair, a 
 perio<l was put to the calamities of war in 
 that ravaged state. In about three months af- 
 ter the capture of lord Cornwallis was knwn 
 in Great Britain, the parliament resolved to 
 abandon all offensive operations in America. 
 In ci)nse(ju<uice thereof, every idea of con- 
 (juest being given up, arninsrements weri' 
 
 stored to Georgia, after it had been ujiwardl 
 of three years in p(>ssl's^'ion of the British, 
 and hud been ravaged nearly from one ex- 
 treme to the other. It is computed that tho 
 state lost by the war, one thousand of its citi 
 zens, besides four thousand slaves. In about 
 five months after the British left Georgia, thoy 
 in like manner withdrew their force from 
 South Carolina. The inhabitants of Charles- 
 ton, who had remained therein while it waa 
 possessed by the British, felt themselves hap- 
 py in being delivered from the severities of 
 a garrison life. The exiled citizens collected 
 from all cpiarters and took possession of their 
 estates. Thus in less than three years from 
 the landing of the British in South-Carolina, 
 they withdrew all their forces from it. in 
 that time the citizens had suffered an accu- 
 mulation of evils. There was scarcely an 
 inhabitant, however obscure in character or 
 remote in station, whether ho remained firm 
 to one party or changcrd with tlu; times, who 
 did not partake of the general distress. 
 
 In modern Europe the revolutions of pub- 
 lic affairs seldom disturb the humble oliscuri- 
 ty of private life j but the American revolu- 
 tion involved the interest of every family 
 and deeply affected the fortunes and hiipp',- 
 ness of almost every individual in the TJiiitcd 
 States. South-Carolina lost a great nunilii-r 
 of its citizens, and U|)wards of aO.OOO of its 
 slaves. Property was sported with by both 
 parties. Besijes those who fell in battle or 
 died of diseases brought on by the war, many 
 were inhumanly murdered by private assassi- 
 nations. The country abounded with widows 
 and orphans. The severities of a militurv life 
 co-operating with the climate, destroyed the 
 heiilths and lives of many hundreds of the 
 invading army. Excepting those who en- 
 riched themselves by jilunder, and a few suc- 
 cessful speculators, no private advantage was 
 gained by individuals on either side, but an 
 experimental conviction of the folly and 
 madness of war. 
 
 Though in the year 1782 the United States 
 afforded f<!W great events, the reverse was 
 tho case with the other powers involved in 
 the consequences of the American war. 
 
 Minorca, after a tedious siege, surrendered 
 to the Duke de Crillon in the service of his 
 most catholic majesty. About the same time 
 the settlements of Demarara and Essequibo, 
 which in the preceding year hod been taken 
 by the British, were taken from them by tho 
 French. The gallant marquis de Bouille ad- 
 ded to tlie splendor of his former fame by 
 reducing St. Kitts, the former at the close of 
 the year 1781, and the latter early in the year 
 1782. The islands of Nevis and Mont»t.r<-at 
 followed the fortune of St. Kitts. The 
 French at 'liis period seemed to be establish- 
 ed in tho West-Indies, on a firm foundation. 
 Their islands were full of excellent troops, 
 and their marine force was truly respectable. 
 The exertions of Spain were olso uncom- 
 monly great. The strength of these two 
 monarchies had never before been so conspi- 
 cuously displayed in thot ipiarfer of the 
 globe. Their combined navies amounted to 
 threescore ships of the line, and these were 
 attended with a prodigious multitude of fri- 
 gates and armed vessels. With this immense 
 force they entertained hopes of wresting from 
 his Britannic majesty a great part of his 
 Wost-India islands. 
 
UNI TED STATES. 
 
 487 
 
 ^ United Stutea 
 i reverse M-as 
 rs involved in 
 ican war. 
 e, surrendered 
 service of his 
 tlie same time 
 ind Essequiho, 
 ad heen taken 
 11 tliem hy the 
 Je Bouillc ad- 
 rmer fame by 
 It tlje close of 
 rly in tlie year 
 nd Montstri-at 
 Kitts. The 
 
 be establish- 
 m foundation. 
 M>llcnt troops, 
 ly respectable. 
 
 also uncom- 
 nf these two 
 ;en so coiispi- 
 larter of the 
 
 amounted to 
 id these were 
 Ititnde of fri- 
 
 1 this immetise 
 wrestlny from 
 
 In the meantime, the British ministry prC' 
 pared a stronij 8(|iiadron, for tJie protection of 
 their possessions in that ipiarter. This was 
 commanded by admiral Rodney, and amount- 
 ed, after a junction with Sir Samuel Hood's 
 e(luadron, and the arrival of three ships from 
 Oreat Britain, to Sd sail of the line. 
 
 It was the design of count da Grasse, who 
 commanded the French fleet at Martinique 
 iimounting to 34 sail of the line, to proceed to 
 Hispaniola and Join the Spanish admiral Don 
 Solano, who with sixteen ships of the line 
 anil a considerable land force was waiting 
 fur his arrival, and to make, in concert with 
 him, an attack on .famaica 
 
 The British admiral wished to prevent this 
 junction, or at least to force an engagement 
 before it was effected. Admiral Hodiiey came 
 up with the count de (jrasse, soon after he 
 had set out to join the Spanish fleet at His- 
 paniola. l'arti.il engagements took place on 
 tlie three first days, after tliry came near to 
 each other. In these, two of the French 
 chips were so badly damaged, that they were 
 obliged to quit the fleet. On the n(?xt day a 
 general engagement took place: This began 
 at seven in the morning, and continued till 
 tiast six in the evening. There was no ap- 
 
 ty-four sail made the best of their way tola peculiar kind were prepared ngninst him, 
 Cape Francois. This was all that remained 
 
 parent superiority on either side till between 
 twelve and one o'clock, when ailniiral Rodney 
 broke the French line of battle, by lieariiig 
 down upon their centre, and penetrating 
 through it. The land forces, destined for 
 the expedition against .lamiiica, amounting to 
 .O'lOO men, were distributed on board the 
 French fleet. 'J'heir ships were therefore so 
 crowded, that the slaughter on board was 
 prodigious. The battle was fought on both 
 sides with equal spirit, but with a very un- 
 equal issue. The French for near a century, 
 hud not in any naval engagement been so 
 completely worst(?d. Their fleet w.as little 
 less than ruined. Upwards of 400 men 
 were killed on board one of the ships, and 
 the whole number of tlieir killed and wound- 
 ed amounted to several thousands, while the 
 loss of the British did not much exceed 1100 
 men. The French lost in this action, and the 
 subsequent pursuit, eight ships of the lino. 
 On board the captured ships, was the whole 
 train of artillery, with the ballering cannon 
 and travelling carriages, intended for the ex- 
 pedition against .famaica. One of them was 
 the Ville de Paris, so called from the city of 
 Paris having built her at its own expense, 
 and made a present of her to the king. She 
 had cost four millions of llvres, and was es- 
 teemed the most magnificent ship in France ; 
 she carried 110 guns and had on board 1300 
 men. This was truly an unfortunate day to 
 count do Grasse. Though bis behaviour 
 throughout the whole action was firm and 
 intrepiil, and his resistance continued till he 
 and two more were; the only men left stand- 
 ing upon the upper deck, he was at last 
 obliged to strike. It was no small addition 
 to his misfortunes that he was on the point 
 nf forming a junction, which would have set 
 him above all danger. Had this taken place, 
 the whole British naval jiower in the West 
 Indies, on principles of ordinary calculation 
 would have been insufficient to have pre 
 vented him from carrying into effect, schemes 
 of the most extensive consequence. 
 
 The ships of the defeated fleet fled in a 
 variety of directions. Twenty-three or twen- 
 
 in a body of that fleet, which was lately bo 
 formidable. By this signal victory, the de- 
 signs of France and Spam were frustrated. 
 No farther enterprises were undertaken 
 against the fleets or ])ossessions of Great 
 Britain in the West-Indies, ond such mea- 
 sures only were embraced, as seemed requi- 
 site for the puqioses of nafety. When the 
 news of admiral Rcjdney's victory reached 
 Great Britain, a general joy was difVu8«!d over 
 the nation. Before there had been much 
 despondency. Their losses in the Chesa- 
 peake and in the West-Indies, together with 
 the increasing number of their enemies, had 
 depressed the spirits of the great b( uy of the 
 people; but the advantages gained on the 
 13th of April, placed them on high ground, 
 either for ending or jirosecuting tiie war. 
 It was fortunate for the Americans, that this 
 success of the British was ])osterior to their 
 loss in Virginia. It so elevated the spirits 
 of Britain, and so depressed the hopes of 
 France, that had it taken |)lace prior to the 
 surrender of Lord Cornwallis, that event 
 would have been less influential in disposing 
 the nation to peace. As the catastrophe of 
 York-town ch)sed the national war in North- 
 America, so the defeat of de Grasse, in a 
 great measure, jnit a period to hostilities in 
 the West-Indies. 
 
 Other decisive events soon followed, which 
 disposed another of the belligerent powers 
 to a pacification, tiibrallar, though succes- 
 sively relieved, still continued to lie besieged. 
 The reduction of Minorca inspired the Span- 
 ish nation with fresh motives to perseverance. 
 The Duke de Crillon, who had been recently 
 successful in the siege of Minorca, was ap- 
 poinf^d to conduct the siege of (iibraltar, and 
 it was resolved to employ the whole strength 
 of the Spanish monarchy in seconding Iris 
 operations. No means were neglected, nor 
 expense spared, that promised to forward 
 the views of the besiegers. From the fiiilurt,' 
 of all plans, h'.therto adopted for efi'ecting the 
 reduction of Gibraltar, it was •■esolved to 
 adopt nev/ ones. Among the various jiro- 
 jects f^ir this purpose, one which had been 
 fornwvi by the Chevalier D'.'\rc(m, was deem- 
 ed the most worthy of trial. This was to 
 onsiruct such flo«iting batteries as could nei 
 ther be sunk nor fired. With this view their 
 bottoms were made of th(? thickest timber, and 
 their sides of wood and cork long soaked 
 in water, with a large layer of wet sand 
 between. 
 
 To prevent the eflTects of red hot balls, a 
 number of pipes were contrived to carry wa 
 ter through every part of them, and pumps 
 were provided to keep these constantly sup- 
 plied with water. The |)eople on board were 
 to be sheltered from the fall of bombs by a 
 cover of rope netting, which was made slo- 
 pinsr, and overlaid with wet liides. 
 
 These floating batteries, ten in number, 
 were made out of the hulls of large vessels, 
 cut down for the purjiose, and carried from 
 28 to 10 guns each, and were seconded by 
 80 large boats mounted with guns of heavy 
 metal, and also by a multitude of frigates, 
 ships of force, and some hundreds of small 
 craft. 
 
 General Elliott, the intrepid defender of 
 Gibraltar, was not ignorant that inventions of 
 
 but knew nothing of thei construction. He 
 nevertheless provided tor every circum- 
 stance of danger that could be liireseen or 
 imagined. The 13th day of September waj 
 fixed upon by the besiegers for maki.ig u. 
 grand attack, when the new invenied ma- 
 chines, with all the united jiowers of guu- 
 powder and artilliM-y in iheir highest state of 
 improvement, wirn; to be called into action. 
 The combined fleets of Fiance and Spain in 
 the bay of (iibraller uinoiiiilcd to 48 sail ol 
 the line. Their batteries weri' covered with 
 154 pieces of heavy brass cannon. The 
 numbers employed by land and sea against 
 the fortress were I'stiinated at one hundred 
 ihcnisand men. With this fince, and by the 
 fire of 300 cannon, mortars, and howitzers, 
 from the adjacent islhmus, it was intended to 
 attack every part of the Ibltish works at one 
 and the same instant. The surroiindliig hills 
 were covered with people assembled to be- 
 lold the spectacle. The cannonade and boni- 
 lardinent was tremendous. The showers of 
 shot and shells from the land balli'ries, and 
 the ships of the besiegers, and Irom the va- 
 rious works of till! garrison, exhibited a 
 most dreadful seen". Four hundred pieces 
 of the heaviest arlilleiy were pla\ log at the 
 anie moment. The whole I'eiiinsula seem- 
 ed to be overwhelmed in the? torrents of fire, 
 which were incessiinlly jicured upon it. The 
 S|)anisli floating batteries for some time an- 
 swered the expectations of their frainers. 
 The lu'aviest shells often rebounded from 
 their lo])s, while thirty-two pound shot made 
 no visible impression upon iheir hulls. For 
 some hours, the altai^k and defence were so 
 e(|ually supported, as snu-cely to admit any 
 appearance of su|)eriority on either side. 
 
 The constructiim of the batlering ships 
 was so well calculated fiir withstanding tlio 
 combined I'onv of lire and artillery, that they 
 seemed fiir some time to bid <lefianci? to the 
 powers of the heaviest ordiniince. In the af- 
 ternoon tli(! efl'erts of hot shot became visi- 
 ble. At first there was only iin appearance 
 of smoke, but in the course of the night, after 
 the fire of the garrison had continued about 
 Ijihiuirs, two of the floating batteries were 
 in flames, and s<>veral more were visibly be- 
 ainning to kiudli". The endeavours of the 
 besiegers were now exclusively directed to 
 bring off the men from thi; burning vessels, 
 but in this they were interrupted. Captain 
 Curti:!, who lay ready with 12 i;un boats, ad- 
 vanced and fired upon them with such order 
 rtnd expedition, as to thmw them into confu- 
 sion bcfiire they had finished their business. 
 Tliey fled with their boats, and abandoned 
 to their fiite great numbers of tlieir people. 
 The opening of day-light disclosed a most 
 dreadful spectacle. Many were seen in the 
 midst of the flames crying out for help, 
 while others were floating upon pieces of ' 
 timber, exposed to equal danger from the 
 opposite element. The genenuis humanity 
 of' the victors equalled their valour, and was 
 the more honorable, as the exertions of it 
 exposed them to no less danger than those of 
 active hostility. In endeavouring to save tVio 
 lives of his enemies, captain Curtis nearly 
 lost his own, While for the most benevo- 
 lent purpose he was alon£r side the floating 
 batteries, one of them blew up, and some 
 heavy pieecs of timber fell into his boat and 
 
488 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 l!li 
 
 Hi 
 
 i I 
 
 : \ I 
 
 ■■> ■ 
 
 i ' 
 
 I 
 
 pierced through iu bottom. By similar per- 
 iloua uxcrtions, near 400 men were saved irom 
 inovilublu duatruction. 
 
 The exercise of humanity to nn enemy, 
 under such circumstances ot immmediiite ac- 
 tion, and impending danger, conferred more 
 true iionourtlian could he iicijuired by the moat 
 k|)lendld series of victories. It in some de- 
 gree obscured the impression made to the dis- 
 advantage of human nature, by the madness 
 of mankind in destroying each other by waste- 
 ful wars. The floating batteries were all con- 
 sumed. The violence of their explosion was 
 such as to burst open doors and wmdows at a 
 great distance. Soon after the destruction of 
 3ie floating batteries, lord Howe, with 35 
 ships of the line, bnnight to the brave garrison 
 an ample supply of every thing wanted, eitlier 
 for their support or their defence. This com 
 plete reliel of Gibraltar, was the third de- 
 cisive event in the course of o twelvemonth 
 which favoured the re-establishment of a ge- 
 neral |)eace. 
 
 The capture of the British ormy in Vir 
 ginia — the defeat of count do Cirasse, and the 
 destruction of the Spanisli floating butteries, 
 inculcated on Great Britain, France andSjiain, 
 the policy of shi-athing the sword, and stop, 
 ping the effusion of human blood. Eacl; 
 nation found, on a review of past events, that 
 though their losses were great, their gains 
 were little or nothing. By urging the Ameri 
 can war, Cireat Britain had increased her na 
 tional debt one hundred millions of pounds 
 sterling, and wasted the lives of at least 
 60,000 of her subjects. To add to her morti- 
 fication she had brought all tliis on herself, by 
 pursuing an object the attainment of which 
 seemed to be daily less probable, and the be- 
 nefits of which, even though it could have 
 been attained, were very problematical. 
 
 While Greot Britain, Franco and Spain 
 were successively brought to think favourably 
 of peace, the United States of America had 
 the consolation of a public acknowledgment 
 of their independence by a second power of 
 Europe. This was effected in a great mea- 
 sure by the address of John Adams. On the 
 capture of Henry Laurens, he had been com- 
 missioned Jan. 1, 1781, to be the minister 
 plenipotentiary of Congress, to the states 
 general of the United Provinces, and was also 
 empowered to negociato a loan of money 
 among the Hollanders. Soon after his arrival 
 lie presented to their high mightinesses a me- 
 morial, iu which he informed them that the 
 United States of America, had thought fit to 
 send him a ccmiinission with full power and 
 instructions, to confer with them concerning a 
 treaty of amilv and commerce, and that tlit.'y 
 had appoir.ted hira to be tlieir minister pleni- 
 potentiary to reside near them. Similar iiifiir- 
 mation, was at the saine time communicattiJ to 
 the etadtholder, the prince of Orange. 
 
 About a year after the presentation of this 
 memorial, it was resolved " that the suid Mr. 
 Adorns was agreeable to their higli might- 
 inesses, and that lie should be acknowledged 
 in quality of minister ])lenipotentiory." Be- 
 fore this was obtained, much pains had l)cen 
 taken raucli ingenuity had been exerted, to 
 convince tlie rulers aii<l people of the states 
 fnueral, tlmt they had an interest iu connect- 
 ing themselves With the United States. These 
 representations, togothe^r with some recent 
 fuccossct in tkcir contest* e» the aea, with 
 
 Great Britain, and their evident commercial 
 interest, encouraged them to venture on Iwing 
 the second power of Europe, to acknowledge 
 American Indeiiendence. 
 
 Mr. Adams having gained this point, pro- 
 ceeded on the negociation of a featy of amity 
 and commerce between the two countries. 
 This was in a few months concluded, to the 
 reciprocal satisfaction of both parties. The 
 same success which attended Mr. Adams in 
 these negociations, continued to follow him in 
 obtaining a loan of money, which was a most 
 seasonable supply to his almost exhausted 
 country. 
 
 Mr. Jay had for nearly three years past ex- 
 erted equal abilities, and equal industry with 
 Mr. Adams, in endcovoring to negociato a 
 treaty between the United States and his most 
 catholic majesty, but his exertions were not 
 crowned with eepial success. 
 
 To gain the friendship of the Spaniards, 
 Congress passed sundry resolutions, favouring 
 the wishes of his most catholic majesty to re- 
 annex the two Floridas to his dominions, 
 Mr. Jay was instructed to contend for the right 
 of the United States to the free navigation of 
 the river Mississippi, a\ I if an express ac- 
 knowledgment of it could not bo obtained, he 
 was restrained from acceding to any sli|)ula- 
 tion, by which it should be relinciuished. 
 But ill February 1781, when lord Oornwallis 
 was making rapid progress in overrumiiiig the 
 southern states, and when tin- miitiny of the 
 Pennsylvania line and other unfavorable cir- 
 cumstances depressed the spirits of the Ame- 
 ricans, Congress, on the recoiiiiiiendation of 
 Virginia, directed him to recede from his in- 
 structions, so far as they insist on the free na- 
 vigation of that part ol the river Mississippi, 
 which lies below the thirty-first degree of north 
 latitude, and on a free port or ])orts below the 
 same ; provided such cession should be unal- 
 terably insisted on by Spain, and provided the 
 free navigation of the said river above the 
 said degree of north latitude should be ac- 
 knowledged and guaranteed by his catholic 
 majesty, in common with his own subjects. 
 
 These propositions were made to the minis- 
 ters of his most catholic majesty, but not ac- 
 cepted. Mr. Jay in his own name informed 
 them, " That if the acceptance of this offer 
 should, together with the proposed alliance, 
 be postponed lO a general peace, the United 
 States wou'd cease to consider themselves 
 bound by any propositions or offers he might 
 then make in their behalf." 
 
 Sjiain having delayed to accept these terms, 
 which originated more in necessity than in 
 policy, till the crisis of American independ- 
 ence was past. Congress, apprehensive that 
 their offered relinquishment of the free navi- 
 gation of the Mississippi should at that late 
 iiimr be accepted, instructed their minister 
 " To forbear making any overtures to the 
 court of Spain, or entering into any stipula- 
 tions, in consequence of any which he had 
 previously made." The ministers of his most 
 catholic majesty, from indecision and tardiness 
 of deliberation, let slip an opportunity of 
 gaining a favourite point, which from tlie in- 
 creasing numbers of the western settlements 
 of the United States, seems to be removed at 
 a daily increasing distance. Humiliating of- 
 fers, m«de and rejected in the hour of distress, 
 will not readily be renewed iu the day of 
 pro«perity. 
 
 It was expected, not only by the sanguina 
 Americana, but by many in England, that the 
 capture of lord Cornwallis would instantly 
 dispose the nation to peace ; but whntevui 
 might have been the wish or the interest of tii- 
 peo])le, the American war was too much tlio 
 favourite of ministry to be relin(|uished, with- 
 out a struggle for its continiiunce. 
 
 Ju!,t after intelligence arrived of the capitu- 
 lation of York-Town, the king of Great- 
 Britain, in his speech to parliament, declared 
 " That he should not answer the trust com- 
 mitted to the sovereign of n free people, if ho 
 consented to sacrifice either to his own desire 
 of peace, or to their temporary case and ro- 
 lief; those essential rights and permanent in- 
 terests, upon the maintainancc and preserva- 
 tion of which the future strength and security 
 of the country must for ever depend." The 
 letermined language of this speech, pointing 
 to the cnntinnance of the American war, was 
 clioed back by a majority of both lords and 
 commons. 
 
 In a few d.iys after, it was moved in llio 
 house of ('(Uiinions that a resolution shoiilil bo 
 adopted declaring it to be their opinion " That 
 all farther attempts to reiluce the Americans 
 to obedience by force would be inediTliiiil, 
 and injurious to the true interests of (iroat 
 Britain." Though the debate on this siil>ir<t 
 was continued till two o'clock in the moniiiig, 
 and though the opposition reci'ived adilitiomii 
 strength, yet the question was not carried. 
 The Slime ground of argument was soon goiio 
 over again, and the .\meriran war underwent, 
 for the fourth lime since the beginning of the 
 session, a full discussion ; but no resolution 
 disapproving its farther prosemlion, could yet 
 obtain the assent of a majority of the mem- 
 bers. The advocates for pence becoming 
 daily more numerous, it was moved by gen- 
 eral Conway, " That an humble address bo 
 presfuited to his majesty, that he will bo 
 pleased to give directions to his ministers not 
 to pursue ony longer the impracticable object 
 of reducing his majesty's revolted colonies by 
 force to their allegiance, by a war on the con 
 tincnt of America." This brought forth a re 
 petition of the former arguments on the sub 
 ject, and engaged the attention of the houso 
 till two o'clock in the morning. On a division, 
 the motion for the address was lost by a singlo 
 vote. In the course of these debates, whilo 
 the minority were gaining ground, the ministry 
 were giving up one point after another. They 
 at first consented that the war should not bo 
 carried on to the same extent as formerly — 
 then that there should be no internol conti- 
 nental war — next that there should be no other 
 war than what was necessary fi)r the defence 
 f)f the posts already in their possession — and 
 last of all, none but against the F— ch in 
 America. 
 
 The ministry as well as the nati(m began to 
 be sensible of the impolicy of continental ope- 
 rations, l)Ut hojier. that they might gain their 
 point by pro.seciitVig hostilities at s«'a. Every 
 opposition was thercfiire made by them 
 against the total dereliction of a war, on the 
 success of which tlusy had so repeatedly 
 pb'dged themselves, and on the continuance of 
 which they held their places. General Con- 
 way, in five days after, brought forward 
 another motion exj)reased in dlff'erent words, 
 but to the same effect with that which had 
 faocn lost by a singlo vote. This caused a 
 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 489 
 
 r l>y th« 8niiguin« 
 Snglnnd, lliiit tha 
 
 woiilil iiiiituntiv 
 3 ; Imt wlifti/'vui 
 111; interest oCtti^ 
 vna too mucli llio 
 lin(|iiislied, wil.li- 
 ince. 
 
 eel of the rnpitu- 
 klii"^ of Great- 
 liiinieiif, declared 
 T tlio trust com' 
 "ree people, if ho 
 :o liis own degiro 
 ary ease and ro- 
 d permanent in- 
 ;e and preserva- 
 iplli and security 
 
 depend." The 
 speech, pointing 
 lerican wiir, was 
 r both lords and 
 
 3 moved in llio 
 liltion should ho 
 r opinion " That 
 e tilt! Americana 
 1 he inert'ertnal, 
 leresfs of (Jretit 
 e on this sulijcct 
 ; in the morninsr, 
 !('ived adilitiiinni 
 ins not carried. 
 it was .soon rrouo 
 war underwent, 
 heginniiij; of the 
 It no resuhitioii 
 riifioii, could vet 
 ity of the mem- 
 Doace liecoming 
 
 moved hy geii- 
 nlile address he 
 liat he will ho 
 lis ministers not 
 racticahle ohject 
 Ited colonies liy 
 war on the con 
 
 ught forth a ro 
 
 Rnts on the sub 
 
 )n of the houso 
 
 On a diviainn, 
 
 ost hy a sinelo 
 
 debates, whdn 
 nd, the ministry 
 
 another. They 
 r should not bo 
 t as formerly — 
 
 internal conti- 
 >Hld be no other 
 for the defence 
 •ossession — and 
 
 the F'" ch ill 
 
 long debate which lasted till two o'clock in 
 the morning. It wa.i then moved to adjourn 
 thu debate till the 13th of March, Tliero 
 appeared for the adjournment 315, and against 
 it 234. 
 
 The original motion, and an address to the 
 king formed upon the resolution, were then 
 carried without a division, and the address 
 was ordered to be presented by the whole 
 ho^l^.!. 
 
 To this his majesty answered, "that in 
 pursuance of their advice, he would take such 
 measures as should appear to him most con- 
 ducive to the restoration of harmony between 
 Great Britain and the revolted cohinies." 
 The thanks of the house were voted for this 
 answer. IJut tho giian od language thereof, 
 not inconsistent willi far i-r ^'»stilitles against 
 America, together with other suspicious cir- 
 cumstances, induced geii !ral Coiiwuy to move 
 another resolution, expressed in the most de- 
 cisive language. This was to the folUiwiiig 
 elR'ct: " That the house would ciuisider as 
 enemies to his majesty and the country, all 
 those who should advise or by any means at- 
 tempt the further prosecution, of otTensivo 
 war, on the continent of Norlh-America, for 
 the purpose of reducing the colonies to obe- 
 dience by force." This motion, after a feebh; 
 opposition, was carried without a division, and 
 put a period to all that chicanery by which 
 ministers meant to distinguish between a pro- 
 secution of oH'enslve war in North-America, 
 and a total diireliction of it. This resolution 
 and the preceding address, to which it had 
 reference, may be considered .is the chjsing 
 scene of the American war. As it \> as made 
 a parliiin-.3mary war, by an address from 
 parliaiuen; for its prosecution in February 
 17V.5, it now was no longer so, by an ad- 
 dress from the most numerous houso of the 
 same parliament in 17S2, for its discontinu- 
 ance. A change of ministry was the conse- 
 quence of this total change of that jiolitical 
 system which, for seven years, had directed 
 the alfairs of (treat ISritain. A new adminis- 
 tration was formed under the auspices of the 
 marquis of Kockinghain, and was composed 
 of characters who o|)pi)3ud the American 
 war. 
 
 It has been said that the new minister sti- 
 pulated with the court before ho entered 
 into ofllce, that there should be peace with 
 the Americans, and that the acknowledgment 
 of their inde|)eiidence should not bo a bar to 
 the attainment of it. Soon after the manpiis 
 of Kockiiighani, on whom Great Britain relied 
 with a well jilaced cor.fidence, for extrication 
 from surrounding embarrassments, departed 
 this life, and his much lamented death for 
 some time obscured the agreeable prospects 
 which had lately begun to dawn on the na- 
 tion. On the di!cease of the noble inarijuis, 
 oarl Shelburne was appointed his successor. 
 To removo constitutional impediments to iie- 
 gociute with the late IJritish colonies, an act 
 of parliament was jiassed, granting to the 
 crown powe'i for negociating or concluding 
 a general or particular peace or truce with 
 tho whole, or with any part of t'le colonies, 
 and for setting aside all former laws, whose 
 operations were in contravention of that 
 purpose. 
 
 Sir Guy Carleton, who was lately appoint- 
 ed to the command of tho royal army in 
 North America, was instructed to use his en- 
 
 deavours for carrying Into nlfect the wishes 
 of Great Ilritain for an accommodation with 
 the Americans. Ho therefore dispatched a 
 h!tter to general Washington, informing him 
 of the late |)roceedings of parliament, and of 
 tho dispositions so favourable to America, 
 which were prevalent in Great Hrltaiii, and 
 at the same lime solicited a passport for his sec- 
 retary, Mr. Morgan, to pay a visit to Congress. 
 His reipicst was refused. The application 
 flir it, with its concomitant circiimslaiices, 
 were considered as introductory to a scheme 
 for opening negociations with Congress or the 
 states, without the concurrence of their allies. 
 This caused no small alarm and gave rise to 
 sundry resolutions, by which several states 
 declared, that a |)roposition from the enemy 
 to all or any of the United States for pec'e 
 or truce, separate from their allies, was in- 
 admissable. Congress not long after re- 
 solved, "that they would not enter into the 
 discussion of any overtures for pacification, 
 but in confidence and in concert with his 
 most christian majesty, and as a proof of this, 
 they recommended to the several states to 
 pass laws, that no subject of his Britannic 
 majesty coming directly or indirectly from 
 any part of the British dominions, be admit- 
 ted into any of the United States during the 
 war." This decisive conduct extinguishcid 
 all hopes that (treat Britain might have en- 
 t(Mtained, of making a separate peace with 
 America. Two of the first sovereigns of Eu- 
 rope, the Empress of llussla and the Empe- 
 ror of Germany, were the mediators in ac- 
 complishing the great work of peace. Such 
 was the state of the contending parties, that 
 the intercession of powerful mediators was 
 no longer necessary. The disposition of 
 Great Britain, to recognize the indejirndencf! 
 of the United States, had reinoveil the princi- 
 pal dllTiciilty, which had hitherto obstructed 
 a general |)acification. It would be curious 
 to trace the successive steps by which the 
 nation wan brought to this measure, .so irre- 
 concilable to their former declarations. Va- 
 rious auxiliary causes might \m ciilli'd in to 
 account for this great change of the public 
 mind of Great Britain, but tho sum of the 
 whole must be resolved into this simple pro- 
 position, " That it was unavoidable." A state 
 of perpetual war was inconsistent with the 
 interest of a commercial nation. Even the 
 longer continuance of hostilities was for- 
 bidden by every principle of wise policy. 
 The avowed object of the alliance between 
 Franco and America, and the steady adhe- 
 rence of both |)arties to enter into no nego- 
 ciations without the concurrence of each 
 other, reducedGreat Britain to the alternative 
 of continuing a hopeless unproductive war, 
 or of negociating under the idea of recogni- 
 zing American independence. This great 
 change of the public mind in Great Britain, 
 favourable to American indopendenc, took 
 place between November 1781, and March 
 1782. In that interval M.. Laurens was re- 
 leased from his confinrment in the tower. 
 Before and after bis release, he had frequent 
 opportunities of demonstrating to persons in 
 power, that from hi? personal knowledge of 
 the sentiments of Congress, and of their in- 
 structions to their ministers, every hope of 
 peace, without the acknowledgment of in- 
 dependence, was illusory. Seven years ex- 
 perience had proved to tlie nation that tho 
 
 conquest of tho American states was im- 
 practicable; they now received ec|nal con- 
 viction, that the recognition of their jiidepen- 
 dence, was an indispensible pn liiiuiiary to 
 the determlnaticui of a w;ir, from ih lontinii- 
 anco of which, neither profit nin- Imi lur was 
 to be ac(piired. The pridi; ol' (treat Hrllain 
 for a long time resisted, but that usurping 
 passion was (ililiged to yi<ld to the superior 
 influence of interest. The feelings of the 
 great body of the people were no longer 
 to be controlh'il, by the honour of miiiistert., 
 or romantic iileas of natiiuial dignity. At the 
 close of the war, a re> ohition was effected 
 in the sentiments of tin inhabitants of Great 
 Britain, not less renmrku' le than what in tho 
 beginning of it, took |>liice am. ng the citi- 
 zens of America. 
 
 Iiiili pendenre wliicli \\ s neithei ihought of 
 nor wished for by t\w liittir in the year 1771, 
 and 1775, became in the year 177 i their la 
 voiirite object, A recognition of tiiis, which 
 throughout the war, had been with ft'w ex- 
 ceptions the object of abhorrence to the Brit- 
 ish nati(Ui, beciinii' in the year 17S'>, a popu- 
 lar measure in Great Britain, as the meuns of 
 putting an end to a ruinnus war. 
 
 The commissioners for negocial.jig peace 
 oil the part of the United Stales, were John 
 Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John .lay, and 
 Henry Liiunuis. On the part of Great Bri- 
 taiii, ^Ir. Filzherbert, and Mr. Oswald, Pro- 
 visional articles of ]ieace, between Great 
 Hritain and the TTnited States were agreeil 
 upon by thesi! gentlemen, which were to be 
 inserted in a future treaty of peace, to be fi- 
 nally concluded between the parties, when 
 that between (treat Britain and France took 
 place. By these the independence of the 
 states was ncknowleilged in its fullest extent. 
 Very ample boiiiwlaries were allowed them, 
 which comprehended the fertile and exten- 
 sive countries on both sides of the Ohio, 
 and on the east side of the Mississijipi, in 
 which was the residence of upwnnls of twen- 
 ty nations of Indians, and particularly of. the 
 five nations, who had long been the friends 
 and allies of Great Britain. An uiiliiiiifid 
 right of fishery on tho banks of Newfoundland, 
 and other places where l)Otli nations had hero 
 tofore been accustomed to fish, was likewise 
 confirmed to the Americans. From the ne- 
 cessity of the case, the loyalists were sacri- 
 ficed, nothing more tlnin a simple rero'umen- 
 dation for restitution being stipulated ;i their 
 favour. Five days after these provisional 
 articles were signed, tin' liritish parliament 
 met. They underwent a s.-vere |)arliamenl- 
 ary discussion. It was said by the opposition 
 that independence being recognized, every 
 thing ceded by Great Britain required an 
 ecpiivaient ; but that while they (rave up the 
 many posts they held in the United States, 
 an immense extent of north and western ter- 
 ritory, a participation in the fur trade, and 
 in the fisheries, nothing was stipulated in 
 return. 
 
 It must be acknowledged, that the minis- 
 ters of Congress prociiri'd for their cimntry- 
 men better terms than they had reason to ex 
 pect ; but from a combination of circuiti 
 stances, it was scarcely possible to end tho 
 war without similar concessions on the part 
 of Great Britain. By the alliance between 
 France and America, there could be no peace 
 without independence. That once granted. 
 
400 
 
 HISTORY OF TUB 
 
 . 
 
 ~, 
 
 inokt oi tlio otlior articlei followud of cnursio. 
 It ia true, lliu bouiidurlci i-grtied upon wore 
 fiwre extonsivu tlmn tlio states, when culonius, 
 had nlaimcd ; yet the surplus ceded could 
 have befii o( little or no use ta({reat Drituin, 
 and might it' retained have given au occasion 
 to a future war. 
 
 The case of the loyalists was undoubtedly 
 a hard one, b\it unavoidable, irom the com- 
 plex constitution of the Uniti'd Status. The 
 American ministers engagi'd us fur us they 
 were autiiori/.t'd, nnd Congress did all that they 
 constitutionally could; but this wus no more 
 than simply to recommend their case to the se- 
 vernl status, fur the purpose of making them 
 restituiion. To have insisted on more, under 
 such circumstiinces, would have been equiva- 
 lent to saying thiit there should be no peace. 
 It is true, niunh more was expected from the 
 recommendutions of Congress, than resulted 
 from them ; l)ut this was not the conset|uencc 
 of deception, but of misunderstanding the 
 principles of the confederation. In conformity 
 to the letter and spirit of the treaty, Congress 
 urged in strong ttTins the propriety of mak- 
 ing restitution to the loyalists, but to procurt; 
 it was beyond their power. In the animation 
 produced by the war, when the Americans 
 conceived their liberties to be in danger, and 
 that their only safety consisted in obeying their 
 federal head, they yielded a more unreserved 
 oI)edi<!iice totho recommendations of Congress, 
 than is usually paid to the decrees of the most 
 urbitrary sovereigns. Hut the case was widely 
 different, when at the clos»! of the war, a mea- 
 sure was recommended in direct opposition to 
 iht'ir prejudices. 
 
 It was the general opinion of the Ameri- 
 cans, that the continuance of the war, and the 
 as|<erity with which it had been carried on, 
 wits more owing to the machinations of their 
 own countrymen, who had taken part with 
 royul gcveri.ment, than to their British ene- 
 mies. It is certain that the former had been 
 most active in predatory excursions, and most 
 forward in scenes of blood and murder. Their 
 knowledge of the country enabled them to do 
 mischief which never would have occurred to 
 ■European soldiers. Many powerful passions 
 of human nature operated against making res- 
 titution to men, who were thus considered as 
 the authors of so great a share of the public 
 distress. 
 
 There were doubtless among the loyalists 
 many worthy characters — friends to peace, and 
 lovers of justice : To such, restitution was un- 
 doubtedly due, and to many such it was made ; 
 but it is one of the many calamities incident to 
 war, that the innocent, from the impossibility 
 of discrimination, ore often involved in the 
 same distress wilh the guilty. The return of 
 the loyalists to their former places of resi- 
 dence, was as much disrelished by the whig 
 citizens of America, as the proposal for reim- 
 bursing their confiscated property. In sundry 
 places committees were formed, which in an 
 Brl)itrary manner opposed their peaceable 
 residence. The sober and dispassionate citi- 
 lens exerted themselves in checking those ir- 
 regular measures ; but such was the violence 
 of party 3j)lrit, and so relaxed were the sinews 
 of government, that in opposition to legal 
 authority, and the private mterfercnce of the 
 jndicous and moderate, many indecent out- 
 rages wero committed on the persons and pro- 
 perty of die returning loyalists. 
 
 Nor wero those all the sufferings of those 
 Americans who had attached themstdves to 
 the royul cause. Heing compelled to depart 
 their native country, many of them were 
 obliged to take up thi-ir abodes in the inhos- 
 pituhle wilds of Nova Scotia, or on the barren 
 shores of the liahama Islands. Parliamentary 
 relief was extended to them, but tills was ob- 
 tained with ditliculty, and distributed with a 
 partial hand. Some who invented plausible 
 tales of loyalty and distress, ri-ceived mucli 
 more than they ever possessed ; but others, 
 less artful, were not half reimbursed for their 
 actual losses. The bulk of the sufferings, 
 subsequent to tin; peace, among the Ameri- 
 cans, fell to the share of the merchants, and 
 others, who owed money in England. From 
 the operations of the wor, remittances were 
 impossible. In the mean time payments were 
 made in America by a depreciating paper, un- 
 der the sanction of a law which made it a 
 legal tender. The unhappy persons who in 
 this manner sufl'ered payment, could not apply 
 it to the extinguishment of their foreign debts. 
 If they retained in their hands the paper which 
 was paid to them, it dally decreased in value: 
 If they invested it in pulilic securities, from 
 the deficiency of funds, their Bituation was no 
 better : If they purchased land, such was the 
 superabundiince of territory ceded by the 
 peace, that it fi,'ll greatly in value. Under all 
 these embarrassments, the American debtor 
 was by treaty bound to make payments in 
 specie of all his honajiih debts, due in Great- 
 Britain. The British nuirchiint was materially 
 injured by being kept fiir many years out of 
 his capital, and the American was often ruined 
 by being ultimately held to nay in specie what 
 he received in paper. Enough was suffered 
 on both sides to make the inhabitants, as well 
 in Great Britain as in America, <leprecate war 
 as one of the greatest evils incident to 
 humanity. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 TliR stste nf pnrtiPR ; the advantngea and iliHAtlvantai^a 
 of (tic Rcvolulinii ; its influence on tlie ininda and 
 inorala of (lie citizens. 
 
 Previous to the American revolution, the 
 inhabitants of the British colonies were uni- 
 versally loyal. That three millions of inch 
 subjects should break through all former at- 
 tachments, and unanimously adopt now ones, 
 could not reasonably lie expected. The re- 
 volution had its enemies, as well as its friends, 
 in every period of the war. Country, religion, 
 local policy, as well as private views, operated 
 in disposing the inhabitants to take different 
 sides. The New-England provinces being 
 mostly settled by one sort of peojile, were 
 nearly of one sentiment. The influence of 
 placemen in Boston, together with the connex- 
 ions which tJiey had fiirnied by marriages, 
 had attached sundry influential choriicters in 
 that capital to the British interest, but these 
 wero but as the dust in the balance, when 
 compared with the numerous independent 
 whig yeomanry of the country. The same 
 and other causes produced a large number in 
 New-York who wore attached to royal go- 
 vernment. That city had long been heuu 
 quarters of the British army in America, and 
 many intermarriages and other connexions, 
 
 had been made belween llritish oHicera and 
 some of their first families. 
 
 The practice of entailing estates had pre- 
 vailed in New-York to a much greater extent 
 than in any of the other provinces. The go- 
 vi^rnors thereof had lotig been in the habit of 
 indul(.nng their favourites with extnivngnnt 
 grants oi land. This hvd introduced the dis- 
 tinction of landlord nnd tenant. There was 
 therefore in New-York on uristoenilic party, 
 rt!spectable for numbon", wealth and in- 
 fluence, which had much to fear from indi.'- 
 pendence. The city was also dlvldi'il into 
 parties by the influence of two ancient and nu- 
 merous familleH, the LiviiijTstoiis and De- 
 liinceys. These having been long ucciislniii- 
 ed to oppose each other at c'ectioiis, could 
 rarely be brought to unite in any political 
 measures, In this controversy, one altiinst 
 universally took part wilh Amenra,the other 
 with Great Britain. 
 
 The Irish in America, with a few cxcoptiors, 
 were attiiclu-d to indepi-ndence. T.Sey had 
 fled from oppression in their native cnunliy, 
 and could not brook the idea that it should ii>l- 
 low them. Their iiatloiuil |ireposses8iuns in 
 favor of lilxTty, were stieiigthened by ihoir 
 religious opinions. Tlieywere piesbytorlans, 
 and people of that denoriinatlon, liir reaH<iii» 
 hereafter to be explained, were mostly whifip 
 The Scotch, on the otlit^r hand, though they 
 had formerly sacrificed much to liberty in their 
 own country, were generally illspt>s<;d to sup- 
 port the claims of Great-ISrituin. Their na- 
 tion for some yeors past had experieiu'cd a 
 large proportion of royal favor. A very ab- 
 surd association wos made by many, between 
 the cause of .John Wilkes and the cause of 
 America. The former had remlered h'.iiisolf 
 so universally odious to the Scotch, that many 
 of them wero prejudiced ngainat a cause, 
 which was so ridiculously, but generally asso- 
 ciated, with that of a man who had grossly in- 
 sulted their whole nation. The illiberal re- 
 flections cast by some Americans on the whole 
 body of the Scotch, as favourers of nibltrary 
 power, restrained high spirited imlivldiials of 
 that nation from joining a people who suspect 
 ed their love of liberty, Such of tlieiu us ad- 
 hered to the cause of indepeiideiiee, were 
 steady in their attachment. The army and the 
 Congress ranked among their best officem, 
 and most valuable members, some individuals 
 of that nation. 
 
 Such of the Germans, in America, as pes 
 sesscd the means of information, were gener 
 ally determined wliiys, but many of them 
 were too little Informeil, to be able to choose 
 their side on proprr 11 I Tlun especially 
 such of them ^ resid. le inr-rlor coun- 
 
 try, V f their not iiii(iprstandlng the 
 
 I"' .iiHgP, far behind most of the 
 
 OI tiints, in n knowl je of the merits 
 
 ot .-^piite. Their dis: tion was rather 
 
 pa tllanacti^e: A considerable part of It 
 
 arosi I n prii pies of religion, for some of 
 their seir^ del: 'lie lawfulness of war. No 
 people have |i. i^pered more in America than 
 the Germans. None have surpassed, nnd b' ' 
 few have eipialled them, in industry and oil 
 republican virtues. 
 
 The great body of tories in the southern 
 states, wag among the settle'rs on their western 
 frontier. Alany of these were disorderly per 
 sons, who had fled from the old settlements, to 
 avoid the restraints of civil government. T^ ' ' 
 

 ritiiih iiHiccni ond 
 
 ' <<atii(<!8 tiiiil prt!- 
 
 iviniTS. Tlic gii. 
 I'll in ill)' hiiliit (if 
 Nvith I'xtnivii^niit 
 itroiluci'il lliu dill- 
 
 mill. TIllTf WHS 
 
 urinlocnilir piirty, 
 wt'iillli niul ill- 
 U> H'lir froiii iiido 
 ii\»o (iividi'd iiilii 
 ■n ancient and nu- 
 ll jTstoim Mllll Dc- 
 >n lung ucniatiiiii- 
 I election!, I'oidd 
 I ill liny |i<i!iiit'iil 
 i-rsy, oiiu idiiioHt 
 ViiuTirii, the oiIut 
 
 mimliors worn Incri'inoil liy u hi-* id' ini'ii' 
 chIIimI rt'f^iiliilorii. Tint oxpiiiiiiti iind <iil)i('iiltv 
 (if (;litiiinin^ till) dcciiidii iif ciiiiit'*, iii;iiiihI 
 liuriu-tiiIov(!4 and titlirr criiniiiulii, Imil linliiri'd 
 sundry |i<'rfliiiiK, altiiiit tint yi'iir 177(1, to liiki' 
 thu execution of till) Iuwh into tlioirovvii liandM, 
 ill miini! id' tint rciiiotii M'ttlriiuMit.H, liolli of 
 North iind SoiitliCarolinn. Iiipiiiii!iliin;;rriiiii'!>, 
 form!) IIS ^''idl lilt iiilHlnnro, iiiiHt liti ri><;iirdi'd. 
 From not atti-ndiii); to llio fornuT, somo of tlic.ii' 
 ri-^iiliilon, thuiigli |H!rliiipH iiiiiiiiii^ ut iiotliiii); 
 tint wimt lli«y tlioii^^lit rif^lit, Ronimittivl initiiy 
 (iHiHicuD both UfrniiiHtluw und jiiitico, JSy tliclr 
 viiili'iit proC)!udin)^ii rf^iiiiir ^uvcrninnit wiis 
 proHtriitod. Tills druw on tlir.ni tin; vrii^'i'iinrc 
 of royal governors. Tlio ri"(;ii!ators liaviiij.' 
 biiII'ltoiI from tholr hands, worn slow to oppose 
 itn estalilishud ^oviininKiiit, wliosu powiir to 
 ]Miiilsli they had recently t^xpericnced. Ap- 
 prehending that the measures of (Joimres-i 
 were like their own rej^iihitiii;; schuiiies, aiid 
 fearing that they would terniiiKitii in the saiiii' 
 •llsai^reealile conseipiences, they and their ad- 
 liorents were genuriilly opposed to tlii! revolu- 
 tion. 
 
 Ruli^^ion also divided tliu innaltitanlsi if Amer- 
 ica. The presliyterians and independents, 
 were nlinust universally attached to llio inea- 
 S'lrcs of (Jonfjress. Their rolif^lims societies 
 art! ^ovornud on thu ropiililican plan. 
 
 From indepeiiileiine they had much to hope, 
 hut from (treat llritaln if finally successful, 
 thny had reason to fear the estalilislimeiit of a 
 church hierarchy. Most of the episcopal miii- 
 islurs of the northerii provinces, wen- pension- 
 ers on the liounty of the Hrilisli (fovernmeiit. 
 The preiitest )iart of iheirclerfry and many of 
 their laity in these provinces were tluireforc 
 disposed to support ii connexion with (ireal 
 Hritaiii. The episcopal clerj^y in these soiilli- 
 ern provinces heiiif; under no such Mas, were 
 often amoiijj the warmest whii».s, .Some of 
 ihoin foreseoinjf the downllill id' relip;ious es- 
 tablishments from the success of the Ameri- 
 cans, were less nclive, but in f^eneral wIkm-o 
 their church was able to siipporc itself, their 
 clerjjy and laity, zealously espoused the cause 
 of independonce. Great pains were taken to 
 persuade them, that those who had been called 
 uisaonters, were aiiniiiff to abidisli the episco- 
 pal ostablisliment. to make way for their own 
 exaltation, but the t^ood sense of the people, 
 n!8trained them from giviiij; any credit to the 
 iiiifiMuided suj^gestion. Uelii;ious controversy 
 was happily kept out of view: The well in- 
 f irnied of all di'nominalions were convinced, 
 that the contest was for their civil rights, and 
 therefore did not sutler any other considera- 
 Btions to interfere, or disturb their union. 
 
 The ipiakers wIin a few exceptions were 
 averse to independence. In Pennsylvania they 
 were numerous, and had power in their hands. 
 Kevoliitions in f^overnment are rarely pitron 
 is ,'d by uny body of men, who foresee that a 
 ■J.in:iiiul.)n of their own im)>ortunce, is likely 
 to result from the change. Quakers from reli- 
 gious principles wore averse to war, and there- 
 forecoiild not be friendly to a revolution, which 
 could only be elfected by the sword. Several 
 individuals separated from them on account of 
 their principles, and followinf;; the impulse of 
 their inclinations, joined their countrymen in 
 arms, The servic^s America received from 
 two of their society, generals Greene ond Mif- 
 flin, made some amends for the embarrass- 
 ment, which the disaifection of the great body 
 
 U N I T K I) S T A T E S . 
 
 of their people occasioned lo thu oxerlioni of 
 llie nclive friends of iinlependence. 
 
 The age and ti'iiiperament of individuals 
 had often an iiilhieiice in li:;iiig their political 
 charaeler. Ghl men were seldom warm whigs. 
 They could not relish the great changes which 
 were daily taking place. Atlached to ancient 
 loriiis and habits, they could not readily iiccom- 
 iiiodiiie themnelves to new iysteiin. Few of 
 the very rich were active in liirwarding thu 
 revoliiiion. This was remarkably the case in 
 the eastern and middle states; but ihe reverse 
 look place in ihe southern extreme of the ciui- 
 Icdenicy. There were in no part of America, 
 Millie <li'terniine<l wliigs llian llie opulent slave- 
 holders in Virginia, the ('urorinas and Georgia. 
 The active and spirited part of the coimniiiiily, 
 who felt ihemselviM possessed of talents, that 
 would raise thi'iii to eiiiiiieiice in a free gnverii- 
 ineiit, Iciiiged for the establisliiiieiit id' indepen- 
 dent coiistitiitioiis : liiit those who were ill 
 possession or expectation of royal favour, or 
 of iiroinollon fniiii Gii-iit Ibilain wished that 
 the coiiiiexion lielweeii ihe pariinl state and the 
 colonies inlghl be pieserM'd, 
 
 The young, the anient, the umbitioiisand the 
 enterprising wen.' mostly wliigs, but the plileg- 
 inatic, the timid, the interesteil and those who 
 wanted decision were, in general favourers of 
 (treat Urilain, oral least only the lukewarm in- 
 active i'riends of inclependence. The whigs re- 
 ceived a great ri inl'orciuiient from the operation 
 of conlineiilal money. In the year 177'), 177G, 
 
 and in the Krst ii tlis of 1777, while llio bills 
 
 of congress were in good credit, the ell'ects of 
 them were the same, as if a foreign posverhad 
 made the UiuIihI .States a jiresent of twenty 
 millions of silver dollars. 'I'lie circulation of 
 so large a sum of money, and the employment 
 given to great niiinbers in |irovidiiig for the 
 American army, increased the numbers and 
 invigorated the zeal of the friends to the revo- 
 lution : on the same principles the American 
 war was patronised in Kngland, by the many 
 contractors and agents for transporting and 
 supplying the Itritish army. In both cases 
 the inconveniences of interrupted commerce 
 were lessened by the employment which war 
 and a domestic circulation of money substitut- 
 ed in its room. The convulsions of war idl'ord- 
 eil excellent shelter for desperate debtors. 
 The ."pirit of the times revelled against drag- 
 ging to jails for debt, men who were active and 
 zealous in defending their country, and on the 
 other hand, those who owed more than they 
 were worth, by going within the liritisli lines, 
 and giving themselves the merit of suHering 
 on the score of loyalty, not only put their cred- 
 itors to defiance, but somi'tiines obtained pro- 
 motion or other special marks of royal favour. 
 
 The American revolution, on the one hand, 
 brought forth great vices; but on the other 
 hand, it called forth many virtues, and gave 
 occasion for the di.^play of atdllles, which but 
 for that event, would have been lost to the 
 world. When the war began, the Americans 
 were a mass of husbandmen, merchants, me- 
 chanics and Ksherman ; but the necessities of 
 the Country gave a spring to the active pow- 
 ers of the inhabitants, and set them on think- 
 ing, speaking and acting, in a line far beyond 
 that lo « hicli they had been accustomed. The 
 diflerence between nations is not so much ow- 
 ing to nature, as to education and clrcumstiin- 
 ces. While the Americans were guided by 
 tlio leading strings of the mother country, they 
 
 481 
 
 hail no icope nor encoiirageinont fo' exertion 
 All the deparllneiiU of eoveriiiiieiil were is 
 lablislied and executed li>r llieiii, but nut by 
 them. In the years nV'i and 177(i, the country 
 being suddenly thrown into a Hiliiiitlon ihat 
 needed the ubilities of all lU Sons, these gen- 
 erally took their places, each uecording to llio 
 bent of his inclination. As they severally pur- 
 sued their object with ardour, a vast expnnsiou 
 of the human mind speedily followed. 'I'hir 
 disiiloyed itself in a variety of ways. 
 
 It was fouiid that the tali'iits liu' great sta- 
 tions did not diU'er in kind, but only in degree, 
 from those v.hich were necessary for ihe prop- 
 er discharge of the ordinary business of civil 
 society. In the bustle that was occasioni'd by 
 the war, few iii.sliiiices could be produced of 
 any person who made a figure, or who lender- 
 ed esseiillal services, but from among those 
 who had given specimens of similar talents in 
 their ri'speetive professions. Those \\ ho from 
 indolence or liissipalion, had been of little ser- 
 vli^e to the commiiiiiiy in time of peace, were 
 found eipially unserviceable in war, A few 
 young men were exceptions to this geueiul 
 rule. Home of these, who had indiiigid in 
 youthful fdllies, broke of from ilu'lr vicious 
 courses, and on the pressing call of their coun- 
 try became useful .servants of the public; but 
 the great bulk of those who were the active 
 instruments of carrying on the revolution, werti 
 self-made, industrious men. 'I'hese, « Im tiy 
 their own exertions had established or laid n 
 foundation liir establishing jiersoiiiil indepen- 
 dence, were most ge-ierally trusted, and incft 
 successfully eniphiyed i'. establishing that of 
 their country. In these times of action, cln!-- 
 slcal education was liiuiid of less service than 
 good natural parts, guided by coiiim-.ui seiiso 
 and sound judgment. 
 
 Several names could be mentioned, of iiiili- 
 vldiials who without the knowledge of any 
 ether language than their mother tongue, wrolo 
 not only accurately, but elegnnlly, on public 
 business. It seemed as if the war not only 
 reipiired, but created talents. >!i'ii whoso 
 minds were warmed with the love of liberty, 
 and whose abilities were improved by dully 
 exercise, and sharpened with ii luudabfe am- 
 bition to serve their distressed country, spoke, 
 wrote, and acted, with an energy liir surpass- 
 ing all ex|«'clalion3 whiidi could be reasonably 
 Ibiinded on their previous acipiiiemenrs. 
 
 The Americans knew but little of one anoin- 
 or, previous to the revoliiiion. 'I'niile mid 
 business had brought the liiliaMtaiils <d their 
 .seaports acipiainted wild each other, but the 
 bulk of the peojile in llii" interior country 
 were iinacipiainted with their felliiw citi/ens. 
 A cjiillnental army, and Congress, composed 
 of men from all the states, by f'leelv mix- 
 ing togi'ther were assiinihited into one mass. 
 Indlviiliials of both, mingling with the citizens, 
 disseminated priiici|)les of union ainoiig them. 
 Local prejuifices abated. Hy l'ie(]uent colli- 
 sion asperities were worn off, and a foundation 
 was laid for (he estubllshment of a nation, out 
 of discordant materials. Intermarriages be- 
 tween men and women of dlH'erent states wero 
 much more common than before the war, and 
 became an additional cement to the union. 
 Unreasonable jealousies had existed between 
 the inhabitants of the eastern and southern 
 states; but on becoming better acipiainted 
 with each other, these In a great measure sub- 
 sided, A wiser policy prevailed. Men of lib 
 
409 
 
 omi niiiiil'i toil till' wny !ii iliflnDiirnopii)^ liioiil 
 ilistiiirtii>ii>i, iiiiilllii" j;riMit liiiily ot" iIk' |i<>ii|)Ii', 
 nn HiHiii iirt iM'iiHoii i^ol ihi' In'ltrr (»!' |>?'<'_:ii(ln'<*, 
 
 I'llMllil (IkII llll'il' Iii'sI illllMI'stfl WCIIiIiI 1)11 lllllSl 
 
 |iicimi>ic'il liv ""iiili |i;iiiMlri'R 1111(1 siMitiiiii'iiN iii 
 wi'ic raviiiiriil)li' 111 iinioii, Iti'liirjoiiH liifjjntiv 
 liiiil Iiinkt'ii ill M|iiiii till' pciii'i' iiC \ iii'iiiiis si'i'H, 
 ImI'iiii' till' AliH'rIrnii wiir. TIiIm wiis luMil ii|i 
 liy |iarli:il cslilliliiliiiiriili, iiiul liy ii ilii'iiil llial 
 till- (•liurrli 111' 1')ii)j;liiiiil, lliiiiiif;li llii- |iii\vi'r nl' 
 till- iiiiiltiiM'ciMiiilrv, wiiiilil 111' iniiilf 111 liliiiii|ili 
 iniT itll iillu'r lii'iiomiiiiilliiin. 'riuvso n|i|ir«'- 
 lirnsiiiiis \vi<ro iliiiii" iiwiiy liy tin' ri'volulidii. 
 Tlio ilifl'i'n'iil. scrti, liiiviiifj nnlliin^ In t'l'iir 
 fi'i>ni I'arli iiiImm'. Dimiiis.si'il nil ri'llginiiK ci'ii- 
 tiiiM";iy. 
 
 A |(nipiis:il fiir iiilnnliirliif; IiI.i||i<|ih iiiln 
 Aiiirrira lirl'iiri' tier war, liail kimlli'il a llaiiii' 
 nniiini; llic iliinriili'is ; lull llii' rrvnliillnii was 
 111! siiiiiii'r iirriiin|ilislii'il, llian a .srlH'ini" liir lliat 
 |iMr|iiisi' was lu'iliili'il, willi llii' i diini'IiI iiihI 
 ii|i|iriilialiii|i 111 all llinsi" si'i'ls wliii liail pri'vi- 
 iiii: Iv ii|i|iiisi'il il. I'lilpils w liii'li liail rcuiiii'ily 
 lii'i'ii slmt 111 Will lliv iiirii, lii'raiisi' llii'lr lirails 
 Iiail mil lii'iMi rii|i>ii'rrali'il liv llir itii|icisiluiii nl' 
 llii' liaiiiis 111' a lii'iliiiii, iir nt'a jircsliylriT, have 
 .Mlnri- llio I'slalili-^liMirnl iif inili"|)i'iiilriirr, Ihmmi 
 ivrijiriirally o|irnril In cacli otlii'v, wliiMisni'Vi-r 
 till' jmlilir rniiviiiiiMiri' rr(|iiiiT(! il. 'I'lii- wniM 
 will .siinii SI 1- tin" rrsiill nl' all I'xporiiiUMil in 
 (inlilirs, aiiit In' alili' In ilcli'iMiinn wlii'lliiT 
 till' li.i|i|iiiii's« nl'sm'ii'ly iti inrroasi'il liy ii'li 
 (;iniis i"ilalilisliniriils, nr ilimiiiislu'il liy llii- 
 vain nl'ilu-m. 
 
 I l.niii'li srliiiiilsniiil i-nlloiji's wrro f,'i'iirrally 
 uliiit ii|i iluiiii!; llir war, vi'l many nl'llic arls ami 
 sririiri's wi'ri' ]irnmiili'il liy il. 'I'lin m'nf;ra|iliy 
 ol'llii' I'liilcd Stall's lii'I'nii' llii< ri'vnliilinii was 
 lull lillln knnwii ; liiil llic niarc'irs nl" arinii's, 
 ntiil ill.- o)ii'ratiniis nl' w ar, pivi> liiitli In many 
 gi'njrniplr • '1 iiii]iiii'ii'S ami ilisinvnrins, w 1; rli 
 ctlirrwisi- wniilil tint Itavn ln'i'ti itiailr. A pas- 
 aionatc fnmlticss I'lr sliulii's nl" lliis kiiut, ntiii 
 till' tjfnwitiij itnpnrtam-r nl'tiii' rniiiilry, rxci- 
 ti'il nm' nl" its suns, tlin Ki'v. Mr, Mnrso, In 
 iraM'l tlirniis;li I'vciy statu nl' tlu' itiiinn, uml 
 tinass a I'liiul nt" tnpni:rapl\iral kniiwli'ilf;i', fur 
 OM'i'i'iiiiis; any lliint; lu'ri'tnlnrt' cnmiiiuiiiratn) 
 In till" pulilif. Till" ncrcssilics nl' tin' slatrs 
 li'il In llio sillily 111" lactios, fnrliricatinn, f^iiii- 
 m'rv, anil <• varirty nf nthi'r arts roiinrrli'il 
 w itll war, mill ilill'iisi'il a knnwli'<li;i> nt" tlirni 
 nmonir a pnaroaMo ))i'npli', who woulil nlliiT- 
 wisi' liavo had tin imliici'im'tit In sillily ihi'tn. 
 
 Tlu" aliilitii'snrin^rniiuis iiuMi wnrr iliri'ctrd 
 to niiiko fartluT iinprnvonu'tits in ihn art ofilc'- 
 Btrmitisr an ononiy. Atiinnii thoso, David, 
 Uiishncll nl' dinni'cticiit invented a maehine' 
 for ■ iiliiiiariiie iia\ ipitinn, wlncti was limiul to' 
 «n' *ver the piirpnse nf rnwiiii; horiznntallv at 
 ."vn ■ uiven deplli under water, and of rising or I 
 fitikinp .11 pleasure. To this was alfarhed a , 
 niasrazlne of powder, and the whole was con- j 
 friveJ in such a maimer, a» to make it praoti- 1 
 calile to lilow tip vessels liy machinery under, 
 them. .Mr. Biishnell also i nntrived sundry! 
 other ciiriniis machines for Mio uimoyance of 
 British shippiiisr. Imt from accident they only 
 succeeded in part. He destroyed one vessel 
 in rharije nf commodore Symonds, and a see- 
 ond one near the shore of Long Island, 
 
 Siirtfery was one of the arts which was pro- 
 iiiiited liy the war. Frnm the want of lio5;>i- 
 lais and other aids, the medical men of .\nierica, 
 iiiid few opportunities of perfecting themselves 
 in this art. the thoruagli kiiowlud|j;e of which 
 
 HISTORY 01' TIIK 
 
 can only ho nri|iiired liy prnf tice ninl oliservn- 
 iinn. riie mi'lanchiily ev nts of liallli's gave 
 the Anirrican sliidiiils nil nppnrliliilly nf see- 
 iiig, ami learning innre in niie day, llinii they 
 roiild have iici|iiiti'd in ye-'S of peace. Il 
 was in the hospitals nf the t'niled Stales, that 
 Dr. Uiish fn-st discovered the niethnil of curing 
 the Inckjaw liy liark and wine, added to othei' 
 invignraliiig remedies, which has since lieeii 
 adopleil with Hiiccess in lOiirope, as well as in 
 the I'liiled .Stales. 
 
 The science of goverimieiil, has heen more 
 generallv liiflTiise.l among the Aniericiins liy 
 means oflhe revnliilion. Tile policy of (Jreal 
 Uriluin in ihrowiiig them out of lier proleciion, 
 indiici'd n iiecessiiy of estalilishing iiiilepen- 
 lieiit cnnsliiiiliiiiis. TUis led m reading and 
 reasoning on the siil.jecl. Tlii> many errors 
 ihal were at first cnmmilled liv iineNperienceii 
 stalesnien, have heen a practical comment nn 
 the Inlly of iinlialaiiced cotisliliilions, and in- 
 iudicioiis laws. The discussions concerning 
 the new con it it ill ion, gave I lirlli to much reason- 
 ing nn the siil'p'cl of gnveriinient, and par- 
 ticularly In a series nf letters signid I'niilius, 
 Imt really the wnrk of Alexander Hamilton, 
 in which much pnlillcal kiinw ledge and wis- 
 ilnm were lisplayed, and which will lung 
 remain a inniiiimeiil nf the sirenglli and acule- 
 iiess nf the 'niman iinderslanding in investiga- 
 ting lr;ilh,* 
 
 When (ire:il Itritain first liegiin her en- 
 ernacliinents nji the cnlnnies, there were few 
 ii.itives nf .Aineriia who hail distinguished 
 themselves iis speakers or writers, lint the con- 
 iroversy lietweiii the I wo countries miilliplied 
 their iiiimher. 
 
 The stamp net, •vlilcli \:»- to have taken 
 place in ITli.'i, einplnyed llie pens and tongues 
 of many of the cnlniiists, ami liy repealed ex- 
 ercise improved their aliilitv to serve their 
 country. The duties impnseil in 17(i7, called 
 fnith the pen nf ,lnhn Dickinsiin, wli.i in n 
 seriesnf letters signed n 1'ennsyli imia l''ariner, 
 may he said to have sown the .seeds of the 
 revolulion. l''nr heing iiniversallv read hv the 
 ciilntii>|s, they universally etilighteiied lhe:u nn 
 the dangernus cniiseijuences, likely In tesiilt 
 fmir. their lieing taxed liy the parliament of 
 (ireat liritain. 
 
 Ill estalilishing .AniiM-ican Iiulepeiidence, the 
 pen and the press had me.il eipial to that of 
 the sword. As the war was the people's war, 
 and was carried .m without fiiiuls, the exer- 
 tions of the army wonld have heen insilllicient 
 to eHi'ct the revolution, unless the great Imdy 
 of the people had lieen prepared for it, and 
 also k.'pt in a innstant dispnsilion to oppose 
 tireat Hrilain. To rouse and unite the iiihali- 
 itanls and In jiersiinde them to patience for 
 several years, nn.ler present sulTeriiigs, with 
 the hope of nlilaining remiile advanlnges for 
 tlieir posterity, was a work of dilliciilty : This 
 was eirected in a great nieasuro hv the tongues 
 and pens of tlie well-infonned citizens, nnd on 
 it depended the success of mdilary operations. 
 
 To oiiiimerate the names of all those w ho 
 wcie successful laliourors in this ardunns 
 business, is iinpossilile. The following list 
 con nip.-., in nearly alphnlielicnlorder.the names 
 of the most disiinguisliej writers in favour of 
 fh^ lights of America. 
 
 * The l)i. is iiijiiinki'a in nwnrilinv lo M...nilinn alnni' 
 llif liiiiiniir of wniii'ir iIip " Fi'ilirnlim." Mii»l of llio loi- 
 ters wliirli riitiipnRi' llii,i invnliinliti* work nr* from hin pen. 
 lint oihrra were cuntribuleii by hit eoinpatrioli Jay and 
 .UadiioiL 
 
 .Tolin Adams, and Snni'iil Adinm, nf Um. 
 Ion; llland, of Virginia ; .lolin Dickinson, of 
 I'eiinsyhaiiia ; Daiinl Diilaiiy, nf A iiiinpniis ; 
 William Henry Dray' ii, of .South ('aroliiiii; 
 Dr. l''iiiiiUliii,* of I'liiladelpliia ; ,lolin ,lav, 
 and .\le\amler llamillnii.of Slew-Vork ; Tlio- 
 miis ,leHl'rsoii, and Arlliiir l.ee, of Virginia ; 
 ,lniiatlian llymaii, nf ( 'onnecticiit ; (jovernnr 
 liivin(,'mnn,ol'N'i'vv ,lersey ; Dr. May hew, iiiuj 
 ,Ianies ( )lis, of Itoslon ; Tlinnias I'alne, !>i-, 
 IJiish, Cliarli'M Tliiimpson, and , lames Wilson, 
 of I'liilaiieljihia ; William Tennanl, of .Soiiili 
 f'nrolina; ,losinli (.{iiini , ind Dr. Wnrren, of 
 Hostoii. These and many others lahoiired in 
 enlightening their coiinlryiuen, on .'he mili- 
 ject nf their political interests, and in nniina- 
 ting them 111 a prnprr line of condncl, in de- 
 fence of their lilierlles. To these individiialt 
 limy he added, the great limlv of elergv, espe- 
 cially in New-I'lngland. The printers of news- 
 papers, had also nincli merit in llie Hiiine wny. 
 Particularly I'Mes ami (iillof linNlon ; Unit, 
 of New- York; l!rnilfnrd, of j'hilndelphia; anil 
 Timntliy, nf .South ("arolina. 
 
 The early nttenlinn w liicli liad lieeii paid 
 lo lil.raliire in New-I'lnglaiid, was also eini- 
 nently condiicive to the snciess of the Anie- 
 rlc.ins ill resisting (treat Hrilain. The .iniver- 
 sity nf ('ninliridgo was liiiimled as eaily in 
 U;':i(i, and Vale college 1700. Il has liieii 
 eompnled, that In the year the Mostiin purl an 
 was passed, there were in the four ea'ii. rn cn- 
 lnnies, upwards of Iwn ihnnsand gradimtes nf 
 their colleges dispersed llii.iiigh their several 
 towns, who liy their knnwleilge nnd nliilillen, 
 wi're nlile lo inlluence and ilirect ihe gri'.il lin- 
 dy of the people lo n proper line of condiicl, 
 for opposing the encroachiiienls oftireai Hri- 
 lain nn their liherties. The colleges lo llic 
 siiiilhward of New-l'Wiglnnd, except that nf 
 Williiini nnd Mary in Virginia, were lint nf 
 modern dale ; hut they had heen of n Btniiii- 
 ing Nuflicienlly long to have trained for piih- 
 lie service a consideralile niitnlier of tlie ynntli 
 of the country. The college of New-,lersev, 
 which was incorporated alionl yS years he- 
 fore the revohition, had in that time cdiira- 
 led upwards of ,'!()() persons, who, with n few 
 exceptions, were active nnd useful friends nt 
 independence. l""rom the infhience which 
 knowledge had in fieciiring and preser\iiig 
 the lilH-rties of America, the pres. nf i- iieni- 
 lion may trace the wise policy nf their fathers, 
 in erecting chonls and colletfes. 'I hey innv 
 also learn that it is their duty to fnutul more, 
 and support all such iustitiilions. 
 
 Without the advanlnges derived (rom these 
 lights of this new world, the United Sliilcs 
 would prolinhly have fnlleii in their unei|iiiil 
 contest with (ireat Hrilain. Union, which was 
 essential to the success of their resistance, 
 could scarcely have taken place, ill the men- 
 suresadoiitrd hy nti ignorant tniiltilnde. Murli 
 less could wisdom in council, unity in sy.steiii, 
 or perseverance in the iiroseciition of a long 
 and self-denying war, de exp; '■■d from aa 
 uninformed people. It is a weli ! f^own fact, 
 thai persons niitriendly to the rcvolm.on, wore 
 always most numerous in those parts of the 
 United .States, which had either never heen il- 
 luminated, or hut faintly warmed by the riiyi 
 of science. The uiiiiiliii;med and the niisin- 
 formed, constituted a grr-at proportion of tlinso 
 Americans, who preferred the leinling strincfs 
 of the purent state, though encroacliing "O 
 * Burn In Uustoii. 
 
Iil'lil Ai! mm, of Urn. 
 ; ,liili!i Dirkilitdii, iif 
 )iiliiiiy, 1)1' .\ii?iii|>iili'( : 
 I, 111' Siiiitli ('iii'iililiii ; 
 '<iili'l|iliiii ; .liiliri .Illy, 
 i,i)('Nc\v-ViiiIi ; 'I'lio- 
 liiii' l<i'i', of Vli^;iiiiii J 
 'o!irn'r(iriit ; (ifivrrrinp 
 i-y ; Ur. Miiyl"'\v, Mild 
 ; 'riidriiiis I'liiiii', pf, 
 111, mill .liiiiii'^ WiIhoii, 
 nil 'I'l'iimiiil, III' South 
 » . mil Dr. WiirriMi, nf 
 iiy (illiiT'i liilioiiicil ill 
 itryiiH'ii, nil lie siili- 
 li'n'Kt'4, mill in miiin.i- 
 III' 111' ciiiiiliirt, ill ili'- 
 'I'li llii'ir iiiiliviiliiiih 
 I Ihiily iilclciny, •"'I"'- 
 'I'lir jiriMlrrs nf iii'Wh- 
 nrrit in llii' Hiiliir «iiV- 
 (iill 111' l!ii::tnli; Hull, 
 I, of l'liiliiiii'l|iliiii; mill 
 'oliiiii, 
 
 wliirli liiiil lii'i'ii [mill 
 iiu;lmiil, win iilsii niii- 
 
 I' ShriTSM of till' Alllt'- 
 I lililUIII. Till' illliviT- 
 
 4 fiiiinili'il IIS I'lii'ly iH 
 
 I' 170(1. It liiiM 1 II 
 
 rar llii' Hiisliui |ioil net 
 
 ill till' four <'ii':i.'rii m- 
 I llioiisfiiitl ^rmlu«ti"i nf 
 I llii.iii^li liii'ir )«ivi'i-,i| 
 Mowii'il;^!' mill iiliililii's, 
 mill iliii'cl ilii' ijii'.il liii- 
 |irii|irr liiii' of I'oliiliii't, 
 iirliliii'lilM of (ii'i'iil Uri- 
 
 Till' roller's 111 till! 
 ii^lmiil, <'xri'|it tliiit nf 
 Vir[,'iiiiu, well' liiit cif 
 y liiiil lii'i'ii of II niniiil- 
 liiivi' liiiiiH'iI for pull- 
 In liiiliilinr of llm voiilli 
 •olli'fri' of Nnw-.li'rii'V, 
 li iilioiit yS yniiri III'- 
 III ill tliiil tiiiii' f'lliicii- 
 r.soiis, villi, willi II fi'W 
 
 mill ilHnful frinlidi nt 
 
 till' ililliiciici' wliirli 
 I'liriiii; mill |irrsi'r\iiij; 
 a, till' prcft i:t i" iicni. 
 n polirv of llirir fiilliiMS, 
 
 rnll('i;i's. Tlicv iiiiiy 
 r (liitv tn fniiilil mnii', 
 istitiitiniiM. 
 
 iigcs ilnrivi'il (rniii llu"^r 
 irlil, till' ITiiitnd Stall's 
 fiilli'ii in tlii'ir iiiini|iiiil 
 tain, nninii, wliirli wns 
 "IS of tlu'ir ri'sistaiiri', 
 ken plnci', in tlit! nirii- 
 lorniit mnltitiiili'. Miiili 
 -inincil, unity in systt'iii, 
 
 iirosi'ciition of a long 
 
 111' px]'i . "il from an 
 I is n well ! lown fact, 
 
 tn tlin rpvoliii.ijn, wore 
 s in thnse pnrts of tho 
 ail L'ithcr ni'ver been il- 
 ly warniej by ttit? rnyi 
 itnrinuil niij tho iiiisin- 
 ;i''at proportion of tlmso 
 rrcd tlio Iniidiiii; strini»^ 
 thniigh cncroni'liing "O 
 iu Uoeioii, 
 
 UNIT K D S T A T K S . 
 
 403 
 
 llifir lilinrlii!?, to n f»ovr-imii'nl of ihnir own 
 I'liiililryiiinii and fnllow r:ili/cim. 
 
 Ah lili'ialiirn had in ihi' llril inilmiri' fivoiir- 
 I'll till' ri'voliitiiiM, HO ill ill turn, llm n'voliiiinii 
 priiiiiolid lilnral.iri'. Thii nliidy of i'l(ii|iiniiri' 
 Hiid of llm lirlli'H li'llri'rt, was inorn i<iirri'Mnfiilly 
 piiiHiTiiInd ill yNiimrira, aftiT llm ditpnli'M lin- 
 I Nvi'iiiiliinat llrilaiiiiiiid Imrroloiiioilin^antiilii' 
 nnrioiiiilhmi ilrvcr had lirrnlmfori'. Tlmviiri- 
 iiiiiiiniliiiiiH,iidilrnK«(')i, li'llnrs,di»ni'rtnlinin and 
 ollmr lilrrary pi'rl'oriiiiiiici'i wliirli tlin war 
 liiailn li.'ri'iMinv, ralli'd forth al-'lilini wlmrn 
 limy wi'rn, ami rxrili'd llm risin ' ('I'imratioii 
 tn Mliiilv III"''*! W'hirli liron^dit wild llmiii thnir 
 own I'l'ward. Many iiK'.idi'iitr* nlliirdi'd iiiatr 
 riiili I'lr llm fivoiirili'i of tlin tiiiiwN, tn display 
 ihi'ir talinlH. I'lvnii liiirli'sipiinir royal prorla- 
 nialiiiiw, liy pai'iidii'i and dniji^i'ri'l pontiy, had 
 ^Ti'iil I'lli'ilM on till' liiiniln nf ihr pi'iipln. A 
 (rli'linili'd hi-ilnrimi liai ri'niarki'il,lliat llm mint; 
 of Ijilliliiillnin forw.irili'd tlm rnvnliilion of 
 ll'iSS ill I'iii^lanil. Il may Im trid;, iiflirinnd, 
 that similar prndiirlinii't proiliMvil similar nf 
 li'cls in .Aiimrica. I'raiiris llopkinson ri'iidnri'il 
 I'^'sriilial Hi'rvirn tn hi'i roiiiilry, liy liiriiiiii^ llm 
 arlilli'iy nf wit and ridioiiln nii llm I'lii'tny. 
 Philip Knimiiu hiliniiri'il Hiirrcssfiilly in llm 
 miMii' way. 
 
 Itnyal prnr.hiinatinn!) mid ollmr prodiiclioiis 
 v/liirh isHimd finni royal printing- pri'suns, wcrn, 
 ly llm Imlpofa warm ima^'iiialioii, iirraynd in 
 iJirh ilri'Hsi'ri as ri'iidnrnd lln'iii Iriily ridinilniis. 
 'i'niiiiliiill, with » vi'iii of nri^iiial lliidilirattir 
 'iiiinniir, iliM'itrd his foiiiitryinrn hii tiiiirh 
 with llii' follii's of llmircimmii'X, that foriitiiim 
 tliry fiirijot tlm cahiiiiitii'S nf war. Ilimiphrii's 
 Iwiiird llm litiTary \\ itii llm military laiiml.l.y 
 ni|irnidilin(^ tlm faiim nf an rh'f^mit piii't, to 
 ihiit of an iKUniiiplislmd nllinnr. Harlow ili- 
 riiasi!il llm faiimof his I'oiinlry and of tlm iliH- 
 l;ii(,'iiislmd aitors in the rnvnliilinii, liy llm liold 
 ilrsi^'ii of an cplr porin alily nxrciilnd, on tlm 
 iili'ii thai ('oliiiiiliiis fnri'saw in vision, the preal 
 Krriii's ill il were to li' transartrd on llm tlma- 
 tii' nflhal lii'W wnrl I wliirli Im had disrover- 
 I'd. Dwi^lit striick out, in llm n!iini' line, and 
 
 "traiit 
 
 nl an early period nf iiii 
 
 work, eii'illeii the ('niiipmst of Canaan, on a 
 plan wliii'h has rarely lieen allempled. The 
 jiriiiiiples of their iiiollmr lon^'iie, were first 
 iiiifi 'deil 111 the Anieriraiis sinre the revniiition, 
 hy I leir eniinirynian Welisler. I'liifiiiini^ an 
 iiiilieateii track, he has iiiaiie disrnveries in the 
 'M'liiiisaiiilronstriM'tiniinftlm Kiifjlish laii(,'iiai.'i', 
 wliirli had esraped llm ri'searelies nf prereiliii(; 
 pliliiiln;;!-!-;. These, and a uriiiip nf other 
 lilerary iharaclers, have heen lirniiuht into 
 vie ,v liy the revnliitinn. It is reniai kalile, that 
 nf lliese, ('niinecl inil has prndnced an iiiiiisiial 
 pinpnrtioii. In that truly repiililii'an state, 
 every ihiiif; eonspires to ailiirn hiiniaii nu'"'"e 
 'A ilh lis highest honours. 
 
 I'idin tlm latter perinds nf tlm revnliitinn .ill 
 tlm present time, pchools, eolli'tjes, sneielies, 
 and iiislitntinns fur prnmotinj; lileraturi', arts, 
 nianiifartiires, ni;rieiiltiire, and for I'xteiidini; 
 hiiiiian happiness, have Imeii inereased far lie- 
 yiiiiil any thini; that I'ver took place liefnrn the 
 decliiniliiin of independence. Kvery state in 
 the niiiiin, has done inori! or less in this wav, 
 hut Pennsylvania has done the most. The 
 fnllnwiii^ institutions have U'en very lately 
 n.iinileil in that state, mid must nf ihein in the 
 lime of ihi! war or siiiee the peaee. An univer- 
 sity -.n llm rity nt Phihidelphia ; it ei lletre nf 
 phyfiniai.s.ii tiiesunieplucu; I)ickiiianiicni.i;^i 
 
 at Carlisle; Friinklin enllcffn at l.mieasleri 
 llm [irntestant episcopal academy in Phildel- 
 pliia ; arademiesiil Vorklowii,al ( ieriniintown, 
 at Pittsliiirtrh and Washinnion ; and an iicadc- 
 my in Philadelphia for yoiiii;| ladies ; sni:ielleB 
 for protnjliii;^ pnlilical empiines ; hir the niedi- 
 I al relief of the p.inr. under llm title nf the 
 Philadelphia dispe isary ; for promotiim the 
 aliolitinn nf slaver", and the relief of free 
 iie(;rons iiiihiwfully In Id in liondap' ; for prn- 
 pa^'iitiiif^ the (ijnspel I'lnnin; the Inilimis, under 
 llm liireetion nf tlm u'liled hrelliren ; fur llm 
 encniirat;enieiit nf manufactures and the useful 
 arts ; fur allevialint^ the miseries of prisons. 
 Such have been soiim of tlm lieiielicial ed'ecls, 
 which have resulted from that expnnsinn nf 
 the liiiinan mind, which has been produced by 
 the revolution, but thusu liiive not been without 
 alliiy. 
 
 To overset nn establiHlied (^overinent iin- 
 hiii(^!S many nf thnse principles, which biiiri 
 individiiiils to each oilier. A loiij^ time, and 
 much prudence, will be necessary to reprnduce 
 a spirit nf iininn and that reverence fnr f^nverii- 
 iiieiit, wilhnut wliif^h snciely is a rnpe of sand. 
 The rinhtnf the people to resist their Pliers, 
 when invadini^ their lilierlies, fnrms tlm cnrii. r 
 siniie of tlm American republics. Thi'i prin- 
 ciple, thnii(;li just ill itsell, is not favourable to 
 the tranipiilily nf present estalili'<liiiieiils. The 
 niaxiins mid iimasiires, which in the years 
 1771 and 177.') were suicesfnlly inculcated 
 and ndnpted by American patrints, for over^et- 
 tilid the established ^'nverniint, will answer n 
 similar purpose when recurrenre is had to 
 tliem by fantious demajroifues, for oisturbinj.' 
 the fn'pst p;overnmenH that wert- ever de- 
 viwd. 
 
 War iiprnr fails to iniurn the morals nf the 
 people rufrituvil in it. The American war, in 
 particular, had an nnhap(iy inllnence of this 
 kind. l!ein(,' be^nm wilhimt funds or regular 
 establishinenls, it could not be carried nn witli- 
 iit vinlalini,' private ri^'hts ; and in its prni.'ress. 
 It invnived a necessity fnr bieakinu' snlernn 
 promises, and pliLrh'ed public faith. The 
 failure nf natinnal jiishce, which was in sntne 
 dei/ree u"a vnidalile, ijcreased the dilllciilties 
 nf |irrfnrrniiifr [irivate entraj^einetits, mid weak- 
 ened that sensiliilitv tn the nliliiralioiis of pub- 
 lic and private hnnmir, which is ii security fnr 
 the punctual |iiTfnrmaiice of cniitracts. 
 
 Ill coiiseipmnce nf the war, the ih^litiiti'ins 
 of reliL-'ion have been deraiiL'eil, the public 
 worship of the diiiy KU«[ieiided, and a (Treat 
 iiiiiiiber of the i nha bit a nli deprived of the nrdi- 
 iiary means of obtaining; that relit;ieus kiinw- 
 leilf.'!'. which tames the fierceness, rind sofrens 
 the riideiicss of human passion ami manners. 
 Many of tlm tein|iles dedicileil to the service 
 of the most hiu'li, were destroyed, and these, 
 Il una ileliiieiicv of abilitv and inilnialinn, are 
 nni yet rebuilt. The rler^'y were left tn suf- 
 fer, wilhnut proper fliippnrt. The deprecia- 
 tion of the papi'r currency was particularly 
 injurious to them. If reduced their salaries 
 to a pittance, so insnnicient fnr their rnainten- 
 aiice, that several nf them were obligeil tn lay 
 ilnwn their prnfessinn, and eni.'»ire in ntlier 
 pursuits. Public preaching, <i{ which insny 
 nf llm inhabitants wi're thus deprived, seldnin 
 liiils nf renderiiu; essential service tn society, 
 by civ ili/iii'.' the mullitiide and foriniiiL' iheni 
 to iiiiinn. Nil class of citizens liave cnntrilniteil 
 imnre In the reinlution than the clerL'V. and 
 until' have hitlmrln MilTered liinre ii. cnnsi.'- 
 
 ipienci' of il. Kroin the dimnnition nf their 
 number, and the penury to which llmv havo 
 been subjected, civil (.'nveriiieiit has lost riiaiiy 
 nl the ailvanlai'i's it fniiiierly derived finin 
 till' public instructinns of lliiil useful nrder nf 
 men. 
 
 On the whnle, the lilerary, political, iind 
 military talents nf the iiii/ens of llii' I 'nileil 
 ."''lates liavi! been iinproveil by the revnliitinn, 
 but their tnnral cliarafler is inl'erinr In what it 
 fnrmerly was. So (^reat is ll,e cliain;e fnr llm 
 wnrse, tliat the friends nf | id, lie nrder nrii 
 Iniidly cnlleil upon to exeil ll lir ntnnsi ahili- 
 lies, in f!Xtirpalin|{ the vicinns prim iples and 
 habits, wliiidi have taken deep mot diiriii;.' the 
 late ctinvuUifi.s. 
 
 CIlAPTHIl AVIII. 
 
 Tlir (liai'linr.fo of lli'' AniTtfun nnnv; Tlii- fvnruHlinn 
 fif \cw- V'irk : Thr rrfii;iii,lii,ri orl.cn.'rnl Wnaliiliflon! 
 ArrilllL'''lll<-lils )»f t'lillLTI-^* fnr itl-|M,<iil[; of itit-ir mfmu 
 rrii Ifrriliirv, ninl |Hn iiig lli'-ir ili lil" ; 't'lip rli.<ni>*s 
 nf Itin Sliilffl nflrr llir p'-nrc : Thr iiir(TliTi( v of Ihf Br- 
 ll* '.'H nf llip roiiffilrTiilinii ; A piiiiiit f-iiiivriilii,n t»ir 
 ■.iii'-ii'tiriK iIm" Envi'riii.ii'iil : 't'(n' new ri,n«iiiuiir,ii : lit-n- 
 rrnl Wiftiinirl'iii niijioiiii' il l'r.-<.iili-iil : An aijitrfns la 
 ihi' pfMi|ile III llin I'liilr^it Slnliis. 
 
 VViltl.K the citizens of the T.'niterl .StnlPII 
 were anticipating' the blessinr.'s nf pence, their 
 army, whiih had siiccessfiilly slemine.l tho 
 tide nf Mrilish victories, was unrewarded for 
 its services. 'Ihe .States whicli had been res- 
 cued by their exertions from slavery, were iu 
 no rnndilion to pay them tlmir stipulated due. 
 To ilismiss ollicers and sohliers, who had sprnt 
 the [irinm of their davs in s.rvini.' their cnun- 
 try, wilhout an eipiivalent for tneir labours, or 
 evpn a siilliciency tn enable them tonain a dc- 
 cer.i, iivint.', 'vas n hard Imi miavoiihible cn«e. 
 An mtenipt was made, March 10, \1S'.1, hy 
 anonymous and seditious publicatirms* tn in- 
 flame the minds of th'i nllicers and soldiers, 
 and induce them to iinilp in redri:ssin'_' their 
 inV4n '.'rievances, while thev had arms in their 
 I hands. As soon as 'ieneiMl Washington v^-as 
 j informed oi' thi nature of these papers, hi- re- 
 '(piesfcd the ["'neral and held ntlicers with nnn 
 i nllicrr from earili cnrnpanv, and a prriper re- 
 I pri'-cntation from the staff nf the arniv, to as- 
 l-ernble on an early day. He n<:h,t\y jiidyed 
 I that it would bir much easier to iliverf frotn a 
 wrontr to a ni/hi path, than to recal fatal siiij 
 hasty steps, afti'r tl.eV had once been tJiken. 
 The period, previmihly to the meetinj/ of tho 
 olhcers, was improved in preparini; them for 
 llie adoption of moderate ni'-asiir*'S. (ii'Ticral 
 \Vasliiiii;tnn sent for one olficer after another, 
 and eiilari.'ed in private, on the fatal conse- 
 'piences, and particularly on thi* loss of cha- 
 racter to the whole army, which would result 
 frotn intemperate resnlutinns. When the offi- 
 cers were convened, the cornmander-in-ct.ief 
 addressi'd them in a stieech well calculated 
 to r:ilm their mind*. He also pledged him- 
 self to exert all his abilities and influence in 
 their favour, and reipiested thi'in tn rely on the 
 faith of their country, aid conjured thrm, "as 
 they valued their honour, as they resjjected the 
 riL'hts of humanity, and as they resrarded tho 
 military and national character of America, to 
 express their utmost detestation of the man, 
 
 • Tlic nnl very rnvinlilp linnniir •Itseh*'.! to iIip • l- 
 itiiir-tiiji nf imf '.f Iho mn-t liiih-lnn.'.! m" iiw«p ft'1.trT«^ 
 '•--. 1-. 1'^ I.'""*) iii>lliufil> , conl* rrr.l up.'ti Gciioni 
 . juUitii An.i-lrung. 
 

 404 
 
 v/lio was attempting to open the flooj-^atfs cifl 
 civil discord, and deluge their rising empire I 
 with blood." General Washington then re-| 
 tired. j 
 
 The mind.4 of those who had heard liim 
 were in such an irritable state, that nothing 
 but their mntt ardent patriotism, and his un- 
 bounded influence, prevented the proposal of 
 rash resolutions, winch, if adopted, would have 
 aullied the glory of seven years service. No 
 reply whatever was made to the General's 
 ipeech. The happy moment was seized, while 
 the minds of the officers, softened by the clo- 
 quenco of their beloved commander, were in 
 a yielding state, and a resolution was unani- 
 mously adopted, by which they declared, 
 " that no circumstances of distress or danger 
 Miould induce a conduct that might tend to 
 Bully the reputation and glory tliey had ac- 
 quired ; that the army continued to have an 
 unshaken confidence in the justice of Congress 
 and their country ; that they viewed with al>- 
 li'irronce, and rejected with disdain, the infa- 
 mous propositions in the late anonymous ad- 
 dress to till! ofliccrs of the army." Too much 
 praise cimnot be given toGeiieral Washington, 
 for the patriotism and decision which marked 
 his conduct, in the whole of this serious trans- 
 action. I'erliiips in no instance did the United 
 States receive from Heaven a more signal de- 
 livenince, through the hands of the comman- 
 der-in-chief. 
 
 Soon after these events. Congress completed 
 a resolution which had been for some time 
 pending, that the otlicers of their army, who 
 preferred a sum in gross to an annuity, should 
 Im' entitled to recei'. ■• to the amount of five 
 years full |)ny, in money, or securities nt six 
 per cent, per annum, instead of ihf.'n- h;ilf pay 
 for life, which had been previously promised 
 to tlieiM. 
 
 To avoid the inconvenience of dismissing 
 a ijreat number of soldiers in a body, fur- 
 loughs were freely granted to individuals, and 
 nlier iheir dispersion they were not enjoined 
 to return. Uy this arrangement a critical mo- 
 ment was got over. A great part of an nn- 
 paid army, was disbanded and dispersed over 
 the states, without tumult or disorder. The 
 privates generally betook themselves to labour, 
 and rrowned the merit of being good soldiers, 
 i>y becomiiii; good citizens. Several of the 
 Ami'rican officers, who had been bred mecha- 
 nics, resumed their trades. In old countries 
 the disbanding a single regiment, even though 
 fully paid, liiis often produced serious conse- 
 i|ue!ici's ; but in America, where arms had 
 been taken up Tir self defence, they were 
 peaceably laid down as soon .is they became 
 uniircessary. As soldiers had betm easilv and 
 speedily fi>rmed in 177.'), out of farmers, plant- 
 ers and mechanics, with eipial ease and expe- 
 liition in he year 1783, they dropped their 
 adventitious character, and n^sumed tlieir for- 
 mer occupations. About 80 of the Pennsyl- 
 vania levies formed an exception to the pre- 
 vailing peaceable disposition of the army. 
 Tlii'se, in ilefianee of their officers, set out frimi 
 Lancaster, and marched to Philadelphia to 
 geek reilress of their grievances, from the ex- 
 ecutive council of the state. The mutineers, 
 (U opposition to luvicennd entreaties, persisted 
 in their march, till they arrived at Philadelphia. 
 Tliey were the: e joined by some other troiips, 
 will- were quartered in the barracks. The 
 whole, umountiiig to upwaids of 30(1 men. 
 
 HISTORY OP THR 
 
 marched with fixed bayonets and drums, to 
 the statehouse, in which Congress and the su- 
 preme executive council of Penraylvania held 
 their sessions. They placed guards at every 
 door, and sent in a written message to the pre- 
 sident and council of the state, and threatened 
 to let loose an enraged soldiery upon them, if 
 they were not gratified as to their demand 
 within 20 minutes. 
 
 The situation of Congress, though they 
 were not the particular object of the soldiers' 
 resentment, was far from being agreeable. 
 After being about three hours under duresse 
 they retired, but previously resolved that the 
 authority of the United States had been gross- 
 ly insulted. Soon after they left Philadelphia, 
 and fixed on Princeton as the place of tlieir 
 next meeting. General Washington immedi- 
 ately ordereil a large detachment of his army, 
 to march li>r Philadelphia. Previously to their 
 arrival, the disturbances were quieted without 
 bloodshed. Several of the mutineiirs were 
 tried and condemned, two to suffer death, and 
 four to receive corporal punishment, but they 
 were all afterwards pardoned. 
 
 Toward" the close of the year, Congress 
 issued a proclamation, in which the armies of 
 the United States were applauded, " for having 
 displayed in the progress of an arduous and 
 diffioult war, every military and patriotic vir- 
 tue, and in which the thanks of their counlrv 
 were given them, for their long, eminent and 
 faithful services." Cimgress tlien declared it 
 to be their pleasure, "that such part of their 
 federal armies, as stood engaged lo serve du- 
 ring the war, should fnuii and after the third 
 day of November next, be absolutely dis- 
 charged from the said service." (Jn the day 
 preceding their dismission, Nov. 2d. General 
 Washington issued his farewell orders, in the 
 most endearing language. After giving them 
 his advice respecting their future conduct, 
 and bidding them ao aflectionate farewell, he 
 concluded with these words : " May ample 
 justice be done them here, and may the choi 
 cest of Heaven's favours, both here rind here- 
 after, attend those, who under the divine aus- 
 pices have secured innumerable blessings for 
 others. With the.se wishes, and this benedic- 
 tion, the commander-in-chief is about to re- 
 tire from service ; the curtain of separatiim 
 will soon be drawn, and the military scene, to 
 him, will be closed forever." 
 
 With great exertions of the superintondant 
 of finance, four months pay, in part of several 
 years arrearages, were given to the army. 
 This sum, though trilling, was all the immedi- 
 ate recompence the states were able to make 
 to those brave men, who had conducted their 
 country through an eight years war, to |>eacc 
 and independence. 
 
 The evacuation of Now- York, took place 
 in about three weeks after the American army 
 was discharged. For a twelvemonth preced- 
 ing, there had l>een an unrestrained commu- 
 nication between that city, though a British 
 fiarrison, and the adjacent country. The bit- 
 terness of war passed away, and civilities 
 were freely interchanged between those, who 
 had lately sought for oppoituiiules to destroy 
 iMich other. Tteneral Washington and gover- 
 nor f 'linton, with tlieir suites, made a public 
 entry into till! city of New- York, as sorn as 
 till" royal army was withdrawn. The lii'iile- 
 naiil t;overiic>r. and nieiiibiTS oflhe eoiincll.the 
 olliiers of the .Viiierlcan aiiny, and the citizens, 
 
 followed in an elegant pr< 'ssion. It was re- 
 marked that an unusual proportion of tho.in 
 who in 177G, had iled from New-York, wero 
 by death cut off from partaking in the geno 
 ral joy, which flowed in upon tncir fellow-citi- 
 zens, on returning to their ancient habitations. 
 The case and alHuence which they enjoved in 
 in the days of their prosperity, made the seve- 
 rities of exile inconvenient to all, and fatal lo 
 many, particularly to such as were advaxced 
 in life. Those who survived, both felt and 
 expressed the overflowings of joy, on finding 
 their sufferings and services rewarded wlili 
 the recovery of their country, the exjiulsion 
 of their enemies, and the "Stabliahment of tlniir 
 independence. In the evening there was a 
 display of fireworks, which exceeih^d every 
 thing of the kind before seen in the United 
 States. They commenced by a dove's de- 
 scending with an olive branch, and setting fin; 
 to a maron battery. 
 
 The hour now approached In whlcli it be- 
 came necessary fiir General Washington to 
 take leave of liis officers, who li.id been en- 
 deared to him by a long scries of common 
 sufferings and dangers. This was doiu! in a 
 solemn manner. The officers having jirevi- 
 oiisly assembled for the purpos-;, (ieneral 
 Washington joined them, and calling for a 
 glass of wine, thus addressed them. " Willi 
 a heart full of love and gratitude, I now 
 take my leave of you. I most dt^viuiily wish 
 that your latter days may be as prosperous and 
 happy, as your fiirnier ones have been glori- 
 ous and honourabli!." The officers came up 
 successively, and he took an affi'ctionale leax' 
 of each of them. When this afl'ccling sccii: 
 was over, Washington h'ft the room, an. I 
 passed through the corps of light infiintrv, In 
 the place of embarkation. The officers fiillow- 
 ed in a solemn mute procession, with dijectc,! 
 countenances. On his entering the barge to 
 cross the North river, he turned towards ihc 
 companions of his glory, and by waviiicr lii" 
 hat, bid them a silent adieu. Some of them 
 answered this last signal of ri'S|H"cf tiiiI atlcc- 
 tion with tears, and all of ilicin hung iipnn 
 the barge which conveyed him from tlieir 
 sight, tilt they could no longer disllnguish In 
 it the person of their beloved commander-in- 
 chief. 
 
 A proposal was made to perpetuate tin- 
 friendship of the officers, by forming iheiii- 
 selves into a society, to be named aftei the fa- 
 mous Roman patriot Cinelnnatiis. The ex- 
 treme jealousy of the new republics suspect- 
 ed danger to their liberties, from ihe union <if 
 the leaders of their late army, and especiallv 
 from a part of the Institution, which held out 
 to their posterity, the honour of beini; iidinit 
 ted memliers of the same society. 'I"o oliv( 
 ate ail grounds of fear, the general meeting nf 
 the society, recommended an alteration of their 
 insliliition, which lias been adopted by ei(.''il 
 of the state societies. ]Jy this reconmie'i.ia- 
 tion it was proposed o expunjje every t)i'\n^ 
 that was hereditary, and to retain little el*i 
 than their original name, and a social charita- 
 ble institution fiir perpetuating their personal 
 friendships, and relieving the wants of their in- 
 digent brethren. General Washington, on 
 the approaching dissolution cfllie Americnn 
 army, by a circular Idler lo ine governors or 
 preslilents of the indiviilual slates, gave h" 
 parliiig advice to his coiiiitivmen ; aiid, wilh 
 all the charms of eloipiciici', inculcali'd ihc ii'- 
 
pri -ssion. It was ni- 
 mill |)r<iiiorti(>n of tho.io 
 from New-York, wera 
 partakiiiff in tlio gene 
 in vi|)on their fiillow-citi« 
 their ancient Imliitntiona. 
 i which they enjoved in 
 osperity, made the neve- 
 nient to nil, and fiitnl to 
 such as were ndvai-ccd 
 survived, both Celt nnd 
 i-ings of joy, on finding 
 erviccs rewarded with 
 country, the expulsion 
 ic "stnhlishtnent of tli(!ir 
 1! evening there was a 
 which exceeded every 
 ore 6een in the United 
 ;ncod by a dove's de- 
 branch, and setting fire 
 
 •cached in which it Iw- 
 ■Jenerul Washington to 
 ;ers, who had been en- 
 long series of comnxui 
 I, This was done in ii 
 ! officers liaving previ- 
 tlic purpos'-, (lencriil 
 liom, and calling for ii 
 Idressed them. " Willi 
 and gratitude, i now 
 I most dtn-oiitly wisli 
 lay be ns prosperous and 
 r ones have been glori- 
 The oflieers came up 
 lok an ttd'erfionate leave 
 lien this aflecting seen; 
 on left ihe room, and 
 rps of light infantry, to 
 i>n. The ollieers follow- 
 rocession, with dejeeled 
 enterini; the barge to 
 le turned towards llie 
 y, and by wiiving Iin 
 idieu. Jriiime of tlii'iii 
 I oC respect and alfec- 
 ill of them hung ii|)hii 
 ■eyed him from tlielr 
 longer distinguish in 
 beloved comrnander-iii- 
 
 Je to )>erpotiiat(' tin" 
 rs, by forming iheni- 
 
 be tiamed aftei the (h- 
 Cineinnatiis. The eX' 
 new republics suspect- 
 ties, fnuii the union of 
 
 army, and especiiilly 
 
 ition, which held out 
 honour of buinu' admit 
 me society. 'J'o obvi 
 the general meeting ef 
 
 i] nn alteration of thi'ir 
 been adopted by eight 
 IJy this recommen.iii- 
 o expunge ovi'ry tliinij 
 id to retain little else 
 , and a social eharila- 
 •tiiating lh(Mr persniiii! 
 g the wants of their in- 
 leral Washington, en 
 ition rf the Amerlc.iii 
 'r to tfie governors nr 
 iliial stales, gavu In" 
 iimlrvmen ; niid, willi 
 uce, inculcati'd the n > 
 
 
 '''"b\^ -. ^'v^V' 
 
 
 
 
 ^vi 
 
 JAMES K POLK 
 
 Vs 
 
 // MIIURB FIUMORE ' 
 
 ^f* 
 
 ,-Vt' 
 
 I ( / - MiiuR PnuwoRE i -^-vk;- |_fRANKUN pierce ,^ : ij 
 
 FRANKUN PIERCE ^-^ ' ' ■ 
 
 ':'■/// 
 
 JAMES BUCHAWtN 
 
 ' J /■ / 1 ABRAHAM LINCOLN ^M\ Hf 
 
 j"; >Vj Jl ULYSSESS GRANT j >. */ 
 
 if 
 
 
SSBBW" 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 409 
 
 ccssity of union, justice, subordination, iiiiil of 
 such principles and practices, as their now 
 situation required. 
 
 Tiie army being disbanded, the commnnd- 
 cr-in-cbief proceeded to Annapolis, then tbc sent 
 of Congress, to resign his commission. On 
 Ilia way thither, he delivered to the comptrol- 
 ler in Philadelphia an account of the expen- 
 diture of all the public money he had ever 
 received. This was in his own hand writing, 
 and every entry was made in a ver^ particu- 
 lar manner. The whole sum, which in the 
 course of the war had passed through his 
 hands, amounted only to H,47t)/. 18*. 9il. 
 sterling. Nothing was charged or retained as 
 a reward for personal services, and actual 
 disbursements liad been managed with such 
 <'<-(inomy and fiilelity.tliat they v.erc all cover- 
 eil by the above moderate sum. 
 
 In every town and villjge, through which 
 the general passed, he was met by public and 
 i)ri\ate dcnKUistnitinns of gratitude and joy. 
 Wlii-n he arrived at Aniiiipolis, he informed 
 ( -ongress of his intention to ask leave to resign 
 the eomniission he had the honour to hold in 
 llii'ir service, and desired to know their plea- 
 sure in what manner it woulil be most proper 
 M be done. They resolved it should !«! in 
 II piililie audience. When the day fixed for 
 lliat purpose arrived, a great number of dis- 
 tiniiiiislied personages atteniled the interesting 
 sii'iie. -At a projier moment, ijeneriil Wash- 
 ington addressed Thomas Milllen, the presi- 
 di'iif, ill I lie following words : 
 
 " Ml-. I'resiilent, 
 
 "The great events on which my resignation 
 depc'inled, having at length taken jilaee, I have 
 iiiiw the honour of offering my sincere eon- 
 griitiilatioiis to Congress, and of presenting 
 myself before them to surrender into their 
 liaiiils till" trust committed to me, and to claim 
 the indulgence of retiring from the service 
 iif it.y country. 
 
 "Happy in the confirmation of our indiv 
 pi'iiilciiei! and sovereignty, and pleased with 
 the o[|)orluiiity afforded the United States of 
 beconiing a respectable nation, I resign with 
 sntisfiiction the appointment I accepted with 
 dillidiMiee; a dimdence in my abilities to ac- 
 roniplisli so arduous a task, which, however, 
 was superceded by a coiifiihuice in the recti- 
 tude of our rause, the support of the su- 
 preme power of the union, and the patrimago 
 of Ifi'aven. 
 
 "The successful termination of the war has 
 verified the most sanguine expectations, and 
 my griitltiide for the interposition of Provi- 
 di'iicc, and the assistance I have received from 
 my rnuntrynieii, increases with every review 
 (if llie moiiieiitoiis contest. 
 
 " While I repeat my obHiiatlons to the army 
 ill sieni-ral, I should do iiiiusliee to my own 
 fecliiicrs not to acknowledge, in this place, the 
 peciiliiir services, and distingnisln-d merits of 
 till' ]iersons who have Ik-cu attached to my 
 Iiersoii during the war: it was impossible the 
 clioice of conliih'iitial officers to compose my 
 fnniily should have been more fiirtunate; per- 
 mit ine, sir, to recommend in piirliciilar those 
 who have continued in the servict f:i 'he pre- 
 sent inomenl, as worthy of the favoiiral.le no- 
 '"'" ami patronage of Consiress. 
 
 " 1 consider it as an iiidispiuisnble duty U: 
 rliisc this last solemn act of my ofHelal life, by 
 C'liniiiendcng the iiiteri'sis of our dearest coun- 
 try til ih" |irolection of .Mmijhty (5od, and 
 
 those who have the superintendancc of them, 
 to His holy keeping. 
 
 " Having now finished the work assigned 
 me, I retire from the great theatre of acti(m ; 
 and bidding an affectionate farewell to this au- 
 gust ' >dy, under whose orderi. I have long 
 acted, I here offer my commission, and take my 
 leave of all the employments of public life." 
 
 To this the President returned the follow- 
 ing answer : 
 
 " The United States, in Congress assembled, 
 receive with emotions too affecting for utti^r- 
 ance, the solemn resignation of the authorities 
 under which you have led their troops with 
 success, through a perilous and joubtful 
 war. 
 
 " Called upon by your country to defend 
 its invaded rights, you accepted the sacred 
 charge before it had formed alliances, and 
 whilst it was without friends or a government 
 to support you. 
 
 "You have conducted the great military 
 contest with wisdom and fortitude, invariably 
 regarding the rights of the civil power through 
 all disasters and changes : you have, by the 
 love and confidence of your fellow citizens, 
 enabled them to display their martial genius, 
 and transmit them to posterity ; you have per- 
 severed till these United .States, aided by a 
 magnanimous king and nation, have been ena- 
 bled, under a just Providence, to close the 
 war in freedom, safety and independence; on 
 which happy event we sincerely join you 
 in congratulations. 
 
 " Having defended the standard of liberty 
 
 in this new world — having taught a lesson 
 
 useful to those who iiifiict, and to those who 
 
 ■el oppression, you retire fnun the great thea 
 
 Ire of action, with the blessings of your tel- 
 h)w-citi-/.ens ; but the glory of your virtues 
 will not terminate with your military com- 
 mand ; it will ciintinuu to animate remotest 
 ages. We feel, with you, our obligations to 
 the army in general, and will particularly 
 charge ourselves with the interest of those con- 
 fidential officers, who have attended your per- 
 son to this affecting moment. 
 
 " We join you in commending the interests 
 of our dearest country to the protection of 
 Almighty (Sod, lieseecling Him to dispo.se the 
 hearts and minds of its citizens, to imjirove 
 the op|iortiinity afforded tliem, of becoming 
 a happy and respectable nation ; and for vof, 
 we address to Him our earnest prayers, that 
 a life so beloved may be fostered with all His 
 c.;'e : That your days may be happy as they 
 have iieen illustrious, and that He will finally 
 give you that reward which this world can- 
 not give." 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 WASIII.NOTO.v's .\nMI.NISTnATIOV. 
 
 are evils in national convulsion, even when ne- 
 cessitated by the most justifiable causes, will 
 still scorn to evade them by a base servility j 
 and ill does it become those who have rei • 
 dered such evils inevitable, to attempt to ciift 
 the odium of them on the noble ond self-de- 
 nying efforts of the patriot. 
 
 The exhausting effect of their exertirm.'t 
 was felt by the ])eoplo of the United Stiiteii 
 for a considerable period after peace, as well 
 at independence, had lieen secured. The en- 
 thusiasm of a popular contest terminating in 
 victory, began to subside, and the sacrifices ol 
 the revolution soon became known and fi It. 
 The claims of those who toiled, and foiig.it, 
 and suffered in the arduous struggle, wero 
 strongly urged, and the government had nei« 
 ther resources nor power to satisfy or to si- 
 lence them. The federal head had no sepa- 
 rate or exclusive fund. The members of Con- 
 gress depended on the states which they re- 
 spectively represented, even for their own 
 maintenance, and niiniey fiir national purposes 
 could only be obtained by re(|iiisitions on tliu 
 different memliers of the confederacy. On 
 them it became necessary iiiiniediatelv to call 
 for funds to discharge the arrears of pay duo 
 to the soldiers of the revolution, and the inter- 
 est on the debt which the government had 
 btien compt^lled to contract. The legislatures 
 of the different states receivi-d these requisi- 
 tions with respect, liste 1 to the monitory 
 
 warnings of Ccuigress with deference, and 
 with silent and inactive nc(|iiii'sceiice. Their 
 own situation, imliMMl, was full of emliavrass- 
 iiienr. The wealtli of the eoiititry had been 
 totally exhausted iliiiiii!,' llie revolniion. Taxes 
 could not be collected, because there was no 
 money to represent the value of the little per- 
 sonal property whicl' had not been, and itio 
 land which could not be, destroyed ; and com- 
 merce, though preparing to burst from its 
 thraldom, had not yet had time to resi.ire to 
 the annual produce of the country its exrhnn^e- 
 able value. The states owed each a licavy 
 debt fiir local services ren lered diirinir the re- 
 volution, fiir which it was bound to provide, 
 and each had its own domisllc govcininent to 
 support. Under these circiiuistances, if Is not 
 surprising that each .state was anxious to re- 
 tain for its own benefit the small lint rising 
 revenue di^rived from fiireigii commerce ; and 
 that the ciistom-lioiisi's in each commercial city 
 were considered as the most valuable sources 
 of income which the states possessed. Each 
 state, llicrefiire, made ils own regiilitlons, its 
 tariff, and tonnage duties, iiiid, as a natural 
 (Minseqiii'iu'e, tin.' illiriTent states clashed with 
 eiK'li othi'r; one nation becaiiii' more fiivoiircd 
 than another under the saimr circiimslances ; 
 and one state pursued a system injurious to 
 the interests of another. Hence the ciuifi- 
 deiice of foreign countries was destroyed ; 
 and they would not enter into treaties of com- 
 merce with the confederated government, 
 while they were not likely to be carried into 
 effect. A general decay of trade, the rise of 
 imported mercliainiise, the fiill of produce, niid 
 an uncommon decrease of the value of lands, 
 
 In every department of nature violent ef- 
 forts are succeeded by a corresponding ex- 
 haustion ; and the striiggh^s of a nation for li- 
 berty and indepi'iidence afford no exception to j ensued 
 this universal law. From the evils insepa-j The distress of the inhabitants was continu- 
 roble from such contests, the pusillanimous and ally on the increase; ami in Massnchii.setfs, 
 the sonlid may urge argiiineiits in fiivour of| where it was most fi'lt, an insurrection of a 
 what they deem .i prudent and profitable sub- serious chaiacler was tin" coiisei)iieiire. Near 
 iiiisKlveiiess to aibitrary sway ; but the loverithe close of the year 1780, tiie populace «s- 
 of freedom, while he will not deny that there jsembled to the number of two thousund, in 
 
400 
 
 HISTORY or THE 
 
 I n 
 
 :1 ! 
 
 ■f ^l 
 
 i 11 : -S:: 
 
 
 t)io iii>rth-wostorn part (if till! state, and, rliiKH- 1 tial iitiliiy. On this account, as wkII ns rniiii 
 ini; Dimii'l Sliiiys tlieir loiiilcr, ili'iniinik'd Miat j tlie I'iiTumstiincc tliiit so iuw stutt^s were n:- 
 the colluclidii of iltlits ulioiild 1)1' sus)icMidcd, j |>ri'3oiilfd, lliey wisely declined deciding; on 
 
 und tliut tlio Itigisiuturo Siliduld iuilli(ii'i7.<! tlit 
 (■mission oC pii|)er money liir >;eiienil circula- 
 tion. Two lioiiies (il'inilitia, drawn from those 
 parts of the state where dlsatl'ection did not 
 prevail, were iinmudiutely despatched against 
 them, one under tho command of Cieiierul 
 Lincoln, the other of General Shepard. The 
 disart'ected were dispersed with less diflicnlty 
 than had lieen apprehended, and, abandoning 
 their seditious purpost^s, accepted the protler- 
 (^d indemnity of the government. 
 
 The time at length came when the puhlic 
 mind gav«j tokens of being prepared for a 
 change in tho constitution of the general go- 
 vernment — an occurrnnc(?, the necessity ol 
 which had long been foreseen by Washington, 
 and most of tho distinguished patriots of that 
 jieriod. Evil had acciiinulated upon evil, till 
 itie mass became toooi)pressive to bo endured, 
 and the voice of the nation cried out for relief 
 The iirst decisive measures proceeded from 
 the merchanls, who came fiu'ward almost si- 
 multaneously in all parts iif lh<! '•oiintry. with 
 ri.'presentations of the utter prostration of the 
 mercantile interests, and petitions for a speedy 
 and ellleienl remedv. It was shown, that the 
 advantaires of this most iinpiutant sourci; nl' 
 iiiiiiiitiiil prosperitv were flowing iiiln tin hauls 
 of forelL'iiers, and that thi! native merchanls 
 were suireriiiir for the want of a just prolec- 
 tioii and a uniform system of trade. The wise 
 iiiid rellocting were convinced that some deci- 
 ded elliirts were necessary to strenglheu the 
 general goveriiiueiif, or tliat a dissolution of 
 the union, aiiil perhaps a devastaling anarchy, 
 would be inevitiilile. The first step towards 
 a general refoniiatiou was rather accidental 
 than premeditateil. Certain citizens of Vir- 
 
 any important nu'asiires in reference to the 
 particular subject for which they had come 
 together. This convention is memorable, how- 
 ever, as having been the pn.-lude to the one 
 which followed. Ueforo tho commissi(mers 
 adjourned, a report was agreed upon, in which 
 the necessity of a revision and reform of the 
 articles of the old federal comjiact was strong- 
 ly urged, and which contained a reconmuui- 
 (hition to all the state legislatures for the ap- 
 pointment of deputies, to meet at Philad(dphia, 
 witii more ample powers and instructions. 
 This proposal was eventually carried into ef- 
 fect, and, in conformity with it, a conventimi of 
 delegates from the several states met at I'hila- 
 delphia in May, 1787. (Jf this body of emi- 
 nent statesmen, ( ieorge Washingl(ui was (.-lect- 
 ed president. They deliberated with closeil 
 doors during a period of four months. One 
 party in tht! convention was anxious to enlarge, 
 another toaliridge, the aulhority delegated to 
 the general irovernment. This was the first 
 ireriii of parties in the Ij'niled Statei ; not that 
 materials were wantliii;, for the di33enii(m9 of 
 ihi! revolution had left behind 3(urio b''teriu!S3 
 of spirit and feelings that only awailei n op- 
 portunity lc)r their disclosure. The di\ <ions 
 ill the convention proved the foiindat of 
 many a subse(ii;ent slriigLlle. At length i. >n- 
 stilution was agreed on, which, after being re- 
 ported to (Joiigress, was siibiiiilted for ralilica- 
 tiiMi to convenlions held in the rt'spe(ii\(! 
 states. Tliis constitution dilU'rs, in many im- 
 portant particulars, from the articles of confe- 
 deration; and, by its regiil.ili(;ns, connects the 
 states more closely togtaher, under a yeneral 
 ami supreme government, composed of three 
 'I'pattmenis, legislative, executive, and judi 
 
 fO'iia and M.iryland had formed a scheme for;cial; and invested ivilli powi^rs essential to 
 promoting the naviiralion of the Potomac and j its being respected, both by foreign nations 
 ('hesapeake Hay, and commissiiuicrs were ap 
 
 pointed by those two slates to meet at Alex 
 andria, and devise some plan of operation. 
 These jiersons made a visit to Mount Vernon, 
 and while there, it was jiroposed among them- 
 selves tlnit more important objects should l)e 
 coiinecte<l with tin; purpose at first in view, 
 and that the slate (>i)vernmenls should be soli- 
 cited to appoint other commissioners, witli en- 
 larged powers, instructed to form a plan for 
 in.iinlaiiiing a naval Icirce in the Chesapeake, 
 and also to lix up(Mi some system of duties on 
 exports and inlplu•l^ ':■ which both states should 
 airree, and that in the end Congress should be 
 petitioned to allow these privileges. This 
 iiro|ect was approved by tho legislature of 
 Virginia, and commissioners wer(! accordingly 
 oppolnted. The same legislature passed a re- 
 Boliition recommending the desijiu to other 
 states, and inviiliig them to tuiite, by theircom- 
 missioners, in an attempt to established such B 
 nystem of commercial relations as would pro- 
 mote general harmiuiy and prosperity. Five 
 etalesonly, in aildition to Virginia, acceded to 
 this proposition, namely, Maryland, Delaware, 
 
 and the states whoso interest it was designed 
 to secure. The provisi(Mis and characteristics 
 of this interc'sting and important political coiK", 
 will receive tin- consideration to which they 
 are so justly entitled in another department 
 of our work. 
 
 As that |).irty which was ciesirous to extend 
 the powers of the constiliitiiui, had been tin- 
 most anxious fiir the fiirmatiiui of this system, 
 and the most zealous advocates fiir its adop- 
 tion, it almost naturally lollowed that the ad- 
 ministration of it was cominilled to their 
 hands. This party, which iniiiht, from their 
 opinions, have been deiiiiiiiinated nationalists, 
 or, in more moilern pliniseolonry, c,>iitriilists, 
 acquired tlu; iianii> of federalists, while the 
 appellation of anti-federalists was jriven to 
 their antagonists. The latter, ardently attach- 
 ed to freedom, iniaL'iiied tli.it rulers, possessing 
 such extensive sway, such abundant patronage, 
 and such independent tenure of ollice, would 
 become fond of the exercise of power, and in 
 the end arrogant and tyrannical. The for- 
 mer, eipially devoied to the cause of national 
 'iberty, contended that to preserve it an ener- 
 P(!iinsylvania, N'ew-.Iersev, ond New- York, i .Ttic government was necessary. They de- 
 From these states comniissi(mers assembled at!"ribed, with jiowerful eflect, the evils nctii- 
 Annapol's, but ihey had hardly entered intr> alally endured t'riuu the ineniciency of the con- 
 J'sciissioii of the topics which nntiirally forced 
 ilieinselves into view, before they discovered 
 
 liip powers Willi wliieli lliey were instructed 
 (o be so liiiiiti.d, lis to lie up llieir liaiids from 
 L'll'ccliiig injf purpose timt cuuld be of essuii* 
 
 federation, and deinaniled ihat a trial at least 
 should be made of the remedy iiroposed. 
 
 In eleven stales, a iiiiijcirilv, tlioiieh in sium- 
 instances:! siniill one, decided in liivour of the 
 coiibtitulion, I'roviciou was tlieii made for 
 
 the election of the officers to compose tlie ex- 
 eciilive and legislative deparlments. In tho 
 highest station, the electors, by a unanimous 
 vote, ]ilaceil the illustrious Washington ; and 
 to the ollice of vice-|)residiMit, by a vote near- 
 ly unanimous, they elevated .lolin Adams, wlio, 
 in stations less conspicuous, had, with eipiul 
 patriotism, rendered important services to his 
 country. On the 'i.'Jd of April tho president 
 elect arrived at New- York, where he was re- 
 ceived by the governor of th(! state, and con- 
 ducted, with military honours, through an im- 
 mense concourse of people, to tin- apartments 
 provided Icir hiiii. Here he received the sa- 
 lutations of fiirelgn ministers, pulillc bodies, 
 political characters, and ]>rivat(< citizens of 
 distinction, who pressed aioiind him lo olVer 
 their congratiilalimis, and to express llieir joy 
 at seeing tin? man who had the conlidence of 
 all, at till? head of thi> .Vnieriian republic. On 
 the .'iOtli of April the president was inaugura- 
 ted, Ilaving taken the oath of iflice in an 
 open gallery adjoining llu; senate chamber, in 
 tin? view of an iminensir concoiir.si- of people, 
 who attested their joy by loud and repealed 
 acclamatimis, he returned to the senate chain- 
 ber, where he delivered the following ap- 
 propriate nddri!ss : 
 
 " Kclliiw oili/.ciis of itip Sfiintc, 
 
 anil nf tliP lliiiiRr of Ufpivsi'iitiuivps : 
 " Ammig the vicissitudes inciilent to life, ro 
 event could have filled me with ijreater anx- 
 ieties, than that of which the notification was 
 transmitted by your order, and received en 
 the Mill day of the present month. On tlui 
 one hand. I was siiimnoned by my country, 
 vvhost! voici! 1 can never hear iiut with vene- 
 ration and love, from a retreat which I had 
 chosen with the fondest predilection, and, in 
 my fialtering hopes, with an iininiitable deci- 
 sion, as the asylum of my declining years : a 
 retr(!at which was rendered every day moro 
 necessary as well as imu-e dear to me, by the 
 addition of habit to inclination, and of freipieiit 
 interruptions in my health to the gradual 
 wasti- committed (Ui il by time. On the other 
 hand, the magnitude and dilliciiltv of the trust 
 to which the Voice of my country called me, 
 being sulHcient to awaken in the wisest and 
 most exp(-rienced of her citizens, a distrilslfiil 
 scrutiny into his ipialificatioiis, could not but 
 overwhelm with desponilence, <uie, who, inhe- 
 riting inferior endowments from nature, and 
 unpractised in the duties of civil ailminislia- 
 lion, ouj;ht to bi; peculiarly conscious of liij 
 own deficiencies. In this contlici of emotions, 
 all I dan; aver is, that it has been my tiiiiiifiil 
 stddy to collect my duty from a just appreci- 
 ation of (!verv circumstance by which it inii;lit 
 be affected. All I ilare hope, is, that, if in ac- 
 jcepting this task, I have been too much sway- 
 led by a grateful riuneinbrance of fiirmer in- 
 i stances, or by an atl'ecliiuiate sensibility to this 
 transcendiMit proof of the ccuifidence of my 
 |(('llow citizens, and have thence too little con- 
 j suited my inca|)iiclty as well as disincliiialion, 
 i fiir the weighty and untried cares liefore ine, 
 jrny (U-ror will bo palliated by the inolivcj 
 which misled me, and its conseipiences li6 
 i judged by my country, with sonu* share of tlis 
 1 partiality in wliich they originated. 
 
 I "Such beinsr the impressions under wlilrh 
 
 I I have, ill obedience; to the public siinimoiu, 
 j repaired to the present station, il will be pecu 
 
 liiiriv imtiroper to (Uiiil, in this first ofiicial act, 
 my fervent sujipliculioiis to that Almighty bo 
 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 407 
 
 cvr* to roiiipnse tlie ex- 
 
 C (l<'|l!irttM<'lltS. Ill iliu 
 
 I'rtors, l>_v II iinnnimoiis 
 I'liMis \V'iisliinij;li)n ; iiiitl 
 •I'Niilciit, hy II voti' iic'Hr- 
 viitrd .loliii Adams, wiio, 
 :iioiis, liiiil, with r(|iiul 
 ii|i()rriint siM-vicns to liii 
 lit' April llio president 
 ^'iirk, where he was le- 
 r (if the state, and con- 
 lonoiirs, throii;»li nii ini- 
 •iipli', til the apiirtnieiita 
 •I'e he leeeived the sa- 
 liiiistirs, piililir hodies, 
 iiid jirivHte citizeiiH of 
 I'd aniiiiid him to on'er 
 nd to express their joy 
 I had the eoiilidence of 
 Vmerican repuhhe. On 
 iresideiit was iiiaiijjiira- 
 e oath of iflice in an 
 
 ■ the senate ehainlier, in 
 se coiiroiirsi' of peophi, 
 
 ■ hy loud and repeatej 
 red to the senate tliam- 
 red the following aji- 
 
 ' Sfiintp, 
 Kt'|irL'F<i'iii(itivr.s : 
 iide.s incident to life, no 
 me with greater anx- 
 iich the notification wns 
 'rder, and received en 
 •eseiit month. ( In tlui 
 moiied Uy my country, 
 ■r hear iiiit with veim- 
 a retreat whlcli I had 
 t predilection, and, in 
 ilh an inimiitalile di.'ci- 
 my dccliiiinjj years : n 
 dered every day liioru 
 >re dear to me, liy the 
 nation, and of freipient 
 lealth to the jifradiml 
 !iy time. On the other 
 1(1 (lilliculty of the trust 
 iiy country called me, 
 ken ill the wisest and 
 ■r citizens, a distriislfal 
 icatioiis, could not Imt 
 ndence, one, who, inhe- 
 (Mils fidiii nature, and 
 es of cix il administra- 
 liarly conscious of liia 
 lis conllict of eiiiolions, 
 t has lieen my failiifiil 
 ty from a just apprcri- 
 iMice liy which it mij^lit 
 
 ■ hope, is, that, if in ac- 
 • lieeii too much sw.iv 
 iilirance of former ia* 
 i>nate sensiltility to this 
 the confidence of my 
 e thence too little con- 
 s well as disinclinalioa, 
 tried cares lieliire inc, 
 lialed liy the motive! 
 I its conseipiences lia 
 with some share of the 
 
 V oriirinaled. 
 |iressi(ins iiniJer which 
 
 the pulilic summons, 
 station, it will he peon 
 
 in this first ollicial act, 
 IS to that Almighty lie 
 
 ini», who ruins over the universe, who pre- 
 sides ill the councils of nations, and whose 
 providential aids can supply every human 
 defiH'.t, that his lienediction may consecrate to 
 tile liherties and happiness of the p(M)ple of 
 the ITniteci States, a f^nvemmeut instituted liy 
 themselves for tlie9(! essential purpoa(!s, and 
 may enalile every instrument employed in its 
 administration, to execute with success the 
 functions allotted to his charge. In tendering 
 this homage to the griNit Arthor of every puli- 
 lic and private good, I assure myself that it 
 exiiresses your sentiments not less than my 
 own ; nor tliosi! of my fi'llow citizens at large 
 less than either. \o people can lie hound to 
 acknowledge am! adore the invisilile hand, 
 which conihicts the afl'airs of men, more than 
 the people of the United States. Every step, 
 hy which they hav(> advanced to the charac- 
 ter of an independent nation, seems to have 
 lieen distinguished hy son-e token of jirovi- 
 dential agency. And in the important ri^volu- 
 tion just accomplished in the system of their 
 inited government, the tranquil delilieralions, 
 and voluntar" consent of so ninny distinct 
 communiticH, from which the event has re- 
 sulted, cannot he . ompared with the means 
 hv which most governments have lieen es- 
 t'lhlished, without some return of pious grati- 
 tude, along with an humlile anticipation of the 
 futur(! Iilessings which the past seem to pre- 
 sn<;e. Thee reflections, arising out of the 
 present crisis, have forced themselves too 
 strongly on my mind to he suppressed. You 
 will join with me, I trust, in ihinkiiig that 
 there are none under the iiiflnence of which 
 the proceedings of a new and (rrr government 
 c;i|i more auspiciously commence. 
 
 " Hy the arlicU- estaiilishiiig the executive 
 department, it is made the duty of the I'resi- 
 ileut, ' to recc.minend to your consideration 
 surh .neasiires as li(> shall judge necessary and 
 expedient.' The circumstances under which 
 I now meet you, will acipiit me from entering 
 into that sulijeci, further than to refer to the 
 great constitutional charter niuh'r which yon 
 are assemhled, and which, in defining your 
 powers, designates the olijects to which your 
 attention is to lip given. It will lie more con- 
 nistent with those circumstances, and far more 
 congenial with the feelings which actuate me, 
 to sulistiliite, in place of a recommendation of 
 particular measures, the friliiiK! that is due to 
 the talents, the rectitude, and the patriotism 
 which adorn (he characters selected to devise 
 liiiii adopt them. In tliesi- honorahli! (pialili- 
 iMlions, I heliold the surest pledges, that, as 
 on one side no local pn-judices or attachnients, 
 no separate views nor party animosities, will 
 misdirect the comprehensive and eipial eyi 
 which ought to WHtch over this great asseiii- 
 hiago of communities and interests ; so, on 
 tiiother, that the ftiiindations of our national 
 policy will he laid in the pure and inimntahl 
 principles of private morality ; and the pre 
 etniiienne of free govenimeiit lie exemplified 
 hy all the atlrihntirs which can win the aflec 
 tions of its citizens, and cjininaiid the respect 
 of the world. 
 
 " 1 dwell on this prospect with every satis 
 faction which an ardent love for my country 
 can inspire. Since there is no truth more 
 thdrouglily estahlished, than that then; exist.' 
 in the t-c.ononiy and course of nature, :in indis- 
 fcoluhle niiion lietween virtue and h-ippiness- 
 beiwceii duty and advantage— -lu'twiMui tl 
 
 3a 
 
 genuinti maxims of an honest and magnani- 
 mous policy, and tin; solid rewards of pulilic 
 prosperity and li'licitv ; since we ought to he 
 no ti-ss persuailcd thai the propitious smiles 
 of Heaven can never he expected una nation 
 that disregards the eterniil rules of order and 
 right which Heaven itsiilf has ordained : and 
 sinci! the preservation of the sacred fire of 
 lilierty, and the destiny of the repnhlicaii 
 model of government, are justly considered as 
 dfi'pli/, perhaps as Jinnlly, staked on the ex- 
 periment intrusted to the hands of the Ameri- 
 can people. 
 
 " Hesides the ordinary olijects submitted to 
 your care, it will remain with your judgment 
 to decide, how far an «!xercise of the occa- 
 sional power delegated by the fifth article of 
 the constitution, is rendered expedient at the 
 present juncture by the nature of objections 
 which have been urged against the system, or 
 by the degree of impiietude which has given 
 birth to them. Instead of undertaking par- 
 ticular recommendations on this subject, in 
 which I could be guided hy no lights de- 
 rived from official opportunities, I shall again 
 give way to my entiri; confidence in your dis- 
 cernment and pursuit of the public good. For 
 I assure myself, that whilst you carefully 
 avoid every alteration which might endanger 
 the benefits of a united and effective govern- 
 ment, or whicli ought to await the future les- 
 sons of experience ; a reverence lor the char- 
 acteristic rights of freemen, and n regard fiir 
 the public harmony, will sufficiently influence 
 your deliberations on the (piestion, how fiir 
 till? former can be more impregnably fortified, 
 or the latter be safely and advantageously 
 promoted. 
 
 " To the preceding observations I have 
 oni! to add, which will be most properly ad- 
 dressed to the House of Representatives. It 
 concerns myself, and will theri^forc bo as 
 brief as possible. Whim I was first honoured 
 with a call into the service of my country, 
 then on the eve of an arduous struggle for its 
 liliertiea, the light in which I contemplated 
 my duty required that I should renounce 
 every pecuniary com|ien9tttion. From this 
 resolution 1 have in no instance departed. 
 And being still under the impressions which 
 produced it, I must decline, as inapplicable to 
 myself, any share in the personal emoluments, 
 which may he indispensably included in a 
 permanent provision for the executive depart- 
 ment ; and must accordingly pray, that the 
 pecuniary estimates fiir the station in which I 
 am placed, may, during my continuance in it, 
 be limited to such actual expenditures as the 
 public good may be thought to require. 
 
 " Having thus imparted to you my senti- 
 ments, as they have been n>vakeiied by the 
 occasion which brings us toget'ier, I shall take 
 my present leave ; but not without resorting 
 once more to the benign Parent of the human 
 race, in humble supplication, that since ho has 
 been pleased to favour the American peojile 
 with opportunities for deliberating in perfect 
 tranquillity, and dispositions for deciding with 
 unparalleled unanimity on a form of govern- 
 ment, for the security of their union, and the 
 advancement of their happiness ; so his divine 
 blessing may be equally con.ipirunus in the 
 enlarged views, the temperate consultations, 
 and the wise measures on which the success 
 of this government must depend." 
 
 Ill their answer to this .sjieoch, the senate 
 
 say, " The unanimous sutl'rage of .he elective 
 body in your favour, is peculiarly expressive 
 of the gratitude, confidence, and affection of 
 the citizens of Amerii'a, and is the highest 
 testimonial at once of your merit, and their 
 esteem. We are siMisilile, sir, that nothing 
 hut the voice of your fellow citizens coulj 
 have called you from a retreat, chosen with 
 the fondest predilection, endeared by habit, 
 and consecrated to the repose of declining 
 years. We r»'joic(!, and with us all AmericOi 
 that, in obedience to the cull of our common 
 country, you have returned once more to 
 public life. In you all parties confide; in 
 you all interests unite; and we have no doubt 
 that your past services, great as they have 
 been, will be equalled by your future exer- 
 tions ; and that your pnidenc(' and sagacity, 
 as a statesman, will fnd to avert the dangers 
 to which we were exposed, to give stability 
 to the present government, and dignity and 
 splendour to that country, which your skiil 
 and valour, as a soldier, so eminently contri- 
 buted to raise to independence and to empire." 
 
 The affection (lir the persmi and character 
 of the President with which the answer of the 
 House of Representatives glowed, promised 
 that between this branch of the legislature 
 also and the executive, the most harmonious 
 co-operation in the public service might be 
 expected. 
 
 "The representatives of the people of the 
 Uniti^d States," says this address, " present 
 their congratulations on the event by which 
 your fellow citizens have attested the pre- 
 eminence of your merit. You have long helii 
 the first place in their esteem. You nave 
 often received tiik("ns of tlunr aflectioii. Yo" 
 now possess the only )iroof that remained ot 
 their gratitude for your services, of thi>ir reve- 
 rence for your wisdom, and of their confi- 
 dence in your virtues. You enjoy the high- 
 est, because the truest honour, of being the 
 first magistrate, by the unanimous choice of 
 the freest people on the face of the earth." 
 
 After noticing the several communications 
 made in the speech, intense of deep fidt re- 
 spect and affection, the answer concludes 
 thus : 
 
 " Such are the sentiments with which we 
 have thought fit to address you. They flow 
 from our own hearts, and we verily believe 
 that omongthe millions we represent, there is 
 not a virtuous citizen whose heart will disown 
 them. 
 
 " All that remains is, that> we join in youi 
 fervent supplications for the hiessingof heaven 
 on our country; and that we add our own for 
 the choicest of these blessings on the most 
 beloved of her citizens." 
 
 The government being now completely 
 organizeil, and a system of revenue estab- 
 lished, the President proceeded to make ap 
 pointments of suitable persons to fill the Oi 
 fices which had been created.* After a la 
 borions and important session, in which per 
 feet harmony subsisted between the execu 
 tive and the legislature, congress adjourned 
 
 • A I llio hcnd (if tlip (Irpnrlment of mnte \ie plnced Mr. 
 Jrirfroiiii ; «l ilic lienil (if ilic Ironmiry, ('olonrl llaniillun 
 Hi the Itm'l of llie wiir iti^iinrliiipiit, tieacriil Kniix ; in (he 
 (itVii'e of Htt<irti(^y-soiiernt, l**ihiiiinil Rnn(l(il|ili ; nt \\\r heaii 
 uf ihc juiliiiul ili'iiiirliiiciii, Mr. Jsv. 'I'hc (iMnrisIf jus- 
 tiros WIMP John Uui1piI(:«', nf Smith rnnililiii,.l«inP4 Wil- 
 son, of IViiiisiUiiiiiii, Williiiui l'u^hinlr. of Mns'iiphif 
 •I'll:!. Kol.prt lliiiiiaiMi, uf MiirvlanJ mid John i'luir ul 
 
 VilCJMl.l. 
 
i 
 
 j; «! 
 
 
 408 
 
 on llio 29tli of .Sc|iluinl)or to the fir.it iMoiidiiyl 
 in tlio siiccot'diMf; JniiUiiry. 
 
 At tht" ni;xt si'Msioii of Conyross, wliicli 
 ci>iiiim'iu'c<l ill Jiiim:irv, 17!l(), Mr. Iliiinilton, ! 
 tlie Si'cri'liiry of llii; '1 rciisiirv. mini"' lii'* fi'li'- [ 
 br.iK'ii rr|iiirl ii|>oii tlie |)iil)ll(; lU.'ljIs cimtrarH'il j 
 (iuririir tlio revoliitioimry wiir. Tiikiiif; nii 
 ul)It! unci cnkr({od view of tin- ndviuitiigrs of 
 |iublic credit, lio rtcommciuli'd llmt not only 
 tlio debt* of tilt) coiiciiirntal Con£;ross, but 
 tin sc of thu States arisinfr from tlu'ip cxor- 
 tions in ih.) C(>iT;mon canso, should In; funded 
 or u89iinifd by the general ijovi'rniiiunt ; niid 
 that provision should be made for |inyiiit? lb'-' 
 inti-ri'sl, by iinoosing taxes on cortain aitirlcrt 
 of luxiirv, and on spirits distilled williin ilu' 
 country. The report of the Secretary wan 
 jargi^ly disc.issed, and with great force oliir- 
 giimeiit and elo()uem,e. In coiu:luslon, t'on- 
 press piisseil an act for the assiiniplifui of the 
 Slate debts, and for fuiidins^the iiaticuiiil debt 
 By the provisions of this act, :il,')0(),()no do! 
 lars of the State debts were assumed in spe 
 cific proportions ; and it was parliciiiarly 
 enacted, that no eertiticate slioiild be received 
 from a state creditor which could be " ascer- 
 tained to have been issuetl for any purpo-se 
 other than compensations and expenditures 
 for services or supplies towards tlie jirosecu- 
 tion of the late war, and the defi'iice of the 
 CJniled States, or of some part tlieri-of, during 
 the same." Thus was the national debt 
 fiinde<i upon principles which considerably 
 lessened the weight fif the public burdens, 
 and gave much satisfaction to the public cre- 
 ditors. The produce of the sales of the lands 
 lying in the western territory, and the surplus 
 product of the revenue, after satisfying the 
 appropriations which were charged upon it, 
 with the addition of two millions which the 
 President was authorized to borrow at five 
 per cent., ccmstiluted a sinking fund to be 
 applied to tin; ri'diiction of the debt. The 
 etl'ect (.f these measures was great and rapid. 
 The pirmanenl value thus given to the debt 
 prodiurd a result e(pial to the most favourik. 
 ble aniicipations. The sudden increase of 
 rnonied cu|iital derived from it invigorated 
 comm< rci!, and conse((,iently gave a new 
 stimulus to agnciiiiiire. 
 
 It hrs already been stated, that when the 
 new (;overnnieiit was first organized, but 
 eleven states hail ratified the constitution. 
 Afterwards North Carolina and IJhode Island, 
 the two dissenting states, adopted it ; the 
 fotmer in NovembiT, 1789, the latter in May, 
 1790. In 1791, Vermont adopted it, and ap- 
 plied to Congress to be ailniitted into tin' 
 Union. An act was also jiassed, det^laring 
 that the district of Kentucky, then (lart of 
 Virginia, should be ailniitted into the L'nion 
 on the lit day of .lune in the Biicceedingyear. 
 
 During the year 1790, a termination was 
 ])Ht to the war which, for several years, had 
 raged between tin; Creek Indians and the 
 state of Georgia. Pacific overtures were al- 
 so made to ihi; hostile tribes inhabiting the 
 banks of the Sciota and the Wabash. These 
 being rejected, an aimy of fourteen hundred 
 men, commanded by (Jenerul Harmar, was 
 despatcheil against them. Two battles were 
 fought Cijar Chillicothe, in Ohio, between suc- 
 cessive detachments from this army and the 
 Indians, in which the latter were victorious. 
 Kmboldened by these successes, they con- 
 tiouud to make more vigorous attacks upon 
 
 IIISTOUV OF THE 
 
 the frontier settlements, which giiHeri^d all the 
 distressing calamities of an Indian war. Ad- 
 ditional troops were raised, and the ccunniand 
 of the whole, aniouiitiiig to m'arly two llioii- 
 sand men, was given to (leiirriil St, Clair. 
 By deserli(Ui and detachments, this force was, 
 however, reduced to tbiirtei'ii hundred, when, 
 on the .'Jd of November, li'.ll, they encamped 
 a few miles from the villages on the Miami. 
 ISilt before sunrise the next niorniiig. Just after 
 the troops were dismissed l'r(un the parade, 
 they were attacked unexpectedly by tlii! In- 
 dians. The new levies, who wiM'e in front, 
 rushed back in confusion iipiui the regulars. 
 The latter, however, with great intrepidity, 
 advanced into the initlst of the enemy, who 
 retired from covert to covert, keeping always 
 beyond reach, and again relnrning iis soon as 
 the troops wi're recalh'd from ]>iirsuit. At 
 length, alter a C( ntest of three or four liours, 
 St. Clair, whose ill-health disabled him frcun 
 |ierforining thi: active duties fif comniander, 
 determined to withdraw from the fielil the 
 remnant of his troops; fortunately, the victo- 
 rious Indians preferred the plunder of the 
 camp to pursuit, and the vaniiiiislied continued 
 their retreat unmolested to llie frontier settle- 
 ments. In this battle, the mimliers engaged 
 on each side were sii|i|>osed to be eijiial. Of 
 the whites, the slaughter was almost beyond 
 I'Xainpli". Six hundred and thirty were killed 
 and missing, and two hundred and sixty were 
 woundeil — a loss which proves at once the 
 obstinacy of the defence, and the bravery of 
 the assailants. On reci'iving iiiforination oC 
 this disaster, C<uigress, resolving to prosecute 
 the war with increased vigour, iiinde pro- 
 vision for augmenting, by enlistment, the niili- 
 tiirv force of the nation to five thousand men. 
 
 In the course of this year was completiil 
 the first census or enumeration of the inhabit- 
 ants of the United States. They aniounte<l 
 to U,9;il,.'i2(j, of whii^li number (iil.'i.li.'io were 
 slaves. 'J'he revenue, according to the report 
 of the secretary of the treasury, amouiiled to 
 1,771,000 dollars, the exports to about nine- 
 teen, and the imports to about twenty mil- 
 lions. A great improvement in the circum- 
 stances of the people began at this period to 
 be visible. The establi>linieijt of a firm and 
 regular government, and confidence in the 
 men whom they hail chosen to administer it, 
 gave an impulse to iheir exertions which bore 
 them rapidly forward in the career of pros- 
 perity. 
 
 Pursuant to the authority contained in the 
 several acts on the subject of a periiianeiit seat 
 of the government of the United States, a dis- 
 trict of ten miles square for this purpose was 
 fixed on, cnmprehend;ng laiiils on both sides 
 of the lliver Potomac, and the towns of Alex- 
 andria and (Jeorgelown. A city was laid 
 out, and the sales which look ]>lace produced 
 funds fiir carrying on the necessary public 
 buildings. 
 
 The war in Europe had embraced those 
 powers with whom the United States had the 
 most extensive relations. Th(! Fn-nch peo- 
 ple regarded the Americans as their brethren, 
 bound to them by the ties of gratitude; and 
 when the kings of Europe, dreading the es- 
 tablishment of republicanism in her borders, 
 assembled in arms to restore monarchy to 
 France, they looked across the Atlantic for 
 sympatliy and assistance. The new govern- 
 ment, recalling; the inliiisler whom the king 
 
 i had appointed, ilespatche<l the citi/eii lienet, 
 |of ardent temper anil a /ealoos republican, in 
 supply his place. In .AjmII, 179.1, he arrived 
 at Cliarleston, in .'^oiilli Carolina, where ho 
 \y:\ received by the (lovernor an,! the citi- 
 /.ei ■<, in a niaiiiier expressive of their Wii."i 
 altiiclimenl to his country, and their cordial 
 a|i|'robation of the change of }ier instltutionfl. 
 I'lattereil by his reception, and presuming 
 that the nation and the govi'rninent Acre ac- 
 tiiati'd by similar feelings, he nndi'itook to 
 authorize the fitting and arming of vessels in 
 that port, enllsling mi<n, and giving cominis- 
 siiuis to cruise and commit hostilities on lia- 
 tiiuis with whom the United States weie at 
 pi.'ace ; eaplnrrd vessels were bnuight intc 
 port, and the consuls of France assumed, un- 
 der the authority of M. (tenet, to liolil courts 
 of admiralty on them, to try, condemn, iiinl 
 authorize their sale. The declaration of war 
 inailt! by France against (treat Britain and 
 Holland reached the rnlteil .States early in 
 the same miuitli. The President, regariling 
 the situation of these stales, issued his pro- 
 clamatiiui of neiilrality lui the 9th of .May. In 
 .Inly, he recpiested the recall of M. (tenet, 
 who was soon afterwards recalled, and suc- 
 ceeded by M. Faiichet. 
 
 After till! defeat of St. Clair by the Inili- 
 ans, in 1791, (ieneral Wnynt! was appointed 
 to command the American fin-ces. Taking 
 post near the country of the eie'iny, lie made 
 assiduous and lonir protracted endeavours to 
 negollatea peace. Failing in these, he inarched 
 against them at the head of threi* thousand 
 men. On the :.'Olli of August, 1791, an ac- 
 tion took place in the vicinity of one of tlio 
 BritUh garrisons, on the banks of the Miami 
 A rapid and vigorous chargt; ronsi-d the 
 s.ivages fnmi their coverts, and tiny we,-o 
 driven more than two miles at the [loint of the 
 bayonet. Broken and dismayed, they fled 
 without renewing the c'ombat. in this deci- 
 sivi! battle, the loss of ihi! Americans in killed 
 and wounded, ineludlng olllcers, was one 
 liiiiiilreil and seven. Among the slain w«!ro 
 Captain Campbell and Lieutenant Fowles, 
 both of whiuii tell in the first charge. The 
 American troops ensrageil in the battle did not 
 amount to nine hiindreil ; the number of In- 
 dians was two thousand. After remaining or. 
 the banks of the Mii.ini three days, during 
 which time tin? hoiiics anil cornfields above 
 and below the fort wc^re burnt, (ten. Wayne, 
 on tht! ::i!S|li, returned with the army to An 
 (ilaize, having destroyed all the villages and 
 corn within Ht'ty miles of the river. The In- 
 dians still continuing hostililles, their wholu 
 country was laid waste, and forts were ererteil 
 in the heart of ihelr settlenients. The efiect 
 of the battle of the :20th of August was in- 
 stantly and extensively fi'lt. To the victory 
 gained by the Americans is ascribed the res- 
 Clio of the Unitcil States from a general war 
 with the Indians northwest of the Ohio; and 
 its influence is believed to have extended to 
 the Indians in (teorgla. In 179,'i, a treaty 
 was concliuleil at (trciiville, which, long aiai 
 faithfully observed, gave jieace and security 
 to the f'rontii.'r inhabitants, permitting tlie su- 
 perabundant population of the eastern slates 
 to spread with astonishing rapidity over the 
 fi-rtili' region iiorlhwest of the Ohio. 
 
 TIk! year 1794 is tlistlnguisheil by an in- 
 siiiTi'ction in PeiinsyKiinla. In 1791, Con- 
 gress had enacted laws, lusiiig tJuticu iijhiu 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 4S9 
 
 ■pints distllltMl williiii tlut IJiiitixl Stiito^, ami 
 upon stills. I'roin tlio CDiniiiciicomciit (il'llii! 
 oppratiiin nl' tln'SK laws, c(iml)in«tir)ii't wfi-i- 
 roriiieil ill till' fuiir wcsli'rn rountltis of I'oiiri- 
 gylvaiiiii ti) cldi'iit llii'iii, ami violi-iiri! was 
 rfpiNitinlly coiiiniittcd. In .Inly of the pri-- 
 gciit yoar, aliout onu liiimlrcil peraotis, nrini^d 
 \\ lili (^iins and olln-r weapons, attnr.ked ilio 
 lio\ise dl' iin inspector of llie revenue, and I 
 wounded some persons within it, Thev 
 sei/.ed the marshal of th-' district of Pennsyl- 
 vania, who had been previously fni d on whili! 
 in the exeention of his doty l>y a parly of 
 armed mi'li, and ronipelled him to enter into 
 stipidatioiis to forlienr the exerution of liis of- 
 fic'i'. Both the inspector and the marshal were 
 oliliged to lly from that part of the country to 
 the scat of pivernment. These and many 
 ether outra^rcs induced President Washini^- 
 tdii, on the 7tli of Auj;ust, to issue a prochi- 
 malion, commaiidin;j the iiisurji^ents to dis- 
 perse, and warnini^ all persons against uiilin<^, 
 al)eltinp, or oomforting iho perpetrators of 
 these treasonalile acts, and n ijuiring nil ofl'i- 
 cers, and other citiy.ens, nccorJuig to their re- 
 sjieclive duties and the law. of the land, to 
 exert their utmost endeavou-s to prevent and 
 suppress such dangerous iiroceedings. On 
 the S.'Jth of Se|)teinl)er the President issued a 
 second proclninalion, admonishing the insur- 
 gents ; forcilily descriliing the olistinate and 
 perverse spirit with which the lenit!tit propo- 
 sitions of the government had liceii received; 
 and declaring his fixed determination, in obe- 
 dience to the duty assigned to liim liy the con- 
 stitnlioii, " tn take care that the laws lie fuith- 
 fullv executed," and to reduce the refractory 
 l(. idieiice. Fifteen thousand men, placed 
 under llie command of fJovernor Loe, of Vir- 
 sjinia, were marched into the disatl'ected coun- 
 ties. The strength of this artuy rendering 
 resistance desperate, none was oU'ered, and no 
 lilooil was shed. A few of the most active 
 leaders were seized and detained for legal 
 prosecution. The great Imdy of the insur- 
 gents, on suhmissiiMi, were panloned, as were 
 :dso the leachirs, after trial and conviction of 
 treason. The government aciiuired the re- 
 spect of the jieople liy this exerticui of its force 
 and their atVeclion hy lliis display of its lenity, 
 (ireal jlritain and the Foiled .Stales had 
 each been inces.saiitly complaining that the 
 other had violated the stipulations contained 
 ill the treaty of |)eace. The former was ac- 
 cused of having carried away negroes at the 
 cliise of the revolutionary war ; and of re- 
 iniiiing in her possiission certain military posts 
 nitiinted in tin? western wilderness, and within 
 the limits of the United .States. Tin; latter 
 were accused (if preventing the loyalists fiiim 
 ri'i.':iining possession ef their estates, and 
 lintlsh sulijecls from recovering debts con- 
 Inictiul before the coinim'iicement of hostili- 
 ties. For the purpose of ndinsling these mu- 
 tual complaints, and also for concluding a 
 commercial treaty, Mr. Adams had been ap- 
 pointed, in 178.5, minister to the court of St. 
 .lames ; tlie British ministry then declined ne- 
 gotiating on the subject; but after the consti- 
 tution of 1780 was rnlitied, ministers \vert> 
 interchanged, and the discussion was prose- 
 cuted with no little zeul. In 1791, Mr. .lay 
 iK'iiig then minister from the United .States, a 
 treaty was concluded, which, in the spring of 
 •he next year, was laid before the Seriate. 
 That Lody advised the President to ratify it, 
 
 on condition that an alteration should be made' 
 ill one of the articles. The democratic party,' 
 however, exclaimed in intemperate liingnage^ 
 against most of the stipulations it contained ; 
 and the partisans of I'Vance swelled the cry of' 
 condcmiiution. Public meetings were held 
 in various parts of the Union, at which reso- 
 lutions were passed cxjiressiiig warm disap- 
 |)robation of the treaty, and on earnest wish 
 that the President would withhold his ratiR- 
 ciilion. General Washington, l)elieving that 
 an adjustment of differences would conduce 
 to the prospi>rity of tli(! republic, and that the 
 treaty before him was the Im'sI that could, at 
 that time, be obtained, gave it his assent, in 
 defiance of popular clamour, and issued his 
 proclamation slating its ratification, and de- 
 claring it to be till! law of the land. The pre- 
 dominant party in ihe House of Representa- 
 tives expressed surprise that this proclama- 
 tion should be issued before the sense of the 
 House was taken on the subject, us they de- 
 nied the power of the President and Senate 
 •o complete tt treaty without their sanction. 
 In March, a resolution passed, reipiesting the 
 President " to lay before the House a copy of 
 the in.striictions to the minister of the United 
 States, who negotiated the treaty with the 
 king of (treat Hritain communicated by his 
 message of the 1st of March, together with 
 the correspondence and other documents rela- 
 tive to the said treaty, excepting such of tli<? 
 said (lapers as any existing neeoliiition may 
 render improper to be disclosed." This re- 
 solve placed the President in a situation of 
 high responsibility. He knew that the ma- 
 jority of the Hou.se entertained the (pinion 
 that a treaty was not valid until they had 
 acted upon it. To oppose, in a government 
 constituted like that o'' the United States, the 
 popular branch of tliir Legislature, would be 
 attended with hazard, and subject him to 
 much censure and abine ; but considerations 
 of this nature make but weak impressions on 
 a mind supremely solicitous to promote the 
 public interest. Upon the most mature de- 
 iiberation, the President conceived that to 
 trrafit this re(]uest of the House would estab- 
 lish a false and dangerous principle in the di- 
 plomatic transactions of the nation, and he 
 gave a denial to their re(piest in an answer 
 eminent for mildness, firmness, and perspicu- 
 ity, which concluded with the following brief 
 n capitulation of the argument : " As, there- 
 fore, it is perfectly clear to my understanding 
 that the assent of the House of Representa- 
 tives is not necessary to the validity of a 
 treaty ; as the treaty with Great Rrilnin 
 exhibits In itself all the objects reipiiring le- 
 gisliuive provision, and on these the papers 
 called for can throw no light ; and as it \.^ es- 
 sential to the due administration of the govern- 
 iiieiit, that the boundaries fixed by the consti- 
 tiilion between the dilTerent departments 
 should be preserved ; a just regard to the 
 constitution, and to the duty of my office, un- 
 der all the circumstances of this case, forbid 
 a compliance with your request." 
 
 A resolution moved in the House to make 
 the necessary appropriations to carry the Uri- 
 lish treaty into effect, exciK^d among the mem- 
 bers the strongest emotions, and gav(! rise to 
 speeches highly argumentative, ehnpient, and 
 animated. The debate was protractc'd until 
 the people look up the subject. In their re- 
 I speclive corporations, meetings were h(?ld, the 
 
 strength of piirlies was fully tried, and it 
 clearly appeared that the great majority were 
 disposed to rally around the Executive, In* 
 i.umerabli' iielitions were presented to Con- 
 gress, |iraying them to make the reipiisite 
 uppropriatioiH. Unwilling to take upon them- 
 selves the conseipiences of resisting the pub- 
 lic will, they yielded to this call. 
 
 The conduct of Spain towards the United 
 .Slates had always been cold and unfriendly. 
 She feared lest the principles of liberty and 
 the desire of independenci! should find their 
 way into her contiguous American provinces. 
 At length, becoming involvi>d in a war with 
 France, emharnissed at home, and intimi- 
 dated by the unauthorized jirepa rations which, 
 under the auspices of Genet, were making in 
 Kentucky to invade Louisiana, she intimated 
 her readiness to conclude a satisfactory treaty, 
 should an envoy extraordinary be sent to 
 Madrid for that purpose Thomas Pinckney 
 was accordingly appoint'-d. In October, 
 no.*), a treaty was signed, securing to the citi- 
 zens of the United Stales the free navigation 
 of the Mississippi to the ocean, and the privi- 
 lege of landing and depositing cargoes at 
 New Orleans. 
 
 During this year also a treaty was con- 
 cluded with the regency of .\lgicrs, with 
 which the republic was previously at war. It 
 stipulated that the United Slates, in con- 
 formity with the practice of other nations, 
 shouhl, as the price of peace, jiay an anniiii! 
 tribiitt' to the sovereign o( that country. 
 
 The last two or three years had witnessed 
 several changes in the im|iorlaiit offices of the 
 nation. On the first day of llu- year 1701, 
 Mr. .letTerson resigned tin; office oi" secretary 
 of slate, and was succeeded by Mr. Ran- 
 lolph. He had performed the duties of that 
 office with extraordinary ability, and to the 
 entire satisfaction of the President. He was 
 considered the leader of the republican party, 
 enjoying their hi:;hest confidence and warm- 
 est altachnient. On t\w last day of .funuary, 
 17!).'), Mr. Hamilton retired from lh<" ollic(" of 
 secretary of the treasury. He possessed dis- 
 lingiiished talents, and had exerted those ta- 
 lents to establish onJer where all was confu- 
 sion, and to niise from the lowest depression 
 the credit of the country. His complete suc- 
 cess greatly exalted his reputation, and to 
 him the; federalists felt a sincerity of attach- 
 ment e(pialled only by that entertained for 
 Washington. He was peculiarly obnoxious 
 to the republiciin party, and was accus(?d by 
 them of paitialily to England, and of miscon- 
 duct in office. After the ..losi ^t scrutiny, his 
 official character was .icknowh dg(?d, by his 
 enemies, lo hi! without slain. II.' was suc- 
 ceeded by Oliver Wolcotl. At the close of 
 the year 17!)t, (ieneral Knox resigned the 
 office of secretary of war, and Colonel Pick- 
 ering, of Massachusetts, was appointed in his 
 place. In August Mr. Randolph, having lost 
 the confidence of the President, and having 
 in consequence retired from the administra 
 lion, Mr. Pickering was appointed his sue 
 cessor in the department ol state, and Jamos 
 M'Henry, of Maryland, was made secretary 
 of war. No republican being now at the head 
 of any of the deportments, many of the lead 
 ers of that parly withd'-cw their support from 
 the adininislraiion ; init the confidence of tlio 
 piMiple in the intej^rity and palriolisni of the Pre- 
 sident expel ienced not the slightest ubulemeilt. 
 
m 
 
 500 
 
 Tlio coniliint ndiipti'tl liy France lownrds 
 tfie Amorifiin r<'|ml)li« roiitiniiiMl to Im! n 
 iourri! lit' vi'xiiliiiii. M. Kiiiirln't ('linr|<;i>(l 'lie 
 niliniiiixtnilidii willi .4l■lllillll■Ml^t of liimlillty li> 
 the .illii's uI'iIh! (fnited Sliilcs, wltli |)iirliiillt_v ! 
 for tlii'ir tiirmcr liir:), iiiul uracil tin- ii(l(i|)iinii ] 
 of It omirHH tiiiiri- tiiviiiiriiiilc to llio nuiNO of 
 liU-rty. Mr. Morris, tlui minister to I'liris, 
 Imviii^ iiiRiirri'il tlio ilixplcnHiirit of tliosu in 
 power, wns riM'iill)!il nt llicir roi|ii(<st, iiiiii his 
 |)lnc<! Hiipplird liy Mr. Monroe. Kcin^ iin 
 iinlcnt rcpnliliciin, lin wiis rcriMvcd in tlio 
 nioHt rrspiTtful innnniT liy llie ('(iiivi'iition, 
 who dccrct'd timt llio (lii(;» of llie two rcpuli- 
 licM, i-ntwiru'il topcMlH-r, slioidd lie «n»|itMidfd 
 in till' Ifgi.sliilivi! Iiiill, an ii iniirlt ol'tlirir I'tcr- 
 niil niiion nnd IViondHliip. M. Ailet wim np- 
 pointed soon aflcr to HiM^reeil M. Fiincliol. 
 Ill" liroitf^lit witli liiin llu" ooloiirs of I'Viinco, 
 wliirli 111- wiis inslnicti'd liv lln' ronvi-nlion to 
 nri'si'iit tollio ( 'on);ri'!i!( ot llie United Ntiili's. 
 riii'V worn ri'ccivi'd liy llio I'ri'sicli-nt with 
 I'xlnionlinufy ccri'nionii'.", Iriiimnilti'd loCon- 
 jjivsii, luid alU'rwuriU depoititcd in tli>' niilioniil 
 lurliivi-.i. Hut France reipiired ot'llie United 
 Slates more tliim profe»sions iinil hopes, nnd 
 nitii-e lliiiii by treaty shn was entilh-d to rhiini. 
 .•^hi- wished to niiiKe them n party in the war 
 slic was wnijinj; with the despots of Fiirope. 
 ['"ailiiii; in this, and jeahiiis of the more inli- 
 iiiiile rehilioiis eontrncled with her principal 
 rnemy, Filmland, she adopted resfidations 
 hJL'hly injiiridiis to American commerce, di- 
 reclini.' her cruisers tocaptnre in certain cases 
 the vessels of the United Slates. In conse- 
 i|iience of these re);nlations, several hundred 
 vessels, loaded with valuahU! carj^oes, were 
 *.aken while prosecuting a lawful trade, and 
 ilie whole confiscated. Relieving ihat the 
 riilhts of the nation were; not asserted and 
 vindicated with selHcient spirit I>v .Mr. Mon- 
 roe, the I'resiilent recalled him, and Charles 
 ('. I'incknev, of South ('arolina, was ap- 
 pointed in his stead. In the summer of 17'.)G, 
 IH! left the United States, inslriicted to use 
 every I'fl'ort compatilile with nalional honour, 
 to ivstore the ainicahle relations which had 
 once siihsisleil lielween the sister repuhlics. 
 
 As the period for a new eleiiiiin of a Presi- 
 dent of the United States apiiroached, after 
 plain inilicalions that the pnlilic voice would 
 he in his favour, and when he prohahly would 
 have licen chosen for the third time unani- 
 mously, W'lishiiifjton determined irrevocalily 
 to withdraw to ihe seclusion of private life. 
 Ho pulilished, in .Septenilier, 17(H), a fare- 
 well address to the peoph> of the United 
 States, which oufjht to lie en!:;iaven upon the 
 hearts of his countrvnien. In the most ear- 
 nest and afl'eclionale manner he called upon 
 them to cherish an iinmove.ihle attachment to 
 the nalional union, to watch for its j reserva- 
 tion with jeahiHs anxiety, to discountenance 
 even the suficestion that it could in any event 
 he ahandoned, atid indiffnantly to frown upon 
 the first dawnint^ of every attempt to alienate 
 any portion of the country frotn the rest. 
 Overtjrown mililary esialilishmeuts he repre- 
 sented us parliciilai ly hostile to republican 
 liberty. While he recommended the most 
 implicit nlrt'dience to the acts of the estab- 
 lished go\'ernment, and reprobated all ob- 
 Mructions to the execution of the laws, all 
 combinations and associations, under what- 
 ever plausible character, with the real design 
 io direct, cuiitrul, counteract, ur overawe thu 
 
 lIISTOnV OF THE 
 
 regular deliberation and action of the consti- 
 tuted authorities, he wished also to guard 
 against the spirit of innovation upon the prin- 
 ciples of the conslitulion. Aware ihiit llie 
 energy of the syslcin mi);ht be enfeebled by 
 alleialions, he thought ihat no change should 
 be made wilhoiit an evident necessity; nnd 
 that, in so extensive a country, as much vigour 
 as is consistent wilh liberty was indispensa- 
 ble. On the other hand, he pointed out the 
 danger of a real despotism, by breaking down 
 the partitions between the several depart- 
 ments of government, by destroying the re- 
 I'iprocal checks, ami consoliilaling the diller- 
 eiit powers. Against the spirit of party, so 
 peculiarly baneful in an elective governiiieni, 
 ho iillered his most solemn remonslraiices, as 
 well as against inveterate anlipathies or pas- 
 sionate altachmenls in respect to foreign iia- 
 lions. While lie ihinight lliiit the jealousy of 
 a I'ree people ought to be coiistaiillv and im- 
 parllally awake against the wiles of foreign 
 inlluence, he wished that good failh and jus- 
 lice should be observed towards all nations, 
 and pe'ice and harmony cnlliviited. In his 
 opinion, hoiiesly, no less in public than in pri- 
 vate aflliirs, was always llie best policy. Pro- 
 vidence, he believed, had connected the per- 
 manent felicily of a nation wilh its virtue. 
 Other siilijecls to which he alluded, were the 
 importanre of credit, of economy, of a reduc- 
 tion of the public debt, and of lilerary insliiu- 
 tions J above all, he recommendeil religion and 
 morality as indispensably necessary to politi- 
 cal prosperily. This inhliess to the people 
 of ihe itnited States was received wilh the 
 highest veneration and gralilinle. Several of 
 the slate h'gislatiires ordered it to be put U|>nii 
 their journals, and every citizen considered it 
 as the legacy of the most distinguished Ameri- 
 can patriot. 
 
 On the 7lh of December, 179('), the Presi- 
 dent for the last time met the national legis- 
 lature. In his spei'ch, afler t;ikiiig a view of 
 
 CHAPTFR .\X. 
 
 TIIK AIlMININTIIATION Of JOHN AIIAMH AND 
 JI'.rKKIINON, 
 
 Wiif.v llie determination of Washington 
 not again to accept of the presideiilship left 
 open the high olliie to the competilion of the 
 leaders of the great poliliial parlies, no exer- 
 tion was spared ihroiigliout ihe Union to giMi 
 sinless to iheir respi'clive cliiiiiis. The lide- 
 ralisls, desiring tint the .system of meiisures 
 adopted by Washington should he piirsui'<l, 
 and dreading the intliienre of French senli- 
 meiils and principles, made the most activo 
 elliirts to elect .lolin A. lams. 'I'lie repiibli- 
 caiis, believing their opponenis less friendly 
 than theinsi'lves to the maxims of liberty, and 
 too iiiiich di'vetrd to the llrilish nation and t>> 
 Ib'ilish iiislitiilions, made ei|iial exertions to 
 elect ThoiiMis .lellerson. The result was lint 
 choice of Mr. Aihiins to be President, and Mr. 
 .lellerson to be Vice-Presidrlit. 
 
 The President was inaiigiiriiteil on the 'llli 
 lay of March, and made llie follow ing speech; 
 
 " When it was (irst perceived, in early 
 tunes, that no inichlle roiirsir for America re- 
 mained, between unliinited submission to ii 
 foreign Ijegislaliire and a loial independence 
 of ils claims; men of retleiiion were less ap- 
 prehensive of danger from the formidable 
 power of (leets and armies they must deler- 
 inine to resist, than from those contests and 
 dissensions, which would ci-rtainly arise, con- 
 cerning the forms of government to be insti- 
 tiiled over the whole, and over the purls of 
 this extensive country. Helying, howiver, 
 on the purity of their iiilentions, the justice of 
 their cause, and the integrity and intelligeiicti 
 of the people, under an overruling Provi- 
 dence, which had so signally proleiied this 
 country from the first ; the representatives of 
 
 the situation of the United Stales, regardless this nation, then consisting of little more ihiiii 
 
 half ils present numbers, not only broke In 
 pieces the chains which were lorgiiiL', and llu; 
 rod of iron that was lilied up, and frankly cut 
 asunder the ties which had bound them, anil 
 launched into an ocean of iincerlainly. 
 
 " The zeal and ardour of the people during 
 the ri'voliitioliary war, supplying the place of 
 govern, lent, commanded a ilegree ol order, 
 sulllcieiit at least for the temporary preserva- 
 aiid much ailiniration expressed at the coin- 1 lion of society. The confederation, which 
 plHccnce and delight he manifesied at .seeing' was early fidt to be necessary, was pre)iareil 
 anollier clothed wilh the aulhority wilh which jfrom the models of the Ihitiivian and llelve- 
 he had himself been invested, llaving |iaid|lir coidederacies, the only examples v.hich 
 his alli'clioiiale conipliinents to Mr. Adams, remain, wilh any detail and precision, in his- 
 ns president of the United .States, he bade itorv, and eerlainly the only ones, which the 
 adieu to the seat of governinent, and haslened people at large had ever consiilercd. Hut, 
 
 f op|iositioii and censure, he recommended 
 the allentioii of Congress to those measures 
 which he deemed esseiilial to natiiinal inde- 
 pendence, honour, and prosperity. ( )n the 
 ■llh of March, 1797, he alleiided the inauiju- 
 ration of his successor in olllce. (ireat sensi- 
 bility was manifesied by the members of the 
 Legislature and other dislinguished charac- 
 ters when he entered the Senate chamber. 
 
 to the deliglils of domestic lifi;. He intended 
 that his journey should have been jirivate, but 
 the attempt was vain ; the same aflectionate 
 and respectful attentions were on this occa- 
 sion ])aid him which he had received during 
 his presidency. In his retirement at Mount 
 Vernon he gave the world the glorious exam- 
 ple of a man voluntarily disrobing himself of 
 the highest aulhority, and returning to pri- 
 vate life, wilh a character having upon it no 
 stain of ambition, of coveloiisness, of profu- 
 sion, of luxury, of oppression, or of injustice ; 
 while it was adorned with the presence of 
 virtues and graces, brilliant nliki' in the shade 
 of retirement and in the glare of public life. 
 
 people at large had ever consiilercd. 
 ri fleeting on the striking ilKVerence, in so 
 many particulars, between this country nnd 
 those, where a courier may go from the seat 
 of government to the frontier in a single <lay, 
 it was then certainly foreseen by some, who 
 assisted in Congress at the fiirinulion of il, 
 that it could not be durable. 
 
 " Negligence of ils regulations, inatlenlioii 
 to its reconimendutlons, if not disobedience to 
 its authority, not (inly in individuals, hut in 
 states, soon appeared wilh their melancholy 
 consei|ueiice8 ; universal languor, jealousies, 
 rivalries of slates; decline of navigation and 
 conimerce; discon ragement of necessary manu- 
 fucliires; unlversul fall in the value of laiidu 
 
UN AIIAMM AND 
 
 kiiil tlit'ir jiriicliuM'; (Miiliini|il <il' |iiililii- niid 
 Tirivntii fitilfi ; Iomi of roiiKidi'niliiin iirid crrdil 
 Willi liiri'i^'ii imliiiiis; iiiid ill lrii|;lli, in diM- 
 niiiliMil'^, iiiiiiii<H'itii'<i, niiiiliiiiiiliiiiH, |iiirliiil 
 riiiivi'iitiiiiH, and iiiHiiririlliin, tlirriilcniii)^' 
 Hiiiiii' ^mil niiliiiiiiil I'liliiinilY- 
 
 " III lliiH diinf;c'nHn rnsis, llir [ii'iiplc! irl' 
 AiiM'i'iciL svrri* mil iiliiiniliincd li^ iIiimi' iisii^iI 
 iroiid Hcnic, iirrsrnrr iil' tnilid, rrsoliiliiiii, iir 
 intr^^rily. RliviHiiii''! wi-nr |iiiriiii<'il IdOonctTl 
 II |iliiii, III fiiriii II iiiiiri! |ii'rii'rt iitiiiiii, fHtiili- 
 lisli jiisllrc, insure diiniislic lnini|iiillily, |>n>- 
 v'do lor till! I'liinniiui drCi'iici', |iroiiiolii tin' 
 pi'iinri;! wi'll'iin', iind siTiiio tlic lili'sninj,''! of 
 illirrly. 'J'lii" |>i'lili(! disiiuiHilion, diHriisHiiinM, 
 (iiid diOilK'riitioiis, iMsiK'd in tlio |iri'H('iit liii|i|iy 
 coiisliliilioii of jjovcrmncnt. 
 
 " Kiri|iloy('d in llio scrvici' of my cimnfry 
 nliroiid during llic wlioli- coiirsi" of llicm' 
 tniiHurlioiis, 1 (irHl. »iiw llir I'liiiMtitiition of 
 till- llniti'd Sillies in ii foreij^'ii rciiintry. Irri- 
 liiled liy MO literary iillerriilion, aniinaird liy no 
 
 iinlilir ili'liate, lieiili'd liy no |mrly iiniiiioHily, 
 read it Willi i^jreat Miilisfiiclion, lis ilii- rrsiill 
 of p;ood liciids, j>roni|iti'd liy nood licarl.s; lis 
 an ex|ierinient, lirtli>r adapled lo tlie |.'i'niiis, 
 rlianu'ter, siliialion, and ri'laliiins of lliis na- 
 tion and ronnlry, tliiin any wliii'li liad ever 
 lieeil [iroposed or sii^r^ested. In ils iienenil 
 |irinri|>le.s and f^ri'iil oiillines, it was iMinrorni' 
 alili! to Biii'li a syslein of (.'ovi'riiinent as I liad 
 ever most esli'eiiied ; anil in soiiie stales, my 
 own imtive sliite in |iarti('nlar, liad eiinlriliiiled 
 to estalilisli, (Miiiiiiiii^ II ri'_,dil of siinra»je in 
 eonimon with tiiy lellow cili/ens in llie ailop- 
 liiiM or rejerlion of a constitnlinn, which was 
 lo rule me and my |ioslerily, as well as them 
 and llieirs, I did not liesitiile to express my 
 approlialioM of it on all oecisions, in |inlilir 
 anil in private. It was not then nor has hei'ii 
 since nny olijeclion to it, in my mind, that the 
 Kxeciilive and Seinile were not more perma- 
 nent. Nor have I enterliiiiied a thoiif^ht ol 
 promoting any alteration in it, hiil such as the 
 people lliemselviLS, in llii' course of their ex- 
 perience, should see and feel to he necessary 
 or expedient, and hy their represenlalives in 
 (,'oni;ress and the stale lc<;isialiires, accord- 
 infr to the coiistitiilion itself, adopt mid or- 
 dain. 
 
 " Ketiirninij to the hosoin of my ronnlry, 
 after a painful separation from it for ten years, 
 I had the honour to Ixr eleoteil to a station 
 Under the new order of lliiin^s, and I have 
 repeatedly laid myself under the most serious 
 cililifiations to support the constitution. The 
 nperalionof it has ei|iMlled the most siiiii;iiine 
 expeclations of ils friends ; and from an lia- 
 tiit'ial attention lo il, satisfai'tiim in its ad- 
 rninistriition, and delijiht in itseU'ects upon the 
 peace, order, prosperity, and hiippiiiess of the 
 nation, I have :ici|ulr( d an haliitiial iittachment 
 to it, and venei;iiion for if. 
 
 " What other form of government, indeed, 
 can so wcdl deserve oin esteem and love 1 
 
 " There may he lilth; solidity in an ancient 
 idea, that cnni;recrations of men into cities and 
 nations are the most pleaslns; ohjects in the 
 nif^ht of superior intelligences : hut this is very 
 certain, that to a henevolent human mind 
 there can ho no apectude presented hy any 
 nation, more pleasing, more nohle, majesiic, 
 or aii'^'iist, than an asseinhly like that, which 
 hii3 so often hecn seen in this and the other 
 chamher of Congress — of « government, in 
 which the executive authority, as well as that 
 
 HNITKI) STA'IMRS. 
 
 of all llie lir. inches of Itie l,egisliiture, are 
 exercised hy cili/ens selected lit rejfulcr pe- 
 rioils liy their iieighlioiirs, lo niiilte and exe- 
 cute laws for the (,'ener.il good. (Ian any 
 lliiniT esseiiiiid, any thing more tliiin mere or- 
 
 SOI 
 
 " This exiiiiiple has heeii reciimmeniled to 
 the imitation of his surcessora, hy holh lIouMit 
 of ( 'ontjress, iinil hy the voice of ihe legisla 
 lures and the people, lliroii|^liniit the niilion. 
 
 "On this Hiiliiecl il iiiimIiI heroine me lieltni 
 
 iiiiiiieni mill ilecorMliiiii, he lidded lo this hy | to lie silenl, or to speiik willi dillidi'lice ; hut, 
 I'filics or iliiimonds I ( 'an aiilliorily he more ' as soini'ihiiu' may he expected, the occasion, 
 
 aiiiiiilile or lespeclahle, when it descenils fiolii 
 accidenis or iiislilulions esliililisliril in ri'imite 
 anliipiily, ihiin when it Hjirings fresh from the 
 hearls anil Judgments of an honest and en- 
 lightened people ( For, it is the people only 
 ihiit are represented : it is their power and 
 tniijesly that is rcllecled, and only for llieir 
 good, m every legilimiile governmiiil, under 
 whatever form it miiy appear. The exist- 
 ence of siii'li a government as ours for any 
 length of lime, is a full proof of a general dis- 
 seminalion of knowledge and virtue ihroii(;h- 
 oiit llie whole hody of the people. And 
 what ohject of consideration, more pleasing 
 ihaii this, can he presenled lo the hnmiin 
 mind 1 If national pride is ever jiistitiahle or 
 exciisahle, it is when il spriiit;H, not from 
 power or riches, i^riiiidenr or glory, hut froin 
 conviclioii of nalioniil innocence, iiifurnialimi, 
 and lieiicvolence. 
 
 " III the midst of these pleasini; ideas, we 
 should he iinfiillifill to ourselves, if we should 
 ever lose sight of ihe danger to our hherlies, 
 if any thing partial or exlraueous should in- 
 fei t the piirily of our free, fair, viiliioiis and 
 independent elections. If an elecliim is to he 
 determined hy a miijoriry of a single vote, 
 and that iniii he procured hy ii jiarly lliroiii;h 
 artifice or corruption, the govermiient may he 
 the choice! of a parly, for ils own ends, not ol 
 the nalioii for the national good II that soli- 
 tary siinWiiie CUM he ohtained hy foreign na- 
 tions, hy (lallery or menaces, hy fraud or vio- 
 lence, hy terror, iiitrigiii', or veniilily ; the 
 trovernnicnt may not he the choice of the 
 .Americiiii people, hut of foreign nalions. Il 
 nay hi' foreign nations wlio govern ns, iini' 
 
 I hope, will he adniilleil as an apology, if ( 
 venliire to siiy, lliiil, if a prefeii'iicc, npiiM 
 principle, of a free repiihliciin go\ irnment, 
 formed upon long and 'serious relleclion, nf)er 
 
 II diligent and impartiiil impiiry after Iriilli ; if 
 an altiichment lo the conslitiition of llie United 
 tSiates, and il conscienliinis determination to 
 support il, until it shall he allered hy the 
 jndgments anil wishes of llie jieoplc, ex- 
 pressed in the mode prescriheil in it ; if a ro- 
 speclfiil allenlion lo the coiislitiitions of the 
 indiviiliial stales, and a conslanl caiilion and 
 delicacy towards the stale governments; il 
 an eipiiil and iniparlial regard lo the rii-hts, 
 interests, honour, and happiness of all the 
 stales in llie l.'nion, without preference or re- 
 gard to a norlhern or southern, eastern or 
 western posilioii, their various pohlical opi- 
 nions on csseiilial points, or their personal nt- 
 lachmeiils; if ii love of virtuous men of nil 
 parlies and denoniiiiiilions ; if a love of sci- 
 ence and lellers, and a wish lo palroni/e every 
 ralional elliirl lo em oiiriige .srhools, colleges, 
 universities, academies, and every instiliilion 
 for propagaliii(j kiio«ledire, virliie, and reli- 
 L'i' II, among all classes of the people, not only 
 for their henigii inlhieme oti llie liiippiiiess ol 
 liii', in all its stages and classes, and of society 
 in a\\ ils forms, hut, as tl iily means of pre- 
 serving our coiisliliiiinii fioiii ils iiiiinriil ene- 
 mies, llie spirit of sopliisUy, the spoil of party, 
 ihe spini of intrigue, prulhuacy, and cornip- 
 tioii, and the peslileiice of forei;,'ii iiilliieiice, 
 which is the angel of destriiclion lo eleclivo 
 governments; if a love of cipial laws, of jus. 
 lice and hiimiinily, in llie interior adminislra- 
 lion; if an mcliniilion to improve iignciiltiire 
 
 not we, the people, who govern oiirsi'lves : Uummerce, and muniifiicliires, for necessity, 
 
 convenience, and defence; if a spirit of eoiii- 
 tv iind hiiiimiiilv towards llii' ahori'iiiial na- 
 
 aml caniliii men will acknowledge, that in 
 such cases, choice would have little advanlage 
 to hoast of, ovc'r lot or chance. 
 
 " Such is llie amiahle and interesting sys- 
 tem of government, (and such are some of the 
 
 lions of Aniirica, and a dispnsilion lo melio 
 rate their londilion, hy imiiniiii; lliem to he 
 more friendly to us, and our cili/ens to he 
 
 aliiises lo which it may he (exposed,) whiclr more friendly to them ; if an inflexihie ileter 
 the jicople of America havi- oxhihileil to the iniiiation to mainlain peace and inviolahle 
 admiration and anxiety of the wise and virtu- ' faith with all iiations, and that system of nen- 
 oiis of all nations for eii;lit years ; nmlei- the Irallly and impiirtialily iimoni,' ihe helligerei.t 
 administialion of a citizen who, hy a long powers of ICiirope, which has hieii adopted 
 course of great actions, regiihited hv pru- 
 
 dence, pislice, temperance, iiml fortilinle 
 condilcliiig II people inspired with the saim 
 
 iiy the government, and so solemnly sanc- 
 tioned hy holh Mouses of f'oiifiress, and np- 
 plaiided hv the h gislalures of the .stales and 
 
 virtues, and animated wilhlhe same ardeni Ulie pnl.lii' opinion, iinlil it shall he ulherwiso 
 
 patriotism and love of lihi'ity, to imiepend- 
 eiice and peace, to increasing wiiillh and un- 
 exampled prosperity, has merited the griili- 
 tiiile of his fellow cilizens, commanded the 
 highest praises of foreign nations, and se- 
 cured immortal glory with posterity. 
 
 " In that retirement, which is his voluntary 
 <'hoice, may he long livi' to enjoy the delicious 
 recollection of liis services, the gratitude of 
 mankind ; the liaptiv fruits of them to liim- 
 
 oriliiiiiiii hy Congress; if a personal eslet^m 
 for the I'leiich nalioii, formid in a residence 
 of seven years clilelly iiniong ihem, and a sin- 
 cere desire to preserve the friendship, which 
 has heen so much for the honour and interest 
 of holh nalimis; if, while tin- coiiscions honour 
 and integrity of the people of America, and 
 the internal sentiment of thiir own power and 
 energies must he preserved, an earnest en. 
 deavour to investigate every just cause, uiid 
 
 self and the world, which are daily increasing, | remove every colonrahle pretence of rnm- 
 and that s])l(!ndid prospect of the future for- 1 plaint ; if an intention to pursue, hy ainicuhlo 
 tunes of his country, which is opening from ' negotiation, a reparalion for the injuries tlial 
 year to year. His name may he still a ram- have heen committed on ihe commerce of our 
 
 part, and the knowledge 'hat he lives, a hul- 
 wark against all open or secret enemies of his 
 country's peace. 
 
 fellow cilizens, hy whatever nation; and il 
 success cannot he ohtained, to lay the fact* 
 before the i^egislaturc, that they may con- 
 
ro 
 
 HISTORY OF TIIR 
 
 f -.r 
 
 ■i I 
 
 ■idor what fiirthiT mi'iitii' >•• i(n' limioiir iiiul 
 iriliiD'Ht <i( tlio |;»vi'riinii'iit niiil iu ('oiiAtilii- 
 (MilH ili'iimiicl ; if II rrmilwtiiiii l<> tin |iistii'i', iis 
 liir 111 Miiiy ilriu'iiil ii|iiiii iiii', iil nil liiiii's, nnil 
 til III! iiiiliiiiin, mill iiiiiiiiliiiii |irni r, li'lriiiUliiii, 
 mill lii-iK'Vnli'iiri-, \> illl nil lliii wnrlil ; it' iiii 
 iiiiilinkrii roiif'iilcni'ii in tlir liiirinin', ipii il, niiil 
 n'lioiirci'H III' lliK Aiiii'rii'iiii priijili', on wliii'li 
 I liiivi> m> iiI'liMi liii/iinli'il iiiy iill, niiil iicvi'i' 
 lii'iMi ilfccivi'il ; if cli'viilril lilfim nl' llic lii|,'li 
 (li'itiiiirit III' llilit rDiiiiliy, iiiiil nl' my own ilii- 
 tio9 lowiinU il, fininili'ij on n l<no\vli>ili;« of 
 thu niorni iirinri|ilfs iind inti'llt-cliiiil iin|iriivu- 
 mnnti of tiie |m'o|)Ii', il«>c|ily ni^jnivcii on my 
 minil in onrly lil'r, iiml not iilisciircil lint rx- 
 altPtl l>y «x|M'ricnro nnd n^ii ; and widi liiim- 
 l)Ui ri-viTonr« I ll-i'l it my duly to ndd — if a 
 vi'nt'riilion for iho ridifjion of n |h'o|iIi', wlio 
 profi-»<i nnd chII tlit'MHi'lvi'H Clirinliiinn, nnd ii 
 fixi'd ri'solulion In roimidiT ii ilrr-ciil rcs|ii'cl 
 for rliriminnitv nmon^ llii^ lii'^t rrroninifnilii- 
 tion!« for llii> |iiil>lir nrrvici', run iiniilili' inc, in 
 any ili'^rcH", in <'iiiii|ily wltli yi'nr wisln-H, it 
 hIiiiII Ik! my Ktri'iiiioiiH <Muli'nviiiir, lliiit tliia hii- 
 picioiiit iiijiinrtiiin of tlif two Hiiusi-n iilinll mil 
 Ih! witlioiit crti'ct. 
 
 " Willi lliin (jront t'xnmiili" l«"for<' ini- ; willi 
 tlin niMiHC nnd ttpirit, lliit luilli nnd lioiioiir, tin* 
 duty nnd intprt'm of tin- sninii Anu'iiran nco- 
 |>ln, |il(>dK<'d to sii|)|iort tin' conntilnlion ol l)it> 
 llnitpd Slnlri), I rnlcrtnin no donlil of ils rnn- 
 linnuiicn in nil itx cniTf^y ; nnd my mind \n 
 prf|«ir«'il, willioiic In'sitiition, to Iny inyMcIf 
 undor llio niiiitt Holcmn oliliirntiolia to sn|i|)ort 
 it, to tho utmoDt of my nowor. 
 
 " And mny tinit Hi'iiifr, wlio is iiii|iriMno 
 over mi, tliu natron of ordiT, tlic fountiiin of 
 juslico, nnd tli« prolrrtor, in nil np'S of tin- 
 world, of virtuous lilx-rlv, rnnliiuii! liis lilrsH- 
 in^ upon this imlion nnd ils ^ovornnicnl, nnd 
 givt> it nil pnssililu sikti'sh nnd diirntinn, coii> 
 iisti-nt with the nidi of liii> providfncc." 
 
 Mr. I'iurkncy linil lifon nppointcd mini- 
 ster picnipotcntniry to lhi> Frcncli rcpiiMir in 
 179G. Till' olijiTt of li's mission whs stali-d, 
 in his letU'r of rrcdcnci-, to lie, " to ninintain 
 thnt t^ood itndcrslnnd.n^ which, from iho 
 commvnccmcnt of iho nUinnrc, hnd siilisislctl 
 l)ftW€M'ii tlio two nntions ; nnd to rfliice un- 
 fuvoiiralilu impressions, ImiiiHli suspicions, nnd 
 restore that coriiinlity which wns at once tlie 
 evidence and pledj^e of n friendly union." On 
 inapectinf; his lelN'r of creilence, the directory 
 announced to liim their detcrminnlion " not to 
 receive nnnther minister plenipotentiary from 
 the United Sinles, until nfler the redress of 
 grievance! demanded of the Americnn govern- 
 iiiunt, which the French repuhlic hnd a ri^ht 
 to ex|>ect from il." The American minister 
 was afterward ohlij^ed, by n written mandate, 
 to quit the territories of the French repuhlic. 
 Besides other hostile indications, American 
 voHuls were capttired wherever found ; nnd, 
 under thu pretext of their wanting a d<icu- 
 ment, with which the treaty of citmmerce had 
 been uniformly underilood to dispense, tliey 
 were condemned us prizes. 
 
 In consequence of this serious state of the 
 relations with France, the President, hy pro- 
 clamation, summoned Congress to meet on 
 the 15th of June; when, in a firm and digni- 
 fied speech, he stated the great and unpro- 
 voked outrages of the French government. 
 Having mentioned n disposition indicated in 
 the executive directory to separate tlie people 
 of America from their government, " such at- 
 
 ti'inplH," III' iidili'd, " oiighl 111 III' repelled 
 with ii drci.^iiin which shall cnnviiiri' I'lnnce 
 nnd nil llic world llint we iii-e nol u ili'pniilid 
 proph', liiiniiliiili'd iiMilcr a coloiiinl Hpiiil nf 
 ii'iir nnd nriise of .iiliriniitv, filled In lio llie 
 liiiKcralile in'<li'Uini'nl^<of liirelgii intliit'iicr, nnd 
 ri'i^ai'dleHN nl iiiilioiial liniioiir, chnriicler, and 
 iiilcrcMl." lie e<pri'»«'il, linwrver, his vvihIi 
 fur nil accninmodalioii, and his piirpnie ol al- 
 Icnipling it. " Relniniiig ^lill llic desire which 
 has uniformly lieeii mnnili'sled liy llie .Anieri- 
 can govt-rnnient 111 preserve pence nnd friend- 
 ship with all nations, nnd lielieving that nei- 
 iher llie hiinour nor the interest of the United 
 Sintes alisolulely fnrliade the repclitinn nf 
 ndvnnces for securing these desirnlile nlijecls 
 with France, he shniild," he said, " insliliile n 
 fresh ntlenipt at ni'gnlialioii, nnd sliniild nol 
 fail III promnle nnd iii ii'lernle nil accuininn- 
 ilalinn nn leriiis coinpalilile with llie righls, 
 iliilics, inlcresiri, and hniioiir of llie nalinii." 
 Ill llie Mieiin liini', lie earnesllv recnniiiiriidi'd 
 il III Congress to provide etii dual nicasiires 
 nf defence. 
 
 Tn make a hist efl'ort to olilain reparation 
 and neciirily, three envoys exlraoidiiinrv were 
 nppointed, at ihe head of whom was (leiii'ral 
 I'iiickney. Hy iheir inslriicliniis, " Peace 
 and reconcilialinn were lo lie pursued liv all 
 means coinpalilile wilh llie honour and the 
 fiiilli of the Cniled >Siales ; lint no nntiiinnl 
 engiii;enieiil3 wi-re to he iinpiiired ; no iiino- 
 valioiiH lo lie piTinilted ii|inn those inteniiil 
 regnlalions for the prcserviilion of peace, 
 which hnd lieen delilieralely and uprightly 
 eHiiililished ; nor were the riglits of the go- 
 vernment lo lie surrendered." These amiiassii- 
 dors niso the directory rt'fuseil to receive. 
 They were, however, addressed hy persons 
 verlinlly inslriicled liy Talleyrand, the miiii- 
 otrr of foreign relntlons, to iiinke [iroposnis. 
 In explicit terms, these iinolllciiil agents de- 
 manded n Inrge sum of iiioney liefore niiy iie- 
 golialion could lie openi'd. I'o this insulting 
 deninnd a decided negative wns given. A 
 coniplinnce wns, nevertheless, repentedly 
 urged, iiiilll at length the envoys refused to 
 hold wilh lliein any further communicatinn. 
 
 When these events weri! known in the 
 I'niled .Slutes they excited general indigna- 
 tion. The spirit of parly appeared In In; ex- 
 tinct. " Millions for defence, not a C4'nt for 
 Irlhute," resounded frniii every i|unrler of the 
 Union. The trenty of alliance with Franci' 
 was declared hy ('ongress to he no longer in 
 force ; and nulhorily wns given for capturing 
 armed French vessels. Provision was made 
 for raising immediately a small regular nrmv, 
 and, in ense events should rentier it expeili- 
 ent, for nugmenling it. A direct tnx and nd- 
 ditionnl internal tliilies were laid. To com- 
 mand the armies of the United Stnles, Presi- 
 dent Adams, with tlie unanimous advice of 
 the Senate, a))pointed (Senrgo Washington. 
 He consented, out with great reluctance, to 
 accept the office, declaring, liowevcr, that he 
 cordially apprtived the measures of the go- 
 vernment. 
 
 The first act of hostility between the two 
 nations appears to have been committed by 
 the Insurgente, which was in a short period 
 after so signally beaten by an American fri- 
 gate. The schooner Retnlintion, Lieutenant- 
 Commandant Hainbridge, being deludetl into 
 the power of this vessel, was captured and 
 carried into Guuduloupe. Several otlier 
 
 Unileil Mtntri armed vt ssels were in pom* 
 pniiy with the Itclalinlion, nnd piirHiii'il by 
 llie rVflirh sijuiidroii, bill « ire pinbiibly 
 tavt'il I'riiin capture by the iiiIiIi'i'hh ol l.icii- 
 tenant Kiiiiibridge, who, litiiig iisked by the 
 I''ri'iicli ( 'iininiiitiiMn wliiil win the fnrcc n( 
 the vesti Is cli.ised, exaggeriileil u llli so niiich 
 iiilrnitiiets IIS lo iiitliice liiin lo ri'ciill lii« fIiijih. 
 The Cniitti'lliitinn wi'iil lo sea under llie inin- 
 maiid nf Ciiptiiin Trnxtiin. In l''cl>niaiy, 
 I7!>!), he encoiinleretl llie Insurgente, and, iif 
 ler a close nction nf nbnnt an Imiir and ii linlf, 
 cnmpelletl her to strike. The rale nf ll:o 
 Coiistellatinn was thirty-lwo guns, tlinl of llie 
 Insurgente fori . . The former liati three men 
 woiiiitletl, one of whom shiirlly alter dieil, 
 and none killid; ihe latter hiitl foriy-ono 
 woniiiled, and Iwenly-nine killed. This vic- 
 tory, which was so brilliant niiil decisive, \n nn 
 such a sviinderfiil ilispnrily of loss, gave j^ii'iit 
 eclat In the vicliir and In the niivy. Cnniinn- 
 ilort! Triixlon again put to sen in the Cnii- 
 slelliuinn, being tieslineil lo renew his tri- 
 umphs, anti the liiimiliMlion of ihe foe. In 
 February, IhdO, he fell in with the \'eii- 
 geiince, a French ship of til'tyfoiir f^iiiis, wilh 
 which he began an engiigcineiit lliiit IukIciI, 
 with great tibslinncy and spirit nn both sides, 
 from eight o'clock in ilii evening till one in 
 the nioriiiiig, when the Veiigfnnce was com- 
 pletely silenceil, nnti shceri'il oil. The Con- 
 stellation, having Inst her inniiiiiiaHi, wns Inn 
 much iiijuretl In pursue her. 'J'lie Captain nl 
 the Vengeance is saiti tn have twice surren- 
 tleretl during ihi! cnntesi, but his signals were 
 not uiitlerstooil cmitlst the darkncsa of night 
 mill the confusion of bnllle. 
 
 The I'niled .States, thus viclorioua in nrttn 
 at home niiil on the iiceiin, cninmiiiiiletl the 
 respect of their enemy ; miil the tlircctnry 
 math' overtures of peace. The Presitlent im- 
 medintely appointed ininislers, who, on their 
 nrrivnl nl Paris, foiintl the executive nulhorily 
 in till' possession of |{i>nn|im'le im first consul. 
 They wert' promptly received, nnd in .Sep- 
 tember, 1800, a treaty was concliidftl salis- 
 hiMory lo both countries. 
 
 The services of Washington hnd not been 
 required in his capacity of cnniinmider in 
 chief; but he lild not live to witness the re- 
 storation nf peace. On Frltlny, December lit, 
 while nlteniling somi' iniprnveiiients upon his 
 estnte, he was exposed to a liyhl rain, which 
 welled his neck nnd liuir. Unapprehensive 
 of ilmiger, he jinssetl the nflcrnoon in his usual 
 mnniier ; but ut night was seized wilh an iii- 
 nanimalory nfl'eclion of the windpipe, allendeil 
 by fever, nnd n ipiick nnd laborious rewpirn- 
 lion. About twelve or fourteen ounces of 
 blooti were taken from him. In the morning, 
 his family physician. Dr. ('rnik, wns sent fnr ; 
 but the utmost exertions of medical skill were 
 a|iplied in vain. Believing from the com- 
 mencement of his complaint tliut it would be 
 mortal, a few hours before his departure, and 
 after repented efl'orts to be understood, he suc- 
 ctieded in expressing n desire tliut he niiglit 
 be permitted lo die without being disipiieletl 
 by unnvniling attempts to rescue him from his 
 fate. When he coultl no longer swallow, he 
 undressed himself and got into b*'<l, there lo 
 await his dissolution. To his frientl anil pny- 
 sician lie said, with difficulty, " Doctor, I am 
 tlying, nnd have been dying fur n long time ; 
 but 1 nm not afrnitt to die." Itespirntion be- 
 came more and more contracted and iinperfuct 
 
 I 
 
n lind not licfii 
 
 coniiiiiiiiilrr ill 
 uiliii'ss tlic ri'- 
 .Di'miihcr l.'l, 
 iiii'iits upon Ills 
 ,'lil mill, wliiili 
 
 iiii|i|irrlu'iiniv<' 
 iiiiii ill lii.t iisiiiil 
 /I'd Nvith nil iii- 
 Ipipi', nltt'iiili-il 
 iiritiiis ri'Npirn- 
 I'Cii oiiiicrs of 
 III the iiioriiiiifr, 
 , was si'iit lor ; 
 lii'iil skill wci'ir 
 Vom tlif rotii- 
 iiit it would lii> 
 dcpiirtiirc, niiil 
 ■rstood, lie Kiic- 
 
 tliiit lie iniglit 
 liiHjf di.i(|iiict<'d 
 e liim Irnin liis 
 p.r swhIIdw, lie 
 I Ix'd, ihoie to 
 iii'iid and pny- 
 " Doctor, t iiin 
 ir n lon^r linn- ; 
 ifHpirniion Ijc- 
 
 und iuiperiuct 
 
 iiiilil liiill'-pitiil ••liivi'ii on Siitiiriliiy ni|;lit, wlioii | 
 ri'iiiiiiini; llii* lull ponii'imiiiii iil lil< iiiIcIIitI, ' 
 III- I'xpiii'il williiiiil .i ptlrii'i'.'li'. 'I'liiM, III llh' 
 l<'lltV'•'>^'l<lll vi'iir III liii ii^c, ilii'd llio liillii'i 
 (if lin riMiiilry. liitrllii'i'iM'i' III' lliii iivi'iil, 
 iiH il I'lipiilly «|iri'iiil, priiiliirril HpniiliiiiriiiH, 
 i|c'i'|i, Mill uM.iili'i'li'il i;i'ii I, ^il^liiMhliii!; rvi'ry 
 oilirr llllHl^'lll, iiimI iilitni'liin^' cvim y ililli'riiil 
 
 li'l'linV.'' < 'ollL'K'-'H, llll'll III HI'KnillM III I'llilll- 
 
 ili'lpliiii, iiiiiiii'iliiilrly iicl|iiiiini'd, ( )ii iix'o'lil' 
 liliii^ llio iii'Xl iliiy, llir liiiiiHO oC rrpri"«'iilii- 
 tivi'H rrmilvril, " tliiit llic "iir.ikiT'M iliiiir niiuulil 
 liii Hlirouili'il ill liliii k, iMiil llii' iiiriiilM'r^ VM'iir 
 liliii'k iliiriii;; llic Mi'<i!<iMii; mill lliiit it Joint 
 
 I iiniiiiillri* hIiiiiiIiI Im' iippmnli'il In ili'viii' llir 
 niii.Ht Hiiilitlilti iiiiiiiMi'i' III pus iii;r lioiiiiiir lollio 
 liiiMiiiiry iirtlir iiiiim lii'sl iii wiir, lirxl in poiiri', 
 mill lint ill till- linirlt nC liii roiiiilryiiii'ii." 
 '{'III! Hi-niili' III' llir I 'iiiii'il Si^iii'H, III an ad- 
 ili'i'ss III till' prrsiilt'iit on iliii iiirliiiii'liiij y oiv 
 caiiiin, iniliil^i'd tiirir pnlriolic piidi', wliili' 
 llii'Y dill not li'iiiisi^ri'i'Ks ilio liiiuniii of Iriitli, 
 ill Hprakin)^ iil llii'ir \V'aHliini;loii. " Anrii'ni 
 anil iiniili'in iiiiiim'i," sanl lliry, "ari' diiiii- 
 iiislii'il lirlori* liiiM. ( !n'iitiii'S!< mid ^'iiili liavi' 
 Inn ol'ii'ii lii'i'ii iijlii'd ; lint liii rmiii' \i wImIit 
 lliiin il in lirilliiiiil. Till' ili"4li'ov<'i'H of iiiiliiiiiH 
 Hliiiiil iiIiiimIii'iI at llii' liiiiii'sly oC liin viilui's. 
 
 II ri'provi'd till' inli'inpi'i'iini'i' of tlii'ir aiii- 
 liilion, and diirki'iii'd llii' ipli'iidourof vii'tiiry. 
 Till' HCt'iio in rliiMi'il, and ui' arr no lonj.'rr 
 mixiiMis lest iiiMrurliini' sliuiild snllv lii'i ^^lory ; 
 III' has Inivrlli il on In llii' I'lnj nl'liin joiiriii'V, 
 and iMri'ii'd Willi Iniii an iiicrra-'ili^ \vri;,dit nf 
 liiinoiir; liu lias lii'piisiii-d it sillily wlii'ir 
 inisrurliini' ranncil larniHli il, — ulirro iiialiri' 
 raiiiMtt liliist it," 
 
 Ai'i:ordiiii{ to tlio nnmiinioiH I'l'ioliiiioii of 
 <Iciii>;r('ss, a I'lliH'ral pnircssion inovcd rriiiii lla' 
 lri;islalivi' lialllo llir( ii'miiiii Liilliri'iin rliiii'cli, 
 \\ lull an oration was ili'livi'ml liv ( ii'iii'iiil 
 lii'r, a ri'pn'si'iilalivi' rnini \'iit,'iiiia. Tin' 
 priiia'SHlon win f^raiid and soli'inn ; llio oni- 
 linn itiipri'ssivi' mid cloipiriil. Tlit'oiii;liiiut 
 llic union Miiuilar iiiaiks of alllirlinii wrro i'\- 
 Inliiti'd ; a wliolo pi'iiplo appoari'il in iiiinirn- 
 in<;. In I'vrry part ol' ilii' ii-puliiir liinrnil 
 iiriitioiH wiu'i' di'livi'ii'd, and tlio lii'sl hili nti 
 of till! iialion wi'i'i' di'voli'd to an oxprossion 
 of till! nalion's yrirf". 
 
 In till' yrar ISO!) tlir si'at of noviTiiiiii'nt 
 of till' I'liili'd Slali'-i was ri'iiiovi'd In Wasli- 
 in^ton, in llir disiricl of ( !oliiniliia. Aficr 
 (■11111,'raliilatlni; till' proplo of tin- I -nili'd States 
 on llie assi'iiililiiii.'' of ('nriixri'ss at tin- pcrina- 
 iii'iit seat of llii'ir (,'oV('rniiii'iit, aial Consiri'ss 
 (Ml tlie prosprri nf a ri'sidrnii' not lo In; (■liaiiL;- 
 rd, tlu! prcsidi'iil fiiid, " It would In' iliilii'Oolii- 
 in;; tin; ri'|iri'si'iiialivi'S nf lliis iialinn to as- 
 Hi'iiilili! fnr till' lirst liliii' in tliis soli'inii ti'iii- 
 pli', williniil Innkiiii.' up tn llii' .'^upri'iiii' Ruler 
 nf till' universe, and iin|ilorinK Lis lilessiiii,'. 
 May this terrilnry lie tlie residence ol'xirtiie 
 and liappiiicss ! In lliis city may tliat piety 
 and virtue, tliat wisdom and ma^naniiuily, tliat 
 cnnslancy and self-jjnveriiiiienr, wliicli adorn- 
 ed till! (^reatcliaracter wliose name il Wears, lie 
 fnr ever lielil in veneialinii ! Here, and 
 tlirnui^Iinut our i'oiimry,ma'/ simple manners, 
 pure morals, and true reliLcion, Hoiirisli for 
 ever." 
 
 At lliis |ieriod a presidentiiil eleclinii aijaiii 
 occurred. From tlie lime of the adoption of 
 the eoiistitulinii,llie repiililicaii parly had lieeii 
 UriuiuiiUy increusiiifj in immlicrs. The two 
 parlies being now nearly ci|iial, ihu conli'sl 
 
 UNiTF, 1) RT\ I r:.s 
 
 iirdoiir. 
 
 iiii«|itni4 both Willi niicomnioii Ardour. Tlii< 
 f<-ileralisn mippnrled Mr. AilmiM mid (ieiierid 
 t'lin kill's ; llie ii'piililii'iins, Mr. .lellii '•nn and 
 (lolorie! Iliirr. The two hitler received h 
 siiiiill iiiii|nrilv of the elecloral voles j mnl as 
 ihey received also an ii|I|hI niimlier, llie se- 
 lecfinii of oiii' of them lo lie presideiil ile- 
 volvi'd upon the house of represeiitiilives. 
 Alier llilrly live trials, dnriiiij whii h ihe iiii 
 linii Cell inlense snlicihiih', .Mr. .letli'rsnii was 
 chnseii. Ciilniiel liurr received llie voles of 
 the federalisls, and lost, in roiiseipience, the 
 conlideiii e of his former IV. ends. Ily llii- pro 
 visions of ihii coiislitiilion he hecaiiie, of 
 courHi', vice. president. On his iiiaiii;uralioii, 
 Mr. .leC'erson iiiide the fnllnwiii); speech to 
 lintll houses t.t ('i iliL'i'ess. 
 
 " Krii'iiiU mill !'. ilinv -I iii/.i'iiM, 
 
 "(!alled upon lo nnderlakn the duties of 
 the first exei'iilive nllice of niir cniinlry, I 
 avail myself of llie presence of thai porlion 
 nf iiiv fellow-riti>.eris wliicli is here assemliled, 
 In enpress my (jialeful ihank'i fnr the liivmir 
 willi which ihey have lieen pleased In look 
 lowanls me, to decline a sincere cnnscious- 
 iiess, that the task is aliove my talenls, imd 
 that I approiich il willi lliose mixious and aw- 
 lul preiienlinieiils, which the ^realness of the 
 cliiirj;e, iind the weakness if my powers, so 
 jilslly inspire. A risiiii; in linn, spread over 
 a wide and fniilful liiiiil,li'iivi rsinv all the si 
 with till' rich producliniis nl iheir indii'-try, 
 eii^iit;ed in commerce uilli niilinis who I'eel 
 power and forj^'et ri'^lil, adviincini.; rapidly to 
 dcslinies heyond the reach of iiio.iiil eye; 
 wlieii I cniilemplale lliese Iranscenili nl oli- 
 jecls, and see ihe honour, the happines ', and 
 'he hopes nf lliis lielnved cniinlry cninniilled 
 .he issue and the iiiispices of this d ly, I 
 shrink from llie ciinleniplatioii, and In iiihle 
 myself liifnre the ina^Miiliide •!{' 'he 'iiider- 
 liikiii;;. I'llerly, indeed, shniild 1 despair, 
 did not till' presence nf many, whom I here 
 see, reiniiid me, lliiit in thi' other hi^li nntlin- 
 rilies prnuded liy niir conslitution, I shall 
 lind ri'sniirces of wisdniii, nf virtui', iiliil nf 
 zeal, nil svliicli lo rely under all difTicullies. 
 To villi, then, Keiillemen, w hi) are chari;eil 
 with the smereiffii I'lmctinns of li'L'islallon, 
 and to those iissoriated with you, I look with 
 cncoiirai^emeiit for that j;uiilance and support 
 which may enahle us tn sleer w itli safety the 
 vessel ill whic'li we are all emliarked, amidst 
 llii <-nlillicliiii^ elements nf a trnuliled wnrlil. 
 
 " Diirinij the conlest of opininn thrniiKh 
 which we have past, ihe animation of discus- 
 sinus and of exertions, has sometimes worn 
 nn aspect which miiiht impose on strangers 
 unused to think freely, and lo speak audio 
 write what they lliiiik ; lull this lieiiif^ now 
 decided liy llie voice of the Iialinn, annnunr- 
 ed accnrdiiuf to the rules of the constitiilinn, 
 all will nf course arrange themselves under 
 the will of the law, mid unite in cnmmnii ef- 
 fnrts for tin.' common f^ooil. All too will 
 hear ill minil this sacred principle, thai thoii^rh 
 the will of the iiiajnrily is in all (-a.-es in 
 prevail, thill will, to hi! riijhlliil, must he rea- 
 snnalile ; llril the minnrily pnssess their e(]ual 
 ri^ihls, which ecpial laws must protect, and tn 
 violate which would he oppression. Let un 
 then, fellnw-citizens, unite with one heart, nnd 
 mil! mind, let us restore to so<:ial inlercour'je, 
 that harmony and ufrectioii without which, 
 liherty, and even lifu itself, arc hut dreary 
 
 im 
 
 tWmf^n. And lei us relied, that liiivin^ hi- 
 lushed from niir hind thai reli^oous inlnleriincii 
 miller \\ Inch miinkind so Iniu; liled and siilhr- 
 I'd, we have yet gained lillle, if we cniinle 
 nance a pnhliciil mloleraiice, us despotic and 
 wicked, mill inpidile of as hitler and hlnndv 
 perseculiniis. Iliirin^; the throes and ciiiivnl- 
 siniis nf the aiicii'iil world, ilurinj,' tin' le.'n. 
 iii/.iiiK spasms of inliiriali'il iiian, seikiii;; 
 ihroujjh hlooil and slinu'liler his Imi;,' liml 
 
 hherly, it was iinl w lerful thai the at;ila- 
 
 lion of the hillnws sliniild reach even ihisdis- 
 liiiit mid pi'iiceful shnre ; thai this shniild Ik* 
 more li'lt nnd li'iired hy snme, and less hy 
 others; and should divide opiiiions as In iiii"i> 
 siires of sidi'ty ; lull every dillerence nf oiii- 
 ninii is not 11 ddli'ieiice of principle. \V(i 
 have called hy diHiieiil iiai' cs hrelhnn of thr 
 same principle. We are all repiihhcmis : we 
 are nil li'dernlisls. If there he niiy iiiiion^' im 
 who would wish In dissolve this I'liion, or In 
 chiinee its repiihlican form, let them stand 
 iindislurlivd as luoiiiimenls of the sali'ly with 
 vhicli error of opinion may he liileraled, 
 where reason is hli free lo comhat it. I 
 
 know, iiid I, thai soiiie lionesl men fear ihat 
 
 II repiililiciin ^'nvermiieiil caiiiinl he •Iron^ ; 
 lliiil this (.'overiiiiieiil is not sironi.' eiiiiiij;h. 
 Ihu would the lionesl palrint, in the full lido 
 of successful fxpeririienl, aliiiniloii a j.'n\erii- 
 meiil which has sn far kepi us Ire.' and (inn, 
 nn the iheorelic and vismnmy fear, lli.it ilim 
 eovernmenl, the world's hesi linpe, iiiiiv, hy 
 pnssihilily, want eiierj.'y In pre.erve ii'sell f 
 I Iriist not. I Irt'lieve this, on the conlrarv, 
 llir slrnii|,'esl pnv erniiient nn iiirlli. I helieve 
 it the only one, where every man, at the cull 
 nf ihe hi'v, would Ily lo tiie standiiMl of the 
 law, mid would meet inv.'isiniH nf the piihlic 
 nider as hi I own pers.uial concern. Some- 
 limes il is said, that man cannoi he Irusied 
 with the u'overiiment of liiiiis|.|)'. ('m, |„, 
 then he trusted with the ({overninenl of 
 lliers I Or, have we found mi|.'ils in the 
 
 nil of kinu'S, III (loverii him f J, el histoiy 
 
 fi: 
 
 answer this i|iiestinii. 
 
 " lii'l us then, with cniirn(,'e and cnnfiilince, 
 pursue our own federal and repiihhcan priii- 
 lijiles ; our allenlion to iininii and represi'iit- 
 alive ^nvernmeiil. Kindly separatcil hv nn- 
 lure and n wide ocean from the cxtermliiii- 
 lin^r hiivoc of one ipiarler of the ^rlohe ; ion 
 liiirli minded lo endure the deiiradalions of 
 the others; possessing' a chosen cnunlrv.w 'th 
 ronm eiinu^'h fnr our ihscenilails to ihi' lliou- 
 sanilth n, ' thousainllh p-nerallon, enlertain- 
 ini; a due sense of oureipnil rii/ht to the iisn 
 of our own faculties, lo the aciiuisitions of 
 our own industry, to hnnnitr Hiiil cniifulcnci) 
 frniii niir fellnw-cllizcns, rcsiilllnir not from 
 hirth, hut from our iiilions and their sense ol 
 them, enliyhteiusl hy a heniijn reri(.'ion, pro. 
 fessed Indeed and practised in various forms, 
 yet all of them iiiciilcatini; honesty, triilli, lem- 
 peranee, ^rratilude, and the love of man, ac- 
 knowledfjiiiir and adoriiit; an overruling pro- 
 valence, which, hy nil its dispen.satlnns, proves 
 thai it delii^Kts in the happiness of man here, 
 and his greater happiness hereafter; with nil 
 these Iile8sin<;s, what inoii! is necessarv 'o 
 luiiku us a happy and prosperous |ieoph. 1 
 Still one thinj^ more, fellnw-ciii'/ens, a wisu 
 and frugal government, which shall restrain 
 men from injuring one unolher, shall leave 
 them otiierwi.'io free lo reffulali! tiieir own 
 pursuita of industry and iiiiDrovemeiit, untl 
 
804 
 
 IlISTOnV OP THE 
 
 ; ! 
 
 I V i 
 
 ■hall not tnke from tlx' mimtli nf lalioiir lli<> 
 hnMul it liiiH oaniril. TU\» \» llir niiiii (it'iiimii 
 povrniiiii'iit ; iiiiil I'li.i Im ncocHsiir^ to clii.ii' 
 llir rircli- ol' our fclirilicH. 
 
 " Alioul 111 I'litiT, ri-lliiwi'itlziMm, nil tin- cx- 
 i-rcisc (if (liitirs whii'li ic>iii|in'lirii(l everv 
 lliiiii,' ciciir 1111(1 viilimlilt< 111 YDii, it is iirii|>rr 
 ynil hIiiiiiIiI iiiiilcrsliiiiil \vlii>l I ili'iMii tin- fs- 
 iM-iuiiil |)riiii'i|ili'!i iii'oiir f;i>ici'iiiiiiMit,iiiiil riin- 
 
 a('l|IIIMltlVi lIlOSU Wllil ll IMI^Ill 111 sliiipi! ils llll- 
 
 miiiiMrntinn. I will cDir.jiri-si iIkmii williiii 
 till" imrrowcst < <iin|in!is llii-y will licar, muling; 
 tliti gtrnorni |irin('i|>li', lint nut nil its liiiiitii- 
 tioiii. Ki|ual mill fxnct jiiatiru to all iiii'ii, 
 of wlinti'VtT stiito or |ii"rsiiasioii, ri'lifjiims or 
 political : pi-nco, roiiiinorri', iiiiil liniiciit IViciiil- 
 aliip willi all nations, fntaii>;liii^alliaiici's with 
 nono : tin- tiii|<iiort ot" tin- stalo ^nvcriinii'nls 
 in nil tliiMr ri);lits, as tin* most riiiii|i)!trnt ad- 
 niinislralions (iir onr (loiiit'stic mnoorns, ami 
 till- suri'st liiihvarks aijiiiiist niiliri'|iiililii-iii; 
 ti'iiiliMirii's : till' iirrsiTvalion of llio pMicral 
 jfovfrnnient in its wlinlo c-onstitutiiinHl vi- 
 
 tfonr, as llic slici'f anrhor of niir |ifari> nl 
 loi".'.". "nil sali'lv aliroail: a jralniis caro of 
 tlio rigiit ol" I'li'i-lion liy llio |ii'i>|>li', a iiiiM 
 ■ nil sali; I'lirri-rtivi" nt' almsi's wliirli arr lii|)- 
 |M>i| liy till" sworil of ri'voliilion wln-rc piNiro- 
 alil(> r<Mni'ilii>s aiv un|iro\ iili-il : alisoliili' ar- 
 nuicsivnt'o in llii" ilnlsions of tin- tniijoritv, 
 llio vital prinri|>li> of ri<|iiilili(-s, from whii'li 
 tlion' is no a|i|n'al Imt to liirci", tin- vital prin- 
 cipio aiul iimnoilialo pari'iit of ili'spniism : a 
 >»i'li iiiaoipliiifd militia, our lust rrlianci- in 
 pean-, niul for tin- tirst nioinnits of war, till 
 ri'ifuliirs may rolicvo llu-m : ltu> supriMiiary 
 of tin' civil ov«>r tlu> military anllioriiy : fi'o- 
 iiomy ill till" piililir I'xpcnsi", tlial lalionr may 
 111' lifilitly liiinli'iu'il : llir !ioii«'st paymciil of 
 Cur ili'lils ami sacrcii prt'srrvalion of tin- piili- 
 lio failli : fiicimniiji'mi'nl of ajirii'iiltiiri", ami 
 of conmiiTi-o ns its liamlmaiil: tlio ililfiisioii 
 of infiirma'ion, ami arrnnsioiiu'iU of allaliusi-o 
 at llu' liar of tlio piililio reason : frcvilom of 
 ri'lijiioii: frorilom of tin- press; ami fri'i'ilom 
 of person, uiuler llie proleetiiin of the Inilwiis 
 cor/iKt : and trial liy juries impartially soleet- 
 fil. These prineiples form llie liri^'ht enii- 
 stellation, wliieli has pine liefoie us, and jjiii- 
 ded our steps through an ace of revolution 
 and reformation. Tho wisdom of our sas;es, 
 and the lilood of our heroes, have been de- 
 voted to their attainmi'nf : they should h^ the 
 creed of our poliliral faith, thr text of civic 
 instruciion, the toiuhstone 'ly which to try 
 the nervicei of those we trust; and should 
 wo wander from them in moments of error 
 or of alarm, let us hasten to retrace our steps, 
 und to rei;uin ihe road which ahuic leads to 
 peace, lihcrty and safety. 
 
 " I repair, then, lellowoilizens, to the |>ost 
 you have assif;ned pie. With experience 
 enough in .subordinate ollices to have seen ihr 
 difficulties of this, the ffreali'st of all, I have 
 learned to expect that it will rarely fall to the 
 lot of imperfect man, to retire from this sta- 
 tion with the reputation, niid the favour, which 
 lirinij him into it. Without pretensions to 
 that iiiijh coiitidence you reposed in our first 
 and greatest revnlutlomiry character, whose 
 pre-eminent services hud entitled him to the 
 first place in his country's love, and destined 
 for him the fairest paije in the volume of faith- 
 tlil historv, I ask so mm li confideiico >iily as 
 ni«y pi''" firmness and ertect to the ; jal ad- 
 nuniiitralioii of ^our alTair*. I ahall ofuin gu 
 
 wrong through defect of judgment. When 
 right, I shall often lie thought wrong liy lliose 
 whose positions will not ciiiiiinaiid a view nl 
 the whole groiiml. I ask your iiidulgence 
 for mv own erroiH, which will never lie iii- 
 lentlonal ; and your support against the er- 
 rors of ollicrs, who may inmleiim what lliey 
 would not, if seen in all ils piirlM. 'llie ap- 
 proliallon implied liy your siill'iage, is a great 
 consiiliilion to me liir the past ; and my liiiiire 
 solicitude will lie, to retain the gooil opinion 
 of ihiisi! who have liivstowed it in advance, ti< 
 conciliate that of others, liy doing them all the 
 good in my power, and In lie inslriimiuital to 
 the happiness and freedom of all. 
 
 " Helving then on the patronage of your 
 good will, t advance with oU'dience to the 
 work, '•.•ady to retire from it whenever you 
 lieciMie Ki'iisilile liow much lietter -. Iioices it 
 i-: ill your power to make. And may thai 
 in.iiiile Power which rules the destinies of the 
 universe, lead our councils to what is best, 
 and givi> them a faviuirablu issue for your 
 peace and prosperity." 
 
 .'\ seciiiid census of tin* iiihabitaiils of the 
 niiiled Slates was completed in IHOI. They 
 amiiiinled to ri,.'!!'.',?!!'-', having in ten years 
 increased nearly one million four hiiiidred 
 tlioiisanil. Ill the same number of years the 
 exports iiicre .sed from nineleen to ninety- 
 four million^, and the revenue from 4,771,00(1 
 111 rj,!t I."),!)' dollars. This rajiid advance in 
 the career if prosperity has no parallel in the 
 history of n.i'nins, and is to be allribiiled prin- 
 cipally to the inslitutioiisof the country, which, 
 securing e(|ual privileges to nil, gave to the 
 enterprise and industry of all free scojie ami 
 full encouragement. 
 
 In ISO:", the stale of Ohio w.is admitted into 
 the union. It was formerly a portion of the 
 norlh-weslern territory, for llu' government 
 of which, in I7(S7, an ordinance was passed 
 by the continental Ooiigress. In thirty years 
 from its first settlemeiil the number of ils in- 
 liabitanls exceedei! half a million. The state 
 of Tennessee, which was previously a part of 
 North Carolina, and which lies between that 
 slate and the river Mississippi, had been iiil- 
 initted in 170(>. 
 
 'J'lie right of deposit at New Orleaiis, con- 
 ceded to the citizens of the i'nited States by 
 Spain, and necessarv to the people of the 
 western country, had, until this period, been 
 freely enjoyed. In October, the chief ollicer 
 of that city proliiliited the exen ise of it in 
 I'uliire. This violation of a solemn eiij;a!;e- 
 meiit produced, llirougliniit the states of Ohio 
 and Kentucky, indignant clamour and violent 
 commotion. In Congress a prop'isition was 
 made lo take jiossession by force of the whole 
 province of Ijouisiana ; but a more pacific 
 course was adopted. Knowing that the pro- 
 vince had been ceded, although not trans- 
 ferred, to France, the president instituted a 
 negotiation to acquire it by ])urchase. In 
 April, ISO.'), a treaty was cmcluded, convey- 
 jing it to the Fiiited States fiir fifteen millions 
 of dollars. Its aci|uisition was considered 
 by the United Stales of the greatest import- 
 ance, as it gave them the entire conlrnl of a 
 river which is one of the noblest in the worhl. 
 
 At this period, also, thrre was iiiioiher im- 
 portant aci]iiisilioii of lerritory. Tlie friendly 
 tribe of Kaskaskia Indians, reduced by wars 
 and other cau.ses to a few imli\idiial3 who 
 I were unable to defend thuintelvvii against the 
 
 tieighlioiiring tr'bes, iraiiKlernul itsrdiintry to 
 the Ifniled Stales; reserving only a siiHi- 
 eiency to miiiiitain ils inembers in an iignciil- 
 tiiriil way. The slipiilalioiis on the pint of 
 the I 'nileil iSiuirs were, lo exlciid lo lliein pa- 
 tronage and proleiiioii, and to give to ihrin 
 certain .inniial aids, in iiioney, iiiipliiiieiils o) 
 igriciilliire, and oilier arlieles of their clmiee. 
 This ceded coiiiilry eMeiids along the Mis- 
 sissippi Iriiin the nioiiili of the Illinois to and 
 lip llie ( >liio ; and is esteemed as among tli<< 
 most fertile within the limits of the union. 
 
 The nniteii Slates had for noiiii! lime en|iiv 
 ed the undisputed repose of peace, with oi>!y 
 one exception. Tripoli, the least considerable 
 of the llarbary Htales, had made ileniaiid«, 
 fiiimdi d neither in right nor in conipacl, and 
 had denoiiiiced war on 'he liiiliiie of the 
 American goveririient to niirply with lliem 
 beliire a given day. The piesidenl, on this 
 occasion, sent a small sipiadroii of iVigales 
 into llie Meililerraneiiii, with a:'«uraiices to 
 that power of the sinceie desire of the .Aiiie- 
 rican governinenl lo remain in peace ; but 
 with orders to protect our coniineice against 
 the ihrr.tteneil attack. It was a seasoiinble 
 and Hiiliilary measure ; fiir the bey had al- 
 ready declared war; and the American com- 
 merce in the Mediterranean was blorkaded, 
 while that of llio Atlantic was in peril. The 
 arrival of the sipiadron dispelled the danger, 
 rill* Insiirgente, which had been no hoiioiir- 
 alily added to the American navy, and the 
 Pickering, of fourteen nuns, the fiiriner ciiiii- 
 maniled by Captain Klelcher, tin! latter, by 
 ('aptain llillar, worn lost in the eipiiiioctial 
 gale, in S-|iteinl«'r, ISdO. In 1801, the Kn- 
 terprise, ot fourteen guns. Captain Sterretl, 
 fell in with a Tripolitan ship of war of eipial 
 forci*. The action continii "d threi' hours and u 
 half, the corsair fighting with great obstinacy, 
 and even desperation, until she struck, having 
 lost fifty killed and wounded, while the Kn- 
 lerprise had not a Mian injured. In IsO.'t, 
 Conmioilore I'reble asMimeil the comniaiiil 
 of the ^^•lliterrallean si|iiadroii, and after 
 humbling 'i. ■ emperor of Morocco, who had 
 begun ■: covert war upon American ciiiii- 
 nvrce, concentraled most of his force before 
 iripoli. On arriving o(1' that port, Captain 
 |{' inbridge, in the frigate I'hiladelphia, of 
 forly-fiuir guns, was sent iiilo the harlniur, to 
 reconnoitre. While in eager pursuit of ii 
 small vessel, he iinfortiinately advanced so fo 
 that the frigate grounded, and all attempts In 
 remove her were in vain. The .sea aroiiiul 
 her was immediately covered with Tripolitan 
 gunboats, and Captain Itninbridge was com- 
 pelled to surrender. This misfortune, which 
 threw a number of nccomplished ollicers and 
 a valiant cri-w into oppressive bondage, and 
 which shell a gloom ov<*r the whole iialion, as 
 it .seemed at once toiiicreas<? the .lilliciiltii's of 
 a peace a hiindred-fiild, was soon relieved by 
 one of the most daring and chivalrous exploits 
 that is found in na\al annals. Lieiilenant 
 Stephen Decatur, then one of Comiiioilnre 
 Preble's subalterns, proposed a plan for re- 
 capturing or destroying the Philadelphia. 
 The American sipiadron was nt that lime 
 lying nt Syracuse. Airreeably !o the plan 
 
 Proposed, Ijieulenant Decatur, ii: the kelili 
 iitrepid, four guns and seveiit\ -live men, iini- 
 ceeiled, under the escort of the Syren, Cup 
 tain Stewnrt, to the harboinof Tripoli. The 
 Pliiladvljihia lay within half guii-thut of th« 
 
 Mmii,^ 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 SOS 
 
 baxliiiw'H cimtli*, nnil Novrriil criiii<*?rit iiiiii ^uii- 
 Imatii iiiirriiiiii(l<'(l lii-r with JimiIoiih vi<;iliitiri'. 
 Till! Iiihi'|iiil i-ii«Ti'fl till! Iiiirlmiir iiliinr, 
 ulioiit rl^lit n'niiirk ill tin: I'ViMiiii^, niiil tiili;- 
 ri'i>ili-(i ill ^I'lliii^ liriir tin; l'liil»ilnl|iliiii, lir- 
 twrrii U'U liliil I'Irvi'ii ii'i'liirk, witlioilt liiiviii^ 
 
 llWIlkl'lllMl MIIH|lirillll of lnT ll.lMllll! lll!Hi>;IIS. 
 
 Tills vrssrl liiiil lii'i'ii rii|)tiir<Mi Iniiii tlir 'I'rl- 
 iKilit.iiis, iiiiil, iiMsiiiiiiiii; on thin {icrasiiiii Iiit 
 iciniiiT imlimiiil ii|i|>i'iiriiiii:r, wim )M'riiiitli!il to 
 \vnr|i iiloiit^niilr, miiirr llii! iillij^i-d jin'triii'i- 
 tliiil nlii! Iiail lost iill Iw^r iuirliiir!<. I'lii- tiio- 
 inriit till' vi'Hiiul riiirii! in roiitiuit, Dcniliir iiliil 
 liis ('(illiiwurs li!H|ii!<l on liiiiinl, niiil soon iivi-r- 
 wlirlini'il II crmv wlilcli uih (KiriilvziNl witli 
 roiisliTiiiilion. Twi'iily of llir Trl[ioliliiii>i 
 wiTi! killi'ij. All till! siirniiin.liiiK liiillrrii-s 
 lii'iii^ i>|ii'iii'il ii|iiin till' l'liiiH<irl|iliin, hIiu wnn 
 iiiiiiii'iiiali-ly iii!l on firi', iiiiil mil iiliitiiiliiiirii until 
 iIioi'oiicIiIy \vrii|)|ii'il in Iliiiiii'!<; wlii'ii, ii lii- 
 viiiiriiii; lirci'/.i' H|iriii^'iinr n|i, tin' lnlii'|)i(l I'x- 
 fririili'il liMrsiir ('nun Iht prry, kikI N'lilrij trl- 
 iirnnlmiillv out oC llir liiirlioiir aiiiid llii! Iii;lit 
 of llii' loiidai^niliiin. Not llic slii;liti",l lo^s 
 iMciirri'il on tin- kicIi- of tin? AiiiiTiniii'i to 
 cliaili! till- Hpli'iiiloiir III' (III- i!iiti'r|)nnc. 
 
 In .liilv, |MI)I, ( !i>iiiiiiiiili>n! I'rrlili' liriiii^lit 
 to'^i'tlii'r all liis foicrs lii'liiri! 'I"rr|iiili, ili'li-r- 
 niini''l to try ill'' clli'i't of a lionilianiini'iit. 
 Till' I'liiMiiv lla^ ini; ii'ii' snini- nl lin (;iiiilioali 
 mill ualli'vi « illioiil iIh' htI at ilio nioiilli of 
 tlir liarlhinr, two divi-iiiiiK of Aini'rlraii •;iim 
 liiials wrri- tiirninl lor llir |iiir|»iHi' ot attarkiii<{ 
 llii'iii, wliili! till' larni' vi'ssi'is iisiaili'il tlii? hat- 
 !i'ni'4 and town. On tin- lid. ol' August lliis 
 plmi was lint in I'liTiilion. Tin' Mi|iia>lron 
 a|i{M'iiarlii'(l williin ^';iiiisliot of llii- liiwii, and 
 o|ii'iii;d a tri'iiirndoMi liri' o(" shot and slii'lli, 
 wliirli was ns |iroiii|illy iriuri'-d liy ilio Tri- 
 |)o|ilaii lialti'rics and slii|i|iiii;,'. At iho saini- 
 lirni- till' two divisions of i;iinlioals, tlin lirst 
 uiidiT till' roinnianil of ('aplaiii Soiin-rs, lln- 
 si'i'oiid iliidi'r ('a|ilaiii Sti'|iln'n Diralnr, who 
 had lii'i'ii |ironmti'il as a ri'waiil lor his hilr 
 acliii'vcniriit, advaiii'i d atriiinsi tliosi- of llir 
 iMIi'iiiv. Till! si|iiadion was iiliont two hours 
 niidi'r till! iMirniy's lialti'rii's, ■^'i-iii'rilly within 
 |i\stol-shnl, raiii,'iiii,' )iy tlii'in in di'hl)i!riti! siir 
 rrssioii, altiTliaU'lv sllonriin/ llii'lr lirrs, and 
 laniii:liiii;^ its ihiiiidiTS into tin! vi-ry |iiilai:i' of 
 till- liasliaw; whllo a r.vtrt'. aiiiniali'd liat 
 was rani;lii^ in anolliiT ijiiarti-r. Siniiillaiir- 
 iiislv with till' lioniliai'ilinrnl tin! Anicncan 
 ^'iliiliiiats had ihisi-d in di'S|ii'ral<' I'onllirt with 
 till! i.'iii'inv. ('a|itain Di'catur, la'ari'ii; down 
 upon mil' of snpi'rior forii', soon rarriril lirr 
 liy Ixiardini;, wlii'ii, lakni;; his prizi' in tow, 
 III! iirappli'd willi aiiolhiT, and in liki' inaniii'r 
 fraiisfi'rri'd tin- litihl lo lln- •'iii'iny's di'i'k. In 
 ihi" liiTi'i' riiroiinliT whii li liillowi-d this si-- 
 roiid allark, ('aplaiii Di'ritiir, haviin.; Iirokiii 
 his sword, riosi'd wilh llii! 'I'lirkisli coiii- 
 niaiidiT, and liolh fillinj; in llio strniri.'li', (Javi- 
 him II inorlal wonnil with a pislol-shoi, just as 
 till' Turk was raisini; liis dirk lo pliiiitri' il into 
 his liri'ust. Liriilrnaiit Trippc, of ('iiplani 
 Diratiir's sipiadron, had lioardeil a tliird liir^ri' 
 ^ii'ihoal, with oniv oni' iiiidsliipTiiaii and iiini' 
 nil!!!, whrii his lioat fill off, and ii'fl him In 
 waj^rtlii' iint'ipial liu'lil of I'li'vcn aijainst tliirly- 
 aix, wliirli was tin- iiiiiiiIht of llir oiii'MV. 
 Coiirau;!! and rrsolnii.m, liowi-vi-r, ronvci'li'd 
 this di!Voti><! littli- liand into a forniidalili' host, 
 which, iifuT a s.mijiiinary ronii'st, olilii.'i'd ihi' 
 numerous I'm' to yii'ld, wilh tin- loss of foiir- 
 tuun killed and gevon wuiindcJ. Liuutcnaiit 
 
 Trippi! ri'oiMvi'd rlovm xalirii woiindii, uiid had i fill country, and wliosi! rondiirl oii<>lit to bo 
 ihri'i! of his party woiiinii'd, 1ml iioni! kilh'd.' fljiirdi'd a» an I'Xainpli! to fiilun: (.'rm-ni- 
 ,Si:vi'ral lio'iiliai'dini!iils and attacks Hii(rr,!di'il| tioiis. 
 
 VVliili; ihi! Kipiiidron rnnainid lirfori' Tri- 
 poli iiiliiT d«rds of ln'roisni \vi;ri' prrforini'il. 
 William ICalon, who had lirrn a raplain in 
 till! Amrriran arniv, was, itt tlii! roiimn'tiri!- 
 nii'iit of this war, roiisul al Tunis, (li- lliiTO 
 liminii! Hripminli'd willi Hamct Caiiimaiily, 
 whom II yoiiiii»iir hrofhrr had rxi liidi'd frotii 
 till! tlirono of Tripoli. With him ho coii- 
 corted an <!xpi'iiition a(»aiiist llio n.'i!»iiin(^ 
 Hoveri!i(fn, nnd rcpaiml lo iho t'nili'd .Sliilns 
 to ohtnin iM-nnission and the iiii!an» to uiidiT- 
 
 I'lirli otiior at iiitirvaU lliinii^dioiii tin' iiioinh. 
 Day afirr day dratli and di'vaslalimi wiTi! 
 poiirrii into Tripoli with iinsparint; p(!rsi!vi'- 
 raiii'i!, rarli allark rxhiliillii^ iiistanri's of va- 
 lour am! dovotodiii'ss whirh will ),nvi! Iiislri! 
 lo history. Tin: fyv» of Kiiropo won) drawn 
 lo tlio sjiot wlioro a yoiiiifj nation, scarooly 
 i'iiii!r;.;i:il into iiotic.r, was Hi(;niilly r,liiistiHin(( 
 llii! (Ii'spolir. tind lawloss inlidol, to whom 
 sonii! of hnr most powerful f^oviirninoiitii wlto 
 llii'ii payinp^ triliiili!. 
 
 On ihi! 4lli of .SoiitninhiT, Cornmoiiori! I'rn» 
 
 "I" 
 lili', in ordi'r to try now rxpi'riinoiits of 
 
 noynnri', ilitlormini'd lo siinl a firi'sh 
 
 till' rni'iny's harlmnr. Tim Inlrrpid was lit- 
 
 lip into 
 
 li'd out for this si'rvln 
 
 lillr 
 
 ■ill! 
 
 dor, shi'lls, and otlii'r I'omlnistililo matrr'als. 
 < 'aplaili SomiTs, who had ofton lirrn tlio rmii- 
 liiiis rival of Di'caiiir in lli« cari'or of L'lory, 
 was appoinli'd to riindnr.t lirr in, haviiic; for 
 his associalos in tin' lia/.aidoiis I'litorprisi' 
 [iii'iili'iianls Wiidswiirlh and Israol, idl voliiii- 
 
 Thi 
 
 lr(.'ii!i 
 
 Vixiii, and Nautilus, 
 
 wrri! to ronvov I 
 
 hi' liitr 
 
 till 
 
 mill of ihf harliMiir. ('aplain Somi-rs am 
 
 rit Wa 
 
 irtl 
 
 I madi' rlioici' of l\ 
 
 if till' rti'i'Irsf lioals in lln* 
 
 ith 
 
 -ki-d 
 
 ipi 
 
 siiiiailroii, manni'il 
 
 rri'ws, to hrin!; llii'iii out 
 
 At 
 
 .1" 
 taki! il. I'i!i mission was t'ranl 
 
 if till 
 
 till 
 
 oiirratnin ol thi! siniailron riromini'iuji!) 
 
 "I 
 irciiniary assislaiiro lis roii 
 
 I, and 
 
 <l 1>. 
 
 was allorili!! 
 
 ■A. -J 
 
 o raisi! an army in h:;ypt, 
 
 id h-ail it to allark llii! iisurpi-r in his do- 
 iiiioiis, was till' projiTt whirh had linn ron- 
 :i'rli!d. In tho lioi^iniiiu),' of IHO.j, Kalon inut 
 
 III 
 
 j»i!ni'ral o 
 
 amiria, and was appoinri'il 
 f his forros. On tin- (jlli of Manli, 
 
 mot at Ali'X'i 
 
 al llii! hind of a ri'spi'iitahli! liody of nioiinti d 
 Aralis, and aliout sovonty (Jhrislians, ho sot 
 
 out lor 
 
 Ti 
 
 ili. 
 
 Ifi 
 
 Itl! I 
 
 :iv arross a ir 
 
 mill s in I'xii'iit. On his 
 
 rdl, I, 
 
 11! I'lironnlori 
 
 d 
 
 fall 
 
 U'lii', ani 
 
 I snf- 
 
 •rint,', till! di'snription of whirh would ri- 
 
 llhlo ll 
 
 II' I'xairi'oratioiis ot romanci 
 
 On 
 
 thi! !i;^ili of April, havmi' h' n fiftv ila 
 
 l:.'lit o'rioi'k in llii! I'vciiiiii; shi' stood into ihi- iho inaTli, ho arrivi 
 
 1,1'fn 
 
 .).' 
 
 Ti 
 
 larlicnir wiUi a m 
 
 idorati! Iiri!i'/i'. 
 
 .Si'Vi'nil lilan ii 
 
 'y 
 
 ihi' .Moditorrai.rai 
 
 id i: 
 
 n, anil tomnl in 
 
 shot won' firi'd at lior from llii: liallorii's. Slio.lhi' li.irlioiir a pail of llii! /liiii'rnan sipiadron 
 
 had 
 
 III arly (iaini'il hor placo ol iloslina 
 
 alioii (losliiiHil III 
 
 St hi 
 
 III! Ii'iirnt aUo lliut 
 
 Wlll'tl sill! I 
 
 'Xllll 
 
 without liiiviii)^ mai 
 
 li'lln 
 
 iisiirpor, haviiii^ ri'rcivi'il iiotici! o 
 
 iif his ; 
 
 ip. 
 
 any of llio sii.'iials proviously conrortrd to proarli, had raisi'd a considiTfild'! nrniy, and 
 
 show that till! I'row was safo. Niylil liilii!.' 
 
 rr till' dri'adfiil ralaslropi 
 
 <d h'ft ll 
 
 wlioli' Kiiiiadron a prov In tin' iiio<l 
 
 anxii'tv. 
 
 r 
 
 infii 
 
 ir l**invov 
 
 loiir iiiilil siiiinsi', wlll'tl no ri'inaina coiili 
 
 hoviTi'd alioiil ihi! Iiar- 
 d hi' 
 
 disrovnid I'ithi'r of tin! Inlrrpid or hor hoals. 
 Doiilil was luriiod into rirtainlv, that hIio had 
 
 if till' I'lii'tny's 
 inissini;, and 
 
 pri'inaliiri'lv lilowii up, as onu 
 
 '/iiiihoals was olisorvod to hi 
 
 si'vi'ri.l othors iniirli shattrri'd and dann^'i'd. 
 
 ('ommodori! I'rolilo, in his arroiiiil, says, thai 
 
 In' was li'd to lii'liovo " that tin 
 
 was ilnin within a day's march of this city. 
 No timi! was llii'ii'fori! to ho lost. Tlit! rinxl 
 mornlnijf he siiiiimoin'd the irovirnor to nur- 
 ri'iidiT, who ri'furni'd lor answer, " .Mv hiad 
 or yours." The rit!,' was assaulted, and alter 
 a rontesl f»f two hours and a half, pos-^ession 
 was trained. The ('hrislians sufrered seM-reK , 
 
 iiriled. (iieat 
 
 anil the trein'ral was uliuhlly won 
 exertions were immedialely made lo forlifv 
 the city. On ihe Slli of .May it was atlai kid 
 
 • 11 times 
 
 l.V the Ti 
 
 ripolilan army. 
 
 .\lthi 
 
 .'h t 
 
 mats were' more numerous ihaii Kat 
 
 on s liain 
 
 I, Ihi 
 
 etar 
 
 firesh 
 
 lied from the enemy's lloliUa lo interrept I sailants, after per-iNtiiii; four hours in the at- 
 
 teiniit, were roinpillid lo retire. t)ntlieIOth 
 
 liatlle till' kelrh, and w itlioiil susperlin;.' her lo 
 
 p. the 
 
 inissin;; hoals had siiddeiiK 1 of .li 
 
 anotin 
 
 lioardi'd her, when the t;allant .Soiiiers ami 
 
 mile wun foui.'lit. In which 
 
 Ihe heroes ol his party oliserviiit; the oilier 
 
 ihri'e hoals sum 
 
 spur 
 
 I of 
 
 iiinliiii; tlietn, ami no pro- 
 
 esrape, (leterinined at onie to priler 
 
 ileath, am 
 
 i ihi! deslr 
 
 rnelion ol the enei'iv, to 
 
 llie enemy were defialed. 'Ihe next day tin 
 .Ameriiaii frit;ale ("oii-liMlion arrived in tha 
 harlioiir, which so lernheii the Tripolitani 
 that they lied priclpiialily lo the doMTt. The 
 frii.'ati' came, however, to arrest tin: opera- 
 tin 
 
 captivity and torliinni; slavery, put a iiialch tions of Kalon in the midst of los liriliiani and 
 111 the train leadiiiL' diieillv lo the iniiL'azine,, siircessfiil cari'er. Alarmed al his pro;.'res«. 
 
 whii'li al once hlew the whole into the air, al 
 
 terininiiteil llieir existence 
 
 lie ailils, 
 
 d|lln 
 I" 
 
 that his "con)ecliirrs resperliiiL' this all'air are | th 
 
 foiindi 
 
 whuhC 
 
 reiiTiiiiii.' hasliiw had ofl'ered lerm« of 
 
 re, which, lit-in;.' mm h more liivoiiralilo 
 
 had liefore lieeii olli'red, were arrepleil 
 
 aplain ."soniers 
 
 iind l.ieiilenaiits Wadsworlh and Israel 
 
 neither t 1 
 
 lake 
 
 V Ihi! eiiiinv, 
 
 ir siilli-r him to ;;et po^srssmn of the powder 
 
 liv .Mr. Lear, '' iihori/.ed ai;enl of the i;u- 
 
 liirs were j^iveii 
 
 as rarsiim 
 
 for till 
 
 An 
 
 lericar; pri- 
 
 soners, and an enL'H^ement was made In wilh- 
 
 •d the Iiilrepi 
 
 .Soon after these ulraw all siliiport Irom 
 
 Hi 
 
 Till 
 
 events, ( 'ominoihiri' I'relile i;ave up the com- . proud of ihe exploit* of Kalon, re;.'retled 
 iiiaiid 111 llie .Mediterranean to ("onimodori this diplomatic interfereme, hut the treatv was 
 
 iid 
 
 rron, and reliirned lo the f'niled .Slates, siilisi'ouentlv ratified liV the r'resi.le 
 
 III 
 Hi 
 
 know ll' 
 
 s einini'iit services wi're ef,thiisiaslicallv ac- senate 
 
 IV his ndininii^' lellow-citizi lis, 
 
 Diirinir the year 1'>04 the Delaware Indian* 
 
 if ill 
 
 lose ol his associates IM nrms, 
 
 relino 
 
 ■d to the I 'lilted .Slates their title to 
 
 w liosi' names, 
 
 tin 
 
 expressive iaiiiriiiii;e a 
 
 I extensive tract e isl of llie .Mlssissi 
 
 ppi 
 
 1h?. 
 
 I ('onuress on the orcasion, " oiiLdit lo live tween the Wahasli and Ohio, for which tliev 
 
 the rt'collei tiiiii and ailectii 
 
 ,.f 
 
 LTUtt.' 
 
 were to receive aiiiiu.tiej in iitiirT.ils 
 
 unJ 
 
Boe 
 
 HISTORY OF Tiiro 
 
 plemciits I'or ngnculuiro, and in othiT ncci's- 
 Siirit's. Tins wiis nn important aniniHiilon, 
 liiU oiilj I'or itJ ("XHMit ami I'rrlility , Imt iifcaiisc'. 
 by itacomnianillnfj till' Oliic) tor tlirnt! huiidri'il 
 mill's, iiMil nuiirly Imlf tliut disfanco tlio \Vn- 
 l)iisli, till? product! of the siUtliid country could 
 lit' safely convoyed down those rivers, and, 
 with the cession recently made hy the Kas- 
 kaskias, it nearly consolidated the possessions 
 of the United States north of the Ohio, from 
 Lake Erie to the Mississippi. 
 
 Early in the following year Mr. Jefferson 
 was re-elected to fill the president's chair, 
 liy the decided majority of sixty-two votes 
 against sixteen, a circumstance which he view- 
 ed as an indication of a great decay in llie 
 strenffth of the federal party. George Clinton 
 was also elected vice-president. 
 
 The American government at this ])eriod 
 besran to be seriously affected by the contest 
 which was raging in Europe. Under the 
 guidance of the splendid talents of Napoleon 
 the military prosvess of France had brought 
 most of the Europern nations to her feet. 
 England, however, still retained almost un- 
 disputed command of the ocean, expelling 
 every hostile navy from the seas. America 
 profiled from the destruction of the ships and 
 commerce of other nations; being neutral, 
 her vessels carried from port to port the pro- 
 ductions of Fraiii ;■ f.iid the dependant king- 
 doms; and also to the ports of those kingdo' ; • 
 the manufactures of England: indeed, l< .. 
 .■ships were found on the ocean except those 
 of the Ignited States and Great Hrilain. 
 These advantages were, however, too great 
 to be long enjoyed unmolested. American 
 ships carrying to Europe the produce of 
 French colonies wen;, ir, the early stage of 
 the war, capture;l by British cruisers, and 
 condemned by tlieir courts as lawful prizes ; 
 niid now several European port.? uiuler the 
 control of France were, by British orders in 
 council, ilated it! May ISOli, declared in a state 
 of blockade, allhouijh n<'< invested withaHrit- 
 Ish fleet ; and .Vnierican vessels attempting 
 to enter those ports were also captured ami 
 condemned. France and her allies suffered, 
 us well as the I'liited States, frtmi these pro- 
 ceedings; but her vengeance fell not so much 
 upon the belligerent as upon the neutra' party. 
 By a decree, issued In nerlin in November, 
 180G, the French emperor declared the Brit- 
 ish islands in a state of blockade, and of 
 course authorized the capture of all neutral 
 vessels attempting to trade with those islands. 
 From these measures of both nations the 
 commerce of the United .States severely suf- 
 fered, and their merchants loudly demanded 
 of till! government l•l'dre.^s an<l protection. 
 
 This was not the only grievanci- to which 
 the contest between the European powers 
 gave rise. Great IJrilain claimed a right to 
 search for ami seize English sailors, even lui 
 board neutral vessels while traversinij the 
 ocean. In the exercise of this pretended 
 right, citizens of the United Stales were 
 seized, <tragged from iheir friends, Iranspurted 
 to distant parts of the world, compelled to 
 piM-form the iluty of Urilish sailors, and to 
 fight with nations at piMce with their own. 
 Against this outrage upon personal liberty and j 
 till! rights of American citizens, Washington, i 
 Adams, and .lefferson had remonstrated inj 
 vuln. The abuse conlinueil, and every year 
 a<lJud tu its uggruvaliuu. In June, 1807, a I 
 
 circumstance occurred which highly and just- 
 ly incensed the Americans. The frig.ite 
 Chesapeake, being (udered on a cruise in the 
 .Mediterranean sea, under th(! cjuumaiid of 
 Coinmodoro Barron, sailiig from Hampton 
 Roads, was cimu! up with by the British ship 
 of war F/Copard, one of a squadron then at 
 anchor within the limits , if the Uniied Stales. 
 An officer wuj sent fWm the Li-opard to the 
 Chesapeake, with a note from the captain 
 respecting some deserters from some of his 
 Britannic majesty's ships, supposed to be 
 s<'rving as part of the crew of the Chesapeake, 
 and ei;closing a copy of an order from Vice- 
 Admiral Berkeley, requiring and directing 
 the commanders of ships and vessels under 
 his command, in case of meeting with the 
 American frigate at sea, and without the 
 limits of the ITniled State's, to show the order 
 to her captain, and to require to .search his 
 stiip for the deserters from certain ships 
 therein named, and to proceed and search for 
 them ; and if a si'uikir demand should be made 
 by the American, he was permitted to search 
 for {leserlers from their si-rvice, B"cordlng to 
 the customs and usHge of civilized nations on 
 terms of aniitv w'h eai'li other. Commodore 
 Barron gave ap ■ swer, purporting llint he 
 knew of no such . lUi as were di'scribed ; thai 
 the recruiting officers for the Chesapeake hail 
 been particularly instructed by the govern- 
 nienf, through him, not to enter any de.serters 
 from his [{ntannic maji'sty's ships ; that he 
 knew of non<!SUch being in her; that he was 
 instructed never to permit the crew of any 
 ship under bis cmiiniaiid to be mustered bv 
 any oincers but her own; that he was dis- 
 posed to preserve harmmiy, and hopi'd his 
 answer would prove satlsfiictory. The Leo- 
 
 ()ard, shortly after this answer was received 
 )V her commander, ranged along sidi" of the 
 Chesapeake, ami commenced a heavy fre 
 upon lier. The Chesapeake, unpre|)ared f"or 
 action, made? no resistance, but having suffered 
 much damage, and lost three men killed, and 
 eighteen wounded, Cirnmodore Barron or- 
 dereil liis colours to be struck, and sent a 
 lieutenant on board the Leopard, to inform 
 her commander that he conaidereil the Chesa- 
 peake her prize. The ciunmander of the 
 Li'opard sent an officer on board, who look 
 possessiim of the Chesapeake, mustered her 
 irew, and, carrying off fiiur of her men, aban- 
 doned the ship. Commodore Barron, find- 
 ing that the ('heaapeake was very much in- 
 jured, returned, with the advice of his offi- 
 cers, to Hampt(ui Roads. On receiving infor- 
 mation of this outrage, the president, by pro- 
 clamation, inlerdi<'ted the harbours and wa- 
 ters of the United States to all armed British 
 vi'ssels, forliade intercourse with them, and 
 ordered a sufficient force fiir the protection of 
 Norliifk, and such otlu-r preparations as the 
 occasion appeared to reipiiri'. An arineil ves- 
 sel of the Ignited States was despatched with 
 instructions to the .Xmenian miiii.-ler at Lon- 
 don to call on the British government fiir the 
 satisliiction anil security which this outrage 
 required. 
 
 Bonaparte having declared his purpose of 
 enf'Hcii)^ with ri<.'our the 'ierlin decree ; ihe 
 British governnient havinj; solemnly asserted 
 the ris;hf of search anil impresiment, and hav- 
 ing intimated their Intention to adopt mea- 
 sures in retaliation of the French decri-e, the 
 President recommended to Congiess that the 
 
 seamen, ships, and merchandise of the United 
 ."States should be detained in port to preserve 
 them f'roiii the dangers which threatened them 
 on the ocean; and a law laying an indefinite 
 embargo was in consecpience enacted. A few 
 days only had elap.sed when infiirmation was 
 received that (ireat Britain had prohibited 
 neutrals, except upon most injurious condi- 
 tions, from trailing with France or her allies, 
 comprising nearly evi'ry marilinu! nation of 
 Europe. This was fiillowed in a few weeks 
 by a decree issued by Bonaparte, at Milan, 
 declaring that every neutral vessel which 
 should submit to 1h> visited by n liritish ship, 
 or comply with the terms demanded, should 
 be confiscated, if afterwards fiuind in his ports, 
 or taken by his cruisers. Thus, at the date 
 of the embargo, were orders and decrees in 
 existence rendi^ring liable to capture almost 
 every American vessel suilliig on the ocean. 
 In tlie New England states, the embargo, 
 withholding the merchant from a career in 
 which he had been highly prosperous, and in 
 which he imagined that he might still be fa- 
 voured by fiirtune, occasioned discontent and 
 clamour. The federalists, more numerous 
 there than in any other part of the union, pro- 
 nounced it a nieasuri! unwise and nppressive. 
 These representations, and the distress which 
 the jieople endured, induced a zealous oppo- 
 sition to the measures of the governnient. 
 
 The president, in his message on the oi.-en- 
 ing of the tenth Ciuigress, stated the continu- 
 ed disregard shown by the belligerent na- 
 llons to the neutral rights, so destructive to 
 till" American commerce ; and referred it to 
 the wisdom of Congress to decide on the 
 cour.se best adapted to such a state of thi . ■. 
 " With the Barbary powi'r;-.," he said, we 
 ,;.i."'inue in harmony, with the exception of iin 
 unju^.-fiable proceeding of the I)ey of Algiers 
 towards our consul to that regiuicy," the cha- 
 racter and circumstances of which he laid be- 
 fori! ('ongress. " With our Indian neighbours 
 the jmbllc |>eace lias been steadily maintain- 
 ed. From a conviction that we consider them 
 as a part of ourselves, and cherish with sin- 
 cerity iheir rights and interi'sts, the attach- 
 meiit of the Indian tribes is gaining strength 
 dally, is extending IViim the nearer to the 
 more remote, and will amply reipiite us fiir 
 the justice and friendship practised towards 
 them. Husbandry and household manuliic- 
 ture are advancing amiuig them, more rapldlv 
 with the southern than the northern tribes, 
 from circumstances of soil and climate; and 
 one of the two great divisions of the Chero- 
 kee nation, has now under consideration to so- 
 licit the fiiendship of the United .Stales, and 
 to be identified with us, in laws and govern- 
 inenl in such progressive manner as we shall 
 think best." 
 
 Mr. .lefli'r.son, fiillowlng and confirming the 
 example of Washington, deter ined not to 
 continue in office fiir a longer t -rni ihan eight 
 years. "Never did a prisoner," says the pre- 
 sident of the Ameri(an repulillc, " rehased 
 from his chains, feel such relief as I shall on 
 shaking off' the shackles of power. Naturi! 
 intemleil me fiir the tranquil pursuits of sci- 
 ence, by reiiilering them my supreme delight. 
 But the enorniities of the limes in which I 
 have lived have forced me to take a part in 
 resisting them, and to commit my.self on the 
 boisterous ocean of political passions. I thank 
 God for the opjiortunily of retiring from them 
 
 Ti 
 
UNITED STATKR. 
 
 607 
 
 without censure, nnJ carrying with mo thi' amJ iirkii<iwlc(l';i'(l law. Hnw !iin^ tlicr or- lii-roriK! ni<; hen? to spriik ; I iiiny, however, 
 most consoling proofs of piibhc approbiition. l)ilriirj' <'(lirta will In; rotitiiiui'il in spitool' tin? he pnnlcinril for not siippressiiiij.' tlie syirpa- 
 1 Icavo every thing in the liaixls of nirti so (Iciiionstratlons, lli:it not oven ii prclt'Nt Im' thy, with which my hi'iirt is I'lill. in the rich 
 nhle to tttke euro of them, that if wu nro (h'S- them has ticcti fjivon hy iho Uniti'i! States, reward he I'lijoys in the honrdictioiis oi n li"- 
 tinc<l to meet misfortunes it will Ijo becausu and of iho fair and liberal attempts to induce loved country, griitefnlly botowed lor ex- 
 no human wisdom could avert them." a revocation of them, rannot be antlrijiated. alted talents, zealously devoted, throuilh a 
 
 \s3uring myself, that unilor every vicissitude, ' limg career, to the advancement of its hiirhest 
 tlio doternuned spirit and uijited councils of interest and happiness. Hut the sf)uri'c to 
 the nation will he safe-guards to its honour, \vhich 1 look for the aids, which alone cun 
 and its essential interests, 1 repair to the post supply my deficiencies, is in the well tried in- 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 AUMINISTR.\TION OF MH. MADISON. 
 
 Mr. Jeffersov was succeeded in the pre- 
 sidency by Mr. Madison. He stated in his 
 inaugural address, that, " Unwilling to depart 
 from examples of the most revered authority, 
 I avail myself of the occasion, now ]irese!ited, 
 to express the jirofound impression made on 
 me by the call of my ccmntry to the station, 
 to the duties of '.vhicli I am about to jiledge 
 mvself, by the most soIimuu of sanctions. >So 
 distinguished a markof conlidencc, procei-ding 
 from the deliberate and trampiil siilfrage of a 
 fre(- and virtuous nation, would, uiuler any 
 circumstances, have conunaniled mv gratitude 
 and devotion, as well as tilled tiie with an 
 awful sense of the trust to be assumed. I'n- 
 der the various circumstances which give pe- 
 cidiar solemnity to the existing ])eriod, I feel, 
 that both tlie lionour and the responsibility, 
 Bllotte<l to me, are inexp'-essilily enhanci'd. 
 
 " The present situation of the world is in- 
 deed without a parallel ; and that of (uir coun- 
 try full of dilKculties. The pressure of thesi- 
 I JO is the more severely felt, because they 
 have fallen upon us at a moment, when na- 
 tional prosperity being at a height not before 
 attained, the contrast ri'sulting I'rom this 
 change has been rendered the more striking. 
 (Iiider the benign irilluence of our repulilican 
 institutions, and the inainteuiince of peace with 
 all nations, whilst so many of them were en- 
 gajjed in bloody aiui wasteful wars, the fruits 
 of a Just |)olicy were eTiJoyed in an unrivalled 
 growth of our faculties ami resources. I'roofs 
 of this were seen in the impro\ements of 
 agrleuiii'.'i; ; in the successful enterprises ol 
 commi-rce ; in the progri'ss of manufactures 
 and useful arts; in the increase of the iiuMic 
 revenue, and the use made of it in reducing 
 the public debt; and in tlu; valuable works 
 and establishments every where multiplying 
 over the liice of ;)ur laml. 
 
 " It is a precious retleclicm, that tlie Iransi- 
 ti<m from this ]irosperous condition of our 
 country to the scene, which has for some time 
 been distressing us, is not chargeable on any 
 
 assigned me with no other discouragement 
 than what springs from my own inadequacy 
 to its high duties. If I do not sink under the 
 weight of this deep conviction, it is because I 
 lind some support in a consciousness of the 
 purposes, and a confidence in the itrinciples 
 which 1 bring with me into this arduous ser- 
 vice. 
 
 " Tocherioii peace and friendly intercourse 
 with all nations having correspondent disposi- 
 tions ; to maintain sincere neutrality towards 
 belligerent nations ; to jirefer, in all cases, ami- 
 cable discussions and reasonable accommoda- 
 tion of ilirt'erences, to a decision of tliem bv an 
 appeal to arms ; to exclude fiireign intrigues 
 and foreign partialities, so degrading to all 
 coimtries and so baneful to free ones ; to foster 
 a spirit of independenr too just to invade the 
 rights of others, too | ouil to surretider our 
 own, too liberal to iiidulge unworthy preju- 
 dices (Uirselves, and too elevated not to look 
 down upon them in others; to hold the union 
 of the states as the basis of their piMce and 
 happiness; to support the constitution, which 
 is the cement of the union, as will in its limit- 
 atiims as in its aiuhorities; to respect the 
 rights and authorities reserved to the states 
 and to the people, asecpially incorp<irated with 
 and esseniial to the success of the genera 
 system ; to avoid the slightest inti'tfen-nce 
 with the rights of conscience or the functions 
 of religion, so wisely exemjited from civil ju- 
 riadiefion ; to preserve, in their full energy, 
 the other salutary provisions in behalf of pri- 
 vate and personal rights, and of the freedom 
 of the press ; to observe economy in j)ublic 
 expenditures ; to liberate the jiublic resources 
 by an honourable discharge of the public 
 debts ; to keep within the refpiisite limits a 
 standing military force, always remembering, 
 that an arnie<I and trained militia is the firm- 
 est bulwark of republics, that without stand- 
 ing armies their lilierty can never b(« in <hin- 
 ger, nor, with large ones, safi^ ; to promote, 
 by ou'!iori/.ed means, improvements I'riendly 
 to ag iciilture, to nmiiMfacturcs, and to exter- 
 nal I s well as internal <'ommerce ; to liivour. 
 in like manner, the ailvancement of science 
 unwarrantable views, nor, as 1 trust, on any and the diil'iisiiui of iiiliirmation, as the best 
 involuntary errors in the public councils. In'aliment to true liberty; to carry on the be- 
 dulging no passimis which trespass on the : nevolenl plans which hav(" been so meritori- 
 riglits or till' repose of other iiHtions, it hasjously applieil to the conversion of our abori- 
 beeii the true glory of the United States to; ijinal neighbours, from the degrailatioii and 
 cultivate peace, bv, observing justice, and to wrt Ichedness of savage life, to a participation 
 entitle themsi'lves to the respect of the na- ot' the iinprovemenls of which the human 
 tions at war by fiiltilling their neutral obliga- mind and manners are susceptible in a rivil- 
 tions with the most scrupulous impartiality, ized state : — as fiir as sentiments aid iiilen- 
 If there be candour in the worhl, the truth of lions such as these can aid the fiiliiliiiint of 
 thene assertions « ill not be ipiestioned. I'os- my iliity, they will be a resource which caii- 
 lorily III least will do justice to them. not fiil me. 
 
 "This unexeeptlonable course c.,uld not " It is my good fortune, moreover, to have 
 avail against the iiijiisii(i> and violence of the llie path in which I am to tread, lii,'lited by 
 belligi>reiit pi'Wers. In their rage against exaiiipli's of illustrious services, successfully 
 each other, or imjielled by mon- direct mo- rendered in the most trying difliciilties, by 
 tives, principles of retaliation have been intro- those whohave marched before mo. (If those 
 duced, oipially contrary to universal remin of my immediate predecessor, it might least 
 
 telligence and virtue of my fellow-citizens 
 and in the councils of those repres-ntinj', them 
 in the other departments associaied in thi care 
 of the national interests. In these, my confi- 
 dence will, under every ililRculty, be lust 
 placed ; next to that, we have all been en- 
 couraged to feel in the guardianship and 
 guidance of that Almighty Being, whose 
 power regulates the destiny of nations, whose 
 lilessings have been so conspicuously dis- 
 pensed to this rising republic, and to wliiun 
 we are bound to address our devout gratitude 
 for the past, ns well as our fervent supplica- 
 ti<uis and best ho|ies fiir the future." 
 
 One of the first acts of Congress under the 
 nesv president was to repeal the embargo ; 
 but at the same timiMo prohibit all iiiterciiursn 
 with I'rance and England. 
 
 In the non-intercourse law a provision was 
 inserted, that if either na ion should revnke 
 her hostile edicts, and the jiresident should 
 aiiniuiiue that (iict by proclamalion, then the 
 law shoiilil cease to be in force in regard to 
 the nation so revoking. On the L'.'ld of Ajiril, 
 Mr. l''rskiiie, ministi'r plenipoteiitiarv from Ins 
 Hritannic majesty to the United Stales, 
 ]iledged his court to repeal lis anti-neutral de- 
 crees by tin- 10th of .Iiiiie ; and, in conse- 
 1 ! (juence of an arrangemeiii now made wilh 
 the Uritish minister, the president p'oriainied 
 that commercial intercourse would be re- 
 newed on that day ; but thlsarraiitremeiit wan 
 disavowed by the ministry; and, in October, 
 Mr. Erskine wa" placed by Mr. .la.'kson, 
 who soon giving offence to the American >ro- 
 vernment, all further intercourse with iiim 
 was refused, and he was ri'called. 
 
 The Hambouillet decree, alleged to be ili'. 
 signed to retaliate the act of Ccuurress, whii li 
 forbade Frem h vessels to enter the ports of 
 the United States, was issued by Ilonaparle 
 on the SUil of March. My this decree, all 
 .Vinerican vessels and carcoes, arriviiiij in nnv 
 of the piu-ts of I'' ranee, or of countries occu- 
 pied by I'"rench troops, were ordered lo l.i; 
 seized and <:iuideiiiiieil. 
 
 On the 1st of May, (!on!jress passei! an act, 
 excluiling Mrilish and I'lench armed vessels 
 I'rom the waters of the United Slates; bin 
 providing, that if either of the above nalions 
 slioiilil niodily its i diets before the lid of 
 March, 1^1 1, so that they slioiiM cease to vio- 
 late neutral comineice, of which fict the pie- 
 sidi'iit wastog;ve notice by proclamation, and 
 
 the other nation should not, within thri'e 
 months after, pursue a similar course, com- 
 mercial intercourse wilh the f^rst might bo 
 renewed, but not with the other. 
 
 Ill .VugMst the I'^rench goveinment assured 
 Mr. Arinstrong, the American envov at Paris, 
 tliiit the Herliii and Milan decrees were re- 
 voki'd, the revocation to take efl'eet on the 
 first day of November ensuing. Confiiline-iu 
 this assurance, tlie president, on the second 
 day of November, issued h s prorlaiiialion, 
 declaring that unrestrained ooimiierco wilh 
 
SOS 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 
 Franro wns bIIdwoiI, Imt that all intercourso 
 with Great Uritain was |ir<>liil)it('tl, 
 
 (irt-at IJritaiii liuviiis; pri'vioiisly exprcssc'l 
 a williiijiiif'ss to rt-pi-al li<>r orders, wlii-iicvfr 
 Fraiici! sliDiild repeal her (h-rreea, was now 
 calleil upon by the American envoy to I'lilfil 
 that enirasjeineiit. The Hrilish ministry ol)- 
 jecled, however, tliat the French (h'crees 
 could not he considered as repealed, a letter 
 from the minister of state not liein^r, for that 
 purpose, a document of sulficiont authority ; 
 ouil still persisted to enforce the orders in 
 council. For this purpose British ships of 
 war were stationed heforo the principal har- 
 bours of the United States. All American 
 merchantmen, departing or returniiif^, wer 
 hoarded, searched, and many of them si-nt to 
 Uritisli ports as le^al prizes. The contempt 
 in which the British officers held the Repun- 
 lican navy, in one instance, led to an action. 
 Commodore Ro<»cr», "" the President frifjate, 
 met in the cveninn; a vessel on the coast of 
 Virginia: he hailed: hut, instead of receiving 
 an answer, was hailed in turn, and a shot was 
 fired, which struck the mainmast of the Pre- 
 pidiMit. The fire was instantly returiu-d hy 
 the commodore, and continued for a few tni- 
 inites, when, finding his antagcmlst was of in- 
 ferior force, and that her giuis were almost 
 silenced, ho di'sisted. On hailing again, an 
 answer was given, that the ship was the Bri- 
 tish sloop of war. Little Belt, of eighteen guns. 
 Thirty-two of her men were killeil r.ml 
 wounded, and the ship was much disabled. 
 
 For several years the Indian tribes, residinj; 
 near the sources of the Mississippi, had occu- 
 pleil themselves in murilering an<l robbin;; the 
 white settlers in their vicinity. .\t length the 
 friuitier inhabitants, being seriously alarmed 
 by their hostile indicatiiuis, in the autumn of 
 1811 (toveriior Harrison resolved to move to- 
 wards the Prophet's town, on the Wabash, 
 with a body of Kentucky and Indiana militia, 
 and the fourtli United States reiriment, under 
 Colonel Boyil, to demand satisfaction of the 
 iMiiians, aiul to |)Ut a stop to their threatened 
 hostilities. HIsexpeilition was made early in 
 November. On his approach within a fi-w 
 miles of the Prophet's town, the principal 
 chii'fs rame out with offers of peace and sub- 
 mission, and requested the governor to en- 
 camp for the night ; but this was only a trea- 
 cherous artifice. At four in the morning the 
 camp was furiously assailed, and a bloody 
 contest ensued ; tin- Indians were however 
 re|)ul.sed. The loss on the part of the Ameri- 
 cans was sixty-two kllleil and one hundred 
 and twenty-six woutided, and a still gri'ater 
 number on the side of the Indians. Governor 
 Harrison, having ilestroyed the Propfiet's 
 town, and established forts, returned to Vin- 
 ceimes. 
 
 In November reparation was made by the 
 British for the attack lui the fMiesapeake. 
 Mr. ''oster, the British envoy, informed the 
 pecretarv of the United States, that he was in- 
 structed to repeat to the American govern- 
 ment the prompt disavowal made by Ills ma- 
 jesty, on hnni; apprized of the unauthorized 
 net of the olficer in coniioand of his naval 
 frrces on the ciast of America, whose recall 
 frcmi a hi'.;hly important and honourable com- 
 mand immediately ensued, as a mark of his 
 niiijestv's disapprobation ; that he was au- 
 thorized to offer, in addition to that disavowal 
 ou the part of hit royal highness, the immedi- 
 
 ate restoration, as t'ar as cireiinistaiirea would 
 admit, of the men who, in c<m»e(]uence of Ad- 
 miral BiMkeley's orders, were forcibly taken 
 out of the Chesapeake, to the vessels from 
 which they were taken; or, if that ship were 
 no longc-r in ccunmission, to such a .seaport of 
 the United States as the American govern- 
 ment may name for the purpose; and that he 
 was also authorized to orter to the American 
 government a suitable pecuniary provisicui for 
 the snfl^erers, in con8ec|uence of the attack on 
 the Chesapeake, including the families of those 
 seamen who fell in the action, and of thi 
 w<umded survivors. The president accede I 
 to these propositions ; and the officer cimi- 
 manding the Chesapeake, then lyinir in the 
 harbour of Boston, was instructed to ,-eceive 
 the men who were to be restored to that ship. 
 The British envoy, however, could give no 
 assurancH that his government was disposed 
 to make a satisfactory arrangement of the sub- 
 ject of imjiressment, or to repeal the onlers in 
 council. These orders, on the contrary, con- 
 tinued to be enforced with rigour ; and, on 
 the restoration of a fri'e commerce with 
 France, a lar>;e number of American vessels, 
 laden with rich cargoes, and destined to her 
 ports, fell into the power cd' British cruisers, 
 which, since ISO.'J, hail captured nine hun- 
 dred American vessels. 
 
 I']arly in November, 1811, Pn-sident Madi- 
 son summoned the Conjiress. His message 
 inilicating an apprehension of hostilities with 
 (rreat Britain, the c<imrnitteo of foreign rela- 
 tion* in the house of representatives reported 
 resolutions for filling up the ranks of the ar- 
 my ; for raising an additional force of ten 
 tliousand men ; ftir authorizing the president 
 to accept the services of fifty thousand volun- 
 teers, and for ordering out the militia when he 
 should judge it necessary ; for repairing the 
 navy ; and for authorizing the arming of mer- 
 chantmen in self-defence. A bill from the 
 senate, for raising twenty-five thousand men, 
 after iiuicli discussion, was also agreed to by 
 thi^ house. 
 
 The American Congress, although continu- 
 ing the preparations for war, still cherished 
 the hope that a change of policy in Kurope 
 would render unnecessary an appeal to arms 
 till May in the following year. Towards the 
 close of that season, the Hornet arrived from 
 [iondon, brinsfiiig information that no prospect 
 existed of a favourable change. On the 1st of 
 .lune, the jiresiilent sent a message to (Con- 
 gress, recounting tin? wrongs received from 
 (Jreat Britain, and submitting tin? (pieslion, 
 whether the United States should continue to 
 enilure them, or resort to war I The mi's- 
 mge was considercil with closed doors. On 
 the 18th, an act was passed, ileclaring war 
 against Great Brilaiii ; and the next day a 
 proclamation was issiii'd. Against this de- 
 claration, however, the representatives, be- 
 longing to the ti'denil jiarty, presented a so- 
 lemn protest, which was written with great 
 ability. 
 
 At the time of the declaration of war, Ofne- 
 ral Hull was also governor of the Michigan 
 territory, of which Detroit is the capital. On 
 the 13lh of .Tuly, with two thousand regulars 
 and volunteers, he crossed the river dividiiu; 
 the United States from Canada, apparently 
 intending to attack Mahien, and thcii'-e to 
 proceed to Montreal. Information was, how- 
 ever, received, that Mackinaw, an Americiu 
 
 post above Di'troit, had surrendered to a large 
 body of British and Imllans, who were rush- 
 ing down the river In nninbers siiflicleni to 
 overwhelm the American t()rces. Punic- 
 struck, (leneral Hull hastened back to Detroit, 
 (lenc nil Brock, the commander at Maiden, 
 pursued him, and tweeted liHlterles oppnslie 
 ^Detroit. Thi' next day, meeting with no re- 
 'slslance, (ieiienil Brock resolved to march ili- 
 jrectly forsvard and assault the tiirt. The 
 I American troops awaited the approach ofil,,- 
 luiemy, and anticipated victory; but, to their 
 t.'isrnay, General Hull opened a corri-spond- 
 ence, which eniied in the surrender of the 
 army, and of the territory of Michigan. An 
 event so disgraceful, occurring in a iniarter 
 where success was confidently anticipated, 
 caused the greatest niortificalion and amaze- 
 ment thronghiuit the I'liion. 
 
 (•eneral Van Rensselaer, of the New York 
 militia, had the command of the troops which 
 were called the army of the centre. His heail- 
 ipiarters were at Lewistoii on the river Nia- 
 gara, and im the opposite side was Queens- 
 town, a liirtified British post. The milltlu 
 displaying great eagerness to be led ng;iliisl 
 the enemy, the general deterinlne<l to cross 
 the river at the head of about one thmisanci 
 men : though successful at first, he was coni- 
 pelled, after a long and obstinate engagcmi'iil, 
 to surrender. (ienend Brock, the British 
 commander, fell in rallying his troops. 
 
 The a' my of the north, wliicli was und-T 
 the immediate command of (ieneral Dearborn, 
 was statiinied at Greenbiish, near Albany, ami 
 at Plattsbiirgh, on Lake Chaniplaln. "From 
 the latter post, a detachment marched a short 
 distance into Canada, surprised a small l.oilv 
 of British and Indians, .iml destroved a con- 
 siderable ipiantity of public r'nres. Other 
 movements were anxiously cxpecteil by llie 
 p<!ople; Imt, after the misfiirtiines of Detroit 
 and Niagara, the general deemed it inexpe- 
 dient to engage in any important enterpjise. 
 
 While, on land, defeat and disgrace i\t- 
 tende<l the arms of the republic, on tlie ocean 
 they gained victories, which compensated their 
 loss, and relieved their wounded pride. Or 
 the lf)th of August, Captain Hull, coinmMTid 
 ing tlie Constitution, of forty-fimr guns, fell ii 
 with the British frigate, Le Giierriere. ,'>S|i,' 
 advanced towards tin- Constitution, firiiii,' 
 broadsides at intervals ; the American ir- 
 served her fin- till she had approached wllliin 
 half pistol shot, when a tremendous cannon 
 adi' was directed upon her, and In thirty mi- 
 nutes, eV(>ry mast and nearly every sparbeliii.' 
 shot away. Captain Dacres struck his flaij. (.>f 
 t'.i! crew, fifty were killi'il and sixty-four 
 wounded ; wlele tlie Constitution had oiilv 
 seven killed and seven wounded. The (}iiei- 
 nere received so much injurv, that it w:is 
 thought to be impossible to get her into port, 
 ami she was burned. Captain Hull, on Ins 
 return to the United Slates, was welcmiii'il 
 with entliiisiasm by his grateful and ndmirii j 
 countrymen. The vast illtl'eience in tin ., lim- 
 ber of killed and woiiiidid ei'rtainly eviiicr.l 
 L'reat skill, as well as bravery, on the part nf 
 the .American seamen. But tins was the firsi 
 only of a series of naval victories. On iIm> 
 ISih of October, Captain .liuies. in the Wasn, 
 of eighteen guns, captured the Frolic, of 
 twenty-lwo, after a bloody conflict of thre.'- 
 quartersof an hour. In this action the .Ameri- 
 cans obtained a victory o\ er a superior force; 
 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 600 
 
 and, on their niirt, but i;i|j;lit were klllwl and 
 wounded, while on that of llii; i!nomy iiljoiit 
 eifjhty. Tl»> Wasp was anf'ortuiiatoly cap- 
 
 enter into such conventional regulations oftlioi 
 coHitniTcc helwi-en tlic two countries as mitjht, 
 lie niutiially advantajicoiis. The two first 
 
 tiired, soon after her victory, liy a Uritish shi|i| nainedenvoy«|iroceeded to jointheircolleague 
 of the line. On the 25tli, tliu fiii;ale United i at St. l'etersliiiri;li, where he then was us re-| 
 
 Stales, commanded liy Captain Decatur, cap- 
 tured the British fri);ate Macedonian. In this 
 instance, also, the disparity of loss was asto- 
 nisliinply great : on the part of the enemy, a 
 faundreil and four were killed and wounded ; 
 III; that of the Americans hut eleven. The 
 United States brought her prize safely to 
 New York. A most desperate action was 
 fought, on the 20th of December, between the 
 Constitution, of forty-four guns, then com- 
 manded by Captain Dainbridgc, and the Bri- 
 tish frigate Tava, of tliirty-eight. The eoni- 
 liut (•ontinued more than three hours; nor did 
 the .Fava strike! till she was reduced to a more 
 wreck. Of her crew, a hundred and sixty- 
 iim- were killed anil wounded, while of that 
 (if ihe Constitution there were only thirty-four. 
 
 These niiviil victories were peculiarly grati- 
 fviiigto th(! feelings of the Americans; thev 
 were gained in the midst of disasters on land, 
 and by 'hut class of citi/.i.Mis w!iose rights hail 
 lii'i'ii violated ; they were gained over a na- 
 tion whom long-continued success had taught 
 to ronsidcr themselves lords of the sea, and 
 who had confidently adlrmed that the whole 
 .Vini'rican navy would soon be !iwept from the 
 iii-ean. Many British inerchantnien were also 
 ciiptureil, both by the American navy ami liv 
 |irivatei'rs, which issued from almost every 
 port, and were remarkably surcessfiil. Tlii- 
 niiiulier of prizes made during the first seven 
 niontlis of the war exceeded five hundred. 
 
 At the commencement of the session of 
 Congress, held in the autumn of 1812, th 
 president, in his message, stated that imnie- 
 iliately after the declaration of war, he com 
 iniinlcated to the British government the 
 terms on which its progress might be arrested ; 
 that these terms were, the repeal of the orders 
 in council, the discharge of American seamen, 
 aiifl the abandonment of the practice of im- 
 pressment ; and that the ministry had de- 
 1 lined to accede to his odors. He also stati'd 
 tlial, at an early period of the war, he had re- 
 ceived iiHiclal information of the repeal of the 
 orders in council; that two propositions fiir 
 an armistiri- had lieen made to him, both of 
 uliicli he had rejected, as they roiilil not have 
 hi'i'n accepted without conceding to (Jreat 
 lirllain ihe riirht of impressment. The n - 
 
 sident minister from the United States. A 
 commission was also given to the envoys, au- 
 thorizing them to conclude a treaty of com- 
 merce with Russia, with a view to strengthen 
 the amicable relations, and improve the bene- 
 ficial intercourse, between the two countries. 
 
 On the 24th of May, Congress wag convened 
 by proclamation of the president. Laws were 
 enacted, imposing a direct tax of three mil- 
 lions of dollars ; authorizing the collection of 
 various internal duties; providing for a loan 
 of seven and a half millions of dollars ; and 
 prohibit'ng tlio merchant vessids of the United 
 .States from sailing under British licenses. 
 Near the close of the session, a committee ap- 
 pointed to inquire into the subject made a long 
 report upon the spirit and manner in which 
 the war had bei.-n conducted by the British. 
 
 The scene of the campaign of ISIS was 
 principally in the north, towards Canada. 
 Brigailler-{/c^neral Winchester, of the United 
 .Slates army, and nearly five hundred men, of- 
 ficuTS and soliliers, were made prisoners at 
 l''ri!nchtown, by a division of the British army 
 from Detroit, with lliiur Indian allies, under 
 Colonel Procter. Colonel Procter leaving 
 the Americans without a guard, the Indians 
 returned, and deeds of horror followed. The 
 wounded olficers were dragged from tht 
 hoiisi'S, killed, anil scalped in the Streets. 
 The buildings W(;re set on fire. iSome who 
 attempted to escape were forced back into 
 the fiames, while others were put to death liy 
 the romahawk, and left shockingly mangled in 
 the highway. The infamy of this butchery 
 does not fall upon the perpetrators alone, but 
 extends to those who were able, and were 
 bound by a solemn engagement, to restrain 
 them. The battle and mas.sacre at French- 
 town clothed Kentucky and Ohio in mourn- 
 ing. Other volunteers, indignant at the trea- 
 chery and cruelty r,f li.rir foes, hastened to 
 the aid of Harrison. He marched to the ra- 
 pids of the Miami, where he erected a fort, 
 which he called Fort .Mi'igs, in honour of the 
 governor of Ohio. On the 1st of May it was 
 invested by a large number of Indians, and 
 by a (larty of British troops from Maiden, the 
 whole coinmaiiiled by Colonel Procter. An 
 misiiccessful attempt to raise the siege was 
 
 ii'clion of these |)ropositioiis was app."oved b<, made by (lenrral Clay, at the head of twelve 
 
 hiindied Keiitiu kians ; but the fort continued 
 to be ilifiiided with bravery and skill. The 
 Indians, iinacciistonied to siege.s, became wea- 
 ry and disconteiifeil ; and, on the 8th of May, 
 tliey deserted their allies. The British, 
 despairing of siiness, then made a precipitate 
 retreat. 
 
 On the northern frontier a body of troops 
 had been assenililed, under the command of 
 (leiieral Dearborn, at Sackett's Harbour, and 
 great exertions were made by Commodore 
 Chauncev to build and equip a squadron on 
 
 me national representatives, who, far from 
 ahandoningthe ground they had taken, adopted 
 more vigorous measures for the prosecution 
 of the war. 
 
 While the war was proceeding in Auii-rica, 
 a frii'iiilly power abroad interposnl fiir its ter- 
 mination. .Soon after the sprl.ig session of 
 (^(ingress, an offer was eoniir.iinirateil from 
 till' emperor of Kiissiii of his iiii dialioii, as the 
 cominon friend of the I'liited States and (Jreat 
 Britain, for the purpose of facilltafini; a peace 
 he'ween them. The oiler was imniediatelv 
 
 ai ri'pleil by the Ameriean govenimeiit, and j Ijake Ontario, suineiently powerful to contend 
 provision made for the cnnlempliiteil le /olia- 1 with that of the British. By the 2.'ith of April 
 lion. Albert (5 a Hal in, .lames .\, Bayard, and the naval preparations were so far completed, 
 .lohii Qiiincy .AiliiiiH, were appointed coin-|thal tin general and seventeen thousand troops 
 iiiis«ioners, and invested with the requisite; were conveyed across the lake to the attack 
 powers to nmrliide a troaiy of peace with per- of York, the capital of I'pper Canada. On 
 "ons clothed with like powi>« mi the part of th- "JTlli, an ailvamiil parly, comniandi d by 
 U'eal Britain. They were also authonied to Brigadier(»eneiMl Pike, who Was born inn 
 
 cunip, and bred a soldier from his birth, htiuled, 
 although opposed at the water's edge by a su- 
 perior force. After a short but severe con- 
 flict, the British were driven to their fiirtifira- 
 tions. The rest of the troops having landed, 
 the whole party pressed forward, carried the 
 first battery by assault, and were moving to- 
 ward* the mnin works, when the English ma- 
 gazine blow up, with a tremendous explosion, 
 hurling upon the advancing troops immense 
 quantities of stone and timber. Numbers 
 were killed; the gallant Pike received a mor- 
 tal wound; the troops halted for a moment, 
 but, recovering from the shuck, again pressed 
 forward, and soon gained posseesion of tliO 
 town. Of the British tro ips, one hundred 
 were killed, nearly three hundred were 
 wounded, and the same number made priso- 
 ners. 
 
 The object of the expedition attained, the 
 squadron and troops returned to Sackett's 
 Harbour, and subsequently saili.'d to Fort 
 George, situated at the head of the lake. Af- 
 ter a warm engagement, the British abandon- 
 ed the fiirt and retired to the heights, at tlin 
 head of Burlington Bay. 
 
 While the grtNiter part of the American 
 army was thus employed, the British iiiinio 
 an attack upon the im|Mirtaiit post of iSackett's 
 Harbour. On the 27tli of May, their squadron 
 appeared bid'ore the town. Alarm guns in- 
 stantly assembled the citizens of the neigh- 
 bourhood. (Jeneral Brown's fiirce amounted 
 to about one thousand men; a slight breast- 
 work was hastily thrown up at the only place 
 where the British could land, and behind this 
 he placed the militia, the regulars, under (.'o- 
 lonel Backus, forming a second line. On the 
 morning of the 2!>th, one thousand British 
 troops landed from the squadron, and advan- 
 ced towards the breast-work ; the militia gave 
 way, but by the bravery of the regulars, under 
 the skilful arrangement of Cieneral Brown, 
 the British were refiulsed, and re-embarked 
 so hastily as to leave behind most of thiMr 
 wounded. 
 
 The sea coast \/as harassed by predatory 
 warfare, carried on by large detarhnients from 
 the powerful navy of (Jreat Britain. One 
 sciimdron, stationed in Delaware Bay, captur- 
 ed and burned every merchant vessel which 
 came within its reach, while a more poweriiil 
 squadron, conmiaiided by Admir.il Cockbiirn, 
 destroyed the farm-hoii.ies and getitlomeii's 
 seats along the shore of Chesapeake Bay. 
 Frenchtown, Havre-de-(Jrace, h'ti-dricktown, 
 and (leorgetowii, were sacked and burnt, 
 Norfolk was saved from a sliiillarfate bv ihii 
 determined bravery of a small force slalloiied 
 on Craney Island, in the harbour. A furious 
 attack was made upon Hainptiui, which, not- 
 withstanding the gallant resistance of its small 
 garrison, was captured. 
 
 The ocean was the theatre i,f sangiilnarv 
 conflicts. (Captain Lawrence, in the sloop of 
 war. Hornet, on the 2'iil of Februarv, met 
 the British brig Peacock, and a tierce coiiilial 
 ensued. In less than lil'teeii niiiiutes the Pea- 
 cock struck lier colours, displaying at the ?amn 
 time a signal of distress. The victors hasten- 
 ed to till." relief of the vanquished; the samii 
 strength which had bt rii exerted to conipier 
 was equally ready to save; but the Peaco'.-k 
 sank bi'fore all her crew could be removed, 
 ian\iiiLr down nine British seaiiii'ii, and ihreii 
 brivu and generous Americans. Ou hib re- 
 
 
610 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 turn to the Uiiitud Status, Captain Lawrence 
 was |>roiMotU(l to the commatid of the frigate 
 Cheaii[ieiike, then in the liarbour of Uoston. 
 For si!vcral weeks the British friaate Siian- 
 non, ol' eiiuui force, had been cruising before 
 the por*. ; and Captain Broke, her command- 
 er, liad announced his wish to meet, in single 
 combat, an American frigate. Inflamed t>y 
 this challenge, Captain Lawrence, although 
 his crew was just enlisted, set sail on the Ist 
 of .lune to seek the Shannon. Towards eve- 
 ning of the same day they mot, and instantly 
 engaged, with unexamplod fury. In a very 
 few minutes, and in quick siiccessicn, the sail- 
 ing master of the Chesapeake was killed, 
 ('aptain Lawrence and three lieutenants were 
 severely wounded, her rigging was so cut to 
 jiieces that slie fell on board the Shonnon, Cap- 
 tain Lawretice received a second and mortal 
 wound, and was carried below; at this instant 
 ("Japtain Uroke,atthe head of his marines, gal- 
 lantly boarded the Chesapeake, when resist- 
 ance ceased, and and the American flag was 
 struck by the British. Of the crew of the 
 ShaiHioM twenty-four were killed and fifty-six 
 wounded. Of tiiat of the Chesapeake, lorty- 
 ciglit were killed and nearly one hundred 
 wounded. This unexpected defeat imi)elled 
 tlie .'Vnierieans to seek for circumstances con- 
 sdliiig to their |)ride, and in the journals of 
 tin' (liiy many such were stated to have pre- 
 ccled .Mill attended the actioii. The youth- 
 I'lil ami intrepid L.iwrence was lamented, with 
 sorrow deep, sincere, and lasting. When 
 carried below, he was asked if the colours 
 plionld bo struck. " No," he replie<l, " they 
 siiiill wave wliil(! 1 live." Delirious from ex- 
 cess of s'lrt'eriiig, he continued to exclaim, 
 " Don't irive up th(! ship!" — an expression 
 consecrateil by his countrymen. He uttered 
 but few other words during the four days that 
 he -iiirvived his defi'at. 
 
 The next encdunter at sea was between 
 the .'Vinerican brig .Vrgus and the Uritlsh brig 
 I'eliciin, in uliicli tlie latter was victorious. 
 Soon after, tlie .Vinerican brig ICiiter[>rise, 
 comrMaiidi'd by Lieutenant Burrows, captured 
 till" Hritish brig Hoxer, C(uninan(led by Cap- 
 tain Ulytli. Both conmmnders wr-re killed 
 in the action, and were buried, e.icli by the 
 ollier's side in Portland. 
 
 While each nntion was busilv employed in 
 e(]iiiping a scniadron on Lake Krie, (riiieral 
 Cbiv remained inactive at l''ort Meigs. About 
 tin' last of .Inly, a large number of Mritish 
 and Indians appeared bi'fore the fort, hoping 
 to entice the j,'arrisnn to a geni'ral actioti iti 
 the ticld. Afti'r waiting a few days without 
 succeedin'^, they dec.uiiped, and proceeded 
 to l-'ort .Sicplifiison, on ihi! river Sandusky. 
 This fort was little nmrethan a (licketinsr, sur- 
 rounded b\ H ilitch, and the tjarrison consist- 
 ed of but one liiiMdred and sixty men, who 
 were onminanded by Majcw Croghan, a youth 
 of twenty-oni'. The force of the assailants 
 was estimated at about fiiur hundreil in iini- 
 f irni. and lis many Indians ; they wi-re re- 
 jmlved, and their loss in killed, wounded, ntnl 
 prisoners, 's supposed to have exce("iled oik? 
 hniiilred and fifty, those of the remaiinh'r who 
 wi-re not able to escape were taken olf <lu- 
 "itig tin' ni'/lit by the' Indians. The whole 
 loss of Major Cioi^'liaii during the siege was 
 ,ine killeil and seven sli;.'litly wnuTided. About 
 three tin; lU'Xt mofiiing tl Hritish sailed 
 down the river, leaving bidiind llieiii u boat 
 
 containing clothing and cotisiderable military 
 stores. 
 
 I!y the exerticuisof Commodore Perry, an 
 American .stpaulron had bei'ii fitted out on 
 Lake Krie early in September. It consisted 
 of nine small vessels, in all carrying fifty-tliur 
 guns. A British squadNm had also been built 
 and equipped, under the superintendence of 
 Ctnnmodore Barclay. It consisted of six ves- 
 sels, mounting sixty-threo guns. Commodore 
 Perry, immediately sailing, oftercd battle to 
 his adversary, and on the lOtli of Septi .iiber, 
 the British commander left the harbour of 
 Maiden to accept the ofl'er. In a few hours 
 the wind shifted, giving the Americans the 
 advantage. Terry, forming the line of battle, 
 hoisted his flag, on which were itiscribed the 
 words of the dying Lnwrenee, ''Don't give 
 up the ship." Loud huzzas from all the ves- 
 sels proclaimed the animation which this mot- 
 to inspired. About noon the firing com- 
 menced ; and after a short action two of the 
 British vessids surrendered, and the rest of 
 the American si|nadron now joining in the 
 battle, the victory was rendered decisive and 
 complete. The British loss was forty-one 
 killed, and ninety-four wounded. The Ame- 
 rican loss was twenty-seven killed, and nine- 
 ty-six wounded, of which number twenty-one 
 were killed and sixty-two wounded on board 
 the flag-ship Lawrence, whose whoh; coniple- 
 metit of able bodied men before the action 
 was abiuit one hundred. The commodore 
 gave intelligence of the victory to (ietu-ral 
 Harrison in these words: "We have met the 
 eni'iny, and they are ours. Two ships, two 
 brigs, otie schooner, and one sloop." The 
 .Vmericans were now masters of the lake; but 
 the territory of Michigan was still in the pos- 
 session of Colonel Procter. The next move- 
 ments were nirainst the Hritish and Indians at 
 Detroit and Maiden. (Jeneral Harrlsoti had 
 previously assembled a portion of the Ohio 
 militia on the Sandusky river; and on the 7th 
 ofSeptetnber four thousand from Kentucky, 
 the flower of the state, with Governor Shelby 
 at their head, arrived at his camp. With the 
 co-operation of the fleet, it was detertnined to 
 proceed at once to Maiden. On the 27tli the 
 tro(i[)3 were received on board, and reached 
 Maiden on the same day ; but the British had, 
 in the mean time, destroyed the fort and pub- 
 lic stores, and had retreated along the Thames 
 towarils the Moravian villages, together with 
 Tecnntseh's Indians, atnonnting to twelve or 
 fifteen hundred. It wn^ now resnlvi-d to pro- 
 ceed in |iursiilt of Procter, (^ii the .'jth of 
 October a severe battle was fought between 
 the two armies at the river Thames, and the 
 Hntlsh army was taki'ii by the .Americans. 
 In this battle Tecnmseh was killed, and lhe| 
 Indians fled. The Mrltlsh loss was nltiefecn j 
 reiriilars killed, and fifty woiindeil, and about 
 six hundred prisoners. The American loss, 
 in killed and wouniled, ainoMiiteil to upwards 
 of fifty. Procter made his escape down thi- 
 Thames. On tin" 30th of .'^•ptember the 
 .\mi'rlcans took possession of Detroit, whit Ii, 
 ini lli<^ npproacti of Harrison's army, had 
 been abandoned by the llritlsh. I'reparatlons 
 were now maile for subduing ITpper (Janaihi, 
 and taking .Montreal; but owlni; to the dlfli- 
 ciillies attending the coiicentratlon of the 
 troops, and perhaps ,ilso to the want of vlirour 
 in the cnininaiiders, that |iriijrct was aban- 
 doned, and the army under Wilkinsini, tnai'ch-| 
 
 ing to French Mills, there encamped fur tlia 
 winter. This abortive issue of the campait^n 
 occasioned nmrmurs throughout the nati )n, 
 and the causes which led to it have never 
 been fully deveh)ped. The severest censuru 
 fell upon General Armstrong, who was se- 
 cretary of war, and upon Geiutral Hampton, 
 The latter soon after resigned his commission 
 it! the army, and General Izard was select.ed 
 to command the post at Plattsburgh. 
 
 Major-General Harrison, commander in 
 chief of the eighth military district in the 
 United States, issui^d o iiruclamation, slating, 
 that the enemy having been driren from the 
 territory of Michigan, and a part of the arnny 
 utider his command having taken possession 
 of it, it became necessary tliat the civil govern- 
 ment of the territory shculd be re-esii'.lished, 
 and the former oflicers resume the exercise 
 of their authority. He llierefi>ro protlaime<l, 
 that all appointments and commissions svhlch 
 have been derived .^rom British officers were 
 .11 an end ; that the c.:izens were restored to 
 all the rights and privileges which they en- 
 joyed previously to the capitulation made by 
 General Hull on the l.^th of August, 181:}, 
 and, until the will of the government shotdd 
 be known, directed that all persons having 
 civil oflices in the territory of Midiigna, at 
 the period of the ca|>itulation of Detroit, 
 should resume the exercise of the powers 
 appertaining to their oflices respectively. 
 
 The United States sipiailron, chased by 
 Cimimodore Hardy with a superior navid 
 fiirce, had taken refuge in the harbour of New 
 Limdon, where the decayed and feeble state 
 of the fortificatiiHis afl'ordcd a ])recarious de- 
 fence. The menacing appearance of the Bri- 
 tish squadron at the entrance of the harbonr, 
 and the strong probability that the town 
 would be destroyed in the conflict, which had 
 been long expected, produced among the in- 
 habitants the greatest consternatiim. It, this 
 moment of alarm, the major-general of the 
 third divisitm, and the brigadier-general of thrt 
 third brigade, considered them.selves justified 
 at the earnest entreaty of the citizens, in sum- 
 moning the militia to their assistance. Go- 
 vernor Smith, of Ccmnectlciit, approved this 
 proceeding, and immediately fiirwarded sip- 
 plies, and adopted measures of defence. 
 " On this occasion," said the governor to the 
 legislature, " I could not hisltate as to the 
 course which it becann? my duty to pursue. 
 The government of Connecticut, the last to 
 Invite hostilities, sliould be the first to repel 
 ai:i.'ressl<ui." 
 
 The Indlan° at the southern e\tr< mifv of 
 the union had imbibed the same hostile spirit 
 as those at the north-urstcrn. They had been 
 visited by Teinniseli, and by his i-hxpience 
 had beiMi persuaded that the gri'at spi.it re- 
 quired them to iinlti- and alt<'inpt the <'\rlrpa- 
 tion of the whites. In the fall of ISIS, a 
 cruel war was carried r-n by the Creeks and 
 .Simiinoles atrainst tin frontier inhabitants of 
 (leorgin. General .lacksiui, at the head ol 
 two thonsand hve hundred volunteers from 
 Tennessei;, marched itito the coutitry of the 
 Indians. Overawed by his presiuice, they de- 
 sisted for a time frotn hostility ; bnf, after his 
 return, their niilinoslty, burst fiirth with in- 
 creased and final vloh'nci-. Dreading their 
 cruelty, about three ho idred men, women, 
 and children, sought safely in Fort Miti.nis 
 in the Tetisaw stllliMiient. Althiuigh fre- 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 Stl 
 
 umped fur tlio 
 tlie cHm|i»i|^n 
 )ut lliu nmi ID, 
 it liiive never 
 vuri'st ceiiauio 
 , wlio was sc- 
 eral Ham|it(>ii, 
 Ilia coinniis.siun 
 il was sulfctej 
 Ijurgli. 
 
 uimmiiiidcr in 
 diHtrict in tlui 
 [lation, DtAting, 
 iTon from tho 
 irt of the army 
 ken posscHsion 
 ho civil govtTii- 
 rt'-fSi iMisliod, 
 e tho exoroisci 
 ■ro proc'lainind, 
 imiKsions \v]iic!i 
 li officf'rs worn 
 ore rpstori'd to 
 k'jiioli thoy en- 
 ilfilliin nindi- iiy 
 ' Aupist, 18l£>, 
 Tiinii'nt slioiild 
 persons having 
 if MicliiijHiii, lit 
 Lin of Delmit, 
 of the powers 
 spectively. 
 on, chased by 
 superior navirl 
 larlidur of New 
 iind feehle stale 
 . precarious de- 
 miee of tlie Bri- 
 of the lmrh()i;r, 
 tliat the town 
 Hicf, which liuJ 
 1 among the in- 
 nalion, Iii this 
 (general of tho 
 r-fjeneral oftlirt 
 selves jnstilieil 
 ■itizi'ns, in snin- 
 ssistance. (lo. 
 (ipproveii lliij 
 "(irwanh'ii s'lp- 
 s of (lel'eiice. 
 rovernor to the; 
 iitiite as III l]\r 
 iiity to pnrsni'. 
 cnl, lhi> iast In 
 first to repel 
 
 rn e\lr< mily of 
 
 (' hoslile spiiil 
 
 They li:iil lieeii 
 
 hi< elo(]nence 
 
 l^real spi. it rc- 
 
 ipl the I'Niirpri- 
 
 fall of ISia, a 
 
 the (Specks and 
 
 tifinliltants of 
 
 at the head of 
 
 iiliiMteers from 
 
 riMinlry of tho 
 
 ■sence, they do- 
 
 ; lint, after his 
 
 fiirlh with iti- 
 
 Drt'adint; their 
 
 men, woineii, 
 
 1 l''i>il Min.in< 
 
 Allhoii;ih frt!- 
 
 qiicnt warning! of m intended attack had 
 been (;iven them, yet, at noonday, on the 
 yOlh of Anj^tist, they were suriirised liy a 
 party of six hundred Indians, who, with 
 awr', cut their way into the fort, and drove 
 the people into the housi.s which it enclosed. 
 To tliese they set fire. Many persons were 
 iiiirnt, and many killed hy the tomahawk. 
 Only seventeen escaped to carry the horrid 
 lidiiif^s to the neighlinuring stations. The 
 wliitej resolved on vengeance. Af;aiii iJo- 
 neral .Tackson, at the head of three thousand 
 five hundred militia of Tennessee, marched 
 into the southern wilderness. A detachment 
 under General Coffee encountering at Talius- 
 liatchic a hody of Indians, u sanguinary con- 
 flict ensvied. The latter fought with desjie- 
 rati<in, n"ilher giving nor receiving ipiarler, 
 until nearly every warrior had perishi.-d. Yet 
 still was the spirit of the Creeks unsuhducd, 
 and their faith in victory unshaken. With no 
 lillle sagacity and skill they selected and for- 
 tifii'il another position on tho Tallaoosa, 
 called liy themselves Tohopeka, and by the 
 whites Horse-shoo Bend. Here nearly a 
 •lidusand warriors, animated with B fierce and 
 deterinined resolution were collected. Three 
 ti.ousaiid men, commanded by General Jack- 
 son, marched to attack this post. To prevent 
 escape, a detachment under General Coffee 
 encircled the Bend. The main hody advanced 
 1(1 ihc! fiirtrcss ; and for a. few minutes the op- 
 posing forces were engaged mu/./.le to muzzle 
 lit the pori-holes ; but at length the troops, 
 Iciiping over the walls, mingled in furious 
 ciiinli.it with the savages. When the Indians, 
 fleeing to the river, beheld the troops on the 
 epposite hank, they returned and fought with 
 increased fury and desperation. Six hundred 
 warriors were killed ; four only yielded them- 
 «el\ OS prisoners ; tlu; remaining three hundred 
 esraped. Of the w hites, fifty-five wore killed, 
 mill one hundred and firty-glx wounded. It 
 was deemed proliable that further resistance 
 would lie made by the liidiafis at a place 
 called the Hickory-Ground ; but on General 
 .lackson's arriving thither in April, 1811, the 
 principal chiefs came out t<i meet him, and 
 ainiMig them was Wetherfiud, a half-blood, 
 distinguished equally for his talents and cru- 
 elly. " I am in your power," said he, "do 
 with me what vou please. I have tlone the 
 white people all the harm I could. I have 
 liuiglit them, and fought them bravely. There 
 was a time when I had a clioicp ; I have none 
 now, even hope is ended Once 1 could aiii- 
 iniite my warriors ; hut 1 cannot animate the 
 (lead. They can no longer hear my voice; 
 llic.r h.ines are at Tallushatcliie, Talladega, 
 I)niuckfiw, and Tohopeka. While there 
 was a chance of success I never supplicated 
 peace ; but my peopli! are gone, aiiil I now 
 usk it fiir my nation and myself." Peace was 
 cdiirluded, and (ieiieial .lackson and his 
 t roups ,'njoyed an lioiiourablebut slinrt repose. 
 It was the declared intention of the British 
 'o lay waste the whoh" American coast, from 
 Maine to Georgia. Of this intentldii deinon- 
 ulrnlldn was made by their descent npun Pet- 
 t.pauge, and the ilestriutldii which fiillowed 
 111 that harbour. Karly in April, a number of 
 Ihitish barges, sii|iposed to contain about two 
 liuiidred and twenty men, entered the mouth 
 el ' ■innecticiit river, piiiied up seven or 
 i''i'J(t miles, and rstme on shore at a part of 
 *5.i^ brook called I'ellipuuge, \\ here ihey ilo- 
 
 Btroyed about twenty-five vessels. Guards of 
 militia were placed without delay at nearly 
 all the vulnerable points on the Beuboaril, and 
 where troojis could not be stationed, patrols 
 of vidttles were constantly maintained. 
 
 On the 25ih of April, Admiral Cochrane 
 declared, in addition to the ports and places 
 blockaded by Admiral Warren, all the re- 
 maining ports, harbours, hays, creeks, rivers, 
 inlets, outlets, islands, and sea coasts of the 
 United States, from Black Point, on Long 
 Island Sound, to the northern and eastern 
 boundaries between the United States and tho 
 British province of New Brunswick, to be in 
 a state of strict and rigorous blockade. On 
 the other hand, the president of tho United 
 States issued a proclamation, declaring that 
 tho blockade proclaimed by the British of the 
 whole Atlantic coast of the United States, 
 nearly two thousand miles in extent, being in- 
 capable of execution by any adequate force 
 actually stationed for the purpose, formed no 
 lawful prohibition or obstacle to such neutral 
 and friendly vi^ssels as may choose to visit and 
 trade with the United States; and strictly or- 
 dered and instructed all the public armed ves- 
 sels of the United States, and all private arm- 
 ed vessels commissioned as privuteers,or with 
 letters of marque and reprisal, not to inter- 
 rupt, detain, or itiole.sl any vessels belonging 
 to neutral powers, bound to any potior place 
 within the jurisdiction of the United States; 
 hut, on the contrary, to reiuJer all such vessels 
 a!! the aid and kind olhces whicli they might 
 need or re(iuire. 
 
 The pacification in Europe offered to the 
 British a largo disposable force, both naval 
 and military, and with it the means of giving 
 to tho war in America a character of new and 
 increased activity and extent. The friends 
 of the administration anticipated a severer 
 conflict, and prepared fir grea'er sacrifices and 
 greater sulferlngs. Its opposers, where diffi- 
 culties thickened and danger pressed, were 
 encouraged to make more vigorous efforts to 
 wrest the reins of authority from men who, 
 lliey asserted, had shown themselves incom- 
 petent to hold them. The president deemed 
 It advisable to strengthen the line of the At- 
 lantic, and therefore called on the executive 
 of several states to organize and hold in rea- 
 diness f^ir imniediate service a corps of ninety- 
 three thousand five hundred men. 
 
 The hostile tii(iv(!menf3 on the northern 
 frontier were now becoming vioforous and in- 
 teresting. Ill the beginning of ,Tuly, General 
 Brown, who liad been assiduously employed 
 ill diseipllning his troops, crossed the Niagara 
 with about tlireo thousand men, and took pos- 
 session, without opposition, of fort Erie. In 
 a strong position at Chijipewa, a fiiw miles 
 distant, was intrenctied an equal number of 
 British troops, commanded by Geni-iiil Rlall. 
 On the 4th, General Brown approached their 
 works; and tho next day, on the plains of 
 Chippewa, an obstinate and sangiiiniiry battle 
 was fiiught, which compelled the British to 
 retire lo their intrenchments. In this action, 
 which was fought with great judgment and 
 coolness on both sides, die loss of the Anierl- 
 e;iiis was aijoiit fiiir hundred men, that of the 
 British was upwards of five hundred, Sodii 
 iiflerwards, (teiieral Biiill, alinnddiiinnf his 
 works, retired to the helirhts of Burliiigtoii. 
 Hell" liti'iit.-niiiii-Geeeriil Driimniond, with a 
 largi' rciiiforcemeiit, joined liini.and a.ssuiiiln^ 
 
 the command, led back the army towards tha 
 American camp. On the 20111 was fii..glit tha 
 hattli! of Bridgewater, which began at fiiur in 
 the afternoon, and continued until midnight 
 Aft(}r a desperate conflict, the British triop* 
 were withdrawn, and the Americans left in 
 possession of the field. The loss on Icith 
 sides was severe, and nearly equal. Gene- 
 rals Brown and Scott having both been se- 
 verely wounded, the command devolved upon 
 General Ripley. Ho remained a fi-w hours 
 upon the hill, collected the wounded, and 
 then returned unmolested to the camp. Thin 
 battle was fought near the cataract of Niagara, 
 whose roar was silenced by the thunder oi 
 cannon and tho din of arms, but was distinctly 
 heard during the pausi^s of the fight. 'J'ho 
 American general found Ids fiirce so much 
 weakened, that ho deemed it prudent again to 
 occupy fort Jlrie. On tho 4th of August it 
 was invested by General Druminond with 
 five thousand troops. In the night between 
 tho 14lh and 15lh, the besiegers made a daring 
 assault upon the fort, which was rejielleil 
 with conspicuous gallantry by the garrison, 
 tho former losing more than nine hundreil 
 men, tho latter but eighty-four. Tlie siego 
 was still continued. On the 2d of September, 
 General Brown, having recovered from his 
 wounds, throw himself into the fiirt, and took 
 command of the garrison. For their fiito 
 great anxiety was felt by the nation, whlcli 
 was, however, in some degree removed, iiy 
 tho march from Plaltshurgh (d' five thousaii'd 
 men lo their relief Afier an hour of closo 
 fighting they entered the fiirt, having killed, 
 wounded, and taken one tho'isand of the Bri- 
 tish. Tho loss of tho Amerlcais was also 
 considerable, amounting to more than five 
 hundred. On the 21st of September, tho 
 fiirty-ninth day of the siege. General Driim- 
 mond withdrew his forces. 
 
 The march of the troops from Platlsbnruh 
 having left that post almost defencidess, ilio 
 enemy determined to attack it by land, and, at 
 the same time, to attempt the destriK^tion of 
 the American flotilla on lake Clianipliiiii. 
 On the 3d of September, Sir George Pro- 
 vost, tho governor-general of Canada, at tho 
 head of fourteen thousand men, entered the 
 territories of the United Slates. On the fiih 
 they arrived at Plaltsbiirgh. If is situated 
 near lake Clminpliiin, on tin,' ndrlliern bank 
 of the small river Saniiiiic. On their ap- 
 proach, the American troops, who were pcist- 
 ed on theopiidslte bank, tiire up the planks o 
 the bridges, with which they formed slli;ht 
 breast-works, and prepiovd to dispute tho 
 passage of tho stream. The British employ- 
 ed themselves fiir several days in erectit'ig 
 batteries, while the American forces were 
 daily augnienled by tho arrival of Vdbinteers 
 and mllilia. Karly In the mdriiltig of the 11th, 
 the IJritlsh sipiadron, comniiinded by Com- 
 niiidoro Oowiile, appeared olf the harbour of 
 Plaltsbiirgh, where that of tlie I'niled Stales, 
 commanded by Cduimodore Macdonoueb, 
 lay at anchor prepared for battle. At iiiik; 
 o'clock tho nclioii Cdiiimenced, Seldom has 
 there been a more furious encounter than the 
 bosom of this transparent and peaceful lake 
 was now called lo witness. During the naval 
 confUcf, till" British on hind lienan a heavy 
 eaiinoimde upon the Aiiierlraii lines, and at- 
 leiiiple(| at ddfi-rent places to cross the Ni- 
 rauac ; but as often us the Iirltioh advanced 
 
019 
 
 HISTORY OF THK 
 
 ' 
 
 
 into tlio WBtiir tlit'y were ri'|iull«(l \>y n ile- 
 •tniclivi! tin! I'niiii tlie iniliiiii. At liall-piist 
 t'ltjVL'ii till! iiliout iif victory heard aloriff llie 
 AiiiiM'icnii liiicii aiinoiino'd tliu result nt' tlio 
 Kiiltli' on tlif laki'. Tluu ilt?|)rived of naval 
 iild, III the iilU'riuioii the Hritiih withdrew to 
 their iiitrunchini-nt!i, and in the iii^ht theycom- 
 iiUMiced a |>reni|iitate retreat. Upon the lake 
 the American loss was one hundred and ten ; 
 the Hritixh one hundred and ninety-four, Ih;- 
 ■idei prisoners. On land, the American loss 
 was one hundred and nineteen ; that of the 
 liritish has lieen estimated as high as two 
 thousand five hundred. 
 
 The iiihaliitants of the middle and southern 
 Etiites, anticipiiting a great augmentation of 
 the English force, and uncertain where the 
 hlow would full, mode exertions to place every 
 exposed position in a posture of defence. 
 Aliout the middle of August, a IJritish siiiia- 
 dron of hetween fifty and sixty sail arrived in 
 the Chesiipeake, with troops destined fir the 
 attack of Wiishington, the capital of the I'liiled 
 States. A body of five ihoiisiiiiil of them 
 having landed, an action was fought iit 151a- 
 deiislmrgh, six miles from WiishiiigKiii. tJeno- 
 ral Winder commanded the whnlc .Viiierican 
 force; Coinmodoro Barney the (lolilla. The 
 British were commanded hv Miijor-Creneral 
 Uoss and Rear-Adniiral Cockhurn. The 
 Americans were repiilsml, and the British ad- 
 vanced towards the capital. A body of mili- 
 tia had been assembled in this emergency ; 
 but the president and heads of departments, 
 <m reviewing the force brought out for do- 
 fence, despaired of success, and dispersed. 
 Oeneral Ross, at the head of about seven hun- 
 dred men, took possession of Wasiiington, and 
 burned the capitiil, or senate-house, the pre- 
 siilenl's house, and public offices, the arsenal, 
 the navy yard, and the bridge over the Poto- 
 mac. The loss of the British in this expedi- 
 tion WHS nearly a thousand men, in killed, 
 wounded, and missing ; the loss of the Ameri- 
 c.ins was ten or twelve killed, and thirty or 
 forty wounded. Commodore Barney's horse 
 was killed under him, and himself wounded 
 in the thigh and taken prisoner ; but he was 
 paroled on the field of battle fiir his bravery, 
 i'he capture of Washington reflected no credit 
 
 ;aii 
 til 
 
 upon those by whom it ought to have been 
 defended ; but the destruction of the national 
 edifices was still more dis>rrareful to the cha- 
 racter of the invaders. The wliolo civilized 
 world exclaimed against the act, as a violation 
 ■if the rules of modern warfare. The capitals 
 of most of the Kitropean kingdoms had lately 
 been in the power of an enemy ; but in no 
 instance had the conqueror been guilty of 
 similar conduct. The act was also as impoli- 
 tic as it was barbarous ; it naturally excited an 
 imiignant spirit throughout the republic, and 
 led its inhabitants to vie with each other in ex- 
 erting all their faculties to overcome the 
 ravaners of their country. 
 
 After the capture of Washington, the Bri- 
 '.ish army re-embarked on board the fleet in 
 ♦he Paiiixent, and Admiral Oockbiirn moved 
 down that river, and proceeded up the Chesa- 
 oeake. On the SOlli of August, the corpora- 
 '.ion of ,\lexaiiiiria submitted to articles of 
 ciipitiiliiticui, and the city was delivered up to 
 •be Urilish. On the 1 Ith of September, the 
 British admiral appeared at the mouth of the 
 Piitap^ic-o, t'oMileen miles from Baltimore, with 
 a Heel of -ships of v ar diid transporta amount- 
 
 ing to fifty sail. The next day six thousand 
 troops were landed at North I'oint, and com- 
 meiired llieir march towards the city. In this 
 march, when the fiiremo>.t ranks were harassed 
 by a brisk fire from a wood, Miijor-(}<'neral 
 Iloss was mortally wounded. A battle was 
 fought on this day. The American forces, 
 the militia, and the inhabitants of Baltimore, 
 made a gallant defence, but were compelled 
 to retreat ; the British, however, abaniioning 
 the attempt to get possession of the city, re- 
 tired to their shipping during the night of the 
 iSth of September. 
 
 On the ocean, tlie Essex, commanded by 
 Captain Porter, after a bloody combat, struck 
 to a British frigate and sloop of war, whose 
 united force was much superior. The Ame- 
 rican sloop Peacock captured the Epcrvier 
 of equal force. The sloop Wasp, command- 
 ed by Captain Blakely, captured the Rein- 
 deer, and afterwn.-ds, in the .same cruise, sank 
 the Avon, both '.i' superior force. She made 
 several othet prizes, out never returned into 
 port; she probably foundered at sea. 
 
 The closing scene of this unnecessary and 
 lisgracefiil war, the mo-e detestable when 
 contemplated as a series of human sacrifices 
 for the preservation of a commercial s\8teni, 
 was creditable to the genius and bravery of 
 the American republic. The operations of 
 the British in Louisiana were commenced by 
 a small expedition, the naval part under the 
 command of Captain Percy, and the troops 
 undiT Colonel Nicholls. They landed and 
 took forcible possession of Ponsucola, and 
 were aided by the Spaniards in all their pro- 
 ceedings; they collected all the Indians that 
 would resort to their standard ; and Colonel 
 Nicholls then sent an officer to the piratical 
 establishment at Barrataria to enlist the chl"'', 
 Lafitte, and his fiillowers, in their cause; 
 most liberal and tempting oflers were ni.me 
 them. These people, however, showed a 
 decided preference fiir the American cause; 
 they deceived the English by delay; convey- 
 ed intelligence of their designs to the Gover- 
 nor at New Orleans, and otfered tlieir services 
 to defend the country. Disappointed in se- 
 curing their aid, the expedition proceeded to 
 the attack of fort Bowyer, on Mobile point, 
 commanded by Major Lawrence, with one 
 hundred and thirty men. The result, how- 
 ever, was a loss to the besiegers of more than 
 two hundred men ; the coinniodore's ship was 
 so disabled that they set fire to her, and she 
 blew II]), and the remaining ihri'i? vessels, 
 shattered and filled with woiiiidi-d men, re- 
 tiirneil to I'ensiicola. While the British thus 
 sheltered in this place, where they were bu- 
 sily occiipieil in bringini; over the Indians to 
 join them, (reneral .I.ickson formed an expe- 
 dition of about four tlioiisnnd men, regulars 
 and militia, to llslodge them. He siiminoneii 
 the town, was refused entrance by the Span- 
 ish governor, and his flag of truce was fired 
 upon; the British soldiers being in the forts, 
 where their flag had been hoisted, in conjunc- 
 tion with the Spanish, the day before the A in 
 rican forces appeared. Preparations were 
 immediately made to carry the place ; one 
 battery having been taken by storm, with 
 slight loss on either side, the governor sur- 
 rendered, the English having previously re- 
 tired on board their ships. The fiirts below, 
 which commiindeil the passage, wereblownup, 
 land this enabled the ICnglish fleet to put to sea. 
 
 (ieiienil .lacksoii llien evucimied ihei^punish 
 lerrilorv, and niarihed Ins troops back to Mo- 
 bile and .New Orleans, which lie ii-ached on 
 the second <lay of Ueceiiilier. Having ro- 
 vii^wed a corps of voluntei.'rs the day of hii 
 arrival, he immediately proc^'eded to visit 
 every post in the neighbourhood, to give or. 
 ders for adding fortifications, and establishing 
 defensive works ond outposts in every spot 
 where the enemy might be expected, as then- 
 was the greatest iinci!rlaiiity when- a landing 
 would be made; he mingled with the citizens, 
 and infused into the greati-r part his own spir- 
 it and energy. By his presence and exhorta- 
 tions they were aniinateil to exertioiisof which 
 befiire lliey were not supposed to he capable. 
 All who could wield a spade, (>r carry a mus- 
 ket, were either luit to work upon the forlifi- 
 cations,or trained in the art of deii-nding them. 
 The Mississippi, upon the eastern bank ol 
 which New Orleans stands, flows to the ocean 
 in several channels; one leaving the main 
 stream above the city, runs east of it, and 
 forms in its course lake Poiichartrain and 
 lake Borgne. Early in December, the Brit- 
 ish entered this channel, with a force of about 
 eight thousand men, a part <if whom had jiisC 
 left the shori-s of the (.'hesapeaki-, the re- 
 mainder having arrived din-ct from Encland. 
 A small sijuadron of gunboats, iindi-r Lii-iile- 
 nant Jones, was despatched to oppose their 
 passage into the lake. These were met by a 
 superior force, and after a spirited conflict, in 
 which the killed and wounded of the British 
 exceeded the whole number of the Ameri- 
 cans, they wore compelled to siirrend(-r. The 
 loss of the gunboats It ft no means of wnlch- 
 ing the movements of the enemy, or of ascer- 
 taining where the landing would be made. 
 Orders were given for increased vigilance at 
 every post; the people of colour were foriii- 
 ed into a battalion; theoffiu- of iheBarrafariiiiis 
 to volunteer, on condition of pardon for pre- 
 vious offences, if they conducted themselves 
 with bravery and fidelity, was accepted. Ue- 
 neral Jackson, after applying to the li-gisla- 
 ture to suspend the act of lial>rn.t rorjiui, and 
 finding that they were consuming these ex- 
 treme moments in discussion, proclaimed mar- 
 tial law, and from that moment his means be- 
 came more commensurate with the weight of 
 responsibility ho had to sustain. 
 
 On the 22d, the British having landed, took 
 a position near the main channel o the river, 
 about (-ighf nilli-s below llie city. In the eve- 
 ning of the 2:iil,(i<-neral .lacksiin made a siid- 
 d<-ii and furious altiick upon their camp. Tliev 
 were thrown into ilisonler: lint they soon 
 rallied, and foiisrht with a bravery at h-ast 
 ecpial to that of the assailants. ISiilisfied with 
 ihe advantasie first gained, he withdrew his 
 troops, fortified a strong position finir mlli-s 
 below New Orleai.s, and supported it liv liiil- 
 teries <-rected on the west bank ol Ine rner. 
 On the 'JSth of December, and the 1st of.Iiiii- 
 iiai'v, vigorous but iinsiiccessl'iil atfackH \» en- 
 made upon these fortifications bv the Eng- 
 lish. In the nieanlime, botli armies hail ri-- 
 ceived reinforcc-meiits; and General Sir K 
 Packenham, the British commander, resolved 
 to exert all his strength in a combined attack 
 upon the American pi- ons on both sides of 
 the river. With aliinist incredible industry 
 he caused a canal, leadiiit'from a creek ein[i- 
 tying itself into lake Morgue to the main 
 channel of the Missis^ijipi, to be dug, that ha 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 813 
 
 micht romnve > purl of liit )>on(*aml iirlilli-rylen fur n linglo monK'tit. Hut IiuII'iiI'iit I'i^ht 
 to lliat riviT. On llio 7tli (if .liirmiiry, iVcim in tin- rnorniiiK, tlif musketry lm<l ci'iiscd. 
 till! tnoVL-iMiiiitit (iliscrvcil in tlui liiiliMli <ain|>, I'l'hr whiili! jiliiiu lUi the Icl't, as iilsn llic iiiilc 
 a spceily iitliick was luiticiimtcd. This wiihIoI'iIic river, Ircini tin- ruiid t<i llic nl^'c ol' tlir 
 
 ■' "■' " ■>-:•■ L ... wiiiiT, WHS noviTtil with thi' IJrilifh Mohlicrs 
 
 I'hc) hti<l IuIUmi. Ahout four huiidruJ wouiitl- 
 I'll priiionors woru taken, and at least double 
 that inimbiT of woiitidi'd in«n escaped into 
 the liritiiili camp; niul a apace of ground, ex- 
 tondiiiK from the ditch of the American lines 
 to that <m which the enemy drew up his 
 troops, two hundred and Rfly yards in len^h, 
 l>y al)0ut two hundred in lireadth, was hte- 
 rally covered with men, cither dead or se- 
 verely wounded. Perhaps a greater dispa- 
 rity of loss never occurred; that of the 
 Hrilisli in killed, wounded, and prisoners, in 
 thin attack, which was not made w.'h suflli:ienl 
 judf^ment, and which, besides, was embar- 
 rassed, by unforseen circumstances, was up- 
 wards of two thousand men ; the killed and 
 wounded of the Amerirnns was ov^y thirteen. 
 The cvento of the <lay on the west sidi; of 
 the river present a striking instance of the un- 
 certainty of military operations. There the 
 .Americans were thrice the number of their 
 brave assailants, and were protected by in- 
 Irenrhments; but they ingloriously 'h'd. They 
 were closely pursued, until the llritish party, 
 receivinf» intelligence of the defeat of the 
 main army, withdrew from pursuit, and re- 
 crossed the river. They then returneil and 
 resumeil possession of their infrcnchments. 
 (leneral Lambert, upon whom the command 
 of the Hritish army had devolved, having 
 lost all hopes of success, prepared to return to 
 his shipping. In his rctivat he was not mo- 
 lested: General .lackson wisely resolving to 
 hazard nothint; that he had gained, in attempt- 
 ing to gain still more. 
 
 The Americans naturally indulged in ecsta- 
 sies of joy for this signal victory. Te Deum 
 was simg at New Orleans, and every demon- 
 stration of gratitude manifested by the inhabit- 
 ants of the unirm generally. In speaking of 
 gratitude on this occasion, however, we must 
 not omit a ludicro\is instance of the meanness 
 which partv-spirlt will sometimes exhibit. 
 The state of Louisiana passed votes of thanks 
 to several of the odicers concerned in the de- 
 fence, and omitted General .Fackson.* 
 
 Although the results of the war had been 
 honourable to the American arms, a large 
 
 inuilo early on the «lh. Tlie llritish troops, 
 I'liruieil in a close column of about sixty men 
 in front, the men shouldering their muskets, 
 1.11 carrvinc f^cines, and some with ladders, 
 advanced iwards the American fortifications, 
 from wh< iic(j an incessant firo was kept up on 
 the column, which continuiui to advance, un- 
 til thi- musketry of the troops of Tennessee 
 Hiiil Kentucky, join»Ml with the fire of the ar- 
 tillery, began to make an impression on it 
 which soon threw it into confusion. For some 
 rime the British oflicers succeeded in anima- 
 ting the courage of their troops, making them 
 advance obliquely to the left, to avoid the fire 
 of a battery, every discharge from which 
 opened the column, and mowed down whoh" 
 files, which w<'r<> almost instantaneously re- 
 placed by new troops coming up close after 
 the first : but these also shared the same fate, 
 until at last, after twenty-five minutes conti- 
 nual firing, through which a few platoons ad 
 vaiiceil to the edge of the ditch, the column 
 entirely broke, and part of the troops dis- 
 persed, and ran to take shelter among the 
 bushes on the right. The rest retired to the 
 ditch where they had been when first per- 
 ceiveil, fiiur hundred yards from the .■\meri- 
 ciiii lines. There tlie oUicers with some dilliciil- 
 tv rallied their troops, and again drew them up 
 fur a seccuid attack, the soldiers having laid 
 (liiwii their knapsacks at theedgi! of the ditch, 
 tlint they might be less encuiiibered. And 
 now for the second time, the column, recruited 
 with the troMiis that formed the rear, ad- 
 vanced. Again it was received with the same 
 pallinsjfireof musketry and artillery, till it at 
 hi'tl broke again, and retired in the utmost 
 ronfnsion. In vain did the oflicers now en- 
 deavour, ar before, to revive the courage of 
 tlielr men ; to no purpose did they strikethem 
 with the Hat of their swords, to fiirce them to 
 advance ; they were insensible of every thing 
 but danger, and saw nothing but. death, which 
 hiul struck so many of their comrades. The 
 attack had hardly begun, "when the British 
 cornnmnder-in-cliief, .Sir Kdward Packenham, 
 fi.'il a victim to his own intrepidity, while en- 
 deavouring to anhiiate his troops with ardour 
 liir the assault. Soon al'ter his fiill, two other 
 geimials, Keane and Ciiblis, were carrie.l otV 
 the field of battle, dangerously wounded. A 
 great number of oflicers of rank had fiillen : 
 tliegroiinil over which the column had march- 
 ed was strewed with the dead and woiituli'd. 
 Such slnighter lUi their side, with scarcely 
 any Ins.- the Aiiiericaii, spread consterna- 
 
 iiiiii thri.i.i;h the Brilish rank*, as they were 
 iiMW convinced of the impossiliilily of carry- 
 ing the lines, and saw that even to advance 
 was certain death. Some of the British 
 troops ha<l penetrated into the wood towards 
 the extremity of the American line, to make 
 u false attack, or to ascertain whether a real 
 one were practicable. These the troops un- 
 der (leneral Coiree no soimer perceived, than 
 tlicv opened on them a brisk fire with their 
 
 * The ro.Dini) ftir lliin umixHtiin tvns, tliat, wliile lltey 
 wrrc uTnTiglinc nnd ilntnviiig to f*ilKppii(l the habrnt coT' 
 put in n innitiiMlt of thn iiiof<t inipcrioiis nereiiHity, the 
 CenrrsI, to save the roiintry, prorlsiineil niartial hiw. In 
 roti^eqiirnre oflho oiiii>*ffion of thanks hy the h'^islatiirr, 
 some of llie cilirrnc of New Orleans nresenteil an aildreon 
 to the penenil ; tlie answer to whirh i« hiclily rhsrarterjx- 
 tir of the eiiMant oll'irer, now preffiilcnt of the I'niled 
 Stall's : — *' ;\lthi>iich liorn nni) ImMl in the lanil of free- 
 liiini," ^ay* the ceneriil, '* popular favour has always lieen 
 with nie a spconilary ohjeet. My firm wi..|h in jiolihenl 
 life has heen. to he useful to my rniinlrv. Vet i am not 
 inoeiisihie to the i^imiiI opinion of my ffllow-rili/.rns; I 
 wfliilil ilo iiuieh to ohtnin it ; hut I eannni, for lliii* piir- 
 pose, sarrifire my own conseience, or what I eorieeivo to 
 he the interesta of my country. TK^-se prinriplea hate 
 prepared me to f^reive with just safi-^faelion Ilie address 
 yon have presented. The (irj-t wish of my heart, the 
 safely of our rolmlry, has hern ai'rompli!.hed ; and it af- 
 fords nie tlie erealest happiness to know, iliat the means 
 taken to aeeiire this ohjeel. have met the approhatiiin of 
 those who have had the lies! opportnnilies of jiidciiii; of 
 .^- • , . , , , „,, I their proprietv, nnd who, from their various ndalions, 
 
 rilles, wIiipIi made them retire. I he greater] mii-ht |«. supposed the most ready to eensnre any whieh 
 p.irl of those who, on the column's beinsr re-i'"'' '""'■» improperly resorud to. The disiinetion you 
 ....I.... I 1 1. I 11. ■ .1 .1 • I . ■"" 1 draw. ci'Utleiueii. helween those who olllv tlerhilm nhiitlt 
 
 piihi-d, lia.l taken slielter in the thickels, only j,.;,!, ,i„,,„, „„,, ,|,o.e who ll-hi lo maintnin them, shows 
 
 esc.'iped lli(» batteries to be killed by tlitMhow just and praetieal a knowjedire mui have of the true 
 
 miisketvv. Durini; the whole hour that tl,,. i!""'-ii'l'-'< "i' lil'''7:-wiihoni su,h know|,.dce nil ilieorv 
 
 I ,■ I , r^ . ... , , I IS ilsi'Ir-s rr ini-rhirvoiis. It r. intiller of siir|Mise. Ilitit 
 
 tt.UcK lasti.'d, the Ainencan lire did not slack- n|,ey who boast Ihenmlvcs ilic ch«m|iiona ofthoM' ri^hlf 
 
 portion of the inhiibitiints of the New Kng 
 'and slates were I'lneasiiigly opposed to the 
 measures of the ailiiiuiistialion. The gover- 
 nor of iMasiachiisetts ciinvoked the general 
 court of that stale; the leginlatiire of Connec- 
 ticut wus about lo hold its usual semi-unnual 
 session; and the leeishituru ofllhode Island 
 also assembled. When these several bodies 
 met, what should Imi done in this unexampled 
 state of aftairs l>ecam<! a subject of most so- 
 lemn dclilieration. To insure unity of viewd 
 and concert in action, the legislature of Mas- 
 sachuselts proposed a ' Coiderence' by dele- 
 gates from the legislatures of the New Eng- 
 land states, and of any other states that might 
 accede to the measure. Their resolution for 
 this purpose, and the circular letter accoin- 
 panying it, show, that tin- duty proposed to 
 i«! assigned to these delegates was merely to 
 di-viie and recommend to the stales, measures 
 fiir their security and defence, and such mea- 
 sures as were " not repugnant lo their federal 
 obligations as members of the Ifiiion." The 
 proposition was readily assented i ibysi^veral 
 states, and the dirlegates appointed in pursu- 
 ance of it II,. at Hartfiird, on the l.'Jih of 
 I)ecemb«!r following. The ctuivention re- 
 ciimmended, 1. That the states they represent 
 take measures to protect their cili/ens from 
 " fiircible draughts, conscriptions or impress- 
 ments, not authorized by lli<! constitution of 
 the I'liited .States." 2. That an earnest ap- 
 plication be made to the government of the 
 I'nited States, retiueslitig their consent to 
 some arrangement, whereby the stales sepa- 
 rately, or in concert, may take upon them- 
 selves the defence of their territory against 
 the enemy, and that a reasonable portion of 
 the taxes collected within the states lit! appro- 
 priated to this object. It. That the several 
 governors be authorized by law lo employ 
 the military force under their command in as- 
 sisting any state reipiesling it, to repel the in 
 vasiona of the public enemy. 4. That seve- 
 ral amendments of the constitution of the 
 United Slates, calculated in their view to pre- 
 vent a recurrence of the evils of which they 
 complain, be proposeil by the stales they re- 
 
 firesent for adoption either by the state legis- 
 utures, or by a convention chosen by ihe 
 people of each state. Lastly, That if the 
 application of these states to the government 
 of the United States should be unsuccessful, 
 and peace should not be concluded, and the 
 
 and privileees, should not, when they were (inn put in 
 dancer hy the proi-Innialion of martial law, have lliaiii 
 fesled lliiit lively serisihilily of wlik-h tliev have sini'O 
 made so ostentarioiia a disptny. So far, liowever, was 
 tliis from hein^ the ease, that this measure not onlv uk'I, 
 then, the open support of those who, when their eoiintry 
 was invaded, ihoutrht resiHlanee a virtue, nnd Ihe silent 
 spprohation of all, htil even ren'ivi-d the parlirnhir rerom- 
 inrndation anil eni oiiraeeiiienl of many who now inveif:h 
 the most tiilterly acaiitst it. It wii.i not until a vii-tnry, 
 sei-nred hy that very iifasiin', had lessened the daueer 
 which tK'i'asiotied the resort to it, that the present feeling 
 cnardiaiis of our richts di-^rovrrrd lliiil the romnianiline 
 freneral oiipht to have snlfered his posts to lie ahandoned 
 ihroneli the ititerferenro of a foreien apent — his ranks to 
 he thinned hy desertion. and his whole army fo he hniken 
 lo pieees hv mutiny; while yet a ps>werfiit forea ot the 
 enemy remained on our eoasr. ami within a few lioiirn 
 sail of your rity. lender these rireumslanees, fellow- 
 soldiers, vonr resolution lo let others dei-laiut ahoiil privi- 
 leges and eonstitiitional ritrhts. will never draw upon vou 
 the eharee of iHunir indilTerent lo ihnse iiiesliinnhle Ides. 
 sines; your attaelimeiit to them has lieen proved liy a 
 sironcer title — that of liaviup nohly foiieht to preserv,. 
 them. You, who have I'lii.s supported them aeainst the 
 open pretenoinns of a po^^rrful fuemv. will i,evcr, I trust, 
 surrender them to the uiiderhiind niaehinalions of men 
 who slaiirl nliiiif ill llie Imiir of peril, nnd who, when thn 
 ihinerr is goiio, claim to lie the 'defendcia of yimr eoii-li- 
 lution.*" 
 
 1 
 
814 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ;f 
 
 dufenoc of thnso i tato* ho itill ncfrlected, it 
 wnnlil, in their ii;> nion, hn pxpctJictit for liu- 
 Ircinlixtiirrs of tlui scvornl 8talP« to appoint 
 di'logntrg to anotlicr convention, to nirct iit 
 noAton, in Jiini', with such powers and in- 
 Rtructions an tho exigency of a crisiis tio ino- 
 mpnloin may rrqiiiro. 1 ho offoct of these 
 prrcecdinf^s upon tho public mind in thn ag- 
 grieved states, was alikn seasonnhlo and salu- 
 tary. The very proposal to call a convention, 
 and the cnnp.dencu reposed in tho men dele- 
 gated to that trust, served (greatly to allny the 
 passions, and to inspire confidence and hope. 
 Nor was the influence of this hody ujMin ihe 
 national councils less perceptilile. Within 
 three weeks after the adjournment of llir 
 Convention and the puhliciition of their re- 
 
 Imrt, an act passed both houses of the national 
 egislature, and received the signature of the 
 president, authorizing and requiring him to 
 " receive into the service of the United 
 States any corps of troops which may have 
 been or may no raised, organized, and offi- 
 cered, under the authority of any of the 
 states," to be " employed in tho stale raising 
 the same, or an adjoinmg slate, and not else 
 where, except with the consent of the exe 
 rutive of the state raising tho same." He 
 foro the commissioners who were sent to con 
 fer with the goveriunent could roach Wash 
 ington, a bill passed the senate, providing for 
 the payment of the troops and militia already 
 unlled into service under the aulhorify of thi 
 stales. The arrival of the treaty of peace at 
 this juncture, rendered all f-irther proceed- 
 ings unnecessary. 
 
 Durins' the preceding year the British go- 
 \ernmcnt had declined to treat under the me- 
 diation of Russia, and a direct negotiation 
 had been agreed on, Ghent was ultimately 
 deteiinined as the place of meeting ; and in 
 the BUtuir.n of 1814 the conmissionrrs prose 
 cuted their lalK)Urs, but at first with very 
 d')ubtrul success. By the 21(h of December, 
 a Irt aty was agreed upon and signed by tin 
 pK lipolonliaries of the respective powers at 
 Ohont; and iu February of tho following 
 year it received the ratification of the presi- 
 dent. 
 
 While the people of the United Stales were 
 rejoicing at the return of peace, their atlentioti 
 was called to a new scene of war. By a mes- 
 sage from the president to the house of repre- 
 sentatives, wilh a report of tho secretary of 
 state, it ajipeared that the dey of Algiers had 
 violently, and without just cause, obliged the 
 consul of tho United .States, and all the Ameri 
 can citizens in Algiers, to leave that place, in 
 violation of the treaty then subsisting between 
 the two nations ; that he had exacted from 
 the consul, under pain of immediate imprison- 
 ment, a large sum of money, to which lie had 
 no just claim; ard that these acts of violence 
 and outrage had been followed by the capture 
 of at least one Airerican vessel, and by the 
 seizure of an Amer'can citizen on board of a 
 neutral vessel ; that tho captured persons 
 were yet hold in captivity, with the excep- 
 tion of two of them, who had been ransomed; 
 that every effort to obtain the release of the 
 others had proved aborlive; and that there 
 was some reason to believe they were held by 
 the dey as means by which ho calculated to 
 extort from the United States a degrading 
 treaty. The president observed, that the 
 ooiisiderutioiiH which rendered it unnecessary 
 
 and unimportant to commence hostile opera- 
 tions on llie part of the United .Slates, wen- 
 now tenninnled by llie peace wilh Cirrat Bri- 
 tain, which opened ihe prosprcl of an aclive 
 and valuable Irade of llii'i>- r>ri/,i>ns wilhin ibe 
 range of the Algerino cruisers; and irciuii- 
 meiided to Congress iho conniderali(Ui of an 
 act ileclaring the existence of a slate of war 
 between the United States and the dey of 
 Algiers, and of sucli provisions as might iie 
 Tqulsito for tin,' prosecution of it to a success- 
 ful issui-. A conimitlee of Congress, to whom 
 was referred a bill " for the protection of the 
 comniiTce of tho United States against the 
 Algerino cruisers," after a statement of facts, 
 concluded their report by expressing their 
 united opinion, " that the dey of Algiers con- 
 sldi'rs his treaty with the United States as at 
 an end, and is waging war with them ;" and 
 iu March, war was declared against tho Alge- 
 rines. 
 
 An expedition was immediately ordered to 
 the Mediterranean, luider the command of 
 Commodore Bainbridge. Tho squadron in 
 advance on that service, under Commodore 
 Decatur, lost not a moment after its arrival in 
 tho Mediterranean, in seeking the naval force 
 of the enemy, then cruising in that sea, and 
 succeeiled in capturing two of his ships, one 
 of them commanded by the Algerino admiral. 
 The American commander, aft<"r this demon- 
 stration of skill and prowess, hastened to the 
 port of Algiers, w here he readily obtained 
 peace, in the stipulated terms of which the 
 rights and honour of tho United States were 
 particularly consulted, by a perpetual relin- 
 quishment, on tho part of the dey, of all pre- 
 tensions to tribute from them. The impres 
 sions thus made, strengthened by sidisequent 
 transactions with the regencies of Tunis and 
 Tripoli, by tho appearance of tho larger force 
 which followed under Commodore Bain- 
 bridge, and by the judicious precautionary ar 
 rangemeiits left by him in that quarter, af 
 fordeil a reasonable prospect of future seen 
 rily for the \aluable portion of American corn 
 merco which passes wilhin reach of the Bar 
 bary cruisers. 
 
 J'resident Madison, in his message to tlie 
 congress of 181G, having adverted to tlie 
 peace of Europe and to that of tho United 
 .States wilh Circat Britain, said, he had tlie 
 " satisfaction to state, generally, that they re- 
 niain<.'d in amity wilh foreign powers." He 
 proceeded to say, that the posture of affairs 
 with Algiers at that monuMit was not known 
 but that tho dey had found a pretext for com- 
 plaining of a viola'.ion of tho last treaty, and 
 presenting as the alternative, war or a renew 
 al of the former treaty, which stipulated, 
 among other thuigs, an annual tribute. " The 
 answer," says the ])residenf, " with an ex- 
 plicit declaration that tho United States pre 
 ferred war to tribute, required his recognitioy 
 and observance of the treaty last made, which 
 abolishes tribute, and the slavery of our cap- 
 tured citizens. The result of the answer Jibs 
 not been received. Should he renew his 
 warfare < n our commerce, wo rely on the pro- 
 tection it will find in our naval force actually 
 in the Mediterranean. With the other Bar- 
 bary states our affairs have undergone no 
 change. With reference to the aborigines of 
 our own country," he continues "the Indian 
 tribes within our limits appear alno disposed 
 to remain in peace. From several of them 
 
 lurchases of lands have been made, parlicu- 
 
 arly liivourablr to the wishes and security of 
 our fjonlier sellli'iiieiils as well as to the ge- 
 neral interests of the nation. In some inslan- 
 
 •es, the titles, thouiili not supported by di:u 
 proof", uiid cliisliing those of one tribe with the 
 claiiuH of another, have been extinguished by 
 
 louble purchas<>s, the benevolent policy of 
 the United Slates preferring the aiiginented 
 expense to the hazard of doing injustice, or 
 to the enforci-ment of justice against a feeble 
 and untutored people, by means involving <ir 
 thri'atening an efl'usion of blood. I am happy 
 to add, that the tranquility which has been 
 restored among the liibes themselves, as well 
 
 as between them ard our own popiilalln 
 
 n-.ol' 
 civilization, which hatf mado 
 
 will favour the resumption of 
 
 popiil 
 tne w< 
 
 on, 
 kof 
 an eiicourup- 
 ing progress among some tribes ; and that llu; 
 facility is iiuTeasiiig for extending that divi- 
 ded and indiviiliial ownership, which exists 
 now in moveable property only, to the soil 
 itself; and of thus establishing, in the cul- 
 ture and improvement of it, the true fiiuiida- 
 tlon for a transit from the habits of a savuge 
 to the arts and comforts of social life." 
 
 The doubtful slate of the relations between 
 tho United Stales and the dey of Algiers, to 
 which the president alluded in his niessuge, 
 arose either from a strong impulse of the love 
 »f extortion in the dey, or from the influence 
 of some foreign personagi's ; the rising (lil- 
 ferences were, however, settled by the jini- 
 dent management of the American ctuisiij, 
 Mr. Shaler, and j>eace has not since been 
 broken on the part of the Algerines. 
 
 Among the inci<lents of domestic intere>t 
 which indicate tho rapid growth ond increas- 
 ing prosperity of tho republic, we may nn- 
 tii'e the forinatioii of the territ4iry of Indiiina 
 into a stale, and its admission into the union: 
 the progress of canals in various states; the 
 institution of a national bank ; and the arri- 
 val of many thousand emigrants, cliie .• I'rcjni 
 Great Britain. Treaties were, duri. , thi? 
 year, negotiated with the Choctaw, Chlrk:i 
 saw, and Clierokeo Indians, ceding larpo 
 portions of their respective territories to llm 
 United Slates, and acknowledging their tribej 
 to be under the protection of the republic. 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 AIIMINISTIIATIONS (IP JAMKS MO.N'ROP,, JOilV 
 qlllNUV ADAMS, AND I'ART OK THAT oK 
 ANDItlSW JACKSON. 
 
 Tiir. events of the existing generation can 
 never be considered fully ripe fiir the hisln- 
 rian; we have therefore been concise in our 
 narrative of recent transactions. The closing 
 chapter of this narrative, allhough comprising 
 a period of eighteen years, will exhibit slill 
 more strikingly a happy brevity, through llie 
 absence of events which constitute the chief 
 materials of history ; and our earnest hope is, 
 that every succeeuing decade will possess un 
 eipially diminished claim on the historic pen 
 — an indication that an interchange of benevo- 
 lent li.^ts constitutes an increasing proportion 
 of national proceedings, giving little to record, 
 but much to enjoy. Ambition and the love 
 of glory, the brilliant but di'lusive ofisprlii!; 
 of disordered minds, may excite to dccdii 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 SIS 
 
 iMKS MONRdK, JOHN 
 l>AHT UV THAT l)K 
 
 IsUnir poiii'i'niKiii <'nri 
 y ripe fur llio liislo- 
 
 bt!L"ii conrisi! in our 
 ictions. Tlic closiiii; 
 
 altlioii^li cmiiprislrj^ 
 irs, will exhibit still 
 brevity, througli tlin 
 1 cotiatitute tlic chief 
 1 our (Mirncst hope is, 
 icadu will possj'ss uii 
 1 on the liistoric pi-n 
 itercbnnge of benovo- 
 incrensii)f; proportion 
 (w'mg little to rocord, 
 nbition and the love 
 It delusive oHVi)rln!; 
 nay excite I" tlfcil* 
 
 whicb engsQV the admiration uftho unruflflct- 
 !iig iimas of mankind; but they are decdd 
 which, while they gratify the pride of a few,, 
 billet the hiippineiiH of miiltitudeii; and, like| 
 f'linily feiiil<), Hpreiiil their bjiiielul iiilliieiice 
 through distant generations. Under the iieut- 
 ed and deadly giuru of military glory, the art4 
 and sciences which c<Mitributu to th>j enjoy- 
 miuit of life wither, and give place to the lux- 
 urious growth of rancorous weeds, whose 
 blossotiis are decked, indeed, with gorgeous 
 colours, but whose fruit is tho dust of bit- 
 terness and despair. 
 
 A circumstance peculiar to the constitution 
 of the United States, ijsd tends to abridj^e 
 our pn'soiit labours; — the history of the Unit- 
 ed States during the remainder of the period 
 wi> propose to include relating chii'tly to mea 
 sures of internal improvemiMit, which are, 
 for the most purl, conducted by the respect- 
 ive states, and not by tho general govern- 
 nii'tit, the arrangements of tho work necessa- 
 rily trnnsfur our iiolico of these transactions 
 til a sulisc(|ucnt section, which will treat of 
 lliom ill connection with the statistics and to- 
 pography of the states in which they have 
 occiirrod. 
 
 The term of Mr. Madison's administration 
 Imving expired in tho year 1S17, James Mon- 
 roe wns maiigurated president, and Daniel 
 0. Tompkins vice-president. On his inagu- 
 ralion, Mr. Monroe delivered tho following 
 iidiliess to both houses of congress : — 
 
 " I should be destitute of feirling, if I was 
 not deeply alTected by the strong proof which 
 my fellow-citizens have given mo of their 
 niiifidence, in culling mo to the high office, 
 vvhiisn functions I am about to assume. As 
 tho expression of their good opinion of mv 
 ciMidiict in the public service, 1 derive from it 
 a gratification, which those who are conscious 
 iif having done all that they could to merit 
 it, can alone feel. My sensibility is increased 
 by a Just estimate of the importance of the 
 trust, and of tho nature and extent of its du- 
 ties ; with the proper discharge of which, the 
 highest interests of a great and free peojile 
 are intimately connected. Conscious of my 
 own deficiency, I cannot enter on these duties 
 without great anxiety for the result. From 
 a just responsibility I will never shrink; cal- 
 culating with confidence, that in my best ef- 
 forts to promote tho public welfare, my mo- 
 tives will always be duly appreciated, and 
 my conduct bo viewed with that candour and 
 indulgence which I have experienced in other 
 st.itions. 
 
 " In commencing the duties of tho chief 
 executive office, it has been tho practice of 
 the distinguished men who have gone before 
 me, to explain the principles which would 
 govern them in their respective administra- 
 tions. In following their venerated example, 
 my attention is naturally drawn to the great 
 causes which have contributed, in a principal 
 degree, to produce the present happy condi- 
 tion of the United States. They will best ex- 
 plain tho nature of our duties, and shed much 
 light on tho policy which ought to be pursu- 
 ed ill future. 
 
 " From the commencement of our rcvolu- 
 t.oii to the present day, almost forty years 
 have elapsed, and from the establishment of 
 this constitution, twenty-eight. Through this 
 whole term the government hns been what 
 may cinphalicully be culled, sulf-govornment ; 
 
 and what has hf en the elfect? To whatever 
 object we turn our attention, whether it re- 
 lalej to our foreign or domestic concerns, we 
 find ubumlant causu to felicitate oursi-lves in 
 the excellence of our institutions. During a 
 leriod fi'uiiglit with dilHculties, anil nuirked 
 ly very extraordinary tvents, the United 
 Slates have flourished beyond example. 
 Their citizens, individually, have been happy, 
 ami the nation prosperous. 
 
 "Under this constitution, our commerce 
 hasbeenwisely regulated with foreign naticuis, 
 and between the states; new stales have been 
 admitted into our union; our territory has 
 been enlarged, by fair and honourable treaty, 
 and with great auvantiii^e to the original status ; 
 the states respectively, protected by the na- 
 tional government, under a mild parental sys- 
 tem, against fortMgn dangers, and enjoying 
 within their separate spheres, liy n wise par- 
 tition of power, a just proportion of the 
 sovereignty, have improved tneir police, ex- 
 tended their settlements, and attained a 
 strength and maturity, which are the liest 
 proofs of wholesome laws, well administered. 
 And if wo look to tho condition of individu- 
 als, what a proud spectacle does it exhibit 1 
 On whom has oppression fallen in any quar- 
 ter of our unionl Who has licen deprived 
 of any right of person or properly 1 Who 
 restrained in offering his vows in the itiodo in 
 which he prefers, to tho Divine Author of 
 his being 1 It is well known, that all these 
 blessings have been enjoyed in their fullest 
 extent ; and I add with peculiar satisfaction, 
 that thoro has licon no example of a capital 
 punishment being inflicted on any one for the 
 crime of high treason. 
 
 "Some, who might admit the competency 
 of our government to these beneficent duties, 
 might doubt it in trials which put to tho test 
 its strength and efficiency, as a member of tho 
 groat community of nations. Here, too, ex- 
 perience has afforded us tho most satisfactory- 
 proof in its favour. Just os this constitution 
 was put into action, several of tho principal 
 states of Europe had become much agitated, 
 and some of them seriously convulsed. De- 
 structive wars ensued, which have, of lute 
 only, been terminated. In the course of these 
 conflicts, the United States received great in- 
 jury from several of the parties. It was 
 their interest to stand aloof from the contest; 
 to demand justice from the party committing 
 the injury ; and to cultivate, by a fair and ho- 
 nourable conduct, the friendship of all. War 
 became, ot length, inevitable, and tho result 
 has shown, that our government is equal to 
 that, the greatest of trials, under the most un- 
 favourable circumstances. Of the virtue of 
 the people, and of the heroic exploits of the 
 army, the navy, and tho militia, I need not 
 speak. 
 
 " Such, then, is tho happy government un- 
 der which we live : a government adequate 
 to every purpose for which the social compact 
 is formed ; a government elective in all its 
 branches, under which every citizen may, by 
 his merit, obtain tho highest trust recognized 
 by the constitution ; which contains within it 
 no cause of discord ; none to put at variance 
 one portion of the community with another; 
 a government which protects every citizen in 
 the full enjoyment of his rights, and is able lo 
 protect the nation against injustice frjiii 
 foreign powers. 
 
 " Other coniideratioiii of the highest impor- 
 tance iidinoninh lis to cherish our union, and 
 cling to the goveriiiiieiit which supporti it 
 Foi'lunate as we are in our political institu- 
 tions, we have nut been less so in other cir- 
 ciiiii«laiires,(iii which our prosperity and hap- 
 piness easentiully depend. Situated within 
 the temperate -/.one, and extending through 
 many ilegrees of latitude olong the Atlantic, 
 tho United Slate* enjoy all tho varietici of 
 climate, and every production incident to 
 that portion of the glolie. Penetrating, inter- 
 nally, lo the grriit lakes, and beyonil the sourro 
 of the great rivers which communicate through 
 our whole interior, no country was ever hap- 
 pier with respect to its domain. lilessed too 
 with a fertile soil, our produce has always 
 been very abundant, leaving, even in years 
 the least liivourable, a surplus fiir the wants of 
 our fellow men in othi-r countries. .Such Is 
 our peculiar felicity, that there is not a part of 
 imr unit - that is not particularly interested in 
 preserving it. The great agricultural inte- 
 rest of the nation prospers under its protec- 
 tion. Local inten-sts are not less fostered bv 
 it. Our fellow-citizens of the north, engagell 
 in navigation, find great encouragement in 
 being made tho favoured carriers of tho vast 
 productions of the other portions of the United 
 States, while the inhabitants of these are am- 
 ply recompensed, in their turn, by iho nursery 
 for seamen and naval force, thus formed and 
 reared up for the support of our commoi. 
 rights. Our manufactures find a generous 
 encouragement by the policy which patron- 
 izes diunestic industry ; anil the surplus of 
 our proiliice, a steady and profitable market 
 by local wants, in less favoured parts at homo. 
 "Such, then, being the highly favoured con- 
 dition of oiircountry, it is the interest of every 
 citizen to maintain it. What are the dangers 
 which menace us? If any exist, they ought 
 to be ascertained and guarded against. 
 
 " In explaining my sentiments on this sub- 
 ject, it may lie asked, what raised us to the 
 present happy state 1 How did wo acccmi- 
 plish the revolution ] How remedy the de- 
 fects of tho first instrument of our union, by 
 infusing into tho national government suffi- 
 cient power for national purposes, without 
 impalnng the just rights of the states, or aflt-cl- 
 ing those of individuals? How sustain, and 
 pass with glory through the late war? The 
 government lios been in tho hands of tho peo- 
 ple. To tho people, therefore, and to th» 
 faithful and able depositories of their trust, is 
 the credit duo. Had the people of the Unile.l 
 States been educated in dilTerent principles; 
 had they been less intelligent, less independ- 
 ent, or less virtuous, can it be believed that 
 we should have maintained tho snme steady 
 and consistent career, or been blessed with the 
 same success ? While then the constituent 
 body retains its present sound and healthful 
 state, every thing will bo safe. They will 
 choose competent and faithful representatives 
 of every department. It is only when the 
 people become ignorant and corrupt, when 
 they degenerate into a populace, that they aro 
 incapable of exercising the sovereignty. Usur- 
 pation is then an easy attainment, onil a usur- 
 per soon found. The people themselves be- 
 come the willing iristriimeiits of their ov.'n 
 delmsi-ment ami ruin. Let us then look Uf 
 the great cause, and eiuleavour to preserve it 
 [ill full f()ice. Let us, by all wise and coiieii- 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 IIM 111112,5 
 
 ■4' ill 
 
 IIM |||m 
 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 V. 
 
 ^^7f 
 
 'e7. 
 
 <?: 
 
 ei 
 
 m> 
 
 w '■> 
 
 ** 
 
 'V 
 
 v<5s. 
 
 w 
 
 '/ 
 
 /A 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 \ 
 
 ^V 
 
 ^q> 
 
 V 
 
 A^ 
 
 o 
 
 t- 
 
 
 6^ 
 
 %^ 
 
 '^^^ 
 
 fU^ 
 
 

 % 
 
 ^ 
 
 c> 
 
 >> 
 
Bie 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 tutional measures, promote intelligence among 
 the people, as the best means of preserving 
 our liberties. 
 
 " Dangers from abroad are not less deserv- 
 ing of attention. Experiencing the fortune of 
 other nations, the United States may be again 
 involved in war, and it may, in that event, be 
 the object of the adverse party to overset our 
 government, to break our jnion, and demolish 
 us as a nation. Our distance from Europe, 
 and the just moderate, and pacific policy of 
 our government, may form some security 
 against these dangers, but they ought to be 
 anticipated and guarded against. Many of 
 our citizens are engaged in commerce and 
 navigation, and all of them are in a certain de- 
 gree dependent on their prosperous state. 
 Many are engaged in the fisheries. These 
 interests ari. exposed to invasion in the wars 
 between other powers, and wc should disre- 
 gard the faithful admonition of experience if 
 we did not expect it. We must support our 
 rights or lose our character, and with it per- 
 haps our liberties. A people who fail to do 
 it, can scarcely be said to hold a place among 
 independent nations. National honour is na- 
 tional property of the highest value. The 
 sentiment in the mind of every citizen, is na- 
 tional strength. It ought therefore to be 
 cherished. 
 
 " To secure us against these dangers, our 
 coast and inland frontiers should be fortified, 
 our army and navy regulated upon just prin- 
 ciples as to the force of each, be kept in per- 
 fect order, and our milif. \ be placed on the 
 best practicable footing. To put our exten- 
 sive coast in such a state of defence, ns to se- 
 cure our cities and interior from invasion, will 
 be attended with expense, but the work when 
 finished will be permanent, and it is fair to 
 presume that a single campaign of invasion, 
 by a naval force superior to our own, aide-' 
 by a few thousand land troops, would expose 
 as to grejiter expjnse, without taking into the 
 estimate the loss of property, and distress of 
 our cl'izens, than would be sufficient for this 
 great work. Our land and naval forces should 
 be moderate, but adequate to the necessary 
 purposes. The former to garrison and pre- 
 serve our fortifications and to meet the first 
 invasions of a foreign foe ; and, while consti- 
 tuting the elements of a greater force, to pre- 
 serve the science, as well as all the necessary 
 implements of war, in a state to be brousjlit 
 into activity in the event of war. The latter, 
 retained within the limits proper in a state of 
 peace, might aid in maintaining the neutrality 
 of the United States with dignity in the wars 
 of other powers, and in saving the |)roperty 
 of their citizens from spoliation. In time of 
 war, with tlie enlargement of which the great 
 naval resources of the country render it sus- 
 ceptible, and which should bo duly fostered 
 in time of jieace, it would contribute essen- 
 tially both as an auxiliary of defence, and as a 
 powerful engine of annoyance, to diminish 
 the calamities of war, and to bring the war to 
 a speedy and honourable termination. 
 
 " But it always ought to be held promi- 
 nently in view, that the safety of these states, 
 and of every thing dear to a free people, must 
 depend in an eminent degree on the militia. 
 Invasions may bo made, too formidable to be 
 resisted by any land and naval force, which it 
 would comport cither with the principles of 
 our govornmeni, or the circumstances of the 
 
 United States, to maintain. In such cases, 
 recourse must be had to the great body of the 
 people, anil in a manner to produce the best 
 effect. It is of the highest importance, there- 
 fore, that they bo so organized and trained, ns 
 to be prepared for any emergency. The ar- 
 rangement should be such, as to put at the 
 command of the government the ardent pa- 
 triotism and youthful vigour of the country. 
 If formed on equal and just principles, it can- 
 1 nt be oppressive. It is the crisis which 
 rjakes the pressure, and not the laws which 
 provide a remedy for it. This arrangement 
 should be formed too in time of peace, to be 
 better prepared for war. With such an or- 
 ganization of such a people, the United States 
 have nothing to dread from foreign invasion. 
 At its approach, an overwhelming force of 
 gallant men might olwnys be put in motion. 
 
 "Other interests of high importance will 
 claim attention, among which the improve- 
 ment of our country by roads and canals, pro- 
 ceeding always with a constitutional sanction, 
 holds a distinguished place. By thus facili- 
 tating the intercourse between the states, we 
 shall add much to the convenience and com- 
 fort of our fellow-citizens; much to the orna- 
 ment of the country; and, what is of a greater 
 importance, we shall shorten distances, and by 
 making each part more accessible to, and de- 
 pendent on the other, we shall bind the union 
 more closely together. Nature has done so 
 much for us by intersecting the country with 
 so many groat rivers, bays, and lakes, ap- 
 proaching from distant points so near to each 
 other, that the inducement to complete the 
 work seems to be peculiarly strong. A more 
 interesting spectacle was perhaps never seen 
 than is exhibited within the United States ; a 
 territory so vast, and advantageously situated, 
 containing objects so grand, so useful, so hap- 
 pily connected in all their ptirts 
 
 " Our manufactures will likewise require 
 the systematic and fostering care of the go- 
 vernment. Possessing, as we do, all the raw 
 materials, the fruit of our own soil and indus- 
 try, we ought not to depend in the degree we 
 have done on the supplies from other coun- 
 tries. While we are thus dependent, the sud- 
 den event of war unsought and unexpected, 
 cannot fail to plunge us into the most serious 
 (IKIiciiltips. It is important, too, that the cap- 
 ital which nourishes our manufactures should 
 be domestic, as its iuHuence in that case, in- 
 stead of ey.haustinsr, as it may do in foreign 
 hands, would be felt advantageously on agri- 
 culture, and every other branch of industry. 
 E(|ually important is it to provide at home a 
 market for our -aw materials, as by extend- 
 ing the competii.on, it will enhance the price, 
 and protect the cultivator against the casual- 
 ties incident to foreign markets. 
 
 " With the Indian tribes it is our duty to 
 cultivate friendly relations, ond to act with 
 kindness and liberality in all our transactions. 
 Equally proper is it to persevere in our ef- 
 forts to extend to them the advantages of civili- 
 zation. 
 
 " The great amount of our revenue, and 
 the flourishing state of the treasury, arc a full 
 proof of the competency of the national re- 
 sources for any emergency, as they are, of 
 the willingness of our fellow-citizens to bear 
 ilie burdens which the public necessities re- 
 <|uirc. The vast amount of vacant lands, 
 the valu!! of which dully augments, forms an 
 
 additional resource of great extent and dura- 
 tion. These resources, besides accomplishing 
 every other necessary purpose, put it com- 
 pletely in the power of the United Stntes to 
 discharge the national debt at an early peritid 
 Peace is the best time for improi-einent luid 
 preparation of every kind ; it is in peace that 
 our commerce flourishes most, that taxes aro 
 most easily paid, and that the revenue is most 
 productive. 
 
 " The executive is charged officially, in the 
 departments under it, with the disbursement of 
 the public money, and is responsible for the 
 faithful application of it to the purposes for 
 which it is raised. The legislature is the 
 watchful guard over the public purse. It is 
 its duty to see that the disbursement has been 
 honestly made. To meet the requisite re- 
 sponsibility, every facility should be afforded 
 to the executive to enable it to bring the 
 public agents, intrusted with the public 
 money, strictly and promptly to account. 
 Nothing should be presumed against them; 
 but if, with the requisite faculties, the public 
 money is suffered to lie, long and uselessly, 
 in their hands, they will not be the only de- 
 faulters, nor will the demorrlizlng effect be 
 confined to them. It will evii.ce a relaxation, 
 and want of tone in the administration, which 
 will be felt by the whole community. 1 shall 
 do all that I can, to secure economy and fidel- 
 ity in this important branch of the odminis- 
 tratlon, and I doubt not, that the legislature 
 will perform its duty with equal zeal. A 
 thorough examination should be regularly 
 made, and I will promote it. 
 
 " It is particularly gratifying to me, to en- 
 ter on the discharge of these duties, at a lime 
 when the United States are blessed with 
 peace. It is a state most consistent with their 
 prosperity and happiness. It will be my sin- 
 cere desire to preserve it so far as depends on 
 the executive, on just principles with all na- 
 tions, claiming nothing unreasonable of any, 
 and rendering to each what is its due. 
 
 " Equally gratifying is it, to witness the 
 increased harmony of opinion which pervades 
 our union. Discord does not belong to our 
 system. Union is recommended, as well by 
 the free and benign jirinciples of our govern- 
 ment, extending its blessings to every indivi- 
 dual, as by the other eminent advantages at 
 tending it. The American people linve 
 encountered together great dangers, and 
 sustained severe trials with success. They 
 constitute one great family with a coinmim 
 Interest. Experience has enlightened us on 
 some questions of essential importance to the 
 country. The progress has been slow, dic- 
 tated by a just reflection, and (iillhful regjinl 
 to every interest connected with il. To pni- 
 mote this harmony, in accord with the prin- 
 ciples of our republican government, and in 
 a manner to give them the most coniplfin 
 effect, and to advance in all other respects ihe 
 best interests of our union, will be the object 
 of my constant and zealous exertions. 
 
 "Never did -government coir.meiiLO iia 
 der auspices so favourable, nor ever was sue 
 cess so complete. If we look to the history 
 of other nations, ancient and modern, we find 
 no example of a growth so rapid, so gignntic ; 
 of a people so prosperous and happy. In 
 contemplnling what we have still to |)erforni, 
 the heart of every citizen must expand with 
 jov when he reflects how near our govern- 
 
(tent and dura- 
 inccomplialiing 
 e, put it r(ini- 
 'nitnl Stiifo.s to 
 in early ))eriii<l 
 prov-cineiit Hnd 
 is in pence tliiit 
 , that taxes are 
 •evenue is most 
 
 nfficinlly, in the 
 disbursementiif 
 loiisiblu for tlin 
 le purposes for 
 isiatiire is llio 
 Ic purse. It is 
 ■nient lins been 
 e requisite re- 
 iild be aflorded 
 t to bring tlie 
 (h tlie public 
 ly to account. 
 I agiiinst tliern ; 
 tie?, the pul>lic 
 r and uselessly, 
 be tlie only de- 
 lizinc; eflect be 
 ice a relaxation, 
 istration, which 
 nunity. 1 shall 
 nomy and fidel- 
 of" the adminis- 
 ; the legislature 
 equal zeal. A 
 d be regularly 
 
 ig to me, to en- 
 [luties, at a limo 
 e blessed with 
 istent with their 
 
 will be my sin- 
 p as depends on 
 lies with all na- 
 sonable ot" any, 
 its due. 
 
 to witness the 
 which pervades 
 ; belong to our 
 ded, as well by 
 
 I of our govern - 
 to every indivi- 
 ; ndvniitnges at 
 
 II people have 
 dangers, and 
 
 success. They 
 with a cominiiu 
 iliirhtened us on 
 nportnnce to the 
 
 been slow, dir- 
 1 liiithiul regiird 
 'illi il. Til prii- 
 J willi the prin- 
 'ernment, and in 
 
 most complein 
 ther respects the 
 ill be the object 
 certions. 
 
 commeiiLO iin 
 or ever was sue 
 ik to the history 
 modern, we find 
 ipid,so gignntic; 
 and happy. In 
 
 still to jierforin, 
 ust expand with 
 ear our govern- 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 S17 
 
 mcnt has approached to perfection ; that in 
 respect to it, wo have no essential improve- 
 ment to make ; that the great object is to pre- 
 serve it in the essential principles and features 
 which characterize it. and, that it is to be 
 done, by preserving the virtue and enlighten- 
 ing the minds of the people ; and as a securi- 
 ty against foreign dangers, to adopt s'jch ar- 
 rangements as are indispensable to the sup- 
 port of our independence, our rights, and li- 
 berties. If we persevere in the career in 
 which we ha\e advanced so far, and in the 
 path already traced, we cannot fail, by the fa- 
 vour of a gracious Providence, to attain the 
 high destiny which seems to await us. 
 
 "In tha administration of the illustrious 
 men who have preceded me in this high sta- 
 tion, with some of whom I have been con- 
 nected by the closest ties from early life, ex- 
 amples are presented, which will always be 
 found highly instructive, and useful to their 
 successors. From these I shall endeavour to 
 derive all the advantages which they may af- 
 ford. Of np immediate predecessor, under 
 whom so important a portion of this great 
 and successful experiment has been made, I 
 shall be pardoned for expressing my earnest 
 wishes that hemu;^ longenjoy,inhisretirement, 
 the affections of a grateful country, the best 
 reward of exalted talents, and the most faith- 
 ful and meritorious services. Relying on the 
 aid to be derived from the other departments 
 of the government, I enter on the trust to 
 which I have been called by the suffrages of 
 iny fellow-citizens, with my fervent prayers 
 to the Almighty, that He will be graciously 
 pleased to continue to us that protection, 
 which Ho has already so oonspicuously dis- 
 played in our favour," 
 
 During this year the republic received 
 another accession bv the erection of the terri- 
 tory of Mississippi into a state, and its admis- 
 sion into the union. By the act of admission 
 it is provided, that the public lands, while be 
 longing to the United States, and for five 
 years from the day of sale, shall be exempted 
 from all taxes; that lands belonging to the 
 citizens of the United States residing without 
 the state, shall never be taxed higher than 
 lands belonging to persons residing within 
 the state: and that the river Mississippi, and 
 the navigable rivers and waters leading into 
 It, or into the gulf of Mexico, shall be com 
 mou highways, and for ever free of toll or 
 duty to all the citizens of the United States, 
 III return for this concession. Congress provi- 
 ded, that, after paying a debt to Georgia and 
 indemnifying certain claimants, five per cent, 
 of the net proceeds of the public lands, lying 
 within the state, shall be devoted to the mak- 
 ing of roads and canals for the benefit of the 
 state. 
 
 In the summer of this year an expedition 
 was undertaken against East Florida by per- 
 sons claiming to act under the authority of 
 some of the revolted Spanish colonies. The 
 leader of this expedition styled himself "Cit- 
 izen Gregor M'Cirogor, brlgadiiir-general of 
 the armies of the united ])rovinccs of New 
 Grenada and Venezuela, and general in cliief, 
 employed to liberate the provinces of both 
 the Floridas, commissioned Uy the supreme 
 governments of Mexico and South America." 
 The persons that combined for this purpose 
 took possession of Amelia Island, at the mouth 
 of St, Mary's River, near the boundary of the 
 
 state of Georgia. The preddent, apprised of 
 this transaction, ordered a" exnedition, con- 
 sisting of naval and land forces, to repel the 
 Invaders, and occupy tli"" island. A squadron, 
 under the command ot .T. D. Henley, with 
 trooj 3 under the command of James Banhead, 
 arrii ed off Amelia Island on the 22d of De- 
 cemi ler, and the next day took possession of 
 it, he isting the American flag at Fernandina. 
 The iresident, in a message to Congress rela- 
 tive to the capture, observed, "In expelling 
 these adventurers from these posts, it was not 
 intended to make any conquest from Spain, 
 or to injure, in any degree, the cause of the 
 colonies." The real reason of the measure 
 seems to have been, that the invasion inter- 
 fered with endeavours which were then ma- 
 king on the part of the United States to ob- 
 tain the cession of the Floridas from the 
 Spaniards. 
 
 In the following year the union received 
 the accession of another state, that of Illinois. 
 At the time of its admission, the government 
 of the United States granted to the state one 
 section or thirty-sixth part of every township 
 for the support of schools, and three per cent, 
 of the net proceeds of the United States lands 
 lying within the state for the encouragement 
 of learning, of w^hich one sixth part must be 
 exclusively bestowed on a college or univer- 
 sity. The constitution happily provides, that 
 no more slaves shall be introduced into the 
 state. In 1S19 the Alabama territory was ad- 
 mitted as a state into the union ; and the Ar- 
 kansaw territory was, by an act of Congress, 
 erected into a territorial government. In the 
 following year the district of Maine was se- 
 parated from Massachusetts, formed into a dis- 
 tinct state, and admitted into the union. 
 
 During this year the American congress 
 did themselves honour by providing more ef- 
 fectually against carrying on the slave trade. 
 The enactment declared, tliat if any citizen 
 of the United States, being of the ship's com- 
 pany of any foreign ship or vessel engaged 
 in the slave trade, or any person whatever 
 being of the crew or ship's company of any 
 ship or vessel owned by, or navigated for, 
 any citizens nf the United States, shall on 
 foreign shore seize any negro or mulatto, not 
 held to service or labour by the laws either of 
 the states or territories of the United States, 
 with intent to make him a slave, or shall de- 
 coy or forcibly bring or receive him on board 
 with such intent, he shall be adjudged a pirate, 
 and on conviction shall suffer death. 
 
 A treaty for the cession of the Floridas 
 was concluded at Washington, February 22, 
 IS 19, between Spain and the United States. 
 In the year 1821 it was reluctantly ratified Viy 
 the king of Spain, and possession was taken 
 of those provinces according to the terms of 
 the treaty. On the 1st of July, General 
 Jackson, who had been appointed governor 
 nf the Floridas, issued a proclamation, declar- 
 ing " that the government heretofore exer- 
 cised over the said provinces under the autho- 
 rity of Sjiain has cea,sed, and thnt that of the 
 United States of America is established over 
 the same; that the inhabitants thereof will be 
 incorporated in the union of the United States, 
 as soon as may bo consistent with the princi- 
 ples of the federal constitution, and admitted 
 to the enjoyment of all the privileges, rights, 
 and immunities of the citizens of the United 
 States ; that in the meantime they shall be 
 
 maintained and protected in tho free enjoy- 
 ment of their liberty, property, and the reli- 
 gion tlipy profe.ss ; that all laws and munici- 
 pal regulations which were in existence at 
 the cessation of the late government remain 
 in full force, and all civil officers charg d with 
 their execution," with certain exceptions and 
 limitations, "are continued in their functions." 
 On the 7th of July, the colonel commandant, 
 Don Jose Gallava, commissioner on the part 
 of his Catholic majesty, made to Major-Gene- 
 ral Jackson, the commissioner of the United 
 States, a delivery of the keys of the town of 
 Pensacola, of the archives, documents, and 
 other articles, mentioned in the inventories, 
 declaring that he releases from their oath of 
 allegiance to Spain the citizens and inhabi- 
 tants of West Florida who may choose to re- 
 main under the dominion of the United States. 
 On the same day, Colonel Joseph Coppin- 
 ger, governor of East Florida, issued a pro- 
 clamation to the inhabitants, announcing that, 
 on the 10th day of this month, " possession 
 will be given to Colonel Robert Butler, the 
 commissioner legally authorised by tlieUnited 
 States." The American authorities were ac- 
 cordingly put in possession of the Floridas. 
 
 During this year Missouri was admitted as 
 a state into the union, forming the eleventh 
 state added to the thirteen confederated states 
 which signed the declaration of independ- 
 ence, making the present nurrber of the 
 United States twenty-four. The proposition 
 fiir the admission of this state, which was 
 brought forward in the session of 1S19, pro- 
 duced vehement discussion in the congress, 
 and excited an intense interest throuphout the 
 whole union. The inhabitants of Missouri, 
 the territory having been considered as a part 
 of Louisiana, had derived from their connex- 
 ion with the Spaniards and French the custom, 
 which they deemed equivalent to the I'ght, of 
 possessing slaves ; it was proposed, however, 
 in admitting the territory to the privileges of 
 a state, to prevent the increase and to insure 
 the ultimate abolition of slavery, by the inser- 
 tion of the following clause : — " Provided, 
 that the further introduction of slavery or in- 
 voluntary servitude be prohibited, except for 
 the punishment of crimes whereof the party 
 shall have been duly convicted ; and that all 
 the children born within the said state after 
 the admission thereof into the Union shall be 
 free at tlie age of twenty-five years." Judg- 
 ing from the previous views and measures of 
 the general government, in similar and analo- 
 gous cases, it could hardly have been conjec- 
 tured, that the result of -iroposing such a 
 limited and qualified res' ction would be 
 doubtful. The house of representatives, after 
 a short but animated debate, refused to pass 
 the bill without the restriction ; but the senate 
 refused to pass the bill with it; consequently 
 the bill itself was lost, and Missouri still con- 
 tinued under her former territorial govern- 
 ment. Such was the rapidity with wliich the 
 several proceedings passed in the two houses 
 of congress, that it was scarcely known iic- 
 yond its walls that such a question was agi- 
 tated, before it was decided. When, how 
 ever, it came to be genenilly known what 
 principles had been advanced, what votes bad 
 tieen given, with what ardour and vehemence 
 the advocates of slavery hud urffed their de- 
 mands, not merely upon he justice, the rea- 
 son, and good sense of Congress, but upon 
 
su 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ^;l 
 
 tbfiir interests, their prejudices, and their! 
 fears, by liow tlender a majority a measure 
 had been checked, which, in the estimation of 
 many of the best friends of American liberty, 
 would have been productive of incalculable 
 and interminable mischiefs, it excited a feel- 
 ing of universal surprise and alarm. It is in- 
 structive to observe that many of the stanchest 
 advocates of liberal ideas, .vho delighted in 
 appropriating to themselves exclusively the 
 name of republicans, suffered their jealoi y 
 of the interference of the congress in the 
 internal government of an individual state, to 
 engage them on the side of the perpetuators 
 of slavery. Jefferson, who prided himself 
 in being the devoted friend of liberty, thus 
 expresses himself: " The real question, as 
 seen in the state afflicted with this unfortunate 
 population, is, are our slaves to be presenttj 
 with freedom and a dagger 1 For, if Con- 
 gress has the power to regulate the conditions 
 of the inhabitants of the states within the 
 states, it will be but another exercise of that 
 power to declare that all shall be free. Are 
 we tlien to see again Athenian and Lace- 
 demonian confederacies ? — to wage another 
 Peloponnesian war to settle the ascendency 
 between them? Or is this the toscin of 
 merely a servile war 1 That remains to be 
 seen ; but not, I hope, by you or me. Surely 
 they will parley asvhile, and gi%e us time to 
 get out of the way." The consequence of 
 this combination of the advocates of the so- 
 vereignty of individual states with those who 
 make a traffic of the bodies of their follow 
 men, was the passing of the bill for the admis- 
 sion of Missouri in the next session of the 
 congress, without the restricting clause; a 
 circumstance which occasioned the deep re- 
 gret and mortilicatiou of most of the inhabi- 
 tants of the northern states, and excited fe--'- 
 ings which it has been feared by many, may 
 ultimately lead to a dissolution if the union. 
 
 No circumstances of particular interest in 
 the transactions of the general government 
 occurred till the year 1824, when articles of 
 a convention between the Uriited Stales of 
 America and Great Britain <'.)r the suppres- 
 sion of the African slave trade, were sub- 
 scribed at London by plenipotentiaries ap 
 pointed for that purpose. By the first article, 
 the commanders and commissioned ofRcors of 
 each of the two high contracting parties, duly 
 authorized by their respective governments to 
 cruise on tlie coast of Africa, America, and 
 the West Indies, for the suppression of the 
 slave trade, are empowered, under certain re- 
 strictions, to detain, examine, capture, and de- 
 liver over for trial and adjudication by some 
 competent tribunal, any ship or vessel con- 
 cerned in the illicit traffic of slaves, and car- 
 rying the flag of the other. 
 
 In the spring of this year a convention was 
 also concluded between the United States of 
 America and the emperor of Russia. By the 
 third article of this convention it was agreed, 
 " that, hereafter, there shall not be formed by 
 the citizens of the United States, or under the 
 authoi-ity of the said States, any establishment 
 upon the northern [north- west] roast of Ameri- 
 ca, nor in any of the islands adjacent, to the 
 l.orth of fifty-four degrees and forty minutes 
 of north latitude ; and thiit, in the same man- 
 ner, 'here shall lie none formed bv Russian 
 subjects, or under the authority of Russia, 
 kouth of the same parallel," 
 
 This year is signalized in American history 
 by the visit of the venerable La Fayette, on 
 the express invitation of Congress. Ho ar- 
 rived in the harbourof New Yorkon the 13th 
 of August, and proceeded to the residence of 
 the vice-president at Staten Island. A. com- 
 mittee of^ the corporation of the city of New 
 York, and a great number of distinguished 
 citizens, proceeded to Staten Island to wel- 
 come him to their capital. A splendid escort 
 of steamboats, decorated with the flags of 
 every nation, and bearing thousands of citi- 
 zens, brought him to the view of assembled 
 multitudes at New York, who manifested 
 their joy at beholding him, by acclamations, 
 and by tears. At the city hall the officers of 
 the city and many citizens were presented to 
 him ; and he was welcomed by an address 
 from the mayor. While he was at New York, 
 deputations from Philadelphia, Baltimore, 
 New Haven, and from many other citits, ar- 
 rived with invitations for him to visit them. 
 After remaining a few days at New York, he 
 proceeded to Boston, where he met with the 
 same cordial reception. The general soon af- 
 ter returned to New York, visited Albany and 
 the towns on Hudson river, and afterwards 
 passed through the intermediate states to Vir- 
 ginia. He returned to Washington during 
 the session of Congress, and remained there 
 several weeks. Congress voted him the sum 
 of two hundred thousand dollars, and a town- 
 ship of land, as a remuneration, in part, of his 
 servicf 3 during the war of the revolution, and 
 as a testimony of their gratitude. 
 
 General Lafayette was present at the im- 
 posing ceremony of laying the corner stone of 
 the Bunker Hill Monument, on the I7lh of 
 June, 1825, to which he had been invited by 
 the Association for the purpose of erecting a 
 memorial to those which fell in the battle of 
 June 17, 1775. 
 
 In the year 1825, John Quincy Adams was 
 inaugurated president of the United Slates, 
 and John C. Calhoun, vice-president. On 
 his inauguration, Mr. Adams delivered the 
 following address to both houses of congress : 
 
 " In compliance with a usage, coeval with 
 the existence of our federal constitution, and 
 sanctioned by the example of my predeces- 
 sors, in the career upon which 1 am about to 
 ?nter, I appear, my fellow-citizens, in your 
 presence, and in that of heaven, to bind my- 
 self by the solemnity of religious obligation 
 to the faithful performance of the duties al- 
 lotted to me in the station to which I have 
 been called. 
 
 " In unfolding to my countrymen the prin 
 ciples by which I shall be governed, in the 
 fulfilment of those duties, my first resort w!l 
 be to that constitution, which 1 shall swear. 
 
 work of our forefathers. Administered by 
 some of its most eminent men, who contribii- 
 ted to its formation, through a most eventful 
 period in the annals of the world, and tliroiigh 
 all thevicissitudes of peace and war, incidental 
 to the condition of associated man, it has not 
 lisappointed the holies and aspirations of 
 those illustrious benefactors of their age and 
 nation. It has promoted the lasting welfare 
 f that country so dear to us all ; it has, to an 
 extent, far beyond the ordinary lot of hu- 
 manity, secured the freedom and happiness 
 of this people. We now receive it as a pre- 
 cious inheritance from those to whom we are 
 indebted for its establishment, doubly bound 
 by the examples which they have left us, and 
 by the blessings which we have enjoyed, as 
 the fruits of their labours, to transmit the 
 same, unimpaired, to the succeeding gene- 
 ration. 
 
 ' In the compass of thirty-six years since 
 this great national covenant was instituted, a 
 brdy of laws, enacted under its authority, 
 and in conformity with its provisions, has un- 
 folded its powers, and carried into practical 
 operation Us effective energies, Subordin'ite 
 departments have distributed the executive 
 functions in their various relations to fcireigii 
 affairs, to the revenues and expenditures, and 
 to the military force of the union, by land and 
 sea. A co-ordinate department of thojudici 
 ary has expounded the constitution and laws, 
 settling, in harmonious coincidence with the 
 legislative will, numerous weighty questions 
 of constr ction, which the imperfection of 
 human language had rendered unavoidalile. 
 The year of jubilee, since the first formation 
 of our union, has just elapsed ; that of the 
 declaration of our independence, is at hand. 
 The consummation of both was effected by 
 this constitution. 
 
 "Since that period, a population of four 
 millions has multiplied to twelve; a territory 
 bounded by the Mississippi, has been extend- 
 ed from sea to sea; new states have been ad- 
 mitted to the union, in numbers equal to those 
 of the first confederation; treaties of peace, 
 amity, and commerce, have been concluded 
 with the principal dominions of the earth; the 
 people of other nations, inhabitants of regions 
 acquired, not by conquest, but by compact, 
 have been united with us in the participation 
 of our rights and duties, of our burdens and 
 blessings ; the forest has fallen by the axe of 
 our woodsmen; the soil has been made to 
 teem by the tillage of our farmers ; our com- 
 merce has whitened every ocean; the domin- 
 ion of every man over physical nature has 
 been extended by the invention of our artists; 
 liberty and law iiav? marched hand in hand; 
 all the purposes of human association have 
 
 to the best of my ability, to preserve, pro- been accomplished as e.Tc^tiviiy as under 
 
 tect, and de'end. That revered instrument 
 enumerates the powers and prescr.bes the 
 duties of the executive magistrate; and, ir. its 
 first words, declares the purposes to which 
 these, and the whole action of the govern- 
 ment, instituted by it, should be invariably 
 and sacredly devoted: to form a more perfect 
 union, establish justice, ensure domestic 
 tranquility, provide for the common defence, 
 promote the general warfare, and secure the 
 bl"ssing8 of liberty to the people of this 
 un.-<n, in their successive generations. Since 
 the adoption of this social compact, one of 
 these generations has passed away. It ii the 
 
 any other government on the globe; and at a 
 cost little exce'jding, in a whole generation, 
 ;^e expenditure of other nations in a single 
 year. 
 
 " Such is the unexaggerated picture of our 
 condition, under a constitution founded upon 
 the republican principle of equal rights. To 
 admit that this picture has its shades, is but to 
 say, that it is still the condition of men upon 
 earth. From evil, physical, moral, and j'oli- 
 tical, it is not our claim to be exempt. Wo 
 have suffered, sometimes by the visilatit-n of 
 heaven, through disease; oflen,by the wrongs 
 and itijustice of other nations, even to the ex 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 years iinre 
 
 as mstitntpd, a 
 
 its aiithoritv, 
 
 isions, has iin- 
 
 into prarticnl 
 
 Subonlinito 
 
 tne expciilive 
 
 ons to foreicrn 
 
 Jenditiires, am! 
 
 :>n, t>y land and 
 
 t of tlio jiidici 
 
 ition and laws, 
 
 lence with tlie 
 
 ghty questions 
 
 mperfeclion of 
 
 d unavoidalile. 
 
 first formation 
 
 ?d ; that of the 
 
 ce, is at hand. 
 
 ivas effected by 
 
 tremitcs of war; and lastly, by dissensions 
 amonsf ourselves — dissensions, perhaps, in- 
 Be|>arable from the enjoyment of freedom, liiit 
 which have, more than once, ajipeared to 
 tlireaten the dissolution of the union, and, witli 
 it, the overthrow of all the enjovments of our 
 present lot, and all our earthly hopes of the 
 future. The causes of these dissensions havp 
 IjL'cn various; f)unded upon dilTcrenocs of 
 speculation in the theory of republican go- 
 vornmont; upon conflictintf viows of pollcv, 
 in our relations with forciun nations: upon 
 jealousies of partial and sectional interest, ag- 
 gravated by prejudices and prepossessions 
 which strangers to each other arc ever apt 
 to entertain. 
 
 " It is a source of gratification and of en- 
 couragement to me, to observe that the great 
 result of this experiment, upon the theory of 
 human rights, has, at the close of that genera- 
 tion by which it was formed, been crowned 
 with success, equal to the most sanguine ex- 
 pectations of its founders. Union, justice, 
 tranquillity, the common defence, the general 
 welfare, and the blessings of liberty, all have 
 been promoted by the government under 
 which we have lived. Standing at this point 
 of time ; looking back to that generation 
 which has gone by, and forward to that 
 wliich is advancing, we may, at once, indulge 
 in grateful exultalu)n, and in cheering hope. 
 From the experience of the j)ast, we ilorive 
 instructive lessons for the future. Of the 
 two great political parties which have divid- 
 eil the opinions and feelings of our country, 
 the candid and the just will now admit, that 
 both have contributed splendid talents, spot- 
 less integrity, ardent patriotism, and disinter- 
 ested sacrifices to the formation and adminis- 
 tration of this government ; and that both 
 have required a liberal indidgence for a por- 
 tion of human infirmity and error. The re- 
 volutionary wars of Europe, commenciuir 
 precisely at the moment wlien the govern- 
 ment of the United .States first went into ope- 
 ration under this constitution, excited a col- 
 lision of sentiments and of sympathies which 
 kindled all the passions, and embittered the 
 conflict of parties, till the nation was involved 
 in war, and the union wis shaken to its centre. 
 
 " This time of trial emiiraccd a period of 
 five and twenty years, during which the poli- 
 cy of the union in its ndations with Europe, 
 constituted the principal basis of our political 
 divisions, and the most arduous part of the 
 action of our federal government. With the 
 catastrophe in which tlie wars of tliJ French 
 revolution terminated, and our own subse- 
 i]iipnt peace with Great Britain, this baneful 
 weed of pirty strife was uprooted. From 
 that time, no dilTerence of principle, connect- 
 ed either with the theory of government, or 
 with our intercourse with foreign nations, has 
 existed, or been called forth, in force sulHcient 
 to sustain a continued combination of parties, 
 or to give more than wholesome animation to 
 the public sentiment or legislative debate. 
 Our political creed is, without a dissenting 
 voice that can be heard, that the will of the 
 people is the source, ami the happiness of the 
 peo[)Io the end, of all leijitimate government 
 upon earth — that the best security for the be- 
 neficence and the best guarantee against the 
 abuse of power, consists in the freedom, the 
 purity, and the frequency of popular elec- 
 tions — that the general governraent of the 
 
 union, and the separate government of ihe 
 states, are all sovereignties of limited pow- 
 ers, fellow-servants of the same masters; un- 
 controlled within their respective spheres; 
 uncontrollable but by encroachments upon 
 each other — that the firmest security of peace 
 is the preparation, during peace, of the de- 
 fences of war — that a rigoroi's economy and 
 accountability of public expenditures, should 
 guard against the aggravation, and alleviate, 
 when possible, the burden of taxation — that 
 the military should be kept in strict subordi- 
 nation to the civil power — that the freedom of 
 the press and of religious opinion should be 
 inviolate — that the policy of our country is 
 peace, and the ark of our salvation, union, 
 are articles of faith upon which we are all 
 now agreed. If there have been those who 
 doubted whether a confederated represent- 
 ative democracy were a government compe- 
 tent to the wise and orderly management of 
 the common concerns of a mighty nation, 
 those doubts have been dispelled. If there 
 have been projects of partial confederacies to 
 be erected on the ruins of the union, they have 
 been scattered to the winds: if there have 
 been dangerous attachments to one foreign 
 nation and antipathies against another, thev 
 have been extinguished. Ten years of peace, 
 at home ard abroad, have assuaged the ani- 
 mosities o{ political contention, and blended 
 into harmony the most discordant elements of 
 public opinion. There still remains one 
 effort of magnanimity, one sacrifice of preju- 
 dice and passion, to be made by the indivi- 
 duals throughout the nation, who have here- 
 tofore followed the standards of political 
 party. It is that of discarding every remnant 
 of rancour against each other; of embracing, 
 as countrymen and friends, aiul of yielding to 
 talents and virtue alone, that confidence which, 
 in times of contention for principle, was be- 
 stowed only upon those who wore the badge 
 of party communion. 
 
 " The collisions of party spirit, which ori- 
 ginated in speculativf opinions, or in different 
 views of adininisfative policy, are, in their 
 nature, transitory. Those which are founded 
 on geo.ri-apliicul divisions, adverse interests of 
 soil, climate, ami modes of domestic life, are 
 more ])ernianent, and therefore perhaps more 
 dangerous. It is this which gives inestimable 
 value to the character of our government, at 
 once federal and national. It holds nnt to us 
 a perpetual admoniti(m to preserve alike, and 
 with ecpial anxii'ty, the rights of each indivi- 
 dual state in its own government, and the 
 rights of the whole nation in that of the 
 union. Whatsoever is of domestic concern- 
 ment, unconnected with the other members of 
 the union, or with foreign lands, belongs ex- 1 
 clusively to the administration of the state go- 1 
 vernments. Whatsoever directly involves; 
 the rights and interests of the federative fra- 1 
 ternity, or of foreign powers, is of the resort j 
 of this general government. The duties of i 
 both are obvious in the general principle,! 
 though sometimes perplexed with difficulties 
 in the detail. To respect the rights of the 
 state governments, is the inviolable duty of 
 that of the union ; the government of every 
 state will feel its own obligation to respect 
 and preserve the rights of the whole. The 
 prejudices, every where too commonly enter- 
 tained against distant strangers, are worn 
 awaVi and the jealousies of jarring interests 
 
 SIO 
 
 are allayed by the composition and functions 
 of the great national councils, annually as- 
 sembled from all quarters of the tinion at this 
 place. Here the distinguished men from 
 every section of our country, while meeting 
 to deliberate upon the great interests of ttioso 
 by whom they are deputed, learn to estimate 
 the talents, and do justice to the virtues of 
 each other. The harmony of the nation is 
 promoted, and the whole "union is knit to- 
 gi.'ther, by the sentiments of mutual respect, 
 the habits of social u tercourse, and the ties of 
 personal friendship, formed between the ro 
 presentBtives of its several parts, in the per 
 formance of their service at this metropolis. 
 
 " Passing from this general review of tho 
 purpose and injunctions of the federal consti- 
 tution and their results, as indicating the first 
 traces of the path of duty in the discharge of 
 my public trust, I turn to the administration 
 of my immediate predecessor, as the second. 
 It has passed away in a period of profound 
 peace; how much to the satisfaction of our 
 country, and to the honour of our country's 
 name, is known to you all. The great fea 
 tiires of his policy, in general concurrence 
 with the will of the legislature, have been — 
 to cherish peace, while preparing fiir de- 
 fensive war; to yield exact justice to other 
 nations, and maintain the rights of our own ; 
 to cherish the prit.ciples of freedcmi and of 
 equal rights, wherever they were proclaimed ; 
 to discharge, with all possible promptitude, 
 the national debt ; to reduce, within the nar- 
 rowest limits of efficiency, jhe military force ; 
 to improve, tho organization and discipline of 
 the army ; to provide and sustain a school of 
 military science ; to extend eipial protection 
 to all the great interests of the nation ; to pro- 
 mote the civilization of the Indian tribes ; and 
 to proceed in the great system of internal im- 
 provements, within the limits of the constitu- 
 tiimal power of the union. Under the pledge 
 of these promises, made by that eminent citi- 
 zen, at the time of his first induction into this 
 office, in his career of eight years, the interna, 
 taxes have been repealed ; sixty millions of 
 the public debt have been discharired ; pro- 
 vision has been made for the comfort and re- 
 lief of the aged and indigent among the sur- 
 viving warriors of the revolution ; the regu- 
 lar armed force has been re<liKed, and its 
 constitution revised and perfected ; the ac- 
 countability for the expenditure of public 
 moneys has been more effective ; the Flo- 
 ridas have been peaceably actpiired, and our 
 boundary has been extended to the Pacific 
 ocean; the independence of the .southern na- 
 tions of this hemisphere has been recognised 
 and recommended by example and by coun- 
 sel, to the potentates of Europe; ])rogress has 
 been made in the defence of the country, by 
 fortifications, and the increase of the navy to- 
 wards the effectual suppression of the African 
 traffic in slaves ; in alluring the aboriginal 
 hunters of our land to ■> cultivation of the 
 soil and of the mind ; iti exploring the inte- 
 rior regions of the union ; and in preparing, 
 by scientific researches and surveys, for the 
 further application of our national resources 
 to the internal improvement of our country. 
 
 " In this brief outline of the promise unrl 
 performance of my immediate predecessor, 
 the line of duty, for his successor, 's clearly 
 delineated. To pursue, to their consumma- 
 tion, those purposes of improve m«nt in our 
 
HISTORY OF THE 
 
 common condition, instituted or recommcndi'd I In August, 1926, Lafsyetto repaired to 
 by Wni, will cmbrnce tlie whole spliere n( my I Wasliingtnn, to t:ike leave of the prexiilent, 
 obligations. To the topic of niternnl ini- 
 nrovemiiiit, einphaticallv \irged \>y him at his 
 
 inauguration, 1 recur with peculiar satisfaction 
 It is that from which I am convinced that the 
 unborn millions of our post-'rity, who are, in 
 future ages, to people this continent, will de- 
 rive their most fervent gratitude to the found- 
 ers of the union; that, in which the beneficent 
 action of its government will be most deeply 
 felt and acknowledged. The magnificence 
 and splendour of their public works are among 
 the imperishable glories of the ancient repub- 
 lics. The roads and aqueducts of Rome have 
 Ijeen the admiration of all after ages, and 
 have survived thousands of years, after all her 
 conquests have Ijeen swallowed up in des- 
 potism, or become the spoil of barbarians. 
 Some diversity of opinion has prevailed with 
 regard to the powers of Congress for legisla- 
 tion upon objects of this nature. The most 
 respectful deference is due to doubts origi- 
 natmg in pure patriotism, and sustained by 
 venerated authority. But nearly twenty years 
 have passed since the construction of the first 
 national road wascommenccd. The authority 
 for its construction was then 'i.nquestioned. 
 To how many thousands of our countrymen 
 has it proved a benefit ? To what single in- 
 dividual has it ever proved an injury 1 Re- 
 peated liberal and candid discussions in the 
 legislature have conciliated the sentiments, 
 and proximated the opinions of enlightened 
 minds, upon the question of constitutional 
 power. I cannot but hope, that by the same 
 pricessof friendly, patient, and persevering 
 deliberation, all constitutional objections will 
 ultimately be removed. The extent and 
 limitation of the powers of the general go- 
 vernment, in relation to this transcendently 
 important interest, will be settled and acknow- 
 ledged, to the common satisfaction of all, and 
 every speculative scruple will be solved by a 
 practical public blessing. 
 
 " Fellow-citizens, you are acquainted with 
 the peculiar circumstances of the recent elec- 
 tion, which have resulted in affording me the 
 opportunity of addressing you, at this time. 
 You have heard the exposition of the prin- 
 ciples which will direct me in the fulfilment 
 of the high and solemn trust imposed upon 
 me in this station. Less possessed of your 
 confidence in advance, than any of my prede- 
 cessors, I am deeply conscious of the prospect 
 that I shall stand, more and oftener, in need of 
 your indulgence. Intentions, upright and 
 pure; a heart devofjd to the welfare of our 
 country, and the unceasing application of all 
 the faculties allotted to me, to her service, are 
 all the pledges that I can give, for the faithful 
 performance of the arduous duties I am to un- 
 dertake. To the guidance of the legislative 
 councils ; to the assistance of the executive 
 and subordinate departments; to the friendly 
 co-oporation of the respective state govern- 
 ments; to the candid and liberal support of 
 the people, so far as it may be deserved by 
 honest industry and zeal, I shall look for what- 
 ever (ucoess may attend my public service : 
 and knowing, that, except the Lord keep the 
 city, the watchman waketh but in vain ; with 
 fervent supplications for his fivour, to his 
 overuling Providence I commit, with hum- 
 ble but fearless confiilence, my own fate, and 
 the future deitinies of ray country," 
 
 and his last look of the land through which he 
 had (lassed as a laurelled victor, receiving the 
 homage of nations. His was the homage ol 
 the heart ; the offerings he received was the 
 gratitude of an enlightened people. " The 
 last three weeks which he spent in the United 
 States, was exceedingly well appropriated ; 
 and, no doubt, after much reflection, by him — 
 for he is a man not more remarkable for the 
 purity of his motives, than an observance of 
 every right rule of conduct, a deviation from 
 which might lead to a suspicion of any of 
 them. This induced him, after witnessing the 
 magnificent ceremony at Boston, on the anni- 
 versary of the battle of Bunker's Hill, 
 leisurely to return to the city of Washington, 
 (visiting many of his personal friends in the 
 way, and reviewing the battle field at Brandy- 
 wine,) that his last moments might be given 
 up to a brief residence in what must be meta- 
 phorically regarded as the heart of the nation, 
 being the seat of its government, where the 
 chief agents of millions of their fellow-citi- 
 zens are gathered together, to execute the 
 laws, and distribute tliat moral force, for the 
 preservation of harmony, which rightfully be 
 longs to institutions based upon the self com- 
 petency of a free people for the self-manage- 
 ment of their own affairs ; and it was here 
 that Lafayette mentally looked over the 
 whole republii; — the twenty-four sovereignties 
 which he had visited — and, with feelings 
 which no honest man will envy, but such as 
 every honourable one would desire to possess 
 for himself — reflected on what he had seen, 
 and indulge the fond hopes of what this na- 
 tion, of which he was a distinguished builder, 
 would attain, before the expiration of that pe- 
 riod of time usually allotted to men now 
 living ; and his tender heart must have seem- 
 ed to melt within him, at the remembrance of 
 the scenes through which he had passed in the 
 dark days of the revolution, contrasted with 
 the triumphs of his journey through the ' land 
 of the free.' Not the triumphs of the con- 
 queror, before whom the enslaved bow to the 
 dust, and by their own debasement endeavour 
 to win the favour of the oppressor ; but grow- 
 ing out of the be.st affections of the human 
 mind, for kindnesses rendered, when a weak 
 people most needed them, that they might bo- 
 come strong, and laugh the oppressor to the 
 scorn and contempt that tyranny merits. 
 
 " From the city of Washington, the po- 
 litical heart of the nation, he made delightful 
 excursions into Virginia, in which it happened 
 that three out of all the presidents which we 
 have had, yet resided as citizens — distinguish- 
 ed over their fellows only by the right of 
 franking their letters, except in their private 
 virtues, — and this is all the distinction tliat the 
 coi.stitution allows! — no pension, no prece- 
 dent, no other privilege than that of being en- 
 abled to correspond through the post-offices 
 with their old friends and acquaintances, free 
 of expense ! He had before visited one of 
 the lion-hearted of the revolution, the resolute 
 and devoted president Adams ; and the other 
 ex-presidents were, the author of the decla- 
 ration of independence ; a soldier who spilled 
 his blood in supporting it; and he to whom, 
 perhaps, more than any man living, we are in- 
 debted for the present happy constitution of 
 thu United Statei. And in one of those ex- 
 
 cursions, he was accompanied by the present 
 president of the republic, and met by iho 
 venerable chief justice of the United Statf-i, 
 a fellow soldier also. What meetings were 
 these of the great and the good! We can en- 
 tertain some idea of the sensations which tliev 
 >roduced, but lanf^uago would fail to give ut- 
 terance to it, and we shall not attempt an im- 
 possibility. 
 
 The last days of his visit were properly 
 spent by Lafayette in the nation's house, on 
 the invitation of its present possessor, the 
 chief magistrate of the United States. Mr. 
 Adams was, in his early youth, a favourite 
 with the general, having much personal com- 
 
 Piunication with him; and of his dispnsitiom 
 and ability to represent the hospitality and 
 feeling of the millions of free people over 
 whose affairs he presides, there could not be a 
 doubt. Lafayette was at home, in the national 
 house, in the city of Washington, and in the 
 heart of a family which had every inducement 
 that can operate on the human mind to make 
 him comfortable; this was his abode till iIk; 
 moment of his departure, to embark in the 
 Brandywine, named in compliment to him, and 
 ])eculiarly fitted for his accommodation — her 
 ' giddy mast' bearing the stripes and the stars, 
 her bosom to contain the person of our guest : 
 man of whom it may be said, ' take him all In 
 all, we ne'er shall look upon his like again,' 
 unless he shall again visit our shores : one 
 that was the same, great and good, in pros- 
 perity and adversity — grateful for kind olHces, 
 forgiving of injuries, zealous to confer beni'- 
 fits — modest when as on the pinnacle of hu- 
 man glory, dignified and collected in the proud 
 presence of kings. But 1 must not proceed — 
 if, after Mr. Adams' display of elo(|ucnce and 
 power, he, who commands words and they 
 obey him, honestly confessed ' a want of lan- 
 guage to give utte ioce to his feelings' — who 
 among us may att-ript it ? 1 shall, therefore, 
 proceed to notice some of the things which 
 happened at the departure of Lafayette, with 
 this simple remark, that if there is any Ame- 
 rican who can read, unmoved, Mr. Adam's 
 valedictory address to him, or the reply of the 
 general to that address, I would not possess 
 that man's heart for his fortune, though he 
 were a Crcesus. 
 
 " The 7th inst. was the day appointed for 
 his departure. The civil and military autho- 
 rities, and the whole people of Washington, 
 had prepared to honour it. The banks were 
 closed, and all business suspended ; and no- 
 thing else engaged attention, except the cere- 
 monies prescribed for the occasion. 
 
 " At about 12 o'clock, the authorities of 
 Washington, Georgetown, and Alexandria, 
 the principal oflficers of the general govern- 
 ment, civil, military, and naval, some members 
 of Congress, and other respected strangers, 
 were assembled in the president's house lu 
 take leave of Lafayette. He entered the 
 great hall in silence, leaning on the marshal ot 
 the district, and on the arm of one of the |>ri'- 
 sident's sons. Mr. Adams then, with miicli 
 dignity, but with evident emotion, addressed 
 him in the following terms : — 
 
 " ' General Lafayette : It has been the goml 
 fortune of many of my distinguished fellow- 
 citizens, during the course of the yenr now 
 elapsed, upon your arrival at their respective 
 places of abode, to greet you with the wel- 
 come of the nation. The less pleasing task 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 031 
 
 led liy tlie prpsont 
 , nnd met l)y iho 
 the United Stiiti'^J, 
 mt tiieptint;3 wen: 
 ood! We can rii- 
 satinns whirli llicy 
 Mild liiil to pivo ut- 
 not attempt an iin- 
 
 isit were properly 
 nation's house, on 
 Bnt possessor, the 
 nited States. Mr. 
 youth, a favourite 
 uch pergonal com- 
 
 of his disposition 
 he hospitality and 
 
 free people over 
 fiero could not he a 
 ime, in the national 
 hinpfon, and in the 
 I every inducement 
 nan mind to make 
 I his ahode till the 
 
 to emliark in the 
 pliment to him, nnd 
 commodation — her 
 ripes and the starM, 
 ?rson of our guest : 
 id, ' take him all in 
 (on his like upaiii,' 
 t our shores : one 
 and good, in pros- 
 ful for kind offices, 
 )(is to confer heiic- 
 ihe pinnacle of hii- 
 Uected in the proud 
 Tinst not proceed — 
 / of elo(juence and 
 s words and they 
 ed ' a want of lan- 
 
 his feelings' — who 
 
 1 shall, therefore, 
 f the things which 
 
 of Lafayette, with 
 
 there is any Arne- 
 oved, Mr. Adam's 
 or the reply of the 
 ivoidd not possess 
 fortune, though he 
 
 day appointed for 
 ind military autho- 
 le of Washington, 
 
 The lianks were 
 upended ; and no- 
 1, except the cere- 
 ccasion. 
 the authorities of 
 
 and Alexandria, 
 e general govern- 
 val, some mcmliers 
 spected strangers, 
 esident's house lo 
 He entered the 
 on the marshal o( 
 of one of the pre- 
 
 then, with much 
 motion, addressed 
 
 has heen the pond 
 tiiiguished fellow- 
 of the year now 
 at their respective 
 I'ou with the wel- 
 less pleasing task 
 
 now devolves upon me, of bidding you, in the I 
 nameof the nation, adieu. 
 
 " ' It were no longer seasonable, and would 
 be superfluous, to recapitulate the remarkable 
 incidents of your early life — incidents which 
 associated your name, fortunes, a.id reputation, 
 in imperishable connexion with the independ- 
 e.ice and history of the North American 
 union. 
 
 " ' The part which you performed at that 
 important juncture was marked with charac- 
 ters so peculiar, that, realizing the fairest fable 
 of anliiiuity, its parallel could scarcely be 
 found in the authentic records of human 
 history. 
 
 " ' You deliberately and persevcringly pre- 
 ferred toil, danger, the endurance of every 
 hardship, and the privation of every comfort, 
 in defence of a holy cause, to inglorious ease, 
 and the allurements of rank, affluence, and 
 unrestrained youth, at the most splendid and 
 fascinating court of Europe. 
 
 " ' That this choice was not less wise than 
 magnanimous, tlie sanction of half a century, 
 and the gratulations of unnumbered voices, all 
 unable to express the gratitude of the heart 
 with which your visit to this hemisphere has 
 been welcomed, afford ample demonstration. 
 
 " ' When the contest of freedom, to which 
 yo\i had repaired asa voluntary champion, had 
 closed, tiy the complete triumph of her cause 
 in this country of your adoption, you returned 
 to fulfil the duties of the philanthropist and 
 piUriot in the land of your nativity. There, 
 m a consistent and uiideviating carec of forty 
 V ?ars, you have maintained, through every vi- 
 c ssitucle of alternate success and disappoint- 
 ment, the same gloriiiis c.iuse to which the 
 first years of your active life had been devoted, 
 the inprovemeut of the moral and political 
 condition of man. 
 
 " ' Throughout that long succession of time, 
 the people of the United States, for whom, and 
 Willi whom, you had fought the battles of 
 liberty, have been living in the full possession 
 of its fruits ; one of the happiest among the 
 family of nations. Spreading in populatiiui ; 
 enlarging in territory ; acting, and suffering 
 according to the condition of their nature ; and 
 laying the foundations of the greatest, and we 
 humbly hope, the most beneficent power that 
 ever regulated the concerns of man upon earth. 
 
 " ' In that lapse of forty years, tlie genera- 
 tion of men with whom you co-operateil in the 
 conflict of arms, has nearly passed away. Of 
 the general officers of the American army in 
 that war, you alone survive. Of the sages who 
 guided our councils ; of the warriors who met 
 the fie in the field or upon the wave, with the 
 exception of a few, to whom unusual length 
 of days has been allotted by Heaven, all now 
 sleep with their flithers. A succeeding, and 
 even a third generation, have arisen to take 
 their places; and their children's children, 
 while rising up to call them blessed, have been 
 t.iupht fjy them, as well as admonished liy 
 their own constant enjoyment of freedom, to 
 include in every benison upon their fithurs, 
 the name of him who came from afar, with 
 thoin, and in their cause, to conquer or to fall 
 
 " The universal prevalence of these senti- 
 rr.cnts was signally manifested by a resolution 
 of Congress, representing the whole people, 
 and all the states of this union, requesting the 
 president of the United States to communicate 
 to you atsuranceg of the grateful and affectiun- 
 
 atc attachment of tfiis government and people, 
 and desiring that a national ship might be em- 
 ployed, at your convenience, for your passage 
 to the borders of our country. 
 
 " ' The invitation was transmitted to you by 
 my venerable pred- essor : himself liound to 
 you by the strongest ties of personal friend- 
 ship, himself one of those whom the highest 
 honours of his country had rewarded for blood 
 early shed in her cause, and for a long life of 
 devotion to her welfare. Jly him the services 
 of a national ship were placed at your dis- 
 posal. Your delicacy preferred a more pri- 
 vate conveyance, and a full year lias elapsed 
 since you landed upon our shores. It were 
 scarcely an exaggeration to say, that it has 
 been, to the peojile of the union, a year of un- 
 interrupted festivity and enjoyment, inspired 
 by your presence. You have traversed the 
 twenty-tour states of this great confederacy : 
 You have been received with rajiture by the 
 survivors of your earliest companions in arms: 
 You have lieen hailed as a long absent parent 
 by their children, the men and women of the 
 present age : And a rising generation, the hope 
 of future time, in numbers surpassing the 
 whole population of tliat day when you fought 
 at the head and by the side of their fore- 
 fathers, have vied with the scanty remnants of 
 that hour of trial, in acclamations of joy at be- 
 holding the face of him whom they feel to lie 
 the common benefactor of all. You have 
 heard the mingled voices of the past, the pre- 
 sent, and the future age, joining in one univer- 
 sal chorus of delight at your approach : and 
 the shouts of unbidden thousands, which 
 greeted your landing on the soil of freedom, 
 lave followed every step of your way, and 
 still resound, like the rushing of many waters, 
 from every corner of our land. 
 
 You are now about to return to the 
 country of your birth, of your ancestors, of 
 your posterity. The executive government of 
 the union, stimulated by the same feeling 
 wliich had prompted the congress to the de- 
 signation of a national ship for your accom- 
 modation in coming hither, has destined the 
 first service of a frigate, recently launched at 
 this metropolis, to the less welcome, but 
 ecjually distinguished trust, of conveying you 
 home. The name of the ship has added one 
 more memorial to distant regions and to future 
 ages, of a stream already memorable, at once 
 in the story of your sufferings and of our in- 
 dependence. 
 
 "'The ship is now prepared for your re- 
 ception, and equipped for sea. From the mo- 
 ment of her departure, the prayers of millions 
 will ascend to Heaven that her passage may 
 be prosperous, and your return to the bosom 
 of your family as propitious to your happiness, 
 as your visit to this scone of your youthful 
 glory has been to that of the American people. 
 
 " ' Go then, our beloved friend — return to 
 the land of brilliant genius, of generous senti- 
 ment, of heroic valour j to that beautiful 
 
 after days, a Frenchman shall be called to iiv 
 dicate the character of his nation by that of 
 one individual, during the age in which wo 
 live, the blood of lofty patriotism shall mantle 
 in his cheek, the fire of conscious virtue shall 
 sparkle In his eye, and he shall pronounce the 
 name of Lafayette. Yet we, too, and our 
 children, in life and after death, shall claim 
 you for our own. You are ours liy that 
 more than p.-triotic self-devotion with which 
 you flew to the aid of our fathers at the crisis 
 of tneir fate. Ours by that long series of 
 years in which you have cherished us in your 
 regard. Ours by that unshaken sentiment of 
 gratitude for your services which is a precious 
 portion of our inheritance. Ours by that iio 
 of love, stronger than death, which has linked 
 your name, for the endless ages of time, witli 
 the name of Washington. 
 
 '"At the painful moment of parting from 
 you, wo take comfort in the thought, that 
 wherever you may be, to the last pulsation of 
 your heart, our couiitry will be ever present 
 to your atfcntions ; and a cheering consolation 
 assures us, diat we are not called to sorrow 
 most of all, that we shall gee your face no 
 more. We shall indulge the pleasing antici- 
 pation of beholding our friend again. In the 
 meantime, speaking in the name of the whole 
 people of the Ll^nited States, and at a loss (uily 
 for language to give utterance to that ft-eling 
 of attachment with which the heart of the na 
 tion beats, as the heart of one man — 1 bid yoi 
 a reluctant and affectionate farewell.' " 
 
 " To which General Lafayette made the 
 following answer : — 
 
 " ' Amidst all my obligations to the general 
 government, and particularly to you, sir, its 
 respected chief magist'-atc, I have most thank- 
 fully to acknowledge the opportuiiity given 
 Tie, at this solemn and painful moment, to 
 jiresent the people of the United States with 
 a parting tribute of profound, inexpressible 
 gratitude. 
 
 " ' To have tieen, in the infant and critical 
 days of these states, adopted by them as a 
 favourite son, to have particijiated in thi? toils 
 and perils of our unspotted struggle for imle- 
 pcndence, freedom, and equal rights, and in 
 the foundation of the American era of a new 
 social order, which has already pervaded this, 
 and must, for the dignity and liajipitB-ss of 
 mankind, successively pervade every jiart of 
 the other hemisphere, to have receiveil at 
 every stage of the revolution, nnd dining 
 forty years after that period, from the peojile 
 of the United States, nnd their representa- 
 tives at home and afjroad, continual marks ol 
 their cnnfidence and kindness, has been the 
 pride, the encoiirasement, the support of a 
 long and eventful life. • 
 
 '"But how could 1 find words to arkiiow 
 ledge that series of welcomes, those un 
 hoHndcd nnd universal disphiys of public af 
 fection, which have marked each step, each 
 hour, of a twelve-months' progress through 
 
 France, the nursing mother of the -.velfthithe twenty-four states, and which, while they 
 Louis, and the Fourth Henry ; to the native overwhelm my heart with grateful dellglit, 
 soil of Bayard and Colitrni, of Turenno and have most satisfactorily evinced the concur 
 Catinat, of Fenelon and D'Aguessenii. In ^rence of the people in the kind testimonies, in 
 that illustrious catalogue of names which she | the immense favours bestowed on me by the 
 claims as of her children, and with honest j several branches of their representatives, in 
 pride holds up to the admiration of other na-|every part and at the central seat of the con- 
 tions, the name of Lafayette has already for i federacy. 
 
 centuries heen enrolled. And it shall hence- j "' Yet, gratification still highrrawaited mo ; 
 forth burnish into brighter fame; for if, in i in the wonders of creation and improvement 
 

 
 m 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 th"' liave met my enchanted eye, in the un-jeral stretched out his hands, and was, in a mo- 
 
 paratleled and self-felt happiness of the peo 
 pie, in their rapid prosperity' and insured se- 
 cnrity, public and private, in a practice of good 
 order, the appendage of true freedom, and a 
 national good sense, the final arbiter of all dif- 
 iiculties, t have had proudly to recognise a 
 result of the republican principles for which 
 we have fought, and a glorious demonstration 
 to the most timid and prejudiced minds, of the 
 superiority, over degrading arittocracy or 
 despotism, of popular institutions founded on 
 the plain rights of man, and where the local 
 rights of every section are preserved under a 
 constitutional bond of union. The cherishing 
 of that union between the states, as it has been 
 the farewell intreaty of our great paternal 
 Washington, and will ever have the dying 
 
 Crayer of every American patriot, so it hits 
 ecome the sacred pledge of the emancipation 
 of the world, an object in which I am happy 
 to observe that the American people, while 
 they give the animating example of successful 
 free institutions, in return for an evil entailed 
 jpon them by Europe, and of which a liberal 
 and enlightened sense is every where more 
 and more generally felt, show themselves 
 every day more anxiously interes^d 
 
 " ' And now, sir, how can I do justice to 
 my deep and lively feelings for the assu- 
 rances, most peculiarly valued, of your esteem 
 and friendship, for your so very kind refer- 
 ences to old times, to my beloved associates 
 to the vicissitudes of my life, for your affect- 
 ing picture for the blessings poured by the 
 several generations of the American people 
 on the remaining days of a delighted veteran, 
 for your affectionate remarks on this sad hour 
 of sep-xration, on the country of my birth, 
 full, I can say, of American sympathies 
 on the hope so necessary to me of my seeing 
 again the country that has deigned, near half 
 a century ago, to call me hers? I shall con- 
 tent myself, refraining from superfluous repe- 
 titions, at once, before you, sir, and this re- 
 spected circle, to proclaim my cordial con- 
 firmation of every one of the sentiments 
 which I have had daily opportunities publicly 
 to utter, from the time when your venerable 
 predecessor, my old brother in arms and friend, 
 transmitted to me the honourable invitation of 
 Congress, to this day, when you, my dear sir, 
 whose friendly connexion with me dates from 
 your earliest youth, are going to consign me 
 to the protection, across the Atlantic, of the 
 heroic national flag, on board the splendid 
 ship, the name of which has not been the 
 least flattering and kind among the number- 
 less favours conferred upon me. 
 
 " ' God bless you, sir, and all who surround 
 us. God bless the American people, each of 
 their states, and the federal government. Ac- 
 cept this patriotic farewell of an overflowing 
 heart ; such will be its last throb when 
 ceases to beat.' 
 
 " As the last sentence was pronounced, the 
 general advanced, and, while the tears poured 
 over his venerable cheek, again to<ik the pre- 
 sident in his arms — he retired a few paces, 
 but overcome by his feelings again returned, 
 and uttering in broken accents, ' God bless 
 you !' fell once more on the neck of Mr. 
 Adams. It was a scene, at once solemn and 
 moving, as the sigl.s and stealing tears of 
 many, who witnessed it, bore testimony. 
 Haying recovered his self-possession, the gen- 
 
 ment, surrounded by the ^r>etings of the 
 whole assembly, who pressed upon him, each 
 eager to seize, perhaps for the last time, that 
 beloved hand which was opened so freely for 
 our aid, when aid was so precious, and which 
 grasped, with firm and undeviating hold, the 
 steel which so bravely helped to achieve our 
 deliverance. The expression which now 
 beamed from the face of^ this exalted man was 
 of the flnest and most touching kind. The 
 hero was lost in the father and the friend : 
 dignity melted into subdued affection, and the 
 friend of Washington seemed to linger with a 
 mournful delight among the sons of his adopt- 
 ed country. A considerable period was then 
 occupied in conversing with various individu- 
 als, while refreshments were presented to the 
 company. The moment of departure at 
 length arrived, and, having once more pressed 
 the hand of Mr. Adams, he entered the ba- 
 rouche, accompanied by the secretaries of 
 state, of the treasury, and of the navy. 
 
 " The parting being over, the carriage of 
 the general, preceded by the cavalry, the ma- 
 rine corps, and Captain Edwards' rifle corps, 
 and followed by the carriages containing the 
 corporate authorities of the cities of the dis- 
 trict, and numerous military and high civil 
 officers of the government, moved forword, 
 followed by the remaining military com- 
 panies. In taking u,' the escort, the whole 
 column moved through the court, in front of 
 the president's mansion, and paid him the pas- 
 sing salute, as ho stood in front to receive it. 
 The whole scene — the peals of artillery, the 
 animating sounds of numerous military bands, 
 the presence of the vast concourse of people, 
 and the occasion that assembled them, alto- 
 gether produced emotions, not easily de- 
 scribed, but which every American will 
 readily conceive. 
 
 " On reaching the bank of the Potomac, 
 near where the Mount Vernon steam vessel 
 was in waiting, all the carriages in the pro- 
 cession, except the general's, wheeled off, and 
 the citizens in them assembled on foot around 
 that of the general. The whole military 
 body then passed him in review, as he stood 
 in the barouche of the president, attended 
 by the secretaries of state, of the treasury, 
 and of the navy. After the review, the ge- 
 neral proceeded to the steam vessel under a 
 salute of artillery, surrounded by as many 
 citizens, all eager to catch the last look, as 
 could press on the large wharf; and, at four 
 o'clock, this great, and good, and extraordi- 
 nary man, trod, for the last time, the soil of 
 America, followed by the blessings of every 
 patriotic heart that lives on it. 
 
 " As the vessel moved off, and for a short 
 time after, the deepest silence was observed 
 by the wholeof the vast multitude that lined 
 it 1 the shore. The feelings that pervaded them 
 was that of children bidding a final farewell 
 to a venerated parent. The whole remained 
 gazing after the retiring vessel, until she had 
 passed GreenleaPs Point, where another 
 salute repeated the valedictory sounds of re- 
 spect, and these again were, not long after, 
 echoed by the heavy guns of fort Washing- 
 ton, and reminded us of the rapidity with 
 which this benefactor and friend of^ our coun- 
 try was borne from it. 
 
 " The general was ".ccompanicd to the 
 Brandy wine by the secretary of the navy, the 
 
 mayors of the three cities of the district, tha 
 coinmander-in-rhief of the army, the generals 
 of the militia of the district, Cornniodoro 
 Bainbridge, and several other gentlemen." 
 
 The transactions between the United States 
 and the Indian tribes have occasioned consid- 
 erable discussion among '.he philanthropists of 
 both the new and tho old world ; we shall, 
 therefore, notice the treaties which were 
 formed somewhat particularly. In February, 
 a treaty was concluded with the Creek na« 
 tion of Indians. The commissioners on the 
 part of the United States represented to the 
 Creeks, that it is the policy and wish of the 
 general government, that the several Indian 
 tribes within the limits of any of the states of 
 the union, should remove to territory to be 
 designated on the west side of the Mississippi 
 river, as well for the better protection and se- 
 curity of the said tribes, and their improve- 
 ment in civilization, as for the purpose of en- 
 abling theUnited States, in thisinstance, to com- 
 ply with a compact entered into with the state 
 of Georgia, on the 24th of April, 1S02. The 
 chiefs of the Creek towns assented to the 
 reasonableness of the proposition, and ex- 
 pressed a willingness to migrate beyond the 
 Mississippi, those of Tokaubutchce excepted. 
 The Creeks accordingly, by the first article 
 of the treaty, ceded to the United Siates all 
 the lands within tho boundaries of the state of 
 Georgia now occupied by them, or to which 
 they have title or claim, lying within certain 
 described boundaries ; and by the second it 
 was agreed, thai the United States will give 
 in exchange for the lands hereby acquired the 
 like quantity, acre for acre, westward of the 
 Mississippi, on the Arkansas river. Othet 
 stipulations favourable to tho equitable claims 
 of tho emigrating parties were made ; parti- 
 cularly that a deputation may be sent to ex- 
 oiore the territory herein oflered them in ex- 
 change ; and if the same be not acceptable to 
 ■i.hem, then they may select any other territory 
 west of tho Mississippi, on Red, Canadian, 
 Arkansas, or Missouri rivers, the territory oc- 
 cupieu by the Cherokcos and Choctuws ex- 
 cepted; and if the territory to be selected 
 shall be in the occupancy of other Indian 
 tribes, then the United States will extinguish 
 the title of such occupants for the benefit of 
 the said emigrants. 
 
 The Kansas Indians, by treaty, ceded to 
 the United States all their lands both within 
 and without the limits of Missouri, excepting 
 a reservation beyond that state on the Kansas 
 river, about thirty miles square, including 
 their villages. In consideration of this ces- 
 sion, the United States agreed to pay three 
 thousand five hundred dollars a year for 
 twenty years; to furnish the Kansas imme- 
 diately with three hundred head of cattle, 
 three Imndi.'d hogs, five hundred fowls, three 
 yoke of oxen, and two carts, and with -such 
 farming utensils as the Indian superintendent 
 may deem necessary ; to provide and sup- 
 port a blacksmith for them ; and to employ 
 persons to aid and instruct them in their agri- 
 cultural pursuits, as tlie president may deem 
 expedient. Of the ceded lands, thirty-six 
 sections on the Big Blue river were to be laid 
 out under the direction of the president, and 
 sold for the support of schools among the 
 Kansas. Reservations were also made foi 
 the benefit of certain half-breeds ; and other 
 stipulations mutually satisfactory. It was 
 
of the district, the 
 army, the generals 
 strict, Cdtiiniodoro 
 ler gentlemen." 
 n the United States 
 occasioned consid- 
 e pliiiantliropists of 
 1 world ; we shall, 
 'Bties which were 
 irly. In Febrnary, 
 ith the Creek na- 
 tnmissioners on the 
 represented to the 
 ;y and wish of the 
 the several Indian 
 any of the states of 
 e to territory to bo 
 leof the Mississippi 
 r protection and se- 
 and their improve- 
 the purpose of en- 
 thisinstance, to com- 
 d into with tlie state 
 if April, 1S02. The 
 ins assented to the 
 roposition, and ex- 
 migrate beyond the 
 ttubatchce excepted. 
 , by the first article 
 he United Siates all 
 daries of the state of 
 y theni, or to which 
 lying within certain 
 nd by the second it 
 ited States will give 
 hereby acquired the 
 re, westward of the 
 ansas river. Othei 
 the equitablo claima 
 s were made ; parti- 
 1 may be sent to ex- 
 oflered them in ex- 
 be not acceptable to 
 ;t any other territory 
 on Red, Canadian, 
 ers, the territory oc- 
 and Choctaws ex- 
 itory to be selected 
 cv of other Indian 
 latos will extinguish 
 Its for the benefit of 
 
 bv treaty, ceded to 
 ir lands both within 
 Missouri, excepting 
 state on the Kansas 
 s square, including 
 deration of thif: ces- 
 igreed to pay three 
 dollars a year for 
 1 the Kansas imme- 
 Ired head of cattle, 
 hundred fowls, three 
 carts, and with '.uch 
 fidian superintendent 
 o provide and sup- 
 em ; and to employ 
 ;t them in their agri- 
 president may deem 
 led lands, thirty-six 
 river were to be laid 
 f the president, and 
 schools among the 
 were also made foi 
 If-breeds ; and other 
 atigfactory. It was 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 olto agreed, that no private revenge shall be 
 takenoy the Indians for the violation of their 
 rights; but tlmt tln-y shall make their cntn- 
 plaint to the superintendent or other agent, 
 aiid receive justice in a due course of law ; 
 and it was lastly agreed, llin' the Kansas na- 
 tion shall never dispose of their lands without 
 the consent of the United States, and that the 
 United States shall always have the free right 
 of navigation in the waters of the Kansas. 
 
 A treaty was also concluded with the Great 
 and Little Osages, at St. Louis, Missouri. 
 The general principles of this treaty are the 
 eanie as those of the treaty with the Kansas. 
 The Indians cede all their lands in Arkansas 
 and elsewhere, and then reserve a defined 
 territory, west of the Missouri line, filly miles 
 square j an agent to be permitted to reside on 
 the reser\ation, and the United Slates to have 
 the right of free navigation in all the waters 
 on the tract. The United Slates pay an an- 
 nuity of seven thousand dollars for twenty 
 years; furnish forthwith six hundred head of 
 cattle, six hundred hogs, one thousand fowls, 
 ten yoke of oxen, six carts, with farming 
 utensils, persons to teach the Indians agricul- 
 ture, and ablacksmith, and build a commodious 
 dwelling-house for each of the four principal 
 chiefs, at bis own village. Reservations were 
 made for the establishment of a fund for the 
 support of schools for the benefit of the Os;ige 
 children; and provision was made fur the 
 benefit of the Harmony missionary establish- 
 ment. The United States also assume cer- 
 tain debts due from certain chiefs of the 
 tribes; and agree to deliver al the Osage vil- 
 lages, as scon as may be, four thousand dol- 
 lars in merchandise, and two thousand six 
 hundred in horses and their equipments. 
 
 In May, a general convention of peace, 
 amity, navigation, and commerce, between 
 the Unititd States of America and the republic 
 of Colombia, was signed by the president, al 
 \V'ashinirt<ui. 
 
 The fiftieth anniversary, the jubilee, as il 
 was termed, of American independence, was 
 observed throughout ihe states with ureat en- 
 thusiasm, and was rendered additionally inter- 
 esting bv the remarkable circumstance that 
 both Adams and Jefferson, eminent men 
 among the fathers of their country, died on 
 that day. 
 
 Mr. Ailams, in a message to Congress, re- 
 commended a naval academy, and urged lice 
 appropriation of money for such an esiablisli- 
 raent ; but Congress did not move far in the 
 business. He also recommended the erection 
 of an observatory, that the United States 
 raiglit not be behind the nations of Europe in 
 tho'.r astronomical knowledge. This was also 
 neglected. The next election was the all en- 
 grossing subject of the |)oliticlans, in every 
 quarter of the country, and forbade any im- 
 provements in sclenci or letters. Towards 
 the close of his administration, twenty thou- 
 sand dollars were appropriated, to be paid by 
 instalments, for statuary to fill some niches in 
 tlio east front of the capitol, and a suitable 
 artist engaged to repair to Italy, to commence 
 his labours. He receivoil his instructions 
 from Mr. Adams, who had designed the orna- 
 ments of the pediment on the front of the 
 .lame building. 
 
 Mr. Adams lived in harmony with his cabi- 
 net, although they were made of different ma- 
 terials from himself. He struggled hard to 
 
 prove that a president could act without party; 
 out his success did not warrant the conclusion 
 that such a course could ever be wisely pur- 
 sued. Many were mortified, n id not ii tew 
 disappointed, to sei; those \\ ho had made no 
 effort to bring In the administration, receive 
 the rewards which belonged to his political 
 friends. Mr. .Adams was unquestionably the 
 most linrned of all the chief magistrates the 
 nation has had. He received all foreign am- 
 bassadors without an interpreter, and satisfied 
 all that he was acquainted with their mother 
 tongue. His learning and his openness of dis- 
 positlcm did nothing to insure his .seccuid elec- 
 tion. '1 he tide of party was not to be stem- 
 med by learning and enlarged views. Gene- 
 ral Jackson was elected by a larsje innjoritv. 
 
 In the year IS28, Congress made provi- 
 sion, by law, fiir certain officers of the revo- 
 lutionary army. The debt of justice had been 
 long delayed. Thousands had descended to 
 thi! grave in poverty, with complaints on their 
 lips against the rulers of the land. All the 
 wise, patriotic, and eloquent of both houses of 
 Congress, were on the side of the veK^ran sol- 
 diers. Stroiii; urgunients W(M-e used in their 
 cause. The chairman of the committee wlilch 
 reported the bill, made the following forcible 
 remarks : — 
 
 " Mr. President, (said he,) it has become 
 my duty, sir, as chairman of the committee 
 who reported this bill, to explain the origin 
 and character of it. I regret that this duty 
 has not devolved upon some abler represent- 
 ative of the interests of the petitioners ; but 1 
 regret it the less as my colleagues on the coni- 
 mitlee possess every quality of both the head 
 and heart to advance those interests, and will 
 no doubt, hereafter, be seconded by an indul- 
 gent attention on the part of the senate. 
 
 " Who, then, sir, are the venerable men 
 that knock at your door I and for what do 
 they ask ? They are not suppliants for mere 
 favour or charity, though we all know that 
 nothing but the proud spirit which helped to 
 sustain them through the distresses of our 
 revolution, has withheld most of them from 
 reliance for dally bread on the alms provided 
 by the |)resent pension act. No, sir, they 
 come as |)etitioners for their rights. They 
 come as the remiiant of that gallant band, who 
 enlisted your continental army, who disci- 
 plined its ranks, who planned its enterprises, 
 and led the way to victory and independence. 
 Confiding in the plli;lited faith of Ciuisjress, 
 given in the form of a solemn compact, they 
 adhered to your cause through evil report and 
 good re|)ort, till the great drama close<l ; and 
 they now ask only that the faith so plighted 
 may be redeemed. Amid tlie wrecks IVoiii 
 time and disease, during almost half a century, 
 short of two hundred and fitly now survive, 
 out of two thousand four hundred and eiL'hty, 
 who exis';id at the close of the war. Even 
 this sma'. number is lidllng fast around us, as 
 the lei.ves of autumn; and this very morning 
 a gentleman before me has communlcaled the 
 information, that another of the most faithful 
 among them has just passed ' that bourne 
 whence no traveller returns.' It behooves us, 
 then, if we now conclude, in our |)rosperity 
 and greatness, to extend relief, either from 
 charity, gratitude, or justice, to do it quickly. 
 
 " My great anxiety is, in the outset, to pre- 
 vent any misapprehension of the true grounds 
 on which tne appropriation is founded 
 
 ,133 
 
 Throughout the whole inquiry, there is no 
 disposition to censure the motives or pulley of 
 the old congress. They adopted siuh ima- 
 Hures as the exigencies and necessities of llie 
 times icirced upon them ; and now, when 
 those exigencies have teased, it is ju>t, as well 
 as generous, to give such relief as tlie •.laliiro 
 of the case may derniind. 
 
 "A very great obstacle to the success (if 
 this measure, heretofiue, has been a prevali'nt 
 opinion, that these petitioners are seeking 
 compensation merely for losses sustained on 
 the depreciation of continental money and 
 certificates received fiir their monthly wages ; 
 whereas from their first memorial in A. 1). 
 1810, to the present session, they have inva- 
 riably rested on the non-perfiirmance, by 
 Congress, of a distinct and independent con- 
 tract. All the losses on their monlhly wages, 
 they bore in common, and are willing to 
 forego in common with many in the walks of 
 civil life, and with the brave soldiers under 
 iheir command. This is the plain and de- 
 cisive reason w by none but officers are em- 
 braced in the present bill. The contriict on 
 which tluy rely, was made with the oflicers 
 alone; and gallant and unfortunate as were 
 the soldiers, the officers have endured, and 
 will continue to endure, without replninif, 
 still severer sufferings from the worthless 
 mcr.ey and certificates received for their 
 wages ; because those losses were perhaps 
 too large, and too g(?neral in all departments 
 of life, ever to warrant the expectation, or 
 practicability, of complete remuneration. I 
 have said severer sufferings on this account hy 
 the otRceis ; because the money received for 
 wages liefiire A. I). 1780. woiih only one 
 dollar in the hundred, was, to the olRcfers, the 
 only means to purchase cnnip eqi.ipage and 
 clothing, that were furnished to the snldliis 
 out of the public arsenals; and because tiie 
 soldier often received besides bounties both at 
 home and from Congress. 
 
 " Let it then be distinctly understood, lliat 
 notwithstanding this disparity au'alnsi the ofli- 
 cers, no such losses or depreclallons form any 
 part of the foundation fi)r this bill. A mo- 
 ment's attention to the history of that period, 
 will show the true ground of the appropria- 
 tion. After this unequal |)ressnre had ron- 
 timied nearly threi; years — after ihe officers 
 had sustained iheir spirits di.'ing that trying 
 period under such disadvantages, by the furce 
 of those principles that led thein at first to 
 join in the jjledge to the cause, of 'iheir lives, 
 iheir fi)rlunes, and their sacred honour ;' after 
 their private resources hnd become nearly ex- 
 hausted in s'.ipplyliisj those wunls their coun- 
 try was unable rather than unwilllni; to satlsf'v, 
 there arose a stale of things which led to cer- 
 tain proceedings by Congress in relation to 
 half pay. 
 
 " The prospect had nearly vanished, that 
 any honourable accommodation could be ef- 
 fected with the parent country. The contest 
 seemed likely to become more severe, and to 
 be protracted for many years; and it was obvi- 
 ous that many of the officers thus impover- 
 ished and disheartened, must actually resien 
 in order to provide themselves with decent 
 clothing, and to inaintain their families, and 
 secure any subsistence for advanced lifis or 
 that they must receive some assurnnce of 
 future indemnity, if they continued in ser- 
 vice, and abandoned every thing else to sluk 
 
 ^ 
 
624 
 
 or (wim with the military destiniei of tlivir 
 counli'v. 
 
 '• It win tlii'n thiit the resolve of M»y l">lli, 
 
 1778, pniiuiiif; liiill'-piiy, fur only seven yeum, 
 lo nil will) coiitiniu-d in service till tlie close of 
 tlio wiir, WHS passi'ii. 
 
 " Tills sliiirt perioil of httlf-pay wns ilir- 
 tiiti'il, rnllii'riiy ttic wants of Congress to pro- 
 \ iile a longer one, tliiin from nu impression 
 that it was, in Initli, sullioient. or in ncrord- 
 iinco Willi unv sinnlur system in the armies of 
 Kiirope. Hence, a committee. May 24tli, 
 
 1779, reported a resolution, allowing half-pay 
 for lift! to the game class of olHcers, and justly 
 grounded it on the great risks they were called 
 to encounter, on their great sutl'erings ami sa- 
 crifices, ofyo'ith, ease, health, and fortune, in 
 the cause of their country. Hut the want ot 
 resources in Congress, induced them to post- 
 pone this sulijecl, and on the 17tli of August, 
 1779, to nrge u[ion the respective states the 
 expediency of adopting such a resolution, and 
 of pledging for its fulfilment their state re- 
 sources. The power of the states over thrse 
 resources, was much more etl'ective tlian thai 
 of the confederation over the states. But such 
 were the general gloom and despondency of 
 the times, tliat not a single state, except I'enn- 
 Bylvunia, complied with the recommendation. 
 The currency continued to depreciate more 
 and more, daily ; tiie officers, in many in- 
 stances, were utterly unable, hy their whole 
 pay, to procure decent apparel : treason had 
 penetrated the camp in the person of Arnold : 
 Charleston had been surrendered : Lincoln 
 captured : Gates defeated at Camden : the 
 southern states overrun by Cornwallis : our 
 soldiery had become discouraged; and the 
 great military leader of the revolution had be- 
 come convinced, and had urged, with Ills usu- 
 al energy, upon Congress, that the adoption 
 of tills resolution was almost the only possible 
 metliod of retaining the army together. Un- 
 der such appalling circumstances. Congress 
 passed, on the 24th of October, A. D. 17S0, 
 the resolution, which 1 will now take the 
 liberty to read : 
 
 " ' Resolved, That the olTicers who shall 
 continue in the service to the end of the war, 
 shall also be entitled to )ia1f-pay during life ; 
 to commence from the ti..ie of their reduction.' 
 (I U.S. Laws, CSS.) 
 
 " This, with one or two subsequent resolu- 
 tions, explaining and modifying its provisions 
 as to particular persons, cimstilutes the great 
 foundation of the bill under consideration. 
 The promise was most solemnly and delibe- 
 rately made : the consideration for it was am- 
 ple, and most honourably performed by the 
 officers: and yet, on tlie part of Congress, its 
 stipulations have, in my opinion, never, to this 
 day, been eijultably fulfilled. As to the bind- 
 ing effect of the compact on Congress, nobody 
 can pretend to doubt. I shall, therefore, not 
 waste a single moment in the discussion of 
 that point. But I admit tliat the officers were 
 first bound to perform the condition faithfully, 
 of serving to the close of the war, however 
 long or disastrous. Did they do it 1 History 
 and tradition must convince all, that through 
 defeat as well as victory, they clung to our 
 fortunes to the uttermost moment of the strug- 
 gle. Tliev were actuated by a spirit and in- 
 telligence, the surest guarantees of such fide- 
 lity. M.istof them had investigated, and well 
 iiuderstood, the principles in dispute, and to 
 
 HISTORY OP THE 
 
 defend them, had llown lo the field of battle 
 on the first alarm of war, with all the ardour 
 of a Scottish gathering, at the suinmons of the 
 fiery cross. And It is not (Kietry, that one of 
 my own relatives, an otlleer, loiii,' since no 
 more, when the alarm was given at Lexing- 
 ton, left for the tented field, llie corpse of his 
 father unburled ; 
 
 •One look ho ci\ft npnn ihc birr, 
 IIqhIkhI Iroiii liiA(>M-i4 ilio L'uiticriiii; teiir,* 
 
 and hastened to devote his own life to the 
 salvation of hiscimntry. In the samo duty — 
 in performing their part of the compact, to 
 serve faithfully to the close of the war, the.ie 
 petitioners endured the frosts of winter, often 
 half sheltered, badly fed, badly clothed, ami 
 badly paid. God forbid that f should exag- 
 gerate. The naked truth is stronger than any 
 colouring of fancy. We have the anthorily 
 of their commander, that they were, at times, 
 in such a condition as to be unable and 
 ashamed to receiv*- their friends ; but never, 
 I believe, loath to face their enemies. Their 
 paths were sometimes marked by tiieir blood — 
 their courage and constai.cy tried by freipicnt 
 alarms, by ambusrado, and the pitched battle; 
 but they never faltered : and when, towards 
 the close of the war, neglect on the part of 
 Congress, as to their rnoiilhly wages, might 
 have justified, under most circumstances, dis- 
 quiet and distrust ; and when at Newburg 
 tliey were tempted with the insidious taunt, 
 that if, relincpiishing tliei.' arms and retiring 
 home with the promises made to them un- 
 fulfilled, they would ' go starve, and be for- 
 gotten ;' yet they disbanded in |)eaco, and ex- 
 pressed their ' unshaken confidence in the 
 justice of Congress." 
 
 " Washington, himself, declared in sub- 
 stance, that by means of this resolve the offi- 
 cers were inspired to make renewed exer- 
 tlims ; to feel n security for themselves and 
 families, which enabled them to devote every 
 faculty to the common cause ; and that thus 
 was an army kept together, which otherwise 
 must have dissolved, and we probably iiave 
 been compelled to pass again under the yoke 
 of colonial servitude. 
 
 " For all this fidelity to the performance of 
 their part of the compact, the officers have 
 been duly thanked by many congresses, and 
 applauded by the world. They have occu- 
 pied a conspicuous niche in toasts, odes, and 
 orations, and some of them have animated the 
 canvass and breathed in marble. 
 
 "But has the promlsetotheniof half-pay ever 
 been either literally or substuntiiilly fulfilled 1 
 That, sir, is the important question. 1 answer 
 not literally, by any pretence, from any ijiiar- 
 ter. No half-pay, as such, has ever, for any 
 length of time, been either paid or provided 
 for one of the petitioners. Almost as little, 
 sir, can there be a pretence that it has been 
 substantially fulfilled. No kind of fulfilment 
 has been attempted, except in the commuta- 
 tion act, passed March 22d, 1783. 
 
 " That act grew out of objections, in some 
 of the slates, to the system of half-pay as a 
 system, because not strictly republican in theo- 
 ry, and because every thing of a pension 
 character had become so odious by its abuse 
 in some governments, in the maintenance of 
 hirelings who had performed secret and dls 
 reputable service. 
 
 " Some of the officers being anxious to re 
 move any formal objection, petitioned Con 
 
 ' gross fiir n ronimutation or change in tho 
 
 modi- of indemnifying and rewarding thrni. 
 No uppii^iiion hud lieen ni.uh' lo ihe amount 
 or value of the hiilfpay, and llierefore, as nji- 
 pears in the commutation act llself, the offi- 
 cers expected, if a changt? look place, a full 
 ' eqiiivaleiil' in value to the halfiiay for llll'. 
 
 " But insleaii of such an ecpiivident. Con- 
 gress gave, by ihnt net, what was far short of 
 an efpiiviilent, whether we regard the par- 
 llciilar ages ut that time of these petitioners, 
 or ihelr average age with tho other ofiicers, or 
 the period they have nctually since lived. 
 Congress gave only five years' full pay lo the 
 youngest in the line, and just as much to iho 
 eldest ; treating the officer of twenty-five, as 
 not likely lo live any longer than him of seven- 
 ty ; and subjeciing lli<- former lo lake for his 
 hiilf-piiy, which he whs enlilled lo for his 
 whole life, of probably ihlrly-five years, the 
 same small sum bestowed on him not likely 
 to live ten or fourleen years. 
 
 " If we look lo ihe average age of all the 
 officers at that time, the commiilaiion was still 
 iiiadeipiate. That age was probably not over 
 lliii ty ; none have pretended lo coiisiiler It 
 over thirty-five ; and on all observations, in 
 similar climates, and all calculations of niiniilly 
 tables, such persons' lives would be likely to 
 extend beyond thirty years, and ihiis their 
 half-pay for life be, on an average, worlh the 
 gross sum, in prrsenll, of ut least seven years 
 full pay. Any gentleman can lest the ge- 
 neral accuracy of these results, by a reference 
 lo Price's Annuity Tables, and to Milne (Ui 
 Anmiilies. In England, SvVeden, and France, 
 it will be seen that a person of thirty years of 
 age is ascertained to be likely to live thi.'ty- 
 four more ; and of thirty-five years of age, 
 lo live about twenty-eight more. An aniiiiiy 
 for thirty-four years is worth a fraction more 
 than fourteen limes its anmiul amount, 11 paid 
 in a gross sum in advance ; and one, for 
 twenty-eight years, only a fraction less than 
 fourteen times its annual amount. So that 
 seven years' full pay is as near a fair commu- 
 tation for the half pay for life, taking llii'lr 
 average ages, as can well be calculated, or as 
 is necessary for the present inquiry. 
 
 " Again : If we advert to the real facts, as 
 since developed, these petitioners, lad the 
 commutation act not ])assed, or not lieen at all 
 binding, would now receive twenty-two, in 
 stead of five years' full pay, as they have siir 
 vived, since the close of the war, over forty- 
 four years. 
 
 "Congress, as if conscious that the pressure 
 of the times had driven them to propose a suh- 
 slilute for the half-pay for life, not, in any 
 view, sufficient or equivalent, as regarded the 
 younger officers, who alone now survive and 
 ask for redress, provided in the commutation 
 act, not that each officer might accept or re- 
 ject it at pleasure, but that it should lake ef- 
 fect, if accented within certain periods, not 
 exceeding six months, by majorities in the 
 several lines of the army. The most influen- 
 tial officers in any line, arc of course the elder 
 and superior ones. To these, ns a general 
 rule, five yearsful^pay was a fair equivalent; 
 and by their exertions the commulatlc n was 
 accepted by majorities in most of the lli.es, 
 and no provision ever afterwards made for 
 such officers, as were either absent or present, 
 and dissenting. 
 
 " No evidence catt now he found, Iiowo\er, 
 
or chnn);o in tlm 
 rpv.urilin^ tliPrn. 
 nil' to till' niiiimiil 
 li tlicrfriiri', lis nji- 
 ict itaclC, itii" (ilti- 
 took plan-, n lull 
 Imll'-imy for iili-. 
 f(|mvHl(Mit, Con- 
 It WHS (iir short of 
 ! n'j,'iirj tlic |mi'- 
 tlicsi! ju'litionrrs, 
 u otlicr oflici'r», or 
 unlly nince lived. 
 rs' iull pny to llio 
 St ns much to tho 
 111' twiMity-fivc, ns 
 than hini offevt'ii- 
 iiT to liike for hi.i 
 ilillcd In lor liis 
 ty-five yriirs, thn 
 on him not likely 
 
 iifjp afjc of all fhi' 
 inntiilion wiis «lill 
 prohiilily not over 
 I'd to consider it 
 I ohsorviitions. In 
 dntions oi'iiMnuity 
 vonld be likely to 
 9, nnd tlin9 their 
 verage, worth liie 
 least seven years 
 can test the ge- 
 Its, liy a relereneo 
 and to Milne on 
 eden, and France, 
 of thirty years of 
 ely to live thirty- 
 ve years of oge, 
 ire. An nniuity 
 1 a fraction more 
 1 amount, ii paid 
 e ; and one, for 
 fraction less than 
 imoiint. So that 
 •ar a fair eonimu- 
 life, taking their 
 calculated, or na 
 n(]uiry. 
 
 the real facts, as 
 ioners, lud tlio 
 or not, been at all 
 twenty-two, in 
 as they have sur 
 war, over forty- 
 
 that the |)res?ure 
 to propose a suli- 
 life, not, in any 
 
 as regarded tho 
 low survive and 
 he conmintation 
 
 ht accept or re- 
 ; should take ef- 
 
 in periods, not 
 lajorities in ilie 
 he most infliieii- 
 
 course the elder 
 le, as a general 
 
 fair equivalent; 
 ommutati( n was 
 ist of the lii.ea, 
 wards made for 
 Jsent or present, 
 
 found, however, 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 of any acceptance, even by majorities, in any 
 of the lines, till after tho expiration of thn six 
 inor.hi prescribed. Hut a report of the secre- 
 tary of war, dated October HI, 1783, (8 Jour- 
 nals of Congress, 478,) enumerates certain 
 lines and individuals, that had then signified 
 their acceptance. It would be difficult, as 
 might be expected, to find among the indi- 
 vidiinls named, one who still survives. Those, 
 then, the youngest and now surviving, must 
 have felt Jeeply the inequality proposed ; nnd 
 if most of them had not been absent on fur- 
 lough, by a resolve of Congress, after peace 
 was experted, probably even majorities in the 
 lines would never have been obtained. The 
 certificates were made out for all, without ap- 
 plication, and left with the agents; no other 
 provision was made for those entitled to hnlf- 
 piiy, niul it remained with the younger offi- 
 cers to receive thof. certilicates or nothing. 
 
 " Hut it is most manifest, that Congress had 
 no legid right to lake away from a single offi- 
 cer his vested half-pay for life, without giving 
 Tim a full equivalent ; or, to say the least, 
 what the officer should freely and distinctly 
 atseiit to, as a full equivalent. It would be 
 contrary to the elementary principles of legis- 
 lation and jurisprudence : and a majority of 
 the lines could no more bind the minority on 
 this subject of private rights of property, than 
 they could bind Congress, or the states, on 
 questions of politics. This point need not be 
 argued to men, who, like those around me, 
 have watched the discussions and decisions in 
 this country the last quarter of a century. Hut 
 no such individual assent was asked here : it 
 was indeed declared to bo useless for any mi- 
 nority of individuals to dissent ; the comniu- 
 '.ation not having been, in any view, a full 
 '.'quivalent, individual assent cannot fairly be 
 presumed. The subsequent faking of the 
 certificates was merely taking all that was pro- 
 vided, and all they could get, without any 
 pret<Mico that they took it as a full and fair 
 equivalent. And hence it follows, that, on 
 the lowest computation, two years more full 
 pay aie necessary to make any thing like a 
 substantial fulfilment of tho compact on the 
 part of Congress. In truth, twenty years 
 nioro would be ?ess than the petitioners could 
 rightfully claim now, if the commutation act 
 had never passed ; or if the position was 
 clearly established that the commutation act, 
 as to them, was, under the circumstances, en- 
 tirely null and void. To say that such a 
 transaction, resorted to under the pressure of 
 the times, and finding no apology except in 
 the security and necessities of that pressure, 
 should not bo relieved against when the pres- 
 sure is over, and our means have become am- 
 ple, is to make a mockery of justice, and to 
 profane every principh; of good faith. 
 
 " But consider a little farther the history of 
 these proceedings, on the supposition that the 
 five years full-pay was an ample equivalent to 
 all. Was it either paid or secured to them in 
 such manner as to become any thing like a 
 substantial fulfilment of the promise 1 Though 
 the act allowed Congress to give the officers 
 money or securities, and though these last 
 might be in the form prescribed for other 
 creditors, yet the act contemplated giving 
 them money or money's worth, else it doubly 
 violated tho former engagement to give them 
 half-pay for life. The very nature of half- 
 pay, or of any corarauiition for it, implies that 
 
 it ihoiild bo actually paid, or ao secured us 
 to raise the monev whenever it becomes due. 
 They were here inleiulcd as means ''.ir ininic- 
 diate tnuintenance or buainejs to thost- who, 
 by peace, would be throw n out of their ncciia- 
 t(Uned employment and support. This is too 
 plain for further illustratiori ; and, in confor- 
 mity with these views. Congress forthwith 
 effected a loan in Europe, and paid in money 
 all the foreign officers I'ntitled u\ the coinmii- 
 tatloii. Hut how were the pell! iners treated ? 
 They did not obtain a dollar in money, and 
 even their certificates were not delivered till 
 six online nMuillrs after their right tohalf-pny 
 accrued ; and w ben received, so far from be- 
 ing secured by pledges or reipilsitlons render- 
 ing them valuable as money, the officers ciuild 
 not obtain for them in tin- market over one- 
 fifth of their niunlnnl amount. The receipts 
 given for these certificates truly omitted to 
 state that they were in full payment, of either 
 the commutation or the half-pay. Hy such 
 means these petitioners, to supply the then 
 existing wants of theinselves and families, 
 which was the legitimate object of both the 
 half-pay and Its commiitatliui, in fact realized 
 only one. Instead of five years' full-iiay ; or 
 only two years' half-pay instead of half-pay 
 for life. 
 
 " If this was a substantial fulfilment of 
 the promise to them, I think It would be diffi- 
 cult io define what would have been a defec- 
 tive, delusive, and unsubstantial fulfilment. 
 Hut it has been suggested, that the petitioners 
 might all have retained their certificates till 
 afterwards funded, nnd in that event have es- 
 caped loss. Can gentlemen, however, forget 
 that the very design of half pay was to fur- 
 nish fooil and raiment, and not a fund to be 
 deposited In bank for posterity ( And that, 
 though the use of a portion of It, if all had 
 been paid at onee, miglit have been postponed 
 to a future period, yet their necessities utterly 
 forbade most of them from not resorting, 
 forthwith, to a single year's pay, which was 
 the entire value of the whole certificate. It 
 Is another part of the distressing history of this 
 case, that if, on the contrary, every officer 
 had retained his certificate till funded. Ids loss 
 on it would have been very near one third of its 
 amount. But on this point I shall not dwell, 
 ns its particulars are more recent and familiar. 
 It will suffice to call to your minds, that the 
 provision made for the payment of these cer- 
 tificates in A. D. 1790, was not by money, nor 
 virtually to their full amount, but by opening 
 a loan, payable in those certificates, nnd a 
 scrip of stock given for them on these terms: 
 one third of the principal was to draw no In- 
 terest whatever, for ten years; and all the in- 
 terest then due, was to draw thereafter only 
 three per cent. Without going into any cal- 
 culations of the value of different kinds of 
 stock, under different circumstances. It is ob- 
 vious that such a payment or security was 
 not worth so much by nearly a third, as the 
 money would have been worth, or as scrip 
 would have been worth for the whole then 
 due on six per cent, intere.st. 
 
 " It Is true that this loan was. In form, vo- 
 luntary ; but it is equally true, that, ns no 
 other provision was made for payment, no al- 
 ternative remained but to acce])t the terms. 
 Hence, If the officer sold his certificate from 
 necessity, he obtained only one fifth of the 
 amountthcrcin promised: or, if he retained it, ho 
 
 __ ^ _ ^ '" 
 
 obtained only about two ihirdsof that amonnl, 
 " What renders this circumslnnre still more 
 striking, weourselvi's have in this way mivciI, 
 and reduced our naliornl debt lielow w Iml i| 
 would have been, iniinv millions of dolliirs— 
 from eighteen to fiftren, I ln'Iieve ; pud U'l, 
 now, in our prosperity, hesitate !o ri>iiiic 
 whnt was taken In part I'rom these verv nun, 
 and when not from them, taken from oili' is 
 on account of tlieir speculations on tlieso 
 very men, and their associnies in artns. It 
 was at the time of thn funding tlimighl just, 
 nnd attempted by some of our ablest siiiiis- 
 mi'n, to provide tome relriliilion to the i ri- 
 ginal holders of certificates (iir the losses ilut 
 had been sustained on them — to provide in 
 some way a partial reslorntion. Hut the In- 
 herent dlHiculiy of the subject, and the low 
 state of our resources, |irevenled ns from 
 completing any such nrrniigemenf, lliongli we 
 were not prevented from saving to the go- 
 vernment, out of these very certificates, and 
 similar ones, ten times the amount now pro- 
 posed fiir these petitioners. 
 
 " On this state of facts, then, I liold lliesn 
 conclusions: that what is honest, and moinl, 
 and honourable, between dibtor and ci-ediior 
 in private life. Is so in |)iib!Ic lift'. 'Hial a 
 creditor of the public should be treated with 
 at least equal, if not greater kinilnesses, than 
 the creditor of an indivlilnal. That when 
 the embarrassments of a ilebtor give rise to 
 a mode of payment nltoirelher Inn(le(|uale to 
 what Is justly due, and this kind of pnyment 
 is ftirced upon the creditor, by the necessities 
 of either Jiarly, the debtor ought, when re- 
 lieved from his einbarrasainents or necessities, 
 to make ample restilullun. That it is tho 
 dictate of every moral and hoiio'.irnble fee ing 
 to supply the deficiency ; and especially, 
 should the debtor do this where the irmle- 
 qiiacy was more than four fifths of the w hole 
 debt ; where the debtor, by a part of the ar- 
 rangement, eaved millions to contribute to 
 his present prosperity, and where the dcbi 
 itself was, as in the present case, the jirice o| 
 blood lavished for the creditor, the wages of 
 those sufferings and toils which secured onr 
 present liberties, and fill the brightest page of 
 glory in our country's history. The great 
 military lender of the revolution has given his 
 sanction to this measure, in tho strongest terms, 
 when calling to mind the lion hearts, ami 
 eagle eyes, that hnd surrounded and snstnin 
 ed him in all his arduous trials, nnd refleciliig 
 that they, not s:>ldiers by profession, nor mi- 
 venturers, but citizens, with tender ties of 
 lilndred and friendship, nnd with cheeriig 
 prospects in civil life, had abandoned all to 
 follow him, nnd to sink or swim with the 
 sacred cause in which he bad enlisted, he in- 
 voked towards them the justice of hiscounti v, 
 and expressed the fullest confidence, that ' a 
 country rescued by their arms, will never 
 leave unpaid the debt of gratitude.' 
 
 " It is not to be forgotten, that a measure 
 like this would remove a stain from our his- 
 tory. Its moral influence on our population, 
 in future wars, for wars we must expect, again 
 and again: its consonance with those religious, 
 as well as moral principles of perfect justice, 
 which, in a republic, are the anchor and sal- 
 vation of all that is valuable ; its freedom, I 
 trust, from political prejudice and party feel- 
 ing, all strengthen the other reasons for itj; 
 cpccdy adoption. 
 
I 
 
 S3S 
 
 " Nor ljiiv(! iill tliu Impiilatiiinn ni,'iiiii>it it n» 
 a liii!iil nii'ii!<iir<', lii'tMi lit nil well fiiiindci!. 
 Wlmt i« rijjtit or jii«t in rcgiinl to coiitrnct! is 
 right witliiiiit rt';,'Mr(i Id tin; resiilciici! of in li- 
 viilimls, wlii'lliiT ill th() cast, till! wi-tti, or lliu 
 soutli. Hut inili'ix'mlciit of llmt nui'iiilcni- 
 lion, thcsd vcnoriililu wortliies, lliougli oni'u 
 much mnro niimuroiis at tho north thiin else- 
 whcrn, havo siniu! followed ihn I'lilrrpriHri of 
 thiiir cliililrcn, and [lunhed thuir own hrokrn 
 fortiiniM to every section of tho union. It \i 
 iin[ios9ililu to olitiiin jierfect ncciiracy n» to 
 their niiiiihers and resldenre. Uiit liy cor- 
 responding and verbal impiirlea It isiisrerlniii- 
 ed, that four or five survive in New Uiirnp- 
 Miire; from thirty to thirty-five in Miissu- 
 chiisetts and Miimk-j five or six in I'linde 
 l.sliind J five in Vermont ; sixtei'ii in Connec- 
 ticut; twenty in New York; twelve in New 
 Jersey; eif;iitei!n in Pennsylvnniii ; tliri'e in 
 Deliiwiire; twelve in ^fllrylllnd ; thirlylhree 
 to thirty-eitfht in Virginiii and Kentucky ; ten 
 to twelve in Ohio; twelve or lifti'en in the 
 ('aroliims; and five or six in (ieorfiia. As 
 l)y the aniiuily tallies, someliiin<^ like two 
 hnniired and fifty ouj^lit now to lie alive, the 
 coiiiputatioiis have lieeii made on a medium 
 of two liiindred and thirty, la-tween the iium- 
 jier ascertained and the conjectunil nnmher. 
 
 " The tpiestion then, is of a general public 
 nature, and presents the single point, \vheth<!r, 
 in the late lannjuage of an eio(|uent states- 
 man of New York, tlicfii! veterans shall any 
 longer leniain' living moiiumentsof the neglect 
 of their country.' 
 
 " All the forogn ofHcers, whoso claims restod 
 on tho same resolve, were, as I havo before 
 staled, promptly paid in specie; and their il- 
 lustrious leader, Lafayette, by who'so side 
 those petitioners ficej equal toils and dan- 
 gers, has been since loaded with both money 
 and applause. Even the tories, who deserted 
 tho American catise, and adhered to one so 
 much less holy and pure, li.ivo been fully and 
 faithfully rewarded by England : and it now 
 remains with the senate to decide, not wheth- 
 er tho sum proposed shall be bestowed in 
 mere charity — however chirity may bless both 
 him that gives and him that takes ; nor in mere 
 gratitude — however sensible the petitioners 
 may be to tho influence of either; but wheth- 
 er, let these considerations operate as they 
 may, the officers should be remunerated for 
 iheir losses, on those broad principles of eter- 
 nal justice which are the cement of society, 
 and which, without a wound to their delicacy 
 and honest pride, will, in that event, prove 
 the solace and staff of their declining years. 
 
 " I shall detain tlie senate no longer, except 
 to offer a few remarks on tho computations, 
 on which the sum of one million one hundred 
 thousand dollars is proposed as the proper one 
 for filling tho blank. Various estimates, on 
 various hypothesis, are annexed to the report 
 in this case, and others will doubtless occur to 
 different gentlemen. But if any just one 
 amounts to about the sum proposed, no cap- 
 tious objection will, I trust, be <nTered on ac- 
 count of any trifling difference. It is impossi- 
 ble, in such cases, to attain perfect accuracy ; 
 but the estimates are correct enough, proba- 
 bly, for the present purpose. 
 
 " The committee have proposed a sum in 
 gross rather than a half-pay or annuity, be- 
 cause more appropriate to tho circumstances 
 uf the case, mid because more acceptable, fur 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 the reasiini that originally gave riio to tho 
 comrnutntion. 
 
 "On tlic< ground that these oflicers were, in 
 178li, justly entith'il to two years more full- 
 pay, as a fair eipiivalcnt fi>r half pay during 
 life I and there being two hundred and thirty 
 of (hem of the rank miiiposed in llie report, 
 their miMithly pay woul.l be about thirty dol- 
 lars each. This, for two years, would be 
 so\'en hundred and twi-nty dollars each ; or 
 oni! hundred am) sixty-five thousand six hun- 
 dred ilollars due to these petitioners at the 
 eloao of the war, over and above what they 
 then received eertifirates for. The interesi 
 oil that, for fiirty-foiir years, would bo four 
 hundred and ihlrty-seven thousand one hiin 
 dred and eighty-four dollars, which, added to 
 the iirincipal, make six hundred and two tliou- 
 shikI seven hundred and eighty-four dollars. 
 
 " If to that be added what they lost on their 
 eertifirates iiy depreciation, which at four- 
 filths was three hundred and thirty-one thou- 
 sand two liundred dollars, and the sum with- 
 out any interest, on the depreciation, amounts 
 to nine hundred and thirty-three thousand nine 
 hundred and eighty-four dollars; or, with in- 
 leri'st, to more than a million and a half; or, 
 if the depreciation be considered seven-eights, 
 us it really was, the sum would be still larger. 
 On the other hand, if nothing bo allowed for 
 di'preciation on tho certificates, but one-third 
 be considered as lost in funding, that one-third, 
 in A. D. 1791, would bo about two hundred 
 and four thousand two hundred and forty dol- 
 lars, and interest since would swell it to six 
 hundred and fiirty-five thousand four hundr(?d 
 and thirty-four dollars, which added to the two 
 years' pay not received, and interest on that 
 pay, makes the whole one million two hun- 
 dred and forty-eight thousand two hundred 
 and eighteen dollars. 
 
 " Another view of the case, which seems to 
 me the most technical, and which steers clear 
 of any didiculty about the loss, either by de- 
 jireciation or funding, will lead to about the 
 same result as to the amount. It is this. On 
 the ground that seven years' full-pay was the 
 ^•:uallest sum which, in A. D. 1783, could be 
 deemed a fair equivalent fiir the half-pay for 
 life, then the petitioners got certificates for only 
 five sevenths of their half-pay. Or, in other 
 words, five sevenths of their half-pay was ex- 
 tinguished and paid. The other two sevenths, 
 then, has annually accrued since, and will con- 
 tinue to accrue while the petitioners survive. 
 This two sevenths being fifty-one dollars and 
 forty-two cents p(!r year, to each officer, or 
 eleven thousand eight hundred and twenty- 
 six dollars to these officers, would amount at 
 this time to five hundred and twenty thousand 
 three hundred and forty-four dollars ; and the 
 interest accruing on it during only thirty-five 
 years, would make it exceed the one million 
 one hundred thousand dollars proposed. The 
 amount is fairly reached by this view of llie 
 case, without a single cent for either depre- 
 ciation or loss in funding, and thus does not 
 indirectly touch a single fact or princi|>le 
 upon which a similar allowance could be 
 made to any body besides these officers. Gal- 
 lant, and meritorious, and suffering, as were 
 the soldiers, and none could bo more so ; 
 wcu'thyand affectionate as may have been the 
 surviving widows, and distinguished as may 
 have been many of the officers' heirs, for 
 filial and generous devotion to smooth their 
 
 I'declining years; they all slanil on their own 
 cases and merits. None of them have been 
 jreferri'd to the coniinitlce who reporled this 
 [bill, and they ran all be provided fiir olher- 
 wiae, this session, or hereafler, if tliciuglit 
 proper. Let the present approiiriatinn bo 
 tried first on its own grounds, and then by sub- 
 sequent amendments of this bill, or by new 
 bills, let an appropriation fiir other classes of 
 persons be also tried on its own grounds. 
 All I ask and entreat is, that if, either in strict 
 law or in justice, whether grounded upon 1)10 
 original defective commutation, the deprecia- 
 tion of the crrlifirnles, or the loss in funding, 
 any member is ronvinred that tlie sum pro. 
 posed to these ofliri'rs is a fair one, that he 
 will first consider the rase of the oftirers, and 
 support this motion. If any think a different 
 sum more proper, I hope they will projiose 
 that sum in due time; and thus let the sense 
 of tho Semite bo fully expressed upon one 
 case at a time, and upon the only case now 
 duly before us. In this manner, only, can 
 any thing ever bo accomplished. 
 
 "The amount of tho sum now proposed, 
 cannot bo objected to on the grounds that 
 doubtless caused tho losses and sudi'riiigs 
 which wo are now seeking to redress. The 
 country during the revolution, and nl its close, 
 would hardly have been unwilling lo bestow 
 twice the amount, had its resources perinil led. 
 But, now, such have been our rapid advanres 
 in wealth and greatness, by menus of the 
 rights and liberties of the valour of these men 
 contributed so largely to secure; that (he 
 very public land they defended, if not won, 
 yields (!very year to our treasury more than 
 the whole appropriation. One twentlelh of 
 our present annual revenue exceeds it. A 
 fraction of the cost of the jiublic buildings — 
 the expense of two or three sliips of the 
 line — one tenth of what has been saved to 
 our national debt in tho funding system — a 
 tax of ten cents per head on onr jiopnlalioii, 
 only a single twelvemonth, — either of Iheni 
 would remove all this reproach. 
 
 "But, whatever might be the cost, I would 
 say, in all practicable cases, be just and fear 
 not. Let no illiberal or evasive feeling blast 
 the hopes of these venerable patriots. Much 
 longer delay will do this as etfectually as a 
 hard hearted refusal ; since the remains of 
 them are almost daily going down lo the riiv 
 of silence. Either drive them, then, at once 
 from your doors, with taunts, and in despair, — 
 or sanction the claim. So far as regards mv 
 single self, before I would another year en- 
 dure the stigma, of either injustice or ingrati- 
 tude to men like these, I would vole to sli>|) 
 every species of splendid missions : I would 
 cease to talk of Alleghany canals : I would let 
 the Capitol crumble to atoms for want of ap- 
 propriations, and introduce retrenchment from 
 the palace to tho humblest door-keep<^r. 
 
 " It has formerly been said, that if these offi- 
 cers are relieved, so must bo those of the laie 
 war. But, deserving as were these last, the 
 cause in which they fought required much infe- 
 rior sacrifices — they were notcontendingunder 
 the stigma of traitors, liable to the halter — they 
 were liberally and promptly paid ; and what- 
 ever small depreciiiticm may have existed in 
 the treasury notes taken for their monthly pay, 
 it was infinitely less than the losses sustuined 
 by these petitioners on their monthly pay, and 
 for which they neither ask nor ':xpect relief 
 
mil on thi'ir own 
 iIm'Iii hiivr ln'cn 
 » lio n'|iiiiiril t!i!i 
 ividi'il fur (illii't- 
 afUT, if tlii]iif;lit 
 ii|ipniiirinti(iti lio 
 nriil llicri hy siili- 
 s liill, or liy new 
 r otlicr clii.HiK's fif 
 n own f^roiiiiilK, 
 if, ril|j<T ill slriit 
 Diiiidi'd ii|)iin t)iii 
 on, tti«; dcprcriii- 
 • los8 ill fmidiiif^', 
 int tlio Slim pro. 
 fair one, llmt lio 
 ' till! ofliccru, mill 
 lliiiik n difTmiit 
 hey will pnipost! 
 Iiiis lot till? sonso 
 easod iipo;i ono 
 10 only cnsc now 
 miH'r, only, ran 
 I'd. 
 
 1 now proposed, 
 II! f^roiinda llmt 
 i and Hnn'riiiifjrs 
 o rodross. I'lio 
 I, and at its rloso, 
 lining to Ill-slow 
 Hirers jiiTiniiii'd. 
 r rapid advanci!. 
 y moans of ilio 
 )iir of tlit'si" nu'ii 
 lociiro; lliat llio 
 Ird, if not won, 
 isiiry inort! than 
 no twontii'lh of 
 oxcoi'ds it, A 
 lilio liiiiidiiii;s — 
 « sliips of itio 
 i Iieon snvi'd to 
 ding sysloni — a 
 our pojiiihition, 
 -oitlier of thrni 
 hli. 
 o cost, I would 
 )C just and linr 
 vc feoling l)lasl 
 patriots. Miicli 
 oirt'ctiially as ii 
 tlu! roinains o) 
 own to till- cilv 
 ■n, tlion, at onco 
 nd in dfspair, — 
 r as rofiardu inv 
 notlior yi'ar on- 
 i.stice or iiigrali- 
 ild vole to stop 
 sions : I Would 
 nIs : r would li't 
 for want of np- 
 rencliinont from 
 ir-keepor. 
 that if tliescofli- 
 hosc of the lale 
 those Inst, llie 
 Hired much infe- 
 r)ntendino:under 
 the halter — they 
 laid ; and whnt- 
 lave existed in 
 I'ir monthly pay, 
 losses siistuiiM'd 
 iillily pay, and 
 r '3.x peel relief 
 
 " One other coniiderution, nnd 1 will ut this 
 lime troiililo the senate no longer. The long 
 lapse of time sinco the claim originaled has 
 liui'ii ohji'cled foriiH'ily to ili* siiciohs. Hut 
 what lioiirst individual slnlters li'.:ii»i'lf under 
 a Htaliiti* of liiiiilation, if eoiiM'iiMis iliat liis 
 pidiiiise liai not lieeii substantially fulfilled ( 
 Uniler sneli cireiitnstnnces, it is no defence, 
 cither in the court of conscience or in a court 
 of honour; and Congress have often shown 
 their lilierality in waiving it, where expressly 
 provided to liar an application. 
 
 " Hero no express liar has ever lieen pro- 
 vided. Ui'fore their first application, the oiH- 
 eers waited till A. I), ISIO, when old age and 
 iiiKrinity rendered them more needy, and 
 when many years of prospi-rity had rendered 
 llieir eoiiiitrv more alile. lloweverniiinerous, 
 anil technical, and evasive, tniy have been the 
 olijeclimis since inlerposed, let it lie t he for- 
 gotten, that ill performing their portion of tin." 
 ciiuipaot, however neglected as to food or 
 wages, they never were heard to plead ex- 
 cuses or evasions, however appalling the dan- 
 ger, whether roused liy u midnight alarm or 
 iiivileil to join a forlorn hope. 
 
 " Like others, too, it may be imputed to 
 ilieiii in derogation, that they were ' military 
 eliieftains.' Hut if, as such for a time, they 
 dill, like others, nolily help ' to fill the measure 
 of their country's glory;' so, like others of 
 that class, they have often distinguished them- 
 selves in forums, cabinets, and halls of legisla- 
 tion. 
 
 " V"' : ■ ■■ T 'honour and gratitude' they 
 have yet received, is deeply engraven on thei 
 hearts ; but they now amo need — and they 
 ask, only because they need, the additional 
 rewards of substantial justice. 
 
 " It reinains, sir, for us, whose rights they 
 defended and saved, to say whether they shall 
 longer ask that justice in vain." 
 
 On the 4th of March, 1829, Oeneral An- 
 drew .lacksi 1 took the oalh of office. His 
 course as a military commander had been 
 wonderfully successful, and in all republics, 
 the military chieftain has been held in the 
 highest consideration. He was not bred a 
 .statesman, nor had ho been considered as a 
 li-ader in senates ; but ho was energetic, 
 promjit, and fearless. Ho was initiated in 
 war on the borders with the Indian tribes, and 
 liis name was a terror throughout the nations 
 then hostile or friendly to the United States. 
 Hh successful defence of New Orleans had 
 excited theadmiration and awakened the grati- 
 tude of the American people. His inaugii- 
 ril speech was short, and full of promises in 
 the way of reform. " Fellow-citizens, (said 
 lie,) about to undertake the arduous duties 
 that I have been a|)pointed to perform, by the 
 clioice of a free people, I avail myself of this 
 customary and solemn occasion, to express the 
 gratitude which their confidence inspires, and 
 to acknowledge the accountability which my 
 situation enjoins. While the magnitu.le of 
 their interests convinces me that no thanks 
 can be adequate to the honour they have con- 
 ferred, it admonishes me that the best return 
 1 can make, is the zealous dedication of my 
 liiimble abilities to their service and their good. 
 
 " As the instrument of the federal consti- 
 tution, it will devolve on me, for a stated pe- 
 riod, to execute the laws of the United States ; 
 to superintend their foreign and their confed- 
 erate relations; to manage their revenue; to 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 command their forces ; nnd, by commiiiiiri 
 lions to the legislature, to watch over and to 
 promote their interests generally. And the 
 principles of aetion by whirli I shall eiideu- 
 vour to acroinplish this circle of duties, it is 
 now proper fur me brielly to explain. 
 
 In luliiiinistering the laws of (,'ongress, I 
 shall keep steadily in view the limitations as 
 well as the extent of the executive power, 
 trusting thereby to discharge the functions of 
 my oHlee without Iransceiidiiig its aiitliorily. 
 With foreign nations it will be my study to 
 preserve peace, and to cultivate friendship on 
 lair and honourable terms ; and in the adjust- 
 ment of any ditf'erence that may exist or arise, 
 to exhibit the forbearance becoming a power- 
 ful nation, rather than the sensibility belong- 
 ing to a gallant people. 
 
 " In such measures as I may be called on 
 to pursue, in regard to the rights of the sepa- 
 rate slates, 1 hope to bo animated by a jiroper 
 respect for those sovereign members of our 
 union ; taking care not to confound the powers 
 they have reserved to themselves, witli those 
 they hav granted to the confederacy. 
 
 " The tnanagenieiit of the public revenue — 
 that searching operai' . 'm all governments — 
 is among the mostdelicaii : I iinpiirtant trusts 
 in ours ; and it will, of cui e, demand no in- 
 considerable share of tn^ ollicial solicitude. 
 Under every aspect in which it can be con- 
 sidered, it wouh' a [lear th r advantnr lUst 
 result from tht i/servance of a si,,ct and 
 liiitliful ecommy. This I shiill aim at the 
 more anxiously, both Ikm i ■) it will facilitate 
 the extinguishment of he i.itional debt — the 
 unnecessary duration of wiich is incompatible 
 with real independence — and because it will 
 counteract that tendency to j .iblic and private 
 profligacy which a profuse expenditure of 
 money by the government, is but too apt Lo 
 engender. Powerfil auxiliaries to the attain- 
 ment of this desirable end, ore to be found in 
 the regulations provided by tlie wisdom of 
 Congress, fiir the specific appropriatiim of pub- 
 lic money, and the prompt accountability of 
 public officers. 
 
 "With regard to a proper selection of the 
 subjects of impost, with a view to revenue, it 
 would seem to me, that tho spirit of equity, 
 caution, and compromise, in which the consti- 
 tution was formed, requires that the great in- 
 terests of agriculture, commerce, and manu- 
 factures, should be equally favoured ; and 
 that, perhaps, the only exception to this rule 
 should consist in the peculiar encouragement 
 of any products of either of them that may tie 
 found essential to our national independence. 
 
 "Internal improvement, and the ditfusion 
 of knowledge, so far as they can be |>romoted 
 by the constitutional acts of the federal go- 
 vernment, are of high imi>ortance. 
 
 " Considering standiiiij armies as dansjer- 
 ous to free governments, m time of peace, I 
 shall not seek to enlarge our present establish- 
 ment, nor disregard that salutary lesson of 
 political experience, which teaches that the 
 ihilitary should be held subordinate to the 
 civil power. The gradual increase of our 
 navy, whoso flag has displayed, in distant 
 climes, our skill in navigation and r ur fume in 
 arms ; the preservation of our f irts, arsenals, 
 and dock yards ; and the introduction of pro- 
 gressive improvements in the discipline and 
 science of both branches of our military ser- 
 vice, are so plainly prescribed by pruuonco, 
 
 nn 
 
 that I ihoulil be excused fur oniillii><; 'leit 
 nieiilion sooner than for enlarging on iheir ini- 
 piHiaiire. Hut the biih\ai'k iif our ileli'iiee iii 
 the national militia, \\ hicli, in ihe present siiile 
 of our iiili'lligence and population, must len- 
 der us invincilile. As lung as our govern 
 ment is iidniinistered for the good of llie pet . 
 pie, and is regulated by their will ; as lonu as 
 It secures to us the rights of person anil o. 
 properly, liberty of conscience and of llio 
 press, it will be worth defeniling : and so long 
 as it is worth defending, a patriotic inililiit 
 will cover it with an impenelrable rrpiii. I'nr- 
 lial injuries and occasional niortilicalions «o 
 may bo subjected to, but n iiiillion of armed 
 freemen, possessed of the means of war, rar 
 never be conquered by a foreign foe. 'J'o iiiiy 
 just system, therefore, calculated to stnngilien 
 this natural sali'-guard of the country, I .•.IliII 
 cheerfully lend all the aid in my (lower. 
 
 " It will bo my sincere and constant desint 
 to observ'i towards the Indian tribes wiiliin 
 our limits, a just and liberal policy ; and lo 
 give that humane and considerate atleiition lo 
 ilieir rights and their wants which are con- 
 sistent with the habits of our government, uinl 
 the feelings of our people, 
 
 " The recent demonstration of public sen- 
 timent inscribes, on the list of executive du- 
 ties, in characters too legible to be overlooked, 
 the task of reform ; which will require, |iiM- 
 ticularly, the correction of those abuses, llmt 
 have brought tho palroniige of the federal go- 
 vernment into conflict with the fieedoni of 
 elections, and tho coiinieractimi of those 
 causes which have disturbed the rigliilul 
 course of appointment, and have placed, or 
 continued, power in unfuilhfnl or incompetent 
 hands. 
 
 " In tho performance <f a task thus Keiie- 
 rnllv delineated, I shall . ndeavour '." si le< l 
 men whos^ diligence and talents will insuie, 
 in their respective stations, able ar.d faillifiil 
 co-operation — depending, for the advance- 
 ment of the public service, more on the in- 
 tegrity and zeal of tin; public officers, than on 
 their numbers. 
 
 " A diffidence, perhaps too just, in my o\\ n 
 qualifications, will teach me to look with reve- 
 rence to the examples of public virtue left by 
 my illustrious predecessors, and with veneia- 
 tion to the lights that flow from the mind that 
 founded, and the mind that reformed, our sys- 
 tem. The same diffidence induces ire to 
 hope for instruction and aid from the co-ordi- 
 nate branches of the government, and for llie 
 indulgence and support of my fellow-citizens 
 generally. And a firm reliance on the gmiil- 
 iiess of that Power whose providence lueiei- 
 fully protected our natir: il infancy, and Im.s 
 since upheld our liberties in various vicissi- 
 tudes, encourages me to offer up my ardent 
 supplications that he will continue to make 
 our beloved country the object of his divine 
 care and gracious benediction." 
 
 General .Fackson at once filled up his cabl- 
 et with men devoted to his cause. Martin 
 Van Buren, of the state of New York, was 
 appointed secretary of state. He was a self- 
 made man, and had secured the votes of his 
 native state for governor, which office he held 
 when he received his appointment. Samuel 
 D. Ingham, of Pennsylvania, was .ippoinleil 
 secretary of the tiensnry. He Imil been a 
 member of the house of repiesenlaiivi s in ll o 
 national legislature, and was ihongl.t aslral^ht 
 
538 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 
 
 fiirward, plain man. John H. Eaton was 
 inudi! sccrftury of war. He had been a sena- 
 f'or from Tennessee, ar.J was tlio personal 
 ii'ieiid of General Jackson. John Branch was 
 appointed to fill tlie olFice of secretary of the 
 •Hny. The (piulificutions lie liod fov this office 
 were n )t known to the nation at large, but they 
 presumed the executive was fully aware of 
 thi!tn, before he hud elevated liim to that of- 
 fice. John M'Pherson Berrien was made at- 
 torney-general. This appointment gave gen- 
 onil satisfaction. He was at the time of his 
 uppiiintment a senator from Georgia, and cele- 
 brated for his acquirements, cluuuence, and 
 discrimination. He had shown his talents as 
 w ell in the high judicial councils of the nation, 
 as ill the senate of the United States. John 
 M'Leaii, who liad held the office of post mas- 
 ter general, was transferred to the bench of 
 «ne supreme court of the United States, and 
 Willium T. Barry, of Kentucky, was put into 
 the olfice which Mr. M'Lean had filled with 
 so in icli reputation, that not a man of note in 
 Ihe cdiinlry wished him removed. A general 
 Bweep was made of men in oHice not favoura- 
 ble to the administration. This was justified 
 upon political grounds, as a course of true poli- 
 cy, anil in full accordance with the genius of 
 the governinont. 
 
 The relations of the United States with 
 foreign countries, were in a prosperous situa- 
 tion. .Some little misunderstanding existed 
 with the British governiront, in regard to the 
 West India trade, which was arranged by I'le 
 pleiiipoientiary to the court of London, Mr. 
 Louis M'Lane ; but thi^ was of no great im- 
 ]iortHnco, although thought so at the time. 
 
 In 1832, the cholera raged in the United 
 States, and gave great alarm to the whole 
 population ; but the number of deaths was not 
 great. 
 
 The boundary lino, a subject of dispute, has 
 liOl Ijleiy lieon ap.itatod. 
 
 Tlie people of South Carolina hnd, before- 
 ihi.s time, broached some doctrines In regard 
 to atiite riijhts, not acknowledged by the great 
 body of the union. The question was most 
 ably argued in Congress, particularly by 
 Colonel Hayno, a senator from South Caro- 
 lin.i, on the one side, and by Mr. Webster, of 
 Massachusetts, on the other. 
 
 The attention of the people w.ns attracted 
 bv this discussion, and an immense mnjority 
 of them were decidedly against the doctrines 
 avowed by Carolina. Although the stale of 
 South Carolina assumed an altitude of defi- 
 ance. President Jackson at once took a most 
 decided course. He was supported by the 
 great body <>f the people. He issued a pro- 
 clamation, which we shall insert, fraught with 
 all the sound doctrines of the old school. This 
 manly, bold, and decided course, made him 
 lenlbld more popular than before. 
 
 " VV liereas, a convention assembled in the 
 s'ate o*' South Carolina, have passed an ordi- 
 mince, by which they declare, ' That the seve- 
 ral acts and parts of acts of the Congress of 
 the United States, purporting to bo laws for 
 the imposing of duties and imposts on the im- 
 
 Iiortatinn of foreign commodities, and now 
 laving actual operation and effect within the 
 United States, and more especially' two acts 
 for the same purposes, passed on the 29th of 
 May, 1828, and on the 14th of July, 18,32, are 
 
 'iinaiilhorized by the constitution of the United appealing to the understaiiiling and piitriotism 
 ^tutcn, and \iultttu the true niuanlng and in-lof the people, warn them of the cuusequences 
 
 tent thereof, and are null and void, and no 
 law,' nor binding on the citizens of that state 
 or its odicers : and by the said ordinance, is 
 further declared to be unlawful for any of the 
 constituted authorities of tlie state, or of the 
 United States, to enforce tlie payment of the 
 duties imposed by the said acts within the 
 same stat - and that it is the duty of the legis- 
 lature to pass such laws as may be necessary 
 to give full effect to the said ordinance. 
 
 " And whereas, by the said ordinance it is 
 further ordained, that in no caa3 "f law or 
 equity, decided in the courts of the said state, 
 wherein shall be drawn in question the vali- 
 dity of the said ordinance, or of the acts of 
 the legislature that may be passed to give it 
 efl'ect, or of the said laws of the United States, 
 no appeal ^hull be allowed to the supreme 
 court of the United States, nor shall any copy 
 of the record be permitted or allowed lor that 
 purpose, and that any person attempting to 
 take such appeal shall be punished us for a 
 contempt rif court 
 
 " And, finally, the said ordinance declares, 
 that the people of South Carolina will main- 
 tain the said ordinance at every hazard ; and 
 that they will consider the passage of any act 
 by Congress abolishing or closing the ports of 
 the said state, or otherwise obstructing the 
 free ingress or egress of vessels to and from 
 the said ports, or any other act of the federal 
 government to coerce the slate, shut up her 
 ports, destroy or harass her commerce, or to 
 enforce the said acts otherwise than through 
 the civil tribunals of the country, as inconsist- 
 ent with the longer continuance of South Car- 
 olina in the Union; and that the people of the 
 said state will thenceforth hold themselves 
 absolved from all further obligation to main- 
 tain or preserve their political connexion with 
 the people of the other states, and will forth- 
 with proceed to organize a separate govern- 
 ment, and do all other acts and things which 
 sovereign and independent states may of right 
 do ; 
 
 " And whereas, the said ordinance pre- 
 scribes to the people of South Carolina a 
 course of conduct in direct violation of their 
 iliity as citizens of the United States, contrary 
 to the laws of their country, subversive of its 
 constitution, and having for its object the de- 
 struction of the union — that union which, coe- 
 val with our political Existence, led our fa- 
 thers, without any other ties to unite them 
 than those of patriotism and a common cause, 
 through a sanguinary struggle to a glorious in- 
 dependence — that sacred union, hitherto in- 
 violate, which, pi^rfecteil by our happy consti- 
 tution, has brought us, by the favour of 
 Heaven, to a state of prosperity at homo, and 
 high consideration aliroad, rarely, if ever, 
 equalled in the history of nations. To pre- 
 serve this bond of our political existence from 
 destruction, to maintain inviolate this stale of 
 national honour and prosperity, and to justify 
 4lie confidence my fellow-citizens have reposed 
 in me, I, Andrew Jacksov, President of the 
 United Staten, have thought proper to issue 
 this my PROCLAMATION, otating my 
 views of the constitution and laws applicable 
 to the measures ailopted by the convention of 
 South Carolina, and to the reasons they have 
 put fiirlh to sustain them, declaring the course 
 which duty will require me to pursue, and 
 
 that must inevitably result from an observance 
 of the dictates of the convention. 
 
 " Strict duty would require of .tie nothing 
 more than the exercise of those power:< with 
 which I am now, or may hereafter be invested, 
 for preserving the peace of the union, and for 
 the execution of the laws. But the imposing 
 aspect which opposition has assumed in this 
 case, by clothing itself with state authority, 
 and tlie deep interest which the people of the 
 United States must all feel in preventing a 
 resort to stronger measures, while there is u 
 hope that any thing will bo yielded to reason- 
 ing and remonstrance, perhaps demand, and 
 will certainly justify a full exposition to South 
 Carolina and the nation of the views i enter- 
 tain of this important question, as well as a 
 distinct enunciation of the course which my 
 sense of duty will require me to pursue. 
 
 " The ordinance is founded, not on the in- 
 defeasible right of resisting acts which are 
 plainly unconstitutional and too oppressive to 
 be endured ; but on the strange position that 
 any one state may not only declare an net of 
 Congress void, but prohibit its execution — 
 that they may do this consistently with the 
 constitution — that the trucconstniclion of that 
 instrument permits a state to retain its place in 
 the union, and yet be bound by no other of its 
 laws than those it may choose to consider as 
 constitutional. It is true, they add, that to 
 justify this abrogation of a law, it must be pal- 
 pably contrary to the constitution ; but it is 
 evident, that to give the right of resisting law » 
 of that description, coupled with the uncon- 
 trolled right to decide what laws deserve that 
 character, is to give the power of resisting all 
 laws. For, as by the theory, there is no ap- 
 peal, the reasons alleged by the slate, good or 
 bad, must prevail. If it should be said that 
 public opinion is asnfflrient check against the 
 abuse of this power, it may be asked, whv it 
 is not deemed a sufficient guard against the 
 passage of an unconstitutional act by Con- 
 gress. There is, howeve . a restraint in this 
 last case, which makes the assumed power 
 of a stale more indefensible, and which docs 
 not exist in the other. There are two ap- 
 peals from an unconstitutional act fiassed by 
 Congress — one to the judiciary, the other to 
 the people and the states. There is no ap- 
 peal from the state decision in theory, and the 
 pract'cal illustration shows that the coiirls me 
 shut against an application to review it, both 
 judges and jurors being sworn to decide in its 
 favour. But reasoning on this subject is su- 
 perfluous, when our social compact in express 
 terms declares, that the laws of the United 
 Stales, its constitution and treaties mnile un- 
 der it, are the supreme law of the land — iind 
 for the greater caution adds, ' that llie judge:; 
 'n every state shall be bound tiiereby, any 
 thing in the constitution or laws of any stale 
 to the contrary notwithstanding.' And it mav 
 be asserted withcmt fear of refutation, that no 
 federative government couhl exist without n 
 similar provision. Look for a moment to the 
 consequence. If South Carolina considers the 
 revenue laws unconstitutional, and has a right 
 to prevent their execution in tlie port of 
 Charleston, there would be a clear constitu- 
 tional objection to their collection in every 
 other port, and no revenue could be collected 
 any where, for all imposts must be ecpiiil. It 
 
 19 no answer to repeat, tliat an nnrcinsl;lii- 
 tional law is no law, so long us the uueati'iii ol* 
 
 I I 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 BM 
 
 )in an obicrvancc 
 ion. 
 
 •e of .Tie nothing 
 lose power;) with 
 after l)e inveato.l, 
 lie union, and for 
 But the imposing 
 ; assumed in this 
 state autliority, 
 the people of the 
 in preventing a 
 wliile there is u 
 fielded to reason- 
 ps demand, and 
 [position to Soiiih 
 he views I enter- 
 Ion, as well as a 
 ourse which my 
 3 to pursue. 
 ;d, not on the in- 
 ; acts which ure 
 too oppressive to 
 inge position ihiit 
 declare nn net of 
 ; its execution— 
 listently with the 
 instruction of that 
 retain its place in 
 by no otlii^r of its 
 le to consider as 
 hey add, that to 
 IV, it must be pal- 
 tution ; but it is 
 [of resisting luw» 
 with the uncon- 
 lawa deserve tliiit 
 er of resisting all 
 /, there is no np- 
 :he slate, g<iod or 
 mid be said llnit 
 heck against the 
 le asked, why it 
 nard against lln; 
 nl act by Cori- 
 restniint in this 
 assumed power 
 and whieli does 
 ere are two ap- 
 al not jiassed by 
 irv, the oilier to 
 There is no ap- 
 1 theory, and the 
 at the courts mo 
 > review it, bolh 
 n to decide in its 
 lis subject is sii- 
 pact in express 
 9 of the United 
 •enties mndi! nn- 
 f the land — mid 
 'that the judge;: 
 nd thereby, any 
 iws of any slali: 
 t.' And it may 
 fiitntion, that no 
 I exist without n 
 a moment to the 
 Ilia considers tie 
 mid has a right 
 in tlie port of 
 1 cleor constitii- 
 I'clion in every 
 uld be coilerteil 
 1st be equal. It 
 ; an iinconsiitii- 
 s the questi'in lit* 
 
 its legality is to be decided by the itate itself; 
 fur every law operating injuriously upon any 
 local interest will be perhaps thought, and 
 certainly represented, as uncunstituiional, and, 
 as has been shown, there is no appeal. 
 
 " If this doctrine had been established at 
 an earlier day, the union would have been 
 dissolved in its infancy. The excise law in 
 Pennsylvania, the embargo and non-inter- 
 course law in the eastern states, the carriage 
 tax in Virginia, were all deemed unconstitu- 
 tional, and were more unequal in their opera- 
 tion than any of the laws now complained of; 
 but ♦brtunately none of those states discovered 
 the* they had the right now claimed by South 
 Carolina. The war into which we were 
 l()re<jd, to support the dignity of the nation 
 and the rights of our citizens, might have end- 
 ed in defeat and disgrace instead of victory 
 and honour, if the states who supposed it a 
 ruinous and unconstitutional measure, had 
 thought they possessed the right of nullifying 
 the act by which it was declared, and denying 
 supplies for its prosecution. Hardly and un- 
 eijually as those measures bore upon several 
 members of the Union, to the legislatures of 
 none did this elHcient and peaceable remedy, 
 as it is called, suggest itself. The discovery 
 of this important fijature in our constitution 
 was reserved to the present day. To the states- 
 men of South Carolina belongs the invention, 
 and upon the citizens of tliat state will unfor- 
 tuiiately fall the evils of reducing it to practice. 
 " If the doctrine of the state veto upon the 
 liiws of the Union carries with it internal evi- 
 dence of its impracticable absurd'. :y, our con- 
 stitutit)nal history will also atford abundant 
 proof that it would have been repudiated with 
 .iidignution had it been proposed to form a 
 feature in our government. 
 
 " In our colonial state, although dependent 
 an another power, we very early considered 
 ourselves as connected by common interest 
 with each other. Leagues were formed for 
 common defence, and before the Declaration 
 nf Independence we were known in our ag- 
 gregate character as the United Colonies 
 OP America. That decisive and important 
 step was taken jointly. Wo declared our- 
 selves a nation by a joint, not by several acts, 
 and when the terms of our confederation were 
 reduced to form, it was in that of a solemn 
 league of b-^veral states, by which they agreed 
 that they would collectively form one nation 
 fur the purpose of conducting some certain 
 domestic concerns and all foreign relations. 
 Ill the instrument forming that union, is found 
 an article which declares that ' every state 
 liliall abide by the determination of Congress 
 nil all questions which by that confederation 
 should be submitted to them.' 
 
 " Under the confederation, then, no state 
 could legally annul a decision of the Congress, 
 or refuse to submit to its execution ; but no 
 (irovision was made to enforce these decisions, 
 iJongress made requisitions, but they were 
 not complied with. The government could 
 not operate on individuals. They had no ju 
 diciary, no means of collecting levenue. 
 
 " But the defects of the confederation need 
 not be detailed. Under its operation we could 
 scarcely be called a nation. We had neither 
 nrnsperity at home nor consideration abroad, 
 f liis statu of things could not be endured, and 
 iiir iii-esunt happy constitution was formed, 
 but lormud in vuiri, if this fatal doctrine pre- 
 
 vails. It was formed for important objects i " Tho next objection is, that the laws in 
 that arc announced in the preamble, made in question operate unequally. This objection 
 
 the name, and by the authority of the people 
 of the United States, whose delegates framed, 
 and whoso conventions approved it. The 
 most important amimg these objects, that 
 which is placed first in rank, on which all the 
 others rest, is ' to Jbrm a more perfect Union.' 
 Now, is it possible that even if there were no 
 express provision giving supremacy to the 
 constitution and laws of the United States 
 over those of the states — it can be conceived, 
 that an instrument made for the purpose of 
 'forming a more perfect Union' than that of the 
 confederation, could be so constructed by the 
 assembled wisdom of our country, as to sub- 
 stitute for that confederation a form of govern- 
 ment, dependent for ts existence on the local 
 interest, the party spirit of a state, or of a pre- 
 vailing faction in a state 1 Every man of 
 plain, unsophisticated understanding, who 
 hears tho question, will give such an answer 
 as will preserve the union. Metaphysical 
 subtlety, in pursuit of an impracticable theory, 
 could alone have devised one that is calculated 
 to destroy it. 
 
 " I consider, then, tho power to annul a 
 law of the United States, assumed by one 
 state, incompatible with the existence of the 
 Union, contradicted exprenaly by the letter of 
 tlie Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit, in- 
 consistent with every principle on which it was 
 founded, and destructive of the great object 
 for which it was fotrmed. 
 
 " After this general view of the leading prin- 
 ciple, we must examine the particular appli- 
 cation of it which is made in the ordinance. 
 
 " The preamble rests its justification on 
 these grounds : — It assumes as a fact, that the 
 obnoxious laws, although they purport to be 
 laws for raising revenue, were in reality in- 
 tended for the protection of manufactures, 
 which purpose it asserts to bo unconstitu- 
 tianal; that the operation of these laws is un 
 equal; that tho amount raised by them is 
 greater than is required by the wants of the 
 government; and, finally, that the proceeds 
 are to be applied to objects unauthorized by 
 the constitution. These are the only causes 
 alleged to justify an open opposition to the 
 laws of the country, and a threat of seceding 
 from the union, if any attempt should be made 
 to enforce them. The first virtually acknow- 
 ledges that the law in question was passed 
 under a power expressly given by the consti- 
 tution, to lay and collect imposts ; but its con- 
 stitutionality is dm. 'A II in question from the 
 motives of those who passed it. However 
 apparent this purpose may be in the present 
 case, nothing can be more dangerous than to 
 admit the position, that nn unconstitutional 
 purpose, entertained by the members who 
 assent to a law enacted under a constitutional 
 power, shall make that law void ; for how is 
 that purpose to be ascertained '{ Who is to 
 make the scrutiny t How often may bad pur- 
 poses be falsely imputed 1 in how many cases 
 are they concealed by false professions 1 in 
 how many is no declaration of motive made 1 
 Admit this doctrine, and you give to the states 
 an uncontrolled right to decide, and every 
 law may be annulled under this pretext. If, 
 therefore, the absurd and dangerous doctrine 
 should be admitted, that a stale muy annul an 
 unccinslitutionni law, or one that it <lcems such, 
 it will not apply to the present case. 
 
 may bo made with truth to every law that 
 has been or can be passed. The wisdom of 
 man never yet contrived a system of taxation 
 that would operate with perfect equality. If 
 the unequal operation of a law makes it un- 
 constitutional, and if all laws of that descrip- 
 tion may bo abrogated by any state for that 
 cause, then indeed is the federal constitution 
 unworthy of the slightest effort for its preser- 
 vation. We have hitherto relied on it as the 
 perpetual bond of our union. We have re- 
 ceived it as the work of the assembled wisdom 
 of the nation. Wo have trusted to it as to the 
 sheet anchor of our safety, in the stormy times 
 of conflict with a foreign or domestic foe. We 
 have looked to it with sacred awe as the pal- 
 ladium of our liberties, and, with all the so- 
 lemnities of religion, have pledged to each 
 other our lives and fortunes here, and our 
 hopes of happiness hereafter, in its defence 
 and support. Were we mistaken, my coun- 
 trymen, in attaching this importance to the 
 constitution of our country 1 Was our devo- 
 tion paid to the wretched, inefficient, clumsy 
 contrivance, which this new doctrine would 
 make it ? Did wo pledge ourselves to the 
 support of an airy nothing, a bubble that must 
 be blown away by the first breath of disafl'ec- 
 ticm 1 Was this self-destroying, visionary 
 theory, the work of the profound statesmen, 
 the exalted patriots, to whom the task of con- 
 stitutional reform was intrusted 1 Did tho 
 name of Washington sanction, did the stotes 
 deliberately ratify, such an anomaly in the 
 history of fundamental legislation ? No. We 
 were not mistaken I The letter of this great 
 instrument is free from this radical fault : its 
 language directly contradicts the imputation : 
 its spirit, its evident intent, contradicts it. 
 No, wo did not err! Our constitution does 
 not contain the absurdity of giving power to 
 make laws, and another power to resist them. 
 The sages, whose memory will always bo 
 reverenced, have given us a practical, and, as 
 they hoped, a permanent constitutional com- 
 pact. Tho Father of his country did not af- 
 fix his revered name to so palpable an absur- 
 dity. Nor did the states, when they severally 
 ratified it, do sc under the impression that a 
 veto on the laws of the United States was re- 
 served to them, or that they could exercise it 
 by implication. Search the debates in all 
 their conventions — examine the speeches of 
 the most zealous opposers of federal authority 
 — look at the amendments that were proposed. 
 They are all silent — not a syllable uttered, not 
 a vote given, not a motion made, to correct 
 the explicit supremacy given to tho laws of 
 the union over those of the states — or to show 
 that implication, as is now contended, could 
 defeat it. No, we have not erred I The con- 
 stitution is still the object of our reverence, 
 the bond of our union, our defence in danger, 
 the source of our prosperity in peace. It shall 
 descend, as we have received it, uncorrupted 
 by sophistical construction, to our posterity ; 
 and the sacrifices of local interest, of state 
 prejudices, of personal animosities, that were 
 made to bring it into existence, will again be 
 patriotically oilered for its support. 
 
 "The two remaining objections made by the 
 ordinance to these laws are, that the sums in- 
 tended to be raised by ihem are greater than 
 [are re<^uired, i.iid ihat the proceeds will bn 
 
880 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 < i\ 
 
 ': ; 
 
 uncnnstituttonally employed. The constitu- 
 tion has given expressly to Congress the right 
 of raising revenue, and of determining the sum 
 the public exigencies will require. The states 
 have no control over the exercise of this right, 
 other than that which results from the power 
 of changing the representatives who abuse it, 
 and thus procure redress. Congress may un- 
 doubtedly abuse this discretionary power, but 
 the same may be said of others with which 
 they are vested. Yet the discretion must ex- 
 ist somewhere. The constitution has given it 
 to the representatives of all the people, checked 
 by the representatives of the states, and by 
 the executive power. The South Carolina 
 construction gives it to the legislature or the 
 convention of a single state, where neither the 
 people of the different states, nor the states in 
 their separate capacity, nor the chief magis- 
 trate elected by the people, have any repre- 
 sentation 1 Which is the most discreet 
 disposition of the power 1 1 do not ask 
 you, fellow-citizens, which is the constitutional 
 disposition — that instrument speaks a language 
 not to he misunderstood. But if you wore 
 assembled in general convention, which would 
 you think the safest depository of this discre- 
 tionary power in the last resort 1 Would you 
 add a clause giving it to each of the states, or 
 would you sanction the wise provisions al- 
 ready made by your constitution ? If this 
 should be the result of your delihorations when 
 providing for the future, are you — can you — 
 be ready to risk all that we hold dear, to es- 
 tablish, for a temporary and local purpose, 
 that which you must acknowledge to be de- 
 structive, and even absurd, as a general provi- 
 sion t Carry out the consequences of this right 
 vested in the different states, and you must 
 perceive tliat the crisis your conduct presents 
 at this day would recur whenever any law of 
 the United States displeased any of the states, 
 and that we should soon cease to be a nation. 
 
 " The ordinance, with the same knowledge 
 of the future that characterizes a former ob- 
 jection, tells you that the proceeds of the tax 
 will be unconstitutionally applied. If this 
 could be ascertained with certainty, the objec- 
 tion would, with more propriety, bo reserved 
 for the law so applying the proceeds, but 
 surely cannot be urged against tlie laws levy- 
 ing the duty. 
 
 " These are the allegations contained in the 
 ordinance. Examine them seriously, my fel- 
 low-citizens, judge for yourselves. I appeal 
 to you to determine whether they are so clear, 
 do convincing, as to leave no doubt of their 
 correctness ; and even if you should come to 
 this conclusion, how fir they justify the reck- 
 less, destructive course, which you are directed 
 to pursue. Review these objections and the 
 conclusions drawn from them, once more. 
 What are they ? Every law, then, for raising 
 revenue, according to the South Carolina or- 
 dinance, may l>o rightfully annulled unless it 
 be so framed as no law ever will or can be 
 framed. Congress have a right to pass laws 
 for raising revenue, anil each state has aright 
 to oppose their execution, two rights directly 
 opposed to each other ; and yet is this absur- 
 liity supposed to be contained in an instrument 
 driiwn for the express purpose of avoiding 
 c il Unions between the states and the general 
 L''ivi'riiment, by nri assembly of the most en- 
 liiflitiMied statesmen nml piiri'st patriots ever 
 luibodied i'>)r n similar purpose, 
 
 " In vain have these sages declared that 
 Congress shall have power to lay and collect 
 taxes, duties, imposts, and excises — in vain 
 have they provided that they shall have power 
 to pass laws which shall be necessary and 
 proper to carry those powers into execution; 
 that those laws and that constitution shall be 
 the ' supreme law of the land ; and that the 
 judges in every state shall bo bound thereby, 
 any thing in the constitution or laws of any 
 state to the contrary notwithstanding.' In 
 vain have the people of the several states sO' 
 lemnly sanctioned these provisions, made them 
 their paramount law, and individually sworn 
 to support them whenever tliey were called 
 on to execute any office. Vam provisions! 
 ineffectual restrictions ! vile profanation of 
 oaths ! miserable mockery of legislation I if 
 a bare majority of the voters in any one state 
 may on a real or supposed knowledge of the 
 intent with which a law has been pas.scd, de- 
 clare themselves free from its operation — say 
 here it gives too little, there too much, and 
 operates unequally — here it suffers articles to 
 be free that ought to be taxed, there it taxes 
 those that ought to be free — in this case the 
 proceeds are intended to be applied to pur- 
 poses which we do not approve, in that the 
 amount raised is more than is wanted. Con- 
 gress, it is true, are invested by the constitu- 
 tion with the right of deciding these questions 
 according to their sound discretion. Congress 
 8 composed of the representatives of all the 
 states, and of all the people of all the states; 
 but we, part of the people of one state, to 
 whom the constitution has given no power on 
 the subject, fn m whom it has expressly taken 
 it away — wp, who have solemnly agreed that 
 this constitution shall be our law — jcc, most of 
 whom have sworn to support it — we now ab- 
 rogate this law, and swear, and force others 
 to swear, that it shall not be obeyed, and we 
 do this, not because Congress have no right to 
 pass such laws, this we do not allege ; but be- 
 cause they have passed them with improper 
 views. They are unconstitutional from the 
 motives of those who passed them, which we 
 can never with certainty know ; from their 
 unequal operation, although it is impossible 
 from the nature of things that they should be 
 equal ; and from the disposition which we 
 jiresumo niav be made of their proceeds, al- 
 though that disposition has not been declared. 
 This is the "plain mfaning of the ordinance in 
 relation to laws winch it abrogates for alleged 
 uncoii'Uitutionallty. But it does not stop there. 
 It nneals, in express terms, an important part 
 of the constitution itself, and of laws passed 
 to give it effect, which have never been al- 
 leged to 1)0 unconstitutional. The constitu- 
 tion decliiri's that the judicial powers of the 
 United States extend in cases arising under 
 the laws of the United States, and that such 
 laws, the constitution, and treaties, shall be 
 paramount to the state constitutions and laws. 
 The judiciary act prescribes the mode by 
 which the case may be brought before a court 
 of the United States by appeal, when a stale 
 tribunal shall decide against this provision of 
 the constitution. The ordinance declares 
 there shall be no appenJ • makes the stale law 
 paramount to the constitution and laws of the 
 Uniteil States; forces jiuiges and jurors to 
 swear that they will disreijiird thi-ir provi- 
 sions; mill even tniiki-s it peniil in a suitor to 
 attempt nlief by appeal, it further declares 
 
 that it shall not be lawful for the authorities 
 of the United States, or of that state, to en- 
 force the payment of duties imposed by the 
 revenue laws within its limits. 
 
 " Here is a law of the United States, not 
 even pretended to be unconstitutional, re- 
 pealed by the authority of a small majority of 
 the voters of a single state. Here is a pro- 
 vision of the constitution which is solemnly 
 abrogated by the same authority. 
 
 " On such expositions and reasonings, the 
 ordinance grounds not only an assertion of the 
 right to annul the laws of which it complains, 
 but to enforce it by a threat of seceding from 
 the union, if any attempt is made to execute 
 them. 
 
 " This right to secede is deduced from the 
 nature of the constitution, which, they say, is 
 a compact between sovereign states, who nave 
 preserved their whole sovereignty, and, there- 
 fore, are subject to no su perior ; that, because 
 they made the compact, they can break it 
 when, in their opinion, it has been departed 
 from by the other states. Fallacious as this 
 course of reasoning is, it enlists state pride, and 
 finds advocates in the honest prejudices of 
 those who have not studied the nature of our 
 government sufficiently to see the radical er- 
 ror on which it rests. 
 
 " The people of the United States formed 
 the constitution, acting through the state le- 
 gislatures in making the compact, to meet and 
 discuss its provisions, and acting in separate 
 conventions when they ratified those provi- 
 sions ; but the terms used in its construction, 
 show it to be a government in which the peo- 
 ple of all the states collectively are repre- 
 sented. We are one PEorLE in the choice o( 
 the president and vice president. Here tha 
 states have no other agency than to direct the 
 mode in which the votes shall be given. The 
 candidates having the majority of all the voles 
 are chosen. The electors of a majority or 
 states may have given their votes for one can- 
 didate, and yet another may be chosen. The 
 people, then, and not the states, are repre- 
 sented in the executive branch. 
 
 "In the house of representatives there is 
 this difference, that the people of one state do 
 not, as in the case of president and vice pre- 
 sident, all vote for the same officers. The 
 people of all the states do not vote for all llie 
 members, each state electing only its own rep- 
 resentatives. But this creates no material dis- 
 tinction. When chosen, they are all repre- 
 sentatives of the United States, not represent- 
 atives of the particular state from which they 
 come. They are paid by the United Stales, 
 not by the state ; nor are they acrountnbli- to 
 it for any act done ui the perforinanci! of their 
 legislative functions : and however they iniiy 
 in practice, as it is their duty to do, consult 
 and prefer the interests of their piirticuliir con 
 stituents when they come in conflict with any 
 other partial or local interests, yet it is their 
 first and highest duty, as representatives of the 
 United Slates, to promote the general good. 
 
 " The constitution of the United States, then, 
 forms a enrrrnmenf, not a league ; and wlieth 
 er it be formed by compact between the stales, 
 or in any other manner, its cimratler is llie 
 same. It is a government in which all llie 
 people are represented, which npi'i-ntcs cli- 
 rcrlly on the poopli' ind virlunll'i , not ii|iiiu 
 the states ; "hey retained all the power llrv 
 did not grant. But each stale l.aviiij; i \- 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 681 
 
 pressly parted with so many powers as to con- 
 etilute jointly with the other states, a single 
 nation, cannot from that period possess any 
 riglit to secede, because such secession does 
 not break a league, but destroys the unity of a 
 nation ; and any injury to that unity is not only 
 a breach, which would result from the contra- 
 vention of a compact, but it is an offence 
 against the whole union. To say that any 
 state may at pleasure secede from the union, 
 is to say that the United States are not a na- 
 tion ; because it would bo a solecism to con- 
 tend, that any part of a nation might dissolve 
 its connexion with the other parts, to their in- 
 jury or ruip, without committing any offence. 
 .Secession, like any other revolutionarjr act, 
 may be morally justified by the extremity of 
 oppression ; but to call it a constitutional right 
 is confounding the meaning of terms ; and can 
 only be d me through gross error, or to de- 
 ceive thovc who are willing to assert a right, 
 but would pause before they made a revolu- 
 tion, or incur the penalties consequent on a 
 failure. 
 
 " Berause the union was formed by com^ 
 pact, it is said the parties to that compact may 
 when they feel themselves aggrieved, depart 
 from it: but it is precisely because it is a com 
 pact that they cannot. A compact is an agree 
 ment or binding obligation. It may, by its 
 tur ns, have a sanction or penalty for its broach, 
 or It may not. If it contains no sanction, it 
 may bo broken with no other consequence 
 tl>an moral guilt : if it have a sanction, then 
 the breach incurs the designated or implied 
 penalty. A league between independent na- 
 dons, generally has no sanction other than a 
 moral one ; or, if it should contain a penalty, 
 as there is no common superior, it cannot be 
 enforced. A government, on the contrary, al- 
 ways has a sanction, express or implied ; and, 
 in our case, it is both necessarily implied and 
 expressly given. An attempt by force of 
 arms to destroy a government, is an offence, 
 by whatever means the constitutional compact 
 may have been formed; and such govern- 
 ment has the right, by the law of self-defence, 
 to pass acts for punishing the offender, unless 
 that right is modified, restrained, or resumed, 
 liy the constitutional act. — In our system, al- 
 though it is modified in the case of treason, 
 yet authority is expressly given to pass all 
 laws necessary to carry its powers into effect, 
 nnd under this grant, provision has been made 
 for punishing acts which obstruct the due ad- 
 ministration of the laws. 
 
 " It would seem superfluous to add any 
 tiling to show the nature of that union which 
 connects us; but as erroneous opinions on this 
 subject are the foundation of doctrines the 
 most destructive to our peace, I must give 
 some further development to my views on 
 •his subject. No one, follow-i'itizens, has a 
 higher reverence for the reserved rights of the 
 states, than the magistrate who now aihkesses 
 you. No one would make gi ^ personal 
 sacrifices, or official exertions, . 'fend them 
 i'-om violation; but equal care must bo taken 
 to prevent on their part an improper interfe- 
 rence with, or resumption of, the rights they 
 have vested in the nation. The line lias not 
 lieen so distinctly drawn as to avoid doubts in 
 some cases of the exorcise of power. Men of 
 til" lies' 'rtentions and soiimlest views may 
 
 dispassionate reflection can leave no doubt. 
 Of this nature appears to be the assumed right 
 of secession. It rests, as we have seen, on the 
 alleged undivided sovereignty of the states, 
 and on their having formed in this sovereign 
 capacity a compact which is called the consti- 
 tution, from which, because they made it, they 
 have the right to secede. Both of these posi- 
 tions are erroneous, and some of the arguments 
 to prove them lo have been anticipated. 
 
 " The states severally have not retained 
 their entire sovereignty. It has been shown 
 that in becoming parts of a nation, not mem- 
 bers of a league, they surrendered many of 
 their essential parts of sovereignty. The right 
 to make treaties — declare war — levy taxes — 
 exercise exclusive judicial and legislative 
 powers, were all of them functions of sove- 
 reign power. The states then, for all these 
 important purposes, were no longer sovereign. 
 The allegiance of their citizens was trans- 
 ferred, in the first instance, to the government 
 of the United States — they became American 
 citizens, and owed obedience to the constitu- 
 tion of the United States, and to the laws 
 made in conformity with the powers it vested 
 in Congress. This last position has not been, 
 and can not be denied. How then can that 
 state be said to be sovereign and independ 
 ent, whose citizens owe obedience to laws not 
 made by it, and whose magistrates are sworn 
 to disregard those laws, when they come in 
 conflict with those passed by another ] What 
 shows conclusively that the states can not be 
 said to have reserved an undivided sove- 
 reignty, is, that they expressly ceded the right 
 to punish treason — not treason against their 
 separate power — but treason against the 
 United States. Treason is an offence against 
 sovereignty, and sovereignty must reside with 
 the power to punish it. But the reserved 
 rights of the states are not less sacred, because 
 they have for their common interest made the 
 general government the depository of these 
 powers. The unity of our political character 
 (as has been shown for another purpose) com- 
 menced with its very existence. Under the 
 royal government we had no separate charac- 
 ter — our opposition to its oppression began as 
 United Colonies. We were the United States 
 under the confederation, and the name was 
 perpetuated, and the union rendered more per- 
 fect, by the federal constitution. In none of 
 these stages did we consider ourselves in any 
 other lisrht than as forming one nation. Trea- 
 ties and alliances were made in the name of 
 all. Troops wore raised for the joint defence. 
 How, then, with all these proofs, that under 
 all changes of our position we had, for desig- 
 nated purposes and with defined powers, cre- 
 ated national governments — how is it, that the 
 most perfect of those several modes of union 
 should now be considered as a mere league, 
 that may be dissolved at pleasure 1 It is from 
 an abuse of terms. Compact is used as sy- 
 nonymous with league, although the true form 
 is not employed, because it would at once 
 show the fallacy of the reasoning. It would 
 not do to say that our constitution was only a 
 league; but, it is laboured to prove it a com- 
 pact, (which in one sen-- it is,) and then to 
 argue that as a league is a compact, every 
 comp.ict between nations must of course be a 
 leiiijiie, and from surli an eni^nfrcinent evi'py 
 
 .le 
 
 Hilt 
 
 clilleriii ineir construction of some part« of sovereign power has n riilht to seiv 
 
 ili.« constitution : but there are others on which) it has been shown, that in this sense the states 
 
 are not sovereign and that even if they were, 
 and the national constitution had been formed 
 by compact, there would be no right in any 
 one state to exonerate itself from iti obliga- 
 tions. 
 
 " So obvious are the reasons which forbid 
 this secession, that It is necessary only to al- 
 lude to them. The union was formed for the 
 benefit of all. It was produced by mutual 
 sacrifices of interests and opinions. Can those 
 sacrifices bo recalled ? Can the states who 
 magnanimously surrendered their title to the 
 territories of the west, recall the grant T Will 
 the inhabitants of the inland states agree to pay 
 the duties that may be imposed without their 
 assent by those on the Atlantic or the Gulf 
 for their own benefits 1 Shall there be a free 
 port in one state, and onerous duties in anoth- 
 er 1 No one believes that any right exists in 
 a single state to involve all the others in these 
 and countless other evils, contrary to the en- 
 gagements solemnly made. Every one must 
 see that the other states, in self-defence, must 
 oppose at all hazards. 
 
 " These are the alternatives that are pre- 
 sented by the convention — a repeal of all the 
 acts for raising revenue, leaving the govern 
 ment without the means of support; or an ac- 
 quiescence in the dissolution of our union by 
 the secession of one of its members. When 
 the first was proposed, it was known that it 
 could not be listened to for a moment. It was 
 known if force was applied to oppose the ex- 
 ecution of the laws, that it must be repelled 
 by force — that Congress could not, without 
 involving itself in disgrace, and the country in 
 ruin, accede to the proposition ; and yet, if 
 this is not done in a given day, or if any at- 
 tempt is made to execute the laws, the state 
 is, by the ordinance, declared to be out of the 
 union. The majority of a convention assem- 
 bled for the purpose have dictated these terms, 
 or rather this rejection of all terms, in the 
 name of the people of South Carolina. It is 
 true that the governor of the state speaks of 
 the submission of their grievances to a conven- 
 tion of all the states ; which, he says, they 
 ' sincerely and anxiously seek and desire.' 
 Yet this obvious and constitutional mode oi 
 obtaining the sense of the other states on the 
 construction of the federal compact, and 
 amending it, if necessary, has never been at- 
 tempted by those who have urged the state on 
 to this destructive measure. The state might 
 have proposed the call for a general conven- 
 tion to the other states ; and Congress, if a suf 
 ficiont number of them concurred, must have 
 called it. But the first magistrate of South 
 Carolina, wl.en he expressed' a l.ope that, ' on 
 a review by Congress and the functionaries of 
 the general government of the merits of the 
 controversy,' such a convention will be ac- 
 corded to them, must have known that neither 
 Congress or any functionary of the general 
 government has authority to call such a con- 
 vention, unless it be demanded by two-thirds 
 of the states. This suggestion, then, is another 
 instance of the reckless inattention to the pro 
 visions of the constitution with which this cri- 
 sis has been madly hurried on, or of the at 
 ternpt to persuade the people that a constitii 
 tloiial remedy had been sought and refused 
 If llie legislature of South Carolina' anxiously 
 desiri'' n griii'rnl convention to consider their 
 r(iiii|ilaiiits, why have they not made iipplirH- 
 tioii for it in the way liio constitution poiii<» 
 
HISTORY OF THE 
 
 i I 
 
 ! t 
 
 out t The agsertion that they ' earnestly seek' 
 it is completely negatived by the omission. 
 
 " This, then, is the position in which we 
 stand. A small majority of the citizens of one 
 state in the union have elected delegates to a 
 state convention : that convention has ordained 
 that all the revenue laws of the United States 
 must be repealed, or that they are no longer 
 a member of the union. The governor of the 
 state has recommended to the legislature the 
 raising of an army to carry the secession into 
 effect, and that he may be empowered to give 
 clearances to vessels m the name of the state. 
 No act of violent opposition to the laws has 
 yet been committed, but such a state of things 
 IS hourly apprehended, and it is the intent of 
 this instrument to proclaim, not only that the 
 duty imposed on me by the constitution, ' to 
 take care that the laws be faithfully executed,' 
 shall be performed to the extent of the powers 
 already invested in me by law, or of such 
 others as the wisdom of Congress shall devise, 
 and intrust to me for the purpose ; but to 
 warn the citizens of South Carolina, who have 
 been deluded into an opposition to the laws, 
 of the danger they incur by obedience to the 
 illegal and disorganizing ordinance of the con- 
 vention—to exhort those who have refused to 
 support it to persevere in their determination 
 to uphold the constitution and laws of their 
 country, and to point out to all, the perilous 
 situation into which the good people of that 
 state have been led — and that the course that 
 they are urged to pursue is one of ruin and 
 disgrace to the very state whose rights they 
 affect to support. 
 
 " Fellow-citizens of my native state ! — Let 
 me not only admonish you, as the first magls- 
 tiate of our common country, not to incur the 
 penalties of its laws, but use the influence that 
 a father would over his children whom he saw 
 rjshing to i certain ruin. In that paternal 
 feeling, let me tell you, my countrymen, that 
 you are deluded by men who are either de- 
 ceived themselves, or wish to deceive you. 
 Mark under what pretences you have been 
 led on to the brink of insurrection and treason, 
 on which you stand I First a diminution of 
 the value of your staple commodity, lowered 
 by over production in other quarters, and the 
 consequent diminution in the value of your 
 lands, were the sole effect of the tariff laws. 
 The effect of those laws are confessedly inju- 
 rious, but the evil was greatly exaggerated by 
 the unfounded theory you were taught to be- 
 lieve, that its burdens were in proportion to 
 your exports, not to your consumption of im- 
 ported articles. Your pride was roused by 
 the assertion that a submission to those laws 
 was a state of vassalage, and that resistance to 
 lliem was equal, in patriotic merit, to the op- 
 position our fathers offered to the oppressive 
 laws of Great Britain. You were told that 
 this opposition might l)e peaceably — might l)e 
 constitutionally made — that you might enjoy 
 all the advantages of the union, and bear none 
 of its burdens. 
 
 " Eloquent appeals to J'our passions, to 
 your state pride, to your native courage, to 
 your sense of real injury, were used to pre. 
 pare you for the |>criod when the mask which 
 concealed the hideous features of diounio.n 
 should be taken off. It fell, and you were 
 made to look with cnniplaci-iiry on objects 
 which, not lonij pinri'. vim would hnvo re 
 tjarded with horror, l.odk back al tlie arts 
 
 which have brought you to this state — look 
 forward to the consequences to which it must 
 inevitably lead ! Look back to what was 
 first told you as an inducement to enter into 
 this dangerous course. The great political 
 truth was repeated to you, that you had the 
 revolutionary right of resisting all laws that 
 were palpably unconstitutional and intolera- 
 bly oppressive ; it was added, that the right 
 M nullify a law rested on the same principle, 
 but that it was a peaceable remedy ! This 
 character which was given to it, made you re- 
 ceive, with too much confidenc, the assertions 
 that were made of the unconstitutionality of 
 of the law, and its oppressive effects. Mark, 
 my fellow-citizens, that by the admission of 
 your leaders, the unconstit jtionality must be 
 palpable, or it will not justify either resistance 
 or nullification I What is the meaning of the 
 word j>alpable, in the sense in which it is here 
 used 1 that which is apparent to every one ; 
 that which no man of ordinary intellect will 
 fail to perceive. Is the unconstitutionality of 
 these lawsof that description ? let those among 
 your leaders who once approved and advo- 
 cated the principle of protective duties, an- 
 swer the question ; and let them choose 
 whether they will be considered as incapable, 
 then, of perceiving that which must have been 
 apparent to every man of common understand- 
 ing, or as imposing upon your confidence, and 
 endeavouring to mislead you now. In either 
 case, they are unsafe guides in the perilous 
 path they urge you to tread. Ponder well on 
 this circumstance, and you will know how to 
 appreciate the exaggerated language they ad- 
 dress to you. They are not champions of 
 liberty, emulating the fame of our revolution- 
 ary fathers ; nor are you an oppressed people, 
 contending, as they repeat to you, agamst 
 worse than colonial vassalage. You are free 
 members of a flourishing and happy union. 
 There is no settled design to oppress you. 
 You have indeed fell the unequal operation of 
 laws which may have been unwisely, not un- 
 constitutionally passed j but that inequality 
 must necessarily be removed. At the very 
 moment when you were madly urged on to 
 the unfortunate course you have begun, a 
 change in puljlic opinion had commenced. 
 The nearly approaching payment of the pub- 
 lic debt, and the consequent necessity of a di- 
 minution of duties, had already produced a 
 considerable reduction, and that too on some 
 articles of general consumption in your state. 
 The importance of this change was under- 
 rated, and you were authoritatively told, that 
 no further iillevialion of your burdens was to 
 be expected, at the very time when the con- 
 dition of the country imperiously demand such 
 a modification of the duties as should reduce 
 them to a just and etpiitable scale. But, as If 
 apprehensive of the effect of this change in 
 allaying your discontents, you were precipi- 
 tated into the fearful state in which you now 
 find yourselves. 
 
 " I have urged you to look back to the 
 means that were used to hurry you on to the 
 position you have now assumed, and forward 
 to the consequences it will produce. Some- 
 thing more Is necessary. Contemplate the 
 condition of that country of which you still 
 form an important part! Consider its govern- 
 ment, uniting In one bond of common Interest 
 anil general protection so many different 
 states, giving to all their inhabitants the proud 
 
 title of Amgkican Citizens, protecting their 
 commerce, securing their literature and the 
 arts, facilitating their intercommunication, de- 
 fending their frontiers, and making their nanr.e 
 respected in the remotest parts oi the earth t 
 Consider the extent of its territory, its in- 
 creasing and happy population, its advance ir. 
 arts, which render life agreeable, and the 
 sciences which elevate the mind ! See educa- 
 tion spreading the lights of religion, morality, 
 and general information, into every cottage in 
 this wide extent of our territories and state.i 
 Behold it as the asylum where the wretched 
 and the oppressed find a refuge and support ! 
 Look on this picture of happiness and lionour, 
 and say — we too, are citizens dp America : 
 Carolina is one of these proud states : her 
 arms have defended, her best blood has ce- 
 mented this happy union ! And then add. If 
 you can, without horror and remorse, this hap- 
 py union we will dissolve — this picture of 
 peace and prosperity we will deface — this 
 free intercourse we will interrupt — these fer- 
 tile fields we will deluge with blood — the pro- 
 tection of that glorious flag we renounce — the 
 very name of Americans we discard — And for 
 what, mistaken men ! — for what do you throw 
 away these inestimable blessings — for whot 
 would you exchange your share in the advan- 
 tages and honour of the union '/ For the 
 dream of a separate independence — a dream 
 interrupted by bloody conflicts with your 
 neighbours, and a vile dependence on a foreign 
 power. If your leaders could succeed in es- 
 tablishing a separation, what would be your 
 situation ] Are you united at home — are yoj. 
 free from the apprehension of civil discord, 
 with all its fearful coiisequences ] Do our 
 neighbouring republics, every day suffering 
 some new revolution, or contending with some 
 new insurrection — do they excite your envy^ 
 But the dictates of a high duty oblige mo 
 solemnly to announce that you cannot succeed. 
 " The laws of the United States must bo 
 executed. I have no discretionary power on 
 the subject — my duty is emphatically pro- 
 nounced in the constitution. Those who told 
 you tha; yon might peaceably prevent their 
 execution, deceived you ; they could not have 
 been deceived themselves. They know that 
 a forcible opposition could alone prevent the 
 execution of the laws, and they know that 
 such opposition must bo repelled. Their ob- 
 ject is disunion; but be not deceived by 
 names ; disunion by armed force is treason. 
 Are you really ready to incur Its guilt? II 
 you are, on the heads of the instigators of the 
 act be the dreadful consequence, — on their 
 heads be the dishonour, but on yours may fall 
 the punishment — on your unliappy state will 
 Inevitably fall all the evils of the connict you 
 force ujion the government of your country. 
 It can not accede to the mad project of disu- 
 nion, of which you would be the first victims 
 — its first magistrate cannot, if he would, 
 avoid the pefonnance of his duty — the conse- 
 quence must be fearful for you, distressing to 
 your fellow-citizens here, and to the friends of 
 good government throughout the world, lis 
 enemies have beheld our prosperity, with a 
 vexation they could not conceal — it was a 
 standing refutation of their slavish doctrliK^s, 
 and they will point to our discord with a tri- 
 umph of malignant joy. Itisyi!t in your power 
 to disappoint them. There is yet time to show 
 that the descendants of Ine I'inckiieys, the 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 r>33 
 
 BTimjitera, tlic Riitledtrcs, nml of tlio tlioiiBniid 
 oilier nnmo' wliirli ndorn llic pnpos of your 
 rcviiliitionury history, will not nliainlim tliiil 
 union, to support wliicli, 90 in.iny of tlieni 
 I'l'iijilit, nnd l)lo(l, nnd dioil. I luljuro yon, ns 
 yon honour their memory— ns you love the 
 I'linse of freedom, to whieh ihey dedicateil their 
 live:* — as you ]irizc the peace of your pouniry. 
 the lives of its best citizens, and your own fair 
 fsne, to retr.aeo yonr step-'. Snateli from the 
 nrehives of your stnto the disorpanizing cdiet of 
 its convention — hid its meinhcrs to re-as'ciidile 
 and proninljiatc the decided expressions of your 
 will to remain in the path whieh alone can con- 
 duct you to safot'-. prosjierity, nnd honour — tell 
 tiiem that, comp .reil ti> disimion, all other evils 
 are liRht, because that hrinRs with it an accu- 
 mulation of all — declare tliat you will never 
 take tho Held unlo'-s the star-spanjrled hnnner of 
 your country shall tlt>at over yon : that you will 
 not he stismiitized when dead, and dishonoured 
 and scorned while you live, ns the authors of 
 the first attack on tho constitution of your coun- 
 try! — it.s destroyers yon cannot be. You nniy 
 disturb its peace — you may interrupt tho course 
 of its prosperity — yon may cloud its reputation 
 for stability — hut its tranquillity will be restored, 
 its ](rosperity will return, and the stain upon its 
 national character will l)e transferred, and re 
 uiaiu an eternal Mot on tho memory of those 
 >vho caused the disonler. 
 
 "Fellow-iitizens of the United States!— The 
 threat of unhallowed disunion — the names of 
 those once resjiected, by whom it is uttered — 
 tiie array of military torce to support it — denote 
 tlio approach of a crisis in our affairs on which 
 the continuance of our unexampled prosperity, 
 our political existence, and, perliaps. that of .all 
 free governments, may dejiend. The conjunc- 
 ture demanded a free, a full, and explicit enun- 
 ciation, not oidy of my intentions, hut of my 
 jirinciples of action; ami, ns the claim was as- 
 serted of a right by a state to annul tlie laws of 
 the union, and even to secede from it at ])lea- 
 iinre. a frank exposition of my opinions in rela- 
 tion to the ori);in and form of our (jovernment, 
 and the construction I give to tho instrument 
 by which it was created, seemed to Ih) proper. 
 Having the fullest coutidenco in the justness of 
 the legal and constitutional opinion of my duties 
 whicli has been expres-ed, I rely with eqiuU 
 Ciintidence on your undivided support in my dc- 
 terniinntion to execute the laws — to iweserve 
 the union by all cunslitutimud means— to arrest, 
 if p(>ssible, by moderate hut tirm menfliircs, the 
 necessity of a recourse to lorce ; and if it ho the 
 will of heiiVcU that the recurrence of its primeval 
 cnrse on man for tho sheihliu}; of a brother's 
 hliiod should full upon our land, that it he not 
 called down by any olfeusivo act on tlie part of 
 the I'niteil Sta'tes. 
 
 "Fellow-citizens! The momentous case is 
 before you. On your undivided support of your 
 government depends the decision of the preat 
 question it involves, whether your sicrcd union 
 will be preserved, and the hle>j!inps it secures to 
 us as one people shall he perpetuated. No one 
 Clin doubt that the unanimity with which that 
 decision will bo expressed, will he such as to 
 inspire new confidence in republican institutions, 
 and that the prudence, the wisdom, and the 
 courage which it will bring to their defence, will 
 transmit them uuimpuircd and invigorated to 
 our children. 
 
 " May the great Ruler of nations grant that 
 the signal blessings with which ho has favoured 
 ours, may not, by tho madness of partv, or jier- 
 K>nat ambition, bo di.'^regarded and lost : i.nd 
 may his wise providence bring those who have 
 jiroduccd this crisis to see tho folly, before they 
 leel tho nnsery of civil stiil'o: and inspire u re- 
 turning veneration fur that union which, if we 
 may dure to penetrate his designs, lie has chosen 
 08 tho only means of attaining the high destiiues 
 to which we may reasonably aspire." 
 
 Tho langunpe of the proclamation is too pre- 
 cious to ho forgotten. The second election of 
 (ieiieral .lackson was of a deciilel character. 
 Tho opposition was overwhehning. After this 
 event, he made a tour !• the eastern and nortli- 
 ern states. Kvery where he was received witli 
 enthusiasm. Party feelings were forgotten, iind 
 the president alone was con-i !cred. A brave 
 anil generous jieople received a gallant com- 
 miindcr, with every denion.stration of respect 
 and ailiuiratioii. The most ancient university 
 in the country made him a Doctor of Laws. lie 
 visiteil Hunker Hill, saw tlie plains of Lexington, 
 groimd sacred to the descendants of the Pilgrims, 
 and returned with their warmest wishes for his 
 l)risperity. 
 
 Tlie ret'usal of the President to sign tho hill 
 for rcchartering the United States Hank has al- 
 ready been noticed. In the present year, he 
 went still further, and gave orders to w"ithdraw 
 the government deimsits from that institutiim 
 and its branches, and to place them in the local 
 hanks. He defended this measurM in n long 
 letter addres.sed to the Cabinet, on the 18th of 
 September. Ills accusations were denied, and 
 it was contended that bis measure was tmcon- 
 stitutional. Hut, on whichever side the right 
 and hiw might he, the conduct of the President 
 Icil to disastrous results in tho mercantile world. 
 The deposits being withdrawn, the bank neces- 
 sarily dimini-jhcd its isiues, and lcs.sened its dis- 
 coui!ts ; all operations of buying and selling 
 were thus discouraged ai>d imiieded ; a stagna- 
 tion of trade ensued ; property was depreciated : 
 and bankruptcies and failures were midtiplied 
 on all sides. 
 
 During the year 1834, the United States con- 
 tinued to bo agitated by the consequences of 
 the acts of the President. The House of Uei)re- 
 seutatives was inundated with petitions for the 
 restoration of tho public money to the vaults of 
 the bank; but the majority of the members 
 were favorable to the measures of the President ; 
 whilst the Senate was arrayed in open hostility 
 to his measures, and refused to confirm his ap- 
 pointment of directors for tho hank on behalf 
 of the government shares. 
 
 In New York and other cities, the public op- 
 liosition to tl'.e President's measures was violent 
 in the extreme; whilst tho interior i,f the coun- 
 try, having little or no sympathy with the great 
 trading nnd nujneyed interests of the commer- 
 cial cities, were generally favorable to tho policy 
 of the President. The election of members to 
 the House of Keprescntatives of this year, re- 
 sulted in adding sixteen or twenty to the former 
 luajority in favor of the President. One ot the 
 results of this measure was the partial substitu- 
 tion of a metallic for a paper circulation tlirough- 
 out the union. It has been computed th.at from 
 iho beginning of January, 1833. to July, 1834, 
 an excess of over twenty-two millions of specie 
 was imported into the country. 
 
 in his message of December, 1834, the Presi- 
 dent called attenfion to the rejection, by the 
 French t'hamber of Deputies, of the hill for the 
 iudemnilic;ition of the United Stjites for losses 
 sustained in consequence of tho Herliu and -Mi- 
 lan decrees. He snggeated to Congress retalia- 
 tory measures, and his whole mes.sago breathed 
 .1 warlike spirit. The Senate, however, ditfered 
 t'rom the President upon the subject ; and, after 
 much deliberation, unanimously adopted the 
 following resolution ou the 14th of July, 1835: 
 •' That it is inexpedient at present to adopt any 
 legislative measures in regard to the state of 
 litfairs tjotween this country and Franco." The 
 House of Keiiresentatives unanimously agreed 
 to two ro.solutions : "1. That, in the opinion 
 of this House, the treaty with France of July 
 4th, 1831, shouhl be maintained, and its oxecu 
 tiou insisted upon. 2. That the Committee of 
 Foreign All'airs should be discharged from fur 
 ther consideration of so much of tho Prosideut's 
 
 raossngo as relates to cotninercial restrintions, ot 
 to reprisals on the commerce of France." 
 
 The French minister was recalled, ihe .\ineri 
 can government being at the same time assured 
 that the bill should nevertheless be presented 
 to the Chambers. Mr. Livingston was instructed 
 to return homo in the event of the refusal of 
 tho French government to pay the money. A 
 bill passed tlie Chambers, authorizing the pay- 
 ment of tho money, after satisfactory explana- 
 tion had been given to Franco of the President's 
 language. In Deccudjcr, the President met 
 Congress, niid declared that there was nothing 
 to explain ; and that, in any event, ho would 
 never allow a foreign power to found demands 
 upon tho interior and otTicial communications 
 of one department of the American goverimicnt 
 with another, (ireat Hritain then tendered her 
 mediation, and both parties accepted tho otfer. 
 During this year, tho whole debt of tho United 
 .Slates was jiaid otf. Tlio majority which tho 
 friends of the President had secured in one 
 branch of tho legislature, rendered all the elVorts 
 of his opponents to recharter tho bank abortive, 
 and its concerns were con.sequently wound np. 
 
 On the 19th of July, a party of Scminolo 
 Indians cro.siied their bounds, near tho llog's- 
 Town settlement, for the purpose of hunting. 
 Tliey separated, and agreed to meet again on a 
 certain day. On that day five of them were met 
 together, when a party of white men caino by, 
 and commenced fiogging them with their cow- 
 whips. Two other Indians came up, and fired 
 upon tho whites, who returned tho fire. Threo 
 whites were wounded, nnd one Indian killed and 
 one wounded. On the Cth of August, Dalton, 
 a nuiil carrier, was killed, ami the Indians re- 
 fused to deliver the murderers up to justice. 
 In September, a party of Mickasuckeo Indians, 
 led by tho celebrated Osceola, wayhiiil and shot 
 Ch.'irloy Omathla, a powerful friendly chief, who 
 was journeying with his daughter, (ieneral 
 Clinch, who commanded a small force in this 
 section of tho country, obtained a body of six 
 hundred and fifty militia from the Governor of 
 Florida, and commenced opcratious against thcui 
 on tho Ouithlacooclio river. 
 
 On the i3d of December, two companies of 
 the United States' army, under command of 
 Miijur Dade, marched from Tampa Hay for Camp 
 King. From Hillsborough liridge. Major Dado 
 sent a letter to Captain Helton, urging him to 
 forward a six-pounder which had been left h* 
 lind. Horses wore procured, nnd the piece was 
 received by the detachment that night. Soon 
 ifter the six-pounder joined the column, a shot 
 was heard in the direction of the advanced guard, 
 whieh was soon followed by another, when a 
 volley was suddenly poured in on the front and 
 left llank. Half the men were killed or wound- 
 ed nt the first fire; nnd, until several volleys 
 b.ad been received, not an enemy could be seen. 
 The Indians fired lying or squatting in the grass, 
 or from behind pine trees. The infantry tiirew 
 themselves behind trees, and ojiencd a sharp 
 discharge of niuskotry. Several pounds of can- 
 nister were fired from tho cannon ; and the In- 
 dians temporarily retreated. Tho detachment 
 instantly jiroceeded to form a breastwork by 
 felling trees, but had scarcely coiunienced when 
 the enemy returned to the tight. The infantry 
 innnodiately took slwlter behind trees ; but they 
 were all gradually cut down b^' tho overwholm- 
 ing force opposed to theu\. ^V hen all resistance 
 had ceased, the Indians leaped into the breast- 
 work, and stripping otf the arms and accoutre- 
 ments from the dead, carried them away. 
 Forty or fifty negroes then came up on horse- 
 back", tied their animals fast to trees, and com- 
 menced butchering tho wounded. Wliun oU 
 were supposed to be dead, they strijiped tho 
 clothing otf all tho bodies, and departed in tho 
 samo direction witli the Indians, taking tho can- 
 non with them. Of eight oiliceri and one hun 
 
834 
 
 IKSTORY OF THE 
 
 M 
 
 irei and two privates, bnt funr ciioaped alive 
 from llie scene of tlio action, one of wliom was 
 shot tlio <1ay after tlic battle. 
 
 Durin); the year 1885, mucli excitcmont was 
 felt in tlie Soutlicrn States, in consequence of 
 tlie allepcd ellbrta of the friends of tlie abolition 
 of slavery to disseminate their doctrines among 
 the slaves, which in many places br.ike out in 
 riot and bloodslie<1. 
 
 The money due for depredations under the 
 Berlin and VWan decrees, wa» received from the 
 Trench government in 188C, and made a large 
 surplus in the treasury. Much debating oc- 
 curred in Congress about the disposal of the 
 surplus revenue, which was now kept in state 
 banks, selected by the secretary of the treasury. 
 The expiration of the charter of the United 
 i^tates' ]3ank was followed by the creation of a 
 large number of state banks, whose capital was 
 chiefly nominal, the largest being the United 
 States' Bank of Pennsylvania, with a capital of 
 thirty-live millions of dollars. The great in- 
 crease of the circulating medium which followed 
 the creation of these banks, produced and 
 nourished all manner of wild speculations, par- 
 ticularly in unappropriated public lands. The 
 money received from their sale increased to an 
 nnprecedonted amount. They w^ere paid for in 
 notes of the bimks, which the land agents con- 
 veyed to the banks, who received them to be 
 immediately issued again, the government bfipg 
 oredited with the amount of the n;'>tcs cm the 
 books of the bank. These credits upon many 
 of the western banks were already greatly be- 
 yond their immediate mcons of payment, and 
 were rapidly increasing ; many fearing that if 
 the practice were allowed to continue, the cred- 
 its would ultimately bo worth nothing to the 
 government. A treasury circular was issued, 
 which prohibited the receiving payment of 
 lands in any currency but cpecio, and allowed 
 no sales to be made except to actual settlers. 
 
 This circular did not give general satisfaction, 
 and Ck>ngress passed a bill designating and con- 
 fining within certain bounds the revenues of 
 the tjuited States. The bill providing that the 
 notes of specie-paying banks should, in certain 
 coses, bo taken in payment, was retained by the 
 I'residcDt until alter the adjournment of Con- 
 gress, thus preventing it from iHJcoming a law. 
 Ilis reasons he published after he had retired 
 from the presidency, as follows : — 
 
 Bea$ont of the PreMcnt fvr retaining the hill 
 designating and limiting the funds rcceitable 
 for the revenues of the L'nited States. 
 
 " WA«HlsfiTos. March 8, ISST, 
 ** i bcftire 12, p. m. 
 
 " The bill from the senate, entitled ' An aci 
 Jesignating oud limiting the funds receivable fur 
 the revenues of the United States,' came into 
 my hands yesterday, at 2 o'clock, p.m. On 
 perusing it, I found its iirovisions so complex 
 and uncertain, that i deemed it necessary to 
 obtiiin the opinion of the Attorney-general of 
 the United States on several important questions 
 tJ)uching ilA construction and effect, before I 
 could decide on the disposition to be mode of 
 it. The Attorney-general took up the subject 
 immediately, and his reply was reported to me 
 this day at 6 o'clock, p. h. As this officer, atler 
 a careful and laborious examination of the bill, 
 and a distinct expression of his opinion on the 
 points prop< sed to biin, still came to the con- 
 clusion that the construction of the bill, should 
 it become a law, would be a subject of mnch 
 perplexity and doubt (a view of the bill entirely 
 coincident with my own), and, as I cannot 
 think it proper, in a matter of snch vital in- 
 terest, and of such constant application, to ap- 
 prove a bill so liable to diversity of interpreta- 
 tion, and, more especially, as I have not had 
 time, iiiiid the duties constantly pressing on 
 Die, to give the subject that deliberate consider' 
 
 p.ion which its importance demands, I am con- 
 strained to retain the bill, without acting defini- 
 tively thereon ; and, to the end that my reasons 
 for this step may be fully nnderstood, I shall 
 cause this paper, with the opinion of the Attor- 
 ney-general, and the bill in question, to be do- 
 posited in the department of state. 
 
 "ASDBEW JaCKBOX." 
 
 In the middle of the year Congress adjonrned, 
 and the excitement of the presidential election 
 followed, General Jackson's second term having 
 expired. The friends of the existing adminis- 
 tration sup|>orted Martin Van Buren of New 
 York, who was the more easily elected fVom 
 the circumstance that three difl^erent candidates 
 were opposed to him. The next year opened 
 upon the people of the United States under very 
 inauspicious circumstances. A sense of approach- 
 ing disasters pervaded all classes, and the spirit 
 of imbonnded speculation was succeeded bv one 
 of general despondency and distrust. Many 
 efforts were made by the merchants and bankers 
 to avert them, but with very partial success. 
 
 During the winter session, a bill was brought 
 before Congress, recognizing the independence 
 of Texas. The consideration of it wos, however, 
 postponed, and a salary was appropriated for a 
 Texan charge d'affaires, whenever the President 
 should think proper to appoint one. This he 
 di'i before the close of his administration. 
 
 The Indian war was continued in Florida du- 
 ring the year 1886. On the 6th of January, 
 five persons, the family of a Mr. Cooley, were 
 murdered at his residence on New Kiver, about 
 twelve miles fiom Cape Florida. A few days 
 previously, a battle was fought at a ford of the 
 Ouithlacoochee, in which a small and unsup- 
 ported body of the troops were attacked by a 
 force nearly three times their number, the ene- 
 my being repulsed before a reinforcement could 
 cross to their aid. While these operations were 
 passing in West Florida, the plantations and 
 settlements in the neighborhood of St. Augus- 
 tine were rav.aged by the enemy, the inhabi- 
 tants slain, and tlie negroes taken away ; Gen- 
 eral Hernandez, who was in cDmmand, being 
 too weak to offer any resistance. General Gaines 
 had collected a body of volunteers from Louisi- 
 ana, and, near the end of February, moved_ 
 down the Ouithlacoochee. A skirmish Imp' 
 pened at General Clinch's crossing-place, another 
 on the 28th, and a third, in which numbers 
 were engaged, on the 29tli, when General 
 Gaines was wounded in the under lip. These 
 skirmishes continued till the 5th of March, 
 when Osceola dcmandta a parley, which was 
 broken up without any »;itist'actory conclusion. 
 
 Before closing our account of General Jack- 
 son's administration, it is proper to notice the 
 troubles with the Indians on our north-western 
 frontier, called Bkck Hawk's war. 
 
 In the summer of the year IS."!! difficulties 
 with the savages broke out, owint' pa.'tly to 
 their dissatisfaction with the stipulations in the 
 Prairio du Chien treaty of 1823, and iiartly to 
 the injustice of the settlei's towards tiieir' red 
 neighbors. Eight of n party of twenty-four 
 Chippewas, on a visit to Fort Snelling, were all 
 killed or wounded by a party of Sioux, four of 
 whom were afterwards captured by the com- 
 mander of the garrison, and given up to the 
 Chippewas, who immediately shot them. Red- 
 Bird, the Sioux chief, chose three companions, 
 and they set about seeking revenge. Four or 
 five whites were killed by them, when General 
 Atkinson captured Bed-Bird and a party of 
 hostile Winnebagoes, in the country of that 
 tribe. Red-Bird died in prison soon after ; and 
 his companions — one of whom was the cele- 
 brated Black Hawk — were released from con' 
 tinement. Black Hawk immediately commenced 
 inciting hostility among the already disaffected 
 tribes, among whom the Sacs bore a prominent 
 
 part. Towards July, General Gaines marched 
 to the Sacs' village, and they humbly sued for 
 peace, which wax granted. Meauwhilo a party 
 of them, under Black Hawk, murdered twenty- 
 eight of the friendly Menominies, and rccrosseil 
 the Mississippi to the lands which they had 
 coded to the United States. General Atkinson 
 marched ofter him ; and, at Dixon's Ferry, on 
 Rock River, May 15th, 1833, learned that a 
 party of two hundred and seventy-five men, 
 under Major Stillman, had been attacked at 
 Sycamore Creek on the preceding day, while 
 incautiously marching after the Indians, and 
 lost a great many of their number, the Indians 
 baring suflercd but little. 
 
 The cholera broke out among the troops in 
 July, and whole companies were nearly broken 
 up ; in one instance, nine only surviving out of 
 a corps of two hundred and eight. Twelve 
 Indians were killed by General Dodge's men at 
 Galena, and sixteen others afterwards fell by 
 his arms, about forty miles from Fort Winne- 
 bago. Meanwhile, General Atkinson, with an 
 army greatly superior to that of Black Hawk, 
 pursued him through trackless forests, always 
 finding himself no nearer his enemy at the end 
 of his journey than ho had been at its com- 
 mencement. Finally, however. Black Hawk, 
 seeing the necessity of his escape, and that it 
 could not be ettectod with his whole force, sent 
 his women and children down the Mississippi 
 in boats, many of which fell into tlio hands of 
 the whites. About four hundred of them were 
 encamped on Bad Axe River, where they wero 
 discovered, on the 1st of August, by tlie steam- 
 boat Warrior, which had been sent up the Mis- 
 sissippi with a small force on board, in hoi)e3 of 
 finding them. In the action which ensued, 
 twenty-three Indians were killed and many 
 wounded, without any loss to *lie troops. After 
 the fight, the Warrior returr i to Prairie du 
 Chien, and, before she cor.ld jturn next morn- 
 ing, Generol .Atkinson had engaged the Indians. 
 The Warrior joined the contest, and the Indians 
 retreated with considerable loss, thirty-six of 
 their women and children being taken. Eight 
 of the troops were killed, and seventeen wound- 
 ed in this engagement. Black Hawk was now 
 pursued over Wisconsin, and overtaken in an 
 advantageous position at the foot of a precipice, 
 over which the army had to pass. The In- 
 dians fought with the fury of tigers, leaving ono 
 covert for another, and were only routed at the 
 point of the bayonet. Notwithstanding the 
 smallness of his force, which st'arcely numbered 
 three hundred men, Black Hawk maintained 
 the battle for three hours, when he barely es- 
 caped, with the loss of nil his pajicrs, and one 
 hundred and fifty of his bravest warriors, among 
 whom was Newpop, his second in command. 
 A [larty of Sioux now volunteered to pursue 
 the remainder of the enemy, of whom they suc- 
 ceeded in killing about one hundred and twenty. 
 The great chief himself was finally captured by 
 a party of Winnebiigoes, and given up to Gen- 
 eral Street, at Prairie du Chien. Treaties wero 
 tiien made with tlie rest of the Sacs, the Foxes, 
 and the Winnebagoes, by which the Unileil 
 States acquired some very valuable lands oil 
 favorable terms, — Black Hawk, his two sons, 
 and six of the principal chiefs wero retained as 
 hostages. The chief and his son were carrieil 
 to Washington to visit the President, receiving 
 many valuable presents on their route. They 
 returned to their homes by way of Detroit, and 
 were liberated at Fort Armstrong, Rock Island, 
 in Illinois, in August, 1833. He having been 
 by the treaty deptwed, Keokuk was made chief 
 of the tribe, and Black Hawk settled on the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 In the early part of the year 1837, General 
 Santa Anna, who had been tukeu prisoner at 
 the battle of San Jacinto, and subse(iuentl^ ot>- 
 t4iined bb Uberty from his Texan captors, visited 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 68'j 
 
 Washington, whence, after a short atAy, he sailed 
 for Mexico, in a United States vessel of war. 
 
 On the 4th of March, the term of (Jenenil 
 Jiickson's presidency expired, and Mnrtin Van 
 IJuren, whose views of general policy coincided 
 with those of his predecussor, took possession of 
 the chair. After issning a valedictory address, 
 tlio late President retired to his residence in 
 Touuossee. 
 
 1837, General 
 eu prisoner at 
 ibse<iuently ob- 
 captora, visited 
 
 VAN BUEEX'S ADMISISTnATION. 
 
 Leaving the honors and cares of government 
 to his successor, President Jackson delivered to 
 Ids countrymen a valedictory nddress ; and nearly 
 at the same time npjieared the inaugural speech 
 of the now President : — 
 
 '■ Uidiko all that have preceded mc," was the 
 language of this nuiidfesto, " the revolution that 
 g:ive us existence as a nation, was achieved at 
 llio iieriod of my birth ; and whilst I contoni- 
 idato, with grateful reverence, that memoralilc 
 event, I feel that 1 belong to a later age, and 
 that I may not expect my countrymen to weigh 
 tuy actions with th« some kind and partial 
 liand." 
 
 The new President was scarcely seated in Ins 
 chair, when the storm, so long collecting itself, 
 burst upon the commercial classes. It was at 
 New Orleans, that the tirst failures, of any con- 
 Bcquenco, were declared ; but Xew York fol- 
 lowed ; the banks found the dem.inds upon their 
 funds increase with frightful rapidity, while, 
 what was yet more ominous, their circulation 
 returned upon them, 'the alarm broke out into 
 a i>anic ; tlien oamo a general " run " upon the 
 bunks ; and a few days more sutliced to bring 
 about the almost universal suspension of cash 
 payments. It has been computed that in New 
 York no less than two hundred and fifty houses 
 stopped payment in the course of the first three 
 weeks in April. The banks of that city, Phila- 
 delphia, lioston, Baltimore, Albany, and others, 
 ceased to pay specie. The munnnoth Bank of 
 the United States itself bent to the tempest, and 
 imitated the example of the rest. 
 
 A meeting of the citizens of Xcw York was 
 held, a comuditee appointed to wait upon the 
 President, and reijuest him to annul the specie 
 circular, to iwstlmne commencing actions upon 
 tlio unpaid bonds, and call an extra session of 
 Congress. Their address to him stated, that 
 '• under a deep impression of confining their 
 declarations within moderate limits, they afiirm- 
 cd, that the value of their real estate had, with- 
 in the last six months, depreciated mr^ro tliun 
 forty millions of dollars; that within the preced- 
 ing two months there had been more tlian two 
 hundred and tifty failures of houses engaged in 
 extensive business ; that witlan the same period 
 a <lecline of twenty millions had occurred in 
 their local stocks, including tliose railroad and 
 canal incorporations, which, though chartered in 
 otlier States, depended chiefiy upon New York 
 tur their sale ; that the immense amount of mer- 
 chandise in their warehouses had, within the 
 same period, fidlen in value at least thirty per 
 cent. ; that witliiu a few weeks not less than 
 twenty thousand individuals, depending upon 
 their daily labor for tlieir daily bread, had been 
 discharged by their employers, because the 
 means of retaining them were exhausted ; and 
 that a complete ''light had fallen upon a com- 
 munity heretofore so active, enterprising, and 
 prosi)erou8 : the errors of our rulers,'' they said, 
 " had produced a wider desolation than the pes- 
 tilence which deiwpulated our streets, or the 
 coudagrntion which laid tliem in ashes." 
 
 The Secretary of the Treasury, as soon as the 
 suspension of cash payments became geueral, 
 gave orders to the revenue collectors, to receive 
 nothing but specie, or paper convertible into 
 specie on demand, in payment of the revenue 
 
 bonds, given by traders in the course of bnsi 
 ncss. Meanwhile the distress spread like a pes 
 tilenco tlirough the various ramifications of 
 society. Public works, railways, and canals, 
 were brought to a stand ; the shipwright and 
 builder dismissed their men ; the manufacturer 
 closed his doors; one sentiment perv.idcd all 
 classes, the anticipation of universal ruin, and 
 individu.il beggary. The administration made 
 several endeavors to restore the financial nfi'airs 
 of the country to their former condition, and an 
 extra session of Congress was convened on the 
 4th of September ; the President, in his mes.sagc, 
 confining liimself to the financial condition of 
 the country. The friends of the odministration 
 triumphed in the election for Speaker of the 
 House of Kepresentatives, Mr Polk being re- 
 elected. A bill was passed suspending the p.iy- 
 ment of the fourth instalment of surplus reve- 
 nue to the States, until the 1st of January, 1S3!I. 
 
 Another bill was passed, authorizing the issue 
 of treasury notes, ecprnl to any deficiency that 
 might ensue, with four nuUions of dollars by 
 way of reserve, at any rate of interest not ex- 
 ceeding six per cent., to be fixed by the Secretary 
 of the Treasury. A bill for the extension of the 
 payment of revenue bonds, for a short ])criod, 
 and another, authorizing the warehousing in 
 bond of imported goods, for a term not exceed- 
 ing three years, were also passed during the ses- 
 sion. 
 
 But a bill, organizing n Sub-treasury System, 
 whereby the nation should become its own 
 banker, which the friends of the administration 
 made great etlbrts to carry, was lost in tlie 
 House of Representatives; after a very warm 
 debate, that House resolved to jiostpono the fur- 
 ther consideration of the measure until the next 
 session. The war with the Seminole Indians 
 continued during the year to employ the arms 
 of the United States in Florida. The troops 
 succeeded in taking the great chief Osceola, or 
 Powell, whose capttire, it was tliouglit, would be 
 followed by the submission of his tribe. Treaties 
 were concluded with Siam and Muscat, which 
 promised considerable commercial benefit. 
 
 Congress reassembled on the 4th of December, 
 when tlio President sent in his message, in which 
 the relations with Mexico, which had recently 
 become confused, the finances, foreign relations, 
 Indian afi'airs, military and naval matters, and 
 the post-ofiice, were treated at some length. 
 Ttie message concluded by inviting Congress to 
 a thorough and careful revision of the local gov- 
 ernment and interests of the District of Colum- 
 bia, which had been " left to linger behind the 
 rest of the Union; its codes, civil and crimiual, 
 lieing not only defective, but fidl of obsolete or 
 inconvenient provisions ; " and the District, al- 
 though selected as tho seat of the Legislature, 
 had never received " that special and compre- 
 hensive legislation," whicli its situation iiartii'ii- 
 larly demanded. Tho annual rei)ort of tlr? Sec- 
 retary of the Treasury was received, in which the 
 rccei|)t3 for the year were estiuuited at nearly 
 twenty-three millions, five hundred thousaiul dol- 
 lars, which, added to the surplus remaining in 
 tho treasury in 1830, gave the sum of sixty-nine 
 nullions, four hundred thousimd djllars, in his 
 hands. The expenses of the year when mot, 
 would reduce that sum to about one half its 
 present amount. 
 
 During the early part of tho session of Con- 
 gress, the Canadian rebellion, aud the border 
 conflicts to which it gave rise, occupied the at- 
 tention of that body, whose proceedings were 
 marked by a becoming forbearance, even at a 
 moment wlien out of doors the excitement of 
 the more inUummablo portion of tho conmiuuity 
 was at its height. The President forbade, by 
 proclamation, the interference of American citi- 
 zens in the war, and ordered the United Statee 
 Marshal to execute warrants upon all those who 
 should violate the national neutrality. General 
 
 Scott was ordered to the frontier with n portion 
 of the New York troops. Bnt, whilst these 
 ctForts were making, an aff'air oi-ourred on tho 
 frontier, which iiroduced much ill-feeling for a 
 time, througliout the United States. A party of 
 the Patriots had made a rendezvous on Navy 
 Island, in tlio Niagara River, opposite to which, 
 on the American side, was a small village, de- 
 nominated For; Scldosaer. On the niglil of the 
 28tli of December, a small steamboat, called the 
 Caroline, was moored there, intelligenco of 
 which was conveyed to Colonel M'Nnb, com- 
 mander of tho Canadian miUtia on the opposite 
 side. lie had suspected her of carrying animn- 
 nition and supplies to the Patriots, and ho re- 
 solved to destroy her. He accordingly de- 
 spatched a party o'f militia in boats for tliis pur- 
 pose. After a short scuttle, they becamo masters 
 of the vessel, and then setting her on fire, they 
 sutTered her to drilt in flames down the Falls of 
 Niagara. Several jiersons were killed in the 
 affray. This circumstance occasioned a corres- 
 pondence between the Secretjiry of State and 
 Mr. Fox, tho British minister at Washington, of 
 rather an angry nature ; and after a long debate, 
 a bill for the jireservation of neutrality was 
 pas.sed by Congress, and the matter drvipped. 
 
 A bill giving a right of pre-emption to the 
 first settlers on unoccupied public innd.s, was 
 pjxssod during the session, in conformity with tho 
 recommendation of tho President. The Sub- 
 treasury bill, one of tho cardinal ]>oints of policy 
 of tlie Van Biiren party, was again debated at 
 full length, and i)a.ssed the Senate; but its recep- 
 tion in tho House of Representatives was less 
 favorable; and in June, it was ultimately re- 
 jected by a vote of one hundred and twenty-fivo 
 to one hundred and eleven. During this year 
 (1838), tht banks throughout tho United States 
 generally resumed specie payments. The eliects 
 of the commercial catastrophe were rapidly sub- 
 siding ; credit revived, the iirosjiects of trade in 
 tlie autumn were encouraging, and tho har^■est 
 was abundant. In the fall, the elections held 
 throughout tho Union, continued the change in 
 tho members of tho \'an Buren party in Con- 
 gress, which had been commenced in 1837, and 
 the administration found itself likely to lose even 
 tho small majority which remained. 
 
 The contest between the State of Maine and 
 Great Britain respecting the north-eastern boun- 
 dary, began in tlie course of tho year to assume 
 a threatening aspect. The north-western boun- 
 daries were fixed by a treaty with Russia, and 
 land added to the territory of the United States 
 by the removal of the tribe of Cherokees west 
 of the ilississippi. Tlie war with the Seminoles 
 still continued. Texas withdrew her application 
 for admission into tho rnion ; but her consul at 
 New Orleans w;is recognized by the President, 
 who issued a public notice, according to him tho 
 ujoyment ot all such functions and privileges 
 as are allowed to consuls of the most favored 
 nations. At tho end of the year, when tho 
 second Canadian outbreak occurred, a new pro- 
 clamation was issued liy the President, calling 
 on the citizens of tlio United States to preserve 
 neutrality, and declaring tho protection of tho 
 country lorfeited by those who should invade 
 tl.e territory of Great Biitain with hostile in- 
 tentions, 
 
 A convention for fixing the boundaries of tho 
 United StjUesand Texas was concluded at Wash- 
 ington, on the 23th of April. Treaties had been 
 concluded between the United States and tho 
 Peru-Bolivian confederation, and also with the 
 King ot Greece. 
 
 In his message to Congress on the reassem- 
 bliug of that body, tho President touched uiMjn 
 the removal of many of the Indians west of tho 
 Mis.sissippi. He then stJUod that no ofiicial com- 
 lunnications had passed between the government 
 and tho cabinet of Great Britain, since the last 
 communication to Uongress. The Proeiduut 
 
OM 
 
 niSTORY OF THE 
 
 i 
 
 li: 
 
 was, however, «ienre<l thnt tlio offer to nogotlate 
 a oonvention for the nppoinfineiit ol'a Joint com- 
 rnisslnn of survey nml c.^ploruliuii, would be 
 mot on the part of licr Mufesty's government in 
 a conciliiitory spirit, and (irove, if (Hiccc^sfiil, to 
 bo an importfint step towards tbo final u'ljust- 
 ment of tiie controversy. 
 
 Tlio discnssion of tbe micstiou of tbo abolition 
 of slavery had at length been completely pre- 
 cluded by nn net of Conjjress, wliiob i)ii.tscd, at 
 tbo beginning of the session, a series of rcsulu- 
 tlons to tbnt effect by tbo overwhelming major- 
 ity of one bnndrcd and ninety-eight to six. The 
 excited feelings orcatcd by the recent colliiiion of 
 the citizens of tbo United States and the subjects 
 of Victoria, on tbe borders of Lower Canada, 
 had scarcely subsided, when the relations of the 
 two coantrios wero once more in tbe way of be- 
 coming grovely compromised by occurrences in 
 the contested district between Maine and New 
 Brunswick. It would appear that towards the 
 end of Januarv, 1838, a numerous band of British 
 subjects Invaded tbe portion of the British terri- 
 tory In dispute between the United States and 
 Great Britain, which la watered by the river 
 Aroostook, ond committed extensive depreda- 
 tions by cutting down the timber. An armed 
 force was sent Into the district to hinder the 
 corrying off of the timber. This done they wore 
 to return home ; but for tbe seizure of Mr. 
 M'Intyre, the American land agent, when he 
 was in the act of putting himself into communi- 
 cation with the ogent appointed by Sir J. Har- 
 vey, Governor of New Brunswick, to watch tbe 
 trespassers whom the otiicer of !tlaino had been 
 commissioned to drive otf. In retaliation, tlie 
 English warden, Mr. M'Laugblin, was now ar- 
 rested, and conveyed as a hostage to Buiigor. 
 These proceedings wero followed by some angry 
 correspondence between Governor Fairfield and 
 Sir John Harvey, and the people of both Status 
 began seriously to prepare for hostilities. 
 
 Both prisoners wero, however, soon liberated 
 on parole, and the discussion transferred to 
 'Washington. Several letters passed between 
 Mr. Fox, the British minister, and Mr. Forsyth, 
 which, with a message from the President, were 
 laid before Congress. Many speeches were made 
 in that body ; several of the members advocat- 
 ing a forcible occupancy of the territory, whilst 
 the others were more pacifically inclined. The 
 debate in both houses closed by referring the 
 matter to the committee on foreign atiiiir.^, who 
 recommended In their report that power should 
 be given to the President to raise u provisional 
 army during the Congressional recess ; that aj)- 
 propriations should be made for fortifications, 
 and the immediate repair and building of ne^v 
 vessels of war, and that the President should be 
 Instructed to rej>el any invasion of the territory 
 of the Union In Maine. It was moreover re- 
 commended, that a special minister should be 
 sent to England. The session of Congress 
 shortly after came to an end. The war excite- 
 ment In the north-east soon began to subside, 
 and Messrs. Rudge and Fcatherstonhaugh were 
 snbsequontly sent out by the British government 
 to conduct a new investigation of the stUI de- 
 batable territory. 
 
 Great dismay was created In the commercial 
 world towards the close of the year, by the 
 suspension of specie payments on tbe part of the 
 United States Bank, on the 6th of October. 
 Her example was followed by all the banks in 
 New York, Phiiadelphlo, Baltimore, Virginia, 
 and the interior of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The result of the election which occurred 
 during the recesf of Congress was, that the 
 Government had a small miijority in thot body ; 
 but the two parties were nearly equally balanced 
 in the House of Representatives, until the middle 
 of July, when five members of the New Jersey 
 delegation, whose scats had been contested, were 
 added to the administration party, who thug 
 
 gained the ascendency. On the 24th of Decem- 
 ber, 18.39, tbe President's message was deliver- 
 ed, and received the first action of Congress. It 
 stated that with foreign connfri(v, tlio relations 
 of the government contiimed amicable. He re- 
 ferred to the arrival of the commissioners of 
 exploration and survey of the north-ea'tern 
 boundarv. Ho al^o stated that the troubles In 
 Canada li.vl ceased. Treaties of commerce bad 
 been made with the King of Snrdlniii, and the 
 King of tlio Netherlands. The relations witli 
 .Mexico and Texas wore touched upon, together 
 with finance, the post-office, and the l)est metliod 
 of keeping the public revenue. More than half 
 of the message was occupied with a discussion 
 on tbo evils of the American banking system. 
 and a statement of the " constitutional " as well 
 as other objections entertained by him to the 
 establishment of a National Bank, while at the 
 same time, he proi)Osed that the public revenue 
 should be kept in a separate and Independent 
 treasury, and collected in gold and silver. The 
 Maine and New Brunswick boundary question 
 continued this year still to keep up n feeling 
 of Irritation between England and America — and 
 a long and recriminatory correspondence on the 
 subject took place in the month of March, be- 
 tween Mr. Fox, the English minister, and 
 Mr. Forsyth. It was conclude<l by Mr. Fox, In 
 a brief reply to Mr. Forsyth's last letter, stating 
 that he would transmit the comnmnieation to 
 her majesty's government In England, and that 
 until bo received instructions from home, he 
 would not engage In correspondence on the sub- 
 Jeiit. In June he addressed another letter to 
 Mr. Forsyth, in which he stated that the most 
 prominent among the causes of failure in post 
 negotiations, had been a want of correct Informa- 
 tion as to the topographical features and phy- 
 sical character of the country in disjiute. In 
 concequence of bis statements, and the recom- 
 mendation of the President, a bill was p.is6cd in 
 Congress, appropriating twonty-five thousand 
 dollars towards tlie ext)enses of the survey of the 
 Usputed territory. 
 
 During the vacation of Congress, tbo election 
 for President was held ; Martin Van Bi'ren and 
 William Henry Harrison, being the two candi- 
 dates. The choice of the nation fell ujjon 
 General Harrison, who was elected by a large 
 majority. 
 
 The negotiations respecting the boundaries 
 of the United States and the British Provinces, 
 and of the United States and Texas, were stated 
 by the President In his message to Congress 
 in January, 1841, to be in a state of progression. 
 The state of the public finances, and the re- 
 duction of expenditures during his administra- 
 tion were dwelt upon, and he closed with a long 
 vindication of his own financial policy. But 
 little business was done during the session ol 
 Congress, which closed on tJio 2d of March, 
 and on the 4th, William Henry Harrison was 
 inaugurated President, and John Tyler, of Vir- 
 ginia, Vice-President of the United States. 
 
 nABKISON'B ADUINISTBATION. 
 
 Unlimited confidence In the abil' / and in- 
 tegrity of the new President appears to have 
 been entertained by the people. He was elected 
 by a minority so decisive as to leave no doubt 
 respecting their disposition towards himself. 
 General Harrison, coming into office by the 
 safirages of a party in direct opposition to 
 that which elected and had sustained his prede- 
 cessor, reorganized the cabinet by appointing 
 Mr. Webster, of Massachusetts, to the office 
 of Secretary of State, and Mr. Ewing, of Ohio, 
 to that of Sfcoretary of the Treasury, while 
 Mr. Bell, of Tennesse*, and Mr. Badger, of 
 North Carolina, wore appointed to presi^ over 
 
 the departments of war and the navy. Nimi<>r- 
 oil* other changes In the executive ofili.'s 
 were made, and a total change in administnitlva 
 measures was anticipated. The state of the com- 
 mercial and financial relations of the couniry 
 were considered to be so critical, that a sjicrinl 
 session of Congress was ordered for the puriK>-e 
 of taking tlioso steps, which were deemed essen- 
 tial to the restoration of credit and confidence 
 .^mong tbe triidir;,i( and manufacturing classes, and 
 increasing the reward of agricultural industry. 
 
 In the inaugnral address of (.iencral Harrison, 
 bis views of the prinriplcs of '! l American gov- 
 ernment were fully explained, and his determina- 
 tion to carry their execntion into eft'ect, solemn- 
 ly cxnressetl. In conclnding his address, be says, 
 " Fellow citizens : being fully invested with that 
 high office to which the partiality of my conn- 
 trjmen has called me, 1 now take on afiection- 
 ate leave of you. You will bear with vou, to 
 your homes, the remembrance of the pledge I 
 have this day given, to discharge all the bif.'h 
 duties of my exalted station according to the 
 best of my ability ; and I shall enter upon their 
 performance with entire confidence In the sup- 
 port of a just and generous people." 
 
 But these professions, and this system of pol- 
 icy. General Harrison was destineil never to 
 have the opportunity of realizing — His elevation 
 to the high otfice of First .Magistrate of the Un- 
 ion, furnishes a striking and melancholy exam- 
 ple of the uncertainly of human greatness ; for 
 on the morning of the 4th of April, before he 
 liad delivered to Congress a single message, he 
 expired at Washington. 
 
 General Harrison was in the sixty-ninth year 
 of his age; he died within one month of his in- 
 auguration, and was the first President who died 
 In office. On the 6th of April tlio pnblio were 
 admitted to view the remains of the late Presi- 
 dent. His corpse was ])hiced in a Icnden cofiin, 
 with a roofed lid, and a gloss co\ -r over it. The 
 whole was covered with a black velvet pall, 
 trimmed with silver lace. The funeral took 
 place on the 7tli. The corpse was borne from 
 the President's house, and was deposited In the 
 Congregational Cemetery. The order of thi cere- 
 mony was very imposing; the procession ex- 
 tended over two miles of space, and was the long- 
 est ever witnessed in Washingtou. 
 
 A sentiment of tbe profonudcst grief pervaded 
 every part of the Union on this melancholy oc- 
 casion. A national fast was proclaimed ; and 
 the afi'ection and respect of the people were testi- 
 fied by every species of public demonstration. 
 
 TTLER'8 ADMINISTEATIOS. 
 
 According to the Constitution, Mr. Tyler now 
 became President ; he arrived at Washington on 
 the 6th of April, 1841, and wits immediately 
 sworn into office. Mr. Southard, who had been 
 elected President of the Senate, pro temjxfre, a 
 few days before the close of the lost session of 
 Congress, became Vice-President. On the 8th 
 the new President issued an address, suited to 
 the occasion, in which, after lamenting the 
 decease of General Harrison, he expressed hia 
 intention of carrying Into practice during his 
 administration of the government, what he con- 
 ceived to have been that gentleman's principles. 
 The cabinet chosen by General Harrison, won 
 retained in office. 
 
 On the Slst of May, the Twenty-Seventh Con- 
 gress of the United States assembled at Washing- 
 ton, when Mr. White, of Kentucky, a member 
 of the administration party, was chosen Speak- 
 er of the House of Representatives, by a minor- 
 ity of thirty-seven. A message was transmitted 
 to Congress, In which the I'resident proposed 
 that the nation should roimbursv the family of 
 General Harrison, for the espenaes he must have 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 n87 
 
 e nnvy. Niimcr- 
 cxcoutiTe olTln't 
 
 in ndiiiinistrntive 
 B Ktnte of tlic roni- 
 8 of the (•(iiinti-y 
 ml, tlint siiocinl 
 i1 for the purii(>-i> 
 ere deemed osaeii- 
 it and contidcnoB 
 itnrinpcliiHses, Bnd 
 iltnral industry, 
 .icncrnl llarri^in, 
 l;L American p>v- 
 ind bis detormin.i- 
 Uo effect, solemn- 
 is addrosi), he sayit, 
 invested with that 
 ulity of my conn- 
 tako an aAection- 
 bear with vou, to 
 e of the pfedf-ru I 
 larpe all the liiffh 
 
 accordin); to the 
 I enter tipim their 
 dence in the sup- 
 jple." 
 
 lis system of pol- 
 Icstined never to 
 njf — His elevation 
 istrato of the Un- 
 melancholy exam- 
 lan greatness; for 
 f April, before he 
 uDglo message, he 
 
 i sixty-ninth year 
 
 I month of his in- 
 'rcsident who died 
 
 II the pnblio were 
 i of the late Prosi- 
 in a leaden coftin, 
 ov T over it. The 
 black vulvet pall, 
 rhe funeral took 
 3 was borne from 
 i deposited in the 
 3orderofthi cere- 
 procession ex- 
 
 and was the long- 
 ton. 
 
 lest grief pervaded 
 lis melancholy oc- 
 proclalmed ; and 
 people were tcsti- 
 c demonstration. 
 
 :ATION. 
 
 on, Mr. Tyler now 
 at Woshiugtun on 
 was immediately 
 rd, who bad been 
 te, pro tempore, a 
 he last session of 
 ent. On the Sth 
 address, suited to 
 er lamenting the 
 be expressed his 
 aotico during his 
 ent, wliat he con- 
 eman's principles, 
 al llarrison, wa« 
 
 ;nty-Seventh Con- 
 nbled at Washing- 
 tacky, a member 
 raa chosen Speak- 
 tives, by a miyor- 
 e was transmitted 
 resident proposed 
 irse the family of 
 nses be must buve 
 
 Incurred In taking offloe for so short a time. Ills 
 views with regard to foreign policy were of a 
 pacilio character, and no important uhanpcs hail 
 taken place in foreign relations, since the last 
 s«>s(tion of Congress. He stated that the census 
 shows the population to he seventeen mllhons, 
 and that it had doubled in twenty tliree years. 
 
 8cverul important suljocts were presented for 
 consideration during the special session of t'on- 
 prcss — a bill for establi-sbing a new Hank of tlie 
 United States, however, wliicli was coiisidcrcil 
 the cardin.ll me.^suro of the ses-ion, wa< defeated 
 by the President's refusal of his sipiiaturc — a 
 second bill was prepared, alter consiiltatiim be- 
 tween the President, bis cabinet, and certain 
 members of the house of Keprcsciitalives; and 
 when this bill was defeated, by a second exer- 
 cise of tho negative power, all the members of 
 tlio cabinet, except Mr. Welwter, resigned tlieir 
 (itlices — The elevated cbariicter of the Secretary 
 lit Slate did not jirevent bis motives for ret^iin- 
 ii'g office tVom belnjj sternly (piestioned at the 
 time; but it is now considered a most fortunate 
 eireuinstance for the country that bo did not 
 abandon liis post. The importance of bis snb- 
 Fcquent services in arranging the terms of 
 treaty with Groat Hritain, are univer.sally recog- 
 nized. 
 
 Animated discussions took place npon the case 
 of Alexander .Mcl.cod, wlio had been arrested in 
 Now York ami committed, on the cbarpe of being 
 concerned in the attack upon the Caroline, and 
 the murder of Dnrfee, an American citizen, one 
 of the parties killed on that occasion. His re- 
 le.xso was demanded by the Hritish minister, who 
 E!j;nilied that a compliance with his demand w.is 
 essential to the preservation of the good under- 
 standing which had hitherto been manifested 
 between the two countries. Tho President re- 
 fused to comply with the demand, and much ex- 
 citement was felt throughout the country. The 
 trial of McI.eod took idaec at ftica, in the State 
 of New York, in October, and be was acquitted, 
 an alibi having beeen sworn in evidence. Thns 
 terminated this nnjileasant alfair, which seemed 
 likely at one time to involve the two nations in 
 a war, and excited angry feelings on both sides 
 of the Atlantic. 
 
 Hefore the close of tho special session, Con- 
 gress passed a bill for the distribution of the 
 jiniceeds of the public lands, which received the 
 assent of the President. This measure had for 
 many years been urged upon Congre.ss by Henry 
 Clay, who had re|)eatedly prepared bills for the 
 puriwse, one of which was passed by both 
 branches of tho national legislature, but was de- 
 feated by the omission of President Jackson to 
 return it with his signature before the close of 
 the session. 
 
 On the reassembling of Congress at the close of 
 the year, an important subject of dispute sprung 
 up between Greot JJritain and tho United StiUes, 
 respecting, the " right of search" claimed by the 
 former power. The debate was brought up in 
 Congress by a clause in the message of the Pres- 
 ident at the commencement of tlie session, ac- 
 companied by a copy of correspondence between 
 Lords Polmerston and Aberdeen, and Mr. Stev- 
 enson, the American minister at London. The 
 nature of this dispute will be best understood 
 from Mr. Stevenson's own account of it. 
 
 " The government of Great Britain, with that 
 of other nations, regarding the African slave 
 trade as a great evil, united in measures for its 
 abolition. For that purpose laws were passed 
 and treoties concluded, giving to the vessels of 
 each of the contracting parties, the mutual right 
 of search, nndor certain limitations. Independ- 
 ent of those treaties, and under tho principles of 
 public law, this right of scorch could not be ex- 
 ercised. Tho United States were invited to be- 
 come a porty to these treaties ; but for reasons 
 which they deemed satisfactory, and growing 
 ont of the peculiar character of their institu- 
 
 tions and systems of government, they declined 
 doing so. They deemed it inoxiieilient, under any 
 modilication or in any form, to yield the right ot 
 having tlieir vcs,<els searched or interfered with 
 in time of ]ioaco, upon the bipb sens. 
 
 " in the moan tinio, simio of the Powers 
 will) were parties to these treaties, and others 
 who rel'ii-'eil to beroino so, continued to jirose- 
 cuto their slave tralllc; and to enable them to 
 do so with more cU'ect, they resorted to the use 
 of tings of otlicr nations, but more particu- 
 larly that of the I'niteil States. To prevent tins, 
 and enforce licr treaties, Groat Hritain deemed 
 it important that her cruisers in the African seas 
 should have the right of detaining and examin- 
 ing all vessels navigating those seas, for the pur- 
 pose of asccrlaining their national character. 
 A.L'ainst this practice tho government of the 
 United States protested, and the numerous cases 
 out of which tho jiresent discussion hiis arisen, 
 became subjects of complaint and negotiation 
 l)etween the two governmcnt.s." 
 
 A circumstance occurred at the close of the 
 previous year, connected with the question of 
 the right of search, which threatened to produce 
 un|ileasant consequences, and make its settlement 
 still more dilliciilt. Some negrics bad been 
 carried otf from tho coast of j^jfr.ca by a Spaii- 
 isti slaver called the Armistail. fliey rose in re- 
 volt during tho middle passage, seized the ship, 
 and murdered some of the crew. They after- 
 words landed in the United States, where they 
 were tried for the murders and acquitted. lii 
 this case the American government refused to 
 recognize the right of slave trading, and decided 
 that any kind of resistance was lawfnl on the 
 part of of those who were forcibly torn from 
 their native coimtry. The Spanish owners de- 
 manded that the slaves should be given up to 
 be tried in a territory subject to the crown ol 
 Spain ; but their claim was disidlowed. 
 
 On tho 27tb of October, the brig Creole, of 
 Richmond, Virginia, bound to* New Orleans, 
 sailed from Hampton Roads, with a cargo ol 
 mercbimdise, and about one .hundred and tliirty- 
 fivo slaves. On tho 7th of November, some "ol 
 them rose upon the crew of tho vessel, murdered 
 a possengcr named Howell, who owned some ol 
 tliem, and wounded tho captain dangerously. 
 When they had obtained complete possession, 
 the brig was taken iuto the port of Nassau, in 
 tho island of New Providence, where nt tlio re- 
 piest of tho American consul, a guard was placed 
 on board to prevent tho escape of tlie mutineers. 
 Nineteen of the slaves were identilied as having 
 participated in the deed, and they were placed 
 in continement until further orders. The re- 
 mainder were set at liberty, notwithstanding the 
 demand of tho Ainericiin Consul that they should 
 be sent to tho United States. The Governor 
 of New Providence justitied this proceeding on 
 the ground that tho slaves became free on land- 
 ing in o ISritisb territory, and that be could not 
 recognize any right of dominion over them, 
 claimed by American owners. An earnest re- 
 monstrance was raised on t' is occa.sion in the 
 Soutliern States, whore tho Hritish government 
 was charged with abetting jiiracy and murder. 
 But tho case of the Armistad furnished a iirece- 
 dent against tho surrender of the slaves who 
 mutinied on board the Creole. The result was, 
 that the nineteen incarcerated in the jail at Nas- 
 sau were not given up, but were tried there, the 
 rest being alloweJ to depart wherever they 
 pleased. 
 
 During this year the President gave proofs 
 that he did not intend to allow tho veto with 
 which the constitution intrusted bim, to bo an 
 inetlectivo instrument in his bands. A bill for 
 the extension of tho celebroteil Compromise Act, 
 was first sulnected to the use of this power; and 
 a new tariff bill, which followed, shared the 
 same fate. In Septembtr, however, a modified 
 bill was passed, to which he gave his consent. 
 
 His independent exercise of the veto jiower, 
 however, gave great otl'ence to the party to 
 whom tho President owed his elevati(in lo otlice; 
 and committee wius appointed, who reported 
 against the course be bad pursued. A jirotest 
 followed on the part of the Proiilcnt, in wliicli 
 he inveighs against the unfairne>s and unconsti- 
 tutionality of the report. 
 
 As several qnesiions had occurred between the 
 Hrilish and American cabinets, of an irritating 
 nature. Sir Robert Peel deterniinod to send l.unl 
 Ashburton as a special ainbassailor to the Uniicd 
 Slates, clothed with full powers to elfect an am- 
 icable adjustment of all causes of dispute between 
 the two goveninients. His lordsliip arrived in 
 New York on tho 1st of April, and proceeded im- 
 meiliately to elfect the object of his mission, i !o 
 was met by Mr. Webster, the Secretary of State, 
 on tho part of the United States, and their no- 
 giitiations were brought to a close in August. 
 On the Uth of that month a tre.ity was signed by 
 tho two plenipotentiaries, with a provision tlint 
 it was to be duly ratified and o mutuol exchango 
 of ratifications to take place in London, in six 
 months from that date. By this tre;ily, the lino 
 of the Northeastern Boundary was set tied by a 
 minute geographical description of the country 
 through which it was to run. It was also .sliii- 
 ulated that (!reat Britain and the United States 
 sliould each maintain on the co.ist of Africa a 
 sulHcient squadron or naval force, carrying not 
 less than ciglity guns, for the purpose of enforc- 
 ing separately and respectively the laws, righl.s, 
 and obligations of e.ach of the two comitries, lor 
 tho supiiressioii of the slave trade. Hotli parties 
 lo the treaty also agreed to unilo in all becoiu 
 ing representations and remonstrances with thoso 
 powers within whoso diiminii)ns slave inarketo 
 w ero allowed to exist ; and to urge upon all such 
 [lowers the propriety and duty of closing such 
 markets at once and for ever. 
 
 The treaty was ratitied bv tlio Senate oii tho 
 •2i)lli of August, lNt2, and' on the 31st of the 
 same month. Congress adjourned, alter a labo- 
 rious session, iu which Were passed liinely-fivo 
 pulilic acts, tbirteen joint resolutions, and onu 
 iiniulred and eighly-uino private billi Two 
 other public bilU were iiass-ed, which were du- 
 featcil by the veto of the I'resiilent, and two 
 more were defeated by not receiving tlio execu- 
 tive .apiiroval before tiie close of the session. 
 
 On the rejissombling of Congress, the principal 
 subject of attention was still the plan for the ICx- 
 ehequer. Tliat which was presented by tho 
 Secretary of the Treasury, and recummciidcd by 
 the President, however, was rejected liy tho 
 House of Representatives (mie hnndroil and 
 ninety-three to eighteen^, .lanuary 2;ttli, 1843. 
 
 In May, 1843, Mr. Webster re-igaed liisollice, 
 as Secretary of Slate, and was succeeded by Hugh 
 S. Legare, Attorney General, who died soon after 
 at Boston, ill July, 1843, the catiinet of the 
 I'resiileut, was iw lollows :— .\bel P. Upshur, of 
 Virginia, Secretary of State; .lohn C. Spencer, 
 of New York, Secretory of the Tieasiny ; Jiiines 
 -M. Porter of I'ennsylvania, Secretary of War; 
 Uavid ilenshaw, ol .MiUssaciiuselLs, .Secretary of 
 tlie Navy ; Charles A. Wicklilfc, of Kentucky, 
 Postmaster (icneral ; John Nelson, of .M. ryland, 
 Attorney General. Congress, however, at its next 
 session, refused to conlirni the uoniinatiou of 
 Messrs. Porter and Ilenshaw, and the President 
 nominated William Wilkins, of Pennsylvania, 
 Secretary of War ; and Thomas W. Gilmer, of 
 Virginia, for Secretary of the Navy, who wore 
 confirmed by the Senate. 
 
 Mr. Upshur, tho Secretary of State, and Mr. 
 Gilmer, Secretary of the Navy, lost their lives 
 by tho explosion of ono of the largo guns of 
 tho Steamship Princeton, on the Potomac, and 
 Jno. C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, was appointed 
 Secretary of State, and John Y. .Mason, of Vir- 
 ginia, Secretary of tho Navy. Mr. Spencer, iu 
 May, 1844, resigned the office of Secretary of the 
 
HISTORY OF THE 
 
 i I 
 
 Trpiuury, nnd was succeeded by Qeorgo M. Bibb, 
 of Ki'iitiickv. 
 
 Aiiiont; tlio most Vnuortiint events nt tlio close 
 of iho ndiuiiiislnitioii ot Mr. Tyler, was the iio- 
 potintidii (pf a viilimLle treaty witli Cliiiiii, by 
 Caleb Cuebiiig, tbe cuininMoner to thiit cinin- 
 try, in 184;(; nnd the annexation of Texas 
 ♦r'eaty, ninile at Wnsbinjiton, April 12tbl844, by 
 Secretary Caljionn, on I'lo part of tbe United 
 Slates, and Messrs. Vnn Zandt and Henderson, 
 on tbe part of Texas. Tbe former treaty was 
 confirmed by CongreK! but the latter ryocted ; 
 as it was evident tbfit il would bo inado tbe 
 dtoppinjt-stono to Mi. Tyler's accession to a 
 oecoud t&rro. 
 
 At tbo great niitionni convention beld in Dnl 
 tiniore, in May, 1844, Henry Cloy of Kentucky, 
 •iiul Theodoie Frellntrluiysen of New Jersey, 
 were nominated by tbe 'vliigs for tbe Presidency. 
 Mr. Vnn Buren, m the dcnocrntic convention, 
 received a idumlity of iitcs, but being opposed 
 to the iinnexation of Texas, was not nominated. 
 After eiglitbollotings, Jo-tcs K. Polk, of Tennes- 
 see, received tha nomination for President, ami 
 Silas Wridlit, of New York, for Vice Prcsiilent ; 
 but on bis declination, Goorgo M. Dallas of Pcnn 
 sylvania, was chosen in bis stead. 
 ' The friends of Mr. Tylfr abo held a convention 
 about tbo same time, and lie was jdaced before 
 tlie jieoplo 09 a candidate for re-election ; but 
 yielding to the persuasions of bis friends, be 
 withdrew, in favor of Mec-srs. Polk ond Dallas, 
 who were elected after 'i very exciting contest. 
 
 On the Ist of March, lfri5, resolutions were 
 passed by Congrcs,s, admitting To.xas into the 
 Union, and which were approved by Mr. Tyler. 
 The Last act of ilr. Tyler was denominated " the 
 jiocket veto," which tc exercised by holding the 
 river and harbor apprnphutiou bill over tbo time 
 specified by tbo consiilution. The ndministrn- 
 lion of Mr. Tyler ended on the 8d of March, nnd 
 he retired from office 'without the regret of 
 cither party. 
 
 POLK'S ADMINIsritATION. 
 
 James Knox Polk was inaugurated President 
 of the United States, on the 4tli of March, 1845, 
 in the presence of a vast concourse of people 
 from all parts of the United States. On arriving 
 at the capitol, the I'resident elect and the Ex- 
 President entered the Senate chamber. A pro- 
 cession was hero formed, when they proceeded 
 to the platform on the east front of the capitol, 
 from which Mr. Polk delivered his inaugural 
 address. 
 
 Chief Justice Taney administered the oath of 
 office, and Mr. Polk devoted the remainder of 
 the day to receiving the congratulations of his 
 friends. Uis cabinet consisted of James Bu- 
 chanan, of Peunsylvonia, Secretary of State ; 
 Kobert J. Walkor, of Mississippi, Secretary of the 
 Treasury ; W. L. Marcy, of New York, Secretary 
 of War ; George Bancroft, of Massachusetts, Sec- 
 retary of the Navy ; Cave Johii.son, of Tennessee, 
 Postmaster-general ; and John Y. Mason, of Vir- 
 ginia, Attorney-general. 
 
 The first act of importance of the new admin- 
 istration, was the fulfilment of the annexation 
 of Texas. The terms proposed by Congress, at 
 the close of Tyler's administration, were accepted 
 by Texas, and a state constitution ndo])tcd, and 
 she was ready for admission into the Union. 
 President Polk, in his first annual message, re- 
 commended Congress to pass a bill, recognizing 
 Texas as a sister state. lie also called the attcn- 
 tiiui of Congress to the dispute in relation to 
 Oregon, and urged them to demand the whole 
 of that territory, notwithtsanding the claims of 
 Great Britain. A reduction of the duties under 
 the taritf of 1842 was also recommended, the 
 further restriction of banking operations, and 
 better means for the natioiud defence. 
 
 In the north, especially, tbo proposed altera- 
 tion of the taritT caused great alarm, pnrlU'ubirly 
 In the iiiaiMil'acturing districts, wliere il hud been 
 understood at the election, that the I'resideut 
 was an aihocate of this law of 1842. 
 
 The only dbstaele remaining to obstruct the 
 acquisition of Texas, was the consent of that 
 nation's Congress. Before their action upon it, 
 however, Mexico, who had never recognized 
 their independence, a.'Wiimed an opposing aspect ; 
 the minister at Wasldngton demanded his papers, 
 and the American envoy was denied all com- 
 munication with Mexico. Special ministers were 
 ap]>ointvd to adjust the ditliculty ; but without 
 success, nnd it was evident that the only resort 
 would be, an appeal to arms. Meantime, Texas, 
 by an act of bur legislature, became one of the 
 states of the Union. 
 
 The taritf law was repealed in the winter of 
 1845 0, nnd another substituted, oalle<l the ta- 
 ritf of 1840. This new tnrift" reduced the duties 
 upon all articles, nnd was boiled with great dis- 
 may and indignation throughiuit the north and 
 manufacturing districts. A treaty was nliio con- 
 eluded with Grent Britain, by which our claim 
 to the whole of Oregon was set aside, ond the 
 boundary lino fixed at 49° 50' north lotitude. 
 
 It will be remembered that on the 12th day 
 of April, 1844, during tho administration of 
 President Tyler, a treaty of annexation between 
 Texas ond the IJnitod States was signed by joint 
 commissioners, but not ratified by the United 
 States Senate. On tho 1st of March, 1845, the 
 Congress of tho United States passed a resolution 
 admitting her into the Union, upon certain con- 
 ditions, to which her lussent was lequirod. After 
 grave deliberation, the executive Congress of 
 that country accepted tlie propositions, and thus 
 was concluded the important act, by which tbo 
 vast territory formerly ceded to Siiain by tho 
 Florida treaty, was restored to our government. 
 During this time, Mexico hod formally protested 
 against tho course of the United States, ond nt'ter 
 tbo prclimiuories bad been settled, tho Mexican 
 minister ut Washington, in a note to the Sccre- 
 rotory of State, dated March 6th, 1845, stated 
 that it was " an act of aggression, the most UU' 
 just which can bo found recorded in the annals 
 of modern history ; namely, that of despoiling a 
 friendly nation, like Mexico, of a considerable 
 portion of her territory." lie also protested 
 against the resolution of annexation, as being an 
 act " whereby the iirovinco of Texai?, an integral 
 portion of the Mexican territory, is agreed and 
 admitted into tho Americoi) Union," stated that 
 his mission to the United States had toriuinated, 
 and demanded bis iMissports, which were given 
 him, and he returned to Mexico. 
 
 Atiuirs continued in this condition until Sep- 
 tember, when the Secretary of State was author- 
 ized by the President to incpiire, through the 
 United States consul at Mexico, if the Mexican 
 government would consent to receive an Amori 
 can envoy, clothed with full powers to settle all 
 ditliculties. A favorable response was received, 
 but it was requested that the American naval 
 force nnght bo withdrawn from Vera Cruz, while 
 negotiotions wore pending. This request was 
 grunted, and a minister with full powers sent to 
 Mexico. lie reached Vera Cruz on tho 30th of 
 November, 1845, but found that the politics of the 
 country had undergone an unfavorable change 
 towards tbo United States. 
 
 President Uerrera, who had always been an 
 advocate of peace, was opposed by o strong party 
 under General Pnredes, who founded his rebel- 
 lion principally upon the assertion that General 
 Uerrera, in consenting to receive tho peace ndn- 
 ister of tbo United States, intended to separate 
 the territory of Mexico, by granting the depart- 
 ment of Texas to a hostile country. Prior to 
 this rebellion, llcrrero, it is believed, was favor- 
 able to a peaceful gettlement of all difficulties ; 
 but, alarmed by the thioats of Poredes, adopted 
 
 the unhappy eourso of refusing: to recelro the 
 minister, although ho had ]>roinised to do no. 
 Tho principal reason assigned tor acting thus 
 was. that tho minister had not come upon n 
 ■ipeeiiil missloi!, relating solely tc the Texas ques- 
 tion, but his duties also included a consideration 
 of the long-disputed ouirnpes -.ipon the ting and 
 citizens of his country 
 
 On the 80th of December, 184B, Gonernl 
 Uerrera resigned the presidency, and bo wns suc- 
 ceeded bv Parcdes will' .at opposition. On the 
 Ist of March, 1841), too Amer'i ii envoy ml- 
 drcsped the Mexican minister of f .rei(Mmtlairs, 
 rec|uesting that his credentials might be |)re- 
 seiited to tho now government, in order that he 
 might bo received in tbe diplomatic character 
 in which he bad been commissioned. He re- 
 ceived on answer, refusing his rcipiest, denionded 
 his passports, nnd returned to the United States. 
 
 Meanwhile, other nnd totnlly ditlerent opera- 
 tions were going forward. The Pnsident of the 
 United States, anticipating war, was organizing 
 a force to defend Texas, in case of an invasion, 
 or should war be declared, to invade Mexico. 
 In his message of December, 1845, tho I'resident 
 thus comments upon this measure : 
 
 "Both the Congress and tho convention of 
 the people of Texas invited this government to 
 send an army into tlieir territory, to jirotect an<l 
 defend them against a memiced attack. The 
 moment tho terms of annexation oll'ercd by the 
 United States were accepted by Texas, the latter 
 became so far a part of our country, as to make 
 it our duty to otlbrd such protection and de- 
 fence. I tliercfore deemed it proper, as a precau- 
 tionary measure, to order a strong squadron to 
 tho coasts of Mexico, aud to cuuceutrote nn efii- 
 cient military force on the ■rfeBtern frontier of 
 Texas. Our army was ordered to take positions 
 in tbe country between the Nueces and the Del 
 Norte, and to repel every invasion of the Texan 
 territory which might be attempted by the Mex- 
 ican forces. 
 
 " Our squadron in tho Gulf was ordered to co- 
 operate with tho army. But, though our army 
 and novy were placed in a position to defend 
 our own and the rights of Texas, they were 
 ordered to commit no oct of hostility against 
 Mexico, unless she declared war, or was herself 
 the aggressor, by striking the tirst blow." 
 
 Of the projier arruugemeut of this force, ho 
 odds OS follows : 
 
 " When orders were given, during the past 
 summer, for concentrating a military force on 
 the western frontier of Texas, our troops wero 
 widely dispersed, and in small detachments, oc- 
 cupying posts remote from each other. The 
 prompt aud eX|>editious manner in which an 
 army, embracing more than half of our peace 
 establishment, was drawn together on nn emer- 
 gency so sudden, reflects great credit on tho 
 otficers who wore intrusted with the execution 
 of these orders, as well tis upon the disciiilinc of 
 the army itself." 
 
 The next thing tliat demanded attention w.as 
 tho appointing of a communder-iu chief. Gen- 
 eral Guines was the superior officer in that sec- 
 tion, but for some reasons not known, ho was 
 passed by, and at tho suggestion of General 
 Scott, General Zochary Taylor was aippointed. 
 On the 21st of March, 1846, inforuuitiou was 
 convoyed to that officer, then at Port Jcssup, in 
 Louisiau.i, to prepare his forces to march into 
 Texas as soon as orders were received. 
 
 The resolutions of Congress, pos.sod tho 8d of 
 March for the admission of Texas into the Union, 
 bad not as yet been adopted by tbe Texan gov- 
 ernment. As the President, however, considered 
 thot there would be no opposition by thot body, 
 ho issued further orders, through Mr. More}, 
 Secretary of State, dated 28th of May, directing 
 General Taylor, " by order of tho President, to 
 cause the forces now under your command, and 
 those which may be assigned to it, to be pat iu 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 08O 
 
 f: to reoolTo the 
 milsed to do no. 
 I'lir nctinit thiii" 
 lit roine upon a 
 c tlie TcxnMqnes- 
 il n ooimidcnition 
 iI>on tlie ting nnd 
 
 r, ISJn, General 
 i', mid lio WHS ?iic- 
 poiiitiuii. Oil tlio 
 LTM II envoy nil- 
 ot' fircic'i-ftlliir', 
 |8 might bo lire- 
 , in <irdi'r lliat lie 
 loiimti(! chiiructer 
 intiioned. He rt- 
 •eiiiiest, deiimiided 
 llic I'liited States. 
 ly (lilVerent opem- 
 icPrisident ol'tlie 
 ir, WI18 organizing 
 se of an iiiva.sion, 
 o inviido Mexico. 
 345, tlio rrcsidvnt 
 aire : 
 
 lio convention of 
 lis government to 
 jry, to protect and 
 ced attack. Tlio 
 ion oll'ercd by llio 
 y Texas, the latter 
 luntry, as to make 
 rotection and de- 
 ropcr, as a ]>rccau- 
 troiij; squadron to 
 onconfrnte an elii- 
 restcrn frontier of 
 d to take positions 
 ueccs and tlio Del 
 asion of the Texan 
 upted by the Mcx- 
 
 was ordered to co- 
 t hough our army 
 ,)Ositiou to defend 
 Texas, thoy were 
 f hostility against 
 ar, or was herself 
 tirst blow.'' 
 t of this force, ho 
 
 during tho past 
 
 military force on 
 
 onr troops wero 
 
 dotaehments, oi> 
 
 ;ach other. The 
 
 iner in which on 
 
 half of our peace 
 
 tlier ou an enier- 
 
 at credit ou the 
 
 ith the execution 
 
 tho discipline of 
 
 ed attention Wiis 
 r-iu chief, tien- 
 illicer iu that Boc- 
 t known, he was 
 sstion of Cienerul 
 ir was appointed, 
 inforuuitiou was 
 at Fort Jcs-iup, in 
 ;us to march uito 
 •eccivcd. 
 
 , passed the 8d of 
 ^os into tho Union, 
 )y tho Texan gov- 
 wover, considered 
 tion by that body, 
 ough Mr. Marcj, 
 of May, directing 
 tho Tresidcnt, to 
 rur command, and 
 to it, to be pat iu 
 
 a podilion where they may most promptly nndi people of Texan, Tho Hlo nrnndo la claimed to 
 efficiently art In the defence of Texas, in the 
 event it should hecoino necessary or proper to 
 employ them for that pnr|Mwe." 
 
 Mr. Hancrcift, acting secretary in the absence 
 of Mr. Marcy, on tho 15th of .tiino gave other 
 instrui'tions, and iis ihey are highly important in 
 consequence of their sliowing the iirecise position 
 laid down by tho (jovernineiit to Cloncral Taylor, 
 we give them in full :— 
 
 [••CoiilWuntlal.] 
 " War Pf PABTMf.^T, .Tunc tfi'ti. M.V 
 
 "Sin : — On the 4lh day of .Tnly, or very soon 
 thereafter, the convention of tho people of Texas 
 will probably accept tho iiroposllion of aiincxn- 
 tion, under the .ioint resolution of the Into Con- 
 gress of tho United Slates. That n(cc|itance will 
 constitute Texas an integral portion of our 
 cDuntry. 
 
 " In anticipation of that event, yon will forth- 
 with make a forward inovenient with the troops 
 under yonr command, and advance to the month 
 of flio'Sahlne, or to such other points on tho 
 Ijulf of Mexico or to its navigable waters, as in 
 your Judgment may be most convenient for an 
 en.bnrkation, at tho proper time, for the western 
 frontier of Texas. * * » * * The point 
 of your ultimate destination is the we-^tern fron- 
 tier of Texas, whore you will select and occupy, 
 iu or near the Rio (trandc del Norte, such a Bite 
 as will consist with the health of your troops, 
 and will be host fldai)ted to repel invasion, and 
 to protect what, in tlic event of annexation, will 
 be our western border. You will limit yourself 
 to tho ilefcnce of tho territory of Texas, unless 
 Mexico should declare war against the United 
 States. 
 
 " Your movement to the Oulf of Mexico, and 
 your preparations to embark for the western 
 frontier of Texas are to bo made without delay : 
 hut you will not etVcct n landing on that frontier, 
 until you have yourself ascoitained the duo ac- 
 ceptance, by Texas, of the proU'ered terms of 
 annexation. ' 
 
 These instructions wore somewhat changed by 
 the following, dated 8th of July, by Mr. .Marcy 
 to (iencral Taylor. 
 
 "Tliis department is informed that Mexico 
 has some military e.stablisbmentg on the east 
 side of the Rio Grande, which are, and for some 
 time have been in tho actual occupancy of her 
 troops. In currying out tho instructions hereto- 
 fore reccivetl, you will bo careful to avoid any 
 acts of aggression unless an actual war should 
 exist. The Mexican forces at the posts in their 
 linsscsslon, and which have been so, will not be 
 disturbed, as long as the relations of peace be 
 tweon tho United States and Mexico continue.' 
 
 On tho 20th of July, tho receipt of this letter 
 was acknowledged by (Jeneral Taylor, who ex 
 prcs-scd his entire satisfaction at the instructions 
 it contained, "as they conlirm," says be, "my 
 views previously communicated, in regard to the 
 jiroper lino to be occupied at present by our 
 troops; those instructions will be closely followed, 
 and tho department may rest assured, that I will 
 take no step to interrupt the friendly relations 
 lietween the United States and Mexico." 
 
 Ou the 30th, ho received further instructions 
 OS follows : — 
 
 " Wae DEPAKTMtST, SOtll Jul}'. 
 
 " lie (the President) has not tho requisite in- 
 formation in regard to the country, to enable 
 him to give any i>ositivo directions as to the 
 position you ought to take, or the movements 
 which it may bo expedient to make ; these must 
 bo governed by circumstances. While avoiding, 
 as you have been instructed to do, all aggressive 
 measures towards Mexico, as long as the rela- 
 tions of peace exist between that republic and 
 the United States, you are expected to occupy, 
 protect, and defend the territory of Texas, to 
 the extent that it has been occupied by the 
 
 be the boundary between the two coimtries, nnd 
 up to this bounilary you are to extend your pro- 
 tection, oiilv exi'ciiling any posts on the eastern 
 le ihereDl' whicli nru in the actual occupancy 
 of Mexican liin'es, or Mexicai' settlements, over 
 which the Republic of Texiis diil not exercise 
 jurisdii'lion at the time of annexation, or shortly 
 before that event. It is ox|iectcd that, In seloct- 
 iiig the establislwneiit lor your troops, you will 
 approach as near the lioiinihip' line, tho Rio 
 (irande, as prudence will dictate. With this 
 view the President desires that your nosition, 
 for part of your forces at least, shouhl be west 
 of tlio Nueces." 
 
 On tho Cth of August, it was stated by the 
 adjutant-general, that the seventh infantry, nnd 
 three companies of dragoons, wcro ordered to 
 join General Tayhir in Texivs; "for," says the 
 letter, " although a slate of war with Mexico, or 
 an invasion of Texas hy her forces may not take 
 place, it is nevertheless deemeil proper and 
 necessary that your forces should ho fully equal 
 to meet, with certainty of succes.i, any crisis 
 which may arise in Texas, and which require you 
 by force of arms to carry out the instructions of 
 the governnient." The "letter further required 
 (ieHeral Taylor to slate what auxiliary troops, 
 in case ( f emergency, he could count upon from 
 Texas, and "what aihlitional troops, designating 
 the nniis, and what supply and des<-riplion of 
 ordnance, ordnance .•itores, Biuall arms, &c., judg- 
 ing fioiii any information yiui may possess as to 
 the fulure exigencies of tho public service," he 
 (General Taylor) thought he would require, stat- 
 ing at the same lime, that ten thousand muskets 
 and one thousand ritles had already been issued 
 for Texas. 
 
 So lar, the actions and intentions of Mexico 
 were Hot known. .She was known to he very 
 bitterly ojjposed to tho course pursued by the 
 United Slates in regard to Texas ; and it was 
 evident, that without a severe struggle, she 
 would not give her countenance to the annexa- 
 tion ; but whether tho .state of the couiilry, 
 both civil and iiolitical, would enable the govern- 
 ment to rai.« an army of sutlicient strength to 
 cope with the United States, was utterly un- 
 known. Under these embarrassing circumstances, 
 General Taylor wasfurthcr instructed, as follows: 
 — '■ Tho information hitherto received as to the 
 intentions of Mexico, and tho mcasuress he may 
 adopt, does not enable the administration here 
 to givo you more explicit instructions in re- 
 gard to your movements, than those which 
 have already been forwarded to you. There is 
 reason to bulievo that Mexico is making ellbrts 
 to assemble a large army on the frontier of 
 Texas, for tho purpose of entering its territory 
 and holding forcible possession of it. Of their 
 movements you are doubtless advised, and we 
 triwt havo taken, or early will take, prompt and 
 ctHcient steps to meet and repel any such iiostile 
 incursion. Should Mexico a.sseinble a large body 
 of troops on the Rio Grande, and cross it wilii 
 considerable force, such a movement must bo re 
 garded as an invasion of the United States, and 
 the commenceiiient of hostilities. You will, of 
 course, use all the authority which has been 
 given or may be given you to meet such a slate 
 of things. Texas must be protected from hostile 
 invasion, and for that purpose you will, of course, 
 employ to the utmost extent all the means you 
 possess or can command. 
 
 " An order has this day been issued for sending 
 one thousand more men into Texas to join those 
 under your command. When the existing orders 
 aro carried into cllect, you will have with you a 
 force of four thousand men of tho regular army. 
 We are not enabled to judge what auxiliary force 
 cttii, upon an emergency, be brought together 
 from Texas, and, as a precautionary measure, you 
 are authorized to accept volunteers from tho 
 States of Louisiana and Alabama, and even bava 
 
 Miiwlsslpiil, Tennessee, and Kentneky. ShouM 
 Mexico declare war, or commence bcwlilitics by 
 crossing the Rio Grande with a ciuisidenitilo 
 force, von are instrncted to hise no time in giv- 
 ing intornmlion to the authorities of each or any 
 of the ahovo-mentionod Slates as to tho iiumlur 
 of volunteers yon may want of theiu respec- 
 tively. Should you require troops I'nun any of 
 these States, it would be inipiuiaiit to Imvc liiein 
 without tho Ic.ist j.os.-ihlo delay. It is not 
 doubled that at least two reginunts from New 
 Orleans, and one from Midijle, could lioohlnimd 
 and expeditiously brought Into the Held. You 
 will cause it to be known at these jilaces, what 
 number and description of troops you desire to 
 receive from them in the conleniplated einor- 
 gency. The authorities of these Staves will ho 
 apprised that you are nuthorl/ed to reiiivo 
 volunteers from them, nnd you may calciilalo 
 that they will promptly join you, when It is 
 nnide known that their services are required. 
 Arms, aminunilion, and camp e(|uipage for llio 
 auxiliary troops that you may require, will bo 
 sent forward subject to your orders. You will 
 so dis|iose of them as to be most available In 
 ca.se they should bo needed, at the same linio 
 with a tine regard to their safely and nreserva- 
 tion. (Jrders have been i.ssiied to the naval 
 force in the Gulf of Mexico to co-operale with 
 you. You will, as far as practicahle, hold com- 
 munication with the commanders of our nalional 
 ves,sols in your vicinity, and avail yourself of 
 any assistance that can be derived fro'iii their co- 
 operation. The Lexiiigt<m is ordered inio ser- 
 vice as a transpoit ship, and will sail in a few 
 days from New York, with a deliuhiiient of 
 United States troiqis for I'orpus Chrlsti. She 
 will bo employed as the exigency of the public 
 service may require. In order to keep up a 
 proper comiiiuniciition between the army in 
 Texas and tho United Slates, the On-ka-hy-e, 
 the Harney, and the Dolphin will bo put into 
 service as soon as they can be made ready as 
 despatch vessels to convey intelligence, supplies, 
 vtc. You will avail yourself of these vessi'ls, 
 and all other proper means, to keep the govcni- 
 ment here advised of your operations, and the 
 state o*" .hings in Texas and Mexico." 
 
 General Taylor, in the same month, having 
 concentrated his forces, inarched for Texas. His 
 march from Corpus Chri.sti to the Rio Grande is 
 filled with wonderful and romanlic events. The 
 Great American Desert was to be crossed; all 
 vegetation there was stunted, and every river 
 ami hike filled with salt water. The aiqiear- 
 anco of tho fruit and water was tempting, but 
 the taste loathsoiuc and nauseous. Drooping 
 with thirst and wearines.s, their feet blistered 
 with heat and their cattle drojqiing dead at every 
 step, the army moved over the burning sand. 
 The men who could face death in battle wilhoiit 
 shrinking, now grew sad and melancholy, and 
 moved slowly and wearily as if to a funeral 
 march. 
 
 At length the river was seen, and the Ty of 
 fnnh miter ran through tho ranks ; every man 
 felt his energy renewed, aii<l the army swejit on 
 with rapid steps ; lus they neareil the banks dis- 
 cipline was lost, and geiieriil, otiicers, and men, 
 exulted nnd revelled in the cooling stream. 
 
 On tho 2Hlh of March, the American fiag 
 fioatcd on tho banks of the Rio Grande, nnd the 
 troojis who had forded rivers, crossed streams 
 and deserts, endured hunger, hardship, thirst, 
 and fatigue, captured Point Isabel, and estab- 
 lished there a military depot, now sat down to 
 await a commencement of bostililie.s, or an order 
 to return home. 
 
 The death of Colonel Cross, then of Lienten- 
 ant Porter, and subsequently the capture of Cap- 
 tain Thornton, with his command, roused tlio 
 Americans from their security. The Mexicans, 
 grown bold by success, were pouring iu upon 
 them from all quarters ; their supplies were cut 
 off from Point Isabel, and a dark, trying period 
 
! 
 
 I 
 
 (HO 
 
 nisTonv OF the 
 
 i' ■' 
 
 i. 
 
 i. 
 
 >Mi 
 
 vrim POttlinK over tlio army. Kiit the tronpi), 
 coiilldoiit of tlie gcniHR imi\ firmncwi of tlicir 
 li'ailiT, dill not <lc'!i|)i>iul ; nor wiw \\\i* coiitidi'iici' 
 iliiiiiniitluMl on tlio nrrivnl of ('a|>t. Wiilker nt tlio 
 foft, iiCtor oNoiipiiitf innninorulilo (liiti(!i'r«, to re- 
 port tlio I'Htloiil <'(iiulllion of I'oiiit Isiibi'l. 
 
 Oil tlio l»t of Miiy, Oeiiuriil Tiiylor, nwnro of 
 tlip iiiipurtiiiu'o of ro-opvuln(( tliix ('oiiiiiiiinication, 
 loft Ills fort for tlio purpose of cuttlinj lil.-t wiiv to 
 I'oiiit Iwilii'l. He reac'lieil it In siifety, i'i»pli'ii- 
 uliu'i liU HtorPH, rocriilied liis iiriiiy, nnd on tlio 
 Vtli started on his roturn. Tiiat iii({lit the troops 
 clept OD tlie open plain, nnil early on tlie follow- 
 ing morning rccoinmenoetl tlieir nmreli. At 
 noon they reached a wide prairie, llnnked liy 
 1«K)|8 of fresh water, nnd bounded in the dis- 
 tance by long rows of cliapporal. In front of 
 tlio latter were drawn up In battle array, six 
 thousand Mexicans, in one unbroken line, n 
 mile in length. Undaunted by the overwhelin- 
 iiig superiority of mini hers, the Aincrlcnns pressed 
 forward with the greatest enthiisiflsin. When 
 tlio arniieg were within six hundred yards of 
 each other, the Mexican batteries to the left, 
 poured forth their murderous tiro. Hattery after 
 battery followed in rapid succession, until the 
 
 ground rocked, the whole Held was tilled with 
 cnse smoke, nnd the balls tore nj) the earth and 
 grass in whirling fragments. 
 
 There was a pause of a few minutes, and the 
 Americans placed tlieir guns in battery. Then 
 the aotiou uummciioed in earnest, Ringgold, Dun- 
 <!an and Uhurchill, sustaining the whole force of 
 the enemy's fire. At every discharge of these 
 gallant cnnnoneem, tlio Mexican cavalry reeled 
 to and fro, while scores sank down in mangled 
 ino-sses. 
 
 Dismayed by tho havoc of his cavalry, the 
 Mexican general collected their scattered' frag- 
 ments and prepared for a charge. At that move- 
 iiient tho tliird nnd fifth infontry regiments, who 
 had hitherto taken no part in the battle, were 
 ordered forword to meet tho enemy. But the 
 liuge masses bore on amid a tremendous fire from 
 the third regiment, assisted by Ridgely's guns, 
 until they arrived ot the fifth. This was formed 
 into a square to support Lieutenant Ridgely. 
 That brave ofllcer planted his guns In the very 
 front of the lances, and rode from rank to rank, 
 amid showers of balls and bullets. His horse 
 fell dead, and four others, maddened with the 
 smoke and uproar, plunged headlong, before the 
 muzzles of tho cannon,and directly between the 
 two armies. There was a moment of dread, for 
 ■witiiout horses tho artillery would be nnman- 
 agcable. Then Ridgely sprung forward, and 
 drew tho animals to their stations. A tremend 
 ous shout followed this daring ootion, echoed by 
 roars of artillery, and the hurryings of tho ene- 
 my's retreat. At this moment Colonel Twiggs 
 came down on them with the third infantry, 
 supported b„. Miyor Ringgold. 
 
 While the cavalry was breaking before our 
 artillery, the prairie gross became ignited, and 
 tho exciting spectacle of a prairie on fire was add- 
 ed to the horrors of a field of battle. Gradually 
 the firing ceased, until silence hung over the 
 plain, unbroken save by the crackling of flames, 
 or an occasional command. 
 
 Hut tho cessation was only temporary. Un- 
 der cover of the thick darkness, caused by the 
 masses of smoke, which rising hid tho sun, and 
 the armies from each othar, each formed a new 
 line of battle, and in an hour the action was 
 renewed. Tho artillery led tho battle ; and both 
 armies fought with a heroism rarely surpassed in 
 the history of American warfare. In the very 
 midst of it one man rode along the van of our 
 troops, on a white horse, and exhorted them to 
 «iuty. Wild shouts of exultation greeted him, 
 and each soldier forgot that he was rioting in 
 blood and danger. 
 
 M^jor Ringgold, on that day, nobly sustained 
 tbe honor of his country. His calm, fearless 
 
 bearing attracted rrnnoral attention, as ho, the 
 very soul of tho artillery, watched with a soldier's 
 iiitorosl, tho fearful havoc of his shot in tho on 
 eiiiy's ranks. 
 
 Yet his glorv was as short-lived n» it was 
 brilliant. While siiporiiitondiiig the ciglitooii 
 pounilors, n cannon ball struck his riglit thigh, 
 
 fiasscd ciimplotoly throii|;li the fIkiuIiIoI's of his 
 lorsn, and out tliroiigh his lol't thigh, tonring away 
 nil that opposed its course. 
 
 Tho hunt cavalry charge was mot by Capt. 
 Duncan's battery, assistod by fhu 8tli infantry 
 'and Kcr's dragcwns. Hofore tho fire of these 
 companies the horsemen fell back in confusion, 
 and the day was won. Night brought repose to 
 tho weary Eoldiors. 
 
 Thus was the battle of Palo Alto won, but 
 another more dark and terrible was in reserve. 
 At four o'clock in the oftornoon of May Otii, the 
 Americans arrived in front of a deei) gorge, 
 known as the Resaca do la Palnia, fianking tlie 
 road on each side, and covered with an impen- 
 etrable chapporal of prickly pear, 8pnnish nee- 
 dle, and otiier thorny plants. Here wore con- 
 cealod tho legions of tho Mexican forces, await 
 ing tho arrival of their opponents. Their heavy 
 batteries were posted in the gorge, so ns to ruke 
 tho ground from both sides, while tho infantry 
 should at tho same time employ their musketry 
 from tho chapporal. Tho cavalry was station ei) 
 so ns to support the rest of the army, and act 
 according to emergencies. 
 
 About four o'clock tho battle began. A party 
 of skirmishers engaged some Mexican cavalry, 
 'and after retreating a short distnnro milled, 
 and in turn drove back their opponents. Mean- 
 while the main army moved rapidly toward the 
 gorge, eager to finish the work commenced at 
 Palo Alto. Riding through their columns, 
 tho commonder exhorted each man to his 
 duty, reminding them that n fearful struggle 
 was about to complete the measure of their 
 worth and glory. Shouts of gratitude and exul- 
 tation greeted him. 
 
 At length when near tho Resaca, tho Mexicon 
 artillery broke forth in discharges which echoed 
 along the gorge, and ploughed up tho ground 
 and rocks in every direction. The troops halted. 
 Then tho regiments followed each other towards 
 the ravine, regardless of tho murderous fire 
 pouring from obove them. In advance of all 
 rode Lieutenant Ridgely, his batteries pouring 
 forth uninterrupted discharges of shot and canis- 
 ter. Then como the heavy columns of tho 8th 
 infantry, succeeded by tho remainder of the 
 army. For half an hour the artillery stood be- 
 tween tlie opposing forces. They faltered not, 
 although the balls whizzed around them, and the 
 cavalry dashed forward until the horses almost 
 leaped upon the cannon. Throwing aside all 
 superfluous clothing, grim with smoke and pow- 
 der, and sweltering in tho burning sun, these 
 heroes faced death, and amid frightful scenes of 
 carnage, wrenched victory from the enemy. 
 Their leader managed a gun with his own hand, 
 like a common soldier, and refused to mount his 
 horse until the cavalry was broken. 
 
 When the Mexicans begim to retreat, the 
 Americans raising a terrific sliout, immudiatoly 
 commenced a pursuit. Batteries groaning with 
 heavy cannons were wheeled into action, and 
 opened upon the Americans. Still, although 
 clamor and misery followed their course, they 
 pressed on. Then the flash of thousands of 
 mu.'kets burst forth from the chapporal. AVhole 
 companies were ploughed down, and the artillery 
 was almost dismantled. Still the soldiers ad- 
 vanced. Dashing through death and horror 
 they reached the thicket, and sprang forward to 
 tho fierce trial of tho bayonet. Then tho firing 
 ceased, and nothing was heard save the grating 
 of bayonet with bayonet as thoy sprung to op- 
 posing bosoms. Then arose another about,— the 
 chapporal was gained. 
 
 Snro of victory, the troops now at.cmpted to 
 drive the Mexicans from their liatlcrivs. lint 
 iiiaiiiioil by the Taiiijnii) viloniiis, iiiid coin- 
 iiiandoil liy tho bravo Iji Vogii, thow guiisswo|>t 
 every thing lioforu thciii,aiid covorcd tho rolriiil 
 of the infantry, while tho cavalry prcjiarcd fur 
 another charge. 
 
 (ioiioral Taylor, seeing that nothing cloclsivo 
 could bo accomplished while tho Mexicans iv- 
 lainod their guns, onlorcil Cajil. May to cliari;o 
 llioiii with ills dragoiuis. Whou tho riiplaiii 
 I'ikIv back to hiscomiiianil, " .Men !'' ho exilaiinoil, 
 '' follow," and tho troops plunged forward 
 towards the rocks of tho RoHaca. On thoy 
 swept until thoy reached Colonel Ridgely, by 
 wlioin they halted until ho had drawn tho ene- 
 my's fire. Then, with their arms bared to tho 
 shoulder, and thoir sabres glittering in tho hun, 
 the dragoons advanced. Silently tho enoiny, 
 with thoir matches ignited close to the cannon, 
 awaited them. Nearer the dragoons approached ; 
 a roar like thunder broke the silence, anil 
 oiglitecn horses witli seven men fell dead. Lieu- 
 tenant Sackett was thrown into tho midst of tho 
 enemy; Lientonant Inge was sliot through the 
 throat. Still tho survivors j)ressed on, Leapin;< 
 over the brccclics of the cannon, they overthrew 
 the cannoneers, nnd drove back tho Tampiin 
 regiment with tlieir sabres. Those wore repulsed 
 but A moment; then rushing back to their sta- 
 tions, theysolzal the horses bridles, nnd fouglit 
 hand to hand with thoir riders. Again tliey 
 were driven back, and again returned, climbin'^ 
 over their dead companions, and planting their 
 stiindard by tho principal battery. La Vtgn, 
 their general, black with smoke, and grinieil 
 with blood, stood among his fallen heroes, and 
 called the survivors to their posts. Nobly obey- 
 ing this call, they closed around him like a wall 
 of iron. But May, concentrating his forces, again 
 rushed upon them, breaking thoir ranks, ami 
 capturing La Voga liimsclf. Then the shattereil 
 band slowly left their guns. One of them toro 
 the flag from the stati', wrai>ped it around his 
 body, nnd attempted to escajie, but weary and 
 wounded he fell, and was captured. 
 
 Thus was won tho battle of Resaca do la Pal- 
 nia. Tho ilexicans were completely routed, and 
 eleven hundred were lying still and cold on tlio 
 plains of Texas. 
 
 The little fort on tho livor had not been idle. 
 On tho yd of May, all the cannon in Maiamuraa 
 opened a heavy cannonade, and soon after tliu 
 Mexicans crossed tlio river, and poured forth 
 heavy discharges from their field batteries. Tho 
 littlo garrison were undismayed. Surrounded 
 by many times tlieir number, they hurled defi- 
 ance at their foes, and prepared for tho fierce 
 struggle of an assault; and when their ammuni- 
 tion was almost exhausted, they sullenly awaited 
 the onset of the eueniy. On the Uth Mi\jur 
 Brown, their commander, was mortally wound- 
 ed by a bomb, yet still his men boro on. Vn 
 the 8th tho sound of distant cannon broke n]ji)ii 
 their ears ; they sprang upon tho ]iara[;ets and 
 listened; again and again it echoed along, ami 
 then wild cheers followed the reports. Ciencr.il 
 Taylor had met tho enemy, and on tho follow 
 ing day, when his little army spuing from the 
 neighbouring thickets, in pursuit of tho Mex- 
 icans, one sliout arose from the fort heard above 
 the din of battle. 
 
 The capture of Matamoros, and tho neigh- 
 bouring posts, followed these victories. G or , . '1 
 Taylor refreshed his troops, received reinforco- 
 monts, and marched for Monterey, in the neigli- 
 bourhood of which ho arrived on tho Idth uf 
 September. 
 
 On the 21st this strong city was attacked at 
 two stations by the main army, while General 
 Worth led a division against the forts on a 
 neighbouring hill. Generals Twiggs and Butler, 
 Colonel May's dragoons and the Texas volunteers, 
 became inTolved between three fires, directed 
 
 JiA.. 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 nit 
 
 ipn now nt.>.Miptod to 
 llieir liiitlcricH. Hut 
 vi'lcrniiH, iiMil poiii- 
 
 I'KII, tlU'W )tUIIHHW<'pt 
 
 1(1 I'ovt'i'ccl tlio ivlriiil 
 cttvalry iirc'imrcd I'ur 
 
 tlint notliiiiff <lcoUivi' 
 ilo thv Mv.xicniiH rc- 
 Ciijit. May to diarno 
 Wlii'ii the ra|p|iiii\ 
 ' Mciil'' liouxi'luiiiicil, 
 m i>liiiigv(l I'orwaril 
 
 licHnvu. On tlicy 
 Culoiiel I{i(l^'ely, liy 
 had drnwn tlio viie- 
 
 Ir arum barvd tu tho 
 
 ttlittoring hi thu miii, 
 
 Hili'iilly tho I'licniy, 
 
 1 (low to tlio cuiiiiun, 
 dragoons npiiroaclicd ; 
 >ko thu xiluiKMj, and 
 
 int'ii t'l'll (k'ad. I.Uiu- 
 I into tho iiiidst of tho 
 van Hhot throiigli tho 
 
 prcsHi'd on. Loapinn 
 iiinoii, tlicv overtlircw 
 
 hack thu Tainjiici) 
 Tlmso were repulmil 
 
 \aif hack to their Nin- 
 es' bridles, and fought 
 riders. Again thiv 
 lin returned, clindiin^ 
 iH, and planting their 
 
 1 bottery. La Vegn, 
 8in()ke, and grimed 
 
 Ids fallen heroes, and 
 r posts. N(d)ly ohey- 
 irouud him like a wall 
 'ating his forces, again 
 Ing tlieir ranks, ami 
 '. Tliun tho shattered 
 I, One of them tore 
 rapped it around hii 
 scajio, but weary and 
 Miptured. 
 
 of Uesaca do la Pal- 
 oinplutcly routed, and 
 btill and cold on tho 
 
 or had not been idle, 
 cannon in Maiuinoriia 
 0, and soon after the 
 ;r, and poured forth 
 r Hold batteries. Tho 
 sinaycd. SiirroundeJ 
 her, they hurled deli- 
 spared for tho lieno 
 
 when their nnimuni- 
 
 they sullenly awaileil 
 On the Utli Miyor 
 was mortally wound- 
 men boro on. (Jii 
 it cannon broke u]>(>u 
 >ou the ])arapcts and 
 
 it echoed along, and 
 the reports. Ciener.d 
 r, and on tho follow 
 rmy sjiiang from the 
 
 pursuit of tbe Hes- 
 i tho fort heard above 
 
 oras, and the neigh- 
 so victories. Ger..'I 
 s, received reinforco- 
 unterey, in tbe neigh- 
 rived on tho 19th ul 
 
 city was attacked at 
 army, while General 
 linst the forts on a 
 ds Twiggs and Butler, 
 1 the Texas volunteers, 
 tbre« fires, directed 
 
 ngnlnst thorn from stronnty built forts. IleroJ thousand men, hero awaittMl tho Iwst General in 
 
 iJiey stood for several hours In tho very Jaws of 
 death, with the halls sweeping througli and thin- 
 ning their ranks every instant. .May and 'I'wlirgs 
 were heard high over the scene of i-hinghlcr, cx- 
 liortliig their heroes to the charge; while ilnl- 
 Icr's troops, s\vee|ping on with the bayonet, over- 
 threw tho oppoHing cavalry, and ru-hed almost 
 to the guns of the flirt. Hut tho Mexicans miw 
 the danger, and calling the troops around, pre- 
 piired to meet it. Our coiiipaides were com- 
 pletely riddled liy tho trememhiiH tires poured 
 u|M>n them, and in gloomy rage were torn from 
 the scene while the shouts of tho .Mexh'aiiK rang 
 upon tho air. 
 
 lint tho Americans soon changed tho shout of 
 triumph, ('apt. Ihickus, having cllmhed nixm a 
 tannery near tlio fort, poured into it n (ieiidly 
 lire of musketry. Hefore their Mstonishment at 
 this h(dd feat had subsided. General (jiillman 
 Clinic niion It, leaped tho onibraiures, wheeled 
 round tho cannon, and drove olf tho Mexicans 
 with tho bayonet. 
 
 The Imlllo now raped with new fury. From 
 thirty heavy cannons the Mexicans poured forth 
 a diMidly lire ; whole sections mclleil under it, 
 and General Itiitler was wounded, and retired 
 from tho Held. The rapid charges of ('oloiicl 
 Garland against tho second fort were unsuccess- 
 ful, and tho counmnd waa withdrawn to the 
 caidiired station. 
 
 About this time ft body of lancers wrcnd 
 slowly round tli" wall of the city, toward t.'.e 
 luiltcrv oppo."'' Ii ~ citadel. At seeing tiici/i 
 Gaptaiu l!ra>.'>. Hoped forward, and liy n few 
 Well directed eluirges drovo them hack with 
 loss. 
 
 On tho 211(1 a grand attack was nindo upon al! 
 tho Mexican stations. Maildened by heavy loss- 
 es, the American rangers hurst into tho houses, 
 tore the .^kirmichers from tho windows, and 
 bored through the side walls toward tho central 
 jilazu. Tho dull sound of the pickaxe, con- 
 trasted strangely with the roar of tho guns. 
 Streets and sipiaros were thus pasvcd until the 
 troops were in the vicinity of the principal plaza. 
 Here they halted, issued from tho houses, and 
 coniincncod a cannonade. This renewed the 
 general action. Soon tho walls of the great 
 cathedral tottered, and at length a portion fell 
 inward with a fearful crash. There was an in- 
 stant's ccs,«alion of the enemy's lire, then it com- 
 menced again with renowed fury, riitil near 
 sunset the Americans fought desperately, against 
 an intrenched foe of three times their number. 
 Then they were withd'awn to await the arrival 
 of Genend Worth's division. This otlicer, after 
 capturing the Hishop's Palace and other re- 
 doulit.i, had entered tho city, and penetrated 
 toward the S(iuaie, on the side opposite General 
 Taylor. Night set in, and liotli armies retired 
 to prepare for a flnal struggio on tho ensuing 
 day. 
 
 On tho 2-lth, proposals for a capitulation were 
 received from iho Mexican (ieiieral Ampndia, 
 and negolialions ensued, whhdi i'esulte(l in a 
 surrender of the cily and puldio stores to the 
 army of General Ta.vhir. The army maiched 
 iiilo the iiikrior on | arolc. the olhccrs and S( 
 iliers letaining most of their arms, together with 
 a liattery of artillery. 
 
 The crowning point of ( leiioral Taylor's . areer, 
 was the haltle of Hiieiia Vista. The generals he 
 had hoietolbro enf;aged with were those of litll 
 popularity; now lie was contending with one, 
 en whom the nation depended with enliro con- 
 lideiiee, and for whom they were willing to 
 make any sacrifices. 
 
 About seven miles south of Sa'lillo stands the 
 small village of Uuena Vista. The deep gorgeof 
 Angostura is at some distance from it, surround 
 ed Uy rocks, hills and ravines, and holding the 
 key of a position, which, for dcfensivo warfare, 
 i-i not 8urpas,sj(l by any other on the (Miitiiient. 
 ticnerul Taylor, with his little army of live 
 
 Mexh'o, with tweiity-ono thousand. They soon 
 came, arranging the'- a.tillery, moving Into line, 
 and choosiiiK posilhim for tlie attack. In the 
 al'tcriioiin, a party of lancers wdiiiid round the 
 heighls to Iho left of tho .\merlcan position, 
 with thu inleiitlon of making a charge; they 
 Were followed by some infantry, and oiio artil- 
 lery company, who cominonood an attack in that 
 ipiarter. Considerable skirmishing took place, 
 and the troops of both armies niaini'uvred till 
 night. 
 
 On tho 2!)d at early dawn, the movements in 
 both armies gave token of Ihe approaching 
 struggle. The enemy, reinforced liurlng the 
 night, now bore down an imnieiiso cidumn upon 
 the liltlo army on the left. C'olonol Marshall, 
 calling his little hand around him, prepared for 
 tho charge. Por three hours they fought for 
 victory, and the sun rose on the dreadful battle 
 already commenced. 
 
 At eight o'clock, a dense, deep column came 
 steadily U|ioii the Americun centre. The oyo of 
 their leader and his artillerists watched tlu'm In 
 stern silence as they drew near. They passed 
 artillery shot, and a wild shout oriise, in antici- 
 pation of victory; hut now tho heavy balls 
 ploughed their way tVom sido to side of that liv- 
 ng Cdlumn, sweeping with fearful havoc through 
 their ranks. The severed ranks closed, and the 
 columns still pressed on. Asecond and third 
 time the death shower was poured upon them, 
 each time with frightful olfect ; then a panic 
 seized llioiii, and they Hod in dire confusion. 
 
 The Mexican General viewed this rout with 
 iismay, ond instantly began to repair it. His 
 cavalry and a large infantry force united under 
 over of tile rocks in one body, and issued forth 
 to attack the loft yving. 'I'hiH had been the 
 first point of attack, and was now reinftirced by 
 tho Illinois and Indiana regiments, and tho ar- 
 tillery of Gapt. O'Hrien. 
 
 General Laiio rode along his linos; and point- 
 ing to the coming hosts, reminded the men that 
 they wore Americans, and exhorted them to 
 their duly. Throwing tho artillery rapidly for- 
 ward, he ordered the second Indiana regiment 
 to support it, and placing himself hy the soldiers 
 of tho Ulinoi.s, watched the foo's progress. In a 
 ma.ssive column they came on, shouting in an- 
 ticipation of victory. Tho battle now opened 
 Swecjiing through the heavy Mexican phalanx, 
 tho shot mowed down yvlioiu columns, and lev 
 elled the cavalry ; yet the liiius closed, ami 
 pressed on. Then another road oiiened, and the 
 carnage wius still frightful. Still, with pale, com- 
 pressed lips, tho Mexicans jiressed forward. The 
 Americans were melting at their approaidi, and 
 tho artillery was surrounded with (lead. Gen- 
 eral Liiiio, sweoiiing over the Held, urged his troojis 
 to Hrmness; while O'Urieii, leaping from hi- 
 horse, seized a gun, and kept thu artillerists at 
 their places. 
 
 At the fearful moment when the energy of 
 every man was i'e(iniied to insure victory to the 
 Americans, the Indiana regiment moved rapidly 
 I'roiii their stations, and commenced an inglori- 
 ous retreat. Tlio statf otHcers, at this shamofid 
 sight, galloped across their path, and seizing the 
 regimental colors, called on the troops to leiiieiu- 
 ber their country ; some few brave spirits came 
 from the mass, in answer to tho call, but the 
 greater part still Hod. 
 
 Now the Mexicans, inspired by this success, 
 poured on with exultant shouts. Sure of vic- 
 tory, tho lancers bore down. They bore up, 
 their stern captain refusing to yield, until the 
 soldiers less than the caunon fell into confusion. 
 Then remounting his horse, which was wounded, 
 like all tho othei's, he ordered a retreat, and the 
 cavalry dashed down and took his guns. 
 
 Hut now the ringing voice of General Wool 
 came ringing over tho licld, "Illinuis! Illinois 1 
 to tho rescue I " and the fiery sons of the west, 
 punting for couilict and rcvongo, opouud tboir 
 
 V(dley» of muiketry. Still llio living avalanche 
 poured on. Theii the Mlsslsslppiaiis planted 
 Iheni'ielves in the path, and awalled the striigglo. 
 ,\ll around, horsemen, arllllcry, and inliinlry, 
 were concentrating Iheiiisclves upon ihcce de- 
 voted regiments. Still the tall form of Wool 
 was seen ulidiiig from ((iinpany to company, 
 shouting that thrilling war-cry, which Hllud 
 every heart with Hro. 
 
 Hut a Htlll more stirring appeal awaited them. 
 General Taylor, on his white hmse, rode between 
 the two armies, while the arinv carried Ids name 
 in exultant shouts to llio veiv skies. Hcforo 
 that wild battle cry was over, liie Mexicans wero 
 towering upon our trtuips for the Hnal struggle. 
 Then Captain Hragg galloped Into hatlery, 
 and Iho riHes, muskets, ami heavy ordnaiu^o 
 commenced their deadly wiirk. Now tho repii- 
 tiithin of each general, nation, army wasat stake. 
 Again and again the Mexicans advanced, and an 
 often rolled hack, before the showers of iron hail 
 whl(di greeted them. N(dily the American troops 
 did their duly. Kacli siddler fought as if victory 
 depended on his individual eti'orts. Hrokeii and 
 rejiulKcd, the enemy commenced ihelr disastrous 
 retreat. Their dead and wounded, lying in 
 masses, or Ki^ittcred, marking the whole lino of 
 their march. Yet over these the terrified lancers 
 rode, grinding them to earlli, and completing 
 the W(irk of (leatli. Hanks were trodden down 
 by their comrades, or whirled over slippery 
 rocks. Then they burst upon the infantry, over- 
 throwing cidunin offer column, and scattering 
 tho Hower of the army like cliiiH'. On ]ioiiied 
 the shoiiling Americans, hliKhtins those splendid 
 companies with their terrible (Vischaiges, and 
 sweeping the entire field. Siill the war-cry of 
 Wool, and the shout for Taylor went up, urging 
 Iho tri .ips to pursuit. The Kentucky regimei c 
 under tho command of Clay and McKee, pushed 
 alHer the fugitives, far in advance, until they ho- 
 came eiitanpled among the ravines and jiasi-es on 
 the left. Seizing this favorable moment, the cav- 
 alry whirled oround, and attacked these troops 
 with their wlnde force, and the liatllo com. 
 nienced again. Now, after a liard day's battle, 
 facing an entire Hrmy, the Kentucky regiments 
 fought till night. Their colonels fell, but tho 
 soldiers gathered round tho bodies, and fought 
 hand to hand with the foe. Tho contest was 
 too uneijual. Tliey were driven hack, and tho 
 day seemed hist. Hut the artillery again met 
 the enemy, drove them back, and secured tho 
 victory, tieneral Taylor had triumphed. 
 
 The Americans sank oxhausled upon the field, 
 and night fell on the scene of slaughter. Two 
 Ihonsand dead, dying and wounded, friend and 
 foe lay around. 
 
 This great battle, by far the most rcniarkablo 
 of the war, was the last military achievement of 
 tieiieral Taylor. 
 
 General Kearney, an oHieer of marked aliility 
 and energy, was ordered liy tho J'resideiit to 
 raise a iiiimlH'r of men, not to exceed '^,(11111, 
 which, united with the regular army at Port 
 I.eaveiiworth, on tho .Missouri Uiver, were to bo 
 called the "Army of the West," and wero to 
 carry out a most important part of Ihe plan of 
 operations determined on by the government of 
 Iho Pnited ."^lates. His iiiHtrnctions were to 
 cross the prairies, and take posses.sum of New 
 Mexico. He was furllier coiiimi.ssioncd to pro- 
 ceed to Calirornia, after securing possession of 
 New Mexico. 
 
 The (iovernor of Missouri was cidled upon for 
 1,0U0 volunteers — one battalion to serve as light 
 artillery, and tlie rest as mounted riHemen. So 
 great was tho enthusiasm, that no difficulty was 
 oxperieiicod in raising volunteers, although each 
 man had to provide himself with a horso, and 
 every thing exeeut his arms. 
 
 After many delays, the '' Army of the West " 
 wore in pi'(i|ier trim, and started from port 
 Leavouwoitli, on the UUlh of June, IdlU, uud 
 
643 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ftrrivoil, on the 2ntli of July, nl Itmil'H Kort, n 
 (li'<tiiii('(> 1)1' filU tiilU'd. ll'To wiiH foiiiiil llio rc- 
 m liiiiliT o( llio lroii|w onli'ivil tii Juiii (ii'iK'ral 
 lu'.inii'y. IIIh wlmlo fiiroo tlirn rimiilnTiMl almut 
 ],7.")ii iiiin. Oil llio fllnl of .Inly, n pnicliiiiiutioii 
 WMK i^MiU'il li till' iiilialiitniitsof Nvw Mi'xico, iic 
 ciM'iliii^' Ik iiislnirliiiiiH, 
 
 On llio .'111 iif AiifjuMl, llio iiriiiy odiiiiiuMirod ll» 
 innvnni innvoiiioiilH, iiiiil in ton iIiivh, during 
 wliloli liiilli tlio iiion nnil Iioii«Ih nulloroil mioni 
 Inldlornlily, tlioy lioffiiii to iiwonil tho Hockv 
 Mdiitiliiiui. Si'uiitH woro fro(|iu'ntly on|itiiroii, 
 who Kiiiloil llmt Annijn, tlio (iovornor of Now 
 MoxiiMi, wiiiild (i|i|»iw llio |iroi;ro»Hi)f tlio Aiiior- 
 iciiiiK; iiii'l wliii, iiflor lioiii(; hIiiiwm llio "IronKtIi 
 of llio iiriiiy, woro soul liiick to .\riiiiJo. (lonoi'iil 
 Koiinioy iinivoil at llio I.owor Morn vlllnKO on 
 tlio iruli of Aiij:iist, ami adilron'-oil llio |ioo|ilo. 
 IIo ooinpolloil llio iiloaMos In hwoiii' iilli>;:iaiioo to 
 tlio Unitoil StaU'.!, iind t;roolod tlio |ioo|ilo n« 
 oilizons of I'liil oouiitiy. His iiddios.* pivo a 
 fri'oiil doal of Naii-faoiiiiii lo tlio iiilialiilanl". 
 
 On liis niMioli, tJonoral Koariioy onioiiiitirod 
 llio vill.ijro of Sail Mlfiuol, on tlio liilli of Aii(i"s', 
 w lioro lio iiiado aiiollior ii|ioooli, siiiiil.ir in loiio 
 
 10 llioono inado lit I.owor Moio villano. Sliorllv 
 afiorloaviiijtSan Mij;iiol,(ioiioral Koiinioy loainoil 
 tli;il (ii'iu'i'iil .Siila/.ar wai in ooiiiniaiiil of llio 
 IniopH ilosllnod to opiioso liirt | 'ro^rivsj. On tlio 
 day followiiifr, llic ton of Saliizar wa« iiiailo 
 lirisonor, wlio iiiforniod lliv> nonoral, llial llio 
 Aloxio.'in IroopM had all roliirnoil to llioir lioinot. 
 Tiio AmoriiaiiH arrivod at a oanon, on tho IHih 
 of Annual, winro, a day or two hoforo, a Moxi- 
 laii foroo, oonsistinit of .'l,iMlll inoii, had boon as- 
 piiiihlod ; iiiit had ttod on Ih" approaoh of 
 (ioiiorai Koarnoy. Tlio army niarohod into llio 
 plii/.a of .Santa I'o, wlioro tlioy v.oro roooivod hy 
 llio aotiii)! ^'ovornor and otiior dijriiitario.s Ar- 
 iiiijo liuviii({ niado his osoapo, Tho .\iiiorioin 
 llii).; was lioislod, and (ionoral Koarnoy addro-sod 
 tho poopio, as.snrili); llioni of full prolootion, and 
 taking iios''o.si4ion of tho oonntry in llio ' anio 
 of too UnlttiU i:$tatc.<<, |iruolaiinutl liiniDolf (iov- 
 ornor. 
 
 On tlio 2d of Soptonilior, (icorps lion', ;>ii,nvn 
 ns tho propriolor of HoiiI'h I'ort, was appointod 
 oivll (Iovornor of Now Moxioo, and (ionoral 
 Koami'y slariod on a rooonnoiasaiioo down llio 
 Uio (iiaiido, Willi Toil nioii. IIo was favorahly 
 roooivod ovory wlioro on tho ronio, and tho inosi 
 I'rlondly disposition was nianiloslod l>y iho In- 
 dians. A Iroaty of poaoo was ooiulndod liolwoon 
 the .\paolic Iriho, .so forniidahlo to Iho Moxic.ms, 
 nnd tho .\niorioans, in tlio latlor part of .Soptoni- 
 l)or. Arraiij{oiiiontj' woro also inado for iniprov- 
 in(t Iho oivil jjovornniont of llio coiiiitry, and a 
 oodo of hpvs was oslahlisliod, wliioli woro drawn 
 lip liy (.'olonot Doniphan and Willard 1*. Hall. 
 
 (ionoral Koarnoy, having hoiii iiiloiiiiod of 
 llio approaoh of llio Missouri roiriniont, iindor 
 Coloiioi I'rioo, loll .Saiit;i I'o willi JlUO nioii, lo 
 inaii'li aoross tho oounlry lo I'ppor Califoniia. 
 ISooii alter, ho was inlorinod of tho ooliipiosl of 
 California hy I'omniodoro Stooklon and Colonol 
 I'Vciiionl ; and this nows indiuvd him lo solid 
 liaok II |ioriion of his nion. IIo tlioii niarohod 
 Iho disiaiioo of 1,000 iiiilo", Ihroiifjh an unknown 
 loiiiilry, with only !oo ilnii;o.ins as an osoorl ; 
 tho romaindor of tlio " Army ol the Wost '' boiiij: 
 poslod at dilforont plaoo." in .Now Mosiio. 
 
 C'olonol Uoniphnn, with llio ohjoot of oponing 
 
 11 ooiuiiiuiiiofition Willi (ionoral Wool, al C'lii- 
 hurtliua, left Valverdo with jOO iiion, and aftor 
 n journoy of tliroo diivB, ihroiifili a dosorl oonn- 
 try, arrivod noa- Iho town of K.l I'aso. Soar 
 tliia (ilaco llioy cncanipod. Tlioy had all disporsod, 
 the roar-guard hoiiij,' six milos holiiiid, wlion 
 t'ley woro attaokod l>y n largo body of Mexioans, 
 ■with cavalry and artillery. IKniiphan'.s inou 
 hail not limo to snddlo llioir Iiorsos, but drew np 
 rapidly in front .>f llioir cnoainpinont, dolor 
 iniuod to tijiht lo tlio hit. Tho Moxioaiis soul a 
 black Hag, with skull and oross-bonos I'pon it, 
 Willi uu iutimaliuu tluil no (juartvr wuulU be 
 
 given. Tlioy tlioii opened flioir flro nnd ohnrftCMl 
 handwinioly, but were driven bnok; wdillo n 
 handful of Donlphan'H men ran np to llio Mex- 
 ican lino, and nociirod llioir ciinnon. This brnvo 
 and dos|ioral« not porploxoil tho Mexicans, who 
 now HPi.>iiicd for the tirst linio lo bo nwiiro of Iho 
 clinrnctcr of llie foes wllli wtioni they had to 
 deal; they woro soon routed, leaving about '20(i 
 in killed and wonndod on the licld, while the 
 loss of the AnicrioaiiH was seven wounded ond 
 none killed. This, the first battlo fought by 
 the " Army of the West," was called the battle 
 of Hracilo, fi-oni n bciid of tlio river near which 
 it was fought. 
 
 ('olonol Doniphan entorod Kl T'iiho on tlio 
 i'.HU of Doconihor, and met with no np|iosllioii. 
 
 110 dospalolied a mossengor, to hurry a compnny 
 ol' arlillory, which ho had some time before or- 
 lored from .Santa Vi; and dotcrminod to await 
 Is arrival, lioports woro constnntly being re- 
 
 roivod of anti' ipalod resistance at Carried — a 
 forlillod place <oiiio distance on Ibis side of Chi- 
 linahiia. At last ho found Ihat regular carriers 
 Woro sent to Ihat place, and ho was induced to 
 
 ispoct Orlis, the prict, of hoiiig Iho agent of! 
 llio corrospondonce. Ho accordingly deipnlobed 
 
 I scouting party to calidi him in the act; but' 
 owing lo the bad inaiiagemont of the oflicor in 
 
 liargo, who instead of waiting to soi/o the mos- 
 soiigi'r after ho hail started, and try to liinl de- 
 spalclies upon iiiin, only siirroiindod the bouse, 
 ainl arroslod Orlis, who was taken before Col-I 
 onol Doniphan and upbraided with troaohorv;! 
 ho (Orlis) roinarkod Unit ho did not consider tlio' 
 
 lolivoring one's country from a foreign power! 
 ireacbory; anil that ho was tho enemy of all I 
 Americans; and that be would nso his nimosi' 
 
 ndoavors to free his country from them, but lliat 
 ho would not atleinpt lo oxcito an insurrection; 
 all should bo fairly and openly done. Colonel 
 Doniphan told him, that wliil.i bo admired his 
 sentiments, ho would take caro that an opporlu- 
 nily was not given liim for cirrying them Into 
 oll'oct. A strict watch was kept over him, nnd 
 Doniphan roiiiarked, that as ho had soon bow 
 .Moxliiiiis could iglit upiui ground of their own 
 soloolioii — nioa li ig Itracito, whoro Orlis was — 
 he would take him along with him, in order lliiit 
 he might .see Iho Mexicans light upon ground of 
 his, Doniphan's, seloclim. This threat llio col- 
 
 nel carried into oti'ool, taking liim to Ciiibua- 
 liiia. 
 
 The artillery arrivod on tho 1st of Kebriiary, 
 1817, and ("olonol Doniphan's force was iiicroa>-oil 
 lo 1,000 inou; and on the lllli, ho set out for 
 t'liiliiialiua. After a niaicli id' If.") milos, bo ro- 
 ooivo 1 iiifonimlion that (ionoral Wool was not 
 at Chilinahua. This was very dislie irtening iii- 
 tjligoiice, for it WHS fully expoctod that tho two 
 forces would there bo coniliinod. Aftor some] 
 
 loliberalioii it was decided to go forward. Tlio| 
 
 iiareli from the place where the ooiiiicil of warj 
 was liobl. was one <if the most dillicidt and daii 
 goroiis of tho whole route. Tho most pnuniiieiit 
 sources of danger were tires upon tho priirios, I 
 and long journeys willioni water, comhinod with 
 the moiiiontary expectation of an allack. r 
 
 It was very oloar, on the 'J7lli of Kobriiary, 
 
 111 it a bailie would bo fought upon the day fol-j 
 lowing; Colonol Doniphan having roooivod in- 
 I'oriimlion that tlio eiioiiiy wore posted in the 
 neighliorhood of Iho Hacrainoiito, and that every 
 thing was prepared for a batllo. Tho following 
 is a seini-ollicial aocoiinl of the batllo: — 
 
 I " lltvii iji' M'.Tri'.K, ll:iil»ll..ii MUsiiiirl I.UIil .\rllll.rv, 
 •■I'.iiii. iii'iir ll.llmuliim, MiaI.,., M,i,rli ■!,!, In;.-' 
 
 "To Colonel A. W. D.niiphan, Coiuiimmling 
 Amoriean Korc.s in the Sinlo of Cliihnaliiia. 
 " ."^ir : — I have the honor lo report, that, agree- 
 ably to your instructions, I loll the c.inip near 
 .s'lHj, on the luorning of llio 2Slli idtinio, ac- 
 coiijianiod by my adjutant, l.ioiuonant L. D 
 Walker, and iioii-i'oniiniKsinUid stall', and pro 
 ceoilod in ailvanco to a imsilion ooiiim.inding .■ 
 full view of iliu bueuiy s oauip and iutroneh 
 
 montK, dltuntod abont four mile* diKtnnt fVnm 
 this imlnt. Tho enemy won diwovcred to l>o in 
 force, awaiting our approach, having occupied 
 tho ridgo and neiglibcring hclglu.s about Sacra- 
 inoulo. I'pon examination, It wan ascerlaincd 
 Ihat bis introneliinont.s and redoubts (M'ciipied 
 the brow of elevation cxlcnding across iho ridco 
 between tho Arrvi/o .Vcviand that ii( S'lirnmni'", 
 Uith of which, nt tliin point, croas the valley 
 from tlio elornted ridgo orinoiiiilaiiis in the rear 
 of tho valley of '/'iirrron, known by tho name of 
 the Sierrii tlx Vietorinun, that of Xomlire ilr. 
 Hind on the east, nnd Ihroimh whidi runs Iho 
 /{io ilfl Ntimhre ile /fim. This valley is about 
 four milos in width, and iiitronched by tho 
 onomy entirely ncros,s, from mountain to nionn- 
 tnin, the rond to Iho city of Chibuahua running 
 directly through Ito eonire— and of neco<siiy 
 pitssing near to, nnd cnn'siiig Iho /i'i» Sunn- 
 nirntii, nt Iho Itiinrhn Surrnmrntu, a strongly 
 milt nnd fortified hons<>, with adjoiring corra- 
 als, nnd nt other enclosures, belonging lo Angil 
 I'rias, the (Iovornor of Chilinahna. From ob- 
 servation it was ascertained that the enemy had 
 oceupiod tho silo between Iheso bill.s, and Ihat 
 the batteries upon them were supported by In- 
 fantry — his cavalry being in advnncod ]iosiliiiii», 
 formed into three columns, between the Arniyo 
 .SVro, and our ndvanco. During these obscrvn- 
 tions, tho enemy's advanced guard discovering 
 my parly, approached rnpi'lly, with the evident 
 intention of intercepting it ; but being mot by 
 that of our triHips, which I had sent forward, it 
 ns rapidly rcfroated. At this lime, also, the 
 Ibreo columns of tho enemy's cavalry rocrossi'd 
 the Arroyo .SVco, and retired behind their in- 
 Irenehmcnts. I then apiiroacbed wilhin (iOo 
 yards of tho most advnncod redoubt, from which 
 ]ioiut the oni'Miy's formation was plainly disccrn- 
 nblo. The Inlrenehmonts con-isiod of a lino, 
 with iiitorvnls, compos. d of circular roilonbl.s, 
 frmn IlOO to 600 yards iiitorvnl, with intronch- 
 ments between each, covering batleries partly 
 fiinsked by cavalry. Tlio redoubt noaiest to my 
 position, contained two pieces of oaiinon, sup- 
 |iorlcil by several biiiidrod inliintry. 
 
 "Tho enemy's right and loft woro strong po- 
 sitions — Iho Ctrro I'rijolf* on his right, and 
 linving lii'.'h precipitous sides, with a rodoiib*. 
 commanding the surrounding coiiiilry, and tin 
 pass loading towards Cliihiialina, through the 
 Arroyo Soco. The Corro .s.ioramonto on bis 
 left, consisting of a pile of iimnenso volcanic 
 rocks, siirmonnted by a battery, coiiimnnded the 
 main road to Cliihiinhua, loading directly in front 
 of the enemy's inti-enchrnonts; crossing the Uio 
 .Sacr.amonto at the raiielio, directly under i!s 
 fire, and also comnianding the road from Ter- 
 roon, immecliatoly in its ivar; the ero.s-ing of 
 the main roinl over tho Arroyo Seco, at the 
 point from which my roconnnissaiuv was made, 
 laid diroclly under tho fire of tho baltorio.s on 
 the enemy's rignt, which reinlored it iieoossjiry 
 to a.scortaiii the praotieubility of a route nioie 
 distant from the onomy 's introncbments. Tho 
 passage was found to be practicable, with soiiio 
 lilllo labor, and a point soleo;od as the best for 
 tho passage of tho artillery, and wagons, and 
 Merohaiils' trains. The wliole point ol the 
 .'iiomy's lino of introiu hiiients appealed lo bo 
 iboiit" two miles, and his force ;i,000 iiion. Tlio 
 artillery being masked, the niimhor nnd ealihie 
 of the cannon could not bo ascertained. 
 
 "Kurther, I have the honor to report, that tbo 
 ballidion of artillery under my command, com- 
 posed of 1 10 moll, and seven ollieors, willi a 
 battery of si.x pieces of arlillory, were, on tho 
 morning of the batllo, dirceteil to form, under 
 tho direction of Captain Weiglitman, between 
 tho two coliiMins of iiierehanls' and provision 
 wagons; being thus masked from the view ol 
 llio enemy. In Ibis coliinm my troops eoii- 
 liniieci the inareli lo wllliiii l,oOO yards of tliu 
 enemy's most advanced position; our direction 
 wai tlieii ehungud lo the right, an J tlio eolunin, 
 
UNITED STATK8. 
 
 M3 
 
 ir tiillcs ili'fnnt (Vnm 
 OH (liwovcri'd to \>o in 
 met], linviiiK onfiiplcil 
 
 lit'iKlii.i iilidiit Sacni- 
 11, It wm nsrortiiiniMl 
 III ri'ilmilit'i ocriipicil 
 nilinK ncni'i'" tlio riiIi:o 
 111 Ifiiit ii( Surrnmrti'", 
 iiint, oriiiw lli« vnllc.v 
 iniiiintnirifi in tim riar 
 Mown liy tlio tmimi nl' 
 , tlmt of Nomhrr, ilr, 
 iiimti wliirli riini lim 
 
 Tliii viilloy if iilioiit 
 1 iiitri'iulifil tiy till! 
 ti rMoiiiitnin to tiionii- 
 >rC'liilMiiiliiiii riiiiniiii; 
 ro— mill (if niTi'-wily 
 'oIliK tlio /till Sunn- 
 •rnniriitii, a Hlriintrlv 
 with iiiljoii'in); mrra- 
 », liolonL'iiiff to An(."l 
 liliiialiiiii. From ol>- 
 (1 tliat the ciicrriy liail 
 
 tlii'.vu liilli', ami that 
 vi'To Biipporti'il by in- 
 in advaiicril ponitiiiii", 
 , hi'twocn the Arrnyi 
 )iiriiif,' tlicNe otwcrva- 
 cil gnaril ilisroviTiiii; 
 illy, with the cvideni 
 t ; hut Ixinj; met hy 
 [ hail Hcnt forwaril, it 
 . this tiiiu', also, till! 
 ly's cavalry rirrosseil 
 ireil lichiml thoir in- 
 iiroaiht'il within (iOo 
 
 I riKloiiht, from wliirh 
 
 II was plainly discirn- 
 (•on-istoil of a liiii'. 
 
 of ciri'iilar ri'iloiihln, 
 ervnl, with intrench- 
 ■rinK hatteries partly 
 'odouht nairest to my 
 eces of uiinnoii, sujj- 
 inlaiitry. 
 
 left woro strong po- 
 !•» on his rifrht, iiimI 
 iiles, with a rcilonli*, 
 \\vi country, ami tin 
 liiiahua, tliriiii|;h the 
 1 Sacraiiientii on his 
 of iininenso voloanie 
 ttery, coniiiiaiiileil the 
 adili)? directly in front 
 nts; erossinj; the Uio 
 o, directly under i!s 
 r the road from Ter- 
 var; the en)S.-int; ol' 
 Arroyo Seen, at tlio 
 innivsanco was in'ide, 
 e of till) batteries on 
 remlered it liueessjiry 
 ility of a route more 
 intreni hments. The 
 raiticahle, willi some 
 lec:ed as the liest lor 
 ry, aiel wa^'ons, and 
 wiiole point ol the 
 leiits appeared to ho 
 iirce ;),OUU mon. Tlio 
 I Miiiuher and eulihre 
 
 ascertained, 
 nor to report, tliat the 
 r my coiuniaud, eoin- 
 even otiicers, with a 
 rtillery, wore, on tlio 
 reeled to form, under 
 Weijjhtnian, between 
 •liams' and provision 
 ed from the view of 
 limin niy troops con- 
 in 1,")UU yards of lliu 
 iisition ; our direction 
 iglit, auJ the culumu, 
 
 liaving crowod the Arroyo Scco withfnit rcocii 
 of tho enemy ■» fire, rapidly advanced towards 
 llio tahle-lnnd between the Hecoand Sneramento. 
 At this time the enemy was perceived n'lvanc- 
 Ing from his intreiichments, to prevent our wi/- 
 inu upon the heights, but by a rapid movement 
 of the battery, it was ipiirkly drawn from it" 
 mask, aihl seizin;; upon a favorable position, 
 protected in the rear by a mask from the attack 
 of ft larife IkmIv of the enemy's cavalry, ascer- 
 taired 'o \k liant;iiiK on our rear, it was fonncil, 
 and at oni e ii|K'ncd tire ii|M>n the enemy's cav- 
 alry, rapidly advancing upon iis. At this time 
 his charpiifi (olnnin was about iiOO yards dis- 
 tant, and the effect of our stray shot and shells 
 was such as to break hi; ranks and throw hi» 
 cavalry intti confusion. The enemy no v rapidly 
 deploycl into line, brintfiiiK »\t his artil'ery Irom 
 the intrenclinicnts. Itiiriiig this tii'ic our line 
 was prepdriuK for a charge — my artillery a<l- 
 varicinj- by hand, and (iriiiK. The enemy now 
 opened n heavy (ire of cannon U(ion onr line, 
 mainly directed upon the battery, with little 
 etl'ei't. Ijeiitenant I'orn had his horso shot 
 under hini by a nifiepoHiid ball, at this stn|{e of 
 the action, and several mules and oxen in Ihe 
 merchaiit wa^ions, in our rear, were wounded or 
 killed, which, however, was the only ilamnpe 
 dime. The lire of onr cannon at this time had 
 Mich t'ood etfecl, as to irnmount one of the 
 enemy's [dices, and completely to ilisjitrse his 
 cavalry, and drive him from his [s>-ilion, forcing 
 him to tifnm retire behind his inlrem hments. 
 For a short time the (irinjf on either side now 
 ceased, and the enemy appeared to lit remcvin)? 
 his cannon and wounded, wlol-t our line pre- 
 pared to elianue our jio-ition, and move towards 
 the rif,dif, for the pnrpo-e of occupyini; a more 
 advanta^'eous f;roniid. Onr object beiii); wmn 
 paii.ed, the ord. r to advance was given, and im- 
 mediately after I was direi led to wnd the sec- 
 tion of howitzers, to support a charpe upon the 
 enemy's left. 1 immediately ordered Captain II. 
 11. M'eighlnian to detach the section, eompos<d 
 of two twclve-pouml monntain howitzers, 
 niountcd upon carriages coristruct'd especially 
 lor ficld-prairie .'ervice, and drawn by two horn'' 
 end.. Thesf! Were commanded by' Lieutenant 
 K. F. Cliouieaii and II. I». Kvans, and maniied 
 by some twenty men, wh se condnct in this sc- 
 tiun Ci'innot be too much comiiiende I. 
 
 Captain Weightiiiiin charged at full gallop 
 upon the '.nemy's lel't, [ireceded by CaptJiin 
 lieiil and hi < company of horse, and after cro>.s- 
 irig a ravine loine VM ya-ds from the enemy, he 
 unlinibered the k'uns within 'M yards of the in- 
 trencliinent, and poured n de-lriictive tire of 
 canister into his ranks, which was wariidv re- 
 tiirned, but without etf.cl. Captain \Vei;;htnian 
 iit-ain ad'. allied upon the intreiKhinent. pa-.-ing 
 llirough it in the lace of the enemy, and within 
 a few leet of the ditche- ; and in liie mid.-t «t 
 croAs-fires Ironi three direction-, a^ain o(>tritd 
 his tire to tlie rifrht and left with Mieii elfecl. 
 that, with the f.irniidable i har^re of the eavair* 
 and dismounted men of M):ir own regi:iieu!, anil 
 LieHle.iant-colonel .Mitchell's e-.<ort, the eiietuv 
 were driven Irom the breastworks on our r\^\'a 
 in (.'real confusii.n. .\t ihi, time, under .i beavj 
 cross-lire troiii a b.uury of four M.\-poiiiider?, 
 uniier Lieutenant's liorn' Kiidnn. amlLibeaiiiiie, 
 iip.iii the enemy's right, supisTied by Jliy -r 
 Gilpin on the lei;, •ilid liie wa|,on-train escirted 
 by two companies of infantry under (. aptains 
 t. F. (ilasgow aiid ."-'killm.in. iii rear, .Major tii;- 
 jiin charged iii.on tlie enemy s centre and forced 
 liim trom his intrenihinenis, under a heavy lire 
 uf artillery au'l small amis. At the Mime time, 
 tl.c tire ol our own Uittery was opened ii|ion 
 the cnciney's extreme rigli:,'from wbieli a con- 
 tinued tire had been kepi up uism our own line 
 and the wii^'on-truin. Two ol the enem>'» guns 
 were tssiii ilisniuunied on their right, tl'i:.! bat- 
 tery sileDced, and the eiieiiij ilislojiged trom the 
 reooubi ou tho L\rru liijuUt. I'uveivuy 
 
 n liocly of lancprn forming, for the pi.rposc of 
 outflanking onr left, and attacking the n.erchnnl 
 train under Captain (ihisgow-, 1 again opened 
 uiwin them a very destrnctivc lire of (.Tai* and 
 :; V'Tical ca^e 'hot, which ww.ri i lenred the h'fl 
 of oiii '...ii\ liie enemy, vacaiiug his intrench- 
 ments and deserting his guns, was hotly jiursned 
 towards the mountains beyond C^rro Irijoles, 
 and down Arrnyn Sn-n ile Surravirulo^ by l/oth 
 wings of the nriny, under Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Milchell, Lieutenant-colonel .Jackson, and Major 
 (iilpin, and by Captain Weightman, with the 
 section of howitzers. Muring this pursuit, my 
 oflicers repeatedly o|>ened tlieir tire njion the 
 retreating enemy wi'li great efl'e<'t. To c/iver 
 this llight of the enemy's lories from the in- 
 Ireiiclud camp, the heaviest r>f hifl cannon had 
 lieen taken from his intrenchinents to the Crrm 
 SuTunifnlri^ and a heavy tire opened upon rmr 
 pursniuji forces and the wdgoiis ,. Ilowing in the 
 rear. To silence this battery, I had the honor 
 to anticijiate your order to that effect, by at once 
 occupying the nearest of the enemy's intrench 
 ments, IX-^i yards ilit-tant, and notwithstanding 
 
 Ithfc elevated position of the MexicJ.n battery 
 giving him a plunging tire into my intrench- 
 inents, which were not enlihided, and the greater 
 range of his long nine-[K>under.', the first tire of 
 our guns dismounted one of his large-t pieces, 
 and the tire was kept up with such triskn(*> 
 and ileci-ion of aim, that the battery was soon 
 silenced, and the enemy s<-<n prwipitately re- 
 treating. The lire was then continued u[>on the 
 Haiicho .''Bcramento, and the enemy's ammuni- 
 tion and wagon train, retreating u[«>n the road 
 to Chihuahua. Hy their fire, the hous«and seve- 
 
 . r.'d w agons were rendered untenable and ti^tlfss. 
 iJy this time, Llcut<!nant-colonel Mitchell ho'l 
 sialed the hill, followe<l by the section of how- 
 itzers, under Captain Wcightman, and the Ivst 
 
 ; position of the Mexican forces was t.akcn [k«,s<-«- 
 sion of hy our troo(»Ti ; thus leaving the Ameri- 
 can fore*:* masters of tho field. IL-iving siience<l 
 
 -the fire from Cerro Sac.-anicnto, one tialtery w,\s 
 removed into the phiin at the rsncho, wher<! we 
 
 igaineil the road, and were in prirsnit of the 
 enemy, when I received yonr order to return 
 and encamp within the eticmy's ir.frenchments 
 
 :for the night. Fr>m the time of lir<t opening 
 
 imy tire Uj«>n the .MexicAii civalry. to the c<-#a- 
 
 jti'iii of the tiring u[«.n the ranctio and battery 
 of SiM-rainento. w.is a!p,ri! three Imurs; and 
 during the whole time of the attion, I take the 
 
 i utmost pleasure in stating, that every otlicer 
 
 land rnan of my command, did hi» duly with 
 clieerfahiest', coolnes^s and pre^isinn, which is 
 sutlicicntly shown Ijv the adndrable etTett pr.>- 
 iliiced by their tire, the great accuracy of their 
 aim, their exjicditiMD and ingcnii:y in supplying 
 deticienciiss in the Meid dnnng tlw action, and 
 
 jthe prompt mamigenK-nt of their pieces — ren- 
 
 jdereil stiil wore rein.'irkabie, from the tact, that 
 I ha.l, during the tight, less tiian t%vii-;hirds the 
 
 inaint«.T of c;innoneers generally re-,uired for the 
 !^rvic«,- of light artiiKry, and but tour of tiie 
 
 j twelve artillery carriages ls;li)ng;r.g to my bit- 
 tery harness.d wiUi hors<-*», the rumaining eigiit 
 Ciirriages being harnex-td to mules of the coiin- 
 
 ;try. l»uring tne day iii_\ statf were of the gre.it- 
 e^l fertile ; Adjutant l.co i). Walker bavin.' 
 
 ,l)een pent with llie leiwii/crs, and the non-com- 
 
 j iiiUsiuned othivrs reiiiaiiiing «ith ine, to a»j>isl 
 
 ;in the MTviee of the liatttry. In tlii.4 action, 
 the Iroo|>3 under your command have capture-; 
 
 'one nine-]«iunder, one .six-i«)iindvr, and siven 
 four-ijouuiicr gu'i.s. ull niountt d ou new st-K-k- 
 trail carriages, liiCHS pieces Werem3nuf,icti<red 
 in Chihuahua, cxi-epl tlie six-|>tiunder, which Ls 
 an oil! Spanisli piece. 'Ihreo of the lour-imund- 
 crs Wire made at ttie mint ia <. hihiwhua. Seven 
 of tile teU pieies were spikeil, but hjie beeU un- 
 spiked since their capture; lour of tliesu were 
 reiiilercd uii.««;rvKfcai.le in the action : one en- 
 tirely dismountcil, was r^i^^d iy my adjulivu;, 
 Wiiibl iu tlie ut;l vf U.'Oi^ urd^t:<l U<j>.i :ii%i Lsu,i 
 
 by tho retreating cneiry. Tlicre wcrcnl-o tdkfTi 
 two piece* of artillerv, mounting t! rce Wi>M- 
 pieces of one and a h,!'-'nch calilire eai h, and 
 these are formidable weajions upon a ch.irginjf 
 force. With these twelve jacces of arlill- ry wm 
 t.ikin a due propor>i'>n of aminnnilion, imple- 
 ments, harncw, mole!i, ctf. ; and they m.iy \>« 
 rendered s<;rvireable r>y Ix.ing proi>er!y repalrcfl 
 and manned ; for which pnrp(»s<! I would ask 
 for further reinforceme;'' of my command. It 
 is with feelings of gr-rlltudc to the Kuler of all 
 battles, that I have now the honor to report, 
 that not a man of my coinmaMi has t«;*n hurt, 
 nor any animals, with ihe exception of ono 
 horso killed under Lie,;«*nanf Itom, chief of tho 
 first wction of six-pound gu^s, and of one mnle, 
 Ulonging to the t'nite*! ^tate», shot under ono 
 ol the cannoncerB ; neither ht.s a p^in or other 
 .•arriage of my battery neon toiiehe'l, except in 
 one instance, when ft nint-iiO'ind ball stmck the 
 tire of ft wheel, without prisiucing any injury. 
 This is a fact worthy of notir ■, that s.i li!;lt 
 damage was done to a cotnm ind grwtly ir'-^yd 
 to the enemy's fire, and of it.stlf made a judnl 
 of attack by the enemy, if I may s<< judge by 
 the •bowers of cannon and other «hot constantly 
 [(oured into us. as lon^' as the enemy continual 
 to ix-cupy his |)«rsiii'.fi. J might call your atten- 
 tion to tho individual instanctTS of [>ersonaI 
 courage and goixl cndnct of the men of niy 
 command, as well as of tl,c intrepid bravery, 
 cool and detenninfl conrngo of lu'-ny of jour 
 own regiment, and Lieutt;mnt-co)oricr.Miteheir» 
 es<ort. who charged wi'h ut H(>on the enemy'* 
 works, were it not irr.(Kj*(ible, in any reas<>na!.|o 
 ■space, to name mi many »<jaally worthy of di.*- 
 itinclion; and did I • .t presume that other li. Id 
 ^ollicers on th.V. iKcasioii, would report the pr<»- 
 ceedings of their own iouim,.ud.s and the pr;i;se- 
 worthy conduct of their o*ij iil!iit,-s and men. 
 I " Wiih high .-cis(itet, t am, sir, 
 
 "Vd'.f 'I, o»t ol>ei;ient servant, 
 .' "SI. I.twia Clauk, 
 
 The day foiiowin^' t!:e battle was devoted to 
 the mending of the ti»tiere»i clothes of the army, 
 previous to a triiimpbai march into Chihiiahna. 
 Ila^in^ Uecn diMpj^.;-!!*.! again in findinjt (ien- 
 jeral W«ol, an expre« w.v s«nl to general 'i.>)- 
 ,lor, re"|nesting to be intormed wheti.er xUrf 
 ihould return home, or join hiin; an answer was 
 refeivtsi, stating that ttey shouiu join hiin by 
 way of I'arra* and f'.Jtiiio. They atcoruingly 
 startwl for .Saltiilo oil im ^Sth ol Ap.'il; tra-.vl- 
 ' ling a distance of 'jiA' nuics in fony-tive iiajs, 
 arrningat .""altiiio on ti^ 22d of Mjv. Hero 
 ^they hail many (it;ers i.- ule them to enlist again, 
 ■but home Wiis preferable, aiid they returottl t<> 
 Uhe United .'"tate*, md vre recei.tiJ wit.i every 
 lmaniIe«lation of jo_. :ind plta.«;ire. 
 
 In the iiiei-'ntinie, iiiij".r*iiit e\en!.s were tak- 
 ing idace in Calilorm*. iJeioro the w.'»r begiii, 
 111 iBl'i, the territory of L',<|>,.'r CLilitomia lorioeii 
 liie noril:-we,stern lOffon ui tne Ucpubhe of 
 ^Mi/XKo. It was cl.it tly inh.^iiiei by loi.ia.'is, 
 and i>or;iiins of the co.:i>iry, i;i the yail^-y ol 
 >an J'frt-. luid the vi- ility ol Un An^'cks, were 
 very leriile. (.Jencrai ."^lu-t, e.'iniiiauder of Ili8 
 ' -><piadroii on the I'aci.ic cvah."!, hjviog r««.-i»e«l 
 inlorm.'.tion of the vtStt ii|>on tne i>io (>r;kitde, 
 ornted ul Montvre;,, an.' huiste.i Ifie AiutricdU 
 .tlitgo\er that t.iwn, auiidsi liie ciK«r* ol l(i« 
 ..VinencEUu, and a .soliite '><>>u iiiC ioi|<s in li.o 
 h.irbur. Ije tttso i.-«!i.vd a pr'KlaiitaiKrfi to ttio 
 jv-ipic of California, l"..: Americiui IL^; wa* 
 iiUo iLilatc-d at !?au Fraiu Uc»>, by i(onti.'oa»«.ry, 
 commander of the -luoiitji-war l'ort«mo:;tii. 
 
 C'uptaiu i'nmont, «>tli 17U m«a, Brr;Tc>i in 
 Caiilornia by an ovv:laad route, ana to>jk [lu*^- 
 pioii of boiiuuia, one of l!.« iui<ft i:u^'-r.»til 
 \K.tii» in tiio tcr.-i:ory, wiicn: i.e it;:t a >iua.. »,.•.*■ 
 ris^u, and utarciied lor ajiJ t-wk j<«-:?es.Ma i-f 
 ^aa Juan, about o'i wi'.es c*.-t •'< ^^.r.:< .,. 
 
 luiiuotituiv.y i.tivr r_^ij^ i..w ^-„' i.f tiw 
 
1^ 
 
 hwi 
 
 S44 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 Pii 
 
 United States, tlio fortification of Montei\\v took 
 jiliiee, and Commodore Sloiit sailed for the United 
 !^tatcs, leaving Commodore Stockton in com- 
 mand of tlic Pacific scjuadron. Sliorlly after 
 tlii^ tlio Cyane, Commandant Dnpont, with 
 Captain Fremont and volnnteers on board, sailed 
 for San Diefto, and tlui frijiato Conprcss, Com- 
 modore Stoektou, sailed for San Pedro, the port 
 of Los Angeles, the capital of California. The 
 frigate Savannah remained at Monterey, and 
 the sloop-of-war Portsmouth, at San Francisco. 
 Tims all the ports of the territory wore scoured. 
 
 Conmiodore Stwkton proclaimed California 
 in full posDCssioa of the United States on the 
 ITtli of August, and shortly after, joined the 
 sipi'.drou at San Francisco. Scarcely had he 
 arrived, when infornnition was received that all 
 the country below Monterey was in arms ; he 
 immediately returned, and gained a victory of 
 the Callfornians at the Itanche Sepulinda. On 
 the 23d of September, Pueblo do h)3 Angt'les, 
 which had been left in comniand of Captain 
 (.iillespie with 30 men, was invested with an 
 army of C.ilifornians under Manuel Gaspar, who 
 fiirced Gillespie to surrender the place, and retire 
 to S.in Pedro, where ho embarked for Monterey. 
 
 Caspar then led 200 of his men against Santa 
 liarbara (which place had been loft in com- 
 niand of Lieutenant Tidbot with only nine men), 
 wliere ho was held in check by Talbot for ten 
 days. Talbot and his men then retired to the 
 mountains, and were summoned to surrender; 
 but on his refusal, a detachment of forty men 
 WiW) sent against him, who promised, if liewou'.d 
 preserve nculralily during the war, t*) permit 
 liij\i to retire. This not proving elTeetual, the 
 grass was fired, and ho was burned out, retreat- 
 inj; to Monterey on foot a distance of 500 miles. 
 
 Some two days after the arrival of Lieutenant 
 Talbot at Monterey, a party of 27 Americans, 
 under Captains Burrows and Thompson, were 
 attacked by 80 Californiuus, and Captain Bur- 
 rows and throe Americans sluin. Three of the 
 enemy were also killed, but the Americans were 
 kept shut up in St. John's, until the arrival of 
 Major Fn'iiumt. Tho whole party then left St. 
 John's, and arrived at San Fernando on iho lltli 
 of January. 
 
 W hile tliesc affairs were in progress in Cali- 
 fornia, (ieuend Kearney was on his march 
 lliillar from Santa Fe. lie met Carson on the 
 Ctii of October, wlio, with fifteen men, was on 
 his way to Washington, with an account of the 
 coinpiest of that country by Fri'uiont and Stock- 
 ton. General ivc irney persuaded him to act as 
 his guide towards the Pacific, and allow some 
 other person to take his ile^patches. On tlie 
 loth of tVtober, tliey left the i;;,. Cliauuv;, and 
 commeuced their inarch with 100 men, well 
 niuipped, towards the Pacific coast. 
 
 iliey Were met on the 5tli of December, by a 
 (.mall body of volunteers under Captiiin Gil- 
 ies|iie, who gave tlietu information concerning 
 the state of the coiiiury. lie stated that an 
 iirtuod party of Calit'ornians, with an extra num- 
 ber of lior?es, were encimped at S.iii Pasipial, 
 liiieo loigues ili>lant. General Kearney de- 
 lenuiiieil to nuu-eh upon iheiu, in the (loul)le 
 hope of a victory, and obtaining a ren.ouut fiu- 
 liis poiu- sohliers, whose animals had been com- 
 jiletely worn nut during their march from Santa 
 Fe, a disiauee of l,u6o miles. They encount- 
 ered the enemy at daybreak, on tlio titli De- 
 cember, and Captain Jidiuson, who led tho ad- 
 vanced guard, maile a furiius onshiught upou 
 thein, but fill alurnst at tho beginning of the 
 action. The enemy were forced to retreat. 
 Captain Moore pursued them, but tho mules on 
 which Iho draijooiis were mounted, could not 
 keep up with Ins horses, and the enemy seeing 
 this, renewed tho fight. Their superior num- 
 bers nearly proved fatal to the liltio bund; but 
 the dragoons coming up soon after, they lied 
 from the field, carrying otf most of their dead 
 Willi them. Captain Johnson, C.ipluin .Moore, 
 
 Lieutenant Hammond, two sergeants, two corpo- 
 rals, eleven ])rivates, asd a man attached to the 
 topographical department were slain. General 
 Kearney was wounded in two i)lace9. Captain 
 Gillespie had three wounds. Lieutenant Warner, 
 of the topog"aphi<'al engineers, three, and Cap- 
 tain Gibson aad eleven others were also wounded, 
 most of them having from two to ten wonnds 
 from lances. The crippled state of the soldiers 
 caused a holt until the 12th of December, when 
 tlio march wo-s resumed, and on the 12th the 
 army reached San Diego. 
 
 On the arrival of General Kearney, he and 
 Commodore Stockton laid a plan for putting an 
 end to the war. 
 
 The little army, consisting of about 500 men, 
 started from San Diego on the 2'.)th of Decem- 
 ber, to march to Los Angeles. They had only 
 proceeded 100 miles, as lur as tho IJio San Ga- 
 briel, when they met the enemy, who with 600 
 mounted men, and four pieces of artillery, 'vero 
 prepared to dispute tho passage of tho river. 
 
 On tho 8th of January, 1847, tho Amerioans 
 waded through the river, under a most gidling 
 lire, reserving their fire, uaiii they reached the 
 opposite bank. Here they succeeded in com- 
 pletely routing tho enemy, ond encamped there 
 over night, and resumed their march, earlj- next 
 morning. On tho jilains of the Mesa, another 
 attempt was made by the enemy to save their 
 capitjil. They concealed themselves in a ravine, 
 us the Americans approached, when they 
 opened a brisk fire with their liehl pieces, and at 
 the same time charged upon them both in the 
 front and rear. They fell back, however, as the 
 Americans udvanco<l, and finally retreated, after 
 another charge on the left Uaiik. The Ameri- 
 cans entered the city of Los Angeles on the 10th 
 without opposition. 
 
 Two or three days previously to tho battle of 
 the 8lh of Junuiu'y, propositions were iiuide by 
 Joso -Maria Flores, tho commander of tho Cali- 
 foruiaiis, for peace. But Captain Stockton replied 
 that he would receive no overtures from a man 
 who had broken his parolo ; that ho was a rebel 
 in arms, and if taken he wouhl be shot. 
 
 After losing tho baltlea of the 8th & Uth, they 
 met Colonel Fremont on his way to Ciudad de 
 lus Angeles. Flores had fied, leaving the com- 
 inand to Dim Andres Pico, who [jropo'd sur- 
 rendering his force to Coh)nel Fremont, who, 
 l)eing unaware of what had occurred previously 
 agreed to accept. The articles of capitulation 
 Were signed on the 13th of January. The terms 
 did not treat the Callfornians either as rebels, or 
 OS citizens of tho United States, nor e.taet oaths 
 of allegiance until a definite treaty of peace 
 shouhl be concluded between the two Powers 
 Commodore Stockton approved of this .igreement 
 though he regretted that the ojiportunity wiui 
 lost for punishing the ollicers for breaking their 
 parole. 
 
 Colonel I'rcmont joined tho forces of Kearney 
 and Stockton, at Los Angeles, on the 15th. It 
 was here that tho dispnto arose betweeti Kearney 
 and Stockton, as to their relative prerogatives, 
 which eventually lost to the eouiilry, the valu- 
 able services of lUie of her most brilliant und 
 talented ofiicers. 
 
 Comnuidore Stockton had been greatly pleased 
 with the conduct of Colonel Fr. mont, and was 
 deei>ly imprcfsod with his ability an<l /.eal; nuil 
 in return for bis services, before leaving tin 
 coast, appointed him Governor of Calllornla. 
 
 Commoihire Shubrick arrived at .Molilerey 
 and assumed cmnmand of the naval forces on 
 that Blalion, in January, 1S47. General Ivear 
 ney was joined by Lieutenant Colonel Cooke, al 
 San Diego, with a battalion of .Moriuons, who 
 were posted at San l.nis l£ey, to prevent the 
 reiulorceineuls IVo'u entering Caliloiuia from 
 S.iii.ira. General Ivearney sailed to .Monterey. 
 Captain Tompkins arrived with his company ol 
 I'nileil Slates artillery, and was statinned at 
 .Moulerey, and on the Ulh of March, Colonel 
 
 Stephenson, with 250 of the Now York Califor- 
 nia volunteers, arrived at San Francisco. The 
 rem.iuder of Ids regiment arrived soon after. 
 He was ordered, soon afterwards, to occupy 
 Monterey, with four companies, and Lieutenant 
 Colonel Burton, with three companies, occupied 
 Santa Barbara. The einigrnnis who had fiirmod 
 tho California Battalion, were discharged, and 
 began to estal)Ii^h themselves. New settlements 
 were formed in all directions. General Kearney's 
 last act was to order Lieutenant Colonel Burton 
 to sail to La Paz in I.flwor California, and occn 
 py that country. This was accomplished with 
 out much difficulty. 
 
 A brilliant victory was gained by Licntenant 
 Colonel Burton at La Paz, over 300 of tho ene- 
 my, killing and wounding 50 of their number, 
 witli the loss of only three men. Some 50 
 Americans, under Lieutenant lleywood, wero 
 besieged at San Jos^', tho most southern port of 
 California, for 30 days, by nearly -100 of tho 
 enemy, yet despite of all the horrors of famino 
 and thirst, they maintained their post until they 
 wero released by the United States ship Cyane, 
 the crow of which put the enemy to flight. A 
 series of minor fights and skirmishes took place 
 on tho Pacific coast of Mexico, in which tho 
 enemy wore generally worsted. 
 
 In Februarj', 1847, (louerul Kearney received 
 instructions from tho war department, to assunio 
 the government of California, and issued, on the 
 1st of March, 1847, a procbiinatiou to that etl'ect. 
 When Colonel Fremont was apprised of this ac- 
 tion, he decliue<l to obey his military orders, and 
 continued to act as "governor and commander- 
 in-chief of California," under autlu.rity from 
 Commodore Stockton, alleging that uthor- 
 
 ity conferred on General Keari.ey • ^como 
 
 obsolete by events, of which the govt. . t had 
 taken no note. The principal of these was tlie 
 conquest of California, which ho stated had been 
 accomplished by Commodore Stockton and him- 
 self, before the arrival of General Keimiey. 
 
 At tho end of May, General Kearney left fi)r 
 home, having appointed Colonel Mason governor 
 of California, llo was accompanied by Colonel 
 Fremont a.id his original engineering parly. 
 When they reached Fort Leavenworth, formal 
 charges of mutiny, and dis*)bcdieiu'e of the 
 commands of his superior ofiiccr, to the preju- 
 dice of good order and nnlitary discipline, were 
 preferred by General Kearney ag.ainst Colonel 
 Fremont, who desired a sjieedy trial. He was 
 subseiiuently tried in Washington, before a court 
 martial, and found guilty of all the charges; but 
 recommended to executive clemency. Although 
 the President approved of tlje sciitence of Iho 
 court, which wa.s "dismissal from service,'' he 
 was of opinion that the charge of mutiny was 
 not sustained. The sentence was remitted, and 
 Iremont relea.sed from arrest, and ordered to 
 report for duty. Ho was ordered to join the rifle 
 regiment, hi which he hehl a cominission, as 
 lieutenatit-cohuiel in Mexico ; but he was not cou- 
 S( ioMs of meriting the sentence of the court, and 
 he woula not seem to admit its justiie, by ae- 
 I'cpting executive clemency. He therefore re- 
 si;5i'cd his coinniission. 
 
 An insurrection broke out in tho northern 
 part of New .Mexico, soon alter Cidonel Diuii- 
 I'han lelt for I'hihualiMa. The object of thOfO 
 engaged in it appeared to be to minder all Iho 
 American residents, and as many of iho Mex- 
 icans as had taken oltice under the govern- 
 meiit established by General Kearney. The insr.r- 
 reetiou was formed by a number of prominent 
 Mexicans, headed by Thomas (Irtiz, and Diego 
 .\rchalcla. The failure of their plan is attribu- 
 ted to the postponement of their scheme, from 
 tho time first agreed upon. The leaders fled, 
 tlion(;li their doctrines were rife among the peo- 
 ple, and gave great anxiety to the outhorities. 
 Governor IJeiit is'Ued a proc'amatiou on theSlh 
 of .lannary, wliicli appealed to have tlie d^^sir<d 
 uU'eul, for llio governor, confiding in the ai>puf- 
 
Now York Colifor- 
 an Francisco. The 
 
 lirrivcd soon nfter. 
 ■nvnrds, to occupy 
 lii-.-', and Mciitenniit 
 I'liinpnnics, occiiiiicd 
 Ills ivlioliad I'oriiKHl 
 ero discliarged, ami 
 New cettlomoiita 
 General Kearnev's 
 innt Cdloncl Burton 
 ^ilifornia, and ocon 
 accompILMbed with 
 
 incd by Licntsnnnt 
 ■or 3(iO of tho oiii»- 
 i> of their number, 
 •0 men. Some 50 
 It Hey wood, woro 
 >st soutlierii port of 
 nearly 400 of tlio 
 I horrors of funiino 
 heir post until tlicv 
 States ship thymic, 
 "oiiiy to llipht. A 
 riiiislie^ took place 
 ico, in which tlio 
 d. 
 
 Kearney received 
 >artment, to assuiiio 
 
 and issued, on tlio 
 lation to that etlect. 
 ipprised of this iic- 
 iiilitaryorder.-saud 
 r and conimaiidcr- 
 er authcrity fr<,m 
 g tliat Mtlior- 
 
 iriiey I ^coino 
 
 lepovf. . I had 
 
 1 of tllCSO WHS the 
 
 ho stated had been 
 Stocliton and him- 
 3ral KeaiTioy. 
 il Kearney "left for 
 lel Miwoii ({overuor 
 panied by Colonel 
 engineering party, 
 ivenworth, formal 
 lohedieiice of tlie 
 ieer, to the prejn- 
 ry discipline, wero 
 ' against Colonel 
 ily tr'nl. He was 
 ton, before a court 
 1 tho charges; but 
 uency. Althougli 
 sentence of tho 
 from service,"' he 
 of mutiny was 
 *va» remitted, and 
 t, and ordered to 
 ed to join tlierillo 
 n C(imiiiissi(m, as 
 111 he w as not coii- 
 of tlic court, and 
 its justice, by ac- 
 ilo tlivretiiro re- 
 in the northern 
 ■r Colonel Doni. 
 ' olyeet of thoso 
 ) murder all tho 
 >"iy of the Mox. 
 ier the goveni- 
 iruey. Tlie insur- 
 er of prominent 
 l»rtiz, and Diego 
 plan is uttrilm- 
 ■ir scheiiic, from 
 he leaders lied, 
 among the peo- 
 the authorities 
 ation on iheOih 
 luve tlio divircii 
 H iu tlio appuf- 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 S4S 
 
 ent tranquillity, went to Taos unattoudeJ on pri- 
 vate business. 
 
 On tho 19th of January, a party of Pueblo 
 Indians appeared in the village, and detnanded 
 the release of two of their comrades, who were 
 conlincd in prison for crime. Stephen L. Lee, 
 the sheritr, would have complied with their re 
 quest, had not Vigil, tho Mexican prefect, for- 
 bidden it. The Indians then murdered both Vigil 
 and Lee, and themselves released the prisoners. 
 They were now joined by a party of Mexicans, 
 oud marched to the house of (Jovernor Bont, 
 who attempted to escape, but was shot, scalped, 
 and his body nailed to a board, and paraded 
 tlirough the streets. Mr. Leal, tho district uttor 
 ney, they treated in a more brutal manner, 
 nciilplng hiin alive, and shooting arrows into his 
 body a little way at it time. Messengers wore 
 thcii dispatched ull over the country, proclaim 
 ing that a blow had been struck, and inviting 
 tlic aid of the people in prosecuting the revolt, 
 Several Americans were murdered on the same 
 day, at the Arroyo Hondo, and two others on 
 the liio Colorado, 
 
 On tho 20th of January, Colonel Price heard 
 (\( these events, and that tho insurgents had 
 raised an army of 1,500 men, and were advanc- 
 ing to tight him. He met them on the 24th, 
 aud defeated them, they flying in all directions, 
 leaving 30 dead on the Held. On tho 20th he 
 WHS informed that some 60 or 80 of thom were 
 posted on tho gorge leading to Embndo, and 
 dispatched Captain Burgwin with 180 men to 
 tight them. 
 
 He found them 600 strong, and posted on the 
 precipitous sides of the mountains. Neverthe- 
 less he drove them from their position, with the 
 loss of 20 killed and 60 wounded on their part, 
 wliile he IiikI only one man killed and one 
 wounded. Ho then marched to Trampas, where 
 he was joined by Colonel Price, and the whole 
 army inarclied over the Taos Mountains, break- 
 ing a road through tho snow for their artillery, 
 It was ascertained that the enemy had fortified 
 I'ueblo do Taos, a place remarkable for its 
 strength, Iwing surrounded by adobe walls an- 
 strong pickets, every i)art of which was flanked 
 by some projecting building. 
 
 Colonel Price opened his batteries on tho town 
 on the 3d of February, but retired shortly after 
 to await the concentration of his forces. On the 
 4lli tho fire was again oi)oned, but it being found 
 inipos-sible to make a breach in the walls with 
 tlie howitzers, it was determined to storm tho 
 church, situated in the north-western angle of 
 the town. Tho attack was led by Cuptjiin 
 Hurgwin, who established his party \inder the 
 western walls of the church, and attempted to 
 ettoct an entrance with aie.s, while the roof was 
 tired, with the help of n temjiorary ladder. 
 Captain Burgwin was fatally wounded, while 
 endeavoring to force tho door, and died ou the 
 7th of February. 
 
 It was found to be impossible to force tho door, 
 and they retreated behind the wall ; while they 
 li;id been thus engaged small holes had been cut 
 ill the wiUI, and shells were thrown in by hand 
 doing great execution. A breach was at last ef- 
 Iccted hy Lieutenant Wilson, who procured a 
 si.y Douuiler :nd tired ten rounds of grape 
 within Ou yards of tho wall. Tho gun was 
 then brought to bear within ten yards' distance, 
 and throe more rounds of grape, and a shell 
 were tired. 
 
 The capture of tho town was speedily etTocted, 
 numbers of the enemy endeavoring to "escape to- 
 wards the mountains ; but were intercepted bv 
 I'aptaiiis Slack and St. Vrain, who killed 61 o"f 
 them. In order to obtain terms, they gave up 
 to us the Indians who had been concerned iu 
 the murder of (toveriior Brent, oml much pro- 
 jieriy belonging to the Americans whom they 
 had murdered. 
 
 On the luih of January the jwople of f'lc town 
 of Muro. ou the side of the wouutuius, hid risen 
 'M 
 
 and murdered eight Americans residing there. 
 Captain Henley being in tho vicinity, attempted 
 to take the town, but was repulsed, and lost his 
 life. Captain Morin reinforced tho as!<4iilant.s, 
 and took and burned the town. The Indians 
 sued for peace, and gave up those who had ox- 
 cited them to rebellion. Many of those who had 
 borne an active part, were tried and convicted, 
 and promptly executed. Colonel Price was pro- 
 moted to the rank of brigadier-general for his 
 zeal and bravery. 
 
 Hostilities were kept up for some time by the 
 Camanche, Arapaho, and Kiawa tribes oflndiaas 
 with others inhabiting the country from Mis- 
 souri to Santa F4 and California. Colonel Gil- 
 pin, with a battalion of troops, was ordered to 
 tho scene of these operations, and by bis skill 
 and bravery succeeded in restoring quiet, and 
 now tho Santa F6 trader and the government 
 trains pass unmolested. 
 
 When the movements of the Mexicans against 
 General Taylor on tho Rio Grande rendered war 
 l)etwcen the United States and Mexico inevita- 
 ble. General Scott submitted a plan of opera- 
 tions to government, having for its basis a vigor- 
 ous prosocntion of hostilities. This was rejected 
 by the war department. Tho general then re- 
 quested permission to join Taylor with large 
 reinforcements, and be ready for an advance on 
 tho enemy's capital at a moment's warning. 
 This was also disapproved, and Scott was obliged 
 to remain jnactive at Washington, until Novem- 
 ber, 1840, when he received authority from 
 Secretary Marcy to organize a force independent 
 of that under General Taylor, and proceed with 
 it to the Gulf coast. In obedience to this order, 
 he reached Rio Grondo on tho 1st of January, 
 and immediately commenced preparations for 
 the siege of Vera Cruz. On the 9th, the troops, 
 numbering cloven thousand, were landed on the 
 wide beach near tho city. "A more stirring 
 spectacle,'' says an eye-witness, " has probably 
 never been witnessed in America, In tho first 
 lino there were no less than seventy heavy surf- 
 boats, conti\ining nearly four thousand regulars, 
 all of whom exjiected to meet the enemy before 
 they reached the shore. Yet every man was 
 anxious to be first, and plunged into the water 
 waist-deep. When they reached the shore, the 
 stars and stripes wore instantly floating, a rush 
 was m".do for tho sand-hills, the troops pressing 
 onward amid loud shouts. Three long and loud 
 cheers rose from their comrades still on board, 
 awaiting to bo disembarked, and meanwhile the 
 tops and every portion of the foreign vessels wore 
 crowded with siwctators of the scene. 
 
 On tho 22d, after summoning tho city to sur- 
 render, General Scott opened liis batteries, and 
 tho bombardment was commenced in regular 
 form. The details pre-sent scenes of tho most 
 thrilling interest of individual heroism and in- 
 tense suflTering. Tho enemy were superior iu 
 number to their assailant.s and both city and 
 castle were bri.stling with infantry. Yet while 
 bombs and balls were falling around them as thick 
 as a summer shower, tho Americans labored at 
 their trenches, erected batteries, and completed 
 their investment. All night, while the terrible 
 drama went on, fiery streams, carrying winged 
 messengers of death, traversed the air, shattering 
 the flinty rocks like chatt', or crushing through 
 walls and houses into tho streets of Vera Cruz. 
 Houses and battlements shook with the explo- 
 sions, while tho heaving (itdf tossed and lashed 
 ns though participating in tho fearful uproar. 
 Sweeping up and down, between the fires of both 
 armies, the tall form of General Scott thrilled 
 each soldier as it had done a former army, near 
 tho roar of Niagara: while here and thero the 
 .Vmerican officers stood upon tlieir guns, and 
 watched the flatning tires, as they drove into the 
 city. Rows of bu'ldings were heard crashing iu 
 tho streets, while wailings of de:itli from thou- 
 sands of voim!8 told of tho fearful consequcnccd. 
 
 Then the stem old castle would vomit forth its 
 discharges, the balls plunging nnd hissing in the 
 water, or rattling like fallen meteors along the 
 shore. 
 
 Such was tho scene during the night of the 
 22d. On tho following day, one of those ter- 
 rific storms, denominated northers, set in, and a 
 suspension of hostilities became necessary. The 
 ocean dashed and roared along the shore, so as to 
 render any communication with tho fleet impos- 
 sible ; while showers of sand filled the trenches 
 of the Americans as soon as opened, blind 
 ing the laborers, and scattering their materi- 
 als. This subsided during tho night, and on tlie 
 following day the bombardment recommenced 
 with increased spirit, — several new batteries hav- 
 ing been opened iu tho morning. The heaviest 
 walls crumbled before the iron bolts that were 
 hurled against them, while scores of men, wo- 
 men, and little children were cngidfed under 
 their ruins. Tho terrified, shrieking masses flew 
 from station to station, os-ono after another bo- 
 came untenable, until at length no ])lace was 
 secure. Heavy bombs, loaded with powder and 
 small shot, fell and exploded among dense groups, 
 crushing nnd mangling hundreds. 
 
 At length tho citizens crowded to General 
 Morales, and demanded the opening oi a nego- 
 tiation for tho surrender of tho city, if not the 
 castle. This was refused, and though clamor 
 and anorchy wero loud against him, the general 
 kept his soldiers to their posts, and announced 
 his resolution to die rather than surrender. 
 Then despair, tumult, discord ran wild through 
 tho city. Morales was deposed, and Cicneral 
 Ijmdoro appointed in his place. Negotiations 
 for caiiitulation immediately ensued, and on the 
 2'Jth, the garrison marched from both city and 
 castle, laid down their arms, and departed to the 
 interior. The .Mexican flag was hauled down, 
 and as the American ore ran up, it was saluted 
 by the guns of San Juan do Ulloa and tho fleet. 
 The Mexican army was dismissed on condition 
 of not again serving in the war, unless exchanged. 
 The olhcers and soldiers retained their side arms 
 and all private ell'ects. The public stores and 
 military property, with both city and castle, 
 were yielded to tlie United States. 
 
 This siege will ever bo remarkable for the 
 great strength of the |)laco attacked, the vigor 
 of the besiegers, aud their comparatively insig- 
 nificant loss. Two oflieers were killed, and a 
 few soldiers. The number of killed and wound- 
 ed among tho Mexicans is unknown, but was no 
 doubt very great. 
 
 After refreshing his men for about two weeks, 
 tienend Scott advanced v^^tli April) towards the 
 capital. On the I'.lth ho arrived at the Sierra 
 Gordo, where General Santa Anna had stationed 
 liimself with eleven thousand men. The Sierra 
 is a strong pass, situated among lofty rocks, and 
 entirely coutroUiiig the roa*l toward the interior. 
 Tlie Mexican lieiu'ral had fortified it so carefully 
 that it was considered impregnable, except iu 
 front. Further along the road was another hill 
 similarly fortified, and defended by Gor.eral La 
 Vega, with throe thousand men. Besides these 
 princiinil works, batteries wi're placed at ditl'cr- 
 ent poiuts ou the road, so as to swee|) directly 
 across it. Iu front ofthose stations was tho Rio 
 do Itt Plan, a small stream between deep rugged 
 hanks. The road itself was broken up by gorges, 
 liills and ravines. Such was the position which, 
 although defended by eleven tliousimd men, 
 tienerul Scott was about to storm w^itli eight 
 thousand. 
 
 One of the most remarkable circumstances of 
 this battle, was the scientific occuracy with 
 which its every vicissitude, with one exception, 
 was foretold by the American general's order, 
 (No. Ill), which, although written ou the 17th 
 day of April, is an exact narration of every 
 pint of the action, ex.ept that relating to Geu- 
 ei-al Pillow. 
 
 Undoubtedly nn attempt to curry Sierra Gordo 
 
646 
 
 niSTORT OF THE 
 
 by an attack in front, leading the troops three 
 quarters of a mile in the face of the enemy's 
 bnttorics, would liave been rashnesa. The 
 American general, therefore, opened a now road 
 in the rear of the hill, and favorable to an im- 
 mediate pafsiige to the Jalapa road, should the 
 fort be carried. This labor was effected on the 
 afternoon of the 17th, during which time some 
 of the American troops became engaged in a 
 skirmish with the Mexicans and carried a small 
 advanced redoubt. During the night the troops 
 were engaged in lifting the cannon up tlie steep 
 rocks and preparing for the assault of the follow- 
 ing day. For eight hours they thus toiled, al- 
 though previously worn down by long marches, 
 want of rest, and heavy labor. 
 
 At daylight on the 18th, General Twiggs 
 moved to the attack npon Sierra Gordo. The 
 Btrugglo was fierce but short. Mexico's feeble 
 sons shrunk convulsively before American valor, 
 and Sierra Gordo was won. 
 
 Meanwhile General Shields with his volun- 
 teers attacked the redoubt in front. Emulating 
 the example of their comrades under Twiggs, 
 the troops rushed on under a most galling tire, 
 without pausing for a moment. Tlicir general 
 fell by a ball through the lungs, but the fort was 
 carried at the point of the bayouet. Tlie divi- 
 sion then hastened to the Jalapa road to inter- 
 cept the flight of the enemy. 
 
 Pillow was unsuccessful ; but he kept General 
 La Vega engaged until the fall of Sierra Gordo, 
 and finally assisted in capturing him. 
 
 On the enemy's side all was now flight and 
 confusion. That vast army which in the morn- 
 ing had appeared utterly impregnable, was bro- 
 ken, scattered, annildlated. Generals Santa Anna, 
 Caiializo, and others, fled through a narrow pass 
 to Puebla. Three thousand troops, five generals, 
 forty-three pieces of brass artillery, and an im- 
 mense quantity of small arms and military stores, 
 were the rewards of victory. 
 
 The total loss of the Americans was about two 
 hundred and fifty, that of tlio Mexicans exolu- 
 Hive of prisimcrs and deserters, about one hun- 
 dred more. 
 
 Within less than a month after this battle, the 
 towns of Jalapa, Perote, and Puebla, fell into the 
 hands of the Americans. The army remained at 
 the latter place until the 8th of August, when it 
 resumed its advance toward the capital. Alter 
 pa-ssing round Lake Chaloo, by an imfreqiiented 
 road, in order to avoid the strong fortrcs. of El 
 Ponon, the troops entered San Augustine (Au- 
 gust ISthJ, a village twelve miles south of the 
 city. 
 
 On the afternoon of the following day, a re- 
 connoissai;ce of tlie fortress of San Antonio took 
 place, during which C'apt. Thornton was killed, 
 but a heavy rain rendered an attack npon it that 
 evening impracticable. The troops bivouacked 
 on the open plain, without tents or hlankols, and 
 exposed to a drenching rain. 
 
 At one o'clock p. si., on the 19th, Generals 
 Twiggs and Pillow, assisted by Generals 1'. F. 
 Siiiitli and Cadwalader, attacked the fortitication 
 of ( oiitreras, defended by thousands of Mexicans 
 witli tweuty-two jdeccs of cannon. The assault 
 upon this place was continued for six hours, du- 
 ring which one incessant cannonade shook the 
 ground for miles around. At the same time, a 
 largo body of Mexican cavalry appeared in the 
 rear of the fort, as though [jrejiariiig for a charge. 
 About this time General Scott arrived, and [ler- 
 ooiving the great force of the enemy, ordered up 
 General Shields to assist Cadwalader and Colonel 
 Kiley in watching the lancers, and also rein- 
 forced Generals Smith and Pillow. Hut the 
 Mexicans were not dismayed. One wide peal of 
 artillery burst from their heavy guns, and tlie 
 fort was hid from view by flro and smoke. 
 Companies diminished fearfully before their 
 plunging vollies; and a position which General 
 Suiitli had assumed with his artillery was before 
 night aliaiidoncd. Each elUirt of tlie asBailuuLs 
 
 was met in mid career and foiled. The troops 
 finally paused, night fell on the fearful struggle, 
 and still Contrcras was not gained. Weary and 
 disapjiointed, they sank down amid the rocks 
 and gorges of the battle-field. The commander 
 retired to San Augustine. At intervals during 
 the whole night, rain fell in torrents, completely 
 drenihing the troops, and preventing them from 
 building fires. 
 
 Before daylight on the 20th, the commander, 
 accompanied by General Worth, set out for Con- 
 treras, for the purpose of making a combined at- 
 tack upon the fortress. The roar of cannon, 
 with rapid discharges of musketry and rifles soon 
 assured him that the attack had already begun. 
 Still he hastened forward, until a single horse- 
 man was seen spurring along the rugged plain 
 with furious h.iste. It was Colonel Mason, the 
 bearer of glorious tidings. Contreras had been 
 taken by tJeneral Smith. The intrepid Riley 
 had led the van through a long rugged gorge, 
 marched directly up to tlie fort and carried it at 
 the jioiiit of the bayonet. Several hundred of 
 the enemy were killed, thirteen hundred taken 
 prisoners, including (ienerals Blanco, Salas, Gar- 
 cia, and Mendoza, and a large amount of stores, 
 with twenty-two field pieces captured. The 
 enemy fled toward San Pablo and Cburubusco 
 rapidly pui-sued by the Americans ; while nt the 
 same time General Worth moved upon San An 
 tonio. This was speedily abandoned by the gar- 
 rison, who retired to Churubusco. 
 
 The enemy now concentrated their troops in 
 the fortification of Churubusco, whiclrhad been 
 constructed in the short space of thirty-eight 
 hours. The cathedral and other buildings near' 
 the fort were scaffolded for infantry, and every 
 roof was lined with armed men. All the stores 
 and artillery saved from Contreras, San Pablo, 
 San Antonio, and San Augustine, together with 
 a large quantity from the city, were here col- 
 lected. 
 
 This j)laco was attacked by General Worth, 
 with the tlower of tlie American nniiy. The 
 thick growth of vegetation covering the hill on 
 which the redoubt was built, embarrassed for a 
 short time the operations of the Americans, and 
 exposed them to considerable loss. But this dif- 
 ficulty being surmounted, they advanced steadily 
 toward their object, and carried it in a very 
 short time. The enemy threw down their arms, 
 and fled by thousands toward the city, while the 
 Americans led by Worth, drove on in hurried 
 pursuit. Many of the enemy were killed in the 
 flight, and the whole road was strewn with arms 
 and clothing thrown away by the fugitives. 
 The pursuit contiuued until the Mexicans were 
 within the city. 
 
 " After so many victories," says General Scott, 
 "we might, with but little adilitionid loss, have 
 occu|iiod the ca|)lt,'d the same evening. But Mr. 
 Trist, commissioner, etc., as well as myself, had 
 been admonished by the best friends of peace 
 intelligeut neutrals, and some Anicrioan residents 
 — against precipitation ; lest by wantonly driving 
 aw.iy the government and others dishonored, we 
 might scatter the elements of peace, excite a 
 spirit of national desperation, and thus imlefl- 
 nitely postpone the hope of accommodation 
 Deei>ly impressed with this danger, and remem- 
 bering our mission — to conquer a peace — the 
 army very cluerl'ully sacrificed to patriotism, 
 to tiie great wish and want of our country, the 
 eclnt whicli would have followed an entrance 
 sword in hand into a great capital. Willing to 
 leave .something to this republic of no immediate 
 viduo to u:i, on which to rest her pride and to 
 recover temper, I halted our victorious corps at 
 the gates of the city (at least for a time), and 
 have them now cantoned in the neighbouring 
 villages, where they are well sheltered and suji- 
 plied with all necessaries. 
 
 " On the morning of the 2l8t, being obout to 
 take up battering or assaulting positions, to an 
 thorizu mu to sumniou the city tu Burruudor, or 
 
 to sign an armistice with a pledge to enter at 
 cnce into negotiations for a peace, a mission 
 camo out to propose a truce. Kejecting its 
 terms, I despatched my contemplated note to 
 President Santa Anna, omitting the summons. 
 The 22d, coiiimis.>-ioiicrs were appointed by the 
 commanders of the armies; the armistice was 
 iignod the 23d, and ratifications were exchanged 
 the 24th." 
 
 " The first article of the armistice stipulated 
 that hostilities shall instantly and absolutely 
 cease, between the armies of the United States 
 of America, and the United Mexican States, 
 within thirty lengncs of the capital of the latter 
 states, to allow time to the comnii.ssloners ap- 
 pointed by the Bnited States, and the commis- 
 sioners to be appointed by the Mexican Kcpublic, 
 to negotiate. The armistice shall continue as 
 long as the commissionci-s of the two govern, 
 nicnts may be engaged on ncgotiation.s, or until 
 the commander of either of the said armies shall 
 j;ive formal notice to the other of the cessation 
 of the armistice for forty-eight hours after such 
 notice." 
 
 Negotiations then commenced between Iiir. 
 Trist, the American plenipotentiary, and the 
 authorities of Mexico, but the hopes of the 
 friends of peace were destined to be disap- 
 pointed. The Mexicans made demands which 
 were consiilered inadniis.sible. All elVorts of 
 compromise were inetlectual, and on the 6lh of 
 September, the ultimatum otl'ered bj Jlr. Trist 
 on the 2il was rejected, and the negotiations 
 dosed. On the same day. General Scott wrote 
 to the Mexican commander, charging him witli 
 the violation of the armistice, by refusing the 
 passage of supplies from the capital to the 
 American army, and threatening the recom- 
 mencement of hostilities, in case satiiifactiou waj 
 not given. Santa Anna replied in a similar 
 strain, expressing his astonishment at the reccii- 
 tion of such a charge, and accusing the Amer- 
 icans of intercepting the communications with 
 the capital, and of committing outrages upon 
 peaceable citizens. He iiitimated his perfect 
 willingness for another appeal to arms, with a 
 determination to use every etfort to repel in- 
 vasion. 
 
 The armistice being terminated. General Worth 
 was sent (September 8th) to attack the Molinos 
 del Key, a strongly fortified station in front of 
 Chepultepec. When the Americans wer^j near 
 the works, the enemy opened upon them a 
 iieavy fire, which mowed down wliide comp.a- 
 nies. For a moment the ailvance wavered, liut 
 the reserve led by Cadwalader swept to tlioir 
 van, restored order, and continued the luarob. 
 At this critical moment four thousand lancers, 
 taking advantage of the temporary confiisioii, 
 came towering down, their long iieiinants gleam- 
 ing in the sun, and their spears set tor a chaise 
 Col. Duncan opened two pieces of his battery 
 upon them, followed immediately alter by (apt. 
 Drum, while .Major Sumner with two sipiadroiis 
 of dragoons, and Capt. Uutt "s company of mount- 
 ed rifles, jiassing rapidly down under fire tVoiii 
 the enemy's works, charged the head of tlieir 
 column. Under the rapid discharges of artillery 
 their crowded ranks melted powerless away, and 
 iu a few minutes the whole force was flying ia 
 confusion. Twice they turned and rallied, hut 
 were finally scattered before the superior prowc-^s 
 of our artillerists. 
 
 The Americans then united against the fortiti- 
 cation, which, after a vigorous struggle, was car- 
 ried. Seven pieces of artillery, a large quantity 
 of ammunition, suiidl arms, etc., with about six 
 hundred prir^oners, were the rewards of victory. 
 But to will these, some of the best ofticersin tliu 
 army had been sacrificoil, and but two of tlieli 
 whole number escajicd, having their horses killed 
 under them. So terrible was the lire of tho 
 eii.niy, that while our cavalry were passing in 
 front of the fort to charge the enhimn of l.-uu er.-i 
 — u 8])uco of time not greater tluin ten secuulii— 
 
I a pledge to enter at 
 r A peace, a mission 
 triico. Kcjccting its 
 coiittMiiplutod note to 
 iiitting tlio sniuiuuiis. 
 •ere np])iiiiitod by the 
 !s; the nniiistico ivaa 
 atioiis were cxchangeJ 
 
 nrmigtice stipnlatcd 
 tnntly and absolutely 
 
 1 of the Unito<l States 
 lited Mexican States, 
 10 capital of the latter 
 he coniinissioncra ap- 
 atcs, and the ooniniis- 
 tho Mexican Kepiiblic, 
 ice shall continue as 
 i of the two govern- 
 
 negotiations, or until 
 >f the said armies shall 
 
 other of the cef«»tii)n 
 :ight hours after sucli 
 
 menced between Jir. 
 lipotcntiary, and the 
 
 ut the hopes of the 
 estined to be disap- 
 
 nade demands whieli 
 <ible. All oH'orts of 
 ual, and on the Gth of 
 
 otiered bj Jlr. Trist 
 
 and the negotiations 
 , General Scott wrote 
 er, cimrging him with 
 slice, by refusing tlio 
 the capital to the 
 reatening the recuni- 
 n case satisfaction w.is 
 
 replied in a similar 
 lishmcnt at the reccii- 
 1 accusing the Amer- 
 oommunications with 
 lilting outrages upon 
 intimated his perfect 
 peal to arms, witli a 
 ^ry crt'ort to repel in- 
 
 iiiated, General Wortli 
 
 to attack the Molinin 
 ;d station in front of 
 Americans wer>j near 
 ijiened i\\Hm them a 
 
 down wliole compa- 
 advance wavered, Imt 
 ilader swept to their 
 :ontinued the manb. 
 our thousand lancer,-, 
 temporary confusion, 
 
 long pennants gleain- 
 )cara tet for a eliarco. 
 
 pieces of his battery 
 diately alter by lajit. 
 r with two sipiadroiis 
 ' 's company of mount- 
 ;o\vn under lire iVoin 
 cd tlie head of tlioir 
 discharges of artillery 
 1 i)owerles9 away, and 
 lo force was flying in 
 rned and rallied, hut 
 ; the superior proH esj 
 
 ;ed against the fortili- 
 )us struggle, was car- 
 lery, a large (piantity 
 , etc., with ohout six 
 e rewards of victory. 
 he best officers in tlia 
 jHil but two of tlkir 
 Ing their horses kilKil 
 was lliu lire of the 
 airy were passing ui 
 iho ('(ihitnn of lamrr.-; 
 ;r tli.in ton seconds— 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 8ff 
 
 they sustained a Jobs of six officers ■wounded, 
 thirty-two privates killed and wonnded, and one 
 hundred and five liof^es. The total loss in killed 
 and wounded was seven hundred ond eighty- 
 nine. On the 11th a colunm of cavalry sallied 
 from the fort on tho San Antonia road, for the 
 purpose of capturiug Capt. Magrndcr's battery, 
 which was statio'.ied with the picket within 
 about eight hundrod yards of the enemy. Wher 
 within tiiir range, the captain opened upon them 
 with shot and sliell, driving them back to the 
 fort in some confuiion. The enemy then directed 
 their lire upon the battery, but with no other 
 cSect than killing one man. 
 
 About sundown General Twggg, with the bal- 
 ance of his division, arrived at Piedad, and Gen- 
 eral Pillow, with his command, moved to the 
 fonth of Tacubay.% and occupied a station west 
 of Clicpultepec ; Quitman's troops were stationed 
 on the road from Tacubaya to the city of Mexico. 
 Worth remained in Tacabaya. 
 
 At daylight on the 12th all the batteries 
 opened upon Cliepultepec. When Capt. Steptoe, 
 of Twiggs' division, commenced his fire, several 
 heavy columns of the enemy left their position 
 and came within cannon range. They were 
 driven back with loss. The captain then turned 
 his ottention to a fort fronting Chcpultepec, and 
 after an hour's cannonading drove the enemy 
 from it, and uilenced their guns. All day the 
 siege batteries continued tlieir heavy fire upon 
 the castle, riddling its buildings and sweeping its 
 defenders from the heights. As they fell, the 
 fierce survivors, forgetting the tics of humanity 
 in the uproai of battle, tore them from the works, 
 threw them into wells and ditches, and went on 
 with their terrible work. 
 
 Ou tho following day General Scott selected 
 tlif divisions of Worth and Twiggs, the flower of 
 his anuy, to storm the fortress. When they be- 
 gan their march, the heavy batteries on both 
 si'les were opened, and the strongest companies 
 d'^■indkH^ away to a scattered remnant. Hour 
 afior hour did three thousand troops wrestle 
 with four times their number, stationed behind 
 almost impregnable works. But they w^ere toll- 
 irg for the City of Mexico, the far-famed halls of 
 ilontszuma. Tho star of victory still beamed 
 ou American valor, while the lomembranco of 
 Cerro Uorda, Contrerjis and Churubusco, brood- 
 ing over the sons of Mexico, withered all hope 
 or ett'ort — Cliepultepec fell. 
 
 "About four o'clock next morning," says Gen- 
 eral Scott, " (September 14th), a deputation of 
 the ayuntamiento (city council) waited on mo 
 to report that the federal government and the 
 army of Mexico had fled trom tho capital some 
 three hours before; and to demand terms of ca- 
 pitulation in favor of tho church, the citizens and 
 the municipal outhorities. I promptly replied 
 that I would sign no eaiiitulatiou ; that the city 
 had been virtually in our possession from the 
 time of tho lodgments ett'ected by Worth and 
 tjdituian, the day before ; that I regretted the 
 silent escape of tho Mexican army, that I should 
 levy upon the city a moderate contribution for 
 sjieeial purposes ; and that the American army 
 slioiild como under no terms not self-imposed — 
 stuli only as its honor, tho dignity of the United 
 tStates, and the spirit of tho age, should, in my 
 opinion, imperiously demand and impote." 
 
 About diiyliglit, Generals Worth and Quitman 
 were ordered to enter the city. Quitman pro- 
 ceeded to the grand plaza, and raised the United 
 States flag on the notionid palace. General 
 Scott aud the whole army followed soon after, 
 taking possession of the city with much pomp. 
 
 Tho flying government had released about two 
 thousand convicts from tho public prisons, and 
 throughout that and the lollowing day, they 
 continued to fire from the windows and tops ot 
 the houses upon the American troops, killing 
 some and wounding many. At first tho artillery 
 was tried on them, but owing to their concealed 
 position It was not ctloctivo. Tho rifle regimeut 
 
 and some of the infantry were then sent in pur- 
 
 suit, and the evil was soon arrested 
 
 The loss of the Americans in this assault was 
 very severe. Generals Pillow and Shields were 
 each wounded, together with other voluable 
 otficers. The total loss in the valley of Mexico 
 from the lUth of April until tho time of taking 
 the city, was two thousand seven hundred and 
 three men, of whom three hundred and eighty- 
 three were officers. Their achievements equal 
 in magnitude any operations of American history. 
 They utterly dispersed an army of thirty thou- 
 sand men, taking a number of prisoners equal to 
 themselves; seized seventy pieces of artillery, 
 stormed San Antonia, San Pueblo, Contreras, 
 Churubusco, -Molino and Chepulfepec, and en- 
 tered the capital in triumph 
 
 General Scott proclaimed martial law in Mex- 
 ico, but permitted tho people to continue their 
 usual business ovocations. All excesses of the 
 soldiers were rigidly punished, w 'file at the same 
 time the citizens and their soldievy were taught 
 that they could not insidt the Au erican charac 
 ter with impunity. 
 
 The city of Pucbla wos besieged by Sanui Anna. 
 The garrison, under the command of Colonel 
 Childs, was small, and encumbered with 1800 
 sick. Childs was summoned to surrender, and 
 on his declining, tho tiring of the Mexicans was 
 renewed with increased energy, the garrison en- 
 during tho greatest privations', and being nearly 
 worn out with their exertions. But they nobly 
 maintained themselves, and after various in- 
 stances of bravery and devotion, Santa Anna 
 withdrew, in order to oppose the march of 
 General Lane, from Vera Cruz, with reinforce- 
 ments. The bombardment of the town was con- 
 tinned until tho worn-out garrisou were relieved 
 by General Lane. The siege lasted 40 days, and 
 was the longest military operation of the "war. 
 
 Kumors of the enemy's designs on Puebla had 
 reached Vera Cruz, in the lotter part of Septem- 
 ber, and General Lane was dispatched with a 
 considerable force, for the interior. He had 
 some hard fighting on the road. He came upon 
 a company of guerrillas at the hacienda of Santa 
 Anno, near tho San Juan river, and sent Captain 
 Lewis's company of mounted volunteers, in pur- 
 suit, who, with a portion under Lieutenant Lilly, 
 succeeded in ovtrtakitig them, and after a short 
 skirmish, drove them from their position. The 
 whole lorco now proceeded, until it reached 
 Paso do Orejas, where the rearguard was fired 
 upon by a small guerrilla force, and Lieutenant 
 Cline, a gallant young officer, killed. 
 
 Tho march was a very fatiguing one to the 
 troops, on account of the heat of the weather, 
 and the bad state of the road. Great difficulty 
 was experienced with the artillery, the road 
 being obstructed by ravines, passes, and other 
 obstacles. In the mean time rumors were con- 
 stantly being received, concerning a large Mexi- 
 can force concentrating between I'erote and 
 Puebla. On arriving at the former place. Gene- 
 ral Lane learned that they numbered 4,OoO men, 
 with six pieces of artillery, aud were command- 
 ed by Sauia Anna in person. From his spies, 
 ho learned that the enemy were at lluamautla, 
 a city but a few miles distant. Thither he de- 
 termined to march, and if possible, give them 
 battle. 
 
 To execute this as quickly as possible, tho 
 general left his train at the hacienda of San 
 Antonio Tanmrio in charge of Colonel Brough's 
 regiment of Ohio volunteers, Captain Simtnous' 
 battalion, and a battery under Lieutenant Pratt, 
 and moved forward with the rest of his com- 
 mand. On the 9th of October they came with- 
 in sight of the city, after as rapid a march as the 
 nature of tho ground would permit. A halt was 
 made, and tho advance guard of horsemen, un- 
 der Captain Walker, ordered to move forward 
 as far as the entrance of the city, but not to en- 
 ter if the enemy were in force until the arrival 
 
 city, parties of horsemen were observed ridinn 
 over the fields, in the direction of the city, and 
 Walker, lest he should bo anticipated, put his 
 men to a gallop. General Lane anxiously 
 watched his progress, nntil his movements were 
 concealed by a hedge of thick maguay bushes, 
 on cither side of the road. In a few minutes 
 firing was heard from the city, and a body of 
 2,000 lancers were seen hurrying over tho ncigli 
 boring hills, and General Lane ordered Colonel 
 Gorman to advance with his regiment, and enter 
 Ilnamantla from the west, while Colonel Wyn 
 koop moved towards the east. 
 
 On his arrival at the entrance of the city, 
 Captain Walker discovered 600 of the enemy 
 drawn up in tho plaza. Dashing into their 
 midst with his handful of men, he engaged them 
 hand to hand, and after a bloody conflict, suc- 
 ceeded in driving them away, and capturing 
 three of their guns. A vigorous pursuit was 
 now commenced, in which Colonel La Vega, 
 the brother of General Iji Vega, and Miyor 
 Iturbide, a son of the unfortimate Emperor of 
 Mexico, were captured by Lieutenant Anderson 
 of the Georgia volunteers, he norrowly escap- 
 ing with his life. 
 
 Walker's men imprudently dispersed, after 
 pursuing the enemy some distance, and returned 
 to the square in small parties. This was in con- 
 sequence of a belief that the enemy's whole force 
 was routed. A company of lancers suddenly 
 charged upon the plaza, and separated the Ame- 
 ricans into bodies. A desperate fight now took 
 place, in which the Mexicons behaved with 
 unwonted gallantry ; but Walker, by skilful ma- 
 noeuvring, succeeded in uniting his forces, anil 
 dismounted his command in the convent yard. 
 Here another action took place, in which tho 
 lancers were assisted by both artillery and in- 
 fantry. Captain Walker, while directing the 
 movements of his little band, fell mortally wound- 
 ed, and soon after expired. The enemy were 
 finally driven back. The death of Caiitain Walk- 
 er was sincerely lamented all over tho United 
 States ; as he was widely known as one of tho 
 best otticers in the service. 
 
 In tho mean time, the main body of the Ame- 
 rican forces arrived ot the city, and opened their 
 fire upon ma.sses of the enemy. The Mexicans 
 fled, leaving 150 dead upon the field, while tho 
 loss of the Americans was thirteen killed, and 
 eleven wounded. 
 
 General Lane now marched to the relief of 
 Colonel Childs, and remained with his wluilo 
 force at Puebla, until the 18th of October, when 
 he received information that tho Mexican Gen- 
 eral, Kea, was at Atlixco, ao miles distant. Lane, 
 after a forced march of five hours, came in sight 
 of the enemy's advance guard, near Santa Isa- 
 bella. A halt was now made until tho cavalry 
 could come up from their examination of u neigh- 
 boriug hacienda. A straggling fire was oiicned 
 by small parties of tho enemy, from tho foot of 
 a neighboring hill, which, however, did no 
 execution. On tho arriviU of tho cavalry, Gene- 
 ral Lone put his whole force in motion ; but as 
 the Mexicans appeared to be confused, tlio cav- 
 alry were ordered to charge tho enemy, niul 
 keep tlieiu cngogcil, until the infantry ouuM 
 come up. The action was continued, until tho 
 infantry arrived by a forced march, when the 
 foe tied, pursued by tho cavalry. A running 
 fight was kept u|>, until within less than two 
 miles of Atlixco, when tho enemy's main body 
 was observed to be posted on tho side of a hill, 
 behind rows of chaiHjral hedges. The cavalry 
 dashed into their midst without stopiiing to as- 
 certain their numbers, and forced them within 
 the thickest part of their slultcr. Then dia- 
 mounting, the assailants elitered the chaimral, 
 hand to ha.id with their foe. Tho struggle, 
 which was long aud terrible, scores of tho ene- 
 my falling beneath the heavy blows of the Ame- 
 ricans, lasted until thu lii:aiitry I'aiiio uj), who 
 
 of the infantry. When wilhiu three miles of tho' for tho last aix m.lcJ had beeu using their ut- 
 
548 
 
 niSTORT OF THE 
 
 most endoavonrs to join the osvalry. It was im- 
 possible fur the artillery to advance at a foster 
 pace than a walk, the road beiuf; intercepted by 
 numerous gullies; and so worn out were the 
 cavalry by their exertions, and the intense hent, 
 that tiiey could pursue the enemy no farther. 
 The column continued, however, to approach 
 the town, and reach a bill overlooking it, just 
 08 night set in. _ Lane was enabled to continue 
 his operations with perfect certainty, however, 
 for the moon shone brightly, and afforded a mag- 
 nificent view of the surrounding country. 
 
 General Lane did not deem it prudent to risk 
 a street light, atniglit in an unknown town; he 
 therefore posted his artillery on a hill overlook- 
 ing the town, and ordered them to open their 
 fire npo.i it. This was speedily put into execu- 
 tion, and every gun was fired with the utmost 
 rapidity. This w^as continued for upwards of nn 
 hour, with great effect ; the gunners being en- 
 abled, by the liglit afforded by the moon, to 
 direct their 8 jot into the most populous parts of 
 the city. 
 
 Fin<ling that the firing from the town had 
 ceased, Lone, wishing to obtain its surrender, 
 ordered Major Lilly and Colonel Brough to ad- 
 vance cautiously with their commands into tUe 
 town. On their entering, the general was met 
 by the city council, who desired that their town 
 might be spared. Quiet being restored. Lane, 
 on the following morning, coumienccd his return 
 to Puebla. 
 
 Ho learned that two pieces of artillery had 
 just been finLshed at Guerooingo ; he resolved on 
 destroying them, and proceeding to the town 
 with 450 men, commenced a thoroagh search. 
 The pieces had been removed, but their carriages 
 were found, ond destroyed. A party of the 
 enemy were observed in the vicinity ; but on the 
 approach of the troops, they precipitately re- 
 treated. The next morning, Lane entered Pue- 
 bla, without further accident. 
 
 Captain Lavellette, with a portion of the 
 American squadron, consisting of the frigate 
 Congress, the sloop of war Portsmouth, and the 
 brig Argo, entered the port of Gnaymas, a small 
 town of the Gulf coast, about the same time that 
 the battle of Atlixco was fought (October IS- 
 IS).-— On the 18th, tlie Argo anchored between 
 the islands of Almagre Grande and Almagre 
 Chico, placing a mortar on each. The other 
 vessels had already taken their stations Mr. 
 ■yvilliam Robinson was dispatched with a flag of 
 truce to the governor, and tlio object of the Amer- 
 icans was explained, and ho (the governor) was 
 advised to surrender. This ho refused to do, and 
 Mr. Robinson returned to the Argo. 
 
 The Congress and Portsmouth, arranged them 
 selves in a position for attack, on tlie 19th, and 
 a summons was again sent for the Mexicans to 
 surretuler ; but tliey declined answering, until 
 nightfall. Then, the commandant took up a 
 position, three miles distont, having previously 
 placed there o battery of fourteen guns, to resist 
 the Americans, should they attempt to penetrate 
 the interior. The liorobardment of the town 
 was commenced on the 20th, at six in the morn- 
 ing, and was continued for more than an hour; 
 five hundred shells and shot being thrown into 
 tlie town, killing one English resident, and de- 
 stroying several houses. Tho garrison having 
 abandoned the town, thn citizens announced 
 3 tj II' cen to terms, when 
 ^il'ji-' ond marines, landed 
 ! ;L ■; on a fort, defenu- 
 A proclamation was 
 !e > t'.i.o, by Lavellette, 
 '.11. Ill . ir" .i-ing the surrender 
 ^ V u the name of the 
 A .■'■1.1,! ' 'uilitary police were 
 establislicil, and the iai^i'cia authorities invited 
 to continue iu office, the church property being 
 placed under American protection, and tfie cus- 
 tomary order of business ordered to be resumed. 
 Mr. Itobiuson was matlo collector of the port. 
 
 their cnfiia 'V'l 
 
 a part'- . 
 
 and ;•' 
 
 iP" ■ 
 
 is;-' 
 
 olfdi 
 
 of n 
 
 United Hiaw 
 
 \)r 
 
 The port of Mazatlan was captured about the 
 some time, by another portion of the bquadron. 
 General Lane followed up his victory at Atlixco 
 and lluamautla, by a successful attack upon 
 Matamoras, where he defeated a party of Mexi- 
 can lancers ; and measures were taken by Lone 
 to hinder his being disturbed by them in future. 
 
 Events, that tended to cost a shade over the 
 
 Eroud enthusiasm of the officers, who had so 
 eroic'illy followed their leader to the conquest 
 of the famed city of the Montezuma, occurred in 
 the month of November, in Mexico. By an ar- 
 ticle in the military code, " private letters or 
 report?, relative to military marches and opera- 
 tions," being " frequently mischievous in design, 
 and always disgraceful to the army," ore strictly 
 forbidden ; " ond any officer found guilty of mak- 
 ing such report fur publication, without special 
 permission, or of placing the writing beyond bis 
 control, so that it finds its way to the press, 
 within one month after the termination of the 
 campaign to which it relates, shall bo dismissed 
 from the service." It appears that some time 
 after the victories of the 19th and 20th of Au- 
 gust, the Pittsburgh Post published extracts from 
 private letters, dated, " Tacuboya, Mexico, Au- 
 gust 2'UIi, 18-47," purporting to give an original 
 account of the battles of Contreros and Cburn- 
 busco. This letter was, by some means, copied^ 
 by a Tampico paper, and fell into the hands of 
 the gcneral-in-chief, who issued an order, de- 
 nouncing the letters as despicable and scanda- 
 lous, and intimating the general's surmisings of 
 their authors. A card was published the fol- 
 lowing day in one of tlie le.iding Mexican papers, 
 by Lieutenant Colonel Duncan, stating his con- 
 nection with the Pittsburg letter, ond uaing nil 
 the means in his power to exculpate the Gene- 
 rals suspected by the commander, from all blame. 
 
 He and General Worth were the some day 
 placed under arrest; and General Pillow was 
 subsequently arrested for contempt of his su- 
 perior. The general-in-chief himself was ar- 
 rested by order of the government, on specified 
 charges preferred in part as an appeal by Gen- 
 eral Worth, and a court-martial ordered to try 
 him, along with the other officers, Mnjor-General 
 Butler being appointed to the command of the 
 army. 
 
 General Towson, paymaster-general, was ap- 
 pointed president of the court. The other mem- 
 bers, first named by President Polk, were Briga- 
 dier-General Caleb Gushing, and Colonel E. G, 
 W. Butler. Lieutenant Ilamniond was named 
 as chief advocate. Subsequently Colonel Butler 
 was relieved, and Brevet Colonel Belknap ap- 
 pointed in his place. 
 
 Captain S. C. Ridgely also succeeded Lieu- 
 tenant Hammond, as judge advocate and re- 
 corder. The first place of meeting was Perote, 
 but it was subsequently changed to Puebla, where 
 they met on the 18th of February, 18-48; and 
 after a lengthy session, removed to Fredricktown, 
 Maryland. All the offlcers accused were present, 
 and the case occupied the court until the close 
 of the war. The proceedings were published 
 daily, both in the United States and Mexico, and 
 excited n universal feeling of regret, thot the 
 nun who had behaved theuiEclvos so nobly 
 through all the various scones of a two years' 
 war, should at its close be so involved in diffi- 
 culty. 
 
 General Twiggs hod been ordered, after the 
 fall of the capital, to Jalapa, to organize a train 
 for the main army, and keep in check the 
 neighbouring guerrillas. lie left that city on the 
 19th of Ncember. and marched for Mexico, 
 where he was ;iiso joined by General Butler, 
 with a train and sujiplies, 
 
 During the campaign that followed General 
 Scott's march from Pucb'.a, General Patterson 
 had boon statio>:<td »'., Vera Cruz, using all his 
 endeavours to keep the communication with the 
 army open, and cliostiso the guerrillas, who 
 swarwed iu tliut vicinity. Those roving bands 
 
 were aided ond abetted by a priest named Podro 
 larauta, who abandoning his sacerdotal duties, 
 or rather combining them with those of the sol- 
 dier, had thrown the whole weight of bis influ- 
 ence against the friends of peace. They were a 
 cause of greater trouble to the Americans than 
 Santa Anna's army. 'Iheir depredations wore 
 numerous, and of the most daring charac •. 
 To their partial success, may bo attributed itio 
 obstinacy of the Mexicans, in refusing to listen 
 ta terms of peace. 
 
 In the fall of 1847, General Patterson left Vera 
 Cruz (after intrusting the command of that city 
 to Colonel Wilson), with a large train, and ad- 
 vanced by easy marclies to Jalapa. lie stortcd 
 from Jalapa on the 25th of November, on route 
 for the capital; but before leaving, hung two 
 American teamsters for the murder of n Mexi- 
 can boy, and on the following day shot two 
 Mexican officers, Garcia and Alcode, for viola- 
 tion of parole. This caused a great excitement, 
 and insurrection seemed to be inevitable, but 
 was suppressed, and Patterson commenced his 
 journey, and reached the city of Mexico, on the 
 6th of December. 
 
 A number of guerrilla.', under an officer 
 named Mijares, attacked a body of Americans 
 about the middle of December, ond were repulsed 
 with considerable loss, their leader being among 
 the number. Another engapemeiit, similar in its 
 character, further to the north, also resulted in 
 victory to the American arms. An expedition 
 was sent to Cholulo, on the night of the 2l9t, to 
 apprehend some American oflicers. A liglit took 
 place, in which three of the enemy were killed 
 ond three wounded. 
 
 The Mexican general, Valencia, was coptnred 
 by o party especially organized for that purpose, 
 early in January. The following are the par- 
 ticulars: — 
 
 " Colonel r. M. Wynkoop, of the 1st Pennsyl- 
 vania volunteers, having learned by a Mexican 
 friend, that Padre larauta and GcneriU Rea 
 were at Tlalnepanatla, about five leagues froir. 
 the city of Mexico, applied to General Scott for 
 permission to take 20 men and capture them. 
 Permission being granted, the colonel set off or, 
 the 1st January, with 88 Texan Rangers under 
 command of Lieutenants Daggerts, Burkes, and 
 Jones. Upon arriving at, and charging Tlalne- 
 panatla, ond finding no one there, they learned 
 that Rea and larauta had left for Toluco, a few 
 hours previous to our arrival. Colonel Wyn- 
 koop here learned that General Valencia and Ids 
 staff were at a hacienda some six leagues distant, 
 lie immediately set oft with his party, and ar- 
 rived at the hacienda, which ho surrounded. 
 Admittance into the house was demanded by tlio 
 party, but for a time refused, when Colonel Siba, 
 a wounded Mexican officer on parole, opened the 
 door, and assured Colonel Wyiihoop that (ieii- 
 eral Valencia had departed that day for Toluco ; 
 but this not being credited, liglits were de- 
 manded to scorch the building. Colonel Siba 
 then proposed to deliver General Valencia the 
 next day, if the party would leave. To this tlio 
 colonel would not us«ent, but proposed to si-nd 
 an officer and eight men with him to await their 
 return. This proposition completely disconcert- 
 ed Colonsl Siba, thus convincing Colonel Wyii - 
 koop that Valencia was really in the hoiiao. 
 Search was accordingly mode, but lie could net 
 be found. The colonel then declared that lie 
 would not leove the hacienda without him ; tlint 
 if Valencia would give himself up, ho would b« 
 perfectly safe, but tliat he could not answer for 
 hij life s'lould ho attempt an escape. At this 
 moment a person stepped up and 8ai<li "I ma 
 Valencia." He then said that it wcs against tlio 
 usages of civilized warfare to attack u. man in 
 the peace ond quiet of his family iu the dead 
 hour of the night. The colcnol .-mawored that 
 it was the only way ho (ouid be ('n|>t.irecl. 
 Colonel Arrera was taken in Uie riauie hacienda 
 ou that uiglit." 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 S40 
 
 ly n priest nitmed Pftdro 
 ; his sncerclotnl diitiefi, 
 1 witli those of tlie sol- 
 ole weight of his inflii- 
 )f peace. They Avcro a 
 to tlie Amerieutis than 
 lieir depre(hitions wio 
 Host daring charnc -. 
 may bo nttribtitcd tho 
 IS, in refusing to listen 
 
 crnl Patterson left Vcrn 
 e command of tlint city 
 
 a lai'ge train, nnd ad- 
 to Jalapa. lie started 
 >f November, en route 
 )ro leaving, hung two 
 the murder of a Mexi- 
 Uowinp day shot two 
 ond Alcadc, for viola- 
 scd a great excitement, 
 
 to be inevitable, but 
 terson commenced his 
 city of Mexico, on tho 
 
 loi", under an officer 
 a body of Americana 
 iber, and were repulsed 
 Mr leader being among 
 gagemeiit, similar in its 
 north, also resulted in 
 arms. An expedition 
 10 niglit of tlic 21st, to 
 1 officers. Alight took 
 the enemy were killed 
 
 'oloncia, was ca])tnred 
 nized for that purpose, 
 allowing ore the par- 
 
 )p, of the 1st Pcnnsyl- 
 learned by a Mexican 
 ta and General Kca 
 lout five leagues froir. 
 to General Scott for 
 m nnd capture thetn. 
 the colonel set otf or. 
 Texan Rangers inulcr 
 Daggcrts, Burkes, and 
 and charging Tlaliie- 
 le there, they learned 
 eft for Toluco, a few 
 rival. Colonel Wyn- 
 leral Valencia and liis 
 ne six leagues di.stant. 
 ih his party, and ar- 
 'hieli he surrounded, 
 was demanded by tho 
 1, when Gdloucl Silia, 
 on parole, opened tho 
 AVynbjop that Geii- 
 thatday for Toluco; 
 ed, lifjhts wero do- 
 Iding. Colonel Sitia 
 icneial Valencia tho 
 d leave. To this tho 
 )Ut proposed to send 
 th him to await their 
 )nipletely disconcert- 
 incing Colonel Wyn- 
 'rally in the houtie. 
 [le, but lie could net 
 en declared that lio 
 la without bim ; that 
 lelf up, he would ha 
 )uld not answer for 
 an escape. At this 
 ip and suiil, "I niu 
 at it wcs against tlio 
 to attack 11 man in 
 family iu tho dead 
 Iciinl ••inswored that 
 (ouid he capttirotl. 
 I lilt duuiu hacienda 
 
 Another capture of officers took jdnco, about 
 a week after, in the neighbourliood of Santa Fe. 
 About 60 guerrillas, under Colonel Zcnobia, 
 were charged and dis])ersed by Colonel Domin- 
 gnez, after which the latter jirocceded to the 
 plains of Solva, whore he received a communi- 
 cation from the neighbouring haciendas, request- 
 ing his assistance in liberating tho inlinbitants 
 from the tyranny of General Torrejin. After a 
 short skirmish, on the Otii of Deceriibcr, Doinin- 
 guez succeeded in dispersing tho Mexican party, 
 capturing Generals Torrejin, Jlinon, Guana. 50 
 cavalry, and two deserters. The Mexican gen- 
 eral had 150 men, being on his way to Join some 
 forces at San Andres, and proceed thence to 
 Orizaba. The force of the Americans amounted 
 to 70 men. 
 
 The guerrillas now became more daring and 
 revengeful. About tho 1st of January a largo 
 train of wagons, carrying a largo amount of 
 specie, set out for tho interior nnder tho direction 
 of Colonel Miles. Tho rear portion of the train 
 was unable to leave until the morning of the 4th. 
 The pack mules became very much scottered, in 
 moving over the heavy sand, and Lieutenant 
 Walker, with a party of mounted riflomoii, were 
 thrown seven miles beidnd the main body of the 
 wagon-train. A party of guerrillas captured 
 some of the packs, and information convoyed to 
 Lieutenant Walker, moved towards Santa fe, 
 and found the enemy drawn up in battle array. 
 A charge was ordered, when the guerrillas scat- 
 leied in all directions, and opened a heavy fire 
 upon the lieutenant's little company. All com- 
 munication with the main party being thus cut 
 ollj Walker sent to Vera Cruz for assistance. 
 He lost live men killed and five wounded. The 
 ilexicans captured 300 pack mules, and about 
 $100,000 in specie. 
 
 Colonel Hays, with 100 rangers nnd a few Il- 
 linois volunteers, reached Teotihuacem, twelve 
 leagues north-east of Mexico, in pursuit of larau- 
 ta. Hero ho was attacked by a party of guer- 
 rill.is under tho padro himself. A severe battle 
 ensued, in which tho Americans lost eight men, 
 Tho padre is said to have been slightly wounded, 
 and one of his men made prisoner. 
 
 Sernia, Toluco, and Pachuca, were occupied 
 by different portions of the American army un- 
 der General Cad wallader, about this time; and 
 Orizaba was also taken by a detachment of 500 
 cavidry under General Lane. 
 
 A train of 2,000 wagons left Mexico on tho 
 14tU of January, escorted by a detachment under 
 Majqr Cidwallader, and although groat efforts 
 were made to capture them by the guerrillas, 
 they arrived safely at Vera Cruz. 
 
 Colonel Cliilds in the same month intercepted 
 letters, which disclosed a plot hatched by Gen- 
 eral Rea, at I'uebia, to murder Don Raphael 
 Isunz.Ti, the Mexican governor, and such of the 
 inhabitants as wero iu favor of a pe.iee with the 
 United States. The object appeared to be to 
 abolish the existing government, and proclaim 
 Rea dictator. Measures were taken by Colonel 
 Childs to prevent this jilot from being carried 
 into execution, nnd a proclamation issued, warn- 
 iug all spies to leave the city, and making it a 
 peuttl offence for any of the inhabitants to hold 
 comnuinictttion with the guerrillas. No attempt 
 was made to carry the plot into execution. 
 
 Two largo trains lett Vera Cruz, one for Ori- 
 zaba, and the other for the city of Mexico, on 
 tlio 7th of February, escorted by 1,000 men un- 
 der Colonel Rankhead, who, since tho 10th of 
 December, had been civil and military governor 
 of Vera Cruz. Although keenly watched by the 
 guerrillas, they arrived safely at their destina- 
 tion. General Scott had on tho 12th of Decem- 
 ber, 1847, issued an order against the guerrillas, 
 by whioh every American post established in 
 New Mexico was authorized to push daily de- 
 tachments OS far as practicable on tho roads, in 
 order to protect them ttom the marauding par- 
 tics. " No quarters," says tho order, " will bo 
 
 given to known murderers or robbers, whether 
 called guerrillas or ranchercs, and whether serv- 
 ing under Mexican comnussions or not. They 
 are equally pests to unguarded Mexicans, foreign- 
 ers, nnd small parties of Americans, and ought 
 to be exterminated. Offenders of tho above 
 character, accidentally falling into tho hands of 
 American troops, will bo momentarily held as 
 pris(jners, that is, not jiut to death without due 
 solemnity. Accordingly they will bo reported 
 to commanding officers, who will, without delay, 
 order a council of war for tho summary trial of 
 the ofl'enders, under the known laws of war ap- 
 plicable to such co-ses. 
 
 " A council of war may consist of any number 
 of officers not less than three nor more than thir- 
 teen, and may, for any flagrant violation of the 
 laws of war, condemn to death, or to lashes, not 
 exceeding fifty, on satisfactory i)roof that such 
 prisoner, at the time of capture, actually be- 
 longed to any party or gang of known robbers, 
 or murderers, or had actually committed murder 
 or robbery upon any American officer or soldier, 
 or follower of the American army." 
 
 Several guerrilla parties wore broken up by 
 the active operations called forth from different 
 portions of (iencral Scott's army. Still the roads 
 continued to bo infested with these marauding 
 parties, and travellera or stragglers from the 
 American army, to be murdered. Arrests were 
 continually made and executions took place, un- 
 til the close of the war. 
 
 The mission of Mr. Twist as negotiator with 
 the Mexiean government, did not end his fruit 
 less r.ttcmiits to obtain peace after the battles of 
 Contreras and Churubusco. After repeated ef- 
 forts by General Scott and himself to bring 
 about tho desired result, they at length met with 
 success. General Scott in January, 1848, laid 
 before tho Mexican authorities, the basis of a 
 treaty, similar to the one which had been re- 
 jected. They appointed Luis G. Ciieras, Rer 
 nado Conto and Miguel Atristuin, as commission' 
 ers ; tho United States being represented by Mr. 
 Twist. Tho negotiations were opened at Guada- 
 loupe Ilidalgo, and after their respective powers 
 were made known by tho commussionors, they 
 arranged and signed a " treaty of jieace, friend- 
 ship, limits, and settlement, between the United 
 States of America and the Mexican Republic." 
 This treaty arrived in Washington in February, 
 and was laid beCoro tho American Senate. It 
 was agreed to with some amendments on the 
 10th of March. Mr. Sevier was, on the 14th, 
 ai)poiuted e^voy extraordinary and minister 
 plenipotentiary to present the treaty as jmiendcd, 
 to the Mexican Congress, who, after a strong 
 debate, ratified it. Tho news of peace was re- 
 CL'ived by the great body of both nations with 
 every manit'ostation of satisfaction. 
 
 Tho army left Vera Cruz by detachments, and 
 the greater part arrived at New Orleaus by the 
 middle of June. 1818. 
 
 Intelligence of the discovery of gold in Upper 
 Californi;i, which, by the treaty of peace, had 
 been ceded to the United States, was received at 
 Washington in tho latter part of 184«. Colonel 
 Mason, governor of the territory, in his official 
 dispatch to the government, expressed the opinion 
 that there was more gold iu the region of the 
 Sucramouto and San Joacliiui Rivers, than would 
 pay the cost of the Mexican War a luiuilred times 
 over. The existence of the gold in tho bods of 
 the streams was discovered by Mr. Marshall, in 
 .May, 1848, while digging a mill race near Sutter's 
 Fort, on tlio American fork of tho Sacramento. 
 The news sjiread rapidly, although the rumors 
 were not geuerally believed, until the roce[>tion 
 of Colonel Mason's despatch, resolved all doubts. 
 Business and trades of all kinds, received a fresh 
 impetus, and emigrants crowded every road to 
 tho gold region. San Francisco, the principal 
 port of Alto California, beoame a large city, and 
 its great harbour was tilled with tho vessels of all 
 nations. Cities and towns sprung up as if by 
 
 magic in the vicinity of tho mines, and the prices 
 of all kinds of nicrchandiso rose to an enormous 
 height, and there seemed to be but little prosjiect 
 of a diminution. The aspect of the w hide terri- 
 tory seemed changed, and from a [uior grazing 
 country, it became a commercial point to which 
 the eyes of all the world wero turned. 
 
 The Presidential election occurred in 1848. 
 General Lewis Cass was nominated by the De- 
 mocratic party for Presicient, nnd General Wil- 
 liam O. Riitler for Vice-President. The candi- 
 dates of tho Whig party were General Zachnry 
 Taylor, and Millard Fillmore of New York, for 
 the same offices. There was another party 
 formed, pledged to the prohibition of tho exten- 
 sion of slavery, by congressional enactment ond 
 other reform meiusures. Tho candidates of this 
 party were Martin Van Buren and Charles F. 
 Adams. General Taylor and Millard Fillmore 
 were successful — each receiving 160 votes iu tho 
 electoral college. 
 
 TAYLOU'S ADMINISTKATIOX. 
 
 Having received tho majority of votei. Gen- 
 eral Taylor entered npon tho duties of his high 
 office on tho 4th of March, 1849. His inaugural 
 aildrcss was remarkable for its brevity, but still 
 lucid and eloquent, Jno. M. Clayton was ap- 
 pointed Secrotiuy of State, and Thomas Ewing, 
 of Ohio, was chosen to fill the oflicc of a new 
 department created during tho Congressional 
 session of 1848-9, to relieve tho Secretaries of 
 the State and Treasury departments of a portion 
 of their arduous duties — denominated the Homo 
 Department. AVilliam M. Meredith, of Pennsyl- 
 vania, was appointed Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 Congress assembled on the 1st Monday iu 
 December, 1849. In tho Lower House, thero 
 was an administration majority, but an opposition 
 majority in the Senate. The most of the appoint- 
 ments, made by tho President, were, however, 
 approved by that body. Tho message to Congress 
 was short, but charact. ristic of the Chief Magis- 
 trate, and sufficiently indicated the moderate 
 course ho intended pursuing. Tho subjoct of 
 slavery Wiis introduced into every debate. Tho 
 bills jiroviding territorial governments for Cali- 
 fornia and New Mexico wero defeated. 
 
 John C. Calhoun issued an address to the peo- 
 ple of the Southern States, compKiining of various 
 acts of aggression U[miii the rights of Southern 
 slaveholdiiig people, and exhcu-tiiig them to make 
 all tho resistance in their power; and ofter tho 
 adjournment of Congress, a caucus of tho south- 
 ern members was held iu Washington. Tho 
 etl'ect of this was, an increased exciteinont upon 
 the subject of slavery. 
 
 Tho parties iu tho House of Rojiresontativoa 
 wero equally balanced, on tlio assembling of 
 Congress in Decemher, 18j0. A few "free 
 soilers " had been elected in the Northern States, 
 men pledged to oppose the extension of slavery ; 
 and these held the balance of power. The con- 
 test for the speakership continued six weeks, and 
 Howell Cobb, of Georgia, was elected by a small 
 miyority. 
 
 The excitement did not end here. The subjoot 
 of slavery was introduced into every debate. 
 The people of California, wishing to establish a 
 better form of government, met in convontion 
 and adopted a State Constitution; aud slavery 
 w.as for ever prohibited by the pvottxod doclara- 
 tiun of rights. Application was made for admis- 
 sion into tho Union, but the clause relating to 
 lavery was bitterly upiiused by the Southern 
 members of Congress. Other things conspired 
 to feed tho excitement. The govornmeut of 
 Texas put forth a claim to tlie territory of Now 
 .Mexico; the question of the abolition of tlio 
 slave trade in tho District of Columbia was ugi 
 tatod ; and it soon became clear, that no business 
 euuld bo dono in Congress uutil tho subject w.kii 
 settled by oompromiso. 
 
550 
 
 HISTORY OP THE 
 
 A Compromise Committw of thirteen, of 
 which Henry Clay was chniminn, wns, on tlie 
 motion of Mr. Foote, elected by ballot on the 
 IPth of April. On the 6th of" Mar, this com- 
 mittee, reported the "Omnibus liill" to the 
 Senate; the object of which was to restore har- 
 mony to the national councils, and culm the ex- 
 citement of the public. It provided for tlio ad- 
 mission of California ; giviii(t territorial govern- 
 ments to New Mexico and Utah ; paying Texas 
 to relinqui^ih her claim upon New Mexico ; and 
 the abolition of the slave trade in the District of 
 Columbia. The discussion of this great measure 
 drew forth a display of talent and statesmansliip 
 unsurpassed in the annals of the Uepuldic. Able 
 men were ranged on both sides of the question. 
 
 General Lo|iez with about COO men, on l>oard 
 of the steamer Creole, destined to attempt to 
 revolutionize Cuba, arrived otf Yucatan about 
 the middle of May. On the 19th they reached 
 Cardenas, Cuba, where the men were disem- 
 barked, and alter some slcirmishing, tlio town 
 surrendered. The invaders maintained possession 
 during the day, and in the evening, after another 
 slight skirmish, went on board of the Creole. 
 After landing her men at Key West, the Creole 
 was seized by the United States revenue officers. 
 The expedition was pretty generally condemned 
 by the |>eople of the United States, and many 
 distinguished persons, who were charged with 
 oiding and a1>etting it, were arrested and brouglit 
 to trial fora violation of the neutrality lawsoftlieir 
 country, but discharged for want of evidence. 
 
 For upwards of two months, the diccussion of 
 the "Omnil>U3 Bill" was continued, and the 
 Senate seemed to bo pretty gotierally divided 
 upon the merits of the bill. " Some of its provi- 
 sions were generally occeptablc; but their combi- 
 nation with other obnoxious measures was con- 
 demned. By successive amendments, the bill 
 was reduced to the provision of a territorial 
 government for Utah. 
 
 Tlie sudden death of the Fresidcnt, while the 
 public mind was occupied with the debates on 
 the compromise measures, threw the nation into 
 mourning. General Taylor expired on the 9tli 
 of July, after a short illness, at the age of 05 
 years. His last words were expressive of the 
 character of his life. " I have etideiivoured to do 
 my duty," are words, which denote a man of 
 that beautiful simplicity of character, which 
 belongs only to the best of earth. 
 
 Portugal, all of which had been satisfactorily mise measures of 1860; and that they wore to 
 settled. A treaty had been negotiated by Mr. | be cheerfully obeyed. Ho nominated William 
 Webster, with the British minister, by whie:. T. , Marcy, of New York, for Secretary of State , 
 a route across Nicaragua, in Central America, James Guthrie, of Kcntiirky, fur Secretary of 
 wos opened to botli nations. the Treasury ; Rolicrt McClelland, tif Micliigan, 
 
 An agent had been sent by the government of Secretary of the Interior; JeH'crson Davis, of 
 
 FILLMORE'3 ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 According to the requirements of the Constitu- 
 tion, Mr. FiUmoro, tlie Vice-President, l)ecaine 
 President, and was inaugurated immediately 
 after the death of General Taylor. The mem- 
 bers of the Cabinet at once tendered their resig- 
 nations, which were accepted, and a new Cabi- 
 net organized. Daniel Webster, of Massachu- 
 setts, was apiKiinted Secretary of State, and the 
 various other offices were filled by men, who 
 were distinguished as Whigs, and in favor of the 
 compromise measures. These measures having 
 been brought forward separately, were not so 
 strenuously opposed as before, and at length 
 passed both Houses, This act occasioned great 
 rejoicing by the friends of the Union, both North 
 and South. 
 
 The policy of the administration of the new 
 President could not be doubted, a8 he had long 
 been identified with the Whig party. In his first 
 ounual message to Congress, the principles of 
 Union, compromise, doiiicstio protection, and 
 foreign neutrality, were lucidly and forcibly re- 
 commended as necessary for the maintenance of 
 the honor and safety ot the country. 
 
 The foreign relutions liad, during General 
 Taylor's administration, occupied a great share 
 of the attention of tlie government. Difficulties 
 bad occurred with V-ngimi] France, Spain and 
 
 the United States, during the Hungarian struggle 
 for independence, to ascertain the exact position 
 of atfnirs, so that if the independence of Hungary 
 could bo maintained, its government might be 
 recognized. A rich correspondence took place 
 in December, 1850, concerning this agency, Iie- 
 tween Secretary Webster, and Chevalier I'lulsC' 
 niann, the Austrian minister to the United 
 States. The reply of Mr. Webster, to the letter 
 of the minister, was a noble vindication of the 
 conduct of the government, and worthy the 
 character of the age, and the peculiar position 
 of America. 
 
 Another attempt was made in the spring of 
 1861, to revolutionize Culm. Men and supplies 
 were collected in several of the southern ports, 
 and the government were soon informed, by the 
 bustle of preparation, of what was afoot. A 
 proclamatiim was issued by the President, de- 
 claring his intention to uphold the neutral laws, 
 and warning those who violated them, that they 
 would place themselves beyond the protection 
 of the government. Nevertheless, the steamer 
 Pampero, witii more than 400 men on board, 
 under command of General Lopez, saile<l for 
 Cuba, in August. The troops were landed at 
 Bahia Honda; but none of the inhabitants join- 
 ed them, as they had been taught to expect. 
 Colonel Crittenden, with a siiiaTl detachment, 
 being left in charge of the baggage, while Lopez, 
 with the main body, proceeded into the interior, 
 was attacked by a greatly superior force ol 
 Spaniards, and after a desperate resistance, dis- 
 persed. Colonel Crittenden and .51 men, attempt- 
 ing to escape in b«at», were captured, taken to 
 Havana, and shot. General Lopez was, in the 
 mean time, attacked by Spanish troops; at first 
 he repulsed them with slaughter, but they were 
 reinforced, and compelled the Americans to dis- 
 perse. Most of them were killed or captured, 
 General Lopez was taken, sent to Havana, and 
 put to death by the garotte. 
 
 A national convention of the Democratic 
 party assembled in Btdtimore, in June, 1862. A 
 series of resolutions were adopted, enbodying 
 the principles of the party, and Franklin Pierce, 
 of Now Hampshire, nominated for the Presi- 
 dency, and WilUam K. King, of Alabama for 
 Vice-President. 
 
 A convention of tlie Whig party assembled 
 soon after in the same city, and after adopting a 
 " platform" of principles proceeded to ballot for 
 candidates for the highest offices in the gift of 
 the American people. Gciiend Wintield Scott, 
 of Now Jersey, was nominated for President, 
 and William A. Graham, of Nortli Carolina, for 
 Vice-President. The " coinpromiso measures," 
 were sanctioned in express terms, by both of 
 these conventions. 
 
 A " free soil" convention was held at Pitts- 
 burgh, in August, and John P. Hale, of New 
 Hampshire, and (jcorge W. Julian, of Indiana, 
 were nominated for the Presidency and Vice- 
 Presidency. Other candidates were nominated 
 in various sections of the Union 
 
 At the election, held on the 23d of November, 
 Franklin Pierce and William R. King were elect 
 cd to the offices for which they were nomi' 
 nated. 
 
 PIEBCKS ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 On the 4th of March, 1853, Franklin Pierce 
 was inaugurated President of the United States. 
 His address was a shorter one than usual, and 
 by its frankness attracted general attention. He 
 declared his iatenUon to carry oat the compro- 
 
 Mississippi, Secretary of War ; JiinusC. Dobliln, 
 of North Corolina, Secretary of the Navy ; James 
 Campbell, of Pennsylvania, Postmaster lieneral; 
 and Caleb Cushing, of Mas.<achusctts, Attorney 
 General. These apiiointracnts were confiniied 
 by Congress in an extra session, convened on 
 the 7th. 
 
 The debate of Congress on the affolrs of Cen- 
 tral America, which engaged their attention at 
 the adjournment of their regular session, was 
 continue<l from time to time without any result. 
 
 Soon after the inaugnration of President 
 Pierce, the diplomotic corps paid their respect.^ 
 in a formal visit, and congratulated bim on his 
 accession. The President replied in a short 
 speech, reciprocating the expressions of national 
 amity, and said that in the conduct of our rela- 
 tions he should of course '' look, in the first in- 
 stance, to what the interests and honor of the 
 United States may require." 
 
 Congress met on the 6th of December, nnj 
 the iues.sago of the President was submitted to 
 that body on the tith. It touched principally 
 upon our relations with foreign countries, and 
 financiol matters, and concluded by anpouncin^r 
 the death of the Vice-President, on the IStli of 
 April. 
 
 On the 4th of January, a hii! providing for the 
 organization of Nebraska and .'\ans.'us territories 
 was introduced by .Mr. Dough s, and alter con- 
 siderable debate, p^isscd both H)use3. 
 
 A vote of tlianks was i)nssc(l by the House, 
 to Captain Duncin N. Ingraham " for his judi- 
 cious and gallant conduct on the 2£d of July, i:i 
 extending the protection of the AnKiicaii go- 
 vernment to Martin Kosta, by rescuing him from 
 forcible and illegal seizure and imprisonment on 
 hoard the Austrian brig of war Hussar." 
 
 hesolutions were adopted, expressing the pub- 
 lic thanks to the officers and others engaged in 
 rescuing the survivors of the steaniship San 
 Francisco, wrecked otl' Charleston on the niglit 
 of the 25lh of December. The President was 
 requestetl to procure three gold medals with 
 suitable devices — tmo to be presented to Captain 
 Creighton, of the sliip Three Bells, of Glasgow ; 
 one to Captoin Low, of the barque Kilby, of 
 Boston ; and one to Captain Stoutfer, of the" ship 
 Autiu'ctic, as testimonials of national gratitude 
 for their gallant conduct in rescuing obout five 
 hundred Americans from the wreck of the steam- 
 ship San Francisco; and $100,000 was appro- 
 priated to reward the t>fficers and crews of the 
 vessels that aided in the rescue. 
 
 The "G.idsden Treaty" with Mexico, os amend- 
 ed in the Senate, was ac^t,iied by Santa 
 \nna. The first article, relating to the new 
 boundary between the United Stotes and Mexi- 
 co, is as follows : 
 
 "The Mexican Republic agrees to designoto 
 the following as her true limits with the U idled 
 Stotes for the future : retaining the same divid- 
 ing line between the two Calil'ornias as already 
 defiucd, and established according txj the 5lli 
 article of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, tlio 
 limits between the two Republics shall bo as fol- 
 lows: Beginning in tlie Gulf of Mexico, three 
 leagues from land, opposite the mouth of the 
 Rio Grande, as provided in the 5th article of 
 the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; thence, as 
 defined in the said article, up the middle of tliat 
 river, to the point where the parallel of 81" 47' 
 north latitude crosses tlie same ; thence due 
 west one liundred miles; thonco south to the 
 parallel of 3 r 20' north latitude; thence along 
 the said parallel ofSl^ 20' to the 111th meridian 
 of longitude west of Greeiiwicli ; tlience in a 
 straight line too point on the Colorado river, 
 twenty English miles below the junction of tho 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 rm 
 
 ; and that tliey wure to 
 Ho nnniinnioil 'William 
 k, for Secretnry of State, 
 iitucky, fur »^i>orctnry of 
 McClfllaml, of Micliignn, 
 'ior; Jurtbrson Dnvin, of 
 f Wiir; JimiisC". Dobbin, 
 otnry of the Navy ; .latiics 
 Ilia, Postmaster '(Jeiieral ; 
 MassaclinsottH, Attornov 
 ntmfiitg were coiifiriiie;! 
 'a session, convened on 
 
 ss on the nflfalrs of Cen- 
 RBgcd tlieir attention at 
 eir reptilar session, was 
 time without any result, 
 ipnrntion of President 
 'orps i)ai(l their respect.i 
 ongratiihited him on hu 
 ent replieil in a short 
 e e.^pressions of national 
 the conduct of our rela- 
 
 " look, in the first in- 
 srcsts and honor of the 
 ire." 
 
 ' 6tli of December, nnj 
 
 ident woi* submitted to 
 
 It touched principally 
 
 1 forcifin countries, nnS 
 included by anpounoin;; 
 •esidont, on the 18th of 
 
 a bill providing for the 
 X and Xansiis territories 
 Doupli s, and alter con- 
 )oth Hiuses. 
 I passed by the House, 
 Ufraham " for his judi- 
 t on the 2£1 of July, i:i 
 I of the American (:o- 
 a, by rescuinj,' him from 
 i and imprisonment on 
 if war Hussar." 
 ed, expressing the pub- 
 nnd others engaged ia 
 >f the steamship San 
 larleston on the night 
 The President wi« 
 so gold medals with 
 B presented to Captain 
 •ce Bells, of Glasgow ; 
 the barijue Kilbv, of 
 in Stontfer, of the" ship 
 of national gratitude 
 in rescuing about five 
 ho wreck oftbestcam- 
 $100,000 was appro- 
 eers and crews of the 
 escue. 
 
 vitli Mexico, as amend- 
 
 aci\;,iied by Santa 
 
 relating to the new 
 
 ited States and Mexi- 
 
 agrees to designate 
 niits with the United 
 ining the same divid- 
 L'alifornias as already 
 iccording to the 6th 
 idahipe Hidalgo, the 
 iiddlcs shall be as ful- 
 iulf of Mexico, three 
 to the mouth of the 
 in the 5th article of 
 Hidalgo; thence, as 
 up the middle of that 
 he parallel of 8r i7' 
 I same ; thence due 
 thence south to the 
 titude ; thence along 
 the 111th mcridiau 
 nwieh ; thence in ,1 
 
 the Colorado river, 
 r the junction of the 
 
 Gihis and Colorado rivers ; thence up the middle 
 of the said river Cobirado, until it intersects the 
 present lino between the luitcd States and 
 MexiOD." 
 
 A commissioner was appointed by each po- 
 vernnieut to survey, and lay down tbi" boundary, 
 and llieir decision was to beliiial, and to be ciin- 
 sidered as a Jiart of tlie treaty. 'I'lie I'nited 
 Slates were releiused from tlio obligiilion, iin- 
 ]i<psed by the treaty of (luadalupe llidalpi, to 
 protect the Mexiean frontier apiinsl tlie Iinlians. 
 In consideration for this release, and for the 
 tcrrilorv ceded bv Mexio. Ilio I'nited Stales lo 
 jiay #1(3,000,000, of which $7,000,000 was to be 
 paid on the ratitication of the treaty, and the 
 runiaiudcr on the establishment of the boundary 
 line — vessels and citizens of the United .Stales 
 were to have free pivss;ige tlii'<tuf;b the Gulf of 
 Calilbrnia, and along tlio Colorado Kivcr. The 
 nulhori/.ation of tliu construction of a idaiik 
 Mad and railway across the isthmus of Teliuau- 
 ti-pec Wiis conlirmed, and neither government to 
 tln-ow any obstacles in the way of the free 
 transit of persons ami mercliandise of bolh n.i- 
 tions; no higher charges were to be m.ailo upon 
 the Irausit of the persons ami property of citizens 
 of the United States, than upon those of other 
 foreign nations; no interest in the road or in its 
 proceeds to he transferred to any foreign govern- 
 ment ; and no jiassports or Klteis of security to 
 be required of persons merely crossing the I'itb- 
 nms. The United Slates were to have the right 
 of transporting llieir mails across the Isthiiius 
 ia closed bags free of all Cnstoin-bouse or other 
 diarges by the -Mexican government. Arrange- 
 ineiils were made by which the United Stales 
 are to transport troops and munitions of war by 
 the road. When the road was coiripleted,a port 
 iiteulry Wiis to be opened at or near its terminus 
 in ilie Gulf of Mexico. The United Stales may 
 txleiid 10 the road such protection as shall be 
 warranted by laiblio or internatioinil law. 
 
 .\tter considerable debate in Congress, the 
 bill making the approiiriation of $lii,(iuO,Ooo 
 reipiisiie to carry into effect the stipulations of 
 the treaty, was passed, by a vote of 102 to 03 
 ia the House, and 34 to li in the Senate. 
 
 A treaty was negotiated between the Uniteil 
 Stales ami Great Hritain, providing for c jmmer- 
 c;al reciprocity, between this counlry and the 
 IkilLsh provinces, it jirovided that the tisherios 
 of ihe provinces, with the exception of those ot 
 Xewtouudland, shall bo open to American ciii- 
 zens ; that disputes resjiecting fisheries should 
 be settled by arbiiralion ; that the Hrilish should 
 have a right to participate in the American 
 fisheries as far as the 30th degree of north lati- 
 tude; that there should be free commerce be- 
 tween the provinces and the United Stales in 
 Hour, breadstuffs, fruits, fish, animals lumber, 
 and a variety ot natural productions in their 
 unmaiiulactured stale. The St. Lawrence and 
 the Canadian canals were to be thrown open to 
 American vessels ; and the Anioiican govern- 
 iiierit was to urge upon the States to admit 
 Ihitish vesseLs into their canals upon similar 
 terms. The treaty was to be submillcd to the 
 provincial legishitures of the Urilish provinces, 
 as Well as to the governments of the two coun- 
 tries. 
 
 The Japan expedition was attended with ex- 
 ceedingly favourable results. A treaty of amity, 
 preparatory to a commerci.d treaty, had been 
 negotiated. This treaty was ratitied by Congress. 
 It contained two important slipnlations, that 
 two pons on ditferent islands should be open to 
 American vessels; that the steamers from Cali- 
 foraia to China shouhl be furnished with supplies 
 ot coals; and that sailors shipwrecked ou the 
 Japiuiese coasts, should receive hospitable treat- 
 ment. The negotiations throughout were con 
 ducted in a very friendly spirit. The liussiaus 
 niso endeavoured to enter into a treaty, but the 
 Japanese declared that their efforts "had been 
 uasjceessful. A treaty was lUso negotiated with 
 
 Russia, nnil ratified by the Senate, guaranteeing 
 tho neutrality of the United States in the war 
 of the Allied Powers of Kurope w lib that coun- 
 try, and recognizing, ns a doclriue of interna- 
 lioual l:iw, the principle that free ships make 
 free goods, and that tho property of neutrals, 
 unless contraband of war, shall be respected, 
 even if U)Und on board enemies' vessels. Several 
 Indian trealies were also ratitied, and Congress 
 adjourjieil on the 7th of An;zusl. 
 
 liiteMigenco was received about this time, of 
 the destruction of Greytown, on the .Musi|uito 
 
 |Co:i8t, by bombardment from n United States 
 ship of war, muler circumstances wbicdi gave the 
 act a good deal of importance. Some months 
 before, property was alleged to have been stolen 
 Irom Ihe Accessory Transit Comimny, and re- 
 moved within tho limits of San Juan, or (irey- 
 town, A demand for its resloiatiou wa.s made 
 by the agent of the Company upon the authori- 
 ties of the town, who replied tliat after a dili- 
 gent inquiry they could obtain no trace of such 
 properly, nor any evidence that it had ever 
 
 I been broncht within their jurisdiction. For 
 this, the Company claimed damages to the 
 amount of $l(i,0(ji). In 185.), the Company 
 hired of Ihe authorities a site ou Point -Xreua.s, 
 
 i agreeing to vacate it when required to do so. 
 The requisition was made in M.arch, 1853, and 
 
 i refused by the Comjiany, upon which the an- 
 
 jthorities proceeded to remove the building, 
 which was a mere shed for temporary purposes. 
 
 j l"or this the Company claimed damages to the 
 amount of $8,000. 
 
 In .May, of Ihe present year, a negro captain 
 of a river lii>at was shot V}' Captain Smith, who 
 conunamUd a steamer, plying on the river, who 
 had previoii>ly had some dilliculty with biiu. 
 The general lesliniony, both of Americans, and 
 others who \vilacs<ed the alt'air, was that it was 
 a delilierale murder. A warrant was istued by 
 the Mayor ot Sin Juan, for Smith's arrest; but 
 the ollicer who went on board the steamer lo 
 exei'Ute it was resisted by the passengcr.s, headed 
 by -Mr. Horland. the Minister ot the United States 
 lo Nicaragua, who justified his conduct, by siy- 
 iiig that he was instructed not to recognize in 
 any way the authority of Greytown. which 
 ehiims to derive its authority from the Mus(piito 
 King, ns separate and distinct from Nicaragua. 
 -Mr. Uurhind afterward went on shore, and an 
 attempt was made to arrest him, on charge of 
 obstructing officers of the law in the discharge 
 of their duty. This was resisted, and in the 
 iiif'l,c that ensued, Mr. Horland was struck on 
 the face with a bottle thrown by some person 
 unknown. 
 
 On the 10th June, the United States ship 
 i'i/,ine was sent to San Juan, under Com- 
 mander llollins, who was instructed to consult 
 with .Mr. I. W. Fabeus, the United Slates Com- 
 mercial Agent there, and to take such steps to 
 enforce the demands of the United .States go- 
 vernment as might be necessary — on the Uth 
 ot July, he made a formal demand on the autho- 
 rities for the immediate payment of $'24,iiuo, as 
 indemnity for the property of the Transit Com- 
 pany which had been stolen and destroyed, and 
 a pronq)t njiology for tho insult olfered lo Mr. 
 Horland, with satisfactory assurances of future 
 good behavior towards the United States, and 
 her public functionaries. To this, no reply was 
 received ; and on the 12th, Commander llollins 
 Lssued a proclamation declaring that, by virtue 
 of his in~tructions from the United States go- 
 vernment, unless the demands were complied 
 with by nine o'clock the next morning, he should 
 bombard the town. 
 
 A copy of this proclam.'.tion wa.s .sent on board 
 the liritish ship JltrmiulHy whose commander, 
 
 I Lieutenant Jolly, protested against the lliroat- 
 cned bombardment, saying that such an act 
 
 ' would bo without precedent among civilized na- 
 tions, and that a largo amount of properly be- 
 longing to Hritish subjects, would bo destroyed, 
 
 which it was his duly to protect ; but ns the 
 force under liis command wat totally inndcquuto 
 for its proteclion against the Cifinr, he could 
 ludy enter his protest. Commander Hcdiins re- 
 I'lied to this note, that he was only fnUilling tho 
 orders of bis govermncnt — that he symp'ithizcd 
 with Lieutenant Jolly in the risk of Lnglish snb- 
 Jecls ami property, and that ho '' regrelled ex- 
 ceedinjrly that the force under hisccunmand was 
 not doubly eipial lo that of the ('i/iiid:" 
 
 On the morning of the liili, a guard of 
 marines ami seamen went on shore to secure tho 
 arms and ammunition, and lo remove property 
 exposed to destruction. On tho next morning, 
 a steamer was sent to the shore to aid British 
 subjects in removing their persons and jiroperty 
 to a ]dace of safely ; but only a few availed 
 themselves of it. At nine o'clock, the batteries 
 of the Cijiinr were opened U|ion the town, and 
 firing was kejit up at intervals, until 4 o'cloik, 
 when a parly was .sent on shore to complete 
 the destruction of the town, by setting tho 
 houses on fire, which was doc.e. Lieutenant 
 Jolly, after tho town had been destroyed, de- 
 clared it 10 be under his protection, and pro- 
 claimed martial law. 
 
 Congress met on the 4th of December, 1S54, 
 and the Presidenrs message was communicated 
 the same day. It dwelt at .huuc length ni>ou 
 our foreign relations, niul vindicated the<leslrnc- 
 tion of Greytown by Ihe sloop of war <'i/'ini\ on 
 the ground that the inhabitants bad been guilty 
 of fiagrant outrages upon the rights and properly 
 of Americans, and that there was no recognized 
 aulhorily, to which we could look for redres-:. 
 The transaction lia<l been the subject of com- 
 plaint on the part of some foreign powers, and 
 saiil to have been characterized with more of 
 harshness than of justice. The President thought 
 it would not bo hard to Hud repeated instances 
 in tho history of other States, wbieh would 
 fully juslily the chastisement of (Jreytown. Tho 
 fiuuucial condition of the country was then 
 dwelt upon. 
 
 Attention was directed, about this time, to an 
 expedition in process of preparation, under com- 
 mand of Cidonel Kinney, to colonize and .sclllo 
 certain iiorlions of the territory on the Musquito 
 coast. The settlement w!is to be made under a 
 grant idleged to have been made to two British 
 subjects, named Sheppard and Haly. by the pre- 
 .doces.sor of the present King of the Musipiilo 
 counlry. The government of Nicaragua pro- 
 tested against this expedition, as an invasion of 
 its lerrittiry, and .as in violation of the Neutrality 
 Laws of tiie United States. To these represen- 
 tations Mr. Marcy, the ."secretary <if Slate, replied, 
 that there Avas no evidence of any hostile intent 
 on Ihe part of the expedili'm, but that, on tho 
 contrary, it was merely a peaceful emigration 
 company, intending to settle upon lands to which 
 they had a claim, not for purposes of conquest, 
 butof cultivation and iniprovenieni ; and tliat it 
 was not in violation of our Neulndity Laws, in- 
 asmuch .J the menioe._ of the expedition would 
 be ;.i ail respects subject to the authority of the 
 country. 'Jo l\n:<e representations Mr. Mar- 
 colela,"tlie Minister from Nicaragua, replied, un- 
 der date of January I'Jth, setting forth the vari- 
 ous Hlteiniits of (ireat Britain to establish a pro- 
 tectorate over the Musijuito coast, and to plant 
 an English colony there, and the declaration of 
 the government of the United Stales that they 
 would never acknowledge any such protectorate, 
 nor permit the Kuropeaii govcruuienta cither to 
 interfere with the domestic concerns of tho 
 American repubUcs, or to establish new colonies 
 upon this continent which jeopard their inde- 
 pendence or ruin their intorcots. The American 
 Secretary of State, also, in 1811), and ut other 
 times, informed the British authorities that tho 
 American government could never acknowledge 
 the indeiieudeuce of the Mosquito Indians, or ad- 
 mit that they have any right of sovereignly ovoi 
 the territory they claim. The winicter urged 
 
i I' 
 
 9S3 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 that by the declarationR, so frequently repeat- 
 ed, and 80 explicit and oin|>liiitic in tlicir 
 terms, the government of the Unitoil HfnteH 
 had denied the right of tlio Mosr|iiito King 
 to muke any grants of land, and dcnuuneed 
 ' the policy of |ilanting new colonies npon tlioHO 
 territoriuH, It could liurdly be Hupposetl, 
 therefore, that it would attempt to establish 
 such colonies itself, or ]>erniit the invasion 
 by its citizens of the rights and territories of 
 the State of Nicaragua. 
 
 Colonel Kinney, on the 28th of January, 
 wrote to Secretary Marcy, declaring that the 
 objects of the exjiedition were to occupy and 
 improve the lands within the limits of his 
 grant, and that everything was to be doue 
 ]ieaceably, and without invading the rights 
 of either communities or tjtatcs. 
 
 He said it was his intention to establish 
 municipal regulations for the government of 
 the colonists, so that it might be in his power 
 to enforce order, and keep up the forms of 
 civilized society from the beginning. The 
 Secretary replied, under date of the 4th of 
 February, that if the expedition was a njore 
 peaceful emigration, and if those connected 
 with it chose to abandon all claim to the ])ro- 
 tection of the United States, and submit 
 themselves to the jurisdictioit of some other 
 country, this government would not interfere 
 with it; but the ministers of the various Cen- 
 tral American governments denied that he 
 had any grants of lands within their domin- 
 ions, and our government does not acknowl- 
 edge the Mosquito King. 
 
 Congress adjourned on the 4th of March. 
 On the 17th of February, the President sent 
 in a message vetoing the bill i)roviding for 
 the payment of claims of American citizens 
 for spoliations committed by the French prior 
 to 1801. The bill increasing the annual a)>- 
 propriation from *38.'>,000 to *850,000 to the 
 proprietors of the Collins line of Liverpool 
 steamers, was also vetoed. In addition to 
 the laws enacted, several joint resolutions of 
 considerable public interest and imi>ortance 
 were adopted. One of them, approved on the 
 15th of February, authorized the President 
 to confer the title of Lieutenant-general by 
 brevet, in a single instance, for eminent 
 services. The President, in accordance* with 
 the intent of Congiess, conferred the title 
 upon General Scott. 
 
 On the last day of the session, the Presi- 
 dent transmitted to Congress a very large 
 collection of correspondence, relating to a 
 conference of American Ministers held at Os- 
 tend in October, 18ri4. The documents were 
 quite voluminous, and advised the purchase 
 of the island of Cuba, or if that failed, a re- 
 sort to force was recommended. The Presi- 
 dent did not deem it advisable to follow the 
 course indicated in this despatch ; and, in 
 consequence of this hesitation, Mr. Soule, in 
 a letter dated Deoombor the i7th, 18.i4, re- 
 signed his office as 3Iinister at Madrid, say- 
 ing he had no alternative but to take that 
 step, or linger in languid impotence at the 
 capital. The proceedings of the conference 
 at Ostcnd caused a lively feeling of indigna. 
 tion both in this country and in Kuroj)e. 
 
 A law prohibiting the sale of intoxicating 
 liquors was ixiHsed both in New York and 
 Pennsylvania. Colonel Kinney had to en- 
 counter unexpected obst^cls* to his Central 
 Americaa colosizatioa schema, lie was ar- 
 
 rested both in New York and I'hilndelphia, 
 on charges of attempting to violote the Neu- 
 trality J^aws, but in both cases ho was releas- 
 ed on bail to await the issue. The f'nited 
 .*>'/(iMv, chartered to convey himself and party, 
 I was detained in the port of New York, 
 I watched by government vessels. 
 [ Another expedition, of a somewhat difTer- 
 eiit eharaoter, set sail from New York on the 
 31st of May. The bark Ji'linm; and steam 
 lirojieller .lirtic, under the comnnind of Lieu- 
 tenant Ilartstein, United States Navy, start- 
 ed in search of Dr. Kane and his as.sociates, 
 who, in the AJvanee, started to search for 
 Sir John Franklin, and was supposed to be 
 ice-bound in the N(U-thern Seas. 
 
 In the spring of 185."), William AValker, 
 " the gray-eyt;d man of destiny," invaded 
 Nicaragua, and in 1850 had so far succeeded 
 in establishing himself, that having sent a 
 minister to the United States, his government 
 was recognized and diplomatic relations open- 
 ed between the two countries. In the follow- 
 ing winter the subject of enlistments in the 
 United States of recruits for the liritish army 
 then operating in the Crimea, disturlx^d the 
 friendly relations existing between Fngland 
 and America. Crampton, the liritish min- 
 ister, having become involved in the affair. 
 President Pierce requested his recall, which 
 was refused by his government. Ho was dis- 
 uiLssed, however, by the authorities at Wash- 
 ington, together with the Kngli.sh consuls at 
 New York, Philadelphia, and Cincinnati, who 
 had taken an active ])art in the eidistments. 
 England remained unrepresented at Washing- 
 ton for a short time, but the alfair was finally 
 settled amicably. 
 
 Discord, dispute and bloodshed marked the 
 latter years of I'ierce's administration. The 
 conflict over the government of Kansiis drew 
 forth, in 1851'), a message to Congress, in which 
 the President declared the creation of a Free- 
 State government in Kansas an act of rebel- 
 lion, and justified the principles of the Doug- 
 las Kansas-Nebraskaact of 1854, by which the 
 Missouri comiiromise act was repealed. Vio- 
 lent jiarty feeling extended throughout the 
 country, and its result was riot and bloodshed 
 in the territory of Kausiis, and upon its bor- 
 ders. 
 
 A largo meeting of the residents was held 
 in Leavenworth, on the .'JOtli of April, in re- 
 ference to the postponement of the time for the 
 registration of lands. A portion of the meet- 
 ing were in favor of the extension, and the 
 remainder opposed to it. An angry discussion 
 ensued ; from words the opponents came to 
 ' blows, and Malcolm Clark was shot by a law- 
 j yer named McCrea. The pco))le became much 
 ; excited, and strove to lynch McCrea, but the 
 commanding officer at the fort rescued him. 
 I In a memorial to Congress, the anti-slavery 
 ; settlers in Kansas coni))lained that the Mis- 
 j sourians had entered their territory in large 
 I nmnbers, " seized upon their rights, and se- 
 I lected for them their rulers." The other i)arty 
 I — asserting that slavery had been recognized 
 in the territory — denounced any attempt to 
 overthrow the institution. 
 
 The authorities at Washington took gen- 
 eral ground against the action of the Free- 
 Stato party. In August the lower house of 
 Congri'ss amended the annual oppropriation 
 bill for the maintenance of the army, provid- 
 ing "that no part of the military force of the 
 
 United States, herein provided for, shall bo 
 employed in aid of the enforcement of the en- 
 actments of the alleged Legislative Assembly 
 of the Territory of Kansas, recently assembled 
 I at Shawnee Mission, until Congress shall have 
 ! enacted either that it was or was not a valid 
 I legislative assembly chosen in conformity with 
 I the organic law by the people of the said Ter- 
 I ritory," and " that until Congress shall have 
 passt^d on the validity of the said legislative 
 assembly, it shall be the duty of the President 
 to use the military force in said territory to 
 preserve the peace, suppress insurrection, re- 
 pel invasion and protect ))ersons and ]iroperty 
 therein and upon the national highways in 
 the State of Missouri and elsewhere, from un- 
 lawful seizures and searches," and " that the 
 President is required to disarm the present 
 organized militia of the territory of Kansas, 
 to recall all the ITnited States arms therein 
 I distributed, and to prevent armed nu'n frtmi 
 going into said territory to disturb the public 
 ' peace, or to aid in the enforcement or resist- 
 ance of real or |)retended laws." 
 
 This amendment was amended in the Senate 
 and returned to the lower house, ■which ad- 
 journed sine (/(> without acting upon the bill, 
 and thus the army was left without any sup- 
 port. An extra session was culled on thediiy 
 of adjournment, which mot, passed the bill 
 w iti;out any proviso, and then again adjourn- 
 ed. On the assembling of Congress in the 
 following December, the condition of Kansas 
 was again referred to in the message of tlio 
 President, in which he firmly adhered to the 
 principles laid down in his former message, 
 and strife and contention continued in the 
 unfortunatu territory. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF BUCHANAN. 
 
 In the Presidential contest of 1856 the Dem- 
 ocratic party, endorsing the Konsas and Ne- 
 braska bill as embodying the oidy safe solu- 
 tion of the slavery question, nominated James 
 Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, for President, nnd 
 JohnC. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, for Vice- 
 I'resident. The di.s.solution of the Whig I)arty, 
 which commenced by the im])osition of th- 
 Southern platform on its national conventidii 
 of 1852, was now consummated by the eager 
 ])articipation of most of its Southern mem- 
 l)ers of Congress in the rei)eal of the Mis- 
 souri Compromise by the passage of the 
 Kansas-Nebraska bill. Those, of whatever 
 party in the past, who condemnetl that repeal 
 and who united on that basis, were first known 
 simply as " anti- Nebraska," but had gradually, 
 and almost si)ontaneously a.ssumed the desig- 
 nation of " Republicans." As such they had 
 carried most of the Free-State elections of 
 1854, but were less decidedly successful in 
 those of 1855. Their first National Conven- 
 tion was held at Pittsburgh, Pa., on the 22d 
 Febnmry, 1856, but no nominations were 
 then made. Their nominating convention 
 met at Philadelphia on the 17th June, 1656, 
 when John C. Fremont, of California, was 
 nominated for President, and Wm. L. Dayton, 
 of New Jersey, for Vice-President. This con- 
 vention declared it both the right and the 
 duty of Congress to prohibit in the Territo- 
 ries the " twin it'lics of barbarism— ])olyganiy 
 and slavery." A convention of the American 
 party was held at Philadelphia, the 22d Feb., 
 1856, which nominated respectively, Milkrd 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 S88 
 
 provided for, uliall bo 
 enforcement of tlioen- 
 
 Legialativo AsKembly 
 KHK, recently aNHenibled 
 til (.'ongreRM kIiiiU Iibvi. 
 ■88 or waH not a valid 
 sen ill conformity with 
 |ieo|ilo of the Kiiid Ter- 
 il C'ongreHH .shall have 
 )f the Naid li'jfiKlative 
 ! duty of the President 
 :e in naid territory to 
 ipresg insurrection, re- 
 t |H-rsunsand property 
 national highways in 
 id elsewhere, from uii- 
 rches," and " that the 
 to disarm the present 
 B territory of Kansas, 
 1 States arms therein 
 *'eiit armed men from 
 ' to disturb the public 
 I'nforcement or resist- 
 d laws." 
 
 amended in the Senate 
 ver house, which ad- 
 . acting upon the bill, 
 left without any sup- 
 was called on the day 
 met, passed the bill 
 [| then again a<ljourii- 
 ; of dongress in the 
 I condition of Kansa.s 
 in the message of the 
 firmly adhered to the 
 
 his former message, 
 jn continued in the 
 
 OF BUCHANAN. 
 
 test of 18513 thoDeni- 
 tho Kansas and Ne- 
 
 the only safe solu- 
 in, nominated James 
 ia,forrresident, niiil 
 Kentucky, for Vico- 
 )n of the SV'hig Jjarty, 
 im])08ition of th- 
 national convention 
 nmated by the eager 
 its Southern nieiii- 
 
 rei)eal of the Mis- 
 10 passage of the 
 Those, of whatever 
 idemnud that repeal 
 sis, were first known 
 ," but had gradually, 
 
 assumed the desig- 
 As such they had 
 ■-State elections of 
 dedly successful in 
 it National C'onven- 
 ■gh. Pa., on the 2lM 
 
 nominations were 
 inating convention 
 le 17tli June, 185(i, 
 
 of California, was 
 nd Win. L. Dayton, 
 resident. TliLs con- 
 
 tho right and the 
 ibit in the Territo- 
 rbarism — ])olygamy 
 on of the American 
 phia, the 22d Feb., 
 igpectively, Millard 
 
 Fillmore, of Now York, and Andrew J. Don- 1 
 els'.m, of Tennessee, for President and Vice- 
 President. From this convention the aiiti- 1 
 Nebraska delegatcH withdrew upon the failuri I 
 of a resolution to nominate no men who were 
 nut in favor of interdicting slavery iiorlli of the ; 
 Missouri line. After an animated canviLSK, at 
 X\w. ensuing election James huohanaii receiv- 1 
 eil 171 electoral vot<'H and l,n:iS,lt>y of the | 
 popuhir voU'S ; (,'ol. Fremont, 114 electoral 
 and l,.T-ll,2t)4 po|mlar votes; Mr. Fillmore 
 received the electoral vote of Maryland alone, 
 but H74,.^34 of the popular vo' -s. 
 
 On the 4th of March, 18,')7, Mr. Duchanan 
 assumed the duties of the Presidential odice. 
 The disturbed and distracted condition of 
 Kansas, resulting from the immediate efforts 
 of the South to introduce slavery there, upon 
 the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, ne- 
 c Bsarily attritcted the early att<intion of Mr. 
 Hiu'lianan's administration. John W. Ueaiy, 
 the fourth of the TiTi'itorial tJovernors of 
 Kansas, having recently resigned, the Presi- 
 di'Mt .selected as his sucees.sor Hobt. J. Walker, 
 of .Mississippi, with Fred P. Stanton, of Ten- 
 nessee, as Secretary. The anti-slavery jiarty 
 ill Kansas, comprising a large majority of 
 the settlers, though prevented by Federal force 
 from elfeoting such an organization as they 
 desired, still refused to recognize the 1^'gis- 
 liitiire chosen by the jiro-slavery men ; and 
 each party held independent conventions and 
 elections. A constitutional convention, call- 
 ed liy the pro-slavery Kegisluture, met at Le- 
 loiiiiitoii in September, l'<.^7. Having form- 
 ed a |)ro-slavery constitution, they submitted 
 till! ipiestion of slavery alone to the jieople, 
 this at least being reipiired by the Kan.sas 
 and Nebraska act of ( !ongress. Thus any vote 
 cast at this election, even though against 
 slavery, would necessarily be in favor of a con- 
 stitution which contained slavery clau.ses. 
 The adherents of the Topeka Constitution 
 refused to Vote at this election, when at the 
 Constitution lei'M tlavcry was adopted by a ! 
 vote of tJ,2'Jtj to .")i)l). Itut at an election ; 
 which had lieen held in October, l.'<.")7, ' 
 for a Territorial Legislature, under the pro- j 
 slavery organization, most of the Free-.State 
 men had, nevertheless, voted, carrying the ; 
 Legislature anil electing a delegati; to Con- 
 gress. This Legislature, whose legality was 
 now unipiestioned, submitted the lA'conipton 
 Conslitution to the people on the 4th Jan., 
 IS.'iS. At this election, which the pro-slavery 
 ]iarty in turn did not choose to recognize as 
 valid, a majority of ll),084 was returned ' 
 agai?!st the said constitution in any shape. 
 Cn April 30, 1858, Congress pas.sed a bill 
 admitting Kansas into the I'nion under the 
 Lecoiiipton Constitution, with a condition 
 piecwlent submitling to the peo]de of Kansas 
 a proposition to reduce the cession of public 
 lands, which had been stipulated in that in- , 
 Btninieiit at six times the usual amount, to 
 the number of acres which had been granted to ; 
 other States. On the 3d August, 1858, the 
 Jieoplo of Kansas voted, by an overwhelming 
 majority, to reject the condition precedent, 
 and thus, in effect, rejected the Lecompton 
 Constitution. The Territorial I^tgislature had 
 now passed completely into the hands of the 
 Free-State party, and all etforts to make 
 Kansas a Slave State were abandoned in 
 favor of an effort to organize it as a Demo- 
 cratic Free State, which, however, also failed. 
 
 lu March, 185!l, a new Constitution and Con- 
 vention assembled at Wyandot, by direction 
 of the peoph- ; a Free-State Constitution was 
 duly framed and ratilled by the people in 
 Octolier, 185!». The first undisputed State 
 election was held under it on the titli Dec. 
 f(dlowing, whin Itepublican otiicers and 
 members of ('(Uigiess were elected. Finally, 
 on Jan. 21, ISill, the arduous Kansas strug- 
 gle, openeil by the repeil of the .Mis.souri 
 Itest fiction, was closed by her admission to 
 the Federal Union, as the thirty-fourth State 
 thereof, and with a Free (.'onstitiition. 
 
 On the litli .March, 1857, the decision oiid i 
 opinions of the I'niteil States Supreme Court i 
 were made public in the ca.se of Dred Scott. [ 
 The intention <d" this decision was to establish ■ 
 the right of the master to take his slaves into | 
 any Territory of the I'nited States, and hold 
 them there, in despite of all conflicting con- j 
 gressioiial or territorial legislation, until the 
 Territory should be prepared to become a | 
 .State. Dred Scott, a slave, had sue<l for his ; 
 freedom ; having been held as a slave in Mis- 
 souri previous to 1^34, and shortly there- 
 after accompanieil his master to Fort Siiel- j 
 ling, in the Territory now known as Minne- 
 sota, but which was then an unorganized 
 Territory of the Tniled States, and covered j 
 by the slavery prohibition incliuled in the I 
 Missouri Conipromise of 1820. Chief Justii'e 
 Taney, pronoiiiiciiig the decision, aflirmed | 
 that Dred Scott had no right to sue in a j 
 court of the I'nited States, on the ground I 
 that, ])reviously to and at the time of i 
 adopting the Federal Con.stitutioii, no |ier- ' 
 sons who had been, or whose ancestors had \ 
 been slaves, were regarded as citizens, or as ; 
 having any rights which the white man was | 
 bound to respect ; and furthc>r, that no State ' 
 has, or can have, any right to confer citizen- \ 
 ship on such persons. The Justice then fur- 
 ther pronounced the Act of Congress (the 
 .Mis.souri ('(MiiproMiise of 1820), which pro- 
 hibited a iierson from holding ])roperty in 
 slaves north of the line therein mentioned, 
 not warrante<l by the Constitution, and there- 1 
 fori' Void. j 
 
 Justices McLeiin, of Ohio, and Curti.s, of | 
 Massjichu.setts, dissented from both the ileci- I 
 siou and opinions of the court, and further | 
 declared that the court had transcended its \ 
 authority in its utterances concerning the \ 
 Missouri Coinpronii.se, and in all except tliat ! 
 which had a direct bi-iiringon the jurisdiction I 
 of the lower court against which it decided. I 
 
 Its bearing upon the slavery ijiiestion was ; 
 denounced and re|)udiated by the Kepublican 1 
 party; and the platform subsei|uently adopt- 1 
 cd by that )iaitY at f 'liieago maintained, as a] 
 cardinal principle, that it was not only the! 
 right, but the duty, of Congress to abolish 
 slavery in all the 'J'erritoriis; and on the I'.tth 
 .Fune, 18(12, by a Hipublieau Congrcs.s, this 
 act was performed. 
 
 A large portion of the Northern Demo- 
 cratic jiarty, known as the Doughts Democ- 
 racy, al.so disrcgaidid this decision ; for this 
 party, whilst admit ling that the Constitution 
 authorized the niigralioii of slaves from the 
 States into the Territories, had long main- 
 tained that after their arrival it was conipe- 
 tent for the Territorial Legislature to jirotect, 
 impair, or destroy the rights of the master. 
 1 They claimed this jiower by virtue of a 8U|)- 
 I posed inherent attribute of popular sove- 
 
 reignty alleged to Indong to the first settleni 
 of a Territory, just as it exists in the peojilo 
 of one of tliu States. The remainder of I ho 
 Democratic party, devoted to the ]iro-slavery 
 interest, ardently sustained the decision. 
 
 On May 11, 1858, Minnesota was admitted 
 to the Union, and Oregon on February 14, 
 185!>. Hie strength of the Hepiiblican party 
 steadily increased, though the decline of the 
 American, or Fillmore party, inured to the 
 benefit of the still united organization of the 
 Democracy. In the year 1M58 Illinois was the 
 arena of the jiopular form of political contest 
 known as fltumjiing for the senatorial seat 
 betwiH'n Senator Douglas and Ann.MiAM Lix- 
 coLN, the Kepublican competitor. In this 
 campaign, in which ho was defeated, the lat- 
 ter prophetically enunciated the startling, if 
 not absolutely novel doctrine, that "the 
 Union could not permanently endure half- 
 slave and half-free;" and shortly afterwards 
 Senator Seward, of New York, also character- 
 ized the contest Ix'tween the North and South 
 as "an irrepressible conflict," until the United 
 States should become entirely a slave-holding 
 or free-labor nation. During the year IH5'J 
 the Territorial Legislature of New Mexico, 
 a.ssiiniing the legal existence of slavery in 
 that territory, in accordance with the Dred 
 Scott decision, passed numerous acts iirotect- 
 ing and fostering slavery. 
 
 Towards the close of this year John lirown, 
 a man of remarkable strength of character, 
 who had already distinguisheil himself amid 
 the troubles in Kansas, both by word and 
 deed, and whose ruling conviction was the 
 wickedness of slavery, juit into execution u 
 design which he had long meditated, to free 
 the slaves of Virginia. For this purpose he 
 had purcha.sed two hundred Sharp's carbines, 
 two hundred revolver pistols, and about onii 
 thousand pikes, with which to arm the slaves. 
 These arms he had collected and deposited in 
 the vicinity of Harper's Ferry, and at mid- 
 night, on Sunday, the Ititli October, 18511, 
 with a force comjirising sixteen whiles and 
 five negi'oes, he rushed across the Potoniae 
 at llai'iier's Ferry, and there seized the ar- 
 mory, arsenal, and rifle factory beliniging to 
 the United States. On Tuisday moriiing, 
 the 18th, the whole band. e.xcc|iting two who 
 had escaped, were either killnl or captured, 
 the slaves of the neighborhood having failed 
 to res])ond to this etlort in their behalf. 
 Among the captured was .lohii Urown him- 
 self, badly wounded, as were the eight or ten 
 others who had retreated with him to tlio 
 engine-house, where they were taken by a 
 detachment of ninety I'nited States marines 
 sent from Washington by the President, with 
 two pieces of artillery. Large numbers of 
 volunteers from Virginia and Maryland had 
 also hastened to the scene of action. John 
 Urown and several of his ])arty were after- 
 wards tried before the appropriate judicial 
 authorities of Virginia, and were convicted 
 and executed. 
 
 The 36th Congress, which met Dec. 5, 1859, 
 was strongly Democratic in the Si'iiate, but 
 the House of Uepresentatives being divided 
 between Republicans, Democrats, Americans 
 and Anti- Lecompton Democrats, contained no 
 clear majority for any jiarty. In the Senate, 
 j after most of the session had been consumed 
 in their di.scussion, resolutions of the Le- 
 comptoa Democrats thereof, offered by Jefl'er- 
 
6S4 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 1^1 
 
 Boi) Davik, of MiHHiHoippi, wuni luiiuictl \ty itii 
 im[>o)iiii){ party vuto, iiitoiuluti to donoiincn 
 tlio Auli-Locoiii)iton ov DotigluH Democracy, 
 UK Willi 11.1 tJKt Hcpulilicitiifi, ikH iimking wur on 
 tliu guiii'iuitcud I'iglitx of tlio Houtli. In tlio 
 HoiiMc, iiiglit wiu'ks wore oxpoiiilcd in tlio 
 choice of a Hpnnkcr, rosiiltiiiK in tlio olioicu of 
 William rcnniiigtoii, U('publican,of New Jcr- 
 Hcy. l)urinf( tlii.s coiitciit liittcr ilt-nunciatiiin 
 was niiulo of the llopublicnii mombci'H of tliu 
 HoiiNu who had ondorsod " Thu Impending 
 CriHix," a book by one Ilinton 11, llulpor, of 
 Korth Carolina, which was in Hiibntanco a 
 vehement appeal to the poor whiten of the 
 Bouth ugainHt further servility to the slave- 
 holders, backed by ample HtatiHticH, proving 
 slavery injurious to the South. 
 
 On the -'3d April, 1800, the Democriitio 
 (Jonvoation met at Charleston, S. C., to nomi- 
 nate candidates for the offices of I'l-esident 
 and Vice-President. The Douglas Democracy 
 having triumphed in the proceedings for the 
 adoption of a platform, the delegates of tlie 
 Boven cotton States withdrew from the 
 conveittion, and after fifty-four ballotings 
 for a I'rosidoittial candidate, the conven- 
 tion adjourned to meet at ISaltimore on 
 the 1 8th June, 1800, wlierc, after the with- 
 drawal of numerous other delegations, Ste|)lion 
 A. Douglas, of Illinois, was nominated for 
 President, and llerschel V. Johnson be- 
 came the candidate for Vice-President. On 
 the same day the delegates seceding from the 
 convention nominated John C. Breckinridge, 
 of Kentucky, for I'resident, and Joseph 
 Lane, of Oregon, for Vice-President. The 
 illustrious Abraham Lincoln was nominated 
 at Chicago, by the Ke|)ublican Convention, on 
 the 19th Alay, for President, with Hannibal 
 Hamlin, of Alaino, for Vice-President. The 
 candidates of the Constitutional Union, lote 
 American party, were John Bell, of Tennessee, 
 and Edward Everett, of Alassachusctts. The 
 position of the respective parties in this con- 
 test was well defined. That of the Republi- 
 can party was that Congress was bound to 
 ])rohibit slavery in any and every Federal 
 Territory. The Douglas Democracy main- 
 tained that neither Congress, nor the j)eoplo 
 of the Union, nor any part of it, outside of 
 said Territory, had any right to interfere 
 with the matter. While the supporters of 
 IMr. Breckinridge u|)held the right cf the 
 citizen of an^' State to migrate to any Terri- 
 tory, taking with him anything which was 
 property by the law of his own State, and to 
 hold and enjoy such property, and be pro- 
 tected in its use by Congress, whether with or 
 without the co-ojieration of the Territorial 
 Legislature. The canvass was one of intense 
 interest. In many of the Northern States 
 coalitions of the other parties against the 
 Republicans were formed, based upon their 
 united lu)stility to the Republican idea of ex- 
 cluding slavery from the Territories ; and 
 the mercantile fears of convulsion and civil 
 war were so vivid that the contest was ])ro- 
 secuted by the combined adversaries of Jlr. 
 Lincoln with the energy of d(;speration, 
 the controlling aim being to thus conciliate 
 and satisfy the South. At the South, no such 
 coalitions, on the other hand, were formed. 
 On the 6th November, 1860, Abraham Ijin- 
 coln was designated by the people as their 
 next President. Of the electoral vote, he re- 
 ceived 180, Mr. Breckinridge, 72 ; Mr. Bell, 
 
 3U ; and Mr. Douglas, 12. Of the jHipular 
 vote, Mr. Lincoln received in tho Freo 
 States, 1,S;U,|H(); inihe Slave Stales, 20,430. 
 Mr. Douglas received in the Freo States, 
 1,128,01!); in tho Slave Slates, 103,r)2.'). 
 Mr. Breckinridge, 27'.l,'-'ll in the Free, and 
 670,871 ill the Slave States; whilo Mr. Bell 
 received 130, 1 HI in the Free, and ft I J), 973 in 
 tho Slave States, Immediately after the 
 elections public meetings were held in Char- 
 leston and elsewhere in South Carolina, at 
 which groat joy was manifested at the result, 
 and resolutions enthusiaHtically adopted in 
 favor of the secession of tho Statu from the 
 Union. Its legislature shortly piuised an act 
 for tho call of a convention to carry tlio State 
 out of tho Union. 
 
 In the midst of all tlio elements of pros- 
 perity every material interest of the country 
 V as now de|)i'essed by the apprehensions of 
 civil war. The ]irico of all public securities 
 fell, and the credit of the Federal Qovorn- 
 nient was shaken. 
 
 In his annual message of tho 3d Decond)er, 
 1800, President Buchanan appealed to Con- 
 gress to ]>roposo an amendment to tho Consti- 
 tution, which should declare that instrument 
 on three jKiints : 1, As expressly recognizing 
 tho right of property in slaves in tho States 
 where it then existed ov might thereafter 
 exist ; 2, as pointing tho duty of jirotecting 
 this right in all the coniinon territories until 
 they shall be admitted as States into tho 
 Union, with or without slavery, as their con- 
 stitutions may prescribe ; 3, as recognizing 
 tho right of the master to have his slave, who 
 has escaped from one State to another, re- 
 stored ami delivered up to him, and as attest- 
 ing the validity of tho fugitive slave law 
 enacted for this purpose, and as rendering all 
 State laws impairing or defeating this right 
 mill and void. 
 
 The message further declared, that unless 
 tho Southern States obtained this act of jus- 
 tice from tho Northern States, they would be 
 justified in revolutionary resistance to tho 
 Oovernment of the Union, so characterizing 
 secession ; and also expressed the opinion 
 that the Comstitution had conferred no power 
 on the Federal Government to coerce a State 
 to remain in the Union, but simply to enforce 
 the laws upon individuals within tho limits 
 of a State. 
 
 Tho message was denounced by both the 
 anti-slavery and pro-slavery meniikir.- of Con- 
 gress. By the former it was oi.'n.'i'.ri id to 
 mean a denial by the Presidujitto fiif<>/(e tho 
 laws against the citizens of a Stiife after 
 secession or rebelli(m ; by the i.'ntcr as deny- 
 ing tho right of jieaceful sectsiiion, and as 
 indicating the intention of collecting the 
 revenue in the i)orts of South Carolina by 
 means of a naval force, and to defend tho 
 public property. The oi)posing parties in 
 Congress now breathed nothing but mutual 
 defiance. There was no longer any social or 
 friendly intercourse between the pro-slavery 
 and anti-slavery members. South Carolina 
 had called a Convention to adopt a secession 
 ordinance, aiul all the federal officers within 
 her limits had resigned ; ond the other cotton 
 States were pi : aring to follow her example. 
 
 In the Senate, a committee of thirteen was 
 now created, consisting of five Republicans, 
 five from slaveholding States, and three 
 Northern Democrats, to report on the dis- 
 
 tracted condition of tho country. Tho com- 
 mittee met on the 21st December, 1800, and 
 on the next day, Mr. Ciittenden, one of its 
 members, Hiibmittnd to it a propositimi to 
 amend the Constitution by prohibiting slavery 
 forever from all territories north of :iO° ,'10' 
 (or the old Missouri ComjiromiHe line), and 
 recognizing ami protecting it in all territories 
 lying south thereof. It was rejected by the 
 committee, the five Rejiublican members, and 
 two from tho cotton States, Messrs, Davis 
 and Toombs, voting against it ; and on the 
 3 1st Dec, 1800, tho committee reported to 
 the Senate their inability to agree. 
 
 Ordinances of secession were now adopted 
 by tho seven cotton States. On tho 17th 
 December, 1860, a convention met at Colum- 
 bia, South Caroliiuk, but in consequence of 
 the prevalence of small-pox in that city, ad- 
 journed to Charleston, where, on the 20th 
 December, thu ordinance of secession was 
 unanimously passed, and thereupon the Fed- 
 eral pro|)erty within tho limits of the State, 
 where it was feasible, was seized. The Con- 
 vention of Florida, on the 7th January, IHO I ; 
 Mississippi, tho 9th; Alabama, tho 11th; 
 (ieorgia, the 19th; Louisiana, the 2''>th ; and 
 Texas, the Btli February, jmssed ordinaiici's 
 of secession by overwhelming majorities. 
 Many eflbrts, in tho meanwhile, were being 
 made at the North, for conciliation, by public 
 meetings and otherwise ; and many memorials 
 in favor of peace, by means of the (!rittenden 
 Compromise, were |irescnted to Congress from 
 diflerent portions of tho North, even from 
 New England, and also from tho border slave- 
 holding States, a large number of whoso 
 jieople, while believing in tho right of peace- 
 ful secession, resisted tho eflbrts of the ex- 
 treme men in their midst, and were still de- 
 voted to the Union. 
 
 A sniall band of Federal soldiers, under 
 Major llobt. Anderson, garrisoned the poits 
 in Charleston harbor at the jieriod of South 
 Carolina's secession. On tho night of tlin 
 26th December, Major Anderson transferred 
 his command from Fort Moultrie, an old and 
 weak fort, which had been tenanted for cou- 
 venienco to the city, to Fort Sumter, the 
 principal of tho defences. The remainder 
 were immediately seized by volunteers acting 
 under tho State authorities, and additional 
 fortifications, defending tho city and com- 
 manding the harbor approaches, were jiuslied 
 forward by them. On tho 20tli December, 
 conmiissionois from the State of South Caro- 
 lina reached Washington, under instructions 
 to negotiate with the Federal Executive a 
 partition of all the properties and interests 
 of South Carolina in the Union from whicli 
 slio had seccdetl ; but they were infoiniej 
 that the President could only meet them iis 
 citizens of the United States. On tho Dili 
 of January, 1801, the steamer Star of the 
 West, from New York, having on board 2i'iO 
 soldiers and am]>lo supplies for Fort Suniler, 
 appeared off the bar at Charleston. Attem|it- 
 ing to steam up the harbor to Fort Suihk r, 
 she was fired upon from Fort INIoultrio and a 
 battery on Morris Island, and being struck 
 by a shot, put about and left for New York, 
 without communicating with Major Ander- 
 son. 
 
 About this period most of the forts, 
 arsenals, and other property of the United 
 States in the cotton States were seized by 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 B8S 
 
 10 country. Tlio com- 
 ; DocPiiibor, 1800, ami 
 Ciittmidi'ii, Olio of ilH 
 to it a propoMition to 
 iljyproliihiiiri^-ilavrry 
 :)iicH north of ;i(;° ;(()' 
 Joiii]ironiiHo lino), and 
 ting it in nil tonitoiioH 
 t wiiM rojoctod liy tho 
 lubliciin nionihoi'H, and 
 
 8tttt('H, Mt'SHl'S. DuvJB 
 
 gninst it; and on tlm 
 omniitti'o reported to 
 ty to ngrco. 
 ion were now adopted 
 rftatos. On the 17tli 
 vontion met at C'olinn- 
 iut in coimeqtienco of 
 •pox in tliut city, nd- 
 
 wliero, on tlio aotli 
 iieo of NccoKHion wuh 
 <1 thereupon the Foil- 
 liniitH of thu States, 
 'as Hcized. Tho Con- 
 lio 7th January, 18(11 ; 
 Alabama, tho llMi; 
 lisiana, the 2.')th ; and 
 ■y, passed ordinanci's 
 vhelming majorities, 
 umwhihs woro being 
 conciliation, by publio 
 
 and many memorials 
 an8 of ihc (.'rittendeu 
 ntod to (-'ongress from 
 10 North, oven from 
 rem tho border slave. 
 number of whoso 
 in tho right of peace- 
 ho ellbrts of tho ex- 
 it, and were still de- 
 
 leral soldioi's, under 
 garrisoned the ports 
 
 tho i)eriod of Soiith 
 )n tho night of tlio 
 Anderson transferred 
 Moultrie, an old and 
 ?n tenanted fur con- 
 3 Fort Sumter, tlio 
 *8. Tho remainder 
 by volunteers acting 
 ities, and additional 
 
 the city and coni- 
 oaches, were jiuslied 
 he 2(Jth December, 
 State of South Ciiro- 
 , under instructions 
 ''ederal Executive a 
 erties and interests 
 
 Union from whieli 
 hey were informed 
 
 only meet them ns 
 itates. On tho Otii 
 iteamer Star of tlic 
 aving on board Si'il) 
 es for Fort Sumter, 
 irleston. Atleiii|it- 
 !>r to Fort Sumtd', 
 Fort Moultrio and ii 
 I, and being struili 
 left for New York, 
 with Major Ander- 
 
 the roHpeetivn State aiithoritioM ; in some 
 cnHos, oven before HooehHion ; and the aiillmri- 
 iii'H of Louisiiiiui lliiiH roliliod the lliniieh 
 ^liiit and Hub-Troasiiry at .New OiIoiimh of ii 
 liiigo iimnunt. I.ieut. SleniMier being eoiii- 
 niiiiiiled )iy his siiperlur oIVh'oi, ('inniiiiuider 
 Armstronn, to suneiiiler Furls I'iikciis iinil 
 iMcltiie, oil the Florida I'liiisl, dilleil (lie older, 
 and wilhilrawiiig his siiiull force from l'"ort 
 Meliiio to tlut slidiigor and lens aeee.ssiblo | 
 Fort rickons, was soon besieged thorein by u 
 foriuidablo volunteer force. 
 
 On tho 8th January, IHOl, Presiileut Uu- 
 chaiiau sent iv Hjiecial message to ( Jougress, j 
 uri{itig tho adoption of tho com|>ii>iniHe moa- i 
 Bures proposed by Mr. Critten'l'u, Itefor- ' 
 ring to tho sei/.iiro of tho fedora! property by 
 thu So\ithern States, as a purely aggressive I 
 net, and not in resistaneo to any attempt to 
 coo'co a State or States to remain in Ili0| 
 Union, he further expressi^il the opinion thatj 
 the ])owers already possessed by the J'resi-i 
 dent, to cnii>loy the militia in suppressing 
 insurrections, wore only in eases of insurrec- 
 tion against a State (lOverniiKMit, anil not i 
 against tho authority of the United .States, I 
 mill conseipiently with (Jongress still rested 
 the res|)onsibility of Rec\uiiig peace and 
 union to tho distracted country, by declaring 
 war or authorizing the employment of mili- 
 tary force at this juncture. 
 
 On the Kith January, on motion of Mr. 
 Clark, a Republican Senator from New 
 Kampshire, the Senate resolved, by a vote of 
 2') to 2:1, to strike out the entire preiimblo 
 and resolution of Mr. Crittenden's ]iroposi- 
 tiou and insert in lieu thereof tlioso of a 
 directly opposite cliaracte.r. Six senators 
 from tho secession States, Messrs. ]?onjamin 
 and Slidell, of IjO\iisiana; .Mr. Iverson, of 
 (Jeorgia; jlessrs. lleiiipliill and Wigfall, 
 of Texas; and Mr. Johnson, of Arkansas, 
 refused to vote against tho Clark amend- 
 ment. 
 
 Tho hopes of avoiding civil war were now 
 chiedy fixed on Aho border slave States, which 
 still stood aloof from secession and manifest- 
 ed an earnest desiro not only to remain in 
 the Union themselves, but to exert their 
 jiowerful influence to bring back tho seceding 
 States. On tho I'.ltli January, lUGl, the Oon- 
 cral Assembly of Virginia adopted resolu- 
 tions, extending an invitation to call the 
 other States to unite with her in an effort to 
 adjust the unhappy controversy in the spirit 
 in which tho Constitution was originally 
 fi-amed, and to appoint Commissioners for 
 this ])urpose to a Conventimi to bo held in 
 Washington on the 4th Febnmry, 18(il. 
 This I'eaco Convention met on the 4th Feb- 
 ruary, and selected Kx-1'resiilcnt Tyler, of 
 Virginia, as its President. It was composed 
 of one hundred and thirty-three commission- 
 ers, of great respectability and influence, re- 
 presenting twenty-one States. Four days 
 thereafter, deputies from six of tho cotton 
 States adopted and published at !Montgom- 
 ery, Alal)ama, a I'rovisional Constitution for 
 the so-called Confederate States. Amend- 
 ments to the Constitution of tho United 
 States were reported in tho I'eaco Conven- 
 tion, substantially the same with tho Critten- 
 den Compromise, and after much time con- 
 sumed in discussion and in voting upon 
 various propositions oflbred, a final vote was 
 taken on tho 26lh February, oud on the 
 
 samn day the (.'ouvontion communieattui to 
 Congress Ibe aniondiiient they had adopti'd, 
 with a i'ei|iiest tliut it might lie Hubiiiitleil, 
 under (he Coiisdiiitiiiii, to the several Slate 
 I.egi.HliitureH. In the .Senate no direct vote 
 was over taken upon it, iind in tlio House of 
 Kopreseiitatives the Speaker was refused 
 leave oven In pro.soiil it. < )n the 2d March, tho 
 day bofiiro the final iidjouriinioiit of Congress, 
 .Mr. ('lurk's aniendiiient to Mr, ( 'rilteluU'li's 
 proposition was ronioved in tho Senate, and 
 tho proposition itself was defeated by a vote 
 of Ii) in tho aflirmativo against 20 in tho 
 negative. On the (Itli of February, 18(il, 
 the convention of tho seceded States having 
 mot at Montgomery, Alabama, adopted a 
 provisioiml framework of government for 
 "the (.'oiifederato Slates of America," which 
 was subseiiiienlly (March lltli) suiiorseded 
 by a permanent Cuiislilnlion, substantially u 
 copy of the FimIoiuI Constitution, but with 
 slavery as the corner-stone of tho structure. 
 JetreiMin Davis, of .Mississippi, was by tho 
 Confodi'rato Congress then \inanimously 
 elected I'resideiit, and Alexander J[. Ste- 
 phens, of (Joorgia, \'iee-l 'resident of tho Con- 
 fedoraey for the current year. 
 
 On tho ,■!(! .March, lH(i|,tlio 30th U.S. 
 (/'ongress expired, many of tho Southern 
 members Ihoroof having already vacated their 
 seats, and the various nu'iisures of compro- 
 mise which had been proposed to heal the 
 existing ditUcnlties Imving failed. 
 
 Three now territories were organized at 
 this session — Kansas, Colorado, Dakota. 
 
 The organic act.t wiu'o in each case silent 
 respecting slavery, as a |)eace-ofl'ering and 
 concession to the unionists of tlin South. 
 The measures doi'iiiod necessary by the I'rosi- 
 dont, and suggestiMl by him to Congress, to 
 enable him to execute tho laws and defend 
 the (lovernmont at tho South, woro not 
 acted upon. At tho close of .Mr. Duclian- 
 an's administration nn)st of the defensive 
 fortifications within the seceding States, 
 S(mie thirty in number, mounting over three 
 tlumsand guns, and having cost at least 
 twenty millions of dollars, had been seized 
 and ap]U'opriated by tho Confederate authori- 
 ties. They wiue also in possession of the 
 navy yards and arsenals therein, filled with 
 arms and munitions, together with tho entire 
 army of tho fronli<'r, with all its (M|uipmenls, 
 the Southern revenue cutters, mints, custom- 
 houses and sub-treasuries, amounting in 
 value fully to twenty millions of dollars 
 more. 
 
 LINCOLN'S AD.AriNISTRATION. 
 
 Tn proceeding from liis home to the Federal 
 capital, Mr. Lincoln was everywhere honored 
 as the chosen Executive of the nation, lie 
 was obliged, however, to pass through Balti- 
 more chmdestinely, an attempt to assassinate 
 him there, under cover of mob violence, hav- 
 ing been assured. Apprehensions of tumult 
 at his inauguration had also boon entertained, 
 but that ceremony was conducted in a tran- 
 ([nil and ini[)osing manner. In his address 
 thereat, tho President having rejected the 
 doctrine of secession, and ])ointed out dis- 
 union as physically impossible, declared that 
 he had no purpose, directly or indirectly, to 
 
 interfere with tho institution of slavery in 
 tho States whore it existed, and ainiounced 
 his intention of causing a faithful execution 
 of the Federal laws, including that roNpeeliug 
 fugitive slaves; and further, of using tho 
 power confided to him, to hold, occupy, and 
 possess the property and Jilaces belonging to 
 the (•overniuont, and to colleel. the duties and 
 imposts; but beyond this declared that there 
 would be no invasion of any State. He fur- 
 th(M' proll'iu-od the olive brani'b to tho South, by 
 intimating that his right to furnish the mails, 
 and to appoint Federal ollicors for jiarts of tho 
 Union unanimously hostile thereto, would bo 
 waived as impracticablo until current events 
 should show a modification to bo proper. 
 These assurances, however, were not regarded 
 by the people of the South. 
 
 Tho National Cabinet was coniposed as 
 follows: — Wii,i.iA.M Is. Skwaud, of N(^w 
 York, Secretary of State ; Salmon V. Ciiask, 
 of t)hio. Secretary of the Treasury ; S1.M0M 
 Cajikiion, of Pennsylvania, Secretary of War ; 
 (ilDKON Wki.i.ks, of Connecticut, Secretary 
 of thu Navy; Cai-KH II. Smith, of Indiana, 
 Secretary of the Interior; KdwaiiI) IJatkh, 
 of Missouri, Att(uney-(!enernl; Montoom- 
 KliY III.AIU, of .Maryland, l'obtmast(T-Ceu- 
 eral. 
 
 Mr. Jefferson Davis, ruling at Montgom- 
 er, , Alabama, shortly completed his ('>liinet, 
 which consisted of UonKUT Toomhh, of <i»..ir- 
 gia. Secretary of State ; CllAiii.ES (I " •.!- 
 Ml.NiiKli, of South Carolina, Secretary 
 Treasury ; Leuoy Poi-e Wai.keh, of 
 banni, .Secrelary of War ; Stkpiikm Ii. 
 Louv, of Florida, Secretary of tho Na\y ; 
 aiul Joii.v II. KEA(iA\, of Texas, I'ostmaster- 
 General. 
 
 Shortly after Mr. Lincoln's inauguration, 
 John Forsyth and Martin J. Crawford, ('om- 
 missioners from tho Confederate (iovernment 
 to the (iovernment of tho United Slates, em- 
 powered to adjust terms of amity ns between 
 two nations, arrived at Washington nnd re- 
 quested an interview with I'resideiit Lincoln, 
 but were informed that the Kxecutive coulil 
 recognize them only as citizens of the United 
 States. For some few days the new admin- 
 istration hesitated to discaril the ])olicy of 
 indecision and inaction inherited from its 
 ])redecessor, but on the 21st March, after a 
 long and excited Cabinet mooting, it was re- 
 solved that Fort Sumter should be vigorously 
 defended. In tho moantime, the authorities 
 of the seceded States, instead of manifesting 
 a desire for peace, were investing every fort 
 and navy yard with rebel troops and fortifica- 
 tions, and busily pre|)iiring to make war upon 
 the Federal (Jovermiient. A docidi-d activ- 
 ity of the latter now took place. Ships of 
 war were rapidly fitted for service, ancl sev- 
 eral large steamers having been loaded with 
 provisions and munitions, sailed southward 
 on tho 7th April from Ni^w Yoi'k and other 
 Northern ports, under sealed ordi;rs. On 
 tho 8th, fonnal notice was given to Gov- 
 ernor I'ickens, of South Carolina, by direc- 
 tion of the Federal (iovernment, that Fort 
 Sumter would be jirovisioned at all hazards. 
 On tho 11. -h, {)en. lioauregard, formerly a 
 m.ijor of the United States army, command- 
 ing the rebel forces around Charleston, in ac- 
 cordance with orders received from tho rebel 
 government, opened fire on the fort, the sur- 
 render thereof having been duly demanded and 
 
BSO 
 
 II I BTOU Y O I-' T II 
 
 i 1 
 
 i ' 
 
 I'i'tilHi'd. On tliii l.'WIi, iiftor lliirlyl'iMir lioiirn 
 DiMioiiiliiirilinriil, iliii'iiii; wliioli (liii liri' of (lii< 
 furl WHS pi'iiiiillv iniiiiitaiiii'il ii)(iiiiiHt tliu( nl'ii 
 \;\>.llv NM|irihi|' r<uri\ lli(i toll lici'iiiiiin^ rii 
 <iirlv \inlriiulili<, iiiiil im |in>viMiiiiis l)\il |iiMk 
 ii'iuiiiiiiin;, Mujur Aiiili'i.Hoti rviir\mtiMl it iiii 
 (li'i- liiijlily lniiii«iiilil(> oonililiiiiis, axil wiis 
 Ii'iiiisI'i'iiimI Willi liiN I'lXiuiiiiiiil lo llu- Ki'ilciiil 
 lnnis|Miil liitlt'h\ iiwiiiliiii; the h'huK dH' iIic 
 jinrt. 'I'lin IliM't. iViiiii New Voik, Imli'ii 
 Avilli |<i-iivisii<i\H I'lM' tliK Kiiri'iHiiii, liail iiriivt'il 
 <iir tlio lull' (luriii){ tlio Ixiinliunliiii'iil, Iml 
 l>riu!i'iilly iimilo lui t'lliirt to t'ullil iIh or- 
 I'linil. 
 
 Till' uinvM (if tlio itttiiok Mjiim Sumter, iiiiil 
 iln NiiniMiiIci', faiiHi'il iiittMisK and iiuivi'iHal 
 <'Vi'iti'mti|it tlii't>iik;li<iiit biitli tlM< Nortli ami 
 lli(> Soiilli, in tin' latti'i- charui'tori/.'il bv 
 Uri'al vi>ioi('iii}<. Oii tli« l.'ith Apiil, llu' I'l'il 
 I'lal l'",\('i'iilivi' issiu'il Ills |iit>i'lauialii>n, rail 
 iim fnilli lilt' iiiililiit of tlu' wvi'ial Stati':i of 
 tlu> rniiui, to the miiulior of 7.'',IH)0, in onU ;■ 
 to s\i|>|in's.s the further |)roj;ivHH iif the re 
 I'l'llion. This proelaiuation \\i\n n>eeiveil 
 tlironi;luiul the Kreo .Stales with hearty U|>- 
 (iroval, ami they vii'il with eaeh other in re- 
 Kpomlim; tr iu eall. The N|iiril of the luur 
 iiuliented a now almost, nnluokeii unanimity 
 then'in of Peuu'.'ials, as well as Ki'pul'Hi'ans, 
 in support of the liovernmenl. On ilu> other 
 hand, the aulluuilies of the Slave Slates not 
 yet seeeded, with the exeeptioiuif Maryland, 
 ivfui id U) respond thereto, and geuenilly ehar- 
 aeteri/ed llu' proelamalion as a wieked viola- 
 tion of the laws of the eonntry, for the uneon- 
 slitntional purpose ot eoereiiif; the Southern 
 Stales. t)ii the llith, several eompanies of 
 I'ennsylvania militia readied \Vashin){ton and 
 n'p'irled lor iluly. On the ISth moro vol- 
 tmteers from ihe sanu' State also passed 
 through l>iillimore without hindranee. |li>' 
 iMi th" I'.'th, the (>lli Massaeloisetts, a t'nil re 
 j;iment, haviuij reiu'lied Haltimore, weiv at- 
 ttu'ki'd in the sliii'ts theii'of hv a seei-ssion 
 nnih, vipoii wliieli several volleys were tired 
 liy a small portion of the reijiment, wherehy 
 eleven of Ihe rioters were killeil, and four se 
 verely wounded. Of tln> soldiers, three were 
 slain aiiil eiylit sevori-ly wounded. Ten mi 
 armed eompanies of the Philadelphia \\ ash- 
 injjion liris^ude, who had arrived with the 
 Massaehu.'ietis res;iinent, were also attaeked 
 ere transportation through the eity, and nlli 
 mately ret\irned to IMuladelphia. Oreal op- 
 ))osition was now niaiiifesli'd to the furtlu-r 
 Iransporlalion of Northern troops through 
 that eity ; and in nsponse to a re.piest o*" its 
 Mayor, aiiit of the State Oovemor, llieks, 
 the President agreed to fevhid the passagi' 
 through that eily of oertain Pennsylvania 
 troops then on their way from llarrisluirgh 
 to Washington, and seleeted the route hy 
 Annapolis, to answer the niiiilaiy neeessily. 
 ^Vhereupon Oovernor llieks ohjeeled to the 
 j';iss;ige of Norlliern troops aeross any por- 
 tion of Maryland, und the Young Men's 
 (.'hristian Assoeiation of Haltimore peti 
 tioned the Pn.>8ident to end the eonlliet l>y 
 Coueeding the demands of the South. I>y 
 the oit.ing of telegraph win's and Imrniiig 
 of ruilroail hriilges eonmvting Pallimore 
 with the Five Stal<'s, the eoininuniealion of 
 the tJovernment at XYashington with the 
 Nortli was now intercepted. On the '_' 1st the 
 8th Ma.ss.iohuselts, under Gen. 11. V. Put- 
 lor, arrivo'l, after boiuo obstruction ut Au- 
 
 iiapoliH, whei'ii ho wuh ri'inl'oreed l>y tho 7tli 
 of New York, and proi'eeded on Ihe L'lth to 
 1 Washington. The 7I«I New York and (Jov 
 ernor Spragiie's Uhode Island ri'giment were 
 now on their way thither; iiiiil on the 'J'llh 
 Ihe most of these troops had arrived in Wash 
 ingliui, to lliii gri'al HiitiKlai'lion of its loyal 
 eili/.i'iis and llu' disroiuliliire of the seeessioii 
 isis tlieieol', iiolli having expected the speedy 
 capture of the eily hy the relieln. 
 
 On the LTth .April the Legislaturo of Mary- 
 land convened in e\tra seHHion, and decided 
 not to secede frtuii the I'nion, hut created a 
 State Military Hoard, with power to adopt 
 measures for the Hufety, peace, and defence of 
 the Slate, lint with the Ntrength and deter 
 minalion of the l''ree States now fully hIiovvii, 
 the arliial minority of the sei'eNsimi eli<inent 
 of Maryland revealed itself as growin>{ Htill 
 less. A large I'nion meeting was held in 
 Italliniiuc on May >lth, and on the \'M\\ 
 '.!en. Iluller occupied the eity, and eomiini- 
 nicalions with the North lieing shortly re- 
 estahlished, Ihe salely of llu' I'Vderal cap- 
 ital was ussureil. Py the enil of May lifly 
 thousand men held the tine of the Potomac, 
 and guarded Washington, while every loyal 
 Slate si-emcd actively desirotm id' swelling tho 
 ranks of the I'nion armies. 
 
 Oil .Vpril I7tli, IStil,a I'onvetilion in Yir- 
 ginia voted Ihal that Slate should secede from 
 the |lniou; and immediately expeditions, 
 planned long pn'viously, were set on foot to 
 capture the pederal arseniil at llarpi'r'a Kerry, 
 and the navy yard al Niul'olk, ill that Slate. 
 On the ISlli, l.icut. .limes, who was in charge 
 of the arsenal, learning thai a force of L'.filM) 
 Virginia militia was advaiu'ing iiptut that 
 post, after partially sneceeding in destroy- 
 ing tho national |uoperty there, evacuated 
 tho place and retivated to ('liamlierHhurg, 
 I Pa. 
 
 On the night of the llUli, olmtniolioim 
 were placi'il l>y the rebels in the channel of 
 Kli/.abelh river, leading up from Hampton 
 Ivoads to Norfolk, and a Yirginia militnry 
 lorci", under (len. Taliaferro, reached the lat- 
 ter place on the K'^lh to sei/.i' the navy yard, 
 and federal ve.s.sels and other properly there, 
 amounting in value to fully ten millions of 
 dollars, including the powerful forty-gun 
 steam frigate .l/cni'/imc, with the Ciiiiilior- 
 Idii.l, the (ii-nn.nitowii, the J'h/miiiitJi, the 
 /iiiritiiii, and many otiu'r vessels, with lu'arly 
 two thonsaiiil eanmni, some thousand stand 
 of ar'us, anil immense ipianlities of innnitions 
 and naval si or 'S. On the evening of the '.'Otli, 
 iCapt. .McCaulcy, the eommanilant, ordered 
 1 all the ships to be sciitlled, excepting Ihe 
 , ('iniilnrliiihl. I'apt. Paulding, in the frigate 
 1 /'iiiriiii; from Washington, with a force on 
 1 board of six hnnilred men, and with instruc- 
 ! lions from the lioveniment to awsuiuo com- 
 i luand at Norfolk, arrived during the ovening 
 I at the navy yard and found the guns therein 
 ' lenilered temporarily iiselesH by Mcl'auley's 
 orders, and nearly all the slii .i, including 
 the MrnimiK; sinking, Uo proceeded at 
 once to hastily transfer papers, money, and 
 other portables to the I'lunnf anil the l\im- 
 ; lurlaiiil, and then atlenipted t') destroy the re- 
 I mainder of the public properly, t)n the next 
 ! morning he Ictt Norfolk, whereupon the 
 [ navy yard was immediately occupied by the 
 [rebel forces adjacent, in the name of Yir- 
 ginia, and her tlag there raisud. On the 24th, 
 
 all thn puldie property hero and vlmiwhern 
 acipiired by the Slate was by ronveiiliiui 
 turned over to the Southern t 'onfederni y. 
 
 .Shoilly al'lerwardii, on the 'Jltli May, Ihe 
 peaceful aeeesHioii of Virginia to that t'onl'iil 
 eracy was ralilied by an overawed populiu 
 vole of l:.'.''.'.!.''!) for secession lo 'JO,:iVil I'nr 
 the I'liioii, the vole of several weslern eouii 
 lies lii\ing also been exeluded. This ten 
 dereil disunion u phyHicid impossibility ; to 
 concede the weHtern portion of this Slate In 
 the Southern Confederacy would have in 
 volved ultiniiitii ilisinlegration of the Krin 
 .MtaleN theinselvoH ; for a portion of Weslern 
 Yirginia, known as "Ihe Panliandle," 
 nI retches imrlherlv nearly to l,aki> l')rie,almiihl. 
 dividing the old Vice .States from Ihe new, 
 and would tlitlH become an easy ineaiiH nf 
 cutting oir coiniiinnicalion between them bv 
 hostile powers. Itut the people of West Sir- 
 ginia being strongly loyal, iiHsembleil in con- 
 vention on the l.'llli May, at Wheeling, and 
 formally repudiated the Hccessiou of Ihe Stale. 
 On the llth .1 line, a secunil eonvenlioii of 
 Virginia met, wherein it was nnanimously 
 voted that. West Virginia be set apart lis a 
 new State, aiul its government was llini 
 formed. A legislature of N'irginia ineiling 
 Hhorlly after at Wheeling, assented to this lu 
 aeeorilance with tho {''cileral ( 'onslilulion ; aiul 
 later, on .January Uli, ISill!, the l''ederiil Con 
 gress, rei'ogni/.ing Ihe doctrine that the lovsl 
 eiti/.etiN alone of u Stale coiislitute Ihe .Sliile, 
 adinitled tho new .Stale of West Virginia into 
 the Union. 
 
 On tho 27th April, ISl'il, President l.iii- 
 coin issued II proelamalion announcing the 
 bloekadii of the Soiilhcrn ports, Ihe chief nl' 
 which were Hoon thereafter iHeclually cIokiiI 
 by the PederHl naval forecH. t>n the I'd May 
 he made a further reipiisition upon the.Slalrs 
 for 'lL',0"" additional volunteers for three 
 years, and ten l-egimeiils wi'ie luhled to tlie 
 regular army- Many millions weie now lin- 
 dored to tho tlovernmciit by the legisliiliiu s 
 and eili/.e.is of tho loyal ijlateH. A liir;;i' 
 force of PeniisylvHiiians was organi/id nl 
 ChamlH'rslmrg, Pa., under the euniiiiaiiil of 
 (ieii. Hubert Patterson, of that Slate ; ami 
 tien. Hutler, having been made a miijnr gi ii- 
 eral, was placed ill command <d Ihe llepiiil- 
 lueiit of Kasteni Virginia and North Caro- 
 lina. tle(U"ge It. McClellan, John t '. I''re- 
 mont, anil <lohn A. I'ix were now appoiiili <l 
 miijor general.s in the regular airuy, the lnl- 
 ter to commanil in New Ni)ik,tlen. .Mcl'lil 
 Ian in the heparlment of the I >!iio, and ( ini. 
 Fremont on his return from Furope being 
 assigned to the |)eparlmenl of the West. 
 
 The work of secession now rapidly pro- 
 cei'ded in tho Slave Stales yti remaining in 
 Ihe llnion. In Tenne.-..see. early in .M'lii li, 
 l.'llli, a vote of the people was taken upon 
 calling a State Convention to secede from lli.' 
 I'nion, v^hicli waa defeated by over jd.iMiO 
 Union niiijority. Hut shortly after the bom- 
 bardniont of Sntntvr, the l,egislalnr<' seen lly 
 authori/.ed the (iovernor to appoint comllli^- 
 Hioners to enter into a military hiigue witli 
 the Confederate Stales; and on the lilh .M:iy, 
 the Legislature passed an ordinance of kccin 
 sioii, and on the 7lh ratitied the eonvenlioii 
 foriuid with the Confeilcrate (iovonnient by 
 these roniniisNionei's. Tho orilinance ot sc- 
 cession was nominally Hubinitted to the pop- 
 ular vote oil the tilh June, with the follow- 
 
V lii'l'd illiil «ilHnwlii'i'i< 
 ' wiiH liy ronvriilidii 
 lliriii ( 'iinri'ilrriuv. 
 >ii tli<i '-'llh May, lli« 
 it'Kiiiiu (<> lliitt ( 'iiiil'icl 
 iiii ovcniwi'd |io|iiilui 
 'CCHHitiii lo l!0,!tVll I'lir 
 Hcvi'iul wrKlcni iiiini 
 tixcliiilcd. 'I'liiH icn 
 ii'iil iiii|ii>i<Hiliilil y ; In 
 )rti(in of tlim Sliiln (o 
 niii'V wcMilil liiivti in 
 li'tjnitum ol" (111' l''nii 
 
 • II |>i>llil>ll of Wi rtlrlll 
 
 I " llio riiiiliaiiilli'," 
 I'ly (i> liiik(< l''.rii<,aliiiiihl 
 HtulcH IVnm till" lu'w, 
 inn Hii I'liNy iniNum ol' 
 lion liclwrrn llicin liy 
 Ini |i('(i|il(> lit' WckI Sir- 
 lyal, nHscinlilril in ihM' 
 Slay, nl W'liiM'linj;, and 
 1' WMM'HHion ol' I 111' Slalr. 
 Ki'ciiiiil niiivi'iiliiin 'i( 
 
 II itr wiih iiiiiiniiiRiimly 
 iiiiii )>(< Ni'l ii|>iirt iiH a 
 ({ovrniiiiriil wuh tlnn 
 11 id' Vii'niiiia iiirilini! 
 in^, hhhi'IiIimI 111 lliiH III 
 di'i'iil ('iiiiHlitiilli'ii ; mill 
 ISliL", Ihi' l''i'di'nil ('on 
 diirlriiii* tlial llii' liiv:il 
 Ic I'liiiHlilulo llm Sliili', 
 !• iif Wi'Hi. V'iigiiiiu into 
 
 , IHiil, rirHiilciil I, ill 
 
 iialiiin aiiiioiiiiriii^ llm 
 
 nil |niliH, till' cliirl id' 
 
 rnl'li>r cllri'tiiiilly ilimrd 
 
 lllCI'H. (Ill llll' I'll Miiv 
 
 iiiHiliini vi|iiiii IliK Sliilis 
 
 viilllllll'rrM I'ur llllrii 
 
 iiIh w.'I'o aildril lo llii' 
 
 inillioiiM win" now Irii- 
 
 Ml liv lliii Irnislaliiii's 
 
 yiil iilatrH. A liii^;i' 
 
 mm was iir^iini/i'd id 
 
 iidi'r llii< roniniiind ol' 
 
 I, of lliiil Sdili' ; iiiid 
 
 ■cii iniiili' a niiijiir );i ii- 
 
 niaiiil of llll' l»r|iiirl- 
 
 ;iniii mid Nmlli ('mo- 
 
 (ii'lliin, John < '. I''ri • 
 
 n wrio now ii|i|ioinlrd 
 
 icHiilar iii'iiiv, llll' llll- 
 
 ,'.• Vorli, (iiii. Mil '111 
 
 I of llll' Oliio, mill <lrii. 
 11 from Kiiropr liriiij,' 
 lllrlll of llir W'l'sl. 
 loll now rii|iiilly pro- 
 
 lali'H yi-l I'l'iiiiiiiiiii^' in 
 u'i.M'1'. t'liily ill .M'lii li, 
 ii'iijilo wiiN lakrii iipoii 
 (ion lo Kt'rrdi' fi'olii lli>' 
 •iili'd liy over ,'i(l,iililt 
 sliorlly iifli'l' llio lioiii- 
 lie 1,1'uihliiliiri' KiTirlly 
 or to ii|i|ioiiit roiiiinis- 
 
 II iiiililiiry Iriiijiii' wiiii 
 ; and on llio lilli M"v, 
 an ordiiiiiin'i' of snis 
 iitilii'd tlir roiivi'iitioii 
 ill riito (lovfiiniint I'V 
 
 'I'lio ordinmu'o of w - 
 subiniltcil to tin' pop- 
 ) um-, with tho foUow- 
 
 n 
 W 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 3 
 
 i- >-* 
 
 • w 
 
 'V il" 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 II 
 I] 
 
 / 
 

"UNITED STATES. 
 
 557 
 
 iiig proclaimed rosiilt : for Hoparation, 104,- 
 913; against scporiitioii, 47,238; tho people 
 of I'^ivst 'I'ciiiipssco, a niountaiiioiiR region, 
 wlieio slavery never eoulil liiive i\ llrni foot- 
 liolil, voting 1>_V more tlinn two to one agiiinst 
 separation. They furllier, on the 17lli Slay, 
 ill eonvention, protested against the late elec- 
 tion as having heen in no part of the State, 
 exi'cpt Kast Tennpss<'e, a free one ; as not ex- 
 jiiensivo of tho will of tho majority of Tennes- 
 see freemen ; and earnestly I'xpressed a desiro 
 to remain in the Union, even if the rest of 
 tlie State were resolved to go out. In eonsc- 
 cpience whereof, this part of tho State, being 
 isolated from aid by tho nentrulity of Ken- 
 tucky, henceforth and for a considerable pe- 
 riod was subjected to the bitter proscription 
 of the Confederacy. 
 
 lu Kentucky, all ertbrts to carry tho State 
 out of the Union failed, a large nuijoritj- of 
 lior people being loyal, and her proximity 
 to otluT loyal States having its weight 
 against that of thi^ organized relx^llion at oj)- 
 portune monu'uts. The Legislature, however, 
 eiirly declared that while tho Static would 
 never sever its connection with the Natioiud 
 llovernmcnt, she would not take uj) arms for 
 eillier belligerent party, and for some time 
 this policy was mainly acted upon. 
 
 Until tho bombardment of Sumter, North 
 Carol ina seemed largely in favor of the Unicui ; 
 but at an extra session of tho Legislature, 
 May 1, li^'til, tho tiovernor wa.s authorized 
 to tender aid to the Confederate aiithorities, 
 and a convention was called, which met on 
 llie -Dth May ; and on that day it passed an 
 ordiiumoe of secession by a unanimous vote. 
 
 Upon the reception of the news from Fort 
 Simiter in Arkansas, a convention, winch had 
 pnniously voted not to seceile from the Union, 
 was reconvened, and passed an (udinance of 
 secession by a vote of t'l'.t to 1. In all these 
 States, wherever possible, tho Federal prop- 
 erly was now seized upon. In JIisso\iri, also, 
 oil .May I'd, an extra session of llie Legislatnro 
 was con\ ened, which speedily entrusted to tho 
 tiovrnor, a sympathizer with tho rebellion, 
 the entire control of the military and pecu- 
 niary resources of thi^ State. The Federal 
 arsenal in Western Missomi was seized on 
 till' -(till April, and its I'ontents carried oil' 
 to eipiip the rebels; but the arsenal at St. 
 I.Huis was promptly protected by its com- 
 niaiidant, ('apt. Natli. Lyon, and on the 
 iii,;,'lil of the I'lMh its coiiteiits safi'ly trans- 
 firreil lo Spriiigliehi, Illinois. Within ten 
 days from the reception of llie I'resident's call, 
 a regiment had been rai.sed by Col. F. ]'. 
 I'llair, and four others were being rapidly 
 fiirnied iil Si. Louis, in despite of the Slate 
 authorilies. On :May IDth, at the head of 
 six thousand armed Uiiionisis, ('apt. Lyon 
 and Col. lilair siiniiunded tin- State (iiiard, 
 oiguni/ed 111 Cnnip .Liek.son in tlii^ interests 
 of ihe reliellicin, and demanded its immediate 
 suni'ihler, which was at once complied with, 
 a coiisideiahle anioiiiil of miinilions being 
 
 IiiiiicmI over lo lli iptors. Shollly iifler- 
 
 warils a (i'lniaii Union regiment in Si. Louis 
 liri'd upon sume assailanlf, killing twenlv- 
 tno. (In the IJlh May, Ceii.Wm. S. Harney 
 look cciinmaiid of llio I'nion forces in Mis- 
 foii'.i. iiiul Capl. Lynn was made Ibigiidiei- 
 Ceneral of the Isl Missmui Ibigade. (li'ti, 
 llaiii'v now eiileri'd into a conipact with 
 t;cn. Stci ling Trice, upon tlie part of the Stato 
 
 government, tho proposed object being to re- 
 store trampiillity to Missouri; but this com- 
 pact proving to be n protection to treason 
 and terrorism, it was rejiudiated by tho 
 Federal (Jovernmont, and (Jen. Jlarney was 
 removed from his command, being succeeded 
 therein by CJeti. Lyon. Ujiou this, (lov. 
 •Jackson and Gen. Price, mustering (he advo- 
 cates of tho rebellion within the State, pro- 
 ceeded to openly act in concord with its 
 leaders, and tho former shortly ofVicially called 
 for 60,000 State militia, to repel what lio 
 termed the Federal invasion. 
 
 For some weeks after the seizui'o of Har- 
 per's Ferry, the rebels controlh'd, at that 
 point, the IJaltimore and Ohio Hiiilroad ; on 
 May Kith, to strengthen their [losition, they 
 burned several bridges farther west on that 
 road. On the L'Olh, at Clarksburg, in Harri- 
 son County, two companies of the Confeder- 
 ates, having entered that ]ilace, and being 
 ontn\imbered by the Unionists there, sur- 
 rendered their arms and dispersed without 
 a contest. Tho Union volunteers of AVest 
 Virginia were now organized at Camp Car- 
 lisle, in Ohio, opposite Wheeling, under the 
 command of Col. Kelly, (leo. H. McClellan 
 having been aiipointed a majm'-geueral, and 
 assigned to this, the Department <if the Ohio. 
 On the L'VtIi, the l.st Virginia, 1,100 in num- 
 ber, together with the llith Ohio, Col. Irvine, 
 and the 14th t)liio, Col. Steedman, crossed 
 the Ohio and occupied Wheeling and I'ark- 
 ersburg, the terminus of the north-west branch 
 of the lialtimore and t>liio Kailroad. On the 
 .'iOtli, the Unionists reached (irafton, and 
 there a force of 7,000 or S,000 men was col- 
 lected under (len. Morris. The tracks of (he 
 
 turn)>ike two or three ndles in tho rear of 
 Col. I'egram. Col. Kosecrans approached tho 
 rebel ]iosition about noon, having marched 
 since ilayliglit through a di^nso forest and 
 under a drenching rain. He was then opened 
 u]ion by the rebel gnus, and lU'tcr u half hour 
 of random firing, his orders to charge bay- 
 onets were promptly obeyed by his forces, 
 and tho rebels lied, leaving tlieir cannon, 
 munitions and stores, and l.'iri dead. Tegram 
 attempted to escape during the night, but was 
 forced to surrender on the following day, tho 
 iL'tli July, with about (iOO men. 
 
 (len. McClellan entered I'everley the next 
 morning. Hanking (!en. Gaine(t, and thus 
 forcing him also to a hasty flight. The latter 
 crossed the Ijiurel Mountains eastward to tho 
 narrow valley of the Cheat Kiver, along tho 
 solo road of whicli ho lied to Carrick's Foul, 
 felling trees to obstruct the ])ursuit of tho 
 enemy. Having crossed tho river here, anil 
 finding a strong and shelti>rod jiosition, ho 
 turned and offered battle, twice repulsing, by a 
 heavy lire of musketry and artillery, the ellorts 
 of the LInion forces to cross tho river. Col. 
 l>umont with tho 7th Indiana, marching 
 down tho bluff and throiigh the middle of tho 
 stream, between tho two contesting armies, 
 and forcing his way through a dense forest 
 of laurel, now ajipeared on the right flank of 
 the rebels, who thereupon lied. At a second 
 ford, a short distance below, (ien. (Jarnett 
 gallantly, but vainly, attempted to rally his 
 forci^s, who received and relumed one volley 
 and then retreated, being some 3,000 in num- 
 ber at this point, pursued by tiOO Indiana 
 troops, (len. (iarnctt was here shot through 
 the body, falling dead, and his command wero 
 
 railroads, which had been damaged by a ndiel pursued two miles, when the Union soliliers 
 force, wer(> now repaireil, the latter having ; halted, leaving the rebels to cross the nioun- 
 retreated to I'liilipjii, tifleeu miles southward, i tains and join (ien. Jackson at Monterey, 
 and apart from tlie railway. On the night | (!eii. McClellan, who, with a large portion 
 of .June '_M, an attempt was niiide by the j of his fmco, had not joined in the ]UMsiiit, 
 Union forces to suriirise I'hilijipi. Four | but had moTed south from Iteverley to Hiit- 
 reginients approached it by dill'erent roads, lonsville, telegra|ilied the loss of the enemy 
 
 the divisiiui under Col. Kelly failing to arrive 
 at the eoncerled time, 4 A.M., owing to the 
 state of the mails. The rebels, only si.x or 
 seven hundred in number, under Col. (!. A. 
 I'orterfield, fled, however, after a short resist- 
 ance, having been opened upon with artillery 
 and charged by the infantry of tho Unionists, 
 who had arrived under Cols. Diiniont and 
 
 111 this action to have Invn about 'JOO killed, 
 1,000 prisoners, and seven guns; and thai of 
 the Union forces, 1,'t killed and 40 wouiuliil. 
 
 Simultaneously with Gen. McClelhin's ad- 
 vance upon lievcrlcy, d'en. Cox, with a 
 large Union force, moved eastward from 
 (Juyandotte to the Kanawha, and up that 
 river, reaching Charleston, tho capital of 
 Lander. Col. Kelly pre.senlly arriving, fell : Kanawha Coiiiily, on the L'ritli July. Tho 
 upon them and disiiersed tle'iii completely, i rebels in this sccliun, commanded bv Gov. 
 Col. Kelly was severely wounded and two 
 
 Unionists were killed. The rebels lost six- 
 ! tien killed and ten captured. J'orlerlield 
 then hastily relieated with a few stragglers 
 lo Hutlonsville, where conscriplion was 
 raiiidly increasing the rebel forces, (lon. 
 arrivrd at Graflon on 
 
 Wise, continiii'd to Ihe before the approach 
 of Gen. Cox, who reached Gaiiley liriilge on 
 the L'ltlli, finding it biirni'il by the retreating 
 rebels. (Jen. Wi.se succieded in reaching 
 Lewisbiirg, the capital of Greenbrier, a county 
 devoted lo the rebel cause, and here was n- 
 ly 
 
 McClellan arrivid at (iraflon on the L'.'bl i inforced by (Jen. John I!. Floyd, formerly 
 .lune.aiid issued proclamations eonileiiining : the U. S. Sccrelary of War onder I'resident 
 
 the guerilla warfare of the rebels, and exhort 
 ing his own soldiers to forbear pillage and 
 outrage of every kind. The rebel main force, 
 several tlioii.sand in number, under (Jen. Kobt. 
 S. Garnelt, were now sirongly intrenched on 
 Laurel Hill, near lievcrlcy, the capital of 
 Itandolph County, coniiiianiling the road In 
 I'hilippi ; a smaller forci^ under Col. .lolin 
 I'egram, was on Hiih .Mountain, conimanil- 
 ing the turnpike leading from l!e\erliy to 
 Itiiekhaiiiioii. After a ni'omioi.ssanie, ( !eii. 
 Me( iellaii resolved lo iillaek I'egram first, ami 
 
 Ibiehanan. Gen. Floyd now assuineil tin) 
 olVensive, and afler surprising the 7tli Ohio, 
 Col. Tylei, near Siiinnierville, and routing 
 (hat regiment with a loss of L'OO of il ■ men, 
 he moved southerly toCainifex Ferry, wher(>, 
 endeavoring to strike (he rear of Gen. Cox, 
 he was himself atlacked on the loth August 
 by a strong force under (Jen. l{oseeians, in a 
 reconnoissance in force, which resulted in a 
 short but severe act ion, and a loss of about 
 •JOO of the Union troops— very much greater 
 Ihaii llial of (he iiil reliehed rebels. Gen. 
 
 sent Col. Kosecrans to gain, by a detour, tho , Uosecrans liaving directed hi.t troop.s lo bo 
 
W8 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ready forassault early on the folloN'iug morn- j under <jen. Alagruder, safely intrenched. 
 
 iiig, WHS eluded by the enemy during the 
 niglit ; tlie latter rapidly retreating some 
 thirty niilt's to Big Sowell Mountain, and 
 thouce to Meadow Bluff, whither he was not 
 pursued. Gen. Leo now nssumod the coni- 
 niaud of both Floyd's anil Wise's forces, num- 
 bering, with recent reinforcements from the 
 northern front, about 20,000 men ; and Rose- 
 crans, after remaining some days before him 
 at Big Sewell, retreated to tlauley unpui-sued. 
 Gun. Lee, being shortly recalled to take com- 
 mand on the coast, made a slight attack on 
 the Union position held by Gen. ReynoUIs 
 on Cheat Slountain, but soon retired again 
 to his camj) at Greenbrier. On the 3d Octo- 
 ber, after Gen. Lee's departure. Gen. Rey- 
 nolds in t\irn luisuccessfully assaulted tho 
 rebels, now commanded by Gen. 11. R. Jack- 
 son of Georgia. On the 10th November, 
 Col. Jenkins, with a regiment of rebel cav- 
 alry, surprised tlie Union forces stationed at 
 Guyandotto, tiiking over 100 prisoners and 
 plundering the loyal inhabitants; and on the 
 following morning, the Union Col. Ziegler, 
 of tlie Dtli Virginia, arrived, and ordered to 
 be burned the houses of the secessionist in- 
 habitants who had instigated the raid. On 
 the 14th, the rear-guard of Gen. Floyd, who 
 was then retreating southward, was attacked 
 by ticn. Benhani, and its colonel, St. George 
 Croghan, was killed. Floyd then retreated 
 unpursued to I'eterstown, fifty miles south- 
 wai'd. In the north-east. Gen. Kelly, by a 
 spiiited dash from Xew C'reek, October 2oth, 
 drove out of Romney a rebel battalion, captur- 
 ing two cannons, sixty prisonui's, and several 
 hundred stands of arms. Gen. R. H. Milroy, 
 the successor of Gen. Ueynolds at Clieat 
 Mountain, failed on December 12tli, in a sim- 
 ilar attempt on tho rebels strongly posted at 
 Alleghany Summit ; but on Dec. 31st, the 
 ground now being covered with snow, he de- 
 spatched JIajor NVebster, of the 2>')th Oiiio, 
 with 800 men, to lluntersvillo, from which 
 a considerable rebel force was driven out. 
 Tlic campaisjn of 18G1 in Western Virginia 
 thus closed, with few rebels remaining there. 
 On the 22d May, Gen. Butler took cciin- 
 niand at Fortress Monroe of some ir>,000 raw 
 but gallant soldiers, and wa.s soon there con- 
 fronted by 12,000 Confedenites under Gens, 
 linger and Magruder. Some fugitive slaves 
 entering his cjiinp about this time, and being 
 d.'nianded under a (lag of truce by their mas- 
 t r, Gen. Butler decided that if, according to 
 the latter, slaves were pro|terty, and Virginia 
 a foreign luvtion at war with the United 
 States, such i)roperty shuidd be held as ron- 
 triihiiiiil, and refu.sed to return the slaves. 
 J laving .seized and fortified Newport News, 
 lit the mouth of James River, on the 9th 
 Jiiiii', Gen. Butler ordered a reconnoissance 
 in force towards the rebel position at Little 
 Bethel, the expedition being under command 
 of Cien. K. W. J'ierce, a militia brigadier of 
 3Fassacliu.setts. Just before daybreak two 
 T7iii<)n regiments, those of Cols. Bendix and 
 1'owiisend, of New York, at a junction of 
 roads, caiiie into collision ; the former mistak- 
 ing the latter fur the enemy, and o])eniiig 
 fire, kiUed two of that regiment and seriously 
 Wounded eight or ten. The rebels at Little 
 Bethel, being thereupon alarmed, safely r<>- 
 frealed. (ii'ii. I'ierce Ihi'u puslu-d on to I.ig 
 Dethel, whoro he fuuuj 1,800 Cuufudorutos, 
 
 ! After fr ur hours' action, the Union forces 
 ' being e^ posed in an open field. Gen. Pierce 
 I ordered a retreat, which was made in good 
 order, a loss of 100 men having been sus- 
 tained, including among the dead Major The- 
 odore Winthrop, aid to Gen. Butler, and 
 Lieut. John T. Greble, of tho 2d regular ar- 
 tillery. During the night the rebels retreated 
 to Yorktown, ten miles up the Peninsulo. 
 On tho lt)th August, Gen. Butler was suc- 
 ceeded in his command by Gen. Wool. Dur- 
 ing tho month of May, Maryland Heights, 
 opposite Harper's Ferry, was held by the 
 rebels, under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston ; and 
 on the 19th, u considerable force of rebels 
 appeared opjKysite Williamsport, a[)parcntly 
 contemplating an invasion of the North. On 
 the 24th May, the day of the Virginia seces- 
 sion election, 10,000 Union troops advanced 
 into Virginia, from W^ashington, by order of 
 Lieut.-Cien. Scott, commanding there. The 
 (J9th New York, Col. Corcoran, seized the 
 junction of tho Orange and Manassas Gaj) 
 Railroads, several miles westward of Wash- 
 ington. The New York Fire Zouaves, under 
 I Col. Eils'vorth, proceeded to occupy Alexan- 
 dria. Oiiserving a secession flag tlying from 
 I the Mar, hull House, an hotel of that city. 
 Col. Kili ■vortli, with four men, entered and 
 took it down. » )n his return down tlie stairs 
 of the house, he was shot dead by one Jack- 
 ' son, the innkee))er, who was in turn at once 
 I killed by a private of the regiment, Frank E. 
 \ Brownell. 
 
 \ Gen. McDowell, commanding on the right 
 bank of the Potomac, now occupied several 
 weeks in fortifying his position there. Early 
 j in June, Lieut. C. H. Tompkins, of the 2d 
 I regular cavalry, dashed into the village of 
 j Fairfax Court-House, with a portion of that 
 I force, temporarily driving the enemy there- 
 I from, with a small loss on both sides. On 
 the 17lh, near Vienna, thirteen miles from 
 Alexandria, a train tipon the railway, con- 
 taining "00 of Col. McCook's 1st Ohio, under 
 tien. Ivobt. C. Schenck, was raked by a 
 masked battery of two guns, jilanted there by 
 Col. Gregg, commanding 800 rebels. South 
 Carolinians, who had started that morning 
 from Dranesvilie, destroying the track. The 
 < )liio men at once sprang from tho cars and 
 formed on the side of the track, wliereupon 
 the reliels retreated to Fairfax Conrt-Hou.se, 
 and the Unionists then returned to the camp 
 at Alexaiulria, bringing their dead and 
 wounded, twenty in number, in blankets, the 
 engineer of the train having at tlie outset lied 
 with liis locomotive. (In June "tli. Gen. 
 Patterson, with 20,(100 men, advanced from 
 Chauibersburg, Pa., to Ihigerstown, .AM., and 
 t'ol. Lewis Wiillace took pos.sessioii of Cum- 
 berland anil Romney. (Jen. Jolinston, of the 
 rebels, thereupon burned the bridge at Point 
 of Rocks. On the 14th he evnciiatcd HaqK-r's 
 Ferry and retreated to Leesbuig, Va., having 
 destroyed the costly railway bridge over tho 
 Potomac at the former place, and also the ar- 
 mory ami shops thereof, the machinery of 
 which lie had previously removed to Kicli- 
 niond. On the Kith, Gen. Thomas, of the 
 Union army, crossed the Poloniac at Wil- 
 liamsport, but recidssed on the 18th, (Jen. 
 I'atteison still remaining at llagcrstown ; 
 wliereupon the rebi'ls iituiniiig, entirely de- 
 htruyud tJio remuiuing works at HiujHir'b 
 
 Ferry, and conscripted all the citizens of tho 
 neighborhood. On July 2d, Gen. Patterson, 
 crossing tho Potomac at Williamsport, en- 
 countered (Jen. Jackson, subsequently known 
 as " Stonewall," who fell back to Bunker 
 Hill, which place was occupied on the loth 
 July by Gen. Patterson without resistance. 
 But on the 17th, tho latter, from want of cour- 
 age, common sense, or loyalty, moved away 
 from the enemy in his front, marching to 
 Charlestown, twelve miles eastward, and per- 
 mitting Johnston to load his entire command 
 to Manassas. At Charlestown he remained 
 without action until the 22d July, when 
 learning the disaster of Bidl Rxin, to be pres- 
 ently chronicled, he hastily retreated to Har- 
 per's Ferry, where on the 25th he was super- 
 seded by Gen. Nath. P. Banks. 
 
 On Tuesday, July IGth, Gen. Tyler's col- 
 umn, the advance of the Union grand army, 
 moved towards tho enemy to Vienna, and on 
 Thursday reached Centreville, the rebels re- 
 tiring quietly before it. At 1 o'clock p.m., 
 it moved throe miles beyond that village to 
 Blackburn's Ford on Bull Run, where the 
 rebels were found strongly posted. A vigor- 
 ous artillery conflict now took ploce, in which 
 a L^nion lo.ss of 83 and a rebel loss of 68 was 
 sustained. The Unionists finally drew back, 
 having learned that the main rebel ormy was 
 posted along the wooded valley of Bull Bun, 
 half-way between Centreville and Manassas 
 Junction, and purposed to renniin there. 
 During tho 18tli and 19th, tho Union army 
 was concentrated near tho ridge on which Cen- 
 treville is situated. On Saturday, the 20th, 
 three days' rations were distributed, and pre- 
 |>arations made to move on the enemy at 2 
 o'clock on the following morning. Gen. 
 Beauregard, commanding the rebel forces, was 
 now well informed by sympathizers at Wash- 
 ington, and within the Union lines, of the de- 
 tailed intention of the Unionists, and was re- 
 inforced by the full force of Gen. Johnston's 
 Army of the Shenandoah. The I'liion order 
 of battle was to menace the rebel light by an 
 advance of the 1st Division on the Manassas 
 road from Centreville ; to make a more seii- 
 ous demonstration on the road running wes- 
 terly from Centreville to (Jroveton, which 
 crossed Bull Run by the Stone Bridge ; l.ut 
 to make the main attack by a column of 
 l."),000, composed of the 2d Division, Gen. 
 Hunter, and 3d Division, (Jen. Heiutzelmaii, 
 which was ordered to detour to the right, 
 crossing Cub Run and Bull Run at the fonl 
 of Sudley Spring, three miles above the 
 Stone Bridge, thus turning the rebel left and 
 throwing it upon tho centre, where it was to 
 be flanked by the 1st J)ivisioii, under (Jrii. 
 Tyler, crossing the Stone Bridge at the criti- 
 cal moment. The .'ith Division, Gen. Miles, 
 was held in reserve at Centreville. The 4tli 
 Division, Gen. Runyon, guarded the eoinnui- 
 j nication with Alexandria, being about seven 
 miles from Centreville. Gen. Tyler, in front 
 of Stone Bridge, opened with his artillery iit 
 tiA^ A.M., with reply from the enemy. 'J'liiee 
 hours later. Hunter's advance, under Cel. 
 Burnside, crossed at Siidley Spring, and after 
 marciiing a mile throtigh the woods down the 
 road on the right of Bull Run, it reailiid 
 some clear fields, and was there opened ujuiii 
 by the rebel artillery and infantry from the 
 woods in its front. It advanced, tighli:g 
 being followed and supported by tho rost of 
 
 ■ff rii iw un i ; 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 090 
 
 tlio division, which wna now jniiifd on its left I rebel force of cavalry shortly thereafter I shortly afterwards. Two or thrco tliousnml 
 by Heintzelman's. This column, still ad- 1 entered. raw, undisciplined troops were here gatliciid 
 
 vancing, crossed the Warrcutoii road, where I Gen. ^\uJ>owo!l reported the Union losses ■ in tlie rebel camp, commanded by Col. Mar- 
 it found ami aide(l Sherman's brigade of Ty- in this engagement at 481 killed and 1,01 1 ; luaduke. At Gen. Lyon's unexpected ap- 
 ler's division, and soon nearly cleared tlio wo\itided, but made no report of the number 1 proach, Jackson ordereil those forces to bo 
 road of Iho rebel butteries and regiments of his forces made jjrisoners. (Jen. Bcaure- 1 disbanded, but Marmaduke, determined to 
 there, commanded by Gen. J. E. Johnston, gard reported the rebel loss ;-t 2(1!) killed and \ light, met Lyon advancing from the liuuling, 
 One of tho most ellectiAo Union batteries, 1,5;<3 wounded, also making '-.j report of his i and was routed by him, losing two guns and 
 
 losses by capture. He further reported l,4t)0 i much camp equipage. Jackson now fled to 
 
 GrilBn's, was hero surprised by a rebel regi 
 nieut, through tho mistake of the batte- 
 ry's oflicers, who had supposed their assail- 
 ants to be a Union force. Three attacks 
 thereon were repvd.sed, however, with much 
 slaughter on both sides, and the battery still 
 remained uucaptured, though all its horses 
 were killed. At 3 p.m. the rebels abandoned 
 the Warreuton road to tho Union troops. 
 Gen. Tyler now pushed Sherman's and Keyes' 
 brigades over Bull lluu, driving the enemy 
 in a severe struggle, and advancing till 
 checked by a heavy artillery tire from their 
 batteries on the heights above the road, which 
 were supported by a brigade of infimtry, 
 strongly {)osted behind breastworks. Tho 
 2d Maine and 3d Connecticut, by a gallant 
 
 wounded and other prisoners dispatched by 
 him to llichmond. The Unionists also lost 
 17 field-pieces, and a large amount of small 
 arms, accoutrements, and nuiuitions. The 
 
 Warsaw, 80 miles south-west. Here he was 
 reinforced by Col. O'Kane, who, on tho 18th 
 June, had surprised and routed a half-organ- 
 ized regiment of Unionists, under Capt. 
 
 forces ongiiget'. in this conflict were about [ Cook, at Cam]) Cole, 15 miles distant. On 
 25,000 on each side ; a large number of the i the 3d July, having retreated to Lexington, 
 troops of tho Unionists, however, remained ! he was fnither joined by Gen. I'rice, with his 
 
 in inaction throughout, owing to the imbecil 
 ity and lack of i)ur])Ose which, at this period, 
 |)resided over tho military councils of the 
 Union. 
 
 In consequence of this serious defeat of the 
 
 forces, amounting in all to 3,600. Being 
 pursued by Lyon, they at once retreated 23 
 miles into Jasper County, where, on tho 
 morning of the 4th, they were confronted by 
 a Union force of 1,.">00 under Col. Franz 
 Sigel. The latter finding the rebels superior 
 
 Unionists, the rebellion was for tho moment 
 
 greatly strengthened and consolidated, its i in numbers and in cavalry, but inferior in 
 
 numbers in the field were instantly doubled, j artillery, by princiiially using the latter jn 
 
 while tho Union force was reduced by half, ! his side, inflicted great damage, and received 
 
 charge, temporarily carried the buildings ! for most of the 7r),000 three months' voliin- j very little. After three or four hours, tho 
 
 which sheltered the rebel guns, but recoiled 1 teers quitted the service on the expiration of enemy flanked him right and left with cavalry, 
 
 fioiu the severe tire from the breastworks, ' their terms of enlistment, within tho follow 
 and moved down the lluu under tho shelter | iug three weeks. A few weeks, however, 
 of the blutf, covering a force who now ef- 1 suthced to elUiee this disparity; the nation 
 fected the removal of the obstructions j)laced ' rising from this defeat to a true ajipreciation 
 by the rebels upon the road from the Stone | of the contest, swelled its forces once more till 
 Bridj!o. At this critical moment, at which j they exceeded those of the enemy, who in the 
 
 the Union triunqih seemed inevitable, Gen. 
 Kirby Smith, with heavy rebel reinfoice- 
 mi'iits, appeared on the held, having arrived 
 fron\ I'iedmont, tifteen miles distant, and be- 
 iuL' entirely unexpected by the rebels them- 
 selves. Smith being shortly wounded, was 
 succeeded in coninuind by Col. Arnold Elzey, 
 who pressed forward, followed by the entire 
 force of the now confldent enemy. After 
 thirteen hours of sevro action, not having 
 bfcn once reinforced, iind having continually 
 
 and compelled him to retreat three miles to 
 his unprotected baggage train. At Dry 
 Fork Creek he routed a strong cavalry force 
 which had been massed in his front, and then 
 continued to Carthage and thence to Sar- 
 coxie, fifteen miles eastward. The Union 
 loss in this atl'air was 13 killed and 31 
 wounded ; that of the rebels 40 killed and 
 
 meanwhile expended in exultation much 
 energy which might have been better used 
 
 in preparation for the more serious conflicts | 12.t wounded. The enemy being now rein- 
 yet to come. I forced by several thousand Arkansas and 
 On the 4th of July, the 37th Congress j Texas troops, under Gens. MeCulloch and 
 met in extra session and continued until 1 Pearce, C!en. Sigel continued his retreat to 
 August 0. Various measures to aid the i Si>ringfield, where he was joined on the 10th 
 Government in its prosecution of the war were , by Gen. Lyon, who assumed command. 
 pa.ssed, including a bill to call out i)00,000 , Col. Smith, with a Union force, on the 
 volunteers; one authorizing the Secretary of i 10th, at Palmyra, attacked and routed tho 
 the Treasury to borrow iti2J0,OOtl,0O0 ; and a | rebel Gen. Harris of Xorth-eastirn ^lissouri, 
 ncountered fresh rebel regiments, the Union I bill confiscating the property used for in- who was engaged in destroying the Hannibal 
 f.irccs retreated, and shortly a jianic among j surrectionary purposes by persons engaged in ' and St. Joseph Bailroad, and in guerillii 
 tliciii ensued. The fresh battalions of the i rebellion, and emancipating all slaves whose j raids u]ion the property of the Unionists, 
 eueiiiy continued to fill tho woods on their labor was employed in aid thereof. Kesolu- j On the 20th July, the State Convention re- 
 riglil, extending rapidly towards the rear, | tions were also adopted — exi)elling certain , a.ssembled at Jefl'erson City, declared tho 
 
 members of (.'ongress from the Slave States ! chief offices of the State (lovernment vacated 
 
 who had vacated their seats and (led to the by the treasonable acts of their oecupant.s and 
 
 (.'onfederaey ; declaring it to be no part of; elected Hamilton 11. Gaml'li', Governor ; W. 
 
 down to tho Bini, juirsued by 1,;")00 the duty of the Federal soldiers to .-apture | I'. Hall, Lieutenant-Governor ; and Mordecai 
 
 avahy under Lieut. Cul. Stuart. At ' and return fugitive slaves ; declaring the war Oliver, Secretary of Slate ; which procee<ling8 
 
 tiring from under coviir, and seeming by their 
 shots and cries to be innuni'srable. Two or 
 lliiee of the Union regiments broke and 
 
 nislii 
 rebel 
 
 this Union defeat on the right, Gen. John- ; to be maintained by the Union, to defend the i were in the following Nm ember ratified by 
 stoM ordered Gen. Ewell to attack the left, j Constitution and iu-e.-ierve the Union, and not the jieople. On August tith, the ejected Gov. 
 Kwell being received by the 2d Union Brig- i to overthrow or interfere with the rights Jackson undertook to issue, by the virtue of hi.s 
 adc. Col. T. A. Havi.s, with a heavy tire of i or establislied institutions of the Southern oflice, a Declaration of Independence, assert- 
 gi;q>e anil canister, precipitately retreated ; t States ; and declaring it to be the fixed de- ing therein the jiolitical connection of tho 
 but notwithstanding, the Union panic shortly ! termination of the [leople and States in Con- Siato of .Missouri with tl.e Federal Union 
 became general, though the enemy failed to gross represented, to maintain the war for the to have been dissolved b.\ the recent acts of 
 l\illciw uj) their advantage by anv ("Xtensive suprenuicy of the Government, until all rebels the latter; and on the 31st October, ho 
 pursuit. Preceded by their cavalry, they . thereto sho\ild submit. j further iindertook to form an alliance be- 
 
 cros.scil Bull Hun, and halted on distantly I One of the particular consequences of the tween this State and tho So\ithern Confed- 
 observing the Union .Jth Division tirawn up oil Bull Bun defeat, however, was the strength- 1 eracy, transferring all the military force and 
 the slope west of Centreville, and upon which . ening of the rebel army in Missouri. Having : material of the former to the executive of 
 they were expected to advance. They short- | been early in May invested with unlimiteil the latter. 
 
 ly returned, however, to the woods skirting I authority by the Legislature, Gov. Jackson j On the 1st of August, Gen. Lyon hearing 
 Bull lluu. Night soon afterwai-ds closed in, organized a large army of rebels, as a State' that the enemy, largely reinforced, were ad- 
 aud towards midnight, un<ler peremptory forci', appointing Sterling Price major-general ; vancing u])onhim at Siiringtiel.l. in two strong 
 orders from (Jen. AlcDowell, the Titli D)'- thereof. Fearing an attack from the Federal : bodies from tho south aiul west, and resolv- 
 vision, which had now become the rear-giuird force gathering at St. Louis, Jack.son and ing to strike the southern column before a 
 of (he Union army, commenced its retreat Prici> started therefrom westward with their j<n\ction of tho two was eHVeted, set out 
 t.>wards Washington. At 7 a.m. of Mon- followers, reaching Booneville on the ISih from Springfield with .■),.'i(i0 infantry, 400 
 day, tho 22(1, the last of the Union strag- of June. The Union Gen. I.yon and his cavalry, and b"* guns. \t DrySpiings ho 
 glors uuJ wounded loll Ceulrevillo, which a army reached llockpoil, oppo.-.ite Booneville, i ncountered and routed a ditachn.cnt of tho 
 
BOO 
 
 'HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ''ft: 1 ■ 
 
 enemy, under McCuUoob, who then moved 
 his forces westward and joined the other rebel 
 column. 
 
 Lyon then returned to Springfield. On 
 the 7th, tlie enemy, commanded by Price, ar- 
 rived lit Wilson's (Jroek, ton miles south of 
 S|)ringfleld. On the 9th, Lyon advanced from 
 the latter place with his main force, having 
 sent Sigel, witli 1,200 men, to gain the rebels' 
 rear by tiieir right. On the 10th, fire was thus 
 opened both upon the rebel front and rear. 
 The enemy at first gave way before the unex- 
 pected charge of Sigel, but presently, being 
 vastly superior in numbers, attacked him with 
 two batteries and a largo force of infantry, 
 causing his command to fly in confusion, and 
 assailing it with large bodies of cavalry, by 
 which a loss of 800, two-thirds of the whole 
 force, was sustained. Ocn. Lyon, in the 
 meantime, had opened his batteries in front 
 with great eft'ect, and his infantry re])oatedly 
 drove .bock the rebels in disorder, who were 
 as often rallied by their officera, assured by 
 the superiority of their numbers. Gen. Lyon, 
 having been twice wounded, was killed by a 
 third bullet as ho was heroically leading a 
 bayonet charge of the 2d KaiLsos, whose com- 
 manding officer, Ool. IVlitchell, had previously 
 fall(>n, severely wounded. Shortly after the 
 death of Gen. Lyon, the enemy, who had re- 
 treated, s\iddenly reappeared, and i. fier' - 
 engagement took place along the entire lir i. 
 After many rei)ulses, the rebels finally fled in 
 wild confusion. The ammunition of the 
 Union forces having been exhausted, and '. ,e 
 tidings of the rout of Col. Sigel having ar- 
 rived, a retreat of the Unionists to Spring- 
 field was ordered. In this remarkable en- 
 giignraent, in which 3,700 Unionists assailed 
 for six ho\irs the enemy numbering 23,000, 
 of whom 14,000 were well-armed and well-dis- 
 ciplined troops, the Union loss was 223 killed, 
 721 wounded, and 292 missing; that of the 
 enemy 2G5 killed, 800 wounded, and 30 miss- 
 
 Springfield being unfortified and otherwise 
 untenable, the Union forces, on the 19th 
 August, evacuated it and reached Holla 
 unmolested. Gen. Fremont now assumed 
 command of the Western Department, over 
 which a force of .')5,r)93 men was scattered, 
 con ting formidable, and often superior, 
 nu. .s of rebels. He proceeded to fortify 
 St. ^jiinis, Cajjc Girardeau, Ironton, Rolla, 
 and Jefferson City. On the 31st August he 
 issui'd a general order, in which ho memor- 
 ably d(!clared the slaves of the rebels to be 
 free. Gen. Price, liaviiig sepanited from 
 Gen. MeCulloch and his forces, moved north- 
 ward from Springfield and appeared before 
 Lexington on the lllh September. ll(!re he 
 wi-iS joiueil by (Jon. Ifaiiis from the north 
 side of (lie river, and by reinforcements and 
 volunteois from all directions, until bis force 
 amounted to about 25,000, with 13 guns. 
 
 Ou a liill north-east of the city, Col. Mul- 
 ligiin, at tlie head of 2,780 Union soldiers, 
 witli barely 10 rounds of ammunition, had 
 pastel himself. He was at once cannonaded 
 by the rebels, but no general assault was 
 made upon him. On the 17th, he was cut 
 off from tlie river and de])rived of water, save 
 that of ucciilcntal rains. The rations and am- 
 munition now became short, while the rebels 
 madti fi)Mr e!iarj;es, but without success. On 
 the ISth, Capt. Glcosou, with a small baud, in 
 
 a heroic sally retook a hospital which had been 
 shortly before captured by the rebels, and 
 from tho roof and balcony of which their 
 sharp.shooters had ])ourod a deadly fire within 
 the Union intrenchments. On tho 20th the 
 rebels rolled up a lino of hemp bales, 40 yards 
 long, to within ten rods of the garrison. The 
 Missouri Home Guard, constituting a good 
 portion of Mulligan's forces, now becoming 
 dispirited, their colonel having been killed, 
 retired witlnu the line of tho inner intrench- 
 ments uiiil raised a white flag, at which the 
 rebels ceased firing. Col. Mulligan and a 
 council of officers then decided to surrender. 
 Tlie Union loss in this affair was 40 killed 
 and 1 20 wounded ; that of the Confederates, 
 about the same. The troops which had been 
 dispatched from different quarters by Gen. 
 Fremont to reinforce Col. Mulligan, failed 
 to reach him, having been delayed by rains or 
 bad roads, or tho confrontation of superior 
 rebel forces. 
 
 Gen. Price now retreated to tho south- 
 west, and on tho 27th Septemlier Gen. Fre- 
 mont left St. Louis in pxirsuit. Price skil- 
 fu'ly continued his flight to Neosho, in the 
 south-west corner of the State, where he found 
 Governor Jackson and a ]>art of the old Leg- 
 islature, who now formally i>assod an ordi- 
 nance of secession. Gen. Fremont having 
 reac'. Tipton, there s))ent some time in or- 
 ga'i.. ...vin. Tho roads were now excessively 
 bad iVom tho autumn rains, and his army, 
 some 30,000 men, including 5,000 cavalry 
 iUid 80 guns, wns illy provided with means 
 of ; ■"■.])or\ ., ...I;, jut on the 17th October 
 hemo-.ed !o H'aiMiw. On the 2 1 st, the rebel 
 Gen. Jetr. Thompson wa.s overpowered at 
 Frcdericktown by superior Union forces, 
 and after two hour.s' fighting, fled, hotly pur- 
 sued, and leaving 00 dead. 
 
 On the 21th October, Jlajor White, who 
 led the advance of Gen. Fremont's army, and 
 who had rccai)tured Lexington on the 10th, 
 without loss, taking 70 iiriaouers and reUius- 
 ing a number of Unionists captured with Mul- 
 ligan, was joined near Springfield by Major 
 /5agonyi, of tho Fremont IJody-Giuird, who 
 assumed command and resolved to capture 
 that place tho next day. The two comnmnds, 
 numbering about 300 men, found 1,200 in- 
 fantry and 400 hoi-so posted and prepared for 
 them on a hill on the outskirts of Springfield, 
 ITpon these Zagonyi at once charged, losing 
 seventy men ere he co\dd strike a blow. He 
 soon, however, caused the rebel force to scat- 
 ter in flight through the coni-fields in the 
 rear, and a greater part of them having taki^i 
 refuge in tho village, were then driven there- 
 from with great slaughter. Shortly after- 
 wards tho other Union forces arrived at this 
 place. 
 
 On November 2d, Gen. Fremont was un- 
 wisely supe:'seded in his connnand by Gen. 
 Hunter, and his body-guard, though enlisted 
 for three years and composed of the very 
 best material, were soon afterwards mustereil 
 out of service by order of Gen. jNIeClellan, 
 who had now succeeded (!en. Scott in the 
 chief command at Washington. Five days 
 after Gen. Hunter had assumed command, 
 by orders also emanating from Washington, 
 Springfield was unnecessarily abandoned by 
 the Union army, which retreated to Kolla. 
 This movement ilisheiirteiied the I'nionists 
 and elated the rebels of all Southern Missouri. 
 
 On November 12th, Gen. Henry W. Halleck 
 succeeded to the command of the Missouri 
 Department. 
 
 The Legislature of Kentucky, which met 
 on September 3, was strongly Union in char- 
 acter, and proceeded at once to repass over 
 tho Governor's veto, a bill directing him to 
 order by proclamation the Confederate troops 
 encamped in Kentucky to decamp immedi- 
 ately. Gen. Zollicofler, commanding the 
 rebel forces in East Tennessee, had advanced 
 through Cumberland Gap into Kentucky for 
 the purpose of cutting off' from that loyal 
 portion of Tennessee all communication witli 
 the ioyal States; and a large rebel forco 
 uii'''".' Gen. Bishop Leouidas Polk held and 
 was fortifying strong positions on tho east 
 bank of the Mississippi at Hicknmn, Chalk 
 Bluff's, and Columbus. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, 
 commanding at Cairo, 111., now occupied 
 Paducab, on tho south bonk of the Ohio, there 
 being IG miles distant a Confederate force of 
 3,800 strong. Gen. Robt. Anderson assumed 
 command at Louisville of the Department of 
 Kentucky, September 20th, and the organ- 
 ization of Union volunteers rapidly pro- 
 ceeded. Strong bills and resolutions in aid 
 of the prosecution of the war against the 
 rebels were now passed by the State Legisla- 
 ture. On tho lOth, Zollicofler advanced 
 to Barboursville, Ky. A large number of 
 prominent sympathizers with the rebellion, 
 natives of the State, including ex-Vice-Presi- 
 dent John C. Breckinridge, now escaped to 
 the Southern Confederacy, and openly gave 
 in their adhesion thereto. 
 
 Gen. W. T. Sherman, early in October, 
 succeeded Gen. Anderson in command of this 
 district, and shortly informed the Federal 
 Govermnent that 200,000 men were neces- 
 sary to hold Kentucky, being deceived as to 
 the strength of tho rebels there in arms, who 
 were then not over 40,000. On October 
 21st, Zollicoff'er, with a considerable force, 
 attacked the Unionists organizing at Camp 
 Wildcat, under Gen. Schoepf Though su- 
 perior in numbers, the rebels were repulsed 
 and driven away. A portion of the rebel 
 army under Gen. Polk was encamped at 
 Belmont, on the Missouri side of the Mis- 
 sissippi, opi)osite Columbus. On Novendjor 
 6th, with 2,850 Illinoisans, Gen. Grant 
 moved down the river in four steamboats 
 uiwn this forco at Belmont. Fighting with 
 great gallantry, tho Unionists carried and 
 fired the enemy's camp, capturing several 
 guns and driving the rebels over the bluff to 
 the river. Gen. I'olk now trained some of tho 
 heavy guns of Columbus upon tho victori- 
 ous Unionists, and sent 5,000 nu'u to the aid 
 of his routiul fugitives. Thoiigh largely out- 
 numbered, the Unionists successfully cut their 
 way back through these fresh troops to the 
 boats, bringing oflf all their own guns, with 
 two captured from the rebels, losing two 
 caissons, and 400 men killed, wounded, and 
 taken prisoners. In this action. Gen. 
 Grant's horse was shot under him. The en- 
 tire rebel loss was about 800. 
 
 Ou the 9th November, Gen. William 
 Nelson, comnmnding the Union forces in 
 Eastern K(m; ,ucky, ilrove o>it of Pikotou a 
 considerable rebel force under Col. John S. 
 Williams, nnd caused them to retreat as far 
 as I'ouud fiap, with inconsiderable loss, how- 
 ever, on either side. The hoju's of the heroic 
 
TJNITED STATES. 
 
 6G1 
 
 mry W. Ilalleck 
 of the Missouri 
 
 icky, which met 
 ' Union in cliar- 
 3 to repaRS over 
 directing him to 
 nfederato troops 
 Incamp immcdi- 
 >mman(ling tho 
 p, had advanced 
 o Kentucky for 
 from that loyal 
 •nnnication with 
 rgo rebel force 
 
 I'olk held and 
 >n8 on tho east 
 licknian, Chalk 
 HyBsesS. Grant, 
 
 now occupied 
 
 the Ohio, there 
 edenito force of 
 iderson assumed 
 
 Department of 
 and the organ- 
 8 rapidly pro- 
 iolutions in aid 
 var against tho 
 
 State Legisla- 
 :oflcr advanciHl 
 irge number of 
 
 1 the rebellion, 
 ; ex-Vice-Prcsi- 
 now escaped to 
 nd openly gave 
 
 •ly in October, 
 ommand of this 
 id the Federal 
 en were neccs- 
 : deceived as to 
 re in arms, who 
 On October 
 siderable force, 
 lizing at Camp 
 f. Though su- 
 wero repulsed 
 n of the rebel 
 I encamped at 
 Je of the Mis- 
 On Novenil)er 
 , Gen. Grant 
 lur stoumbottts 
 Fighting with 
 s carried and 
 )turing several 
 er the bluff to 
 ed some of tho 
 m the viotori- 
 mcn to the aid 
 gli largely oiit- 
 sfully cut their 
 troops to tho 
 ■vn guns, with 
 Is, losing two 
 wounded, and 
 action, Gen. 
 liim. Tho en- 
 
 ien. William 
 ion forces iu 
 of Piketon a 
 Col. John S. 
 retreat as far 
 ible loss, how- 
 i of tho heroii: 
 
 TTnionists of East Tennessee, aroused by these 
 successes, were shortly drstroyed by the 
 onurso of Gen. Scliofpf, coiiiinanding tho 
 Union army in front of Zollicoller. Ia'aI 
 to believe that an overwhelming Confederate 
 force WHS advHiicini; from Howling (Jreeu to 
 lliuik his ri;,'lit, he liastily tied to the Ohio, 
 aud left East Tennessee to her fate. 
 
 On tlie 18tli November, the Secessionists 
 of tho Stato held a convention at liusselviile, 
 ))rotccted by thu Confederate camp at Bowl- 
 ing Gre<m, and organized a Provisional Gov- 
 ernment, which included a species of IjCgisla- 
 tivo Council. (Jeo. VV. Johnson was desig- 
 nated as Governor by them, and commis- 
 sioners to negotiate for the admission of 
 Kentucky into tho Confederacy wore also 
 appointed ; and shortly afttsrwards a full 
 delt^gation from this Stato was admitted to 
 tho Confederate Congress, having been chosen 
 thereto by tho al>ovesaid Council. 
 
 On tho 1st June, a small privateer, tho 
 Savannah, ohided tho Federal blockaders at 
 Charleston, 8. C, and falling in with a North- 
 ern merchantman, captured her. On tho 
 same day, observing another vessel, which she 
 sup|)osed to be another merchantman, she 
 made all sail thereto, an<l discovered, when 
 (<>o late, that she was under the guns of the 
 U. S. brig J'erri// shortly s\irrendoring, tho 
 men and oflicers were despatched to New 
 Vork in tho vessel recently their own, and, 
 after some intention on tho part of the Fed- 
 1'inl authorities to try them as pirates, and 
 tin-oats of retaliation by President Davis, 
 tiu'.y were ultimately exchanged as jirisoners 
 ;)f war. Two months later, the Petrel, for- 
 merly the U. S. revenue cutt<;r Aiken, l>e- 
 trayeil to South (/'arolina by her officers at 
 llio commencement of the rebellion, ran out 
 from the same harbor, and shortly encountered 
 the gunboat iSt. Lainrence. Mistaking the 
 latter for a merchantman, the )>rivateer fired 
 at her. The aS'<. Lawrence at once answered 
 with a broadside, wliicli sunk the jirivatoer 
 with five of her cr(!w. Tiie remainder, thirty- 
 six in number, wei'o picked tip and sent to 
 Fort Millin, on tho Delaware, as prisoners. 
 Oil June HOtli, the steam privateer Sumler 
 run tho blockade of New Orleans, and 
 shortly capttn-ed fifteen merchantmen in the 
 West India waters. At the llritish port of 
 Niussau she was promptly furnished with sup- 
 plies, and, after a continued success, finally 
 entered tho Hritish harbor of Gil)raltar. 
 Tlio U. S. gunboat Timrnrora, anchored 
 ill the Spanish port of Algcsiras opposite, 
 with the Kcarsitrije succee<ling her iu the 
 watch, held the ))rivateer there until tho Con- 
 foderate officers abandoned her, and |)rocee(led 
 to Liverpool to take charge of a better steamer, 
 the Alabanui, which had there been con- 
 structed for the Confederacy. The privateer 
 Nashville also succeeded in running out 
 of Charleston, and, after burning an .A.meri- 
 can merchantman in Pritish waters, ran into 
 Southampton, where the Tniwirora then wivs, 
 b\it tho latter was com])elled to remain twenty- 
 foin- hours after the depaituro of tho former, 
 who thus escaped. 
 
 On August L'Gth, 1801, Gen. P. F. But- 
 ler sailed from Fortress Monroe, in command 
 of a largo military force, accompanied by Com. 
 Silas Stringham, "oinmanding a commen- 
 surate laval force. Arriving at llatteriis 
 lulot, tuo outrouco to Pamlico Sunad, ou tho 
 37 
 
 y8th, ho proceeded to bombarii "le rebel forts 
 Ifatteras and Clark, defended by 700 Con- 
 federates, under Com. Barron, lato of tho 
 U. S. Navy. On the morning of tho 29th 
 the lutter surrendered, "15 prisoners, 2!) can- 
 non, and 1,000 stand of arms being taken. 
 For several days thereafter, blockade-runners 
 from various rjuurters, entering the inlet, were 
 also captured. Ijato in September, tho 20th 
 Indiana, Col. Brown, of the Union troops at 
 Ilatteras, occupied Chicamicomico, some fif- 
 teen miles north-east of tho inlet. On Sep- 
 temb«!r 29th, wliilo proceeding through tlie 
 Sound, tho Union steamer I'hnnt/, loaded with 
 stores, was ca[)tured by three armed steamers 
 from the mainland ; and shortly after, Col. 
 Brown discovering five rebel steamers emer- 
 ging from Croatan Somid to attack him, de- 
 stroyed his camp and made a rapid march to 
 tho Ilatteras Lighthouse, with a loss of f)0 
 stragglers made j'-isoners. In the meantime 
 his courier had r.iached the forts, and tho 
 Union steam frigates Snuquehanna and Mont- 
 ivello were dispatched on the ocean side of the 
 island to liis relief, while Col. Hawkins started 
 from the forts with six companies of Zouaves 
 for the scene of action. The Jfonticello 
 opened upon tho rebel forces with shells, 
 which cau.sed them to flee, panic-stricken. 
 The land being less than a mile wide l)etwcen 
 tho ocean and the Sound, afforded them no 
 place of safety, and the 8laught<T was im- 
 mense. The firing was thus continued until 
 night set in, when tho rebels re-embarkt^d. 
 The amount of their loss has never been as- 
 certained. 
 
 On the night of September 1 .^th, an expe- 
 dition from the flag-ship Colorai/o, Com. 
 Morvine, of the Gulf blockading squadron, 
 boarded the rebel privateer tTudah in Pensa- 
 cola harbor, fired and scuttleil her, with a 
 loss of 3 killed and 12 wounded. On the 
 night of October 9th, a Confederate force 
 from Pensacola surprised and destroyed tho 
 camp of the Oth N. Y. (Wilson's Zouaves), 
 about two miles from Fort Pickens, on Santa 
 Uosa Island ; but in retreating to their boats, 
 were followed and sevcM'cly harassed. 
 
 On the 29th October, a second military 
 and naval (expedition, under Gen. W. T. Sher- 
 man and Com. Sanuiel F. Du Pont, and con- 
 I sisting of 10,000 men and a fleet embracing 
 j the steam frigate M'ahasli, 11 gunboats, 31 
 I steamers and 20 sailing vessels, left Hampton 
 I lloads, and after a stormy passage arrived off 
 Port Royal, S. C, November 4tli, which 
 i harbor was strongly fortified by the I'cbels. 
 i On November 7th, tho war-steamers of the 
 j fleet iu order sailed up before the fortifica- 
 • tions on one side of the entrance and down 
 ' before those of the other siile, constantly dis- 
 ' charging their shot and shell thereupon. After 
 five hours of fearful carnage and devastation 
 ' among the rebels, tho latter took to flight, 
 and the neighborhood was at once occupied 
 ! by the Union forces. On December (itli, 
 Beaufort was also occupied by them, and on 
 December 20th, Tybeo Island, commanding 
 tho approach to Savannah. The slave-hold- 
 ers of the region, having burned their cotton 
 and other crojis, fled to Charh«tou with their 
 domestic animals, and as many of their slaves 
 as they could control. Labor and sehr)ols 
 were at once provided by the Federal author- 
 itiiis for th(^ negroes itMiiaiiiilig. 
 
 Jauies M. Masou aud John SliJoll, Cou- 
 
 f(iderato envoys to Groat Britain and France, 
 evaded the blockade at Charleston in tho 
 steamship Tlieodora and proceeded to Ha- 
 vana, Cuba, which port they left on Nov. 7, 
 for England, in tho British steamer Trent. 
 Capt. Wilkes, of the United States steamship 
 San Jciriuti), intercepted the I'rcnt in the 
 Bahama Channel on the 8th, and firing a 
 shell across her bow compelled her to stop, 
 lie then boarded her and brought away tho 
 embassadors aud their secretaries, leaving 
 their families and papers undisturbed. Ou 
 reacliing the United States the rebel officials 
 were confined, by order of the Government, 
 in Fort Warren, near Boston. Great excite- 
 ment was caused thiougliout Europe and 
 America by this act. The seizure was justi- 
 fied by the doctrines and practices of Great 
 Britain, and especially by the Queeji's proc- 
 lamation of nc'itrality between the United 
 States and tho Confederates, of May 13, 1861, 
 which forbade the carrying of officers and dis- 
 patclies for either party ; nevertheless a per- 
 emptory demand was instantly made by Great 
 Britain for the unconditional surrender of 
 tho rf^bel envoys and their secretaries. 
 France also extended her moral aid to this 
 demand in a considerate note to the United 
 States ; and tho Secretary of State, Mr. Sew- 
 ard, com|ilied with it, technically basing his 
 compliance upon the failure of Com. Wilkes 
 to bring the Trent into port for adjudication 
 of the act. 
 
 On the 25th July, Gen. Scott, though nom- 
 inally remaining in chief command at Wakh- 
 ington, was practically stiperseded by tl o 
 formation of the new military Department 
 of Washington and North-eastern Vijinia, to 
 which Gen. INIcClellan was then assigned. 
 The latter commenced at once the organization 
 of the forces of the department, which now 
 began to be increased by the renewed activity 
 of the loyal States, and on the 15th Oct. they 
 amounted to 150,000 men, well drilled an<l 
 fitted for service. The enemy in the nienn- 
 while failed to follow up their victory at Bull 
 Kun by advancing on Wa.shington or Balti- 
 more, which were then clearly at their mercy. 
 On the 17th October, the XTnion army occu- 
 pied Fairfax Court-House, the Confederates 
 retiring to Centreville and Manas.sas. On 
 the ItUh, Gen. (>eary captured from the rcli- 
 els Bolivar Heights, overlooking Harper's 
 Ferry. Ou the 20tli, Brig.-(Jen. Stone, 
 guarding the line of the Potomac at I'ooles- 
 ville, Md., ordered Col. Devens, ICth Mass., 
 and Col. Lee, 20th ^Inss., with a portion of 
 their commands, to move towards the enemy, 
 <liscovered in tho region of Lcesburgh, Va. 
 For this ]iurpose they cros.sed the Potomac, 
 aud at noon, on the 2 1st, ut Ball's Bluff, on 
 tho Virginia shore, were attacked by mus- 
 ketry from tho woods, surrounding on three 
 sides the field on which they were formed. 
 They then fell back to the edge of the bluff, 
 which was about 150 feet high, and betweca 
 1 and 2 r..M. were reinforced by Col. E. D. 
 Baker, who assumed command, with a force 
 consisting of the New York Tammany regi- 
 ment, Col. ^Milton Cogswell, the California 
 regiment, Lieut.-Col. Wistar, comprising, 
 with the Massachusetts men, 1,90() men. 
 The rebel assailants comprised the 8th Vir- 
 ginia, l.'Uh, 17th, and 18th Alississippi, form- 
 ing the brigade of Gen. Evans. The struggle 
 continued iur two hours, with a great slaugh> 
 
563 
 
 HISTORY OF TH: 
 
 ter of the exposed Union forces. Col. Baker 
 having bravely fallen, 8hot tliroiigli the hoail, 
 Col. Cogswell, who succeeilcd to tlie command, 
 attempted to clmrgo the enemy on the left, 
 and eMcape towurdw Gen. Stone, but being 
 met by a fresh MissiKHip|ii regiment, wan 
 thrown in disorder down the blulf just ns 
 darkness wan ensuing. The pursuing rebels 
 from the blutf contin\ied to tiro upon the 
 struggling, flying mass below and in the boats, 
 which being overloaded, were shortly upset. 
 Few of the Union force escaped drowning or 
 the destructive fire of the enemy ; the loss 
 being not less than 1,000 men, including 300 
 killed, and more than 50U, mostly wounded, 
 taken prisoners. 
 
 On December 20th, Gen. E. 0. C. Ord, com- 
 manding 3d Pennsyhania Brigade, with about 
 4,000 men, moved on Dranesville, Loudon 
 Co., Va., to forage. Near Diunesvillo the 
 Union forces were attacked by a rebel brig- 
 ado under Gen. J. E. li. Stuart, consisting 
 of about 2,300 ukmi. The rebels were badly 
 beaten, losing 2;!0 men, including several 
 officers. The Federal loss was 9 killed and 
 60 wounded. 
 
 The Army of the Potonuic, comprising 
 nearly 200,000, were now eagerly awaiting 
 the expected permission to move in ma.s.s on 
 the enemy, and the loyal people of the North 
 still hurried regiments to it, to be in time for 
 the decided movement that was supposed to 
 be shortly inevitable. The weather was ex- 
 tremely propitious, the roads remaining 
 hard and dry till far into the winter. But 
 winter settled upon this grand army witho\it 
 a blow being struck by it. Tlie rebels, 
 vastly outnumbered, wisely refrained fi-om 
 disturbing this virtual siege of Washington, 
 by any oti'ensive movement. This neglect of 
 a grand opportunity is attributed both to the 
 incapacity of Gen. McClellan for the |>osition 
 wliich he held, and to the induence of the 
 party who hoped to restore the Union with 
 slavery, by means of little fighting and a 
 speedy compromi.se. 
 
 On the withdrawal of the Union forces 
 from South-western Missouri, Gen. Trice, the 
 rebel connuander, at once returned from 
 the Arkansas border, pa.ssing triumphantly 
 through Springfield and occupying Le.viiigton 
 and other points upon the ^Mississippi. Itrbel 
 incendiaries and guerillas became frecjUiMit, 
 and small combats took place. The village 
 of Warsaw was burned by them on Novem- 
 ber 19, 1801, and Platte City, J\>cember 1(!, 
 1861 ; and on December 20, nearly 100 miles 
 of the railroad crossing Northern Missouri 
 was disabled by them; whereupon Gen. Ilal- 
 leck, commanding the department, threatened 
 to shoot parties engaged in this kind of work : 
 but this threat, never executed, was of little 
 force. On December 1.^, the rebels occupy- 
 ing Lexington under Gens, liains and Stein 
 ■were driven southward therefrom by Gen. 
 Pope, with a lo.ss of 300 prisoners and most 
 of their baggage, including seventy wagons 
 lailen with clothes and sujiplies for Gen. 
 Price, \\wn at Osceola with S,000 men. On 
 the ISlh, Col. Jeir. C. Davis cai)tured, by 
 surprise, a rebel cam]) at ]Milford, consisting 
 of 3 colonels, 17 captains, 1,000 men, 1,000 
 stand of arms, 1,000 horses, with tents, bag- 
 gage, and supjdies. Gen. Price now retreat- 
 ed rapidly to the southern line of tlii^ State, 
 wheru, ueur Boston Mountain, he Wiu> joined 
 
 by Gen. McCuUoch, with a division of Texas 
 and Arkansas Confederates, and on March 
 3, 18(12, by Gen. ICarl Van Dorn, Confederate 
 commander of the Trans-Mississippi Depart- 
 ment; and also by tlen. .Vlbert Pike, of Ar- 
 kansas, at the head of .some 0,(100 Indian.s. 
 The number of rebels was increased by these 
 accessions to 20,000. Most of the Indians, 
 Creeks and Choctaws, being slaveholders 
 themselves, had entered into an alliance 
 with the Confederacy ; and on December 9, 
 18G1, the ndnority in favor of the Union, 
 under Chief Opothleyolo, were beaten on 
 Bushy Creek, 180 miles west of Fort Smith, 
 and com])elled to fiec into Kansa.s. March 
 li, 1802, tlen. Van Dorn attempted to isolate 
 the division of Gen. Sigel at Bentouville 
 from the rest of the Union army near Motts- 
 ville, which was now commanded by Gen. 
 Samuel 1{. Curtis, of Iowa. By skilful fight- 
 ing and falling back throughout the day. 
 Gen. Sigel batlled this attempt, with small 
 loss, and at 1 IMI. was joined by reinforce- 
 ments from (.ien. Curtis, when ho deliberately 
 encamped at Pea llidge, near Gen. Curtis's 
 centre. On the 7th, the enemy, instead of 
 advancing upon Gen. Curtis by way of the di- 
 rect road from Fayetteville, succeeded in 
 reaching and advancing on the road from 
 Bentonville, thus flanking the Unionists. 
 Gen. Curtis promptly changed his line, mak- 
 ing the first and second divisions, under Si- 
 gel and A.sboth his left ; the third, under Jell'. 
 C. Davis, his centre; and the 4th, under Col. 
 Carr, his right. This line, about three miles 
 in h?ngth, stretching from Sugar Creek to Klk- 
 horn Tavern, was confronted by Gen. I'rice 
 with his Mis.souri forces. Gen. Mcintosh 
 commanding the centre, and Gen. MeCul- 
 i loch on the left. At lO.V a.m., Gen. Uster- 
 t haus advanced on the rebels from Leetown 
 ' in the centre nearly to the Bentonville road, 
 i but was driven back in disorder by over- 
 ■ whelming numlurs, and witli the loss of his 
 ; battery. At the Siime time JKCullocli at- 
 I tacked Carr's forces with vastly supeiior 
 numbers at Elkhorn Tavern. Col. Davis now 
 advanced to the aid of Dsterhaus, and al- 
 though rejieatedly compelled to fall baik, 
 I held his ground at the close of the day, re- 
 capturing diu'ing the confiict, by a desperate 
 charge of the l.*^th Indiana, two guns of 
 Davidson's Battery. Gen. Curtis, with As- 
 both's division, finding his left unassaili'd, 
 at 2 r.M. moved to Elkhorn to the KU]i)iort 
 of Carr, whom he reached at o r.M. The 
 latter had been fiercely fighting with an 
 innuen.sely superior force for seven hoiuvs, 
 during w hich one-fourth of his comnumd had 
 fallen. Gen. Asboth imw opened a heavy ar- 
 tillery fire on the rebel forces, and the 2d 
 Missouri Infantry also vigorou.sly attacked 
 them. But night shortly closed in, and both 
 armies rested on the battlefield. On the 
 morning of the 8th Col. Davis renewed the 
 battle in the cntre, and the rebels replied 
 from new batteritw and lines formed during 
 the night, raking the Union right wing, and 
 causing it to slightly fall back. Asboth's 
 and Sigel's divisions were soon in position, 
 comjileting the Union line of battle. Gen. 
 Curtis now ordered his right to advance to 
 the support of the Dubucpie Battery, posted 
 on an elevation at the extreme right. He 
 then )iliiei(l the Ist Iowa Battery in an open 
 iicld, uud other batteries with supporting in- 
 
 fantry were speetlily placed in such positions 
 as to cause tho rebels to recoil. The Union 
 left wing was meanwhile pushed forward, 
 driving the rebels into the deep ravines of 
 (.'ross-Tind)er Hollow. At \H a.m. the rout 
 of the rebels was comi>lete. After entering 
 tho Hollow their main force turned to tho 
 right, following obscure valleys which led 
 into tho Huntsvillo road. On this they 
 esca])ed to a point some eight miles ou tho 
 Bentonville road, whence Van Dorn dis- 
 patched a fiag of truce to Curtis, soliciting 
 an arrangement for burying the dead, which 
 was accorded. The comumnd of Curtis, in 
 this battle, numbered about 10,iJO0 men, and 
 48 j)iece8 of artillery. Tho rebel force was 
 about 30,000, including 5,000 Indians, who 
 were worse than itseless in tho action, seem- 
 ingly terrified by the novelty of the artillery. 
 The Federal 1o.<h, dining the three days, was 
 reported at 1,301, of whom 701 were of Col. 
 Carr's division. The rebel loss, unascertain- 
 ed, was probably much more, including Gens. 
 McCulloch and Jlclntosh killed, and Gens. 
 I'riee and Slack wounded. 
 
 The enemy having disappeared. Gen. 
 Curtis now jn-oceeded towards Batesville, 
 on White Rivei-, for supplies, which, how- 
 ever, failed to arrive, owing to low wa- 
 ter. Compelled tlnis to rely for sui)plies upon 
 wagon trains from Kolla, Mo., several hundred 
 miles distant, he gave U]> his intended march 
 on Little Bock, the capital of Arkansas, and 
 after waiting eight weeks at Batesville he 
 moved in a south- western direction. In 
 making his way across the cypress swamjis 
 of the Cache Kiver, he was attacked by a 
 rebel force of 1,500 Texan cavalry, un- 
 der Gen. Albert Bust. These he routed 
 after an hoiir's conflict by an impetuous 
 charge of the 1st Indiana Cavalry, with a 
 loss to the rebels of 110 killed. Being short 
 of provisions in an iidios])itable country. 
 Gen. Curtis now proceeded to Helena, on the 
 Mississippi, which he reached about July 12, 
 bringing with him a large numbirof negroes, 
 who had been employed by the rebels in ol>- 
 structing the roads, and were thus entitled 
 to tlu'ir freedom hy law of Congress. 
 
 On Aug. U, 18(12, at Kirksville, Adair 
 County, Jli.ssouri, Col. John McNeil, with 
 1,000 cavalry and (i guns, attacked a rebel 
 band of Missouri ]uirtisans, under Col. Por- 
 ter, two or three thousand in number, aim, 
 lifter a severe light of four ho\irs, defeated 
 them, inflicting a loss of 180 killed. .")(lO 
 wounded, and several w agon-loads of arms ; 
 the Federal lo.ss being 28 killed and tJO 
 wounded. On Sept. 2 another of these rebel 
 partisan forces ef 1,200, under Col. Poinde.x- 
 ter, was attacked and routed while crossing 
 Chariton Itiver, by Col. Odin Guitar, '.Hh 
 Militia Cavalry of Missouri, with tlOO men iind 
 2 gnus, many of the rebels being driven in- 
 to the river and drowned. Poindexter fitc- 
 ing northward to ,join I'orter, was driven 
 back by another Union force under Gin. 
 Benj. Loan, and again attacked by Guitar, 
 who utterly annihilated his command ; and 
 Porter, being driven back upon McNeil by 
 the same movement of Gen. Loan, was like- 
 wise compelled to dis)iirso his bund to save 
 it from destiuction. No rebels henceforward 
 appeared in any force north of the ^lissumi 
 Kivir. On Aug. 11, the Ft ileial garrison at 
 iudt'peudeuco, iu tho wusluvu puit uf the 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 563 
 
 icctl in Biicli positions 
 
 ) I'pcoil. Thi! Union 
 
 lili' (msliecl l'orwi\id, 
 
 tlif ilri'|i luvinos of 
 
 At 14 A.M. tlip rout 
 
 itc. After fiitorim; 
 
 forco tiiriH'il to tlio 
 
 vullej-s which ltd 
 
 :)uil. On tlii» tliey 
 
 •■ fight miles on tlio 
 
 ncu Vnn Dorn dis- 
 
 to Curtis, Kolicitiuf; 
 
 jiiif; the dead, which 
 
 iiinuiid of Curtis, in 
 
 nut U),;>00 men, mid 
 
 The rebel force was 
 
 ; .'1,000 Indians, wlio 
 
 in the action, seem- 
 
 ivelty of the artillery. 
 
 ; the three days, was 
 
 lom 701 were of Col. 
 
 bel loss, uuascertaiii- 
 
 niore, including Gens. 
 
 .sh killed, and Ceu.s. 
 
 l1. 
 
 di.sa])pcared. Gen, 
 towards Batesville, 
 iupplies, which, how- 
 owing to low wa- 
 rely for supplies upon 
 Mo., several hundred 
 |) his intended march 
 tul of Arkansas, and 
 eks at Hatesville he 
 tern direction. In 
 the cypress swam ) is 
 i was attacked by a 
 Te.xan cavalry, uii- 
 t. These he routed 
 et by an impetuous 
 ana Cavalry, with » 
 killed. Being short 
 iiliospitable country, 
 ilcU to Helena, on the 
 •ached about July IL', 
 se number of ni'groes, 
 by the rebels in (il>- 
 
 I were tiius entitled 
 of Congress. 
 
 it Kirksville, Adiiir 
 John McNeil, with 
 uiis, attacked a rebel 
 .aiis, under Col. l\ir- 
 nid in number, ain!, 
 four hours, defeated 
 
 of i!-o killed. :m 
 
 vagoii-loads oi arms ; 
 : :.'« killed and 0(1 
 mother of these rebi'l 
 
 under Col. I'oinde.x- 
 outed while cros.'.iiii; 
 1. Odin Guitar, IMh 
 iiri, with (iCOmeniiiid 
 bels being driven in- 
 ed. I'oindexter llci'- 
 
 Porter, was driven 
 
 II forco under Gen. 
 attacked by Ciuitar, 
 
 bis cemmaiid ; and 
 ck upon JlcKeil by 
 Jen. 1.01111, «as like- 
 se his band to save 
 I rebels henceforward 
 rill of the Missouri 
 ' l'\ (leial garri.-ion Ht 
 ivubteru puit uf the 
 
 Stftte, consisting of 312 men of the 7th Mis- 
 souri Cavalry, under I.ieut.-Col. Buel, was 
 surr("ndered after a short resistance to 11 rebel 
 band of WO, under Col. Hughes. The latter 
 being joined by Col. Cotl'ey with 1,500 Ar- 
 kansas Cavalry, then attacked MaJ"! Foster, 
 of the "til Militia Cavalry, ^'00 men, at Lone 
 Jack, Jackson County, defeating him and 
 compelling him to retreat with a loss of two 
 puna to lioxington. Coffey ailvaneed upon 
 tlio latter place, but finding Gen. Blunt in 
 strong force there, (led, vigorously jiursiied 
 to the Arkansas line by the latter, but es- 
 caped without siu'ious loss. 
 
 Gen. Schotield, cinnnianding this depart- 
 ment, was now superseded by Gen. Curtis, 
 and took the field against tho rebels in the 
 south-west of tho State, who were meditating 
 a fresh invasion. On Oct. 1 ho left Spring- 
 lield. At Newt<niia his advance under Gen. 
 Salomon was overwhelmed and pressed back 
 by a large body of rebel cavalry. Being re- 
 inforced shortly by Gen. Blunt, from Arkan- 
 sas, his force was swelled to 10,000 men, 
 while that of the enemy at Newtonia was 
 estimated at 15,000. Being charged with 
 artillery and cavalry, tho rebels, who were 
 badly armed, now fled 30 miles into Arkansas. 
 Hcliotield pressed on to ]'ea Kidge, where the 
 rebel forco having licen divided, ho sent Gen. 
 Blunt ill pursuit of that portion which hail 
 moved westwartl, under Cooper, towards 
 I'ort Scott. The latter being overtaken near 
 M:iysville, was compelled to flee in disorder 
 across the Arkansas to F'ort Gibson, losing 
 four guns. Gen. .Scholield jmrsued the main 
 body of the rebels as far as iruntsville, and 
 liiidiug them resolved to avoid lighting till 
 tliey were reinforced, returned to Osage 
 Springs, from whence he dispatched a force 
 uiidi'r Gen. Herron to attack some .3,000 or 
 4,000 rebel cavalry on White Kiver, eight 
 miles from Fayetteville. These were assailed, 
 Oct. 2S, so vigorously, that, although superior 
 in numbers, they shortly fled into the moun- 
 tains, losing their camp ecpiipage. On Nov. 
 20, Gen. Scliofield was forced by sickness 
 to resign his command. tJen. Hindman, 
 coiniuanding the Confederate forces in Ar- 
 kansas, having colb^cted a large force, early 
 in December crossed tho Arkansas River, 
 near Van Ruren, with 9,000 infantry, 2,000 
 cavalry and extensive artillery, and advanced 
 upon "Gen. Blunt at Cave Hill with .'>,000 
 troops. Gen. Blunt, showing a bold front, 
 at once ap|)rised (Jen. Herron, commanding the 
 2d and 3d Divisions of the Federal forces, who 
 was then at Wilson's (!reek, 10 miles north of 
 Spiingtield, and who immediately, by forced 
 marches, proceeiled to the relief of Blunt. 
 On Dee. Ttli he reached Fayetteville, and had 
 ]iroceeded thence fivi? miles, when his cavalry 
 in the advance were attacked and thrown into 
 confusion by Marmaduke, coiniuanding the 
 vanguard of Ilindiiian's army. The main por- 
 tion of his cavalry reached Gen. Blunt, and the 
 remainder returned to him. On the Citli De- 
 comber, thus divested of cavalry and with 
 about 4,000 men, he was confronted by the 
 rebel main force at Prairie Grove, on Illinois 
 Creek. Ho at once gallantly attacked the 
 enemy. The battle wius desperately con- 
 testi'd, the batteries of both sides being re- 
 pi'atedly charged upan, often taken, and as 
 often iibaiidoiieil under the overwheliiiiiig tire 
 of infantry ooucoutratod upon them. At 2 
 
 P.M., however. Gen. Blunt came up on tho right ! 
 of Gen. Herron, confronting the rebel left, 
 where a largo force had bi'cn massed for the 
 purpose of flanking tie' latter's position. 
 The battle thus continucil with great vigor 
 until evening, when the rebels retreated into' 
 the woods, leaving the I'nion soldiers in the; 
 open flolds where it had lieen fought. Dur- 
 ing tho night tho rebel force retreated from 
 the neighborhood. Tho Union loss in this 
 battle of Prairie Grove was 107 killed, 7!)8 
 wounded and 183 missing. Gen. Hindman's 
 otlicial report made his loss 104 killed, 
 among them Gen. Stein, of Missouri; 817 
 wounded, and 330 missing. 
 
 After the betrayal of the Unit<>d States 
 frontier army to the Confederates by Gen. 
 Twiggs in February, ISO I, most of the post.s, 
 extending from Imlianola,Texa.s,to Fort Bliss, 
 on the route to New Mexico, a distance of 
 075 miles, were shortly given up to the Con- 
 federate authorities by the orticers in coin- 
 iniind, who were generally in full sympathy 
 with the rebel cause. A forco of 700 at Kl 
 PiLSo was also betrayed to the rebels Viy their 
 commanding officer. Major I.ynde; whereupon 
 the Governor of New Mexico, Abraham lien- 
 clier, at once called out the militia thereof, 
 exerting a wholesome counteracting influence 
 upon its Mexican population in IxOialf of the 
 Union. On Dec. 2, 1801, a now governor, 
 Henry Connolly, arrived, and Col. K. K. S. 
 Canby, a loyal oflicer, had al.so succeeded to 
 the military command of tho department. 
 Tho Territorial Legislature, at the (iovernor's 
 recommendation, promptly repealed tho act 
 protecting slavery in the Territory. Col. 
 Canby had now organized his scanty forces, 
 and held the frontier posts as far down as 
 Fort Fillmore, which still remained in the 
 hands of the Texans. I 
 
 Gen. H. F. Sibley, having organized a 
 rebel brigade in Texas for the coni|uest of 
 New Mexico, on Fi;b. 10, 1802, confronted : 
 Col. Canby at Valverde, about seven miles 
 from Fort Craig, on the eiust bank of the 
 Bio Grande, with a force of 2,300 men, most 
 of them etlieiently trained in i)revious fron- 
 tier service, and famous as " T'exan rangers." 
 The battle was opened in the morning, and 
 continued mainly with artillery, wherein the 
 Unionists were superior both in guns and in 
 service, until noon, when tho rebel coinnian- 
 <ler ordered a charge of 1,000 infantry upon 
 the Union battery, commanded by Lieut. 
 Mcllae. The battery was taken, and Lieuts. 
 McKao and Michler were killed at their 
 
 posts, 
 though 
 
 The sui>porting Union infantry. 
 
 largely outnumbering tho Texans, 
 most shamefully fled from the field to the 
 fort. The lo.sses of men were about equal, 
 00 kille<l and 140 wounded on either side. 
 The rebels, deeming an assault on Fort 
 Craig unadvisable, then pushed on up tho 
 river, advancing towards Santa Fe. At 
 Apache Piuss, fifteen miles from the latter 
 lilace, March 24, they encountered a raw 
 Federal force of 1,.300, mostly Colorado 
 volunteers, under Col. John P. Slough, 
 whom they speedily routed bj' a charge, but 
 inflicting small loss upim them. Sibley then 
 triumphantly entered Santa Fe, which place, 
 however, he was shortly eonipelled to (-vacu- 
 ate, retreating by forceil marelies to his depot 
 at Albui|Ueripie, as Canby was marching 
 upon it from Fort Craig. Ho saved it, but 
 
 evacuated it abso on the 12th April, and was 
 pursued in his retreat down the west bank of 
 the river, by Canby on tho east. In order to 
 avoid another general action in his eriiipled 
 C(Uulition, he shortly abandoned the river for 
 the mountains, and by an arduous march 
 through the most desolate and rugged of 
 regions, succeeded in evading his enemy, and 
 returning to Fort Bliss in Texas. 
 
 Early in January, 1802, Col. James A. 
 Garfield, commanding a Union brigade, 
 moved on Humphrey Marshall, commanding 
 the Confederate forces in Soiith-eiuitern Ken- 
 tucky. Near Prestonburg, Floyd County, ho 
 encountered the latter, whom he forced to re- 
 treat into Virginia. About Feb. 22 Cumlior- 
 Innd (!ap was also abandoned to the Union- 
 ists, ami shortly afterwards Gim. Garfield 
 surprised and captured a considerable rebel 
 camp at Pound Ga|). 
 
 On Jan. 17th, Gen. George H. Thomas, 
 ordered by Gen. Buell to assume the com- 
 mand of the Union forces in Kentucky, 
 operating against Gen. Zollicofler's army, 
 reached Logan's Cross-Roads, having tinder 
 him a forco of about 8,000 men. Here, on 
 the lOtli January, he was attacked by Major- 
 Gen. George B. Crittenden, who had super- 
 seded Zollicofler. Tho charge of the rebels 
 was desiierate, and tho battle lasted for nearly 
 two hours, during which tho opposing infan- 
 try often fired through the same fence. In 
 the midst of the battle Gen. Zollicofler was 
 shot by Col. Fry, of tho 4th Kentucky, tho 
 latter's horse being shot dead about the same 
 time. A charge of the 9tli Ohio, with fixed 
 bayonets, carried the day, the rebels flying to 
 their intrenchments on the Cumberland 
 River, at Camp Beech Grove. The rebels 
 lost in this action li)2 killed, 02 wounded, 
 ami ^'i prisoners. The Union loss was 3!) 
 killed and 207 wounded. The Unionists at 
 once proceeded to shell the rebel intrench- 
 ments, and shortly afterwards night fell. 
 Taking advantage of a small steamer, the 
 C'onfederates silently escaped across the river 
 during the night, leaving 12 guns, with cais 
 sons and many small arms, 1 ,500 horses and 
 mules, and all their army material. 
 
 On Feb. 2, 1802, Com. A. H. Foote, with 
 seven gunboats, and Gen. U. S. Grant, with 
 13,000 men on steamboats, left Cairo, and 
 moved up tho Ohio and the Tennessee to 
 within ten miles of Fort Henry, a strong 
 rebel work commanding the latter river from 
 its east^-rn bank, mounting 17 large guns, 
 and defended by Gen. Lloyd Tilgliman, of 
 Ky., with 2,l)00 men. About twelve miles 
 distant, on the western bank of the Cumber- 
 land River, was situatetl Fort Donelson, a 
 still more formidable rebel fort, the two be- 
 ing connected by a military road, so that 
 reinforcements couhl easily be thrown from 
 one into the other. On Feb. 4, Gen. (Jrant 
 debarked his forces within four miles of Fort 
 Henry. On the morning of the 0th, his main 
 body, under Gen. John A. McClemand, 
 : moved to seize the military road connecting 
 I the two forts, while a brigade under Gen. C. 
 [ F. Smith advanced on *he west bank of the 
 I river; and Cobj^ Foote, with his gunboats, 
 including the imn-clads Cincinnati, J'Jnsey, 
 ; C<iroiitli}et, and St. Louis, steameil, slowly 
 up and attacked the fort fi-om tho river. 
 .-Vfter an liour's exchange of cannonading tho 
 I Eaacjc was pierced by a :J4' pound shot from 
 
5R4 
 
 IIISTOllY OF THE 
 
 i; i 
 
 ■ I 
 
 the fort, which exploileil one of her boilors, 
 by which both of her pilots woro killed, ami 
 ('iipt. W. D. I'ortcr and forty of his men 
 Hovoroly scalded. Tlio ICssex thi-ii drifted 
 OHt of the action, but the reiniiining iron- 
 clads continued to a|)proach the fort nntil 
 within llOO yardsf thereof, gradually silencing 
 ita guns. At 2 p.m. Col. Tilglunan, who 
 liad previouHly ordered the entire force with- 
 in the fort, with the exception of those 
 engaged in working the gnna, to retreat to 
 Fort Donelson, raiHcd a flhg of truce, and 
 shortly surrendered, tion. McClernand failed 
 to intercept the main rebel force on their 
 way to Fort Donelson. This engagement is 
 chiotly memorable as the first in history in 
 which iron clad boats were tried. 
 
 Six days after the fall of Fort Henry, 
 Oen. Floyd arrived at Fort Donelson with 
 heavy reinforcements and assunie<I connmird, 
 superseding (ten. CJideon J. Pillow. The 
 fort covered a level plateau of 100 acres, 
 surmounting a steep bluti' 100 feet high, 
 Iniving two strong water batteries on the 
 bunk at its base. The fort itself had S heavy 
 guns mounted in addition to the field bat- 
 teries of its garrison, which now amonnted to 
 about 15,000 men. On Feb. 1,3, (Jen. Grant, 
 bringing Smith's division aci'oss the Tennes- 
 see, proceeded from Fort Hcm-y to Fort Don- 
 elson, investing the latter by a line 3 miles 
 long, and 200 rods distant from the rebel out- 
 works. Skirmisliing V)y sharpshooters took 
 place during the day, and in the evening 
 Com. Foole arrived with his gunboats, four 
 iron-clad and two wooden. At ',\ p.m. the 
 next day, the latter had steadily advanced to 
 within 400 yards of the great giuis of the 
 fort, driving most of the enemy's gnnnerM 
 from their posts. At this ]ioint, perceiving 
 victory hopeless from the crippled condition 
 of his fleet, he withdrew down the river, 
 having been himself painfully v --unded in the 
 foot. Elated with the defeat oi the gunboats, 
 the rebel general Floyd at once assmned the 
 oifensivo against the Union forces. At day- 
 light on the morning of the l.Tth, (ten. Pillow 
 commanding the rebel left, which had been 
 heavily massed, vigorously attacked the l^nion 
 right under Oon. McClernand, and after sev- 
 eral hours of desperate fighting, caused the 
 latter to slowly fall back on the Union centre. 
 About noon. Pillow joined Huekner, leailii'g 
 the i-ebel centre, and a.ssumed eouiinand of the 
 Tinited forces. A charge was then made by 
 the rebel cavalry under Oen. Forrest on the 
 Union infantry supporting a battery of six 
 j)ieces, which WHS thus captured. Col. O'.ift 
 with the Jst ami Col. Thayer with the ;id 
 brigade of the Union centre, having been 
 sent by Gen. Lew Wallace, its coinmander, 
 ti the aid of McCleniund's overmatched 
 forces, the rebel advance was checked. Gen. 
 Grant, who was in conference! with Com. Foote 
 on a gunboat some miles distant, not having 
 exj)ccted this attack, arrived on the field at 3 
 P.U., and orlered a general advaiiee, (Jen. 
 Wallace leading against the enemy's left, ami 
 Gen. C. F. Smith charging the right. At 5 
 P.M. Wallace had driven Luckner to the in- 
 tronclnnent from which he had rallied in tlu; 
 morning, and rested within l.")0 yards thereof. 
 CJen. Smith, in a bloody charge, carried tlio 
 works before him, and thus a position wa.s 
 Rained by the Unionists s{i>\irii iiL;.iiiist re- 
 capture. Tho weather during the uiglit b-j- 
 
 came severely cold, an<l great sulfering was 
 endured by both sides in consequence, many 
 of tho wo\inded being actually frozen to death. 
 The rebels were now greatly outnumbered, 
 and their gallant attempt to extricate them- 
 selves from the iiivestinent, by cutting through 
 the I'uinn right, had failed. Kighly-foiir 
 hours of alternate watching and lighting had 
 completely exhauste<l them, and the positions 
 gained by Gen. Smith rendered other of their 
 intreiH'hments untenable. A surrender U> tho 
 Unionists was inevitable. (Jen. Floyd, now 
 devoting his energies to his own persoiwil 
 escape, turned over his command to Gen. 
 Pillow, who, actuated by the siime motive, 
 pa.ssed it to (Jen. Hnekner. Floyd filled two 
 rebel steamboats at hand with his own bri- 
 gade shortly before sunrise, and steamed tip 
 the river, leaving the rest of tho garrison to 
 their fate, of whom, however. Col. Forrest with 
 I HOO cavalry esca]>ed on a partially overflown 
 road by the bank of the river. The terms of 
 ' the capitulation having been fixed by Gen. 
 ! Grant at unconditional and immediate sur- 
 ! rendiT, with the alternative of instant re- 
 newal of the attack, the rebel capitidation 
 ( took plaeeonthemorningof the Kith February, 
 • 1802. The rebel loss in this confiict and sur- 
 ' render was fully 10,000 men, including 2,000 
 killed and wounded. Tho Union loss in 
 killed and wounded was somc-what larger. 
 Tims of tho three great avenues leading from 
 the Free States of the North into tho South- 
 western States, the .Missi.'isippi, (he Tennessee, 
 and the CumlierlamI rivers, two were freed 
 of their formidable rebel barriers, and in pos- 
 ses.si(ni of the Uniotiists, and tho general rebel 
 line of defence was broken. Important union 
 succes.ses now followed throughout Kentucky 
 and Tennes.see. Sinndtaneonsly with Gen. 
 (Jrant's movement on Donel.son, Gen. Buell, 
 commanding the Department of the Ohio, I 
 had dispatched (Jen. O. >I. IMitchel, with 
 about 1 li,000 men, against the enemy at Bowl- 
 i ing Green, uniler (Jen. A. S. Johnston. At 
 j Mitchel's approach, (Jen. Johnston, being 
 I greatly outinimbered, dismantled his camp and 
 fled rapidly to NashviUe, ilestroying a large 
 amount of rebel property in tho co use of his 
 retreat. General consternation ensueil at 
 Nashville at the news of tho rebel tlisaster, 
 which was received by tho citizens while on 
 their way to church on Sunday, Feb. Hi. 
 I'jvery moment they expected to see the 
 enemy's gunboats approaching the citj", and 
 befori! night a panic of soldiers as well as 
 civilians took place, and hundreds of the ]io- 
 pulation, gatheiing their tninsportid)li! pro- | 
 perty, tied (Vom the city. The military an- j 
 thorities seized every vehicle for the use of the , 
 lios[)italH. On the following day. Gen. John- ' 
 ston arrived in his retreat, and after inform- j 
 ing the Governor he .should make no attempt j 
 to defend the city, contiinu'<l his precipitate: 
 march to tho south. Bank directors now 
 rushed to convey their specie ami other valu- 
 ables to the railway connecting with Chatta- ■ 
 nooga, Coliunbia, and other jioints of safety ' 
 southwanl. (Jov. Harris Hed across the 
 country to Memphis, taking with him the ; 
 State records ; and the Legislature, in panic- 
 stricken adjourniuent, followed him. Vast 
 pul)lie stores were nliandoned to th(! po])ulace 
 or to the flames. Two gunboats in process 
 of eoiistiiiclion were b\niied, and two uuigni- 
 liccut bridgiM tro...-)ing tho C'uiuberlaud Kiver ! 
 
 were also destroyed. On Feb. 23d, a small 
 ! advance of (Jen. lliiell's coliinni took posses. 
 j sion of the village of Kdgofield, opposite Nash- 
 ville, and shortly afterwards the city was 
 formally surrendered by its Mayor, Cheatham, 
 and was made tho heailipiarters of Gen. Buell, 
 while his army was ciuartered around tho 
 city. 
 
 j These contintied Union successes renilered 
 untenable the relM-l stronghold at Columbus, 
 Ky., coniman<ling the Mississippi, '''hough 
 strongly fortified and stored, its garrison, un- 
 der (!en. Polk, had been reduced by sucees- 
 ' sive detachments to about 3,000 men. After 
 I having taken t'larksville, on the (.'undierlaml, 
 (^)m. Foote returned to Cairo and collected 
 a fleet of six gunboats, and eaily in 
 March dropjied down the Mississip])i, fol- 
 lowed by three transports, with two or three 
 thousand sohliers, under (Jen. W. T. Sher- 
 man, while a supporting force moved over- 
 land from Padncah. On their ajiproach to 
 Columbus, tho enemy retreated 45 miles 
 down iho river to Island No. 10, leaving 
 many cam|) stores, and rolling their heavy 
 guns off the bluH' into the river. On March 
 ;t, Ge lie, with a Union force of about 
 
 40,00 . invested New .Madrid, a short 
 
 distal :ow Island No. 10, on the ^li.s- 
 
 souri k of tho river. This place was 
 
 strongly defended by 20 lu'avy guns and 
 nine well-ajipointed gunboats anchored before 
 it. Its garrison consisted of i),000 infantry 
 under Major-(Jen. Mct'own ; the gunboats 
 being Uirected by C(mi. Hollins. On the 
 13th, (Jen. Pope opened a heavy cannonade 
 upon the place, which was replied to during 
 the day, the Unionists steadily pushing for- 
 ward their trenches. During a violent thun- 
 der-storm on the following night, the rebels 
 evacuated the place, leaving behind them 33 
 cannon, several thou.sand small arms, and a 
 large amount of other war material. On tho 
 17th 31arch, Com. Foote, with five gun- 
 boats and four mortar-boats, made a general 
 attack on the strong rebel fortificaliims at 
 Island No. 10, but without materiiil success. 
 On April 5, (Jen. Beauregard left for Corinth, 
 ceding his commaiiil to Gen. Makall. In tho 
 meantime tho engineer corps of Gen. Pope 
 had cut a canal, twelve miles in length, acro.ss 
 the Missouri peninsula, opposite Island No. 
 10, through which steamboats and barges and 
 two gutiboats succeeded in safely pa.ssing to 
 tho river bi-low that stronghold. Ai)ril 7, 
 (Jen. I'ope dispatched a division across the 
 river towards its rear, when the rebel forces 
 there, under Mct'own, sinking their gun- 
 boats and transports, esca|)ed {'astward, leav- 
 ing Makall, who was soon compelled to sur- 
 render his force: ihiei! generals, 273 ofii- 
 cers, (!,700 lu'isoners, 123 ]iieces of heavy 
 artillery, 7,000 stanil of small arms, and a 
 largo <iuantity of ammunition and other ma- 
 terial, were re|)orted in the cai>ture. 
 
 April 12, Com. Foote and (Jen. Pope 
 moved down the river to Fort Pillow, situ- 
 ated on tho Chickasaw BiiiU's, about 70 miles 
 above Memphis. Com. Foote having planted 
 his mort.irs on the Arkan.saa side of the river, 
 commenced, on the 17th, a bombardment, 
 promptly rejilied to, which was kept up for 
 nearly two weeks, but with little effect, tho 
 high stage of the river ineventing the co-op- 
 enitiiui of the Union arnjy. 
 
 Jlay 4, a powerful ruU 1 ram, the Mallort/, 
 
Oil Ffb. L'.t.l, IV small 
 
 1 colli til II took pORtil'H. 
 
 toliuld, o).|io.sit(. Niisb. 
 iHiinls till' vity was 
 its Mayor, Clipa'tliniii, 
 iiartoiHofOcn. liucll, 
 iiaitcrod aiouiul tlio 
 
 )n RiiccoAHcs ronderpcl 
 uphold nt Coliiniliiis, 
 MisKissijipi. ''Mioiigli 
 oicd, iiH parrisoii, iiu- 
 u lodiiofd l)v siicceg- 
 iit ;!,()00 iiion. After 
 ,<>iith(iCiiml)Pilaii(l, 
 <'air(> and collected 
 )ntii, and oaily in 
 tiio JlisfiiKNippi, f(,l. 
 '«, witli two or three 
 (ion. W. T. IShci-. 
 force moved ovor- 
 their approacli to 
 retreated 4;") miles 
 mid No. 10, leaving 
 >lliiig their heavy 
 liver. On March 
 iiion force of about 
 lew Aliulrid, a short 
 '"o. 10, on the Jlis- 
 ■r. This place was 
 20 lieavy ginis and 
 Miats niiohored before 
 •d of i),000 infantry 
 own ; the gunboats 
 IlolliiLs. (»,i the 
 a heavy cannonade 
 as replied to during 
 iteadily pushing for- 
 ming a violent thnn- 
 liig night, the rebels 
 iing behind them ;j;{ 
 
 I small arms, and a 
 ir material. On the 
 ite, with iive gnn- 
 ats, made a general 
 :bel fortilications at 
 ut material success, 
 aid left for Corinth, 
 en. Makall. Jn the 
 orps of Oen. i'ope 
 iles in leiiglh, across 
 opposite Island No. 
 oats and barges and 
 in safely pitssing to 
 ongliold. April 7, 
 di\ision acro.ss the 
 !ieii the rebel forces 
 sinking their gun- 
 lied eastward, leav- 
 
 II coiii)pelli(l to siir- 
 geneiids, L'7;i ofli- 
 .'! pieces of heavy 
 small arms, and a 
 
 tion and other ma- 
 c capture. 
 
 and Oen. I'opo 
 Fort J'illow, situ- 
 lls, about 70 miles 
 Dto having planted 
 IS side of the river, 
 I » bombardment, 
 1 was kc])t up for 
 h little elfeet, the 
 venting the co-op- 
 
 laiu, the jUalluri/, 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 S6S 
 
 (iipported by three gunboats, attacked tlie teries of Vieksburg iiiiharmcd. Three other charged in full force, and thrice they drove 
 Union gunboat Cinciiinnli, commanded by rebel gunboats on the Yiuoo wore destroycil the enemy bark with great slaughter. At 
 Ciiiii. Stembel, who, at the instant of col- by th"ir commaiideis nt the uppioacli of L'J r.ji., the rebel commander, A. H. .lohii- 
 lisioii, shot the rebel pilot, ai. 1 was in turn Lieut. -Col. Kllet, with two rains in pursuit of slcm, in JIurlbnrt's front, was struck in 
 
 I them. the thigh liy a fragiiient of a shell, but eon- 
 
 Shortty after the capture of Fort Donolson, tinned silently in his saddle for a few mo- 
 (!eii. (iraiil, at the head of 10,000 men, niov- iiieiits, when he was removed tlierefidiii dy- 
 lint, being crippled ami sinking, was rim ed up the Teiinessei', debarking at Tittsburg iiig. The division of \V. 11. Iv. Wallace re- 
 ii|i.iii a shoal, where she sank. Hut the ri'bel l,aii(liiig, a small village eight miles abo\e' pulsed four desperate charges during this 
 Miillori/ was in turn cut into by the <SV. Siivaiiuah, Teiiii., twenty miles north-east of liloody .Snnilay, and once or twice piirmied 
 Vyddi'i and sunk, most of her crew going <lown i Corinth, I\Iiss., and two or three miles north i the enemy, being stopped only by the ex- 
 wllli her. One of the rebel gunboats was (if Sliiloh (,'liurch. Five divisions of (he | traordinary disparity of numbers. At .''i I'.M. 
 
 sc'Vei't'ly wounded by the jiilol's mate. The 
 CiiiciiKKiti, whose rapid broadsides made no i 
 iuipression upon the iron mail of her assail- 
 
 also burned, and another had her boiler e\- 
 )>liiih'd by a shot, and ceasing the light, they 
 (bil'led down to their batteries, under cover 
 
 ated by the Confederates; and on June (1 
 Com. IJitvis, with (ive gunboats and four 
 
 Union army were encamped in a semicircle of I the two divisions fell back nearly half tt 
 three or four miles southward of I'ittsburg ; mile to a position about that distance from the 
 Landing. I'revious to April 4tli, small en- river, Oen. AV 1[. I-. AVallace liav'iiig fallen 
 
 of the smoke. Juno 4, Fort I'illow, and Fort gagements had taken place with iiisigniticaiit | mortally woumled. This was the last pot-sible 
 liaiidolph 12 miles below it, were both eviu'U- bands of the enemy in the iieigbborhood, who j staiiding-gr(>(ind of the beaten l^nioii army. 
 
 ranis, approached .^lemphi.s. A riOiel tleet of land superior numbers were at Corinth. The 
 eight gunboats advanced in order to meet I Union army lay here for three weeks without 
 him, and an interesting engagement shortly U'recting dt^feiices of any kind. (len. Albert 
 took place, lasting over an hour, within full ! Sidney Johnston, the ablest of the (!onfeder- 
 view of the citizens of Memphis. The prow j uto generals, had concentrated at Corinth an 
 of the Union ram Queen of the. M'eH struck experienced and well-drilled army of .''10,000 
 tlio rebel gunboat ft't'd. /Vkw, damaging her to 1 men. l>uriiig the night of April 'M, this 
 siK'li extent that she was at once lieaded for i grand army moved sih iitly out of Corinth, 
 tliii Arkansas shore. The rebel gunboat anil advanced, with caution, to within three 
 Jleniirej/arU then struck the (Jiieen aft, and miles of the Federal pickets. Kvery prepa- 
 ilisabled her, and thereupon the Union ram , ration was then made for a stealthy and dcs- 
 Mmiitrch, striking the /ie,Kiire)/iiril in her |ierate assault at daybreak. Oen. I'rcntiss's 
 bow, caused her to till and sink, while the i division, encanijicd across the direct road to 
 JfdiKireh towed the Queen away from Jieril. 
 The rebel gunboat den. Lurrll being struck 
 by a .^lO-poiind ball from the Union thigboat, 
 the lienton, sank in ".") fi'et of water, carry- 
 
 made no considerable resistance, alihoiigh it ' A deep and rapid river in its rear could not 
 was well known that the enemy in great force ! be crossed without a hideous massacre form- 
 ing a part of the retreat. The rebels hesitated 
 
 for a few moments to follow up their extraor- 
 dinary advantage. This gave an opportunity 
 to the Unionists to plant their remaining 
 gtins, 22 in number, in a semicircle on the 
 blutr, commanding the a|>|:roach of the enemy. 
 At o'clock the enemy's batteries were thus 
 promptly replied to, and shortly afterwards 
 the gunboats J'l/ler and J.,ej'ini/ti)ii opened 
 with shell and shot through an opportune ra- 
 vine in the blnlf across the new front of the 
 rebels, preventing any charge upon the Union 
 guns by their infantry, and iinally coni|iell- 
 iiig tlieiii to move farther liack for the night. 
 A heavy rain fell during the night upon the 
 weary and wounded thousands. Oen. lieau- 
 Countle.ss forces of the enemy regard, who bad succeeded Oen. Jolinstoii, 
 iiig down a part of her crew. The four re- 1 rushed U])oii tlieiii with deadly volleys, and i despatched a messenger to Corinth, from blii- 
 maliiiiig rebel boats now beaded for the taking tlieui prisoners ere they had time to : loll Cliuroh, annouiieiiig a comph victory, 
 Arkansas shore, where the crows of the tA;//! , form iu line of battle, or even to seize their after ten hours' severe battle. A- daylight, 
 Tliitiitpmn, Gen. Jlru;///, and Sinnler es- weapons. The adjacent Union division on | on the 7tli, the lighting was renewed, but the 
 Ciijied into the woods, and the Tlioinj>aoii the right, tindiu" Oen. Sherman, was now Union army was now reinforced by Nelson's, 
 being shortly struck by u shell, was set on compelled ;o retreat behind (he next ravine, ' Critleiuleu's, and JleCook's divisions of Oen. 
 
 ■ ' to the 
 
 Corinth, was thus surprised while some of 
 its men were dressing, others washing or 
 cooking, while many of the ollicers bad not 
 vet risen. Countless forces of the eiiemv 
 
 tire and burned to the water's edge. Tli 
 (ien. Win Ihiii escaped down the river. No 
 one was killed on the Union tleet, and the 
 city of Memphis was surrendered immediately 
 after the action. 
 
 In an expeilitiou up the Arkansna and 
 White rivers, shortly afterwards, the Jfonnil but they were there exposed to a deadly tiie 
 ('ill/, the Federal gunboat in advance, was tVom woody coverts, and speedily ilanked. 
 blown up at St. Charh'S by a ball, wliieli The commander, with 2,000 of bis force, be- 
 jia-ssed through her steam drum, from a con- came separated from the remainder, and was 
 cealed battery on the shore. Of the KT) completely surrounded, and at 4 r.M. was 
 persons on board, scarce any escaped obliged to surrender. ]>v the rout of Slier- 
 
 leaving their camps and camp eipiipage 
 enemy, with one brigade comiiletely routed. 
 At 7 A.M., McClernand's division, in the rear 
 of Shermaii's, moved to its supjiort and found 
 it iiractically destroyed. Oen. rrontiss en- 
 ivored to re-form his men in an open field, 
 
 man's and I'rentis.s's divisions, the eiiei.'v were 
 left free to mass themselves on McClernand's 
 forces. After repulsing many attacks, and 
 
 ileiith or injury. Many jiimiied overboard, 
 
 irantio with scalds, and were drowned, while 
 
 the boat-s sent to their relief from tin; (hiuen- 
 
 litijii were tired on with grape and canister, 
 
 by which most of the remainder were killed. 
 
 lint in a few minutes the batteries were 
 
 taken by Col. Fitch, of the 4lith Indiana, 
 
 commanding the exjiedition, which, however, ! nah superintending the reci 
 
 failed in its purpose of opening commiiiiica- ' where also was his sixth divi. 
 
 lUiell's army, from Nashville, which had o[i- 
 liortunely arri\ed at Savannah, ami pushed 
 on to I'ittsburg Landing, at the sound of 
 cannon. These, with Oen. Lew AN'allace's 
 division, coniprised about 2.'>,000 fiesii Union 
 forces, while the rebel reserve forces were 
 scarcely ;!,t)00. The enemy, though wearied 
 with sixteen hours of manieuvring and liglit- 
 iiig, during the jirevious diiy, nevertheless 
 stood iiniily to their arms. 'I'liey were speed- 
 ily coiicentrateil njion Nel.son's division, who 
 opened the buttle, but the latter niiiiiitained 
 its po.sition for many hours iigaiust the supe- 
 rior luimbers of its foes. Crilteiideii's and 
 McCook's divisions were engaged later. The 
 
 rising many ollicers, and half his liatterics, | latter being attacked in force, caused their a.s- 
 the latter gave way about 11 .\.M., and thus | sailants to recoil, and drove I ,111 nearly a 
 three of tin; Union divisions were routi'd ere: mile, to the original |iosition held by Jlet^'ler- 
 noon. C!en. Orant, who had i "<■)' at Savan- \ nand, which was also shortly retaken. Oen. 
 
 11 f supplies, ' Lew Wallace's division, on the extreme Un- 
 I. . nder Oeu. I ion right, opened tire at dawn. Advancing 
 
 Lew Wallace, arrived on the battle field ^ bis right, under Oen. O rant's personal direc- 
 
 tion, he attempted to turn the enemy's left, 
 which was stubbornlv resisted with heavy 
 
 reinforcements. Sherman's uiul McClernand's 
 
 tion with (»eii. Curtis, who was apiiroacliiiij; 
 
 from the West. I abotit 8 A.M. Ite at once reformed the brig- 
 
 On June 24 the Union fleet on the Miss- ades, re-established his batteries and new 
 issippi proceeded down to near Vieksburg, ; lines of defence, tlu' divisions of (tens, lliirl- 
 where it shortly communicated with Com. 1 biirt and W. II. L. Wallace being still intact, j re-formeil divisions al.Ku steadily advanced 
 Farragut's fleet from the tJiilf, lying below,' He also promptly sent for Oen. Lew Wal- 1 under a heavy fire, and ut 4 f.M. the original 
 where were also four regimenls of iufatitiy lace's di\iNion, but that force, consisting of front lines of the Union foices bail been re- 
 tinder Oen. Williams. The siege of Vicks- 11 r'';.;iiiieiits, 2 batteries, and 2 batt.ilions of^ taken, and tlio wliide Coiifideiate iiimy was 
 burg was now opened, and continued with- cavalry, were prevented, by coiintermaiehing , retreating towards Corinth, feebly pursued, 
 out effect until the 24th July, when it was to avoid the enemy, from reaching the bloody 1 The victory was thus to the Unionists, who 
 abandoned. During the siege the rebel ram field till after iiiglitfall. For six hours the ; iio8iioi>sei.l the field and tho dead, but tho 
 Arktmsiig, irowx the Yazoo, ran through the ' overiiiatehed Union forces stood the brunt | ii^saes wore about equalized. Oen. Beaure- 
 Uuion fleet and took refuge under the bat- [of battle. llurlburt's division was tUriwlgard oiU«iaUy rejwtcil tlie Confederate loss 
 
(MS 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 
 
 nt 1,728 killod, 8,012 woiin<li)(l, uiul 1)57 miHH- 
 ing; toti\l, 10,09'.). Tho utlifiikl Fodi'inl Iom 
 ■wm ro|iortoil iit l,7.'ir) killed, 7,HH'i wuundud, 
 and II,!).'!!! priMoiuTs; totid, lH,.''i7.'l. 
 
 (iiui. IliiUock, outiininndiii^ tli« l>c>|)ai'tmont 
 of tlio iMiHKiHKi|i|)i, shortly uftor iho .Sliiluli 
 biittlcM, iii'rivt>d mid uhniiiiumI (■oiiiiiiand of lli« 
 Union foi'ciiH, which wuio iiiv.scntly iiiorriiHi'tl 
 to ovrr 100,(MI() mi'n by ii-infoicc^Micnts from 
 vai'iouH (|uiu'tc-rH, including (ii<n. I'o|i(i with 
 2.*),I)U0 men from Mi.sHonri. lint no iittcnipl 
 nguiuKt tho rubulH ul ('oririlh wiw mad() liy 
 Qtm. Hullock for wuukH following, during 
 which Cten. Bouurngard strengthonod Iuh 
 workH. Ity hIow approanheH, tliu Union but- 
 teries wore brought within throo niiliis of 
 Oorinth by May 2lHt, and on that day a Un- 
 ion forcu partially dcfttroyud the ('harloHton 
 and MuinphiH Hiiilroad, at Olendalo, eight 
 niilns north-west of Oorintli. The railroad 
 at Purdy wan nUo broken, and on the 27tli, 
 a Union force, dispatched to cut tho railroad 
 south of Corinth, found tho rebel army there 
 in full retreat. Tho evacuation of Corinth 
 was completed on the 2!)th, (ien. Ut'auregard 
 having fallen back to Tupelo, jiurHued by 
 Gen. Pope as far as Ciintown. 
 
 April 9, CJon. O. M. Mitcliel, conunanding 
 a division of Buell'a army at Na-shville, ad- 
 vanced through Fayetteville to Huntsville, 
 Ala., which lie surprixcMl and captured, sinz- 
 ing a largo number of loooniotiveA and fun, 
 with which he pushed westwanl on the Mcim- 
 phis and Charleston road as far as Tusciini- 
 bia, thus holding the avenue along which rein- 
 forcements of men and supplies and munitions 
 of war were conveyed from the west to the 
 rebel armies in the east. From Tuscumbia 
 he dispatched a force as far south as Hussel- 
 ville, capturing a largo amount of Confederate! 
 pro|M)rty without loss. l)n April 29 ho took 
 Bridgei)ort, Ala., driving; out a force eipial to 
 his own, and inllicting a loss of 72 killed itiul 
 wounded, S.")© prisoners, and 2 giuis. Being 
 compelled to abandon Tuscumbia by tlu^ 
 gathering of rebel forces around liim, he 
 burned the railroad bridges at Decatur and 
 Bridgeport, and returned to tho Tennessee, 
 holding all Alabama north of that river. In 
 June Gen. Mitchel was summoned to a.ssume 
 command at I'ort Royal, S. C, where he died 
 of a malignant fever, Oct. 2.1. On July 2."! 
 Gen. Ilalleck was designated as commander- 
 in-chief at Washington, and Gen. (Jrant suc- 
 ceeded him in the command at Corinth. 
 
 Ship Island, between tho mouth of the 
 Mississippi and the Bay of Mobile, about 6t> 
 miles from New Orleans, was occupied in 
 Dec, 1861, by Gen. Phelps, with a jiart of a 
 force of volunteers raised by Gen. B. F. 
 Butler in New England for conHdential ser- 
 vice. Phelps then issued an earnest but un- 
 timely proclamation, declaring the aim of 
 the Government to be the overthrow of sla- 
 very. On March 25, 1 862, after a severe and 
 hazardous passage, Gen. Butler arrived at 
 Ship Island with the remainder of his forces, 
 which now numbered 1 .'5,700 men, and which 
 were destined to aid tho naval forces under 
 Com. Farragut in the capture of New 
 Orleans. The apjiroach to the latter place 
 by tho Mississippi was cnnnnanded at a bend 
 of the river, about 60 nule.s below, by two 
 Rtrong forts — Fort J 'ckson and Fort St. 
 Philip. The river itseif at this point was 
 obatructed by a great boom of chain cables, 
 
 ohl hulks, and cypress trws. Tho Union 
 naval forces consisted of 47 heavily armed 
 vessels, 21 of tliein being niortar-sehooners, 
 under Com. Porter, each throwing a 21.^)- 
 pound shell. The rebel lleet eonsistcMl of the 
 iron-clad JmiiIhIuiki, the ram MmtnuHnu, and 
 I!) other gunboats, under Com. Whittle, 
 den. Manslielil H. Lovell commanded the 
 military forces of the region. On April 17, 
 the Union lleet reacheil tho vicinity of the 
 forts, whereupon a formiilalilo tire-ship was 
 sent down on tho strong current by the 
 relx'ls, which was duly grappled by a boat of 
 tho Union Iroqaoui, and towed to tho river 
 bank, there to harndessly burn up. The 
 Union mortar-boats were scarcely stationed 
 within range of Fort Jackson, tho lower fort, 
 on the 19th, when it opened lire upon them, 
 wliih; nwre harndess Hre-rafts were si-nt down 
 tho current. The bondiardment of Fort 
 Jackson was continued from the gunboats 
 and mortars throughout tho day, during 
 which tho wooden interior of the fort was 
 burned. The next day ono of tho Union 
 schooncM-s was struck and sunk, while the 
 gunboat Oneida was twice hit, two of her 
 gun-carriages smiushed, and nine men woutnl 
 ed. On the third day of the bombardment, 
 it was resolved to force a jiassago by the 
 forts, anil tho gunboats J'iiiola and Jlanca 
 undiir Ca|)t. B(!ll, at 10 p.m., moved upward 
 to bleak the chain-boom stnitching from fort 
 to fort. 'I'he J'iiiola, vuider cover of the 
 darkness and a heavy fire from all the mor- 
 tar-schooners, ran up the westt^rn shore to the 
 chain, and directly under the guns of Fori 
 Jackson. She then threw ui>on the cable a 
 powerful jietard, which, however, failed to 
 explode. Tho Ilanea made fiust to a hulk 
 next eastward, which sup|)orted tho chain, 
 and she shortly cut the latter in twain at that 
 point. Tho cables of tho liulk were then 
 slipped, and it immediately swinig round, 
 dragging the /Urtjtcrt towards the nearest shore, 
 and both were shortly fast aground within 
 range of both forts. The J'iiiola then res- 
 cued tho Itasca from her perilous position, 
 and both vessc^ls, unharmed, returned in the 
 darkness to their |>osilions. On the 24th, at 
 2 A.M., the bombardment of Fort Jackson 
 having steadily continued, (^'om. Farragut, 
 with his three largest ships, the Hartford, 
 liichmond, and Jirookli/n, moved \ip the 
 river on the western bank ti> engage Fort 
 Jackson ; while Cupt. Bailey, with eiglit gim- 
 boats, ))roceeded near tho eastern bank to 
 tight F'ort St. Philip. Six small steamers 
 engaged the water batteries below Fort Jack- 
 son. Capt. Bell with si.K gunboats ke|it the 
 middle of the river. Cajit. Bailey's division 
 being first observed, was fired upon by both 
 forts as it reached the breach in tho boom, but 
 it succeeded in passing the forts materially 
 tniinjiwed. Of Capt. Bell's division, the 
 Itasca was disabled by a ball from Fort St. 
 I'hilip passing through her boiler, and she 
 drifted down tho river. Tho Winona was 
 driven back by the fire of that fort, and the 
 Iiermebcc became entangled in the cable, and 
 finally returned to bislow the forts. Tlie rest 
 of the division passed the forts unharmed. 
 Tho Hartford, bearing Com. Farragut, and 
 the liichmowl following, ])oured heavy broad- 
 sides upon Fort Jackson as they passed, but 
 the lirookli/ii, Capt. Craven, running over a 
 hulk which bad been connected with the 
 
 I chain, was first subject<ed to a heavy iiro from 
 I Fort St. Philip, then attacked by the rebel 
 I ram Manannaii, which, however, struck her 
 I without injury. SubKequenlly, while uniii'r 
 a raking fire from Fort Jackson, she was 
 again attacked by a large rebel steamer, to 
 wliiili she ailministered a broailside that tiii- 
 isheil the hitter's career. Passing Fort .St. 
 i I'hilip, she completely silenced that fiu-t wiili 
 J grape and canister, and above it engaged 
 sineral of the relsd gunboats. The Cai/Uj/n, 
 Capt. Bailey, having pasS4'd the forts, en- 
 countered tho entire rebel llotilla of 18 gmi- 
 boats, but skilfully avoided destruc' 'miI 
 
 forced three of her smaller enemi 
 render, as tho flinina and Oiieidi .■ to 
 
 her rescue. Four of the rebel gunboats 
 were now driven ashore and blown u|) hy 
 these vessels. At 6 A.M. the Morijini, rebel 
 iron-clad. Com. Bev. Kennon, attacked lie- 
 \'aruiia, twice butting her, and assailing with 
 a raking fire; but tho I'dn/iid now disabled 
 her foe, causing her to drift out of the light. 
 During this c(mtest another rebel iron-dad 
 twice Btriuk tho Varitnu in the jiort side 
 with a beak under water. The last time, llir 
 latter stuck fast in the Varuniia side, and 
 tho rebel craft being draw: aromid close 
 thereto, was ploughed by fivo eight-inch shells 
 abaft her armor, and becoming disengageil, 
 she shortly drifted ashore, a burning wreck. 
 The ^'arnna, now sinking, was run ashore, 
 but still firing upon tho jV»r//«)(. Tho Oiiciiln 
 coming to her rescue, was directed by Capt. 
 Boggs, of tho \'iiniiia, to |iursue the Jtf'irf/aii. 
 Tho latter shortly surrendered, hav' 'i)st 
 over f)0 killed and woundi'd, am ng 
 
 been fired by her commander, win s 
 
 wounded to tho fiames. Tho T7ii«/.. .eu 
 sunk, but her crew gained the shore. The 
 loss of the National force in this engagement 
 was but 30 killed and 110 wounded. 
 
 On the morning of the 2i)th, the C'tii/iiffa, 
 still leading, approached tho t!haluietle bat- 
 teries, three miles below the city, which were 
 speedily silenced, and about noon tho whole 
 fleet was moored opposite New Orleans. Gen. 
 Lovell had already withdrawn his force of 
 several thousand men beyond the city limits, 
 and sent them to t^anip Moore, 78 miles 
 above, on the Jackson Railroad. A panic 
 and rage amounting to insanity had taken |)os- 
 session of the relads in the city. It is esti- 
 mated that ])ri,perty to tho amount of eight 
 or ten millions was fired by them and con- 
 sumed in a few hours. The river seemed 
 covered with floating masses of flume, richly 
 freighted vessels being fired and cut adrift. 
 Two iron rams nearly finished were both de- 
 stroyed. On the 20th the city was formally 
 surrendered, after a ridiculous exhibition of 
 spiteful hesitation by its Mayor, Munroe, it 
 being found necessary to send a Union force 
 to take down the flag of Louisiana from tho 
 City Hall. Crowds of rebels followed the ma- 
 rines, hooting and yelling, but fearing to offer 
 any personal violence, as tho whole city lay 
 ex|)Osed to the shells of the fleet. Kiglit 
 miles above the city, at Carrolton, Com. Far- 
 ragut found abandoned two forts mounting 
 thirty-five guns, which had been disabled ; 
 and also a second chain-boom extcndevi across 
 tho river to jircvent tho descent of Com. 
 Footo's flotilla from above. 
 
 Gen. Butler now brought up his forces 
 which had been waiting at tho bar bolow, 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 Mi 
 
 a iioiivy flro from 
 
 kcd iiy tliH tfM 
 vcvcr, Hi nick licr 
 
 itly, wliiln iiiiilor 
 Jai'kHoii, hliu wuH 
 
 I'clii'l Kli'iimci', to 
 inmilsiilc tliiit till- 
 
 I'liKHiiiK Fort Ht. 
 i'(m1 tlmt fort widi 
 iiliovc it i'iij(iif,'('il 
 
 H. Tin- < 'ni/ui/ii, 
 •i\ thd fditH, I'll- 
 llotilliiof IH gmi- 
 1 doHtruc' Mid 
 
 r piKMiii 
 
 1 Oiteiili .• t(i 
 
 H Vfbol gUlllldutH 
 
 iiul lilowii ii|i l)v 
 lio J/i)iif<iii, rebel 
 
 Kill, llttlickl'll lllli 
 
 mill iiHHiiiliii^ will) 
 'iniii iKiw (liHiilileil 
 t out of tilt) (ijjiit. 
 lOr irbcl iroii-c'luil 
 ill tli<; ]ii>i't Nidi' 
 riie liiMt time, tile 
 iiniiititi Hide, iiiid 
 
 ,W. Hl'dlllul cloHo 
 
 M eiglit-iiK'li hIh'IIh 
 lining diHeii^itged, 
 a biiniiiig wrcfk. 
 wiiH run hkIioio, 
 •(inn. Tlio (hii'l(/u 
 ilirected by C'ii|il. 
 rHiio the 3fi)rf/(iii. 
 ered, luivi 'imt 
 led, IllK ii;^ 
 
 ider, will s 
 
 rho T «)«,,, .111 
 , tlio Kliore. 'i'liii 
 n this eiigageuieut 
 woiuideiL 
 5th, the Ctn/iujii, 
 10 Chalmctte bat- 
 
 city, whieli were 
 it lUMin the wlioUi 
 lew Orleans. Hen. 
 awn his force of 
 :id tlio city liiiiitH, 
 
 Aloore, 78 miles 
 lilroad. A panic 
 ity had taken pos- 
 ) city. It is esti- 
 
 1 amount of eigiit 
 ly them and eon- 
 riio rivor seemed 
 8 of flame, richly 
 \ and cut adrift, 
 led were botli de- 
 city was formally 
 ous exhibition of 
 layor, Miinroe, it 
 iid a Union force 
 oniiiiana from the 
 » followed the ma- 
 ut fearing to offer 
 lio whole city lay 
 tlio fleet. Kight 
 rolton. Com. Far- 
 3 forts mounting 
 
 1 been disabled ; 
 n extciulea across 
 descent of Coin. 
 
 it up his forces 
 b the bar bolow, 
 
 Itiid shiirlly led them to (he rear of Fort 
 SI. riiilip. Oil the L'Hth A)iril, Cnni. 
 I'liiN'r liuviiig Hti'iidily cniitiiMii'd the lioiu- 
 liMiilliii lit of llie fiiitH, rei'i'iviil the eipitulil- 
 tinii nl'lii'ii. Iliiiicaii ami Lieut. -( 'ul. IliggiuK, 
 e iiiiiiiaiiiiiii;; tlieiii. Diiriii,!,' (lie emifi'ri'iii'e 
 ii|Miii till' llnniit Litiii\ the rebel rain l^iniin- 
 ii.in, |ierliilii>usly ""t on fire with all her guns 
 
 IJiiiler insfriietious friiiii WaHliiiigtiin, the 
 siege Was iibandoneil, ami Coiii. Farnigiit re- 
 luriiiil to New Orleans, which lie i 'iiclied on 
 llie -Sth •Inly, and Oi'ii. Williams, uilli his 
 CDniiiiaiiil, coiii|irihiiig a great iiiaiiy sick, ve- 
 tni'iiril lo ilatiui Iviiiigii. 
 
 At (liiyli^ilit, on August .''ith, an attack was 
 iiiailii on llie latter plaoc, by a Ciiiifeilerate 
 
 ^llclttell, ilrifli'd down u|miu I'nrlei's lleet, in I fnrce ol' l.'l regiineiits, under Miijiii-(leii. 
 till- liiid.st of which she was expected to ex- I .loliii ( '. Itreckinriilge, the Naliniial forces 
 ploile. lint the explosion <lid not take place ainountiiig to '.( regiments, thinned by sick- 
 iiiitil she was abreast of (''ml St. I'hilip, by I nesM. A severe battle of two hours ensued, 
 which a I'uIhiI soldier in that fort only was ! dm iiig which many iifKeers on both sides fell, 
 killed. 'I'ho tliven reiimiiiing rebel steainerii ! including ( icii. WilliiiniH, who was shot dead 
 
 were sriilt led. 'J'lieir olllceis, with those of 
 the l.iwiUiiuin, were sent iimtli as prisoners 
 williiiiit parole, for this violalioii of the pro- 
 gress of a capitiilatiiin. The forts were shortly 
 liiined over to (Jen. riielps. The rebel furls 
 I'ikc Hinl .Morgan on liiike I'oiicliartrain, iiiid 
 Livingston on the (iulf, were now easily 
 
 while gallantly leading the Ulst Indiana, its 
 liclil-ollicers being all killed. At 10 A.M., the 
 Confeileratcs withdrew with a loss of 400, 
 (ieii. ( 'larke, comiiiaiiding one of their brig- 
 ades, being left on the Held mortally ooiindeil. 
 'I'lie powerful rebel ram .trlidiiniin, which 
 mil eluded the iittcuipls of both Ooin. Farm- 
 
 tiik'U, and on the 1st of May (ieii. Iliitlertgnt and (.'ommaiider I'orter to destroy her 
 
 iiiriwd at New Orleans iinil took poHScs.siou, 
 inarching on foot to the air of" Yankee Doo- 
 dle" through various streets to the ciistoiii- 
 hoii.v' from the levee, at the head of his forces, 
 iiiuid a crowd of .'lOjOIIO highly excited rebels, 
 who pressed forward to gel a sight of him, 
 willi mingled erics of curiosity and delialiee. 
 
 L'lider the vigorous and able rule of '.ien. 
 ]iiitl 'r, till) city Slum enjoyed perfect order 
 iind extniordinaiy eleaiilinesH, while the open 
 or iu-iiilting disjilay of treason to the iia- 
 li'iual allegiance was tlioioughly suppressed 
 by rigid but ellective measures, among which 
 ,11 order by him sub|ccteil women who pas.sed 
 
 while near Vicksbiirg, and had come down 
 with two tenders to aid liieckiiiridgo in his 
 attack on liiiton Itoiigc, was rendered tempo- 
 rarily useless by the breaking down of her 
 engine. 'I'ho day alter the battle, ('onimandcr 
 rorter, in the giiubimts h'usm, ('iii/v//ti, mn\ 
 Slimier, pursued her and her consorts up the 
 river. Shortly after being overtaken, her 
 reiiiainiiig engine became disalded. 1 ler com- 
 mander, I.ieiil. Stevens, then set hi'V on lire 
 and abandoned lur, escaping with his crew to 
 the shore. 'J'li h'/turx shortly fired her mag- 
 azine with a shell, whereat she blew np. In 
 consequence of the active and thorough ]ire| 
 
 llie limits of a decent indulgence in their I anitions of (Ien. Ibitler at New Orleans, a 
 exliiliition of feeling against the llnion sol- , meditated attack for its recapture liy the 
 iliers, to the punishment by iiiipri.sonnient to ; rebels was iibandoneil ; whereiqion ho sent 
 which disorderly courtesans are usually sub- (Sen. Wcitzcl, in October, to re-establish the 
 jeolcd in well-ordered cities. nati'iial anthorily in the wealthy regions of 
 
 Tlei.Mayor and municipal authoritieshaviiig the State lying imi Ih-west of New Orleans, 
 proved ini'apable of understanding or admin- ' sequestraliiig llie whole district by coinmis- 
 i.slcriug the iifrairs of the city, under the ox- ! sioii, liberating the slaves, and largely iucreas- 
 isting situation, were (h'posed by him and sent ; ing the number of white loyalists, and iiisti- 
 lo jail for a short jieriod. Several iiewspa- tilting an election of momburs of Congress 
 pels also, lOt being inclined to print his otii- ; from that district. 
 
 cial doeuuiont.s, and foolishly continuing to! On llcceniber Itth, (!cn. N. 1'. ISanks 
 issue rebellious appeals to the (ii^ople, were , reached New Orleans, superseding Oen. Butler 
 )iroiiiptly supprcH.sed by him. lie also hang- in the coniinaiid of the department. (Jen. 
 ed, on Juno 7tli, one Win. H. Miiinford, the liiitler tinned over to his successor 4,000 
 leader of a rebel mob who hud torn down more soldiers than he had received from the 
 from the iMint the National flag, where it had military authorities of the North, including .'! 
 been hoisted by some sailors of the J'nisri- regiments and 2 batteries of negroes, lie 
 C')/(f, on 27tli April. About '.lie snnie time ' expended ^.")l.'i),000 in feeding the poor of 
 he pardoned hix misguided rebel sohlieis who New Orleans, and the remainder of iin aggre- 
 liail violated their parole byre-enlisting in gate of §1,OS8,000, which he had colli'cted by 
 the rebel service. Shortly after the surrender ! taxation and confiscation, he turned over to 
 of New Orleans, liatoii Kongo and Natchez the national treasury. His vigorous and 
 were occupied by the riiion forces, and the unique administration of affairs had caused 
 advance of llin Union si|uadroii reached him, and all lii.s cominissioned oflicers, to be 
 Vicksbiirg. On the night of June t'titli, the |)roclaimed by the Confederate Kxecnlive as 
 Union force before this jdaco having lieeii ' felons and outlaws, iiiid a reward of ^10,000 
 
 iiicrciLsed by 4,000 soldiers under (ien, 
 'i'lioinius Williams and Com. Porter's mortar 
 fleet, a bombardment was opened. On the 
 afternoon of the 2Sth, Com. Karragut, with 
 kix vessels, passed Vicksbiirg and coiiimuiii 
 
 was also olfered for his body, dead or alive, 
 by a private citizen of Charleston, S. C. 
 
 On the l.'Uh January, lSti2, the advance of 
 a large military and naval expedition, under 
 Cell. A. JO. nnrnsiile and Com. Ji. M. (iolds- 
 
 cated with the nalional fleet of mortiir and borough, reached llatteras Inlet. The forces 
 gun boats from ('airo, under ("apt. Oavis. ! of (Jen. I'lirnside amounted to 1 1,:'i00 men in 
 (leu. Williams, with his sol(li;'rs, and a force j .10 or 40 transporls, organized in In igadescoiii- 
 of 1,'JOO negroes culleeted in the region, at- niandcd by <!ciis. Foster, Ueno, and I'arkes. 
 teiiqited, but failed in making a canal across ; The naval force consisted of lil gunboiits, 
 the peninsula opposite Vicksbnrg, and the ! inoniiting'J4 guns. The fleet was severely criji- 
 bombardment failed to materially ntl'ect the | jiled by slrcssof weatlier,and foiirortlve traiis- 
 uaturally strong fortifications of the place. 1 ports, with one gunboat, weru lost off the bar. 
 
 After a iiecivi„»;,n delay, on February 5111,05 
 vessels of lio' fleet moved up I'amlico ami 
 Croiitan .Soumls at the rate of four mill s an 
 hour, until off the soiille in |H>int of lloaiiuko 
 Island, where they aiicliored for lli, iiight. At 
 III A.M. Febrimiy .Uh the gunboats led tho 
 way into Croiitan .Sound lliioiigh ItoaiioKi In- 
 let, driving seven rebel gunboats before tliiiii. 
 At noon, the hitter, having reached the libel 
 Fort Ihirlon, halted, and with the latter opened 
 lire upon the Union force. At 4 I'.M., covered 
 by the tiro <if the iMiion gunbimts, 7,riOO men 
 debarked on Uoaiioke Island some two miles 
 from Fort llartoii, and bivouiieked for tho 
 night. The fort was defend(>d by about ;t,000 
 Confederates, iinderCen. Shaw. At an early 
 hoiiron Feb. H the Uiiionists advanced through 
 the bogs snrroiiiiding the fort, ami then resolv- 
 ed to charge tho causeway which led to it and 
 was completely commanded by itn lire. This 
 was shortly accomplished in the most gallant 
 manner, by the flMi and filst New York, 21st 
 and 2.'ld Massacl Msetts, and 10th Connecticut. 
 Lying do. n beiii 'h a fire of grape, the .list 
 and 'Jth New Vo. !; r,d 21st Massaelinselts 
 suddenly ro.se and rushed over the rebel 
 breastworks, chasing the enemy therefrom, and 
 speedily capturing the most of them. Tho 
 rebel loss in killed ami wounded was .''il'i, 
 among the former being ('apt. O. •), Wise, son 
 of the rebel general ; in prisoners, 2,700. The 
 entire Union loss was about .'iO killed mid 200 
 wounded. A large amount of war materiul, 
 including some forty guns, was thus captured. 
 
 On the following day, the rebel gunboats, 
 seven in niinibiu', having been hotly pursued by 
 fourteen Cnioii gunboats under (Vim. Hownr. 
 lip Albemarle Sound, were set on tire and 
 abandoned by their crews at Flizabeth City. 
 The hitter was al.so fired and partially destroy- 
 ed. Four of the Union gunboats then ]iio- 
 ceeded to Kdenton, where eight cannon and 
 sevi^'al schooners laden with supplies were de- 
 stroyed or captured. On .March 12, the main 
 expedition arrived at a point OM miles bi4ow 
 Newberii, N. C., on the Neiise I'iver. Next 
 morning the troops landed and pushed up on 
 I he banks, following the gunboats on tho 
 river, which shelled the road for them to within 
 a mile and a half of the rebi;! defi'iices of the 
 city. Half way up, the gunboats eiic<iiiiitcred 
 heavy obstructions of sunken vessels, spin's, 
 and torpedoes, but these were removed. The 
 next day, March 14, one after another of tho 
 forts defending Newbern on the water were 
 evacuated at tho approach of the Union gun- 
 boats, which advanced firing their Rhellseven to 
 the city wharves. The land defencesof the city 
 were strong breastworks covering the railway, 
 and well mounted with heavy guns and field 
 batteries, and manned by about .'),000 men, 
 under (Sen. L. O'l?. Uraiieh. At 7 A.Ji. (Ien, 
 liurnside moved on tli<; rebel works, and after 
 an hour's vigorous fighting, a general assault 
 was made by the Unionists, and the whole lino 
 of fortificalion.s was shortly in their hands. 
 The rebels innnning these works then fled into 
 the city, pursued by ( !en. Foster. They then 
 hastily fired this place at niiiiierous |>oiuts, 
 and retreated (Ui (loldsboro, by the rail- 
 road, which ivas now subjected to severe .shell- 
 ing by the I 'iiioii gunboats, The capture of 
 the intrenchnienfsand city included ti!) cannon, 
 two steamboats, and large quantities of muni- 
 tions, with r>00 prisoners. Tho Union loss 
 was about 100 killed and 500 wounded. Tho 
 
S68 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ■f-S, 
 
 rolx)! loHR ill killt.'d unti wounded wiui about 
 200. 
 
 Marcli 23, Ocn. ISuruHidu occu|)i(!d Moru- 
 head City without ivniHtiiiK.'f, uiid also Itriiu- 
 fort, acioss tin; N'rw|i()rt Uivcr. April U"), tli<^ 
 HtroHKiiud costly Frdrral foiticss, Fort Macon, 
 Ktandiii;; at tlic entrance of Ncwpoit JUvcr, 
 and Kci/.iHJ by (Jov. ICilis n|ii>n llic .siuMission of 
 till! Stale, WiiH invested by tin; Uniim forces, 
 and liiavy tiro opened tin reon fioni batteries 
 and tliinking mortars at i,L'0() feet distance, 
 while four xunboats circled befoii; the fortress, 
 and discharptd their shot and shell thereujiou 
 in turn. The next ihiy, most of his gums hav- 
 ing been dismounted, Col. White, commanding 
 the fort, surrendered it, with its gani.son of 
 TiOO nii.'ii. In the meaiilime, tlio towns on the 
 Chowan Jlivera-s far as Wilton were ocoupied 
 by the Unionists with little resistance. April 
 '20, <!en. Ileno endeavoring to intercept a 
 rebel force leaving Klizabetli City fur Norfolk, 
 wan confronted near Camden by anollier, which 
 was strongly ]iosted, and wliich aft<'r some 
 temporary advantage was linally drivi'u oil', 
 tlie SJnionists having lostintli(> engiigenient 
 LO killed and OH wounded, aiid the rebels about 
 tlie same numbers. On July I, (ien. Hurn- 
 Kidn was ordered to hasten to Fortress Monroe 
 with all his disposable troops, ami left (ien. 
 Foster in command of the North Caroliiia De- 
 Jiartment, with a small force to hold the posi- 
 tions gained there. Ijite in the year, (!en. 
 Foster, having received reinforcements, assum- 
 ed tlio otfensive, and on Dee. II advanced on 
 Ciohlslioro. Near Kingston he encountered 
 a considerable rebel force, \inder (!en. Kvans, 
 whom he routed after a short but sharp fight, 
 capturing 400 jirisoners. He next advanced 
 on (Joldsboro and destroyed the railroad bridge 
 of the Wilmington and Wehloii road over 
 the Neuse. He then returned to Newbern, 
 a vastly superior force having been gathered 
 in his front, under the rebel Uen. C W. 
 •Smith. 
 
 The inaction of the Grand Army of tlic 
 Potonmc, under (!en. Mo"lellan, continued 
 throughout the winter of lM()l-(')2. No en- 
 gagements took place of any note, except at 
 Math and JJomney, where, January l.st, na 
 tional detachments were driven from their 
 garrisons by Cen. (Stonewall) Jackson with 
 11 large force, and the dash, on February l.'ith, 
 of the Union (Jen. F. W. Lancler, at Itloom- 
 ing Ciap, in which he indicted a lo.ss of M^ 
 killed and wounded upon the enemy. On 
 January llUh, K. M. (Stanton siuveeded Simon 
 Cameron as Secretary of War, and shortly 
 afterwards a war order commanding a genera! 
 advance, on February '2'2il, towards Uich- 
 mond, was issued by the I'resident. 'J'he 
 Army of the IVitonnie was now organized in 
 four corps, under Gens, McDowell, Sumner, 
 Heint/.elman, and Keyes. The IVesident's 
 plan of movement wjus directly southward to 
 a point on the railroad south-west of Manas- 
 sas. That of Gen. -McClellan was by the 
 ('hesapeake, up the Happahannock to Fort- 
 ress Monroe, making a secondary ba.se of 
 West I'oint. The hitler plan involved a long 
 ilelay, and heavy expen.se in procuring naval 
 transportation. It also left the national 
 metropolis, with il.s archives ami enormous 
 stores, dangerously ex]HiHcd, or else involved 
 a spiious dispeihion of the ii.'.liiiniil force.-,. 
 It was nevertheli')* adoptcil, the I'resident 
 deferring the cummon-iicuse uf the civilian to 
 
 niilitury science. The Confederates, about 
 00,000 in number at Manassas, were now 
 coinniandcd by (jcn. J. F). Johnston, who 
 completed, on the Htli March, tie evaciia- 
 tiiin of his winter ciinips and successful re- 
 lirenient southward to the line of the Itiippa- 
 hannock. The Union coinmanilcr received his 
 Hist information i>f this important movement 
 of the enemy the day after its coinplelion. 
 The latter, awaiting transportation to Fort- 
 ress Moiiri'e at this moment, ordered an ail- 
 \aiice of his grand army upon the enemy's 
 deserted lines, with a view of practice, where- 
 upon the rrisideiit relieved him of the eoiii- 
 iiiand of all military departments but tliat of 
 the rotomac. (Jen. Natli. 1*. Jiaiiks, com- 
 manding the national forces on the u|iper 
 I'otoliiac, w;ts now ordered by Gen. Mc('lellan 
 to move down from the Shenandoah valley to 
 Maiias.sa.s, to prevent the enemy from reposses- 
 sing hiiiiselfof the latter position. At 10,1. M. 
 on March L'.'id, a division of JJank.s's army, un- 
 der (ien. Shields, comprising tl,000 infantry, 
 ' 7M cavalry, and 24 guns, and well posted at : 
 the village of Kernstown, was attacked by | 
 (ien. Jackson, but the latter, notwithstanding 
 a desperate stand behind a high and solid | 
 stone wall, was ultimately Hanked therefrom j 
 , and forced to retreat in di.sorder, with a lo.ss ' 
 I in killed and wounded of 1,11110 to l,.'ilMI, I'idO j 
 ! piisoners, and l! gun.s. The national los.s wesj 
 ' lo:{ killed. 111 wounded, and '2\ missing, 
 Jackson was then unsuccessfully pursued up i 
 the Shenandoah valley as far as Woodstock, \ 
 j by (ien. IJaiiks. j 
 
 The forty-gun steam frigate Jfiirhnar, ! 
 .scuttled upon the evacuation of Norfolk navy i 
 yard by its commander, was raised by the 
 rebels and cut down to her hull, over which 
 I was then constructed a sloping shield of rail- 
 ! road iron, lirnily iilated and extending two feet 
 beneath the water, and lesembling the slanting 
 roof of a house; the .'nds of the vessel pro- 
 jected a few feet beyonil this roof. On the 
 noon of Saturday, March 8, l.Htii', this formid- , 
 able craft, heavily armed willi KKi-pmin I Arm- ! 
 strong guns and aceoin]ianied by two other, 
 [ war vessels, the ,f(iiiiintnir:i and i'orkt(i>cii, 
 t proceeded from Norfolk to Newport News, , 
 : where were lying at anchor two national sail- 
 1 ing frigat(!s, the Ciimheilani! and the (\iii- 
 ,1/irsii. Passing the latter, she dischiirged a 
 ; single broadside at her, and procciled towards ' 
 I the (,'Km/>i';/aH'/, receiving ii|ioii her sloping 
 jshield without harm the heavy broadsides of 
 both frigates. The formidable Union liattery 
 on the shore also opened upon lier point blank, 
 lint its shot and shell glanced harmlessly away ] 
 from her sides. The iron prow id" the J/riri- 
 htric twice struck and crushed in the side o." 
 the ( 'uinliiiliir /, and ponderous niissiles were 
 poured into the latter, which scattered her 
 I massive guns and the mutilated bodies of her 
 ! crew ill all dircctioiLS. Jlut she still nobly , 
 replied, until after forty-five minutes shcsunk 
 in .'>4 feet of water, carrying down with her 
 the dead and wounded upon her decks, her 
 Mag still t'yiii'; iVom the topmast. Tiie Con- ^ 
 I/nun, having endeavored to escape, ran 
 iiground, and was now apjiroaclied by the 
 J/i iilniiii' and her allies, who at once <lis 
 cliarged broadside after broadside at clo.^e i 
 range, inking her from stem to stern. The 
 decks were in an instiuit covered with dis- ■ 
 mounted guns and mangled limbs and the 
 _ vewtel tired in three separate jilaccs. The | 
 
 ilag was drawn down at 4.oO i-.m. to pre- 
 vent further sulfering. While s'le had a white 
 Hag tlying to intimate her surrender. Union 
 soldiers from the iioie tired upon the rebel 
 vessels, whereupuii the J/oiiiuiin pouieil 
 ano*her broadside into the I .'niKirins, notwith- 
 standing the white Ihig. 'i he ollicers of the 
 latter were taken prisoners, while the crew 
 were permitted to escape to iheshorein their 
 boats. The Ciiiii/ni:ii liurneil iiiilil midnight, 
 when her magazine exploded, completely de- 
 stroying her. The Jfm-iiiiar, afler leaving 
 the Coiii/riHS, jiroceeded towards the Miuin'- 
 sutUy which with another splendid frigate, the 
 St, J^iwrence, had run aground about a mile 
 from Newpcirt News, in coming frniii FortresH 
 Monroe to the .scene of action. For two or three 
 hours the Mirrimur tired upon the Miiiin- 
 sola at a mile's distance, not being able from 
 the shallowness of the water to approach 
 nearer, while her consorts, the JoiinhUiiiii. 
 and Yorktovm, also kejit up a vigorous lire 
 u|)oii her at nearer range. At 7 l'..M. they 
 desisted, and steamed back towards Norfolk. 
 
 At A.M. of the following day, they 
 again n)ipeared anil jiroceeiied towards the 
 rear of the firmly grounded jM innrmitii. iJur- 
 ing the night, two small steameis had arrived 
 froia sea at Fortresa Monroe, towing a small 
 raft, suriiiotinted by a small round tower, a 
 few feet in height. 1'his was the J/oitilm; 
 devLsed by Capt. Ericsson .ind built by private 
 enterprise as an experiment of invulnerabil- 
 ity. She mounted Init two gun.s. The jl/.r- 
 rtinar, Hjiparently unconscious of the vicinity 
 of the antagonist she was shortly to en- 
 counter, again leisurely jiroceeiled to open 
 lire upon the Miitnemdn. The J/miilor then 
 approached and intervened ilirectly between 
 the nneipially matched untogonists, and open- 
 ing her fire upon the astonished J/tiiiiiirtr, 
 shortly compelled her to change her position, 
 in doing which she grouniled. As somi as 
 she got allottt, she stood down the bay, cliasi d 
 by the ^loiiili'r. Suddenly she turned and 
 ran over the latter, but without (hiiiiiiging 
 her, and seriously injuring her own prow and 
 her mail so that a bad leak ensued. The 
 ships now closed and hurled shot iinil shell at 
 each other. The rebel Yiirktiivn eiideavur- 
 iiig to intervene, received a IT'lpoiind shut 
 from the Monitor, which at once disabled her. 
 The Monitor now steamed around her mme 
 unwieldy antagonist, discharging her missiles 
 at likely vulnerable spots, and at length thieu 
 boles were observed to have been made in 
 the Merrimai; and she Mas evidently sinking 
 She now gave up the fight, which she was 
 (leHtined never to renew, and fled towanls 
 Norfolk, pursued but a short distance by the 
 Monitor, which had been ordered not to leave 
 the immediate vicinity of the Heet. In this 
 nieinorablo contest the Monitor was entirely 
 uninjured, although bhe was struck by I lie 
 rebel broadsides twenty-two times, ttne of 
 the rebel Ixilts, however, struck the grating 
 of the jiilot-hoiise, through which her gallant 
 commander, Lieut. Worden, was watching his 
 enemy, knocking off some cement into his 
 face with such force as to blind him for some 
 days and |permaneiitly destroying his left vy. 
 
 During the month of April. IMii;, a pur- 
 tion of the (irand Army of the I'otmnac, ceti- 
 sistingof lL'l,.'')(iO men,"H,.Mi:; aniniiils, l,l.iil 
 wagons, 44 batteries, and an immense i|miii- 
 tity of equipage, was traasferred from Wash 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 im 
 
 iiigtou to KiirtrcsH .Moiiiix-. On the L'd Ai)ril 
 (icii. Mcl'lt'Uan iin'licil tlin liiltcr pliicc, 
 soiiK! (Wt,(llM) (jf Ills iiii'ii iiikI IflO fjiiijH Inning 
 iilniicly bi'fii triinsjiortcil lljitliir. lie. jjir). 
 cicdi'ii to r(!i;oiiiioitre tin; nliil liiicM at 
 Yoiktown, \vliii!li wi-nt tln'ii clcfiinliil )iy a 
 fdici^ of aljoiit 10,000 mill, iiiidci- (!i'n. Ma- 
 pnicl<:r, and conclildi-d to Ix'.sii-gc; instead of 
 ijiakiiig any di;tciiiiint'd assault \i|i(iii lliini. 
 On tin; liitli, a reconnoisiuanct; in liiixc niadi? 
 1)V tlio lid iJivi.siou nndci- <!fn. \V. K. Sniilli, 
 on till) Warwick, whm Kucci^ssfully rlu'ckeil 
 by tlio rebels. May 41b, the great |ire|iara-| 
 tioii.s for lii.4 bcsiogenient liaving been tiiUy ; 
 coiiipiet^.'d by tb(! IjnionJHtH, (jeii. Magriider 
 abiiiidoned liis linen and letreati.'d np tlie! 
 jieiiiiisula, and was tlieren|ioii imrHUed by 
 several divisions of tin; Union army. <,'on- 
 eeiitrated from various |ioiiit.H and in large 
 t'liee, the rebels now made a stand at Wil- 
 liaiusliurg. Th'] various Union divisions; 
 a Ivaneed to tliia place by ilitferent roads, 
 which were nearly im])a.ssjil<le from a heavy 
 riiii which had set in. At daylight. May 
 i'l, (>i!n. ilookcT, moving ovir the llaniiiton 
 road, came in .sight of the rebel works, I 
 which were |ilaeed on well chosen ground, anil | 
 oonsisled of l'"ort .Magriider, at the junction i 
 of the Vorktown and Jlanipton roads, with j 
 u line e.\teiidiiig across the peninsula, of re- i 
 doubts, rille-pits, and tangled ubattis. Hooker j 
 ut once attacked the enemy, expecting thi' 
 s|MMdy arrival of the remainder of tin; Union 
 tioips, and was soon desiierately engaged 
 with a Viistly biiperior force. 'I'hree times lie 
 repulsed the rebel charges njion bis centre, 
 e;;cli made with fresh troops and increasing 
 numbers. At 1 r.M. all his regiments were 
 engaged, and though still tightiug gallantly, 
 iveri; fast being thinned without adviineing 
 ugiiinst the overniatching foe. Shortly after 
 *ards (icii. Ixjiigslreel's division of the rebel 
 army, which had been inarching to the de- 
 fend: of liii'hinond and ri'CHlled to the Wil- 
 liaiii.sb ng defences, reached the Held, and a 
 fresh attempt was at once made by the 
 enemy on both (ien. Hooker's centre and 
 left After u protracted struggle it was re ' 
 pulsed with gieat slaughter on both sides,! 
 and with a loss of four Union guns and MliO i 
 |uii-. ner.s. At 4..'>0 I'.M. (ien. Ilookei's di 
 visiiiM, which liad for nine hours gallantly J 
 stood against the whole rebel army, skilfully ! 
 fortilied, was relieved by (leu. Keaiiiey'sl 
 division and held as a reserve. The niuskel- ! 
 vy liring was now renewed along (ho whole i 
 
 line, and our regiments Ijegaii to advai 
 
 A gallant charge of the iiStli New York, 
 Col. llobart Ward, which lost most of its 
 ollicers therein, siippleniented by a charge of 
 the 40lli Mew 'S'oik, Col. Wiley, drove the 
 enemy from the rille-pits of the centre, and 
 this ground was lield. (leii. .liiiiieson brought [ 
 up his brigade, and a second line was formed, i 
 when darkness closed in, preventing further j 
 action. (Jen. Hancock had Immmi sent to llank j 
 the enemy's left, and by a brilliant bayonet 
 charge he routed and dispersed their whole 
 force there, killing, wounding, and capturing 
 .'lOO or (100, with a loss of btit ;il iiieii, and 
 holding the works wli'li he captured. At .') 
 I'.M. (ien. MeClellan reached the front at 
 llaneuck's position, and shortly before dark 
 heveral fresh divisimis of his army arrived. 
 In his report of this contlict, (ien. Hooker 
 calls atleutiou to the remuikablo fact that. 
 
 his division wa.s pprinitteil to carry on this having Ijiirned a part of their stores. Jackson 
 iinefpial struggle from morning till night tin- did not follow up the pursuit, but presently 
 
 aided, in the presence of more than 150^000 
 of their comrades s.itli arms in their hands. 
 Huiing the night the rebels hastily evalu- 
 ated Williamsburg, having SOO .severely 
 w'oun.led to beconie ]irisoniis. (!en. Mc- 
 
 reerossed tl". .Shenandoah .Mountain to Lelv 
 anon, e 'he 17tli .May proceeded towards 
 
 Harriso.i .irg, by the way of Fiont Uoyal, to 
 meet lianks at JStrasburg. At Front Koyal 
 a small Union force, holding the jilace under 
 
 Clelhin ri;porti d a total loss in this engage Col. J. It. Kcnly, was driven out by Ai.hby s 
 liient of 4.')ii killed, 1,100 wounded, and '^7- cavalry, the advance of Jackson's army, and 
 missing. The rebel loss, not oHicially pro a fewniiles farther on was overtaken, his train 
 elaimed, was prob.'ibly eipial to that of the captnnMl, and his command of iKlO annihilated 
 Union forces. (Ien. Franklin's division, i by the 8,000 pursuing ; 70() Unionists were 
 whiih had bee'i dispatched to jNlctJIellaii'b [ made jirisoners, and a number of guns weru 
 aid from Washington, in cons(;i|uence of the taken in this re)«'l lriuin]ih. 
 hitler's delusion respecting the enemy's force j On May LMth (jen. lianks at Strasburg, will 
 before him, reached West I'oint, on the York ' hardly 7,000 men, learning the advance of l,''i,. 
 lUver, the ihiy iifii r the battle of Williams- 1 000 or L'O.OOO rebels, started to retreat towards 
 burg, and the day thereafter found themselves Winchester, At i) A..M., three miles beyond 
 engaged with a large force, which thrice Htrasbiirg, his train, which was in the aihanie, 
 drove them from the plains near the ■lillage, ; was attacked, and much disorder ensued, but 
 on w hich th' y were encamped ; but at length j the column being reorganized with the triiiii 
 the Union batteries having been landed and ' in the rear, the Unionists retreated to Win- 
 poHtcd, with the aid of the gunboats on the che.ster by midnight, with moderate lo!;s. On 
 river, silenced the rebel butteries posted on the li.'ith, the enemy, who had do.sed around 
 the hills near by, and the Union infantry Winchester, oipened at daylight with their 
 shortly pushed into tin- suriounding woods artillery. F'acing aconlident enemy of L'O,i.'0O, 
 to tind the enemy retreated. The I'nioii the 7,000 Unionists held their ground for live 
 loss in this affair was l!it men. On the ><tli hours, whi'ii the whole rebid army was brought 
 .May, (jell. Stoni-man, with the advance of npim theiii. They then retreated in three 
 the Union army, moved from Williamsburg columns through Winchester, suiriiingserioiis 
 to o|)eii coiumunieatioii with Franklin. The loss in itsstreets from the missiles of the rebel 
 rain still fell, and the roads were so im- residents. In the cour.se of the afternoon 
 ](erfect in coiisei|uence, that slow progress they reached MartLiisbing, 'J2 miles distant, 
 
 was made by the main army in advancing 
 towards liichniond. < )ii the l'2d .May, (ien. 
 .Mcl'lellan maile his hcadijiiarters at Cjal 
 Harbor. 
 
 On the loth .'\[ay, flen. Wool, commanding 
 at Fortress .Monroe, advanced from that place 
 with a force upon Norfolk, which was surreii- 
 
 sharply followed, and during the night tied 
 \'Jt mil 's farther to the I'otoimie, but now iiii- 
 piirsued. (Ien. Hanks reported his loss in the 
 retreat at ll.'* killed, l.'i.') wounded, and 711 
 missing; whilea tenlhof his watrons. together 
 with a large f.moiiiit of stores, were destroyed. 
 The rebel loss was reported at liN killed and 
 
 deied bv lis .Mayor, no enemy being found theic :Il"J woiindeii. 
 to dispute possession. The Na\y Yard .nnd (ien. Shields' division, which had been or- 
 I'oilsmonlh were also reiiossessed. The rebels i dered to (ien. Me|)owell at Fredericksburg, 
 pari iailv blew ii|p ilie l)iy l)ock, and ileslroyeiU now rapidly riturneil to the Shenandoah, by 
 iiV tire the celebialed iidii-clad, the .l/pr/u/iic, : the Maiia.-sas (lap Hallway, to attack .laik- 
 and abandoned about 1.'00 cannon, mostly .sjiik- son, while (ien. F'remoiil h ft Franklin on 
 ed, but still valuable. i I'.'itli May to cross the .Alleghaiiies, and ile- 
 
 After his defi at by ( Ien. Shields, the rebel i scend into the valley to co o|.eiate with 
 (Iin. Jackson retnated up the Shenandoah (lens. M(T)owell and Shields by inliieeptiiig 
 valley and took iiosition at Klk liiiii valley, .lackson. who was now relieating ra|iiilly up 
 where hearing Ih it a junction of the Union i tiic \alley. On the evening of .Inne 1st, Fie- 
 forces in West N'irginia. under (Ien. Fremont, I niont leached Stiasbuig, to lind that .lackson 
 was contemplated with those of (ien. Hanks had pas.sed through that place a few hours 
 now in pursuit of him, he at once advanced previous, and the m-xt n.oining the cavalry 
 
 across .Shenandoah -Mountain to strike the 
 advance of (Ien. Fremont, under (Ien. Milro\ , ! 
 who had coneentratcd his command at .Mc- 
 Dowell. The division of ( Ien. Fdwaid John- 
 
 ad\aiHe of (Ien. Sliii Ids' divi^-ion reaehed 
 that point. The latter now pii.-hed np the 
 South Fork of tin Shenandoiih, while (Ien. 
 Fremi'iit followed the iiiemv do'vn the North 
 
 son led the rebel adve.nee, which arrived and Fork to llariisonlmi',' ; tin- ailMilice of each 
 posted itself on Hull Hasliiie .Mountain, a mile being seriously liimhred by swollen streams 
 or two west of .McDowell, on .May f'. On the i and burned biiilL'es. On .lune .'ith, Jiick.son 
 s.imed.iy (Ien. Schenek with L',0(iO men naelied ' moved iVoiii llai lisonbiirg, south-i asle4ly 
 (ien. .Milrov from the town of Franklin, .'(1 towards I'ort Kepublio, on the South I'ork. 
 mill s north. The rebels, including .lackson's ' Within a few miles id' the latter place his 
 ■ .ili.mn, which had now arrived, were consider- : rearguard under .Ashby was attacked by the 
 aoiv superior in numbers and were better )iosl- 1 Union cavalry jiuisuing, am' during the en- 
 eii. Cannonadiiiu' and Kkirmishing continued gageinent .\sbby was killed. Heing seveiely 
 from 10 .V..M. until II I'.M., when aehiiri;e up the pressi d. .lack son oi dered l)wi M. eonmiaiwliiig 
 mountain was made bv L',000 id" the Union his rear divi-ioii of ."p. 00(1, to biilt and take it 
 forces, who were eiieaged at close range for strong position along a ridg.' near U'niou 
 an hour mill a half, dining which an attimpt Church. At "J A.M., ■Inne 7th, (Ien. Fre- 
 wiis made l.i turn the rebel rig' '., but failed, mont's advi.noo reached a small village. < loss 
 .\t y P.M. (he llu'ht ceased. The I'liinii loss Ki'ys, 7 miles from Harrisonburg, and soon 
 was J.'ifi ;< Ien. Jackson's report placed his loss his army became engUL'ed with the en< my. 
 at 4(11. During the night the Union troops In desperate contlict he luUanced steadily, 
 rctrealed to Franklin with their wounded, , con.staiitly gaining ground, until IJ I'.M., wlieu 
 
STO 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 tlio brigade of Gon. Stuhl I'ccoileil from a ter- 
 rible tire, and Gen. Sclieiiclc, of the Union 
 rigiit, WHS forced to recede strategically a 
 niiii! distant, where ho wbh cannonaded by 
 the rebels, to whom he vigorously replied till 1 
 dark. The Union loss iluring the day was 
 004. The rebel loss was reported at .129. 
 Dining the night the rebels silently abandon- 
 ed their position, leaving their dead iMid mor- 
 tally wounded. The cavalry advance of Gen. 
 bhields' division, under Col. Carroll, on Juno 
 8tii, followed by Gen. Tyler's brigade of in- 
 fantry, reached the vicinity of Port RepidiUc, 
 and oil Juno 9th were attacked by Gen. 
 Jackson, who made an attempt to outHank 
 their left. Bring some 3,000, while their im- 
 niediiite assailants were 8,000 in ninnber, the 
 Union forces, after a great display of gallantry 
 and spirit, retreated, the i-cbcls pursuing them 
 five miles, and captin-ing iCtO ])risoners. 
 Jackso;<'s army now safely crossed the river at 
 Port Republic, ami by burning the only bridge 
 in the neighborhood, intercepted the pvu'suit 
 of Fremont. Jackson having thus brilliantly 
 beaten his taiemies, the latter were shortly ri^ 
 culled to AVushingtoM. On the 1 2tli, Jackson 
 lidsurely recrosseil the South Fork, and on the 
 17th June was ordered to Richmond with his 
 conunaud. 23d May, at Lewisb\irg, iu AVest 
 Virginia, an engagement took place between 
 three reginicnts of rebels, under Gen. Helh, 
 and the 30th and 34th Ohio, under Col. Geo. 
 Crook, in which the rebels were routed, with 
 considerable loss. May 15th the Union gun- 
 boats, under Com. J. Rogers, proceeded up 
 the James River unimpeded to within eight 
 miles of Kichnioud, to co-operate with tiie 
 Union hunl forces moving on the latter place. 
 Towards the latter end of May, Gen. Me- 
 Cli'llan had thrown two corps, comprising his 
 left wing, across the ('hickahominy near 
 Wliito Oak Swamp, but his right remained 
 on the north side of the now swollen and 
 almost impassable river, thus exposing them 
 both to defeat in detail. On May 27th, Gen. 
 Fitz-John Porter, who was on tlie north side 
 of the river with two divisions, moved up 
 towards Hanover Court-House, to aid the 
 expected junction of Gen. McDowell's forces 
 from Fredericksburg. At the Ashlan<l fork 
 of the road, two miles south of Hanover Court- 
 Houso, a portion of Jackson's army, under 
 <ten. Ib'Hiu'h, wa.s met and pushed back with 
 a loss of 2(U) killed, 730 prisoners, and I gun; 
 the Union loss being .')3 kiUecl and 344 
 wounded. On May 31, CVsey's division, 
 Keyes' (4tli) corps, tlie advance of the Un- 
 ion army, near Fair Oaks, on the .south side 
 of tlie ( 'liickahominy, was attacked by Gen. 
 D. H. Hill's <li\isi(>n of the relxd army. Af 
 ter desperate lighting, the Union division, 
 largely outnund)er<'d, was llanked, ni\il drivei 
 back in di.sonlerly retreat upon C'ducIi's di- 
 vision (Keyes' corps), between b'air Oaks and 
 Seven Pines, with the loss of guns. The 
 hitter division now stood the brunt. Jleing 
 pressed back upon Fair Oaks by the eneniy's 
 overpowering advance, it held its own there 
 until the tjirdy arrisal of (len. Sumnrr's corps 
 from across the swollen Chickahominy, where 
 the further progress of the enemy was checked. 
 The other Union corps (Gen. ileintjielman's), 
 on the south side of the river, had arrived at 3 
 o'clock to support (,'oueh, b'lt the ri^bels soon 
 interposed between them, having turned 
 Couch's left. Au hour uud a Imlf beforo sun- 
 
 set, the division t)f Sedgwick, of Sumner's 
 corps, arrived and moved forward in line of | 
 battle, sweeping the field, and recovering j 
 much ground that had been lost, when dark- 1 
 ness ended the battle for the day. During 
 tlie night Gen. MeClellan arrived from New- 
 bridge, but without the corps either of Fitz- 
 John Porter or of Franklin. The ne.vt morn- 
 ing, June 1st, Sumner's left was attacked by 
 the rel)els under Gen. Pickett, but after a 
 desultory conflict of two or three hours, they 
 desisted, and retreated unpursued. During 
 the engagement of Maj* 31st, Gen. Jo. John- 
 ston, the rebel commander-in-chief, being with 
 his left, nniler Gen. (t. W. Smith, near Fair 
 Oaks crossing, was struck in the side by a 
 shell and disalih^d ; whereupon Gen. Smith 
 succeeded him in tlie command, who in turn 
 was shortly disabled by a paralytic stroke, 
 and removed from the field. Jeflerson Da- 
 vis, who was tli(M'e pri>sent, then temporarily 
 assumed the command, leading in jierson one 
 of the charges in this part of the field. On 
 Juno lat no demonstration was made by the 
 Union forces to distiirli tin? rebel jiossession 
 of Couch's and Casey's camps. The official 
 report of the Union loss in this desperate 
 battle jilaeed it at .'>,739. That of the enemy 
 was about 7,000, On June 2(1, a reconnois- 
 sanco in force, under (Jen. Hooker, advanced 
 unmolested to within fimr miles of Rich- 
 mond, whither the enemy had fallen back. 
 
 The President iifiw reinforced (Jen. MeClel- 
 lan with the disposable troops at Fortress 
 Monroe, and live new regiments from Palti- 
 more, and on the 12tli June, McCall's division 
 of Mc])oweirs cor[is arrivt'd by water. On 
 the 13tli, tilt! first of the numercuis notable 
 and unjirotitable cavalry raids of the war was 
 made by Gen. J. K. R. Stuart, who captured 
 near Tunstall Station lOo jirisoners and 2(iO 
 inules, and burned two schooners loaded with 
 forage. 
 
 On the 2Gth June, Fitz-John Porter's 
 corps rested behiml defences at jMechan- 
 ic.sville, on the north side of the Cliicka- 
 liominy ; the other corps of the Union army 
 were on the south side. Tli(< rel»>l jilan was 
 to destroy Porter's corps, and then proceed 
 down the river to the I'liion rear. On this 
 day, Jackson moved down the river from 
 Ashland, and was shortly sup]iorted by (!eiis. 
 nrancli's and A. 1'. Hill's colunins. The 
 three columns now moved towards Meehan- 
 icsville, Jackson in the advance and neanst 
 the Pamuukfy Piver, Hranch next, and Hill 
 la.st, with ills right resting on the Chicka- 
 hominy. The I'liio'i troops were in a posi- 
 ticiii on Heaver Dam Creek, strengthened by 
 felled timbers and rille-pils, their left resting 
 on the Chickahominy, and the right in a for- 
 est. The struggle wiis most despi'rate. The 
 enemy advanced towards the stream upon 
 the Unuiii right, liehl by Gen. Peynolds, but 
 were speedily fori(>d back by the steady fire 
 of the I'nion liatteiie.s. Again their troops 
 were massed for anotiier attack, and ndvan'.'ed 
 only to be slaughtereil by the batt<'ries of 
 St'yniour, who commanded the Union left. 
 , l''cir six hours, or until r.M., the battle eon- 
 I tinned, when the defeated enemy retired. 
 I At daylight, June 27tli, (!en, ftleClelhin 
 ordered J'orter to fall back to tJaines' Mills, 
 so as to protect the liridges across the Chicka- 
 j hominy. At !i i'..m., Gen, A. P. Hill ad- 
 I vauced and oi>eucd buttle, and shortly there- 
 
 after two-thirds of the force of Gen. I^ee, 
 now eomniaiul(U'-in-eliief of the rebel army, 
 were brought into a(!tion ; a general advance 
 of Jackson's, D. H. Hill's, Kwell'.s, and Long- 
 street's columns, coni|)rising about 00,000 
 men, from right to left, being inaile under a 
 ten tic fire of cannon and musketry from both 
 sides. The total force of Porter was barely 
 3.'),000, including Slocum's ilivision, which 
 was sent over to him ; while 00,000 Union 
 troops remained idle during the conflict, on 
 the other side of the Chickahominy, to watch 
 and guard against 25,000 rebels, the Union 
 commander-in-chief having greatly over-esti- 
 mated his enemy in that quarter. At 3.30 
 I'.M., Porter was so severely pressed, that the 
 second Union line under Meade and Iteynolds, 
 supporting McCall's division in the centre, 
 was ordered up. For hours the battle now 
 raged, with repeated and desperate charges on 
 the ovennatehed and exhausted I'nionists, 
 which were gi;'' '"y repulsed by them. Ficsli 
 rebel brigade e promptly advanced to re- 
 
 place those vvh. 1 had been hurled back. At 
 .') P.M., Porter telegraphed again that his pci- 
 sition was extiemely critical, when French's 
 and Mi'agher's brigades of the 2d Corps were 
 ordered across to his support. ]5cfore thi\v 
 couhl reach the field, liowever, the rebels, 
 rallying all their forces, had stormed the 
 Union intrenchments, on the right and left, 
 in one last desperate effort, which wns 
 crowned with success. The Union infant ly 
 were driven from the defences, with terrible 
 slaughter on both sides. Home back a mile 
 in spite of the efforts of their officers to rally 
 them, they came uixin the fresh brigades of 
 Aleagher and French. Wearied and decima- 
 ted, they again reformed behind these, and 
 advanced in order, ready to meet a fresh at- 
 tack. ]?ul the enemy had halted for the 
 night in the field they had thus far w<iii. 
 Twenty-three guns were left in tin; rebil 
 hands as trophies, and many prisoners ; 
 iiuiong the latter the gallant Gen. Heynolds, 
 who rode by nii.stake into a rebel regiment 
 shortly after dark. The I'nion losses in this 
 desperate action were hardly less than S,(i(iO 
 men, while those of the rebels were [Jidbably 
 about two-thirds as many. 
 
 During that night, the Union forces were 
 
 by order withdrawn, unmolested, across the 
 
 Chickahominy, preparatory to a flank iiwne- 
 
 iiient of the whole force to the James Ki\ei', 
 
 through tli(! White Oak Swiiinp. Gen 
 
 Keyes was at once (lispatche<l with his eoi|is 
 
 on the road across the latter to seize slKJi.ji 
 
 positions on the James J{iver side of the 
 
 swum)), so as to protect the jiassage of the 
 
 I trains an<l th(< army. During the night (In' 
 
 : Union conimander removed his headciiiaiteis 
 
 ! to Savage's Stalioii, to supi>rinteiid tla? movc- 
 
 ' nient. The Union base of su]iplies at West 
 
 Point was now cut off by the retnat of I'ei- 
 
 ter, and the rebel cavalry under J, Iv 1". 
 
 I Stuart, the next day, June 28, |iushed fri- 
 
 wiird towards White House, but rested ul 
 
 Tunstall's Station for the night, during wliiili 
 
 the Union force devoteil itself to tluMlcsdiu- 
 
 tion of the vast .stores of the former pliec. 
 
 Immense amounts of iirovisions, munitinns, 
 
 and supplies were necessarily consigned In 
 
 destruction, while 2,.''>(I0 wounded were left 
 
 in hospital, with surgeons and attcnduntN, to 
 
 fall into the enemy's hands. 
 
 No serious attack or for«ard wovciuuut 
 
 hmN 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 871 
 
 wtis iiiiulo by tlio liittor (luring Juno 28tli, tlio ai'tillery, coiiiiiosoil of IU)0 guns, whiuli wiia 
 puz/,le<l rcbol coniiniindrr not beliovini; it nuissod upon it ; tlio liiKlit'st point of all 
 jioKsibli! that liin nntaj^onist could thus ahan- thoroon lioins; rrowncil hy ten heavy mc^t) 
 dim till, iiositionwilliout a batllc. On ihii L'yth, [ miiis, whioli Cul. 'lylir iiad suciTcdcd in 
 tlu^ roiii'at having been fully discovcriMl by ! biiiigiiii; tliroiijih tin- K\vaiii|>. Jb'n; woiv 
 tlio oiu'iiiy, (!oii. Magrudor puisuod oii the posted the I'liioii fm-ics, in division al'tci- 
 \Villiaiiisbui;{ road, and cinning up with the j division, ifachiui; back to tho river. To nt- 
 Uiiiou rear near Savagtvs Station, attacked it : taok sueli a iiositinii seeiiie<l madness. Hut 
 ill full force. He v.'ius gallantly repelleil by about L' o'clock a ndiel coliiuin emerged from 
 
 Hen. l!urn'.s brigade, supported by those of 
 liiooksand Ilnnoock. At It r.M. he recoiled, 
 withoutgainingany advantage, and tho Union 
 forces fell back, by ordor, upon White Oak 
 Swamp, tho roar-guard under tJon. Fieiich 
 cr(«sing and destroying White Oak Swamp 
 bridge at 5 A.M., Juno liOtli. Here Franklin 
 with his divi.sion was left to defend tlu^ oro.ss- 
 iiig, and every attempt of the rebels to cross 
 tlie marsh and crook was defeated. In the 
 nieaiiliiiie, fartlu'r on towards the James Hivor, 
 rebel forcii.s inder A. I'. Hill, Jackson, and 
 boiigstreet. tho latter accompanied by Gen. 
 liCc ami Jell'er.son Davis in person, had moved 
 down from llichiiiond between the swaiiiiiainl 
 the river, on tho Charles City road, which was 
 giiariled by Slocnm, and al.so on tho New 
 
 the woods skirting the plain, below !''0 pla- 
 teau, and moved steadily forward on Couch's 
 division in the centre of tho Union front, 
 while a hi'iivy tiro of artillery opened on both 
 side;!i. The l^niou division remained motion- 
 less until the enemy came within close mus- 
 ket range, when it poured its deadly volleys 
 upon its as.sailants, who were shortly driven 
 in .shattered fragments back over the field to 
 the adjacent woods. For two hours there- 
 after, the conllict was confined to tho artil- 
 lery, and then a silence of two hours more 
 ensued. At r.M., a fierce lire of all the 
 rebi'l artillery suddi'iily was opened, and un- 
 der its cover, column on column of their infan- 
 try advanced in another and grander attempt 
 
 to ilislodge t ■ Union forces, and drive them 
 jlaiket road, upon which McCall was (losted into the .lames, liiaviiig tlu^ tempest of shot 
 with his gallant I'ennsylvania Itescrves, j and shell from litlll cannon, they came on tho 
 whom liard fighting had fow reduced from i double nuick with tin; lioiio of carrying the 
 10,1100 to ll,OI)t). At I! r.M., June lioth, the i position in one impetuous charge, but only to 
 I'lu'iiiy arrived near (jlendalo and NeLson's I reel, break, and disappear before tho volleys 
 Farm, and a succession of desperate stiuggles ! of mu.sketry. Again and again the rebel 
 ensued at both positions, lieing eheckeil by ' leaders thus re-formed their battalions, or 
 
 ailillery in tho attack n|ion Slociiiu, they | brought forth fresh troops beneath the cloud | I'opo befoi-e tho Army of tl 
 fell with fury upon !Me('all. The latter held j of smoke that canopied tho field, to be sub- I reach him, and tlien move 
 
 wilful neglect of tho nationnl atitlioritics to 
 send him sufticiont and opportune reinforce- 
 ments ; and on Aug. 4, (>en. Hallcck, now 
 commander in-chiof at W'a.shington, assuming 
 (ion. McClellan's estimate of his own strength 
 and that of his rebel antagonists to be correct, 
 directed him to withdraw liiti forces by water 
 to Ac(p.' 1 ( Ircek,to sujiport a fresh demonstra- 
 tion on 1 ichmoiid in accordance with tho I'ich- 
 ident's original plan, from a base on tho Hap- 
 pahannock. McClellan protested against this 
 order, and asked for more reinforcements, but 
 his wi.shos were not complied with. On tho 
 2 tth August ho reported at Acipiia Creek, liis 
 forces having been previously transferred to 
 that place, without molestation by the enemy. 
 The corps of JIcDowell, lianks, and Fre- 
 inimt, with all the troops in garrison around 
 Washington, hail been organized into a com- 
 mand, to be called tho Arniy of Virginia, and 
 (Jen. John Pope was called from the West to 
 take command, entering upon his duties on tlio 
 L'tith Juno. The entire strength of this army 
 wius about r)t),OI)0 men, who were intended to 
 protect Washington and co-operate in some 
 way with the Army of the I'otoniac. (len. I'opo 
 at once concentrated it at Sporryville, with tlio 
 puipose of operating on the enemy towarils 
 (iordonsvillo and Charlottesville, so as to 
 draw off a part of tho army in front of Met 'lel- 
 lan. I'.iit Richmond being now relieve finm 
 all danger, (ien. I.ee deterniined to move his 
 army rapidly acro.ss the country, and crush 
 
 I'otomae coxild 
 I Washiiii'ton. 
 
 his position witliout a gun lost, afti'r a series | jected to the same vain sacrifice. ])arkness \ On the Oth .August, (!en. J'o|ie, who had or 
 
 of charges and countercharges of tho most 
 deadly character iiad taken iilace, in the 
 midst of constant volleys of grape and can- 
 ister. Jietween sunsi^t anil dark he was re- 
 inforced on his left by a portion of Hooker's i the Union left upon them, 
 division, who, charging desperately across an i A niostextianrdina'v order was now issued 
 iipen field, drove the rebels back again into 
 the woods. Cooper's and Jtandairs batteries 
 
 at length closed this one-sided carnage, anil 
 they retired into the fields and woods out of 
 close range, although the gunboats contin- 
 ued to throw their great missiles clear over 
 
 were both captured by tho rebels and reca|i 
 tuieil by the I'nion forces. 
 
 While the rebel artillery was thus this day 
 attacking the U'^niou rear-guard at White 
 Oak Swami) bridge, and the battle was rag- 
 ing at Nelson's Farm and (Jlonilale, tho ene- 
 my al.so came down on I'ortor, upon the 
 James, and braved the ponderous fire of his 
 gii'ilioats. Infuriated by tho prospective es- 
 
 ipe of tho Union army, they thus uiisuccess 
 
 by the commandei-in chief of the Union army 
 to his victorious forces, to retreat from the 
 strong iiosiliun v.hero they had achieved so 
 decided and bloody a success, and the evacua- 
 tion of Malvern Hill was badly conducted, in a 
 hurried and disorderly night march overcrowd- 
 ed and poor roads, the Union dead being 
 left unbnried, and many of the wounded to fall 
 into the hands of the enemy. The movement, 
 however, was not molested by the latter, 
 not having been comprehended by them, and 
 having been skillully covered by Keyes' corps, 
 
 fully endeavored at all points to break through \ with the cavalry, which did not leave till after 
 
 the long Union lino which stretched from the 
 
 niiildle of the swam|) to .lames Uiver. During 
 
 the struggle, Mc(!all fell into tho hands of 
 
 the ciieiny. Ileintzelmau, who was in chief 
 
 cnmmaud of tho troops on the field, with 
 
 Kianklin, fell back to the James, on the 
 
 hanks of which tho Union trains were now 
 
 rapidly gathering. On the forenoon of July 
 
 1st, the roar of tho wasted, wayworn Union 
 
 army reached the jiosition lussigneil it, upon 
 
 and around Malvern Hill, on tho James, 
 
 ilaylight of the I'd. t>n the evening of the 
 ;id, the rear-giiard weiil into camp, and the 
 whole army rested under the cover of its bat- 
 teries, and the gunboats in the iiosition se- 
 leeted b;. the ciuiimaiider, at liarrison's liar, 
 seven miles down the .lames. 
 
 (ien. .McClellan reports the Union loss in 
 tho seven days" lighting and retreating from 
 Meclianicsville to Ilairison's liar, al 1,.'>SL' 
 killed, 7,7<l'.t wouiideil, and ;"),'.l."i.S missing; 
 total, ir),21',l. The losses of the rebels the 
 
 dered forward his second corps, about f^,(l(ll) 
 strong, \inder lianks, to ('iilpe|iper Coiirt- 
 Ifouse, directed the latter to ]iroceed to Cedar 
 Mountain and take up a strong ]iosition, to 
 resist the advance of Jackson, lint ere this 
 Jackson himself had crossed the Itiipidaii, 
 and occu)iied the sides and neiglibmhood ot 
 Cedar .Mountain with 2."),00l> men. At I p.m. 
 Jianks approached the mount aiii, whence a 
 destructive tire of artillery was at once poured 
 on his advencing columns. Uuihresliniatin;; 
 tlr> number.- of his enemy, he venturecl ti 
 eh.irge the re'iel batteries thereon. The un- 
 e ipeeled tiro if the large masses of infantry 
 I oncealeil by t'le foliage and ravines of tho 
 mountain, com|i"lled him to fall back, though 
 not till, in the sunt space of an h.df hour, ho 
 had left a third of his entire commhud on tho 
 field, (lens. Oeary, Augur, and Carroll, of tho 
 Union army, were severely wounded, and ( ien. 
 I'riiici' was taken prisoner after ihiik. The 
 rebel loss was leported at L'L'.'i killed, includ- 
 ing (len. Winder, and l.llllO wounded. 
 
 (len. I'ope at Cnlpep|ier, hearing the cim- 
 noniiile, hastened forward with .McHoweU's 
 corps, commanding Sigel to follow, but beliire 
 he could organize Ids forces for bat lie, Jiiik- 
 son had ra]iidly retreated across the Itiipidiin, 
 having accomplished his purpose of dicoyi'n' 
 lianks into complete disaster. On the l(5th 
 and I'.tth August, (len. I'ope, who had ad- 
 vanced his infantry to Hobeitson's Uiver iind 
 liaecoon Fold, and had begun agnin to ope 
 rate with his cavalrv on the enemv's comniu- 
 
 fornard uioveut'ut 
 
 closely pursued by the converging columns of i Confederate authorities did not leport, but 
 the rebels ; thus miding a retreat as niemora- i they proliably snirered as heavily, the rebel 
 alile, from the suH'ering endured and courage capital being crowded at tho time with the 
 hIiowu, as the most pitiful or admirable purls I wounded and dying, 
 of Napoh'on's retreat from Hussia. On July ,"<, (ien. I.ee withdrew his forces to I nications, having learned that the whole rebel 
 
 The plateau of Malvern Hill, with James Kiclimond, not caring to renew the costly ex- | artny of Virginia was rapidly nssemliliiig to 
 Uiver at its back, and about a niih< and a ' perimeiit of Malvern Hill at Harrison's liar, j overwhelm him, safely retreated iiciiiss tho 
 half long, was protected from the approach- j The failure of (ien. .McClellan to iiccom- ! Happahaiinock, and though pni.suid by tlio 
 iiig enemy by several ravines, while its sloping i>lish the capture of Uieiimond was attributed : enemy, succeeded in holding the fords for 
 ground gavo u clean sweep for tho Union by him, iii u spirited corre.spomlunce, to the , several days. On the 24th, the eucuiy com- 
 
679 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 =n :i]: 
 
 , y 
 
 ui 
 
 IW! 
 
 menced a movoment \i\t tho stream to turn 
 tlu! Union ri;;lit. Topo being ordered to pro- 
 tect I'Vedoricksbnrg, could not extend liis 
 lines to tlic right to keep pace with tlio rclnd 
 niovi'inent.s without wciikening hisccutio, and 
 ti'lcgrajiht'd re|)catodly to Washington that 
 lie must 1)0 reinforced or retreat. A sudden 
 ficshet of tho river tcnipiu'arily relieved him 
 from danger. On the li.'nh, an ineonsidera- 
 l)le reinforeeiuent of 7,001) reached him, hut 
 in turn his resolution to fall on tho Hank and 
 rear of tho long rebel column passing up the 
 river was defeated by the freshet. On tho 
 night of tho L'.Jth, (Jen. J. K I?. Stuart, with 
 1,.')00 rebel cavalry, who had suecei'ded in 
 crossing the river at Waterloo J'.ridge during 
 the day, pushed on to Warrenton, and snr- 
 ]irised C!en. I'ope's head-ipiarters' train near 
 i'atlett'.s Station, capturing his dispatch-book 
 and the per.somil bagg.ige of his military fami- 
 ly. Receiving word that ;iO,tlOO of tho Army 
 of the Potomac were on their way to join 
 liim, I'ope now determined to concentrate hi.s 
 forces on the tnrn))ike between Warrenton 
 iiud (iaine.sville, and give the enemy battle. 
 On the "Jlith, Jackson passeil arouml his right, 
 to cut oir his communication with Washing- 
 ton, and niovi'd swiftly through Thorough- 
 fare Oap and south-easterly by Oainesville. 
 ]'>eforo dark on that day, .lackson struck 
 the Alexandria Hailroad at Ibistow Station, 
 and thus )daced himself without resistance 
 b.,'tween Pope's superior army and its base 
 at Washington, having made the march of 
 (ifly miles in forty-eight hours with the ce- 
 lerity of cavalry, his men subsisting on ccu'n 
 standing by the way. Burning railway trains 
 at Pristoiv, he moved np to ^l,ina.ssas Junc- 
 tion, followed by Ew 11, and destroyed there 
 an immense amount of cperrtermasters' and 
 commissary stores, and sutlers" di'pots, and 
 ul.so captured S giuis and 300 pri.soners. 
 His success was thus far perfect, but his 
 position was extremely critical. Ho now 
 moved oir to Centreville, and crossed the 
 ]!nll llun, pursued by Pope, who ordered 
 I'orter to come up at once to Mana,ssas. 
 At G P.M., Jackson's advance, now moving to- 
 wards Tliorouglifaro (!ap, encountered King's 
 division of McDowell's corps, and a san- 
 guinary combat ensued, which terminated at 
 dark with the relxd success. At 10 1". M., 
 (ren. Pope at Centreville ordered McDowell 
 and King to hold their groiuul, obstructing 
 Jackson's retreat hy the (iap, and directed 
 Kearney at I A.M. to jiush forward from 
 Centreville, on the Warrenttm turnpike, to 
 Jirevent .Jackson's ordy other way of escape 
 northward t<i J.,eesburgh. Supposing Porter 
 now at .Manassas Junction, he conlidi'ntly ex- 
 jpccted to capture Jackson before l.ongstreet 
 could arrive through the Oap to the iatter's 
 rescue. At I! P.M., .\ugust L'.'^, I.oniistreet's 
 division, dispatched by Oeii. I,ee to .(aekson's 
 aid, passed through the Oap, driving olf Jtick- 
 ett's ilivision posted on the eastern sidi-, and 
 early on the L'lKh reached (iaines'ille, .Mc- 
 Howell and King having left the way clear 
 liy retreating on ^lamissas Junction .' iring 
 the night. At noon, l.ongstreet cai vapid- 
 ly into action on the right of .lack.son, who 
 liiid been holly assailed since daylight by Sigel 
 from Oroveton, supported by lieynolds. The 
 rebel strength, now constantly iiwreasing, as- 
 Humed the ollensive against the I'nion right, 
 which held its ground, though with heavy loss. 
 
 I'ut Kearney's division of Heint/.elnuiu's j 
 corps shortly arrived on the fiehl to su]iport | 
 Sigel's right, while Iteno coming up by the ! 
 Oainesvilh^ turnpike supported the Uni(Ui 
 centre. About "J P.M., Hooker's division of 
 lleiutzelman's corps came down the Smiley 
 Springs road on tho extreme right, and at ■> 
 P.M. the two ilivisions of Heintzelmaii and 
 l!eno niaili! a furious charge on the enemy's 
 h'ft, which forci'd it back, leaving the I'nion 
 forc;'s masters of tho field, when ihirkiu'ss 
 ens\U)d. Tho losses ou cither side wore about 
 7,000 men. 
 
 Tho nl^\t morning, Pope again gave battle 
 with the diwperato hope of breaking the 
 enemy's left, and ordered I'orter, who had 
 failed to ]iarticipate in the battle of the day 
 before, to advance down tho Warrenton 
 turnpike, siipported by King, ami attack; 
 while lleintzelman and Keno, .supported by 
 IJickett's division, were to assail the enemy's 
 left under .lackson. i'orter's attack was 
 feeble, and being shortly ovrrpowered ho was 
 thrown back in confusion. The Confeder- 
 ates now eagerly pursued and joined Imttle 
 along the entire front. The Unicm forces 
 were, however, shortly rallied, and the battle 
 raged with varying success. Tho Uidon at- 
 tack (Ui the rebel left was met by a cross lire 
 of four batteries from l.ongstreet 's h'ft, which 
 decinuited the assailants and <lrove them back 
 in confusion; whereupon the whole rebel 
 front was pressid forward, the rebel artillery 
 doing fearful execution on the disordered 
 and I'ecoiling Union infantry. At dark, the 
 left of tho llid(m forces, though stamling 
 lirm, and covering tho turnpike, their oidy 
 safe line of retreat, had been forced back a I 
 considerable distance. At 8 p.m. Oen. Po]ie j 
 instructed his corps commanders to withdraw 1 
 deliberately to Centreville, and CIcn. ]{eno ' 
 was ordered to protect the retreat, which 
 was made in good order, no pursiut across ; 
 Midi Hun being attem|)ted. At 10 p.m. Pope i 
 reached Centreville, where he prepared for a 
 rebel attack, having bi'cn joined by Sumner's 
 and Franklin's corps from McClellan's army, 
 raising his totjd force to 00,000 men. Mo 
 direct attack was m.nde, but tho next nuun- 
 ing, Jackson, by direction of Oen. Lee, 
 crossed UuU Uun at Sudley I'ord, and moved 
 down to Fairfax Court llcnise, for the )mr- 
 pose of assailing the; I'nion right. Near 
 Chantilly, at ij p.m., Sept. 1, Jackson was at- 
 I lacked by Keno's inferior forc(>. Oen. Isaac 
 [ .r. Stevens, commanding the Cnion left divi 
 ■ si(Ui, was shot di'ad while leading it, where- 
 ' upon both divisions fell back in <lisorder. 
 (!en. Phil. Kearney, with his division of 
 lleintzelm.in's corps, now advanced and ve 
 newed the action, in the midst of a thunder- 
 storm furio\is enough to tii-riously allect the 
 iimmunition. O.n. Kearney, riding reckh'ss 
 Iv almost within the rebel lines, was shot 
 dead about sunset, his connuaml devolving on 
 (ien. Ilirney. Tin" latter ]U'omptly ordered 
 : a bayonet charge of his own brigade, which 
 was gallantly executed,- driving back the 
 enemy's advance, by which Oen. ISirney held 
 , the ti'eld (d'eonlliellhriMigh the night." The 
 i I'nion loss in this battle was about .^OO. 
 j Pope's retreat conliiuieil on tin' following 
 I day and Ihereafler without fuither annoyance 
 from the enemy, until his wlnde army had 
 fallen back within the intreiuhments along 
 tho south bank of tho I'otonuic, covering the 
 
 approaches to Washington. Pope shortly 
 thereafter resigned his command to Oen. 
 McCh'llan, aiul was sent by the Administra- 
 tion to tho Niu'th-west to conduct a cam]iaiL'ii 
 against the Sioux Indians, who had recently 
 ma.ssacred several huiulred of the inhabitants 
 of Miiuiesota. The entire rebel lo.sscs iu 
 Pope's brief campaign from Ceu.ir Mountain 
 to Chantilly was about l.'ijOIK) men, whili' 
 those of the Unionists were fully double lli;it 
 nund)er, a large nund)er of otlicers of distiiic 
 tion being included among the killed. The 
 failure of Pojie's campaign was jiartially due 
 to the su|)erior knowledge of the Held of con- 
 tlict which his antagonist, (!en. I.oe, ])osse^s. 
 ed ; Init the jealousy maidfestcd in constaiit 
 disobedience of his (uders, of otlicers of his 
 own army, who had lately served under Oen. 
 McCh'llan, nmloubtcdly had its weight iij 
 turning more than one prospective victory 
 into defeat. On this charge of cul)>able dis- 
 obedience to Pope, Major-Oen. Fitz-Jolin 
 Porter was snbsc(|iu'ntly tried and f(iuiiil 
 guilty by a coiirt-nuirlial. 
 
 Upon fidl advices of Pope's disasters, Se|it. 
 2, tho Oovernment .invested Oen. McClell:,u 
 with tho entire control of all the finces I'l r 
 the defence of the capital, ami the latter at 
 once conceidrated his command within the ilr- 
 fences of Washington. On the tilhtien. l.ie, 
 with bis entire army, being reinforced liy 
 D. II. Hill's fresh division from Uichmmiil, 
 arrived without resistaiu'c at Fredeiick, .Mil., 
 cro.ssing the Potomac in the vicinity nt' 
 linger.stown. On the 8th ho i.ssucd an ad- 
 dress to the )ieople of Maryland, annonnciii;,' 
 that ho had come among them to aid tlu'm iu 
 throwing olf the foreign yoke of the Unite.l 
 States, ami a recruiting oHic(^ was )ironiptly 
 opened, at which the numbers won by him t.i 
 the rebel standard al>o\it ei|mdled his loss in 
 deserters. On the 7th Oen. McClellan. iip 
 prised of the disappearaiu'e of I.ee from liis 
 front, commenceil to move slowly and i:,u 
 tiously tip the river from Washington, on ilic 
 Maryland side, by iivi; dilfeient paiallil 
 roads, with his left wing resting on the rivi ). 
 On the Kith he I'utered Fredericksburg, ^^lli^ll 
 the rebels, nuiving westward, had two (Im\s 
 previo\isly evacuated. During the day ;m 
 order of C!en. I.ce fell into his hands, v liiili 
 fully disclosed th<' rebel commander's oliji 't 
 to bo the capliu'c of llaiper's Ferry ; and, tui- 
 iher, that Jackson's corjis and Walker's divi- 
 sion were already aeitiss the I'oldiiiac in 
 (piest of it, and that only !McI.aws' n 1 > 1 
 corps of 20,000 was now between the Uiii.ii 
 army and Harper's Ferry. Franklin's <.i| s 
 of tlie Union army was some ndhs soulli ■ 1' 
 Frederick at this tinm, and in front of .Me 
 Laws. The easy task (d' precipitating Finiil; 
 lin upon tho latter would havi; ri'lieviil 
 Harper's Ferry. This was not done. and. 
 instead of a<lvancing his irndn boily on the 
 roads leading through ('rnni]iton's (lap lo llic 
 Potomac, McClellan namd to the noith-wcst 
 towards Ilagerslown, thmugh Turner's Oa)', 
 of the South .Mountain range of hills, lb le 
 a portion <d' the rebel army, \nider D. H. 
 Hill, was siKingly posteil on both siiles el 
 till' nalional roail leading through the 0:i{', 
 while Longstreil and .lackson had pushed "U 
 to Hiigerstown to co-operate with Mcl.a«s 
 against Harper's Ferry and Maryliind lb ii;hts. 
 
 At 7 a.m., Sept. 11, the battle was heiu 
 commenced by the advance of Cox's division 
 
liiiigton. rope Bhorilv 
 his oomniniul to (!in. 
 sent, by tlu; Ailministiii. 
 st to coiiiluot 11 oniii|piii:.'n 
 (liiuis, wild liiiil rciciitlv 
 iiili-cil of tlic iiiliivliituiii's 
 ciiliiv i-clicl losses in 
 ;n tVoiii CiMi.ir iMoiiiitniu 
 Mint 1.">,()(I() nicii, vliil,. 
 ts well' fully (loulilf tlmt 
 Ix'i- of ollict'is of (listiiic- 
 iiiioiig tlie killed. Tlic 
 paigu was |iiiHiiilly duo 
 li'dgo of f ho (icld of Cdii. 
 onist, (li'ii. l,oc, possess, 
 r iimiiifi'stod ill eoiislinit 
 iili'is, of oftic'crs of his 
 iitoly served under (!en. 
 illy hud its weijjht iij 
 >iie |)ios|ieetive vieloiy 
 thnige of eulpnhlo di.s- 
 iMaior-(!en. J-'itz-Jolni 
 entlv tried and foiiinl 
 tial. 
 
 )f Pope's ilisiisters, Si|ii. 
 nvested (!eii. MeClellaii 
 ol of nil the forces f',,r 
 ipital, and the latt. r at 
 couiuiaiid within the ilr- 
 . (»n the (ilhtien. I.ir, 
 V, lieillg reinfdieed l.y 
 vision from ]{ielinioiiii, 
 anoe at Fredeiiek, .M,l., 
 in the vicinity el' 
 Sill he issued iiii ad- 
 Maryland, aniioniuin^' 
 iiig them to aid them in 
 ign yoke of the rnit.il 
 ng ollic(\ was |ironipily 
 n\inibers won liy him in 
 out eijualled his less in 
 th (ieii. .Mcflelliin, ii|. 
 iirance of Lee from his 
 move slowly and ii.n 
 'om Washington, on iln' 
 five dilleient iiaiiillcl 
 ng resting on the ii\i r, 
 I l'"redeiieksliiirg, whiili 
 est ward, had two days 
 During the day an 
 into his hands, wlii, li 
 lel eomnmiKler's ulijut 
 arper's Kei ly ; and, tni- 
 iijis and 'Walker's (ii\i- 
 rross the roloniiic in 
 : only ^Mel.uws' id .1 
 ow between the I'liii n 
 •rry. Kiiinklin's ei.i| s 
 IS some mihs seulh if 
 e, and in front of .Mc- 
 o( precipilaliiig KianI;- 
 would have lelieMil 
 s was not doiii'. ami, 
 his main budy on the 
 Crampton's (inp to tin' 
 ovi d to the n<iilli-«i>t 
 hroiigh 'I'll nil r's Cap. 
 range of hills, lb le 
 1 army, under 1). II. 
 -teil on bolh sidi's el' 
 ing thriiiigh llie (lap, 
 aekson had | iished en 
 iiperate willi Mel.aws 
 mil .'\laryliind ll< iL:hls. 
 , the buttle was hi 10 
 uice of C'ox'b diviaiua 
 
 
 > 
 
 .J' 
 
 m 
 
 1; 
 
 di 
 
 ■? 
 
 g 
 
 ir 
 
 M 
 
 j 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 ® 
 
 ■> 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 © 
 
 ? 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■J 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ::> 
 
 Ml 
 
 .^ 
 
 « 
 
 
 
' 
 
 [M 
 
 m*,, 
 
 1 ' '■. • '1 m 
 
 li.j s 
 
 1 
 
 i ' i M 
 
 JImS i''' 
 
 li'lil 
 
 gl 
 
 1 
 
 J-r:-; 
 
 1! 
 
 
 ;. ;i:-f 
 
 ,! 
 
 ■ • l: ■ 
 
 HI 
 
 
 I^^^^H 
 
 H 
 
 \ 
 
 Hill! 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 i / 
 
 IH 
 
 if 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 673 
 
 of Reno's corps. Tlio superior numbers of 
 tlio Unionists enabled them to steadily gain 
 gioinul, though constantly subjected to a 
 liiavy tii'o. At noon tho musketry firing 
 ceased, and for two lioui-s cannonading only 
 cintiuued, botii sides awaiting reinforcements. 
 At - r.M. Hooker's corps came up and took 
 ]iusition on tlie old llagerstown road loading 
 away from the turnpike, with intent to flank 
 the rebel left. An hour later the lino of bat- 
 tle was forme^d at tho base of tho ridge and a 
 general advance conmienced up the turnpike 
 iu the pass, and the rocky wooded steeps on 
 either side, tho ground being stubbornly con- 
 tested foot by foot. The enemy was re- 
 inforced by l.ongstrcet, about 4 p.m., who 
 then assumed command. At sunset tho vic- 
 torious tlag of tho Unionists was ]>lanted upon 
 tlie crest of the ridge, the enemy fleeing down 
 the other side. JJy dark Gen. McClellan 
 had most of his army in hand at the base of 
 tiie mountain, ready to renew tho action next 
 morning, but (j!eu. Lee, having gained time 
 fur Ids operations against Harper's Ferry, 
 withdrew his forces during the night. Tho 
 Union loss in killed and wounded was 1,008. 
 That of the enemy wius unknown, excej)t in 
 prisoners, of whom 3IcUlellan reported a 
 total of 1,500. Among tho Union dead was 
 Jlajor-Uen. Jesse L. Reno, killed by a mus- 
 ket ball at the head of his division. 
 
 On tlie 14th Franklin's oori)s of tho Union 
 army reached the pass thi-ougli Crampton's 
 (lap, at which he overtook two or three bri- 
 gades of !5IcLaws' division, whereof tho 
 larger portion was some miles farther on 
 towards Harper's Ferry. After a contest of 
 live hours the rebels were driven out, badly 
 cut up ; but Franklin, uninformed of the criti- 
 cal situation of Harper's Ferry, failed to vig- 
 orously follow up his advantage. On tho I3th 
 (ien. Jackson arrived by way of Williams- 
 jiiirt and ^[artinsburg before Harper's Ferry, 
 while Mcljaws advanced to Sandy Hook, |)re- 
 vi'iiting all egress from Harper's Ferry down 
 tlie I'otomac. Tho garrison at the latter 
 place was 11,.')8.1 men, with about 50 jneces 
 of artillery, tinder Col. Miles, appointed by 
 McClellan, and an unlit commander, as had 
 been shown by his conduct at tho first battle 
 of IJull Run. Harper's Ferry is situated in 
 a goige commanded by steep mountains on 
 tliree sides, on one of which he should have 
 concentrated his comniaml, and held out till 
 relievi 1. Some of his forces ho had ))Osted 
 on .M ryland Heights, under Col. Fortl, 32d 
 Ohio, > lit refused to supply the latter with 
 axi'S and spades to fortify liis position upon 
 till! ap|)roaeh of Alcl.aws thereto. Tlio lat- 
 liT made an attack thereitpcn in force im the 
 iiiiiining of Sept. Ill, but '.as repulsed; but 
 on the morning of Sept. ll, Col. Ford, with- 
 oMt being further assailed, abandoned the 
 Heights entirely to McLaws, wlio commenced 
 sliilling therefrom the Uiiidn forces at tlu^ 
 I'l'iiy, and at Bolivar Heights beyond it. 
 Walker's guns also opened from Loudon 
 lli'iolits, and Jackson's batteries were Jilay- 
 iiii; from several points, some of them enfi- 
 lading the Union position on l^olivar Heights. 
 At U I'.M., Se])t. U, the Union cavalry, l.',000 
 mill, under (Jul. Davis, 12th Illinois, escaped 
 to the Maryland bank, and thence fo (ireeii- 
 lasll.', I'll,, capturing by the way the ammu- 
 nition train of Oen. Longstreet, consisting of 
 lifly or sixty wagons. Next day at daybreak 
 
 tho rebel batteries opened from seven com- 1 
 manding points. At 7 a.m. Miles caused n 
 white flag to bo raised, but the relirls, not j 
 perceiving it, continued their lire an half 
 hour thereafter, dtiriug which Miles was mor- 
 tally woundi.'d. Uen. Jackson, leaving the 
 reception of the surrender to Hill, hastened 
 at once with liis forces to rejoin Gen. Lee, 
 and reached tho Antietam on the following 
 morning, Sept. 1(3. Harper's Ferry had no 
 important bearing on the campaign, the rebel 
 army having already passed it on their way 
 into 3Iaiyland, and its retention after that 
 event was a military error of the general-in- 
 chief, Hullcck ; but the loss of so many trooiis 
 at this juncture was serious. 
 
 Gen. McClellan now pusheil forward bis 
 army towards Antiefatn, having ascertained 
 that the main body of the enemy were con- 
 centrated there, and on tho 15th ho found 
 them drawn uji in lino of battle on a rolling 
 country that stretched along the west sidt! of 
 Antietani Creek, near Sharpslmrg. JlcClel- 
 lau did not attack, however, tintil the after- 
 noon of tho IGtli, thus enabling Jackson, 
 Walker, and McLaws to arrive from Harper's 
 Ferry and participate in the battle ; and on 
 the morning of the I'tli, when the battle be- 
 gan in earnest. Gen. Lee had his whole army 
 at hand, with the exception of A. 1'. Hill's 
 division, left at the Ferry. Having resolved 
 to turn the enemy's left, McClellan despatch- 
 ed Hooker, at 4 1".m., September IGtli, by a 
 long detour, to cross tlie Antietam cnit of sight 
 and range of the rebel batteries. The passage 
 of the stream being eflected, Hooker moved 
 cautiously down on the enemy's flank, and 
 found himself, at dark, in an open field, 
 bounded by woods, breast to breast with the 
 enemy's lines. Here, within half-musket 
 shot of each other, the two armies, after some 
 desultoiy firing, lay down for the night; 
 Rickett's division of the Union force being 
 on the left, ileiide with the rennsylvania 
 Reserves in the centre, while Doubltulay had 
 planted his guns on a hill to the right. At 
 daylight, September 17tli, the left of Meade's 
 and right of Rickett's divisions became en- 
 gaged, and soon the whole of Hooker's corps 
 hurled itself against J'lwell's and Jackson's 
 divisions of the enemy. The main contest 
 was in an open space, composed of a ploughed 
 field and a cornfield. Tlie rebels shortly gave 
 way, at first retreating slowly and then pre- 
 eiliitutely over the field and across tlio road 
 beyond into a piece of tliick woods, imrsued 
 by (Jen. Jleade with the rennsylvania Ue- 
 serves. Here, reinforced by Hood's division, 
 the rebels in turn hurled themselves upon the 
 Unionists with terrible volleys, and in over- 
 whelming force charged them back across the 
 cornfield. (Sen. Hooker, at this critical mo- 
 ment, ordered Doubleday to despatdi him his 
 best brigade, which immediately came down 
 the hill, led by Hartsulf, nioviiig to the crest 
 of the rise that conimanded the cornfield. 
 This they held for an half hour unsupported, 
 and then they daslied down, driving out the 
 rebels for a second time from tlie cornfield into 
 the woods; among the fallen liere being the 
 Union leader, Gen. Harf. stiff, severely wound- 
 ed. Rickett's division, holding the left of the 
 line, and at lenipfing to advance had fallen back, 
 and Matislii'ld was ordered to its lelief with 
 a part of his corps. They too were diiveii 
 back, with their general mortally wounded. 
 
 Hooker now advanced, with Crawford's and 
 Gordon's fresh brigades of JLtn.sfield's corps, 
 to Rickett's support, determined to carry tlio 
 wooils on the right and beyond the corn- 
 field, and amid a shower of rebel bullets, was 
 painfully wounded, by a niusketball through 
 his foot, which comiielled him at l) A.M. to re- 
 linquish the command to Sumner. The latter 
 now sent forward Sedgwick's division of his 
 own cor[is to supjiort Crawford and Gordon. 
 At this moment tho fresh rebel forces of 
 Walker and McLaws, seconded by Karly on 
 their left, were hurried from their yet nnas- 
 sailed right, and poured upon the advancing 
 Unionists. And again the centre of flie hit- 
 ter's right gave way. Sedgwick, vainly striv- 
 ing to rally his forces under tlit^ terrible fire, 
 was three times wounded. Gen. Howord, 
 who took his command, was unable to re-form 
 it, and the efforts of Sumner himself wero 
 eiptally unavailing. Thus the bloody corn- 
 field was again retaken by the enemy. Tho 
 attempt of the latter to advance beyond it was 
 rejielled by the heavy fire of the Ilnion bat- 
 teries, while Doubleday on the farther Union 
 right still maintained his original ground. 
 Franklin now came up with his frt'sh corps, 
 and at once ordered Sloeum and Smith, com- 
 manding his two divisions, to retake the field. 
 So suddenly and unexpectedly did they exe- 
 cute this onler, that it was with compara- 
 tively small loss that they swept over tlio 
 cornfield and through the woods, clearing 
 them of the foe. The ground thus retaken 
 ! was not again lost. Near<'r the centre the 
 ! Union lines successfully withstood numerous 
 j assaults of the enemy, and when night closed 
 , the battle, held advanced jiositions. 
 I Rurnside's cor])S held the extreme Union 
 j left, oiiposito tho lowest of the three bridges 
 I crossing tho Antietam. At 8 a.m. he was 
 j ordered to cross this bridge, but his feeble 
 I attempts to execute this order were succes- 
 sively repulsed. At 1 P.M., being perempto- 
 ; rily ordered to carry it at the point of the bay- 
 ■ onet, it was successfully charged by the 6 1st 
 New York and 51st rennsylvania, the enemy 
 retreating therefrom to the heights. Again 
 Rurnside halted, end it was not until 3 r.M. 
 that renewed orders, of a )iereni]itory nature, 
 cau.sed him to charge up the heights, which 
 were now gallantly carried, some of the Un- 
 ion troops reaching even the outskirts of 
 Sharjisburg beyond. Rut this ailvantago 
 came too late. A. P. Hill's division now ar- 
 rived on the field and charged this portion 
 of the Union lines, and covered by a lieaiy 
 fire of artillery, drove it bark in confusion 
 down the hill towards Antii-tam, pursuing 
 tintil checked by the fire of the Union batte- 
 ries across the river. 'J'liey refrained, how- 
 ever, from .•iftempting to carry the briilgo, 
 and retired to their lines on the heights, as 
 darkness ensued. Among their killed in this 
 charge xvas Gen. L. G'R. Riancli, of North 
 Carolina. 
 
 The Union and rebel forces engaged in this 
 
 bloodv and indecisive battle were about e(pial, 
 
 iK'ing' between 80,000 and 110,000 each. (ien. 
 
 McClellan reported his entire loss at 2,010 
 
 killed, !),Ht) woumh^d, and 1,043 missing; 
 
 ! total, l-',4t'iO. The aggregate losses reported 
 
 ! bv the rebel divisinnftdmniiiuders were, 1,813 
 
 killed, !t,3!l'.) wounded, •_',•-"•'- ""issing ; total, 
 
 ! I3,5.'(3; but they were probably niueli larger, 
 
 I as 2,700 alone of their dead wero buried by 
 
B74 
 
 HISTORY OP THE 
 
 
 tlio Unionists, whilo six thotiHand pi'Uont'i-x, 
 with 115 guuK, wcro taken by the latter. 
 
 D\iriiig the nij^Iit following the batllo, Oen. 
 Leo (|uii'tiy moved olf across tlie I'otoniiie, 
 di'eliniiig to renew the eonibat. On the night 
 of the I'Jth, (ien. tlritlin, witli two Union 
 brigailcs, orotuieil the river and carried eight 
 rebel batteries posted on the Virginia bhitl's. 
 lint on tiie morning of the 2Uth, a recon- 
 iioissuncoiu force, under Porter, was aiubushed 
 by A. r. Uill a niilo from tlie river, and 
 driven back to the stream with great slaugh- 
 ter anil loss of 200 prisoners. On Sept. 2»M, 
 Gen. Sumner rcoccupied, without opposition, 
 llarp(U''8 Ferry and its ntnghborhood. Lee 
 Bhortly I'etired to Winchester, unpursued by 
 ]VIe('lellau, and more tiian a niontli was now 
 consumed by the latter in resting, in bringing 
 up supplies and ammunition, and in at- 
 tempts to ]irooiiro reinforoen)ents of nu'U. 
 At length, at the close of Octolnsr, he crossed 
 the Potomac, and moved ilo^i to Alanassas. 
 He proceeded Ihenee to Warrenton, but on 
 Nov. Hh he was directed to tiire over his 
 connnand to Iturnside, which order ended his 
 activi) services in the war. 
 
 ])uring the month of July, 1802, Gen. 
 liuell, eonnnanding at Corinth, moved east- 
 ward with a force of about 2r>,000 men 
 towards I'liattanoiiga, leaving Uen. iSIitchell 
 to repair and hold the railroad running to 
 Nasliville, as a ba.se ft)r his supplies. (Ien. 
 Hi'agg, till) connnander of the rebels confront- 
 ing him, moved on parallel roads from Tn- 
 jield, .Miss., and reached Chattanooga in ad- 
 vance of the Union army. On July uth, 
 Cien. Forrest, lebel guerilla chieftain, ca{)- 
 tured Alurfreesboro, Tenn. ; and about the 
 same time, and with the same general object 
 of liorse-stealing, Uen. Morgan made a raid 
 on Oynthiana, Ky., but was jiresently chased 
 away by a ca^•alry force under Green Clay 
 Smith. 
 
 The army of Gen. Bragg was now swelled 
 by conscription to .some 40,(IO() men, in three 
 corps, under Gens. Hardee, IJishop I'olk, and 
 Kirby Smith. With this force lie jirojiosed 
 an invasion of Middle Tennessee and Ken- 
 tncky, Louisville, with its inimenso resources, 
 being his immediate object. On Aug. 24th, 
 lie crossed the Tennessee witli 30 regiments 
 and 40 guns, and passing through Dunlap and 
 Cro.ssvilh;, entered Kentucky on the f)th 
 September. Kirby Smith, with liis divi- 
 sion, ailvanced by the way of Hig Creek 
 Gap, through the Cumberland Mountain, 
 flanking the Union Gen. Geo. W. Morgan, 
 commanding at Cumberland Gap, and c\itting 
 liim oir from his supplies ; whereupon, on 
 Aug. 1 7tli, the latter blew up his works and 
 retreated to the Ohio, over a sterile region 
 most dillicult to traverse, which was his only 
 way of esca|ie. He arrived at the Ohio 
 liiver, however, without mat* .iai loss, though 
 liarassed the most of the way by the rebel 
 guerilla, John Morgan, with 700 cavalry. 
 
 On Aug. 29th, Kirby Smith reached Rich- 
 mond, Ky., where he was met by a raw 
 Union force, about ei(tial in numbers to his 
 own, under Gen. JL ]). Manson, who, on the 
 morning of Aug. IStli, attacked him at Uog- 
 eraville, but was shortly defeated, his whole 
 line giving way and retreating beyond Rogeis- 
 ville, where \if stood, maintaining the light 
 three Imurs, till Gen. Nelson reached tlie 
 gru'.iiul and assumed command. Another 
 
 stand was then made, but in loss than half an 
 hour the Unionists were totally routed and 
 disjiersed. Gen. Manson becoming a prisoner. 
 Sept. 4th, Smith entered J<e.\ington, Ky., 
 and then moved on as far as Cynthiana, 
 within striking distance of botli Cincinnati 
 and Louisville, liy this time Gen. Uragg, 
 flanking liuelTs left, had entered Kentucky 
 at Glasgow. Unell, who liad concentrated 
 his forces at Murfreesboro, imw niarehud on 
 the enemy, who retired as ho advanced, first 
 from Glasgow, and then from Munfordsville, 
 and continued northward to Frankfort, the 
 State capital. ]{uell then marched directly 
 to Louisville, which was seriously threatened 
 by Kirby Smith, and arrived there on the 
 2r)th September, to the great relief of the 
 citizens. Here, while reorganizing his forces, 
 he was ordereil to turn over his command to 
 Thomas, in conscMiuenco of his delay in lind- 
 ing tlio enemy, but the execution of tlie 
 order being suspended, ho proceeded on t)ct. 
 1st to move in live columns towards IJards- 
 towii, where the main rebel force, under 
 liragg, were. With his trains laden with 
 the spoils of Kentucky, JSragg now slowly 
 r<;treated before liutOTs advance to Sjiring- 
 tit^ld, 02 miles from lAUiisville. Thence he 
 proceeded towarils I'erryville to form a junc- 
 tion with Kirby Smith, who was now retiring 
 from his designs on Cincinnati, having earrietl 
 the rebel Hag within seven miles of that city. 
 On the 7tli, ItucU overtook the enemy near 
 Perryville, and pressed back a coiisidtu-able 
 body of them whom he found drawn up in 
 order of battle. The next morning, the ene- 
 my attacked and was repulstul by Gen. Mc- 
 Cook, who had imshetl forward for water to 
 Doctor's t!reek. About noon, McCook hav- 
 ing advanced his division between two and 
 three miles from Gen. Uuell's headquarters, 
 proceeded further to make a personal rccon- 
 noissance. While thus absent from his com- 
 mand, it was suddenly and overwhelmingly 
 assailed in front and (lank by swift charges 
 of nia-sses of rebel infantry and by the 
 heavy cannonading of their artillery, which 
 had been skilfully concealed in the adjacent 
 woods and ravines. The whole left corps of 
 the Union army was thus desperately pressed. 
 Gen. Tcrrill's brigade was shortly driven 
 back in a complete rout, and ho was killed, 
 as well as Gen. James S. Jackson, who coin- 
 iiiamhMl the division. The rebels then charged 
 upon Rousseau, commanding the lid Division 
 in the centre, which for two or three hours 
 bore the chief weight of tho battle, lighting 
 bravely, but losing gi'ound. TIks rebels then 
 struck the left flank of Gilbert's corp.s, lield 
 by Gens. K. 1$. Mitchell and P. }L Sheridan. 
 Put Sheridan shortly charged at double-«|uick, 
 driving the enemy into and through Perryville, 
 up to the protection of two batteries on the 
 blulfs beyonil, capturing lifteen ammunition 
 wagons and a train guard of 140, and then 
 retiring to tho I'nion baltt.'ries as darkness 
 came on. For two hours, tho 30th Union 
 brigade. Col. Gooding, sent by Gilbert to tho 
 aid of AlcCook, fiuight on the extreme left 
 again.st superior numbers, losing 549 men out 
 of 1,423. Gen. Puell did not learn until 
 4 I'.M. that any serious conflict was in jiro- 
 gre.Hs, when he sent reinfoieements from the 
 centre, and ordered Crittenden, coninianding 
 llie right, to advance; but night fell ere these 
 forces arrived. During the night Lragg de- 
 
 camped to liarrodsburg, where lie was joined 
 by Kirby Smith. Tho Union logs in this 
 engagement was about 4,000 and 10 guns; 
 that of the enemy about 2,.''iOO. Pragg now 
 retreated precipitately to East Tennessee, 
 through Crab Orchard and Cuinberlanu (Jap, 
 destroying on the way a largo amount of 
 valuable stores and spoils for want of trans- 
 portation across tho mountainous country. 
 He was ]>ur8ued as far as Crab Orchard by 
 Uuell's forces. 'J"he Governnu-nt, deeply di.s- 
 satisfled at the failure of Piiell to destroy the 
 rebel army, now relieved him from command, 
 and appointed Maj.-Gon. Rosccrans to suc- 
 ceed him. 
 
 On tho elevation of Gen. Hallcck to the chief 
 command of the Union forces, Gen. Rosecraiis 
 had been jilaced in command under Grant in 
 Northern Mississippi an.l Alabama. During 
 the summer he wos active in his department, 
 hut no event of ini|)ortanco occurred there. 
 About Sept. 1, having left luka in charge 
 of Col. R. C. Murphy, 8th Wisconsin, ho 
 moved eastward to watch tho enemy's move- 
 ments about Corinth. Murjihy disgracefully 
 abandoned his post, |)erniitting a large amount 
 of stores to fall into the hands of the enemy, 
 and the rebel (Ien. Price shortly occupied tlio 
 place. Gen. Grant being atl.ised of this, 
 sent Gen. Ord with 5,000 men to Purnsvillo 
 to move on luka from tho north, while Rosc- 
 crans, having concentrated his two divisions 
 and advanced on the south, reaahed Jacinto 
 on Sept. 18. On the morning of tho 19tli, 
 the lattor being duly advised. Gen. Grant 
 proceeded to the attack of luka, and after a 
 march of nineteen miles, came within two miles 
 of that jilace at 4 p.m.; one division, Hamil- 
 ton's, of about 3,000 men and one battery 
 being pushed thus far in advance. Tho rebels 
 held a strong position along a deep ravine, 
 crossing the main road, and behind the creht 
 of a hill, while the nature of the ground pre- 
 vented the formation of any exttuided line. 
 The battle was thus maintained by a single 
 Union brigade against more than three times 
 its numbers. The single Union battery, the 
 11th Ohio, was capltired by the rebels after 
 every gunner and horse thereof had fallen. 
 While it was in their jiossession, and theii 
 dense masses were sweeping down on tho small 
 Union force engaged, threatening it with en- 
 tire <lestruction, Stanley's division came up, 
 and, though no more troops could lie sent to 
 the front, jii'evented Hamilton from being 
 outflanked. Gen. Sullivan, commanding tlie 
 front brigade of Hamilton, in a desperate 
 struggle now recaptured the battery. Tlio 
 rebels immediately rallied, and precijiitating 
 themselves upon his diniinisheil fence, again 
 took it. Every ilauk movement of the enemy 
 was promptly ftopped, and tlio battle thus 
 kept at the front upon the road. For three 
 hours it was maintained by the 5th lown, 
 and 11th and 20th Missouri, when darknesfi 
 closed. The Union forces then laid down on 
 their arms, expecting to renew the struggle 
 the next morning. (Jen. Ord failed to arrive 
 and attack on the other road, as hail licen 
 confidently expected, but arrived within 4 
 miles of luka, where ho awaited the sound of 
 Rosecrans' guns, which he did not hear. The 
 next morning he moved ropidly toward and 
 into luka, to find the enemy fled therefrom. 
 Uosecrans pursued the rebels for 25 miles, 
 but they Lad tuu much tho sturt to bo over- 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 STS 
 
 where lio was joinnl 
 
 Union loss in tlii.i 
 
 4,(100 luul 10 giins' 
 
 I'.r.tlO. Urngg „„«• 
 
 to East Tennessee, 
 
 1(1 Cnniheiliind (Jap, 
 
 a largo amount of 
 
 Is for want of trans- 
 
 oiintainouH country. 
 
 as Crab Orchard by 
 
 'ornment, deeply di.s. 
 
 Hiicll to destroy tliu 
 
 him from comniumi, 
 
 1. Jtosecrans to suo- 
 
 i.iralleok to tho chief 
 
 rces, Oen. Kosecraiis 
 
 nand under Urant in 
 
 Alabama. During 
 
 e in his department, 
 mco occurred there, 
 left luka in charge 
 
 nth WiHconsin, Im 
 tho enemy's niove- 
 ilurphy tiisgiaeefully 
 itting a large amount 
 hands of the enemy, 
 shortly occujiied tlio 
 ng ml.ised of thi.s, 
 men to Jturnsyillii 
 north, while Uo.se. 
 sd his two divisions 
 11th, reaahed Jaeiiito 
 lorniiig of tho linli, 
 ilvised, Oen. (Jrant 
 of luka, and aft<r a 
 ime within two miles 
 ^ne division, llamil- 
 en and one battery 
 advance. The rebels 
 long a deep ravine, 
 md behind the crest 
 ! of tho gi-ound pre- 
 any extended line, 
 ntuined by a single 
 are than three times 
 Ifnioii battery, tlie 
 by the relwla after 
 thereof had fallen, 
 issession, and tlieii 
 g down on tho small 
 JHtening it with en- 
 I division came up, 
 p.") could Iw .sent to 
 inilton from being 
 n, commanding the 
 n, in a desperate 
 the battery. Tho 
 , and precipitating 
 nished force, again 
 nienl of the enemy 
 <1 th<i battle thus 
 3 road. For three 
 by the f)th Iowa, 
 iri, when darkness 
 then laid down on 
 siiew the stnipglo 
 rd failed to arrive 
 •oad, as had Ijcen 
 arrived within 4 
 itcnl the sound of 
 lid not hear. The 
 ipidly toward and 
 iiy fled therefrom, 
 ids for 2;") miles, 
 ) btutt to bo over- 
 
 taken. Thu total Union loss in this allair 
 was 782— lU killed, ftllH wounded ami 40 
 niissinj;. The n^bel loss was 1,4;!8, about 
 WU being killed and wouuiIcmI. 
 
 I'riee, Van |)()rii, and J^i.vell now iiniteil 
 tliiir entire fiirees, and loneentnitiHl on Kose- 
 oians at (Jorinth before he could receive re- 
 infiireeinents. The latter, though conscious 
 of bi'ing outnumlxjied, ivlied upon the charac- 
 ter of his troops and upon tho strength ()f 
 his position, having erected works within the 
 old and too extensive fortifications of Meaure- 
 ganl. Hamilton commanded his right, Davies 
 the centre, and McKean the left, whilt! three 
 regiments under Col. Oliver |)roceeded to meet 
 the .'bels advancing on tho C'hewalla rimtl. 
 (Jn the .'Id October, at 7 A..V,, the right of the 
 enemy under Lovell was encounterml thereon, 
 and during the day was engaged with a por- 
 tion of McKean's and Davies' divisions, who 
 nt'ler considerable fighting gave! ground, when 
 night compelled a pause in the engagement, 
 and the Union army was drawn back within 
 the town. At daylight the tight was re- 
 opened by the lire of a rebel battery plantcKl 
 (luiiiig the night 200 yards from the Union 
 works covering the Chewalla road. Shells 
 were thro\vn into Corinth, causing a general 
 consternation of the non-combatants therein. 
 Ilatteries on both sides now 0|)ened, but no 
 rebel infantry were visible till 9 A..M., when 
 heavy columns suddenly ])oured out fioin the 
 woods east of tho railroad, moving U|) the 
 Holivar road by division.s, and opened out in 
 the shape of a monstrous wedge, I'riee being on 
 tho left and Van Dorn on the right. The ad- 
 vaueing masses were torn by the shot and shell 
 (if tho whole line of Union batteries, but they 
 still pressed forward within musk(^t range, 
 with faces averted like men advancing against 
 a iliiving storm of hail. They njached the 
 hill in front and right of the battery, called 
 l'"(irt Kichardson, wlnn-o Oen. Davie.s' Union 
 division gave way beftu-e them. (Jen. l.ose- 
 cransatonco rallied it by liLs gallant exanii)le, 
 but his headcpiarters were seized by tlu! ad- 
 vancing foe, who poured their tiro from it 
 upon the Union troops on tho opposite side 
 (if till- public .s()uare. Hamilton's veterans 
 MOW fell back, and the ridiels seized Fort 
 liieliardson, killing its commander. Sudden- 
 ly, the .'ilith Illinois, concealed in a ravine near 
 it, rose and charged, driving the foe in wild 
 confusion back and out of the works. The 
 whole Union line now rallied an.i advanced, 
 and shortly the rebel legions of I'riee, with 
 broken lines, demoralized and fugitive, were 
 pursued down tho hill, into the marsh and j 
 forests adjacent. Van Dorn, who had faileil ; 
 in the all-important work of attacking simul- 
 taneously with I'riee, now desperately at-: 
 tempted to Ciirry Kort Uobinett. Two of his 
 l)riga(h«, led by a brave Ti^xan, Col. Kogi^rs, ' 
 advanced through a terrible fire from both i 
 that batteiy and Fort Williams, a hundred and ; 
 fifty yards distant, and then i)ressed onward i 
 within range of a deva.stating musketry, tillj 
 they reachi'd the ditch. Itogers, with tho 
 reVjel Hag in his hand, leaped this and planted 
 his stauilard on the ramparts, and then fell 
 (L>ad into tho ditch, with his banner. The 
 five Texans who accom|)anied him fell i^orpses 
 into the fort. The Ohio brigade, C(d. Fuller, 
 tlii'u rose and delivered six volleys in sueees- 
 liion and cleared the front of the enemy. Tho 
 supporting rcbol bii<{ade uuwudvuucediui the 
 
 first had done, and made a rush up(m tho (i.'id 
 Ohio, who were ready to receive them. A 
 terrific hand-to-hand combat ensued of searre- 
 ly a niinnte, during which the uproar was 
 hideous and the carnage dreadful of the mad- 
 dened eombatants, who used bayimets, elnbbed 
 muskets, and even their lists, in their rage. 
 This was the final struggle. Tho rel els 
 then flung away their arms and fled, pursued 
 to tho woods by tho lltli Missouri and 27th 
 Ohio. 
 
 Tho Union forces engaged in this fight 
 numbered l."t,700 ; those of the rebels, .'18,000. 
 (ien. .Mcl'herson, arriving at ('oriiith with live 
 fresh regiments from (ien. (Jrant, now pressed 
 after the retreating enemy, who was struck 
 by another division from (Jen. < Jrant, under 
 Ord, at the Hatehie Kiver, and narrowly es- 
 caped destruction, (ien. lioseerans now fol- 
 lowc'd Meriierson to liipley with most of his 
 army, eager to pursue and capture the demor- 
 alized enemy ; but he was direetecl liy (Jen. 
 (Jrant to desist and return to Corinth, where 
 he remained until the 2.">th October, when 
 lie \vas directed to rejiort at Cincinnati, to 
 tak(! command of the Army of the Ohio and 
 Department of th(^ Cumberland, superseding 
 Huell. (icn. Hosecrans reported his total loss 
 at (^'orinth and in the subse(nn'nt pursuit at 
 2,:i.')!)— :!1.") killed, 1,H|2 wounded, and 232 
 missing. TIk^ reb(4 loss was 1,I2U killed, 
 r),<)'J2 wounded, and 2,248 prisoners. 1 4 flags, 
 2 guns, and a large number of small arms 
 were among th(^ T'ni(ui trophi(.'S. 
 
 ( »n the 22(1 September a proclamation from 
 tim President of the United States appeared, 
 abolishing slavery in all the States that shouhl 
 b(? in rebellion on thcj 1st January, 18(13. 
 Hitherto the war had been prosecuted, on the 
 part of tli(' Union, with the desire and ex- 
 pectation that it would be clos(vl without 
 seriously disturbing the institution of slavery ; 
 and most of tho commanding army oHicers, 
 especially those educated at West I'oint, be- 
 lieving that slavery should be protected under 
 the Federal ('onstitution, imbued their orders 
 with this spirit. 
 
 Gen. Iiutler early declared tho slaves t(} be 
 contraband of war — a most wholesome posi- 
 tiiin ; and shortly afterwards (Jen. Fremont is- 
 sued his nieniorablo (ieiieral Order, conliscat- 
 ing the property of the enemy, real and [wrson- ' 
 al, to t he public u.se. anil d( ilii ling'" t Ik ir slaves, 
 if any they have, free men," which was order- i 
 ed by the I'resident to be modilic^d to accord 
 with the act of Congress of Aug. (i. IStil, 
 whereby only slaves used for militaiy pur|)oses 
 were so freed. On May '.•, (!en. Hunter, com- 
 manding at Hilton Head, in a general ordi^r 
 declared free the slaves of the three States of; 
 (Jeorgia, Floriila, and SdUth Carolina, em- 
 braced within his Department, which order; 
 was shortly rescinded by the I'resident. (Jens. 
 Halleck, liiiell, and Met 'lellan were especially 
 imbued with a [uo slavery feeling, and many 
 instances of cruel slave-hunting were tolerat- 
 ed by them within their lines, even after the' 
 time when the anti-negro prejudice of a ])or- 
 tion of thi^ Union rank and file had lieen con- 
 verted by experience near tho fields of slav- 
 ery into a hearty desire fur its abolition. On ' 
 July 7, I8t)2, directly after his retreat from 
 the Chickahominy, (ien. McClellan indited 
 a letter to the rresideiit, recommending a 
 policy which he thmiglit j-hould be adopleil, the 
 chief fuutureo of which were, no contiscatiou of , 
 
 the property of tlu? enemy, and no emancipa- 
 tion of their slaves. Hut the )iublic lindwas 
 now slowly and steadily gravilatiii towards 
 the conclusiiin that the Kebellion was vulner- 
 able chiefly thriuigh slav(ny, and that tin! latter 
 was distined to fall with the (|Uelliiig of tho 
 fiMiiier. I'risident Lincoln, anxious that tho 
 Union should retain its hold on the border 
 Slave .Slates, in his first annual message had 
 proposed, and Congress had appropriated 
 j( 100,000 towards asystemofeiil(inization,aii(l 
 a few wn^tched blacks were taken to Cow Is- 
 land, a sandspit near Hayti, in coiise(|uence. 
 
 On June 111, 18t)2, tlu^ I'resident approved 
 tho act, which had passed Congress, liy which 
 slavery was abolished and prohibited in (ncry 
 territory of the Union. This Congress, tho 
 .'i7th, also passed a bill to punish otiicers and 
 privates of llu! army for arresting, ('etaining, 
 or (hdivering jiersons claimed as fugitive 
 slaves. It al.so ub dished slavery in tht' J>is- 
 tri(^t of Columbia, and enacted a bill confis- 
 cating the slaves of the rebels; and in accord- 
 ance with the suggestion of I'resident Lincoln, 
 ]U'o|iose(l to co-operate, by jieeuniary c<uiipen- 
 sati(Mi, with any Stal(! which might adopt tho 
 gradual abolishment of slavery. Further im- 
 portant liills, all tending towards the destruc- 
 tion of shivery, and stubbornly contested, were 
 passed. One establishing diplomatic inter- 
 course with Liberia and Hayti; oik? re(piir- 
 ing e(|uality in education and )Mini.shinent 
 between whites and blacks ill the schools of 
 the District of Columbia; oik; concc'ding tho 
 right of search on the African coast. The fugi- 
 tive slave act was also repealed ; continenient 
 of sus|)ecled slaves in Federal jails, the hold- 
 ing of slaves (Ui national vessels, and the coast- 
 wise slave trade, wi-re forbidden, and color 
 was declared no impediment to giving testi- 
 mony. 
 
 On the day appointed, Jan. 1, 18(13, when at 
 length he saw tliat the time had arrived for 
 him, both as comniamh'r of the armies, and as 
 a civil magistrate, to strike .slavery, I'resident 
 Ijincoln consummated the great event of tho 
 nineteenth century, and issued his nieniorablo 
 I'roclamation of Freedom. 
 
 During November, 18(12, Morgan, Wheeler, 
 and other rebel leaders of cavalry, made sev- 
 eral small raids upon the I'nion rear and sup- 
 ply trains in Ko.seeian.s' departnienf, at Mitch- 
 ellsville, Lavergne, Noleiisville, and other 
 places, being speedily driven away, in most 
 cases, by Union forces. On Dee. 7, Col. A. B, 
 ,Moore, lOtth Illinois, was surprised and cap- 
 tured at Hartsville by Moiyan, at the head 
 of 1,,")00 cavalry, his own force, carelessly 
 disposed, lieing about that nuinlier. Dec. II, 
 Wheeler attacked a Uniiui biigade under 
 Col. Stanley .Matthews, which was fiuaging 
 between Nashville and Murfiecsboro, but was 
 gallantly driven off. 
 
 At the clos(! of December, (ien. lioseerans, 
 having reorganized at NashvilU; th(f army to 
 whose coniniaiid he succeeded, and secured his 
 communications, ])roceeded to move against 
 the enemy under Bragg, who bad now reap- 
 peared in his front at Miiifreesboro. On 
 Dec. 2il, his three grand divisions, iho right 
 under (icn. McCook, the centre under (!en. 
 Thomas, and the left commanded by (leu. 
 Crittenden, moved on the roads leading .south 
 and south-west from Nashville. On tho 20th 
 the enemy was discovered in jiosition along 
 tho blutl'ti uci'ubb ^toue iiivcr, near ^lurfreuK- 
 
B70 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 [I'llj:! 
 
 ;M f: 
 
 boro. llurkcr's brigHilo of (-'rittendeli's di 
 vision croKscil tlio river uiuiur tlie ornmooiis 
 iiifi)iiimti()ii tliiit the foo wiiH rctrciiting, mid 
 making ii giilliint iIiikIi, drovo buck a rcbol 
 I'fgiiiii'nt, but diHcovering tliiit Ureckiuridgc's 
 ontiro rorps was in that neighborhood, llur- 
 ker witlulri'w \vilho\it hiss. 
 
 On Ih'c. ;i(i, tlio Union army, aino\inting 
 to about 40,000, took position near Htonu 
 Kivcr, a iittio wont of Murfreesboro, along a 
 lino of tlireo or four miles and about half 
 a milo from the ri'bel lines. The right of 
 the hitter rested on and across the river, 
 which WHS fordabli^ at uU (loints, although 
 heavy rains were now falling. Gen. Jolin- 
 .son commanded the right of .SicCook's divi- 
 sion, (!en. Davis the centre, and Gen. She- 
 ridan the left. Ujion this division, at 7 a.m., 
 Dec. 31, the enemy under Hardee, secondeil 
 by lSisbo|i Polk and McCown's division, burst 
 from the thickets. They instantly crushed its 
 extreme right, capturing its gun.i, and u large 
 portion of the men. Davis's connnnnd wiui 
 then sti-uck by them, and pressed back in 
 confusion over the field. A concentrated 
 assault wivs then made upon the lines of 
 .Sheridan and Davis, who ut this point re- 
 j)ulsed several determined attacks on their 
 front, during one of wliich, while leading a 
 Buccessful charge. Gen. J. VV. Sill wius killed. 
 The rebel columns then bore down heavily 
 on Sheridan's Hank, compelling him to move 
 towai (Is Negley on the centre. Halting, he 
 placed his butteries and troo|>8 at a strong 
 ])oint facing south and west. Dense masses 
 of the enemy now assailed his position and 
 three times were they compelled to full back, 
 when his unnnunition wus e-xhausted. The 
 rebels triumphantly pressed on, reaching a 
 position which gave them un advantugeons 
 tire on Thomas's corps. At 1 1 a.m. the 
 greater portion of McCook's command had 
 been rovited, and several batteiies of the 
 enemy were concentmteil on Xegley's divi- 
 sion of Thomas's corps, compelling him to 
 recoil. At this juncture, (ien. Uosecrans, 
 ap[)ri.sed of his disaster, pushed np (ien. 
 Jiousseaii with the reserves ond Van Cleve's 
 tlivision from the left to withstand the tri- 
 umphant progress of the enemy at this point. 
 Xnn L'leve having fallen, he led in person a 
 charge of the hitter's troops, which repelled the 
 rebel advance. Kousseuu then des|ierately 
 churged the enemy in his front and jiiessed 
 tliem back into the cedar woods, taking many 
 prisoners. The ground here taken was held, 
 and the concentration of the Union butteries 
 at. this ])oint of the line re|ielled every rebel 
 advance with great slauglit<'r. On the recoil- 
 ing of Negley, I'ahner's division, the right 
 of the Union left wing, retired for a space 
 to uvoid a rel)el tlank advance, while llazen, 
 commanding the left extremity, fell buck to u 
 low wooded hill between the Na.shville road 
 and tlio railroad, which he held till the battle 
 ended. Gen. Wood, commanding the divi.sion 
 of the left in front of Hreckinriilge, nobly 
 held his ground through the day, conanand- 
 iug in |)erson till evening, though severely 
 woumleil in the foot early in the day. 
 AVliile tho rebel attack was being concen- 
 trated on I'ulmer's and Wood'.s divisions, 
 Gen. Itosecrans visited that portion of the 
 line, ancl by his directions and encourag''- 
 nii lit created great entliusiasm here, us el.se- 
 wliero during tho day, umunj' tho Union 
 
 troops. And here his chief of staff, Garesch6, 
 was struck and decapitated while riding at 
 his side, by a shell from the enemy. 
 
 The (lay closed, leiiviiig the Unionists mas- 
 ters of the original ground, but with ii heavy 
 loss in killed and wounded, and '2S iiieces 
 of artillery in the hands of the enemy. 
 Throughout tho following day, Now Year's 
 day, both armies maintained their respective 
 positions, with some artillery tiring, while 
 both were engaged in constructing now de- 
 fences. The rebel cavalry had already ot- 
 tacked the Union line of communication, 
 cutting off his sti|iplies and ammunition, but 
 (Jen. IJosecrans determined to stay and give 
 battle in the sanio spot with what ammuni- 
 tion he had. At 8 a.m., Jan. 2, tho rebel 
 batteries opened fire in front of the Union 
 centre and left, under which Hascall's divi- 
 sion stitlered severely, but being spiritedly 
 replied to, after an half hour tho enemy 
 ceased to tire. At It r.M. , three grand 
 columns of as.sault, comprising tho entire 
 rebel right wing, under lireckinridgo, bore 
 down upon that [lortion of Van Cleve's divi- 
 sion which had been sent across the stream 
 iluring the morning. In a 1. 'v momenta, 
 both tho lirst and second Union lines were 
 swept back by tho overwhelming advance, 
 until within cover of tifty-eight cannon 
 massed by Uosecrans on an eminence. With 
 thi.s terrible battery ho entiladed tho rebel 
 columns as they approached, while tho divi- 
 sions of Negley and Jell". U. Davis pressed 
 forward to tho rescue. In turn, tho enemy 
 was now hurled back, tho Union forces 
 charging them with loud cheers for half a 
 mile, capturing four of their guns and a 
 large number of jirisoncrs. Darkness and 
 rain prevented extensive pursuit, but Crit- 
 ti^nden's entire corps passed over the stream, 
 and with Davis's division occupied the 
 ground which was thus won. Tho next day 
 was [Hissed in quiet, beneath a pouring rain. 
 At 1 1 P.M. thereof, Bragg steilMiily evacuated 
 ilurfreesboro, his retreat not being discovered 
 till too lute for eliective pursuit. During the 
 battle, the rebel cavalry under Wheeler passed 
 around the Union army, destroying a large 
 amount of its supplies at Lavergne, and re- 
 turning to cover Bragg's retreat on the 4th 
 and .'itli January. About the same period, 
 I'orrest, who hud bern sent by Bragg tocut the 
 Union eommuiiicutions in West Tennessee, 
 wus r(juted at I'urker's Cross-roads by Col. C. 
 I>. Dunham and (ien. J. C. Sullivan. Gen. J. 
 II. Morgan also made a simultaneous raid 
 into the heart of Kentucky, capturing Eliz- 
 ubethtown, inflicting considerable other 
 damage, and returning with little loss. On 
 the other hand, and also about the same 
 peri. 1(1, the Union Gen. II. Carter made a 
 successful raid from Winchester, Ky., into 
 East Tennessee. 
 
 Tho Union forces engaged in the battle of 
 Murfreesboro were about 40,000. Those 
 of tho enemy, about 00,000. The Union 
 loss was 1,533 killed, 7,24.'i wounded, with 
 about 2,S00 missing. The killed and 
 wounded of the enemy amounted to 14,.')00 
 men. 
 
 During the early months of 18C,3, numer- 
 ous raids and small engagements took place 
 in this department. In February, Gen. 
 Wheeler pniceudLMl, with 4,.')00 rebel cavalry | 
 from I'tunklin, as far us Dover, uuar i'ort , 
 
 Donelson, whero he was successfully resisted 
 by Col. A. C, Harding, with only (!00 men, 
 who held his ground till some gunbimls ar- 
 rived on the river and nsscued him. Wheeler 
 then returned to Franklin. On March 5, 
 1,300 Unionists under Col. John (.'obnrn, 
 being assailed by six brigades of lebel cav- 
 alry under Gen. Van Dorn, after a stout re- 
 sistance were compelled to surrender to (he 
 latter. March 20, Col. A. S. Hull with 
 1,323 men was assailed at Aliltou by the rebel 
 Cion. Morgan with a vostly superior force, 
 but being skilfully posted, defeated the latter. 
 On April 10, Van Dorn attacking (Jordon 
 Granger at Franklin, was also successfully 
 resisted. On April 29, Col. A. D. Streiglit 
 wus despatched by Gen. Kosecrans to the 
 rear of Gen. Bragg. Ho proceeded into 
 North-western Georgia, inflicting considera- 
 ble loss ou the rebels. Near Rome, after a run- 
 ning fight with Forrest for nearly 100 miles, 
 he was captured with his force, amount- 
 ing to 1,30.') men. Having been sent with 
 his officers to Libby prison, llichniond, ho 
 escaped therefrom to the Union lines about a 
 year ofterwords. 
 
 Tho capture of the important post of Vicks- 
 burg, commanding the navigation of the Mis- 
 sissippi, was the object of a plan inituited 
 by (ien. Grant at tho close of November, 
 18C2. Gen. Sherman was to move his army 
 from Memphis upon Vicksburg, while Gen. 
 Grant himself was to jirevent the enemy at 
 Jackson City from reinforcing the place. On 
 November 28th, Gen. Grant moved through 
 Holly Springs to Oxford, making tho former 
 j)lace his temporary depot of supplies, and 
 leaving it in charge of Col. R. C. Murphy, 8th 
 Wisconsin, with 1,000 men. On December 
 20th, this commander unnecessarily surren- 
 dered the place, with some 2,000 men, includ- 
 ing a large hospital full of sick and wounded, 
 and $4,000,000 worth of property, to the 
 rebel Gen. Van Dorn, who shortly burned 
 the latter. By this disaster the co-operation 
 of Gen. Grant in the expedition against Vicks- 
 burg became impossible. Ho was compelled 
 to fall back to Grand Junction and thence to 
 Memphis, while the rebel Gen. I'endleton ut 
 Granada was left free to reinforce Vick.s- 
 burg, where ho shortly took the command. 
 Gen. Sherman left Memphis on the 20th De- 
 cember with 30,000 men, and on the 20tli en- 
 tered the Yazoo, and ascended it to Johnston's 
 Landing, near Haines' Blutt'. Here he disem- 
 barked his army, ond moved down on Vicks- 
 burg. On the 2Cth, tho gunboats of Com. 
 I'orter opened fire upon the batteries on the 
 Bluff, and during Jlie 27th and 28th the army 
 pressed forward towards the city, nolwiili- 
 stauding tho ground and obstacles to traverse 
 were of a most difficult nutiire. Gen. Bluir' 
 brigade wus debarked between Gen. Morgan's 
 and Gen. M. L. Smith's division, and accom|)u- 
 uied by two rc-iments of Morgnn, crossed, be- 
 neath a lieavy fire of artillery, the Chickasaw 
 bayou, where an intricate abattis covered both 
 banks, between which was a quicksand l)e(l of 
 300 feet in width, with 1.") feet of water, 3 feet 
 deep in its middle. He then carried two lines 
 of rifle-pits at the base of the centre hill, on 
 which tlie city lay ; Thayer's and De Courcey's 
 brigades also shared in this |ierilons assault. 
 But the city was inqiregnable, and the storm- 
 ing party was forceil to retiri!, Blair's brigade 
 losing 030 men, Thayer's 111, Muigau's di- 
 
a succpssfully rosiototl 
 ;, with only (iOO mon, 
 ill Honio KtiiiLoiits ar- 
 cscMied him. Whoeler 
 nkliii. On Mitich 5, 
 (.'ill. John (.'ohiini, 
 irigailc'S of rebel ciiv- 
 )orn, nftor h stuiit re- 
 il to siirrcndur to fhu 
 ol. A. S. Hall with 
 at Milton by tho rebel 
 vastly 8ii|)erior force, 
 u»l, flofoiilcd the latter. 
 )ru attacking Gordon 
 was nlso successfully 
 >, Col. A. 1). Streight 
 in. Kosecmns to tho 
 IIo proceeded into 
 , inflicting considera- 
 foarKonie.aftcriirun- 
 for nearly 100 miles, 
 1 his force, anuiunt- 
 lying been sent with 
 )rison, liichmond, lio 
 
 Union lines about a 
 
 portant post of Vicks- 
 lavigation of the Mis- 
 t of a plan initiaU'd 
 
 close of November, 
 ■as to move liis arnjy 
 icksbiirg, while Oeii. 
 irevcnt tho enemy at 
 orcing the place. On 
 • rant moved through 
 J, making tho former 
 pot of supplies, and 
 3l. K. C. Murphy, 8th 
 men. On December 
 unnecessarily siirrcii- 
 ne 2,000 men, indiid- 
 )f sick and wounded, 
 of property, to the 
 wlio shortly b\irned 
 ster the co-operation 
 idition against Vieks- 
 llo was comjielled 
 notion and thence to 
 3l Gen. Pendleton at 
 to reinforce Vick.s- 
 took tho command, 
 phis on the 20th De- 
 
 and on the2(')th cn- 
 iided it to Johnston's 
 utt". Here he diseni- 
 ved down on Vicks- 
 
 1 gunboats of Com. 
 the batteries on the 
 li and 28th the army 
 
 tho city, notwith'- 
 jbstacles to traverse 
 iture. Gen. IJluii' 
 veen Gen. Morgan's 
 lision, and accompa- 
 ^lorgan, crossed, bc- 
 lery, the Chick«.saw 
 ibattis covered both 
 a quicksand bed of 
 feet of water, ;) feet 
 en carried two lines 
 
 the centre hill, on 
 '» and De Courcey's 
 lis jieriloHs as.«ault. 
 ble, and the storm- 
 ire, Ulair's brigade 
 
 111, Morjjau's di- 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Icissiit 207. (Jen. Hheniian now saw that tl 
 tiisk of reducing the city wa.s liopclc.sH, anil 
 liiiving bulled his dead un<l('r a Hag of truce, 
 III' riM'Uibai ki'd his ai my and waK about start- 
 ing for .Milliken's IJcnd, wluMi he was supcr- 
 hi'ili'il by < ien. .Met 'lernand. 
 
 The latter shortly proceeded with his forces, 
 accompanied by Admiral Porter with his gun- 
 boat.s, >ip White Kiver, and thence to tho Ar- 
 kansiis, towards Fort Kindman, or Arkansas 
 Post, which was tho key to tho e.xtensivo coun- 
 try whence rebel f(u-ces were constantly sent to 
 operate on the Mississippi River, and was coni- 
 mandeil by Col. Churchill, On the 9tli Janu- 
 ary, Mct.'leniand arrived at a bend of the 
 Arkansas, three miles frcmi the fort, where, 
 tliDugli furioiisly bombarded, he shortly lanil- 
 ctl, and exp(!nded the remainder of the day in 
 investing the relnd works, the forces at night 
 lying on their arms, without fires or tents, in 
 position for a general assault the next morn- 
 iag. At daylight the Union gunboats moved 
 up to within four hundred yards of thu fort 
 and iii)eued fire, to which tho latter re|)lied. 
 Hut the united fire of tho land and river bat- 
 teries gradually overwhelmed that of the fort, 
 and at 3 i'..M. had entirely silenced it. In the 
 nii'uiiwhilo, several partial attempts were made 
 by the Union forccis to scale and carry it by 
 assault, which failed, the division of A. J. 
 Smith bearing the brunt of tho conllict there- 
 in. (Jen. Mct'lernand now ordertul a general 
 assault, but before it was ellccted, a white flag 
 w;is raised from the ramparts. Seven stand 
 of ciilors, 5,000 prisoners, 17 cannons, 3,000 
 .small arms, and hirgu cpiantities of munitions 
 were the fruits of this victory. The total 
 Union loss was 977. Having destroyed the 
 works, (Jen. McClernaiul returned to ^lilli- 
 ki'u's Hend. About this time the Union rams 
 (jiieni of thf West and Luiianola were cap- 
 tured by tho rebels, but tho latter being de- 
 ceived by a counterfeit ram, made of a tlat- 
 boiit, with smoke-stacks of pork-barrels and 
 furnaces of mud, sent floating down tho river 
 by ( 'om. Porter from above Vicksburg, they 
 blew up tho IntUanola and hurried the Queen 
 lip till! Red Kiver. 
 
 (Jen. CJrant now assumed the immediate 
 (■fimmand of all tho forces of his department, 
 concentrating them towards the last of tho 
 iiiontli at Milliken's Bend and Young's Point, 
 
 577 
 
 vision 875, and Stuart's brigade fi.'^ ; a total ; encountering snngs and fallen trees, and tho I McClernand ailvanctng on tho right, and 
 
 ~ ■•• - ■ - •• Ohterhaus on the left, engaged tho enemy 
 
 brfore I'lPi't (jlibson. The relwds were de- 
 flated witli heavy loss, and pursued (owards 
 till! latter pliice. As tho Union iirmv ud- 
 vaiioed, I'ort (iibson and Grand (iulf Were in 
 turn ivaiMiated by the enemy. 
 
 Gen. Grant had expected to remain sonio 
 time at (Jrand Gulf, to co-operate with (Jen. 
 Hunks in the reduction of Port Hudson, but 
 tho latt*!r bail not yet invested that place. 
 (Jen. Grant accordingly changed his plans, and 
 boldly resolved to march rapidly against tho 
 superior forces of the enemy and iM'at them 
 in detail. Ho accordingly at onci; I'uipati'bed 
 McPherson's corps to the northia i, while 
 Shennan and MetJlernand followed the Hlack 
 River, the three divisions l«'ing w.iliin sup- 
 |iortiiig distance of each other. On May 12, 
 Mcpherson encoinitered a force of the enemy 
 near Raymond, shortly driving them through 
 the latter jdace after a spirited battle; the 
 Union loss being 142, and that of the n'bels 
 lO.'l killed, with 720 wo\iinled and prisoners. 
 The enemy then retreated towards Jackson, 
 the ca])ital of Missis.-,ippi, losing heavily in 
 prisoners. On May 14, after a heavy rain, 
 JlcPherson came up with a strong force of 
 them under Gen. W. H. T. Walker, who 
 made a stand before Jackson. Tho whole 
 I'nion line then swept forward in jierfect 
 array, and drove tho enemy within range of 
 the guns which formed the ilefences of Jackson, 
 while the Union batteries poured a deadly 
 tire into the routed nuusses. Thus pressed 
 by Mcl'herson, and threatened in the flank 
 by the other Union commanders, the enemy 
 aliandoned the Slate capital. l.ea\ing Gen. 
 Sherman here to destroy the railroads and 
 military factories of the enemy, (Jen. Grant 
 moved the rest of his troops westward ti> 
 wards Kd wards' Station, as (jen. Jo. Johnston, 
 now commanding the rebel dejiaitment, bad 
 ordered Pemberton to march out from Vicks- 
 burg and a.s.sail tlie Union rear. Learning 
 that the force of the enemy thus threatening 
 him was near Champion Hills, and 2;i,000 
 strong, (Jen. Grant concentrat«il his army 
 with great rapidity near Kdwanl.-s' Station, 
 and ordered Sherman to leave Jackson at 
 once and hasten forward to that rendezvous. 
 On tho llith May, Hovey's division of 
 McClernand's corps, and McPherson's corps, 
 with the exce]>tion of Ransom's division, 
 were drawn \ip before the enemy ; but Gen. 
 Grant delayed the nrder of attack till he 
 could hear from McClernand, wlm bad not 
 yet arrived with the rest of hisdivisiuns. At 
 11 A.M. the battle was precipitated by tho 
 enemy upon Hovey, who for hours gallantly 
 resisted su|ienor numbers. While ho was 
 thus contesting the ground, Logan's division 
 winked around to the loft and rear of tho 
 rebels, and so weakened their efforts against 
 Hovey, that he finally ordered a charge, 
 under which they gave way and disappeared 
 over the ridge. The jmrsuit was continued 
 till after dark. In this victory 1,000 pris- 
 oners and two batteries were captured by 
 
 of 1,731. Gen. I'emberton reported his totaL boughs of standing ones, and making a pro- 
 gress of less than a ipiaiter of a mile an lioui'. 
 .Vt the village of (ireenwood, near the jiilie- 
 tion of the Tallahiitcbie with the ^'allabuMia, 
 the rebels, alriady infoniied of the expedi- 
 tion, liiid erected works, cniiinianiling the Tal- 
 lahatchie's channel. l>uring .March llttli and 
 I'tth tho Union gunboats endeavored to si- 
 lence these batteries, but without success, 
 wliere\ipon this expedition retinned, and this 
 route was also abamloned. Gen. (jiant then 
 made an attempt to reach the rear of tho bat- 
 terh'S on Haines' liluff, by the Sunflower Riv- 
 er, Steele's Itayou, and tho Yazoo. Similar 
 difficulties to those of the former routes were 
 exiierienced in this one, and it was also given 
 up. 
 
 It was now determined to run tho gun- 
 boats and transports pa.st tho rebel batteries, 
 which extended for eight miles along the 
 Mississippi, and to march the army by an 
 inland route to New Carthage, below Vicks- 
 burg. On March 2.">, (Jen. McClernand 
 started from Milliken's Ik-nd with tho l.'Jth 
 Army Corps, directly followed by Gen. 
 McPlier.soii with tho 17th. Tho roads were 
 extremely bad, mostly covered with water, 
 or mere beds of deep mud, and tlie advance 
 was very slow and laborio\i8. On approach- 
 ing New Carthage, it was foiiiul that a break 
 in the levee uniting the Mississippi with the 
 Rnyoii Viilal, had transformed tho village site 
 into an island. Gen. (Jrant then decided to 
 strike the river at Perkins, twelve miles 
 farther ; and, upon arriving at the latter 
 place and finding a want of tran.s|)ortation, 
 tho army marched to Hard Times, seventy 
 miles from Milliken's IJend. On the night 
 of April It), eight gunboats, under (.'om. 
 Porter, moved down the river in single file. 
 When fairly opposite the city they were 
 heavily fired uiion. They promptly responded, 
 and finally eflectcd a passage unharmed. 
 Three transports then followed the gunboats, 
 two being destroyed liy the fire of the enemy, 
 and one, the Silver M'uve, passing unscathed. 
 On tho night of April 22, six more transports 
 were sent down, shielded by twelve forage 
 barges. The whole fleet, with the exception 
 of the trans]iort I'iijresn, and half of the 
 barges, passed in .safety. 
 
 On the 2'Jtli April, Com. Porter made a 
 naval attack on t!ie rebel batteries of Cirand 
 
 with the imrpose of proceeding below Vicks- ! (!ulf; but after five hours' bonibardiiHnt, 
 burg and ailvancing upon it from tho south. ' seeing that the works could not be reduced 
 I'or six weeks he employed his army in en- from the water. Gen. Grant decidrd to dis 
 il'avoring to complete the cmal which (Jen. ] contiinie the assault. The gunboats and 
 Williams had failed in cutting the year before transjiorts then ran the firand Gulf batteriis 
 across the bend of the Mississippi at Young's without injury, while the army marched 
 
 down the Louisiana bank to n jioint oii]iosite 
 Rruinsburgh. On A[>ril 30, Gen. MeCler- 
 
 I'oiiit, and liy which he pio)ioseil to jiass be- 
 low Vick.sburg. F'ailing in this ])rojeot, he at- 
 
 teiiipted to o])en another route, through Lake nand's corps was pushed forward towards 
 
 Providence, Swan Lake, the Tensas, Plaek 
 and Red rivers, which latter effects a junction 
 with the Mississippi below Natchez. The 
 Mississippi floods opened this route for a -short 
 )ieriod, when thev fell, and it also had to be 
 
 Port (Jilison, in the rear of Grand (Julf, and 
 found the enemy posted on two roads, about 
 four miles from tho former idace. While 
 Grand Gulf was being thus invented. Gen. 
 Sherman executed a fx'int agains,; the rebe 
 
 abandoned, Gen. CJi-nnt now made a third | works at Haines' PlnfT, by landiig his troops 
 
 trial to flank the Vicksburg ilefences on the ' as if to storm, and thus prevent'-d Pemberton, j the Unionists. Tho Union loss was aljout 
 eastern side of the Mississipiii, l.")0 miles north 'commanding at Vicksburg, from reinforcing | 2,. ')00, that of Hovey's division alone being 
 of Vick.sburg, through Moon Lake, by the (Add- 'Grand Gulf. Having acci nijilished this, 1,202— one-third of its force. At daylight 
 Water and Tallahatchie rivers, thence by the ! Sherman sent Blair's divisi )n to Milliken's ! oi\ the 17th, the jpursuit of the enemy was 
 Yazoo to the Mississippi. ."ijOOO of his forces ' Bend as a garrison, and liurri,-d the remainder renewed, and AlcClernand, in the advanne, 
 under Gen. Ross, in transports, accompanied of his army down the west bank of the Mis- soon overtook them strongly posted- mh both 
 by seven gunboats, attempted this piUi.s»ge, ' sissijud to join Gen. Grant. On May 1st, ; sides of the Black Uivcr. On the west they 
 
 as 
 
S78 
 
 HISTORY OY T TI T! 
 
 V \'''l 
 
 rested upon n wooilcd bliitf, mid on tli« i'a«t 
 upon an open bottom, which wiw protected 
 by a Hhallcuv, inuildy l)»\iiu. Aci'ohh tliin 
 t)iivi)ii,amidnt sfiot and nIii'11, Iinwlcr'H bi'iiradu 
 of Ciirr'K division churgt'd so Niiddciily >i|"m 
 tlio niciiiy, "ith llxcil bayoiictn, that tli« 
 wlioli" fiiiTP thoro wcrt) routed, and Hod acrons 
 tlin railroad bridge and temporary army 
 bridge over the lliat'k, leaving 1^ gium and 
 l,r)0(l prisoners. Tho rebels on the westi'm 
 Hide then burned theso bridges, and retreati'd 
 towarcU Vioksbiirg. Hheruian now reached 
 BriflgepriH, and crossed tho ri* er by pontoons, 
 ■whilu MoCli.'rnand and Mcl'liersoii built lloat- 
 ing bridgen during tho night. 
 
 On tho IHth the whole army was closing 
 in on Vicksbnrg. On (lie lidh Shennan's 
 right reached tho Mississippi, within view of 
 tho Union gunboats, and llaiiies' liliiir was 
 haHtily evacuated by the enemy. On the 
 samo day, at L' I'.M., th(^ army moved to tho 
 assault of the pljico vnider a terrible fire, but 
 only H portion of Sherman's corps, Ilhiir's 
 division, gained any advantage, and at night 
 tho troops were recalled. Tho two following 
 days wore devoted to bringing up the sup- 
 plies, and at 10 A.M. on tiio 2L'd another 
 grand assault was attempted, which, though 
 gallantly and diwperately essayed fin- hours, 
 ivsnlted mainly in the slaughter of the I'nioii 
 forces at all points. The Union loss was aggra- 
 vated by a coutiinianco of tho assaidt, result- 
 ing from (icn. McCleruand's overestiiuating 
 tho successes of thu Union troops at his por- 
 tion of the line. 
 
 Vickiiburg was now completely invested ; 
 on tho Mississippi by I'orter's lleet of gun- 
 boats, of which, howi'ver, one, tho ('inrimi'it!, 
 was sunk on the L'7th by the rebel batteries; 
 aiul on the cast by <<en. (Jrant, whose rear 
 was protected from any attack of .Ii)linston's 
 forces by tho IJig ISIack Uiver, and by a large 
 force under (ien. Sherman detaih'd to waleh 
 that rebel leader. l);iy by day, the Union- 
 ists do:; their way towarils Vicksburg, ami 
 soon reached positions whence shells couhl 
 be thrown into the city. On the 2r)th a 
 mine was sprung, shattiM-ing one of thi> rebel 
 forts opposite the I'liion centre and a bloodv 
 struggle ensued for its possession, which re- 
 sult<'d in a Union vi<'tory. Thi^ncefurward 
 fort after fort of the outer works wa:i mined, 
 while counter-mines wen^ run by the enemy, 
 the op[iosing forces often hearing lh(^ so\ind 
 of each other'.s picks. At length, on tho .^(l 
 Jidy, after 4.') days of besiegement, having 
 been pressed by extreme famine and willioiit 
 hope of relief. Gen. l'emb:'rton proposed a 
 surrender, which was elfected on the 4lh ; hi.s 
 troops, some 27,000, being duly paroled ami 
 marched out of the lines, and the national 
 ensign hoisted over the city. 
 
 Immediately upon the surrender of Vicks- 
 bnrg, (len. Grant |>re.s,scd his army forward 
 to tho liig Black upon Johnston, who was 
 shortly driven into .Tack.son, and thence dur- 
 ing the night of July 1(1 acro.ss Pearl River, 
 throngli Bran<lon to Morton, jiursiuul by 
 Sherman as far as Brandon. During (lie 
 siege of Vicksburg, a Union force of 1,000 
 in(!n, mostly negroes, left in charge of Jlil- 
 liken's Bend, under Gen. E. S. Detniis, was 
 attacked by .1,000 rebuls from Bichmond, 
 La., under Gen. Henry McCuUoch, with 
 heavy and about eipnil loss to eacli .side. 
 Ifolona, Ark., well fortified, and under the 
 
 command of Uon. B. M. I'rentiiis, also was at- 
 tacked on the ltd July by Lieut, (ien. Holmes 
 with a force of about f<,000 rebels, jiiid wi(h 
 GeriH. I'l iee, {'arsons, ami .Marmaduke as sub- 
 ordinates. The rebcla were d<deated with the 
 heavy loss of l,(l,'t(i. 
 
 Outho2lth DecemlMT, Gen. Banks, c(mi- 
 nuinding tho Department of the (i\ilf, de- 
 spatched the 42d .Massachusetts, Col. Burrill, 
 to Galvesloii, Texas, I'ounnander Kenshaw 
 having held that place since Oct. 8, with 
 four steam gunbojits. On Jan. I, the rebel 
 (ieiii'ial .Magruder, connoamling in this re- 
 gion, uiadi' an assaidt upon the Massachu- 
 setts troops encampeil on the wharf, and 
 
 , recaptureil (he place, <"ol. Ilurrill and bis 
 L'lj.'i men being killnl or taken prisoiu'rs. In 
 co-operation with .Magruder, time powerfid 
 rebel rjiuis attacki'd the Union licet blockad- 
 ing the bay, anil after a short but lien e fight 
 eaptined the lliirr'nl Lniie, ami forced the 
 couuuanili'r of the llagship \ViKljii\il, Ben- 
 shaw, to blow her uji, in doing which he lost 
 his own lite. On Jan. 21, lSt;:t, the two 
 gunboats blockading the mouth of the Sabine 
 
 ; were attacked and captured, after a feeble 
 resistani'e, by two rebtd guidjoats fitted out 
 in the river above for tluit purpose. On Jan. 
 12, till' blockade of (Jalveston being re-estab- 
 lished under (.'om. Bell of the Jirnnkh/ti, he 
 despatched the gunboat I/iillernn, l.ieut.-Uom. 
 Blake, to overhaul a stranger in the olfing. 
 A]i|iroiiiliing the latter, B''ike discovered her 
 
 j to be the < 'oiifederato privateer . I A(/)«hii(, and 
 
 I at once attempted to close with and board 
 her, but the Jfiillrriin was sunk in tho at- 
 tempt, the crew being rescued by the victors. 
 On the lltli of January, Gen. Banks de- 
 spatched (!en. AVeitzel with a laml force of 
 4,;")00 men to Bayou Teche, tho artillery and 
 cavalry moving np tho bayoii by land, and 
 the inl'antry carried on four gunboats under 
 Com. .McICean Buchanan. .\t Carney's 
 Bridge, the enemy, about 1,100 strong, was 
 attacked and beaten on the lltli, and the 
 rebel gunboat Ciitliiti near that place was so 
 iliMablcd, that she was fired and destroyed by 
 her commander. The Union loss was about 
 :^0, among tho killed being tho gallant Bu- 
 chanan. 
 
 The next niotitli was occu|)ied by Gen. 
 lianks in attempting to open the Atehafalaya, 
 but early in .March he concentrated his troops 
 at Baton Itouge, to co-operato with Admiral 
 Karragut iii an attack upon Bort Hudson. 
 On the night of March 14th, Karragut pro- 
 ceeded to run the rebel batteries at the latter 
 place for the purjioso of attacking above. At 
 1 1 I'.M. his fieet was discovered, and each of 
 his vessels as it came within range of the ex- 
 tensive batteries received the fire thereofand 
 spiritedly replied thereto. At 1 A.M., the Hag- 
 ship /fni-IJ'iiri/ and her consort, tho .tlbiitrnKH, 
 in the advance had safely |iassod, but the re- 
 maining gunboats failed. The frigate Jfisn- 
 inxijijii, armed with 21 gnnsand 2 howitzers, 
 ran agnnnid abreast of the heavit^st rebel bat- 
 tery, and after remaining a target thereof for 
 an half hour, was fired and abandoned by her 
 commander and crew. Gen. Banks, deeming 
 the force holding J'ort Hudson too .strong for 
 him, made no attack and shortly returned to 
 the Atehafalaya. On the llth April, his 
 nniin column, commanded by him in peiaon, 
 moved from Berwick City, while Gen. Gro- 
 vcr's division moved up tho Atehafalaya in 
 
 triiUHpnrta, passing into Grand ]..iiko to rut 
 olV tho retreat of tho enemy under Taylor. 
 Here the rebel ram Qiifiii nf t/if HViMviu 
 destroyed by the Union guuboats. (bii. Gro- 
 ver then iiio\cd up Grand l.iike to liish 
 Bend, above Kort Bisland. Landing, he was 
 altacked by the enemy, whom be beat oil'. 
 The rebels then evaemited Kort Bisland and 
 relreated on ( Ipelousas, losing heavily in pi it- 
 tillers, and burning the briilges <>( the region. 
 On May 2il, Banks entered Opelousas, tlie 
 Union gunboats having in tho ineaiiwhiln 
 opened the Atehafalaya to Bed Biver, and 
 established commnnicatiim with Adiniial Kai- 
 ragut at the iiioulb of that stream. 'J'a\ lor 
 now rctri'iitcd on Shrevepi)r(,and was thence 
 pursued by a jiortion of Banks's force, under 
 Gen. Weil/el, as far as Grand Kcore, where 
 further jmrsiiit of the virtually dispersed 
 enemy was deemed useless. On the Nth of 
 .May, Banks reached .Mexandria, an important 
 and strongly fortified place, which had snr 
 rendered to Admiral Biutcr's gunboats. Gen. 
 Banks re|iorted his captures in this campiiigu 
 at 2,000 )irisoiiers and 22 guns. He al.-o 
 seiziul or destroyed 10 rebel steamers and 3 
 gunboats. 
 
 On the 10th of May, Geii. Banks was ap- 
 prised by Gen. Grant of the hitter's entrain e 
 upon the campaign against Vicksbnrg and 
 invited to co-operate, but was obligeil to ile 
 dine frimi the lack of transportatiou, and (he 
 demands of bisdepaitment. I )n the 14th, hi! 
 proceeded to move down from Alexandria on 
 I'ort Hudson, by way of Simmspoit, to 
 invest it on the north, whih- Gen. C. ('. 
 Augur, with 3,.')00 men from Baton Bonge, 
 inv(!sted it on tho sotith. <^n the 2.">th, aliir 
 some resistance of the enemy, the junction it 
 the two forces was eflectcd in the rear of ll • 
 rebel wiu'ks, and <ui the 27tli an assault was 
 made thereon by the land fmces, while I lie 
 Uiiiiin gunboats under Admiral Karnigiil, 
 from below the rebel river batteries, tiiiew 
 shot and shell within the fortifications. 'J'lie 
 fighting was of the most desperate and herei' 
 character upon the part of tho besiegers, ai.l 
 the colori;d troo])S engaged therein were es- 
 pecially commended for their noble beariii;,'. 
 The Union loss in this unsuccessful atteni|ii 
 was 21i;i killed and 1,.')4'J wounded, while (lie 
 rebel loss was scarcely !iOO. ISanks imw 
 pushed his batteries nearer and nearer to (lie 
 rebel works, and on Sunday morning, J iim,' 
 10th, a second general assault was made there- 
 on, Farragnt again co-ojiciating with his gun- 
 boats. This attack was also frnitless, and 
 accompanied with severe loss tn i!,, ' :iii;i in. 
 It was continued until 11 i., win n muii as 
 could rctiri: fell b: " lird assault was 
 
 being planned ' i,s, w hen ( he n<-w8 
 
 of tlio surreni ksburg caused ( i. 
 
 Gardner, tho i nit"" of I'cut Hi. ,i, 
 
 which was alrcui. erely prcs ed by famine, 
 
 to surrender on July 8. Al...ut t),000 pri- 
 soners, fifty-ono ])ieceH o' artillery, two 
 steamers, and a large ipiantii > el' ammunitioii 
 hero fell into the bands of the Unionists. 
 The Mississippi was now opened in its entiio 
 length, and the Southern Confederacy cut olf 
 from its large supplies of men and animals, 
 which it bad constantly received from the 
 country west of the Mississijipi. 
 
 U^pon the withdrawal of Gen. Banks from 
 the lied Biver, Gen. Bichard Taylor col- 
 lected a new force of sovinal thousand uicn, 
 
o (Jiniul Ijiko to cut 
 cii'Miiy under Tiivlm-. 
 
 jiifvi, „ftii,- \y,si wi,, 
 
 KiinlM.atM. (ten. (iiii. 
 Iiaiiil I.iikd tu liihl, 
 11(1. I.aiiilihjf, |i,i «„.( 
 V, mImhii lie liriit ,,ir. 
 
 <<cl l''l)l t IliNlllllll iiikI 
 
 luring lirnvily in pi is. 
 
 Ijlicl^JCH (if tllll ll'xidll. 
 
 itcrcd ( )|ic|iiiiNns, (Ijc 
 ij,' ill tlio iiiciiiiuliilii 
 » t(i l!c(| Kivcr, jiiid 
 ion with Adiiiiial Fur- 
 llmt Ktrcnin. 'J'H\liir 
 (•l">il,niid wiiN IlKMicd 
 f liiiiikH's fdicc, under 
 (iniiid Kodi-e, wlieii! 
 viitually diH|ieiHt'd 
 (St. Oil 'the 8tli (,f 
 
 xaiidiia,iuiiiii|>oitaiit 
 liiee, wliieli |iiu| h,,,.. 
 
 itei'Kgiiid>()atH. (!en. 
 
 ins in tliiK eHin|iiiij;ii 
 
 'I -- K'niH. Jle alM) 
 
 eli(d Kteanieis and 'S 
 
 , <!en. Hanks whh aii- 
 r I lie latter'sentraiicn 
 iiinst Vieksliui-K and 
 it waN (ddi;,'eii to de- 
 iiiiKjiorlalion, and tlio 
 i'lit. (tntliu lltli, lie 
 1 from Alexandria on 
 of Siniinsjiorf, to 
 wliile (Jell. ('. ('. 
 fidiu liaton IJoiip', 
 . <Jn tiie LTitli, afi. r 
 K'Miy, (lie juiietion i r 
 le«Hu (liu rear of tl; ■ 
 -7tli an uh.sanlt was 
 iiid forces, wliile ||i,i 
 Adiiiiraj Fiirrai;iil, 
 iver liatteiies, threw 
 1- fortifications. 'J'he 
 dcs)ierate and lieroii' 
 of llin hesierrrrnj ,„,,| 
 [cd tliereiii were , s- 
 tlieir nolpje lieariii;;. 
 ilLsiiccessfu! Hlleiii|.t 
 Wounded, while the 
 .'too. JSiinks now 
 er and nearer fo (he 
 idiiy morning, June 
 ault was made there- 
 ■rating with lii.s giin- 
 uLso fruitless, and 
 
 loss t(. t|„ ' .iei-, i.s. 
 
 I A \|., wh(ii»i(,h as 
 
 * i»ird Rssnult was 
 
 • Ks, « hen the iKwg 
 
 vslmrg caused < ,. 
 
 of J'ort JI„, .1,^ 
 
 rproscil hy faiiiiiic, 
 
 Aluiit (i,000 pri- 
 
 of artillery, two 
 til\ i<( animuiiilioii 
 
 of the rnioidsls. 
 Jjiened in its entiro 
 l.'onfederncy cut olf 
 
 men and animals, 
 
 received from the 
 
 sij)|>i. 
 
 r (ien. Banks from 
 
 chard 'I'aylor col- 
 
 rul tliouiiuud uicn, 
 
 U N I T R n H T A T K H . 
 
 B70 
 
 luid reoccii|)ie(l Alexiiiulria and OpeloiiHiis. ' under Htonewall •lackHoii, wan placed, and 
 Jle iIhui proceede(l iipiinsi HniHhear t 'ity, | lliern confronted liy tlio Union left wing, 
 
 wliich he captured on June lit, it having I n ' under (ien. Kranklin. Tlie city was imw 
 
 Hhaliiefully ih^feiidt'd. The t'liionisls here I hulijecteil to a H.'vere houiliardment, whicli, 
 just 1,1111(1 prisonors, ID heavy guns, and ijil',- j while it nearly destroyeil the place, failed to 
 (liMl.ddl) id' supplies; while many thousands I completely drive out the reliel sharpshooters 
 of Idacks, who had Immmi lilterated hy Hunks's ; there, who hindered the laying of the pun 
 
 advance, wnre forced hack into slavery. 
 Oil June "JM Taylor's van, under (ireen, as- 
 Manlled l)onaldson\ille, hut tliren gunboats, 
 sent thither hy Farriigut, soon put tlu^ rebels 
 to flight with Mevt'ni loss. Upon tho f.ill of 
 I'urt Kudson, 'I'aylor abandoned tlio country 
 cast of tho Atchafalaya. 
 
 On Sept. f), (leii. Hanks, in accordance 
 with the views of the autiioriticR at Wash- 
 ington, deHiiatch(Hl (Ien. Franklin with 4,(H)0 
 men, and four gunboats, under I.ieut.-C'oin. 
 Crocker, to Hoi/.o Sabine City, situated on 
 the Sabine Kiver. The forces were not land- 
 ed from the transpurtn, and two of the gun- 
 bnats, the < 'llfinn and Sarhem, which were 
 of inferior strength, were disabled and cap- 
 tured, with all on board, in the naval cngage- 
 mi'iit which ensued, and tli(! expedition short- 
 Iv returned to New Orleans. On Sept. HI) 
 the Union foixe of (ieii. Dana at iMorganzia, 
 some (100, were surprised by th(! rclsd (Jen. 
 (ireen, and about 400 captured. On Nov. 
 ;i, a portion of Oen. C (!. Waslibume's force, 
 who had Ixm-u ordered to the Teclio from 
 Opeloiisas, was surprised by Taylor and 
 (ireen near Hayou l!ourb(\iu.\, and a loss 
 of Zl'i sustained, the rebel loss being about 
 one-half of that number. At the commence- 
 neiit of November an important expedition 
 was made by (Ien. Itanks into T(!xas. Thi! 
 
 toons. Volunteers from the 7th Michigan 
 and l!lth and l.'<)fh Massachusetts thereupon 
 crossed in boats and aiTomplished that work. 
 Tho pontoons being laid, (ho Union army, 
 including Franklin's corps, crossed over the 
 river (Ui l>ec. II and ll', unm(dested, \*'l^ 
 being unable to reach the jiontoons with his 
 batteries, owing to the height of the liankB 
 of the river. Although heavy and random ar- 
 tillery liring took place in the mru'iiing, the 
 battle did not conimence until about I I A.M., 
 when the fog cleared away. Couch's divi- 
 sion of the right of the Union army then 
 emerged from among the ruins of Fre(lericks- 
 burg, and moved swiftly to the assault across 
 the plain and up Marye's Hill, in three niaH- 
 sive columns, their ranks ploughed and torn 
 by the ndiel batteries from sixti^en direct and 
 enfilading |)ointH, tier above tier rising to the 
 crest of the liill. At the foot of the hill they 
 were stopped by a stone wall, four feet in 
 height, behind which tho Confederate infantry 
 securely poured upon them the fiery sleet of 
 their inusk(^try. Still tho lino tindulatod 
 along tin? slope, and the slaught(>red brigades 
 wvxr succeeded by others, to bo niowe(l down 
 in turn. Two-thirds of ^leaghcr's Irish bri- 
 gade fell on tho way <ip these impregnable 
 heights, and other brigades of Sumner's and 
 Hooker's grand divisions successively moved 
 
 rebel garrison at Fort Ks|)eranza, in Mata- 1 up, (Uily to be strewn upon the bloody ground, 
 gorda Hay, abandoneil their works at the ap- ' And thus the slaughter was maintain(Hl on i\w 
 primcli of the Union f(>rc(>s, and by the '.)th right, with vain sacrifice and heroic valor, till 
 of Niivcml)er Hrazos Island, I'oint Isabel, ! after dark, when the t<'rraces and slopes ujion 
 and HrowiiHville were captured. The nrniy ! the hill were pile(l with the Union dead. On 
 tlieu prociH'ded north-east to Aranzas, captur- [ the left but a portion of Franklin's command, 
 iiig 3 guns and 100 prisoners. All Texas 1 which comprised one-half of the Union army, 
 west of the Colomdo was thus virtually aban- ! was engaged during tho day. Smith's corps, 
 (lolled by tho rebels, none being found by I 21,000 strong, not having been sent in. The 
 (•xpeiliti(nis sent in vari(ms directions from two corps of UeyiKdds, some 1(5,000 men, 
 HiDWnsville. (Ien. Hanks now proposed to with Sickles' division of J looker's command, 
 mine inland and contest the niixstery of the ! kept up the contest against Jackson till night- 
 State, but ho was overruled. The expedition fall. Here tho loss was also severe, Cen 
 
 was abandoned, and Hanks shortly roturned 
 to Now Orleans, followed by Gen. A. J. 
 Hamilton, who had beiui appointed Military 
 (lovernor of Texas, ami had accompaniiHl the 
 
 .Meade alone losing 1,"()0 out of C,000 of his 
 command. 
 
 The ITiiion losses during tliis bloody dny 
 were Ifilvl killed, !),10l wounded, and ;5,234 
 
 army there. Shortly thereafter Hanks was ' massing — total, 13,771. Among tho killed 
 relieved from command. was Major-(<en. (ieo. D. Bayard, commanding 
 
 On Nov. 8, 1802, (Jen. Burnside reluc- Franklin's cavalry, and many brigadiers and 
 t:iutly assumed command of fli(! Army of the other ollicers of high rank. The loss of tho 
 I'otomac, and iinmediivfely conimenc(!d a rapid [ enemy, though at first reported by (Jen. Leo 
 iniireh to F'rederick.sburg, to capture it and ! at 1,800, was subse(iuently a.scertained to 
 cut off I.ei^'s retreat towards Hichmoiid, thus \ have been over ."),000. The Union army en- 
 compelling the latter to a battle in the field, gaged in this conflict numbered about 100,- 
 Owing to a misunderstanding between (Jens. (100, that of the enemy 80,000. Gen. Buin- 
 Halleck and HurnHi(l(!, the pontoon trains did I side proposed tho next morning to renew the 
 
 not arrive from Washington, and the army 
 w.is unable to errs.- the river at the exj«>cted 
 time. This enabled Gen. Loo to penetrate 
 Hurnside's d(;sign, ond furnish(Ml him with 
 
 attack, but was prevented by tho remon- 
 strances of Gen. Sumner and other officers, 
 Some skirmishing and cannonading followed 
 on the Mlh and 15tli, and on tho night of 
 
 ample time to counteract it. Most of the , tho latter day the entiro army was with- 
 r("bel army was concciitrat<'d on the heights I drawn across^f he river, tho pontoons removed, 
 of Fredi ricksburg, when the Union army ! and the campaign against Fredericksburg 
 was ready to cross tho river there. These ' ended. Gen. liiirnnide soon planned another 
 heights rise in successive terraces, and some j advance movement, and actually commenced 
 tliri-e miles below tho city, where they are j it on Jan. 20, 18()IJ, but abandoned it in con- 
 lieavily wooded, curve lowardi i\n- river. se(|uence of .severe storms wliicli then set in, 
 At this latter point the right of Luc's uiuiy, jauil tho campaign in Virginia was luaclically 
 
 closed for the dcasoii. Having prepared a 
 general order dismissing soine of liis otricera 
 from the army for fomenting discontent there- 
 in, he hiibiiiitled it to the I'resident for his 
 approval. Instead of giving this, the latter 
 decldeil, nil Jan. ''H, to relieve (ien. Hiirnsidu 
 fiom his command. 
 
 I>uring this winter and spring niimernuH 
 raids were made in Virginia by (lens. .Stuart, 
 Fitzhiigh I.ee, Moseby, and others, in which 
 small and isolated bunds of Unionists or 
 poorly guarded hiipply-trains wuro oftun cap- 
 tured. 
 
 Gen. Hooker, who succeeded Gen. Hum- 
 side, at once (h^voted himself to reorgani/.ing 
 and improving tho discipline of tin- Army of 
 the rotoinac, and by the opening of spring 
 it numbered about 100,000 eirective infantry, 
 with I ;i,()00 cavalry, and 10,000 artillery, in all 
 res|)ects Weil appointed. On April 27, ISG."), 
 Gen. Hooker (lis|iatcheii (ten. Stoneman, with 
 most of the Union ca>alry, to cut the railroadit 
 in the rear of Gen. Lee and of Fredericksburg. 
 He also directed Gen. Sedgwick, with Homo 
 20,000 men, fo cross in front of Fredericks- 
 burg and carry the intrenched heights, while, 
 by throwing his army suddenly over the river 
 above that place, he should compel Lee either 
 to attack him or retreat towards Richmond 
 to save his communications. 
 
 On Saturday, May 2(1, Gen. Hooker estalv 
 lislied his liea(li|uarters at a house niinied 
 Chancellorsville, at the intersection of tho 
 (iordonsville and Orange (,'ounty roads, and 
 was there surrounded by about 7'!,000 of his 
 army, while Sedgwick had also succeeded in 
 crossing the Itappahaniiock three miles below 
 Fre(l(;ricksburg. Upon learning tho passage 
 of the main Union army above him instead 
 of below him, as he had exp(!cted. Gen. Leo 
 left a small body in his works on Fredericks- 
 burg He:'glits, and hastened his main body, 
 some ,')0,000 men, about half-way down tho 
 Gonhmsville road towards Chancellorsville. 
 On Saturday afternoon. May 2, he despatched 
 Stonewall Jack.son to execut(( a flank move- 
 ment on the Union extreme right, which was 
 commanded by Howard. Just at evening 
 (<en. Jack.son, with 2.'),000 men, burst from 
 some thick woods upon the exposed flank of 
 that corps, and drove it back, panic-stricken, 
 upon Sickles in the centre of tho army, in 
 spite of Gen. Howard's frantic exertions to 
 rally luid reform it. In this crisis, Gen. 
 Hooker moved up Berry's divi.sion. Sickles 
 and Howard then rallied a portion of their 
 commands, and the |)rogress of tho enemy 
 was arrest(!(l. Thirty pieces of artillery were 
 now massed in front of Berry's position. 
 Upon these, while darkn(>ss was falling, three 
 charges were nuuh? by (he rcdx-Is. Each 
 time the latter were repelled with gi-eiit 
 slaughter, the constant discharges of canister 
 sweeping whole ranks of them away. Towards 
 midnight a cessation of the conflict took place. 
 In front of these batteries, between 9 and 10 
 P.M., fell the gj-eat rebel general T. J. Jack- 
 son (Stonewall), mortally wounded by the 
 mistaken fire of his own men, which was 
 delivered in accordance with his general or- 
 dera respecting the ajiproach of suspicious 
 bodies of horse. This disaster to the enemy 
 was almost equivalent to a victory for tho 
 Unionists. 
 
 At Tl A.M., May .3d, tho enemy renewed the 
 attack, and were met by Berry's und Birney's 
 
HISTORY OF THE 
 
 divisions, nupporteil by Wliipple ami WilliiiiiiH, 
 the artillory t>f the Litter commiindina! nil the 
 npproiiolics by the iilaiik roail, on which tl>e 
 euiMiiy mainly lulviineiMJ. The liittci' wcie 
 mowed (Iowa by liiinilfedH, but iVcsli regi- 
 ments constimjly sueoeeded '!ie slmtteri'd 
 ones, until Ueii. Sickles was forced to send 
 to Hooker for ossistiuice. The messenger 
 found the latter at Chancellorsville, stunned 
 nnd insensible. A cannon ball hud b\it just 
 struck 11 jiillar ugniust which he was leaning, 
 and an hour passed ere he was able to give 
 an order, and Sickles was again coiu]ielled to 
 recoil, after repelling live fierce charges and 
 capturing eight Hags. Tlie battle thus raged 
 in fearful earnestness until ubout noon, wlien 
 tlio rebels withdrew. Huring this day Gen. 
 Sedgwick had stormed and carried the heights 
 of Fredericksburg. He then moved o\it on 
 the Chancellorsville road, in the rear of the 
 rebel army. At fl r.M. Ocn. Lee turned his 
 attention to the advance of Sedgwick, and 
 sent tten. McLaws, with a constantly aug- 
 menting force, to stop the former's jjrogress, 
 the fighting continuing till dark. The next 
 morning, ^luy 4, the rebels concentrated 
 a still heavier force upon him, and striking 
 him in flank, drove him down totheri>er, 
 and during the night across it, ut Banks's 
 Ford, with the heavy loss of ."i,000 men. The 
 rebels also reoccu[iied the heights of Fred- 
 ericksburg. On the sauu! night Hooker 
 recrossed the Kappaliannock unmolested, and 
 returned to his old camp at Falmouth. 
 The Union loss in this tremendous conllict 
 was 17,1117 men. It is significant that no 
 official statement of the rel)el lossi's was 
 ever nuide, but it is estimated that they were 
 iully eipuil to those of the L'nioniscs. Tin- 
 raid of Oen. Stoneman to the rear of (ien. 
 Tree's army wu., rendered ineffective by the 
 scattering of his forces. Though these vari- 
 ous detachments siiccecded in cutting the 
 railroads at various point.s, the injurii'S were 
 easily and ijoickly repaired. 
 
 In .Vpril the ri'bel tJeneral I.ongstrei't, with 
 a u>rce of 10,000 nu'n, had ad vanced on Sullolk, 
 an ii;\|iortiint railroad junction coveiing the 
 approaelies to Norfolk, and held by (ien. Peck 
 with 1.1, '100 nu-n. After some seiious en- 
 gagemen's, Lc'igstreet sat down bi'fore it in 
 a regular siege, which he prosecuted with no 
 decided success until May M, when he rai.sed 
 the siege, aiul jiroceeded to join J.ee at Fred- 
 ericksburg. 
 
 On .lune :l a pcution of (Jen. Lee's arniv 
 moved up the northern bmk of llic Ka]ip.t- 
 lumnock to Cidpepper ('ourlllou: e, and 
 shortly af.eiwards (mil llonkii disputched 
 Oeii. j'le usanton, with cavalry and infantry, 
 tc obserM! this niovi'meiil of the eneuiv on 
 liis right. Tie; latter soon iliscoven'd that 
 the nuist of the rebid army was in this re- 
 gion, and on the march westward. At I'ev- 
 erley Fonl, cui .lune 0, he engaged ilic rebel 
 cavalry under J. K. I>. Stuart, ai.d after a 
 spirited contest fell back to avoid overwhelm 
 ing numbers, the losses on ea'. Ii side being 
 about e-iual. On the 11th (ien. K. IL Mii- 
 roy, commanding a force oi 7,0011 nien at 
 Winchester, received orders from tla^ ilepart- 
 jnent conunander, Schenck, to witiidraw to 
 Har|)er'H Ferry. Failing to obey, he re- 
 nmined, imly to shoi-tly asceitaiu, on .lune lit, 
 that FiWcirs and Longstnel's entire armies 
 were advancing rapidly upon him. He nev. 
 
 ertlieless still remained, ami the next day 
 four batt(Mies opeiuul upon him, and 10,000 
 of Fwell's infantry swept over his outer 
 l)reastworks a mile from the town. Attempt- 
 ing to storm the main fort the assailants were 
 n pulsed and di'sisted for a time ; but at I 
 A.M., .luue l.">, Milroy called a council and 
 decided to evacuate the town and fall back 
 on Harper's Ferry. Sjiiking his guns, his 
 troops marched forth on the Martinsb\irg 
 road, ami found a rebel division four miles 
 out, who shortly routed aiul dispersed them. 
 One part of the fugitives under Jlilroy 
 reached Harper's Ferry in safety, and im- 
 olhcr, some L.',7l)0, fled as far as Blooily Hun, 
 Pa. But many hundreds were n..ido prison- 
 ers, and the loss of artillery and wagons was 
 extensive. 
 
 On June li? (ien. Hooker began to move 
 his army northward, |)iuising through Dinn- 
 fries to Centreville. On Juno 15 the rebel 
 advance of Kwcll entered Chanibersburg, I'a., 
 and shortly afterwirds the whole rebel army 
 forded the Potomac, Hill's and Longstrect's 
 corps uniting ut Hagerstown, end I'dlowing 
 Kwell, on June 27, towards Chanibersburg. 
 Tiie hitter still ou.shed forward his advance 
 to Kingston, which is b\it 13 miles from 
 llarrisburg. I'lie most inteu.so excitement 
 now existed throughout the North. The 
 ['resident called on the nearest States for 
 ndlitia, and was promptly resjjonded to by 
 New York and Pennsylvania chiefly. On 
 the L'7th Hooker oecu|iied Frederick City, 
 (.'avalry engagements had taken place all along 
 the march of the rebel army, at Beverley s 
 Ford, Brandy St.ition, I^iipervi'le. and other 
 places, which, however, did not impede its 
 advance. 
 
 On the "JSth Hooker was superseded in the 
 couunand of the army by (ien. (ieo. .S. Meade, 
 though such a change of comnuinders was an 
 extraordinary metvsure to take on the brink 
 of a great battle. Lee was now well ad- 
 vanced into I'ei.nsylvania. On the 28th a 
 portion of Kwell's army, under Early, reached 
 York, on which borough he levied a large 
 sum of money. On the L".)th Meade had ad- 
 vanc.it as far as South Jtonntain, threaten- 
 ing the eounuunicatidus of Li-e, who thereup(ui 
 iliri'cted Lon;sln>et aiul Hill u march from 
 t'iiamlieisburg to (iettysburg, and Kwell, who 
 WHS at Carlisle, to hasti'U to.vard that rendez- 
 vous. (Ien. Meade, hearing of tin se move- 
 ments, at once ordered (!en. Iteynolds, with 
 the 1st and llth ccups, to occupy (Jetty.sburg. 
 On arriving at the latter place, J\dy 1st, with 
 till' ad\aMce of his command, he lonnil that 
 (ien. Piul'ord, with a division of llu' I'nion 
 I'avalry, bail there encountered the van of the 
 leliil army, under (ii'U. Ilclh, of iliU'.s corps, 
 marching in on the Ciishtown road. Key- 
 nolils" 1st corps, under (ien. J. .S, Wads- 
 worth, at once rushed through the village, 
 and, driving back the enemy, occu|)ied the 
 ridge overlookir^g the |ilace from the north- 
 west. At the commencement of this action 
 (ien. Reynolds fell, mortally wo\indeil, and 
 the eoiini anil of the 1st corps devolved 
 on (ien. Ooublcday. Wadsworth, severely 
 pressed, • w fell back, and ihiring the move- 
 ment the rebel advance, some MIO, in ler 
 Archer, were I'Uveli'ped by the right of the 
 I'uion division and made prisoners. At II 
 A.M. (ien. Howard arrived with <he llth 
 corp:i and a.sttumed comnian 1, whereupon the 
 
 struggle was renewed with s]iirit, the Union- 
 ists having the best of the light, until at 
 
 1 r.M. Ewell's army froii York eamo rapidly 
 into the battle, outllanking Howard's line. 
 The two corp.s, the Ist and llth, now fell 
 back through the streets of the village, losing 
 many prisoners, and were rallied on Ceme- 
 tery Hill, just south, of the place. Sickles, 
 wi».h the 3il corps, arrived shortly afterwards 
 and came into position on Howard's left, but 
 was shortly presseil back with severe loss, 
 (ien. Meade, who was at T •:' ytown, 10 miles 
 distant, hearing of the events at (iettysburg, 
 at once ordereil Hancock to proceed thero 
 and t)iko comnumd. At 3 1'..m. the latter 
 reached Cemetery Hill, to find Howard rally- 
 ing his forces behind it. The enemy now 
 approached the ridge, but were met by a 
 fierce artillery fire, against which they vainly 
 struggled to advance, until night coming on 
 the conflict ended Hancock now reported 
 the state of affairs to (!en. Meade, and the 
 latter determined to fight a defensive battle 
 on the morrow at this place. At 1 1 l'..M. ho 
 arriveil on the field to direct the important 
 events to ensue, having dispatched orders to 
 
 I all the different corps to march with the ut- 
 most .-(peed thereto. On the morning of July 
 
 2 the Union line of buttle extended nearly 
 five miles, from Cemetery Hill in its middle, 
 along a row of heights in the shape of a horse- 
 shoe, Howard holding thi^ centre, with the 1st 
 and 1 2th corps on his right under Sloeum, 
 and Hancock's 2d corjis and the 3d corps of 
 Sickles on his left. (ien. Sedgwick's tlth 
 corps, on its way from ^laiuhester, 3(1 miles 
 distant, did not arrive till 2 r.M. of this 
 eventful day. Ewell connnanded the left. 
 Hill the centre, and Long.stre(^t the right of 
 Cien. Lee's army. It was not until evening 
 that the latter directed I.ongstreet to advance 
 against the Union left, under Sickles, for the 
 purpose of flanking Cemetery Hill. A mile 
 and a half of battle lints then suddenly swept 
 
 i up on Sickles, who had advanced beyond the 
 general line, nnd hurled him back with severe 
 
 I loss. A bh>ody struggle now eieuu'd for the 
 possession of Koiind Top, an eminence on his 
 left. Sickles was here slruck in the leg by a 
 
 i cannon Iwll ami carried oirthe field; but the 
 enemy was repelled by Svkes' ."itli emp.-:, 
 while Hancock elnsed in from the riudit with 
 portions of the lit, and Sedgwick's lilh corps, 
 and was driven to the ridge from which they 
 
 .had expelled Sickles, thus leaving the Cnion 
 
 I line where Meade had intended to place it. 
 
 I ( >n the l'nioi\ right .Sjucum bad been iiowded 
 
 ] back during the day by l)well, who seized 
 some of liis rille-pits. Marly next morning, 
 July 3, .Sloeum |nished forward to retake 
 these, and for six houis the struggle was most 
 desperate. At II A.M. the enemy n'ceded, 
 Sloeum re-establishing his line and resting 
 upon it. A ])nuse in the conllict "ow took 
 place. Lee, who had tried to break Ij !i of 
 the I'nion wings nnd failed, now brought 'i- 
 ward 12.") heavy puis to Hill's and Long- 
 street's fronts, and eoiicentrated tlieir tire on 
 Cemelerv Hill, the rnion ;^entre, a little bt!- 
 hind the iii'st iif which was Meade's hend- 
 ipuirters. At 2 r.M. this terrible battery 
 opened, and fiu' two hours shut and shell fell 
 and burst upon this hill, w hili' 100 rnion 
 guns niaili- constant reply. Aliont I r.M. a 
 irr.md eluiiu'e was ord.'red by (Ien. l.e<^ upon 
 i.'eme!i:y Hill, and more thpccia'ly on Hau- 
 
th 8]iirit, tlie Union- 
 the liglit, until iit 
 York caiiio ru|iii)ly 
 Iciii}; iroward's liuf. 
 iiiid lltli, now fell 
 of the village, losing 
 ■0 rallirj on Ccniu- 
 tlic place. Sickles, 
 d shortly aftorwuids 
 n JIoward'B left, but 
 :k with seven! loss. 
 T.'! jytown, 10 miles 
 venta at tJettysbuig, 
 'k to proceed tlino 
 t 3 I'.M. the latter 
 
 find Howard nilly- 
 t. Tho enemy now 
 lit were met by a 
 st which they vainly 
 ;il night coming on 
 iicock now reported 
 ieii. Meade, and tho 
 t a deleiisivo battio 
 
 uce. At n P.M. ho 
 irect the im]iortant 
 ILspatched orders to 
 ( march with tho iit- 
 the morning of July 
 tie extended nearly 
 
 Hill in its middle, 
 the shaiK! of a lioise- 
 
 centre, with the Iht 
 glit under Slocum, 
 and the ;!d corps of 
 •n. Hedgwick's titli 
 anchester, .'Ul niih'.s 
 till 2 P.M. of this 
 immanded the left, i 
 ig.street the right of 
 s not until evening 
 mghtreet to advance 
 ider Sickles, for tho 
 ptery Hill. A niilo 
 hen suddenly swept 
 ilvaneed beyond the 
 im back with severe! 
 now ensued for the 
 an eminence on his 
 
 1 lick in till! leg bv a 
 irthe Held; but the 
 
 Sykes' ,")tli eiii|i.-, 
 from the riixht with 
 'dgwiek's liih corps, 
 ,'e from which they 
 
 leaving the I'liioii 
 iteuded to jilace it. 
 II had been crowded 
 
 l)well, ^^llo seizeil 
 iaily next morning, 
 f'irwaril to retake 
 I! stiuggli' was most 
 le enemy receded, 
 s line and resting 
 ' conflict ruiw look 
 I to break i, h of 
 I, now brought ' r- 
 
 Hill's and I.ong- 
 :raled llieir lire on 
 
 t^eiitre, a little be- 
 I'as Meade's henil- 
 s terrible battery 
 shot and shell fell 
 , while lilt.) rnioii 
 :. About 1 P.M. n 
 by (leii. l.ee upon 
 espceiu'ly on iliiu* 
 
 K 
 
 
 ►^ 
 
 
 C/2 
 
 
 & >* 
 
 Cm 
 
 05 
 
 
i 
 
 
 h 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 Ml 
 
 cock's (2d) corps. Hancock wvm now wouiul- 
 0(t, and Gibbon succeeded to liis command. 
 The rebel lines advanced three deep till within 
 })jint-blauk range. Before the (ire of 18,000 
 muskets the first rebel lino litei'ally melted 
 uway. But the seconi. 'ino swept onward 
 imd over the Un'cr riilo-pits to the guns, 
 biiyoneting th'. pu'-.iiers a'.id waving the rebel 
 fl.igs in victory. Then a storm of gra|(0 and 
 canister from the Union guns on the west- 
 ern slope of Cemetery Hill, which enfiladed 
 the siKjt, iell upon this line. It reeled back, 
 and in a moment the Unionists leaped forth 
 ii|>on what was now but a disordered mass. 
 \Vholo regiments surrendered, and the battle 
 was over, thus ending in a bitter, crushing 
 defeat of the rebels. 
 
 Cien. Meade reported the ITnion losses in 
 the battles of Gettysburg at 2,H3l killed, 
 l;{, 709 wounded, and f),()4.'5 missing; total, 
 ;i:!,l80. 41 flags and 13,0)21 prisoners were 
 captured by him. Gen. Lee gave no return 
 of his losses, which were probably 18,000 
 killed and wounded, with 10,000 unwounded 
 prisoners. 
 
 During the 2d ami .3d July, the ca\alry of 
 both armies wore not seriously engag(>d, but 
 in a dash of the Union cavalry under .Merritt, 
 to strike the rebt'l right flank, (!en. Karns- 
 worth, commanding the H\ipporting briga(h>, 
 was killed. No immediate elVective jiursuit 
 of the rebel army, who at lii-st retired slowly 
 anil cautiinisly, was iitteinpted, (ien. IMeade 
 having no reserves and scarcely any ammuni- 
 tion left. Lee then recriissed the Cumber 
 land Mountains and pressed rapiilly towards 
 the I'otomac. Sedgwick, with the (Ith corps, 
 moved towards that river on the east side of 
 th(! mountains, to intercept the rebel nmreli, 
 wiiile the Union cavalry continually harassed 
 the enemy's rear, capturing trains and jiris- 
 onert Arriving at the I'otomac, l^ie found 
 the ri ■ r so swollen by recent rains that all 
 the fori .< were impassable. For four days 
 Leo remained at Williamsport strengthei-.ii.g 1 
 his position, but before he had con)ph'ted hi.; j 
 ]iri'parations to cross the river. Gen. Meade's 
 army, strengthened by French's divisions and ! 
 Couch's militia, arrived there, July 13, ready ; 
 to assail him. But, unfiU'tunately, (Jen. ; 
 Meade deferred his own judgment to the ad- ■ 
 vice of a majority of his corps eonnuaTidei-s, J 
 and refrained from ordering an assa '.and 
 Lee was thus permitted to withdra. or.s 
 the I'otomac during the night, without « l)low 
 bring dealt him, to the ii\tenso ilisiippoint- 
 nieut of the nation. The cavalry uudrr Kil- 
 jiatrii'k took a few prisoners at Falling W'li- 
 teis, and Gregg's cavalry was involved in a 
 spirited contest at Shcpenlstown with Fit/- 
 hugl Lee's force. On the IStli Meade cross- 
 ed the I'otomac and movol down tlu* Loiulon 
 valley on Lee's (lank, with tin? purpose of 
 striking his line at some point. Two diiys 
 were lost by the Union army in passing 
 tliroM!;h ALinaiisas Gnp, where a brigade of 
 Kwell's men, holding the pass, engaged i\ por- 
 tion of the Union forces under Gen. F. I!. 
 Spinola. During this time I.i'e ninvid rapidly 
 southward, passing aroiiiid the ri^lit flank id° 
 the Union army towaids the? liapidan. At 
 till' close of duly, tlin latter again took up its 
 old jmsition on the |{appalin;inoek. 
 
 Muring l/ce's movement towards the North, 
 {{iehmond was left n imrtion of the time do- 
 femluJ by but a sinjjio brigade under Ucu. 
 
 Wise. Oil July I, Gen. Keyes was sent by 
 Gen. Dix, commanding at Fortress Monroe, 
 to make a demonstration on the rebel capital, 
 but he shortly returned therefrom without 
 having accomiilished anything. Various de- 
 tachments of the Union cavalry under Bu- 
 ford, Kiljiatrick, ami I'leasanton, iluring the 
 months of August and September, m.idt; raids 
 and reconnoissanccs into the enemy's country 
 across the Rappahannock. During the lat- 
 ter month, Lee sent considerable reinforce- 
 ments to Bragg in Tennessee, and the 1 Ith and 
 12th corps, under Hooker, were sent to the 
 aid of the Union armj' at Chattanooga. Oct. 
 1 2, Meade crossed the Itap])ahannock in force, 
 but shortly recrossed, having lieen completely 
 outtlankeil by Iao. During the retreat a 
 fierce cavalry conflict between the opposing 
 forces took place at Braiuly Station, in which 
 the Unionists proved decidedly superior. 
 
 Meade retreated as far as Centreville, close- 
 ly followed by the enemy's cavalry under 
 Stuart. The latter, on the night of Oct. 13, 
 got ahead of the Union 2d corjis. Gen. War- 
 ren, acting as rear-guard, but adroitly escapeil 
 from his perilous position. The next day, 
 A. 1*. Hill's corps found it.self in a similar 
 position, and giving battle to the 2d corps, 
 was defeated, and retreateil, leaving G guns 
 and losing many prisoner.s. Lee now de- 
 stroyed the Orange and Alexanilria Bailroad 
 from the Bapidaii to Maiiassa.s, and returned 
 to his former jiosition. On the "th Novem- 
 ber, Gens. French and Sedgwick attacked 
 the enemy at Kelly's Ford, taking ."lOO |)ris- 
 oiiers, and then moved against the enemy's 
 works at Bap|>aliannoek Station, where, after 
 a short and desperate close combat, Gen. 
 David A. Kussell leading the charge, the 
 Unionists took 1,000 men, four guns, and 
 eight battle flags. 
 
 On the 2<itli November, Gen. Warren, 
 with the 2d corps, crossed the Uaptdan at 
 (ierniania Ford, and moved against the ene- 
 my, but Gens. French and Sykes, who were 
 to eo-operate, failed to arrive at the con- 
 certed time. On the evening of the 27tli, 
 Ni'wton with the l.st corps, and Sedgwick with 
 the (ith, came up, but the enemy had retreat- 
 eil as far as Mine Itun, where they were next 
 found in strong ]>ositioii. After one or two days 
 expendi'd in reeoniioissance and niaim'uvring, 
 it was resolved that a grand assault on the 
 rebel fortiflcations should take ])lace at 8 a.m., 
 Nov. .30 ; but the force and position of the 
 enemy were found ere that time to he such as 
 to make the atteinj.t too hazardous, the op- 
 |iortuiiity for flanking him having been lost. 
 (Jell. Meade then il>ei>led to abandon the ex- 
 liedition, and on the night of Dee. 1 linuight 
 his troops back across the Bapidaii, and now 
 retired to winter quarters. 
 
 During the year lSti3 several iiiiiiur niili 
 tary ojierntions took place in West Virginia. 
 July 1.^, a [irotitless raid was niach' by Col. 
 John Toland with 1,(100 Unionists from 
 Ib'owntown on Wytlu'ville. Aug. 2ii, (!eii. 
 W. W. Averill engaged a rebel fi)i<'e at 
 Lewisburg. under Col. Geo. S. I'attnu. tin' 
 Uiiiiin loss being 2(t7, that of the rebels l.'iii; 
 and on Nov. (i, (!en. .\viiill with ."i.tKKI iiieii 
 met a rebel force under Gen. Fehols, nnd 
 drove the latter with heavy loss f'loiii Droop 
 .Mountain, in Greenbrier County, into .Monroe 
 County. In the month of l>ecenilier, Averill 
 I destroyed a portion of the Virginia and Ten- 
 
 nessee liailrood at Salem, and a largo amount 
 of other rebel property found there and in 
 the vicinity. 
 
 July 3, 1803, the successful rebel raider, 
 Morgan, with 2,000 men, crossed the Cumber- 
 land River near Burkesville, ond on that day 
 partially sacked Columbia, having pushed 
 back Col. Wolford's cavalry, which had ad- 
 vanced to impede him. July 4, he attacked 
 200 of the 25th Michigan, under Col. O. H. 
 Moore, and after a desperate fight of soma 
 hours, drew oft', badly worsted. July f), ho 
 captured Lebanon, after a sharp fight in which 
 his 'cother Thomas was killed ; whereupon in 
 revenge he burned some twenty liouses. He 
 then jiroceeded to Springfield, compelling his 
 jirisoners caiiturcd at Lebanon to run tlio 
 whole distance of ten miles in ninety minutes, 
 and knocking out the brains of a sergeant 
 who gave out on the way. At Springtiehl ho 
 rob'oed and jiaroled his prisoners. July 7, 
 ]Horgan reached Brandenburg, on the Ohio, 
 which he plundered. He (here seized tlio 
 steamers Alice Dean and McComb, in which 
 ho ero.ssed the river, and then burnt the for- 
 mer vessel. Tiie pursuing force of Union- 
 ists, under Gen. Hobson, arrived at Branden- 
 burg just as he left. He then pas.sed through 
 Coiydon, to Salem, Ind., where he capfured 
 300 Home Guards of Corydon, who had fal- 
 len Viack before him. At Corydon, he broke 
 up the railroad, burnt the depot, and levied a, 
 ransom of the mills nnd factories, lie then 
 ' proceeded to Old Vernon, and demnnded its 
 ' surrender, but being oppo.sed, decamped, lie 
 then pa.s.sed through Versailles and sweeping 
 around Cincinnati at a short distance theie- 
 I from, struck the Ohio below I'arkersburg. 
 '■ Along the route he levied on property, even 
 I of the meanest kind, but the sharp pursuit of 
 j ."iO miles a day gave him no time to do exten- 
 ' sive mischief, though the line of his march 
 ' anil retreat was strewn with an extraonliiiary 
 assortment of domestic goods. At Miami- 
 ville he overturned a railroad train and burned 
 ."lO (ioveriiment wagoiLS. On (he (."illi, reach- 
 ing Winchester, he robbed (he mail, and stole 
 lti.'i."),00t) worth of propei(y and (it'ty horses, 
 driving with shouts and laughter, through the 
 streets, ca]itured mules, who.se tails were tieil 
 up in fnignienta of the Union flags found in 
 the place. 
 
 Gen. Judali with a strong force was now 
 nuning up the Ohio from I'oilsuiouth, while 
 gunboats patrolled the stream to intercept 
 the raiders. Oppositi' Ibiflinton Island, be- 
 low I'arkersburg, Judah came niioii them, 
 anil at the same time llobson attacked them 
 from the rear, and the pmlioats from the river. 
 In desperation, Morgan divided his forces, one 
 paii of which rushed for the river, but were 
 driven back by the fire of the gunboats. A run- 
 ning fight now ensued, the main body of the 
 raiders fleeing up the river. At Belleville 
 and Hawkinsviile they again unsuccessfully 
 attempted to cross, and scattered into wnn- 
 \ deling detachments. Some 2(10 escaped into 
 South-western Virginia. Morgan himself, 
 with another portion, stniek into ( 'oliiinbiiina 
 County, where he suneiidered to Col. Shaikle- 
 ford. " Over 2,000 were capdiicd or killed. 
 Morgan and several of his liflieeis wrie (hen 
 eonlined in tlu^ )ienitentiaiy at Colunibus, 
 whence, on Nov. 2l'), seven of them ncluding 
 Morgan, c i 'iied and ultimately reached 
 I Richmond /a. Returning to service in 
 
HISTORY OF THE 
 
 i«l 
 
 EaHt Teuiiosseu, Morgan was killed tho next 
 year. 
 
 On June 2'ltli, 1803, liiivin}; compU^tLMl IiIh 
 Iirei>arutioiis at Murfiensboro, Oon. KuNuoruns 
 advuiimd towardx Slii^lbyvillu, Tulliiiioma, 
 and Cliattauuoga, wlivru divlHiun.s of Ui'agg'x 
 jiowerful army, of Home 40,000 nion, wi!re 
 Htron^ly fortitiud. Ho croKHod tho CiiuiIm-t- 
 laud Mountains by four diil'orent roiites, and 
 on June 27tli a |)ortion of his forccH, under 
 Gordon Granger, advanced on Skelbyvillu, 
 which wan evacuated by the enemy, uftt^r a 
 short resiatanco. Juno 30th, TuUahouia was 
 also evacuated by tho enemy the ,, who rap- 
 idly fled before the advance of KoHucraus' 
 light troops. Tho main Union army moved 
 directly on Chattanooga, tho remaining i-elKd 
 stronghold in Tonne«sue, and on Aug. 2lHtitH 
 colunuis drew up on tho baiikH of tho Tennes- 
 see, in front of tho place. 3<1 September, leav- 
 ing 7,000 men with Gen. Hozen to deceive 
 Itragg with feints in the front. Gen. ICose- 
 crans took his main army over the river, a few 
 miles below Chattanooga, and niarcluMl up 
 tho Lookout valley, west of liOokout Moun- 
 tain, In danger of being cut otf from his 
 base of supplies. Gen. Uragg hastily evacuat- 
 ed Chattanooga by the valley traverseil by 
 Chickamauga Creek. Gen. Uoseerans s\ippos- 
 ing that Bragg was in full retreat to Komi;, 
 at once ordered Gen. Crittenden, who had 
 taken possession of Chattanooga, to pursue 
 the enemy. Crittenden fortunately delayed, 
 and Koseerans, to his astonishment, siscei tuin- 
 ed that the foe had faced about and was rap- 
 idly concentrating around fjifayette the most 
 elfective rel)el army which had ever appeared 
 in this region, with the plain purpose of 
 marching back on Chattanooga. Koseerans 
 now hastened to concentrate his scattered 
 forces, of whom Crittentlen was in the Chick- 
 amauga valley, Thomas was crossing the 
 mountains by way of Steven's Gaj) to sup- 
 port tho former, while McCook was over the 
 Ijookout Mountain flanking Itragg's position 
 far to the south. Bragg now onlercul ( Jen. 
 I'olk to attack Critt^jnden in his isolated 
 position, and Gen. Hindnian to occupy the 
 Gap, and resist the lulvance of Thomas, lie 
 also instituted measures to intercept McCook 
 on his way to Thomas. Neither Polk nor 
 Ilindman succeeded in executing their part 
 of the rebel plan, while McCook evadi'd the 
 trap by recrossing L<>ok')ut Mountain, and 
 hastening down tho Lookout valley, ami 
 thence by Steven's Gap, reaching Thomas. 
 A race now took place U'tween the two op- 
 posing armies in the Chickamauga valh'v, 
 moving in parallel lines back to Chattanooga, 
 the enemy endeavoring to outflank Uos<-craiis 
 and force him to buttle. On the IHlh, the 
 Union lines were still ten miles fiom Chatta- 
 nooga, and some twelve miles in len^^th. On 
 that day all the fords on the Union left were 
 fiercely assaulted and captured by the rebels. 
 On tho morning of tho l!lth Septendmr, 
 Thomas held tho Union left, (Vittenden the 
 centre, and McCook the right of the Union 
 lines, which exteiuled, .').'),tl()0 strong, from 
 Gordon's Mills along tUv creik towards I 'hat- 
 titnoogo. Tho entiri! rebel iinny was also 
 firmly establishiMl on the sanio side of the 
 creek, having rendered it useless as a Union 
 lino of defence by crossing during tho night 
 at the ftu'ds which they liehl. 
 
 About 10 A.M. tho battle commenced. 
 
 Croxton's brigade on the left, which hiul boon 
 s»Mit towards tho river to reconnoitre, was fu- 
 riously assaile'l, and liraiman and Baird, com- 
 manding the loft and centre of Thomas' wing, 
 moved to its s\iccor. Soon tho engngement 
 rolled down the line toKeynolds, holding the 
 right of Thomas, and tho whole Union Ml 
 wing was thus engaged with tho reUd right 
 undi.T I'olk. The rebels in front of Baird 
 were shortly hurled bock, badly cut up, but l>e- 
 ing reinforced, again advanced, two for one, 
 and Baird in turn was driven before them. 
 Johnson's division of McCook's corps, p.nd 
 Palmer's division of Crittt^ndon's, then came 
 in on Baird's right, giving a clear 8U|>erior)ty 
 to the Union lines, which now outflanked 
 the t!nemy and drove him back in disorder, 
 and with fearful loss, upon his reserves, jiost- 
 ed near tho cre<;k, and enabling the broken 
 divisions of llrannan and liaird to rally and 
 reform. A lull in the conflict now ensued 
 from 4 to ,') p.m., when the enemy once more 
 charged Thomas' right and the Union left 
 centre, with such impetuosity as to throw 
 them into disonler. But Gen. W. llau^n, of 
 (Jriltenden's corps, massing twenty ginis on u 
 
 ' ridge commanding the Kossvillc road, poured 
 a cross fire into the charging columns of the 
 enemy till they tunuid and retreated in con- 
 fusion. At sunt'i^t Johnson's front was again 
 a.ssailed with a division of Hill's corps, undi-r 
 Gtiu. Pat Cleburne, but night closed the con- 
 flict without the rebels gaining luiy advantage 
 thereby. 
 
 On the Union right, during tho morning, 
 cannonading chiefly took place. About 3 
 I'.M. Stuart att<;mpted to advance, without 
 
 ' success; and Hood pushed forward two of his 
 divisions upon Jell". (!. Davis, of McCook's 
 coqis, but J)avis nuiintained a stout resist- 
 ance, and tming reinforced, drove the ene- 
 my back us the day closed. The two armies 
 now stood confronting each other on groiuid 
 which gave no a<lvantiige to either, th(! entire 
 force of the rebels iM.'ing about 70,0(K), while 
 that of Uoseerans was not over .').''>,0()0. Both 
 armies pa.ssed the cold night without tires, 
 the Union army in addition sufl'ering from 
 tho want of water. During the night Kose- 
 erans shortened his lines nearly a mi'e, with- 
 drawing his right from (iordon's Mills and 
 resting it on Missionary Kidge ; and Bragg 
 moved Breckinridge's division of Hill's 
 corps from his left to his right. At 8 A.M. 
 on t\w f(dlowing morning, the 2(»th Sep- 
 tenib<!r, the fog lifti'd and Hrcckinridgo ad- 
 vanced his fresh troo|is across the Kussville 
 road, covered by a terrific lire of the rebel 
 artillery, in a resolutt^ charge upon the breast- 
 works of logs and rails which Thomas had 
 thrown up dining the night. Line upon line 
 of gallant men crundiled t.> fragments before 
 the fire of the latter, and still fresh troops 
 were advanced by the rebel leaders. AVhihi 
 the tiile of battle before Thomiui ebbed and 
 flowed with frightful carnage, tho Union left 
 centre was also desperately and indecisively 
 assailed, but iiragg's attempt to turn the Un- 
 ion flank was baflled by Thomas's firmness. 
 About noon Koseerans lU'dered Wood, of the 
 Uidon centre, to leave his position and sup- 
 port Keynolds, who was sevitrely pressed on 
 the left. This order lost the battle to the 
 Unionists. Wood attempted to executt' the 
 order by pa.ssing in the rear of Brannan and 
 between Lim and Koyuolds, luto the gap 
 
 thus o|>encd fa the Union front Jjongstreek 
 at once tlirt^w Hood's command, siip|>orted 
 by an advance of liucknerl on the Union right 
 flank. The charge was terribly decisive. 1 >iv 
 vis, from the right, attempted to close tli« 
 fatal opening, but he was torn in i)ieces l)j 
 the rebel shock. Brannan on the left, and 
 Sheridan, of Crittenden's ccn-ps, v/ore struck, 
 and, cut otT from the Union army, were push- 
 ed to tho right and rear, with a loss of ontv 
 half their nund)^!). Ijike the centre, the 
 v.hole right wing now crumbled into a dis- 
 ordered mass, flying towards Kossville and 
 Chattanooga. Gens. Koseerans, McCiwik, and 
 Crittenden were borne backwards in the wild 
 rout. At Kossville, Mc(-'ook, with Sheri- 
 ilan and Davis, attempted to rally and re- 
 form the wrecked divisions, while Koseerans, 
 cut off from Thonnts, who was still stoutly 
 fighting ami holding his own on the left, hast- 
 ened to Chattanooga to nuike preparations to 
 save it from prospective capture. It was 
 now that the few divisions of Gen. Thomas 
 were compelled to withstand the assault of 
 the whole rebel army of 70,000 men. Bat- 
 talion after battalion swept up on his front, to 
 be melted and scattered by his steady lire. 
 Unable to force his front, tho enemy, at 3 
 P.M., gidneil a low ridge running at right an- 
 gles to tho right extrenuty of his line, and 
 poured into a gorge directly in his riar. The 
 moment wim critical, but Gen. Gorilon Gran- 
 ger, commanding a small reserve corps at 
 Kossville, who had been inspired during 
 tho morning, though without direct infor- 
 nuition or orders, to start his columns tow- 
 ards the scene of conflict, arrived at this 
 very moment at Tho.iias's position. Gen. 
 .Steednuui, commanding Whilaker's and 
 Mitchell's brigades, seizing the flag of a regi- 
 ment, headed the charge, and in twenty min- 
 utes the rebel Hindnnin's forces had disap- 
 p(!ared, and the Union forces held both the 
 gorge and tho ridge. At 4 P.M. the storm 
 luirst again with greater fury. Longstreet's 
 veterans wen^ now sent to retake the position 
 from which ilindman hud bei'U driven, and 
 shortly all but a fraction of the entire relsd 
 army investetl the ridge whereon Thonuis, 
 with but thriH) divisions of the Union army, 
 rested. Again and again the rebels charged 
 the front, b\it Steednian's two immortal brig- 
 ades stood in their ]>oKition like towers. The 
 baffled enemy now udvuneed on tlu^ left, and 
 as tho heavy column ajiproached, Keynolds 
 charged upon it with s\ich vigor as to rout 
 it, capturing liOO prisoners, who were taken 
 offtholhtld in theUidon retreat. Night was 
 now approaching, and the amnninition of 
 Thomas was nigh exhausted, but the latter 
 again ordered a bayonet charge upon the reb- 
 els, who were rallying for a final assault. It 
 was successful, and tho str\iggh' was ove. . 
 The field was shortly covered with darkness. 
 Thomas fell back, unpursvu'd and in good 
 order, <m Kossville, whej-e a ni-w line of buttli^ 
 was formed of McCook's and Crittenden's 
 rallied corjis, Tho enemy, however, did not 
 advance, and on the night of Monday, Septem- 
 ber 21st, the Union army was withdrawn in 
 order and unmolested, to the position ussigni d 
 it by Koseerans in front of Chattnnodgn. 
 
 The Union losses in the battle of Chicka- 
 mauga were l,l>44 killed, D,2lJ2 woundi^il, 
 4,9 4 & missing, exclusive of a cavalry loss of 
 about OOU; toUl, 10,3S1. 30 guus, 2U cais- 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 BoiiH, and K,4r)U Hiiiiill iiriiis fi'll into tlii) IiiuhIh 
 cf tliu (Micniy. <i<!n. Hiiixn icportetl a Iobh 
 0-: 18,000; ltl,00(l kill<;<l iiml woundnd, iiu<l 
 'J,0()() priHont'in. Tlioiiuli l!iaj{g, on Scpti'in- 
 lirr '2M, a|i|H^ai'i.'il in lon^i' iinil Hat down lir- 
 )()i'(i <'luittHn()iij<a, 111) wisi^ly did not atU'ni|pt j 
 to talti! it l)y assanlt. On Oitolii-r I'.tlli,' 
 wliilo tluiH inVHHti'd line, (iitn. ItoKccnins rc- 
 irivitd an oi'di^r rclit-ving liini IVdni coniinaMil, 
 
 March 30, IKfKi, in liin Orpartnicnl of tli<' 
 Oliio, ut Sonit'i'mit, Ky., a, fcncii of L',r>()(» 
 niountod n^lx^lH, nndtT (Jen. IVgrani, whh 
 nmt'Ml ftud diivon tlienco across iIk- CunilH'i- 
 laiid into Tonnosscu, \>y (ion. t^. A. (iilniuri', 
 witii 1,^00 men. In .fwuv, (irn. itiirnsidi', 
 L'uiuMiandin<{ tlio Dcpailiiicnt, dt'spatcliiHl a 
 cavalry force, nndcr Col. II, S. KanmlcrN, into 
 KuKl TtMinessoc, wliich linrnrd important rulicl 
 lirid>;()H, captured ,')(I0 pri.soiKM's, and also do- 
 hlroycd a lar^u (piuntily rif ( 'onfodcratc stores. 
 Au){. 10, Kunihidt! advimccd witli 20,000 
 men from Camp NciHon, near Kiclimond, Ky., 
 against Knoxviltc, Ti-nn., wliicli was licid liy 
 lliickner witli a Hmall force. Jiapidly ap- 
 prcmcliing tlio place In; met no uppoNitioii. 
 On Sept. 1 his caval'v advance, and on the 
 ltd liis nmin body, entered tlie town and wen; 
 received by tin; loyal Kast TenneHseiNins willi 
 enlliiiHia.stic i;xpr('H.sion.s of inleoNi; joy at tlii.s 
 deliverance from tlin KuU'erin^js of reliel rule. 
 Itiickner left behind a lar);<.' (|inintity of ipiar- 
 lermuster's Ktore.s in eviicualin;; the jiliu'e. 
 liuinsiili: also pre.s.sed on to Kingston, where 
 III' met till' pii;kotH of UoKecrans, and he also 
 visiii'd l.oinlun. The ri'bi'l garrison at Cuni- 
 bi'i'laiiil t^ap, of 2,000 men, wiih cut oil', and 
 on the !lth Hurntndered to llnrnside's forces. 
 The I'nion cuvidry then moved rapi<lly eiist- 
 w:inl, pursuing a sunill rcrhid forci- midertJeii. 
 Slim Jiuies, into Virginia. Nov. (J, Col. 
 iSliackleford's force was attiicke(l iit Hogers- 
 villi', by J, 'JOO mounted rebels under (Icn. W. 
 v.. dones, who rout<'<l it, taking T.'iO prison- 
 er.i ; but a singidar panic then look jilace on 
 b'llh sides, tin; Unionists lleeing to liull's 
 • lap, IS miles ilistant, wliile (Jen. J(Uies' 
 fiiri'i' moved as rapidly in tin; opposili; direc- 
 lion. Itragg now dispatched a larg<' fence 
 miller (ien. l<ongstrei;t to strike ISurnsido and 
 ricover Knoxville. At riiiladelphin. Col. 
 Wolford with L',000 Ihiionists was assailed 
 by an ovi;rwhelming force of about 7,000 of 
 l,iinj;stre(;t'H men, and after a severe light of 
 heveial bom's, was forced to cut his way out, 
 leaving his battery and .'!'J wagons, but sav- 
 ing till) most of his command. I ien. liurnside 
 Mow coiii;eiil rated his forces at ( 'ampbeH's Sla- 
 tiiiu bidore the advance of the enemy, am! 
 was joined by I'.is own cmps, the Dili, from 
 Vicksburg. At Campbell's Station lie was 
 clo.sely pursued by the eheniy, but slowly fell 
 back to Kno.wille, with an exbibilion of cre- 
 dilabli' geneial.ship, Nov. 17, l.ongsl reel be- 
 sieged him at Knowille, and on the I'Mth as- 
 saulted Fort Sandc rs, a part of the t'liimi 
 works, but was ri'pulseil wilh a loss of HOO, 
 that of the Unitmisls being iibout 100. |)e<;. 
 !>, i.ongstreet rai.seil the siege and niovi'd east- 
 waid to llussellville, Virginia, niimoli'sled. 
 
 • hi iIk; defeat of Woseiiiiiis 'it ! 'liickamau- 
 g<i,tlie lllhand 12lli Army Corps, iiMler (ien. 
 iluoki-r, wen; orileied from tlii' A'lny of 
 Hie rolomac to the Tennes.see, and Oct. 'f.'ld 
 cniii-iiiiiii((.(| |,(, liriilgeporl. .Meaiiwhilo, a 
 luge eiiMilry force, umli;r Wheeler, was de- 
 npiilulicd by Itragg across Iho Tunncsscu to 
 
 destroy the Union conumniications. Oct. 2, 
 at Anilorson's Cross-roads, Wheeler burned b 
 train id' HOO wagons, destined for IJen. 'J'liomas 
 at < 'hattanooga. lie n<;xt burned a large 
 ipiantity of supplies at .McMinnville, and 
 then swept down to Warren, destroying I'nion ; 
 stores and cominunicalions. lie was spirit i 
 ediy attiieked at .Miirfri'csboro and Karmiiig- 
 ton by inferior Union forces, and finally n;- 
 crossed tin; Tennessee Uiver n<;ar the mouth 
 uf the Elk, having lost about 2,000 nn-n in 
 thn raiil, but having destroyed a niilliuu of 
 dollars' worth of government property, 
 
 Oct. IH, (Ien. (imnt ass\inied comuiainl of 
 the I)(;parlmentH of tlio Ohio, of thi;('umb«r- 
 land, and of the Tennessee, anil short, there- 
 after arrived in Cbnttanooga. In the ineiin- 
 wliile, (ien. Sliernian wilh his whide army 
 had moved from tin; neighborhood of Vicks- 
 burg tu .Memphis, and tlienci; to Ath(;ns, 
 Ala., repiiiriiig the railroads as he moved, 
 and depending on theadjairent count rv for sup- 
 plies. On the 27th October, Urown's Ferry, 
 three miles below iiookoul Mountain, was se- 
 crelly occupied by 1,000 I'nion troops, under 
 jOeii, lla/.eii, and Iho m;xt day the wholu of 
 ! Ilooki'r's llth corps crossed the 'i'(;nneHKee 
 anil encamped in I.ookoiit V.'dley. (ieary's 
 ilivision of the 12th corps bivouacked at 
 I Wauhatchie, and at I I-..M., Oct. 2!illi, was | 
 suddenly attacked in tin; moonlight by over-! 
 whelming numbers, under Laws, of Long-' 
 street rebel corps, holding Lookout .Mountain. 
 Schurz's division <if Howard's corps, near 
 1 llrown's Ferry, was at once ordered to his 
 relief. Tyiiilale's brigade charged and carried 
 a hill on the enemy's left, from whence they 
 ; were suddenly eiiiiladed ; while • >ilan Smith's 
 thin brigade, the 7i'ld • )liio and ib'hl .MasKachu- 
 setts, made a bayonet charge up tlei !:ide of a 
 dillieult hill 200 fi'ct high, comph'tely n>ut- i 
 ing over 2,000 of the enemy from their bar- 
 ricades on the top. 'i'he lighting Isfore 
 I deary continued to be desperate, but at 
 length, 1 l'..M., the enemy were completely 
 pushed back, and ciimpelled to take refuge 
 on Loiikoiit .Moiintiiiii. The I'nion foi s be- 
 ing now (irmly established at Jlrown's Feny, 
 the army in ( 'hattanooga was relieved from 
 the fear of stai'Natioh, and (irant resolved to 
 wait until Slierman arrived en; assuming the 
 uU'ensive. Nov. I.''), the latter reported in 
 person, and by the 21th his command had 
 arrived and encamped on both sidesof (Jliick- 
 aniauga Creek, near the extremity of Mis- 
 sionary Itidge, I he extreme north ]ioint of 
 wli;;'h, unoccupied by the enemy, was at once 
 seized by bin. (Jen. (iriint now had Sher- 
 man's army above iiiid Hooker's army below 
 him, and bolli on the same side of the Ten 
 nessee, whili' Thomas lay in front of Cliatta 
 ' nooga. On the 21th, Hooker moved against 
 i Lookout .Mountain, building bridges to cross 
 i the creek. He then swept irresi^libly down 
 ' tin; valley, and climbeil the sleep hides of the 
 I mountain wilh marvellous celerity and skill, 
 driving the enemy befori' him. About noon, 
 • ieary's advaiiie rounded the peak fif the 
 iiionnlaili, and still pressed on. Just as the 
 I iiioii fiiices reached Iho sumiiiit, whence 
 they were still moving forward, making huii- 
 di'ed.s of prisonerH and pri'ssiiig the rest id 
 the rebels down the precipitous easlern <le- 
 cliv ity of the mountain, the thick fog which 
 liiid rested thereupon rose and disclosed the 
 J victory to the rest of the L'niun army on the 
 
 |daiii.. !m;Iow. At 2 I'.M., a thick and hla(;k 
 cloud lowered upon the mountain, rendering 
 further movement perilous ; and at 4 I'.M. 
 Hooker had lirmly establislieil and fortified 
 his line along the eastern brink of t he precipice. 
 On tin; morning of tin; 2.''itli, the Union army 
 was stretched in un unbroken line from tin; 
 north end of Lookout .Mountain to lliu 
 north end of Missionary Itiilge, (ien. Hooker 
 now moved down from Lookout .Mountain, 
 and crossed Chattanooga Valley towards 
 Missionary Uidge, whero the entiri; n'ln'l 
 army was now concentrated, OHterhnUH mov- 
 ing upon it eastward, (ieary on tin; west, ami 
 (.'ruft directly upon it. At the saiui; ti'iie, 
 Sherman attacked the rels'l position in IiIh 
 front, (ien. (Ja8i; leailing the uilvance across 
 n ileep valley covered with a forest and 
 bristling with breast w<irkK and abatlis. Tim 
 battle wa.s thus fairly ojiened and swayed 
 backward and forward, b\it with the gradual 
 advanci; of the Union lines. Though Sher- 
 man waschei ked at one time by a sudden and 
 heavy artillery lire, still he lost no ground. 
 Tin; battli; raged most fnrionslv before him, 
 for this northern position of the rebels was a 
 vital one to tlieni, by losing which their rear 
 anilbaseof su|i|ilies at Cliickamauga woulit 
 be threatened. At 2 r.M., (Jen. (irant, still 
 awaiting advices of Hooker's advance, found 
 that llriigg was weakening his centre to sup- 
 port his right. Thomas, of the Union centre, 
 was at on(;e ordered to advance straight to- 
 wards tin; steep face of the mountain in front. 
 All along the crest of the ridge the eni'niy'x 
 artillery opened, but the gallant line still 
 chargeil steadily and in onler over the ene- 
 my's lillepits at the ba.se, and up the ilillieiilt 
 ascent. Their progress was onward wilhoiit 
 wavering until at about dark the summit of 
 th<; ridge was carried. The ri sistance on 
 Thoiiia.s' left beiiig overcomi', the eneniy by 
 midnight were in lull retreat, and the w lioli) 
 of their strong position on Liiokoiil .Monnliiin, 
 Chattanooga N'alley, and Mis.siniiaiy liidge 
 fell into the possession of the Union ainiy, 
 wilh six thousand prisoners, 10 piecrs of ar- 
 tillery, and 7,000 stand of small arms. 
 
 'J'he next day .Sherman and Hooker pursued 
 the enemy. At Itinggold a stand was nindo 
 by (it'll. I'at (!leburne, con:nianding the rebel 
 rear, but, after a spirited tuitest on both 
 sides, he was eonipelled to conliniie bis re- 
 treat, (iranger's and Sliernian's corps weru 
 short ly despalclieil from ( 'haltanooga to thn 
 relief of liurnside, who was now seveiely 
 pressed by Longstreet at Knoxville. I'.y ex- 
 traordinary miirehes, tliise n irifiirci nieniM 
 reached the latter place on |)ec. li, cnnipelling 
 Longstreet to at once raise the siege and de- 
 camp. 
 
 The Union lossis in these struggles wero 
 reported at 7.''>7 killed, l,.'i2'.l woiinded, iind 
 :):)0 missing; total, '''iji'iKi. The nbel killed 
 and wounded was not reporled. 
 
 ilan. H, ISIi.'t, Sprinulielil, in MisRonii, wiir 
 atlacked by the ri liel Maniiinliike, wilh l.tiliO 
 men, but they wi'ie sue i essfiilly rcfislid by 
 • ien. K. II. lirowii, of the Mi>Mi\iii mililia, 
 wilh a force of 1,200 nun. losing mtiie 200 
 miri, to a L'.'iion loss of In;). On .Ian. loih 
 a spirited light look place lulwiin Marma- 
 duke's fori'cs and a I'nion force iindi r Col. 
 Merrill, 21st Iowa, at lliirlsville, where the 
 former were repulsed. At Ihitesville Mar- 
 uiaduko was attacked and routed, Feb. 4, bjf 
 
BM 
 
 KT8TCRY OP THE 
 
 the 4th Missouri Cavalry, Col. O. E. Wuriiig. 
 March 9, Ocii. Curtis was relieved from the 
 comniand of t)ie Department of Missouri, 
 and, May lU, was succeeded by Ocn. Sclio- 
 field. March I'S, the steamboat .VriHi Gaty 
 was attacked by a i>arty of guerillas, wlio 
 robbed and murdered a number of white anil 
 black |>ersou8 on board. Such of the latter as 
 were taken in attempting to e8cai>e were drawn 
 up in line by the side of the boat, and sliot, one 
 by one, through the head. April 18, Fayette- 
 ville was attacked by 2,000 mo\inte<l n^bels 
 under Gen. Cabell, who was shortly com- 
 pelled to retreat across the Boston Mountains 
 to Ozark. April 26, Marmaduko attacked 
 Cape Uirardeau, a largo depot of Union 
 army stores, but was driven otf by a force of 
 1,200 men with six guns, under Gen. John 
 McNeil. May 20, Fort Blunt, in the Cher- 
 okee Nation, was struck at by 3,000 rebels un- 
 der Col. Coffey. Col. Wni. A. Phillips, com- 
 manding there, with 800 men and a r'-giment 
 of Creek Indians, drove them across the Ar- 
 kansas. July 1, Standwatic, the Cherokee 
 rebel chief, with a foi-ce of 700 Texans and 
 many Indians, on Cabin Creek, met the 1st 
 Kansas colored, 800 strong, ami i>00 Iiidianf. 
 Htandwatio was defeated, the rebel Indians 
 proving worthless. 
 
 July 17, Gen. Blunt, with 3,000 men and 
 12 light guns, attacked 6,000 relwls \uider 
 Gen. Cooper, near Fort Bl\ui% and routed 
 them witli a loss of 400. Co ley attacking 
 I'ineville, Aug. 13, was beaten oil' by Col. Ca- 
 therwood, 6th Missouri Cavalry, with a loss 
 of 200. 
 
 On the morning of Aug. 21, a band of 300 
 rebel g\ierillas, under one Qiuvutrell, s\ir- 
 priscd the inhabitants of Lawrence, Kans:is, 
 while the latter were still in their beds. ll»'sist- 
 ance was useless. Banks, stores, and pi'ivato 
 dwellings were robbed. The court-house and 
 mauy of the best residences were lii-ed. Every 
 negro aiul German, as well as many other 
 citizens, were killed wherever found. At 
 10 A.M., 140 men liaving been murdered and 
 185 buildings burned, the miscreants iled. 
 Aboiit 100 of them were overtaken and 
 killetl in the subsequent pursuit ; the rest, 
 including' Quantrell, finally escaping. In 
 Augiist, Gen. F. Steele, with 6,000 men of 
 Gen. Grant's army, and Gen. Davidson, with 
 about the same niimber from Missoviri, ad- 
 vanced on Little llock, the capital of Arkan- 
 sas, and at 7 r.M., Sept. 10, having driven 
 the enemy under Marnm<luko and Tapjian be- 
 fore them, and taken ab nt 1,000 prisoners, 
 occupied the place. Numerous other minor 
 engagements took jilace in Missouri and Ar- 
 kansas. Oct. 2."), I'iiie Blulf, Ark., was 8\ic- 
 cessfully defended by Col. Powell ( 'lay ton with 
 350 men for five hours against Marmaduke 
 with 2,500 men. At Arrow Uoek, Oct. 12, 
 Gen. E. B. Brown attacked a united rebel force 
 under Shelby and C()fl"ey, and put them to 
 flight, intlicting a loss of 300. Dec. 18, Stand- 
 watie and Quantrell were repulsed by Col. 
 rhilli])S at Fort Gibson, Indian Territory. 
 
 During the year 1802 several bands of the 
 Sioux of Minnesota hud openly nuule war 
 lijion the whites ; the eliii'f of tlii'se attiicks 
 at Yellow Jledicine, New I'lui, Ceilar City, 
 Fort Ridgely, and Fort Abi'icroinbie, were 
 mode by Little Crow's band, who butchered 
 Mome 5(10 peraons, mainly defenei^less women 
 and children. At Wood I^ke, Little Crow 
 
 wa« routed, Sept. 22, 1862, by Gen. H. H. 
 Sibley : 500 of the savages were captured, 
 and 300 convicted of murder. Their sen- 
 tence was deferred by President Lincoln, 
 and the most of them >iltiinat«ly escaped pun- 
 ishment. In the summer of 1863, Gen. I'ojie 
 assumed the ciimnmiul of this department ; 
 and in July, tJen. Sibley, at Dead Butl'ulo 
 I^ike and other places, ov(-rtook the hostile 
 savages, killing many, and disiK-rsing the 
 others. Gen. Conner, conmianding in Utah, 
 attacked some 300 hostile and (le|)reilating 
 Shoshonces on Bear lUver, Idaho, on Jiui. 
 29, 1863, and killed 224. 
 
 Soon after the capture of Port Royal by 
 the Unionists, Gen. Cj. A. Gillmoru proceeded, 
 by shar]> fighting and hard work, to plant 
 batteries of mortars and rilled guns on the 
 liig Tybt!0 Island, sotith-east of Fort Pulaski, 
 for the purpose of reducing this important 
 rebel fort of 40 heavy guns, which was some 
 two miles <listant. I le also succeeded in placing 
 a battery at Venus I'oint, on the north-east. 
 On the morning of April 10, 1862, Major- 
 Gen. Hunter, commanding the department, 
 opened fire on the fort from these works, and 
 at 2 P..M., it being evident th>it the fort was 
 fast becoming a ruin beneath the steady e 
 therefrom, it was surrendered by its coi. 
 mander, C. H. Olmstead, with 385 men. 
 
 Jan. 23, 1862, a large number of old hulk, 
 collected at the North and loaded with stone, 
 were sunk in Charleston Harbor, to impede 
 the navigation thereof by blockade-runners, 
 a proceeding which was designated as bar- 
 barous by the British ownei-s of the latt<'r. 
 Feb. 28, Com. Dupont, with an extensive 
 naval force, together with a land foi-ce under 
 Gen. Wright, moved down from Port l{oyal 
 anil took possession of the whole coast as far as 
 St. Andi-cws and Cuml>erland Sound. May 
 9, I'ensucola, Fla., was evacuated by Gen. T. 
 N. Jones, who burnt all the combustible 
 works there, and retreated inland. Success- 
 ful Union ex|>editions now took |>laco from 
 Port Royal under Capt. Steedman and (j!en. 
 Brannun, to St. John's and Jacksonville. 
 Two negro regiments, on Maich 10, proceed- 
 ed, under Col. T. \V. Higginson, to the latter 
 place, and being reinforced by two white 
 regiments, held it for a short while. When 
 left, the i)laco was wantonly fired and de- 
 stroyed by some soldiers of the 8th Maine. 
 
 On February ll,Gen.T. W. Sliermnu took 
 possession of Edisto Island, and the Union 
 gunlraats shortly advanced to a point on the 
 Stono River, three miles from Charleston. 
 On June 16, 1862, (iin. H. S. Wright ad- 
 vanced with t),0(K) men against the rebel 
 works at Secessionville, on the east side of 
 James Island, eoninuinded by Col. J. S. 
 Lamar. Nothing was accomplished, and 
 after a bloody engagement of a lia'f hour 
 the Uniim forces fell back, with the heavy 
 loss of 574, leaving their dead in the hands 
 of the enemy, whose loss was about half that 
 nundier. On October 21, 1862, Gen. J. M. 
 Bra: Ml, with 4,448 men, pursued the enemy 
 as far ■".i Pocotaligo, whence, after a consider- 
 able i, tillery fight, Braniian returned at 
 nij^ht to Hilton Head. About tliis time 
 Col. Bates, with 400 men, advanced to Coos- 
 awhatchie, and engiiged the enemy, dispersing 
 a trainful of reliel reinforcements from 
 Savannah. January 31, 1863, some rebel 
 iron-dads, under Capt. D. N. lugraham, stole 
 
 upon the blockading fleet ofl' Charlestoi., dis- 
 abling two, the Mercedila and Kei/nlone, 
 whereujion the relnjl authorities undertook to 
 declare the blockade of that port to be duly 
 raised. 
 
 February 27, 1863, the relwil steamer 
 \ii«hville was discovered nground oil" the 
 Ogeechee, and (h^stroyed by Com. Wonlen, in 
 the iron-clad Montaiik. March 3, the rebel 
 Fort McAllister, on the Ogeechee, was unsuc- 
 cessfully attacked at long range by the Union 
 iron-clads; and on June 7, the rebel stenmir 
 laiuic iHinith was sunk by the gunlHiat B'lWrf- 
 hickon, while attempting to escape from Char- 
 leston Harbor. April 7, 1863, Com. Du]iont 
 proceeded to assail Fort Humter with a flret 
 of nine iron-clads. Full 300 relsd cannons 
 lined the channel to l>e traversed thereto, on 
 Morris and Sullivan Islands, Cumining's Point, 
 and other places. At noon, A]>ril 7, the fleet 
 moved steadily up, passing Moiris iHlaiid 
 and reaching a point opposite Battery Bee, 
 on Cumming's Point, iH'fore a gun of the 
 enemy was fired. As the Wechawkfii, Com. 
 John Rodgers, in the advance, with a torpedo 
 machine attached to her bows, was sounding 
 to pass into the harbor, a general fire opened 
 from the batteries, and from Forts Sumter 
 and Aloultrie. Suddenly the M'eehnmkeii's 
 advance was stop|ied by an immense hawser 
 tretching from Sumter to Moultrie, which 
 »as buoyed by empty casks and attached 
 by nets, cables, etc., to torpedoes below. This 
 at once entangled her propeller, and rendered 
 her unmanageable. An attem|it was then niaile 
 by other vessels of the fl(>et to pass westward 
 of Fort Sumter, but here they were met wiih 
 row u|)on row of piles rising ten feet abovt: 
 the surface of the water, and by the constant 
 fii'e of three rebel iron-clads. The flagship 
 Irnnmthii now refused to oIk-v her rudder, 
 and drifting towards Fort Moultrie, got foul 
 of the t'atskill and \anlurkft, whereupon 
 Com. Dupont signalled the rest of the fleet to 
 act as they deemed best. The Kmkuk, Lieut. 
 Rliiiid, then ran within 500 yards of Sumter, 
 and there remained, jiouring a constant fin^ 
 upon the fort for a half hour, when she 
 withdrew, fa.st settling in the water. Si-j of 
 the fleet were thus severely injured. The 
 Nahanl was struck thirti-en times, the turrit 
 of the J'ngiinic was knocked to jiieecs, that 
 of the Nnnhirket so deranged that her jiort 
 couhl not be opened, the Cdlnklll was pirrced 
 with rifled shot, and the IroimUlea bad one 
 of her port-shutters shot away. The Jxfnhik 
 was struck ninety times, both of her turrets 
 being riddled, and nineteen hides made 
 through her hull. At 8 I'.m. she reaehed 
 Lighthouse Inlet, where she sank. Com. Du- 
 pont having three hours previously given the 
 signal for a general withdrawal from the con- 
 test. 
 
 On Juno 17, 1863, Capt. John Rodgera, in 
 
 the Weehavkfn, attacked the jiowerful lelii'l 
 
 iron-clad /I</n»i<n, in Wilmington River, at. 'Ulii 
 
 yards range, and after five destructive hhnls 
 
 at her with a 15 ihch gun, in fifteen minutes 
 
 caused her to surrender, with four guns mid 
 
 ■ 165 nu'n. Juno 12, (ien. (iillmoi-e relieved 
 
 : Gen. Hunter in command of the land forces 
 
 I of the department, and on Jidy 6, Cmii. 
 
 i Dahlgren succeeded to Coin. Dupont, the 
 
 j naval commander. On the lOlh July, Cill- 
 
 moro surprised the rebels in the fortifications 
 
 ou the south end of Morris Island, and cap- 
 
Bt off CImrlfHtoi., (liH- 
 edita and Jx'ri/nlone, 
 tlioi'iticH undertook to 
 ' tliat port to b(! dvily 
 
 , tho ridiol BteiiniPr 
 irpd nground oH" tlici 
 1 b_v Com. Worilcii, in 
 Mnrch 3, tlic vrl)il 
 I Ogeechec, wiih iiiikiic- 
 ig range by tlic Uiiiiiu 
 10 7, tb(! rebel slonnicr 
 (y tho giiulH)nt irMcd- 
 { to escape from I'liar- 
 7, 18(13, Com. iJnpoiit 
 t Hiinitor witli a ticel 
 ill I3()() rebel cannons 
 I traversed thereto, on 
 nd», Cnniming's I'oint, 
 noon, Apiil 7, the (h'et 
 a88ing MoiriH Inland 
 Dpposito l{att<'ry I'.ee, 
 Iw'fore a gun of the 
 the W'eehawkfn, Com. 
 Ivanee, witli a torpedo 
 •r bows, wan Hounding 
 . a general fire openeil 
 il from Forts Humti'r 
 nly tho J\'eeh(iv>ken'i> 
 ly an immense hawser 
 '.r to Moultrie, which 
 y casks and attached 
 orpedoes below. This 
 iropeller, and rendereil 
 attem|it was then made 
 fleet to pass westward 
 re they were met wiili 
 rising t<;n feet above 
 It, and by tho constant 
 dads. The flagship 
 to olM>y her rudder, 
 ort Moultrie, got fo\il 
 'nnlurkft, whereupon 
 the rest of the fleet to 
 Tho J\fokiik; Lieut. 
 ."iOO yards of .S\imter, 
 ring n constant fire 
 ndf ho\ir, wIumi she 
 in the water. .Si\ of 
 rely injured. Tho 
 t<'<-n times, the turret 
 )eked to ])ieees, that 
 iinged that her port 
 ( 'dtukil/ was ])ienT(l 
 IroHniiha had one 
 away. The hrnhik 
 both of her turrets 
 ineteen ludes niado 
 S I'.M. she reached 
 she sank, Com. Dn- 
 providusly given the 
 drawal from tho con- 
 it. Jolm IJodgers, in 
 i the powerful rebel 
 minglon l!ivi'r,at.'l(l(t 
 ve destructive shots 
 n, in fiftoeu minutes 
 with four guns niid 
 n. (lillniore relieved 
 d (if the hind forces 
 I on July (i. Cum. 
 Com. Oupont, the 
 the 10th duly, (iill- 
 in tho fortifications 
 rria Island, aud cap- 
 
 I 
 
 © 
 
 61 
 
 \ '^- 
 \ 'Si 
 
 \ ^ 
 
 5 
 
 3- <^ 
 
 m 
 
 k 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 Bsn 
 
 tiimd 200 ]iri80iiorH, i^iglit battviiuH, and . 
 tliipo niortnrs. Thii iioxt <lny, Gen. Strong, ' 
 with a forco iif 2,000 nipii, attcmptRfl to carry 
 Fort WHgtior by assiiiilt, witlidruwiiij; uftor i 
 H H|iirit(Ml ctrurt without hiktimh, but with 
 niddi'iiito loss. July IM, aiiotlior nioro for- 
 iiiidHblit iiHHiuilt was uttciii|it(!d by (ii'U. i 
 Strong's brigade, (icn. (liihuorc luid now 
 jilacifd a Roiiiicirclo of liattorics about 1,M(I0 
 vards from the fort, and thu land attack was 
 assisted by tho irou-chids under Uahlgren. 
 About noon tho bonibardnicnt o|)ened,and wa.s 
 kept U|> till 8 P.M., when thu grand assault 
 waa undertaken. Tho AHh Mussac'luisotts, 
 colored. Col. Shaw, led. Every foot of the ad- 
 vance was swept by tho gnus of the fori, and 
 after half an hour's bloody combat before 
 and upon the latti-r, the remains of the as- 
 saulting brigade fell back, (Sen. Strong being 
 mortally wounded and every comnumding 
 olHcer iMjing wounded or killed, t'ol. Shaw 
 fell on the parapet of tho fort, and in a hhort 
 time Cols. ChatJield, liarton, (Ireeii, Jackson, 
 and many other noblo officers fell, killed or 
 wounded. In this fearful assault the Uidon 
 loss was fully \,^i)0 men, while thct of the 
 rebels did not exceed 100. 
 
 Oi'ii. Uillmore now rc^solvod to reduce tlie 
 fort by a regular siege, and for that purpose 
 Bteailily pushed his works towards it, opening 
 parallels and constructing trenches under 
 constant fire of tho enemy. In a nuirsh 
 westward of Morris Island, five miles from 
 (,'liarleston, he established abattery of ;17 guns, 
 including one monster ."iOO-pounder, called the 
 Swamp Angel, and intended to reach Charles- 
 tun with its fire, whili" the range of the rest 
 of the batti i ■, i eaclied Fort Sumter, 2 J miles 
 distant. 
 
 On tho 17th August, fire was opened from 
 th(^ battery on Sumter, whilt! the (ire of Wag- 
 ner was diverted by tho fleet under Dahlgren. 
 Com. C W. Rodgera, of the Ciitskill, vtas 
 killed during tho day, and his vessel with- 
 drew from the fight. For seven tluys the 
 bombardment of Sumter was kept >ip, until 
 the fort was reduced to ruins, with the ex- 
 ception of tho ca.semates, where a small gar- 
 rison kept the rebel flag still flying. Gen. 
 liillmoro having duly demanded the sur- 
 render of Charleston, now threw shells from 
 the Swamp Angel into the middle of the city. 
 On Sept. 1 another nnsurce.ssful engagenu'iit 
 took place between the Union iron-cluils and 
 the fort, but day by day Gillmore was slowly 
 a|)proaching Fort \\'agner by sii|) and mine, 
 >uitil on Sept. t) he was within a short dis- 
 tance of tho ramparts. At 9 A.M., Sept. 7, 
 Gen. Terry advanced in three columns to the 
 assault, when the garrison evacuated, leaving 
 If* guns in Wagner anil 7 in IJattery firej;^ 
 near by. On tho night of the 8tli, a party 
 in boats from Admiral Dalilgrcn's flet^t, under 
 Com. Stephens, attempted to carry Fort 
 Sumter by assault, b\it failed, most of the 
 storming party being killed or forced to sur- 
 rcnilcr. Forts Wagner and Gregg were now 
 strengthened, and other works erected on this 
 end of the island, which was a mile nearer to 
 Charleston than the nnirsh battery, whose 
 Swamp Angel had burst at its thirty-sixth 
 discharge. Under the ren(!wed bombardment, 
 <!liarleston was abandoned by most of its in- 
 habitants, and a large portion of the buildings 
 ouflei-ed severely. Dec. C, tho Wee/iaiiken 
 foundered in a gale, as she loy ofT Morris Island. 
 
 Tho military events in North Carolina I 
 during 18(i,'> were confined chielly to an un- ' 
 successful attempt of Gen. I). II. Hill to re- 
 take Newborn, on March 14, and to his siege; 
 of Washington, in that State, from which he 
 was driven away by Gen. Foster on April 17lh. 
 On May 21, a I'nion force cajitured some 
 rebel works at (!um Swamp, taking Ui.') 
 prisoners; and a I'nion cavalry raid on July 
 ;t to Warsaw, and another soon after to 
 Itocky !^lount, on the Weldon and Wilming- 
 ton jtailioad, proved quito successful. 
 
 Jan. 0, iHlili, the French Kni|>eror made a 
 formal oiler of his services as mediator. Dur- 
 ing this winter the national cause was in its 
 greatest peril, and the separation of the North 
 and South seemed almost inevitable. Tht^ 
 ri'duced Kepubliean nnijorities in the State 
 elections of IHtiJi seemed ti> indicate an oppo- 
 sition on the part of a majority of the voters 
 of the North to the Administration, and to the 
 prosecution of the war on the anti-slavery 
 basis of the President's recent proclannitions. 
 
 Apiil It), lHli2, the rebel Congress had passed 
 a sweeping Conseri)ition Act ; and on March 
 3, 1H(1.'}, th(! .')7th Fetleral Congress passed a 
 similar one, which intensified tho o]>position 
 to tho administration, certain State Judges 
 even assuming to declare the act unconsti- 
 tutional. On Sept. 15, I'res. Lincoln issued 
 u proclamation sus|iending the writ of habeas 
 corpus, the opposition to the national cause 
 having become alarmingly overt on the j)art of 
 many |)ersons of tin" S'orth. May 4, C. L. 
 Vallandiglutm, a promintmt peace Democrat 
 of Ohio and i-ebel sympathizer, was arrested 
 by order of Gen. Hurnside for resistance to 
 the Goverinnent, tried by court-martial, and 
 sentenced to close confinement during the war. 
 The President modified ihi^sentence to banish- 
 ment beyond thi; SouthtTn lines, and this 
 sentence was duly executed by Gen. Hose- 
 eran.s. This ease excited the most vehement 
 denunciation of the ( iovernmiut by the Demo- 
 cratic press. Vallandighiim was nondnated 
 for till" (iovernorship of Ohio by the Democ- 
 racy of that State, and demands were made 
 upon the President for a revocation of his 
 banishment. Meetings of the Deiriocnicy were 
 held in various parts of the Union, at which 
 Vallandigham's arrest was denounced as a 
 lawless outrage, and a purpose to resist the 
 FeilcM'al Government in its execution of war 
 measure^, especially that of conscription, was 
 clearly iiiijiialed thereat. Notwithstanding 
 the victories of Yicksburg and Gettysburg, 
 the ])ros|)ect iluring the summer of iMi^l was 
 gloomy indeed. Th«^ pressure of a migliiy 
 war indebtedncs.s was now beginning to be 
 severely felt. On Jidy l.'itli, riots broke 
 out in the city of New York, osten-jbly 
 in resistance to the iiieipialily of the draft. 
 Tho otiicis of the iirovost-marshals charged 
 with the enrolment were burned, felegraiih 
 wires cut, railroads toin up, the mayor's house 
 sacked, the Colored Orphan Asylum Inu'iied, 
 and many must atrnious andticnilish outrages 
 of murder and lingering tort\ire perpetrated 
 upon the colored race by the rioters, who 
 were mostly ignorant Irish laborers and 
 thieves. For three days, the organized militia 
 of tho city being at the front defending the 
 nation, these riots were ki'jit up. All busi- 
 ness wius 8top])ed, and a revolution at the 
 North seemed in sueciissful j)rogres8, for sim- 
 ultaneous and subsidiary riots iu lioston, 
 
 Jersey City, Tniy, unil Jamaiai, N. Y., took 
 place. Tho news of tho Union successes at 
 Yicksburg, I'ort Hudson, and other places, 
 together with a return to tho city of a por- 
 tion of the nnlitia, finally restored order in 
 New Yt)rk and other jjlaces, but not until 
 hundreds of lives had been lost, both of 
 rioters and their victims, and some flL',(IO0,(J00 
 of property destroyed in New York alone. 
 Although tho Democratic press still continued 
 to fulminate against the draft and the other 
 war measures of tho Adnnidst ration, tho 
 logic of thu military successes of the North 
 was of more power. The draft was generally 
 adjudged valid, and a great reaction took 
 place in tho fall elections, in which tho He- 
 liublicans and friends of the Administration 
 generally triumphed by overwhelming ma- 
 jorities, plaiidy indicating tho fixed resolve 
 of the people to end thu rebellion and slav cry 
 together. 
 
 V^arious measures weie passed <luring 
 1803 by tho 37th Congress, having reference 
 to the employment of negroes as soldiers; 
 among others, one ordering a general enrol- 
 ment regardless of color. The arming of tho 
 blacks was generally denounced by the Denw- 
 i eratic jiress, and the Confederate Congress 
 • pas.sed un act decreeing death to any Federal 
 I officer ca]>tured in command of negroes, and 
 : Union conunanders authorizing the \ise of 
 I negro soldiery hail been in many cases de- 
 i clared outlaws by the Confeth^rutc authori- 
 ties, although since the connnencement of 
 the war the latter had nnide >ise of negroes 
 in aid of the rebellion. In the exchongo of 
 jirisonei-s the tVuifederates refused to reeog- 
 i ni/.e negroes as prisoners r)f war, which neces- 
 sitated an order from Presi(h'nt Lincoln, 
 [dated Jidy 30, 181)3, declaring that a rebel 
 soldier woidd be executiul for every United 
 States soldier killed in violation of the laws 
 ; of war, and a rebel soldier l)hiced at hard 
 \ labor on the public works for every one en- 
 slaved by the enemy. Tho organized work 
 of arming the blacks went on in spite of all 
 opposition. May 22d, a bureau was estab- 
 lished having especial reference to this nnitter, 
 and shortly recruiting .stations for black sol- 
 diers were ojiened in various States South as 
 well as North. In Decenjber, lS(i3, over 
 j fiOjOOO were enlisted and in actual s<'rvice, 
 ; and this nunditT was largely increased (hiring 
 I the Kubsei|uent year. Though in the average 
 I tliey were found during the war inferior to 
 i the white soldiery, yet in numerous military 
 i|Ualifications they were ef)Ual, and in somo 
 superior. Their lighting was noticed by their 
 c oiiimanders in many instances with well- 
 , ilrsi-rved commendation. During the month 
 'of November, 18113, the National Cnnetery 
 at Gettysburg, for the burial of thi' siddiers 
 I who fell there, was consecrated with great 
 ceremony. In December, the 38tli Congress 
 , met, Schuyler Colfax being eli'cted S|ie«ker 
 of the House. To his annual message trans- 
 ' niitted thereto, President Lincoln appended 
 ', a proclamation of amnesty, otiering a free 
 |iardon to uU rebels except former Federal 
 , Congressmen, judges, or army and navy 
 ollicers and certain others, on condition of 
 ' taking an oath to support the Federal Con- 
 stitution and Union. A second ]>roclania- 
 : tion was also |iubli.shed at the same time, 
 proposing to re-atlmit any one of the rebel 
 ; States into the Union, upon ouc-teuth of the 
 
BM 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 citizPiiH thuraof having doclurnU for the Union ' 
 mill taken Uin oath of aninpnty. 
 
 Kiirly ill Fobruary, 180+, iin oxpodition 
 under (ipii. Truman Seymour loft Tort Itoyiil 
 for Jiicksouvillii, Fhirichi. It whs oonipoHud 
 of .">,(l(l() troopK, on 1!0 stciituprs mid S schoon- 
 ers. On the 7th, it arrived at and took pos- 
 NeH^inn of Jai'kHonville. Col. Henry, leading 
 tlie Ciivah'y, then pushed on, jireKsing buck 
 tlie rebel force under tien, Finnegan, through 
 Itiildwin and Sandoraou, to J>akn City, wlu^re 
 Finnegan took a strong poMtion ; whereupon 
 Henry waited for Qun. Seymour with the 
 infantry then at Sanderson. Oen. Gillniore, 
 who had accompanied the expedition, having 
 returned to Hilton Head, had left (!en. Sey- 
 mour in connnand, and the latter now under- 
 took to advance inlami, without supplieH, to 
 cut the enemy's railroads. Three ndles from 
 Olust<!e ho camo in close pro.\iinity to Fin- 
 negan's force. Hamilton's battery was placed 
 barely 150 yards from the rebel front, and its 
 gunners were thus at the njercy of the lattcr's 
 sharpshooters. In twenty minutes, half of 
 the men, horses, and two of Hamilton's four 
 guns were lost. The couUict raged with great 
 ferocity ; Oen. Seymour, with reckless gal- 
 lantry, was in the thickest of the fight, urg- 
 ing his men to what was but a vain self- 
 slaughter. From 2 o'clock till dusk, the 
 diflerent regiments that came into position 
 were met by a murderous tiro. Seymour 
 then retreated to Jacksonville, leaving his 
 <lead in the enemy's hands and bringing otf 
 liis wounded. The Union loss was fully 1 ,000 
 men, that of the rebels about 700. Soon 
 nft«r the battle, tlio rebel Gen. Fatten An- 
 derson most honorably sent in a complete list 
 of Union prisoners in his liands, with a de- 
 scription of the injuries of each of the 
 wounded. 
 
 During the winter of 1803-64, extensive 
 salt-works, valued at $3,000,000, belonging 
 to the Confederates, were destroyed in 
 Florida by the Unionists, but no other 
 event of any importance occurred in that 
 State during the year. In South Carolina, a 
 useless, wasteful tight took place near l^e- 
 gareville, on John's Island, in which the 2(!th 
 U. S. Colored made live spirited but unsuc- 
 cessful cliarges upon a well-placed rebel bat- 
 tery. Long-mnge tiring took i)laoe irregii- 
 larly during most of the year around 
 Charleston. In North Carolina, Feb. Lpt, 
 Oen. Pickett threatened Newbern, alter 
 capturing au outpost at Bachelor's Creek, 
 taking 100 prisoners. A part of his force 
 boarded the gunboat U lulermriler, lying near 
 the wharves of Newbern, and destroyed her 
 by tire. On April 17th, Oen. Hoke with 
 7,000 njen, assisted by the rebel ram Albe- 
 marle, made an attack upon I'lymouth, held 
 by Oen. Wessels with 2,400 men. The 
 rebel ram soon disabled the three Union gun- 
 boats stationed there, and after throe days, 
 occupied in spirited fighting at the out]>ost.s 
 of the town, the latter was surrendered by 
 Wessels on April 20th, with l,i)00 prisoners, 
 25 guns, and some valuable stores. April 
 28th, Washington was evacuated by the 
 Union Gen. Palmor, anil on May 5th the 
 Albemarle, accompanied by two n^liel gun- 
 boats, engaged the three remaining Union gun- 
 boats in these waters. After a tierce cannon - 
 ade at short range, in which most of the ves- 
 wIb engaged were severely injured, the ram 
 
 was beat<<n oil', and up the Hoanoke, by the 
 Union boats, leaving one of the rebel gun- 
 boats as a trophy. Oct. 27th, laeut. ('usiiitig 
 approached the . {Il>emiirl\ biirricnded at a ilock 
 eight miles up the Itoanoke, and alVixed tu her 
 a toipedo which completely destroyed her. Me 
 tlieu sueceodi'd, by swimming beneath a heavy 
 tire, iiie.sca|iini; to the Union vessels in the oil- 
 ing. Oct. 31»t, I'lymouth was retaken by a 
 lleet under ('om. Macomb. During the sum- 
 mer several uniinportitut raids were made -by 
 the Unionists, by which, however, numerous 
 slaves wei'e liberated. 
 
 On the 4th March, a free State govorn- 
 ment for liouisiana was inaugurated, with 
 Gov. Halm at its head, before an immense 
 and enthusiastiu nmltitudo in Lafayette 
 8:|uare, New Orleans. Karly in the same 
 month, Admiral I'orter, with a large fleet of 
 gunboats and transj)ort,'(, carrying 10,0(K) of 
 Sherman's troops under (ten. A. J. Smith, 
 proceeded ui> the Red Hiver as far as | 
 Siinmsport, on the way to Alexandria, where j 
 Oen. Ranks' army of some 15,000 men was 
 to join them in an expedition to capture 
 Shreveport, and attack the rebel army of Gen. ' 
 Kirby Smith, stationed in this region. On \ 
 the way tip the river, Kort De Russy was caj)- 
 turod, with 10 guns and 283 prisoners, by Gen. 
 Smith, the main rebel force there of 5,000 men, 
 under <ien. Walker, retreating up the river. 
 .VIexaudria was surrendered to I'orter with- 
 out a struggle on March Kith, and the army 
 of Ranks shortly joined the Union forces 
 there. The army and gunboats then moved 
 up the river towanls Shreveport. At Sabine 
 (.'ross-roads, near Mansfield and about 40 miles 
 from Shreveport, the rebels made a stand, the 
 Union cavalry coming u]) with them on the 
 Hth April. The advance of the Union army, 
 the rest of whi(;h was .scattered over the 
 country far to the rear, was here suddenly 
 confronted by a force of 20,000 men under 
 Kirby Smith. Leo's cavalry, and Ransom's 
 infantry, were first engaged, and soon out- 
 flanked by an overwhelming force. Ten of 
 Ransom's guns and 1 ,000 prisoners were short- 
 ly lost, and by 5 p.m. a disorderly rout of the 
 Union forces engaged took place, the ranks be- 
 ing broken by the fleeing supply-train of Lee's 
 division. At this moment Franklin's divi- 
 sion arrived, and by the great gallantry of 
 both commander and men, tlio victorious pro- 
 gress of the enemy was for a moment checked, 
 but his forces were soon borne back with 
 the rest in complete disorder. Gen. Emory, 
 who was advancing behind Franklin and was 
 advised of the rout, drew up his forces in lini- 
 of battle, and allowing the flying columns to 
 pass to his rear, to reform if they would, 
 i)rea.sted the hostile wave, till night put an 
 end to the conflict. During the night Ranks 
 fell back fifteen miles to Pleasant Hill, 
 where Smith had arrived with his veterans 
 and posted himself. The next day the con- 
 lidetit reb(!ls here renewed the attack upon 
 Kniory, who was posted in front of Smith. 
 Afler some hi'avy fighting, the former gave 
 way, and was slowly pushed back on Smith's 
 reserves. Suddenly volleys of the lattcr's ar- 
 tillery and musketry swept the crowding re- 
 bels, and before they could recover from their 
 surprise, they were charged by Smith's West- 
 ern veterans, headed by Gen. Mower, and 
 wei-e driven back with great slaughter, leaving 
 two batteries and many prisoners. Notwith- 
 
 standing this victory, Ranks thouglit it Ix'st, 
 from the want of water, to resume tlio n'treni, 
 which WHS continued to Grand Ecore iiml 
 Alexandria without further serious niolesta- 
 tion. Ranks reported his losses in these eii- 
 gagements at 280 killed, 1,541 woundcil, 
 and 2,1.")0 missing, No report was ever 
 niaile of the rebel losses. The forces eiigagiil 
 at Pleasant Hill, were 15,000 Unionists 
 against 22,000 rebels. TTpon Ijeing inform- 
 ed of the retreat of Ranks, Porter, who had 
 advanced his gtinboats with great (.lifliculty 
 up the river as far as Springfield Jjanding, at 
 once turned back, and from the unusual Tow. 
 ness of the river and the presence of the eneiiiy 
 in great numbers all along its banks, danger 
 of destruction to his fleet seemed imminent. 
 Many <letormineil attacks were made upon 
 it above Alexandria by largo forces of the 
 enemy, but they were invariably beaten oil" 
 with great slaughter by the raking fire of tlm 
 boats. One or two of the latter, which had 
 run fast agiHUind, were destroyed by Porter, 
 but after much annoyance from thi^ ol)structe.| 
 navigation and the enemy, the greater portion 
 of the Huet shortly reached Alexandria. On 
 April 23d Gen. Ranks marched rapidly froni 
 Grand Ecore against (!en. liee, who hadtakiii 
 a strong posit ion at the crossing of Cane 
 River, 40 miles below, with 8,000 men anil li! 
 guns. Striking the enemy suddenly. Ranks 
 caused thorn to abandon their works and re- 
 treat in disorder southwcstward towards 
 Texas, 
 
 The river was now so low that the gun- 
 bonis could not pass the fulls near Alexan- 
 dria, and unless the army remaineil to protcit 
 them, their destruction seemed inevitnlile. 
 At this juncture Lieiit.-Col. .loseph Rniley, 
 engineer of the lOtli corps, obtained leave tu 
 build a dam across the river, of timber aiul 
 sunken coal-boats filled with stone, whereby 
 the depth of water in the channel on the i'a|>- 
 ids might lie siifliciently increased for tlm 
 ]iassago of the gunboats. After eight or iiiin' 
 days' labor, on the iltli May the work vns 
 near completion, and the water was rapiiily 
 rising, when a portion of the dam gave way. 
 The gunboats Lexiiii/loii and ^'^lonlni were 
 hastened down the chute, and succeeded in 
 passing with one hole only knocked in tlio 
 bottom of the latter, caused by her frighteind 
 pilot stopping her engines as he nppriiacln d 
 the abyss. Eucourngeil by this |mrtinl sni>- 
 cess, Rniley renewed his cfloits, with tin' 
 whole army assisting him, and by constructini; 
 wing dams to relieve the pressure of the water 
 on the main dam, his exertions were crowned 
 with complete suceeRs, and by the 13lli May 
 the entire fleet had pH.ssed into the navigaliK' 
 watera below the falls. Rniley wns rewarili d 
 for this work with a generalship. At Dunii'a 
 Rayou, 30 miles lielow Alexandria, the gtin- 
 boats iSI</n(il and ('oviiiijUm, convoying tin' 
 transport Warner, were attackeil by a lait;i' 
 rebel force on May 5. The iS'iV/;irt/ and War- 
 iier were forced to surrender, with most of 
 400 soldiers on board, and the i'ociiiijton w^is 
 burned. Most of the I^niiiii posts on llio 
 coast of Texas were now cvacualeil and theii- 
 garrisons came around to reinforce Gen. 
 LSauks. On the de|>arture of the fleet fnnn 
 Alexandria, Banks moved to Simiusport, on 
 the Atchafalaya, having a cavalry skirmish at 
 Mansuru on the way. Porter's fleet moved 
 down the Ked River parallel with the army, 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 OB', 
 
 Jank« thought it licst, 
 to rpHuino tiio rrtrciit, 
 to Orniiil Kooro anil 
 ■tlior Horioim niolostii- 
 hin loHMi'H ill llii'Ho 111. 
 Il';<l, l,riU woiiikIcI, 
 No report was t'nr 
 I- Tho forcoH (•iigiigcil 
 If ir),00(l iriiioniNts 
 njiou Ix-iiig iiifiiriii. 
 inks, I'ortor, wlio liad 
 with great ilifficully 
 priiigfioKl finding, »t 
 from the timiRuul Tow- 
 piTsi^nceof tliocneniv 
 long its bnnkH, diuigcr 
 eet Keeiiuiil iiiiinineiit. 
 •ks were nmdo \i|ioii 
 >.y largo forces of tlm 
 invariably beaten oil' 
 tlio raking fiie of llm 
 th(! latter, whieh had 
 destroyeil by I'orter, 
 ce from the obstrurted 
 iiy, the greater portion 
 lied Alexandi-iii, ()u 
 nnuehed rapidly froui 
 n. I!ee, who had taken 
 ho crossing of Cane 
 vith 8,000 meu and Ki 
 [>my suddenly, Hanks 
 n their works and rc>- 
 thwestward towards 
 
 10 low that the pin- 
 he falls near Alexaii- 
 y remained to protect 
 1 seemed inevitable, 
 .-(.'ol. .losoph liaii.'y, 
 rps, obtained leave Id 
 river, of timber and 
 with stone, whercdiy 
 
 channel on the ia|i. 
 ly increased for tlm 
 
 After eight or nine 
 Jlay the work was 
 le water was rapiiilv 
 f the dam gave wiiv. 
 '" and jVios/io Wei,, 
 te, and succeeded in 
 >nly knocked in tin' 
 sed by her frightem cl 
 I's as he approached 
 by this partial snc- 
 is etlbrts, with t\„- 
 , and by constriictini,' 
 |)ressure of Ihi' water 
 ■rtions were crowned 
 id by the l;!th .Alay 
 id into the navigalde 
 Hailey was rewardc d 
 ralship. At Dnnn's 
 VIexanilrin, the gun- 
 </to», coeivoying the 
 attacked by a laisj<' 
 10 Siijiinl and Win- 
 •nder, with most of 
 
 1 the Cue! lit/ton \\\is 
 L'nion posts on the! 
 evacuated and their 
 
 to reinforce (ien. 
 •e of the duct from 
 I to iSimmspoit, en 
 
 cavalry skirmisli at 
 'orter's fleet moved 
 llcl with tho armr, 
 
 kiid Hliortly rusumud itH patrol of the MiwiB- 
 
 "'I'l''- 
 This expedition, whicli waH most disastrous 
 
 to the military r(>]iutation of its commander, 
 
 ftlsi) brought mucli odium upon tho Uovern- 
 
 nii'iit, who ))(;i'mittod cotton speculations to 
 
 take place under its protection ; and in those 
 
 s|ii'eulation8 Admirul I'orter was to u certain 
 
 extent implicated. 
 
 (Jen. Steele, commanding in Arkansas, who 
 was to co-operato in tho movom<*nt on Hhreve- 
 |i(irt, taking it iu tho roar, and keeping I'rico 
 in Arkansas from joining tho robol forces in 
 Louisiana, moved souti.'ward with some 1 2,000 
 men siiunltanoously with ]ianks' advance 
 from Alexandria. At I'rairio d'Anno, April 
 ];!, he was attacked by IVico with a consid- 
 erable forcd, whom ho boat ott". Uecoiving 
 news of lianks' defeat, on April 15, he turned 
 to the left and entered (.'anuh'n. Hhortly 
 tlieieafter his wagon-train was cut olf and 
 destroyed at Mark's Mill, and on the 27th 
 he was iu full retreat, with tho whole rebtd 
 force of Louisiana and Arkansas left free to 
 (ipei'ttte against him. At Jenkins' Ferry, on 
 the Sabine, he was assoilcd by the enemy in 
 great force, led by Kirby Smith. Hut turn- 
 iiij; upon them, he gave battle with such fury, 
 that they woro completely and brilliantly re- 
 pulsed, tho Union loss being 750 killed and 
 wounded, that of tho onomy 2,300, including 
 three gem^rals. During tho rest of his retreat 
 lie was unmolested, and though nearly overcome 
 by fatigue and hunger, his forces reached Lit- 
 tle liiick on May 2. 
 
 During tho year 18G4, numerous minor con- 
 llids, partisan encounters, and raids took place 
 in Arkansa.s. June 27, (Jen. Carr worsted 
 the rebel Shelby. About tho same time (ien. 
 ]»i)bbins, with a superior rebtd fore;, attacked 
 Col. Urooks, with 400 blacks, on Big (!reek, 
 hut gained no advantage. Aug. 23, Shelby, 
 with 2,000 men, captured the most of the 
 filth Illinois, between DuvulPs ItluH'and Lit- 
 tle Kock. Early in IStU a Union State gov- 
 eriiiiii'nt was formed in Arkansas ; and in 
 Jlarcli a Union Constitution, prohibiting sla- 
 veiy, was ratified liy a vote of tho people. 
 Members of Congress and purmanent State of- 
 ticers were at tho same time elected. At the 
 elcise of tho year after Steeh^'s reverses, most 
 <if the State, however, Miis again under rebel 
 rule. 
 
 On Jan. 28, 1864, fJen. Itosccrans assumed 
 ooiumand of the Department of Missouri, and 
 shortly afterwards discovered an extensive 
 treasDiiablo organization, called tho Order of 
 tlie Sons of Liberty, whereof the grand eom- 
 inaudei-s wert^ (Ien. Sterling Price in the South 
 and 0. L. Vallandigham in the North. The 
 otiicers and liMiding members of the organi/a- 
 tion within his department be promptly ar- 
 rested and lodged iu iirison, whcro they were 
 kept for some time. In July, a rebel out- 
 bieak took place in I'latte (bounty, and numer- 
 ous guerilla outiiiges also occnri-ed in the 
 west of the State. At tho close of September, 
 (li'ii. I'rice advanced from Arkansas into Jlis- 
 Bouri with 10,000 men. On tho 27th, he was 
 resisted at Pilot Knob by (Jen. Hugh S. 
 Kwing, with about 1,200 men. The latter 
 blew up his works, ami escaped during the 
 night to Kolla. I'lieu then moved north to 
 the Missouri Uivor, threatoning St. Louis and 
 Jelferson C'ity. (Ien. A. J. Smith, with 4,500 
 infantry and 1,500 cavalry, vigilantly followed 
 
 him. About this time a rebel (h'tachment 
 under Shelby, after a prolonged fight, captured 
 (ilasgow. On Oct. IH I'rice ruitched Lexing- 
 I'.in, driving before him (!en. lilunt with a 
 force from Kansas, who retreated on Indepen- 
 dence. On tli(^ Little lliue. Price flanked the 
 Kansas men, imw commanded by Curtis, com- 
 pelling them to fall back to tlio Dig liliic. 
 On the hitter, Oct. 23, a fight was maintained 
 between him and tho forces of ('iirtis and 
 I'leasaiiton, until at 1 p.m. tho rebels wore 
 routed und (led southward, pursued beyond 
 Little Santa Fe. In tho meanwhile. Smith, 
 with 9,000 infantry anil 5 butteries, by a false 
 move to Lexington and Independence, had 
 opened a door of escape to Price. Pleasan- 
 tim's cavalry, however, overtook tho latter on 
 tho Little Osage, Oct. 25, and in a spirited 
 conflict there, captured 8 guns and 1,000 pris- 
 oners, including (iens. Marniadukc,CalMdl, and 
 other ofKcers. At Newtonia, I'rice was again 
 struck by Hlunt with some Kansas forces and 
 Sanborn s brigade, and was there routed. He 
 was then chased liy Curtis to Fiiyettovillo, 
 Ark., and this ended the last rebel invasion 
 of Missouri. Though Price obtained about 
 (1,000 ri'criiils from rebel sympathizers in tho 
 latter State, still tho rising was not so exten- 
 sive OS he had expected. 
 
 {/'oiigress having revived tho military gra<le 
 of Lieuteiiaiit-Oeneral, previously held by 
 (ien. Washington alone, on March 2, 18li4, 
 (Sen. (irant was eiMitirmed by the Senate as 
 tho President's noniineo for the place, the 
 popular judgment having decided that ho was 
 the fittest person to giasi> and curry out u 
 successful plan of the war, and to command 
 all tho forces of tho Union. (Sen. (trant 
 fixed his lieadi)uarters with tho Army of the 
 Potomac, which was still eomman<led by (.Jen. 
 Meade, und (Sen. Sherman took command of 
 the Department of tho Mississippi, with the 
 experienced .MePliersoii, Hooker, Thomas, 
 Howard, Hurlbert, l^yoii, and Schofield as 
 his subordinates. The Army of tho Potomac 
 was ri^organized into three corps, commanded 
 by Warren, Hancock, and Sedgwick, and tien. 
 liurnsido was ordereil to unite his 9th corps 
 to that army, raising its strength to over 
 100,000 men. (!eii. (irant's jdan was to move 
 these two grand armies simultaneously, the 
 one east and the otlier west of the AUeglianies, 
 lliclimond and Atlanta being tho objective 
 points. Thus the Held of his designs stretched 
 5,000 miles, over whieh his forces were scat- 
 tered, while (')()0 ve.ssids of war with 4,0ll(i 
 guns lav on the rivers and coasts for 2,500 
 miles. 
 
 Karly iu Febniary, Ocn. IJiitler, command- 
 ing at Fortress Monroe, having heard that 
 Uiehmond was weakly garrisoned, startetl an 
 expedition to capture it and liberate tho pris- 
 oners there, but it failed, from the enemy 
 being apprised thereof. 
 
 Feb. 27 (ien. Carter, with 1,500 cavalry, 
 made a raid, flunking tho rebel army in Vir- 
 ginia, pushing nearly to Charlottesville, and 
 returning March 2. He thus masked ii simul- 
 taneous raid of greater imjiortance by Kil 
 putrick, who pa.ssed across the Kapidan and 
 rapitlly to the rear of Lee's army, and pushed 
 on, cutting the enemy's communications to 
 within 3^ miles of Uiehmond, inflicting on 
 the pdnds serious losses. Ho then proceeded 
 across the White House Railroad, and thence 
 dowu the pcuiubula until near New Kent, 
 
 where ho met a forco sent \ip to his aid from 
 Fortress Monroe by (leu. Ilutler. A portion 
 of his command, some 400, uiider Col. I'Irio 
 Dahlgren, mistook their way, but nllimately 
 reached and ehurged tho outer works of liieli- 
 mond. Th<7 then miide the circuit of that 
 city, but in striking for King ami (^iii rii C. 
 H. they were stopped at Dubney, and Dahl- 
 gren was killed by tho militia of that jilace, 
 while his force was scattered, 100 being mitilu 
 prisoners. His body was treated with igno- 
 miny by the enemy. 
 
 On May 4, the preparations ladng com- 
 plotod, (Jen. Meade's army crossed the Uupi- 
 dan at (icrniania and Fly's Finds, and pro- 
 ceeded to a tract of broken table-lainl ni'ai* 
 Spottsylvunia Court-Honse, culled the Wil- 
 derness, which stretched from Chaneellors- 
 ville to Mine Hun, where Lee lay intrenched. 
 On Thursday, May 5, advancing through this 
 impi'rfectly known country, Warren's corps, 
 with whom (iens. (irunt and .Meade made 
 their heiuhpiarters, moved as far us the Old 
 Wilderness Tavern, Sedgwick being on their 
 right towards the ford. Hancock was di- 
 rected to move forward from Chaneellorsvillo 
 to Shady (Jrovii Church, further down the 
 river, while Sheridan's ca\alry swept still 
 further south-west in a reconiioissanc*'. Pre- 
 sently, finding an unlooked-for battle immi- 
 nent, (irant ordeied Hancock to close up 
 with Warren and form the left wing. At 
 3 r.M. Lee attempted to get Ix'tween llaneoek 
 and Warren, whereupon (irant ordeied Mott's 
 division of Hancock's corps, with (ietty's on 
 Warren's left, to charge into the dense woods 
 and undeidirush and hold the enemy in ilieck. 
 Two hours of stubborn und bloody eoiitlict 
 with musketry alone, the nature of tiie ground 
 entirely forbidding the use of cavalry or ar- 
 tillery, now ensued, resulting in great loss to 
 both sides, and without advantage to either, 
 though the rebels claimed 1,000 prisoners to 
 the Linionists' 300 for this clay. Huiiiig the 
 night Hurnside's corps arrived In a forced 
 march, and at early dawn on Friday, May 0, 
 the whole Union front advanced. .\t 5 a.m. 
 Sedgwick attacked on the right, gallantly 
 moving on Kwell, while Hancock on the left 
 pushed forward, crowding back Hill and tak- 
 ing many |>risoneis, until he had moved 
 nearly two miles on the lirock road. Here 
 Loligstn'ct arrived, and threw the Union 
 front into eonfusion ; but some of lliiinside's 
 corps siislainiiig it, Loiigstreet was In turn 
 pressed back, he himself falling seviitdy 
 w-oundeil. A second despeiati' attack at 11 
 i A.M. ]ires.sed the 2d I'orps back to its in- 
 trenched line, the llroi k road, near whii h 
 (ien. James S. WioUworth fidl, shot tliioiigh 
 tli(^ head. A lull now took place, dining 
 which liuriiside's corps was placed between 
 Hancock and Warren. Sndilenly the nniteil 
 forces of Hill and Loiigstreet fell on tho 
 I'nioii U'ft and left centre. For three-ijuar- 
 ters of an hour the battle here raged with 
 terrible ferocity, the rebels gaining ground, 
 when llaneoek despatched Carroll's brigade 
 to strike the foe in ilank, u movement which 
 succeeded, uml ilrove the enemy back with 
 heavy loss, und enabled Hancock to gain his 
 former position. 
 
 Ju.st after dark the enemy, iiniler (lordon, 
 struck swiftly and heavily the Union rit;ht, 
 surprising ami routing the brigades of Tru- 
 man Seymour, and Slnvler, und taking Sey- 
 
888 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 I 
 
 
 >h. 
 
 Il- 
 ls:: 
 
 I- 
 
 i 
 
 I' 
 
 liioiir iukI HoiiH' 4,(1(10 (illnT priHoiicrn. (Ji'ii. 
 Hi'ils^wii'k Hiicci'fili'il, liowovcr, in n'uforinjj 
 IiIh liiicH, mill till' kitoikI iIiiv'n lif(litin^ nf thiH 
 wrii'M (if lildiiilv Klniifi^li'S cIiinciI. Tlit) nnxt 
 tiny, Hiiliiiilav, -May 7, tim attack of Let! wiin 
 iiiil rt'iM'Wi'd, mill till) (lay \\un K|iout in ri'oon- 
 MiiiHsuiHN's mill (ikiiiiiishrH. Hi'ing now ooii- 
 villi'' il tliitt tlio I'lH'iuy wiiH |)ro|>ftiiMj{ to ri'- 
 ti't'iit, (iniiit (liitiM'tiiiniril to iiiuvii in a niglii 
 iiiarrli towiirclH S|>ottsyl\iiiiiii, to out liini oil' 
 fi'uiii liicliiiioiul, L<>>i watt soon inailo nwair 
 (if I his nuivi'iiicnt, and at onet; (luH|iatc'ho(i 
 ]<(iii^strt'ct l)y a parallel road, who reaoliod 
 tli(' )(oal livfora thu Union army, having thu 
 Hhiirtt'Ht distani'o to no. At 8 a.m. on Huiiduy, 
 ^lay H, Warri'ii'K corps canio full iijion the 
 foiciw of Longstri'ut, whosti guns wnre posted 
 oil the ridge ncios.s the rividet Ny, liefore 
 SpoltHylvanitt I'oiirt House, and Hwe|it the 
 Vnion colmiins as they advanced. Hohiiison's 
 division on the left, confronted by an over- 
 whelming forcj, gave way in disorder. Uen, 
 AVari'i'ii, however, seized a divisiou flag, and 
 rallii'd the ti'Oop.H l>y his gallant bearing. 
 After four hours' severe contest tho oueniy 
 was driven back with groat loss. Towards 
 evening, a part of the Union Gth corps coining 
 up, thu assault on the enemy's position was 
 renewed, and after an hour and a half of se- 
 vere lighting, the first line of their breast- 
 works was (urriod, with heavy loss on both 
 sides. 
 
 The ne.\t day, Monday, May 9th, tho Un- 
 ion lines were entirely clear of tho Wilder- 
 ness, and advanced to within three miles of 
 Spott.sylvania Court-House, and well in- 
 trenched. During the day, while placing a 
 battery and pleasantly bantering a soldier for 
 his nervoiisness at the whistle of a ])afiKing 
 bullet, Gen. Sedgwick was struck in tho 
 face by the ball of a slLirjishooter, and in- 
 stantly fell dead. Tho next day Oeu. H. G. 
 AV right succeeded to the connnand of the Gth 
 corps. No general engagement took jilaco 
 during tho day, both armies being fearfully 
 oxliaiisted. On Tuesday, tho 10th, at G^ 
 P.M., (fen. Grant again assaulted tho enemy's 
 woiks after a day's cannonading, and after 
 Harlow's division had been fiercely attacked 
 and had rescued itself, while recrossing tho 
 ]'o from an isolated position. Wright's 1st 
 divisiciii, Col. Upton, and 3d division, Gen. 
 1). A. Russell, rushiul over tho first lino of 
 rebel defences, in the face of three rebel bat- 
 teries, Gowan's, McCartni'y's, and Kliodes', 
 and took 000 prisoners and 12 guns. But 
 the assault on tho rest of the front resulted 
 in a terrible and u.seless slaughter of the as- 
 sailants. Tho Union losses of tho day were 
 fearful. Tho next day, May llth, was ex- 
 ]iended in skirmishing and reconnoitring, 
 the aft*Tnoon being rainy. At nightfall 
 Hancock changed his position, and moved si- 
 lently to tho left, between Wright and Hurn- 
 side. Between •i and 5 A.M., May 12th, in 
 tho midst of a potiring rain. Barlow's and Bir- 
 iiny's division.s advanced against a salient an- 
 gle of the eueiiiy's works, held by Ed. John- 
 son's division of Ewell's corps, Miles' brigade 
 leading. Theenemy were overwhelmed in their 
 trenches, and (.!ens. .Johnson and (J. W. t-'tew- 
 artand 3,000 other prisoners and 30 guns, were 
 captured. Hancock now pursued the enemy 
 in his front nearly a mile, when they rallied, 
 and a long and bloody fight ensued. Gharge 
 followed charge in tjuick successiuu, and the 
 
 mutiuil carimge was fearful. Wright's corpH 
 WHS sent to aid Hancock, who was now press- 
 ed with tho savage deteriiiinal ion of the en- 
 emy to recover the position which they had 
 lost to him, and before his position (he strug- 
 gle and slaughter were awful. The rain set in 
 again at noon, but the lighting continued (ill 
 midnight, when it ceased, and Hancock still 
 held his prize. Leo now fortified and held a 
 line immediately in Hancock's front, and 
 several days of nianienvring ensued without 
 much fighting. On the ll^th, an assuidt on 
 the enemy's lines by Gibljon's and Barlow's 
 divisions was ropulhed with heavy loss ; and 
 on the I'.lth, Kwcll assaulting Tyler's forcn on 
 tho Union right, was gallantly repulsed. On 
 the 21st tien. Grant advanced by a flank 
 movement from Spottsylvania to tho North 
 Anna, towards Itiehmond. Gen. Meado re- 
 ported his losses up to this tinio at 39,7'Jl, 
 inclinling many officers of high rank. The 
 rebels, fighting on the defensive, sufiered less, 
 but still heavily. Among their killinl were 
 Gens. Sam. Jones, Jenkins, Daniels, I'errin, 
 and J . M. Jones. 
 
 Notwithstanding thu heavy depletion of 
 tho Union ranks, (jen. Grant announced his 
 intention ''of fighting it out on this lino, if 
 it took all summer." Heavy reinforcements 
 were hurried to him from NVashington, and 
 till! base of supplies was changed to Freder- 
 icksburg from the original one north of thu 
 iiapidan. To tho former place tho Union 
 wouniled and sick were transported fmm tho 
 front, and were tenderly cured for by the 
 Government, aided by the Sanitary and C'hris- 
 tian associations. 
 
 On May 'Jth Hlieridan was despatched from 
 the Wilderness on a raid to stiver Gen. Leo's 
 communications with Richmond. He soon 
 reached the enemy's rear, destroying ten miles 
 of the Virginia Central Jtnilroad, and a large 
 quantity of supplies, and liberating 400 Union 
 prisoners. He then moved on until he ac- 
 tually entered the first line of works around 
 Richmond, near which he encountered C<en. J. 
 E. B. Stuart, who was mortally wounded in 
 the ensuing conflict, as was also the relx'l Gen. 
 Gordon. He then proceeded to Haxall, and 
 thence, by White House ond Hanover Goux't- 
 Hous(>, returned to the Army of the I'otonuic. 
 
 In co-operation with Gen. Grant, Gen. 
 B\itlor, on 4th May, having been reinforcetl 
 by Gen. W. F. Smith's (18th) corps, and 
 Gen. (jiilimore's (lOtli) i^orps, from South 
 Carolina, with 2.'),000 of his command, in 
 trans|)orts, accompanied by iron-clads under 
 Admiral J-oe, moved up the James River to 
 City I'oint and Bermuda Hundred, which he 
 occupied and commenced to intrench on the 
 Gth. The gunboats moved slowly and cau- 
 tiously, removing the torpedoes in the river, 
 but on the Gth, one of the latter, containing 
 2,000 pounds of powder, (>xploded under tho 
 Com. ,/inies, destroying the vessel and half 
 of hor crew. Col. R. West, with 1,500 cav- 
 alry, moved simtdtaneously with Butler up 
 tho north bank of the James, while Gen. 
 Kautz, from Suffolk, ojierated against tho 
 roads south of Petersburg and Richmond. 
 On the 7tli liullor made a reconnoissanco 
 against tho I'etersburg and Itiehmond Rail- 
 road, destroying a portion of it after some 
 fighting. On the Kith and 14th ho can-ied a 
 portion of the enemy's front line of defences 
 at Dniry's BlulT, witli small loss. lu tho 
 
 meantime Beauregard had eu'lected his foni'g 
 in North and South Ciirolinn, and brouglit 
 them to the defence of I'etersburg and Uii h. 
 nionil. (»n (he IGth the enemy, under lleau- 
 regard, iittarked Butler in front of Dniiv's 
 Blulf, uid forced him back to his intreihli. 
 nients between the forks of the James ami 
 the A|ipomattox rivers. In this assaiill, 
 made before daylight, in a heavy fog, Biillir 
 lost about 4,0(10 men, Heckiiian's brigiuji' 
 being overwhelmtMl. A (|muitity of lelegnipli 
 wire placed in front of Gen. Smith's line, 
 hold by Brooks' and Wen/erN divisions, and 
 intertwisted among the trns, threw the usHiiiJ. 
 ants to the groiMul, where liundreds of tliim 
 were killed, and the rest made to recoil from 
 tho attack. Beauregard now erected a iiiii' 
 of works across the peninsula in friuit of lint- 
 ler, by which asnnill force of the enemy cniiM 
 impede any advance by the latter noithwaid 
 except by trans]iorts, or by crossing the riv- 
 ers. 
 
 t)n May 2.'>, approaching the North Anna, 
 Oen. Grunt found (ten. I.ee planted aeioss 
 that stream, in a fine position, covering tlic 
 Virginia (.icntral Railroad. The enemy hav- 
 ing divined Grant's intention, had moveil 
 with silence and celerity from SpottsylMinia 
 on a shorter line. Warren, on the rnimi 
 right, crossed Jericho Ford at Ti p.m. on Mny 
 23, and soon an attack was nmde on Grillin's 
 division by a portion of Hill's corjis of rebels. 
 Gritlin hold his position, when, being repulseil 
 in his front, the relH'l leader attempted to 
 flank him. Grillin then hurried Bartlcli's 
 brigade to tho rescue of his right. The KM\ 
 I'ennsylvania, Lieut. -Col. McCoy, ran ujion till' 
 rebel brigade, and one of the BennsylvaniaiiH 
 seized Brown, the rebid leader, by tho eolliir 
 and dragged him from his horse a ]irisiin< r, 
 while nearly a tho\isand of his comiiianil 
 shared u similar fate, and the rest «> r. 
 routed. Hancock, on the left, was mean- 
 while desperately engaged on tho north siilc 
 of the stream. A strong fortification lini', 
 protecting a bridge, held by Mel.aws' division 
 of Longstreet's corps, at G P.M. was stonucd 
 and carried by I'ierce's and Egaii's brigadi"* 
 of Birney's division, with a loss of but I'lO 
 men. The bridge wiw secured, on wliiili 
 Hancock's cor\m innnediately crossed, whili' 
 Wright's corps crossed at Jericho Ford and 
 took jiosition in the rear of Warren. On (lie 
 night of th(! 2Gtli, Gen. Grant being satislird 
 that tho position of the enemy was impici;- 
 nable, recio.sse(l tho North Anna, and innvini; 
 around Lee's right flank, crossed the I'aniiin- 
 key at llanovertown. Sharp lighting ei- 
 curred beftu'e a lodgment was ellected on the 
 opposite bank, and on tho '2Si\\ Slieiidiiii 
 had a severe cavalry engagement with Fitz- 
 hugli l-ice, whom ho routed, the Union l(is» 
 Ixiing 400, while that of tho rebels was Kill). 
 The whole army now rapidly advanced to the 
 Chickohominy, and Gen. Grant transferieil 
 his base from the Rappahannock to the Wliiti^ 
 House. Here Gen. W. F. Smith, with the 
 18th corjis, who had been ordered by (Iin. 
 Grant to leave Butler ut Bermuda Hiiiidi'i'il 
 ond join him, arrived on June 1, having biin 
 brought around in transports. Fhiergetic rc- 
 connois.sanc(iS made by <-ien. Grant now it'- 
 vealetl tho enemy in front in fidl force niul 
 Strong ]iosition, and an attempt of Warren to 
 possess the ISIechniucsville pike failed. Gc". 
 Grant next determiued tu flouk the euuniy 
 
imil (•oMnctod IiIm fimi'H 
 Citi'dliiia, niid lir(>ii(.'lit 
 f l'('ti"rN>(iir({ itiiil Hir||. 
 Ill' t'lii'iiiy, iiticlcr llciiu- 
 •r in front of Diinv's 
 liiK'k to liJH inlrcni'li. 
 ikn of tin' .liinifM aiHJ 
 TH. Ill tliis llHNIinll, 
 in a heavy {i>f!, Ilntlir 
 n, llcrknnin'H In-i^jml.' 
 V i|niintil,v of tflf;;rii|ili 
 of iU'u. SniitirN iini', 
 Vcii/.HrH iliviHionH, iiiiij 
 I trc'M, threw the iiNHiiil- 
 lero liundredH of tlirm 
 at nnide to reeoil ficim 
 rd now erected ii II ih' 
 linsnlii ill front of jliii- 
 reo of the eniiiij- cimlil 
 f the hitter noilliwanl 
 or by croKKing the liv- 
 
 liiiift the North Anna, 
 n. Leo planted aeioss 
 |io8ition, ooveriiij; tlir 
 Olid. The Oiieniy hav- 
 intontion, hiid nioveil 
 ty from Siiottsylvania 
 barren, on the I'nioii 
 ford at Ti p.m. on May 
 WHS made on <irillin".i 
 f IliU'H corjiHof reliels. 
 
 I, when, being re|i\ilseil 
 1 leader fttteni|ite(l to 
 irn hurried Jhirtlclt's 
 f hitt right. 'J'lie S.'l.l 
 il. McCoy, ran iipoii till' 
 i)f the I'eniiHylvHniaiia 
 1 leader, by the collar 
 
 his horse a prisonii-, 
 ind of Ids coniniaiiil 
 
 and the rest wen 
 the left, was mean- 
 ;ed on the north siilc 
 ng fortirication lini', 
 1 by McLaws' division 
 it ti I'.M. was Kloriiic'cl 
 and Kgah's lirij,'aili's 
 th a loss of bnt I IK) 
 
 secured, on wliiili 
 liately crossed, wliilr 
 at dericlio Ford ami 
 r of Warren. (Mi (In: 
 Clraiit being Hatisl'uil 
 
 eni'niy was ini|iii'i;- 
 th Anna, and moviiii; 
 :, crossed the I'aniiiii- 
 
 Sliaip lighting ei'- 
 it wa.s etl'ected on tin' 
 I the L'8tli Sheiiilaii 
 igagenieiit with ]''it/.- 
 iited, the I'nion Idss 
 
 the rebels was KIKl. 
 [lidly advanced to tlic 
 
 II. (irant transfencil 
 hnnnock to th(! White 
 
 V. Smith, with the 
 cell ordered by (iiw, 
 t ISerniudii lliiiiilriil 
 1 Jiiiio 1, having bi'iii 
 pnrt.s. Kncrgetio ii'- 
 
 Gen. (.iriint now re- 
 mt in full force and 
 Rttenipt of Wari-cn to 
 le pike failed, tieii. 
 
 to flunk the eni'Diy 
 
 a 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 e 
 
 -< 
 > 
 
 
 I iii.iii|iiii|ii| 
 
 iKi'f'iii'; 
 
 •v 
 

 mmmm^ti 
 
II N I r ii; It Ml' A III', H, 
 
 illiil nrlri> Culil llilllit>r, Pii tlii< iMii|iim(> nil UilliHil i' imiii'IiicIi'iI In ii'iiijl n lini willilhlun 
 rmiiliU III'' ' 'lM'l<iiltiiiiilhv itl lllii' |i"iiil. iiilli'M 111' llii> lilv <l|i,|iiiii> |Iilli,lliM \V, 
 
 t'lllll lllirlinl \\»1 III) llM|llll llllll flM'IIM i>r Mil l>' Mlllllll'll 11111111 'lll\ lllll'l'lj III wHllill lllll'll 
 
 llliiriiii'i KHiil'i Ii'ihIIiiu III IIh'IiiiiiiihI, < III Miiy ' iiilli'" iimilli nl l'i'|i'iiiliiii|i lie iljil iinl i mil 
 
 llll'llll' llll' IIMIllllll lill lll'll Mllllllim II, mIii'Ii I 
 ill'IIH'll l||l< I'llilin'M lilli' Illlirill'U ill llnlll m| 
 llll' lllllill ill |i'llll"l In llllll' mMiiiiM'Ii IIih'i, 
 llllll l'll|llll|i'l| Id ^IIIIH mill llllll |ll iHiilll'IM 
 Mill lllntl^ll till- lli^lll M UN Hill' (if l-ll'lll IIIIIMII 
 
 liljlil, Hiiijlli liilfill\ ii'ili'il llll iiiiiiiiiii^, llllll 
 ilni Inn llll' iil(i|il riliMliiiiij vtiiM ii'inriiii I'll 
 ^^illl lii'i''ti I I'li-I lili'i. I llllll 'ii-ll mImm ciiflii' ll|i 
 ilili iiiU llll' iiiulil, mill Will ii'ii mill IIiiiiih|i||' 
 ■ HI III" iii'«l ilm, .llllll' Milli, will II III 11 I' V 
 
 II ^I'lii'iiil ti'iMiiiih ntm lllllill', l,i-i- llllvill^ liv 
 
 llll'l lillll' IIIiImiI Willi llll' MIMmI III illu IIIIIIV 
 nil III' ( , III lllllHlil Ii'm iii||I", I 111 ill ll II I iillji' III 
 
 lii'i liiiiil iliiilnij till' hi^lil, mill III ilinliulil' 
 
 lliiiii'ilili' rii|iliMi'>l l| ilwmliH ill IiIm finiil, 
 
 liiliiiin I |/iiii<i mill lull |ii iMiiiH'iM 'llll' nxl 
 
 III llll' l"i> I'M, lliiiii|i|i I'll iii!uliii|> imlilv, Hiiiii 
 I'll lin mil iiiilii(>i', mill iil iilylil nl liii- I /III j 
 
 llll' I ' Ililllli'llM WI'll' lllivi'll Mill Willi IlI'MVVj 
 
 l""i limn llll' iiilvmiii'l |iiiMiliiiii Kiiiinil in | 
 I'm iiuiili 'll lioiil lliiiiiiu llll' iillink nil I'l' ' 
 lii'iliiii(.', llll I'll' Milli, lllllill <liM|iiili lull I 
 I'l'M V In Wiillliiill .llllll llllll riniii lli'iiiiinln I 
 llniiilliil In HI i/i' mill Imlil Ilm iiiilinml llnii', ! 
 lull Tiiir wiiM iiii'iiintvi'ii'il liy ri'ki'HM iliv 
 i'l'iii 111 l,nni>Nlii ll H ini|i>i mill wii'i linili'ili 
 l.m ll 
 
 • III llll. li'Ui (|i.|i. (iimil "I'll ml I'linllni 
 ^I'lM'lllI i|i"niilll nil I'|.|i.|mIiiiiu, Kli'l III '.) t' ^. il 
 WIIM lllllill', 'iliil lliii'i* llMM-M III'' I'liinii ltnn|iii 
 iiniMil nil sillily ii|i ill iImi llll I' nf n iliiolly 
 lill., In III. HW'i'iil ilnwii liy lliniiMiinilH, willi'iiil, 
 iji'iiliiiiK iiliy ml vmiliiyi. fli n Uiiint iinw in 
 llllll In i| ill linnl nf I'lli inliiiiv, niiil lU'nl 
 ,\|i.mli' Willi llll. 'll mill Mil I iii|iH Id m i/<' hii'I 
 VVi lilnn Itiiilininl nn Urn <'Iii'|iiv'h 
 
 ;l|, Hlii'iiilmi Hiivi'il ll, mill llll' iii'tl iliiy Hi 
 Itlli i"ii|i'i mill Ui'ii W I'' MiiiIiIi'm liirii' 
 I'tinii' ii|i, mill III' 'llllll' '' 11 Rlim|i iniillii I iii 
 lllll'll ill mi iiiluiiii'i' III I I' U irntii llll'l |ii'iiil, 
 |nHmi|.4 llin I 'lili'liiiliniiiiin Tin' ihIviiiiik 
 Mii'i llllll, llll- I'liinii I'liii'H liUiiinnliiiiii mi 
 till' iiiiimni llll'l llllll ijiiiin'il iil ii vi.mI n( '. ,111111 
 lllllill mill umiliili'il lllllill ii'iiiilvi'il llllll llll' 
 llllll liiii'M mi Mill * 'liiiliiilnniiliiy mIhiiiIiI Im 
 
 ImiiiiI III Hllllliun nil llln lli'll ijin , .llllll' ,1, 
 
 llllll In" ii'iiiiiiiiyi'il lil'i liiii'M i|iiiiii|i llll' iii(i|il 
 M I'liilv iliivvii, wliiili «iiM ilniiiliil mill 
 iiiiiiv, llll' immiiill «ti« Hwilllv lllllill' li\ llll' 
 lllllill' I'lilmi llnlll, mill iiu MvvlMlv ii'IiiiIhiiI 
 Willi li'iiililn mIiiiiiiIiIi'I Miunni'li, nii llii. 
 I'll, llllll I'liiiiK nil III llio i'Iii'Iiiv'h wiiiIi'i 
 IIiiiI'ih'u ilh I'limi iliilii'll!ii| lln' iiniin in lii'i 
 IhiiiI rnilii llii'ii 1 1' I'll I i"i I, lull i 11(1 1 111 I'l' (III IIU mil! 
 i,..\i.|iil liniiiliril |ii i'li'iii'iH ; Imlil hum ulmi liy 
 iliiti'ii llll' ll lit It lii'iivy rmi'i' iiiiili'i Hill. 
 
 I lililiiiiiM, nil llmlnn''! llllll, |;iiiiii.i| Ilm iiliil 
 u.'ili'i. lull WIS ninilili' In Imlil llniii ; ii |im 
 
 ll.'linr IiIm linll "nllll'HIIII llnni'\|.|, lilililliil 
 
 ri |iii'iilimi Ini liiiniii nilliiii lilli'in yimlu nf 
 llll. iiii'iiiv'm lllll'll, mill ii'iii*4li'i| I'vi'ry iill'-iniil 
 
 In .|l llnil(ji' lln'lll lllllil llll'V Wl'll' II'MI'M'I III 
 
 II 'ii!»iin mill Wiiulil'i mill HiiilHi'.' ii..iiiiiIIh 
 
 will' li'M'l li|iinil\ lllllll I llllnni Ii'm^ wIiiIi. Will 
 
 iii'l Ilm ii'<ii|i' Wl'll' iniili'iil In llnlll llnli 
 
 I'lit! liiMH nilli II lii'ii\y mlllliiv liii' 'I'll" 
 iiinmill wiH Ml mii'ly Iwi'iily iiiIiiiiIi'M in iliiiii 
 
 ll Iiiil ill Hull mIihiI |iriini| IH.IMMI l>iiiniiiulN 
 
 \.,\ liifmi. (Ill' ii'liil will ll" ll illi'il mnl wnninliil. 
 |liiiiii|i llll' iliiv mlilli'iv ii'iiiu I 'iiilliini'il, 
 
 llll'l nil IImIiiIIIiI lllill|2 Willi IiI'IIhI III 'IIK llll 
 
 In , i."|ii'i|iilly nil llin lill, wlnii Ilin Iwiijlinlij i|,. ...,., ,.,,, ,,....,. 
 
 iiiiiiii'M Wl'll' ill I'liiMi' |iiiiii iinil V, Ilm Inw luliiK li^lil I'lim iii'ivmiii'iil wim IiiiMImI liy A. I' 
 
 III I'lii. llllll' nf II i|i|'<i', mill llll. I'lii'inv 'III III" Hill, mnl nn Ilm ^.li|^ iilli't ii InHj nf 4,'l'l'l, 
 "ili'i.iiiil iinili' llnlll lill V ymilii ii|iiii I. ,|i|iil iiimiiiy |iii»nii''i«i, il wim «ivi'n ii(i A Imnl 
 llll'l lllllll, llll' I iii'inv, ill llllll, iliiiii£i'il llin lliin liiiii' 'liim W'lUnn hikI Kmil/, wi'li 
 I'lii'iii iiili I'lnliini'iil'i, Inil W'i'in M'|ntlHi'i| '4,fMll| I'liinn mimiIiv, fn'i'l" ii rii|i| mi lln- 'n 
 "llll ll irilili' iil.iiiijlili'i, mnl Ilm iiniil iliiy iiinl . iiny'ii iiiilininlH, mIiII-iiii^ Ilm Wi'Mnii iil 
 ii<\l m,>li' iiiinli' |imliiil iiMumillii, wlii< li iilin Itiuiii'ii Hliitimi mnl liiiriiiK i*. nfi, mnl Hi" 
 I. llllll ^ I iiiiivilli' III ('.llllll q,'ill" ; Init. liny wi i" 
 
 I'ln' lllllll I'ninii Imifl nl ( 'nlil lliiilini wiin nlmi liy iiii iniiinli il liy lm|;' fiiixM of lli" < n 
 
 i:>,l''i:i; l,7ll~i lllllill, ;i,lll:! wnninli'il, mnl iiny, IkIumihI wiIIi iliDn nily In lln lin" 
 
 '.',|l'li liii">iiii|r, lln linliiiK iiniiiv ((iii'iiilii mnl li". Inn' I'l liin'iiiii;, liy H l'iii(( iiKiiil, i»fl' r 
 iillnr iilliii'i.i iiiiimi^ lln l<i|li'il mnl winiinlnl. Iniviii|{ In in iillin|.'i<l mnl '« vinly 'l"f< iil»'<l 
 'llll llllll Inoii Willi linl li'linl llll ilt. Hlnliy ' liik < Ji II liilll"! li'iW 'UMlJiinl 
 
 I In .In III' 7 III, Hill liilmi H i imili y |nnri iilml |)i'i.|i I 'ml I inn, l< ii iiiiI'm linin III' lilimii'l, hii'I 
 iipiiiiiil l,i'i''ii llll, nil il<iin» mnl ill iilinyiii)< (III! Iliii-w ll |in(iln'iii liinl|<" nvir lln .liiiii<.« nl 
 \ ii(;iniii f'liiliiil lliiilinml ill 'I'ii'hIihii'h. i lliiil )iiiiiil On .I'lin X.'ilji Hlniniaii liinl ii 
 'llll'V llii'ii llllll iiii| liv wiiy nf ,^|iiilliivlvmii(i iiinn'Miifiil mmliy (Ij/lil nii lli" (ii (iiiii.iilii| Mini 
 " Wliili' llniiMi' willi .'I711 |iiiiiniiiin, Inning ! hIikiiI lliin |>«iinil w/iMil imin.r "(i(/i«a"((i"lil« 
 '"'''I 11 linily nf ii'lnl niMiliy iiinlii Winl" linik [ilin " iilniiK lln- liinn in linnl nf I'llcm 
 
 Iniii;. linl iinw, nfl< ( illiil w""lm nf i(i<»»^ 
 mini liKlilin^f, in wim li fully 7'l,'"/'l nf (In 
 I'liinii iiiiny liwl lo'ii I'm*., ft ijiiK I < nun 'I 
 '('li<'»i" 1 nnni.niiK Iniiv B, in .•• • ""r, i*'r'- '(iin kly 
 lllllll" ii|i liy >"irif«i'<'iiii'ril« fr'/rii cKri'iiiii 
 I'll I'niii.H I'lnHHi'il llll' ('llll kulinimiiy III l,nii« i|iimli m, iiiiil lli<' Mtiii)' Klill liiHiliUiltMl lU Hi- 
 111 iiIki' mnl .Imn k' In IiIk", mnl liy ililf- n nl l< jri ity mnl iiiniul". 
 
 liiiii|.< nl III I III, I fill will i| III llll. .Iiiiiiin, will I < III .Inly .ii'.lli, lfmi<,i> k , r(,««<l tin .Iniiiii, 
 
 Hiiniis iiinliNt.itinii. liy |iniilniiini III, il fill V mnl MiI"'h' liiiu-i'l", "f l',m Inw'n <li vuinii, < df 
 llllll llll' |iiimiii)^i' nf lliiH livir wiin mmli' nn 1 iml it filol '/iii|ii>il k<l l»" (, I'nlt'iin, 'ii|ilnr 
 
 'I Mill. ( lllllll tniw Imiti'inil In lii'iiiiinlii 111(1; fniitKniii 'In tin; iimrniiiK of ./uly '/'itli 
 
 ll'iii'lii'il In iiii|M'l till' fiiiii'H lllllill lliitjnr In i« mill'' wliii ll Inul l^<-'i rwii ff'<tii h>mmnti'* 
 til'- iiiiini'iliiiti' iii|iliiii' nf I'l ti'ihliiii'if. 'Ill Inn K lllllll r M f'/rt ill llin fr'iiii wii* "(.rinij/, mi- 
 'liiiii' Hl.'i (!,.|, linl Im llllll ili".|iiilr|ii'il 'll nn. inliiliiHiiK iin if^M'*"'' ''^ .'500 i(i"ii, »«'l l<-«v- 
 Inlliniiii' mill Kiiiilz ii(;iiiiii,l riliinlniii/, lln iiij^ (in iiniii' liHC linlln'*', wliil" t)i« I 'ninti j^niiii 
 I'l'ii'i I'l alt. Ill; liy tin' iinilli, tlii. Iiillii 1 . n|Mini|iill rilnnjf tin' fioK'. Tli" "liHiiii.jf »•• 
 till' hniiili.wi'Hi, lint lliu i:iiiiilfiiiitti>>ii fiii|i«i. Mult., ui<li>t|i<!iiJiaij|'.' Ui Mtc«<im, r*MtMmit in 
 
 II 'iiil'lnii. iliitlir I'.MIi )limit nil iiHy 'Aill 
 iliin* iVmn tliM I'lii'iny'ii fimit, i,imHiii(/ lln- 
 I llll llilllnllllllV fill 111 l,n""« li((llt. Hllillli'i 
 lllllll wiiM I'inliiii kill mnl iiliiiiii'l In lliill'i 
 III lli'ii Ill lliiinliiil 'I'lii' nut nf lli" In 
 
 nun 
 
 II illmmli'i III Ilm Uiiimi fmii'M, Ilm iniiiiilliiiilK 
 liiillin; In inlmiiii' (niiiii(illv limn lli" inilir 
 In III" liil({l' lil'Vnliil, mnl tllllM llililililiil IliK 
 I'lniiiy 111 iiilly riniii IiIm MiiiiniMi' iiml iimw 
 iliiHii III" iii.|{iii iliiliilini nl lliiiiniiili', wlii'li 
 
 'Mil ijill'lltlv llll"tll|ili.ll In ililll(in lli|iill(!ll 
 
 III" llllll I . Till' I lliinli I'liiu III k llli'll, vtnillnl 
 
 I i|, lllnl InlMiitii'lH «liu I, ('III, wllll" llllll nf 
 III" I'lii'lllV wiiH lint 1,11(111 
 
 A ii|f I 'Mil, lliiiii'iiik iiuiiiii lllllll kill llin 
 III" I llll III |l""|i Itiillmi' lull nlllnnil ini) 
 
 III ml Miii'i'i'HH ; mnlHi'ii < lni/u'ii iiiyiili y wKli 
 MiIim' infiiiiliv iii|\nii,'i.i| nil Ilm < Inn Iim • it y 
 inii'l iiliniit tli"Miiiiii' liiii", liiil willinnt (fiiiii 
 iii(( liny ml viiiilii((i', mill llin linivMiii nl wniit 
 wlniilly iiliiiiiilniii.il Willi lii'Mvy lnim"M nn l,,,l|i 
 iiifli.M A iitf I*', W'iiii"ii iMii IimI till. Wi. lllllll 
 lliiiliniiil, tliii" iiiili'U iliMldiil fimn III"' I nn II 
 
 lilt II k , 1 1 I'll' In* wit" HI' vi'i "I y It tilt-il, Ini I i-l','i,| 
 
 lilM uinninl Mini fmlilinil |l llnlll IiIm ii'a-ii 
 mill nllii'i I'liinn fiiiii'H iiMii liiiii Wl'll. Ill 
 tin kill III mi iniiH liliii'M lllllill^ III" (ii'«l llii"« 
 iliiyH, liiit III. hIiII In 111 lii'i iinuilimi, lliiin(;li 
 Willi III" Inlill Iniiii nf 'l.l/i'i lliiill, wliili. tlin 
 t'ln.iny'H wiim Nf.mi.i.ly IniH tliiil iiiiinli"! * lit 
 Ail« ',(1, lliiinnik Mtiink tin- W'l lilnn m.miIhI 
 lli'iiln'ii Kliitinii, (mil inil"M in ilm n mi nf Wm 
 ii'li. lli'M' Int WHM ittlmk'il liy Hill iiinl 
 fmii'ij In ii'tiinl, willi lli" (iiii»y Imni ,,f 
 '^,4'i" mil nf ".'illll linn, mnl liy" K'ni", Hill n 
 Imiq ttf'iiii^ iii.Hily mm Init ^ y Mi.|il ' ', iJiitli-i, 
 iii|'/mn'iti|{ ',11 III" liiflit (nwmiln I M-liinnii'l, 
 iiHiiHiiItt ,| m,,l iii|,lnri.'l till' f. III. tny'H mil|if,iil, 
 I'nil Hniii«,,n. inlli In KniiM ( (m ("Ii'Im 
 ninliT Ui'ii I'H'I'I nlliiii(il"l In ri Ink" il, Inil. 
 fnili.il till I, W'liiiiii nil III" lift mUmn'il 
 iiM fill iiM K,|iiii|i'l (,<'vi'l lOH'l, iiilf"n< liifi(t! IiIm 
 ii"*l'/ i^nim'l (ji'iiiii'l On Oil '//, h fnrllnr 
 iiflyiiin" nf tin* I'liinn fmn'M whh iiiH'I" In 
 wiml (In liinnii'l mnl n(inii id" •■iKinyn wnik^ 
 hI ((Ht'lu'rH (Inn mnl Hi" llnyillon j,liiiik 
 tmi'l, lull iifl' f iniiHnl/ mill" |,inliii' l< 'I (i^lil 
 lli({ llll'l liinyy l'««, tiuxn Hin'< ivfnll'/ o.n 
 ll ii'lini/ '«it|t Hi" r«li"l (li'Hi iiinl ((miin, fc H' 
 |,i lliiiK »V'hi|" (|iiiii|iti,ii, Hmnifli tiiHi trittiii 
 ii .nillH, till' -mlii'l" mm'/ whm fi(ii,fily Knife in 
 |Ih mill 111 (iiiii llll liifni" (''•l'iil<'ii(<. mill 
 lli« 111" Wi'l'l'ili (tuilrnicl, Miiil V»iii(liwii m.'l 
 K'(iiif|i| l,"iii| ((i(£l,wiiy» 
 
 'I I," 'M(n(,iiiKii i,f l>''ii DKmn*! 'nn h •> 
 witH iiiiw (,r<i' III llll / lllllill, Hn /i< t liKnn 
 Hii.fi'iii nf l\i>- I i,|i,in«l« l.<inK nn-r 7'»,'i'''i, 
 w(,il" 'Iml iif III" riirflu wmi int. ii/ft Vlli<i<i 
 Wild nil Hi" iliiKjK »(il«' liii\i<iiin ilnririK H.i» 
 I i<iii|>m(i;ii, 1)1' A liny nf Hi" (''it'iron/ t/,i,|f 
 Iml '■'•/, lenm h(i'( Imit ti'i* '/,'i '( li" i*tr,|i*i/ri 
 1 i,it*-ii i^itl|,,iit' ttfifiMii-r,* Nil/mitnKf , lint ii, 
 
 • lllllll fitly II, ;,trilrtitji| tii l,i">ik tdc fitiin t ),T 
 tin- r>'li<-lli<iM. 'Hi*' I'iii« « iiii»(»i(i»i| i-y itm 
 r"ln'lK '(iiririK i' Hi'-y /i»!r"f ri»-/,»»r<i| tr'tm. 
 
 '(lii'Mi wi'f" iM'/<i(il iiith'ir iiiUngi-tii'-u'i n 
 WiKij'iti nii'l S'ltUiiiti Vni/iiim ilnrir.jf till 
 
 • iirly|riiri. nf (''il. ' i.ittiii 'liht'f, 'Hi •It.i,. 
 'J, lii« rili«-l '<"fi. 'H4.li •'"« i»fi»iii»'( Mmyrf 
 Itwr aiiil .''I'i'i llliii'iiu ki>il ihf* (('"'* *^ 
 ,(iij,(n»il|i', «ft> r d nfdiirt n,ftt-t>.. At >.*,« 
 I I'riWi nf ilif n>',r,l(,, |!/aM'T »,.i/I<' « tht't iti'fi 
 Wi5«» VirKiiii* ff'iiri K<»rly'« (i'l"!'!'./., ilMf.( 
 uiuif lUiiiHfl'', li'it. ••« «(i/<fil/ ill***'! »»•/ 
 ••■y '»"ri. A yi-nll ; imii| iii K»-l/r'i»ry ''»,» '»»llii(» 
 
 • •ir|iri««-«( K'r;{ii(tiiri,» flu I (fi(»»ill», ». W%yf,« 
 ' iiniily, •f./| »*f>«iiri-il liifd »iit, » iiT/rUfii, '4 
 (.in fnri*, '>fi M»y I, ('"it, 'i"^i AiK^I «t»h 
 I'l. '»')'( rri'Ti iiionril tip t.h- >'ii*-ttin^i'mh S't4- 
 
 i.-V t/, ,Vl;».M»fk<-', ''tt'fl' (.1 ■» M*t.'/.'«/.'*'/»|| 
 
BOO 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 m 
 
 i -h 
 
 liirgii fdi-co of roln-ls. The IntU'r, by a refM)- 
 liitc clmrgo, routed Sipcl, dnviiig liim to 
 t'cilar I'ri'i'k, and i'U|)turin(» 700 nu'ii, (i ftiiiis, 
 itiid |>;irt of liJH triiiii. ()u Mny !0, (ion. 
 Avi'iill, diHpatvliiHl with 2,000 cnvitlry by 
 (U'ji. Cidiik on tlio Kunawhii, to lU'Htroy tlio 
 lead mines iit Wythevillc, was tlicro bcntoii 
 liy a heavy cavalry force uiidor John Mor- 
 }{!Ui. About this period, near Dublin Sta- 
 tion, (icn. ("rook with (i,(IOO im-n Ix-at oli" an 
 inferior form under tion. MeCanshuid. 
 
 At ]'iedniont, Juno fi, (i<Mi. Hunter, who 
 liad succeeded Sigel, mot (ien. W. K. Jones, 
 with most of tho rebel force of this <h*|iart' 
 ment. The rebels were routed, le«vin)? 1,;')00 
 jirisoners, .'$ guns, and 3,()(M( small arms, after 
 liisint; many in killed and wounded, among 
 the former being (heir leader, (ien. Jones. 
 Hunter, joined by tVook and Averill at 
 •Staunton, which he luut taken, then advanei-d 
 on lA'iu'hburg, attacking it on June 1^; but 
 it had been lieavily reinforced by l,ee, and 
 Hunter was forced to reli -at across the Alle- 
 glianies to .Meadow Hlutf, in West Virginia, 
 Kliar|)ly |mr.sued and sutlering severely. 
 
 On July I'd, (!en. Karly, coinnuinding the 
 corps sent from Kicliniond 'o the relief of 
 l.yui'hburg, uppeiired northward (Ui the I'oto- 
 niac, c.iusing .Siitel to retreat with heavy loss 
 of stores from .Mariiuslmrg to Maryland 
 Heiglit.s. The rebels then di-stroyeil a por- 
 tion of the Italtiuiore ami Ohio l<ailroa<l, otv 
 cupied llHgerstown,anil raided into tli(( border 
 of ri'nnsylvauia, creating great excitement at 
 the North. (!eu. Wallace, confronting the 
 invaders on tho Monocacy, with « force of 
 .'1,000 .Maryland Home (i\iarils and a brigade 
 of tho I'Jth coriis under (ien. Kicketts, was 
 atta<kc-d near Frederick, July !•. He -vaH 
 ropeati'dly ehargod, and each charge wim re- 
 pelji'd by a tierce an<i bloody strugslle, until at 
 4 P.M. he was forced to retreat. The Union 
 loss in this action was l,i).-i'.l; that of the 
 rebels somewhat less. !•" .ly's cavalry a>l- 
 vance under (Jen. Uradley T. Johnson i\ow 
 a|>| I'liaehi-d l!altimori>, and rubbed a I'liila- 
 tli-lphia mail train and passc-ngers at ]i short 
 • listance therefrom. On the iL'th, Karly's en- 
 tire army wius within six or seven miles of! 
 Wa.shingt(ui, at which point he lost L'SO killed , 
 anci \voun>U'd in a skirmish. Itut his force, I 
 now reiluced to l.'),0()0, being confronted by | 
 one of 4tt,l»0(l, he i)reeipitalely leln-ali-d aei-oss 
 the Potomac near I'ooli'sville, with vast hcnls ' 
 of cattle and other plunder. (Ien. Wright! 
 fiillowed in pursuit to the Shenandoah, where, 
 near Island Kord, on July \'.K Karly drove 
 b:u'k the Union advance, inllieling a loss of; 
 fiOO men. .Near Winchester, .Averill had an 
 ennagiMuent, .July L'O, with a division of the 
 rebels, defeating it with heavy loss and cap- 
 turing four guns. On the "J 1th. Karly, eon- 
 cenh.iling a large force, fell (ui the tnxips of 
 Crook and .Av'^rill, dri\iug thi^ni into Mary-i 
 hind with a loss of l,'Jll(l, inelmling among' 
 till' killed Sen. .Mulligan, the detelider of 
 li'->.ingtoii, iMo., anil thus became master of 
 the soulhern shore of the I'otoniac tVom 
 Willi<iinsport to Shepardstown. ( hi tln^ ^lOth, 
 Alct'ausland reorossi'd the I'otcuuac, and 
 neived upon ( 'hambi'rsburg, I'a.. demanding 
 theii'of a ranM.m of jii.')(Ml,()(IO, which being 
 rel'used, he tired llin town, destroying two- 
 thirds of it. Tin- rebel laider.lobn S. .Moseby 
 now appeared in an insignilieani raid on 
 Adainsiown. lii'trealing towaids Cuuiber- 
 
 hind, McOntisland'A and Johnson's forces de- 
 featcil (^ol. Stough at Oldtown, but were in 
 turn routed near iMoorctiehl liy Averill, on 
 .Vug. 4. Karly now propos -il to hold tho 
 Shenandoah till after the In rvest, and made 
 a large rei[ui8itioii for gruia ou tho inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 On Aiig. 7, the. MidiHc Department, com- 
 posei! of those of West Virginia, Wosliing- 
 to:., an.l .SusipnOianmi, was created, ami lien. 
 Sheri(hin assumed the comnnmd. On the 
 loth the hitter moved his forces up tho val- 
 ley, when the enemy retired to Strosburg. 
 .Mostdiy now attacked and burne<l Sheridan's 
 supply-train at Uerryvillc, whereupon Sheri- 
 ilan fell back to Charlestown, There Karly 
 engaged him in an indecisive conflict, which 
 lasted six horn's. Sheriilau then fell back to 
 Holivar Heights, where ho was confronted 
 for several days by Karly. At the close of 
 .August, Karly again moved up the valley, 
 followeil by Sheridan, but no important en- 
 gagement took place till Sept. 11). when 
 Karly, strongly poste 1 on the Opeipiau Creek, 
 near Winchester, was assailed by the pursu- 
 ing army, Oen. (inu t having finally permit- 
 teil (ten. Sheridan 'isk a general engage- 
 ment. At l(» .\.M., .-'leridan having arrived 
 at a ili'sired point on the rebel right, ordered 
 a general advance, ami the artillery opened 
 • 'ig the wh<de line, drover's and Rickett's 
 ilivi.sion carried the enemy's lii-st line; where- 
 upon, being assailed by two fresh divisions 
 of the latter, they were pushed back in dis- 
 order, ami with gi-eat loss. Itut ('apt. Hig- 
 by, '.'4th Iowa, followed by u sergeant and 
 twelve nu'ii, formed a rallying inu'lens, with 
 face t() the fnuit, anil a new line was s|M'edily 
 formed. Torbert's cavalry .shortly struck 
 the enemy's left in (lank, and the whole 
 Union centre charged. The rebel lines crum- 
 bled into fragments, and their whole army 
 pr-Mipitately retreated through Winchester 
 to Kisher's Hill, eight miles south thereof. 
 Karly left behind his dead and wounded, and 
 nearly H,OIIO prisom-rs, togeiher with five 
 |iiei'es of artillery and nine battle (lags. The 
 I'ninn loss was aliiiut ,'!,OOII, ineluding (!en. 
 David A. Kussell t;mo;,g the killed. The 
 total rebel loss was undoubtedly nnu'h greater. 
 .\mong their killed were (iens. Khodes and 
 (iodwin. 
 
 Sheridan sharply followed the enemy, and 
 again attacked them at Fisher's Hill on the 
 l!Mh with such vigor that they again broke, 
 and now tied towanls Woodstock, leaving 
 1,100 prisoners and lii guns. Sheridan 
 closely followed tho retreating mass, devas- 
 tating the valley as he moved. The .South- 
 ern press priiposed retnliatiMu for this by 
 burning one i.f the larg.- cities of the North, 
 and an unsuice.ssful attempt was actually 
 niaile by rebel emissaries u few weeks 
 thereafter in New York, in various hotels, 
 with petroleum, •'^beridan pursued as far as 
 lirown's (!ap, in the lllue liidge, eight miles 
 siMith-east of I'ort Uepublie, where K:"rly 
 assumed a formiilable position. Sheridan 
 thru returned down the valley, and was at 
 lacked on the ".'Ih October by the rebel (!eii. 
 Kosser, with a large Imdy ol cavalry, but ile- 
 feiitcil him, taking ."il>0 prisoners and I I 
 guns, and causing him, in his relreat, to 
 "jump fur -i> miles." .Sheridan now left 
 his army fur a .^ImuI visit to Wasbing- 
 tuii, Eiuly, who had been reinforced by 1'2,- 
 
 000 men, hearing of Slieridan's absence, if. 
 solved to attack his army la'fore his return. 
 On the night of the LSth, leaving Fisher's 
 Hill, and knowing the ground thoroughly, ho 
 crossed the mountains and fiuilcd the north 
 fork of tho Shenandoah. Marching with thu 
 utmost secrecy and celerity, lie stole down 
 tipon tho flank of the Union position on Ce- 
 dar Creek, near Middletown. There his 
 forces arrived and stood fur on hour, shiver, 
 ing with cohl, within (')00 yards of thu Uiiinn 
 camps. At daybreak » deafening yell, ami 
 tho blaze nud crash of 10,000 muskets, timk 
 place, and charging through the fog, tlii! 
 rebels were upon the surprised and paiiic- 
 stricken army before any linn of battle cmilil 
 be formed, and in fifteen minutes the Army 
 of West Virginia, commanded by Crook, be 
 came a Hying mob, pressing back to a seceiiil 
 hill, a half mile distant, where lay the I'.ith 
 corps, under Kinory. This corps in turn 
 was Hankeil, and fled with the rest towards a 
 third hill, on which lay the Cth corjis, nmlcr 
 I (4en. Wright, with Torbert's cavalry Mip 
 IM)rting itfl right flank. Tho 24 gtins whiili 
 had been captured by (he rebels they now 
 turned upon the Unionists, enlihi'lmg the! 
 entire line of tho latter. Jicpulsing a tie- 
 mendous chiirgo of the enemy, Wright was 
 enabled to cover the fugitive crowd, iiml 
 while the enemy were hesitating, a jmrt beinj; 
 engaged in plundering the ca)iturcd camps, 
 he retroat(ul in good order towards Middle- 
 town. Hut ho WHS soon terribly assailed on 
 the left flank, in the wooded fields near that 
 place ; and from tho adjacent heights Karly's 
 batteries jioun'd a terrible lire on tho > ., 
 covered army as it pa.ssed within range, 
 
 (ii.i. Sheridan, returning from Waslnuj.^ 
 ton, wiio leisurely proceeding on his way to 
 the front from Winchester, where he had 
 slept the night before. He heard the thun- 
 der of the artillery, and met the frightei.eil 
 fugitives of the Union army, i'ast these ami 
 the cheering wounded lying along (he road 
 side, he now fled himself, but it was towanls 
 instead of from the front, which he reueluil 
 at 10 A.M., just as AVright had halted ami 
 the enemy ceased to pi rsiie. liy the inspi- 
 ration of his jiresence and the homely assur- 
 ances of his sanguine nature that his forces 
 were now going "to lick the enemy out nf 
 (heir boots, and get the tightest twist mi 
 them ever seen," the retreat was stopped, 
 'and in a short time a new line of battle was 
 formed, and the cii'stfallen, shattered Imtia 
 lions were converted into fresh men, excited 
 and i-ager for victory. At 1 I'.M. Kuuny's 
 ! new line was again attacked, but the em iny 
 j were shortly repul.sed. At It I'.M. the unliT 
 ! wius given for the entire Union line to ail 
 ' Vance, and in an instant it moved swiClly 
 and solidly on the enemy's posi^! m, iH-foie a 
 tremendous fire of artillery aiul muskeliy, 
 I the Unionists having but few cannon to ii- 
 spoiid to the fornier. The assailing lines 
 were thus torn and fell back ; but again 
 ' roused by the gallant ell'orts of their letn- 
 iminder, one grand overwhelming charge was 
 made, and the rebel front gave way, and llic 
 whole late victorious army of the einiiiN was 
 now ill turn pursued, a disordered, paiin- 
 stricken mob, up to and through Stiaslmig, 
 by infantry and cavalry ; and thence to Wood- 
 stock, I. ''i miles beyond, by the latter. The 
 Union army slept that nitjlit, as it lad 
 
 ■Kinif ^wr t W Mg w 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 ODl 
 
 Slinriilaii'H iilisoiiop, vk- 
 •my iK'foro IiIn rcdnn. 
 18tli, li'iiviiig Fisliir'n 
 grouiul thoroiiglily, lio 
 
 UlUl fol'llcil tllll IKIIill 
 
 1. Murohiiig with thu 
 ilcrity, lip stole down 
 Tnioii position on ( 'c- 
 :llotown. Thcro liis 
 xl for oil lioiir, Kliivii'- 
 DO ynrilti of tbu lJiii,)ii 
 a (lonfeiiiiig yell, imii 
 10,000 muskets, tcnk 
 lirough tlio fog, the 
 suvprisptl iiiiil |iaiii('- 
 ly linn of biiltic ooiilil 
 on minutes tlie Army 
 niinileil by Crook, l.c- 
 «Hing back to u seediiil 
 (, wlierij lay tbe I'.idi 
 
 Tliis corps in liini 
 ilh the rest towards u 
 ' the Ctli corps, under 
 orbert's cavalry mi|. 
 The 24 guns whicli 
 the rebels they nciw 
 nnists, entilailiug tii>> 
 'r. Kepnising a trc- 
 I enemy, Wright Wiis 
 fugitive crowd, nnd 
 nsitating, a ]iart b(•iIl^' 
 tlie captured camps, 
 rder towards Middlr- 
 n terribly assaiii'd du 
 ridded tiehls near that 
 jnoent lieights Karlv's 
 •ible (ire on the > .. 
 'd wit'iin range, 
 •ning from \\'ashni). 
 fding on his way to 
 ester, where he ha>l 
 
 ][e heard (he (hini- 
 1 nu't tlie frightci.cd 
 rmy. J'ast these and 
 lying along (ho road 
 If, but it was towards 
 it, which he reaclicd 
 ight had halted iiuil 
 rs>u'. Hy the iiis|ii- 
 ilid the homely assiir- 
 lature that his furois 
 k tiu! enemy out dt' 
 le tightest twi.>il i>u 
 •etreat was stopped, 
 'W line of batlli^ was 
 lien, shattered list In 
 <) fresh men, exciled 
 At 1 P.M. Kuiory's 
 I'kt'd, but till" enemy 
 At If P.M. the ordi r 
 p Union line In .'iil 
 lit it moved swiflly 
 ly's posi<! )u, before a 
 llery aiid musketry, 
 it fi'W cannon lo ii- 
 Tlie assailing lines 
 ■II back ; but aj;:iiii 
 tl'orls of their cum 
 vheluiing charge was 
 it gave way, and the 
 ly of the enemy was 
 I disordered, paiiie- 
 1 llirougli Slnisliiii^', 
 ami thence to Wood- 
 by tbe latter. The 
 it iiijjht, un il lad 
 
 fought thftt day, without food. In this nntc slaughter then ensued, in which was spar- 
 Uniou defeat transmuted to victory by the | ed neither age nor .sex, white nor black, soldier 
 reiuforeemeiit of a single man, the Vnion nor civilian. Women and ehildri'n were 
 loss was nearly ;i,()00, including among tlio ^ backiKl to death (U- eocdiy shot down. Homo 
 killed Cien. D. I>. Itiilwell and nuiny othi^r 
 ollicer.s. The rebel loss was heavier, includ- 
 ing (!cn. KaiiLseur among (he killed, l,."i0() 
 prisoners, and 2M guns, besides the 24 guns 
 lust and recovered by tlie Unionists. A("(er 
 this iiodible allair (here was no .gageiiicnt 
 of any nionieiit in thu Shenandoah Valley. 
 
 l)uriiig the latter part of 18li:l and the 
 party part of IH(i4, numerous raids and de- 
 sultory coiidicts (ook place between Virginia 
 and the Mississippi, wdiich contributes! very 
 lidle, however, to a settlement of the griind 
 issue. Aug. 10, 18();t, 1,(!0() cavalry, a jior- 
 tioii of the Union army in West Tennessee, 
 under Uol. J. J. I'hillips, raided to (irenada, 
 iliss., where they destroyed TiO locomotives 
 ami TiOt) cars. In |)ecember, l.'^lilJ, the rebel 
 Kiirri'st, with 4,(100 cavalry, operated upon 
 West Tennessee, horsestealing being his 
 main object. l>i'C. 21, a small Union force, 
 under ("ol. i'rinee, 7th Illinois, w:'S routed at 
 Siiinerville by the rebel Uieharilson's cav- 
 ally. Jn Feliriiarv, IStil, (ien. Sherman, 
 
 with a portion of the Union forces at Vicks- the same number, under tii'i .\. .1. Siiiilh, ad- 
 ' 1 . .1 • 1- 1 . • vaneingoii Forrest was tliii'e assailed by the 
 
 latter, who bad (here coiieeilraled and fori 
 
 f the sick and the wounded were made to 
 stand up and bo shot. Others were buiued 
 with tilt! tents wlierein they had been ikst- 
 eiietl to the (loor. The scene of bloody atro- 
 city continneil till dark, and was (!ven renewed 
 the next nuuning. Major Itradford wiw mur- 
 dered in cold blood aftc^r having been cap- 
 tured several miU's (Vi>m the fort. Tlu; whites 
 were here massacred because they were loyal 
 Southerners w " home-maihi Yankt^es," and 
 the negroes beca\ise they were " niggers." The 
 iiii.sertants then (led from (he scene of this 
 achieveiiieiit into Mississippi, inedectively 
 piirsueil by (ii' . S. I>. Stnrgis. 
 
 At iiiintown on the Middle Kailroad, on 
 iJuno 10, Sturgis found Forrest's force, and j portion of the ridge. Mcl'herson, in tlio 
 an engagement ensued, in which (hi' former i nieantime, hail advanced through Snake C'eek 
 was di.sgracefiilly beaten and driven back to (lap to strike the rpbcl (lank. May 10, 
 
 Ivipley, where on the next day a second (ight | Sherman moved over the most of his forces 
 ensued, by wliiili Forrest's pursuit was ; to Mcl'herson, which compelled didinston to 
 checked. Sturgis then returned to Meiiiidiis, ] evacuate Daltou and retreat to Itcsacn, If* 
 
 tJen. Sliprman commenced his paralhd cam- 
 paign against Atlanta. His army amounted 
 to aliDiit 1011,0(10 men, with .'■|.')4 pieces of ar- 
 tillery, being i'om|iosed of the Army of tlio 
 ("iiiiibcrlaiid,(lcn. Thomas, tlO,"";) ; the Army 
 of the Tennessee, (leii. Mcl'herson, 24,4liri ; 
 and the Army of the Ohio, (Ien. Scliolield, 
 I ;i,.').'i'.). The rebel army opisii'ing hiiu, under 
 (Sen. J, J<ihnston, amounted to about (10,000 
 men, and was divided into three corps, led by 
 Hardee, liood, ami Polk, dohnston lay in 
 and ttbo'it Dulton, stnuigly fiutided. J)al(oii 
 was covered by a mountuin called iiocky 
 Face ilidgp, but this was travpispd by 15u/.- 
 zard-lloost 'lap, through which ran (he rail- 
 road. May 7, Thomas made u fein( against 
 Dalton, and shortly a vigorous attack, in 
 which Newtiui's division of Howard's corp.i, 
 and Oeary's tlivision of Hooker's, carried a 
 
 having lost a third of his force of 12,t)00. 
 At Tupelo, July II, a I'liicn force of about 
 
 liiirg, advanced to Mi'ridian, destroying a 
 great amount of railroaii property, and re- 
 turning with 400 prisoners, 1,000 white and ' (ied liiscimiiiiand. He wasciudi time repulsed, 
 'i,()(ll) negro refugees. Feb. 22, (Jen. W. and (iiially (led vi(li heavy loss, leaving his 
 S. Siuidi widi 7,0<)() nu'K was uKacked a( ' killeil and wounded on (beheld; but Smith 
 Okoloiia by a larger force of rebel cavalry, iiiade no further advance, h'aving the niis- 
 nnd bead'ii back (o Memphis with a loss of creant to escape. On Aug. (.■<, Hanking (he 
 2011 men and .'"iguiis, having however destroy- Union army by night, Forres( appeared with 
 
 eil a large aiiioiiiit of rcbid jiroperty. March 
 .'itli, ("ol. Osband with a Union force was at- 
 taeUed at Vazoo City by a far superior rebel 
 fon'o under lUidiardson and Koss, which 
 nearly carried the town, but was liiially 
 driven olf by Union reinforcements. Shortly 
 iflerward Vazoo City was ordereil to be evac- 
 miti'd by the Unionists. In March, Cell. 
 I'almer with the 1 4th corps operated again.st 
 a |M)rliiui of Hardee's corps of the rebid army, 
 and hail inconsiderable collisions therewith 
 ai Tnnnel Hill and IJocky Faeo Hidge. 
 
 .March hi, Forrest with .'^1,000 cavalry 
 
 Il,(t00 men in (he sdeets of .Memphis, but 
 
 miles sniidi of (hat stronghold. Howard, 
 who had been left at Halton, now folloned 
 on the enemy's track. May U'l, .lohnstoii 
 a((«cked iloidvcr and Scholiel I in his fidn(, 
 and on his left, at Hcsaca, but was bloodily 
 repulsed, losing four guns and many prisoners. 
 I>iiriiig the night he abandoned Itesaca, and 
 retreated across (he Oos(euiiula Itiver, ]>ar- 
 (ially des(royiiig (he bridgi-. The whole 
 Uiiiiui army at once pres.sed rapidly in pur- 
 suit over the rmigh country, (he army di- 
 visions often being necessarily wide apar(. 
 
 shortly lied (herefrom without having (imo Ondie 17(li, N'ew(on's division had a slm 
 to do anv damage. Various insignilicant I artillerv con(est at Adairville; and on the 
 
 contests took place towards the clo.se of the 
 year at Jiean's S(ation, ( 'harlestoii. Mossy 
 Creek, Daiidridge, and Maryville, in East 
 Tennessee. June I, ISill, tbe rclvd raider 
 .Morgan star(cd with 2,."il)0 men for East 
 Tennessee, ,im another raid by (Ins w.iy of 
 I'oniid (lap into Keiidicky. He shortly 
 capdired Mount Sterling, I'aris, Cynthiana, 
 and Williamstowii, doing much damage. At 
 
 b.'iid in the Licking, MM of his force en 
 rai'h'd rapidly from Jlississippi, through trapped and capdired Ijen. H<d).son, with I,ll00 taking placi' on 
 West ■Pennessce, capturing Union City fnun i well-armed I'liimiists. June 12, (Icn. Hur- Church, Hook( 
 
 l>>tli, after some vigorous skiriiiishing, Clinton 
 was captured. Home was also taken by JeO'. 
 C. Uavis' division of Thomas' corps, which 
 destroyed (here mills, v arehouses, and foun- 
 dries of great imp..itaiice (o (he enemy. 
 Johnston now took up a strong and forliticd 
 position covering (he .Mladioiia I'a.ss, near 
 Dallas. On (he 2Hd, Slierman having rested 
 a few days (o bring up his su|iplies, adviineed 
 towards the latter place, more or less fighting 
 the way. Ni'ar New Hope 
 ■ came upon the enemy in 
 
 Hawkins, who tamely surrendered. He j bridge, with a Union force in pursuit of Mor- strong force, and attacked him lui May 2.'ith, 
 laptured llii'knmn, but was driven olVgan, found him near Cynthiana, killed and gaining some ground. ( tii the 2Stii, .lidiii- 
 
 wounded .'I'M) id' his command, ca](tiircd 100 slon siiideiily attacked Mcl'herson a( Dallas, 
 men and ' ,000 horses, and liberated some of '|"wo nnsuccesst'iil assaulls wen' ripnlsed by 
 llobson's men. Morgan succeeded in escap- the Ia((er, (lie ridiels losing ,'i,00(l men 
 ing with (he res( of bis I'ollowers (o .South- and the Unionists about 1,011(1. On the 1st 
 western Virginia; but on Sept. ;l hi' was sur- .Inn", Sherman st lit .Mcl'lierson around (o 
 pri.scdwidi a small band at Creciiville, I'.ast l the left <ui another (lank movcinen(, ciuii- 
 
 Alladionii 
 
 atioiis, and 
 
 imp on Jehn.sini's Island, Lake l')iic, by ccr- j I'all back to Kein saw .Minintaili. Allatooiui 
 
 .\ sharp conllict ciiMii'd j (ain I'l'bel agents and refugees from Canaila. | Pass was now iiiaile a seomidary base and 
 
 Major lioodi was killed. : 'I'liey sei/cd a s(eaniboa( in which (hey had ! garrisoned by Slierman, and (he railroads 
 
 tiiim I'aduiah, Ky., with heavy loss, and fell 
 I'aek into Tennessee, In his operalii iis be- 
 fi ire I'adiicali, Forrest was guilty of nunier- 
 mn; 'laslard and cowardly acts, such as violat- 
 ing a truce and using woincii and children a.i 
 shields. .\pril 12, at suiirisi' he attacked 
 
 Furl Pillow, on the Mis;,issippi, garrisoned ; Tcniies.see, and killed by (icn. Cilleni. Sept. | pelling the enemy d< evacnad 
 by .'i.'i7 men, including 2ii2 lilacks, under ' I'.t, an altcmpt was made on the Uiiimi prison 1 Pass and his neighboring (oi(i(i 
 .Major I,. F. llootli. The gunboat A'»' /:'ni 
 aided in (he defciicr 
 uiilil 11 A.M., when 
 
 Major I'railford, |:i||i Tennessee cavalry, then 
 assnmed the idiiimand, ami withdrew his men 
 iiilo I 111' inner works. Shortly after noon the 
 li,'lit slaiUed.aii.l I''oncst scut di Major IJrad- 
 liird a sumnions to surrender w itliiii twenty 
 iiiiiiiiles, w hieh the Inl ter declined. I •iiriiig mis 
 neg' illation niaiiv of the reliels stole u.'iperceiv- 
 el I - - •- 
 
 lir.i. 
 
 Ill id', with erics of " No iiinirter." The for( , ridiie. 
 
 (akeii passage at Mahlen, Canada, but were | were repaired up to that point. On the 1 Ilh 
 shortly compelled to run it luihore near ! .Iiiiie, the army again advanced on the eiiemy'H 
 Saiidwiih, Canada, where they escaped. Oct. 1 lines, which now covered Kenesaw, Pine, and 
 2, Iturbridge advancing on the rebel salt-works i Lost ^lountain.s, and were actively iH'ing 
 at Saltville, was beaten oil' by Piieckinridge, [ strengthened each hiiir, Sherman now «t- 
 
 vvitli consideralde loss. Oct. 28, (ien. (iillcm 
 rou(ed a rebel force at .Mmristown, but on 
 wards the fort, and the moiiieiit .Major Nov. Li was in turn surprised and utterly 
 f'lid's answer was received, a rush was beaten (In'ie, in a night att.ick by llreokin 
 
 \va.- 
 
 lak. 
 
 11 am 
 
 1 t1 
 
 (eniptcd to force a passage lit (ween Keiicsaw 
 anil Pine Mountains. Oii die I4lli, during 
 a sharp cannonade, (Ien. Polk was s(ruck by 
 a three inch shot and killed. The next morn- 
 imi Pine Moiiiidiin was disco\ered to bo 
 
 le garrison were 
 
 driv 
 
 en ilown 
 
 Mav, ISlil, siniiiltaiieoiislv with ; abandoned. On (he I7(h, Lost Moiindiin 
 
 (he bank to and into the river. An indiRcrimi- ihtMulvaiicu of (Jen. (riant upon Itichmoud, ! was also abandoncil by the enemy, who cou- 
 
803 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 cuntmtud liis jiositioii on Kimu-wiw. A i'vw 
 diiyH iiow cliiiiHi-(l with eouHtant cuiinoniuling 
 uuJ lipiivy I'uiiiH, tliH Union forces advancing 
 Kti-iiilily but alowly on tlie cncniy^H poHition. 
 On the 2J<1, llootl umtlo a Huddfn and fuii-co 
 attack on Hooker's corps, but fiiiled, willi a 
 loss of 800 men. SSIicnuau now unwisely de- 
 trnnined to assault in turn, aikd on tliu 27tli 
 tliu two urniios of Thomas and McPhcrson 
 attackt^d at two dilTerent points, but were 
 fearfully wpulsod, with the severe loss of 
 ;t,OU(), (Jens. Harkoi- and Dan. McCook, and 
 many other valuable officers, being included 
 among the Union killed. After having buried 
 his dead under a Hag of truce, Sherman sent 
 iMcl'herson towards the Chattahoochee River, 
 far in the rear of Kenesaw Mountain. ]?y 
 this simple movement Johnston was at once 
 compelled to evacuate his strong position on 
 Kenesaw, and Sherman rode into Marietta 
 on July 2. On the 4th and 5th July, the 
 enemy succeeded in cii)ssing the C'liattahoo- 
 cliee in safety ; but by the 9th Sherman ha<l 
 skilfully nninaged to scciii'e three available 
 Jioints for crossing the river, when the enemy 
 reluctantly abandoned again his lino of div 
 f 'nee and fell back lo Atlanta. The Union 
 army now rested for n few days within sight 
 of tlio steeples of Atlanta. In the mean- 
 while, (len. Uousseau, with 2,000 cavalry, had 
 proceeded arouuil Atlanta and destroyed the 
 railroad at Opelika, Ala., cutting otf John- 
 ston's Kup[)lies. Johnston was now removed 
 from his cotumand, and Hood |>ut in his 
 place, and the lattttr at once adopted the 
 policy of au impetuous olfensive. On the 
 liOth July ho suddenly lussitilcd with his en- 
 tire army the yet unformed lines of Sherman, 
 in a new position about live miles from At- 
 lanta. Newton's ilivision of Howard's corps, 
 and Johnson's of Palmer's corps, and Hooker's 
 corps, the latter being entirely uncovered, 
 received and gaUantly withstood the shock. 
 Mood faileil to break through the Union lines 
 ami fell back to his intrenchnusnts, after a brief 
 and fierce enga'jeiuerl, in which he lost full 
 0,(1(10 men, incbulinfi among the killed several 
 generals, while the l'ni(Ui loss was about one- 
 Imlf tli:it number. On the 2l!d, Shernuin ad- 
 vanced lo within two miles of the city, when 
 he was stopped by an extensive and strong 
 line of works. Itood now niiissed his entire 
 aiiiiy against Mel'herson on the h'ft, who hail 
 ailv.mied on the! c'ity from Decatur. Itlair 
 Wiis (list si ruck, but soon the whole line of 
 tlie .\riny of tin.' Tennessee became engaged. 
 .'\ leuvv force pressed lo ilie Union rear ami 
 cMpiuied 12 guns, wliili- in the front the 
 I'i'lii'ls dashed up to the Union breasi works, 
 mid for a half hour the two armies foiight face 
 t) face with their battle colors (lying from the 
 3aiiie Works. Logan, of the eentre, soon 
 jnassed his troops and charged. Wood's di- 
 vision lejvdiiig, by which all l)vit two of the 
 lost guns were retaken. In this stubborn 
 roiilest the Union loss was 3,722, including 
 nnioMg thi! kilh'd (!en. Mel'herson, who was 
 shot dead while riding through u piece of 
 wooils. (ien. Logan reported the rebel dead 
 at over ;5,t)00, ami tie' total rebel loss was 
 estimated at I2,0oil, including 1,700 prisoners. 
 IS slanil of colors miil .'VjOOO small arms were 
 also captured. The nest day, (iarrard re- 
 tnrneil from a successful railroad-ilestroying 
 raid to Covlngtoii. in the rebel n'ar ; and 
 Stonemun with ."i,000 cavaliy, supported by 
 
 A. I). McCook with 4,<)00 infantry, was 
 shortly despatched to capture Macon and cut 
 the railroail there, '['his expedition failed; 
 McCook was hemmed in by a superior force, 
 but succeedetl in cutting his way out, while 
 Stoneman, appearing before Macon, was 
 obliged to hastily withdraw therefrom. He 
 was then shortly surrounded by Iverson, who 
 commanded an inferior force, and was de- 
 ceived into a Btirronder. 
 
 July 27th, Howard succeeded IMcPkeraon, 
 and Hooker resigned his position iu conse- 
 ';"ence. On the 28th Hood again dcs]H!r- 
 atcly flung his army upon the Army of lim 
 Tennessee, which had Iwen shifled froK' the 
 extreme left of the Decatur roatl to Proel)r'8 
 Creek, on the extreme right, and was i)rotect- 
 ed by rail breastworks. Six times the rebels 
 advanced against this, only to be cut down, 
 to break and lice. The conflict continued 
 from noon till 4 p.m., when the assailants 
 gavt! it uji and retreated. The enemy's loss, 
 in this bnive attack, was estimated at 0,000, 
 while the Union loss was scarcely one-tenth 
 of that iiumbtT. Five stand of colors and 
 2,000 muskets were captured. Hood now 
 permitted Sherman to advance without inter- 
 ruption, but sent Wheeler's cavalry to break 
 up the railroad, whereon Sherman do|)endod 
 for subsistence. Learning the absence of 
 Wheeler, Sherman at once dis])atched Kil- 
 Patrick's cavalry to bveak up the West Point 
 and Macon railroads in Hood's rear ; and on 
 .\iig. 2lJth the whole Union army, save the 
 2Utli corps, was behind Atlanta, co-operating 
 in the work of desti-uclion, U'fore Hood knew 
 what Shernnm was doing. Hood was now 
 completely cut off north ami east, and his al- 
 ternative was either a successful assault or 
 the abandonment of Atlanta. ( )n August Slst 
 S. 1). Ijce and Hardee fell on Howard near 
 Jonesborough, and a tierce battle followed. 
 At 4 I'.M., l)avis'« corps, on Thomas's right, 
 closed up with Howard, and charged the en- 
 emy's lines, capturing an entire brigade, with 
 its general and eight gun.s. Again the rebels 
 were defeated, losing .'i.OOO men. During the 
 night of August ;Ust Hood hastily evacuated 
 Atlanta, blowing up magazines and stores, 
 and (hwtroying seven locomotives and eighty- 
 one cars, and a large amount of cotton. On 
 September 1st, Slocuin, who was seven mih's 
 north, on the ChattahoiM'hei!, with the 20th 
 corps, moved into the city. Mood was now 
 pursued for thirty miles to Jjovejoy's, where 
 ln' was found strongly fortilied. J5ut on the 
 ."nil Sherman returned to .\llanta, to permit 
 his army to rest awhile at this important 
 point, which it had so nobly won. Kstablish- 
 ing his lieadipiarteis here, Sherman ordered 
 the lemoval of the citizens to the North or 
 the South, as they should prefer. This meas- 
 ure was denoiuiccMl by Hood and other South- 
 erners as an act of thi^ most studied and in- 
 genious cruelty, while it was defended by 
 Sherman as i\ military necessity. During the 
 campaign, Pillow, Wheeler, and others, with 
 forces ' 1 rebel cavalry, operated upon the 
 U"''.u rear at Lafayette, Dalton, and in 
 Southern Tennessee, doing eonsiilerable dam- 
 age, but influencing little the issue of the 
 eampaiirn. At the c'losi- of .September, Hood 
 flanked Sherman's vi'{ht, and his cavalry pro- 
 ceeded as fai- as l!ig Shanty, whiTe lliey de- 
 stroyed the railroad ; while I'lineh's division 
 of rtibtl infantry, on September 28th, invested 
 
 and assaulted the Union de)>ot of supplies 
 at Allatoona, held by Oon. Corse with 1,944 
 men. Corse held out against this vastly su- 
 perior force until he lost one-third of his 
 men, refusing to leave his post of duty though 
 seriously wounded himself. t!en. J. 1). Cox 
 with the 23d corps then came to his res- 
 cue, when the oitemy drew olf, leaving 2!U 
 dead and 411 prisoners. Hood now endeav- 
 ored to draw Sherman out of Georgia by cross- 
 ii'^ Sand Mountain and marching towards the 
 Tcnnossee. In this ho failed. The latter at 
 nice entrusted Gen. Thomas, reinforced by 
 A. J. Smith's forces from Missouri, with the 
 tlofenco of Tennessee. He then concentrated 
 all his remaining forces near Atlanta, and 
 destroying the foundries, mills, anil other 
 works at that place and Rome, and dismant- 
 ling the railroads, he detached hiniM'lf from 
 his cominiiuications, and prepared to march 
 to the sea. 
 
 When tho rebel commander found himself 
 north of the Tennes.see, and that Sherman 
 had left him there, he determined to advance 
 north and attack Nashville. September 2.'ld, 
 Forrest's cavalry captured Athens, Ala., held 
 by Col. Campbell with (100 men. He then pro- 
 ceeded north to Pulaski, but was driven olf 
 eastward by a Union force tinder (fen. Rous- 
 seau. He shortly afterwanls divided his 
 forces, sending Uuford with 4,000 men to 
 capture Hui. tsville and Athens, Ala., again, 
 while he with .IjOOO proceeded nortli-wi>st to 
 Coltind>ia. His plans in both cases failed, ns 
 large Union forces were gradually concen- 
 trating upon both him and liuford. They 
 both, however, succeeded in withdrawing 
 across tho Tennessee. Ociolx'i 20lh, Hood 
 made a feint against Decatur, Ala., w here he 
 had a slight conflict with Gonhm d ranger. 
 During this his vangttard crossed the river 
 near Florence. Forrest now advanced upon 
 Johnsonville, Tenn., an important supply de 
 pot for Nashville, and defended by 1,000 men 
 under Col. C. R. Thompson, with the aid of 
 three gunboats. Several days' fighting en- 
 sued here, but the eiu'my finally withdrew at 
 the approach of Gen. Schofleld with the 2:!d 
 corps from Nashville. The Union vessels here 
 were fired by their commanders, to prevent 
 their capture by tho enemy, and the flames 
 extended to the depots of supplies, involviiig 
 a loss of $1,.')00,0()0. About November 1 7lh 
 , the entire army of Hofxl crossed the Teniies- 
 ! see. 21th, (Jen. Schofleld fell back iiml coii- 
 ] I'enlrated at C<dumbia, while Oimi. tJranger 
 ! retired on Stevenson. Hood now |iri"(se(l 
 1 Ncholield severely at Duck liiver, and the 
 j Utter marched swiftly for Franklin, silualeil 
 cm a Is'iid of (he ilarpelh River, eighteiu 
 miles from Nashville, to av<pid being disas- 
 i tronsly lait olf by Hood from crossing that 
 river. Ho<id rareil and fimglit with him the 
 i whole way. Schofleld, though crippled by 
 [ his inunense train, won this race anil got into 
 I position at Franklin on the 'MHU. Hood ar- 
 1 rived 'eiter on the same day, and wiui no» ready 
 \ for battle till I P.M. He then threw himself 
 j impetuously upon Sehotield's centre, inider 
 j Wagner, forcing it back with the loss of two 
 guns, and obtaining the possession of the fiist 
 line of Union works at a teriible .sacriflce of 
 lite. l!y the etforts id' Cox, Staidey, Wag- 
 ner, and Ojidyke, the lines were reformed, 
 ami at sunset a sa\age struggle, iii whirli 
 bayonets and clubbed muskets wore used, 
 
on (lp|)ot of RU|)|>ltP!l 
 
 ion. Oorso with 1,944 
 igaiiiHt this vnstly hh- 
 lost ono-thini of his 
 is))08tof (hity thouRh 
 Kolf. tJcn. J. I), ('„x 
 ion cnmo to h'm ivs- 
 [Ircw oir, liinvinf; L'.'U 
 Hood now onihiiiv- 
 ut of Georgia by crosR- 
 marching towaniB thn 
 failed. The latter at 
 honinii, reinforced l>v 
 in MisHonri, with the 
 }fe then concentrated 
 H near Atlanta, and 
 I'M, mills, and other 
 Home, and diNniant- 
 itachecl hiniMjIf from 
 d prepared to nnirili 
 
 lander found himself 
 
 •, and that Hhermnn 
 
 ■termined to advance 
 ■ille. S<-|.temlier L'.'ld, 
 •ed Athens, Ala., held 
 ••Omen. Jfe then |)ni- 
 i, Imt was driven olf 
 ree under (Jen. Hons- 
 erwards diviih>d his 
 
 with 4,(»()n men to 
 
 Athens, Ala., npiiiii, 
 icceded north-west tn 
 1 both cases failed, iis 
 ro gradually concen- 
 
 and Uufoid. Thev 
 led in withdrawinj; 
 
 (kiobei i'fith, JIcmhI 
 catiir, Ala., where lio 
 th (jiordon d ranger, 
 rd crossed the river 
 
 now advanced u|)()ii 
 important supiily di' 
 ■fended by l,Oi)() men 
 son, with the aid of 
 al days' fighting eii- 
 y finally withdrew nt 
 hofield with the '_>;i,l 
 he Union vessels hern 
 manders, to prevent 
 ■niy, and the ilanies 
 r supplies, involvirg 
 l«>nt Ni)veml)er ITtii 
 
 crossed tli(? Teniies- 
 Id fell back and con- 
 rtliile (ien. (Jraiigei- 
 Hood now pressed 
 Mck Itiver, anil Ihc 
 ■ Franklin, siluatcil 
 ■III Jiiver, eighticii 
 ' avoid being disas- 
 
 fiiim crMssiiig that, 
 ought with him the 
 hou^h crippled by 
 lis race and got into 
 he .'If Mil. Hood a r- 
 I', and was not reiuiv 
 then threw himself 
 I'ld's centre, under 
 vith the loss of two 
 issession of the fiist 
 leniblc! saoiilice of 
 'o.x, Stanley, Wag- 
 ii's Were reformed, 
 struggle, HI whirh 
 uiikutJt wore lined, 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 took place for the nmst^ry of the ground 
 which had been lost. It was retaken by the 
 Unionists, together with the lost guns, 10 
 rebel battle-Hags, and 300 prisoners. At 10 
 r.M. the battle ceased, the ivlRd loss having 
 been over (i,000 nii n, including four general 
 olliccis killed, six wouiuled,and olio captured. 
 The Union loss waa 2,;!00. During the uight 
 Seholield fell back to Nashville. 
 
 tJiMi. Tlionma at Nashville was now, Dec. 
 1 , reinforced by the command of A. J. Smith 
 from Missouri, and by 6,000 troojia and a 
 negro brigado from ChattaiuK)ga. Kight 
 Union gunboats, with tho iron-clad A'^eonlm, 
 camo up the Cumlierland, and piotecteil the 
 city on the river side, but Hood advanced liis 
 lines around tho city, and etTectually cut olf 
 all coiiimunicationB south. Forrest in the 
 meanwhilu had iMten sent to operat4* against 
 Minfieesboro, co-operating with Hates' divi- 
 sion of Cheatham'a corps. These were re- 
 |iul8od in their attack, Dec. 4, on the block- 
 lioiise at Overall's Creek, five miles north of 
 M arfreesboro, and shortly afterwards wi're 
 driven with considerable loss from before 
 Fort Ilo8(,'crans, held by Gen. Kousscaii. 
 
 From want of a cavalry force (Jen. Thoma.s 
 delayed in aasuming the oirensivo, thereby 
 ciiusing some solicitude to Gen. Grant, but 
 the latter'.s confhieuce in the man was shortly 
 restored. On the l.'ilh December, tho tem- 
 ]ii nitnre having moderated, though a gla/e of 
 ii'c covered the country, three corps — A. J. 
 Smith's, the ICilh, <<n the right ; Wood's, the 
 ■Ith, nc!Xl on his hd't; with Scholield'sliljdcoriis 
 oil Wood's left as a resi-rve — were conceii- 
 tiatcd on the rebel left. At daylight, while 
 Streiliiiaii, with a mixed body of troops, 
 llircalened the rebel right, the two corps of 
 Sajitli and Wood made the onset upon the 
 CMciny's left. This disappeared before them 
 and was thrown in ciuifusion upon the rebel 
 centre. Wilson'.s cavalry now swept round 
 the right and attacked the rear and flank of 
 tlie rclx'ls, thus heapiMl on their centre. With 
 liis left gone and his centre thus imperilh^d, 
 lliMid threw over troops from his right, ami 
 succeeded in holding through the day his 
 strong position; but when night closed, the 
 day's work had given to the Unionists HI guns, 
 1,-IM) prisoners, and 40 wagons, while their 
 jesses were trivial. During the night Hood 
 look up a new jiosition two miles in his rear, 
 sliiirtening his lines from six to three miles. 
 Ua the following morning, Wood mlvanced 
 mil the enemy's desi-rteil works upon his cen- 
 lie, while Steedman again attacked bis right, 
 and >Sinith and Hclioliehl engaged his refoi iiied 
 left. Hut the main attack wa.s delayed uolil 
 '' ilson's cavalry, which had been sent to his 
 iiai- by a wiilo circuit, could be heaiil from. 
 This news came about 4 1"..M., when the whole 
 I'nion line had advanced to within tiOO yards 
 of the enemy. The latter, duly prepared, 
 received the assault of WootI with volleys of 
 musketry ami artillery, and the assailing cid- 
 uiaiiR were repulsed with fearful slaughter in 
 tlicuattein|)tH toovoicoino thoabattis strewed 
 ii|iiiii Overton's Hill, which was the enemy's 
 ^•|•lltl•(^ lint Wood speedily reformed his line, 
 w'lile .Smith and Hcholiel.rs men swept over 
 till' enemy's work on the left. A second litoc 
 ^ ood and Steedman advanced up Ovirlon's 
 Hill, swei pin;; all before them, capimleg the 
 c'lmmanding forts and nine piecs id" artiKviy. 
 The rcbula now abandoned tixu iMttiites ul 
 30 
 
 all points, and lied in dismay through the 
 I'.rentwood I'ass. A |)ortion of Wilson's 
 cavalry pursueil, but night ]iut an end to 
 tho conflict. While tho Union army resteil 
 upon the field, the remnant of the enemy 
 retreated through the darkness to Ilarpetli 
 lliver. Tho next day the pursuit was re- 
 newed, and was kept uii for several days ; 
 but tho country was now flooded by incesnant 
 rains, and in the abscnco of pontoons the 
 rotuls were scarcely passable in tho rear of 
 the fleeing enemy. After being severely 
 pres.sed at Franklin, Hood succeeded in 
 crossing the llarpeth, Hutherford's Creek, 
 and J)uck River. At Cidumbia Forrest's 
 cavalry rejoined his army, and formed a 
 strong rear-guard for it. On tho last of tho 
 month Hood crossed the Tennessee with 
 what remained of his forces, and Jan. 2.3, 
 iHi'iA^ was relieved from command at his own 
 rcipiest. 
 
 While Hood was before Naahville, a por- 
 tion of his cavalry under (ien. Lyons made 
 a feeble raid uiion the 1/ouisville liailroad in 
 Thoma.s's rear. They wiu'o chased out of 
 Tennessee, all but Lyons and about 100 men 
 being killed or captured. On Dec. (> Stone- 
 man started from KnoxviHe after a relxd 
 force under Huke, who was retreating to Vir- 
 ginia. At Kingspiu't he dispersed this com- 
 mand, capturing liOO prisoners. At Wythe- 
 ville, about Dec. lii, some rebid cavalry un- 
 <ler V'aughan were routed, anil the lead-works, 
 railroad, and other valuable rebel property 
 in the neighborhood destroyed. Jireckin- 
 ridge, commanding in this region, now re- 
 treated across the iiKUintains into North 
 Carolina, abandoning the important salt-works 
 at Saltvilie to Stuiu'man, who utterly de- 
 stroyed them. 
 
 (■en. Thomas reports the captures of his 
 campaign IVomScpt. 7, 1H()4, to Jan. 20, IHliri, 
 at ll,^-ji7 men, including one major-geni'ral, 7 
 brigadiers, and many other ollicers, together 
 with 72 pieces of artillery and 3,070 small 
 arms. The total I'nion loss in killed, wounded, 
 and missing was about I0,00t>, whilo that of 
 the rebels was over 20,000. 
 
 The State electi'>ns and the I'residential 
 canva.ss (If li'^tM rellected the aspects of the 
 war. The Democratic party nominated (Jen. 
 G. I>. .McClellan as its candidate for the 
 I'lesidency, and Gee. II. I'eiulleton, of Ohio, 
 for Vice-l'rcsident. The Ivepublicans noiui- 
 iiattd IVesiilcnt Lincoln for a second term, 
 with .Vndrew John.son, of Tenn., for Vice- 
 I're.sidint. A aniall party of discontented 
 Kepiililicans nominated (Jen. Fremont for 
 I'lisident, and John Cochrane for Vice-1'resi- 
 dcnt, but they soon declined. The policy 
 signitied by the Democratic platform wsis sepa- 
 ration, or re-establishment with slavery. The 
 letter of acceptance of Gen. .McClellan was for 
 the latter only, while tlie Itcpublican candi- 
 ilale was • ! dged to the re-establishment of 
 the Union without slaveiy. The political 
 blunder of the hemocrats, and the Uniiui 
 8Ucees.sos of Sherman and Farragut,ftssuied the 
 success of I'les. Lincoln. The October dec 
 tions wcr<' overwhelmingly Uepublican, and 
 ; Maryland now adopted a Constitution abol- 
 ishing slavery. In the NovemlMU' elections 
 the < lictoiiil votes of but three Stales- New 
 Jersey, ilclaware, and Kentucky- '-'1 in all, 
 were ea.st for McClellan and I'l'iidletoti ; the 
 ronmindur, 212, bi.ing for Lincoln and Johii- 
 
 803 
 
 son. Tho vote of tho soldiers wos nearly 4 
 to 1 in favor of the latter. Kentucky, though 
 thoroughly Union, was eijually pro-slavery ; 
 and the Act of Congress providing for the en- 
 rolment of slaves as soldiers caused great dis- 
 satisfaction there, and ensured tho State voto 
 in favor of McClel'an. 
 
 Juno 30, lSt)4, Salmon P. Chose, Secretary 
 of tho Treasury, .-csigned his post, afler 
 having discharged its duties with great 
 ability. Upon his entrance thereupon, tho 
 Federal credit, was in r most depressed con- 
 dition. In Dec, 18iil, the banks of the loyal 
 States and tho Federal Treasury sus|M'n<led 
 specie payment, and acts were shortly passed 
 by Congress making Treasury iiot<'s a legal ten- 
 der. A depn-eiation of tho currency at onco 
 took place, and continued tiiroughout tho 
 war, the price, in currency, of gold >fflecting 
 to a certain extent tho various phases of tho 
 war. At (Uio time, in July, lf'04, immedi- 
 ately following the Union failures in Virginia, 
 it stood at 2i)0. Various acts were promptly 
 passed, from time to lime, by Congress, in 
 conformity with the Secretary's plans, to raise 
 the iniinensc sums necessary fiu' the prosecu- 
 tion of tho war, and to induce the people to 
 Ijocome lenders. A eomprchensivt; system of 
 internal taxation was reluctantly resorted to, 
 and a Natimial Hanking law was passed, 
 which forced the State banks to Ih'Coiiio 
 National bank)., and thus reipiireil them to ab- 
 sorb a large amount of (Jovcrninent securities. 
 Various ini'ims were also taken to prevent 
 speculators from forcing up tln^ price of gold, 
 anil a system was inangiirated of selling tho 
 Government surplus gold derived from tho 
 Ciihtom.s, and applying it to the purchase uf 
 the Government paper. The following is an 
 exhibit of the growth of the nutiouat debt 
 during the war: 
 
 IHM) tlC)4,7li0.7O3 
 
 \mi <I0,S(;7,H2« 
 
 lHf.2 r>14, 21 1,371 
 
 18113 I,0'.t7,274,3r.0 
 
 1804 I,740,03f,,ti8f| 
 
 lH6t> 2,42;i,437,OOl 
 
 1800 2,74t»,4"Jl,74f) 
 
 Tliis sum, together with the State and 
 local debts, made the total expenditure in 
 |)rosecuting the war over t'uiir billions — an in- 
 credible sum — the most of which was raised 
 from the loyal people themselves. Tlu' rebels 
 also were iddiged to issue iircdeeinable paper, 
 but it shortly became worthless, anil they 
 then maintained their army chicfiy by reipii- 
 sitions. 
 
 1)uring the year It^Ol two attempts went 
 made to negotiate a peace, by iinauthori/.ed 
 parties from each side, one by Horace (Jreeley, 
 who met at Niagara .Messrs. Clay, HoIcoiiiIk-, 
 and .Sandei-s, rebel refugees in ( 'aniida. The 
 following missive from I'rcs. Lincoln termi- 
 nated this negotiation : 
 
 " Kxi:riTlvi; M.^NsloN. 
 " WAsniMiTii.N, ./»/y IK, 18(14. 
 
 " To irliom it mill/ rniireni : 
 
 "Any proposition which cmbraivs tho 
 restoration of peace, the iiite^iAty of the 
 whole Union, and the abandonfiieiit of slav- 
 ery, and which conies by and with an autho- 
 rity that can conliol the armies now at war 
 agaiiisu the I'liited Stales, will lie iiceived and 
 eoiisidcied by the lAecullMi GoMinineiit of 
 tliu Uiiit<-d States, olid will be met by liberal 
 
HISTORY OF THE 
 
 «:i? 
 
 temiB on subiitnntial atid collateral puints; 
 and the bearer or bf arers tliuroof Hlmll have 
 safe conduct both ways. 
 
 (Signed) " AlinAIIAM LiNCOI.S." 
 
 Another attempt wiia niado by Col. .Iiiri|iio.s 
 and Mr. Gilniore, who were ])erniitti'd to 
 n|i|iroHch President Diivis, at Kichniond, l>\it 
 this eflbrt also terminated in conipleto fail- 
 ure. 
 
 Dec. 6, 1864, the 38th ConpesH reas 
 sembled, and during the nv<>ning seHHion, 
 ])as8cd, by tlm rei|nir(<d two-tliird» vote, the 
 13tli amendment of the Federal Constitution, 
 uboliNhing an<l forever prohibiting slavery 
 throughout the United States, and by tlii' 
 RubHequent ratilieution of moro than two- 
 thirds of the States, it became a part of the 
 Constitution. 
 
 In Feb., 186.">, rebel comniissionerH, condi- 
 tionally uuthorized by the Confederate au- 
 thorities, met I'res. Lincoln and .'(ec. Sew- 
 anl I'.i Fortress Monroe, to negotiate a )ieace, 
 but not being authorized to concede the re- 
 ostnblishment of the Union, they shortly de- 
 parted a.s they had come. 
 
 March 4, lt'C4, the second inaugurntion of 
 I'res. Lincoln took place, when ho delivered 
 an addre.ss, menioiablo for its grandeur of 
 tho\ight and teiidciness of feeling; a fitting 
 ineinorv-pieoi' for the rising youth of this 
 country, as \.-ere al:;o the n'uinrkable im- 
 pniniptu worils wliioli, shortly before, Nov, 
 I'.lth, |S(>.'?, fell from his lips at the dediea- 
 tion of the niii'ional ecuielery at (Setlyslmrg. 
 
 On the r>th Au;;>iKt, lS(i4, Adm. Farragut, 
 with a thet of four iron-elads and fovirleen 
 wooden ships of w, •, moved up the entrance to 
 the spacious .Mobile May, which was defended 
 by the strong forts, Morgan and (iaines and 
 I'owell, by a channel lineil with torpedoes, and 
 by a onsidt-rahle rebel fleet, under Franklin 
 Jiucliaiuin, including a powerful ram, the 
 7'eiiiii'iiKni. A land force of .'),00l) nii'U iinder 
 (it'll. (!iu-don (irangcr cooperati'd with Ad- 
 iiiiral Farragut, and wai< landed on Dauphin 
 Island in rear of Fort (iaines; the wooden 
 Hhips were lashed two and two. The Itronk 
 If/n with her port consort, the OHnidra, lead- 
 ing, much against the inelii.ations of the 
 Admiral, who, however, followed next, 
 lashed in the maintop of the flagship llnrl- 
 for'l. The monitors advanceil bi'tween the 
 woo Icii Meet and Fort .Morgan. The iron-clad 
 '/'eci'iti.-e/t led, and at a ipnirter to seven lireil 
 the first gini, and Fort Morgan presently 
 replied. The linmkli/n, being then directly 
 \inder the guns of the fiwt, opened on tlie 
 fort wil,h grap'. I'rrsently the '/Wiimnr/t, 
 which was a slinrt. disliuco aheail of the 
 /l.iiii/:li/ny was blown u{> by a tmpi'do, and 
 instantly sunk, carrying ilown * 'oin. Craven 
 and must all of the otluus imi board, lint 
 17 out of 130 wciv. "(avi'd by (Uie nf Iut own 
 boats and a boat scut fnun the Jfrhimmrt, in 
 the midst of the le; rible fi.o. 'I'he Unmkii/n, 
 fearing more torpedoes, now recoiled, and 
 Hwaiterl the re>t of the fleet, whereupon Farra 
 gut. seeing [hr. delay, tonk the lead, followed 
 by the othi'r ships, " their ollicers believing 
 they were going to a noblo death with their 
 commancler ill chief " At ten miu.ites ]nist 
 eight he was past the fort, when suddenly 
 the ri'liel lam Ti-nni-nne.e d.ished out to run 
 him diwii, but \w simply returned its lire 
 uud kept on, reoeiviuj the Uros of the three 
 
 rebel gunboats ahead, the Morgan, the 
 (riiiiii'M and the iSiiina. The JIartJ'urd now 
 cast olf her consort, the Mctacomrt, with 
 orders to go after these boats, whereupon, 
 after an hour's fight, the (ialiien fatally in- 
 jured, was run ashore and burned, the J/tui/im 
 escaped up the bay, while the AV/hki was cap- 
 tured. The admiral, supposing the light to 
 be over, now signalled his fleet to come to 
 anchor, but suddenly the rebel ram bravely 
 stood out from under the guns of the 
 fort to attack the whole fleet. The stronger 
 (Tjiion vessels immediately cloned upon her. 
 The Jfuiiiiiti/it/itlii struck her first, carrying 
 away lu'r iron prow and cut-water. The 
 Liifkdintiinn came next, crashing in her own 
 stem, but only efTccting a heavy list of the 
 rebel monstir. The ram then avoided the 
 blow of the lldrtj'onl, and riddli.'d the sides 
 of the hitt<'r with shot and shell. I'lcsently 
 
 which she destroyed a number of valuablo 
 ships, she was stopjied, Aug, If), 18(i3, by 
 the .Slitf/arit, ('apt. Craven, who made her 
 his pi'i/.e. Tlinre other Ib'itish corsairs, dur- 
 ing the year lf^t'i4, were adtled to the list, the 
 7i(//i(/((//w»'<>, O/iinti'fjMMX VliirkiimaiKja. t>ct. 
 7, lf'<>4, the Fliiriilii was ciiptiired in the Ilia- 
 zilian port of Maliia by Cajit. Collins, in the 
 WarhuKelt, and was afterwarils sunk, in a 
 collision, while In-ing brought into Hampton 
 Hoads. The United States (lovcrnmciit sub- 
 Ke<piently disavowed the act, l>uring !8(i3, 
 a privateer, under one C. W. JJead, did much 
 damage along the coa.st, and Jtine 24, he 
 entered the harbor of I'orthind in 'ho cap- 
 tin-ed schooner Arrher, to which l.e lia<l 
 transferred hinibclf, and stole the rovenvio 
 cutter. Cimliinf/. Volunteciti gliertly pro- 
 ceeded to sea in puisuit of him, and presently 
 capfurc'l him and hi.i companiens, who were 
 
 the second blow of the Lnokinriinnii, intcniled i piaoed in prison. J>ee. (i, i.Sti3, the steamer 
 for the ram, was received by the J/nrlfurd,] ('/nviijiiuki; ninning between New Vork iii;.l 
 
 doing much damage to both vessels, but the 
 (^liitkiiniiii' kept battering the stem of the 
 ram. while the Miiiihullitn sent a shell 
 through her plating. Her smokestack, steer- 
 ing gear, and Jiort shutters were now de- 
 stroyed, ami as the OKiiijirc was about to 
 strike her, she hoisted the white flag. The 
 tight was over, and at 10 A..M. Farragut an- 
 clioreil tlut fleet within four miles of Fort 
 Morgan. Muring the night Fort Towell was 
 evacuateil and blown up, and the next day. 
 Fort (iaines was si'verely shelled by the 
 ('lilrkiiiiiiir, ami on the following morning it 
 was surrendered by its eomiiiander. Col. An- 
 derson, in a highly honorable manner, though 
 he was strongly censured by his superior, 
 ( ion. I'age, whocommanded Fort Morgan, lint 
 when the latter was invested ami fired u|)on, 
 by (iranger from the landward and the fleet 
 in front, I'lige held out no longer than An- 
 derson, dill, and his surrender was accom- 
 panied by several dishonorable acts of spite, 
 
 Portland, was seized by sixteen rebels, d; i 
 guised as passengers, who killed one of tliC 
 engineers for scalding them. They then ran 
 into Siuiibro harbor. Nova Scotia, and the 
 civil authorities at Halifax shortly restored 
 the steamboat to her owners. On Sutulnv 
 morning, June 1!), 18(14, the Alahamn, nndi r 
 ('apt. Seinmes, after <lue pre|iaration, stcHiiei! 
 out of the French jiort of C'herbourg to figlit, 
 the U. S. gunboat Kenrmrgi; under dipt. 
 W'inslow, who was watching the exit of tlie 
 fijrmer. The vessels were well matched in 
 size and ecpiipment, but a llritish tender, 
 the steamer Dierhomul, ('apt. Lancaster, leiu 
 the moral aid of its presence to tlie pirate. 
 At Vl\ l>.M., after about an hour's conflict, 
 seven miles from the shore, the firing of tlio 
 llritish gunners of the Alitimma ladiig far in- 
 ferior to that of the A niericans, the .lldliaiiin, 
 with her engines disabled, and large holes 
 lorn in her sides, attempied to flee to the 
 neutral shore, but ]iresently sank, lioats were 
 
 such as the spiking of guns, and the hiding of then sent from the A'cf/rwiv/c to rescue her 
 swords to avoid their surrender. The defences ' ciew from drowning, but the l><erh(nnid 
 of Mobile I'.ay thus captured, closed that|iort picked up a large number, amiuig them Ciipl. 
 against blockaile-rnnners henceforth, 'llio I Semniesiiiid his ollicers, and ran off with Iheni. 
 siiallowiiess of Uie water prevented the ap ! On Nov. II, ISC.t, having sent his final 
 proach of the fleet to within shelling ilistaiicc niessiiges by the tilegiapli coiiiiectiiig willi 
 of the city, and it was not attacked. The : the North, "( !en. Mierniiin cut that al.so, iind. 
 Union losses in this conflict were Uio killed, ^ living on the eomiiry, moved forward from 
 and 170 wounded. 104 guns and I, I'll men Atlanta in t"ur cdliimns, two of the ri^'lit 
 
 were c»i)tureil. 
 
 (treat skill was evinced dining the war 
 in till! construction of iroiiehnls, mid in 
 torpedo operations, by the n'bel naval coiii- 
 inaiidcrs, who were mostly recreant IJ. S. 
 oflieers ; but their chief notiuiety, or rather 
 that of Hiitish syiiipathi/iTs, lay in the career 
 of several privateers, which preyeil most di.s- 
 aslrously on the Northern commerce, espe 
 cially the llritish blockade-runner Oirlo, 
 under the name of the I'loHln, and com 
 manded by John N. Maflit, and the Aliihnmit, 
 
 wing, 
 iiiidei' 
 
 sisliiig cif the l.'itli and I 7th corps, 
 
 Howard, ai'.l the twii of the left wii„ 
 cniiipo.sed of 'lie 1 Ith and LMlth corps, iiiul, i 
 Sl.aiini. The laltei's fonis moved on ditler- 
 eiit roads, destinying the mil-track as tliiv 
 leUanced through Dec.itiir, ( 'ovington, Mmii- 
 son, anil Katonton, wliili' Howard ailvaneed 
 by MiMonough, .Mi.niicello, Clinton, ioid 
 (fordiPli, the chief (il.stade to the progress of 
 both being the badness of the roadN. On llie 
 •.'1st, Slocum reached MilledgiMlle, the capi- 
 tal of the Stale, and Howard arrived there 
 
 built in England, and commanded by Jtaphael 1 on the following day. In lh«^ ineaiiwhilr, 
 Senimes, siibsecpient to his ailventiires with f Iviliiatrick, with his cavalry, swarmed l.e 
 
 I the Stiiiitrr. These vessels were manne<l by country in the vicinity of the march. .\t 
 liritish sailors, and <lid a vast amount of^ Lovejoy's, he charged and scattered H.oinl 
 
 'damage to the rnioii commerce, in tlu! form militia, and at Hear Creek encountiKil 
 
 I of capture, lobbery, and ilestruction by fire Wheeler's cavalry, whom he forceil back to 
 of rcoies of unarmed ves.sels, great and small, ; .Macon, where cinite a rebel army was conicn- 
 
 ' amounting, with their cargoes, to many mil- trateil, and strongly fortified. This plan' 
 lions of ilollars in value. Another liritish Kilpuliick threatened, while Howard cmssrd 
 sti'aiiier, c:illeil the .A/yirm, hecaine the priva tin' Ocliinlu'ee at ( Iriswoldville, ten miles l"'- 
 
 , teer <r':or<jiii, but alter a briisf caiccr, in voiul. At ihih place a part of the l.">lh corps 
 
UNITED STATES- 
 
 SOS 
 
 <I a iiiimbor of vslimHo 
 
 )I>P<1, Aug. If., ltl(!3, l)y 
 t'lavcii, wJio Hindu lior 
 Ik'i- ItritiHh corHuiiH, dur- 
 1)1-0 luMi-d t(i tlio list, tliu 
 and VhifkdiuaiKja. Oct. 
 wuHraiiliircd in' (In. [du. 
 hy CH])t. ColliuH, in (iio 
 1 afterwards sunk, in a 
 ; brouglit into Hampton 
 Statt'H (•ovcrnmciit snl). 
 th<i act. During !8(i;}, 
 le V. W. JJemI, did muili 
 ■oast, and Jiuio 24, lie 
 of I'ortknil in *ho cnji- 
 her, t« wliioh l.o liad 
 and Ktolo the rovonuo 
 'oluntcr-ra slicrtly pio- 
 lit of liim, and |)rf8cntlv 
 1 ooiniJaiiionH, who wfiii 
 I'l-. (i, 1803, thu Ktfani.T 
 iH'lwpc.-i Ni-w Vork ai;,l 
 by sixt("(-n rebels, ci:'i- 
 , who killed one of (I,,. 
 them. 'J'hcy then ran 
 Nova Scotia, and tim 
 lalifax shortly restored 
 !• ownerH. On Suiidnv 
 i>4, tile Alalmma, undi r 
 ue preparation, Nteannd 
 ■t of f "lierbourg to tigiit 
 Cenrsargi; un(UT Capt. 
 tolling tins exit of the 
 were well nuitched in 
 but a Jiritish tendci, 
 tl, Capt. Lancaster, leni 
 prenence to the iiiralc. 
 uit an hour's omtlid, 
 hore, the firing of (|,u 
 Aldiiama lieiiig far iii- 
 lerieans, i\w Alnbaiiid, 
 bled, and large holes 
 inpud to flee to tlii' 
 iitlysank. Itoats weio 
 riirsiir^/e to rescue her 
 b\it the Iherhovitil 
 )er, iiniiing them ('ii|ii. 
 mid ran olf with lliim. 
 tia\iiig Milt bis liiiiil 
 apli connecting willi 
 ii" (III that iiImi, mill, 
 iiKHed forward finiii 
 ns, two (if the rigiit 
 loth and I7lli corps, 
 t«(> of the left wiii^, 
 11(1 LMlth corps, mill: i- 
 (s nioM'd on (litter- 
 he laillraek as tlicv 
 111-, Covington, ^liiili- 
 le Howard advanceil 
 ieello, i'linton, mid 
 cle III the progress of 
 if the loads. ( )n (lie 
 illc(lg( \ille, th(> cai i- 
 oward arrived llieio 
 Til the nieHiiwhili', 
 iValiy, swarmed .he 
 of the iiiaieli. At 
 iind scattered '.\i'\"\ 
 Creek eiieiniiilen il 
 I he forced back lo 
 army was coiiceii- 
 rtillcd. 'I'his pliuo 
 Idle llowiird cid.s.scd 
 ville, ten miles be- 
 at of the l.'dh corps 
 
 was left to protect the Union rear, which was 
 shortly attacked by thnte brigades of militia, 
 fi-oiii jiacon. These assailants were repelled, 
 with a loss of a (hoii.sand men. The Oeorgia ! 
 Legislature, sitting in .Milledgeville, hastily j 
 iiilioiirned at the approach of the Union army. 
 'J'lie latter had thus far lived on the plenty of 
 till' country through which it had moved, and 
 accumulated much more. At Milledgeville 
 the trains were stored with forty days' ra- 
 tions, and after u brief rest Slierman again 
 niovial on towards the sea. On the 2l>th 
 November, the rebel Wheeler was found at 
 Htindetwville, and driven away to Wayneston 
 by Kilpatrick, where, attacking in turn, ho 
 was repulsed with a loss of 200 men. Nov. 
 30, Millen was reached, a place on the 
 Central Ilailroad, from whenco both Au- 
 gusta and Savannah wore threatened. Up 
 to this point the railway tracks were de- 
 stroyed as the army moved. After a short 
 halt at Millen, Sherman moved down towards 
 l-<avannah on six dilfiirent roads, protected on 
 Ilia flanks by the Ogeechee and Savannah 
 rivers, and ]>assiiig through a wild country of 
 forests and swamps. On December 9, alMuit 
 ten niih.'s from Savannah, the left wing struck 
 llie Charleston Ilailroad, coming upon the 
 skii'iiiisliers of Hardee, who commanded the 
 rebel forces at Savannah. 
 
 On the loth. Savannah was completely he- 
 li'HguertMl, while the signal guns from the 
 Union (b^et in Os.sabaw Sound iiad been 
 heard, and Capt. Duncan sent by Howard in 
 a canoe past Fort .McAllister to communi- 
 Oiito witli Admiral D.ihlgren. Dec. 12, Slier- 
 niiui (lespaiched (Sen. Ha/en to capture Port 
 McAllister, which had twice repulsed ait at- 
 t:ick of the LTnion iron-chids, and commanded 
 til ' entrance of the Ogeechee Kivfir, effectu- 
 ally preventing the co-operatiim of the Union 
 vessels in tbo capture of Savannah. On the 
 l:ltli, while Oens. Shermiiu and Howard 
 watiilie 1 the ojierations from the top of a rice- 
 iiiill, I lire:; miles distant, ami a Ifniou gun- 
 b Hit eiit"red t!ie mouth of tin! Ogeechee, Ha- 
 zeii's division marched over torpedoes and 
 iib.ittis, in the face of a volley of grape, and 
 niter a briff but des|)erato struggle before and 
 upon the para])(!t, captured the f(U't. Slier 
 iiiin met Dahlgren on board the flagship, 
 Jfirvfut Miton, the next day, and arranged 
 with (ion. Foster to send some sii^go ordnance 
 fiimi Hilton Head. On the 17th, the guns 
 hiving arrived and been placed, h" sumnioneil 
 the siirnfiider of Savannah, which wius re- 
 tieuMt by Hardee. Ho then proceeded to 
 (•■iinph>to the invostiuivnt of the city, during 
 Nvliii'h, on Dec. 20, ho stjirted to pay a flying 
 \\-\\. to Hilton Head. On his way he was met 
 by an army tug, with a message from his ad- 
 jiilanl, Ciipt. Dayton, stating that llardee, 
 with his force of 1,'>,IKI0 men, had siicccedi^d 
 ill evacuating the city on tlii^ night of the 
 -iltli, and h;id retreated towards Chiirleston. 
 lie imiiie liately turne(l back, and on the 
 '_'_M he rode into Savannah, where he found 
 l.il) re\)((l pieces of ordnance, a large auKuint 
 (if ammunition, and ,'18,000 bales of cotton.] 
 TliMS his march to the sea ended in eoiiiplete i 
 success, (hiiiigh failure had been giiieially 
 pre(licted for it by military men, as being 
 eontiaiy to all prtn-edent ill thus cutting an 
 iiriiiy loo.se from its hiise, and depending for '. 
 supplies oil fomge alone for weeks in a hostile ' 
 country. 
 
 On November 2.')th, Ocn. Dana, who had 
 been despatched u|)on a railway-destroying 
 expedition from Vicksbiirg, after doing much 
 damage, encountered a largo rebel force on 
 the Dig lilack, which he defeated. About 
 the same time (Jon. Davidson moved out 
 from Uaton Itoiige to Tangipahoa and de- 
 stroyed much rebel railroad property. Decem- 
 ber 21st (Sen. Grierson, with 3,500 cavalry, 
 made a most destructive raid to the rear of 
 Hood's Rrmy, destroying at Verona 32 cars 
 aii('. 8 warehouses filled with ordnance and 
 siijiplies. At Egypt ho routed a largo force, 
 taking ."iOO )>risoners. ITo finally returned to 
 Vicksbiirg, bringing in many pr.soners and 
 raurli projicrty, after having de'itroycd an im- 
 mense amount of the Inttci. December 1st 
 (Jen. Hatch, with 5,000 men, who had been 
 dispatche<l by (Jen. Foster to seize the CJharles- 
 ton and Savannah Ilailroad, near (Jrnhams- 
 ville, was defeated with a loss of 7-10. De- 
 ceiulx'r titli Foster seized the rebel works at 
 I'ocotaligo and the railway crossing of the 
 Coo.sawhatchie and Tullifiniiy. 
 
 (Jen. Sherman, having rested his army at 
 Savannah, on the LOth January, 18(15, dis- 
 ))atcli(Kl the I7tli corps, (Jen. Ulair, in trans- 
 ports, to I'ocotaligo, where it threatened 
 Charleston. Hut the rest of his army did not 
 move, owing to incessant rains, till February 
 1st, wi'on it started forward in four corps, on 
 as many diiTerent roads, ('oliimbia, S. C, being 
 its objective point. (Jen. Slocuni, with the left 
 wing, and with Kilpatrick's cavalry, moviul 
 up the Savannah to Sister's Ferry, threaten- 
 ing Augusta. By this strategy Sherman kept 
 the rebel armies at Charleston and Augusta 
 from uniting to resist him on the 'ine of the 
 marshy Salkehatchie. Slocum ,>nd Kilpat- 
 rick were detained a fortnight at Sister's 
 Ferry by the extraordinary floods, vhich wi- 
 dened the Savannah at this point three miles. 
 When the water had subsided to waist deep, 
 the columns moved rapidly over the inun- 
 dated fields, and thence, about February 
 7tli, northward. Kilpatrick in the meantime 
 pushed towards Augusta, diverting from Slo- 
 cum the attention of the enemy's forces in 
 the vicinity. 
 
 Howard moved from Pocotaligo on Janu- 
 ary 3 1st, crossing the Salkehatchie at iliv- 
 ers's bridge. Wading a swamp of three miles, 
 at llivers's bridge, from one to four feet deep, 
 (Jens. Mower and (Silos A. Smith led their 
 divisions of Hlair's corps, and drove the rebel 
 brigade guarding the briib^o behind the Edisto 
 at Uranchville, with the small Union loss of 
 1)0. On the 7th this portion of Sherman's 
 army reached the South (Carolina Ilailroad, 
 and at once commenced to destroy thi! track, 
 and by the llth Slocum had also reached 
 and commenced to tear up this railroad fur- 
 ther towards Augusta. Thus the enemy's 
 communication between Charleston and Au- 
 gusta was completely S(!vered. Sherman 
 now rapidly moved his right wing upon Or- 
 angebiirgb, crossing the South Edi.sto River 
 at various |)(iints for 15 miles, and driving 
 (he scattered eiieiiiy before him into Colum- 
 bia. The whole I7tli corps shortly reached 
 Orangeburgh, flanking the main rebel forces 
 III lliancbville on tlii! right, and thus rernh^r- 
 iiig the abanclonment of (-harleston by the 
 enemy a military necessity. All the Union 
 cobinins were now iiiining for Columbia. The 
 iruli corps was feebly |■e^.iste^l at tlu^ Conga- 
 
 ree, but the army met with scarcely any 
 obstacle except the innumerable swamps 
 which were lo bo traversed. On the 10th, 
 Slocum reached the Saluda, a few miles above 
 Columbia, only an hour or two after the arri- 
 val of Howard further to the west, and at 11 
 A..M., on the 17tli, the capital of South Caro- 
 lina was suiTendered, by its mayor, to Col, 
 Stone, of Logan's cnr[>s, who was soon posted 
 in the city. A high wind was prevalent dur- 
 ing the day, and a conflagration of the city 
 took place, which, in spite of the labors of the 
 Union soldiers, reduced a great part of it to 
 ashes. (Jon. Wade Hamptim, the rebel com- 
 mander, had ordered the destruction, by iin<, 
 of the cotton in the place, ere ho fled from it. 
 The smouldering fires were rekindled by 
 the rising wind an<l communicated to the 
 buildings, llampton, however, accused Sher- 
 man with having ordered the conflagration. 
 Though the main portion of the Union army 
 did not enter Columbia, jiillaging gangs of 
 blacks and whites, stragglers and riffraiT, soon 
 sprea<l throughout the city, and these no 
 doubt assisted in spreading the fire, to aid 
 tbo work of plunder and cruelty, which they 
 were i>ermitted to indulge in. The extensive 
 work of foraging which had been a necessary 
 part of the ))lan of Sherman's march, necessa- 
 ■ rily involved devastation. The i>i-actico of 
 this was also heightened in South ('arolina 
 by the general desire of visiting retributive 
 justice upon the originators of the retx-llion. 
 The fall of Columbia involved that of 
 Charleston, and all its harbor defences. On 
 the IGth, Hardee fired the cotton and stores 
 accumulated there and marched out to ef- 
 fect a junction with Heauregard's remain- 
 ing forces, and with Cheatham, who, with 
 Hood's shattered forces from North Missis- 
 sippi, was endeavoring to reach the front of 
 Sherman. A great portion of Charleston, 
 also, was destroyetl by fire, and the horror of 
 the conflagration was heiglitoned by the igni- 
 tion and explosion of a large amount of pow- 
 der stored in the North-western Ilailroad de- 
 pot, caused by btiys accidentally laying a 
 train therefrom to tin; burning cotton in the 
 street, by carrying handfiils to throw upon the 
 latter. 200 lives were lost by this explosion. 
 On the 18tli, after nearly two yeai'S of bo- 
 siegcment and bombardment, the mayor sur- 
 rendered the city to (Jillmore, with all the 
 surrounding forts. A colored regiment, 
 wearing the nati(Uial uniform, and bearing 
 the national flag, first marched into its 
 streets. 4.'i0 jiieces of ordnance were cap- 
 tured in Charleston and its defences. (Jeorgo- 
 town was al.so hastily evnonated, and Beaure- 
 gard fell back on Cbarlott<>, towards which 
 Sheniian ])usbed on in a heavy rainstorm. 
 On the 23(1 be suddenly faced eastward, and 
 leaving Charlotte far in the rear marched 
 rapiilly towards Fayettevillo, N. C, crossing 
 the Catawba unmolested, and the Tedee, at 
 ('heraw, whore ho cajitured 25 giins from a 
 feeble force of the enemy. 
 
 Hampton's and Wheeler's covalry, of Har- 
 doo'f advaiiee, had already had Piigagements 
 with Kilpatrick on the region lying towards 
 Charlotte, at Williston's Station and Aiken, 
 and they now attempted to reach Fayetto- 
 vill(> ill advance of the Unionists. Kilpa- 
 trick eiideiivorcd to intercept them by hold- 
 ing tbrin roads near Solemn tSrove. On one 
 of ihese ho wiui surprised, March 8, by Hanip- 
 
■■^ 
 
 im 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ■J " 
 
 St viM 
 
 1111(1 Ni'wIhtii. Ndilli ('iii'cilin.'i whh ciciilcd a 
 ili>|iiirtin<<nt, niul pliu'cd hiuIit Si'liKficlil. (hi 
 Kflinmrv 1 llli, llio luttiT |iiiKlir(l forwui'il, willi 
 iiboiit L'0,()()() iiirii,<iii Flirt AiiilrrNoii, mi tliu 
 wcKt blink of Ciipo Kt'iir Hivcr, anil l>_v a Hank 
 iiiovt'iiicnt e<>iii|it'llt'(l till' ciiriiiv, iiiiiirr (iiii. 
 Kiiki-, ilrfriiiliii^ it anil tlif liiiiH adjiiri'iit, t( 
 
 ton mill routed, IcitviiiK nioNt of IiIh ^iiiih. Iii'iil){i> iiiid Srliolirld at (ioldHliiiro, triii|i<i- 1 wito hiui'itIv woiinilril. On llii> mxt iiioni. 
 \Vliili' tliii ciii'iiiy wiTO |iluMilrriiig hin oaiii|i, laiilv tiinii'd ovri Iiih army to llu- laltiT, audi iii^ tliii ina^a/tiiir lijinv ii|i, killing; L'OI) of llm 
 lie Hiiddc'iily t'liii'rjjcd from tlie hwhiihi into liastrncil, on M;iicli 'JT, to City Point to victoiH and woiindiiin l<Ml. 
 wliiclilif liad lii'rii iliivi'ii with the most of I'oiirtiill witli tlic I'li'sidnit and (li'ii. (iiaiit. [ 'riiomiinV aiiiiy in 'I'nnirMsiM' was now lim- 
 liis men, ami ntook IiIh liradniiaitrrs, miiis, 'I'liiis in iiim|ililc hihti'sm cndnl lii.i (jri'iit | krn \i|i, A. J. Sniitli'ii roniinand \<f\\\^ m'IiI to 
 and (.•aptiii-i'd men, and niiiKi'd the iininy to mmrli of marly ^«l(t milrs aciosM tlir Slatr (liii. Canliyat Ni'W Orlntiis, and Srlioticid's 
 llrn ill piuic from tlio |iliioi'. of Oi'iiri^in, and llicnrr IVoiii Havamiali lo tlio i'oi|ih liidii;<lit Ka.st ami wnt to l'"orl Kihlur 
 
 At CluM-aw, till! right and li'ft wiiigd of till- niiddlr of Norlli t'aiolimi. 
 rnioii army iiii-t and maivliud togftlirr on' Dnring tin' moiilli of I )i"'oinlHT, 18(51, nil 
 
 Fayi'ttovillc, which tliny MMiclird on tlio ll'tli. i'X|H'ditioii priu' Ird from lIaiii|itoii I'liailN 
 
 At till- Hiinio timo a Btcam tug rnichril tin' , aj-aiiist Fort Fishi'i-, tho wawun! ilcfi'iiiT 
 liliioc, aniiount'ing that Wilmington had lii'iMi of Wiliniiigloii, N. ("., wliitli waH tlin liiNt 
 u:i|ilui-nil nliout a fortnight previous, niid that |iort of tlir ( 'onfi'drrary rrniaining aiTcsnililo 
 ( It'll. Srholii'lil, who had liorn lirotiglit anniiid : to lilorkadr-runnrrM. Tho himl fori'ii of 
 
 from Ti'tinrssi'i) to Ni'wlH-rii, in coninnction i Honio (1,(1(10 im-ii was i-umimimlril liy (ten. H. ; hastily abandon llii-ir workH on tho I'.tlli, and 
 with Com, I'orti'r, wan preparing to join tlir ' F. Hutlrr, and tlii> lli'ct of 7.'1 vrssi'ls. carrying i fall back behind Tower Cicrk; licri' they 
 Union army at (ioldsboro. The foivesof Iteaii- ■ li'ni gnus, by Admiral Porter. (Jen. Ibitler, I wen assailed the next day by (!en. Terry, 
 regard, llanlee, Cheatliani, and others were having read of the explosive eireels of a large ! wliili) (Jen. Cox struck tle'iii in Hank and 
 now united in North Carolina, niider (Jen. ' amoniit of powder at village in Kngliinil, ' rear, ca|itiiring K"."! men and l.",l guns. Cox 
 .lo. Johnston, comprising Ill.dOO veterans, had devisicl the plan of loading a boat with i then moved on, threatening to cross (he Capo 
 On March l.'>, .Sherman made ii feint on I'.'id tons of powder, which slioiilil be e.xplod- ^ Fear above Wilmington. Hoke then hastily 
 Averysboro, threatening Kaleigh, with a por- ed near the foil, and thus blow it and its gar- , burned (he cotton stores and Kteaniers, in- 
 tioii of his left wing under Slociim, w Idle he i ison into the air. After some delay, on ac- ] eluding the privateers < 'liir/,tiiiiini(/(i and Ttil- 
 moved the rest of his army towards (Jolds- eoiint of the weather, the place of rende/voiis /((/ifMxd, at the latter place, ami evaciia(ed it, 
 boro. Near .\verysboio, Kilpaliickdiscovered at New Inlet, near Fort Fisher, was liiially , The next morning, Fein nary "JUd, the I' iiion 
 llarilei) with 'J(t,()(lO men occupying an in reached on the L'ltli, and on the nioriiiiig of ' army had poKsession of the place, lia\ ing siis- 
 treiirlu'd position. On the liith Ward's ili\i' that day Com. A.C. Kliind, having during , tiiined a lo.ss of about '.'(Ml men in gaining it, 
 sion of the 2(ttli corps, with .Slociim, advanced the night towed the powder-boat to an an- 1 while the enemy lost about l,(l(i(l men and ll.") 
 to the attack amid torrents of lain, and drove chorage within |(MI yards of the fort, explod- gnus. Cox's and Conch's divisions shortly 
 the enoiiiy from their works. The rebels re- ed it, but it proved to be ipiitu harmless in afterwards advanced towanis Kinstoii. Two 
 treated, leaving lOS dead on the Held, '_'17 its elfccts, and Col. I.aiiib, (he commander of regimeiitH sent by Cox, under Col. Cpliani, 
 prisoners and 3 guns. Kilpatrick, who hud the fort, supposed it to have been merely the ITith Connecticut, to seize and hold the cro.ss- 
 ildvanced to the (Joldsboio road, was there bursting of one of the great gnus of the (leet. ing of .Sonth-west Ciiek. were siupiised by 
 vehemently assailed by .Mcl.aws' rebel divi- (hi the '2'ilU a landing was ellected of the lloke iinil 7(l(( were captured. .Maicli Knii 
 
 Hion, but till! whole I'nion line tinally ad- 
 vanced, and during the night the enemy re- 
 treated on the roiul to Hmithlield, ']'lie 
 Union loss in the ongagement was about 
 t)((0. The next day Sloeum cros.sed South 
 Jtiver and took the road to (Joldsboro. On 
 
 till! IStli both wings were within a few miles superseded in the command of his depiirtiiieiit 
 of this place, ; by (Jen. Old. 
 
 Near Beiitonville Slocum wa.s suddenly .lainniry lllli, a second expedition against 
 confronUid by the whole of Johnston's army. Fort Fisher, composed of some 8,00(1 men. 
 Couriers now arrived from Schotield and under (Jen. .\. 11. Terry, left Fortress Mon- 
 
 troops, who pushed up towards the fort, | lloke attai'ked Roger's di\ isioli of Cox's left, 
 
 headed by (Jen. Weit/.el, but (Jen. Huder 
 
 sliordy ordered their re embarkation, and 
 
 after two days of liea\y bonibardnient from 
 
 till) (leet he further ordered the return of the 
 
 expedition. (Jen. Ibiller was soon afterwards 
 
 but was repulsed with heavy loss. Iloko 
 the)' 'lastened to Smithtield to join Johnston, 
 an I the 1 Itli Schotield ciossi d the NeilM! 
 anil entered Kinston. ( In the L' 1st he reach- 
 ed (Joldsboio, simultaneously with the ariiMil 
 there of Shernian. 
 
 During the winter of IHlil-.'i, demonKtni- 
 tioiis were ninile both from the noith and 
 south upon Alabama. From (he north, on 
 .March 'J'Jii, (Jen. James II. Wilson, with 
 
 Terry, who were on their way to (Ioldsboro, 
 and several divisions of the right wing were 
 hiirrii'il to the relief of the outiinnibeii-il left, 
 under Slocum, who was ordered to .■.land in 
 the meanwhile on the delensive. At the 
 first onset Carlin's division was hurled back 
 oil the main body with the lo.ss of three gins 
 A portion of Pavis's corps, the I lib, and 
 Williams's cinps, the 'JOtli, behind frail barri 
 
 (le, and arrived otf Wilmington on the iL'tli. i l.'!,000 cavalry and (! baderiis, was sent by 
 
 I (Jen. Thomas from ihe Tenm smc to raid into 
 Northern Alabama. On the .'tlsl he incoiin- 
 tered the enemy in force at MonteMillo, un- 
 der Hoddy, whom he roiiti d. I'loceeiling in 
 the work of destroying rebel proinity in \i\- 
 lions ilircctions, J,oiig's and Cpton's divis- 
 
 The troops were di.si'iiibarked Ihe next day, 
 and on the day thereafter a reconnoissance 
 WHS made to within TidO yards of the fort. 
 (»ii .Sunday the l.'itli, after ii terrible lire of 
 lliree days from the' 100 guns of the tieet, the 
 assault was made upon the works, which wen 
 
 all! iidy badly damaged. A force of marines ions, (i.OOO in niiinber, came upon Foiic-I, 
 and sailors, some 2,0(10 in iinmber, a.s.sanlted with .'i,(IO(l men well barricaded, at lioyle'-i 
 cades, then stopped the rebel inhance. Six from the sea side, while (Jen. Ames adianced Cicek. I •isiinuinting, they charged the lallir 
 assaults of .lohuston's army were received by ! on the l.ind side. At It o'clock the three brig j with such vigor as to put them to headlon;; 
 till! Cnioiiists in less than an hour, but wilhjades of the latter, led by Curtis, ]'i iiiiy- llight, and took L' guns and L'OO inisoneis. 
 out lo.ss of ground, ami with heavy loss of i packer, and Itell, rushed forward upon the .\pril .'>th, Wilson, with !1,000 of his force, 
 men to t!io assailants, vnIicii night fell. I)ur- [ fort, while the guns of the tIeet weie diverted ' reached .Seliiia, Its outer defences were as- 
 iiig the night the wagini-train with its giiurd to the balleiies on il^ left and above it. saiiltcd and soon taken bytliii. Long, who 
 of two divisions, and Iliizen's div ision id" the ! The enemy were shoiiiv driven from Ihe , was killed while leading the attack. The 
 1. "it h corps, came up on Slocuni's right, ren- heavy palisading on the land face. Kleven ii'bels then rallied on a new line, but were 
 ilering his jiosition secnre. The next day traverses were civrried, and at !U I'.M. a lodg- 1 shortly driven from that by I'ptoii, and llic 
 Iloward came up .ind coiuiecled with his left, meiit was eirected on the parapet, and the fort i city soon taken, willi .'12 guns, "J, "00 priMHi- 
 March 'Jl Scliolield entered (Inldslioro, and was soon won. On the seaside the marines ers, and vast stores of all kinds. Foriist. 
 
 had simultaneously dashed forward, but had and Poddy, with ,'!,(l00 followers, ei.capi d in 
 been repul.s<'d with great eornage, though a the night. Wil.son then destroyed the extcn- 
 large number of them had gained the ilitcli, I sive rebel arsenal, foundries, ;toii, etc., 
 and some evi n climbed the parajiet. About :here,iMid the town wass.uked b\ Ins troopers, 
 e night 1 niidnighl (Jen. Whiting and Col. Lamb, the; On the iL'tli he leaihed Montgomery, which 
 Smith- ' cominanders, with the garrison, some 2,000 was proniptly surrendcreil. A rebel forci^ 
 
 Terry advanced to the Neiise at Cox's bridge, 
 in Johnston's rear, while .Mower in a noisy 
 battle worked around his Hank to the right, 
 and nearly reached Mill Creek brilge, the 
 only line of his retri'iit. During tl 
 Johnston hiistilv decamped towards 
 
 Held. The total T'niou loss in this engage- ' men, surrendered. Id'.' guns fell into the under liuford was then rooted by a ]iortioii 
 ment was I,OtJl. 2(17 rebel dead were buried, Pnioii hands, besides eipiipage ami stores. Of his command nndei Lagrange, and Coliim- 
 aiiil l,ti2."i ]irisoners were taken by Ihe The I'nion loss, in killed and wounded, was bus, with 1,200 piisoiicis and .'i2 guns, was 
 L'nionists. (1 |ii, among the killed being Coh. Pell and taken by Wilson on the night of the It'.ili. 
 
 Uen. Sherman, after viaitiiif; Ten vat Cox'b I Moore, while (,'ol.-,. (.'uitis and Pennypackcr, Here tho rebil ram Jiirkt,i>n, and a larj;o 
 
. Oil till' iH'xl iiiorii. 
 lip, killing L'(l(» (,r tlio 
 (Ml. 
 
 iiiirNsci' wnH now hri)- 
 iiiiiimiiil liciii^ M'lit to 
 ■Iriilis, mill Silidlicl.rH 
 I si'iil 111 |'',iil l''islnr 
 'aiiiliiiii wiiH I'liuli il a 
 iiiuliT Si'liiidcUI. (Ill 
 •|HihIu'<I fui'wiii'il.wilh 
 'lilt Aiiilrr.siiii, on llii) 
 Hivcr, mill liy ii timik 
 
 I' t'llCIIlV, IIIkIiT (illi. 
 
 the liiii'S ailjiici'iil. Id 
 irks on tlm l!l(|i, mul 
 ■r < 'rt'rk ; licii- (jii'v 
 
 iliiy liy (irii. 'rcny, 
 : tlii'iii in Itiiiik mul 
 I mill I'll jjniiN. Cox 
 liiij; 111 iiiiNs the ('ii|pi) 
 lloki' then liHslily 
 •s iind steaineis, in- 
 /ii</,iiiii(iii(/ii mill Til/- 
 ice, mill evaeiiiiteil it. 
 limy L'l'il, the I'liiim 
 lie Jiliu'e, hii\ in;; kiis- 
 III men ill ^'iiiiiin^ il, 
 lit 1,11(1(1 men mill li.'i 
 li's ilivisioiiH shoitlv 
 'iiiils Kiiiston. Two 
 iiniler Col. r|pliiini, 
 e mill liolil the eios.v 
 <, Were Niiii'ii.seil hv 
 liii'eil. .Mmi'li llliii 
 i\ isioii of Co.v's h I't, 
 
 heiivy los.s. Iloko 
 I'M to join •lohiiston, 
 
 I eiossiil the Neiisi! 
 
 II the L'l.st lie reaeli- 
 ii.sly with the aniMil 
 
 IStil-ri, ilemoiiKtriL- 
 Voiii the noilh mill 
 'idiii the noiih, on 
 II. Wil.son, wilh 
 teiiis, wii.s Kent hv 
 mil SM-e to niiil into 
 •'! I^t he eneoiin- 
 lit iMiiiiti'Millo, nil- 
 rroiiiiliii;^ in 
 liel |iro|iiity ill xa- 
 
 nil l'|itoii".s ilivi.s- 
 inie iijion l-'oiri'.'.t, 
 I'iiaileil, al ISoyle'.s 
 y ehar;;iil the hitli r 
 
 them to lieailion:{ 
 ml L'fll) |iiiMineis. 
 •,(I(M) or his foire, 
 let'eiires were as- 
 ly < !en. l.oiiK, w ho 
 "the iittaik. 'I'lii. 
 new line, hilt weio 
 
 y I'liton, mill the 
 ;iiiis, •.',7(1(1 |iri.<oii- 
 II kiml.s. FoiiiBt 
 lowef.s, e:.rapicl in 
 
 .stioyecl the exten- 
 liis, ' lion, ete., 
 ;eii In Ills ti'oopeis. 
 
 ont;;iimeiy, whirh 
 I. A rehel foreii 
 iiteil hy a portion 
 laiip', mill Coliini- 
 
 iiiHJ 'pL' f;iiiis, was 
 
 lu'lit of the li'iih. 
 
 .■<')?, mill a largo 
 
 N 
 
 
I i 
 
 k 
 
UNITED H T A T R S . 
 
 ikiiinuiit iif niilroiul anil other |irii|H>i'ty, wi'iv | liy wliich tlii< irnioii Iff' wuh |ii'nimii)'iilly cx- 
 <lciitrnv<"<l. Oil lliiH Hiiiiii- iliiy l.iiK'""K" , li'ii'l'"'! <"> Hiitohi.'r'H Iliiii. 
 rriii'lii'il Wi'st. I'oiiil, ilc'fi'ii'li'il l)y Kurt 'IVIrr, I In Nortlicni VirKiuia, Juii. II, tlin ri'lwl 
 wliii-li III' sliiirlly iiHsiiiilti'il iimi t'a|iliin'il witli itciHHcr Hiir|ii'iHi'il tin- pirriHon nf llrvrrli'V 
 ilM ^iii'i'iHiui lit' -li'i, liiivin;{ killi'il ( ini. 'I'vIit, | imil took KM) |ii'iNiiiiri-t(, Iii'hiiIi'h Ki'i'iiiin^ tiimli 
 its I'liiiiiimiiili-i'. (Ill till' JIhI Wilsim I'liti'i'i'il siioil, Fi-li. "1, l.ii'iit. MrNi'il ni|iliii'i'il (ii'iih. 
 
 Mnciiii, wlii'i'i' on lliii llotli liii wiiM jniiiril liy 
 
 Cl'llXlllll, will) llllll Nlir|M'iHIMl 'rilM-lllllllNIl nil 
 
 dm .'illi, mill liikil liiiiviiil iliiriii;{ 'M) iIiivh (iriO 
 iiiili'H ill nil in'i'){iiliii' niiili', ili'Hli'iiyiii)( iiiiirli 
 I'i'lii'l |irii|ii'i'ty. At Mariiii I, '.'(10 iiiililni ami 
 t> KiMirralH woro Hiirruiitlurml by (ii'ii. llowi'll 
 
 Colli I. 
 
 On tlio 'JOtli March (!rn, ('aiiliy rniiniKMiRinl 
 Mm iiiovi'iiii^iitH iiffaiimt Mnliili', now lii'lil, 
 iiMiIiT Oi'ii. Uirhiii'ii Taylor, liy (li'ii. Maury, 
 with iri.dOO iiii'ii. Till' Kith "coriis, (ii'ii. A. 
 <). Siiiilli, iiroei'i'ili'il from Fort (iaiiicH, liy 
 wiiti'r, t<> tish Uiviir ; tlm l.'lth eorpH, iinilur 
 <ii'ii, (liinloii (Iran^rr, iiiovril tVoin Fort Mor- 
 fl-xn uml joiiK'il tliii liitli on FIhU llivi'r. 
 Itoth niovcil thi'iico on S|iiinisli Foil, dim of 
 
 Ki^lli'y aii'l C-'ook ill tlirir Ih'iIs at Ciiiiilii'i 
 lanil, .Mil., ami I'uniril tlii'in lo Uirhiiioiiil. 
 
 (it'll. Hlii'iiilaii li'fi Wiiiclu'strr on Fi'h. L'Ttli 
 with two (livisioiiN of ravalry miiiihi'riiif{ 
 ahoiit 10,(1(10 iiii'ii. Alaivh I, hi) Hiicnri'il thu 
 hriil)(i', which tin; t'lii'iiiy iittiiiiiptiiil to ili'Htruy, 
 iicroHH tlin iiiiilillc fork of thii Shvnaii(Juuh, ut 
 Muiiiit ( 'rawforil, ami nitcroil Hiauiiton on the 
 2il. Ho then ilrovii tlm cnciiiy iH'forr him to 
 Wayni'slioro, whi'ic ho foiiiii' tlinu in forcii 
 ami inti'i'iii'liril, iimlcr (irii. Kurly. Ilo iiiiulc 
 an iniiiKMJiati- attack nml uarricil llicir |io- 
 Hition, ami l,('i(IO iniHomiM, II pircoH of uril- 
 naiici', 2110 loaili'il HiiliHiHti'iicd wii);onH, iiiiil 
 
 097 
 
 viHioim of OiiTh corpK, Oca. llirnfv, with 
 oiii' iliviHion of tli« '.'.'nil corpH, anil McKcn- 
 /.ic's cavalry, to take up a pimition at ilalcli- 
 i'I-'h Itiiii. On till' L'Dtli, Shrriilaii rrachcil 
 l>iliwiililic Colli I lloiisc, ami the left of thi) 
 I'liion infaiidy line exlemleil to the (Quaker 
 roail, near iln intersection with the lloyiltoii 
 plaiik-roail. The general pi«ilioii fr nil ri^ht 
 to left was a.s follow.s : Shi'iiilaii, Wiirieii, 
 lliiiiiplire\M, ( till, \Vi'iglii,aml I'arke. From 
 the L".Hh io the ,'UhI the rain fell in torreiitx. 
 ])iirin); the llOtli, .Shuriihtn ailvanccil from 
 UiitwiiliHo Cotirt-lloiiHO towanU Five ForkH, 
 wliero he foiiiiil the enemy in force. 'Jim 
 latter wuh now found confronting the I'nion 
 lineH at every point from Itichmoml to tho 
 extreme I'nion left. Conceixiii^ the vcIh'I 
 liiii'H to lie tliiiH weakly liihl, (!en. (iiaiit now 
 resolveil to reinforce Sheriihtii with a corps, 
 to enahle him to turn the enemy 'h v'mUt Hank, 
 while the other corpK ailvunceil to the ilircct 
 lutsaiilt. On tl Hist, Sheriilan olitaineil poH- 
 Hi'KNion of till) Five Forks, ami Warren ail- 
 vunceil to Ki'i/e the White Oak mail. Tlm 
 
 17 liatlle-lla^s were captureil. Jle then ]iro- 
 leedeil to Cliarlottevillii ami ilestroyeil the 
 tliu main defences of .Mohile, and invested it j railroads and bridges in the nei^hliorhood 
 on the 'J'lli. Ill the meanwhile (len. Steele's [ thereof while uwaitiiij; his trains. On the 
 command advanced from I'eiiKacola and cut!lilli he divided his force into two columns ' latter moved with liiit omi (Ayei's) division, 
 tlie railroad leadiii); from Tensas to Mont- , one of which proceeded to destroy the •lames instead of his whole corps, iinil was driven 
 (joinery. Steele then ed'eeted a junction with Kiver canal from Scotsville to Newniiirket, ' hack on his second division (Crawford's) liy 
 till' forceH liefore Spanish Fort, and |iiirtiiilly , and caused the enemy to Imrii the brid^jes ' superior iiiiinhers, cru he had time to form, 
 invested Fort Itlakely, the other strong; lie- 1 at l>ui;j;uiilsville nml llarilwicksville. 'I'lie This was in turn borne back on the third di- 
 feiice of .Mobile. ( )n April f<, after a severe ; si'cond eoliimn moved towards Lyiichliur(;, vision, under Itell, when the enemy's advanco 
 bombardment of Spanish Fort, a part of its lll^slroyillt; tlie railroad as far as Amhersl was checked. A division of the L'd corpx 
 
 Coiirtliouse, 111 miles therefrom, and then was immediately sent to his siippoit, tho 
 united with the other column at Newmarket. : enemy driven back with heavy loss, and tlm 
 The river bein^j too liitli for tlm jiontooiis. White Oak load .seized. The eneiny, at Five 
 and the liriiljjes haviiif; been here destroyed Forks, reinforced with cavidry, now forced 
 by the enemy, Sheridan now conclmled to | Slieiidan buck towards I 'iiiwiddie Coiiit- 
 
 llouHH. Tlm latter here displu\id jjreat gene- 
 
 line was carried, and iluriii;{ the ni^^ht tin 
 fort itself was evaciiateil by the enemy. On 
 the '.till Fort Itlakely was c.irried by assault, 
 under a fill ions lire of (jrape and canister, 
 the llnion ri<jlit, under <!eii. Hawkins, be- 
 
 in;; coniposud mostly of blacks, who fought strike a base ut White Koiiso, Following 
 
 nobly. .\t 7 I'.si. Fort Hlakely was taken, and destroying the canal from Newmarket 
 
 witli ;i,000 prisoners and .'12 guns. The towards lUchiiioiid, to within eight miles of 
 
 riiioulo8ahuri) was l,OOOkilleiluiid wounded ; (ioochlund, he rested one day ut (>olunibia 
 
 that of the rebels, ill killed and wounded, and communicated by scouts with (ien. Ci rant, 
 
 was about TiOd. Mobile was thus won, for He next moved eastwurd and crossed the 
 
 nil the I Ith Maury lied therefrom with y,(IOO .\iinas, destroying tlm railroads and bridges 
 
 men up tlie Alabama, leaving .''iiOOO prisoners wiihiii reucli, and then proceeded down the 
 
 to the rnionists, who entered tlm city on tlm I'liniunkey, reaching White House on the 
 I2tli. Four gunboats, including two iron- i I'.ltli. .\lter four days' rest he moved to tho 
 duds and one transport of Admiral That- ' .lames, which he crossed at Jones' Landing, 
 clier's Meet, who assistcil in tho investment of and joined the .\rmy of the I'otoinac, in front 
 -Mobile, were destroyed by torpedoes. The of I'eteisbiirg, on the 27tli. 
 
 )Miwerfiil rebel rums JlinifKi'lllt! and Timca- 
 liiiimt were scuttled by Maury before he evacu- 
 iili'd the place, and on .April 21 tlm ridiel ram 
 
 II' //. Ir>/)/), ill attempting to escape down 
 (he .Mississippi into the (lull", was blown up 
 by her commumler to avoid capture. 
 
 The campuigii in Virginia during the winter 
 of lSt'il-l)."i waschielly iliuructi'rized by quiet. 
 
 Dec. 7, IHCil, Warren, from Meade's hit. 
 
 ralship by deploying his cavalry on foot, coin- 
 pelliiig the enemy to scatter over a vast, 
 extent of broken and wooded country, and 
 making their progress slow. -McKeiizie's 
 cavalry and three divisions of the .'itli corjis 
 (Warreirs) were now ordered to Sheridan's 
 assistance. On the morning of the Ist April 
 Sheridan, thus reinforced, drove the enemy 
 back on Five Forks, wliere, later in the even- 
 ing, he assaulted and carried the rebel posi- 
 tion, eupturing nil the iirtillery thereof, and 
 bi'twecii .'1,000 and ('i,()0(t |irisoners. During 
 the coiiHict, (Jell. Sheridan, being impatient 
 at (len. Warren's slowness of movement, re- 
 moved the hitter from his command and gave 
 it to (len. (Irillin. Fearing that the enemy 
 
 (len. Giant had oidered u forward inove- 
 iiieiit of his army to take place on the 29tli, 
 but on the inoriiing of the 2.')tli (he enemy 
 ussaulted the '.ttli corps, holding the Appo- 
 mattox Itiver on tlm Onion left, uml curried ^ would conceiitrato on Sheridan, to open ii 
 Fort Stcadnian and a part of the lines ad- way of retreat, (len. (Irunt ileciiutched Miles 
 joining. They then turned the guns of the division of Humphreys' corps to him, and 
 j fort upon the Unionists, but (he la(ter stood ordered a bombardment to be kept up on tho 
 tiriii on both Hunks milil reserves were brought enemy's lines during the night, 
 moved down the Weldoii Kuilroiid us fur as up, when the enemy was driven back with | .\t 4 A.M. the next day, Suiiduy, April -d, 
 the .Meherrin, destroying about 20 miles of heavy lo.ss in killed uml woiiiided, uml 1,1)00 . (Irunt ordered u general assuiilt. Wright 
 the (ruck. .Jan. 2.'t, three rebel iion-clads, prisoners. The Union loss was only (IS , swept everything before him, and to his left, 
 tlm \'iri/liii<i, /''r<'i/iriik.Hliiii!/,ii\u\ /iiiliiiiiiii,/, killed. The 2d and Otii corps were then towards Hatcher's Kiiii, captuiing many gniiH 
 uceoinpuniod by live wooden steumers and (udercd to advance, who shortly captured the and several thousand prisoners. He then 
 three torpedo bouts, attempted to move down enemy's picket line in their front uml 8;!l| joined the corps of Ord, uml the two corps 
 from Kiclmiond, jiast the Union works on tlm prisoners, (len. (Irunt hud ugrecd with (len. ; swung to tlio riglit, closing the enemy there 
 James. The jfirwri/, one of the wooden Sliprman that the latter should feign to move ' in Tetersbiirg. Humphreys then joined 
 Kteamers, was destroyed, and the T7///i/ii.f up the Neuse towards Raleigh, and then Wright on the left with two divisions. I'arko 
 disabled, at the lower end of Dutch (lap, and hasten north to the Houmike. (Irant now curried the enemy's muiii line in his front, 
 after a day's contest the lleet roturned to feared that Lee would cvucuute I'etersburg but failed to jiciietrute the inner line. A 
 Itichmoml. Feb. 5, .in attack was made on, and liichmoml by the Danville road and portion of (libbons' corjis most gallantly 
 
 elfect a junction with .lohiiston. He there- chargid and cupli.red two strong inclosed 
 fore determined to curry out, on the 2'.)tli, works, the most sulient soiilli of I'etersburg, 
 his originul plan of proceeding around and thus materially shortened the line of its 
 the enemy's right Haul:, and destroying the investment. The enemy south of Hutcher's 
 Danville road. On the night of the 27th linn retreated westwurd to Sutherluud's Sta- 
 lls despatched Gen. Gibbons, with two di- 1 tiou. There Miles' division engaged them in 
 
 the rebel lines ut Dabney's Mill by the .''ith 
 and 2il corps, the former attempting to (lank 
 the enemy's right, while tlm 2d asnailed his 
 front. A portion of the Union forces were 
 repulsed, but coiiHiderable ground was won 
 and held by the 2d corps, under Humphreys, 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 *"IIIIIM IIIIM 
 '" llliltt i^ 
 
 11 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 ^ 5" _ 
 
 
 ► 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
<i^". «<p 
 
 >^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 t/j 
 
 c> 
 
 i> 
 
 
HISTORY OP THE 
 
 a sovore contest, wlieii, at the ap))rouch of 
 Slicridan and a division sent from the front 
 of Petersburg by Gen. Meade, they broke in 
 the utmost confusion, h-aving their ordnance 
 and many prisoners. The rebel general, A. 
 P. Hill, on Lee's left, during this dt.y, ordered 
 Gen. Heth to recover some of the works car- 
 ried by Parke. Heth was repulsed, and 
 Hill was killed while reconnoitring. At 11 
 A.M. a telegram from Gen. Lee reached Jelfer- 
 fcon Davis, while in church at Kichmond, 
 containing these words : " My lines are bro- 
 ken in three places. Richmond must be 
 evacuated this evening." During the night 
 both Petersburg and Richmond were evacu- 
 ated, and the enemy retreated towards Dan- 
 ville. On the morning of the 3d the pui-suit 
 was commenced. Sheridan ])ushed for the 
 Danville road, followed by IMeade with the 
 2d ; ad 6th corps, while Ord rajudly moved 
 along the South-Side Railroad, towards 
 Burkesville, the intersection of the Danville 
 and South-Side railroads. Towards the same 
 point, Lee, north of the Appomattox, with a 
 shattered force of scarcely 20,000 men, was 
 moving, straining every nerve to reach it 
 first. On this morning, Weitzel, with a por- 
 tion of the Army of the James left under liis 
 command, north of the James River, com- 
 prising many colored troops, marched into 
 Richmond. The enemy had fired and plun- 
 dered a part of the city, destroyed the bridges 
 over the river, and left 1,000 prisoners, and 
 600 pieces of ordnance. 
 
 On the 4th, Gen. Sheridan struck the Dan- 
 ville road, near Jel 'ersville, whore he learned 
 that Gen. Lee was at Amelia Court-House. 
 Gen. Ord reached Burkesville on the evening 
 of the 5th. On the morning of the Cth it 
 was found that Gen. Lee was moving west of 
 Jettersville, towards Danville. Gen. Sheri- 
 dan moved with his cavalry to strike Lee's 
 flank, followed by the Gth corps, wiiiie the 
 2d and Sth corps pressed after, forcing him 
 to abandon several hundred wagons and seve- 
 ral pieces of artillery. Gen. Ord advanced 
 from Burkesville towards Farmville, sending 
 two infantry regiments, and a cavalry squad- 
 ron, under Gen. Theodore Read, to reach and 
 destroy tiio bridges. This advance niet the 
 liead of Lee's column near Farmville, which 
 it attacked and detained, until Gen. Read 
 was killed and his small force overpowered. 
 In the meantime Ord, with the rest of his 
 corps, arrived, on meeting which the enemy 
 began to intrench himself. In the afternoon 
 Sheridan struck the enemy south of Sailor's 
 Creek, capturing 10 pieces of artillery and 
 about 400 wagons, and detained him until 
 the 6th corps arrived, when a general attack 
 of infantry and cavalry was made, which re- 
 sulted in the capture of 6,000 or 7,000 pris- 
 oners, among whom were Gens. Ewell, Custis, 
 and other officers of high i-ank. Leo now 
 moved to the west, but the pursuit was so 
 sharply kept up, that it was evident liis es- 
 cape was hopeless. On the 7th, having 
 reached Farmville, Gen. Grant addressed a 
 note to him, asking his svirrender, to avoid 
 the further useless effusion of blood. On the 
 8th, the pursuit was continued, Gen. Meade's 
 advance having considerable fighting with 
 the enemy's rear-gunrd. Late in the evening 
 Gen. Sheridan struck the railroad at Appo- 
 mattox Station, drove the enemy from there, 
 and captured twenty-five pieces of artillery, a 
 
 hospital train, and four trains of cai-s, loade<l 
 with supplies for Lee's army. He thus in- 
 tercepted Lee's flight. On the morning of 
 the yth. Gen. Ord's command, and the Oth 
 corps, reached Appomattox Station just as 
 the rebel army of Virginia was making its 
 last charge — a desperate effort to break 
 through the Union cavalry. The Union 
 infantry was at once thrown in. Soon after 
 a white flag was received, requesting a sus- 
 pension of hostilities, ])ending negotiations 
 for u surrender. A correspondence, initiated 
 by Gen. Grant's note, liad in the meanwhile 
 ensued between him and Gen. Lee, in which 
 the latter at first offered to treat on the sub- 
 ject of peace, and not upon the surrender of 
 his army. The acceptance of this offer Gen. 
 Grant declined as beyond his authority. The 
 two commanders now met in the parlor of Mr. 
 W. McLean's farm-house, near the Appomat- 
 tox Court-House, and the result of the inter- 
 view is set forth in the following final notes : 
 
 "Appomattox Court-House, Va., 
 
 ' April 9tfi, 1865. 
 
 " Geneual : — In accordance with the sub- 
 stance of my letter to you, of the 8th instant, 
 I propose to receive the surrender of the army 
 of Northern Virginia on the following terms, 
 to wit : rolls of all the officers and men to be 
 made in duplicate ; one copy to be given to 
 an officer to bo designated by me, the other 
 to be retained by s\ich officer or officers as 
 you may designate. The officers to give their 
 individual paroles not to take up arms against 
 the Governnu'ut of the United States until 
 properly exchanged ; and each compiuiy or 
 regimental commander sign a like parole 
 for the men of their commands. The arms, 
 artillery, and i)ublic jiroperty to be parked, 
 stacked, and turned over to the officers a])- 
 pointed by me to receive them. This will 
 not embrace the sia:'-a)'n)'5 of the ofticei's, nor 
 their i)i'ivate horses or baggage. This done, 
 each officer and man will be allowed to re- 
 turn to his home, not to be disturbed by 
 United States authority so long as they ob- 
 serve their paroles, and the laws in force 
 where they may reside. 
 
 " U. S. (JuANT, Lieut.-General. 
 " General R. E. Lee." 
 
 " Head Quaktehs, Aiimy of Northern Va., 
 
 " April d. \mrt. 
 
 " General : — I received your letter of this 
 date, containing the terms of the surrender 
 of the Army of Northern Virginia, as pro- 
 posed by you. As they are substantially the 
 same as those expressed in your letter of the 
 8th instant, they are accepted. I will pro- 
 ceed to designate the [iroper officers to carry 
 the stipulations into effect. 
 
 " B. E. Lee, General. 
 
 " Lieut.-Gen. U. S. Grant." 
 
 Gen. Gibbons' command, the 5th corps 
 under Gen. Griffin, and McKenzie's cavalry 
 remained at Appomattox Court-House until 
 the paroling of the siirreudered army was com- 
 pleted. The remainder of the army returned 
 to Burkesville, and shortly afterwards to Pe- 
 tersbiH'g and Riclimond. 
 
 The surrender of Gen. Leo was soon fol- 
 lowed by tluit of most of the forces in the She- 
 nandoah Valley, to Gen. Hancock, who com- 
 nnindod there. t)n the 17th, Moseby sur- 
 rendered his conunand. 
 
 On receiving advices from Gen. Grant, dated 
 April 5th, Gen. Sherman had moved directly 
 
 against Joe Johnston, who retreated ra])- 
 idly on and through Raleigh, which placo 
 Gen. Sherman occujiied on the morning of 
 the IGth. The day jireceding, news of Lee's 
 surrender reached him at Smithficld. On 
 the 14th, a correspondence was opened be- 
 tween Sherman and Johnston, which resrited, 
 on the 18tli, inan agreement for a sus|)ension 
 of hostilities, with a memorandum or basis 
 for peace, subject to the approval of the Presi- 
 dent. Tliis ridiculous memorandum, which 
 looked to an immediate rehabilitation of the 
 States in rebellion under rebel rule, to a 
 general amnesty, and to the protection of 
 slavery, was promptly rejected by the Presi- 
 dent, and his instructions to Sherman to re- 
 sume hostilities at once were corimunicated 
 to the latter by Gen. Grant in j)erson, on the 
 24th, at Raleigh. Gen. Joiinston was then 
 notified of the termination of the truce. 
 Gen. Stoneman, who, in accordance with the 
 comprehensive plans of Gen. Grant, had been 
 sent east from Knoxville, Tenn., on the 20th 
 March, and had succeeded in destroying rail- 
 roads and su])plies, and in capturing many 
 pieces of artillery and prisoners, defeating 
 Gen. Gardinernear "alisbury, was now but a 
 little over one hundred miles west of Raleigh, 
 and on the line by which Johnston received 
 his supplies, and by which he must retreat. 
 On the 2ath, another meeting between Sher- 
 man and Johnston was agreed upon, which 
 took place on the 2Gth,and terminated in the 
 surrender and disbandment of Johnston's 
 army, together with all the rebel forces be- 
 tween him and the Chattahoochee, upon svib- 
 stantially the same terms as were given to 
 Gen. Lee. 
 
 Jefferson Davis, who had fled with his cabi- 
 net and the archives of his government, on 
 the night of the 2d, from Richmond to Dan- 
 ville, proceeded thence, by way of Greens- 
 boro, N. C, Abbeville, S. C, towards Geor- 
 gia. He finally reached the neighborhood of 
 Irwinsville, in that State, after a difficult 
 journey, accomjianicd by scarcely any one 
 but his P. M., Gen. Reagan, and the mem- 
 bers of his own family. Gen. Wilson, com- 
 manding at Macon, hearing of his flight, had 
 sent out forces to pursue him. At early 
 dawn. May 11, Davis's camp near Irwins- 
 ville was surprised by the command of 
 lient.-Col. Pritchard and Lieut.-Col. Har- 
 den, who fired into each other through mis- 
 take, killing two and wounding several L^n- 
 ion soldiers. Davis was then taken, j)ar- 
 tially clothed in woman's attire, and was 
 subsequently sent to Fortress Alonroe, where 
 he was long and rigorously confined. Rea- 
 gan and Vice-President Stephens, who were 
 captured about the same time, were sent to 
 Fort Warren. 
 
 On the 4th May Gen. Dick Taylor s>n-- 
 rendered to Gen. Canby all the remaining 
 rebel forces cast of the Mississippi. Gen. 
 Sheridan, with a force sufficient to insure nu 
 easy triumph over the enemy imder Kirhy 
 Smith w: 3t of tlie Mississipjii, was promptly 
 sent to Texas, but, on the 2(ith May, and lie- 
 fore Sheridan reached his destination. Gen. 
 Smith surrendered his entire comnnmd to 
 Gen. Canby, after some foolish efforts to in- 
 duce it to sacrifice itself by resistance, ami 
 after exhibiting some bad faith, by first dis- 
 banding his army and pcruiitting an indis- 
 criminate plunder of public property. 
 
 fa 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 wlio retreiifed ra])- 
 ?aleigh, which placo 
 1 on t.'ie morning of 
 ieding, news of Lee's 
 at Sniitlifielil. On 
 !nce was opened he 
 iston, wJiich resrlted, 
 lent for a suspension 
 emoriindum or basis 
 pproval of the Presi- 
 nenioiandum, wlach 
 •eliabilitation of the 
 er rebel rule, to a 
 o the protection of 
 ijected by the Presi- 
 18 to Sliernian to re- 
 weie corimunicated 
 mt in person, on tlio 
 Johnston was then 
 tion of the truce, 
 accordance with tlio 
 !en. Grant, liad been 
 ;, Tenn., on the 20tli 
 d in destroying rail- 
 in capturing many 
 prisoners, defeating 
 )ury, was now but a 
 ilea west of Raleigh, 
 Jolinston received 
 cli lie must retreat, 
 eting between Sher- 
 agreed upon, which 
 d terminated in the 
 lent of Johnston's 
 the rebel forces be- 
 Uioochec, upon sub- 
 8 as were given to 
 
 id fled with his cabi- 
 his government, on 
 Richmond to Dau- 
 by way of Greens- 
 C., towards Geor- 
 lie neighborhood of 
 i', after a difficult 
 
 scarcely any one 
 ;iin, and the mem- 
 Gen. Wilson, coni- 
 g of his flight, had 
 o him. At early 
 amj) near Irwins- 
 tlie command of 
 
 Lieut.-Col. Hai- 
 Jther through mis- 
 nding several Uii- 
 then taken, jmr. 
 
 attire, and was 
 ^ss Afonroe, whore 
 y confined. Rea- 
 ephens, who were 
 ime, were sent to 
 
 Dick Taylor siir- 
 ill the remaining 
 lississijipi. Gen. 
 lent to insure an 
 niy under Kirby 
 >pi, was promptly 
 Otli ]May, and bo- 
 lestination, Goii. 
 ire command to 
 isli efforts to iii- 
 ' resistance, and 
 lith, by first dis- 
 iiitting an India- 
 iroporty. 
 
 Tlie last actual conflict of the war on land 
 took place Jlay 27, on the Rio Grande, where 
 Ool. Barrett was driven with a loss of 80 
 men into Brazos, by Gen. Slaughter, who 
 coiiinianded a superior force. On the sea, 
 the pirate S/iciiaitdoah cruised in the Pacific 
 Oci'aii, capturing numerous Union merchant 
 iiu II and whalers, until Novcm'^er, when slu 
 ]iroceeded to the !Mersey a:id there surren 
 dored to an English man-of-war. 
 
 On the day of Lee's surrender. President 
 Lincoln, who had been at City Point since 
 March 24th, iu constant communication with 
 Gen. Grant, and more recently in Richmond, 
 returned to Washington, and there made a 
 considerate address on the reconstruction of 
 the late rebellious States, before a vast con- 
 course, at the Executive Mansion. On the 
 l:Uh, anxious to take the first step for 
 peace, he caused the Sccn^tary of War to 
 issue an order stop])ing further drafting, 
 recruiting, and purchase of war material, and 
 announcing the speedy removal of restric- 
 tions ci trade and commerce. On the 14th, 
 the anniversary of the surrender to the 
 rebels of Fort Sumter, its old flag was 
 carried to and raised over that fortress, and 
 the wholo country was at this moment en- 
 gaged in loyal rejoicing. At 8 r.M. the Pres- 
 ident, his wife, and two others proceeded to 
 Ford's Tlicatre, to which he and Gen. Grant 
 had been publicly announced as visitors. 
 At half-past ten p.m. an actor, John Wilkes 
 Booth by name, entered the vestibule of the 
 I'leaident's private box, fastened the door 
 thereof behind him with a short jdunk, and 
 thfu stole behind the President, who was at 
 that moment intent u[)on the plaj', and sliot 
 liiiu. The ball i)ierced his skull, behind the 
 left ear, and after traversing the brain lodged 
 behind the right eye. At 7.22 the next morn- 
 ing the President expired, having until 
 tlieu from the monicnt of liis assassination 
 given no signs of intelligence. The assassin, 
 in accordance with well-laid plans, leaped 
 upon the stage, and brandishing a dagg(U', 
 shouted " iSic semper li/rannls." He then 
 iled through a stag(,'-door into the street, and 
 mounting a horse brought there fiu' his use, 
 .sought refuge in southern ^laryland. But 
 iu jumping from the President's box, his 
 si'iir had caught in the American flag, with 
 which the box was adorned. This flung him 
 heavily on the stage and so crippled his 
 llight, that a clue was aH'orded to the detec- 
 tiv(!s, who were soon on his trail. ( )n the same 
 night, Mr. Seward, Secretary of Stat(<, was 
 attacked in his sick bed by Louis Payne, a 
 fellow-conspirator of Booth, mid dangerously 
 Wounded. Booth was captured in a barn 
 in Jliiryland, where he was so severely 
 wounded that ho died a few hours after- 
 wards. His fellow-conspirators were also 
 shortly captured, arraigned and convicted 
 before! a military court, wlieii the existence 
 of a plot to murder the most prominent of 
 the Union authorities was developed. Har- 
 rold, Bayno, Atzeroth, and Mrs. Hurratt were 
 hanged therefor on the 7tli July. Others 
 Were iiuiirisoned for life or a term of years. 
 Under the beliiif that Jefferson D;ivi"s and 
 other prominent men of the South were im- 
 lilicaled iu the i>lot, largo rewards were offered 
 lor their apprehiuision. 
 
 The obsequies of Mr. Lincoln were cele- 
 brutod with befitting grandeur and soleuinity, 
 
 and while the entire nation mourned with 
 deep and genuine grief it fain would not blame 
 the muse of history i'.r pe 'fecting such a grand 
 life with the glory of martyrdom. 
 
 During the Wi.r, the wliole number of men 
 called into tlio national service from time to 
 time was 2,()88,.'J2;5. Of these about l,riOO,- 
 000 were in etlective service, and about 300,- 
 000 were killeil or died from disease. The 
 numbers of the rebel forces were fully as 
 many, and their losses by death were no 
 doubt greater, from their inferior hospital 
 service. The Union cause was greatly as- 
 sisted in this service by the organized San- 
 itary and Christian Commissions, which 
 disbursed millions in mitigation of the hard- 
 ships and horrors of the strife, often for both 
 friend and foe. While tlu! brothers and 
 sons on both sides heroically endured death 
 and the privations of the field, the mothers 
 and sisters wore as generally j)rompted to 
 ministering efforts and sacrifices. I'roof of 
 a sincere patriotism among those who espoused 
 both the rightful and the mistaken cause are 
 not wanting in the war's records, and the 
 finer virtues so often displayed on both sides 
 will perchance ultimately cast into oblivion 
 tlie rarer instances of wrong-doing and bar- 
 barity, and in particular the horror of An- 
 derson ville jirison. 
 
 On M<iy 23d and 24th an imposing review 
 of the two main Union armies took placo at 
 Washington, when some 200,000 bronzed 
 veterans, the voluntary defenders of their 
 nation, jiassed before the presence of the 
 President, Cabinet, and Foreign Ministers. 
 \ On June 2d Gen. Grant issued an order, 
 } thanking the soldiers for their services, and 
 [ by October 15, 785,000 men were mustered 
 I out of service. Though with tin? proud con- 
 sciousness of having done a glorious duly, 
 they gladly became simple citizens again. 
 
 JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Andrew Joirxsoy, Vice-President of the 
 United States, took the oath of office as the 
 constitutional successor of Mr. Lincoln, on 
 the morning of the 15th of April, 1805. The 
 ceremony was very private, and was carried 
 out at the Kirkwood House, in Washington, 
 then the residence of Mr. Johnson. 
 
 The President did not change anything iu 
 the constitution of the Cabinet ; for the whole 
 year, the secretari(!S of tlio clivers Depart- 
 ments, who had worked so patriotically with 
 Abraham Lincoln, were maintained in their 
 olHoes. To many deli^gations from white and 
 colored citizens who called upon him, An- 
 drew Johnson reiterated his views, which 
 were then nearly alike to those of his prede- 
 cessor, as to the manner of reconstructing 
 the Union. As Lincoln had done himself, 
 when he consented to have at Hampton 
 Roads a conference with some Southern 
 chiefs, in the hope of terminating the war, 
 .\ndi'i!W Johnson indicated from tho begin- 
 ning his conciliatory tendencies, in saying 
 that he did not believe every man down 
 .South to be a rebel at heart, and that many of 
 the Confederates had been forced to take arms 
 in the war against the Union. He expressed 
 that idea to a colored delegation, when lie 
 said : " 1 fear that leading colored men do 
 not understand and appreciate the fact that 
 
 they have friends on tho south side of tho 
 line. They have; and they are as faithful 
 and stanch as any north of the line." 
 
 This the majority of Congress did not be- 
 lieve, and hence can bo traced, from the very 
 beginning of Andrew Johnson's administra- 
 tion, the principal cause of 'isagreement 
 between him and Congress — a disagreement 
 which was to culminate in the impeachment 
 proposition two years after. On one side 
 stood the President, animated with, per- 
 haps, a too conciliatory spirit toward tlie 
 ex-rebels ; on the other side stood the Con- 
 gress, which went, perhaps, to the other ex- 
 treme, by keeping a spirit of hatred and of 
 mistrust towards the guilty but now repekt- 
 ing sons of the country. This problem of 
 reconstruction gave rise to the fiercest con- 
 flict between the executive and the legislative 
 powers ; many nations older than the Uni- 
 ted States would have gone down under the 
 weight of such a deadly fight ; but America 
 weathered that constitutional storm without 
 imperilling the existence of tho country and 
 its republican institutions. 
 
 By a proclamation of President Johnson, 
 the 1st of June, 1865, was ordered to be ob- 
 served as a day of humiliation on account of 
 the death of Lincoln ; and a few days after 
 the above proclamation, another one was is- 
 sued for the arrest of Jefferson Davis, Jacob 
 Thom])son, George N. Saunders, Tucker, Clay, 
 and Cleary, as being the promoters and sup- 
 porters of Booth and his confederates ; one 
 hundred thousand dollars wore offered for tho 
 arrest of Jeff. Davis, and only $25,000 and 
 ij;10,000 for others of the party. At the sanio 
 time, foreign nations were notified that tho 
 United States would refuse hosj)itality to any 
 one of them which would give !io.si)itality to the 
 rebel cruisers. These measures once adopted, 
 it was thought no more necessary to exact a 
 pass])ort from travellers en,.ering the Uni- 
 ted States, and the previous order to that 
 effect was rescinded. 
 
 By his proclamation of Jlay 29tli, tho 
 President states tho terms on which tho 
 i Southerners could be restored to their civil 
 ' rights, and he determines tho form of tho 
 [ oath of fidelity to be taken. The jirodania- 
 tion indicates also the officers and diplomat- 
 ists of the rebellion who were excepted from 
 tho benefits of his proclamation. Pro%isional 
 Governors were immediately appointed for 
 the Southern States, with the power of call- 
 ing State conventions. Virginia, Tennessee, 
 Louisiana, and Arkansas having been already 
 sufliciently reorganized by J'resident Lincoln, 
 did not receive .y Provisional Governor. 
 Some dissatisfactic.i was shown by a portion 
 of the people at the course of affairs, which 
 they thought too lenient. Complaints were 
 made that ex-rebels had freely returned to 
 their homes in the North, and paraded iu 
 the streets with their (.'onfederate unifoEin. 
 Secretary Stanton applied to Attorney-Gen- 
 eral Spt«d for his opinion as to the interpre- 
 tation to be given to the terms of the ca])itu- 
 lation signed between Gens, (irant and I^ee. 
 The Attorney-(ieneral answered that the ex- 
 rebels had no rij;ht to come up North and 
 reside there, under the pretence that they 
 had a home there, and that the capitulation 
 had allowed them to return to tlu.'ir homes. 
 It was decided by Mr. Speed that, "as a 
 matter of course, residents of the territory 
 
MO 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 in rebellion cannot bo regarded as having I 
 homes in the loyal States ; for a man's home 
 and his residence cannot be distinct the one 
 from the other." 
 
 For tlie first time there was a decisive at- 
 tempt to secure to the emancipated negi'oes 
 an equality of civil and political rights with 
 the wiiites. Political rights have been grant- 
 ed since, but the question of civil rights has 
 not yet been fully settled. The first step 
 taken systematicall , to secure that double 
 kind of lights for the former slave'*, was at a 
 public meeting held in Faneuil I iail, Bos- 
 ton, in June, 18G5; the resolutions adopted 
 convoyed most of the ideas which Mr. I'hil- 
 lips had expressed at the Annual Convention 
 of the New England Anti-Slavery Society ; 
 that is, immediate suffrage for the negro, ami 
 civil equality with the white man. President 
 Johnson was not a warm partisan of those 
 plans, and he said so in his address, on the 
 10th of October, to the First Colored Regi- 
 ment of the District of Columbia, whilst a 
 few days before he had expressed his kindly 
 sentiments toward the South to a Virginia 
 delegation which had called on him. 
 
 In 18G2, the Congress had voted the fa- 
 mous Test Oath bill, by which all persons in 
 the Southern States, who lind directly or in- 
 directly been engaged in the rebellion, were 
 excluded from holding any office under the 
 Federal Government ; and ahuost immediate- 
 ly after the opening of the December session, 
 the Senate requested Andrew Johnson to 
 communicate information respecting the con- 
 dition of affairs in the South — an indirect way 
 to ascertain how the President was execut- 
 ing the law relative to the Test Oath. Mr. 
 Johnson, in his answer, made a rose-colored 
 picture of the condition of tilings at tite 
 South, asserting that " sectional animosity 
 was surely and i-apidly merging itseK into a 
 spirit of nationality." Ho transmitted a re- 
 port from Geu. Grant, w)io also wrote that 
 " the mass of thinking ni'm of the South ac- 
 cepted the present situation of affairs in good 
 faitli." Congress took another view of the 
 question, inasmuch as the reports of Carl 
 Schur.7 and others were at variance with the 
 assertions of Grant and Johnson. 
 
 The amendment of the. Federal Constitu- 
 tion abolishing slavery, having been ratified 
 by 27 States, Secretary Seward officially an- 
 nounced the fact, in his proclamation of the 
 18th of December, 1865. The colored people 
 held many conventions during the latter part 
 of the year, in order lo discuss the important 
 problems relative to the new situation in 
 which the abolition of slavery had placed 
 them. For the first time began the regular 
 and public movement to red\ice the hours if 
 manual labor for a day's work. Meetiii;.(s 
 were held u many parts of the country, and 
 the principle of the eight lioui-s was at first fa- 
 voi-ably accepted by the ]>ublic. It could not 
 be expected that the financial system of the 
 nation could be of a fi.\ed cliai'act(n-, amidst 
 the warlike troubles which had threatened 
 the very existence of tlie country. Congress 
 was only feeling its financial ways, and niudi- 
 fying at its session the rough and hasty finan- 
 cial measures which ever-changing circum- 
 stances coin|)eUed the rejiresentatives to take, 
 with the view of providing funds for the 
 Treasury. 
 
 While the work of reconstruction proceeded 
 
 slowly at home, in spite of the differences of 
 opinion between the President and the Con- 
 gress, the work of reaffirming abroad American 
 nationality was successfully pursued by Presi- 
 dent Johnson, and tho Secretary of State, 
 Mr. Seward. On the 2d of June, 18(!5, Earl 
 John Russell recognized officially that the 
 war of secession was at an end, and the Rrit- 
 ish Admiralty received orders not to treat 
 the rebel ciniisers as btdligercnts. Put as the 
 withdrawal of the 2-4 hours' rule, formerly 
 granted by England to rebel craft before she 
 could be chased by Union vessels, was not 
 being made absolute by Lord Russell's note, 
 Mr. Seward directed that the customary cour- 
 tesies should not be exchanged between 
 American and English nion-of-war. The 
 stern attitude taken by the Washington cabi- 
 net brought tho Rritish cabinet to terms, and 
 a quick restoration of intercourse was effected 
 on the American basis. On the Otii of No- 
 vember, the real fi't'Iings of the English For- 
 eign Office came to a test, for the ex-Con- 
 federate cruiser, Shi^andoah, arrived at Liv- 
 erpool. She was given up, on the 10th, to 
 the American consul at that port. 
 
 As soon as the rebellion had collapsed, a 
 notorious Southerner, Dr. W. M. Gwin, es- 
 tablished in Jlexico, and favored by Emperor 
 Maximilian, (extended his former plans, and 
 invited a large emigi'ation of the ex-Confed- 
 erato soldiers to ile.xico, where they would 
 fight against Mexican indep(!ndence, under 
 the flag of the Austrian emjieror, and of his 
 best ally, France. Mr. Romero, the ^Mexican 
 Minister of Juarez at Washington, entered a 
 protest against such a scheme, and Mr. Sew- 
 ard, in his dis]>atches of July, September, 
 November, and December, notified the French 
 Government not to favor the plan of Di'. 
 Gwin. On the 38tli of July, Seward denied 
 to receive a letter from the Emjieror Maximil- 
 ian, though this letter was given to him 
 through the Manpiis de Montholon, Ainba.s- 
 sador of France at Washington. In his dis- 
 patch of tho Ctli of December, addressed to 
 Mr. Pigelow, American Minister at I'aris, 
 the Secretaiy of State advises him that the 
 American Government refuses to listen to 
 the proi)ositioii made by Napoleon III., that 
 he would withdraw his troops from Mexico 
 provided the United States should promise 
 not to iiiteifere with the consolidation of 
 .Maximilian's throne. On the 10th of Decem- 
 ber, Mr. Seward reverts to the same subject ; 
 he says that the United States do not recog- 
 nize any other government but that of Juarez 
 in Me.\ioo ; and he declares that the mainte- 
 nance of French troops in that country is lia- 
 ble to endanger the peaceful relations then 
 existing between France and Americc. 
 
 Ill Canada, Mr. Seward was uui.ucce.(sfiil 
 in his demand for the extradition of Young 
 and his I'oiifederates, who had perpetrated, in 
 18(14, the St. Albans raid. Tho court at 
 Montreal refused to allow the extradition of 
 tho guilty (larties. 
 
 Wlii'ii Congress reasscniibled in December, 
 18(j."), the pojmlar disapprobation of the con- 
 ciliatory nuMisures advocated by President 
 Johnson took a tangible form. The latter 
 felt bound, in the beginning of 1800, to refuse 
 his a|>probation to the act known as the 
 " Civil Rights Act," and to another one for 
 the extension of the " Frecdmen's Bureau." 
 But these two bills were passed over the 
 
 Presidential veto. Sir. Johnson declare<l 
 afterwards, in a conversation with Senator 
 Dixon, of Connecticut, that an amendment 
 having already been added to tho Constitu- 
 tion, and abolishing slavery, he considered it 
 quite useless to niuko similar acts tending to 
 an analogous purpose. He reiterated liis 
 declarations, in a sjieuch delivered as an an- 
 swer to colored deputations which, being led 
 by Frederick Douglass, J[r. Downing, and 
 other prominent men, had called on him. It 
 was on this occasion that he made his famous 
 declaration, that " he would be the Moses of 
 the black, to lead him from bond.age to fi(!e- 
 dom, even through the Red Sea," — an allu- 
 sion to the red stia of blood shed during the 
 late war, but that " he was not willing to 
 adopt a policy which will result in great in- 
 jury to the white as well as to the colored 
 man." He refused, therefore, to ocknowledtro 
 that tho negroes should not be " satisfied 
 with an amendment abolishing slavery, and 
 that they wished it enforced with appropriate 
 legislation." On the 10th of February, ho 
 repeated again the same declaration, to a 
 committee of the Virginia Legislature, which 
 had come to congi-atulate him relative to his 
 formerly expressed sentiments. 
 
 The personal policy of the President, as to 
 the civil and political statjis of the negro, was 
 therefore very jilain. He took care to ex- 
 press his ideas relative to the reconstruction 
 of the South, in a speech delivered on the 
 22d of February, as an answer to a coin- 
 inittee ilelegated to the White House, by a 
 public meeting held at Washington, and at 
 which the course of the President had been 
 endorsed by a series of resolutions. Mr. 
 Johnson, in his reply to the delegation, con- 
 demned in severe terms the political measures 
 of Congress, and the creation of the famous 
 Committee of Fifteen. " They assume," he 
 said, " that a State is out of the Union, and to 
 have its practical relations restored before the 
 [ House can judge of the qualifications of its 
 own members. What position is that ? You 
 have been struggling four years to put down 
 a rebellion. You contended at the begin- 
 ning of that struggle that a State had not a 
 right to go out. You said it had neither the 
 right nor the power, and it has been settled 
 that the States had neither the right nor the 
 power to go out of the Union. And when 
 you determine by the executive, by the mili- 
 tary, and by the public judgment that these 
 States cannot have any right to go out, this 
 Committee turns round and assumes that they 
 are out, and that they shall not come in. I 
 am free to say to you as your Executive that 
 I am not pvepared to take any such position." 
 It is in the course of the same speech, tlint, 
 alluding to tho le».i?rs of the anti-Prrsiden- 
 tial jiarty iu Congress and in the country, he 
 uttered hij famous sentence : " Suppose I 
 should pume to you those whom I look upon 
 an btiing opposed to the fundamental princi- 
 ples of this government, and as now laboring 
 to destroy them. I say Thaddeus Stevens, 
 of I'ennsylvania ; I say Charles Sumner, of 
 Mas.sacliusetts ; I say Wendell Phillips, of 
 Massachusetts." And as, amidst the elicer- 
 iiig, a voice cried aloud, "Forney," tli< Pres- 
 ident retorted conteinptuonsly the celebrated 
 " I do not waste my fiie o\\ dead ducks I " 
 
 After the delivery of such sentiments, 
 which were met on the other side with no 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 601 
 
 Ir. Johnson declared 
 irsation with Senator 
 , that iin Rnion(lment 
 Mod to the Coiistitii- 
 yery, lie considered it 
 imihir iicts tending to 
 lie reiterated Jiis 
 h delivered as an au- 
 tions which, being led 
 !, i\rr. Downing, and 
 lad called on him. It 
 vt he made his famous 
 vould be the Moses of 
 from bondage to fiee- 
 Red Sea,"— an allu- 
 )lood shed during the 
 e was not willing to 
 'ill result in great in- 
 ell as to the colored 
 efore, to acknowledite 
 d not be " satisfi,-d 
 lolishing slavery, und 
 reed with appropriate 
 0th of February, ho 
 ne declaration, to a 
 ia Legislature, which 
 to him relative to hi.s 
 ments. 
 
 f the President, as to 
 itus of the negro, was 
 He took care to ex- 
 to the reconstruction 
 'ch delivered on the 
 n answer to a coni- 
 ! White House, by a 
 Wa.shington, and at 
 President had been 
 of resolutions. Mr. 
 ) the delegation, con- 
 he political measures 
 ation of the famous 
 " They assume," he 
 of the Union, and to 
 IS restored before the 
 qualifications of its 
 sition is that ? You 
 r years to put down 
 nded at the bogin- 
 t a State had not a 
 id it had neither the 
 it has been settled 
 er the right nor the 
 Union. And when 
 »cutive, by the mili- 
 udgment that these 
 •ight to go out, this 
 id assumes that they 
 all not come in. I 
 rour Executive that 
 I any such jiosition." 
 ! same speech, that, 
 
 the anti-Prrsidcn- 
 1 in the country, he 
 nco ; " Suppose I 
 whom I look upon 
 undamentAl princi- 
 nd as now hiboiing 
 Thaddeus Stevens, 
 'harles Sumner, of 
 encU'll Phillips, of 
 , amidst the cheer- 
 Forney," the Prea- 
 usly the celebriited 
 n dead ducks ! " 
 
 such sentiments, 
 )Uier side with uo 
 
 less sharp invectives, the chasm was fairly 
 opened between the President and Congress, 
 a chasm which was not to bo bridged over un- 
 til the lle])ublican party and the legislative 
 power could liave accomplished their designs 
 in si)ito of tho opposition of the Executive. 
 The Supremo Court decided ^vith Johnson, 
 and decided against tho constitutionality of 
 the test oath ; so that Wendell Phillips could 
 say, a little afterward, in tho name of tho 
 whole Kadical party, that " Congress was 
 alone to fight for the nation against the Su- 
 preme Court and tho President, leagued in 
 the service of rebeldom." 
 
 It required but a spark to set on fire all 
 this combustible material; first, in Illinois, 
 whore, at public meetings, resolutions were 
 adopted asking the House of Representatives 
 to take measures to cause the impeachment 
 of the President. His friends were not slow 
 at placing themselves on the defensive. The 
 first National Union Club was formed at 
 Washington, with the view of resisting the 
 majority of Congress, and their adherents in 
 tho country, at whose heads was hurled, for 
 the first time, the name of Radicals. 
 
 Soon after a general convention of the Na- 
 tional Union Club was proposed to be held 
 at Philadelphia ; but this call having been 
 supported by all the Democratic members of 
 Cougi'ess, and by prominent Southerners, and 
 being indirectly approved of by President 
 Johnson, led to the resignation of Messrs. 
 Harlan, Denison, and Speed, members of the 
 Cabinet. On the 14th of August tho Na- 
 tional Union Convention assembled at Phila- 
 delphia. Gen. John A. Dix was chosen 
 temporary president, and Senator Doolittle, 
 of Wisconsin, the President of the Conven- 
 tion. One of the striking features of the fii-st 
 day's doings was the entrance of the dele- 
 gates from Massachusetts and South Carolina 
 arm in arm. Henry J. Raymond, of the 
 New York Times, read, on the third day, the 
 address prepared by the committee, which 
 liaving been approved by the convention, was 
 followed by a series of resolutions. The cop- 
 ies of both were presented to tho President, 
 at Washington, by Reverdy Johnson, of Ma- 
 ryland. 
 
 it was not to be expected that the original 
 Union League would remain inactive, in pres- 
 ence of the efforts made by its enemies. On 
 the 22d of August the Union League of Phil- 
 adelphia adopted a series of counter-resolu- 
 tions embodying the sentiments then enter- 
 tiiined by Radicals with reference to tho 
 Presidential policy. 
 
 Soon after, Andrew Johnson left Wash- 
 ington, on tho 28tli of August, on his trip to 
 Chicago, where he went to attend, on the Gth 
 of September, tho inauguration of tho Ste- 
 phen Douglass monument. He was called 
 at many places, on his route, to deliver 
 speeches ; and in every one of them ho main- 
 tained his former views, and assailed the ma- 
 jority of Congress. Then tho conflict de- 
 scended from the oflficial regions to more pop- 
 ular ones. The stanch Unionists of the 
 South, who had kept fast by their principles 
 during tho war, held a convention at Phila- 
 ddphia. This was soon followed by conven- 
 tion.s of Northern soldiers, and of Southern 
 soldiers. A convention of a more quiet char- 
 acter was held at Baltimore, by workingmen, 
 asking, as they did last year, that a law 
 
 should be |)assed for limiting to eight hours 
 a day's work. 
 
 In spite of these political quarrels the vi- 
 tality of the American nation showed itself 
 strong in financial matters. In December, 
 ISd."), Mr. McCulloeh, Secretary of the Treas- 
 ury, iiad foreseen in his estimate a deficiency 
 of 112 millions of dollars. Instead of that, 
 there was, from the 1st of October, 180."), to 
 the end of the fiscal year, in 18C0, a surplus 
 of nearly 133 millions of dollars. In the face 
 of such a prosperous situation the Secretary 
 recommended the retiu'u to specie payment. 
 The items which had given, comparatively, 
 the best results to the Union exchequer were 
 the stanqis for bank-check receipts, and the 
 one-cent stanii>s for match-bo-xes. Still, the 
 consequ(^nces of the war were too near at hand 
 not to have an efTcct upon the general situa- 
 tion of the country, and it was not surprising 
 that there was a decrease of prosperity in the 
 various branches of industry, which decrease 
 was especially felt by the shipbuilding inter- 
 ests. 
 
 In foreign affairs the Mexican question 
 took the lead, as in the previous year. On 
 the .'ith of April, ISOO, M. Drouyn do 
 L'lluys, the French Minister of Foreign Af- 
 fairs, declared that Franco intended soon to 
 evafuate Mexican territory. Soon after, Mr. 
 Seward caused the I'resident to issue a |iroc- 
 lamation denying to Maximilian tho right of 
 declaring in a state of blockade the port of 
 Matamoras, and tho power of enforcing de 
 facto such a blockade. At tho same time, 
 Mr. Campbell, American Minister at Mexico, 
 received peremptory orders not to recognize 
 the government of tiio Austrian Archduke. 
 Mr, Seward ordered also Jlr. Motley, Amer- 
 ican Minist(;r at Vienna, to protest against 
 the intended forwarding of Austrian recruits 
 to Mexico, 
 
 A iiarty of Irish-Americana, under tho 
 command of Spear, effected a raid in Canada. 
 But tho diploiiiatic difliculties which resiilted 
 from this raid were soon pacified, for it was 
 easily shown, by American diplomacy, that 
 the intent and practical results of the raid 
 had not been fairly reported, and were gross- 
 ly exaggerated. 
 
 The struggle for tho interpretation of tho 
 14th Amendment, in a sense favorable to the 
 forcible admission to citizenship and the bal- 
 lot of tho negroes in the Southern States, 
 kept up and was manifested in the beginning 
 of 18(57. On January lltli, a national 
 Equal Rights League Convention of colored 
 men assembled at Washington, and ado))ted 
 an address to Congress, which referred it to 
 the Reconstruction Committee. Congress did 
 not need, however, to bo vu'ged on its work, 
 for it had voted many acts requiring the elec- 
 tive franchise for the negroes, and passed 
 those acts over tho veto of tJie President. 
 The bills for the admission of Colorado and 
 Nebraska specified that these Territories 
 could not be received as States if they did ro- 
 f\ise " tho elective franchise, and any other 
 right, to any ])erson by reason of race or 
 color, excepting Indians not taxed." The 
 Presidi;nt vetoed these bills because they 
 were, according to his vioM's, " in clear vio- 
 lation of tho Fedeial Constitution, under tho 
 l)rovisions of which, from the very founda- 
 tion of the government, each State has been 
 loft free to determine for itself tho qualifica- 
 
 tions necessary for the exercise of sufTrago 
 within its limits," Congress, notwithstand- 
 ing the veto, passed the bills, and moreover 
 extended their provisions to all Territories 
 by the Territorial Bill. 
 
 But Congiess could not reach the inter- 
 nal laws of States as easily as it could with 
 Territories, for an amendment to the Consti- 
 tution would have been necessary. To over- 
 come tho difficulty, Congress, on tho 2d of 
 March, assindlated ten Southern States to so 
 many military Territories, under tho pretext 
 that " no legal State government, or adequate 
 protection for life or property, were existing 
 in those States." Andrew Johnson declined 
 to sign the bill ; still it was passed over his 
 veto. 
 
 Moreover, and in order to keep tho Exec- 
 utive under the unsleeping watch of tho leg- 
 islative power, it was decreed tliax the Forti- 
 eth Congress should assemble and connnenco 
 its session at the same day and hour at which 
 the session of the Thirty-ninth closed. 
 
 That Congress was still more opposed than 
 the preceding one to tho conciliatory policy 
 of Andrew Johnson, and still more determin- 
 ed to give all tho ))olitical privileges to tho 
 negroes. On the 23d of Slarch, an act was 
 passed to the effect that " all persons born in 
 tho United Stjites, and not subject to any 
 foreign power, excluding Indians not taxt^d, 
 are hereby declared to bo citizens of the 
 United States." The same act refused the 
 eli.'Ctoral franchise to many categories of men 
 among those who had upheld the late rebel- 
 lion. The President vetoed the bill, which 
 was, nevertheless, ]iassed by Congress ; and 
 Andrew Johnson complied with the requisites 
 of the act, by a))pointing military conunand- 
 ers to tho ten Southern States declared to be 
 still under martial law. Applications to the 
 Supremo Court were soon made by some of 
 tho Southern States in order to bring to a 
 test tho constitutionality of the reconstruc- 
 tion laws. The Supremo Court denied the 
 motion on the ground that it would be power- 
 less to enforce its decision. 
 
 Congress adjourned from the 30th of 
 March, 1807, until tho 3(1 of July, and it 
 found that the President was about to exer- 
 cise the only privilege left to him as consti- 
 tutional commander-in-chief of the army; 
 that was to remove the military chiefs of tho 
 five Southern districts, and to appoint in 
 their places men whom he thought would 
 work more in accordance with his own views. 
 The first dismissal was that of (leneral Sher- 
 idan, commander of the Fifth Military Dis- 
 trict. All the other commanders of the four 
 remaining districts wen; changed previous to 
 the close of the year. On tlio 12th of Au- 
 g\ist the St^cretary of War, Mr, Stanton, was 
 himself suspended from his office by order 
 of the President, and Oen, Grant authorized 
 to act as Secret' _ )f War ad interim. 
 
 On the 20th of August Andrew Johnson 
 declared, by a proclamation, that ])eaee, 
 order, tranquillity, and civil authority existed 
 throughout the whole State of Texas, which 
 could not, therefore, be kept under military 
 rule. Another proclamation issued on Sej)- 
 tember 17th, relieved nearly all the whites 
 of tho Southern States from tho political 
 bondage in which they were held. 
 
 The financial problem continued to be 
 agitated throughout tho your, and to bo dis- 
 
603 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 onxNcd in many conventions callcil for ex- 
 amining the subject of retuniing to specie 
 p.\vmeuts or of eiilnrging the federal cur- 
 rency. No <lccisive action was taken by 
 t'oiigress n])ou that all-important subject ; 
 still, the reduction of the debt was on an 
 uvenige of ten millions of dollars per month. 
 The aggregate business of the country, as 
 comimred with that of the previous year, ilid 
 not show any falling oli', as compared with 
 18GG ; on the contrary, there was a slight 
 increa.se. Gold fluctuated little during the 
 year; it was quoted in average at 141, with 
 a few variations from 132 to 140. 
 
 As to foreign matters, the year 1867 wit- 
 nessed the opening of negotiations for the 
 settlement of the Alabama Claims. On 
 January 12th, Secretary Seward sent to Mr. 
 Adams, American Minister in England, a 
 dispatch covering and explaining fully the 
 American side of the question. In his an- 
 swer, dated March 9tli, Ixjrd Stanley declined 
 to continue in a discussion of the case, and 
 seemed to abide by the idea of arbitration, as 
 suggested by Mr. Seward. But, after the ex- 
 change of a few more despatches, the proposal 
 to arbitrate failed. 
 
 The pro])osal of a friendly arbitration, on 
 the part of the United States, between S|)ain j 
 and the South American States, wa.s re- 1 
 spectfuUy declined on the ground that the 
 parties themselves desired to choose their 
 arbitrator, instead of leaving that choice ex- 
 clusively to the President of the United 
 States. 
 
 Negotiations were concluded so far for the 
 purchase of the islands of St. Thomas and St. 
 John from the Danish Government, tliat 
 King Christian IX. issued his j)roclaniation, 
 on the 25th of October, calling the islanders 
 to the polls, where they would have t<i vote 
 in favor of, or against, annexation to the 
 United States. 
 
 The Mexican imbroglio was definitely set- 
 tled by the declaration of Napoleon III., 
 forwarded through Gen. Dix, American 
 Minister at Paris, on February 19th, that 
 Freneli troops >>'ere actually leaving Mexico, 
 the territory of which would be entirely evac- 
 nati'd in March. 
 
 The year 18(i8 was not remarkable as re- 
 garded finances and foreign jjolitics, but it 
 witnessed the impeachment trial of the Pres- 
 ident and the ratification of the 14th Amend- 
 ment to the Constitution of the country. The 
 amendment removed all distinction of color 
 in citizenship ; it was adopted by three-foiirths 
 of the States. 
 
 In the first days of Janiiary, new difli- 
 culties arose from the removal of Mr. Stanton, 
 Secretary of War. The Senati;, after having 
 recpiired from the President, uccording to the 
 Tenure of Office Act, a statement of the 
 motives for which he dismis.sod Mr. Stanton, 
 refused to approve of the suspension. On 
 hearing this. Gen. Grant, wlio was War 
 Secretary ail interim, resigned his duties, 
 thro\igh a letter ho addressed to the Presi- 
 dent, on the 14th of January. Mr. Andrew 
 Jolmson appointed Major-(ien. Lorenzo 
 Thomas to the vacant ))laco still claimed 
 by Secretary Stanton. The Senate, on being 
 apprised of the fact by a Pre;-idential mes- 
 sage, laid aside its routine business, and went 
 immediately into executive session. After 
 au exciting debate, the Senate adopted a res- 
 
 olution to tlio ett'cct that the President had 
 legally and constitiitionally no power to re- 
 move the Secretary of AV'ar. 
 
 The President attempted in vain to ex- 
 plain his conduct, thro\igli a communication 
 sent to the Senate on the next day ; he and 
 Congress were too much iit loggerheads to at- 
 tempt conciliation, esiu'cially when tliero ex- 
 isted a fact and a tangible (juestion over which 
 both i)arties coulil fight it out. Secretary 
 Stanton refused bluntly to vacate the War 
 Office ; and, moreover, he applied to the 
 courts for the issue of a writ ordering the 
 arrest of Gen. Thomas, who was, in fact, ar- 
 rested on the 22(1 of February, but innnc- 
 diately released even without giving bail. 
 Gen. Tliomas M-as not the man aimed at by 
 Congress ; tliat man was Andrew Johnson, 
 and the last measure was t^ikcn against 
 him, on the same day on which had been 
 arrested his Secretary of War, Gen. Thomas, 
 whom the President was accused of making 
 his military leader against Congi'css. 
 
 Throughout the country an intense excite- 
 ment prevailed, when it was known that the 
 House of lte|)resentatives had adopted a reso- 
 lution impeaching Andrew Johnson for high 
 crimes and misdemeanors. It was the anni- 
 versary day of the birth of the Father of the 
 country. The Governors of Illinois and Penn- 
 sylvania telegraphed theirapprobation toCon- 
 gi'ess, whilst UK^etings were held in New York 
 and Philadelphia to su))port the President. On 
 the 2Gth March the I'resident was acquitted. 
 The Attorney-General, Mr. Stanberry, re- 
 signed, and Mr. William AI. Evarts was ap- 
 pointed his successor. 
 
 The work of reconstructing the Southern 
 States dill not proceetl rapiilly ; the majorities 
 favorable to the reconstructing laws of those 
 States could not be obtained. Congress de- 
 cided, therefoi'c, that the constitutions to be 
 submitted to the i)eoiile of the unrecon- 
 structed States should not be adopted by a 
 majority of the voters as registered, but that 
 a majority of the votes cast should be suffi- 
 cient for the adoption of the Constitution. 
 Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas having 
 failed, notwithstanding those facilities, to 
 com])lcte their reorganization, were considered 
 as not being in the Union, and were excluded 
 from taking part in the Presidential election. 
 
 As early as February, the ditlereut jiolit- 
 ical organizations of the eounti-y issued their 
 calls for conventions to nouiinaU> the Presi- 
 dential candidate's. On Jl.iy I'Jth the name 
 of U. S. (irant was for tlie first time officially 
 mentioned for the Presidency, in the resolu- 
 tions adojiteil, on May I'Jth, by the Soldiers' 
 and Sailor.s' (Jonvention iield at Chicago. 
 The National Republican Convention, which 
 assembled the day after, with Joseph K. 
 Ilawley, of Connecticut, as chairman, unani- 
 mously nominated Gen. Grant, who polled 
 the ().")0 votes of the convention. The ballot 
 for the nomination of the Vice-Pre.sident was 
 not so easy-going, neither unanimous, though 
 it resulted in <iuite large figures — .')22 votes 
 for Schuyler Colfax. On the 29th of May, 
 Gen. Grant addressed to Mr. Ilawley a lett<!r, 
 by which he accepted fornmlly the nomina- 
 tion, aiul approved of tho resolutions passed 
 by tho Natioiuil Union Republican Conven- 
 tion. Mr. Schuyler Colfax wrote his letter 
 j of acceptation the day after the candidate for 
 I President Lad written his. 
 
 The Pemocrats, being in cognizance of the 
 game of their adversaries, conmienced their 
 own campaign in earnest. In June, a few 
 prominent gentlemen from New York asked 
 Andrew Johnson whether ho would agree to 
 run as a candidate. If«! answered aflirma- 
 tively, and, at the same time, Frank ]'. lilair 
 became vei'y prominent as tho probable 
 Democratic candidate for the nomination to 
 tho Vice-Presidency. Hut the National 
 D(unoeratic Convention which assembled in 
 New York on July 4th, was to decide the 
 (piestion. Just as the Bepnblicans had done 
 at Chicago, tho Democrats wanted to do at 
 New York. They also had their Soldiers' 
 and Sailors' Convention, sitting at the same 
 time, and in the same city, as the jjurely 
 political body of tho jjarty. Major-Gen. 
 Franklin presided over the Democratic 
 SoUliers' and Sailors' Convention, just as Gen. 
 I.ogan (and aft(T hira Fairchild) had [iresided 
 over tho Republican Convention of Soldiers 
 and Sailors. The entire vote of tho National 
 Democratic Convention, .TIT in niimber, was 
 cast, after much balloting, for Horatio Sey- 
 mour, of New York, for President, and Frank 
 P. Blair, of Missoui-i, os Vice-President. 
 The candidature of Sir. Chase for the nomina- 
 tion was to.s.sed about, among affirmations and 
 contradictions. 
 
 Tho final result of the Presidential election 
 was not much to be doubted when the result 
 itself of the September luul October State 
 elections was known. In nearly every State 
 those elections were so unfavorable to tliu 
 Democratic party, that one of tlieir papers in 
 New York demanded the withdrawal of Jlr. 
 Seymour's name at the head of the ticket. 
 But this proposition was rejected by the pai'- 
 ty, imisnuich os President Johnson had just 
 written a letter indorsing the candidatiue of 
 Horatio ', eyniour. All this was of no avail 
 against Me popular tide, which rolled .'>,71lv 
 082 vote.s for U. S. Grant— that is, a major- 
 ity of ;U)9,G84. 
 
 During the year the financial condition re- 
 mained about the .same as the year before; 
 but the evil efl'ects of the war kept contiim- 
 ally decreasing, and the nuiterial ))rosperity 
 of the country was much improved. 'I'liis 
 was due also to a large reduction of internal 
 taxes, especially on manufactures. The delit 
 of the (iovernment on the 1st November of 
 this year amounted to iS2,.">27,120,r),"i2. Tlio 
 discti.ssions in the ]>re.sH and in Congress, as 
 to the best way of funding and paying tliat 
 debt, either by returning to s]iecie payment 
 or by authorizing further iss\u's of bonds or 
 notes, continued as usual, but without C( la- 
 ing to a definite financial policy. ( >n July 'l'\ 
 1808, tlie Funding Bill was passed, which 
 did a great deal of good, but was not of a 
 sufficiently general cliaracter. Se<tion 2 of 
 that bill appropriated annually the sum of 
 ?il3.'),000,()00 out of the duties" derived fmni 
 imported goods, these to be applied to the 
 payment of tlie interest an<l a proportionate 
 reduction of the iiublic debt. 
 
 The diplomatic relations of tho Vniteil 
 Slates witli other nations did not ofier imuh 
 interest during the year. No new question 
 ai'ose; and tho discussions relative to fortiier 
 difficulties were within the bounds of purely 
 di]ilomatic notes. On the 7th of March tiie 
 question of the Alabama Claims was agitated 
 in tho llouso of Couimous; and every orator, 
 
ins; in cogiiizunce of tlio 
 aril's, conimonood tlioir 
 riiest. In Juno, a. few 
 ffoiii Now York ii.skcd 
 ■tlior lio would ajjioo to 
 
 in? nnsworcd nttirma- 
 ,10 tiiiio, Frank ]'. Dlair 
 loiit ns tlio probablo 
 
 for tlio nomination (o 
 
 But the National 
 
 on wliich assonibiod in 
 
 4th, was to decido tlu> 
 
 Eopiiblicans had done 
 ocrats wanted to do nt 
 ilso had their SoldieiV 
 ion, sitting at the aaniu 
 lie city, as the ]iuroly 
 10 iiarty. Major-Cieii. 
 over the Peinocnitic 
 r'onvention, just as (Jon. 
 Fairchild) had iirosidoil 
 Convention of Soldiers 
 ire vote of tho National 
 )n, 317 in number, was 
 otinft, for Horatio Scy- 
 jr rrosident, and Fiaiik 
 iri, as Vioe-rrosidi'iit. 
 r. Chase for tho noinina- 
 aniong affirnmtions and 
 
 ho Presidential election 
 loubted when tho result 
 jor and Octt)ber Stato 
 In nearly every State 
 so unfavorable to tlio 
 t one of their jjajiers in 
 tho withdrawal of Jlr. 
 ho head of tho tickit. 
 vas rejected by the |iar- 
 dent Johnson had just 
 •siiif; the candidature of 
 Ul this was of no avail 
 do, which rolled 5,7 1(1,- 
 Irant— that is, a niajui- 
 
 ? financial condition ic- 
 iie as tho your bofoic; 
 f the war k<'i)t contimi- 
 :ho material |)iosiMritv 
 nuch iniprovod. This 
 !o reduction of intenud 
 anufactures. The dilit 
 1 the 1st Novendjor of 
 ) mjr27,V29,?>r,2. Tlio 
 >ss and in Congi-oss, as 
 nding and IMiying that 
 ling to sjiecie iiayniciit 
 her issues of bonds or 
 ■iiial, but without ci lu- 
 iai iMiIicy. On July L'.'i, 
 till was passed, wliich 
 ood, but was not of a 
 aracter. Soction 2 of 
 
 annually the sum of 
 ho duties derived fimii 
 ' to bo aiiplied to the 
 it and a proportioiialo 
 • debt. 
 
 ations of tho United 
 ons did not oU'er niiioh 
 ■ar. No now (jucstiiai 
 ions relative to foiiiiir 
 1 tho bounds of purely 
 
 tiio 7th of March the 
 iia Claims was agitated 
 ous; and every orator, 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 608 
 
 from Mr. Sliaw Lefevro to Jlessra. Forster, 
 Stuart Mill, Stanley, and Gladstone, acknowl- 
 eilnod that tho American Minister, Mr. Adams, 
 had pressed liis claim in ti very skilful and 
 (li^'nified manner. But the general sontimont 
 expressed on the part of tluj British Govorn- 
 iiieiit and orators was, that tho Qiicon was 
 ready to arbitrate, and submit all (piestions 
 but tho great point of recognizing tho belli- 
 gerent rights of tho Soiitli. Mr. Rt!Verdy 
 Johnson, who replaced Mr. Adams as Amer- 
 ican Minister in England, did not succeed in 
 reaching a solution of that vexed (lucstioii. 
 
 An E.\trttdition Treaty was signed with 
 China, through the able intervention of 
 Alison Burlingame, formerly American Min- 
 ister at I'ekiii, and who had been appointed 
 by the Cliin(!so Government as Envoy E.vtra- 
 onlinai'y to America and Europe. Tho Berlin 
 (iovernment agreed to tho principle that all 
 Gerniiiii naturalized Americans could not be 
 |)roseeuti>d or punished, on their return to 
 ilerniany, for having not complied with tho 
 iiiilitiiry laws before their emigration to Amer- 
 ica. In Paraguay, Mr. Washburn, United 
 States Minister, having harbored in the lega- 
 tion at Asuncion certain persons implicated 
 ill a plot to help the cause of tho enoniies of 
 Paraguay, some of these persons were forci- 
 bly seized ; and Mr. Seward wrote, under 
 the (lute of November 11, that an apology 
 and a promise of rei)aration were to bo ex- 
 ai'ted. The Paraguayan Goveruinont was al- 
 ready half destroyed by the Allies, and it com- 
 plied with the request of tho United States. 
 
 The Fifteenth Amendment, passed ou the 
 2.")th of February, 1809, proclaimed — 
 
 " Ski'. 1. The right of citizens of the United 
 States to vote shall not be denied or abridged i 
 by the United States, or by any Stjvte, on ac- 
 cimiit of color or previous condition of servi- 
 tude. 
 
 " Skc. 2. The Congress, by appropriate 
 I'gislation, may enforce the provisions of this 
 article." 
 
 This amendment was duly ratified in the 
 course of the year by tho roijuired majority 
 of States. 
 
 On the 10th of February the Congress pro- 
 ceeded to the official counting of the Presi- 
 di'iitial vote. Gen. Grant was declared to be 
 the I'resident elect, and a committee, com- 
 poseil of Senator Morton and Representatives 
 Priiyn and Wilson, was instructed to call 
 nil Geiu Grant to apprise Turn of his elec- 
 tion. 
 
 Of com-se, no change in tho financial sys- 
 tem of tho country could bo expected to take 
 place at tho end of an administration which 
 never had onjoyoil the confidence of tho legis- 
 lative power. The great financial measures 
 destiiK^d to tho clearing off of tlie national 
 debt, and to the fostering of the economical 
 iiiteri'sts of tho United States, were purposely 
 delayed by (.'ongress until tho completion of 
 Andrew Johnson's administration. Tho only 
 progress which tho legislative power was will- 
 ing to make was that a more rigid respon- 
 siliilily Was exacted from the officers of the 
 Treasury, and that a largo portion of tho re- 
 ci'ipls WHS applied to a reduction of the na- 
 tiiuial debt. 
 
 Tlie Alabama Claims cpiostion continued 
 to follow its normal course. No foreign com- 
 
 strong pressure was brought to bear on tho 
 American Government in favor of a recogni- 
 zance of tho imlependenco of Cuba. 
 
 plication was raised before the 4th of March, 
 except, perhaps, that, for the first time, a 
 
 GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Ui.vssES S. G iiAST was inaugurated on tho 
 4th of ^larch, ISti!). His inaugural address was i 
 all that could be expected from one who had 
 never any pretension to speech-making, and 
 who was anxious to please. His first sen- 
 tenccss were calculated to tletine his political 
 standing. Ho took care to say that he had 
 taken tho constitutional oath " without men- 
 tal reservation," and added : " The office 
 has come to mo unsought. I commence its 
 duties untrammelled. I bring to it a consci- 
 entious desire and determination to fill it to 
 the best of my ability to tho satisfaction of 
 tho people. t)n all h'ading (piestions agi- 
 tating the public mind, [ will always express 
 my views to Congress, and urge them accord- 
 ing to my judgment. . . . I shall, on all sub- 
 jects, have a policy to recommend, but none to 
 eiiforceagainstthe wishes of the people. . . ." 
 He then recomnieudi!d, but not in a very 
 clear or very strong manner, the necessity 
 of paying tho national debt in gold, " unless 
 otherwise expressly stipulated in the con- 
 tract." This did not eonimit him to a defi- 
 nite policy on the financial ipiestion. " How," 
 added he, "tlu! jiublic debt is to bo paid, 
 or specie payments resumed, is not so im- 
 portant as that a plan bhould bo a<Uipted and 
 acquiesced in." In regard to foreign policy, 
 his declarations were unimportant, but he 
 was more explicit in reference to the great 
 (piestionof the day — homo politics. He rallied 
 emphatically to the ]iolicy adopted by Con- 
 gross in regard to the status of the colored 
 people. " The(|uesti(ui of suliVago," said he, 
 " is one which is likely to agitate the public 
 so long as a portion of the citizens of the 
 nation arc excluded from its jirivilegos in 
 any State. It seems to mo very desirable 
 that this question should be settled now, and 
 I entertain the hope, and express the desire, 
 that it may bo by tho ratification of the 
 Fifteenth article of Amendment to the Con- 
 stitution." 
 
 On the 5th of March, President Grant 
 submitted, for tho approval of the Senate, 
 the following names of tho members of tho 
 cabinet : E. B. Wiusliburiio, of Illinois, Secre- 
 tary of State; A. T. Stewart, of New York, 
 Secretary of tho Treasury ; I. D. Cox, of 
 Ohio, Secretary of tho Interior; Adolph E. 
 Borie, of Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Navy ; '• 
 John M. Schdlic'ld, of Illinois, Secretary of 
 War; J. A. J. Cresswoll, of Maryland, I'ost- 
 master-General; K. Hoekwood Hoar, of Mas 
 , sachusetts. Attorney - (ienoral. Objections 
 I were raised as to tho constitutionality of tho 
 I appoiiitmout of A. T. Stewart. It wasargued 
 i that an act of Congiess passed in 17S9 for- 
 ! bade any person already engaged i.i business 
 I pursuits to hold the office of Secretary of t)ie 
 1 Treasury. The President forwardo<t to Con- 
 gress a message in which ho asked that an 
 i eycei)tion shonlil bo made in favor of the 
 I largest merchant of tho United States, and 
 I even of the world itself. Mr. Sbormau, of 
 Ohio, supported tho demand of Gen. Grant, 
 and Sumner opposed it. The Senate delayed 
 tho discussion of the niotio:i ; and iu the in- 
 
 terval, Mr. Stewart declined to accept the 
 office tendered to him by the Pre,<ident. 
 
 Tho Secretaryship of the Treasury was 
 then olfered to ami accepted by tSeorgo S. 
 Boutwell, of Miissachusett.s. At the same 
 time Mr. Wasbburno was appointed Minis- 
 ter to Franco, and his ])liice was taki'U by 
 Hamilton Fish, of New York. Gi'iieral Scho- 
 iH'ld was al.so replaced at the War OlVue by 
 J(dm A. Rawlins, of Illinois, who died on 
 September 0, and had for successor William 
 B. Belknap, of Iowa. Mr. Borie, having 
 also retired from the office of Secretary of 
 the Nif\'y, was succeeded by George M. Robe- 
 son, of New Jersey. 
 
 The President put himself at the work of 
 settling the affairs of the three Slates, Vir- 
 ginia, ^Iississi])i)i, and Texas, whicii had not 
 yet been rccoiistnicted, and which hud been, 
 coiise(|ueiitly, forbidden to take ]uirt in tho 
 Prosiilential election. Congress, acting on his 
 message of the 7th of April, )aissed an act, 
 providing that the I'rrsident might, at such 
 time as he deemed best for public JntereHt, sub- 
 mit the constitution of either of tlie three non- 
 roconstrncted States to the registered voters 
 of such States for their ratilicatioi.- or rejec- 
 tion. The conditions under which those three 
 States were to bo readmitted into tlio Union 
 were made very stringent, and Congress re- 
 served for itself the right of (ieeidiiig iijion the 
 final admis-siou, even after the States .'-hould 
 have voted the adojition of the Kifteentli 
 Amendnient, and gone through any otlier 
 formality impo.sed on them by Congres-s. Dur- 
 ing the year Virginia alone underwent all 
 these formalities, and in Deceniber a bill was 
 introduced in tho House of IJi'preseiitatives 
 providing for the admission of tho State ; 
 but as considerable debate ensued, the bill 
 could not bo voted that year, and Virginia 
 was not lulniittod until the '.'tiih of Janiiaiy, 
 1870. 
 
 The Fifteenth Amendment, which gives 
 practically *lie uncontrolled right of sutl'iago 
 to the negroes, was not ratitied tluriiig tho 
 year by L'8 States, as required by the Consti- 
 tution, and it was only in the beginning of 
 1870, after Missis.sippi and Texas hail ratitied 
 it, that the constitutional nuiiiber of ratiliea- 
 tions having been obtained, the .\iiieiidineiit 
 became a jiart of the Cniistitutiou. Not 
 satisfied with that jirogress, a sixteenth 
 amendment, providing for the woman suf- 
 frage, was brought before Congress by 3Ir. 
 Julian, of Indiana. It failed to be taken in- 
 to coiisideiatiim by the House, though tho 
 discussion of it and its merits were much 
 agitated in the press an<l in conventii ns 
 tliroughout the country. In this session 
 Congress refused to alter the preamlile of the 
 Constitution so as to contain a recugnitioii of 
 a Supremo Being. 
 
 Tho movement for the reduction of \he 
 daily hours of labor, which had coninieneed 
 two years befino, gained a jiractical result 
 Ou the lOtli of May tho Presidi'iit issued a 
 proclamation, ordering that woiknieii em- 
 ployed in Government works sliouUl receive 
 the same wages for an eight-hours' day's 
 work as they did formerly for a teii-liours'. 
 The President joined, in that ca.se, with tho 
 laboring mas.ses against the iiitei]uetation 
 put, by a former attorney-general, iqion the 
 act of Congress. Tho year before, imbed, 
 Congress Imd yieldtil to the eight-houri»' 
 
604 
 
 ! « 
 
 ii 
 
 mutroment, and fixed, at eight houra, the day's 
 work in the United States' workshops, lint 
 wages iiad been diminished proi)ortionally, so 
 tliat the workmen liad gained notliing in 
 reality. Tlio PreHidont interfered actively 
 in the buttle raging between the partisans 
 and the opponents of the eight-hours' law, 
 by directing that there should bo no reduc- 
 tion in the wages j)aid by the Government 
 by the day, on account of a reduction of the 
 liours of labor, ordered by an act of Con- 
 gress. 
 
 Many questions of general importance, 
 thoiigli resting only on personal cases and 
 hiwsuits, were brought before the Su[)renio 
 Court, wliich, in its judgment, decided great 
 political (|uestions. Thus, tho majority of 
 the Supreme Court again arrayed itself 
 against the ))olicy of exclusion pursued by 
 ('(ingress, and declared that Texas, tliough 
 not yet readmitted by Congress, wivs still a 
 State in the Union. Sir. Justice Grior was 
 th(! only one to hold tlio dissenting opinion 
 which supported the Radical doctrine, accord- 
 ing to which. States had gone really out of 
 the Union, and that they could re-enter the 
 Union only on the conditions imposed by 
 Congress. Other judicial cases, relative to 
 private monetary transactions concluded dur- 
 ing the war, were brought before the Supreme 
 Court, whose judgment in such cases had of 
 course a political bearing on the more imjwrt- 
 ant and broader questions debated in Congress 
 and in the Cabinet. Thus, the Court ruled 
 that, tho Confederacy having been a de facto 
 government of the second degree, the Con- 
 'i'llerates were substantially in the same con- 
 dition as inhabitants of a country occupied 
 an(' controlled by an invading belligerent. 
 All contracts were therefore to be settled, 
 now and hereafter, in conformity with the j 
 j)rinciple that all moneys due were to be | 
 ])aid in lawful money of tho United States, 
 at the rate of the value of the Confederate '-, 
 notes when those moneys fell due, or the j 
 transaction was entered upon. The Court ', 
 decided also that the States had no right 
 either to tax the obligations of the United 
 States, known as certificates of indebtedness, 
 or the United States notes. 
 
 The more important question, in a nation- 
 al (loint of view, whether the law making 
 United States notes a legal tender had refer- 
 ence to State taxes, was settled in tho nega- 
 tive by the Supreme Court. Cliief Justice 
 Chase said expi-essly, on delivering the opin- 
 ion of the Court, " that the clause making 
 United States notes a legal tender for debts, 
 has no reference to taxes imposed by State 
 authority, but relates only to debts, in the 
 ordinary sense of tlie word." 
 
 As it might have been expected, the ])rcs- 
 Biire of personal ambitious and of jiolitical 
 or social organizations, was brought to bear, 
 as it is usual at the beginning of a Presiden- 
 tial year, on the Executive and I^egislative 
 powers, to press upon them, by way of so- 
 called national conventions, the adoption of 
 the principles and personal ideas entertained 
 by individuals or by organized bodies of citi- 
 zens. The colored po)>ulation held a conven- 
 tion at Washington, presided over by Fred- 
 erick Douglass, in wliich, after having refused 
 to accept President Roberts, of Liberia, as an 
 honorary member of the convention, the 
 colored people endorsed Grant as their future 
 
 HISTORY OP THE 
 
 Moses, more reliable than Andrew Johnson, 
 and jironnunced against emigration to Libe- 
 ria. Tiio Irish National Republican Conven- 
 tion, held at Chicago, in July, attempted to 
 enlist for the new Government the sympa- 
 thies of tho Irishmen. A resolution was 
 adopted reciuesting Congress to pa.ss a law 
 for the nuturalization of foreigiieis, after one 
 year of residence in the United States. In 
 August, tho National Labor Convention met 
 at 1'1-iladelphia, an 1 reaflirmed the principle 
 of the eight-hour system for a day's work, at 
 the same time attacking, in the final resolu- 
 tions, the rate of interest and seveial financial 
 measures wliich had been adopted by the 
 Cioverniiient and Congress. A Temperance 
 convention was held at Chicago, looking to a 
 political organization ; but it failed to organize 
 a national political party having the proliibi- 
 tion of li(pior-selling for its distinct object. 
 Even local interests and local jealousies had 
 their conventions, as for instance, the " Na- 
 tional C'apital Convention," which assembled 
 in October, at St. Louis, with the view of 
 agitating tho country to effect a removal of 
 the national capital from Washington, and 
 to transfer it to some Western city. At 
 this time, Rev. Henry Ward Beecher wa* 
 ^•liosen President of the " National Woman 
 Suffrage Convention," an organization having 
 in view the elevation of woman to tho rank 
 of a political elector. The Coolie labor was sub- 
 mitted to the learned discussion of a con- 
 vention which met at Memphis for that 
 purpo.se. This long array of conventions 
 closed on December 10, by tho meeting at 
 Washington of a National Colored Labor 
 Convention, the real and practical aim of 
 which was to counterbalance, in some way, 
 the indifterence which had been evidenced by 
 the National Labor Convention of Philadel- 
 phia. The negroes of tho Washington Labor 
 Convention sent a delegation to congratulate 
 President Grant, an<l to offer him the sup- 
 port of all colored laborers, because lie had 
 opened to them the gates of the navy yard 
 and of otli(!r departments where skilled labor 
 was employed. The colored depiitation also, 
 through Mr. Stella Martin, asked the Presi- 
 dent to see to tho securing of land for the 
 laborers of the South, so that they might 
 become permanent settlers and indejiendent 
 citizens. The orator pointed especially to 
 eight millions of acres of land which, accord- 
 ing to him, could be used by Congress to se- 
 cure these results. The I'resident promised 
 to bestow his greatest attention on the sub- 
 ject. 
 
 It was in the course of the year that the 
 first official action was taken by the Govern- 
 ment, in the matter of a ship canal to con- 
 nect the Atlantic with the I'acifie. Up to 
 that time, many projects had been put for- 
 ward, among which the most prominent, with 
 their distances, are the following : — 
 
 ROUTE. UILE8. 
 
 Isthmus of Tehuantejiec 198 
 
 Nicaragua, from San Juan del Norte to 
 
 Rrito 194 
 
 Chagres to Panama (Columbia.) 51 
 
 Chepo to San Bias 30 
 
 San Miguel to Port F'scoces (Caledonia 
 
 Bay) 39 
 
 Atrato Valley, by Najiipi and Cupica. . 172 
 
 A treaty, having in view the cutting of a 
 canal across the Isthmus of Darien, was 
 
 made with tho Columbian authorities. This 
 was rejected by tho Senate of Bogota, In 
 tho mean time, however, an expedition, umlcr 
 the general superintendence of R(!ar-Adiiiiriil 
 Davis, wiw allowed to proceed with its surviv 
 ami scientific work. 
 
 The financial condition of the country w.as 
 a favorable one for the fiscal year eiKlrig 
 June 30, 1869; there was an excess of receipts 
 over expenditures, including interest on the 
 ptiblic debt, of 149,453,149. 40. Out of tliiit 
 sum only about 112,000,000 had been received 
 prior to the first of March ; the balance, i5s3G,- 
 000,000, were received after theinatiguratlun 
 of tho President, and the funds were used 
 from time to time to purchase five-twenty 
 bonds. The direct taxes and tho duties on 
 im]>orts, the latter being jiaid in gold, carried 
 a large quantity of coin into the Natioiml 
 Treasury; it was comjiaratively easy for the 
 Government to jiurchase five-twenty beiids 
 to the amount of $75,476,800, till tho (uid of 
 the year, at an average price in coin of 88 j f; J. 
 per cent. In spite of this real juosperity, 
 since the receipts of the Government contin- 
 ued on the increase, and the debt was a little 
 reduced during the year, the currency k('|it 
 on its downward course. In this conditiuii 
 of affairs, the Secretary of the Treasury ail- 
 vanced the opinion th:it ho ought to be al- 
 lowed to reduce the circtilation of United 
 States notes about $2,000,000 jier month. 
 He also recommended the funding of the 
 whole amount of the five-twenty bonds, ex- 
 cejit about l!i250,000,000, out of 'the ?!l,l.')0,. 
 000,000, which were to remain in the hands of 
 tlie public creditors on July 1, 1870. He then 
 started the jiroject of a loan for an amount 
 not exceeding * 1,200,000,000, to be oflered in 
 three classes of $400,000,000 each, the iiist 
 class should be paid in twenty years, the second 
 in twenty-five, and the third in thirty years. 
 The priucijial and interest to be |iaid in coin; 
 Eurojiean subscribers to recei\(' their inteicht 
 in European money markets ; the five-twenty 
 bonds to be received in exchange for new 
 bonds ; the rate of interest not to exceed fuur 
 and a half per cent, per annum ; and bonds, 
 both princi|)al and interest, to be free fioni 
 any State or Federal taxation. This plan was 
 based on the re-established prosperity of the 
 country, in which the minimum annual rate 
 of increase in pojiulation was estimated at 
 1,100,000. The public debt, on December 1, 
 1809, less cash in the Trea.sury, was ii2, l-Vi,- 
 559,735.23, making a total reduction, since 
 1805, of $304,129,830.20. 
 
 The diplomatic history of the first nionlhs 
 follow' iig Grant's inauguration is quite void of 
 interest. The Senate had injected the Claren- 
 don-Johnson Treaty relative to thi; AIuImiim 
 claims, and the exchange of correspondence 
 to settle the question upon another basis had 
 not yet fairly begun. Tho Administration 
 sympathized with tho Cubans, but did ii"t 
 yield to tho entreaties of Cuban leadeis in 
 committing itself to any overt act. It wa.s 
 wrongly stated that Minister Sickles had of- 
 fered tho mediation of the United Slates; 
 he had hardly spoken of the " good pfiices " 
 of the United States, as able to bring » 
 settlement between tho contending jiartics 
 in Cuba. Still, that ofl'er was declined by 
 the Regent of Spain. Tho dijilomatic note 
 was withdrawn by the American Govern- 
 ment, whose attention was called soon after 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 608 
 
 inibiun aiitlioritios. This 
 3 Senate of Bogota. Ii, 
 5vor, ati cxpf'ditioii, undcf 
 emlenco of Kiiar-Atliniinl 
 to proceed with its suimv 
 
 lition of the cointry wns 
 • the fiscal your eiidUg 
 5 was an oxcos.s of receipts 
 including interest on llje 
 4S3,149.4(i. Out of that 
 )00,0()0 had been received 
 March ; the balance, $30,- 
 ed after the inauguration 
 nd tlie funds wt're tiscj 
 to purchase five-twenty 
 
 taxes and the duties on 
 eing paid in gohl, carricl 
 
 coin into tlie Natioiuil 
 mparatively easy for tljc 
 •clnise five-twenty bonds 
 "),470,8C0, till the end of 
 ;e price in coin of 88, 'J ^ 
 
 of this real jirosperity, 
 the Government contiii. 
 and the debt was a little 
 year, the currency kept 
 irse. In this condition 
 tary of the Treasury aij. 
 th;it he ought to be al- 
 ! circulation of Unitid 
 j!2,000,000 per montli. 
 led the funding of tin- 
 i five-twentv bonds, ex- 
 ,000, out of 'the Si 1,4 50,. 
 to remain in the hands of 
 1 July 1,1870. lie then 
 f a loan for an amount 
 ,000,000, to be oflered in 
 1,000,000 each, the first 
 twenty years, the second 
 he third in thirty years. 
 M-est to be paitl in coin ; 
 to receive their intercht 
 larkets ; the five-twenty 
 1 in exchange for new 
 erest not to exceed four 
 ler annum ; and bonds, 
 iterest, to be free from 
 axation. This plan was 
 ished prosperity of tlie 
 
 minimum annual rate 
 ition was estimated at 
 c debt, on December 1, 
 Treasury, was ^2, 4."i3,. 
 
 total reduction, since 
 .20. 
 
 )ry of the first months 
 (uratioii is quite void of 
 lad ityected the C'lann- 
 2lative to the A/alnima 
 ngo of corresi)ondtiioe 
 ipon another basis had 
 
 The Administration 
 
 Cubiins, but did not 
 8 of Cuban leaders in 
 my overt act. It was 
 inister Sickles had of- 
 if the United Stales; 
 of the " good pfiices " 
 , as able to bring a 
 !>3 contending jiartics 
 >fi'er was declined by 
 
 The diplomatic note 
 American Govciu- 
 was called soon after 
 
 to the civso of two American citizens, who, 
 having unintentionally embarked in a Cu- 
 ban vessel, the Grapps/ioty were executed by 
 tlie Spanish authorities. The Madrid atitho- 
 ritii's promisetl a prompt rejiai'tttion, reserv- 
 ing to tliemselves the choice of the opportu- 
 nity. 
 
 One of the first and most important political 
 events which occurred in the year 1870 was 
 the ratification, by twenty-nine States, of the 
 Fifteenth Amendment, and the wording of the 
 message of President Grant notifying the pro- 
 mulgation of the Amendment. This notifica- 
 tion was an imusvial formality, but, says the 
 President in his Jlessage, " I deem a depar- 
 ture from the usual custom justifiable. A 
 measure which makes at once four million 
 people voters, who were heretofore declared by 
 the highest tribunal in the land not citizens of 
 the United States, nor eligible to become so, 
 
 is indeed a measure of grander 
 
 importance than any other one act of the kind, 
 from the foundation of our free government 
 to the present day." For some time there 
 were many disctissions in Congress relative to 
 amendments which were proposed to enforce 
 tlie F'ifteenth Amendment itself, and to 
 secure the freedom of suffrage to the male 
 colored population of each State. A bill to 
 tliat effect was j)assed by Congress, and many 
 elections were held iluring the year, under 
 tlic working of the new law ; the negro vote 
 was strongly — though not universally — Jle- 
 jiublican in all of these elections. Still, there 
 were some wiio were not satisfied with the 
 progress made in favor of the colored race, 
 and in answer to a serenade given to him by 
 some negroes at Washington, Charles Sum- 
 ner declared that equality of rights should be 
 secured to the colored race in the common- 
 school system, and that the word " white " 
 should be struck from the naturalization laws 
 of the United States. 
 
 Some clianges occurred, in June, in the 
 composition of the cabinet. Mr. Columbus 
 Delano, of Oliio, succeeded to J. D. Cox, 
 wlio resigned his office of Secretary of the 
 Interior; and Mr. E. Rockwood Hoar, having 
 also resigned his position, was succeeded by 
 Amos T. Akerman, of Georgia, in the oUico 
 of Attorney-General. 
 
 The reconstruction of the Southern States 
 was finally accomplished by the admission in 
 f'oi\jrr(ss of the Ilepresentalives from Vir- | 
 giiiia, ^Mississippi, and Texas. i 
 
 A very imi)ortant constittitional case, of I 
 intprost to all the connnercial and banking 
 I'omnnmity, came up befoi-e the Supreme 
 Court. It was to determine whether the act 
 of Febnuiry 23, 1802, so far as it makes 
 United States notes a legal tender in pay- 
 ment of debts contracted prior to its pa.ssBge, | 
 is constitutional and valiil. The Chief-Jus- 1 
 fice, in delivering the opinion of the Court, 
 (li'cided in the negative, asserting that " the ! 
 (lovornment of the United States is one of 
 limited powers, and that no department pos- 1 
 scsses any authority not granted by the Con- j 
 stitution," which is opposed to siich retro- j 
 active equalization between coin and United 
 ■States notes. Three Justices, ISlessrs. Mil- 
 IiM-, Swayue, antl Davis, entertained the dis- 
 s^'iiting opinion. 
 
 Next to tills important decision came up 
 the question whether Congress bad authority 
 U) tax the circulation of State banks. That 
 
 was decided in the affirmafive, by the major- 
 ity of the Supremo Court, with the dissent- 
 ing votes of Justices Nelson and Davis. The 
 investments of ailministratoi-s in Confederate 
 bonds were considei'eil ns Ikiving been matlc 
 inqirojierly, and as being inoperative as a 
 discharge from responsibility ; the Court or- 
 dered new settlements to be made. 
 
 The work of reorganizing the country, and 
 especially the South, so deeply distracted 
 commercially and industrially, progressed 
 during the year. The second annual Southern 
 Commercial Convention lUisembled at Cincin- 
 nati on the 4th October, and debated all 
 questions relative to the best means of reviv- 
 ing trade and industry in the southern and 
 western sections of the United States. The 
 Convention advocated direct trade willi Eu- 
 rope from Southern cities, the adoption of a 
 homestead law, and a fair and equitable sched- 
 ule of rates for freight and passenger trans- 
 portation. 
 
 The labor movement was agitated, and the 
 National Labor Congress, held in August at 
 Cincinnati, voted the immediate formation of 
 an independent political organization, to be 
 known as the " National Labor Reform 
 Party." The North-western movement against 
 the maintenance of the national capital at 
 Washington was continued by the assembling 
 at Cincinnati of a convention, in which were 
 reaflirmed the anti -Washington resolutions 
 ailoi)tud at the National Capital Convention, 
 held in St. Louis the year before. Cincinnati 
 also had the honor of giving hospitality to an 
 " Irish National Congress," which, without 
 eliciting openly any Fenian (iroelivities, had 
 for its object the union of the various Irish 
 organizations of the United States. 
 
 Ku Kluxism was taken in hand by the 
 Senate after the reception of a Presidential 
 message calling the attention of Congress to 
 the case of North Carolina. The majority 
 report of the Senate committee admitted that 
 the Ku Klux organization did exist, had a 
 political purpose, u.nd was composed of mem- 
 bers of the Democratic or Conservative party ; 
 that it had sought to carry out its purpose by 
 murders, whipping, intimidations, and vio- 
 lence against its opponents. Senators Blair 
 and Bayard submitted to the Senate a mi- 
 nority report. 
 
 The message of President Grant at the 
 commencement of the third session of the 
 Forty-first Congress, December 5, 1870, was a 
 loiigcu" document than was expected. It was 
 filled more especially with u leiigtheiKM] re- 
 view of foreign questions, and contained a 
 strong recommendation for the annexation of 
 San Domingo. 
 
 T'.c financial progress of the country dur- 
 inr_ this year was not so great as it was ! 
 nattiral to exjiect from the continued increase j 
 in its receipts. The breaking out of the ; 
 Franco-German war prevented the Secretary i 
 of the Treasury from putting on the money- ; 
 markets his intended loan, the proceeds of 
 which were to realize the equalization and the 
 funding of the public debt. By an act of 
 Congress, approved July 14, 1870, the views i 
 of the Secretary of the Trea.sury were en- | 
 dorsed by Congress, which authorized him to 1 
 issue, in sums not exceeding $200,000,000, 
 coupon or registered bonds of the United i 
 States, redeemable in coin, at the pleasure of ] 
 the United States, after ten years, and bear- 
 
 i ing 5 per cent, interest, also ])ayablo in coin; 
 also to issue lli300,000,000 bonds", jiayablo after 
 I fifteen j'luirs, and bearing I.J per cent, iiiter- 
 jCSt; also ijt 1 ,000,000,000 of' liki^ bonds, pay- 
 I able after thirty years, and bearing 4 per cent, 
 interest. The proceeds of the sale of those 
 bonds, at not less than their par value for 
 coin, was to be applied exclusively to the re- 
 demption of any outstanding five-twenty 
 bonds of the United States, at their jiar 
 value ; or the new bonds might be exchanged 
 for five-twenty bonds par fur i)ar. J-Ivery 
 preparation was made — even a portion of tlio 
 paper was manufactured — in order to be Jire- 
 jiari'd to throw that gigantic loan on the 
 market as soon as the F"ranco-German war, 
 which was declared two days after the ap- 
 proval of the act of Congress, should cease. 
 But the war lasted longer than expected, and 
 the Secretary of the Treasury was compelled 
 to ask authority to issue iis36o,000,000 addi- 
 tional of bonds, bearing 5 per cent, interest, 
 and payable quarterly. On the last day of 
 November, 1870, the principal of the ]mblic 
 debt, not deducting moneys on hand, was 
 82,418,073,044.43, showing a still larger re- 
 duction than at the end of the fiscal year, 
 when on July Ist, 1870, the reduction of the 
 public debt for the fiscal year had been 
 officially figured at «slO7,77U,780.13. Tho 
 difference between gold and currency declined 
 from 32.9 premium in 18G9, to 1.').2 in 1870, 
 which was an improvement of about 1 7 per 
 cent, in the United Stales paper currency. 
 Tho .surplus of recei])ts over expenditures, for 
 the fiscal year eiuling June 30, 1870, was 
 §101,G01,!>l(i.88, which were applied, as 
 usual, to the payment of the public debt. 
 Some measures were adojited by Congress 
 to increase somewhat the circulation of tho 
 National Banks, and for a riKluction of 
 ^77,000,000 of internal taxes, as compared 
 with those of the previous year. The decline 
 of ship-building and the American carrying- 
 trade were so significant, that a special com- 
 mittee was apjiointed by Congress to visit 
 New York, Boston, I'hiladelphia, and Port- 
 land, to ascertain what remedy could bo 
 brought about to stay the di.'cline of so im- 
 portant an item of nati.'iial prospei-ity. Tho 
 report showed that, in 1850, 7.") per cent, of 
 the total exports and imports were shipped 
 in American vessels. In 1855, the situation 
 had remained the same; but in 1809, 34 jier 
 cent, only were shijiped in American vessels, 
 to CO per cent, in foreign bottoms. Nearly 
 70 j)er cent, of the imports at Mew York 
 were in foreign steamers. Tho committee 
 suggested many remedies, but they were not 
 tried. 
 
 One of the most important diplomatic ques- 
 tions raised during the year, was that relating 
 to the war which broke out in Europe in the 
 middle of July, 1870. On August 22d, tho 
 President issued a proclamation of neutrality, 
 enjoining American citizens not to take any 
 part in the Franco-German conflict. On tho 
 8th of October, some French men-of-war hav- 
 ing appeared off New Y'oik, as with the inten- 
 tion of practically blockading that port against 
 German merchantmen, the President issued 
 another proclamation declaring that such fre- 
 quenting and use of American waters would 
 not be tolerated from either of tho bellig(;r- 
 ents. The making of American ports d<q)ots 
 for matemls of war was also prohibited ; and 
 
flM 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ■ U 
 
 ;^: 
 
 Mr. KInIi llionght nccoRsary to tliiink I'riiBBia, 
 bccniisi-, wliilt) hor imvy wiiH tlien yot in 
 its inl'iiuey iind (niito uspleHs, slio liiid doclarcil 
 to aillicn! to tlio (iriiiciiilo Ibrmorly advocated 
 by the United .States, tliat jn-ivuto property 
 (III the liij;li seas sliould bo exemjit Irom 
 Ki'iziire. No dlHcussiou nroHO between the 
 United States and Fi-ance in the first half 
 of tlio year; on the contrary, very cordial 
 anil familiar relations had been established 
 iM^tween the Imperial family and the An\erican 
 Minister at Paris, Mr. E. B. Washburno. 
 Nevertheless, ho hastened to recognize, accord- 
 ing to American diplomatic tradition, the 
 establishment Je facto of a Jtepnblican gov- 
 oi-nrnent. Mr. Washburno had frequent and 
 friendly interviews with Jules Favro, French 
 Minister of Foreign Affairs; but the United 
 States Government iloeliued the prayer made 
 by Jules Favro to bring about the end of the 
 war through the good offices of the American 
 Uovernmeut. Immediately after the declara- 
 tion of war, and during the siege of Paris, Mr. 
 Wushburne took charge of tho interests of 
 the Oerrnans in tho French capitr^l, and, 
 tiiough authorized to do so by the State De- 
 partment, he was accused by tho Frenchmen 
 — wrongly, of course — of entertaining Ger- 
 laan sympathies. On one day, a battalion of 
 the National Guard called on Mr. E. B. 
 AV'ashburuc, to thank him for his hasty recog- 
 nizing of the Kepublio ; and later, another 
 niauifestation was directed against him, on 
 uocouiit of his pretended Prussian sympathies. 
 Some Americans, among whom tho benevo- 
 lent and )>hilauthropic Dr. Thomas W. Evans 
 was a chief laborer, established an ambulance 
 in Paris, and the American name went out 
 gloriously from all the wrecks and ruins of 
 the siege of that unfortunate city. 
 
 In C'hiiui and Corea, the American influ- 
 ence was greatly increased through ener- 
 getic action against the Coreans and the 
 ))irat(!s of tlie southern Chinese seas. Mr. 
 Low, Minister of the United States, took in 
 hand the cause of the French and Russians 
 murdered at Ti i-tsin, ar.d exacted the pun- 
 ishment of tlio nuirderers. A few more notes 
 were exchanged relative to tho Alabama 
 Claims question, just before the death of Lord 
 Clarendon. The Canadian aiithorities having 
 revoked tho system of fishing-licenses, and 
 authorized British officers to seize any vessel 
 actually fishing within three miles of Cana- 
 dian waters, some American vessels were thus 
 seized, which fact led to an active diplomatic 
 correspondence between the State Dejiart- 
 nieut and tlie British Government. Tho 
 Northwest Boundary question was raised for 
 til'! first time, and a joint commission w.is 
 formed, with Knglisli and American conimis- 
 •sioners, to arrive at a definite settlement of 
 the frontier near Pembina. In Japan, Mr. 
 Do Long, United States IMinister, was in- 
 structed to protest against a decree of depor- 
 tation issued against 3,000 native Christians ; 
 tlu! Japanese Government complied with the 
 reijuest. Tho question of the indemnity of 
 United States citiz;us against Spain, claims 
 arising from the Cuban war, caused a frequent 
 interchange of diplomatic notes between 
 Secretary Fisii and Don M. Lopez Roberts, 
 Minister of Spain at Washington. The 
 American Government succeeded in asserting 
 tlie elaiiiiK of its citizens, as well as in obtain- 
 ing thu release of llio Lkiyd AqHnwnll, a 
 
 vessel which was seized by Spanish authori- 
 ticB, on tho ground she was engaged for tho 
 Cuban cause. 
 
 The year 1871 opened with other changes 
 in tho President's Cabinet. Attorney-Gen- 
 eral Akornian I'esigned Ids ofiice, and was suc- 
 ceeded by ex-Senator George H. Williams, of 
 Oregon. President Grant dismissed Gen. 
 Pleasanton, who had declined, upon tho re- 
 quest of the President, to tender liis resigna- 
 tion an Commissioner of Interna! Revenue. 
 In April, the Supremo Ciourt tlecideil that the 
 Federal Government had not tho right to tax 
 tho salary of a judicial i,fliccr of a State. 
 Soon after, tho same Court reversed tho de- 
 cision at which it had arrived, in 1870, rela- 
 tive to the bearing of tho Legal Tender Act 
 of Congress. The court had judged that 
 United States notes were not a legal tender 
 for debts contracted before the jjassage of the 
 bill. But only seven judges sat on the bench 
 on that occasion, and two vacancies having 
 boon filled in the interval, a rehearing of tho 
 case was demanded by the Attorney-tJeneral ; 
 and by five voices against four, the court decid- 
 ed that United States notes were a legal tender, 
 even with retroactive etiect, and that they 
 could pay any debts contracted previous to 
 the pa.sBage of the act. Chief Justice Chase 
 maintained the opinion held by him on the 
 first hearing of the case, and voted with the 
 minority of the court. 
 
 The Ku Klux bill was jmssed by Congi-oss, 
 after a lengthened and strong discussion, dur- 
 ing which some Senators— Mr. Trumbull 
 and others — declared that the adoption of 
 such a bill amounted to putting an end to 
 State Government, and introducing an unwise 
 change in our government system. Senator 
 Schurz was still more explicit, and he said 
 that " the jjassage of this nujasure marks 
 the enlargement of the national jurisdiction 
 at the expense of local governments, and sets 
 up a constructive rebellion, in order to invest 
 the I'resident with discretionary power to 
 suspend the liaheas corpus laws." At any 
 rate, the measure was such a sweeping and 
 an extraordinary one, that President (jJrant 
 thought necessary to issue first, on the 4th 
 of May, a proclamation intended to enlighten 
 the jieople of tho United States as to the 
 constitutionality, the necessity, and tho in- 
 nocuous character of the bill. Later, in Oc- 
 tober, he jiut in practice the aforesaid bill, 
 and proclaimed the suspension of the hahcaa 
 ciirjnis laws in some districts of North Caro- 
 lina said to bo infested with Ku Kluxism. 
 In November, a proclamation to tho same 
 effect was issued, as aiiplicablo to Union 
 ('oiinty, in South Carolina. 
 
 The Civil Service Reform question com- 
 menced to be agitated ; on the 3d of Jlarch, 
 Congress voted an appropriation to defray the 
 expenses of a newly constituted Board, called 
 the Civil Service Commissioners, tho mem- 
 bers aitpointed by the President being Messrs. 
 George William Curtis, Alexander G. Cattell, 
 Joseph ISIedill, Davidson IT. Walker, E. B. 
 Ellicott, Josejili II. Blackfan, and David C. 
 Cox. Soon after, these gentlemen proposed 
 the new rules to be ap|ilied to candidates for 
 the civil service of the United States. 
 
 Early in April, 1872, the Democratic mem- 
 bers of Congress issued an adilress to the 
 people of the United States, in which they 
 protested against the manner in wliich the 
 
 Adminstration had discharged its duties. At 
 tho end of tho same month. President (Jrant 
 made a visit to Indianapolis, and, at the 
 public reception which was tendered to him. 
 Senator Morton answt^red indirectly tho ail- 
 dress of the Democratic Congressmen, reas- 
 serted the Republican principles, and broach- 
 ed the idea of tho re-election of Grant. Al- 
 most immediately after, in a jirivate meeting 
 held at Cincinnati by some prominent Repub- 
 licans, the idea of tho Liberal Re|)ublican ]ir()- 
 grammowas launched, on tho basis of genital 
 amnesty, civil service reform honestly carried 
 on, specie payments, and a revenue tarilF. It 
 was decided afterwards, in a meeting of niorii 
 than 100 very prominent Republicans, that a 
 split was necessary in tho party, and a call is- 
 sued from ^Missouri for a Republican National 
 Convention to be held at Cincinnati, on iMay 
 1,1872, in opposition to tho nomination of 
 General Grant. 
 
 At tlie same time, the Domocratio party, 
 under the initiative of Vallandigham himself, 
 supported by John Quincy Adams, of Massa- 
 chusetts, and even by Salmon P. Chase, took 
 what was called a " new departure " from its 
 former doctrines. Jefferson Davis attempted, 
 in a speech at Atlanta, Ga., to maintain tliu 
 Democratic phalanxes in the old path, but 
 his efforts were of no avail. The end of tlio 
 year found the two gi-eat |iarties of the coun- 
 try. Republican and Democratic, divided 
 among themselves, and the victory >.as left 
 for the strong Administration i)arty to accept. 
 IMeantime, many other conventions were 
 held by the National Labor organization, by 
 tho negroes, by tho Female Suffrage partisans, 
 and by the heads of police departments and 
 chiefs of police of the cities of the United 
 States. Most of these conventions made their 
 headquarters at St. Louis, just as in the year 
 previous Cincinnati had enjoyed the honor 
 and profit of liarboring them. The resolu- 
 tions adopted by these conventions of 1871, 
 were nearly the same as those voted in tliu 
 meetings of the previous year. 
 
 Tho figures and statistics of the United 
 States census of 1870 weru published in this 
 year ; tlie jiopulation of the country was .'iS,- 
 113,253, showing an increase, during the de- 
 cade, of 22.22 per cent., that is, of C,92!»,r)0D 
 inhabitants. 
 
 The financial .sitviation of the United States 
 was good in 1871, though not so appreciateil 
 in Europe, where the funding loan could not 
 bo placed. The best evidence of the pros- 
 perity of the country was in the fact that tho 
 receipts were in excess of expenditures to the 
 figtire of t;91,14r.,7r)G.fi4 ; that the public debt 
 was kept decreasing as announced in former 
 estimates, and that the premium on golil kept 
 equally and steadily falling. 
 
 The average premium on gold for the year 
 
 1808, was 39.54 per cent. 
 
 18G9, 32.ij(l " " 
 
 1870, 14.83 « " 
 
 1871, 12.1 " " 
 
 This steady decrease in the premium on 
 gold, and eonsecpient appreciation of the na- 
 tional paper money, was due especially to the 
 re-establishment of confidence in the credit of 
 the Government, which confidence led to an in- 
 creased demand for poper money in the busi- 
 ness afl'airs of tho country. The reveniio 
 from customs for tho fiscal year 1871 was 
 I greatly in excess of tho estimates, auJ 
 
 mm 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 ecT 
 
 iHchnrged its (lutirx. At 
 I month, President ( Jrnnt 
 idiiuiapoliH, and, at tlio 
 icli wiia tendiired to liini, 
 wered indirectly the iid- 
 riitic Congi-essnicn, iciis- 
 u principleH, and brondi- 
 "•election of Gront. Al- 
 ter, in a jirivate nicetinf,' 
 ■ some (ironiinent Kejjiilj- 
 ) Liberal Kcpnblicun jiri)- 
 I, on the basis of general 
 3 reform lionestly carried 
 and a rovenjio tarilF. It 
 ds, in a meeting of moro 
 nent Ke])iiblioans, that u 
 1 the party, and a call is- 
 jr a Republican National 
 Id at Cincinnati, on May 
 in to the nomination of 
 
 , the Democratic party, 
 )f Vallandigham himseif, 
 luincy Adams, of Massa- 
 y Salmon 1'. Chase, took 
 lew departure " fi-oni its 
 ifferson Davis attempted, 
 ta, Ga., to maintain the 
 !s in the old j)ath, but 
 
 avail. The end of tlio 
 reat (larties of the coini- 
 d Democratic, divided 
 lid the victory >/as left 
 istration party to accept, 
 other conventions were 
 
 Labor organization, by 
 L'male Suffrage partisans, 
 police departments ami 
 10 cities of the United 
 
 conventions made their 
 ouis, just as in the year 
 had enjoyed the hoiun- 
 ng them. The resoiii- 
 le conventions of 1871, 
 aa those voted in the 
 BUS year. 
 
 :atist:cs of the United 
 were published in this 
 
 of the country was .IS,- 
 increase, during the de- 
 it., that i.s, of C,92!»,r)09 
 
 ftmounted to $206,270,408.05. Tho receipt* 
 from internal rovenuo wore about $4,000,000 
 lost) than tho ostiraatos, and reached tho total 
 of $143,098,153.03. In January, Congress 
 j)nssod an act increasing to $500,000,000 tho 
 $200,000,000 bonds, bearing five per cent., 
 ])roviously a\itliorizod to bo iBsued. The loan 
 was otforud both in Europe and in this couu- 
 try ; here, a large portion of it wos taken, 
 but it failed in Europe, and that was the 
 cause of some complaints which were made 
 in Congress against tho financial policy of the 
 Secretary of tho Treasury. 
 
 Tho oorreapondenco and relations with Great 
 Uritain, form, during tho year 1871, tho most 
 important and about the only point of interest 
 in the diplomatic affairs of tho United States. 
 Tho joint CO' imission was proposed in Janu- 
 ary by Sir Edward Thornton, the British 
 Minister at Wa-shington. After tho exchange 
 of a few notes, tho project of a joint commis- 
 sion which would examine all cases in dispute 
 bntween tho two countries, was adopted. 
 The Commissioners assembled at Wiushington 
 on February 27th, under the presidency of 
 Huuielary Fish. On tho 4th of May was read 
 tho statement prepared by Lord Tenterden 
 anil J. C. Bancroft Davis, who had been ap- 
 ]ii)inted joint protocolists, and, after an earnest 
 discussion, the Washington Treaty was signed. 
 At the end of May, the arbitrators who were 
 to be appointed, according to the Treaty, wore 
 dosignated. Mr. Charles Francis Adams, of 
 Massachusetts, was appointed arbitrator on 
 bolialf of tho United States, with Mr. James 
 S. FrazL-r as Commissioner of Claims. Sir 
 Ale.xander Cockburn was appointed by Eng- 
 liviul ; M. StaempQi, for Switzerland ; Count 
 ydopis, for Italy ; and Baron Itajuba, for 
 Bnuil. The first meeting of the interna- 
 tional tribunal, thus composed, was held at 
 
 nominatod David Davis, of Illiuoui, one of the 
 Judges of tho Supreme Court, for President, 
 and Joel Parker, of New Jersey, for Vice- 
 President. But, both of them having do- 
 cliued the nomination, a convention of work- 
 ingmon was held at I'hiladelphio, and nomi- 
 dated Charles O'Conor, of Now York, for 
 President; no Vico-I'n'sident wa« nomi- 
 nated. Tho National Colored Convention, 
 which assembled in New Orleans, did not 
 nominate any candidate, but it strongly en- 
 dorsed Grant's administration, and at the 
 same time, tendered its thanks to Charles 
 Sumner for his continued efforts in favor of 
 the colored race. Tho Liberal Kepublican 
 party began in earnest its own canvass, un- 
 der the direction of Carl Schurz, of Missouri, 
 On May 1st, a convention was held in Cin- 
 cinnati, which nominated Horace Greeley for 
 President, and B. Gratz Brown, of Missouri, 
 for Vice-President. Some leaders of the 
 movement, like Carl Schurz and Jacob D. 
 Cox, being dissatisfied with those nominations, 
 attempted, in u conference held at tho Fifth 
 Avenue Hotel in New York, to split the Lib- 
 oral party by nominating Mr. Groesbeck for 
 President and Frederick L. Olmsted for 
 Vice-President, but this movement failed com- 
 pletely. Tho regular Democratic Convention 
 assembled at Baltimore on July 9th, endorsed 
 the nominations luado at Cincinnati by the 
 Liberal llepublicana ; and thus Horace Gree- 
 ley and Gratz Brown wore the caudidatos both 
 for tho Democrats and tho Liberal Republi- 
 cans. Some dissatisfied Democrats attempt- 
 ed in vain, in a convention held at Louisville, 
 to place before tho people of their party the 
 names of O'Conor and of John Quiney Adams, 
 as candidates for the Presidency and Vice- 
 Presidency. This movement liad no import- 
 ance. Some dissenting negroes led by W. N. 
 
 Geneva, in December, 1871; Mr. Bancroft Saunders, of Maryland, attempted also to se- 
 
 Davis prepared tho American case and he laid cure the negro vote, by endorsing at their 
 
 it before the Tribunal. convention assembled at Louisville the nom- 
 
 Tho year 1872 witnessed, in its beginning, inutioii of Greeley and Gratz Brown. This 
 
 another change among the members of tho action of the colored minority was not at- 
 
 Supreme Court of the United States : Justice | tended with success. 
 
 Nelson retired on account of his age ; and ex- The regular Republican Convention was 
 
 Governor Ward Hunt, from New York, sue- held at Philadelphia, on June 5th, under the 
 
 ceeJed him. The most important decision Presidency of Thomas Settle, of North Caro- 
 
 riMidered by tho Court was the one establish- Una. With acclamation, it renominated 
 
 ing tho principle, that citizens in the Terri- 
 tories have rights of self-government cognate 
 to those enjoyed by citizens in the States. 
 
 A scheme of great national interest, intend- 
 ing to place the telegraph system of tho coun- 
 try in the hands of the Government, was 
 brought before Congress, but failed to bo en- 
 dorsod by the representatives of the nation ; 
 yet Congress passed an act creating an iin- 
 nienso public park, near the headwaters of the 
 Yellowstone River. 
 
 On tho 2d of February, the number of 
 Representatives in Congress had increased to 
 2S3, and by on Act approved on May 30th, 
 New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Penn- 
 sylvania, Indiana, Tennessee, Louisiana, Ala- 
 bama, and Florida, were authorized to send 
 one representative to Congress, in addition 
 to the number apportioned by tho previous 
 act. 
 
 Tlie Presidential campaign commenced early 
 in the year. The first convention held for the 
 purpose of nominating candidates was that 
 of the Labor Reform Party, which met at 
 Columbus, Ohio, in Februiuy, and which 
 
 Grant for President, and choso Henry Wil- 
 son, of Massachusetts, for Vice-President. 
 These two gentlemen were duly elected by 
 the popular suffrage in November, and the 
 majority of Grant over Greeley was of 762,- 
 991 votes. 
 
 This year witnessed tho act by which the 
 last restriction placed upon the liberties of 
 the Southern people w ero taken off. Congress 
 voted, on May 22, tho abolition of all politi- 
 cal disabilities imposed by the third section 
 of the Fourteenth Amendment. Still these 
 disabilities were maintained as to some who 
 had been the leaders in tho rebellion. 
 
 Financially, the year 1872 proved a suc- 
 cessful one. The national debt was reduced 
 by $99,960,253.54, although there was a re- 
 duction in the rato of taxation. The decline 
 of the American carrying trade continued, 
 and iiearly three-fourths of the foreign trade 
 with tho United States was carried under 
 foreign flags. The Secretary of tho Treosury 
 again called tho attention of the people to the 
 future financial policy of the country, and as- 
 serted tho good results of tho prulectivc sys- 
 
 lU.MK) 
 10.51)0 
 
 lo.rno 
 ri.iioi) 
 
 111,000 
 1U.0U0 
 
 tem, which had brought about tho steady r» 
 duction of the national debt. 
 
 Two great diplomatic successes for tho 
 United States are to be registered during the 
 year 1872. Tho Emperor of tlerniuny, ac- 
 cepted as arbitrator, in order to determine 
 the true boundary lino of the Noitlnvestern 
 frontier between the United States Territory 
 and tho British possessions adjoining Van 
 couver's Island, confirmed and e,stablished ihr 
 claim of the American Government. 
 
 The Alabama Claims question was also 
 settled by the Geneva Tribunal of arbitration, 
 in a manner satisfactory for tho United States. 
 Mr. Bancroft Davis, on the 21st September, 
 transmitted to Secretary Fish the award of 
 the Tribunal in favor of the United States, 
 which award was i)aid afterwards without 
 any discussion by tho British (lovernment. 
 In the settlement of this great question the 
 Government of the United States retained tho 
 services of William M. Evarts, Caleb Cush- 
 ing, and Mr. Waito, afterwards appointed 
 Chief Justice of the United States to succeed 
 Mr. Chase. 
 
 In the beginning of the year 1874, Congre«8 
 increased saloi-ies of the officers of tho gov- 
 ei-nment as follows : 
 
 01(1 flii'nry. Now Snlnry, 
 
 Prenldcnt of the United StatM tS.-i,OHI JBO.IU'O 
 
 Vlce-I-renldcnt KmO 
 
 Chief JutiUco of Buitrf mc Court ft.rA'O 
 
 JuRtloMof Supreme Court S,0*-0 
 
 Circuit JudirM '',0 
 
 Bpcnkerof tlio IIouiw of Ucprwnliitivpw. MK)!) 
 MemUcm of tho Coblnot f.OOU 
 
 The salaries of Members of (-'ongress were 
 also increased by the same Act, but such ob- 
 jection was raised thioii^'hoiit the country, 
 that the members began by refusing, individ- 
 ually, to draw their increased pay, and after- 
 words the portion of the bill relative to the 
 salaries of Congressmen was repealed. On tho 
 4th of March, 1874, President Grant and Vice- 
 President Wilson were inaugurated. It was 
 the coldest day which had been ex])erieuced 
 in Washington since its foundation ; some ca- 
 dets of the Naval School went on the sick list 
 on returning to Annapolis. The general ob- 
 servations mode by the President, in his in- 
 augural, were few, and rather too precise on 
 certain topics. " When my first term of the 
 oflice of Chief Executive began," he said, 
 " the land had not recovered from the eflect of 
 an internal revolution, and three of the for- 
 mer States of the Union had not been restored 
 to their Federal relations. It seemed to me 
 wi.se that no new questions should be raised 
 so long as that condition of affairs existed ; 
 therefore, the past four years, so far as I could 
 control events, hove been consumed in the 
 effort to restore liarniony, piil.lic credit, com- 
 merce, and all the arts of jieaee mid progress. 
 It is my firm conviction, tlirit Ihc civilized 
 world is tending towanls icpiililiciinisin, or 
 government of the peo]ile tliioiiuh their chosen 
 representatives, and that our own gnjat repub- 
 lic is destined to be the guiding star to all 
 others." The Presiilent then reviewed rapidly 
 the different questions of immediate interest 
 to the United States, saying that " the effect 
 of the late civil war has been to free the slave 
 and make him a citizen. Yet, he is not posses- 
 sed of the ci«l rights which citizenship should 
 carry with it. This is wrong, and should bo 
 con'ectetl. To this correction I stand com- 
 mitted, Bo far as Executive influence can 
 avail." Presitlent Grant continues his Mes- 
 sugo, by making au apology, for having worked 
 
008 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 HO paniedtly a» lut did for tlio imicli'iHo of Hiiu 
 D(miitij;o, wliioli |iurcliiiii«) Imd been con- 
 di'imiiMl by I'iimhichh. I In Niiid, " In the 
 fiitiiro, wliilo 1 liold my present otliee, tlie 
 siibji'et, of iici)iiisitioii of territory iiniNt iiiivt! 
 the support of tlie people l)eforo I will reroiii- 
 iiiend any proposition looking to sneii iiuipii- 
 silion." After liiiving"aeknowlpd)jed tlieolili- 
 f{iitions ho is under to his countrymen," for 
 liis rooluotion, the President recalls thiit " he 
 Intd scitrcely a respite in his labors since tlie 
 eventful tiring on Fort Humter, in April, lH(i 1, 
 to the jiresent day ; " and ho ends his Message 
 by those words of personal iiiteri^st: " Not- 
 withstanding this [the roll-call of his Herviees|, 
 throughout the war, ntid fron\ my candichiey 
 for my present olHce, in 180^, to the close of 
 the last presidential campaign, I have Ix^en 
 the subject of abuse and slander scarcely ever 
 equalled in political history, which to-day 1 
 feel I can afford to disi'egard, in view of your 
 verdict, which I gratefully accept as my vin- 
 dication." 
 
 The changes immediately made in tlio Cabi- 
 net were limited to the a|)|>ointment of Wil- 
 liam A. llichardson as Seoretaiy of the Treas- 
 ury, vice George S. Boutwell, who resigned 
 liis oflice. The internal jiostal system of the 
 United States was improved by the adoption 
 of the free-delive; y system in all cities contain- 
 ing 20,000 inhabitants, and by the introduc- 
 tion of the postal cards. 
 
 Among the many conventions which assem- 
 bled during the year, the most im|>ortantones 
 were that of the " I'atrons of Husbandry," 
 who are so faniilar to every American uiuler 
 their popular name, the ({rangers ; and the 
 National Cheap Transportation, which orga- 
 nized in New York in May, 1874. Hotli of 
 these orgaTiizations had nearly the same view ; 
 that is, to bring Congress to legislate for the 
 better government of railroad corporations. 
 Early in Jaumiry, 1874, u report was made 
 to Congress on the question, by its Committee 
 on Railroads and "anals. The people asked 
 that a law should be enacted, regulating 
 commerce by railroads between the sevenil 
 States. No action was taken on that point, 
 which had been thoroiighly examined by 
 (!eoi-go W. i\IcCrary, o" Iowa, Chairman of 
 the Committee on Kailroads and (janals. 
 
 This year, except 1872, when 449,483 im- 
 migrants landed in America, witnessed a larg- 
 er o.xodus from Euro])e to this country, tliau 
 any one previous. In 187.'5 there were 4;i7,()04 
 immigrants who arrived in the United States, 
 making a whole total of 8,808,141 since 
 1820. 
 
 Financially, the year 1873 would have 
 been as prosperous as the ])revious ones, but 
 for the incredible panic which seized the 
 coinitry in SeptcTubcr. Never ha.s been more 
 strongly illustrated the special character of 
 u panic, is))ccially of a financial one ; rumors 
 and fears caused all the trouble. It began at 
 the national capital, and at the First National 
 liank, managed by Jay Cooke it Co., who en- 
 joycid the confidence of the Government. It 
 was inunediately rinuored that the United 
 States Treasury itself was concerned in the 
 Jay Cooke fuilnreH, though there was not 
 an atom of truth in the saying. The fiscal 
 year ending June 30, 1873, produced in the 
 shape of excess of receii)ts over expenditures, 
 almost exactly what had been estimated by 
 tho Socretury of the Treasury iu hi.s tiuau- 
 
 eial report of the previous year. The sur- 
 plus, which amounted to ♦43,3i»2,950.34, wa« 
 devoted as .is\ial to the payment of the na- 
 tional debt. Hut tho panic having settled 
 ileep into all commercial, industrial, and finan- 
 cial enterprises of the country, having broken 
 down many of the moneyed institutions, and 
 closed up the majority of workshops, tho na- 
 tional financial statiis of tho second part of 
 1873 was not so satisfactory as that of tho 
 firat half of the year. The I)e8t evidence that 
 the financial panic did not rest upon any real, 
 soinid nu)tives, is that the shipbuilding trade, 
 which had been depressed for so long a time, 
 began to revive. Still, the panic exercised a 
 tremendous influence over ordinary nuTcan- 
 tilo and indnstiijd transactions, and the suffer- 
 ings of the people were so acute, that they are 
 now (August, 1874) not yet healed. 
 
 No <liplomatic q\ieation of importance, ex- 
 cept that pertaining to Cuba, arose during 
 the year 1873. Foreign nations, as the Ar- 
 gentine Hepublic and Austria, admit, or de- 
 clare their intention to admit, in order to set- 
 tle their quarrels with other countries, the 
 principle of arbitration recognized and prac- 
 tised by the United States. The Chinese 
 Kmjieror agreed to relinquish tho old system 
 of tlie (^ourt of I'ekin, and to receive Foreign 
 Ministei-s in his celestial presence. 
 
 The I'irt/lnixn, an A nu-rican schooner, hav- 
 ing been seized on the high seas by a Spanish 
 man-of-war, and bro\ight into the port of San- 
 tiago, as guilty of being an insurgent Cuban 
 v<'ssel, many of the passengers and crew were 
 shot by the Spaniards. The State Depart- 
 ment at Wa-shington insistcul that an apology 
 should be made, that the T'i')y/i/(i«^ should be 
 remitted to the United States Government, 
 and that an indemnity should bo paid to tlie 
 families of the victims. The first two con- 
 ditions were soon comidied with ; and the 
 third one is now (August, 1874) the subject of 
 diplomatic connnunications. 
 
 In the beginning of the j-ear 1874 Gov- 
 ernors of several States were inaugurated : 
 among them Governor Kemper, of Virginia; 
 Dix, of New York ; William Allen, of Ohio. 
 Th(^ President withdrew the nomination he 
 had made of Mr. Cushing as Chief Justice, 
 and Mr. Morrison K. Waite's nomination to 
 that oflice was afterwards confirmed by the 
 Senate. In February, the President sent a 
 message to Congress, asking in g(uieral terms 
 a handsome supjiort of the centennial enter- 
 prise. His nomination of Mr. Cushing as 
 Minister at Madrid having been confirmed 
 by the Senate, Mr. Cushing sailed for Spain 
 in March. On the 8th of the same month 
 ex-President Fillmore was carried to the 
 grave; and tlii-eo days after, Charles Sunnier 
 died at Washington, after having seen his 
 former censure by the Massachuscttts Legisla- 
 : tiire rescinded by that body. In !May the 
 I Piesident determined to suppress the warfare 
 i which was carrii^d on in Arkan.sas by Brooks 
 I and fia.xter, both of whom pretended to be the 
 j legal ttovernors of the State. Fighting con- 
 i tinned for weeks,at Little Hock especially, and 
 1 also in the neighboring counties, while power- 
 : ful moral assistance was given to each of tho 
 ' contestants by ditlerent Members of Con- 
 i gre.ss. The I'residcnt, acting on tho advice 
 'of tho Attoniey-tieiieral, recognized Baxter 
 I as (iovernor of Aikimsas, and warned Brooks 
 'and his fellow-insurgents to disperse. Ou 
 
 May 23d tho Senate passed the Civil Itights 
 Bill. General Bristow was unanimously con- 
 firmed by the Senate, on June 1st, as Secre- 
 tary of tho Treasury. Mr. Itichardson, the 
 then incumbent, was also, on the same day, 
 confirmed as Judge of the Court of Claims. 
 Another change was rendered necessary in 
 the Cabinet, liy the resignation of Postmaster- 
 General Cresswell on the 24th of June. Af- 
 ter having offered tho situation to several who 
 declined to accept it, tlio President nominated 
 Mr. Jewell, then Minister of the United States 
 at St. Petersburg ; this choice was confirnied 
 by the Senate. 
 
 During tho first half of 1874 there were 
 labor riots in ditferent places in the country; 
 near New York, at tho Bergen Tunnel, but 
 especially in Pennsylvania. In the miuith of 
 March, the workmen of the Krio Railway 
 took forcible iiosscssion of tho company's 
 works at Susiiuelianna ; they were driven 
 away, however, without bloodshed, by the 
 State troops forwarded there by tho Governor 
 of Pennsylvania. The famous French exile, 
 Rochefort, arrived in New York on May 
 30th, and delivered a lecture at the New 
 York Academy of Alusic, but without ex- 
 citing any trouble, ond but little curiosity 
 on the part of the peojilo. Early in the year, 
 tho temperance movement, characterized by 
 bar-room prayer-meetings, began in the West. 
 In Jtine and July, the country was visited 
 by various disasters. In Minnesota, the lo- 
 custs ca\ised considerable damage to the crops. 
 A reservoir burst at Middlefield, Massachu- 
 setts, destroying a great amount of life and 
 p»operty ; and a terrible rainfall occasioned 
 a flood, on tho 27th July, at I'ittsburg, Pa., 
 where many lives were lost. A fire rage<l in 
 Chicago on the 14th of July, and destroyed a 
 large part of the city. 
 
 Early in August the steamer fat liogen 
 was destroyed by fire on the Ohio river, and 
 twenty-five lives were lost. On the night of 
 the 7th of the same month the steamer Henry 
 Amet sank near Waterjiroof, Miss. A heavy 
 frost jirevailed throughout northern New 
 England on tho same night, and a snow- 
 storm occurred in New Hamjishire. 
 
 Congress debated for many months the fi- 
 nancial measures jii-oposed by the Secretary 
 of the \ easury. The Confcrenco Currency 
 Bill was at first defeated in the House, on 
 June 13th; then it passed on the 20th, and 
 tho Piesidi'nt signed it two days after. The 
 new five per cent. loan was placed on tho 
 market July 2r>th ; and on the 27th Secretary 
 Bristow accepted the bids tendered by foreign 
 bankers. 
 
 The passport system was abolished in 
 France, for American travellers; but it 
 amounted to little, for travellers were still 
 obliged to prove their identity when requested 
 to do so. A new I'ostal Treaty was signed 
 with France, and went into operation the 1st 
 of A\igust, 1874. By this convention tho 
 postage on single letters of half an ounce 
 transmitted between France and the United 
 States was nine cents, prepaid. 
 
 Adelbert Ames, Governor of Mississijipi, 
 called upon the President of tho United 
 States for National troojis to suppress a 
 threatened political outbreak in that State be- 
 tween the Republicans and l)emocrats. Tho 
 I'residcnt refused the appeal of tho governor, 
 and did wot send the troops. 
 
iHKed tlin Civil UiuhtH 
 WHH iiniiiiiiiioiiNJy con- 
 
 >I1 ,huw iHt, UH Sui'lV- 
 
 Mr. IficlmnlNoii, tlm 
 w>, 1)11 the HiiiiKi (liiv 
 llif ("oint of ClainiH.' 
 (iii(lci'i')l iicecKMiiy in 
 nation of PoHtinnNtcr- 
 
 24tli of Jnno, Af- 
 t\iiition to sovorni wiio 
 
 1 l*rcsii|(>ntnoniiiiiiti'(| 
 •I- of tho Uuit(!(l Stiili'g 
 ilioico wan confirniid 
 
 of 1874 thore wcro 
 ilnccH in tlic country; 
 Uergrn Tniiiu'l, liut 
 ill. In tho mr>Mtli of 
 f tho Krio Kiiiiwiiy 
 of tho company's 
 they wi'i-o (liiv<.n 
 t blootisliod, by tho 
 hero by tho tJovornor 
 famonH French exile, 
 New York on AIny 
 lecture nt the New 
 iic, but without ex- 
 but littlo curiosity 
 . Knrly in tho yeiii-, 
 !nt, chtiriicterized by 
 a, begnn in the West, 
 country whh visited 
 n Minnesota, tho io- 
 dainago tothocro|iK. 
 i<ldlefield, Slassuehu- 
 t amount of life and 
 3 rainfall occasioned 
 ly, at I'ittsburg, I'a., 
 ost. A fire raged iu 
 hi\y, and destroyed a 
 
 steamer Tat liogcra 
 I tJie Ohio river, and 
 St. On the night of 
 h the steamer Jffnry 
 oof, Miss. A heavy 
 lout northern New 
 night, and a snow- 
 lamjjshire. 
 nany months tho fi- 
 fd by tho Secretary 
 'onfen^nco Currency 
 d in the Ilotise, oii 
 ed on the 2()th, and 
 Ao days after. The 
 was placed on tho 
 I the L'7th Secretary 
 tendered by foreign 
 
 was abolished in 
 travellers ; but it 
 tiavellers weie still 
 tity when reqtiested 
 
 Treaty was signed 
 to operation the 1st 
 his convention tho 
 I of half an ounco 
 lice and tho United 
 paid, 
 
 lor of Mississijipi, 
 nt of tho United 
 ij)s to suppress a 
 ttk iu that State be- 
 lt I'emoerats. 'J"hu 
 ;al of the governor, 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 000 
 
 GENERAL SUMMARY. 
 
 AOniClILTlMtE. 
 
 It is easy to iiiiilerstanil lliat the United 
 Slates, with such a well-iriigiiled teriitory, 
 Ciiii produce in the vaih'Vs of the Hudson, 
 the .Slissimii, the Ohio, etc., 8|ilrMdi(l iigricul- 
 tiiial <'ri>ps, besides tin' cotton crop, whiih is 
 ijientiuned elsewhere. It can bu said of tho 
 whole country what has been said about a 
 small part of it — Culifoinia. That .Slate was, 
 at tirst, considered as iH'iiig only able to give 
 a golil crop, while it is eviditut now that 
 wheat and corn are tliu true wi'iiltli of the 
 still called (iolden Statr. I'eople were not 
 wuutiiig, either, to proclaim that the United 
 States was but a cotton-producing country, 
 and that its fountain of wealth had been 
 ruined by the disorganization of the Cotton 
 Status. Tho prophecy has [u-oved to bo a 
 wrong one, oven with regard to cotton itself, 
 which, plenty as before, brings very nearly 
 the same amount of iiioney as the full crops 
 of lf<;")H, '.")'J, 'GO produced themscdves. And 
 it will be seen by tho statistics given below, 
 that the true wealth of the United States is 
 to bo found in their wheat, corn, barley, rye, 
 and other cereals. 
 
 The number of farms iu America, in 18.j(), 
 was 1,1 ''•,()7i"), comprising 1 13,I)H2,(11 1 .icres 
 oi II .J ved land, iiud lKI),.'')2,><,00t) acres of 
 unimproved land. In ISliO these r,'ures 
 run up to 1GH,201,.'18D farms, comprising 
 L' Ui,.")U8,244 acres. During the same period, 
 the moneyed value of the farms increasiHl by 
 more than 100 per cent., and it was ratinl in 
 
 181)0 at $i;,Gr)0,872,r)i)7. 
 
 In 181'j tho whole iiroduetion of wheat 
 was 100,4!)r),74t bu.shels ; in 18r)'J, 171,18;!,- 
 :tSl buLiiels, or an increase of 71 per ci^it. 
 The States of Illinois and Wisconsin were 
 the most prominent in this inci'ea.se. From 
 September I, 18GI, to September 1, 18H2, 
 2,1)72, .'ilT) barri^Is of flour, and 2."),7r)4,70'j 
 Imshcis of grain, were exported to (Ireat 
 Ihitain. During the same period, thee.vpor- 
 tiitions to other Kuropean countries amounted 
 ti) 2,412,047 barrels of Hour and 17,180,970 
 bushels of wheat. 
 
 Corn production increased between 181',) 
 ami IS.'i'J by more than 40 per cent., and it 
 Wiis 8;)0,4.'j 1,707 bushels in tho latter ycir. 
 As to the exportation of corn, it was not de- 
 vi'hiped as e.vtensively as that of other agri- 
 cultural products, because tho voyage across 
 t!ij Atlantic produces a damaging ellect upon 
 till,' llavor of that article, and because the 
 nioi-e corn America exporti-d, tho less wheat 
 — which pays better — would have to bo sent 
 ti) Europe. Uesides, tho corn which might 
 otherwise bo exporti (I ii) consumed at home 
 in fiHiding cattle, and especially ,)ork, which 
 is itself sold in Europe ii\ larger quantity. 
 This pork, which ontors into the trade of 
 America, was reckoned iir 180O nt about 
 32.-),000,000 pounds. 
 
 The produce of dairies, including milk, 
 butter and cheose, in ISOO, amounted to more 
 than ?(200,000,0l)0, of which two-thirds was 
 developed in the States of New Y^ork and 
 remisylvania. 
 
 Tobacco is one of the most important agri- 
 cultural products of the United States. In 
 1840, 219,103,31!) pounds were produced, 
 against 199,752,055 in 1850, and 428,121,000 
 40 
 
 in 18liO. Kxportation was carried on upon a 
 large ncale, inasmuch as tho tobacco consumed 
 in Kuropo is composed of the American pro- 
 duction in the |ir»porti<)n of two-lll'ths. 
 France alone consumes three-fourths or four- 
 tifths of United States tobacco. The Milue 
 of the exportation of Amoricau tobacco to 
 Kuropo was its follows : 
 
 « 14,7 12,408 
 12,221,843 
 20,0-)2,772 
 
 in 
 
 (( 
 
 II 
 
 1855, 
 1850. 
 1857. 
 
 17,(M)9,7(;7 
 
 (1 
 
 1858, 
 
 21,074,038 
 15,900,547 
 
 
 1859, 
 1800, 
 
 TIm^ study of tobacco statistics, and of Cus- 
 tom-House entries anil cli'arances relative to 
 it, would teach cigar smokers in what cpian- 
 tity till' Coiini'clii'ut tobacco .'liters into the 
 fabrication of "real imported Havana cigars." 
 A I. ge iiuantity of the " ( 'oniieeticiit seed" 
 is sent to (,'uli:t, where it is maiiuf;ictured into 
 cigars or re-expi ''i' to the Stales as genuine 
 Cuba tobacco. CJi • . - dly, Mk^ outside envel- 
 ope, or leaf of a ir^il Havana cigar is of 
 Connecticut origin 
 
 Jlaple sugar, siughs, and honey, though not 
 forming an ' 'i vrtant, l.r;\neli of LJi.'i il States 
 exports, ci ntute a good tin le at home. 
 Lately, strong etl'orts liave In en made in Ohio 
 and Ciilif(uiiiii to i . .•oduce winc' culture. 
 M. liongworth 1 is ;. ■ ceeded iu the neigh- 
 borhood of Ciiii luiiau, and the Cat.iwba and 
 California wines hive become rather [lopular. 
 Still, the special Have:- i.f American wiiii^ pre- 
 vents its exportation to foreign countries, 
 especially to Europe; and, on iiuoli; i' hand, 
 skilled wiiic-gvowers are not yet numeruu'. 
 enough in the country to encourage capital 
 in \iudeitaking vine-culture iu greater pro- 
 portions than is already carried on, inasmuch 
 as Ihoso pro|)ortions are already greater than 
 would have been expected in Hie early days 
 of the country. Quite recent statistics 
 demonstrate? that, in California especially, 
 the culture of the native gniiie and the in- 
 dustry of wine-growing have been developed 
 on a large .scale within the i)ast fi^w years. 
 The State is reportiul to have some 30,000,000 
 of vines, covering 45,000 acres of hind, valued 
 in the aggregate at about lil4,500,000. At 
 h'ast one-f.)urtli of \.\w hinil in some parts of 
 I'aliloriiia is b.'tter a(l:ii)ti.'il to wine-growing 
 than to other i)urpi)ses, and every year tho 
 hind planted in vines grows more and more 
 valuable. That which is worth at tho pres- 
 ent market i)iic() two dollars and a half per 
 acre, is valued at one liuu<lred dollars per 
 acre whi'ii covered with vines. The sunny 
 slopes of the Californiiiu hills must be well 
 adapted to the culture of the grape, which 
 grows wild and in great abundance, and every 
 year of cultivation will bo likely to improve 
 the quality of tho wine. Ct.iod California 
 wine is now worth about, one dollar ])er 
 bottle, or five ilollars per gallon, and niauy 
 wine-growers can get one-half tint sum per 
 i gallon by selling it in casks. We ha\e hen? 
 an enormous industry for the future, and it 
 \ is probably the betjiiining of thi? solution of 
 the temperance iiroblem. With good and 
 ('h(?ap wine at hand people would cease drink- 
 ing alcoholic liquors. 
 
 Agriculttiriil implements are mentioned 
 under the head of muuufactuves. As to the 
 
 living agricultural ini|ilements and productB, 
 horses and other animals, the United StatOH 
 is one of the wealthii'st countries in tho 
 globe; the increase is IIIO per cent, at 
 least, every tenth year. In I8l'.l the nuiii- 
 bi'r of meat-produi'iiig animals killed was 
 111,703,112, against 2 12,87 l,il.")3 in 1859. 
 A special feature of agriculture in America 
 is, that the number of animals employed in 
 agricultural purposes is larger than the num- 
 ber of the laborers. In 1800 thero were in 
 tho United States: 
 
 Horses 7,.300,972 
 
 Mules and donkeys . . . 1,290,349 
 
 Milk cows 8,728,8i;2 
 
 Oxen 2,240,075 
 
 Other cattle 18,018,409 
 
 Shei'i 24,823,500 
 
 I'igs 39,023,172 
 
 Tho whole represented a total value of 
 about 1^2,000,000,000. The increase in pork 
 only, for one year, amounted to 37 per cent., 
 and in the single winter of 1801-02, tho 
 number of hogs killed for the market ro.se to 
 2,872,000. 
 
 One of the articles of American comiiieree, 
 which ttould have been liardly |0'ophesii'd 
 fifty years age, i'l the ice trade. The li idled 
 States can be considered as the s(de purvey- 
 ors of the World for that article, for every 
 country except Kuroi.e and its immediato 
 vicinity. The success in this branch of in- 
 dustry is |iriiicipally due, not so much to the 
 cold winters of tiie north of tin.' I'liited 
 States, or to their |)roxiniily to the aliiiost- 
 ever ice-bound Cai adas ami Northern Lakes, 
 a;i to the spirit of cnterpiiM' lU Americans, 
 the .'-wiftness of their clippeis, which carry 
 so rapidly anil so cheaply their ice CMrgca .-. ii> 
 South America or the East Indies, and to 
 tho almost sc'i'utific manner by which ice is 
 gathered, stored, and shipped. The ice trade 
 was inaugurated as early as 1805, for tho 
 West Indies consumption, by a lio.stonian, 
 Mr. Frederic Tudor. In 1833 he shipped his 
 first Cargo for the Ens! Indies, and tin? year 
 after he si'iit another ice-laden ship to Ibiutil. 
 In 1840 the exportation of that article from 
 Uoston amounted to 05,000 tons, and in 
 185() to 140,000 tons. The iiw • ase in this 
 kind of exportation has keot stiiadily ahead, 
 and it brings a good .source of revemio 
 to the agricultural iiopiilation, which can so 
 much more i asily attend to it, as ice is 
 gathered in a season during which agricul- 
 tural labor is almost at a .standstill. 
 
 Though produce<l only iu very few South- 
 ern States, anil especially in North Carolina, 
 turpentine shows a fair record in tho agricul- 
 tural statistics of America. The oxporta- 
 tions, in 1800, were 4,072,023 gallons, valued 
 at 1^1,911), 289, for turpentine ossenco alone. 
 Tho crude article was exporti'd, iu the same 
 year, to the amount of 770,052 barrels, val- 
 ue 1 at ^1,818,238. To England the expor- 
 t:ili;)iis amoiuiteil to 12,323 tons in 1858, and 
 12,83:! toin in 1S59. The civil warputacheck 
 ti. that c.imiiieriv', which now (August, 1874) 
 is bi'ginniu;;; again to revive. 
 
 The census of 1870 shows tliat thero are 
 in the United States 5,922,471 pci-sons en- 
 gaged iu agricultural pursuits. Of these, 
 2,885,990 are agrioiiltural labos^ra ; 3,560 
 dairymen and dairy women ; 2,077,771 ar« 
 
r' 
 
 u 
 
 \ I 
 
 610 
 
 fairaers and planters; 1,085 aro florists ; 
 31,485 aro gardoaers and nurserymen ; 0,588 
 are stock-raisers; 0,771, stock-drovers and 
 stock-herders; 130 are apiarists; 301 are 
 turpentine farmers; 2,117 are tiirpoutiue la- 
 borers ; 1,112 wine-growers. 
 
 The census of 1870 gives the following fig- 
 ures, showing the most recent particulars re- 
 lative to all branches of agriculture : 
 
 Number of fnnna ; improved . . . 188,921,099 
 
 Cash value of farms l(l9,202,80l).861 
 
 " farming implemcuts !{:!(>, 878, 429 
 
 Wages paid during the year 310,28(1,285 
 
 Total vahie of all farm products. 2,447,.'i;i8.(i.'i8 
 
 Orchard products 47,;i;tr), 189 
 
 Produce of market gardens. 20,719,229 
 
 Forest products 30.808,277 
 
 Value of home manufactures.... 23,423,;5;!2 
 
 Value of animals slaughtered, ) sog 950,370 
 
 or sold for slaughter. .....,) ' ' 
 
 Value of all live stock 1,52.'),270.457 
 
 Number of horses 7,14i"),370 
 
 " mules and asses 1,12.5,415 
 
 " milch cows 8,93,5,3:13 
 
 " working oxen 1,319,271 
 
 " other cattle 13..5ll(!,005 
 
 " sheep 28,477,951 
 
 " swine 25,134,5(19 
 
 ^Vhcat (spring) bushels 1 12.549,733 
 
 •' (winter) " 175,195,893 
 
 Rye " 10,918,795 
 
 Imliaucorn " 7(i(),944.549 
 
 Oata " 282,107,1.57 
 
 Ilarlcy " 29.7(11.305 
 
 nuckwheat " 9.821.721 
 
 nice lbs. 73,(!35,021 
 
 Tobacco '• 2(12.735,341 
 
 Cotton bales 3.011,99(1 
 
 Wool lbs. 100,102,387 
 
 Peas and bcins bushels 5,74(1,027 
 
 Potatoes (Irish) " 143,337,473 
 
 (sweet) " 21,709,824 
 
 Wine gaUons 3,092,330 
 
 Ilutter lbs. 514,092,083 
 
 Cheese " 53,492,153 
 
 Milk gallons 235,500,.599 
 
 Hay tons 27,310,048 
 
 Clover bushels 639,057 
 
 Gr,i88 " ,58;t,188 
 
 Hops lbs. 25,450,009 
 
 Hemp tons 12.740 
 
 Flax Iba. 27,133,034 
 
 Flaxseed bushels 1,730,444 
 
 Silk (cocoons) lbs. 3,937 
 
 Sugar (cane) hhds. 87,013 
 
 " (sorghimi) " 24 
 
 " (m.iple) lbs. 28,443,045 
 
 Molasses (cane) gallons 0,593,333 
 
 (sorghum) " 10,0.50,089 
 
 " (maple) " 921, a57 
 
 Bees (wax) lbs. 031,129 
 
 " (honey) " 14,702,815 
 
 COTTOS. 
 
 If cotton is no more a " king," it is still a 
 powerf\d prince, who helps considerably in 
 the progress and wealth of the United States, 
 and ket>])s a goodly part of the world under 
 their domination. It is impossible that it 
 should bn otherwise, for the soil of America 
 is, through a si)ecial gift of Providence, 
 the beat ndi'.ptecl to cotton cultivation. It 
 produces, at the same tinu', th(i highest 
 (juality of long silky Sea Island cotton, and 
 the largest (juantity on a given area of 
 gi-ouml. The most conclii.sive evidence of 
 the superiority of the United States in the 
 matter of cotton ])roductinn over Egypt, 
 China, Brazil, aiid £a.st Indies, is to be found 
 in the fact that, during tbo kUs war, cotton, 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 though smuggled at the rate of a few bales 
 on every blockade-runner, was still sufficient 
 to provide the Confederacy with money, the 
 nerve of war, and that, at pi-esent, the whole 
 country, though producing yet loss cotton 
 '■ aan before 1801, sells it for nearly the same 
 amount of money as it did previously. 
 
 The clinuix of cotton jjroduction was 
 reached in 1859, but in the early days of the 
 colonization, American cotton had asserted 
 its superiority. As early as iu the year 
 1748, an inferior quality of cotton shipped 
 from Charleston, realized upon the English 
 market, £3 lis. 5d. per bag. But the 
 British could not believe that America would 
 ever become a cotton-producing country ; in 
 1784, seven bales having been sent to Eng- 
 land, wore seized by the Custom-llouso au- 
 thorities, who declared ex cothedrtl that 
 the invoice was not boudjiile, for America 
 could not produce such a quantity of the 
 white crop. Still, they had to bo reconciled 
 to the idea that such a fact was possible; 
 and the English im|iortations ran to 14,109,- 
 389 pounds and even 842 bales, at the time 
 when the war for Indei)endence broke out. 
 About at the same time the Sea Island cot- 
 ton, the pride of American iiroduction, was 
 first rai.sed on the Georgia coast, especially at 
 Hilton lle.id, along the swampy shores of 
 Sojith (,'arolina. It was sold ut prices which 
 forebode the cotton famine prices between 
 1801 and 18(i5, that is to say, 47 cents a 
 pound, whilst other cotton brought only 27 
 cents. The fibre was even so long, that the 
 English manufiicturers, whose machinery was 
 entirely adapted to short Surat cotton, took to 
 cutting in two the newly imported Sea Island, 
 before spinning it. Soon after the success 
 won by the Hilton Head cotton, the Edisto 
 cotton was sold, in 1805, at more than one 
 dollar a pound ; and it reached, in 1828, two 
 dollars a jiound, the highest price ever paid 
 for cotton. 
 
 In 1857, one bale sent from the same 
 co\inty of Edisto, was sold ut the rate of 
 $1.35 a pound, for that staple was considered 
 (piite sui)erior to the cotton which bad given 
 the famous thread No. 900,^so much admired 
 at the London Universal Exhibition of 1851. 
 
 Between 1849 and 1850, the cotton pro- 
 duction was nearly donbhid ; 2,445,793 bales 
 of 400 pounds each, in 18(9, and 4,075,770 
 bales in 1859. The nitiiors of war had al- 
 ready exercised their iiilhience upon the 
 crop of 1800-'01, which reached only to 
 .3,050,080 bales. 
 
 The area occupied by the cotton lands in 
 Anu'rica might be called the slavery area, for 
 it occupies just the same ground as that in- 
 stitution occupied. The northern belt of 
 the cotton-iu'oduciiig country is marked by 
 the ]iarallel 30°, tlio one so famous un- 
 der the name of JIason and Dixon's lino, 
 which bad been stretched out as a limit be- 
 yond which slavery was told : "Thou shalt 
 not go farther ! " Thirteen States produce 
 cotton, but only eigiit of them, bordering the 
 Atlantic Ocean and the Mexican Gulf, are 
 engaged in the culture of the seed on a largo 
 scale. In taking all of the thirteen States 
 together, (he average productive capacity of 
 the soil amounts to one-half bale per acre, 
 as shown by the statistics of 1872. 
 
 The principal i)ortH of exportations, accord- 
 ing to the statements of 1872-73, are : 
 
 BiilCfl for 
 foreign portit. 
 
 Charleston, S. C. 100,169 
 Galveston, Texas. 210,438 
 
 Mobile, Ala 132,130 
 
 New Orleans ... . 1,177,058 
 Savannah, Ga. . . . 375,895 
 Added to these figures must 
 
 1851-52 
 
 of 
 
 1852-53 
 
 « 
 
 1853-54 
 
 
 1854-53 
 
 
 1855-50 
 
 
 18,50-57 
 
 
 1857-58 
 
 
 1858-59 
 
 
 1859-00 
 
 
 1800-01 
 
 
 UftleB for 
 iunu'Htic |)orta, 
 
 225,010 
 133,.30l 
 197,131 
 228,1, C'", 
 248,752 
 be cotton 
 
 shipped at smaller ports, and also the interior 
 movement of cotton to northern mills and 
 markets, through the rivers and over the 
 railroads, »ip the valley of the Mi.ssis8ippi. 
 This movement amounted, in 1873, to 40'2,29() 
 bales. 
 
 The following table will show the progress 
 of cotton cultivation and exportation during 
 the few years previous to the war, which put 
 a momentary check to that branch of national 
 wealth : 
 The crops were in 
 
 " " 3,015,029 bales. 
 3,202,882 « 
 2,930,027 '• 
 2,847,339 " 
 3,527,845 « 
 2,939,519 « 
 3,11.3,902 " 
 3,831,481 " 
 4,075,770 " 
 3,050,080 " 
 The home cons\imption during the same 
 years varied between 700,000 bales and 
 900,000. In 1857-58, only 595,502 bales 
 were for home consumption, and in 1859-00, 
 .\merican mainifacturers employed 978,043 
 bales. The lowest and highest figures of ex- 
 I portation for the same period were the fol- 
 j lowing: 987,83.3,100 pounds in 1853-54, 
 j against 1,707,080,338 pounds in 1859-00. 
 The average price of cotton j\im])ed suddenly 
 from its highest figure of 9,85 cents informer 
 years to 12.55 per pound in 1850-57 ; 11.72 
 in 1857-58; .'.72, in 1858-59; 10.8.5, in 
 1859-00; ]2.;)0, in 18()0-01. After the 
 opening of the civil war, cotton increased in 
 value in proportion with the decrease in pro- 
 duction, so that, on the 1st of January, 1803, 
 the extent of the crop being estimated at the 
 fourth of what it amounted formerly, the 
 value of it was nearly equal to the value 
 given precedently for a full crop. 
 
 It is impossible to get at any reliable sta- 
 tistics of file production of cotton during the 
 civil war, which disturbed the administrative 
 machinery of the United States. In the 
 year which followed the termination of the 
 war, the cotton crop was in — 
 
 1803-00 of 2,209,310 bales. 
 1800-07 " 2,097,254 " 
 1807-08 " 2,519,334 " 
 1808-79 " 2,.30G,407 " 
 1809-70 " 3,122,351 " 
 1870-71 " 4,302,317 " 
 1871-72 " 3,014,351 « 
 1872-73 « 3,930,508 " 
 The home consumption during these yeai-s 
 increased steadily, as the following figuics 
 will show, commencing at 1803-00 inclusivo' 
 
 1800 000,100 bides. 
 
 1807 770,0.30 " 
 
 1808 900,030 " 
 
 1809 920,374 " 
 
 1870 805,100 " 
 
 1871 1,110,190 " 
 
 1872 1,237,330 " 
 
 1873 1,201,127 « 
 
 ^mm 
 
, B»)cR for 
 'oreign porU, 
 
 1()0,169 
 210,438 
 132,130 
 ,177,058 
 37r),895 
 
 UnlpH for 
 aunu'Ktic itorla. 
 
 225,01(> 
 133,304 
 197,131 
 
 228,!, C", 
 248,762 
 
 figures must be cotton 
 "ts, niul also the interior 
 to iiortliern mills and 
 IB rivers and over tlio 
 Hoy of the Mississippi. 
 ntcd, in 1873, to 40'2,29a 
 
 a will show the progress 
 
 and exj)ortation during 
 
 IS to the war, which put 
 
 > that branch of national 
 
 3,015,029 bales. 
 
 3,202,882 « 
 
 2,930,027 " 
 
 2,847,339 « 
 
 3,527,845 « 
 
 2,939,519 « 
 
 3,113,902 " 
 
 3,851,481 " 
 
 4,075,770 " 
 
 3,050,080 " 
 ption during the game 
 u 700,000 bales and 
 
 H, only 595,502 bales 
 iiption, and in 1859-liO, 
 rcrs employed 978,013 
 id highest figures of ex- 
 10 period were the fol- 
 ]>ounds in 1853-54, 
 8 pounds in 1859-00. 
 cotton jumped suddenly 
 i of 9.85 cents in fonnt'r 
 und in 1850-57 ; 11.72 
 in 1858-59; 10.85, in 
 
 1800-01. After the 
 var, cotton increased in 
 dth the decrease in pro- 
 e 1st of January, 1803, 
 
 being estimated at the 
 mounted formerly, the 
 I'ly equal to the value 
 a full crop. 
 
 get at any reliable sta- 
 on of cotton during the 
 ibed the administrative 
 nited States. In tlio 
 the termination of the 
 ras in — 
 ,209,310 bales. 
 ,097,254 « 
 ,519,5,54 « 
 ,300,407 " 
 ,122,551 " 
 302,317 « 
 014,351 '< 
 930,508 " 
 ion during these yeai-s 
 
 the following figuiti 
 5 at 1805-00 inclusive' 
 000,100 bales. 
 
 770,030 " 
 
 900,030 " 
 
 920,374 " 
 
 805,100 " 
 1,110,190 " 
 1,237,330 •' 
 1,201,127 " 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Oil 
 
 A sudden increase iu home consumption is I 812 tons. That was the natural consefpieneo | tonnage belonging to the United States, was 
 thus shown within the last three years. It ! of the development of American crops, and | 42.75 jier cent. During the ten years pre- 
 must be nnlieed also that the bales mentioned I esi)ecially of llio cotton crop, which had to ceding 1801, the same decrease went dowr 
 iu the statistics of recent years are larger 1 be tninsi)ortod to Europe aud other countries, j to only 25 percent, on the whole, or about 2.7:j 
 tliiin the bales were before the year IHIO, | The wheat and corn crops had been very ; per cent, yearly, covering a loss of 1,821,827 
 when they weighed no more than 395 or 397 ! good for some years, and cotton production [ tuns. This is an insignificant loss wiien cimi- 
 
 pouuds, whilst they are reckoned now at 410 ; attained in 1859-00 its highest figure, 4,07 
 
 and even at 404 pounds per bale. Foreign 
 exportations kejit about in the same ratio as 
 formerly, being larger when the cotton crop 
 was largo itself antl prices proportionately 
 low, and being smaller when the crop de- 
 creased ; the foreign manufacturers adopted 
 American cotton in preference to any other, 
 and their wants were the same after the 
 American civil war as previous to it. It is a 
 fact worth while to bo borne in mind, that 
 the sujieriority of the cotton of the United 
 States has been demonstrated ])reeisely by the 
 eclipse through which the American stajile 
 passed during the war. All the energy and 
 the whole moneyed power of England was 
 brought to bear on the production of the 
 Indian cotton, with the hope of finding in 
 the Easl, Indies a substitute for the American 
 staple. These elforts were of no avail ; no 
 other article coidd take the i)lace of the 
 cotton of the United States, and immediately 
 after the war foreign manul'acturer.s call'd 
 again at their former source of supply. The 
 exportation following the close of the war 
 would have been still larger if the home con- 
 sumption had not increased at the same time, 
 anil thus enhanceil the market price of cotton 
 while n diminished tin; available exporting 
 matter. 
 
 The prices paid for cotton since the war 
 stand as follows : 
 
 IVr ponml in Xc\t 
 York inurki't, 
 
 1805-OG 43.20 cents. 
 
 1800-07 31.59 " 
 
 18()7-08 24.85 •' 
 
 1808-09 29.01 " ] 
 
 18(i9-70 23.98 " ! 
 
 1870-71.. 10.95 " I 
 
 1871-72 20.48 " 
 
 1872-73 18.15 " 
 
 The nine Southern States which, before tin 
 
 770 bales; all this formed an immense 
 amount of freight, which gave employment 
 to any vessels which the American shipyards 
 could nend to sea. War and depression of 
 trade came afterwards, and caused the Ameri- 
 can ilag almost to disa)ii>ear from tho ocean. 
 It is only within the last few months that 
 sliii>building I as recovered some of its former 
 activity, ami the pres-ent embarrassment 
 caused iu Enghual to that branch of industry 
 by the demands of the worknu'U for increased 
 wages tends to diminish English competi- 
 ti<m. America built more shi|)s and steamers 
 in the beginning of 1874 than she had done 
 for the ten corresponding periods of previous 
 years, and never was American s>ii)eriority 
 in shipbuilding shown better than in the 
 magnificent steamers til'/ of I'tlcin and 
 Cilj/ of Tioh), constiiicted by Koach it Sons, 
 and laiuiched from the Chester shipyards on 
 the Delaware. These steamers, the largest 
 atloat after the (rrral Juisleni, belong to the 
 Pacific Mail Steamshi|> line. 
 
 It is unite natural that the mercantile ma- 
 rine of the United States should have (n'o- 
 gressed so remarkably, and should bi- called to 
 a sph'udid prosperity in the future, for not 
 nly is America stretched along mure thai 
 
 pared with the 3,589,300 tons built between 
 1852 and 1802; the yearly increase from 
 1854, until the war, amounted to 340,571 
 tons, not less than 204 steamers were con- 
 structed in tho only year 1859-00. Ship- 
 building was confined, at that time, almost 
 exclusively to New York and New England ; 
 a few vessels were built at Baltimore, whose 
 industry in that line received a severe blow 
 from the war and from the competition of the 
 Delaware shipyards. In 1855, the value of 
 the tonnage built in New England was ^20,- 
 000,000, whilst tho South built only $1,100, 
 000, and the West not even one million dol- 
 lars. There were in tho North nearly 11,000 
 workmen (exclusively employed iu this branch 
 of industry, on an average of ^500 each for 
 annual wages. In 1850, the North built 
 1,205 vessels with a tonnage of 370,047 tons; 
 in 1857, 983 vessels with 294,472 tims; in 
 1858,739 vessels with 170,570 toms. The busi- 
 ness was fostered by tla; bounties of the Fede- 
 ral Government paid to the fishermen for 
 every ton on the vessels engaged in the fish- 
 erics. The amount of bounty paid in tho 
 twelve years ending in 1859, was of more than 
 four inilliuns of dollars, of which Ma.sKachu- 
 setts received two thirds. New York State, 
 beiu}; engageii more especially in the con- 
 
 0,000 miles of ocean shores, but its interiud I struction of other vessels larger than the ii.sh 
 
 system of rivers is the most extensive aiul the 
 best naturally-arranged of all countries, to- 
 gether with immense treasiu'cs in her forests 
 and in her inines,to help the building of wooden 
 
 ing smacks, hardly received any bounty, but 
 look tho lead in shi)ib\iililing. 
 
 On the 5,539,812 tons which formed in 
 .Tune, l8iil, the entire tonnage of the United 
 
 and iron ships. As early as 1070 the North ' ^tnl'«. >^*"*\' '^'"'k «>uld claim 1,740,940 
 Anu'rican Colonies were already so much de- \ tons, that is, nearly 30 percent, of the geiu^ral 
 veloped, as to industry, that Sir Joshua i *"'"'• ^^"''. "» t" shipbuilding alune, tho 
 Chillis wrote : •' t)m- American plantations 
 
 employ nearly two-thirds of our English ship 
 iiing, and therebv !;i\e constant subsistence 
 
 State of New York constructed 40,359 tons, 
 that is, nearly 20 ]ier cent, of the whole ton- 
 na-je, forthesame year, ending June 30, 1801. 
 
 to, it mav be, 200,000 persons here at home."! Ii' "'« three years, 18;)9, 180O, 1801, tho 
 The AmVrican tonnage of that time was State of Maine built lij(!,ll.) tuns ; Massa- 
 nearlv 40,000 tons. One hundred vears lat.'r, I chu.setts, 101,937 ; I'ennsylvania, 00,84^, and 
 ust <m the eve of the Independence War, the i tl"i balance of the States built 189,183 tons. 
 
 war, were the most luominent for their cot- ! vessels built in the Colonies averaged 20 000 If i'""'' ton is reckoned at a valuation of J40, 
 ' > .^ -■ • •.• , ! L'ased i the toiuiage of the State of New York was in 
 
 ar<'ed "'"'"'' '''"'1, 1,740,940 tons, valued at S'59,- 
 
 ', tons. In 
 it (lil: 
 
 1820 the tonnage had not incre 
 after the American crops enl 
 
 lluw of immigration. 
 
 In 1 Sil), there were. 
 
 ton crops, have kept their jiosition amongst 
 the thirteen cotton-growing States since the 
 war. In closing this subject of cotton-pro- 
 ducing it may be important to state that sta- 
 tistics cannot be obtained of mathematical 
 accuracy, for the small planters do not always 
 rc[iort the state uf their crops with a rigorous 
 exactitude, and lii'eanse a small portion of 
 the cotton is consumed upon the [ilantation 
 itself, without any \-ecord being made after 
 the ]iicking sea.son to the county statistician. 
 That explains to a certain degree why sona; 
 authors put 4,801,292 bales as the largest 
 crop acknowledged to have been gathered in 
 the United States, that is, in 1859-00, whilst 
 others nut it at 4,300,000 bales; and a tliinl 
 
 ae'iiur, the one we havi! adopted, puts the stop to this great industry of tl 
 whole crop between the two former figures, ' States. The amount of registered and ( n 
 that is, at 4,075,770 bales for 1859-00. rolled tonnage sold to foreigners in 1801 is 
 
 thruugh the lu'oncv of mauhiuerv and by a i •'^'>'''^'" ! »'"' *'"' tonnage of all the other 
 sieadv elearini,' of the West by aii unceasing : ^*''*''« ""« ;5,"'-»f*,^< - tons, valued at !pl51,- 
 
 18:!(l, 
 IHIO, 
 IMHO, 
 IK"), 
 IHoO, 
 lK-i7, 
 
 IMil, 
 18(i(), 
 181)1, 
 
 The war 
 
 l>:t 
 
 873 
 
 i,;iiio 
 
 2.n:!4 
 1.70:l 
 i,:!;!4 
 
 1,225 
 
 870 
 
 1.701 
 
 1,14;) 
 
 by an unceasing 
 
 47,780 tons. 
 
 ve.-fiels. nnil 'iHtnU " 
 " ■ 11H,;10!) " 
 
 li 0*0 »)|i^ l* 
 
 4i;ii,;ii»it " 
 
 ;!78.804 " 
 
 212,280 " 
 
 120,001 " 
 
 2l2.Hi)3 " 
 
 2;!;l,l!)4 " 
 
 in tl 
 
 South put a inumenlary 
 Unilell 
 
 COMMEIICE AND N.WKiATION. 
 
 954,880. 
 
 If we compare the figines of American 
 vessels, befoie the war, that is, 5,539,812 
 tuns, in June, 18'')1, with the figures of the 
 la.st three years, a vi'ry large dillerence is to 
 be foinid, showing to what extent thi^ Ile- 
 belliun crippled th(^ industry and commerce 
 of the United States. 
 
 In 1870, there were 7,825 vessels and 
 2,400,407 tons euteved in the mercantile ser 
 vice belonging to Anieiiea. In the same 
 year, that which belonged to English trado 
 with the United Slates was n|iresented by 
 23.105 ve.'csels ami 5,993,153 tuns, 
 
 Iiut, in 1872, those figrrts wore alttred, 
 
 staled to be 20, (i 19 tons. Ananint eondeunied , and Auu'iiean conimerei^ begins to recover. 
 
 as unseaworthy, 7,9ii4 tons. The amount ' It numbers 7,092 vessels and 2,279,120 tons, 
 
 , lost at sea, 59,507 tons. The net inerea.se of! whilst England decreases and is represented 
 
 Tlie climax of navigation and shipbuilding tonnage fur the year 1801 was 185,944 tons, by 19,182 vessels and 5,408,327 tons. 
 
 
 was reached, iu the United States in Jinu', [ (n fmty-seven years, ending in 1801, the 
 1801, when the Aniericuu tonnage was 5,539- , decrease of shipbujldiiig, and of ships uiid 
 
 There are motives, therefore, to expect 
 that the Umted Slates will soon recover their 
 
Ol!i 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 :s'. 
 
 h-ili ' ij: 
 
 iH 
 
 Wl 
 
 i'-i 
 
 lost mercantile prestige on the seas. Nobody 
 will deny tlmt, at leust in Anieiiciin wiiters, 
 American ships were predominant, just be- 
 fore the war, wlien the following figures are 
 remembered ; 
 
 10,70!) 
 
 In 18UI, for the fiscal year cndhig Juno 
 30, the whole number of American 
 vessels entered from foreign countries 
 was 
 
 Wliole number of foreign vossola entered 
 from foreign countries was 
 
 AVhole number of American vessels clear- 
 ed for foreign countries was 
 
 Whole number of foreign vessels cleared j 
 
 for foreign countries was 10,580 
 
 Tonnage of American vessels entered 
 
 from foreign countrieswas. r>,03S),017 
 
 Tonnage of foreign vessels entered from 
 
 foreign countries was 'J,217,554 
 
 Tomiage of American vessels cleared for 
 
 foreign countries was 4,889,313 
 
 Tonnoge of foreign vessels cleared for 
 
 foreign countries was. 3,203,013 
 
 Such figures denioustrato sufficiently the 
 strong vitality which shipbuilding and for- 
 eign commerce possessed in America, and 
 thoy showed that if such a trade was tem- 
 porarily i)rostrated by a five years' war, and 
 by financial embarrassments likely to follow 
 as a consequence, it would soon come again 
 to life and prosjierity. So has it been. No- 
 body could take from Americans thi'ir 
 peculiar and superior science of shipbuild 
 ing, which has been evidenced to the world 
 by the superior sailing qualities of the clip- 
 j)ers, an exclusively American invention, and 
 by the victories won by the American yachts 
 in the Cowes races in ISClt, and by the A'li- 
 c/taiUress, a New York yacht, whieli, in July, 
 
 down to our own time, as is shown below by 
 the statistics of tho year ending Ai)ril 30, 
 1874. Kxportations from tho country have 
 nearly always been equal to tho importations 
 from abroad. In 1 700 the exi)ortations from 
 New England and tho North Atlantic colo- 
 nies were of £31)5,000 against £344,000 of 
 imi)ortalion3. 
 
 in IStiO tho exportations amounted to 
 ?;100,1:3l',1'1)('>, and the importations to i,:UV2,- 
 I 1<Jl',U41. The jirincipal articles of expoita- 
 11,079 j tion for 1801 were as follows : 
 !Miuitimo products : whalebone, 
 
 salt fish, oil, etc f;4,4r)l,.5ir» 
 
 Forest products ; bark, timber. 10,L'G0,80'J 
 Agricultural products : tobacco, 
 
 raw sugar, cotton, pork 119,492,020 
 
 Si)eeio and bullion 23,799,870 
 
 The exportations of homo manufactures 
 were valued at $228,099,480 ; of foreign ar- 
 ticles at §20,045,427. 
 
 During the same year, 18G0, the principal 
 inqmrtations were cofiee, tea, copper, raw 
 silk, silk goods. 
 
 A question which is of the utmost import- 
 ance to American commerce was temporarily 
 sol veil in h'^.M by the Keci])rocity Treaty 
 concluded with England. This treaty i>ro- 
 vidcd that ci'rtaiu specilled articles were to 
 be excliaiiged free between the United States 
 and the t'anadas, New Brunswick, and Nova 
 Scotia. The great A\'est found thus, for its 
 products, an easy ontllow into tho Ibitish 
 I'ro inccs, as shown by the following figures : 
 For the year en<ling June 3t), 1801, Ameri- 
 can merchandise exported to those Piovinces 
 
 was valued at :5!208,82.'),783, while the ini- 
 
 1874, arrived first in the Engli.sh Channel i)ortations from the same localities only reach- 
 
 j'aee. As to steamships, tho glorious memory ; ed ^'l '"'0,347,355. This wa.s, as conqiared 
 
 of the Collins line, which nnule such fast with 1853, an increase of §103,735,003 for 
 
 trips between New ^'ork and Liverpool, be- ; exportations, and of §80,19'1,540 for inq)or- 
 
 tween 1855 and 1800, has not yet been , tati(Uis. 
 
 eclipsed in tho mind of the nautical world j Tho figures given below will show that 
 
 by the splendid passages of the White Star American commerce and navigation begins, 
 
 or Innian lines of transatlantic steamers, i though slowly, to retrace their stejis. This is 
 
 In 1801, there were but six diU'ercnt steam- 1 due, in a great (ait, to what nniy be called 
 
 ship lines; they canieil t'i9,307 passengers, l the yxcfox/ff/, or the personal agencies which 
 
 and 78,820 in 1802. At present, there is ] are at work to ilevelop the resoorces of the 
 
 more than a score of tlie.se lines, and the i United States under the head of Connnerce, 
 
 United States, which did not own a single { Navigation, and Trnnsjiortation. The census 
 
 one, can boa.st of ]ioKsessing the American , of 1870 .sl'tws a ))op\dation of 28,228,945 over 
 
 lino from I'liiladelpliia to Liverpool, while 1 tho age of ten years, of which number 13,- 
 they almost monopolize (he carrying trade ; 970,079 are females. Out of this number we 
 
 of the Pacific, between California and the I can enumerate, under the head of Commerce, 
 coasts of Japan and China. Trade, and Navigation: 10,499 agents ; 10,031 
 
 As to the Navy, (lie United States keep! bankers and brokers (15 females); 14,302 
 tho lead, if not as to tho i|uantity, at least as barkeepers (70 fiMuales) ; 21,332 boatmen 
 to the seagoing qualities of their ships. The ' and watermen (30 females); 31,177 book- 
 art of building meu-ofwar was entirely i keejiers and accountants in stores (293 fe- 
 changed in the making of the J/ofiiVor, No. : males) ; 7,338 canalmen (10 females) ; 222,- 
 
 l. American iron-chuls were the first to go 504 clerks in stcnes (0,194 fenniles) ; 120,750 advance of the annual ofiicial report. Those 
 to sea, and to supjjort successfully the wear viraynien, hackmcn, teamsters, etc. ; 154,027 ! statements ]irouiise an increase for the jvast 
 and tear and tlio dangers of long voyages. Cnqiloyes of railioad conq>anies (not clerks) ; i year of over Jil30,(i00,000 as conqiared with 
 Just as Fulton was the first to navigate 5,103 enqiloyes of street railroads (not [ the inqiorts and exports of 1870. The aggre- 
 practically a steamboat on the Hudson, so clerks) ; 8,:il0 enqiloyc's of telegraph conqia- gate value of the declared exjiorts to the 
 now an American has denionstated to the nies (luit cleiks) ; 17,302 hucksters; 14,882 j United States from tho Consular districts of 
 astonished world, in the waters of Hanqiton laborers; 3,728 milkmen and niilkwomen ; | this Oovernment in France is reported as 
 Koads, that an iron-clad could navigate, and 473 niule-))aikers ; 2,002 iiewspajier criers amounting to !|f09,O77,5O2 in 1872. This is 
 be, at tho same time, a good, staunch and and carriers (7 feniaU's) ; 2,738 olfieials of 
 vedoubtable man-of-war. | banks ; 1,902 ofiieials of lailroad conqianies ; 
 
 A country endowed, like tho United 72 ofilciiils of telegraiih conqianies; 384 
 Btates, with an imnienso territory, and with ' )iawnlirokers ; 10,975 pedlars ; 3,049 jiilots; 
 luwrly every natural product of northern and' l(i, 031 porters in stores and wareho\ises ; 
 Bouthern* elinittti's, could hardly helji being 5t), 003 sailors ; 14,203 salesmen and saleswo- 
 
 (40 females) ; 100,400 traders and dealers 
 (not specified, of wliich 2,833 are females) ; 
 1,939 deah'rs in agricultural inqilements ; 
 3,392 in books and stationery ; 7,019 in 
 boots and shoes ; 4,087 in cabinet-ware ; 
 8,234 in cigars and tobacco ; 7,595 in cloth- 
 ing; 4,143 in coal ; 2,493 in coal and wood ; 
 1,701 in coti;on ; l,7ti5 in crockery, china, 
 and stoneware ; 17,309 in drugs and medi- 
 cines ; 39,790 in dry goods (001 females); 
 0,402 gold and silver-ware and jewelry ; 74,- 
 410 groceries (1,197 females) ; 3,375 in luits 
 and caps; 1,404 in ice; 9,003 in iron, tin, 
 and copper wares ; 2,201 in leather, hides, 
 and skinj ; 11,718 in liquors (100 females); 
 7,723 in live stock (5 females) ; 9,440 in lum- 
 ber (4 females) ; 1,455 in newsjiapers and 
 lieriodicals ; 11,809 in produce (03 fenuiles) ; 
 7,528 in provisions; 8,933 in real estate; 
 3,152 in sewing machines; 1,990 underta- 
 kers (20 females) ; 920 weighers, gangers, and 
 nu-asurers ; 93 wreckers. 
 
 Tho latest report on hand, ])ublished by 
 the Bureau of Statistics, and which gives fig- 
 ures and data as recent as the 30th Sejilem- 
 ber, 1873, presents some inltaesting jiarticu- 
 lars relative to the trade of the United States 
 with dilfereut countries in Asia and in Eu- 
 ro])e. A report from the Consul-General in 
 London indicates that the exportation from 
 that port to the United States, for the year 
 ending September 30, 1873, was £1,092,911, 
 or twelve and one-half per centum less in 
 vahie than that of the preceding year. The 
 total value of the inqiorts entered for con- 
 sumption into the Dominion of Canada for 
 the fiscal year ending June, 1872, amounted 
 to 5il07, 709, 110, being an increase of Ss20,- 
 701,034, or nearly twenty-four per centvua 
 over the inqiorts of the previous yt'ar. 
 The exports for tho sanu; jieriod amounted 
 to !!!82," 39,003, being an increase over the 
 year 1871 of §8,40(i,045, or nearly eleven 
 and one-half per centum. The imports into 
 Canada from the United States, entered 
 for home consunqilion, amo\inted, during 
 the above period, to §34,217,909, being an 
 increase over 1870 and 1871 of §5,195,582. 
 The exports to the United States for the 
 same period amounted to §31,890,810 — 
 §921,174 more than the previous year, while 
 during the year ending June 30, 1871, tho 
 exports from (/'anada to the I'nited States ex- 
 ci'eded the imp<irts from this country by 
 §1,95.3,255 ; during the coi responding perind 
 of 1871 and 1872 the reverse was tho case liy 
 §2.321,1.''.3. 
 
 Tho Consul at Marseilles has furnished 
 statements of tho imjiorts and exports of 
 France for the first eight months of 1873 in 
 
 Buccefisful in geoeral connnerce. So it has 
 been, from tli0 very tiayg of tho colouizatiuu 
 
 men (2,775 fenmles) ; 3,507 ship|ier8 and 
 
 freightei'8 ; 7|97i> steamboatmcn uud women The political disturbauccB in Spain do not 
 
 an increase of 18,752,888 over the year 1871. 
 The declared value of the ex]iorts to tho 
 United States from the Consular districts of 
 this fiovernment in Cernmny, for the year 
 1872, isestlmatedat §37,177,000, this amount 
 exceeding that for 1871 by more than §4,000,- 
 000. 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 618 
 
 trailers and dealers 
 h 2,833 are females) ; 
 iculldral ini]>lometitR ; 
 .sliitioiiery ; 7,019 in 
 087 ill cabinet-ware ; 
 >a('co ; 7,.')y5 in clotli- 
 ■1113 in coal and wood ; 
 in crockery, cliinii, 
 t) in drngs and medi- 
 goods (00 1 females); 
 fare and jewelry ; 74,- 
 niales) ; 3,375 in hats 
 ?■ ; y,003 in iron, tin, 
 261 in leather, hides, 
 liqnors (100 females); 
 Wales) ; 1),440 in hini- 
 ).'> in iiews])a|)erR and 
 produce (03 females) ; 
 8,'J33 in real estate; 
 ines; 1,9110 nnderta- 
 weighers, gangers, and 
 •s, 
 
 n hand, ]>ublislicd by 
 ■a, and which gives iig- 
 t as tlie 30th Septeni- 
 no inl<u-esting jiarticu- 
 le of the United States 
 s in Asia and in Ku- 
 the Consul-Genernl in 
 the exportation from 
 •d States, for the year 
 1873, was £1,092,911, 
 If jier centum less in 
 lireccdiiig year. The 
 [lorts entered for con- 
 iniinion of Canada for 
 June, 1872, amounted 
 [ an increase of ^'2U,- 
 .'enty-four per centiua 
 the previous yeai'. 
 iame period amounted 
 an increase over the 
 0-1;'), or nearly eleven 
 m. The imports into 
 nited States, entered 
 m, amounted, during 
 t!34,2 17,909, being an 
 d 1871 of *r),195,r)82. 
 Jnitcd States for the 
 ;^d to |i3 1,890,8 10— 
 e previous year, wliilo 
 ig June 30, 1871, tlio 
 ) tlie I' nited States ex- 
 rom this country by 
 n eoires)ionding period 
 evcrse was the case by 
 
 •seilles has furnished 
 lorts and exports of 
 ht months of 1873 in 
 otiieial report. Those 
 
 increase for the ]mst 
 100 as com|)ared with 
 s of 1870. The aggre- 
 lared exports to the 
 
 Consular districts of 
 ranee is reported as 
 r)02 in 1872. This is 
 S8over the year 1871. 
 of the exports to tlie 
 
 Consular districts of 
 I'rninny, for the yiiir 
 ', 1 77,000, this amount 
 by more than li(4,000,- 
 
 mccs in Spain do not 
 
 appear to have produced a decline in the com- 1 
 nierco of that Koi)ublic. Indeed, the ollicial ' 
 statement shows an incri'iise of more than 
 §10,000,000 in the value of the imports for^ 
 the first six months of 1873, as tonipared 
 with tlio imports for the corrcs|ionding period 
 of 1872. The Minister at IMadrid reports' 
 tliat he believes the returns of the exports 
 v'ill atford even a more favorable exhibit. 
 
 During tho tivo years ending with 1872, i 
 the commerce between the United States and j 
 Switzerland hius doubled. The value of 
 watches exported to this countiy in 1872 is 
 reported as having amounted to lt<3,000,000. 
 
 The direct import and export trade of 
 China with the United States appears to be 
 very snnill, but the American inland and 
 coast trade is re|)orted to exceed that of any 
 other nation. Tho entire American trade, I 
 foreign and coasting, forms nearly thirty- j 
 seven per centum of tno whole foreign trade 
 of China, and contributes more than twenty- 
 three and a half per centum of the reveniie 
 collected by tho foreign customs departments. 
 
 We will end tlii.s chapter with a general 
 view of the state of Trade and Shipping of 
 the country, taken from a recent ])oiut of 
 view. The latest report, issued by the Bu- 
 reau of Statistics of tho Treas\iry Depart- 
 ment, includes the ten months ending April 
 3(lth, 1874, and it shows that for the period 
 indicated above the United States imported 
 8I9."),304,370 in 1874, against *,'>.')0, 007, 409 
 in the corresponding period of 1873 : 
 
 Dom. Kxporta. For. Exports. 
 
 1874 ^.'i 18,9.') 1,380 ^518,702,172 
 
 1873 48r),4r)7,3o3 22,10r),593 
 
 The specie movement included in the above 
 statistics i.s, rehitividy, of an inconsiderable 
 \alue; for in 1874 the United States import- 
 ed a little over ii(25,000,000, and they export- 
 eil ¥''9,17;',070 of sfiecie and bullion. 
 
 In nniking allowance for tho differences in 
 tlu! warehouse amount, the exports in the 
 iiiinie ])eriod arc in excess for 1874 of the ini- 
 piirts to the extent of nearly *,'iO,00(),()00, 
 while for 1873 the imports exceeded tho ex- 
 ports byl!!l)8,411,017. 
 
 The carrying trade stands as follows : 
 
 I'oi 1874— In American vessels, about . $200,000,000 
 In Foreigu veKsels 7«(»,000,000 
 
 For 187;i-Iii American vessels 284,000,000 
 
 In Foreign vessels « 1 1 ,000,000 
 
 That shows th.at, of tlie total trade by water, 
 74 per cent, was cariied by foreign vessels in 
 1873, and 73 per cent, in 1874. 
 
 For tlio twelve months ending April 30, the 
 tonnage and number of vessels stood as follows: 
 
 'rumiinrc. 
 1^<7;I— American vcRsels ent'd. .11.073 .1,(iOi).420 
 
 Foreign ve8.Hols ent'd 11). ((.W 7.81(1,077 
 
 American vcsselicl'd. . . .1 1,227 
 
 Foreign vcshcIs cfd 1!i.8T."> 
 
 1874— American vessels ent'd .II.KtW 
 Forei^'n ves.sels ent'd. , . .2i,0'2;l 
 American vessels cl'd. . . .12.032 
 
 emigrate. This momentary decrease was also | 
 due to tho stringent niea.snres taken by (!er- i 
 many against emigration, and by disheartening i 
 advices circulated by other Kuropean govern- 1 
 ments relative to tho business situation of the 
 United States. 
 
 Some two or three thousand emigrants ' 
 landed in the North American Colonies, be- 
 fore tho arrival of tho Pilgrims, but they 
 perished miserably, except 60 of them ; they 
 liad neither the faith nor tho couragi^ and per- 
 .severing sjiirit of the Puritans. When the 
 examjile of the latter had sliown that coloni- 
 zation and emigration could be successful in 
 America, a number of fJermans came ov(!r, 
 and .setthul in Pennsylvania, at the end of the 
 17tli and in the beginning of the 18th century. 
 The Dutch sctth^d in New York, the Swedes 
 in Delaware, ami the French in Louisiana and 
 (,'anada. Hut tho tide of emigiation began 
 in earnest in 1820, and especially in 1849. 
 An Act of Congress, passed March 2, 1819, 
 ordered that statistics of emigration shouUl 
 be kept. The total of emigrants laiuled from 
 1790 to 1817 was estimated at about 0,000 ; 
 and, in 1817 alone, more than 20,000 emi- 
 grants arrived in tho United States ; but it 
 was .in exceptional year, and no i-eliable 
 statistics were kept for the 21 months which 
 elapsed from Januai-y 1, 1818, to September 
 30, 1819. From this latter date to tho pres- 
 ent time, the following table will give all in- 
 formation relative to emigration. 
 
 From the commencement of the Govern- 
 ment to December 30, 1870, 7,803,80.j immi- 
 grants have arrived in the United States 
 from foreign countries. The following table, 
 compiled from the sjiecial report of the Sta- i 
 tistical Bureau, Treasury Department, on | 
 immigration, will show the increase during 
 each decade since 1820: 
 
 Prior to 1820 2.'')0,000 
 
 From 1820 to 1830, inclusive iril,824 
 
 " 1831 to 1840, " 699,125' 
 
 " 1841 to 18.50, " .... 1,713,251 
 
 " 1851 to 1800, " 2,598,214 
 
 " 1801 to 1870, " 2,491,451 
 
 year, whereas the first statement given of th« 
 total arrivals since tho formation of tlio 
 (iovernment shows the number during the 
 decade by ealendiir years. This will account 
 for the aiiparent difference in the totals for 
 the same decade in the two statements. 
 
 Tho British Isles have furnished nearly 
 one-half of all thy immigrants. England, 
 since the formation of the Government, has 
 sent 510,192; Ireland, 2,900,493 ; Scotland, 
 84,623; Wales, 12,435; Great Britain, not 
 specified, 544,107; or a total of 3,857,850 
 from the British Isles. Germany has sent 2,- 
 207,500; Prussia, 100,983; omitting those 
 that became iiaupera or criminals, or through 
 idleness have turned out non-producei-s, wo 
 may safely estimate the capital value of our 
 foreign inimigration during 1870, at i;200,- 
 000,000. As a subject of peculiar interest, 
 and in order to remove the impression enter- 
 tained by many that the large majority of 
 immigrants arriving in this country are with- 
 out a trade or profession, wo append a care- 
 fully prejiared statement of the occnjiations 
 of those who arrived in the United States 
 during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1870 : 
 
 Profesiional Callingt. 
 
 ArtofB 4 
 
 Clli'mlslx 4.'l 
 
 t'lt'ivvtrn'n JWi 
 
 I)^'Illlst^^ .'i 
 
 Fn^'iii(\'rn. . . Kil 
 
 FnrniTS 7 
 
 I.iiwytTS 77 
 
 Miihlnaim S.'itf 
 
 Nnturaliiitti. 3 
 
 PhyRlrUins 
 
 rricHts 
 
 Ut'iwrtrrs 
 
 HiirKi'oii 
 
 Surveyor 
 
 Tf licht'm 
 
 l*rori't*itin8 nut stutcil. 
 
 Tcital. 
 
 ii.'^a 
 lU 
 % 
 1 
 1 
 
 ti,i:i!l 
 
 ArtMt. 
 
 Foicifn vessels cl'd 20,1)89 
 
 ;t,74:l,497 
 7,875,011 
 ;i,H77,(i;i4 
 i),147..'t04 
 ;t.!»H4.(ilil 
 9,071,310 
 
 IMMKJnATION. 
 There is, in the first half of the year 1874, a 
 slight decreast! in immigration figures, as coni- 
 Jiared with those of former years, but this is 
 dueespeeially to the fimmeial crisis which burst 
 over tli(! country in Septendier, 1873, and pic- 
 vented many iminigiants already settled in 
 Anieiiea fnim t'(nwar<ling siillieient funds to 
 tlait friends and lelativcH to euablo them to 
 
 Total 7,803,805 
 
 From the above it will be seen that the 
 tide of immigration has steadily increased 
 during each decade, with the single excep- 
 tion of the one begiiuiing 1801 and ending 
 1870. During the War of tho Kebellion 
 imniigration to this country was jiartially 
 checked. The following table will show the 
 number of immigrants arrived during each 
 year of the decade. U will be S(^en that 
 dining 1802, probably the ihirkest period of 
 the war, the tide of immigration reached its 
 lowest jioint: 
 
 June 30, 1801 140,528 
 
 " 18(i2 09,449 
 
 " 1803 130,000 
 
 " 1804 193,754 
 
 " 1805 180,007 
 
 « 1800 3,'?0,701 
 
 " 1807 298,907 
 
 " 1808 282,189 
 
 " 18ii9 352,708 
 
 " 1870 387,203 
 
 Total 2,300,-_'89 
 
 i Tho above statenient shiiws the number of 
 , immigrants that arrived during each fiscal 
 
 ArrliKi'ctH 
 
 3 
 
 Photodmiihcm 
 
 a 
 
 Curvor 
 
 1 
 
 Artists not Htxil4-(l 
 
 I'.K) 
 
 Krifn-iivcr 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 IitiAKf nmkiT 
 
 1 
 
 Total 
 
 200 
 
 Lithngraplivr .... 
 
 1 
 
 
 z:=z-— 
 
 
 Skilled Workmen. 
 
 
 
 WO 
 
 
 3,1110 
 26M 
 
 llnrlH'M 
 
 ai 
 
 Millm 
 
 lIlnrkHmiths 
 
 2,.'j;h 
 
 MlUlncn. 
 
 17 
 
 liUn'k-miiktTH 
 
 « 
 
 Millwnghtii 
 
 4 
 
 llniliT rniikiTi) 
 
 a 
 
 MiniTH 
 
 . 4,7(a 
 
 IlonkbimlLTA 
 
 !• 
 
 Moulili-n* 
 
 2 
 
 llm/.liTK 
 
 a 
 
 Nail-inakvrB 
 
 1» 
 
 Hivu.rs 
 
 Ilrifk-ntnkiTH 
 
 3(W 
 
 !1 
 
 Paint^'rH 
 
 7M 
 
 I'ilol 
 
 1 
 
 IllllflllTM 
 
 7a7 
 
 VlumtM'rs 
 
 1 
 
 ('Hi'iiit't iimkcrs .. 
 
 « 
 
 I'litti r» 
 
 S 
 
 CiiriM'iitcrK 
 
 AM\ 
 
 Printfrs 
 
 .. 180 
 
 rmilktTs 
 
 ChjuiiiUT 
 
 (i 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 Hope infikcrH 
 
 » 
 
 
 22N 
 
 Snililk-r. 
 
 107 
 
 ('ntlftTliiHUTH .... 
 
 ■■■■: ,oY 
 
 
 12 
 
 Kiiwycr 
 
 1 
 
 CiirriLTs 
 
 ('Iltl.-M 
 
 Ill 
 
 r> 
 
 
 DO.') 
 
 ShipwriuhlH 
 
 9 
 
 IHstilttTM 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 Sliui'ninktTs 
 
 Sonii makers 
 
 SptnnerM 
 
 . i,r>ri7 
 
 
 SI 
 
 2 
 
 l>.VtT» 
 
 . ... 114 
 
 10 
 
 Kill' luakcrM 
 
 KtllhT 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 122 
 
 Tailors 
 
 . 1,703 
 
 I'lirriT 
 
 ) 
 
 Tanners 
 
 102 
 
 (iil.In« 
 
 « 
 
 Tt'U'Kraph o|HTator. . . 
 
 1 
 
 (lIlWilTK 
 
 a 
 
 Tinners 
 
 911 
 
 
 . .. 2 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 5S 
 
 
 .. 1,I7S 
 
 
 
 WlieelwrlnhtB 
 
 Wm>I wirter 
 
 
 IiiHiriiinrti'.-niiikt'r 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Imn workiTH 
 
 :i 
 
 Mei'hunii's not htatetl . 
 
 . . f.ntii 
 
 .Il'Wt'lNTM 
 
 W.t 
 
 
 
 iltlilUTS 
 
 .'M.'l 
 
 TnUl 
 
 . . .ll.lltH 
 
 I-ocksmlthn 
 
 Ill 
 
 
 ^-_^rr 
 
 
 Mit^cetltinmu 
 
 Ofrtliwitlnnl, 
 
 
 ARflltrt 
 
 a7 
 
 Mannrnrtureri 
 
 „ M 
 
 Hn.krrt 
 
 2 
 
 -MerehlllitH 
 
 '. 7,07« 
 
 rah-rcr 
 
 1 
 
 i.nii 
 
 
 m 
 
 Nurses 
 
 « 
 
 ('MriKiils 
 
 Cnntmctorii 
 
 C«mk« 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 711 
 
 1« 
 
 
 at 
 
 Overseer 
 
 1 
 
 l)ni(fKi»*t« 
 
 r>i 
 
 I'eiiillers 
 
 « 
 
 I'MiliiM 
 
 .H 
 
 1 Hefuirecs 
 
 .. 4» 
 
 Itiriiirr* 
 
 36,C^.I1 
 
 Kelitler 
 
 I 
 
 nn'iiirn 
 
 22 
 
 Sailors 
 
 .. I.'ISU 
 
 rinhrrriii'ii . 
 
 liU 
 
 Si-r^nnts 
 
 . . 14,2U1 
 
 (ianltliri* 
 
 ni 
 
 shi'plienis 
 
 a 
 
 *;r'M*rr« 
 
 2 
 
 Sniillers 
 
 117 
 
 Miiii'l kucpprn ... 
 
 2.1 
 
 Htenanless 
 
 t 
 
 Himicr 
 
 1 
 
 Stiiili'nls 
 
 iss 
 
 Iriirrpn'tiTH 
 
 -1 
 
 reanisters 
 
 fl 
 
 .IiH-'t'lnK 
 
 '.M 
 
 TlUVlllllH 
 
 15 
 
 l.iii'MM m ., . 
 
 S.1.517 
 
 
 — ^— . 
 
 l.iiiin Ifi'-wM .... 
 
 7 
 
 j Tutu! 
 
 . ll5.Tli2 
 
 LuiiilHrmuii 
 
 U 
 
 ■ 
 
 t 
 
ill: J ' 
 
 ." i^ ii 
 
 .1 
 
 li 1 
 
 ifi 
 
 .1 f 
 
 I 
 
 014 
 
 ProfoMlonal callings 8,133 
 
 Artists aiHI 
 
 Skillril norknicn 31.!Hi-l 
 
 Mbcfllaneous *x'cui»atioua 1 1^^,7^8 
 
 Ofciipntiiiiirt not Ktntod l'.HI.5!H( 
 
 ^Vithuut uccupntlun l(l,5'.^) 
 
 Total S«7,S«B 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 The above statement covers a single year. 
 AVlien we consider that this stream of immi- 
 gration has been going on for years ami is 
 still increasing in volume, and that the acqui- 
 sitions to our industrial interests, as shown 
 by tiie table given, are not exceptional, but 
 the rule, as proven by tlio exj)erienco of 
 years, wo can form a faint idea of the im- 
 mense wealth that this living tide of hu- 
 manity brings to our nation. 
 
 A subject of such vast importance may 
 well command the attention of our leading 
 statesmen. Each year has seen some im- 
 ]irr)vi'ment in the system of transportation 
 between this country and Europe. Old 
 abuses are gradually wearing away. Swift- 
 sailing steamers are taking the place of the 
 old immigrant ships, reducing the trials of 
 the steerage from weeks to days. Better ju-o- 
 vi.sions, better ventilation, purer water, bet- 
 ter accommodations, more humane treatment, 
 are being exacted by the enliglitenod senti- 
 nieiit of the age. Yet the fielil for improve- 
 ment is large. Abuses still exist. Vessels 
 are overcrowded, provisions are not what 
 they should be, ventilation is imperfect, the 
 immigrant is still subject to deprivations and 
 abuses that tend to injure his character and 
 undermine his health. Wo have made pro- 
 gress in ocean reform, but the work is far 
 from completed. Tlie stranger wlio comes 
 to our shoi-es, bringing his muscle or talents 
 to ;.dd to our country, has a right to bo pro- 
 tected on his way here, to tlio best of tlie 
 ability of the Government. This is what has 
 been understood by Congress, which iias imi- 
 tated the conduct of the British J\irliament, 
 and voted laws to protect the immigrants, 
 especially on their landing in America. 
 Another law gave to every one of them, will- 
 ing to st.ty at least five years, a grant of 
 laiul of U)0 acnrs. Another advance was 
 made by the extinction of tiie Know-Noth- 
 ing spirit, which, a few years ago, had taken 
 hold of the minds of some Ami'iioans, who 
 dreaded tho Hooding of the couiitry by the 
 foreigners. 
 
 In 1871, .121,350 immigrants arrived, and 
 in 1872, 201,800. 
 
 KPfCATIOK. 
 
 In 1800, there were al)niit ."),(l((0,nOO sdinl- 
 ars in tho jirivate and public schools of the 
 United States, This iigurf is siiflicient to 
 support the opinion, gem rally entertaimid 
 throughout the world, tliat th(! United States 
 people aro one of tho best, if not the best 
 educated peoples among all nations. There 
 are very few pcreons now living in the New 
 England, Middle, and Western States who do 
 not know how to read and write ; and since 
 the termination of the civil war, the Southern 
 States have fairly entered into competition 
 ■with their more learned brethren of the 
 Northern section of tho country, in the West, 
 before laying the ftnnidation of any township, 
 two sec;ions of public lands (each contaiiiiiig 
 040 acres) uro laiil asiJo for the exclusivo 
 
 support of public schools. Beside that, the 
 Federal Government comes itself often, by 
 other donations of public land, to the help 
 of tho States, in view of iiicrea.^'ing their 
 facilities for tho extension of the jiublic 
 school system. iMore tlian fifty millions of 
 acres had thus been distributed, for that 
 purpose, by the Federal Government, before 
 the census of 1800. 
 
 The regulation of all matters pertaining to 
 education is left in America to the initiative 
 of each State, but all of them have that 
 general feature, so that instruction is pro- 
 vided by law for all persons of tho school age, 
 without any charge for tuition. Though 
 attendance has not yet been nuide obligatory, 
 there is a strong tendency toward such a 
 regulation ; and somt! States have alreaily 
 p;iss(Hl laws requiring ])arents to send their 
 children to school diiiung a specified period. 
 Public schools are supjiorted jiartly by funds 
 derived from the sale of government lands, 
 partly by voluntary taxation, and also by 
 gifts of individuals. Tho whole area of the 
 Uniteil States is tlivided into school districts, 
 which number 1 1 ,'i^)0 in tho single State of 
 >fow York, and 107,800 for the whole coun- 
 try. A I'oard of Education and a Superin- 
 tendent are appointeil in tliB larger cities, 
 f(U' the jiurpose of directing ami controlling 
 the sy.stem of education, and in smaller cities 
 a Boaril of 'J'rustees, elected by the inhabitants, 
 fulfil the same duty. 
 
 Tli(! school age varies in different States, 
 ranging from four to twenty-one years, and 
 every bnineli of instruction is taught. Ln 
 the grammar schools, French, German, and 
 vocal music are added to the ordinary course 
 of stiuli"s. The pupils who enter tlie high 
 schools are taught ancient languages, higher 
 mathematics, philosophy, etc. In 1872, vocivl 
 music was taught in schools of all grades ; 
 German in schools of 7li cities, and French 
 in tho.se of 7.'1 cities. In the rural districts 
 and smaller cities, tlie same schools are at- 
 tended by both Sexes ; but in larger cities 
 boys and girls have ditferent departments. 
 Law doi's not providi! for the establishment 
 of se])arate schools for colored pupils; but 
 u.sage has done it. Nearly every State is 
 provided with a normal school, for tho train- 
 ing of future teachers ; these schools num- 
 bered 101 in America, in 1872, with 773 in- 
 .strui'tois and 11,778 students; still that is 
 not siilliciciit to sup]ily the demand for teach- 
 ers, for 120,807 new ones aro annually 
 wanted in the I'nitt-d States, inasmuch as 
 (eacliers do not eontinuo in .service on the 
 average more than three years. There are 
 iininial cniiveiitioiis of teachers held in every 
 Stale, and also an annual met^ting of the 
 Xaliiinal Ivliicalional A.ssociation, which is 
 composed of the foremost teachers in every 
 branch. Tlie Kith annual session of that 
 body was helil in 187;j ; it comprises four de- 
 piirtments : elementary, normid, superintend- 
 ence, and higher education. 
 
 There are many evening schools for tho ac- 
 comniodalion of those who cannot attend the 
 day schools. Of 111 cities having more than 
 10,000 inhabitants, ol had, in 1872, 218 
 evening schools, with 1,300 teachers and (iO,- 
 2'.l7 pupils. Of S_' cities with a population 
 of between live and ten tliou.saiid inliabittiiils, 
 7 had II evening schools, with 20 teachers 
 and .'lob btuJeuth ; of 103 cities with a iKiji- 
 
 ulation below .5,000 inhabitants, 7 reported 
 ■ 9 evening schools, with 312 pupils. 
 j Besides the ))ublic schools, there aro many 
 l>rivate institutions of learning, among which 
 the " Seniinaircs," or Bomaii Catholic schools 
 I kept by priests, are vm-y numerous. Thero 
 are. also, in the Uniteil States, about 100 
 collegiate institutions called Universities, 
 but they have no feature in common with 
 the Universitcs of Continental Europe, — 
 they are not under the direction or patronage 
 of the government, and many of them aro 
 purely higher denominational colleges, belong- 
 ing to some sect. Harvard, Yale, Brown 
 University, Columbia College, Cornell, and 
 two or three others, are tho only ones hav- 
 ing some similarity to Universities, in tho 
 European meaning of the word. The only 
 schools directly under the management or 
 supervision of the United States Govern- 
 ment are tho Military Academy at West 
 Point, and the Naval Academy at Annajioli.s, 
 with tlie Artillery School of Fortress Mon- 
 roe, Virginia. 
 
 The establishment by Congress of a Bureau 
 of Eduea.tion dates only from 1807. 'J'he 
 commissioner at the head of this bureau has 
 nothing to do with the management of 
 schools. He is appointed only for "tho 
 purpose of collecting such statistics and facts 
 as shall show tho condition and progress of 
 education in the several States and Territo- 
 ries, ami of ditrusiiig such information respect- 
 ing Die organization and management of 
 school systems ami methods of teaching :. 
 shall aid the people of the United States in 
 tho establishment and maintenance of efficient 
 school .systems, and otherwise promote the 
 cause of education throughout the country." 
 The Annual Keport of the Commissioner 
 of Education shows that in 1872 tho total 
 sciiool population of America was 12,828,807, 
 and the enrolment 7,379, OTiO. TCe average 
 attendance was 4,110,.'>2."), for 28 States and 
 4 Territories ; the number not registered in .'It 
 States and Territories reporting was 4,008,- 
 803. For 18 States ami 5 Territories, theio 
 were 304,283 ])Upils in private schools. The 
 number of teachers for 33 States and 7 I'er- 
 ritories was 217,239; and the total expend- 
 iture for educational purpo.ses was |i70,8yi,- 
 981. 29.") cities reported their school jiop- 
 ulation at 2,123,889 ; 292 reported the nuin- 
 berof schools at 7,917 ; and in 315, the num- 
 ber of teachers was 23,194. 
 
 The census of 1870 shows that 7,209,938 
 persons of from .5 to 24 years of age, that is, 
 more than one third of the, population of 
 school age, were receiving instruction. Tlii^ 
 total nuiiilier of iiihtriictois was 221,042, of 
 whom 93,329 were males, and 127,713 fe- 
 males. The total expenditure of schools was 
 !i!9.'),402,720, of which *3,003,785 was from 
 endowment, ^01,740,039 from taxation and 
 public funds, and i{i2,992,902 from other 
 sources including tuition. 
 
 More than 17 ])er cent, of the adult males, 
 and 23 jier cent, of the adult females, are 
 illiterate. But this is due to the ever-in- 
 creasing flood of European immigrants, and 
 to the ignorance of the eiuanci|iated slaves; 
 for in tlioso ligiircs, the illiterate persons of 
 I foreign birth are numbered at nearly 800,- 
 I 000, and i\w colored people ill nearly tliri'i) 
 inillions. But the following table, compiled 
 '■ by the Burtaii of Educaiiou from tho ceubiiu 
 
 II ; 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 613 
 
 ImbitHnts, 1 reported 
 
 312 i>iipils. 
 
 liools, there are many 
 euniiiif;, iimoiig wliich 
 oiiian Cutholie schools 
 >rv iiuineroiis. Theio 
 
 (1 States, about 100 
 
 called Universities, 
 uro in common with 
 jntineiital ilurope, — 
 lirection or patrona"o 
 tl many of them are 
 tional colleges, belong- 
 irvnrd, Vale, Brown 
 t'ullege, Cornell, and 
 ■0 the only ones liav- 
 
 Univorsities, in tho 
 ho word. The only 
 
 the management or 
 lited States Oovern- 
 Academy at West 
 cademy at Annajiolis, 
 )ol of Fortress Mon- 
 
 Congioss of a Bureau 
 ly from 18G7. Tho 
 id of this bureau has 
 the management of 
 nted only for "tho 
 c-li statistics and facts 
 ition and progress of 
 
 States and Territo- 
 h information rcspptt- 
 r»nd management of 
 thods of teaching i. 
 the United States in 
 ainienancoof eflioient 
 lerwiso promote the 
 iighout tlie country." 
 of tho Commissioner 
 it in 1872 tho total 
 i'rieawas 12,828,S(J7, 
 '9,lj.')ti. TCe averago 
 25, for 28 States and 
 •mot registered in .'! 4 
 reporting was 4,G08,- 
 d 5 Territories, tlieio 
 irivate schools. The 
 ;!.i States and 7 Tei-- 
 nd the total expend- 
 •l)o.ses was $70,891,- 
 ■d their school pop- 
 12 reported tho nuni- 
 ind in 31.'>, thonum- 
 • 4. 
 
 lows that 7,200,938 
 years of age, that is, 
 
 tho, jiopulatioii of 
 g instruction. I'Ik! 
 ors was 221,042, of 
 s, and 127,713 fe- 
 iture of scliools w.is 
 3,C()3,785 was froia 
 from taxation and 
 92,002 from other 
 
 of the adult males, 
 adult ftniales, aio 
 luo to the ever-iii- 
 111 inniiigrants, and 
 niancipated slaves; 
 illiterate persons of 
 eil at nearly 8()(),- 
 ple at nearly three 
 iiig lalile, eonipilnl 
 uu fruijj thti ovubUD 
 
 38,B58,.371 
 28,838,045 
 
 5,638,144 
 
 14,258,806 
 
 8,00;i,8<8 
 
 13,070,079 
 
 3,0.54,'r)6 
 
 20.04 
 
 18.20 
 
 of 1870, will throw more light on that ini- ' 
 iiortant suViject, which touches tho national [ 
 prido of tho United States 
 
 Aggregate population 
 
 Total population, 10 jcara old) 
 
 ami over 
 
 Illiterate population, 10 years old 
 
 and over 
 
 Male population, 10 years old and ) 
 
 over i 
 
 Illiterate males, 10 years old and ) 
 
 over i 
 
 Female populaiA.i., 10 years old | 
 
 and over f 
 
 Illiterate females, 10 years old ( 
 
 and over ) 
 
 Percentage of total illiterates to > 
 
 total poinilation of same age. . f 
 Tcrcentage of male illiteratcr. to ( 
 
 male population of same age . . ( 
 Percentage of female illiterates i 
 
 to female population of same 
 
 21.87 
 
 UIU, 
 
 811 
 
 oe V 
 
 Total population iu 1870, 10-21 i „ /.g2 045 
 
 years old )' ' "^ 
 
 Illiterate population, 10-21 years ) j ^^„ q jg 
 
 old f ' " 
 
 Male populotion, 10-21 years old. . 4,815,865 
 Illiterate males, 10-21 years old. . . 
 Female population, 10-31 years old 4,877,080 
 Illiterate females, 10-21 years old. 
 Percentage of illiterates, 10-21 
 
 years old, to population of same 
 
 age 
 
 IVreeutage of mole illiterates to 
 
 male population, both 10-21 ;- 
 
 years old ) 
 
 Percentage of female illiterates j 
 
 to female |iopulution, both 10- J- 
 
 »1 years old ) 
 
 Tot;d male adults, 1870 0,443,001 
 
 Jlalcadult illiterates l,<iliM47 
 
 Total female adults 0.003.000 
 
 Female adult illiterates 8,090,049 
 
 I'l'icentage of male illiterate ad- / 
 
 ults to total adults > 
 
 Peroentiigo of f(!male illiterate I 
 
 adults to total females ( 
 
 One of the important features in all quos- 
 liiins of ))ublic education is the one which 
 luiiic especially relates to liberal iirofessions, 
 Kv instruction given outside, and above the 
 imliniiiy course of grammar and high .schools. 
 i'iie following summary of educational insti- 
 luiions in the United States is reported by 
 ilie liuieau of Education for 1872; 
 
 084,741 
 877,080 
 958,807 
 
 20.05 
 20.03 
 19.05 
 
 17.15 
 8:3.05 
 
 schools were founded in the United States in 
 1857, when tho State Agricultural College 
 of Jlichigan was opinied with seven profes- 
 sors and u farm of 07i) acres. In 18G2 Con- 
 gress passed an act providing for the establish- 
 ment of colleges of agriculture and the me- 
 clianie arts iu all tho States and Tcrritoric^s, 
 endowing them with about eight million 
 acres of public lands; and nearly all tho 
 States have organized agricultural colleges, 
 pursuant to the act of Congress. Commercial 
 schools are yet left entirely to individual in- 
 itiative, and commercial education, in a prac- 
 tical way, is given only in the private busi- 
 ness colleges, so numerous iu every city of 
 tho United States. There aro ))olytechnic 
 schools at Boston, Troy, riiiladelphia, and 
 Hoboken, in which technology and some in- 
 dustrial scii'iices are taught especially. There 
 is not yet iu the country a single veterinary 
 school. Every country of Europe is provided 
 with one at least. But the deficiency will 
 soon be supplied in America, where there are 
 more hor.ses and cattle than in any other 
 country in the world. 
 
 InBtitutlona. 
 
 '^■"••"iTrt 
 
 Pu- 
 pils. 
 
 Niiniiiil M'htHtJH 
 
 
 ini 
 
 m 
 
 n.778 
 
 llll-llU-H« O.IU'KUH 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Sfkl 
 
 S,I51 
 
 Ar.nlctui.R 
 
 
 Sll 
 
 aiis 
 
 4.rm 
 
 3,(|.10 
 
 !IS,N\!1I 
 
 ■i.-),in7 
 
 Jiisiiditioim for wii>prutr inKtniot 
 
 Um of fo- 
 
 limhs 
 
 
 UR 
 
 i.r.iT 
 
 11,*.^ 
 
 Htliuiils of M^ti'tii'c emUmcd liv 
 
 nutloiml 
 
 
 
 
 k'niut (.f InntiK 
 
 
 as 
 
 411 
 
 8,971 
 
 Bih.M.JM uf cciHK-t! (In.-linliiiR 
 
 cutlcLiIate 
 
 
 
 
 ilt'l'ftrtiin'nts) not ro imuIowciI, . 
 
 
 »i 
 
 .•!U 
 
 8,14-1 
 
 ^ll'.H.|nj.'irnl Ht-hoolH 
 
 
 lliS 
 
 4:iB 
 
 s.:m 
 
 IdlW rt'lioolt 
 
 
 4^ 
 
 l.M 
 
 l,!l7ti 
 
 •Mvilkui hflioulH, n'pnlar 
 
 
 til 
 
 0(17 
 
 4,SS7 
 
 '■ " Ptll'Ct.f 
 
 
 ij 
 
 25 
 
 a.'i» 
 
 " *' ho.iiiL'oimtlilo. , . 
 
 
 II 
 
 n 
 
 r>^5 
 
 D.ntal » 
 
 
 Dll 
 
 K> 
 
 w.> 
 
 l''mnmnTUtlt'nl whi«tN 
 
 
 1:i 
 
 m 
 
 l»HI 
 
 lii-^lituiiuriH fur till? bliml 
 
 
 s: 
 
 t,y.\ 
 
 1.8B(! 
 
 tlfiif muU'R.. 
 
 
 m 
 
 ai.7 
 
 4.:i:i7 
 
 lleform wli'-oU 
 
 
 !»1 
 
 .I'll 
 
 4, SKI 
 
 Orjiiiuu a^yluiiiH 
 
 
 77 
 
 M3 
 
 10,.1J4 
 
 There are medical and law de)iartments in 
 the larger |)art of American Universities ; 
 hut it is generally admitted that on this 
 ground the United States are inferior to C<ni- 
 tnu'utal Europe, where, at any rate, most of 
 the y<iuiig ,\merieans who intend to be doe- 
 tois or lawytMS, go in order to beennie rlll- 
 cii^nt in their avocations. Ajjriculturul 
 
 Gold mining was, of cour.se, tlie most im- 
 portant item in that branch of national 
 weidth, a few years ago, after the discovery 
 of the Califmiiia golden fields. But Califor- 
 nia herself is at present richer with her agri- 
 cultural than with her gulden harvest; and 
 the di.scovery of iron ore, of copper, and of 
 pi^troleum in many regi.ms of the United 
 States has cunsideiiilily diiniiiished the former 
 pre-eminence of gold-miuiiig. Still this branch 
 of industry was carried to the highest limits 
 of prosperity immediately after it opened, for 
 at that time the stock of gold was very low for 
 the whole world, amounting only to about 
 :t!l7."i,000,00l), and the yearly jn-oduction 
 hardly reidacetl the wear ami tear. 
 
 The gohl placers of North C'arolina were 
 discovered before those of the I'acitic State. 
 Iu 182.'> a gold vein was worked iu Mont- 
 gomery County (North Carolina), and some 
 other discoveries were made in Virginia, Geor- 
 gia, anil South Carolina ; but the entire pro- 
 duct of those States never amounted to more 
 than about one million dollars annually. It 
 decreased still more after the discovery of tlu! 
 California placers; and, at ]ireKent, it is only 
 in Slime out of-the-way |ilaces in the Nortli 
 Carolina mountains that gold mining is still 
 going on at a slow rate. 
 
 Eveiybody in the United States is familiar 
 with the history of gold diseoveiy and gold 
 mining at the beginning of the California set- 
 tlement. Tho names of Captain Sutter and 
 of Marshall recall to Aniericin memories tho 
 most da/zling remembrances. In 1802 the 
 Report of the Land Otllco Commissioner en- 
 larged theoretically the area of the golden re- 
 gion of the United States, by stating that it 
 covers 17 degrees of latitude, or a breadth of 
 more than 1 ,000 miles by a length nearly the 
 same. Still tho gold district is practically 
 large enough to have produced, in 18,')3, 
 j Ji70,000,000, that is four times as nitich as 
 the total |)ioduction of gold throughout the 
 ] liidance of the other eountries of the earth. 
 j In IStlL' it was estiinat<d Ihat Washington 
 : Terrilury alone wcnild pinduee IV.ini the mines 
 ; of Salnioii llivor nearly !J2O,O0U,UUO. iu 
 
 Colorado the quartz gives 1^12 per ton, on the 
 average, though some veins recently worked 
 have given as much us from $20 to ^.500. In 
 almost every Western State or Territory of 
 the United States, discoveries are made as to 
 mining prospects, and the golden crop has 
 been valued at nearly §100,000,000, on which 
 a primage of 10 per cent, is niised by the 
 United States Government. 
 
 Silver mining was of very little account in 
 America before tho discovery of tl\e Washoe 
 mines in tho Western States. Tliis is carried 
 on with great success. 
 
 Copper mining is more important, though 
 almost exclusively concentrated in the Lako 
 Superior region. As early as 1844 explorers 
 went to ascertain whether there was really 
 native copper to be found in tho vicinity of 
 tho lake. The exploration was successful, 
 but it was not until 18.')4 that the work- 
 ing of those copper mines fuirly began. 
 From $1,003,01.'), tho product of these 
 mines retched |;2,C70,218 in 1850. In tho 
 year following a magnificent block of native 
 copper, weigliing 500 tons, was discovered. 
 There are some other copper mines in differ- 
 ent parts of the United States, but their 
 products aro very small, except in Tennessiic, 
 when comjiared to the products of the i.ako 
 Siqierior district. In 1800 there were 14,- 
 432 tons of copper extracted, of a value of 
 ?i3,310,51fi. 
 
 Iron is found in every State and Territory 
 of the United States. In 1850 the iron fur- 
 naces i)roduced 841,550 tons, valued at :si23,- 
 148,.'<45. In 1800 the production of jiig-iron 
 was 888,474 tons, valued at nearly ^20,000,- 
 000. The rolled and otherwise manufactured 
 iron was estimated at 400,293 tons, valued at 
 ^22,248,700, that is, an increase of 30 per 
 cent, over the sLitistics of 1850 ; which in- 
 crease was raised to 44 per cent, for the pro- 
 duction of pig-iron. I'cnnsylvania is tho 
 State which took the lead in the iron manu- 
 facture. 
 
 I'ennsylvania also produces the largest 
 ((uantity of coal, though that article is to bo 
 found in nearly every State of the Union. 
 In 1800 the increase in value of coal was 
 109 per cent, more than ten years before; iu 
 1850 Pennsylvania produced coal valued at 
 ^5,208,351; and in 1800 it produced bitu- 
 minous and anthracite coal of u total vuhio 
 of * 1 4,703,433. 
 
 The samt? State again is the most i)ronii- 
 nent for ]ietioIeum production. Though its 
 exi.stence was known to the first coloiiLsts of 
 I'enusylvania, jietroleuni began to be gener- 
 ally used in 1858, when the oil was consid- 
 ered as good for .something else than medi- 
 cine. Titusville, Venango, Oil Creek, I'etro- 
 lia are at present names familiar to every 
 American. The cxportations, in 1802, were 
 for seven months of 9,007,924 gallons, which 
 compensate sufllciently for the decrease of 
 whaleships, whose trade was eri|ipled by tho 
 discovery of tho so-called, at first, tStmie-oU, 
 from the now adopted Greek word of the same 
 meaning, 'Tetroleum." 
 
 Lead mining is progressing in many States 
 of the Uepublic, but on a relatively small 
 scale, an<I the article produced is not export- 
 ed, lint almost entirely consumed at home. 
 
 Tlii^ total prorlnction of native salt in the 
 I'liiled Stutts was of I 2,370,000 bushels iu 
 lt;5V, audof 13,360,447 iu 1800. Still tho 
 
i 
 
 
 n 
 
 ti . 
 
 61G 
 
 importation of tlmt article rtuicliod 14,000,- 
 000 bushels, ho great were tlie necossitics of 
 agriculture. 
 
 According to the census of 1870 the min- 
 ing industries stood as follows in tlu) United 
 States : 
 
 Establishments 7,074 
 
 Steam engines 4,133 
 
 Horse power 100,111 
 
 Water-wheels 134 
 
 Horse power 2,247 
 
 Hands employed 154,328 
 
 Of these thero wore : 
 
 Men above ground C(),17S 
 
 Men under ground 77,221 
 
 Hovs above ground C,!)l() 
 
 IJoys under ground 4,013 
 
 i':t\nt.i\ «l222,3S4,S3 1 
 
 Wages 74,4{!4,044 
 
 Materials 14,27r),<i91 
 
 Products 152,r)98,9'J4 
 
 NEWSPAI'EIIS. 
 
 The first printing press ir, the American 
 Colonies was establislied at Cambridge, Mass., 
 in 1029; and the second was started at 
 Philadelphia, in lliSO In New York, it was 
 not iintil 1092, tliat Mr. Ibadford estab- 
 lished a )iress. The first journalist who has 
 left a nanu! was IJenjamin Kranklin, who 
 bonglit, at Philadelphia, tlie ('nuri-Mil In- 
 structor in till Arts aii<l t'>nirnrfit, and changed 
 the title to the /'nnifi/frnni'i (rdzflf-e, which 
 ho continued until 170."), when it ])assed into 
 other hands. In 1810, Pennsylvania had 
 seventy-one papers; in 1828, one hundred 
 and twenty-eight; in 1840, one hundi-ed and 
 eighty-seven; in 18.')(>, four hundred and 
 forty-eight, of which thirty were daily. 
 
 A comparison of tho newspaper press of 
 the country, from an early day to the census 
 year of 1870, will develop many interesting 
 fact.s. The number of new.spapers published 
 in tho United .States in 1725 wius 5 ; in 
 1775, 34; in 1801, 200; in 1810, 359; in 
 1720, 030; in 1828, 852; in 1830, 1,000; 
 in 1834, 1,205; in 1840, 1,401; in 18,-)0, 
 2,302. It will be seen by the foregoii.j^- that 
 tho increase in thirty years— from 1810 to 
 1840 — was 1,042, while the increase in flie 
 last thirty years — from 1840 to 1870 — was 
 4,470; the to*"' number of publications re- 
 ported in the census of 1870 being 5,871, or 
 one for every 0,501 of the i)opulation. 
 
 Tho first attempt to establi.sh a newspaper 
 in tho Colonies, as near as can be ascertained, 
 was made in IJoston, in 1090. It was siip- 
 ]ires.sed by tho Colonial Legislature upon its 
 first appearance. In 1701, Um Jios/cDi J^'iirs- 
 Ijetter was e.stablished by John Campbell. 
 This paper was more successful, and its pub- 
 lication was continued for a number of years. 
 Its size was 8 by 12 inches, and piintod in 
 j)ica type. In 1719 The Jionlon Gase'.l''. 
 made its appearance, and the Amfrlmn 
 Weekly Mrrcurie was started in Philadelphia 
 the same year. In 1721 .lames Franklin 
 (brother to lien) started the fourth .Vmeri- 
 can newspaper at Hoston, T/ic iWfo JCiif/huKl 
 Courant. The N^eu) York Gaxetic a|ip(^ared 
 in 1725. In 1705 the British Parliament 
 imposed a stan)p duty of one halfpenny on 
 tUo Colonial uowspapois, which, lueetiug wiijj 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 great opposition, was removed after two 
 years. 
 
 Tho first semi-weekly newspaper in the 
 United States wa.s started in Boston in 1788, 
 and the first daily was started in I'hila- 
 delphia in 1784. It will be seen by the fore- 
 going that inunediat(fly after the Revolu- 
 tionary war, which secured our independence 
 as a nation, news|)aper8 sprung up in dilfer- 
 ent parts of tho Union. 
 
 King James instructed tho Governor of 
 the Province of New York, in 1080, not to 
 allow a printing ]>ress within his jurisdiction ; 
 consequently the Knickerbockers were de- 
 pendent upon Massachusetts and Philadel- 
 phia until 1093. Previous to 1705 eight 
 pai>ers were started in the city of New York. 
 No daily paper was issvied until 1 788. The 
 tiist paper in tho I'rovince of New York 
 outside the city was started in Albany in 
 1772. In 1810 New York State had sixty- 
 six, joiirnals, of which fourt(!en were p>ib- 
 lished in the city ; in 1832 there were sixty- 
 four in the city, and two hundred and fifty- 
 eight in the State. In 1851 the press of New 
 ^'ork State was : daily, fifty-si.x ; other than 
 ilaily, four hundred and two; total, four 
 hundred and fifty-i.-ight. 
 
 Th(^ first paper in New England, outside 
 of Massachusetts, was started in Khode 
 Island in 1732. No newspaper was printed 
 in Connecticut until 1755. In 1775 there 
 were four; in 1810, eleven, all weekly; 
 1840, two daily and twenty-seven weekly; 
 in 1850, ei;;ht daily, six tri- and semi-weel'v, 
 and thirty-two weekly. 
 
 Tlie tirst newspaper was started in New 
 Hampshire in 1750. In 1850 it had a total 
 of forty-eight; three daily, two monthly, 
 and forty-thr(!e weekly. 
 
 In 1810 there were fourteen papers in Ver- 
 mont. In 185() it had three daily and thirty- 
 three other than daily. 
 
 In 1801 there were five papers published 
 within the limits of ilaine. In 1810, while 
 the State of Maine was part of Massachu- 
 setts, it had eight papers. In 1850 it had 
 seven daily and seventy other th.an daily. 
 
 The first |>a])er in the ^Middle States, after 
 New York and Pennsylvania, was started at 
 Annajiolis, Md., 1727. The first pajier was 
 started in Baltinioio in 1773. In 1810 
 .Maryland had twenty-one papers; in 1828, 
 thirty-seven ; in 1850, eighty five, of which 
 nine were daily. 
 
 In 1701 Helaware had one ])aper ; in 1810, 
 two; in 1828, four; in 1850 it hud three 
 semi-weekly and nine weekly. 
 
 The first regular paper in New Jers(^y was 
 'started in Burlington in 1777. In 1850 the 
 Stale had a total of seventy-.seven ; seven 
 [ daily and seventy other than daily. 
 
 The (Jovernor of the Colony of Virginia, 
 sixty-four years after its settlement, thanked 
 Cod that it had no free schools or printing 
 pres.ses. His predecessor, in 1083, had been 
 expressly ordered not to allow a jirinting 
 press within his jurisdiction. In 1730 a 
 : newspa]>(n- was started at Williamsburg, called 
 \{\w i'irf/iniii ^/V;r»c, and was printed on a 
 , half sheet of foolsca]). This pajier was anti- 
 republican, and in 1700, Thomius Jed'erson 
 : and others i.ssued an "independent pajier, 
 • open to all parties, but influenced by none." 
 i This [leriod was, as Mr. JefTerson said, "at 
 tho beginning of Ke^'ululiouary disputes." 
 
 In 1705 Virginia had but ono newspaper; 
 in \77r\ two; in 1810, twenty-three ; in 1840, 
 four dailies, thirty-five weeklies and twelvo 
 siMni-weeklies. It had, in 185(), sixteen daily 
 and one hundred anil forty-seven other than 
 daily. 
 
 Two papers were printed in North Carolina 
 when the Revolutionary war commenced. In 
 1810, ten; in 1828, twenty; in 1850, four 
 dailies, and ninety-one other than daily. 
 
 In 1705 there were three papers in South 
 Carolina; in 1775, two; in 1801, ten; in 
 1828, twenty; in 185(), eight daily, and fifty- 
 seven other than daily. 
 
 In 1775 Georgia had one journal; in 1810, 
 thirteen; in 1828, eighteen; in 1840, five 
 daily, forty-four weekly, five semi-weekly. 
 In 1850, seven daily, and sixty-six other than 
 daily. 
 
 The first newspaper in Tennessee was 
 printed at Knoxvillo in 1793. In 1810 
 Tennessee had six journals ; in 1828, eight; 
 in 1850, nine daily and ninety-two other than 
 daily. 
 
 At Natchez, in 1809, the first paper was 
 printed in Mississippi. In 1810 Mississippi 
 had four journals ; in 185(5, seventy weekly, 
 ami six semi- and triweekly. 
 
 Tho first paper iiublished in Louisiana was 
 in 1704. In 1810, there were ten ; in 1840, 
 eleven daily, twenty -ono weekly and two semi- 
 weekly ; in 1850, twelvo daily, and ninety 
 other than daily. 
 
 In 1828 Alalia a had ten papers ; in 18 10, 
 twenty-eight, an in 1855, daily six, weekly 
 eighty, and sc^mi- and tri-weekly five. 
 
 Arkansas had two papers in 1828; nine in 
 1840; in 1850, one daily, twenty weekly, 
 three semi- and tri-we(?kly. 
 
 In 1 828 Florida had twojournals ; in 1840, 
 ten ; in 1850, eighteen weekly, and three scmi- 
 and tri-W(>ekly. 
 
 In 1830 Texas had Juit one newspaper; in 
 1841, eleven; in 1850, fifty-six. 
 
 The District of Columbia had, in 1810, ono 
 daily, three tri-weekly, one .semi-weekly, and 
 one weekly. In 1850, six daily, and nineteen 
 other than daily. 
 
 T'lie first published in the Northwest Ter- 
 ritory was issued at Cincinnati in 1793. In 
 1810 Ohio had fourteen pajiers; in 1828, sixty- 
 six; in 1851), thirly-otu! daily, and three h\in- 
 dred and seventy-two other than daily. 
 
 In 1787 the first jiaper was jirinted in 
 Kentucky. In 1810 Kentucky had seven- 
 teen joiirnals ; 1828, twenty-thife ; 1840, five 
 daily, seventy-six weekly, and seven setni- 
 weekiy ; in 1850, nine ilaily ; other than daily, 
 one hiuulred. 
 
 The first newspaper was printed in Indiana 
 id)Out the year 18(10; in 1828, Indiana had 
 seviMitoen papers; in 1840, seventy three ; in 
 185(i, three daily, and one hundred and seven- 
 ty-eight other than daily. 
 
 Tho first paper in Jlichigan was published 
 at Detroit in 1810; in 1828 Michigan had two 
 jo\irnals; in 1840, six daily and twenty-six 
 weekly; in 1850, seven daily, and ninety- 
 eight othci' than daily. 
 
 In 1810 Viisidusiii had six papers; in 1854, 
 eighty-six |'ii]iers, ten of wliich were daily. 
 
 In 1851 llliijois had eu(! bundled and fifty- 
 four papers, in 1828 it had four; in 1850, 
 seventeen daily and two Imiulred and twenty 
 other than diiily. 
 
 lu 1828 Mi;ifjOur' had live journals; ia 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 617 
 
 Imt oiin nowspnppr; 
 wpiity-throu ; in 1840, 
 
 weeklies nnil twelvd 
 II IH")!;, sixteen daily 
 )rty.sfven other tlmii 
 
 0(1 in Nortli Carolina 
 wiir conimenc(ul. In 
 'cnty; in 1850, four 
 ather than daily, 
 n-ee i)aperH in Houth 
 in 1801, ten; in 
 eiL'lit daily, and fifty- 
 one jonrnal; in 1810, 
 iteeii; in 1840, five 
 five Benii-wcekly. 
 d sixty-six other than 
 
 in TcnnoRsee was 
 II' l"y;!. In 1810 
 nils; in 1828, eight; 
 linety-two other than 
 
 , the first paper was 
 In 1810 Mississippi 
 8r)fi, sovouty weekly, 
 ekly. 
 
 iied in Louisiana was 
 n were ten ; in 1840, 
 weekly and two senii- 
 e daily, uud ninety 
 
 ten papers ; in 1810, 
 rir), daily six, weekly 
 i- weekly five. 
 lers in 1828; nine in 
 lily, twenty weekly, 
 
 no journals; in 1840, 
 iekly, and three semi- 
 it one newspaper ; in 
 ifty-six. 
 
 Jia had, in 1810, ono 
 no semi-weekly, and 
 K daily, and nineteen 
 
 the Northwe.st Ter- 
 'iimati in 1703. In 
 ipeis;in 1828, sixly- 
 aily, and three hiiii- 
 ler tlian daily, 
 ler was jirinted in 
 'iitiieky had seveii- 
 ily-tliice; 1810, five 
 y, and seven semi- 
 y; other than daily, 
 
 s printed in Indiana 
 1828, Indiana had 
 >, seventy three ; in 
 hundred and seven- 
 
 lipiii was [luhlished 
 8 Michigan had two 
 ily and twenty-six 
 daily, and ninety- 
 
 ix pajiers; in 18ri4, 
 liicli were daily. 
 Imiidred and (if(y- 
 lad four; in 18"i(i, 
 nulled and twenty 
 
 live jom-ualBj in 
 
 1«40, six daily, twenty-four weekly, and five 
 Bomi-weekly ; in \H»G it had five daily, and 
 one h\iiidred and five other than daily. 
 
 Iowa had four wei^kly papers in 1840. In 
 18.")() it had four daily, and sixty-eight other 
 than daily. 
 
 Accoiding to the census of 1850, Min- 
 nesota had no newspapia'. In 1856, she had 
 four daily, and twenty-two other than daily. 
 
 In 1850 California had seven papers, ac- 
 cording to tlio census; in 185G there were 
 eighteen daily and Beveuty-soven other than 
 daily. 
 
 The first paper was started in Nebraska in 
 ,^^^b\, and in Kansas about the same time or 
 shortly after. 
 
 We have thus briefly given, so far as we 
 have been able to gather facts, the introduc- 
 tion and progress of newspaper printing in 
 the several States. To sliow the actual pro- 
 gress made up to 1780, wo subjoin tho fol- 
 lowing table from the census : 
 
 StatcH and Ti^rrltoiiofl. 
 
 Alahaina 
 
 Ariroiia 
 
 Arkalifiiis 
 
 (.'ilifMrrila 
 
 Coloinilo 
 
 ('nnn(S;llcitt 
 
 l>»koU 
 
 DflawnrL- 
 
 liihlrirt of Cii)nmlji:i. 
 
 norlcln 
 
 (iforxiu 
 
 Miiho 
 
 lUinoirt 
 
 Iiuliann 
 
 iMWa 
 
 KaDHAH 
 
 Kunttitky 
 
 Loiiiiiiaim 
 
 MniiiR 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Mii-'-iarhuwUs 
 
 Mif-hiKan 
 
 Miitnfwita 
 
 MiMiiSfflpl)! 
 
 Missouri 
 
 .Mtjniniia 
 
 Nfliniska 
 
 Nfvaiia 
 
 Ni'iv Jlaini>-hirP 
 
 NiMV JiT'wy 
 
 New Mcxiiti 
 
 N.-w Vi.rk 
 
 N'lrtll Carolina 
 
 Ollii) 
 
 OroRnn.. 
 
 I'l'niifivlvnnia., 
 
 Uh.Klf Manrt 
 
 S'tulh Carolina 
 
 Tenni'^M.1; 
 
 Texas 
 
 riah 
 
 VtTinnnr 
 
 Virjzinia 
 
 Wa^hiriHton 
 
 Wisl Viriilnla 
 
 \Vi«-.riiKin 
 
 Wyuailiit,' 
 
 X.jlal 
 
 6!) 
 1 
 
 Ml 
 
 201 
 
 U 
 
 711 
 
 17l 
 lii 
 
 llllc 
 
 «' 
 5(15 : 
 siwi 
 
 2il.'l| 
 
 117 1 
 «)j 
 
 W 
 
 w 
 
 SS: 
 25!l! 
 3111 
 
 ml 
 
 sr7»l 
 
 lu 
 
 *i 
 
 Vi' 
 
 51 
 
 laa 
 
 5 
 R'K, 
 
 114 
 3!)5 
 
 :!5 
 540 1 
 
 1)2 
 
 55' 
 
 m 
 
 \Vi 
 
 111: 
 
 47: 
 
 114' 
 14 
 
 51) 
 
 lUII 
 
 li 
 
 ui.ni: 
 
 ifrHI 
 41ll.!»lH 
 
 13.7.71; 
 
 S0.'),7i'i 
 1.1153 
 
 2(1, (Km 
 M.4IKII 
 
 lll.M.'ij 
 
 lai.iifn 
 •i.vm 
 
 1,733,M1| 
 
 .!(I.1.M3| 
 3III.II'.I(I 
 IKI.Sd,-) 
 lll7,l:ill 
 K4.1«:. 
 1711,(1110 
 2;lB,4.''.(ll 
 21' l,(ll«,124, 
 Klj 2,V),774^ 
 (i lin,77S' 
 71,Mih 
 62J,K««; 
 )'.l,,WOI 
 .■iI,(KHI 
 
 11, ••no 
 I7.i,i)r.i 
 
 2(15.5(10 
 
 1,535 
 
 ",6(11.4117 
 
 ni tl'l,s3(ll 
 
 2(1; i,3.''s,:;(;7| 
 
 4 45,750 
 Kii 3,4111, 7(Vi' 
 (i S3,0.'i(l 
 5l SO,!KI(>: 
 23.'),!l.',3l 
 
 rAiioi 
 
 M,3.->lli 
 7I,:'1KI, 
 14.1,8llll 
 
 li,7Wi: 
 
 64,413; 
 
 ,1i:i,:iS5' 
 
 l,l)5ii; 
 
 Copies is- 
 
 sncd nnuii- 
 
 ally. 
 
 B.IIIS.IWO 
 
 14.MI0 
 
 l.B34.Wi(l 
 
 47,473,76« 
 
 1,1'.I(I,(I(H< 
 
 17,461.710 
 
 \").1«I4 
 
 I,fill7,s-I0 
 
 1II.UH3HKJ 
 
 (140,330 
 
 15,.M'.I,734 
 
 3(Kl.aiKI 
 
 liai 10.4113 
 
 2fl,l«i4,ils.l 
 
 l(i,40:i,:i,SO 
 
 »,.'ilK,17(l 
 
 IN, 370,1(10 
 
 1:).75.'>,(I1I0 
 
 l),S(l7.(i«l 
 
 :M,41I7,77B 
 
 13»,(l!ll.3(l(i 
 
 1\I,)NI,07S 
 
 U.54.'I,6.'M) 
 
 4,"o:i,:):i(i 
 
 47.1N).433 
 
 2.h(;(l.«ll(l 
 
 3,.'W..'ilK) 
 
 2,573.0011 
 
 7,3:17, 5N« 
 
 18,(135.740 
 
 i:i7,;iB0 
 
 471,711,744 
 
 (l.(IM. 115(1 
 
 Ok,.M.\M4 
 
 .'1,(157.300 
 
 341,17(i„'>40 
 
 ll,7SI, 5(111 
 
 Wl(il,400 
 
 1N,.')0U,H.14 
 
 4,al4,SU0 
 
 1„')7S,4(HI 
 
 4,(ir),-),300 
 
 13,:U!1„'>7» 
 
 a«l,50l) 
 
 4.012.400 
 
 2S,7(I3,!I30 
 
 34:1,300 
 
 6,b71 674 30.M3,475 l,60S,548,2a0 
 
 Of the 5,871 ])eri()dicals, with an annual 
 i.ssiie of 1,5(18,548,250 copies, 574 are daily; 
 1(17 thnie times a week; 115 semi-weekly; 
 4,21)5 w(^(;kly ; !)(! semi-monthly ; 022 month- 
 ly ; 13 bimonthly ; and 4!) quarterly. 
 
 They are devoted to: Advertising, 70; 
 agriculture and horticulture, 03 ; benevo- 
 lent and secret societies, 81 ; commercial 
 and financial, 142; illustrated, literary, and 
 inlsccllaiieous, 503 ; nationality, 20 ; poli- 
 tics, 4,333 ; religion, 407 ; sporting, 6 ; tech- 
 nical and professional, 207. 
 
 The foregoing table includes nothing but 
 regularly issued ])eriodicals, and when we 
 add to this the immense number of books 
 annually put out by the press of this coun- 
 try, th(! mass of reading matter becomes 
 truly prodigious. 
 
 THE PUBLIC DEUT f>F THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 fSlfitcmcnt of ^member 30, 1873. 
 
 DEBT IIKAIIINO INTEREST I .V COIN. 
 
 Tltlo of Loan. 
 
 Anthnrii'.liiK AiH, 
 
 Hate of 
 Intm-'st, 
 
 When llcdccmablo. ; Whrn Puyaldo. 
 
 I.nan of IWfl Jniio 14, INfiH 
 
 Loan of Fi'bmary, ISfll ('Sra) Puhniurv K ISOl 
 
 OrfKon War Ovl.t iMari'h 3, IWll 
 
 Loan of July arul AukuvI, ISOl ('SV«).. . . iJilly 17 aiul AuKlint 6, ItKll 
 
 I'lvolui'uti.'s of lKi3 Fcbniary 35, IBtW 
 
 Loan of IWl (>r») -Mari-li .'I, INVl 
 
 'i'cn forties of 1S(U .March H, 1H(H 
 
 Kiv<! twcniiiw of .Mnn-'h, IHH Maroli It, IMM 
 
 Kivn IwiTil ii'a of .Iiiiio, IWl-l Jiino 311, IHU 
 
 Five twrotii'a of lalS March 3, IKrt 
 
 ■ lonsols of 1S(15 .March 3. 1NI5 
 
 Consols of lS(i7 .March .1, 1H(16 
 
 Consols of IKW .March 3, lH(i5 
 
 Fiindoil Loan of 1S.S1 Inly 1 1. 1W7(I, anil January 20, 1>'71 
 
 6 per cent, 
 6 iwr pent, 
 tl percent. 
 R jwr cent, 
 fl iwrciiit. 
 (1 per cent. 
 6 percent. 
 i(l per wnt. 
 ,0 per cent, 
 (i per cent. 
 (I per cent. 
 n |HT cent. 
 (1 per cent. 
 5 jtcr cent. 
 
 After Jan. 1, 1N74. 
 
 After Jnne 30, 18N1 
 lAfU'r May 1, IMir... 
 
 After June :,0, IWl . 
 (After March I, 1K74. 
 |A(ter Nov. 1, IMi'.l, .. 
 , After Nov. 1, l.MKI. .. 
 lAfler Nov. 1, 1K70... 
 
 After July 1, 11-70, .. 
 
 After July 1, lt-73... 
 
 After July 1, IWI... 
 lAftirMay 1, lN-1... 
 
 niv. 31, IBSO. 
 July 1, ISNl. 
 
 Mi»y 1, 1W(3. 
 
 March i.'iilfll! 
 Nov. 1, l^K•l. 
 Nov. 1. IKS-l. 
 Nov. 1, It-Ni. 
 July 1, IHNB. 
 July 1. l(-h7. 
 July 1, ISfcS. 
 
 Title of Loan. 
 
 Interest rayahle. 
 
 Amount OtitstAnd- 
 Inif. 
 
 Interest due and 
 unpaid. 
 
 Loan of inns 
 
 l,oan of Feliruary, ISlil ('Hra) 
 
 Oregon War Ocht 
 
 Loan of July and AuKUBt, 18(>1 ('SVs) , 
 Five-twenties of lh03. 
 
 .;,raiuiary and .luiy. . . 
 Jaiuiary alui ,Iuly,.. 
 
 .|Jauiuiry atul July 
 
 /•lanuary antl July. . 
 /.May and Novetnlier. 
 
 r..»an of IWhl ("Si's) : January and Jidy 
 
 Ten-forties of It-OI March anil Septcinljcr 
 
 Fivc-twentics of Mnn;h. IWU .May and Noveinher, , 
 
 Five-twenties of June, i.SO-l ^-May and Noveuiher. , 
 
 Five-twenties of lWi5 'May and Novenilsjr. . 
 
 Consols of 1S(15 1 January and July ... 
 
 ConsolBof lWi7 I January anil July. .. 
 
 ('onsoisof I.SW .lanuary and July 
 
 Funded Loan of ISM February, May, etc , . 
 
 Total . . 
 
 J30.(»IO,(IOO 
 
 1K.4I6.(H10 
 
 1I46.(KKI 
 
 lsn,.'l21,:M 
 
 173,(i5N.:iBO 
 
 7.').0( 10,000 
 
 llH,ri(l7.30« 
 
 !M(i,(l(KI 
 
 6S.OM,'.>00 
 153,71 l,:ifiO 
 2(l3,(i:i;i,l(K) 
 810,C.5I,3(H) 
 
 37,471,0(10 
 2.Sl,3-)-l.lOO 
 
 S1.71(1.i;il,560 
 
 $ll(l,!).'>ll ('<0 
 
 37. nil (H) 
 
 n,73l 75 
 
 403.1111 30 
 
 2,M0.r.3(l 7s 
 
 15.5,31)1 05 
 
 370.Wi3 71 
 
 2,473 •'« 
 
 3I4,(IH1 !)4 
 
 2,334,(015 :15 
 
 1.11711,1-73 41 
 
 3,ll7)i,KI4 03 
 
 147,H74 (Kl 
 
 1,334,)H0 na 
 
 810,!140,41'J 46 
 
 Accrued Interest to 
 
 date. 
 
 iAin.mi r,7 
 
 4('i0.375 (nl 
 
 2:l,li35 00 
 
 4,7'«.l«l 75 
 
 S(i:).3!ll 75 
 
 l.h76.(«IO (10 
 
 2,4;B.01)I 25 
 
 4.7.'i:i 00 
 
 2!l0.4l« 00 
 
 7(l-'!,56(i 75 
 
 6.11(1.5.837 fiO 
 
 7."(ai,3.'.6 0(1 
 
 irai.K'iO IH) 
 
 1.1811,112 08 
 
 SSn,811,ll6;l 75 
 
 IlEnT ON WHICH ISTEnKST HAS CHASED SINCE MATUIllTY. 
 
 TiUe of Loan. 
 
 1 When Matured. 
 
 
 Amount OutMtundl'g. 
 
 InUirest Accnu'il, 
 
 Old Debt 
 
 
 ,1837.. 
 
 S57.(i)i5 on 
 
 1,104 01 
 
 504,171 81 
 85 71 
 
 Mexican Indemnity Stock 
 
 At various dates in 1851 and 1863 
 
 Loan of 1817 
 
 
 
 1.C..MI (Hi 
 
 :<.mi 00 
 
 33 (H) 
 
 Bouuly Land Scrip 
 
 luly 1. 1840 
 
 33(1 CiO 
 
 'I'l'xan Indemnity Stock 
 
 December 31, l.Sfl-l 
 
 
 171,000 00 
 
 !), l.'iO III) 
 
 Loan of ISOO .... 
 
 
 
 10,000 (H) 
 10,Ci-l5.(i(D) IS) 
 
 (135 0(1 
 
 Fivetwenliei, 18(12 (called) 
 
 Di-eenilKsr 1. 1871, and at stibsequent dates. 
 
 I74.(.50 03 
 
 Treasury Notes prior to 18-10 
 
 At various dates from 183« Ui 1841 
 
 
 83,575 :15 
 
 2,070 7)1 
 
 Treasury Notos of 18-1(1 
 
 At varions dates in 18-17 and 1848, 
 
 
 0,0110 0(1 
 
 3(10 (Kl 
 
 Treasury Notes of 18-17 
 
 At various datx-s In 18-18 and 1840. 
 
 
 '.at 00 
 
 57 00 
 
 Treasury Notes of 1K57 
 
 At various dates in 1868 and 1861) 
 
 
 2,0(«1 (HI 
 
 108 Oil 
 
 Treasury Notes of 1801 
 
 iMarch 1. 18)1.1 
 
 
 3,1.50 (K) 
 
 378 00 
 
 .S.'veu thirties of 1 Mil 
 
 'Auirust 1!) and Octolier 1, 18M , . . 
 
 
 ]0,3.W 00 
 
 l,4:iS 31 
 
 One-year Notes of 18)1.3 
 
 'At various dates in 1.8(15 
 
 
 80, 105 Oil 
 
 4.li;i(l 85 
 
 'rwo-ycar NoU-s of 18(i3 
 
 At various dati's in IWifi 
 
 
 55,(H10 00 
 
 .3.7,55 !I2 
 
 Compound-interest Notes 
 
 June 10, 18)17, and May 16, 18(18.. 
 
 
 451,170 (X) 
 
 110.035 ;« 
 
 Seven thirties of 1804 and 18)15 . . . 
 
 .\u{rust 16. 18f)7, June 15 and July 
 
 15,18)iS. 
 
 2(i.l,: on 00 
 
 21,8!l| 1(7 
 
 CertiHcrtiesof Indiibtcdue8.s 
 
 At varions dates In lh<Ki 
 
 
 5,000 00 
 
 313 4H 
 
 Tcmiwirary Loan 
 
 , October 1.5. 180(1 
 
 
 78,5)H» 00 
 
 7,313 HI 
 
 Three jM^r cent, certificates (called) 
 
 , Fcbrmiry 3S, 1873 
 
 1 interest has censed 
 
 
 5.000 00 
 
 301 31 
 
 ABprej.'ate of debt on whic 
 
 S30,O.|li,570 2(1 
 
 $,381,8)17 43 
 
 DETIT nEAUlNO INTEREST IN LAWFUL MONEY. 
 
 Title of I.IJ1U1. 
 
 Wllcn I'ayable, 
 
 Navy I'cnsion Fund i3 jM-rct, IntcresI uppliislt^ipensions 
 
 Cert, of IndebUnlncss of 1870.* I I)cr ct. Payalilu September 1, 1876. 
 
 AgffrcKatc of debt bearlnfit Interest In Ia\vf id money 
 
 Interest I'ay'bie. I Amount, l Fast due Int. j Accr'd I)lt, 
 
 I 517.5.000 
 
 $40 00 I 0,780 
 
 Jan. and July. . . 
 March and .-^ept. 
 
 514.0IH1,000 
 078,000 , 
 
 51I,U78,0)HI 
 
 $40 00 I $181,780 
 
 DEBT BEAItiyr} NO INTEREST, 
 
 Title of Iioan. Authorixint? Act... 
 
 Amount. 
 
 (lid Demand Notes July 17, 1.8R1, and Felmiary 13, 1803 
 
 l.cBal Tender Notes Feliruary VS. IS)l-> July 1 1, l.-Jrt, and March 3, 18)a. 
 
 CcrtltlcalcB of Dcisjslt lone 8, 1873 (Clearing House CertiOcatcs) 
 
 Fracliiinal Cnrremy Iiilv 17. 1803, .March 3, IblU, and Juno 30, IH» 
 
 Coin Certillciili'S March 3, 18)VI 
 
 $70.)i(i7 50 
 ;!0)1.!)33.(I18 1)0 
 
 •jo.\m.mi 00 
 
 48.011.340 115 
 
 30,330.)i00 00 
 
 23,(i(il at 
 
 
 
 AtTRreKato of debt bearinR 110 Interest 
 
 $4)l5,4:i(l,:)00 ,fl 
 
 RECAriTCLATION. 
 
 Dcscrijitiiin of Debt, 
 
 Debt lieariuR interest in coin 
 
 Debt bearing currency interest . , . . 
 
 ! Debt on which interest has ceased,. 
 Debt bearing no interest 
 
 Total princli>al of debt 
 
 Add interest unjiaid and accrued.. 
 
 Itonds at jier cent 
 
 Ilonds at 5 ist cent 
 
 Ccrtidcates of indebtedness at 4 Jier cent . 
 Navy I'ension Fund at 3 per cent 
 
 Old Demand and I,eKal Tender Noted . 
 
 Cerilncatesof Deposit 
 
 I Fractional Currency 
 
 .Coin Ccrtllicfttes. 
 
 I Total debt 
 
 Cash in the Treajiury 
 
 Amount. 
 
 $1,218,8.10,1.50 00 
 
 407,801.100 00 
 
 (178 000 00 
 
 14,0(KIOOO 00 
 
 20.1)1)1.570 2)i 
 
 3)17,001,(185 50 
 
 aO.lIiO.OOO 00 
 
 48.0ll.:l.t0 1p5 
 
 ;!0,32«,(K» 00 
 
 $2,317.(i71),756 71 
 .•18,338,735 47 
 "$2,36(i,018,4«l 18" 
 
 ■Coin $S:l,70!l.()87 44i 
 
 Currency i.-mAW 2n1 
 
 Special deiMslt lor rcdem|itlon of ccrtincatcs of deim.-lt 20,1,50,000 00 105,150.437 72 _ 
 
 Debt, lesBcaib in the 'I'reasurv, Decendier 1, 1873 j $3,150. 8)13, l).V) 411 
 
 Delil, less cash in Ihc Trcxsury, Novciulwr 1, 1^73 ' 2, 141,. 8:1:1,170 113 
 
 Increase of debt ilurinfT the pa«t month $0,0-18,570 84 
 
 Decrease of debt since December 1, ln72 5',l,705.'.)7fi HO 
 
 iii 
 
r 'Vi^ 
 
 m 
 
 ois 
 
 This final settlement is very little altered 
 by tlio last five \>er cent, loan issued in July, 
 1874, by Secretary Bristow, and taken by the 
 foreign bunkers. 
 
 Tiie statement of the Public Debt would 
 not be complete without a parallel statement 
 of the gold premium, which had such a great 
 influence iu the financial affairs of the country. 
 
 PUBLIC DEBT. 
 
 In order to form a right idea of the extent 
 of the Public Debt of the United States, and 
 how it was formed, during the past few years, 
 it is necessary to compare the figures of 1873 
 with those of the Debt under the different 
 administrations. 
 
 The I'ublic Debt, at the close of each ad- 
 ministrution, was : 
 Washington (first term) end- 
 ing 1793 «l80,352,634 04 
 
 (second term) 82,0()4,479 33 
 
 John Adams 83,038,0.")0 80 
 
 Jefferson (first term) 82,3 12, ISO 50 
 
 (second term) .')7,023,192 09 
 
 Madison (first term) 55,9()2,827 07 
 
 (second term) 123,491,905 lO 
 
 Monroe (first term) 89,987,427 GO 
 
 ^second term) 83,788,432 71 
 
 Jolin Quiucv Adams 58,421,413 07 
 
 Jackson (first term) 7,001,098 83 
 
 (second term) 3,308,124 07 
 
 Van Buren 13,594,480 73 
 
 Tvler 15,925,303 01 
 
 Polk 03,001,858 09 
 
 Fillmore 59,803,1 17 70 
 
 Pierce 28,099,831 85 
 
 Buchanan 90,580,873 72 
 
 Lincoln 2,080,047,'*09 74 
 
 Johnson 2,588,452,:: 1 3 94 
 
 Debt, l(!ss cash in Treasury, 
 
 .March 1, 1873 ." . 2,157,380,700.53 
 
 Tiie outstanding of the public debt of the 
 United States, since the end of the civil war, 
 on the 1st of July of each year, is "hown as 
 follows by the report of the Secretary of the 
 1'reasury, December 4, 1871, and public debt 
 statement of same, July 1, 1872 : 
 
 1805 iJ2,08O,O47,809 74 
 
 1800 2,773,230,173 09 
 
 1807 2,078,120,103 87 
 
 1808 2,011,087,841 19 
 
 1809 2,.58S,451,213 94 
 
 1870 2,480,072,427 81 
 
 1871 2,35.3,211,332 32 
 
 1872 2,253,251,328 78 
 
 The preceding tables, which are a correct 
 statement of the Public Debt, as appears from 
 the books and Treasurer's i-etnrns in the De- 
 ])artniont of Treasury, Noyrmber 30, 1873, 
 will show the details of tlie Debt, and how it 
 wan and will be paid. 
 
 The following table shows the lowest and 
 highest pric(!s of gold at New York for each 
 month iu the last twelve years. The left- 
 hiuid column in each year shows the lowest 
 price, and the right-hand column the highest : 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 Patk, 
 
 .Tanuary 
 Fi'bnmrv 
 Marih .'. 
 Aiirll,... 
 May .... 
 Jiino. .. 
 July 
 AuKiiKt. . . . 
 September. 
 OctolKT. . 
 Ni»veml)er. 
 December . 
 
 Datx. 
 
 H.1'4 IN) l-'lHi i:n>, 
 
 ini. Hii'j \m>., icis.'< 
 i.)a','i.i7 I'ji'ti'is'i 
 
 18M. 1873. 
 
 nil'. liSS llii'« 
 
 ntvi 
 
 tiw, 1101,' lit'. 
 
 Its iiai!, 110', 
 
 iiji. 
 
 tOII,'« 111 MVi 
 
 uiiV uii'. ii(M„ 
 
 in>. 
 
 10!!', no.v iH', 
 
 iii'4 11.-.'. nil'. 
 
 Ul\ 
 
 toil', ti:)i.( nil'.,' 
 
 \VI\ ll.'.'s 111 
 
 Wi'^i 
 
 tii'. 111', iiii'i 
 
 III!', Ill", IIP, 
 
 llM'-,, 
 
 n-'i ,im..' 115 i 
 
 nil, rjii^iiip, 
 
 IIM', 
 
 ii:i,V n.iv iiri ' 
 
 111', i« Ini', 
 
 li:t', 
 
 Hi', 115'. ttl', 
 
 iia'., nti',- u'i\ 
 
 ns'. 
 
 112', It.'.', 110', 
 
 llf, lll'4 lllH 
 
 nn 
 
 iVi^i ll.T, 107', 
 
 no ivf^ 11(1'. 
 
 11'^'. 
 
 tll'.ilMV IIKI', 
 
 noM tip, 1118'. 
 
 110'. 
 
 iii",iti;),'i;io»', 
 
 114V 
 MH^i 
 I18W 
 
 lini,' 
 
 11H', 
 '181< 
 llll'i 
 tt«K 
 llHi,' 
 
 niv 
 
 'lUV 
 
 Hate. 
 
 1 18fi2. 1 lSfi.1. 
 
 l.«M, 
 
 INW. 
 
 .I'lnimrv. . . . 
 
 .. par lim 1:M 1110',- 
 
 1511, IfiO 
 
 1117,1, .^n.^ 
 
 l''i'ljru.irv.. . . 
 
 .. loai. lut'.,' i.vi ,i7a'4 
 
 t."i. llil 
 
 iiKi'. am'. 
 
 Miirch 
 
 .. 101', 102 'i IMO 171", 
 
 ir.ii iiiii'i 
 
 UKi. am 
 
 April 
 
 ., llll'v lO'ii, Mli I.V.I 
 
 lllli'.i 1S7 
 
 114 tIKJ 
 
 Jlav 
 
 .. UI'J'., ll'4'. 141,V; IW 
 
 t(l,S IIKI 
 
 l-.'H', 1 i.-iv 
 
 Jniiu 
 
 .. HI-',.. Kill's iio,>... iiti'. 
 
 IMI lOI 
 
 i:-^.V, 147'. 
 
 July 
 
 .. 1011 il-.HI", I'ilV.ll.') 
 
 ■i-ii a.'fl 
 
 1-!S 1 1(1,1, 
 
 A'.iu-;! t... 
 
 .. ll-.i\ 110'., 1VJ>, f.'O',- 
 
 •ill 1, Wi 
 
 1 l.l'. l.l^\ 
 
 S -ijllMIllRT. . 
 
 .. 1111,1., r.'i i','7 (1.1.11, 
 
 i.-n *v> 
 
 tia-, ii.'i 
 
 <• M 11 r. ... 
 
 .. 1-fi l:;7 1 IU>,'I.-|0'4 
 
 1 Ml i-r.) 
 
 1 II 1 111 
 
 N'lV.llllMT. . 
 
 .. l!!l l-;.-!', I|:l ,1.M 
 
 •,110 L'l'll 
 
 II.-.'.. u>\ 
 
 I'liN'mliiT.. 
 
 .. l.-m l.<4 117 ll.V.i'i 
 
 an ail 
 
 1141... 11,;!^ 
 
 January . . . 
 IVbniary . . . 
 March ... . 
 
 April 
 
 .May 
 
 .Mine 
 
 July 
 
 AuKilKt 
 
 September. . 
 
 October 
 
 Novenitier. . 
 lletTniber.. 
 
 In August, 1874, the price of gold fluctu- 
 ated between 109 and 110^^. 
 
 RAII,R0.VD3. 
 
 ■ There is not a country in the whole world 
 which has made such progress in building 
 railroads as the United States. Long ago 
 the iron horse was heard snorting f'' in every 
 city to the smallest village, iu New England, 
 in the Middle States, and on tho Western 
 prairies ; but the Southern States were sys- 
 tematically opposed to building railroads in 
 their midst. At )ircscnt, although, the more 
 Southern States are not yet as much interwoven 
 witli railways as the North and West, it can 
 be safely asserted that the network of tho 
 railroail system in the whole country has 
 reached ])erfection, as to the princijial lines. 
 The pretliction, uttered years ago, that New 
 York would be connected w ith San Francisco 
 by a railroad, which would become the great 
 route from Europe to China and Japan, is 
 fulfilled, ond the Pacific Kailroad already 
 looks as a thing of the past, and other 
 similar lines are thought of. Tea comes now 
 from Shanghai, and silk from Yokohama, 
 and they reach London or I'aris by way of 
 the iron belt, which has scaled the Uocky 
 Mountains. At the time we are writing, 
 August, 1874, the Italian Jlinister Plenipo- 
 tentiary and Envoy E.ttraordinary acroilited 
 to Japan has arrived fioin France, on his 
 way to tho Far East, from Italy, via New 
 York and San Francisco, instead of via 
 Suez, or tho Peninsular Oriental Company 
 steamships. 
 
 Still, it must not be thought that the in- 
 fancy of railroad building was too rapid, or 
 without difficulties, even in A nierica, wliere so 
 many advantages ])aved for them the way to 
 success. Itailroads for tl' transport of stone 
 and coal came into opei.ition in Massachu- 
 setts, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania in 
 1820 and 1827, and increased in number for 
 general traffic up to 1848, when 0,000 miles 
 of railroad wen; comiileted tliroughout the 
 States. Since that stage in their history, 
 they have considerably increased, and been 
 pushed to great distances towards the in- 
 terior. In 1853 tlie length of railways in 
 actual opi'iation in the United States was 
 
 14,494 miles, nearly oiie-hulf of which wa.s iu 
 the New England States, and in tin; State of 
 New York. The number of railroads in 
 these States, and also in IV'iinsylvania, sur- 
 prised every traveller from Eiuoi)e. They 
 
 were seen radiating in several directions from 
 every city, interlining and crossing and send- 
 ing out branches, so as to bring every seat 
 of po])ulation of any importance into ready 
 communication with tho chief marts of com- 
 merce. In Massachusetts alone, in the early 
 liart of 1853, there were about 1,200 miles 
 of railway. At tho same period. New York 
 had 2,123 miles ; Pennsylvania, 1,244 miles ; 
 and Ohio, which was by comparison a newly 
 settled State, 1,385 miles. Ijitrgo extensions 
 were made in all ; and the entire railway 
 system of the United States two years after- 
 ward comprehended nearly 18,000 mi'es, with 
 several thousand miles in course of construc- 
 tion. Tho principle ])ursiied in organizing 
 this marvellous system of transportation has 
 been, in the first place, to rest satisfied with 
 single lines until tho resources of a district 
 were so far opened up, and capital thereby 
 created, as to warrant the construction of 
 double tracks. Only a few had attained 
 tho dignity of double lines. Therefore 
 American railways were almost all only 
 single tracks, and did not admit of trains 
 passing each other, except at appointed 
 stations. 
 
 Of the considerable railway enterprises of 
 the country, tho first which a])poars to have 
 been commenced was a portion of the now 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the first stono 
 of which was laid on tho 4th of July, 1828. 
 This road, was originally planned for a horse 
 track only ; but tho introduction of steam 
 locomotives from "'/Ugland encouraged tho 
 attempt to run them on the line ; and in 
 1830 a small engine, constructetl at Balti- 
 more, was put upon tho road. Although 
 the traffic was gi'eat, the engine appears to 
 hafe been only partially worked, the trains 
 having also been moved by horses. 
 
 This road was constructed of longitudinal 
 rails pinned down to wooden or cross-stone 
 ties, imbedded in the ground ; and upon the 
 rails ^vere fastened flat bars of iron, ^ inch 
 and ^ inch thick, and 2A^ to 4^ inches wide, 
 by spikes, heads countersunk in the iron. 
 This method, which was generally adopted 
 upoii the early American railroads, from con- 
 siderations of economy, and with a view of 
 extending the lines to the utmost limit of 
 the capital proviiled, was soon found to in- 
 volve great danger and conseiiuent expense. 
 The ends of the rails became loose ; and, 
 starting up, were occasionally caught by the 
 wheels, and thrust up through the bottoms 
 of the cars. It was found necessary to run 
 tho trains with great caution upon tlie roads 
 thus constructed, and the passenger traffic 
 was seriously diverted from those lines that 
 acquired a notoriety for snake-heads. 
 
 In 1830 the " Hudson and Jlohawk Rail- 
 roail," from Albany to Schenectady, was com- 
 menced. In October, 1831, the number of 
 passengers on it was stated at 387 a day, and 
 in 1832 a locomotive " with a load of eight 
 tons, travelled on it at the rate of thirty 
 miles an hour." " In 1831, twelve different 
 railroad companies were incorporated;" and 
 " from this time railroad enterprises were 
 multiiilied with great rajiidity." 
 
 In PeniKsylvania, it is stated, sixty-seven 
 railroads were in operation in 1833 ; and iu 
 that year were commenced the most import- 
 ant lines of Slas.sachusotts and New Jersey. 
 
 The outlay ui>on the American lines has 
 
 sm 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 «1« 
 
 lovcral dircctiouH from 
 nd crosNing and send- 
 1 to bring every sent 
 nportiinco into ready 
 cliiof marts of com- 
 tts nionc, in tlio early 
 •e about 1,200 miles 
 (le period, New York 
 lylvania, 1,244 miles; 
 y comparison a newly 
 OS. Liirgo extensions 
 d the entire r»ilway 
 itiitcs two years after- 
 rly 18,000 mi'^s, with 
 n course of constnic- 
 irsued in organizing 
 of transportation has 
 to rest satisfied with 
 ■sources of a district 
 and capital thereby 
 the construction of 
 few had attained 
 lines. Therefore 
 !ro almost all only 
 not admit of trains 
 xcept at appointed 
 
 ailway enterprises of 
 hich a])pears to havo 
 portion of the now 
 ilroad, the first stoiio 
 e 4 th of July, 1828. 
 y planned for a horse 
 itroduction of steam 
 and encouraged the 
 on the line; and in 
 onstructed at Balti- 
 le road. Although 
 le engine a))pcar8 to 
 y worked, the trains 
 by horses. 
 
 ictud of longitudinal 
 ooden or cross-stono 
 ound ; and upon tlio 
 bars of iron, ^ inch 
 \ to 4^ inches wide, 
 ^rsunk in the iron. 
 is generally adopted 
 
 I railroads, from coii- 
 and with a view of 
 he utmost limit of 
 3 .soon found to in- 
 consequent expense, 
 liecame loose; and, 
 nally caught by the 
 lough the bot'tonis 
 lid necessary to run 
 tion upon the roads 
 10 jiassenger traffic 
 im those linos that 
 iiaki^heads. 
 
 and aiohawk Rail- 
 lenectady, was com- 
 31, the number of 
 d at 387 a day, and 
 itii a load of eight 
 the rate of thirty 
 !1, twelve different 
 ncorporated ; " and 
 d enterprises were 
 dity." 
 
 stated, sixty-seven 
 
 II in 1833 ; and in 
 1 the most im))oit- 
 ■1 and New Jeisey. 
 muricau Hues bus 
 
 been from £8,700 up to £ir),000 jier mile, 
 whilst the average cost in Great Britain has 
 been nearly £40,000 per mile. 
 
 Ill 1838 there were only l,84.'t miles of 
 railroad in the United Status; in 18 IS, (!,491, 
 and in 1800, 31,18,") miles. Most of those 
 r.iilways wore originally nlngli: Inirk lines. 
 Ijut soon the necessities of traffic compel- 
 led the companies to lay double tracks ; in 
 ISllO the relation of every State, as to rail- 
 roads, was as follows : 
 
 NU.MDER OF MILES OPEK IN EACH STATE. 
 
 State. Mile!! Open. 
 
 Ohio SO,")? 
 
 Pennsylvania 2943 
 
 Jllinois 2925 
 
 New York 2809 
 
 Indiana 2058 
 
 Virginia 1805 
 
 Georgia 1401 
 
 Massachusetts 1314 
 
 Tennessee 1 283 
 
 .South Carolina 978 
 
 Wisconsin 937 
 
 North Carolina 887 
 
 ^Missouri 813 
 
 JMichigan 807 
 
 M ississippi 798 
 
 Now Jersey 627 
 
 New IIaini)shiro 658 
 
 Alabama 643 
 
 Connecticut 608 
 
 Veniiont SZS 
 
 Iowa 549 
 
 Kentucky 531 
 
 Maine 476 
 
 Maryland 406 
 
 Ixiuisiana 328 
 
 Florida 326 
 
 Texas 294 
 
 Delaware 137 
 
 Khode Island 104 
 
 California 70 
 
 Arkansas 38 
 
 This table will illustrate the extent to 
 which railway enterprise has been developed 
 in the North-Western States, espt^cially in 
 Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana. The Illinois 
 C'l'utral Hailroad, which passes through 706 
 miles of that State, was endowed witli alter- 
 iiiite sections of land for a width of three 
 mill's on each side of its track, the State re- 
 sfiving each other section It thus acquired 
 2,r)95,000 acres in an excellent farming re- 
 1,'ioii ; and from the sale of these lands the 
 expenses of construction, etc., have be<in or 
 will be met. The effect of this policy in the 
 ili'velcipment of the State has already been re- 
 i'l'iTcd to. 
 
 Itomarkable as has been the rajiidity with 
 which the American railroads have been con- 
 structed, and great as is the total mileage al- 
 nady made, the railroad accommodation of 
 tlie ITnited States is not to be regarded as 
 by any means meeting the requirements of 
 llie country. The rapid growth of the sys- 
 tem has only been co-equal with the rafiid 
 growth of the population ; the extent of mile- 
 age is attributable to tho vast extent of terri- 
 tory settled, and the great distances between 
 till' seats of poimlation. 
 
 lu many parts of the States, indeed, the 
 existing railways are quite iubutliciuut. la 
 
 tho South, the system is very imperfectly tle- 
 veloped. Whilst slaves existed, there was a 
 determined hostility in the Southern States 
 to the expansion of any gcuieral railway sys- 
 tem, arising from the ai)prehensiun that it 
 woulil be used for the esea)ie of slaves. Any 
 one who glances at a railroad map of tho 
 United States will observe, that whilst the 
 Northern States are covered with lines, tho 
 Southern have only a few main trunk roads, | 
 and that the greatest care has been taken to | 
 prevent those lines from communicating with \ 
 tho Free States. It will be necessary to cor- 
 rect all this, and to bring the South into 
 much more intimato communication with tho 
 North than she stands at present. 
 
 From West to East, also, tho present rail- 
 ways are (piite insutFicient for the growing 
 traflio. The lines of communication from the 
 West by canal, etc., which existed previously 
 to railways, have not been affected by their 
 ronstructii)ii. The produce of the Western 
 States has, in fact, increased fluster than the 
 means of transport, and additional facilities 
 for the conveyance of goods were early and 
 
 urgently reipiired. It was of tho utmost im- 
 portance to the development of the West, 
 that no time should be lost in making thin 
 additional provision. 
 
 Another ext<!nsion of the railway system 
 was felt by all the people of tho Tnited 
 States to be most es.sential. Kvery one ap- 
 preciated the importance of establishing rail- 
 way intercourse across the continent from 
 the shores of tho Atlantic to those of tho 
 Pacific. Four dilferont routes had been pro- 
 jected in different parts of the Continent, and 
 eventually, there can bo little doubt they 
 will all be made ; only one is at present con- 
 structed. Tho great object, of course, was 
 to connect San Fx'ancisco with New York. 
 
 The construction of that stupendous roiul 
 jirogressed with a rapidity whicii astonished 
 the world, and tho through connection by 
 rail, between New York and San Francisco, 
 was established, at the time a)>pointed, 1869. 
 The Federal Government came to the lielp of 
 the States and of private enterprise. The 
 amount of this help is shown in the following 
 table : 
 
 CUnRENCT BON'DS ISSUED TO THE PACIFIC nAILBOADB. 
 (.Vc»( Iiu'luded in the Public Debt an above itatett.) 
 
 Nnnip of Iljiilniftil. 
 
 Central Pacific 
 
 Kansas Pacific 
 
 Union Pacific 
 
 Central lir.ineli, U. Paoilic 
 
 Western Pacific 
 
 Sioux City and Pacific 
 
 AllthorizinL' Acts. 
 
 When Piiyatile. 
 
 Int4'rcst rnyixblc. 
 
 .Inly 1, '(>2 & .luly 8, '(i4 (5 ])ercent.!nO yrs. fin. date. January & .July 
 Fily 1. '(>3 it July 2, '64 (5 percent. 30 yrs. fm. date. January & July 
 July 1, '1)2 & July 3, '04 8 pcrcent.lllO yrs. fni. date. 'January & July 
 .Inly 1, 'U2 it July 3, '64 per cent. ;!iO yrs. fni. date. I January & July 
 Inly 1. 'Ii2 it .Tuly 2. '64:6 per cent. 'HO yrs, fm. date. | January & July 
 laly 1, '02 it July 3, '64 percent. 30 yrs. fm. date. January & July 
 
 Nnnu' of Ilnilrond. 
 
 rrlnfipal 
 Oiit>ttiu)(linf^. 
 
 Central Pacific 
 
 Kansas Pacific 
 
 i Union Pacific 
 
 Cinitral IJranch, U. Pacific. 
 
 Western Pacific 
 
 Sioux City .-uid Pacific 
 
 . ^!3.-).S*-),120 
 
 . (>,;iO;!.oo(i 
 
 . 2T.23t)..';ii' 
 
 . 1, coo oil 
 
 . l,i)T0-)!il) 
 
 .1 i.(;2.s 3'.'!i 
 
 Int.'H'Pt ftcrrut'd 
 .t not yet imiil. 
 
 Intoreot pnicl byjint. ri'|'i'I<l by Ilal. of Int. paid 
 United States, trans. niailB, &e. by U. Stntex. 
 
 $047. 12S 00 
 
 ir)7..')7.) 00 
 
 080.!) 13 m 
 
 40,000 00 
 
 4n,2(!4 00 
 
 40,708 no 
 
 $7,021,483 27 
 
 2.347,.')33 09 
 
 8,(iir).943 81 
 
 589,808 2(i 
 
 48.5,912 94 
 
 487,30,-) 49 
 
 1733, 
 
 1,173, 
 
 8,«0f. 
 
 21, 
 
 9, 
 
 0, 
 
 39."> 
 (i83 
 483 
 893 
 3(17 
 731 
 
 40 
 
 4.'> 
 02! 
 
 87} 
 00 
 89 
 
 189.187 87 
 173.8.'-.0 64 
 014,400 19 
 ,507.914 !I9 
 470.. '54.5 94 
 480,573 (10 
 
 Totals 
 
 .*04.fl23,512 *l,r)1.5„587 80 $20,447,980 20 |4.54.5.4.53 03 $15.902.. 533 S3 
 
 1^ ' ' 1^ i' 
 
 The forepoinR is a correct statement of the Public Debt, as appears from tlio books and Treasurer's 
 Returns in the Department at the close of business, November 30, 1873. 
 
 In .Tanuaiy, 1S61, the cajiital invested fir 
 
 the " cost (tiiil cjiiijiinriitK" of the 31,lii,S miles 
 
 of railroads constructed in America amounted 
 
 to ^1,177,994,828. The cost of in<ilii!e)uiiiiv 
 
 of .\nicricaii railroails is much higher than in 
 
 ICngland. This explains the fact liiat while 
 
 j the Kiiglish roads exhibit an extiaordinaiy 
 
 : amount of first cost, on account of ihiinagcs 
 
 ! paid to landownc -s, it does not appear 
 
 ! that the general ex|icnditures have bt-en in 
 
 much larger proportion than in tho United 
 
 States. 
 
 I To end with this important subject of rail- i 
 roads, and to sum up, in a few lines, all the [ 
 [ explanations and observations given above, ■ 
 ' as well as in order to give the latest data, it \ 
 I is only neces.sary to add that, commencing no ; 
 : longer ago than 1830 with 23 miles, the ; 
 I number of miles constructed up to January, ' 
 ! 1S72, was 60,852. l>aring 1869, the mileage 
 [constructed was 4,999; in 1870, 6,145; and 
 I in 1,871, 7,453; making in the three years a 
 ' tcital of 18,597 miles. The largest mileage 
 ! iu any previous year wan iu 1856, wUeu it 
 
 reached ,3,643. During the four years of our 
 civil war but 3,273 miles were built. Tho 
 State of Massachusetts has one mile of rail- 
 way to 4.86 square miles of territory. A 
 similar ratio would give to tbs States of Sew 
 York and Pennsylvania 10,000 miles of lino 
 respectively, and to Illinois 11,000 miles, or 
 more than twice its present mileage. The 
 cost of railroads in this conntry will average 
 $50,000 per mile— the total for the 60,852 
 miles being, in round numbers, $3,000,000,- 
 000. The cost of mileage constructed in 
 1871, at $30,000 per mile, was about $225,- 
 000,000, while at least $50,000,000 were ex- 
 pended in new works and equipments on old 
 roads, making a total ex)ienditnro for tho 
 year of $275,000,000. The rapidity of the 
 increase of business of the railroads of the 
 United States, and the quantity ami value of 
 their gross tonnage traffic is still more re- 
 markable than the raiiid progress of these 
 works. In 1851 the total earnings from ])as- 
 sengers were, for 8,838 miles, $19,274,'J5 1, 
 and from freights $20,192,100 — an uggicgato 
 
 
 I 
 
830 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 1 
 
 J I' ! 
 
 :i-. 
 
 of |39,4C(>,3S8. In 1861 the total ptvrningB 
 wore inO.OOO.OOO; nml in 1871, «4r)4,i)ti"J,- 
 (100. I'lio toiinaj^o of nil tlio railroads in 
 18(11 is c'stiiiiatcil at 30,000,000 nnt tons for 
 31,2r)(i niiliw; while, in 1871, tlio net ton- 
 iia>(o was 100,000,000 tons on (iO.SriJ unlcs. 
 Tho not tonnage reiluceil to pounds of all the 
 railroads of the conntry, in 1851,eqimlled 4(5 1 
 lbs. to the head of population ; in 18U1, 1,012 
 lbs. ; and in 1871, 5,000 lbs. per head. Tlie 
 valuo of this tonnage per head, in 1851, 
 equalled !i(35.34 ; in 18(51, $116.92; and in 
 1871, iis375 per head. The increase of mile- 
 aj;o of railways constructed from 1851 to 
 1861 was at the rate of about 20 per cent, 
 per annum. From 1861 to 1871 tho rate of 
 annual increase was about 10 per cent. The 
 increase of tonnage from '5 1 to '6 1 was 50 
 ))er cent, per annum; from '61 to '71, at the 
 rate of 23 per cent, per annum. Tho increase 
 of poi)ulation fi-om '51 to '61 was at tho rate 
 of 3.5 per cent, per annum. From '61 to '71, 
 at the rate of 2.3 — 10 per cent, per annum. 
 
 The cost of t>'ans|)ortiiig Indian corn and 
 wheat over ordinary highways is about 20 
 cents per ton j>er mile. At such rate the 
 
 former will bear transportation only 125 
 miles to market, while its value is ei|ual to 
 75 cents per bushel ; the hitter only 250 
 miles, while its value is ;i(1.50 per bushel. 
 Witli such highways only our moat valuable 
 cereals will have no eoiiimiM'oial value outside 
 of circles having radii of 125 miles and 250 
 miles respectively. Upon n railroad tho 
 transportation equals 1^ cents per ton per 
 mile, thus increasing tho circle within which 
 corn and wheat, at the prices named, will 
 have a marketable value to radii of 1,600 
 and .3,200 miles respectively. Tho area of a 
 circle having a radius of 125 miles is 49,087 
 square miles, while that of a circle drawn 
 upon tt radius of 1,600 miles is about 160 
 times greater, or 8,042,406 square miles. 
 Such a (litl'erence, enormous as it is, only 
 measures the valuo of tho agencies at present 
 employed in transportation, and tho results 
 achieved compared with tho old. 
 
 Tho following table shows the mileage of 
 railroads in the several States at the various 
 periods noted, from Jaiiuary 1, 1842, to Jan- 
 uary 1, 1872: 
 
 mi. 1840. 
 
 Aliiltiiuiii 
 
 i\rkim>jiK 
 
 ('.ilifiiriuii 
 
 ('uiinei'Iicut 
 
 liflawiire 
 
 yinri.ltt 
 
 <Ji'oruiu 
 
 Illlii.iH 
 
 IniHium 
 
 IdWIl 
 
 Knnsiip. 
 
 Kfiitncky 
 
 I.<i.iisiutm 
 
 Mjiinu 
 
 Mnrvhinil and D, C 
 
 RliisBachiiSL'tts 
 
 Michjpiii. , 
 
 RUinu'SDtu 
 
 Mia.Ji4p|.l 
 
 Mi-;wjuri 
 
 Nilirt.*kil 
 
 Ni'vuila 
 
 N.'w Hninp^lure 
 
 Nr\v' J.TM'V 
 
 Ni'w Y..rk' 
 
 Korth Cul'ulina 
 
 Ohio 
 
 riro-'on 
 
 ]'r!lIH\lviinill 
 
 lUl.alc- I^Ilillil 
 
 i^oiith I'lirciliim 
 
 T'nn(!SM,*c 
 
 'J'i'xa-s 
 
 VlTIIllMlt 
 
 Vii-ltlniii 
 
 Wo-t VirtiiniH 
 
 Wi.-cuii-in 
 
 108 
 3» 
 
 871 
 Zl 
 
 28 
 •10 
 11 
 !&9 
 .173 
 138 
 
 K6 
 
 3a 
 
 453 
 21 
 
 88 
 40 
 
 I m 
 
 i 2.-|!l 
 1 BN'i 
 
 ao 
 
 M 
 ISIl 
 
 S7 
 30 
 
 '7.ii' 
 
 50 
 804 
 
 28.'J 
 til 
 
 !ia 
 
 IMi 
 71.1 
 S7 
 M 
 
 801 
 
 84-1 
 
 m 
 
 Total niilfs. 
 
 3,533 I 4,477 
 
 1648. 
 
 808 
 8!1 
 38 
 
 liO!) 
 88 
 48 
 
 88 
 40 
 118 
 S.VI 
 718 
 
 aro 
 
 175 
 l\-> 
 Wt 
 
 •i 
 
 i'.otVi' 
 (is 
 804 
 
 301 
 97 
 
 1851. 
 
 408 
 3!) 
 81 
 (i43 
 111 
 888 
 
 78 
 80 
 945 
 8611 
 1,05,1 
 348 
 
 4li7 
 
 8011 
 
 l,::iil 
 
 1,840 
 (IS 
 
 8110 
 8)*4 
 
 tn 
 so 
 
 0,081 
 
 4!l« 
 .'I'.l 
 81 
 
 1108 
 
 l(i7 
 
 W) 
 
 3;)4 
 
 337 
 
 1,105 
 
 431 
 
 IMi 
 38 
 
 044 
 347 
 
 8.:i.s7 
 4'.'0 
 
 1,800 
 
 1,-m' 
 
 liH 
 
 ii.ia 
 aiii 
 
 an 
 
 71 
 
 1.1,360 
 
 4M 
 
 "ail' 
 
 5110 
 70 
 
 r.(i 
 
 1.105 
 
 •van 
 i.s-m 
 
 851 
 
 StiM 
 BIO 
 4811 
 387 
 1.804 
 601 
 
 413 
 144 
 
 0.17 
 4M 
 
 8,080 
 004 
 
 1,K)7 
 
 ili'iai' 
 
 108 
 813 
 511 
 71 
 630 
 051 
 
 ail 
 
 870 
 
 88,080 
 
 1S«0. 
 
 ti88 
 
 ntii 
 
 187 
 
 800 
 
 l..'i71 
 
 a,7si 
 
 8,014 
 5^i3 
 
 M4 
 805 
 478 
 a77 
 1.804 
 737 
 
 1108 
 734 
 
 iitil 
 B3« 
 
 a, 070 
 il'i7 
 
 a, 81 3 
 
 8,448' 
 
 108 
 073 
 iKi'l 
 884 
 510 
 1,301 
 
 ai8 
 
 880 
 
 180.3. 
 
 805 
 
 .',8 
 
 83 
 
 II'IO 
 
 187 
 
 408 
 
 1.180 
 
 8.008 
 
 8,175 
 
 731 
 
 607 
 XK 
 6115 
 408 
 
 i.asi 
 
 863 
 
 808 
 8.38 
 
 lilil 
 li.')3 
 
 8.788 
 037 
 
 8.101 
 4 
 
 .3,000 
 
 HIS 
 
 071 
 1,8.13 
 451 
 508 
 1,370 
 301 
 001 
 
 1,1.71 
 
 853 
 
 1,013 
 
 8V0 
 
 387 
 
 40(1 
 
 3,108 
 
 6.1KII 
 
 3, .130 
 
 3.100 
 
 1,700 
 
 1,183 
 
 5.^0 
 
 871 
 
 880 
 
 1.000 
 
 8,8.35 
 
 i.nia 
 
 IKIO 
 
 a.rvso 
 
 3.143 
 
 5!W 
 
 700 
 
 1.8(i5 
 
 4.470 
 
 1.100 
 
 3,740 
 
 IBO 
 
 5,113 
 
 1311 
 
 1,801 
 
 1„180 
 
 805 
 
 075 
 
 1,400 
 
 485 
 
 1,785 
 
 38,789 [38,180 35,0,85 |43,3I5 [00,862 
 
 805 
 3.8 
 814 
 
 m7 
 
 134 
 
 410 
 
 1,480 
 
 .3,1.17 
 
 a,817 
 
 801 
 
 40 
 
 667 
 
 ;i-i5 
 
 681 
 
 410 
 
 1,807 
 
 041 
 
 813 
 
 808 
 
 035 
 
 188 
 
 "o07 
 .804 
 
 3,008 
 084 
 
 3,.-!ril 
 10 
 
 3,788 
 185 
 
 1,0117 
 
 1,800 
 405 
 587 
 
 1,101 
 3l'i5 
 
 1,010 
 
 1163 
 Ml 
 
 408 
 
 o;i7 
 
 105 
 
 437 
 
 1,.175 
 
 il.4IO 
 
 8,IK10 
 
 l,.18:l 
 
 018 
 
 813 
 
 k:i5 
 
 500 
 
 6;j6 
 
 1,486 
 
 1,100 
 
 673 
 
 8ilS 
 
 1,354 
 
 080 
 
 408 
 
 0(17 
 
 1IT3 
 
 3,380 
 
 1,007 
 
 »:.m 
 m 
 
 4,308 
 185 
 
 1,070 
 
 1,430 
 513 
 005 
 
 1,404 
 305 
 
 1873. 
 
 CANALS. 
 
 At the moment we are about to give a sy- 
 nopsis of the progress of canals in the United 
 States, the former .system of canal boating is 
 revolutionized by the introduction of steam 
 canal boats. This amelioration, like every 
 other ii'.troduced hereto, in America, will 
 work marvels, and soon supersede entirely 
 the old system. 
 
 TIk; first canals constructed in tho United 
 States were those of Smith Htidley and the 
 j\[()ii(iiit;ue Falls, built in 1702, built by a 
 IMassachusetts company. They were, the first 
 two miles and the second three miles long. 
 Ill 1825 the Erie Cniml was eomphted. It 
 is 3ii:; miles in leiif^lh, and cost $7,602,000. 
 Its width wua incrtjased to 70 feet at tho 
 
 level, and 42 feet at the bottom, with 7 feet 
 depth of water, and 14 feet hauling way. 
 During the st^i-son of 1864 the P^rie Canid 
 transported 2,300,000 tons of corn, valued at 
 1^70,000,000; the average cargo was 163 tons 
 by each trip. 
 
 There were, in 1858, in the United States, 
 3,188 miles of canals, the cost of which 
 amounted to §00,000,000. That value reach- 
 ed §100,000,000 in 1862 on account of the wi- 
 dening of the Erie and Champlain canals, and 
 also of tho extension of the Virginia and Illi- 
 nois canals. 
 
 The following tables give the latest data 
 and information relative to the carrying 
 trade, and to the working .stmson, of the 
 most important canals of the United States : 
 
 Taiii.b V.—Tdiui of Lumber, Agricultural Pro- 
 (lucln, Monufneturm, Mere/iuiidiiie and MiMcl- 
 litnioim Artirlm roniiiig to t/ie lluilson Jlirrrj'iom 
 the ClLUIPIiAIN Canal, fvr thirty-four rears. 
 
 Y'H. UTM1IKH. AOn'L. HAS'F. MD'HK MIUCICI.. I TOTAL. 
 
 1»!H) 
 
 1H40 
 1841 
 1H42 
 18411 
 1844 
 184.'-. 
 1840 
 1847 
 1848 
 18411 
 18.')0 
 IS.")! 
 18.53 
 18,')3 
 18.54 
 185.") 
 18,50 
 18,' 
 
 11)1,01)3 
 I8l,13fi 
 211,57.5 
 H)4,7!ll) 
 170,588 
 188,!128 
 187,740 
 IDS, 103 
 820, ia8 
 100,200 
 32;!,441 
 .'!41),812 
 ;t00,92.T 
 437,311 
 504,057 
 361,051, 
 308,725 1 
 :M9,;180] 
 205,,508l 
 18.58 378,1)03 
 I851l'!t40,753 
 1811(1 :i23,48i: 
 1801 1301,202' 
 1802:201,470 
 1803 307,314 
 1804-300,131 
 1805'444,.527 
 I8fl0'.531,8;i4 
 lH(i7 .521,700 
 18118 047,70-5 
 1S(5!1 570,088 
 
 8.703 
 7,03!) 
 4,320 
 5,2-40 
 7,172 
 7,388 
 17,173 
 1,5,800 
 
 1,870 
 8,010 
 5.113 
 ,5,000 
 ,5,051 
 3,002 
 0,028 
 11,51,5 
 
 22,3.52 25,777 
 11,702,3(),!l,53: 
 !i;!,.5»1 10,048 
 u0,470l 10,004 
 35,2'.)3!22,430 
 79,001 11,038 
 30,51715,710 
 20,422jl;t,002 
 20.32721,085 
 40,100 30,247 
 -1.5,130,31,780: 
 72,4:10 38,0.50 
 1 0,5,1113 110,501 
 70,10fl'40,020! 
 03,534! 18,008; 
 04,812 25,013' 
 
 88,342 
 77,405 
 70,020 
 54,007 
 43,720 
 
 10,324 
 23,257 
 24,315 
 15,240 
 27,2;i0 
 
 1870 
 187! 
 1872 
 
 50U.;i78 
 5;i(l,330 
 577,725 
 
 43,04;i'20,;i93 
 ill, 173 17,3.50 
 25,12818,821 
 ;i2,510 I0,7;14 
 0.008 19,943 
 
 04 
 
 78 
 13 
 42 
 07 
 
 47 
 1,575 
 4,141 
 (1,0171 
 5,008 
 0,004l 
 4,3;i3: 
 5,714 
 0,331 
 8,497 
 0,1.59 
 0,704: 
 8,872; 
 0,100! 
 10,028' 
 8,070 
 7,017 
 ;!,,532 
 2,439 
 1,043 
 3,121 
 4,S89i 
 il,20;! 
 3,070 
 3,175 
 11,280 
 4,8601 
 4,310 
 
 13,193 
 
 10,.551 
 
 B0,79:l 
 
 10,7S8 
 
 •l,7iW 
 
 ■9,051 
 
 3 1,705 
 
 3',1C-., 
 
 4(,033 
 
 20,170 
 
 80,574' 
 
 55,380 
 
 45,405 
 
 01,0.50 
 
 00,835 
 
 114,478 
 
 108,983 
 
 100,010 
 
 118,033 
 
 80,834 
 
 108,085 
 
 125,072 
 
 iei,o;i4 
 
 120,898 
 138,579 
 100,097 
 123,237 
 185,01:1 
 307,0.50 
 34:1,3.5:1 
 200,701 
 :!(13,0!11 
 201,040 
 305,087 
 
 315,801 
 201,007 
 241,814 
 210,477 
 201.515 
 210 378 
 21,5,353 
 2,5,->,(l40 
 31;l,031 
 20:1,5(18 
 |313,223 
 1470,188 
 ]408,474 
 .500,123 
 :6.54,:!B9 
 .521,0.50 
 ,474,878 
 630,;!90 
 i400,9H8 
 488,455 
 070,;139 
 ,578,810 
 ,5:10,5:15 
 485,015 
 027,038 
 0i)8,02:i 
 051,820 
 781,01:1 
 
 80;t.,5.'<:i 
 802,3:14 
 0:10,4.5:1 
 
 i805,004 
 840,070 
 i077,5;iU 
 
 It thns appears that lumber constitutes 
 over one-half of tho produce brought l^o tide- 
 water by the Champlain canal, and one-third 
 of that from the Erie. 
 
 Taiii.f. VI. — Average Cargo of Bont^, Time nereis- 
 i.ary to make a I'annnge. and Cost of bringing a 
 Ihi'rrel of Flour from Ihiffuloto AUmny; Ijicli- 
 age* at Alexander's l/>ek, and total Tons l)e- 
 lieered at Tidewater from the Eric Canal. 
 
 
 AvcrnRC 
 
 VEAJl. 
 
 Oarjro 
 
 
 of UoatJ*. 
 
 1841.... 
 
 41 
 
 1.844. . . . 
 
 40 
 
 1847. . . . 
 
 07 
 
 1848.... 
 
 71 
 
 1840. . . . 
 
 08 
 
 18,50. . . . 
 
 70 
 
 18.51.... 
 
 78 
 
 18.58. . . . 
 
 80 
 
 18.53.... 
 
 84 
 
 18,54.... 
 
 94 
 
 18.55.... 
 
 92 
 
 18.50. . . . 
 
 100 
 
 18.57. . . . 
 
 100 
 
 ia58. ... 
 
 120 
 
 18.50. . . . 
 
 143 
 
 1800 
 
 140 
 
 1801 .... 
 
 1.57 
 
 1803. . . . 
 
 107 
 
 1803 ... 
 
 177 
 
 1804.... 
 
 1,50 
 
 1805 ... 
 
 100 
 
 1800.... 
 
 170 
 
 1807.... 
 
 1,50 
 
 1808.... 
 
 148 
 
 1S09.... 
 
 18;t 
 
 1870.... 
 
 101 
 
 1871.... 
 
 178 
 
 1872. . . . 
 
 100 
 
 4* •* 
 
 = $ 5 g 
 
 9 
 
 7i 
 
 lOi 
 
 81 
 
 
 8i 
 
 9 
 8J 
 8J 
 8^ 
 8* 
 8* 
 8i 
 8i 
 8i 
 8i 
 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 
 71c. 
 
 00 
 
 77 
 
 58 
 
 50 
 
 58 
 
 49 
 
 5;i 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 00 
 
 40 
 
 34 
 
 31 
 
 43 
 
 40 
 
 48 
 
 45 
 
 67^ 
 
 51 
 
 53 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 51 
 
 33 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 
 ;io.;t20 
 
 28,310 
 43,057 1 
 34,911 1 
 !,36.918 1 
 38,444 1 
 40,:i00 1 
 41, ,572 1 
 43,007 1 
 :15,9S1 1 
 ;!0,873'1 
 31,223 1 
 22,182;i 
 33,.t73il 
 S0,274il 
 33,.i:)0,3 
 31,170l8 
 34.977:3 
 30,071 
 88,742:2, 
 
 20,o;^7'3 
 
 20,882 
 28,054 
 ;i2,107 
 34,025 
 25,124 
 20,725:: 
 
 28,o;i5 ; 
 
 5? g c 3 
 H = -si 
 
 5:12,520 
 
 790,810 
 ,431,2,53 
 ,184.;!;i7 
 
 200,724 
 ,.5.54,075 
 ,508,077 
 ,044,099 
 ,851.4:18 
 ,703.093 
 ,430,715 
 .587.1:10 
 ,117,199 
 ,400,087 
 .451,iJ33 
 ;27«,001 
 1,440,009 
 ,017.094 
 i,(i47,080 
 
 140.034 
 :,078,3«1 
 ,.523,004 
 ,220,112 
 ,378,.573 
 ,8.57,080 
 ,200,098 
 ,048,877 
 ,070,405 
 
U N I T R I) S T A T K S . 
 
 091 
 
 '»■ AprifiiUiiml Pro- 
 rfkiiiiliM and Mined- 
 the Jliiilnin Jlinrfiiiiii 
 ur thirty-four Years. 
 
 ail'mi I UIICEL. I TOTAt. 
 
 Taiii.k \ll.— Ihitcn lit Ihf OjMitiiKj and CU'timj of 
 the Erie Canal for I'venty-eighl Yenri. 
 
 04 
 
 7h! 
 
 l.'lj 
 
 071 
 !) 
 
 47; 
 
 4,141 
 (1,017 
 
 o.un4 
 4,:i,'i;i 
 
 5,714 
 
 (i,i!;ii 
 
 R,4(»7 
 «, 1 nil 
 
 (1,704 
 
 o.Kiir 
 io,(!as 
 
 H,()70 
 7,047' 
 
 5.',4;ii) 
 
 1,B4H 
 
 3,iai 
 
 4,2H(|i 
 
 ;(,i;fln 
 a,(i7o 
 ;t,i7r) 
 
 (),2H(! 
 4,H50 
 4,21(1 
 
 13,1 Oil 
 lO.MI 
 BO, 711.! 
 10,7SH 
 
 •i.7;iH 
 
 I) !,7fl.-) 
 
 !)' ,11,; \ 
 4( ,(i2;i 
 
 20,170 
 80,ri74 
 
 4.'i,41).'> 
 01,(1.1« 
 
 «o,H;t,') 
 
 114,478 
 108,082 
 100,01(1 
 
 ii8,(i;i;) 
 
 80,8114 
 108,08.') 
 I2.'i,07a 
 181,0!I4 
 120,808 
 i:!8,,'i70 
 1(10,097 
 
 I2;!,2.n7 
 ia\oi;! 
 
 207,(1.5(1 
 
 24;i,;r.;i 
 
 200,7(11 
 
 :i02,»oi 
 
 :201,(MI1 
 3(1,5,087 
 
 215,801 
 201,007 
 241,814 
 210,477 
 201.515 
 2I1J 278 
 21,'3,;i,5.1 
 ,2.).i,(l4U 
 
 .•I 1:1, Oil 1 
 
 2(13.5(18 
 
 :313.223 
 
 470,188 
 
 i408,474 
 
 500,12.! 
 
 ,0.54,;!09 
 
 .521,0.50 
 
 '474,878 
 
 530,390 
 
 400,»fi8 
 
 488,4,55 
 
 070,339 
 
 .578,810 
 
 530,535 
 
 485,015 
 
 (127,038 
 
 0,i8,023 
 
 (151,820 
 
 781,013 
 
 8()3,5s:i 
 
 802,234 
 
 030,4.53 
 
 H(i5,(il)4 
 
 840,(170 
 
 077,530 
 
 lumber constitutes 
 uce brouglit :o tidu- 
 cannl, ami onu-thiiil 
 
 (/ Bnat», Time ncctn- 
 nd Cost of brinfjiiiQ 11 
 'oh to Al/iaiiy ; Iah-Ic- 
 , and total Tuna Ik- 
 he Uric Canal. 
 
 
 ; c s c 3 
 
 
 
 
 123 
 20 
 32 
 31, 
 34 
 30, 
 88 
 20. 
 30 
 1 28 
 |32: 
 
 1 24 
 
 1 25 
 1 20, 
 
 ,320, 532,520 
 ,31»' 709.810 
 ,0.57 1,431,2.53 
 ,011 1,184.337 
 ,018 1,200,724 
 1,444 1,. 554, (175 
 39(1 1,508,077 
 573 1,(144,(199 
 ,007 1,851,438 
 ,081 1,702,(193 
 ,873 1,420.715 
 ,223 1.. 587.130 
 ,182 1,117,199 
 ,473 1,490,087 
 .274; 1.451,333 
 ,430,3.270,001 
 ,179:8,440.0()9 
 .9773.917.094 
 ,07113,047,089 
 ,742 8,14(t.034 
 ,037 3,078,301 
 ,883!3,.52;),(101 
 ,(1.54!3,220.1I3 
 .107 2.378,572 
 ,025i 2, 2.57.0,89 
 124:2.200,098 
 72;5j2,(148,8T7 
 
 yv.MU ()rKNKI». C'LOFtKl), 
 
 1840 April 10 Xovcmhir 
 
 1847 Jliiy 1 N'ovonilicr 
 
 1818, 
 1810, 
 1S50. 
 •)1 
 
 U51 
 
 1?!,52 
 
 18.53.. 
 18.54. . 
 18.55, . 
 18,5(1.. 
 
 Miiy 1 . . . . 
 
 Jliiv 1 . . . . 
 
 April 22.... 
 
 April 15. . . . 
 
 April 20, . . . 
 ...April 20 .. , 
 ...April 1.,.. 
 
 ...April 1 
 
 ...April 5... 
 
 l)i!i!uml)i:r 
 
 December 
 
 Deeeniliiir 
 
 Dect'uiber 
 
 l)i!wiiiili(^r 
 
 nouoiuber 
 
 December 
 
 Dueeiiiber 
 
 Deeeinbor 
 
 1857 April December 
 
 1858 April 28 November 
 
 1.S.50 April 15 December 
 
 1800 April 25 December 
 
 ISO! May 1 December 
 
 1 81I3 Sliiy 1 Dooomber 
 
 1803 May 10 December 
 
 l.Sdl \pril 30 December 
 
 1805 May 1 December 
 
 1,80(1 May 1 December 
 
 1807 May 4 December 
 
 1808 April 23 December 
 
 1800 May December 
 
 1,S70 May 10 December 
 
 1871 April 24 November 
 
 1872 May 13 Dcoemlwr 
 
 1873 May 15 November 
 
 ,035,2,070,405 
 
 MASUFACTIIUES. 
 
 'I'lic ])roj;r(iss of manufiictures in the Uuituil 
 States has hoen more than 100 per cent, 
 gn^ater than the increa.se of populatiou, espe- 
 lially fcir the hist twenty years. Tlius, the 
 t.ital value of honie-manufuctured products, 
 iiicliidiiin tilt! (isheries and tlio mining, was 
 *l,()l'J,2()(;,0l(> in 1.8,50. Ten years after, in 
 lSiiO,it was figured at §1,1)00,000,000 ; tliatis 
 an iucrea.se of about 80 per cent, in ten year.s, 
 add an augmentation of l'J3 per ccuit. as coni- 
 jiared with the increase of tlie white popula- 
 tion. So every man, woman, and child in the 
 United .States produced, on an average, si.xty 
 (l,)lhus and si.vty-ono cents ; and to this should 
 hi! added the product of nuichiiu'ry, of an 
 annual valuo below §.500, for which no olli- 
 cial statistics can be obtained. 
 
 Tlie cotton uuinufacture wa.s, and is still, 
 one of the most, if not tho most important, 
 in the United States. It began as early 
 us 17.S(j and 178,8, iu ^Massachusetts and 
 Kliodo Island. In 1800 hardly 300 bales of 
 cjtton were nsnil, against 10,000 in 1810, 
 and '.)(I.O;iO in l.Sl"). Nearly 100,000 opera- 
 tives were employed, and $L'1,000,()00, repre- 
 S'uliii,' (he value' of 81,000,0110 yards of cot- 
 Ion cloth, went into tho coders of tho New 
 Knglaiid nianufaolurcrs. Still, the American 
 market was glutted with foreign imported 
 goods, and the tarilf acts of 18l!(i, 1,8l'8, and 
 ISIiL', which imposed an ui/ valorem duty of 
 -.) per cent, upon imported cotton goods, 
 cleared the way for an astonishing progress in 
 New England maiuifactnres. Tho tirat cot- 
 ton-mill was erected in 1822, at liOWoU, and 
 soon tiie Lawrence mills were built; and in- 
 stead of the 240 cotton factories in the Uni- 
 ted States in 1810, there were 1,240 mills in 
 1840, with 2,284,031 spindles, and 129 dye- 
 ing and printing establishments. All these 
 employed 72,119 hands, and produced goods 
 valued at $4(3,3,50,430, with an invested caj)- 
 ital of $.5 1 , 102,3.59. The protective tariff of 
 1842 contributed again to the increase of cot- 
 ton manufacture in America, and then the 
 Southern States began to build the first reg- 
 
 ular mill Houtli of the Delaware Kiver. This 
 .Southern nmniifaeture progressed well \intil 
 the beginning cd' Ihe civil war, though ils 
 strides eoidd not bear ((nnparison with tho 
 advance of Ihe Norlheiii maiiufaetnrers. li(!- 
 tween the years ISIOaiid 18,50 the product 
 in the South was about i!<l per head of the 
 |)(ipulation, a hirg<'r ratio than that of the 
 Niu'th in 1820, at a tinie, though, when cot- 
 ton nuiehinery was ipiite ii\ its iidancy. In 
 
 1869 the Southern sjiimiers consumed 98,000 
 bales of cotton, that is an increase of f)0 per 
 cent, over the ipiantity used in 18,50. lint 
 in that year, 18,59, the Siduda Jlills, and the 
 other factories erected afterwards in tho real 
 Southern States, were not in operation, so 
 that the principal part of the nutnufacturing 
 was done in Maryland, at Kllicott's Mills, or 
 in some other northward Southern State. 
 
 In 18,50 there were 1,074 cotton mills in 
 America. These! mills were larger, had a 
 more improved machinery, and consumed 
 tJ41,240 bales, of 400 poinuls, of cotton each, 
 and mainifaetured goods amounting in valuo 
 to *0r>,.50l,(i87. Out of the 1,074 factories, 
 213 behuiged to the South and West. In 
 18()0 the inimber of mills had declii ed still 
 more, but the production kept increasii.g, and 
 reached a value of $1 1.5,237,920. Then, out 
 of the 91.5 factories remaining in America, 
 and every one of theni iu a high state of pros- 
 perity, and on a high .sealo of etiieiency, 194 
 belonged to the Southern and Western 
 States, and the balance to Northern States. 
 From 1800 to 1870 the same decrease in the 
 ninnber of factories, and tho .same increase in 
 manufacturing, was noticeable; the falling 
 olf in tho number of establishments during 
 tho dec(ule was of 12|; but tho number of 
 looms was 24 i per cent., and the lunnber of 
 spindles more than 28 per cent, greater in 
 
 1870 than in 1800. The capital employed 
 increased also 30 per cent., and the increase 
 amounted to about 43 per cent. 
 
 From 1800 to 18"(( there was also a de- 
 crease in tho ([uantity of raw cotton consum- 
 ed, amounting to nearly 2.5,000,000 pounds, 
 in* ]ier cent. ; still higher prices increased 
 the value of manufactured goods to nearly 
 ^.5.5,000,000, or more than 94 per cent. The 
 same increase was to Ix! observed in the total 
 cost of labor and raw material, amounting to 
 about §70,000,000, or 8.5 per cent. The 
 value of the goods was inereased also, to the 
 figure of §02,000,000, about .53 per cent, 
 more in 1S70 than in 1800. Tlirt)ugh re- 
 cently adopted improvements iu machiiu'ry, a 
 greater riuantity of goods In. ( been produced 
 from a smaller amount of raw material. 
 There was also not only a great .saving in tin; 
 improvement of machiiu'ry, but an increase 
 of oiieratives, amounting to 13,000 hands. 
 The annual wages went up also, from §190 in 
 1800 to §288 jier head in 1870, an increase of 
 §92 nr 47 per cent. Each hand produced, 
 of course, more in 1870, that is, §1,341 
 against §948 in 1800, an increase in value of 
 §3()3 per liead, or 38.^ per cent. 
 
 The woollen manufactories were of small 
 account in tho United States mitil the year 
 1820, when they produced a value of §4,418,- 
 00,8. In 18.30, §14,528,100; in 1840, §20,- 
 09(),099, and more than 21,000 workmen 
 were employed. In 18,50 tlie carjjct industry 
 was introduced, and American weavers pro- 
 duced as good articles as foreign. The wool- 
 
 len manufaeturo rose in valuo to i>41,. 588,033, 
 which figure does not include goods in which 
 cotton was mixed with wool. In 180O tho 
 number of wo<dlen mills decreaseil under the 
 operation of the same economical laws which 
 had eauseil a decrease in Ihe cotton factoiies. 
 There were in tliat year 038 woollen mills 
 less than ten years before, but the value of 
 the proilucts reached §08,80.5,903. In 1870 
 the increase was enormous, and reaelud 
 §1.5,5,40,5,0.58 as tlie value of the woollen 
 [U'oducts of tho United Slates. 
 
 The iron manufactiu'u continually increased 
 in tho United States, and kept jiace with tho 
 n(!wly discovercid ore mines of the West, and 
 the coal mines also. There is hardly a single 
 country in tho world which can iirodtice ore 
 of as good quality as the American; and 
 there ar(! no countries, oven without excepting 
 England, in which industrial fabricati<ui has 
 been moi'O improved than the United Stales. 
 With ore at discretion, as at I'ilot Knob 
 i^Iountain, in !Miss(mri, with tli(! une.\hausted 
 coal-beds of I'enii.sylvania, and with the in- 
 ventive genius of American workmen applied 
 to ))uddling and blasting furnaces, it was next 
 to impossible that the manufacliire of iron 
 should not become one of tho most prosper- 
 ous industries of the land. In 1830 there 
 were 339 furnac(!S in operation, uiakiiig 191,- 
 ,530 tons, valued at §1,3,320,709, and employ- 
 ing 29,2.54 workmen. Seven years later the 
 n\imber of tons had risen to 2r)(),000. In 
 18:50 the State of IVnnsylvania aloni! pro- 
 duced .504,.575 tons of jiig-iron. In l8r)0 tho 
 whole iron ()roduction was 841, .5.50 tons, of 
 which 812,917 was pig-iron ; more than 00,- 
 000 people were employed in that industry, 
 the value of which was more! than §riO,00(),- 
 000. The im])ortation into the United States 
 of crude iron was nearly half a million tons, so 
 that tho native amount of iron produceil in 
 the furnaces of the United States was 1,9.50,- 
 ,548 tons. 
 
 In 1800, the production of ])ig Won reached 
 902,310 tons, valued at §40,117,15.50, besides 
 this 39;5,,530 tons of rolle<l inm were pro- 
 duced, having a value of §21,710,081 ; which 
 gives a grand total for pig and rolled or 
 manufactured iron of §07,828,231. 
 
 Ijcather manufactories numbered 0,,528, in 
 18.50, throughout the United .States, and gave 
 employment to 22,57.5 workmen ; tho valuo 
 of such pioducts was nearly 38 millions of 
 dollars. For the year ending June 30, 1800, 
 the leather manufactiue had increased nearly 
 one hundrcil per cent., but in 18.50 the fabri- 
 cation alone of boots and shoes amounteil to 
 nearly §.54,000,000, ami the ^Hddlel■y to nearly 
 10 millions. The Northern States, and es- 
 pecially Massachusclts, were llic- largest 
 manufact(n'ers of shoes and boots ; for the 
 Lvnn and Koston maimfactories were tlie al- 
 most exclusive marts for the sale of these 
 articles to the Southern States. The intro- 
 duction of Coolie labor, the increase exacted 
 by white workmen, the rules imposed on 
 bosses by the Crispin association, drove from 
 ^las.iachusetts and New England, a smidl 
 part of their monoiioly in this trad(>. .Still, 
 in 1859, tho port of Boston alone exiported 
 shoes to tho anmunt shown by tlu! table be- 
 low, which gives an interesting view of the 
 trade carried on between New England 
 and tho South before tho abolition of 
 slavery : 
 
038 
 
 HISTORY OP THE 
 
 m 
 
 mm 
 
 3A8KH Of HllOBrt RXPOIITKI) PftOM UOSTON, 
 
 
 Klr«t 
 
 Hit'oliil 
 
 Thlnl 
 
 Finmh 
 
 
 qtiiirt4'r. 
 
 i|iinrt4T, 
 
 qimrtiT. 
 
 <)imrt(>r. 
 
 Bftltlmnrc. , , , , 
 
 ll.i.'l.'* 
 
 ii.riKS 
 
 •.Il.7li7 
 
 1:1,11-21 
 
 riiiirliMhm. . . . 
 
 ■1,-J.l.l 
 
 I.IM 
 
 1I,.'I71I 
 
 l.^■'l 
 
 l,.mliivilW 
 
 7.«7il 
 
 a.MTi 
 
 h,K71l 
 
 U.IMI4 
 
 
 7tiM 
 
 IMII 
 
 WIH 
 
 imi 
 
 MlMllttllf" 
 
 l.BI^ 
 
 M-i 
 
 i.mi 
 
 IMI 
 
 M.ihlU 
 
 miT 
 
 a7ii 
 
 (IIH 
 
 1,'MI 
 
 Nmhvlllii 
 
 4,30J 
 
 USII 
 
 7.1W7 
 
 l.'^ll 
 
 Nitt*'hi'a 
 
 ■i 
 
 u 
 
 41 
 
 411 
 
 I'adiu'ith 
 
 INI 
 
 Wl 
 
 IIMI 
 
 177 
 
 IVUTnlinrKh. .. 
 
 m 
 
 TJ 
 
 a.11 
 
 im 
 
 I'lnc IlliilT, Ark 
 
 •TtiS 
 
 77 
 
 mil 
 
 ■>\ 
 
 U:<-hm(>n<l . ... 
 
 (IM 
 
 
 !IIU 
 
 i-il 
 
 Htin Aiitniiin . ., 
 
 1117 
 
 Wl 
 
 4;U 
 
 ■il 
 
 Siivitnuiih, (li-o. 
 
 Olll 
 
 4(W 
 
 l.;i*l 
 
 lii:. 
 
 St. I.ouU 
 
 »I,4IH 
 
 4.:in 
 
 liK.WUI 
 
 H.ai.'i 
 
 Vk-k«limv.MI«ii. 
 
 711 
 
 H-J 
 
 W7 
 
 87 
 
 Nfw orliniiH. . . 
 
 l),4!m 
 
 ii.aiH) 
 
 1*4TU 
 
 II.4-H1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OthiT Nunth 1 
 
 OC.'ift'J 
 
 •J7,U7U 
 
 l«,7(lll 
 
 Ull,lti4 
 
 fill t<i\v llrt 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 lul illriTt Hi)nlh 
 
 
 
 
 
 IMilluili'l|>li:ii 
 
 17,91* 
 
 O.ftNH 
 
 i'l.aiR 
 
 4,1104 
 
 New York. . 
 
 iiii.iw 
 
 4(l,'l(l'.l 
 
 M.auii 
 
 •a,£ii 
 
 All uthun, . 
 
 INSIt. 
 
 Total 
 
 yi'iir, 
 
 (W.llll 
 
 I7.IT7 
 
 Ul.llll 
 
 ■J.IIW 
 
 .•|,.'tlN 
 
 V.(lll) 
 
 1N,7nI 
 
 117 
 
 1,1111 
 
 IIW 
 
 IIK'I 
 
 1,111'J 
 
 7IKI 
 
 a,wi 
 
 53.774 
 
 .'171 
 
 .'I7,IWII 
 
 •na.fun 
 
 17,11111 
 
 Sill,.1.'i8 
 SI, I III 
 IH'J.'.ill7 
 
 |«.'<,:I(I7 
 
 Total cnw Slil,!!il<i lMi,llia !IIW,:1!W 10(1,714 717,111)1 
 
 Tlio (locliiio ia tlio quaiititioa Bhippeil in 
 the fourth quarter is very limrkml. 'J'ho total 
 value sent South ilircctly in that year was 
 about H 12,000,000; but a largo portion of 
 thoso caHeH that were sent to New York and 
 I'hilailelphitt were to supply the Southern 
 market ; at least half the whole quantity 
 was taken South, and the returns of the last 
 quarter of the year show a decline of 1 54,- 
 615 pases; and the depression in the shoe 
 trade, leading to the great strike, resulted 
 from the diminished business. 
 
 Agricultural implements wore manufac- 
 tured, in 1850, on a large scale in the United 
 States, which have, at present, almost tlit? 
 monopoly of that article for the worhl. In 
 18iiO, the value of agricultural tools and ma- 
 chinery manufactured in the United States 
 was nearly three times as great as their value 
 in 1850, when they amounted to nearly 7 
 million dollars, wliile, ten years after, they 
 were valued at nearly 1!) millions. The 
 States of Now York, Ohio, and Indiana took 
 the lead in that kind of manufacture. In 
 1800, agricultural steam implements alone 
 in the United States, reached more than it4ti,- 
 000,000 in value. 
 
 In 1850, the production of flour was rated 
 in value at |il36,056,73G, and it employed 
 nearly 24,000 people. In 1860, another 
 advance was m!iih\ innl tho flour manu- 
 factured in the United States realized $221,- 
 000, 10. 
 
 Tho same increase was ol scrvable from 
 IS-W to 1860, in the timber trade and sawing 
 mill industry. The piodiicts of this nature 
 were valued at nearly $59,000,000 iii 1850, 
 at «i93,651,000 in 1860. 
 
 Of a grand total of 2,707,421 individuals 
 engaged in manufactures, mechanical and 
 mining industries, wo copy from the census 
 of 1870 the numbers of those engaged in 
 the most special and important branches ; 
 3,811 agricultural implement-makers, includ- 
 ing 25 females; 1,169 artificial flower- 
 makers (951 females) ; 15,302 apprentices, 
 not specified (200 females); 27,680 bakers; 
 
 3,297 basket-makers; 141,774 lilackHiiiitliH ; 
 9,104 bookbinders and finisherH ; 171,127 
 boot and Hlioe-makers (9,ri42 fi^nales); I 1,241) 
 lin^wcrs ; 20,070 briek and tile-makers; 7,511 
 liiiilders and coiitriutors ; 42,H,')5 cabinet- 
 iimkers; 344,59i'( carpenters and joiners; 
 15,()(i9 carpet-inakcrH ; 42,464 carriage and 
 wiigoii-inakers (32 fi'iaales) ; 3,834 cliaiToul 
 and lime-biirnerH (5 females) ; 3,534 cheesis 
 makers; 28,286 eigar-makers (1,844 female); 
 1,779 clock makers ; 093 comb-makers ; 
 41,789 coopers; 111,606 cotton mill opera- 
 tives (64,398 feuialcH); 28,702 curriers, 
 tanners and finishers (60 females) ; 7,558 
 daguerreotypists and (ihotographists ; 2,874 
 distillers and rectifiers ; 20,242 employes in 
 manufacturing establishments (not specified) ; 
 34,233 engineerH and firemen; 4,266 engra- 
 vers; 27,106 fishermen and oystermen (35 
 females) ; 9,5 18 glass-works ojierators; 18,508 
 gold ami silver workers; 8,184 gun and 
 locksmiths ; 33,8 1 7 harness and saddle-makers 
 (50 females); 12,625 hat and cap makers; 
 962 hoop-skirt makers; 22,141 iron and 
 steelworks operatives (not specified) ; 34,246 
 iron foundry operatives; 17,249 iron and 
 steel rolling mill operatives; 17,752 lumber- 
 men and raftsmen; 54,755 machinists; 42,877 
 manufacturers ; 25,831 maiblr> cutters ; 89,710 
 iimsons, brick and stone; 11,582 luillors (239 
 females) ; 92,084 milliners, dress and man- 
 tua makers (1,604 male); 152,107 miners 
 (46 females) ; 164 ncetUe-iimkers ; 3,803 oil 
 well operators; 85,123 painters and varnish- 
 ei»; 12,469 iiaper-mill opiii-atives; 2,535 
 piano-forte makers ; 23,577 plasterers; 11,143 
 plumbers and gas-fitters ; 5,060 potters ; 575 
 powder-makers; 39,800 printers (1,495 fe- 
 males); 47,298 saw-mill operatives (35 fe- 
 males) ; 3,881 sewing-machine factory opera- 
 tives; 15,900 ship-carpenters; 101,820 tail- 
 ors, tailoressos and seamstr"sses (97,207 
 females) ; 30,524 tinners (17 females) ; 20,942 
 wheelwrights; 8,388 wood-choppers; 7,947 
 wood-turners and carvers (44 females) ; and 
 58,836 woollen-mill operatives (22,776 fe- 
 males). 
 
 The following figures give the latest and 
 most complete information as to the actual 
 status of manufactures in the United States : 
 
 Manufacturing cstubliBhments, 
 
 number 2.')a,148 
 
 Stcnm-engincs, horse-power 1,815,711 
 
 " number 40,101 
 
 Watcr-wheeU, horse-jiowcr. I,i;i0,431 
 
 number 51,018 
 
 Hands employed, total number. . . 2,053,00(1 
 
 MnlcsabovolO I,61.'>,.i08 
 
 Females above 13 323.770 
 
 Youth 114,028 
 
 Capital 18,118,288,700 
 
 Wages 77.'i,5H4,y43 
 
 Materials 2,488,427,248 
 
 Products 4,238,325,448 
 
 In the grand totals, the most important 
 mechanical ami mamtfacluring industries 
 figure as follows : 
 
 EttablUliinnnts for aKriuultiirol Imple- 
 
 meiitii nnmboT 8,07(1 
 
 niiickMnilliiiiff 2»l..'mi 
 
 lliHitN and nliiien Sil.t'JS 
 
 llrciwl, cluckBrM, etc ((..WO 
 
 Ilriek ;i,lll 
 
 CarpeiitcrliiK anil building 1 7, 1 43 
 
 ('urriaKCH und hIuiU, children's woKnnii 1I,M7 
 
 Oheenfl 1,H|;| 
 
 Clothing, childruii's ^'0 
 
 " men's 7,H;|S 
 
 " wuiuon's 1,847 
 
 CooiMirngo 4,0(11 
 
 Dontiatry. incuhanienl d-'ill 
 
 Drugs aud olioiniuuls 2112 
 
 I'luuiing niid grist-mill product* 22,5711 
 
 Furniture (not spccitlod) 0,4^':t 
 
 " cbnirB OSII 
 
 Gas !lll() 
 
 Gunsmithiiig (Ill) 
 
 Hardware fiH.'! 
 
 " naddlery l.V) 
 
 Hats and eaim 4n;I 
 
 Hosiery 8JH 
 
 Irou, pigs 3SII 
 
 " cuNtings 8,3'.'S 
 
 ** stoves, etc lj*li 
 
 " forged and rolled 
 
 Leather, tunned 4.2:17 
 
 " curried 3,0H;! 
 
 Lime 1,001 
 
 Liquors, diiitilled 7111 
 
 " malt 1,«7'J 
 
 " villous 3118 
 
 Lumber, planed l,ll;l 
 
 " sawed 25,S17 
 
 Machinery (not specified) l,7oi» 
 
 MonumentN and touibiitoncs 1 ,0M 
 
 Masonry, brick aud atouc 2,2(!S 
 
 Millinery 1 ,(1(!7 
 
 Painting. 3,041) 
 
 Patent medicines 1119 
 
 Photographs 1,01)0 
 
 Plastering tilll 
 
 Plumbing and gasfltting 7(15 
 
 Printing and publishing (not speoiilcd) 311 
 
 " " book 40 
 
 " " newspaper... 1,19!) 
 
 " " job 009 
 
 Pumps 4(i.") 
 
 Saddlery and harness 7,007 
 
 Salt 283 
 
 Bash doors and blinds l,ll(ri 
 
 Shipbuilding 7(B 
 
 Soap and candles 014 
 
 Starch liK 
 
 Stone and earthenware 777 
 
 Sugar and molasses Ti:l 
 
 Tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware 0,0 H! 
 
 Tobacco and cigars (il 
 
 " chewing, smoking, and snuff. 513 
 
 " cigars 4,(i;ll 
 
 Tnmks, valises 22'J 
 
 Upholhtery liHi) 
 
 Vinegar l*'! 
 
 'Wasbiiig-mocliincs iSi^ clothes-wringers (>4 
 
 Watch and clock repairing 1,1011 
 
 " " coses 40 
 
 " " materials 10 
 
 WheelwHghting 8,fii:l 
 
 AVillowwarc lOS 
 
 Woolsey ware . . SOU 
 
 Wood pulp f' 
 
 " turned and carved 711;! 
 
 ' ' miscellaneous articles 117 
 
 Wool-carding and cloth-dressing 1,001 
 
 Woolsey goods l,l)ilS 
 
 Worsted goods 103 
 
 Zinc, smelted and rolled 1 1 
 
 " statuary and building ornaments - 
 
cultural Imple- 
 
 2,o:fl 
 
 2ti,;i(M 
 
 8;i,.i'.'N 
 
 ii.n.'.o 
 
 „ •'Mil 
 
 'l"K 17,143 
 
 ililren'H wogims 1I,SI7 
 
 I,HI:) 
 
 M 
 
 7,K).s 
 
 1,N47 
 
 , 4,l)tll 
 
 • (Wll 
 
 „ 21)2 
 
 11 producU 88,r)7;i 
 
 J) 8,«:l 
 
 5a» 
 
 J«)l) 
 
 (IK) 
 
 f)M 
 
 Vir, 
 
 4k;i 
 
 S-IH 
 
 !IN(i 
 
 3,;i3H 
 
 , aat) 
 
 ll 
 
 .' 4,2:t7 
 
 il.OH;) 
 
 1,001 
 
 711) 
 
 1 ,f)73 
 
 IWH 
 
 l,li;i 
 
 25,si7 
 
 n«l) l,7;;i) 
 
 istones 1,044 
 
 touc 2,L'(iS 
 
 l!()(!7 
 
 3,040 
 
 !tl9 
 
 1,000 
 
 (i!)I 
 
 "IB 71).') 
 
 ng (not spcoilled) 311 
 
 book 40 
 
 newspaper... 1,19!) 
 
 job (i(ll) 
 
 40.) 
 
 i 7,007 
 
 283 
 
 I ],00.i 
 
 703 
 
 «14 
 
 I!).') 
 
 re 777 
 
 71!! 
 
 it-iron ware O.OKl 
 
 01 
 
 )kmg, and snuff. SI3 
 
 4,o;u 
 
 «0.) 
 
 '. ^m 
 
 181 
 
 Blothea-wringers 04 
 
 iring l,10;l 
 
 B 40 
 
 Brials in 
 
 8,fii;) 
 
 108 
 
 201) 
 H 
 
 ■ed t:i;! 
 
 rticlea 117 
 
 li-dressing 1,001 
 
 l,i);is 
 
 103 
 
 5d 11 
 
 Idiug ornaments 3 
 
 A NARRATIVE 
 
 OF THE INDIAN WARS 
 
 IN XEW ENGLiAN D, 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Tub gracious hnni) of divine Providence in 
 (ho preservfttionof llioNow England colonics 
 in their infant state, gloriousiy appears from 
 the facts, briefly, but faithfully transmitted 
 down to us, i)y one of our venerable forefiitli- 
 ers ill the (oliowliif; narrative of llie troubles 
 rtilh the Indians in New England, a very 
 numerous and barbarous people, dispersed 
 ihroiigli the wilderness in every part of the 
 land. 
 
 Thi'so savages began a war with the first 
 Knglish adventurers, while they were few in 
 niimlier, yea very few, and strangers in the 
 land. This rendered their deliverance an 
 event truly great and memorable. 
 
 They were saved indeed as by fire : Their 
 loss of men and substance, compared with their 
 numbers and ability, was very great, and long 
 severely felt. 
 
 Heavy as the public expenses were to sup- 
 port the war, tliese were but a very inconsid- 
 erable part of the burdens and charges to 
 which particular towns, families and individu- 
 als were necessarily subjected, in guards, 
 garrisons, and watcliings in their own defence. 
 
 The whole country was the seat of war, 
 and every man procured his bread in jeopardy 
 of his life. 
 
 Like Nehemiah's builders, each one toiled 
 with his weapon of war in one hand, and his 
 instrument of labour in the other; exposed 
 every moment to death, from a watchful unseen 
 foe. 
 
 In the frequent alarms which spread from 
 town to town, some escaping from danger, 
 i'du iiitu giiiutei' ; oliiois uiut their own fiite 
 in their attempts to relieve their neighbours, 
 in the same, or different scattered sotllemc-nts. 
 
 This was the deplorable state of the Now 
 England colonioa.a very few townsexeepted j 
 a distress, more easily conceived than express- 
 ed, and indeed scarcely conceivable l)y the 
 
 UY WILLIA.M IIUUDAIID, A. M. 
 
 greater part of the present cencration, since 
 the then hideous wilderness is become a fruit- 
 ful field, and well settled towns overspread the 
 land. 
 
 The reader iinaequainled with this country 
 in its uncultivated state, may here inquire. 
 Why the first settlers thus exposed them- 
 selves, by making disjoined and very distant 
 settlements] Necessity led to tliis : The 
 lands near the sea coasts were generally leas 
 fertile and found hard to subdue : therefiire, 
 furpresentsiibiistenceintheir feel)le condilion, 
 they were obliged to seek the borders of rivers 
 and siri'uma, for the sake of intervals and mea- 
 dows, bolh on account of their fertility, and of 
 their being open and prepared for immediate 
 improvement. 
 
 riiey were also encouraged in making 
 these scnttered settlements by the general 
 friendly disposition ol the natives, who freely 
 sold their lands, for which a valuable consid- 
 eration was paid, without exception, where a 
 claim was made. 
 
 The Indians perceived their interest in ad- 
 mitting their English neigid)ours, as they fur- 
 nished them with means of much easier sub- 
 sistence ; and the utmost care was taken by 
 the several governinentsof the united colonies, 
 to prevent any occasion of distrust. 
 
 The Pcquod war was confined to the west- 
 erly parts of Connecticut.* 
 
 Philip's war, aa it is called, began in Ply- 
 mouth colony,t but spread through Massa- 
 chusetts, Ne>v Iliiiiipslilre, and Province of 
 Maine, in extentabove 300 miles. And with- 
 in the compass of one y>ar, the numerous 
 tribes of savages within the limits of New 
 England, were drawn into this war against us, 
 a very few excepted. 
 
 Surely wo may say, had not the Lord been 
 on our side, when men thus rose up against 
 MS, they had quickly swallowed us up. 
 
 Our fathers indeed had come out of great 
 tribulation, into this wilderness, which, under 
 providence, was a means of improving them 
 
 * Not far friim Ni'vv l.mulun. 
 t His Head Quarlors ncro ul Muiint Hope, nnw^Briatol. 
 
 in faith, fortitude and potience, to endurn 
 hardships beyond a parallel, until they obtiiin- 
 ed deliverance: And some of the first adven- 
 turers lived to SCO the wilderness become a 
 fruitful field. 
 
 Hut this was not their intended rest : They 
 had sublimer views; They looked fornnolher 
 and iietler country, that is an henvfuly. And 
 however they may have been initri-presented, 
 by ignorant or ill designing peracuis, they were 
 men of whom the world was not worthy. 
 
 The cruel charges of peculiar bigotry, and 
 a persecuting spirit, waiilonly alleged against 
 them, are foundifd on facts not truly slated. 
 
 According to the natural course of ihinga 
 in this depraved and mutable state their de- 
 scendenis at this day, as might be expecleil, 
 have in a measure, departed from that sim- 
 plicity of manners, by which llielr renowned 
 ancestors were justly distinguished ; Ibir not- 
 withstanding it may with truth be asserted, 
 that no instance can bo produced, in the ])re- 
 sent or any past age, among llki! numbcr.si, 
 where good order has so universaliy prevailed, 
 as in the New England colonies, even in (lop- 
 ulousand opulenttowns, especially oureapllal. 
 
 We of tills province, with inconsiderable 
 intermissions, (roin that early period, iit un 
 known expense and loss, have been ciilli'il to 
 defend our lives .ind properties agiiinst iho 
 incursions of more distant savages. Our trust 
 hath been in the name of the Loril ourfaiheis' 
 God and Deliverer; and hitlierlo In; lialh de 
 llvered us. May we never be unmindful of 
 of his signal benefits ! 
 
 We are now uiub'r the smiles of divine 
 Providence increased to a multitude of people- 
 
 Our many frontier settlements are continu- 
 ally exposed to sttvoge invasion : And though 
 we trust not to our own bow ; yet as priidenco 
 directs, we are all armed and pn'pared lor a 
 defensive war. And yet baviiii; llie worm 
 wood and the gall still in remembrance, no 
 people more ordent, wish and priiy, that wars 
 may forever cease, and peace on earth, and 
 good will among men universally prevail. 
 
 Boalon, MaySO.mO. 
 
 \ 
 
 I ''' 
 
624 
 
 A NARRATIVK OF THE INDIAN WARS. 
 
 4ls 
 
 ik 
 
 ■"■■■■ ^'^■■#^< 
 
 A NARRRATIVE 
 
 or TUE IN'UIAN WARS IN NEW ENGLAND, &c, 
 
 Known unto God are all liis works from 
 the founJation of the world, though ninnifest 
 to us, only by the events of time, that fruitful 
 mother of all things, which in the former ago 
 did bring forth, at least did bring to light the 
 knowledge of this western world, called 
 America, that in all foregoing times and ages, 
 lay hid in this obscure and remote region cov- 
 ered with a veil of ignorance, and locked up 
 from the knowledge of all the rest of the in - 
 habitants of the earth. To whom the honour 
 of Its investigation doth of right more properly 
 belong, is sutBciently declared by the history 
 and reports of such as were eye witnesses 
 thereof and not intended to be any part of the 
 present disquisition. The most considerable 
 part of all the north side of America, is callel, 
 New England. In the fertility of the said 
 salubrionsness of the air, and many other 
 commodious advantages, most resembling the 
 coiuitry from whence it borrowed its appella- 
 tion. For the knowledge then^of the world 
 is most beholding to the discoveries of the 
 English, under the conduct of Sebastian Cabot, 
 a famous Portuguese, sent out under the com- 
 mission of Henry tlie Vllth, about the year, 
 1497, though since much perfected by the 
 industry and travels of Capt. Gosnold, Capt. 
 llndson, Capt. Smitlj, and other-, of the En- 
 glish nation. North America, this posthumous 
 birth of time, is as to its nativity, of the same 
 Blinding with her two elder ^loiers, Peru and 
 Mexico, yet was suffered to lie in its swadling 
 clothes, one whole century of years, nature 
 having promised no such dowry of rich mines 
 of silver and gold to them that would espouse 
 her for their own, as she did unto the other 
 two, which possibly was the reason why she 
 was not so hastily courted by her first discr>"- 
 erers, nor yet so early secured by any of the 
 princes of Europe, lying wholly neglected a.s 
 It were until a small company oi' planters, 
 under the command of Captain George Pop- 
 ham, and Captain Gilbert, were sent over at 
 the charge of Sir .Tohii Popham in the year 
 1607, to begin a colotiy upon a tract of land 
 about Sagadehock, situate on the south side 
 of the river Kennebeck and about that called 
 Shipscot river and about twenty miles south 
 west from Pemmaquid, the most northerlv 
 bound of all New England. Iiutthat design 
 within two years expiring with its first founder, 
 »oon after some honourable persons of the 
 west of England, commonly called the Coun- 
 cil of Plymouth, being more certainly inform- 
 ed ofseveral navigable rivers and c mmodious 
 havens, with other places fit either for tniHic 
 or planting, newly discovered by many skilful 
 navigate . s, obtained a grant by patent, imder 
 the great seal, from King James, of all that 
 part of North America, called New England, 
 (rom the 40 to the 48 deg. of north latitude 
 From which grant and original patent, all 
 other cha. ;ers and grants of land from Pern 
 maquid to Delaware bay, along the sea coast, 
 derive their lineage and pedigree. Thus was 
 lliat vast tract of land, after the year 1612, 
 cantoned and parcelled out into many lesser 
 
 divisions und pu reels, according as ad venturers I 
 pre.srnled, which said grants bc'ing founded i 
 upon uncertain, or filse descriptions, and 
 reportaof them that travelled thither.ilid many 
 of them interfere one upon another, to the 
 great <listurbance of the first planters, and 
 prejudice of the proprietors themselves, as is 
 too well known by any that have had occasion 
 to stay ever so little among them, many of 
 whom are yet surviving. For notwithstanding 
 the great charge and vast expenses the first 
 adventureres were at, the Prst proprietors of 
 the whole Province of Maine and others, 
 (reaching from the head of Casco Bay north 
 east, to the mouth of Piscataqua river about 
 sixty miles westward) and the hopes they might 
 have conceived of being the first founders of 
 new c lonies, and of enlarging their estates 
 and inheritances by those new acquired pos- 
 sessions and lordships, there was little profit 
 reaped from thence after the rich fleeces of bea- 
 ver were gleaned away, nor any great improve- 
 ment made of those large portions of lands, 
 save the erecting of some few cottages for 
 fishermen, and a few inconsiderable buildings 
 for the planters which were on those occasions 
 drawn over the S(!a, to settle upon the most 
 northerly part of New England. 
 
 But whether it were by the imprudence of 
 the first adventurers, or the dissoluteness of 
 the persons thoy sent over to manage their 
 affairs, or whether for want of faithfulness or 
 skill to manage their trust, they were by de- 
 grees in a manner quite deserted almost of law 
 and government, and left to shift for them- 
 selves ; by which means at last they fell under 
 the jurisdiction of the Mas.sacliusetts colony, 
 not by usurpation, as is by great mistake sug- 
 ijested to his majesty, but by necessity, and 
 the earn St desire of the planters themselves ; 
 to acct^' of whom, those of tin! Massachusetts 
 cohmy were the more easily induced ; in that 
 they apprehended the bounds of their own 
 patent, by a favourable interpretation of the 
 words describing the northern line (three 
 miles beyond the most northerly branch of 
 .Meriniac river) do reach somewhat beyond 
 Pemmaquid, the most northerly place of all 
 New England. 
 
 This WHS the first beginning of things in 
 New England, at which time they were not 
 unlike the times of old, when the people of 
 .Tudah were .=uld to be without a teaching 
 priest, and without law ; and no wonder 
 thinijs were no more successfully carried oii. 
 
 In the year 1620, a company belonging to 
 Mr. Robinson's church at Leyden, in Holland, 
 although they had been courteously entertain- 
 ed by the Dutch, as strangers sojourning 
 amongst them, yet forseeing many inconve- 
 niences like to increase, and that they jould 
 not so well provide for the good of their jios- 
 terity, under the government of a foreign na- 
 tion, they resolveil to intreat so innch favour 
 from their own sovereign prince King .Tames, 
 as to grant them liberty under the shelter of 
 of his royal authority, to place themselves in 
 some part of New England, then newly dis- 
 covered ; wherefore having obtained some 
 kind of patent or grant, for some place about 
 Hudson's river, they get sail from Plymouth 
 in September, for tlio southern parts of New 
 England but as they intended to bend their 
 course thitherward, per various casus, per tot. 
 lUsminina rerum, they were at last cast upon 
 a bosom of the Massachusetts bay, called 
 
 ca[)e Coil, about the llth of November, from 
 whence till! wi'.ter so f.st approaching, they 
 had no opp(utnnity to remove; and finding 
 Some eiicourngeinint from the hopefulness of 
 the soil, and courtesy of the heathen, they 
 iesolvi!d there to make their abode for the 
 future which they did, laying the foundation 
 of a new colony, which from the remembrance 
 of the last town in England, they sailed from, 
 they called New Plymouth ; containing no 
 very considerable tract of land scarce extend, 
 ing an hundred miles in length through the 
 whole cape, and scarce half so much in 
 breadth where it is the broadest. The first 
 foundersof that colony aimingmore at religion 
 than earthly possessions, aspiring not to any 
 large dimension of land in their settling upon 
 those toasts. 
 
 At Weymouth also was a plantation begun 
 by Mr. Weston in the year 1622, but it came 
 to little. 
 
 The north and south border of Massachu- 
 setts bay being thus planted, the middle part 
 was the more easy to be filled up, which was 
 thus brt^ught about. Some gentlemen and 
 others, observing how it fared with those of 
 New Plymouth, were desirous upon the like 
 ground to make the same attempt for them- 
 selves, wherefore having by a considerable 
 sum of money purehnsed of some gentlemen 
 that had a grant for the council of Plymouth 
 all their right and interest in a plantation be- 
 gun in the Massachusetts bay, and having at- 
 triined a coiifirmation thereof by patent from 
 King Charles, in the year 1628, they sent 
 over a governor with several other ))erson3 
 to lay some foundation of another colony in 
 the Massachusetts bay : And in the year 1030, 
 more of the |)ersons interested in the said pa 
 lent (thence commonly called patentees) with 
 several other persons, intended to venture 
 their lives and all with them, transported 
 themselves and their families into the said 
 Massachusetts, who did in a .short space of 
 time by the accession of many hundreds, wl(0 
 every year flocked after them, make such un 
 increase, that in the spaci; of five or six years, 
 there were twenty considerable towns built 
 and peopled ; and niany of the towns firs' 
 planted became so filled wuh inhabitants, that 
 that like swarms of bees they were ready to 
 swarm, not only into now plantations, but into 
 new colonies, iiisoiuuch that in the year 16.'!.'>, 
 a new colony began to be planted upon Con- 
 necticut river, partly by combination amongst 
 themselves, removing from some towns about 
 the Massiichuselts bay, and party by the in- 
 terest of a patent purchased of tiiat honourable 
 gentleman, Mr. Fenwick, agent for the lord 
 Say, and lord Brook, the lords proprietors 
 of the said river Connecticut, at the mouth of 
 which river they built afort, (called after their 
 own titles. Say Brook fort) commanding the 
 passage of tho said river. Yea, such was the 
 cinifliience of people making over into those 
 
 fmrts, that in tho year 1C37, a fourth colony 
 legan to be planted, bear tho name of New 
 Haven, from tho first town erected therein, 
 seated near the midway betwixt Hudson's 
 river and that of Connecticut. The sea coast 
 from the pitch of cape Cod, to the mouth of 
 Connecticut river, inlittbited by several nations 
 of Indians, Wampnnoogs (the first authors of 
 the present rebellion) Narragansets. Pequods, 
 Mohegins, as the more inland part of the coun- 
 try by the Nipnets (a general iiaina for all in 
 
 hmpwsl: 
 
NARRATIVE 
 
 flSS 
 
 til ')(■ N"VL'ml)ur, Croni 
 ..St U|)proncliinp, they 
 
 lc'iii()\ ; unci fiuditiij 
 orn lilt! liopolulnrss of 
 
 of llii! licailipii, ihpy 
 llu'ir alxiilo for llio 
 Juying the foiindalinii 
 Tom the remi'mlirance 
 land, tliey sailed from, 
 mouth ; containing no 
 of land scarce extend 
 n length through the 
 'ce half so much in 
 
 broadest. The first 
 
 imingmore at religion 
 I, aspiring not to any 
 
 in tlieir settling upon 
 
 I'as a plantation hegun 
 rear 1622, but it came 
 
 border of Mnssachu- 
 anted, the middle part 
 e filled up, which was 
 Some geiillemen and 
 it fared with those of 
 desirous upon the like 
 mo attempt for tlieiii- 
 ing by a considerable 
 ed of some genilemen 
 council of Plyniomli 
 rest in a plantation be- 
 lts bay, and having nt- 
 lereof by patent from 
 year 1628, they sent 
 several other persons 
 n of another cohmy in 
 And in the year lG;iO, 
 crested in thoaaid pii 
 called patentees) with 
 , intended to venture 
 ith them, transpoiled 
 families into the said 
 1 in a sliort space of 
 fmiiny hundreds, wljo 
 I' them, make such an 
 CI! of five or six venrs, 
 isidcrable towns" built 
 ny of the towns firs' 
 I \Mlii inhabitants, that 
 IS they were ready to 
 w plantations, but into 
 that in the year 16.'!,'i, 
 be planted upon Con- 
 ■ combinatiim amontrsi 
 •om some towns abuut 
 , and party by the in- 
 sed of liiat honourable 
 k, agent fi>r the lord 
 the lords proprietors 
 licut, at the mouth of 
 fort, (called after their 
 brt) commanding the 
 Yea, such was the 
 king over into those 
 637, a fiiurth colony 
 ar the name of \ew 
 iwn erected therein, 
 y betwixt Hudson's 
 ticut. The sea coast 
 od, to the mouth of 
 ed by several nation* 
 (the first authors of 
 rragansets Pcquoda, 
 land partof thecoun- 
 neral name fur all in 
 
 land Indians betwixt the Miissachiisetts and 
 Connecticut river.) The sea coast south west 
 from Plymouth was first possessed by some 
 disciuitentcd with the {^uveriiinont of Mass:: 
 cliMsetts colony, from which some being 
 exiled, others of their friends accompanying 
 them, settled themselves upon a fair Island to 
 llie south west of cape Cod, now called 
 lUiodu Island ; others settled upmi the main 
 at a |)lace calleil Providence, ami so by de- 
 grees planting towards Narragaiiset bay, 
 made another ))laiitation cdleiT VVarwich, 
 s\hicli places are since by piUent conferred 
 upon the inhabitants of Ithode Island; the rest 
 of the country from Pocpiod rivi r to the river 
 Connecticut, falling within 'lie bounds of 
 (Connecticut colony have since by patent also, 
 been confirmed to the said colony. Things 
 had been very prosperously and successfully 
 carried on in all the aforesaid colonies and 
 jurisdiction, from the year 1G20, to the year 
 i()3(), at which time the war with the Pe- 
 qu ) U b.v»iu. The following account was 
 either left under the hands ol such as com- 
 manded in chief, or is taken from the mouths 
 of faithful witnesses, that were not only then 
 present but personally concerned and enga- 
 ged in the service. 
 
 There was a nation of the Indians in thi" 
 southern parts of New FIngland, called Pe- 
 (|ui)ds, sealed on a fair navigable river, twelve 
 mile* to thueastward of the mouth of the great 
 Hud famous river of Connecticut ; who (as 
 was commonly reported about tho lime «hen 
 New Kiigland was first planted by the English) 
 iii'lns; a more fierce, cruel, and warlike people 
 than the rest of the Indians, came down out 
 )f the more inland parts of the continent, and 
 '>V force seized upon one of the goodliest 
 pliices near the sea. and bc'ime a terror to all 
 their neighbours. (Ui whiun they bad exercised 
 several acts of inhuman cruelty ; insomuch 
 that being flushed with victories over their 
 fi'llow Indians, they began to thirst after the 
 blooil of any fiireigners, English or Dutch, 
 that accidentally came amongst them, in a 
 way of trade, or u|)on other accounts. 
 
 In 'he year K'.il, they treacherously and 
 cruelly murdered Capt. .Stone, and Capt. 
 Norton, who came occasionally, with a bark 
 into the river to trade with them. Not long 
 nlier, within the compass of the next year, 
 tlic'v in a like treacherous manner, slew one 
 Mr. Oldlmm (formi!rly belonging to new Ply- 
 tiiouth, but at that time an iiilmbitant of Mas- 
 sarhuselts) at Ulock Island, a placit not far 
 friiin the mouth of their harbour, as he was 
 fiiiily trading with them : Uesides some other 
 suci like nets of perfidious cruelty towards 
 SOUK! of the Dutch that hail formerly been 
 trailing up Connecticut river; by which prac- 
 tiiu'S perceiving that they began to stink in the 
 nostrils of their neiglmoiirs whose revenge 
 they now began to fear, and not willing u 
 to have to deal with too many enemies at 
 once, they imitated the subtlety of the chi 
 dren of ArnmiHi, when they began to stink 
 before David ; endeaviniriiig to strengthen 
 themselves with alliance of some of those they 
 had formerly provoked, that by their assistance 
 they might defend themselves against the rest 
 not ilonbling but to make their part uood with 
 their f preiijri enemies, if tlu^y could be recon- 
 ciled to their Indian neighbours, the Narra- 
 gaiiseits or oiiier boine-bred em^mies, and 
 loiild i»ul f u'tily themselves by u league of 
 41 
 
 friendship with any of their fo-eigr. neigh- 
 bours that were newly come to plant in these 
 parts. To :liis end they sent messengers 
 ith gifts to iho MiissKhusetis in the latter 
 end of the same year 1031 ; the first messen- 
 gers were dismissed without an answer : Hut 
 they being sensible of their own danger, and 
 and of the great importance a j)eacc with the 
 English of tho Massachusetts might be, pur- 
 sued the business veiry earnestly, sending mes- 
 sengers a second time, who olTered much 
 Wampam (Indian's money) and beaver, with 
 these second messengers : The governor and 
 council of the Massachusetts had much con- 
 ference many days ; and at lust after the best 
 advice they could take among themselves, ccui- 
 cludod a pence and frieii;' hip with them, upon 
 these conditions. 
 
 1. That they should deliver up to the En- 
 glish those persons amongst them that were 
 guilty of Capt. Stone's death, and the rest that 
 were with him. 
 
 2. That if the English desired to plant in 
 Connecticut they should give up tlieir right to 
 them. 
 
 3. That if the English should henceforward 
 trade with them as their friends, which was a 
 chief thing aimed at ; the said Petpiods being 
 at that time at war with tho Dutch, and the 
 rest of their neighbours, on the reasons fore- 
 mentioned. To these conditions they readily 
 agreed, and also cunningly insinuated their 
 desire that their new confederates, the Mas- 
 sachusetts, should mediate a peace for them 
 with the Narragansetts ; intimating likewise 
 their willingness that a part of the present 
 which they promised to send should be given 
 to them, standing so much upon their honour, 
 that they would not be seen to give any thing 
 themselves; such wastlie pride and height of 
 spirit hidged in this company of treachercms 
 villians, the dregs and lees of the earth, and 
 tho dross of mankind. 
 
 As for Capt. .Stone's death they slily evaded 
 the guilt of it, falsely adding that there were 
 but two left that had any hand therein, and 
 that it was n just quarrel wherein he was 
 slain : For, said they, he surprised some of 
 our men, ami would by force have compelled 
 them to shew him the way up the river, 
 whereopon the said Stone coming ashore, 
 with two more, was watched by nine of our 
 men (say they) who finding them asleep in th<- 
 night, slew them to deliver our own men, one of 
 whom going afterward to the bark, it was sud- 
 denly blown up : Whereas the truth of the 
 mnlter was thus. 
 
 The said Capt. Stone formerly l)elonging 
 to St. Christophers in the West Indies, occa- 
 sionally coming to these parts as he pnsseil 
 between this |ilace and Virginia put in at that 
 river, where the Indians after they had often 
 been on board his vessel to trade with him, at 
 the last came friendly on board as they used 
 to do, but finding the capt. asleep in his cabin, 
 took tho opportunity to murder him as he lay, 
 casting a covering over him that he might not 
 bo discerned by the rest whom they presently 
 nfl(!r dispatched one after another, all but 
 Captain Norton who made stout resistance, 
 for along time defending himself in the cook 
 room of the bark till the gunpowder which 
 h(" hud set in an open vessel, to be more 
 ready fiir his use, accidentally took fire, by 
 which fatal accident he was so burned, and his 
 eyes so blinded that he coulitnot make any 
 
 longer resistance, but forthwith fell into the 
 hands cd" these cruel and blood thirsty Wictch- 
 es, who nfti.'r they had taken away his life 
 made a prey of all that was in the vessel. 
 
 As for Mr, Uldlinm, ho was murdered at an 
 Island called by the IndiaiM, Manisscs (since 
 known by the name of Block Island) but those 
 that murdered him (probably inhabitants of 
 said Island) fled presently to the Pequods, by 
 whom they were sheltered, and so became 
 also guilty themselves of his blood. 
 
 In the year 16.36, the death of this Mr 
 Oldham* was so manifest that it could nei- 
 ther be concealed nor excused, the discovery 
 whereof being remarkable, is here inserted. 
 
 One John Gallop, with one man more, and 
 two boys, coming from Connecticut, and in- 
 tending to put ill at Long Island, as ho camo 
 from thence, being at the mouth of the harbor 
 was forced by a sudden iiiange of the wind to 
 to bear up for Hlock Island, orFislier's Island, 
 where, as tiiey were sailing along, they niel 
 with a pinnace which they fi)und to .Tnhii Old- 
 ham's, who had been sent to trade with the Pe- 
 quods, (to make trial of the realty oftheir preten- 
 ded friendshipafterlhemiirderofCaptainStoin 
 they hailed the vessel, but had no answr, 
 although they saw the deck full of Indians 
 (14 in all) and a little before that had seen a 
 canoe go from the vessel full of Indians like- 
 wise, and goods, wliereu(>on they suspi cled 
 they had killed .lohn Oldham, who had only 
 only two boys and two Narraganset Indians 
 in his vessel besides himself, and the rather 
 because they let slip, and set up sail (being two 
 miles from the shore, the wind and tide com- 
 ing ofl'the shore of the Island, whereby they 
 drove toward the main land of Narraganset) 
 therefore they went ahead of them, and having 
 nothing but two pii'ces, and two pistols, they 
 bore up near the Indians, who stood on the 
 deck of the vessel ready armed with guns, 
 swords and jiikes ; but John (iallop, a man 
 of stout courage, U't lly among them, and so 
 galled them, that they got all down under the 
 batches, and then they stood oft" again, and re- 
 turning with a good gale, they stemmed her 
 upon the quarter, and almost overset her, 
 which so nifrigblened the Indians, as six of 
 them leaped overboard, and were drowned, 
 yet they durst not board her, but stood off 
 again, and fitted their anchor, so as stemming 
 her the sec(uid time, they bored her bow 
 through with their anchor; and slicking fast 
 to her, they mudediversshot thrmighthe aides 
 of her, am! so raked her fore and aft (being 
 but inch board) as they must needs kill or 
 liurf ime of llie Indians; but seeing niuie of 
 them come forth, they got loose from her, and 
 then four or five more of the Indians leaped 
 into the sea, and were likewise drowned ; 
 whereupon llieri! being but four left in her, 
 they boarded her; when an Indian came nj) 
 ami yielded ; him they bound and put into 
 the hold : then aiiolheryielded ; him they al^o 
 bound, but(iullop, being well acquainted wiih 
 their skill to unloose <ine another, if they lay 
 near together, and having no place to keep 
 them asunder, flung him bound into the sea ; 
 then looking about, they found John Oldham 
 iimier an old sail, start naked, having his head 
 cleft to the brains ; his hands and legs cut at 
 iflbey had been culling them off; yet warm ! 
 
 * Tli(! nrrnant of Mr. f llillmm's ''-.ntli in nililpd to this 
 rrlilinii tVnin Mr. IftiltliJinO Mhm*. Kislory i ** Now Eo 
 gUllJ, I'riMIl il« l>cgiilliiiif; III III!!!) 
 
«3« 
 
 TTTE INDIAN WAHR. 
 
 go they put. liiin into the seu ; Ijut uoiikt not 
 well tell how to come at llie ollior two Indiiins 
 •who wore in ii litllo room uiulerneiitli wiili 
 their swords) so they took the goods wliicii 
 were left, and the sa.U, and towed tlie boat 
 away, but niplit cuining on, and the wind ris- 
 ing, they wore forced to turn her oil', and tin; 
 Wind carried her to the Narraganset shore, 
 where they lei't her. 
 
 On the 26th of the said July, tlie two Indians 
 which were with John Oldliain, and one other 
 Indian, came from Canonicus(the cliief sachem 
 of the Narragansets) with a letter from Mr. 
 Williams, to signity what liad befallen John 
 Oldham, and how grievously they were 
 oiiended : and that Miantoninio (the second 
 ■achem of the Narragansets) was gone with 
 17 canoes and 200 men to take revenge. Hut 
 upon e.\amination of the otherlndian, who was 
 brought prisoner to them, they found that all 
 the sachems of the Narragansets, exccpi 
 Cf.nonicus and Mlantonimo, were contrivers 
 of John Oldham's death, and the occasion was 
 because he went to make ptace, and trade 
 with the Peqiiods last year ; the prisoner said 
 also that Oldimm's two Indians were acijuaint- 
 ed with it ; but because they were sent as 
 messengers from Caiionicus, they would not 
 imprison them : but the governor wrote back 
 to Mr. Williams, to Kt the Narragansets know, 
 they expected they should pcnd home John Old- 
 Lam's two boys, and take revenge upon the 
 Islanders, and withal gave Mr. VVilliams cau- 
 tion to look to himself, if there should be 
 occasion to make war with the Narragansets 
 'for iilock Island was under them) and the 
 'ie.\t day he wrote to Canonicus, by one of 
 those Indians Uiat he had suspicion of him 
 that was sent, nnd yet he had sent him back, 
 because he wjs a messenger ; but did expect, 
 if he should send for the two Indians, he 
 should send them to him. 
 
 Four days after John Oldham's two boys 
 were sent home by one of Mianlonimo's men, 
 with a letter from Mr. Williams, that Jlianto- 
 nimo liad caused the saclieiii of Niantic to 
 eeiid to Block Island for them, and that he had 
 near 100 fathom of peak, and much other 
 goods of Oldham's which shoulil be reserved 
 for them. And three of the seven that weie 
 drowned were sachems, and that one of the 
 two which was iiired by the Niantic Bachern, 
 was dead also. So they wrote back to have 
 the rest of those which were necessary to be 
 sent, and the rest of the goods, and that he 
 should tell Canonicus and Miantoninio thai 
 they held them innocent, but the ai.x other 
 sachems were guilty. 
 
 Lieut. Gibbons and Mr. Iligginson were 
 sent after, with Cushmakin the sachem of the 
 Mn-ssaclmselts, to Canonicus, to treat with him 
 about the murder of John Oldham. They 
 returned with acceptance and good success 
 of their business ; observing in the sachem 
 much state, gre;it command of his men, and 
 marvellous wisdom in his answers ; and in the 
 carriage of the whole treaty, clearing himself 
 and his neighbours of the murder, and oll'ering 
 revenge of it, yet upon very sale and wary 
 conditions. 
 
 The English of Massachusetts, after the 
 peace concluded with the l'e<|uod8, sent a 
 bark tiiither for trade, that trial might be made 
 of the reality of their friendship, but they 
 found them treacherous and false, and that no 
 njvantage was to l>u iiad by any commerce 
 
 with them, insomuch as they took up a reso- 
 lution never more to have to do with them ; 
 which the said Indians perceiving, made no 
 acconnt of the former peace, but took all 
 advantage to do us mischief, not only by har- 
 bouring iliose who had murdered i\Ir. Oldham, 
 Init surprising many of the English in the year 
 1636, when Connecticut river began first to 
 planted, divers of whom were killed (nine at 
 one time in April, 1637) by them about Wetli- 
 ersHeld, when the p'antatioii there first began, 
 so us they could not ])a53 up and down the 
 river without a guard, but they would be in 
 danger of being cut oft' or carried away, us 
 two maids were saiil to be ; tliirty men have 
 been killed by them in all; those whofellinto 
 their hands alive, were cruelly tortured, after 
 a most barbarous manner, by insulting over 
 their prisoners in a blusphemous wise, when 
 in their dying agonies under the extremity of 
 their pains (their fli sli being first slashed with 
 knives, and then filled with burning embers) 
 they culled upon God and Christ with gasping 
 ijroaiis, resigning up their souls into their 
 hands ; with which words these wretched 
 caitlH's used to mock the English afterwards, 
 when they came within their hearingand view. 
 About the sume lime, some agents sent over 
 by the lord Say and the lord Brook, built a 
 forlat the month of Connecticut river, wherein 
 was placed one Lieutenant Gardiner, and a 
 conveiiii'iit number of soldiers to secure the 
 place, intended soon afier to bo planted, but 
 all the winter following, being the end of 
 ilie year 1636, thtjy wei-e little better than 
 besieged by the said savages, not daring to 
 stir out of the command of the fort, but they 
 were ready to be seized by these barbarous 
 enemies : at one time the lieutenant himself, 
 with ten or twelve of the soldiers, marching 
 out of ilie f(ut with intent to pass over a neck 
 of land, to burn the marshes; as soon as they 
 had passed over the streight of the neck, they 
 espied a company of Indians making towards 
 the said i.sthmus, wliicli if they could not 
 recover, they saw they must all jierish ; 
 whereupon n^turning back with all speed, 
 they nariowly escajied, and were two or three 
 of them killed notwithstanding, before they 
 could get back to the fiirt, which was pre- 
 sently surrounded with multitudes of them; 
 but the discharging of a piece of (U'dnance 
 gave them wnrning to keep further from tli<" 
 walls. Somelimi's they came wllli their 
 canoes into tlie river in view of the soldiers 
 williin the fort, and when they apjuchended 
 tlieiiiselves out of ihe reach of iheir guns, tiie\ 
 winild imilate the dying groans and invocations 
 of the poor cuplive, which English soldiers 
 were forced with silent patience to bear, not 
 being then in a capacity to reipiite their inso- 
 lent blasphemies. But they being by these 
 horrible outrages justly pri-voked to indigna- 
 tion, unanimously agreed to join their forces 
 together, to root them out of the earlli, with 
 (joii's assistance. 
 
 The governorand council having soon after 
 assembled the rest of the magistrates, and the 
 minislers, to advise with them about doing 
 justice fiir Oldham's death, they all agreed 
 it ihoiild be done with all expedition; and 
 accordingly on the SSth of August following, 
 SO or 90 men wer<! sent out under the com- 
 liittnd of Capt. Eiidicot of Salem, who went 
 to the I'eipiod country by water, with com- 
 iiiiBsion to treukwith the said Pequuds, lint 
 
 offering terms of peace, if they would surren- 
 der the murderers of the English, and forbear 
 further acts of hostility, or else fi^bt ihein. 
 
 The captain uforesaiil cruning ashore with 
 his company, by a message sent them by an 
 interpreter,obtnined little speech with a great 
 number of thtun atii tlislaiice; but afier ihey 
 understood what was propounded to ihein, 
 first cunningly getting behind a hill, they pre- 
 sently ran away into the woods and swamps, 
 where there was no jiursuing of them : how- 
 ever, one discharging a gun among them as 
 they were taking their fiiglit, stayed the course 
 of one, which was all that could be done against 
 them at that time. 
 
 Winter approaching, and no encouragement 
 presenting further to pursue them at that time, 
 it was resolved better to return buck for the 
 present, and wait a further seuson, when more 
 liirces could be gathered together to pursue 
 the quarrel to the utmost. 
 
 Miantonimo soon after sent a message to 
 them with a letter from Mr. Williams, to sig- 
 nify that they had taken one of the IndlaiH, 
 who had broken prison, and had hini safe fiir 
 them, when they shoiihl send fiir him (as they 
 had before sent to him fir that end) iind that 
 the otlier had stolen away (not knowing it 
 seems that he was their prisoner) and that 
 according to their promise they would not 
 entertain any of that Ish" d, which should 
 come to them ; but they ceived it was 
 
 rathiT in love to him wl ;ey concealed, 
 
 for he had been his servant iormeijy, but 
 when they sent for those two li.uians, one 
 was sent them, but the other was saitl to be 
 dead before the messenger came : but the 
 Pequods harooured those of Iilock-lshind, and 
 therefore justly brought the revenge of the 
 li'nglish upon them. 
 
 Amongst those soldiers that were seiitunder 
 Capt. Endicot, were twenty that helongeil to 
 Saybrook-fort, land were appointed to slay 
 there, to defend the place againstihe Pequods : 
 ufterthe said capt and tin- rest were departed, 
 those twenty lay wind bound in the Pequod 
 harbour, and in the meanwhile went all of 
 ihetn ashore, with sacks to fetch some of the 
 Pequods' corn ; and having fi:lclicd each man 
 one sack full to their boat, ilii'V returned for 
 more, and having loaded themselves the 
 Indians set npiui them, so they set down their 
 corn, and gave fire upon the Indians, and the 
 Indians shot iheir arrows usrainst them; the 
 place was open about the distance of a mus- 
 ket shot; ihe Indians kept the covert, sme 
 when they came forth at a time and discharged 
 their arrows: the English put themselves in 
 a single file, and ten only that had pieces tliiit 
 could reach them, shot, ihc others stood ready 
 to keep ihem from breaking in. So they con- 
 tinued most part of the afltMiioon ; the En- 
 glish, as they supposed, killed divers of them, 
 and hurt others; and llie Indians woumled 
 but one of the English, wlio was armed, all 
 ihe rest being wilhiuit : for they shot their 
 arrows compass-wise, so as they could easily 
 see and avoid them standing single, ihcn 
 always gathered up their arrows: ut the hist 
 the Indians being weary of the sport, ga> e ilio 
 English leave to retire to their bnut. — This 
 was in October, 163C. 
 
 About twodiiys after, five miui of Snybrook 
 went up the river about four miles to feiih 
 hay out of a meadow lui the Peqiiodside : ihe 
 gruBH WHB so hi){h as sniiie Pt^qiiods h:<liii(( 
 
 gijjj5jg^pBCTB|i«ai>r*<s!»™ma«a«'r'n-.- 
 
llioy Wdulil siirriMi- 
 EiiL;lisli,iinil (orl)ciir 
 r <-l3i' (ij;ht iherii. 
 coining aelioif wiili 
 igo sont llii in 1)V nti 
 speech wiiliii [jrein 
 ntc; lint afuT llicy 
 -opminded to llieni, 
 ■hind II tiill, ihcv pio- 
 wiinds and ■wiiinps, 
 ining of ihem : Iidw- 
 giiii iiniiing ilit'in us 
 jhl,stii_vi'dlh(! niiiise 
 could bedoiiL'uguinst 
 
 d noencouriigcment 
 IK! ihoiii nt tliHttiinc, 
 retiiin hni-k fiir iho 
 r seusmi, when more 
 I together to pursue 
 
 A NARRATIVE OF 
 
 637 
 
 Mr 
 
 sent n rncssiige (o 
 Williams, to sij;- 
 
 Mie oi" the IiidiHiis, 
 and hail him safe fur 
 send for him (asthey 
 ir that end) and that 
 liiv (not knowiiifj it 
 ; prisoner) and that 
 ise ihey would not 
 
 '1 1. whieh sliould 
 
 y ceived it was 
 
 :ey eoneeaied, 
 rvani lornie'ly, but 
 io two l:,((lans, one 
 other was said lo ho 
 iger came : hut the 
 of lilock-Ishind, and 
 the revenge of the 
 
 i tlint were sent under 
 !nly that helongcd V) 
 e uppoinli'd to slay 
 againstlhePetjiiods": 
 e rest were de|iarled, 
 mind in the I*e<]uod 
 inwhile went nil of 
 lo feleh some of the 
 lug ft.'lehed each man 
 It, iln-y reiiirnod liir 
 led themselves the 
 ) they set down I heir 
 the Indians, and the 
 s iiirainsl iheni ; the 
 e disianei! of a niiis- 
 pt ihe eovert, siui! 
 time mid diseharged 
 ill pill iheinselves ill 
 
 that had pieres th;it 
 le others stood ready 
 ig in. iSotliey con- 
 aliernoon ; the Eii- 
 illed divers of ihi'iii, 
 B Indians wounded 
 lio was armed, all 
 for they shot their 
 IS they eoiild easily 
 tiding single, then 
 arrow 8 : ut the last 
 f the sport, gme llie 
 
 their hoal. — Tliii 
 
 le men ofSnylirook 
 iiiir miles to feicli 
 e I'ei|iiodsidn : iho 
 10 I'eqiiods hiding 
 
 themselves in it, set upon the English before 
 tliev were aware, and took onethathndhay on 
 his back, the rest fled to their boat, one of them 
 had Kve arrows in him, yet recovered : he 
 that was taken was a goodly young iniin, 
 whose name was Uiitti-rfiold : whereupon the 
 meadow was ever after oullcd J3ulterfiold's 
 meadow, 
 
 Icarm Icariia nomina dcdit aquis. 
 
 About fourteen days after, six of the sol- 
 diers were sent out of the fort to keep an 
 lioiise which they hud set up in a corn-field, 
 alimit two miles from the Ibrt. Three of 
 them went forth a fowling, which the lieu- 
 tenant had strictly forbidden, two hud pieces, 
 and the third only a. sword, when suddenly 
 about an hundred Indians came out of th<! 
 covert and set upon them, he who had the 
 sword brake through, and received only two 
 shot, aiiii those not dangerous, and so escaped 
 to the hoiiso which was not above a bowshot 
 olV, and persuaded the other two to foUow, 
 hilt they stayed still, till the Indians came and 
 took them, and carried them away with their 
 iiiecos. 
 
 Soon after they beat down the said house, 
 and out houses, and hay stacks, and within a 
 how shot of the fort, killed a cow, and shot 
 diverse others, which came with arrows stick- 
 ing in them. 
 
 After Mr. Endicot'sdepartiire, thePoquods 
 perceiving that they hud by several late inju- 
 ries and outrages, drawing upon themselves 
 the hatred of all the English, as well as of 
 llicir own people by fortner wrongs, and dis- 
 iriistliig their own ability lo deal with them 
 all at once, did ut the last by all subtle insinu- 
 ations and persuasions, try to make their peace 
 with the Narragansets, using such -rguments 
 as to right reason seemed not only pregnant 
 to the purpose but also (if revenge, that be- 
 witching and pleasing passion of mnn's mind 
 hill! not hlinded their eyes) most cogent and 
 invincible : but they were, by the good pro- 
 vidence of (rod, withheld from embracing 
 tiiose counsels, which might otherwise have 
 proved most pernicious to the design of the 
 JMwlish, viz. That the English were stran- 
 gers, and began to overspread the country 
 which would soon be possessed by them t( 
 the depriving the ancient inhabitants of their 
 right, if they were not timely prevented ; and 
 that the Narragansets woiihl but make way 
 for their own ruin, by helping lo destroy the 
 I'eijiiods ; for after themselves were subdued, 
 it would not be long ero the Narragansets 
 themselves, would in the nextplnc<! be rooted 
 out likewisi- : whereas if they would but join 
 together against the EInglisli they could dij- 
 monstrate how the English might easily either 
 be destroyed or forced to leave the country, 
 and that without any danger to themselves: 
 telling them also that they never need come 
 to any open battles, they might destroy them 
 only liy firing their houses, and killing their 
 cuttle, and lying in wait for them as they went 
 about thinr ordinary occasions ; which course, 
 if it were pursueif, they said their new and 
 unwelcome neighbours could not long subsist ; 
 but wouhl either be starved with hunger and 
 cold, or forceil to forsake their country. 
 
 Muchiavel himself if he nad sat in council 
 with them could not have 'nsinuated stronger 
 timsoiis III have persuaded them lo a peace 
 U ia luid that so much reason was upprti- 
 
 bended in these motivi!S, that the Naragan- 
 sels were once wavering, and were almost 
 persuaded to have granted an ear to their ad- 
 vice and persuasion and joined all against the 
 English ; but when they considered what iiii 
 advantage they had put into their hands by 
 the strength and favour of the English, to 
 take a full revenge of all their former inju- 
 ries, upon their invefemte enemies, the 
 thought of that wag so sweet, that it turned 
 the scale against all other considerations 
 whatsoever. 
 
 Soon after this, RJiantonimo, sachem of the 
 Narragansets, came to IJoslon, (being sent for 
 by the governor) with two of Canonicus's 
 sons, and another sachem, and near 20 of 
 their men, whom they call Sannn]>s. The 
 governor, having notice by Cushatnakin, the 
 Massachusetts sachem, sent twcniv musket- 
 eers to Roxbiir\ to meet them. They came 
 to Boston about noon, where the governor 
 hud called together all magistrates and min- 
 isters to give countenance to their proceed- 
 ings, and to advise about the terms of peace. 
 After dinner, Miantonimo declared what he 
 had to say to them in several propositions, 
 which were to this efTect, that theyhwl al- 
 ways loved the English, and now desired a 
 firm peace with them, and that they would 
 continue war with the Peipiods, and their 
 confederates, fill they were subdued, and 
 desired the English would do .so lo : Pro- 
 mising to deliver their enemies lo them, or 
 kill them, and two months after to send them 
 a present. The governor told them that they 
 should have an answer the next morning, 
 which was done, upon articles subscribed by 
 him, and they also subscribed with him, 
 wherein a firm peace was concluded, but be- 
 cause they couhl not make them well under- 
 stand the articles, they told them they wo\ild 
 send a copy to ftlr. Williams, who could best 
 interpret the same to them. So after dinner 
 they took leave, and were conveyed out of 
 town by some musketeers, and dismissed 
 with a volley of shot. 
 
 T/ie Artictfn here follow. 
 
 T. A firm pcMce betwixt them and their 
 friends on either part (if they consent) and 
 their confederates (if they will observe the 
 articles) and their posterity. 
 
 II. Neither jiart to make peace with the 
 Peqiiods without the other's consent. 
 
 III. Not to liarbourany of the Poqltods. 
 
 IV. To put to death, or deliver up any of 
 the murderers of the English. 
 
 V. To return fugitive servants. 
 
 VI. The English to give them notice 
 when they got out against the Peqnods, and 
 the other to send them guides. 
 
 VII. None of them to come near the En- 
 glish pianlations during the war with the Pe- 
 qnods without some Englishman or known 
 Indian. 
 
 IX. To continue to the posterity of both 
 parties. 
 
 These Articles were indiflTercntly well ob- 
 served by the Narragansets, till the Peijuods, 
 their mortal enemies, were totally subdued ; 
 but then they began to glow insolent and 
 tn'acherous, especially this .Miantonimo him- 
 self; as will appear in the seipiel. 
 
 Ciishmakin also, the sachem of Massu- 
 chiisetts, subscribed these articles with the 
 Enu'lish. 
 
 The report of the unheard of cruelties 
 
 fiirenientioned, which had Ix-en (n^rpetratwl 
 >y the I'eqnods filling die ears of the Engb-h 
 hroiigliont the country ; it was agreed by 
 the joint consent of the English thninghoiit 
 ihe three colonies to unite all their forces to- 
 ther fi)r suppressing the common enemy, 
 early in the spring, A. 1). 1037, who were 
 also moved inereiinto by their own necessi- 
 ties as well us by the earnest request of their 
 friends at Connecticut. 
 
 Those of Plymouth being written unto by 
 the governor of the Massachusetts, appeared 
 very cordially willing thereunto, lo which 
 end they agreed to send fifty men at their 
 own charge, witli as much s|)eed as the mat- 
 ter required, with sulficient leaders appoint- 
 I, and a bark provided to carry them pro- 
 isioiis, and tend u[)oii them on all occasions ; 
 but before thi!y could be dispatched away the 
 next spring,ne»s was brought that the enemy 
 was w holly routed, so as iheir journey was 
 stopped, and their good will accepted fiir the. 
 deed; as if they really had been there to 
 have borne their pari in \\\'. service ; their 
 non-appearance in liino and place being not 
 lobe imputed to any backwardness in their 
 minds, but to their too late invitation to thw 
 service ; the motion fetching a large compasa 
 from the Connecticut down to the Massa- 
 chusetts ; from whom in the last place they 
 were solicited ihereuuto. Ami for the other 
 two colonies, those of Connecticut liciiig 
 quickened by the spur of necessity, and pre. 
 sent sense of the insolence daily acted at 
 their very doors, were soonest upon their 
 inarch, and by the good hand of God upon 
 them, they had given the main stroke before 
 the friends of the Massachiisells could come 
 up with them, yet there was no repinir.g for 
 the want of the glory of the victory, nor waj 
 there any cause, those that were the cliiel 
 actors therein being forward to give OoJ thn 
 glory of the whole, and not willing to p<Krkrt 
 up any thing thereof themselves, acknow- 
 ledging that they never saw more of Ciod, 
 or less of mun in any bnsiness of thnt notur«3, 
 as may more fully be understood by particu- 
 lars ensuing. 
 
 The colony of the Massachusetts deter- 
 mined to seiKl an hundred and sixty, of whom 
 an hundred and twenty were ordained under 
 the conduct of Capt. Patrick of Walertown, 
 and Ciipt. Trask of Salem, Capt. Slimghlon 
 of Dorchester being to command in chief; 
 with whom was sent that holy mun of Clod, 
 Mr. John Wilson, (pastor of the church of 
 Hostoii) the chariots and horsi-meu of our 
 Israel, by whose fiiitli and prayer, as some- 
 times was said of [.utiier, (in refeMMice to 
 (lermany) tin' country wns preserved, so as 
 it was confidently believed that no enemy 
 sliimhl break in npmi a place whilM lie sur- 
 vived, which as some have obserN'cd accord- 
 ingly came lo pass. 
 
 The mailer requiring good expedition, atid 
 it being long befiire the whole company could 
 be dispatched away, Capt. Patrick with forty 
 tnef» wiTO sent beliirehand, lobe sure to mvvX 
 with those of Connecticut in case they should 
 be in action, before the rest of our forces 
 (H)uld get into u readiness, which accordingly 
 came to pass ; for the main business in taking 
 the fort was over, even before tiie said Pa 
 trick could get thither. Capt. UiiuerhiU WB« 
 sent by Mr. Viino the governor to SayVirook 
 the winter before to etrengtlic'u the gurtiaotv 
 
ess 
 
 THE INDIAN AVARS. 
 
 
 iheii), Tho aAsnulting and siirpriaiii^j; of (Ills 
 Indian fort bein^ lUe most romiirkable pioce 
 of servict! in tliut wlioli; nxpedilioii ; titkit ii 
 as it was ilclivtirvd in writinir hy tliiU valiani, 
 fuitliful and prudent commandur, Oapt. Ma- 
 son, cliit!( in tho action, who livud lonf^ aftor 
 lo reap tho frnit of liis labour, and enjoy the 
 licnelit of that day's service, having an inhe- 
 rilancu given him in tliat part of tliu country, 
 RH a just reward of liis fuithfnl service on that 
 liay as well as at other times, Weqiiasli, a 
 Peijiiod liy nation, Imt disgiiated hy the mi- 
 chem, proved a good gnido to the English, 
 hy whodo 'lirection they w«!ro led t,) a fort 
 near Mystic river, some miles nearer iliaii 
 Sassacoiu'B furt, which they first intended to 
 assault. 
 
 On the second Wednesday of May, being 
 tho tenth day of that month, wo set sail with 
 ninety men of tho English in one pink, one 
 pinnace, and two boats, towards the IVvpiods, 
 with seventy river Indians; having some- 
 what a long passage to .Saybrook fort, about 
 ((•rly of our Indians desired to go down by 
 land on Saturday, but on Mcniday tliey went 
 llirth from the fort, and meeting seven Pe- 
 (juods and Nianticks ibey slew five outright, 
 took one prisoner, and brouglit him into Say- 
 brook fort, where he was executed by Capt. 
 Unilbrhill, the other escaped. 
 
 On Monday wo landt'd at Sayhrook fort, 
 and stayed there until Tuesday; Capt. Un- 
 derbill joining nineteen men with himself to 
 us : Whereupon we sent back twenty of ours 
 to strengthen our plantations ; and so set sail 
 on Thursday towards Narraganset, and ar- 
 rived there on Friday. 
 
 On Saturday, myself, with Capt. Underbill, 
 nnd Lieut. Sealy, with our guard marche<l to 
 Canonicus by land, being about fivo miles 
 distant, where we wi-re kindly entertained 
 after their manner : Having bad ]>arty with 
 him, we sent to Miantonimo, who would give 
 no present answer; and so our sabbath being 
 on the morrow, wo ailjourned our mi^eting 
 until Mo<i(biy, at which time there ttsseml)led 
 Miantonimo with the cbiefest of them about 
 two hundred men; and being solenuily set 
 for consultation after their manner, told lliinn 
 we were now going, God assisting, to re- 
 venge the wrong conmiilted ami bloodshed 
 hy their nnd our enemies, upon our native 
 countrymen, not any way desiring their aid, 
 unless they would voluntarily send, which 
 they (lid exceedingly approve of: Moreover 
 we told them that the English and they hud 
 always been friends for aught we knew, and 
 so were we with tho Iiuiians that hail not 
 wnniged Englishmen, which they acknow- 
 liulged, and so made a large description of 
 tho I'equod's country, and told us they would 
 send men with us ; so we resolved there to 
 keep our rendezvous atCanonicus's plantation, 
 on the morrow night, being Tuesday; but 
 the wind being stiff, we could tu)t land our 
 men until five or six of the clock in the after- 
 loon, at which time I landed on Narraganset 
 shore with thirty-two men, and so niar(^i(!d 
 lo tho place of rendezvous formerly appoint- 
 ed ; Capt. Underbill and my lieut. landed 
 •ho rest, and camo up to me that night. 
 Ab<mt two hoars before day, came an Indian 
 wi'h a letter from Capt. Patrick, being llii'ti 
 ut Robert Williams's plantation with forty 
 men, who desired us to stay for his coming 
 iJttl joining us, not intiinaliog whan tliat 
 
 would be : which being considered and tie- 
 bated, we thought it could not be our safest 
 course to wait for him, (though bis |)resi'iit as- 
 sistance was nnicli desireci) tor these reasons. 
 
 1. " Hecause the day before when he had 
 absolutely resolved to go, the Indians plainly 
 told us tli<!y iho't we were but in jest, and 
 also that Englishmen did talk much, but not 
 fight; nay, they erjucbided they would not go 
 on ; and liesides, if we should defer, we fear- 
 ed we should be discovered by reasiui of the 
 fre(iuont recoursi! l)etween lliem by certain 
 squaus (who liuve mutual intercourse) 
 whereii|iou we were eonstraitied to set for- 
 ward towards the Peipiods, with seventy- 
 sev<m English, and about sixty river Indians, 
 and as I suppose ni-ar two hundred Narra- 
 gan.st'ts, and marched that night to the eust- 
 i-rn Nianticks, where we kept our reiulezvous 
 that night : the sachem of the place adding 
 about an buudreil of his men uiuo us. 
 
 We st:t forward and marched about ten 
 mih^s, where nniking an alia (or ball) there 
 we held a consultation with the Indians, who 
 desired to know what we intendi^d I We 
 told them that we resolve<l to assjiult Sassa- 
 cous's fort, at which they were all stricken 
 and as it were amazed with fear, as they 
 plainly coid'essiMl ; aOitr a long debate and 
 pressing of them, taxing them with coward- 
 ice, some of them resolved to go along with 
 us, though I suppo.sed they had no such in- 
 tention, us appeared afterward; some of them 
 left us to the number, as 1 suppose of an hun- 
 dred or less; aiul marching on five miles fur- 
 ther, we made another alta, where they told 
 us we had near a dozi'u miles to Saccaccuis's 
 fort, as we gathered by their relation ; we 
 were constrained lo alter our resolution, ami 
 resolved to attempt that fort, which they had 
 fornu^rly described to be three or fi)ur miles 
 nearer; nnd also one of CJapt. Underbill's 
 men failing put it out of doubt. Hut who- 
 soever saitli that <^apt. Underbill bad any fall- 
 ing out about that or any thing else, doth 
 speak an iintruth ; for we both resolved to at- 
 tack Saccncou.s's fort, as we concluded in our 
 c<uisultnlion at Narraganset, and so conliiuieil 
 our resolution till we received the form<!r rea- 
 sons as grounds sulHcient to persuade us to 
 the contrary, and to prosecuttMnat which was 
 most likely to be uccoinplished. 
 
 They dr("w a plot of the situation of the 
 Pequods, nnd di'srrilied Saccacous's fort to 
 be the nearest, which was the chii-f cause we 
 detiM'mlncd to assault thnt first, and bail no 
 rensiui leaning till our last alta, where, upon 
 llu! reasons forriu'rly in"nlioned, we changed 
 our resolution : This greatly pleasi'd the In- 
 dians that were with us, as it was what tliev 
 much desired; for it was dreadful to thtun to 
 hear the name of Susaacous, 
 
 From thence we marched two or three 
 miles where we kept our rendezvous, sup- 
 positig we had been within one mile of the 
 fort; an Indian having bei>n sent bidbrehami, 
 brought us news that they were secure, hav- 
 ing been fishing with many canoes at sea, and 
 divers of thom walking here and there. 
 
 About two hours before day we marched 
 toward tho fort, being weary and much spent ; 
 many of us having slept none at all. 
 
 And ns we began to march towards the fort, 
 the Lord being phrased woiulerfiilly to assist 
 and encourage us, afti'r a tedious march of 
 three or four miles : iibout break of day \\u 
 
 came in fair view of the fort, sinmling on the 
 top of nn hill not stiiep ; the Indians all fiill 
 ingback, were suddinly vani>hrd out of sight, 
 .so we made an alta, and sent bni k liu' our 
 guide who had promisi.'d to go with \is to the 
 fort, but his heart we saw much failed him ; 
 we asked him what they intemlcil who pro- 
 mised to wing us, aial to surmuiul lh<^ I'ort ; 
 he told us they were much nfrnid ; but he, 
 seeing our resolution, went lo them and pre- 
 vailed with divers of them to come up to us; 
 we told them their best eouist! would be to 
 Hank the fi)rt on both s:des, and having no 
 lime longtu' lo confer, we |>roceeiled ; (.'apt. 
 Underbill lo the western enlrniu'e \v ith one 
 division, mysidf to the enslcrn as silent as pes- 
 sibly we coidd : so it ph-ased (ioii we came 
 up within two rods of tho palisndo, before we 
 were dicovered, at which lime a dog beganlo 
 bark, and an Indian cried out, I ' not being 
 myself rightly iidbrined by the Indian uuidi', 
 of the right eitrance, though there was a lit- 
 tle |)ostern door, whiidi I hn<l thought to ha\e 
 attempted to break down with my foot; but 
 the Lord directed me otherwise liu' the better; 
 for i then feared we could not there enter 
 with our arms, which provi il true. >So I sud- 
 denly hasted lo the palisndo, nnd putting in 
 the muzzle of my piece, and discharged upon 
 them, and so did tin? rest with all celerity ; 
 we then siidilenly hnsteni'd on toward ;liiit 
 side which stood toward the water ; where I 
 coiH'.luded there wasnn entrnnce, nnd instantly 
 fell upon it, being only barred with twe forc- 
 ed boughs, or binnclMS of some trees, nnd 
 hastening over them, I drew one after me : 
 my lieutenant drawing the other outward. 
 We suddenly fell upon the \vi-.;\vams; the 
 Indians cried out on a most hiilenus manner, 
 some issuing out of their wigwams, shooting 
 at us desperately, nnd so creeping under l)ed.i 
 that they had. We hnd resolved awhile not 
 to have burned it, but seeing we could nut 
 come at them, 1 ri'Solved to set it on fire, nficr 
 divers of them were slnin, ami somi' of our 
 men sore woiimled ; so eiitering one of their 
 wigwams, I took a fire brnnd [iit which tiniu 
 an Indian drawing an arrow hnd killeil him, 
 but one I)nvis,bis siTgennt cut the bowstring 
 with his cutlnss] and suddenly kimlli'd a fire in 
 the malts wherewith they were covered, and fell 
 to a retreat and surriMiiuled the fint ; the tiro 
 increasing violently, insiunuch ihnt thev wern 
 constrnined loclimbto the top of the ])alisnilo; 
 from whence they were soini fetched down I 
 suppose totlie number ofnu hundred nnd fiiriy. 
 Many of them issuing forth wore suddenly 
 slain by the English or Indians, who were in 
 n ring without us; all being dispntched niiil 
 endi.'d in the space of an hour, having two of 
 our men slain, and sixteen wounded. 
 
 IJeing very hot and dry, we could very 
 hardly procure any water, we ciuitinued thcio 
 (me hour not knowing what ciuirse to take or 
 which way lo go, our pinnnces not beins; 
 COOK! in, ntulber did we know how fnr or 
 which way to go them, our interpreter, being 
 nn Indian, we could hnrdly come to spcnk 
 with him: when we did, he knew noljiing of 
 what his countrynK-n inlemled, who weie ull 
 hurrit'd and distracted with a fi-w hurt men, 
 but chiefly as I conci^ive with fear oflheenemy 
 
 " The enemy npiironcbing, they began to 
 cleave unto us, anil I verily think durst not 
 leave ns. 
 
 " Our pinnaces then roming in \ io w w ith a 
 
 UM 
 
A N A U 11 A T I V E O F 
 
 ait 
 
 It; (ort, stniiiliiii,' on flio 
 till- Iniliiins iill fall 
 
 \y V^Uii^ll(■,l iMiKil'slgliU 
 
 mil [iciit liiicU I'di- iiiir 
 K.'d to |,'o Willi UN to ilin 
 
 81l\V IIIIKtIl f;ii||>,| lii,,, . 
 
 ii-y inloiidcil who [nd- 
 to siirniiiiul ili(. li.rt; 
 triiiili iif'niid ; lint |i,., 
 wt'iit to ilivMi and |pi-... 
 Iiciii to ronic n|i to n,s • 
 St coniso woulii III- 1,1 
 
 :':dl'l', mid lllivillfr „„ 
 
 wo (Mdi'i'i'dt.,! ; {;ii|it. 
 lorn I'litrnncu w iili one 
 liisli'i-iMiH diicnt IIS [ma. 
 [ili'Hsi'd (I'oii vvc cuino 
 till" imlUiido, lioCoii. \y,, 
 lirli liino lido;; lii'u'iinlo 
 nod out, 1 , noi lieimr 
 liy till! Indian ynido, 
 
 llOllfrll ll,,.,-,. ^vas II In- 
 
 li I had ihoii^hi to lia\« 
 iwii with my foot; Inn 
 itiiiTwiso Tor till- Im'IIit; 
 could not thiMo imiIit 
 |irmidinio. So I sud- 
 ili.siido, iinii |iuiiinp in 
 1", iiinl di.srhariji'd noon 
 ri'st with nil (•.-Icriiy ; 
 istoiiod on toward rlau 
 rd till- WHliT ; « hi-ri? j 
 I tmlranrt-, and instanljy 
 hiirrcd with two lorn". 
 •» of soini! triTs, and 
 I dri-w on« al'tor inr : 
 If? till- oiImt outward. 
 (in tin- Hii;Haifm; the 
 
 I ">|>st hill K manniT, 
 
 licir «if.'\vanjfl, xhootin^ 
 so<Trr|iin;r|indiT lii-dj 
 lid resolved a« hill! nut 
 ; »i'<!iiif,' we could ni.t 
 I'd to set it on Hre, alier 
 liiin, iind some of our 
 lo eiiterinuf one of ihiir 
 } liriind [at wliieh tiino 
 nridw had killed him, 
 ■emit cut the liowslriiii,' 
 Idenly kindled a (ire in 
 nvere covered, mid fell 
 nded the fort ; the (irn 
 (oiiincli that they weri) 
 ho top of the jiallsado; 
 e noon fetched down 1 
 fan hundred and foiiv, 
 forth wori! suddeniy 
 Indians, who were in 
 beiiif^ dis|mtclied ami 
 I hour, hnvinf,' two of 
 •en wounded. 
 <iry, wo could very 
 ^^, we continued llicro 
 vhat course to lake or 
 r |iiiinnces not hein-; 
 e know how far or 
 our interpreter, lieiii^' 
 iiinllv oimie to xpiuk 
 I, he knew notliinp yf 
 tended, who weic all 
 "■ilh a few hurt men, 
 vitli fearoflheeiieinv 
 < liini^, they hi-fiaii i,i 
 erily think duist mil 
 
 "iniiif; iiiviuw with a 
 
 I'liir gale, huiiif; friiided aa it were to serve our 
 neieisil^ liy the j^jood hand of liod, which I 
 think was never iiioro eiuiiieiilly seen in a 
 matter of like luonienl, and less of man in 
 several |iass«fi[e3. Then we set our men in 
 oilier, and pre|i:ired liir lif^lit, and l)e;;iiii to 
 mil ''I'll towiirtl th(! liarlioiir where tin* pinnaces 
 were to ride : the enemy aiiproachiii);, (Jiipt. 
 I'liderhill, with divers Indians and certain 
 Knglisli, issued out to encounter them, hut 
 they would not stand to it, for the most part 
 tliev loy liehiiid rocks, trees and liiishes, \Vu 
 ni.iiched oil, they still doiji^ing of us ; souie- 
 liiiies liazarilini^ themselves in open Held, 
 wiiere sonii! ofllieni were .slain in open view, 
 and Its we hear, many wounded. I was 
 s.iniewhal cautious in hestowiinr many shot 
 U|iiiii lliem heedlessly, hecaiise 1 expected a 
 sli'oni.; opposition; and thus they continued 
 III follow us till we came within two miles of 
 our pinnaces, where they wholly left us, which 
 w.is nearly six miles as I conceive, it lieiii)^' 
 then iiliont two miles more to the river. 
 
 " l-'our of our wounded men we were 
 forced to carry oiirsilves, while at leni^lh we 
 hired the Indians to hear them liiith in this 
 hiid all the followiiij; enterprises against the 
 I'l'iinods." 
 
 This service liein;; thiishapplly accomplish- 
 ed liv these lew hands thai ciiiuo from (/'oii- 
 ni'ciicut ; within a while iil'ier, the forces sent 
 liom ilie .Massai'liusells under the conduct of 
 {'apt. .Sioiinlit.m as cominander in cliief, arriv- 
 ed ihire also, who found a great part of the 
 work done to tli-'ir hands, in tlie surprisal of 
 the I'eipiods' fort as al'oro.said, which was yet 
 hut the iireaking of the nest, and nnkeimellini,' 
 those savage wolves ; for the lioily of them, 
 wilh Sassacoiis the chief saidi-iii (whose very 
 naiiie was a terror to all the Narragaiiseta) 
 Weill dispersed aliroad all over their dispersed 
 abroad and scattered a'l over their country, 
 vet so far were the rest dismayed, that tliev 
 never durst make any nssaiiU upon the lOiig- 
 lish, who In several parties were scattered 
 ahoiit in pursuit of tliuiii. 
 
 It was not long after (lapt. Stoiightoii's sol- 
 dii^rs came up, liefore news was lirought of 
 a great iiiiiiilier of the enemy, that were dis- 
 coveiud by the side of a river up the country, 
 U^iiig first tnippaiined liy the Narragansels, 
 under pretence of securing them, Init wen 
 truly hi'iiimed in by iheiii, tliou;;li at a dis 
 taiice, yet so as they could not, or durst not stir, 
 I'lom ilm place, by which means our forces of 
 the Masstichiiselts made an easy coinpiest of 
 tiinie hundreds of them, who were then 
 cooped up as in a pound ; not daring to figlil, 
 nor able to fly away, and so were all lakei 
 willioiit any opposition. The men atiioii] 
 them to the nuiiilier of 3(1, were turned pic 
 Beiitly into Charon's ferryboat under the coni- 
 liiand of skip|>er(f alhip, who dispatched them 
 a little without the harbour; the females and 
 children were disposed of according to tin 
 will of tlie coiii|ueiors, some heiiig given to 
 the Narragansels, and olherlndiunstliut assist- 
 iid in the service. 
 
 The rest of the enemy lioing first fired out 
 of their strong hold, were taken nnddestroyed, 
 a great number of them being seized in the 
 places where they inti-nded to have hid lliem 
 selves, the rest iUid out of their own country 
 nver (Joiiiiucticiit river, up towards the Dutcli 
 plantation. Our soldiers being resolved by 
 UuJ'i Biaiitaiice tu inaku a final deKtructlon 
 
 of tht:m, were miiitled to pursue ihiiii which I 
 way soever they .should think to make their 
 escape, to which eiiil in the iiCNt place, our 
 soldiers went by water towards New Haven, 
 wliillier they heard, and which ill reason was 
 most likely, they bimt their (Miiirse ; soon after 
 they were inloniied of a great nunibiT of 
 them, that had betaken ihemsiKus to a iivigli- 
 boiiring place not fur off, whither they might 
 hope It was not likely they should bu pursued ; 
 but upon search, tiiey found fifty or sixty 
 wigwams, but without an Indian in any of 
 them, but heard that they had passed toward 
 the Dutch plantation ; whereupon our sol- 
 diers that were before, all embarked for 
 Cluillupiack, aflerwards called Now Haven, 
 and lieiiif^ laiided llieri, they had not far to 
 march unto the place wi ere it was most pro- 
 liable they should either iiid or hear of them ; 
 accordingly in their iiiarcl they met Iicp' ami 
 there with sundry of them, w ''om they slew 
 or took prisoners, amongst whoii. were two 
 sachems, whom they presently beheinh'd ; to 
 a third that was either a sachem or near akin 
 to one, they gave his lili- upon coiulilion that 
 he should go and eiii|uii'e where Sassacous 
 was, and accordingly liriiig them word : this 
 Indian, overlooking all other national or natu- 
 ral obligations, in consideration ol his life that 
 was received on that coiiihtion, proved very 
 true and laillilul to those that sent him; his 
 order was to have returned in three davs, but 
 not being able within so short a time to make 
 a full discovery of the business, and iiKo to 
 find a handsome way to escajie, he made it 
 eight days before he returnud, in which soiiie- 
 tliiiur fell nut not a litlU) I'emarkablu ; for 
 those he was sent to iliscover, siispecling at 
 the last by his withdraw iiig hmiM'lf, that he 
 cume for u spy, pursued alter hull, so ho was 
 forced to liy for his life, and gelling down lo 
 the sea side, he aecideiilally iiiel w ilh a canoe 
 a litlle before turned ailrill, by which means 
 he paddled by some shift or other so lar out 
 of the liarhoiir, that making a sign In; was dis 
 cerneil by some on bourd one ol the vessels 
 lliat iitlendedon our soldiers, by whom beiii 
 laki'ii up, he made know n w hat he had discov- 
 ereil. ISiil iifur hi.' was gone, Sassiu'oiis siis 
 peel':;'.;; (.iiid i.:"t without just cause) what the 
 mailer was, made lu.s escape from the rest, 
 with ^0 or .'il( ofliis nien to the .Mohawks, by 
 wlioiii hunself and they that were wilh him, 
 were all niiirderrd alierwaril, being hired 
 ihireuiito liy the Nairragaiisets, as was conli- 
 di'iitly allirmed and believed.* 
 
 Thus this ireacheMiiis and cruel villian with 
 his companions, having against his faith and 
 promise, as well as conlrary lo the laws of 
 nature and nations, iininlered several olliers, 
 both of the Dutch and iOnglish nalimi, is in tin 
 same manner himself, against the lawsol lios. 
 pilality murdered by those to whom he lied 
 for refuge. V rnifiaiue la ill iiie, aailhthi' hiiiil, 
 I irill rrjKii/ it. 
 
 It is worthy our observation, thislliat Sassa 
 cons, the chief sachem of the I'eipiods, as 
 alierwards I'hilip of iMoiint Hope (both of 
 them in their several limes and places the <on- 
 trivers of many bloody and cruel mischiefs, 
 yet) escaped the hands of those whom they 
 had so many way* provoked to the utmost 
 degree of iinlignation, that so they might not 
 too much gralily their own fi|urit in taking 
 
 * SiiMniiroiis'H i*i-ul|i wiia hi>iiI (luwn lo tlie Kiii{liili.- 
 lluUiaiit'M Mnttiichuitlli lUtlory. 
 
 revenge; but it must bu lirought about by 
 iliiise means by wiiich the glory of diviiia 
 vengeance iiiiil jiisliie shall iiinre eniinenllv 
 dune liirlli, that it might helriih said oftlieiii, 
 IS Adoiiilie/ek confessed ol'himsi'lf. As 1 liiivu 
 lone, so (lod liiilh reipiitlcd me. 
 
 iiut to return : The lest of the l'ei|UiKl8 
 from whom Sassacoiis had iiiaile an esiiipe, 
 shifted (!very one for himself, leaving but iliieii 
 or liiiir behind them (wdieii a iiarty ofsoldierit 
 according to the direction of hull that was sent 
 as a spy came upon the place) w ho would not 
 or could not tell them whither their company 
 were tied ; but our soldiers ranging up and 
 down as I'rovideiice guided them, iii the last, 
 July 13, lliliV, they light upon a great num- 
 ber of them, lliey piiisiied them lo a small 
 Iniliaii town seated by the side of an hideous 
 swamp (near the iilaie where Kairlield or 
 .Sti'iitlbrd now stiiiids) into which they all slipl, 
 as well l'ei|uoils as natives of the |ilace, be- 
 fore our men could make any shot upon theiii, 
 having placed a sentinel to give warning, Mr. 
 I.udlow and (lapt. Mii.soii with lialfa score 
 of their men happened to discover this cn-w, 
 (.Jiipl. I'alrick and ('apt. Tra.sk withiiboul an 
 liiiiidred of the Massarhiisetts forces came in 
 upon them presently afier the alarm was given; 
 such coiiimaiiders lis lirst liappmied lo be there 
 gave spi-cial orders that the swamp should lie 
 surrounded (being about a mile in compass) 
 but liieiit. Davenport heloiigiiig to ('ajit. 
 Trask's company, not hearing the wiird of 
 ('ominand, with a dozen more of his compiiny, 
 in nil over eager pursuit of the enemy, rushed 
 immediutely into the swamp, where they were 
 very rudi:ly entertained hy those evening 
 wolves ihatiiewly kennelled therein, for Ideiil, 
 Davenport was sorely wounded in the body. 
 .John VVedwiiod of Ipgwich in the helly, and 
 laid hold oil by some of the Indians; 'I'hoimiH 
 .^herinaii of said Ipswich in the neck; some 
 of their iieighliours that yeiitiired in with iheiii 
 were in danger of the enemy's arrows that 
 llew Vk-ry lliii:k alioiit them, others were in an 
 lunch hazard of being swallowed by the miry 
 lioggs of the swamp, wherein they stuck so 
 fast, that if. Sergeant Uiggs, of K'oxbiiry, had 
 not rescued two or three of them, they had 
 fallen into the hands of the enemy : lint siicli 
 was the strenglh and courage of liiose ihac 
 came to their rescue, that some of the Indiaiii 
 being sliiiii with their swords, their friends 
 were ipiickly relieved and drawn out of the 
 mire and danger. 
 
 lint the Indians of the place, who had foi 
 company sake run with their guests the I'e- 
 ipiods into the swamp did not love their 
 friendship so well as lo be killed wilh then] 
 also for i^onipany sake, wherefore they be- 
 gan to bethink themselves ihev had done no 
 wrong to the Knglish, and desired a parley, 
 which was granted, and they presently iiii- 
 derslood one another by the meaiLi of 'I'homas 
 Sliintoii, an exact interpreter then nt hand. 
 (Tpoii which the sachem of the place wilh 
 several others and their wives and children, 
 that likrd better to live ipiielly in their wig 
 wains than to be buried in the swamp, caiim 
 forth and had their lives griinled lliem : .After 
 some time of further parley wilii these, the 
 interpreli'r was sent in to oll'er the like terms 
 lo the rest, but they were possessed with 
 such a spirit of stupidity and siilli^iiiiess that 
 they resolved rather tosellthiur lives for what 
 they cuuld gut there ; and to that end began 
 
eao 
 
 THE INDIAN WARS. 
 
 if 
 
 1:1 1 
 
 to let fly their arrows tliick against him as in- 
 tending to make his blood some pait of the 
 price of their own ; hut through tlie goodness 
 of God toward him, liis life was not to be sold 
 on that account, ho being presently fetch- 
 ed off. 
 
 By this time night drawing on, our com- 
 manders perceiving on which side of the 
 Bwamp the enemies were lodged, gave orders 
 lo cut through the swamp with their swords, 
 that they might the better hem them round in 
 one corner which was presently done, and so 
 they were begirt in all night, the English in 
 the circumference plying them with shot all 
 the time, by which means many of them 
 were killed and buried in the mire, as they 
 found the next day. The swamp by the fore- 
 mentioned device being reduced to so narrow 
 1 compass, that our soldiers standing at 
 twelve feet distance could surround it, the 
 enemy kept in all the night ; but a little be- 
 fore day-iireak (by reason of the fog that 
 useth to arise about that time, obs'Tved to be 
 the darkest time of the night) twenty or 
 thirty of the lustiest of the enemy broke 
 through the besiegers, and escaped away into 
 the woods, some by violence and some by 
 stealth cropping away, some of whom not- 
 withstanding were killed in the pursuit ; the 
 rest were luft to the mercy of the conquerors, 
 of which many were killed in the swamp like 
 lullen dogs, that would rather in their self- 
 willedness and madness sit still lo be shot or 
 cut in pieces, than receive their lives for ask- 
 ing at the hand of those into whose power 
 they were now fallen. Some timt are yet 
 living and worthy of credit do atlirm, that in 
 the morning entering into the swamp, they 
 saw several heaps of them sitting close to- 
 gether, upon whom they discharged their 
 pieces laden with ten or twelve pistol bullets 
 at a time, putting the muzzles of their pieces 
 under the boughs within a few yards of them ; 
 80, besides those that were found dead (near 
 twenty it was judged) many more were kill- 
 ed and sunk into the mire and never were 
 minded more bv friend or foe ; of those who 
 were not so desperate or sullen as to sell their 
 lives for nothing, but yielded in time, the 
 male children were sent to the Bermudas, of 
 the females some were distributed to the Eng- 
 lish towns, some were disposed of among the 
 other Indians, to whom they were deadly 
 enemies as well as to ourselves. 
 
 This overthrow given to the Pequods 
 struck such a terror into all the Indians in 
 those parts (some of whom had been ill affect- 
 ed to the English before) that they sought 
 our friendship, and rendered themselves to be 
 under our protection, which they then obtain- 
 ed, and have never since forfeited it any of 
 them, till the late rebellion of Philip, the 
 subject of the following discourse. Amongst 
 th-- It / pf this prisoners special notice was 
 "f the wife of a noted Indian called 
 :'•- Jo, >i'ho with her children submitted 
 
 .V. V* '. ■ y I he chance of the war fell into 
 i' <? .' . tf liie English: it was known to 
 : ' -» - diation that two English maids 
 iken from Weathcrstield, upon 
 Co'.iiC ij ivor) were saved from death, 
 in requittal of whose pity and humanity, the 
 life of herself and \wr children was not only 
 granted her, but she was in special recom- 
 mended to the care of that honorable gentle- 
 Mr. John Winthrop, at that time being 
 
 the worthy governor of Massachusetts ; who 
 taking notice of her modest countenance and 
 behavior, as well as of her only request (not 
 to suffer wrong either as to the honor of her 
 body or fruit of her womb) gave special 
 charge concerning her, according to his noble 
 and christian disposition. 
 
 After this slaughter at the swamp, the Pe- 
 quods Ijeing upon every turn exposed to the 
 revenge of the Mohecins on one side, and the 
 Narragansets on the English,* by whom they 
 were put, some under the Mohegins and 
 some under the Narragansets, which at last 
 proved the occasion of the present quarrel as 
 IS conceived, through the ambition of Mian 
 tonimo, as will be hereafter related. 
 
 On the 12th of July, 1G37, one Aganemo, a 
 sachem of the Niantick Indians (who were a 
 branch of the Narragansets) came to Boston 
 with seventy of his own men : he made 
 divers propositions to the English, which they 
 look into consideration, and promised to give 
 him an answer the next day : but finding that 
 he had rescued divers of the Pequods, sub 
 mitted to him since the last defeat, they first 
 demanded the delivery of them, which he 
 sticking at, they refused further conference 
 with him : But the next morning he came 
 and offered what they desired. So the go- 
 vernor referred him to the captains at the 
 Pequod country, and writ instructions to them 
 how to deal with him. So receiving his ten 
 fathoms of wampum, they t'riendly dismissed 
 him. 
 
 In July 1638, Uiicas the sachem of the 
 Mohegins, having entertained some of the 
 Pequods, came to the governor at Boston 
 with a pres(!nt, and was much dejected be- 
 cause it was not first accepted : Hut afterwards 
 the governor and council being satisfied 
 about his innocency they accepted it, where- 
 upon he promised to the order of the Eng- 
 lish, both touching the Pequods he had re- 
 ceived, and as concerning the differences 
 betwixt the Narragansets and himself, and 
 confirmed all with this compliment; this 
 heart, said he, (laying his bund upon his 
 heart) is not mine but your's, command me 
 any difficult service and I will do it, I have 
 no men but they are all your's, I will never 
 believe any Indian against the English any 
 more ; and so he continued for ever after, as 
 may be seen in the following transactions be- 
 tween the Indians and the English : where- 
 upon he was dismissed with some small re- 
 ward, and went home very joyful, carrying a 
 letter of approbation for himself and his men, 
 through the English plantations. 
 
 This was the issue of the Pequod war, 
 which in the day of it here in New England 
 was as formidable to the country in general as 
 the present war with Philip ; the experience 
 of which, because it may administer much 
 comfort and encouragement to the surviving 
 generation as well as of praise and thanks 
 giving to Almighty God, from all those who 
 have thus long quietly enjoyed the benefit 
 and reaped the fruit of their labour and 
 coiirage who engaged therein, the more pains 
 Iiath been taken to search out the broken 
 pieces of that story and thus put them to- 
 gether, before the memory thereof was buried 
 in ih" ruins of time, and past the recovery 
 and knowledge of the present age. 
 
 * Seven kiuidred or them were Ihooghllo be destroyed' 
 
 After subduing the Pequods in the year 
 1637, the Narragansets, the most numerous 
 of the other Indians, either out of discontent, 
 that the whole sovereignty over the rest of the 
 Indians was not adjudged to behmgto them, 
 or out of envy, that Uncas the chief sachem 
 of the Mohcgin Indians, had in luated fur- 
 ther than themselves into the mvour iif the 
 English, were observed to be always con- 
 triving mischief against tViem, notwithstand- 
 ing a firm agreement was made between the 
 English and the said Narraganselj in the 
 year 1637, when they had helped to destroy 
 the Pequods, and also notwr.hstanding the 
 triple league between the said Narragan- 
 sets, tho Mohegins, and the English at Hurt- 
 ford (the chief town of Connecticut) made in 
 the year 1638, wherein the said Indians were 
 solemnly engaged not to quarrel with tho 
 .Mohegins or any other Indians, until they firxt 
 asked the advice of the English, to whose de- 
 termination, they had likewise obliged them- 
 selves to stand in all foUowing differences 
 among them, They carried it subtilely and 
 underhand for some years, and were pretend- 
 ing quarrels with the said Uncas, against 
 whom they had always an inveterate malice, 
 ever since the agreement made about dis- 
 tributing the Pequods, after the war with 
 them bud ended, expecting in all probability 
 that all should have been left to their sole 
 arbitrament. The Mohegins on the other 
 side, though not so numerous, yet a more 
 warlike people and more politic, always made 
 their recourse to the English, complaining of 
 the insolence of the Narragansets, contrary 
 to their league, so us they would hardly he 
 kept from making open war against them, 
 when they saw all other attempts to kill and 
 destroy Uncas the Mohegin sachem, by trea- 
 chery, poison and sorcery prove ineffectual. 
 Inasmuch that at last the malice of Miaiito- 
 nimo and his Narragansets grew to that 
 height, that they began to plot against tho 
 English themselves, for defending Uncus. 
 
 The Narragansets were ani muted by the 
 haughty spirit and ospiring mind of Mianto- 
 nimo, the heir apjiarent of all the Narraganset 
 people, after the decease of the old sucheni, 
 Canonicus, who was his uncle. This Mian- 
 tonimo was a very goodly personage, of lull 
 stature, subtle and cunning in his contrive- 
 ments, as well as haughty in his designs. It 
 was strongly suspected that in the year 164'2, 
 he had contrived to draw all the Iiidiai j 
 throughout the country into a general crn- 
 apiraoy against tho English: l*or, the frst 
 of September, 1642, letters came to the 
 court of Connecticut, and from two cf the 
 magistrates there, that the Indians had con- 
 spired to cut off the English alt over the 
 country : Mr, Ludlow certified as much ficmi 
 the place where he lived near the Dutch. 
 The time appointed for the assault, was said 
 to bo after harvest ; the manner to be by 
 several companies, entering into the chief 
 men's houses, by way of trade, end then lo 
 kill them in theirhouses, and seize their arms, 
 and others should be at hand to prosecute the 
 massacre : This was also confirmed by three 
 Indians that were said to reveal it in the 
 same manner, and at the seme time, lo 
 Mr. Ludlow and to the governor of New 
 Haven. It was added also thatunolher Indian 
 shculd discover the same plot to Mr Iliimes 
 of Connecticut by some special circum- 
 
 15W^EWW»»W*r*W«*»* 
 
A N A U li A TI V E OF 
 
 I Pequods in ihe ^car 
 't», tho most nuriieroua 
 litlior out of discontftit, 
 f,'nty ovur the rest of iho 
 Iged to beldiijr to llieni, 
 Jucus the thief sachi-iii 
 lis, had in mated fur- 
 into the lavour i.f the 
 :d to be always con- 
 them, notvvithstand- 
 was made between the 
 I NarraganscU in tho 
 I had helped to destroy 
 so notwithstanding the 
 'n the said Narragan- 
 d the English at Hart- 
 if Connecticut) made in 
 n tho said Indians were 
 to quarrel wilh tho 
 • Indians, until they first 
 B English, to whose de- 
 likewise obliged lliem- 
 1 following diHcrences 
 carried it suhtilely and 
 ars, and were pretend- 
 le said Uncas, against 
 ys an inveterate malice, 
 ;ment made about dis- 
 », after the war with 
 acting in all probability 
 leen left to their solo 
 ohegins on the other 
 lumeroiis, yet a more 
 )re politic, always made 
 ■lliiglish, complaining of 
 Narragansets, contrary 
 they would liardly bo 
 pen war against them, 
 ler attempts to kilt and 
 ohegin sachem, by trea- 
 rcery prove ineflTectual. 
 the malice of Mianto- 
 agansets grew to that 
 ,'an to plot against tho 
 Jr defending Uncas. 
 were animated by the 
 firing mind of INIianto- 
 it of all the Narrnganset 
 •ase of tho old sachem, 
 his uncle. This Mian- 
 idly personage, of tall 
 Linning in his contrive- 
 rhty in his designs. It 
 J that in the year 164'.', 
 draw all tho Indian 
 •y into a General crn- 
 nglish : tor, the frst 
 letters came to the 
 and from two cf the 
 t ihu Indians hail con- 
 English all over the 
 certified as much fmni 
 lived near the Dutch, 
 r the as.sault, was said 
 the manner to be by 
 itering into the chief 
 of trade, end then lo 
 s, and seixe their arms, 
 hand to prosecute the 
 Iso confirmed by three 
 id to reveal it in the 
 . the seme time, to 
 iho governor of New 
 ilso that another Indian 
 le plot to Mr Ildines 
 me special circuiu- 
 
 (B! 
 
 Itunccs, viz. that being much liurt by a cart 
 (which usually there aro drawn with oxen) 
 he should send for Mr. Haines and tr>ll him, 
 that Eiiglishtnan's God was angry with him, 
 and sent Englishman's cow (meaning the 
 oxen in the cart, or Wayne) to kill him be- 
 cuue he had concealed a plot against tlie 
 English, and so told him all as the other In- 
 dians had done. 
 
 Upon this, their advice from Connecticut 
 was, that we should begin with them and enter 
 upon a war presently, and that if Massachu- 
 setts would send 120 men to Saybrook, at the 
 river's mouth, they would meet them with a 
 projiortionable number. This was a very 
 prol)ablc story, and very likely it was, that the 
 Indians had been discoursing of some such bu- 
 siness among themselves. Hut tho general 
 court of .Massacbusetta when called together, 
 did not think those infiirinations to be u suffi- 
 cient ground whereon to begin a war. Although 
 the governor and magistrates as many as 
 could convene together befiire the court or- 
 dered thata'! the Indians within their jurisdic- 
 tion shcmld oe disarmed, which they willingly 
 Yielded unto : and upon all the eniiuiries and 
 examinations which were made by the court 
 when assembled together, they could not 
 find any such violent presumption of a con 
 spiracy, as to the ground of a war. Besides, 
 it was considered, that the reports of all Indians 
 were found by experience to bo very uncer 
 tain, especially when it may be raised and 
 carried by such as are at variance one wilh 
 another ; who may be very ready to accuse 
 one another to ingratiate themselves with the 
 English. Miantotiimo, sachem of Narragan- 
 set, was sent unto, and by bis readiness to 
 appear, satisfied the English that ho was inno' 
 cent as to any present conspiracy ; though his 
 quarrel with the Mohegins (who bordered 
 upon Connecticut colony) might very proba- 
 bly, as was judged, render him the subject of 
 such a report, or an occasion of it. 
 
 The said Miantonimo when he came l)efore 
 the court peremptorily demanded that his 
 accusers might be brought before him face to 
 face, and if they could not prove it, then to be 
 made to suffer, what himself, if he had been 
 found guilty, had deserved, i. e. death, his 
 reasons for which were very plausible. He 
 urged very much the prosecuting such a law 
 against his accusers; alleging, that if the En- 
 glish did not believe it, why did they disarm 
 the Indians round about: and if they did be- 
 lieve it, equity required, tliatthcy who accused 
 him should bo punished according to the 
 oHence charged upon himself. He ofl'ered 
 also to make it good against Uncas, sachem 
 of the Mohegins, that the report was raised 
 either by him or some of his people. The 
 English answcreil, that divers Indians had 
 robbed some of the Englishmen's bouses, 
 which might boa sufficient ground todisarin; 
 and with that he wx something satisfied. The 
 Connecticut men were hardly prevailed with 
 to foibear the war against them, but at last 
 they were overcome with the allegations of 
 the Massachusetts to lay it asiilc. 
 
 Miantonimo when ht^ was at Hoston was 
 very deliberate in his answers, shewing a good 
 understanding in the principles of justice and 
 equity, as well as a seeming ingenuity withal ; 
 but though his words were smoother than oil, 
 yet, as many conceived, in his heart were 
 drawn swords. It was observed also, that 
 
 he would never si>eak but when some of his i posed being vexed in Itis mind tliat the de- 
 counsellors were present, that they might, as sign against the English, intended to beRiij 
 
 ho said, bear witness of all his speechesat their 
 return home. 
 
 They spent two days in the treaty, wherein 
 
 l(i71, did not take place, out of mere malice 
 and spite against them, slew an Eiiglishnmn 
 travellinii ulonif the road, and tho said .Mti- 
 
 at last ho gave them satisliiction in ail things, toonas being a Nipiiet Indian, which Nipnets 
 iIioukIi ho held oft' long about the N'ianficks, j were under the command of tho sachem of 
 
 of whom he said they were as his own flesh, 
 engaging on their behalf, that if they should 
 do any wrong, so as neither he nor they could 
 satisfy without blood, then ho would leave 
 them to the mercy of the English. At his 
 departure he gave his hand to the governor, 
 telling him, that was for tho magistrates that 
 were absent. 
 
 While he was at Boston one of his own fol- 
 lowers had been a principal evidence against 
 him ; he however promised to didiver him to 
 the Mohegin sachem whose subject ho was ; 
 notwithstanding which promise, going home- 
 word he cut oft' his head to prevent his telling 
 more tales. And with great discontent, as he 
 was going home said, he would come no more 
 to Uoston, wherein he proved a truer prophet 
 than he himself believed when he uttered the 
 words, for in the end of the same year, 1613, 
 making war upon Uncas, he was taken pris- 
 oner by him, and soon after by the advice of 
 the commissioners of the four colonies (at that 
 time firmly united into a league offensive 
 and defensive, on which account they were 
 after that time called the united colonies of 
 New-England ; tliough since that time they 
 aro reduced to but three colonies j that of 
 New Haven and Connecticut by the last 
 patent being united in one) his head was cut 
 oft' fjy Uncas, it being justly feared, that there 
 would never be a firm peace, either betwixt 
 the English and the Narragansets, or betw ixt 
 the Narragansets and tho .Mohegins, while 
 Miantonimo was left alive : However, the 
 Narragansets have ever since that time bore 
 an implacable malice agairst Uncas, and all 
 the Mohegins, and for tlit.r sakes secietly 
 against the English, so fur as they durst dis- 
 cover it. 
 
 In the year 1645, and 1646, they grew so 
 insolent, that the commissioners of the united 
 colonies were compelled to raise forces to go 
 against them, but when they perceived that 
 the English were in good earnest. they began 
 to be afraid, and sued for piece, submitted to 
 pay tribute to satisfy the charges of jirepara- 
 tion for the war, but were always very l)ack- 
 ward to make payment until the English were 
 forced to demand it by new forces, so that it 
 appeared they were unwilling lo Imld any 
 friendly correspondence with the English, yet 
 
 Mount Hope, the author of all the present 
 mirithief!*. 
 
 Upon a duo enquiry into all the preceding 
 transactions between the Indians and the En- 
 glish, from their first settling in these coasts, 
 there will appear no ground of quarrel that 
 any of them had against the English, nor any 
 provocation upon one account or another ; for 
 when Plymouth colony was first planted, with- 
 in three months aftcrtheir first landing, March 
 16, 1620, Mttssasoit, the chief sachem of all 
 that side of the country, repaired to the En- 
 glish at Plymouth, and entered into a solemn 
 league upon sundry articles, (printed in New- 
 England's Memorial, 1689) which are as fol- 
 lows, viz. 
 
 1. That neither he nor any of his should 
 injure or do hurt to any of their people. 
 
 2. That if any of his did any hurt lo any of 
 theirs, ho should send the oft'ender that tiiey 
 might punish him. 
 
 3. That if any thing were taken away from 
 any of theirs, heshould cause it to be restored ; 
 and they should do the like to his. 
 
 4. That if any did iiijiisllv war against him, 
 they should aid him, and if any did war against 
 them, he should aid them. 
 
 5. That he should si-nd lo his neighbour 
 confekierates, *,o ciTtily them of this, that they 
 might not wrong them, but might likewise be 
 comprised in these conditions of peace. 
 
 6. That w hen his men came to them upon 
 any occasion, they should leave their arms 
 (which were then bows and arrows) behind 
 them. 
 
 7. That ill so doing, their sovereign lord. 
 King Jumes, would esteem him us their friend 
 and ally. 
 
 This league the same sachem, September 
 26, 1630, a little before his death, coming w iih 
 his eldest son, al'terwards called Alexander, 
 did renew wilh the English at the court of 
 Plymouth, for himself and his son, and iheir 
 heirs and successors : And after that he came 
 to Mr. Brown's, who lived not far from .Mount 
 Hope, bringing his two sons, Alexander and 
 Philip with him, desiring there might be love 
 and amity after his death, betwei'ii his sons 
 and them, as there hud been betwixt himself 
 and them in former times : yet it is very re- 
 inarkalile that lliis Massasoit, culled also 
 
 lurst never make any open attempt upon them, i Woosameqiien, (how iiiiicli soever he afi'ected 
 
 inlil tho present rebelli<ui, wherein they had 
 no small hand, is too evident, notwithstanding 
 all their pretences to the contrary, as will ap- 
 pear in the sequel of this history. 
 
 Thus it is apparent upim what terms the 
 English stood with the Narragansets, ever 
 since the cutting off Miantonimo, their chief 
 sachem's head by Uncus, it being done with 
 the advice and counsel of the English, Anno 
 1643. As for the rest of thi; Indians, ever 
 since the suppression of the Pecpiods, in the 
 year 1637, until the year 1675, there was al- 
 ways in appearance amity and good corres- 
 pondence on all sides, scarce an Englishman 
 was ever known to be assaulted or hurt by 
 any of them, until after the year 1674, when 
 tho son of one Matoonas, who, as was sup- 
 
 the English) was never in the least degree 
 well aftiicted to the religion of ihe English, but 
 would in his last treaty with his neighbours 
 at Plymouth, when they were w ith him about 
 purchasing some land at Swanzey, have hud 
 them engaged never to attempt to draw away 
 any of his people from their old pagan super- 
 stition, and devilish idolatry, to the christian 
 religion, and did much insist upon it till he saw 
 the English were resolved never to mnk*' any 
 treaty with him more iipoti that accounr, w hich 
 when he discerned, he did not further urge 
 it: but that was a bad omen, that, notwith- 
 standing whatever his humanity was to the 
 English, as lliey were strangers, (for indeed 
 they had repa 'eil his former kindness to them, 
 by protecting lim afterwards against the inso< 
 
THE INDIAN WARS. 
 
 
 
 Unces of the Norraganscts) lie maiiifeatcJ no 
 ■iimll digplitcpricy ut' spirit agninst tlicm, ns 
 tlmy woro clirigliuiis ; wliicli strain was ovi- 
 dciit mure In his son that siiccocduii him, and 
 ■ II Ins pcopli-, iniiuiuiu'li that soniu discorning 
 |K>rsiin!i »t' (hut jurisdiction have ft-arud tliut 
 nation ul' Indians would all bu rooltul onl, ua 
 has since conio to puss. Tho liki.' inav W 
 observed concerning the Xarragansetts, who 
 were always mure civil and courteous to the 
 English tiian any ui' the other Indians, though 
 never have as yet received the least tincture 
 o.'the christian religion, but have in a manner 
 run the same tiito with their neighbours of 
 MiMint Hope, there being very lew of them 
 left standing. Nor is it unworthy tlierelation, 
 what a person of quality amongst us hath lately 
 alKrmed, viz. One much conversant with 
 the Indians about Merriniao river, being An- 
 no IGtiO, invited by some Sagamores or sach- 
 ems to a great dance, (which solenniities are 
 the times they make use of to tell their stories, 
 and convey the knowledge of some past and 
 most nuMiiorable things topnsterity) I'assucon- 
 away, the great sachem of tliat part of the 
 country, intending at that time to make his last 
 and farewell s|)eech to his children and peo- 
 ple, that were then all gathered together, ad- 
 dressed lumself to them in this manner : 
 
 " I am now going llie way of all Hesh, or 
 ready to die, and not likely to see you ever 
 met together any more : I will now leave this 
 word of cdunsel witii you, that you may take 
 heed how you quarrel with the Knglish, for 
 though you raay do them much mischief, yet as- 
 suredly you will all be destroyed, and rooted 
 off tho earth if you do ; for I was as nuich an 
 enemy to the English, at their first coming into 
 these parts, as any one whatsoever, and diil 
 (ry all wayi and means possible to have des- 
 troyed them, at least to have prevented the:u 
 ailting down here, but I could no way effect 
 it, therefore I advise you never to contend 
 wit}) the English, nor make war with them :" 
 And accctdingly his eldest son Wanalancet 
 b^ name, as soon as he perceived that the In- 
 dians were up in arms, witlidrew himself into 
 some remote place, that he might not bo hurt 
 by the English, orthc enemies, or be in danger 
 by them. 
 
 This passage was thought fit to be inserted 
 here, it liaving so near an agreement with the 
 former, intimating some secret awe of God 
 upon the hearts of some of the principal 
 amongst them, that they durst not hurt the 
 English, although they bear no good affec- 
 tion to their religion, wherein they seem not a 
 little to imitate Balaam, who, whatever he 
 uttered, when he was under the awful power 
 of divine illumination, yet when left to him- 
 lelf, was as bad an enemy to tlio Israel of 
 God as ever before. 
 
 But to return. 
 
 After the death of tliis Woosamequen, or 
 MuasBSoit, his eldest son succeeded him about 
 20 years gince, Alexander by name, who not- 
 v^ithstanding the league he had entered into 
 with the English, together with his father, in 
 the year 1639, had neither affection to the 
 Englishmen's persons, nor yet to their re- 
 ligion, but had been plotting with the Narra- 
 gansets, to rise against the English ; of which 
 tho governor and council of Plymouth being 
 informed, they presently sent for him to bring 
 htm to the court; the person to whom that 
 Rer'ice was committed, was a prudent and 
 
 reioluto gentleman, the present governor of 
 tho said colony, who was neither ,.I'"iid of 
 danger, nor yet willing to delay in a matter 
 of that moment, he forthwith taking eight or 
 ten stimt men with him well armed, intendi'd 
 to have gone to the said Alexander's dwell- 
 ing, distant at least forty miles from the go- 
 vernor's house, but by a good providence, lie 
 found him whom he went to seek at a hunt- 
 ing-house, within six miles of the English 
 towns, where the said Alexander, with about 
 eighty men, were newly come in from hunt- 
 ing, and had left their guns without doors, 
 which Major Winslow with his small com- 
 pany wisely seized and conveyed away, and 
 then went into the wigwam, and demanded 
 Alexander to go along with him before the 
 governor, at whicli message he was much ap- 
 palled, but being told by the undaunted mes- 
 senger, that if he stirred or refused to go he 
 was a dead man ; he was by one of his chief 
 counsellors, in whoso advice he most con- 
 fided, persuaded to go along to the go- 
 vernor's house, but such was the pride and 
 height of his spirit, that tho very surprisal of 
 him, so raised his choler and indignation, that 
 it put him into a fever, which notwithstand- 
 ing all possible means that could be used, 
 seemed mortal; wliereu|>ou entreating those 
 that held him prisoner, that he might have 
 liberty to return home, promising to return 
 again if he recovered, and to send his son as 
 hostage till he could do so ; on that considera- 
 tion he was fairly dismissed, but died before 
 he got half way home. Here let it be ob- 
 served, that, alihdugh stmie have taken up 
 false reports as if the English had compelled 
 liiin to go further and faster tlian ho was able, 
 and so he fell into a fever, or as if he was not 
 well used by the |)liysician that looked to 
 him, while he was with tho Englisn ; all which 
 are notoriously false; nor is it to be imagined 
 that a person of so noble a disposition as is 
 this gentleman (at that time em|)Ioyed to bring 
 him) should himself, or sutler any cme else to 
 be uncivil to a person allied to them, by his 
 own, as well as his lather's league, as the said 
 Alexander also was; nor was any thing of 
 that nature ever objected to by the English 
 of Plymouth, by the said -'Mexander's brother, 
 by name Philip, commonly for his ambitious 
 and haughty spirit nicknamed King Philip, 
 when he came in the year 1G62, in his own 
 person with Sausamnn and secretary and 
 chief counsellor, to renew the former league 
 that had been between his predecessors and 
 the English of Plymouth ; but there was as 
 much correspondence betwixt them for the 
 next seven years as ever had been in any 
 former times. What can be imagined, there- 
 fore, besides the instigation of Satan, that en- 
 vied at the prosperity of the church of God 
 hero seated, or else fearing lest the power of 
 the Lord Jesus, that had overthrown hig king- 
 dom in other parts of the world, should do 
 the like here, and so the stone taken out of the 
 mountain without hands, should become a 
 great mountain itself, and fill the wholu earth ; 
 no cause for provocation being given by the 
 English ! For once before this, in the year 
 1671, the devil, who was a murderer from 
 the beginning, had so filled the heart of this 
 savage miscreant with envy and malice 
 agair.st the English, that he was ready to 
 break out in open war against the inha- 
 bitants of Plymouth, protending some trifling 
 
 injuries done him in bis planliiig land, but 
 when the matter of iimlroversy came to 
 be heard by divers of the Massiicliusclls co- 
 lony, yea, when he himself came lo Ihistoii, 
 as itwtire referring his rase lo the jiid^mi'iit 
 of that colony, nolliiiigof lliut nature could be 
 made lo a|>pear, w heriMipon in way of sul> 
 mission, be was of necessity by that evidi'iit 
 couNiclion forced to aiknow ledge that it was 
 the naughtiness of his own heart, tlmt put 
 him upon that rebellton, and nothing of any 
 provocation from the Englinh; and lo a con- 
 fession of this nature with a solemn renewal 
 of this covenant, declaring his desire, that 
 this covenant might testily to the wurld 
 against him, if ever he should jirove un- 
 faithful to those of Plymouth, or any other 
 of the English colonies iherein, himself with 
 his chief counsellors subscribed in the pre- 
 sence of some messengers sent on purpose to 
 hear the difference lielween Plymouth imil 
 the said Philip, But fi>r further satisfaclicui of 
 the reader, tho said ngreenient and submission 
 shall hero be published. 
 
 Tuunton, .Ijiril 10, 1671. 
 '• Whereas my father, my brother, and 
 myself have formerly subinitled ourselves 
 and our people unto the king's majesty i>f 
 England, and to this colony of New Ply 
 miMith, by some solemn covenant under our 
 hand ; but I having of late through my in- 
 discretion, and the naughtiness of my liear» 
 violated and broken this my covenant with 
 my friends, by taking up arms, with evil in- 
 tent against them, and that groundlessly ; I 
 being now deeply sensibi,- of !iiy md'ailhfiil- 
 ness and folly, do desire at this time so- 
 lemnly to renew my covenant with my an- 
 cient I'riends, and my father's friends above- 
 mentioned, and do desire this may testify to 
 the world against me if ever 1 shall again 
 fail in my faithfulness towards them (whom 
 1 have now ond at all times found kind to 
 me) or any other of the English colonies ; 
 and as a real pledge of my true intentions, I 
 do freely engage to resign up unto the go- 
 vernment of New Plymoulh, all my English 
 arms, to bo kept by them for their security, 
 so long as they shall see reason. For true 
 performance of these premises, I have here- 
 unto set my hand together with tho rest of 
 my council. 
 
 The mark P. of Philip, 
 
 chief sachem of Pakanohct, 
 The n-.dik V. of Tavoser, 
 The mark ^f. of Capt. Wixjmhe, 
 The mark T. of Wookaponckunt, 
 The mark S of Nimrod " 
 In pretence of 
 WILLIAM DAVIS, 
 WILLIAM HUDSON. 
 THOMAS BRATTLE. 
 
 Philip also in the same year signed tho fol- 
 lowing ArlicUs : 
 
 1. " We Philip and my council and my 
 subjects, do acknowledge ourselves subject 
 to Ills majoity the king of England, and the 
 government of New Plymouth, and lo their 
 laws. 
 
 2. " 1 am willing and do promise to pay 
 unto the governor of Plymouth, one hundred 
 pounds in such things as I have : But I would 
 intreat the favour that I might have three 
 years to pay it in, forasmuch as 1 r«nnot do it 
 at present. 
 
pliiiiliii^ Iniid, liul 
 ■oiiiriiviTsy Clime to 
 Masmicliiimlis ro- 
 K'lC Clinic lo JJiisiiiii, 
 iisL' lo till- jiicJ(>iiiriit 
 tliut imtiirc t'liuUi lie 
 i|'oii ill wiiy (iC sill,. 
 
 l.Slty 1>_V tluit L-Vl(i..|,t 
 ll)« Icijjr,. llilll it «|ia 
 
 iwn ln'iirl, iliiit |)ut 
 iiml iiiitliiiig 111' uuy 
 't,'li»li ; uiiii lo u Cdii- 
 li a Mileiiiii roiifWiil 
 iiiR Ilia desire, tlmt 
 silly to llie woiM 
 itlioiild pnivit nil- 
 nmiili, or any ollit-r 
 iHTfiii, liinisfir wiih 
 "Scrilied in llit- (no- 
 's a<.'nt on (mr|iii»f to 
 vet'ii I'lyiiionili unci 
 'iirlliiTsuliafacliiiii of 
 Mi'iit and subinlssioii 
 
 .Ijirit 10. 11)71. 
 my lirotlipr, niid 
 iinliiiilttfd onrsclvo!* 
 i<! kin-j's iiiHJi'stv of 
 oloiiy of X,.w i'lv- 
 covt'iiant under our 
 ate tliroiigli my in- 
 litiness of my lu>art 
 my coveniiiit willi 
 arms, wiili evil in- 
 liat ^roiiiidlessiv ; I 
 i.- of my unfaithful- 
 ro at lliis time so- 
 •eiiant witli my aii- 
 tder's friends aliove- 
 tliis may testify to 
 : ever 1 shall agi>.iii 
 Avarils them (wlioin 
 lines found kind to 
 -■ Kiiglish colonies ; 
 ny true intentions, I 
 Rii up unto the fjo- 
 'uih, all my English 
 II for their security, 
 3 reason. For true 
 mises, I have here- 
 (r with the rest of 
 
 Philip, 
 m of Pakanolitt, 
 
 Tatoser, 
 r Capt. H'litjinle, 
 
 Wookaponchunl, 
 \imrod " 
 
 E. 
 
 irear signed tho fol- 
 
 y council and my 
 ourselves subject 
 England, and the 
 
 louth, and lo their 
 
 Jo promise to pay 
 fulh, one hundicci 
 ave : But 1 would 
 might have three 
 L as 1 cannot do il 
 
 A NARRATIVE OF 
 
 OSS 
 
 3. " I do promise to send unto tho go- 
 vernor, or whom he shall appoint, five wolves 
 lieads, if 1 Clin get lliein : Or, as many as I 
 can procure, until they come to fivo wolves 
 yearly. 
 
 •I. " If any dilTerenco fall between the 
 English and myself, and people, then I do 
 promise to repair to tho governor of Ply- 
 mouth, to rectify the dilVeronco amongst us. 
 
 5. " I do promise not to make war with 
 any, but witli thu governor's approbation of 
 Plymouth. 
 
 6. " I promise not to dispose of any of tlio 
 lands that 1 have at present, but by tho ap- 
 probation of the governor of Plyinouth. 
 
 " For the true perf )rmance of the said 
 sachem, Philip of Paukaniiikett, do hereby 
 bind myself and such of my council, as are 
 present, ourselves, our heirs, our successors, 
 faithfully, do promise, in witness thereof, wo 
 have hereunto subscribed our hands, tho day 
 Riid year above written." 
 
 The mark P. of Philip, 
 
 the sachem of Pokanohct, 
 The mark fof Unromtlacn, 
 Tho mark f of M'orokom, 
 The murk 7 of Samkama." 
 In fht' prctrnre of the court and divers of 
 the tnas^inlratea iintl other gentlemen 
 of MusMchusetts iind Connecticut. 
 To which, fort lie further clearing the justice 
 of the present war the result of the debate of 
 the commissioners of the united colonies about 
 the matter of tho war shall bo here inserted. 
 At a meeting of the commissioners of tho 
 united colonies held at Boston, September 9th, 
 1C73. 
 
 " W'e having received from tho coinmis- 
 slonors of Plymouth, a narrative, shev\'iiig 
 llui rise and several steps of that colony, as to 
 tho present war with the Indians, which hail 
 its beginning there, and its progress into 
 Massachusetts, by their insolencica and out- 
 rages, murdering many persons, and burning 
 their houses in suniiry piantati.ins in both colo- 
 tiies. And having duly considered the same, 
 do declare that the said war be both just and 
 necessary, and its first rise only a defensive 
 war. And therefore we do agree and cnn- 
 chida thot it ought to be jointly prosecuted by 
 all the united colonies, and the charges thereof 
 to be borne and paiil as is agreed in the arti- 
 cles of confederation. 
 
 JOHN WINTHROP, 
 .TAME.S RICHARDS, 
 THOMAS DANFORTH, 
 WILMAM STOIIOHTON, 
 .TOSIAH WINSLOW, 
 THOMAS HINCKLEY." 
 But whatever his submission was before, 
 or his subji!cling himself and his people to 
 our king, or his engagement to pay a sum of 
 money in part of the charges then occasioned 
 by him (and notwithstanding the English in 
 or about Plymouth, since, or before that time 
 were never any ways injurious to him, or any 
 of his people) all which are fully declared in 
 a narrative given by the commissioners of the 
 tho colony of Plymouth, wherein they also 
 signified that tho settlement and issue of the 
 former controversy between Philip and them, 
 was obtained anil made (principally) by the 
 mediation, and inposed advice and counsel of 
 the other two confederate colonies, and also 
 in a letter under the governor's hand, in the 
 following vt oida : 
 
 " I think I can clearly say, that before the- e 
 present troubles broke out, the English <li<l 
 nut possess one foot of land in this colony, bin 
 what was fairly obtained by lionest piirrhase 
 of the Indian proprietors: nay, because soiiu' 
 of our people me of a covetous disposi- 
 tion, uiiil the Indians are in their straits easily 
 prevailed with to part with their lands, we 
 Hrst made a law that nono should purchase or 
 receive by gift, any land of the Indians with 
 out tho knowledge and allowance of our 
 court, and penalty of a tine, tivo pounds per 
 acre, for alt that should be so liought or ob- 
 tained. And lest yet they should ho straight- 
 eneil, we ordered that Mount Hope, Pocasset, 
 and several other necks of tlie best land in 
 the colony, In'cause most suitable and conve- 
 nient for them, should never bo bought out 
 of their hands, or else they would have sold 
 them long since. And our neighbours i.t 
 Rohobotb and Swanzy, although they IxMight 
 their lauds fairly of this Philip and his fatlier 
 and brother, yet because of their vicinity, that 
 they might not trespass upon the Indians, did 
 at their own cost set up a very substantial 
 fence quite across that great neck between 
 tho English and the Indians, and payed due 
 ilamago if at any time an unruly horse or 
 other beast bioki^ in and trespassed. 
 
 "And for divers years last past (that all 
 occasion of ollenre in that respect might be 
 prevented) the Knglish agreed with Philip and 
 his, for a certain sum yearly to inainlain the 
 said fi'nre, and secure themselves. And if at 
 liny time they have brought coinplainis before 
 us, they have had justice imparlial and speedi- 
 ly, so that our own people have freipiently 
 complained, that we erri'd on tho other hand 
 in shewing them over miirh fiivinir. 
 
 .]OS. WINSLOW." 
 
 Marsh field, Mr;/ 1, 1076. 
 
 Yet did this treaeheroiis and perfidicnis cai- 
 tilK still harbour the same or more mischievous 
 thoughts against the I'^nglish than ever before, 
 and hath been since that lime plotting with 
 all the Iiidlans round about, to make a general 
 insurrection against the English in nil the co- 
 lonies which, as some prisoners lately brought 
 in have confessed, should have been put in 
 execution at once, by all the Indians rising as 
 one man, against all those jilantations of the 
 English, which were next to them. The 
 Narraganseta having ))roinised, as was con- 
 fessed, to rise with four thousand fighting men 
 in tho spring of l()7t!. Hut by the occasion 
 hereafter to be mentioned .iboiit Saiisaman, 
 Philip was necessitated for the safi-ty of his 
 own life to begin the rebellion theyearbefi- . , 
 when the design was not fiilly ri;'_. Yet 
 some are ready to think, that if iiis own life 
 had not now been in jeopardy by the guilt of 
 the murder of the aforesaid Sausaman, his 
 heart might have failed him ; when it should 
 have come to be put into execution, as it did 
 before in the year 1G71, which made one of 
 captains, of far better courage and resolution 
 than himself, when ho saw hiscowartlly temper 
 and disposition, flingdownhis armscalling him 
 a white livered cur, or to that purpose, and 
 saying that ho would never own him again, 
 or fight under him ; and from that time hath 
 turned to the English, and hath continued to 
 this day a faithful and resolute soldier in their 
 quarrels. 
 
 That tho Indians had a conspiracy amongst 
 themselves to rise against the English, is con- 
 
 firmed by some of the Indians about Had ley. al 
 though the plot was not come loniutiirity \\ hen 
 Philip begun, the special providence of (ioj 
 therein overruling the roiitiiMMs: fur when 
 the begliiniiig of the troubles lirst was lepnrt- 
 ed from Mount Hope, many of the lii<li.ins 
 were in a kind of aiiinze, not knowing well 
 what to do, sometimes ready to stand (or the 
 English, as forniiTly they had been wont to 
 do ; sonu'timrs ready to strike in w itii Plnliji, 
 (which at the last they generiillv did) which 
 if it had been foreseen, much ol that tlli^cllief 
 might have been prcvenli'd that fi'll out in 
 several places, more by perfidious and treach- 
 erous dealing than any other ways; llie En- 
 glish never imagining that alter so iiianv oblig- 
 ing kindnesses received from them bv tlu' In- 
 dians, besides their many eiigagemeniB and 
 protestations of friendship as fornii-rlv, they 
 wouhl have been so ungrateful, perfidiously 
 false and cruel, as they have since proved. 
 
 The occasion of Philip's so sudden taking 
 up arms the last year was thia — there was one 
 .lohn Sausaman a \ cry cunning niid pliiiisible 
 Indian well skilled in English language, and 
 bred uj) in a profession of tin" chri.stiiin reli- 
 gion, employed as a schoolmaster at Nalick, 
 the Indian town, who upon soiiieniisdenieanor 
 fled from his place to Philip, bv wliiuii he 
 was entertained in the room and otiii e of a 
 secretary, aiiil his chief counsellors « lioiii 
 lu' trusted w illi nil his iifliiirs and si'ciet coiin- 
 sets: but afterwards, whether upon slint; of 
 his own C(Uis( ieiire. or by the fieqiient solici- 
 tations of Mr. Elliot, that had kieiwii him f'lom 
 a child anil instructed him in the principles 
 of our religion, who was ol'len layinir biline 
 him the heinous sin of his a|iiistacv, and return- 
 iiiU back to bis old vomit he was at last pie- 
 1 ailed with to forsake Phili|i, and return bark 
 to the christian Indians at Natick, where he 
 was bai)ti/.ed, nianilesting ]iublic repeiitiiiico 
 fiir all his former offi'iices, and made a serioiis 
 profession of tin; christian religion ; and did 
 apply himself to preach tothe Indians, where- 
 in he was better gifted than aiiv oilier of tho 
 Indian nation, as he was observed to conform 
 more to the English manner than any other 
 Indian ; yet having occasion to go up wilh 
 some others of his couirtryiiien to Xamaskit ; 
 (now Middleboroiigh) whether the advaiitioMi 
 of fishing, or some snrh occasion, it matters 
 not ; being there not far from Philip's coiiiilrv 
 he had occasion of being in the eonipanv of 
 Philip's Indians, ar.d Philip himself; b\ 
 which means he disrerneil by several circiim 
 stances, that the Indians were plotling anew 
 iif,, '"St us J which out of fiiillifiilness to llio 
 English, thu said Saiisaman informed tho 
 governor of, adiling also, that if il were known 
 that he revealed it. he knew they would pre- 
 sently kill him. There iippeariiig so many 
 concurrent testimonies from others making it 
 the more probable, that there was a certain 
 truth in the infiirmation, some iiicpiiry was 
 made into the business, by examining Piiilip 
 himself, and several of his Indians, who al- 
 though they would own nothing, yet could 
 not free themselves from just sii.s|)icion. — 
 Philip therefore soon after ciuitrived the said 
 Sausaman's death, which was strangely dis- 
 covered notwithstanding it was so cunningly 
 effected, for they that murdered him met him 
 upon the ice on a great pond, and presently 
 after they had knocked him down, put him 
 under the ice, yet leaving his gun uiid bat upuu 
 
 f fliu i iiaM i 
 
084 
 
 THE INDIAN WARS. 
 
 the ice, that it might bo tliought he full in 
 acciJcntully thi oiigh c'ne ico and was drowned ; 
 hut liiMiig missed by hia friends, whu finding 
 hid hat uiid gnn, they were thereby led to the 
 pliiuo, where hin body was found under the 
 I'M. — When they took him up to bury him, 
 some of his friends, parliculurly one Uavid, 
 observed some bruises about his head, which 
 nado tiiem suspect that he was first knocked 
 down beCoro he was put into the water, how- 
 ever they buried him near the place where he 
 was found, witliout making any further inquiry 
 at present: nevertheless DuviJ his friend, 
 reported these things to some English ut 
 Taunton (a town not far from Namasket) 
 which occasioned the governor to iiirpiire fur- 
 ther into the business, wisely considering that 
 as Saiisamiin had tnUI him that if it were 
 known that he related any of their ph)t3, they 
 Would murder him for his pains : wherefore, 
 by special warrant the body of Sausaman being 
 digged again out of his grave, it was very 
 up[iarent that 4ie had been killed and not 
 drowned. And by a strange providence, an 
 Indian was found, that by accident standing 
 unseen upon a hill, had seen them murdering 
 the said Sausaman, but durst never reveal it, 
 for fear of losing his own life likewise, until 
 he was called to the court at Plymouth, or 
 befiire the governor where ho plainly con- 
 It-ssed what he had seen. The murderers 
 being apprehended, were convicted by his 
 undeniable testimony, and other remarkable 
 circumstances, and so were all put to death, 
 being three in number; the last of them con- 
 fi'Ssed immediately before his death, that his 
 father (one of the counsellors and special friends 
 of Philip) waB one of the two that murdered 
 Sausaman, himself only looking on. This 
 Was done at Plymouth court, held in June, 
 1075, insomuch that Philip apprehending the 
 dai'gor his own head was in next, never used 
 any further means to clear himself from what 
 was like to be laid to his charge, either about 
 his plotting against the English, nor yet about 
 Sausaman's death j but by keeping his men 
 continually about hiin in arms, and gathering 
 what strangers he could to join with him, 
 marching up and down constantly in arms, 
 both while the court sat as well as afterwards. 
 The English of Plymouth, hearing of all this, 
 yet took no further notice than to order a 
 military watch in all the adjacent towns hop- 
 ing that Philip, finding himself not likely to 
 be arraigned by order of the said court, the 
 present cloud might blow over as some others 
 of like nature had done before : but in conclu- 
 sion, the matter proved otherwise, for Philip 
 finding his strength daily increasing by the 
 flocking of neighbouring Indians unto him, 
 and sending over their wives and children to 
 the Narragansets for security (as they used to 
 do when they intended war with any of their 
 enemies) they immediately began to alarm 
 the English at Swanzey (the next town to 
 Philip's country) as it were daring the English 
 to begin j at last their insolencies grew to 
 such an height, that they began not only to 
 use threatening words to the English, but also 
 to kill their cattle and rifle their houses; 
 whereat an Englishman was so provoked, 
 that he let fly a gun at aiilndian, but did only 
 wound not kill him ; whereupon the Indians 
 immediately began to kill all the English they 
 could, so that on the 34th of June, 1675, was 
 the alarm of war first Bounded in Plymouth 
 
 colony, when eight or nine of the English 
 were slain in or about Swanzey ; they first 
 making a shot at a company of English as 
 they returned from the assiunbly where they 
 were met in a way of humiliation on that day, 
 whereby they killed one and wounded others, 
 and then likewise they slew two men on the 
 highway, sent to call a surgeem ; uiid the 
 same day barbarously murdered six men in 
 and alwut a dwelling-house in another [lart 
 of the town; all which outrages were c<mi- 
 mitted so suddenly, that the English had no 
 time to make any resistance : for on the lUh 
 day of the same month, besides endeavours 
 used by Mr. Urown, of Swanzey, one tif the 
 magistrates of Plymouth jurisdiction, an ami- 
 cable letter was sent from the council of 
 Plymouth shewing their dislike of his prac- 
 tices, and advising him to dismiss his strange 
 Indians, and not to sull'er himself to he abused 
 by false reports, concerning them that intend 
 him no hurt ; but no answercouldbo obtjiined, 
 otherwise than threatening of war, which it 
 was hoped might have been prevented, as 
 heretofore it had been, when things seemed 
 too look with as bad a face as they then did. 
 
 However, the governor and council of 
 Plymouth, understanding that Philip con- 
 tinued in his resolution, and manifested no in- 
 clination to peace, they immedialiOy 'ent up 
 svliat forces they could to secure the towns 
 thereabouts, and make resistance as occasion 
 might be J and also dispatched away messen- 
 gers to the Massachusetts governcr and coun- 
 cil, letting them know the state of things 
 about Mount Hope, and desiring their speedy 
 assistance ; upon which care was ininiediately 
 taken with all expedition to send such sup- 
 plies as were desired : 15ut in the meantime 
 two messengers were dispatched to Philip, 
 to try whether he could no; be diverted from 
 his bloody enterprize, so as to have prevent- 
 ed the mischief since fallen out, hoping, that 
 as once before, viz. in the year 1C71, by their 
 mediation a stop was put to tile like tragedy, 
 so the present war might by the same means 
 have been now turned aside : For in the said 
 year Philip had firmly engaged himself, when 
 he was at Boston, not to quarrel with Ply- 
 mouth until he had first addressed himself to 
 Massachusetts for advice and approbation : 
 But the two messengers aforesaid, finding the 
 men slain in the road, June 24, as they were 
 gcnng for the surgeon, apprehended it not salt- 
 to proceed any further, considering also, that 
 a peace now could not lionourabiy be conclud- 
 ed after such barbarous outrages committed 
 upon some of the neighbour colony : Where- 
 fore, returning with all s]ieed to Hoa.nn, the 
 Massachusetts fiirces were dispatched away 
 with all imaginable haste, as the exigence of 
 the matter did require, some of them being 
 then upon, or ready for their march, the rest 
 were ordered to follow after, as they could be 
 raised. The sending forth of which, because 
 it was the first engagement in any warlike 
 preparations against the Indians, shall be 
 more particularly related. 
 
 On the 2Glh of June, a foot company un 
 der Capt. Daniel Henchman, with a troop 
 under Capt. Thomas Prentice, were sent out 
 of Boston towards Mount Hope : It being 
 late in the afternoon before they began to 
 march, the central eclipse of tlie moon in 
 Capricorn happened in the evening before 
 they camo up to the Neponset river, about 
 
 twenty miles from Boston, which i.rcusioned 
 them to make a halt, for a lillle repast, till 
 the moon recovered her light ugiiin. Somo 
 melancholy fancies would not be persuaded, 
 lilt that the eclipse filling nut at tliat inbliint 
 if time was omiiioiiH, coii(^<'i« iiig iilfii that m 
 the centre of the moon they disriMiied nti iin- 
 sual black spot, not a lillle reseinliliiig the 
 scalp of an Indian : As others not long be- 
 Ibre, imagined ihey saw the form of an In- 
 linn bow, accounting that likewise imiinoiiH 
 (although the mischief following were done 
 by guns, and not by bows) l.otli the one and 
 the other, might rather have thmight of what 
 Mareus Criissns the Rnniaii general, going 
 forth with an army against the I'arlhians, 
 once wisely replied to a |)rivnle soldier, that 
 would have (lissuaded him from marching 
 that time, because of an eclipse of the moon 
 in Capricorn, that he was more afraid of Sa- 
 gitarius than of Capricorniis, meaning iIn) 
 arrows of the Parlhians (accounted very 
 good archers) from whom iis tilings ihen fell 
 out, was his greatest danger. But afler the 
 moon had waded through the dark shadow of 
 the earth, and borrowed her light again, by 
 the help thereof, the two companies marched 
 on towords Woodcock's house, thirty miles 
 from Bostmi, where they arrived next morn- 
 ing ; and there retarded their motion till nflcr- 
 noim, in hope of being overtaken by a com- 
 pany of volunteers, under the command of 
 Capt. Samuel Moseley, which nocordiiigly 
 came to pass, so that on .Tunc 20, they all ar- 
 rived at Swanzy, where, by the advice of 
 Ca|)t. Cudworth the commander in chief of 
 Plymouth forces, they wctc removed to the 
 head quarters, which for that time was up- 
 pointed at Mr. Miles's house, the minister of 
 Swanzey, within a quarter of a mile of tlie 
 bridge, leading into Philip's lands. They 
 arriving there some little time before night, 
 twelve of the troops, unwiliing to lose time 
 passed over the bridge, for discovery, into 
 the enemies territories, where they found the 
 rude welcome of eight or ten Indians firing 
 ujion them out of the bushes, killing oiio 
 William Hammond, wounding Corporal Bel- 
 cher, his horse being also shot down under 
 him; the rest of the trooi)ers hnving dischar- 
 ged upon those Indians, who run away after 
 tlie first shot, carried off their two dead and 
 wounded companions, and so retired to their 
 main guard, for that night pitching in a barri- 
 cado about Mr. Miles's house. The enemy 
 tliought to have braved it out by a bold as- 
 sault or two at first ; ))ut their hearts soon be- 
 gan to fail them when they [lerceived the 
 .Massachusetts and Plymouth forces both en 
 gaging them : for the next morning they 
 shouted twice or tlirice, at half a mile's dis 
 tance, and nine or ten of them showing them 
 selves on this side of the bridge, our horse 
 men, with the whole body of the volunteers 
 under Capt. Mosely, not at a. I daunted by 
 such kind of alarms, and not willing to lose 
 the bridge, ran down upon them over the 
 said bridge, pursuing them a mile and a qiiiii- 
 ter on the other side : Ensign Savage, that 
 young martial spark, scarce twenty years of 
 age, had at that time one bullet lodged in his 
 thigh, another shot through the brim of his 
 hat, by ten or twelve of the enemy discharg- 
 ing upon him together, while he boldly held 
 up his colours in front of his company : But 
 the weather not suffering any further action at 
 
 mmmum 
 
A NA IfkATlVE OF 
 
 ton, whinli <.rc'uiii(inc(l 
 
 for n liltli) rt'pnst, (ill 
 
 n'l- lif,'lil ufruin. Somo 
 
 111 not 111- |>iTMiiiiii<'il, 
 
 iMi,' (lilt at iliai inblMiil 
 
 imM'i\inf; alsd ilmt ,n 
 
 llii'y iliscrnii'il nii un- 
 
 litllf rescinliliiij; llm 
 
 » (lllllT.H lint llllljr I,,.. 
 
 tin- fdi-iii of nil 111- 
 lint lilu'wiso ominous 
 following ucri) ilom? 
 ws) hotii tlu! ono Hlul 
 liavu tlioiiglit of wlittt 
 floniiiM jjt'iicnil, poiiiir 
 f,'iiinst till- rHilliiuns, 
 n [irlvnlc soldier, lliitt 
 liirii from iimrcliing 
 (•tiipac: of tht> moon 
 •as more afraid of Sa- 
 ■ii'oriiiis, miMiniiipr i|h) 
 inns (accounted very 
 im as tliiiin:* tlien fell 
 iHiifjer. Hut after tlie 
 fill llio dark sliadow of 
 ed lier lifjlit npiin, liy 
 •o companies niarclied 
 .'s liousc, thirty mili'g 
 ey nrrived next iriorn- 
 I tlieir motion till after- 
 overtaken by a com- 
 ider till- comrnund of 
 y, wliicli nccordiiifily 
 ri June 20, they all ar- 
 ^re, hy the nJvico of 
 immander in chief of 
 \vc!re remo\ed to the 
 for that time was up- 
 Ihoiise, the minister of 
 nrter of ii mile of the 
 Philip's lands. They 
 tie time heforo night, 
 inwiliing to lose tinio 
 c, for discovery, into 
 where they found the 
 or ten Indians firing 
 I hushes, killing oiio 
 mnding Corporal I5el- 
 dso shot down under 
 jopers h.iving disehar- 
 , who run away after 
 IT their two dead and 
 ind so retired to their 
 ht pitching in a barri- 
 house. The enemy 
 d it out by a bold as- 
 t llieir hearts soon l)e- 
 ) they perceived tlio 
 noutli forces both en 
 iie.xt morning they 
 ', Ht half a mile's dis 
 them showing them 
 lie bridge, our horse 
 )dy of the volunteers 
 i>t at a. I daunted by 
 id not willing to h).<e 
 upon them over the 
 '-tn a mile and a (jiiiir- 
 Ensign Savage, ihnt 
 rce twenty years of 
 i bullet lodged in his 
 ough the brim of his 
 the enemy discharg- 
 A'hile he boldly held 
 f his company : But 
 [ anv further action U 
 
 that limi", those that were thus tiir advanced 
 wore compelled to retreat back to the main 
 guard, liaviiig fust made a shot upon the In- 
 di.iii'<, as they run awiiy into tin; swamp near 
 by, whereby they killed five or six of them, 
 u^ was iiiideritoMil siuin al'icrat Narragaiiset : 
 This resolute charge of the lOnglisli fnrces 
 upon the enemy made them ipiit their olace 
 on Mount Hone that very night, where I'hiiip 
 was ni'ver seen alter; till the next year, when 
 ho was by a divine mandate sent back ; there 
 to receive the reward of his wiikedness 
 where he first bei;an his mischief: Tlii! next 
 day Major Savage that was to coimnand in 
 chief over the MasiiiuOiiisetIs forces being 
 come up with other supplies, about six 
 o'clock over niglit the whole body inlendeil 
 to march into Mount Hope, and there heat up 
 the enemy's ipiarters, or give bini battle, if he 
 durst abide It: Miit the weather bising doubt 
 fill, our forces did not march till near noon, 
 dliinit which time they set out, with a troop 
 of horse in each wing, to prevtJiit the danger 
 (if the enemy's ambiiscndoes; after they had 
 marched about a mile and a half, lh(!y passed 
 by some housi^s la^w ly burned : Not far ofi' 
 one of them lliund a bible newly torn, and the 
 leaves scattered about, the enemy, m hatred 
 of our religion therein rcveuled ; two or three 
 miles furthiT they came uj) with gome heads, 
 scalps, and hands cut olT from the bodies of 
 some of lh(' English, and stuck u[ion poles 
 iie'ir the highway, in that barbarous ond in- 
 hiinian manner bidding us defiance; the com- 
 mander in chief giving order that those 
 monuments of the enemy's cruelty should be 
 taken down and buried ; The whole body of 
 tlie forces still march(!d on two miles further, 
 where they found divers wigwams of the 
 enemy, among which were many things scat- 
 tered up and down, arguing the hasty flight 
 '.f the owners; half a mile further, as they 
 passed on through many fields of stately corn, 
 tliey found Philii>'s own wigwam ; every 
 place giving them to perceive the enemy's 
 misty departure from thence ; after tlujy had 
 marched two mih^s further they came to the 
 seaside, yet in all this time meeting with no 
 Indians, nor any signs of them, unless of 
 their Higlit to some other places. The sea- 
 son being likely to prove very tempestuous 
 and rainy, dipt. Ciul worth with some of the 
 men of Plymouth passed over to Rhode- 
 Island. The forces under Major Savage 
 were forC(!d to abide all night in the open 
 field, without any shelter, notwithstanding 
 the abundance of rain that fell, and in the 
 morning despairing to miM^t with an enemy 
 on Mount Hope, they retreated back to their 
 head (piarters at Swanzy, in their way meet- 
 ing with many Indian dogs that seemed to 
 have lost their masters. That niijht Capt. 
 Prentice's troops for conveniency of ipiarters 
 as also for discovery, were dismissed to lodge 
 at .Seaconk or Rehoboth, a town within six 
 miles of Swanzy. As they returned back 
 in the morning, Capt. Prentice divided his 
 troops, delivering one half to Lieut. Oakes.and 
 ki'eping the other himself, who as they rode 
 iilniig, espii^d a company of Indians burning 
 a liou.so : but could not pursue them by rea- 
 son of several fences, that they could not go 
 liver till 1I115 Indians had escaped into a 
 swamp. Those with Lieut. Oakes had the 
 like discovery but with better success, as to 
 liiu advantage of the ground, so as pursuing 
 
 of them upon a plain, they slew four or five, 
 of them in the chase, whereof one was known 
 to be Tliebe, 11 sachem of iMoiint Hope, ano- 
 ther of them was a chief eoiinsillur of 
 Philip's; yi't in this attempt the lieutenant 
 lost one of his ciuiipany, .Inhn Driice by 
 tiaine, who was iiioiiiiilv wounded in Ins 
 bowels, wheriiof he soon iit'lerward died, to 
 the great grief of his coinpanioiis. Alter the 
 said troops caine to h'Mid iiuarters iii .Swanzy, 
 ihey understood I'loiii ('apt. Ciidworth that 
 the enemy were discovered upon I'ocasset,* 
 anolher neck of land lying over on arm of the 
 I more towards ('ape Cod: However it 
 was resolved that a more narrow search 
 should be made alter them, both upon Mount 
 Hope and u|ion the ground between Swaiizv 
 and Rehoboth to scout the swamps and as- 
 sault them if they could find wliere they 
 were entrenched. Capt, Henchman und 
 Capt. Prentice were ordered to search the 
 swamps, while Capt. Mosely and ('apt. Paige 
 with their dragomis attended on Major .Sa- 
 vage, should return buck inio Mount Hope, 
 that they should be sure to have none of the 
 enemy behind them, when t'ley should re- 
 move to pursue them elsi where. 
 
 About ten o'clock the next morning, July 
 •Itli, Capt Henchman, niter a long and tedi- 
 ous march, came to the head quarters, ami 
 informed that ho came upon a placo whi're 
 the enemy had newly been that night, but 
 were escaped out of the reach: Hut the fol- 
 lowing night before they wert- determined 
 on any other motion, Capt. Hutchinson came; 
 up from Hostou with new orders lor thiMii to 
 pass into Niirraganset, to treat with tl 
 sachems there that if it might be so to pre- 
 vent their joining with Philip. Capt. Cud- 
 worth by this time was come up to the head 
 t|uarters, having lefl a garrison of 40 men 
 upon Mount Hope neck. The ii(!Xt morning 
 was spent in consultation how to carry on 
 the treaty ; it was then resolved, that they 
 should go to make a. peace with a sword in 
 their hands, having no small ground of sus- 
 picion that the said Narragansets might join 
 with the enemy, wherefore they thought it 
 necessary, '.o carry all the .Massachiiaells 
 forces over 'o the Narragan.set country, to 
 fight them if they should be needed; Capt. 
 Mosely passed over by water to attend Capt. 
 Hutchinson in his dispatch; the other com- 
 panies with the troopers ri.ling round about. 
 As they passed they found the Indians in 
 I'oinham's country (next ailjoining to l'hili|>'s 
 Ixirders) all lied, ami their wigwams without 
 any people in them. 
 
 After they came to the Nnrragnnset sa- 
 chems, three or four days were spent in a 
 treaty, after which a peace was conclinled 
 with them by the messengers of Connecticut 
 colony (who wi-re ordered to meet with those 
 of Massachusetts (and the commanders of 
 the forces sent again.st Philip : Hosta'jes 
 
 Philip as there might !»• orciision, if he otPer- 
 ed to make any new attempt in the nieun- 
 lime. 
 
 Articles, covenant and agreements had, 
 made and coneliided by, and belweeii Major 
 Thiiinas .Savage, ('apt. Kdwiiiil Ilnl'liiiuioii, 
 and Mr. .losepli Dinlley, in bi liiilt of the 
 government of Massacliiisitls colony, and 
 .Major Wait W'iniliiiip anil Mr. Iliclnird 
 .Sniiih, on behalf of ('miniiliciit culnny the 
 one party; and .AL'tiinaiig, W iiinpasli <///«» 
 ( 'orman, Taitson Tawagesini, coiini-i'lloiH and 
 attorneys to Ciinoniciis, Niiiiii'it Mataliiog, 
 old i|iieeii Qniapen, (.^uatiansliit and I'nm* 
 ham, the six present hiicIiciiis of the whiile 
 Niirrnganset country on the other party, re- 
 ferring to several difi'erences and troubles 
 lately risen between them; and for a final 
 conclusion of sellled peace and iiniily be- 
 tween the said sachems, their heirs and suc- 
 cessors .fiirever, and the governors nf the 
 said Massacliiisi-lls and Connecticut, and 
 their successors in tht^ said goveninients 
 fori'ver. 
 
 I. That nil mid every of the sachems tliiill 
 from time to lime carefully seize, and living 
 
 or dead deliver unto 01 r other of the 
 
 above said giiveniinenls, all and every of 
 sachem Philip's Mibjects w halsiiever, that 
 shall come, or be found wiihiii the precinct 
 of any other lands, and that w ith great dili- 
 gence mill faitlil'ulne''S. 
 
 II. That they shall with their utmost abil- 
 ity use all acts of hostility against the said Phi- 
 lip and his subjects, entering his lands or any 
 other lands of the English, to kill and de- 
 .'.'roy tin? said enemy, until a ci'ssation from 
 war with the said enemy be concluded by 
 both the abovesaid colonies. 
 
 III. That the said sachems, by themselves 
 and their agents, shall ciirel'iilly seanh out 
 and deliver all stolen goods whatsoever taken 
 by any of their subjects I'roin any of the I')ii. 
 glish, whether liirnieily or lately, and shall 
 make full satisfaction fur all wrongs or iiijii 
 ries done to the estatir of any of the subjects 
 of the several colonies, ncciiiding to the jinlg- 
 uient of imlifl'erent men, in casi' of dis^ali-liic- 
 tioii between the oHenders and the oU'eiuleJ 
 parlies, or deliver the oirenders. 
 
 IV. That all preparations fiir war or acts 
 of hostility against any of the Eiigli.«li sub- 
 jecti, shall forever for the fiitnri" cease ; to- 
 ijether with all manner ol' thi'l'ts, pilfi-rings, 
 killing of cattle, or any maimer of bleach of 
 peace whatsoever shall with the utmost care 
 lie prifvented, and instead thereof, tin'ir 
 strength to be used as a guard round iiboiil ihe 
 Narraganst^t connlry, for the English inhalii- 
 tanis safely and security. 
 
 V. Ill token of the abovesiiid sachems' 
 reality in this trenly and conclusidii. and for 
 the security of the several En^dish govern- 
 ment.s and subjects, they do fri'ely deliver 
 unto the abovesaid uenlleincn, in the behalf 
 
 were also given by the said Niiraganscts fi)r|ofthe abovesaid colonies, .folin Wi.beipiod, 
 the pirrformance o"f the agreement. A copy j Weowlhim, Pewkes, Weenew, four of their 
 of the said agreement, and the articles on [nearest kinsmen and choice friends, to be and 
 
 which a peace was concluded, here follow. 
 It being always understood, that Plymouth 
 colony was included in the said agreement, 
 although their forces were not then present, 
 but remained at homo near the enemy's 
 borders, to secure their towns, and oppose 
 
 • 'riininiiiiiliiiul oviT ii^iiiiiBt tlip cnstcrly piiil(irRli(Hlc 
 UlanJ, whTc anw 'rivnrstiiii is, was cslled I'u.Bssot. 
 
 remain as hostages in several places of the 
 English jurisdictions, nt the appointment of 
 the honourable governors of the abovesaid 
 colonies, there to be civilly treated, not as 
 prisoners, but otherwise nt their honmir's dis- 
 cretion, until the abovesaid articles are fully 
 accomplished to the satisfiiction of the several 
 governments, the departure of any of I'leni 
 
 aai i n iii i i rli 
 
.] 
 
 TUB INDIAN WARS. 
 
 I 
 
 in the muaiitimo to bo acuduiKcd a lirfiacli of 
 ihu peace, and of those present artielen. 
 
 VI, The Buid gentlenmit in itie Iwhnlf of 
 the guvernments to which they huh>ii)>, do 
 ungiige to every the aaid Rachenis und their 
 siihjecti, thiit if they or any of thoni ahull 
 sei'/,>! nnd bring into either of the nboveauid 
 Enghsh governments, or to Mr. Smith in- 
 habitant of Narragunset, i'hihp Hiichem 
 nlive, lie or they so delivering, ahull receive 
 for their pains, forty trucking cloth coata, in 
 c(ue they bring his head, they shall have 
 twenty like good coata paid them : For every 
 living aubject of aaid Philip's ao delivered, 
 the deliverer shall receive t«.vo coats, and •'•r 
 every head one coat, as u gratuity for their 
 service herein, making it appear to satisfaction, 
 that (he heads or persons are belonging to the 
 enemy, and that they are of their seizure, 
 
 VII. The aaid aachems do renew and con- 
 firm unto the English inhubitanta or others, all 
 former grants, sales, bargains or conveyances 
 of lands, meadows, timher, grass, stones, or 
 whatever else the English have heretofore 
 bo\ight or quietly possessed and enjoyed, to 
 be unto them, and tlieir heirs, and assigns for- 
 ever ; as also all former articles made with 
 the confederate colonies. 
 
 Lastly, The said counsellors and attornies 
 do premeditate ly, seriously, and upon good 
 advice covenant, and conclude and agree all 
 abovesaid solemnly, and call God to witness 
 (hey are, and shall remain true friends to the 
 English governments, and perform the above 
 said articles puntually, using their utmost 
 endeavour, care and faithfulness therein : In 
 witness whereof they have set their hands and 
 seals. 
 
 Pctaquamicot, July, 15, 1675. 
 Tawageaon, his C mark 
 Tayston, his D mark. 
 Agamoug, his T mark. 
 Wampsh alias Corman, his X mark. 
 Signed, sealed and delivered in the presence 
 qfui underwritten, heing carefully inter- 
 preted to the said Indians he/ore sealing. 
 
 DANIEL IIKN'CIIMAN, 
 THOMAS PRF.NTICE, 
 NICHOLAS I'AIUE, 
 JOSEPH STANTON, Intetp. 
 HENRY HAWLAW8, 
 PEUOE BUKOW, 
 JOB NEFF. 
 
 During this treaty of peace with the Nar- 
 raganselts, Capt. Cudworth with the forces 
 from Plymouth, under his command, found 
 something to do nearer home, though of on- 
 other nature as it proved, viz, to make war 
 whilst the others were (as they thought) mak- 
 ing peace: in the first place therefore he dis- 
 patched Capt. Fuller (joining Lieut. Church 
 together with him in commission) with fifty 
 ill his company to Pocussct, on the same ac- 
 count, as the other went to Narraganset ; 
 either to conclude a peace with them, if they 
 would continue friends, and give hostages for 
 the confirmation thereof, or fight them if they 
 should declare themselves enemies, and join 
 with Philip ; himself intemling to draw down 
 bis forces to Rehoboth, to lie ready for a 
 speedy march to Taunton, and so down into 
 the other side of the country, upon the news 
 that some of the enemy were burning and 
 spoiling Middleborough and Dartmouth, two 
 small villages lying in the way betwixt Pocas- 
 let and Plymouth. Upon Thursday, July 7th, 
 
 Capt. Fuller and Lieutenant Church went into 
 Pocasset to seek alker the enemy, or else as 
 (iccasioniniglitHerve totreiit with those Iniliaiis 
 at Pocasaow, with whom Mr. Church was very 
 well aci|uaiii(i'd, always holding good correa- 
 pondiMice willi them. After they had spent 
 that day and most of the night, in traversing 
 the said Pocasset neck, and watching all night 
 in a bouse which they found there, they could 
 hear no tidings of any Indians ; insomuch that 
 Capt. Fuller began to be weary of his design : 
 Mr. Church in the meanwhile assuring iiim 
 that they should find Indians before it were 
 long, yet for greater expedition they divided 
 their '/ompnity^ r!nn» )< nllftr tnking down to- 
 ward the sea side, where it seems, after a little 
 skirmishing with them wherein one man only 
 received a small wound, ho either saw or 
 heard too many Indians for himself and his 
 company to deal with, which made him and 
 them betake themselves to a house near the 
 water side, from whence they were fetched 
 otf by a sloop befiire night, to llhoue Island. 
 Capt. Church (for so he may well bo styled 
 after this time) marched further into the neck, 
 imagining that if there were Indians in the 
 neck, lliey should find them about a pease field 
 not fur oil. As soon as they came near the 
 said field he espied two Indians among the 
 pease, who also at the same time espied him ; 
 and presently making some kind of shout, a 
 great number of Indians came about the field, 
 pursuing the said Capt. Church and his men 
 in great numbers to the sea side : there being 
 not above fifteen with Church, yet seven or 
 eight score of Indians pursuing after them. 
 Now was fit time for this young cajitain and 
 his small company to handsel their valour 
 upon this great rout of Indians, just ready to 
 devour them : but victory stands no more in 
 the number of soldiers, than verity in the plu- 
 rality of voices : and although some of tliesi" 
 fifteen had scarce courage enough for them- 
 selves, yet their captain nad enough for him- 
 self, and some to spare for bis friends, which 
 he there had an opportunity of improving to 
 the full. When he saw the hearts of any of 
 his followers to fail, he would bid them be of 
 good courage and fight stoutly, and (possibly 
 by some divine impression upon his heart) 
 assured them not a bullet of the enemy should 
 hurt any one of them : which one of the com- 
 pany more dismayed than the rest could 
 hardly believe, till he <tw the proof of it in 
 his own person, for the >'niii2in perceiving the 
 man was not abb- if. fij;l •, lade him gather 
 rocks together for a kind of inciter and barri- 
 cade for the rest, that 'in' ; eithur of necessity 
 fight or full by thecriCiiiity. It chanced as this 
 fnint hearted soldier had aflat stone in his arms, 
 and was carrying to the shelter that ho was 
 making upon the bank, a bullet of the enemy 
 was thus warded from his body by which he 
 must else have perished, which experience 
 
 f>ut new life into him, so as he followed his 
 lusiness very manfully afterward, insomuch 
 that they defended themselves under a small 
 shelter hastily made up, all that afternoon, not 
 one being either slain or wounded, yet it was 
 certainly known that they killed at least fiif- 
 te-n of their enemies : and at the last when 
 they had spent all their ammunition, and made 
 the:r guns unserviceable by often firing, they 
 were fetched all off by Capt. Geldings sloop 
 and carried safe to Rhode Island in spite of 
 all their I'lKR'ifts : yea, such was the bold and 
 
 undaunted courage of this champion, Capt- 
 Church, not willing to leave any tiikeii bthiiid 
 of (heir (lying for want of cmiruge, lii^ went 
 buck in the face of his enemies to letch his hut, 
 which be hud left ut a spring, whither (he ex- 
 treme heat of the wcatiicr, und his labour in 
 fighting hud caused him to repair li>r (lie 
 (juenching of his (hirst an hour or two befiire. 
 It seems m the former iiart of (he same day, 
 five men coining from Rhode Island, to look 
 up their cattle upon Pocasset neck, were as- 
 saulted by tho same Indiana; one of (he five 
 was Capt. Church's servant, who had his leg 
 broke in the skirmish, the rest hardly escaping 
 with their lives : this was (he first lime that 
 ever any mischief was done by the Indians 
 upon Pocasset neck. Those of Rhode Island 
 were hereby alarmed to look to themselves, 
 as well as (he restof the English of Plymouth, 
 or the Massachusetts colony. 
 
 This assault rather heighlened and increas- 
 ed than daunted the courage of Cupt. Chjrch ; 
 fiir not making a cowardly flight, but a fair 
 retreat, v^liich providence ufiered him by the 
 sloop aforesaid, after hisainmunitionwasspent, 
 he did not stay long at Rhode Islniul, but bus- 
 tened over to the Mussuchusetta fiirces, and 
 borrowing three files of men of Cupt. Hctnili- 
 man with his lieutenant; Mr. Church and he 
 returned again to Pocasset, where they had 
 another skirmisli with the enemy, wherein 
 some few of them (Iburtcen or fil(een) were 
 slain, which struck such a terror into Philip, 
 that he betook himself to the swamps aliout 
 Pocasset, where he lay hid till the return of 
 tho rest of tho forces from the Nurragansets, 
 like a wild boar kept at bay by this small 
 party till more hands came up. 
 
 Tlius wero the Plymouth forces busied, 
 during the time of the treaty with the Narra- 
 gansetts, which being issued as it was : 
 
 On Friday July 15, our forces marched for 
 and arrived at Rehoboth, where having no 
 intelligence of the enemy nearer than a great 
 swamp on Pocasset, eighteen miles from 
 Taunton ; they marched next day twelve 
 miles to a house at Metapoiset (a small neck 
 of land in tho bottom of 'I auutoii Buy, in the 
 midway between Mount Hope and Pocasset 
 Neck) from whence they marched for Taun- 
 ton, July 17, whither after a tedious march 
 of 20 miles, they came in the evening, and 
 found the people generally gathered into eight 
 garrison houses. 
 
 On Monday, July 18, they marched 18 
 miles before they could reach the swamp 
 where the enemy was lodged : as soon as they 
 came to the place, Plymouth forces being now 
 joined with them, our srldiers resolutely en- 
 tered in amongst the enemies, who took (he 
 advantage of the thick under- wood, to make 
 a shot at them that first entered, whereby five 
 were killed outright, seven more wounded, 
 some of whose wounds proved mortal : aft-T 
 the first shot, the enemy retired deeper into 
 the swamp, deserting their wigwams (about 
 100 in all) newly made of green bark, so as 
 they would not burn : in one of them they 
 found an old man, who confessed that Philip 
 had been lately there. Having spent some 
 time in searching the swamp, and tired them- 
 selves to no purpose, (yet it was said that one 
 half hour more would have at that time utterly 
 subdued Philip and all his power) the com- 
 mander in chief, night drawing on apace, not 
 thinking it tafo to tarry longer in so aangerous 
 
I.I 
 
 iiH cliaiiiiiioii, Cii|it- 
 ve Biiy tokiin bihincl 
 r <'ipurun<), III' wt'iij 
 iiiifs t(i I'l'li'li liii* liut, 
 iig, wliitlior tliii vx- 
 ', utiii liJK lulioiir ill 
 
 l(> ri!(iuir llir tlm 
 liciurortwo hi'liiru, 
 rt ol'llio HHirio liny, 
 iilu IdIhiiJ, to look 
 sunt iiuck, wi!ru us- 
 rn ; ono of tlie five 
 lit, wlio Imd Ilia Ivg 
 rest Imrdly V8cu|iiii|^ 
 
 (lie llmt tiiiin tliiit 
 oiKi liv lliu liKJiuni 
 mu of lilioili! Iiiluiul 
 iiok to tlicmaolvt's, 
 iigliiiliol'1'l^'inoutli, 
 
 litKned and incrcaa- 
 
 ,'0 orCajit. CliJich ; 
 
 ly fliglit, l)ut u liiir 
 
 oH'ured him by tliii 
 
 nniuiiiiion wusxpunt, 
 
 lodu laliimi, but liiia- 
 
 thiisclla I'orccB, und 
 
 leii ol' Cupt. lii^nili- 
 
 Mr. Cliurcli and lio 
 
 let, wlu;ro they had 
 
 10 t'licniy, whurcin 
 
 en or lilti;t'n) wore 
 
 I terror into ]'hili|i, 
 
 the awanips almut 
 
 lid till the return oi' 
 
 in the Nurra<(unsets, 
 
 bay by this .sniuil 
 
 [ie U|i, 
 
 loutli forces busied, 
 aty with the Narra- 
 ued as it was : 
 ir forces marched for 
 I, where having no 
 ■ nearer than a great 
 ighteen miles from 
 1 next day twelve 
 tpoiset (tt small neck 
 J auiiton liiiv, in the 
 Hope and Pocasdet 
 marched for Tuun- 
 ter a tedious march 
 in the evening, and 
 y gathered into eight 
 
 A NARRATIVE OP 
 
 087 
 
 , they marched 18 
 reach the swamp 
 ;;ed : as soon as they 
 jth forces being now 
 Idiers resolutely en- 
 mies, who look the 
 iider-wodd, to make 
 tered, whereby live 
 'en more wounded, 
 roved mortal : afi-T 
 retired deeper into 
 ir wigwams (about 
 if green bark, so as 
 one of them they 
 infessed that rhili|i 
 laving spent some 
 np, and tired them- 
 it was said that one 
 < at that time utterly 
 is power) the com- 
 wifi^ on apace, not 
 gcr ID BO aangeroiu 
 
 ■ pliico, wl'.are every one was in as much 
 danger of nis fellows as his foes, being ready 
 to Krn upon every bush lliey saw move, sup- 
 posing Indiiins wore there, ordered a retreat 
 to be soundi'd, that they might have time to 
 dispose of their dead and wounded men, 
 which accordingly was attended to ;• I'ly- 
 moiith forces wiio had entered in the rear, 
 returning in the front, it was judged that the 
 enemy being by this monna brought into a 
 pniina, it would bo no hard matter to deal 
 with ihern, and that it would bo needless 
 chorge to keep so many companies of soldiers 
 together to wait upon such an inconsiderable 
 enemy, now nimosi as '»ood as taken; where- 
 upon motit of the 'i.npanics belonging to 
 Masnochiisetts were drawn off, only Capt. 
 Ilenchmiin with 100 foot being left there to- 
 gether with the Plymouth forces, to attend 
 the enemy's motion, being judged sufficient 
 for thnt end. Major Savage, Capt. Paige, 
 with Capt. Mosoly and their companies return- 
 ed to Boston : Capt, Prentice with his troop 
 were ordered towards Mendham, where it 
 seems, about the middle of July, some In- 
 dians, wishing well to Philip's design, had 
 made an assault upon some of the inhabitants, 
 as they were at labour in the field, killing five 
 or six of thorn; as soon as they had done, 
 flying away into the woods, so as they could 
 not easily bo pursued. The inhabitants of 
 the same village, lying in the heart of the ene- 
 my's country, began to bo discouraged, so as 
 within a little time after, they forsook the place, 
 abandoning their houses to the fury of the 
 enemy, which by them were soon after turned 
 into ashes. Hut to return to King Philip, who 
 was now hidged in the great swamp upon 
 Pocassi-t neck, of seven miles long : Capt. 
 Henchman and the Plymouth forces kept a 
 diligent eye upon the enemy, but were not 
 willing to run into the mire and dirt after them 
 in a dark swamp, being taught by late expe- 
 rience how dangerous it is to fight in such dis- 
 mal woods, when their eyes were muflled 
 with the leaves, and their arms pinioned with 
 the thick boughs of the trees, as their feet 
 were continually shackled with the roots 
 spreading every way in those boggy woods. 
 It is ill fighting with a wild beast in his own 
 den. — They resolved therefore to starve them 
 out of the swamp, where they knew full well 
 they could not long subsist : to that end they 
 began to build a fort, as it were to beleaguer 
 the enemy, and prevent his escape out of the 
 place, where they thought they had him fast 
 enough. Philip in the meantime was not ig- 
 norant of what was doing without, and was 
 ready therein to read his own doom, if he 
 tarried much longer there, he knew he should 
 fall into their hands, from whom he could ex- 
 pect no mercy : the case therefore being des- 
 perate, be resolved with an hundred or two 
 of his best fighting men to make an escape by 
 the wafer, all passages by the land Being 
 sufficiently guarded by the English forces. 
 The swamp where they were lodaed being 
 not fur from an arm of the sea, coming up to 
 Taunton, they taking the advantage of a low 
 tide, either waded over one night in the end 
 of July, or else wafted themselves over upon 
 small rafts of timber, very early before break 
 of day, by which means the greatest [lart of 
 his company escaped away into the woods. 
 
 * Tho Engliiili lost fifleon inon io this csiwditiun— 
 11 il hinEon. 
 
 leading into the Nipmiick country, nllogclher 
 unknown to the Kiiglish forcet tliiit lay en- 
 cumped on tho iilliur siiliuif theswiuiui. Almiil 
 one hundred tiiorii of the womni and childn 
 which were likely to be rather burdensome 
 than serviceable, were left behind, who soon 
 after resigned up themselves to the mercy of 
 tho English. Philip's escape thus from Pocus- 
 set could not long Ih) concealed alter the day 
 appeared, there being much champaign land 
 tliroiigli which he wiis to pass, and being dis- 
 covered by the inhabiiiints of Uehoboth, they 
 presently followed him, together with a party 
 of the Mohegins, that a little before came to 
 Hoston, offering their services against Philip, 
 and wen) sent into those parts lu l,o ordered 
 by Capt. Henchman, but before they came to 
 him wore easily persuaded to go along with 
 any of the English that were engaged in the 
 pursuit of Philip. News also thereof was 
 carried to Capt. Henchman, who as soon as 
 he could get over with six files of men (row- 
 ing hard all or most pr.rt of tho day to get to 
 Providence) fiillowed after the enemy. The 
 Mohegiiii with the men of Rehoboth, and 
 some of Providence cnmo upon their rear 
 over night slew about .'JO of them, took much 
 plunder from them, without any considerable 
 loss to the Knglish. Capt. Henchman came 
 not up to them (pursuing them only by the 
 track) till the skirmish was over, and having 
 marched 2!2 miles that day, was not w.,11 able 
 to go any further that night ; on the other 
 hand, the forces that came from Rehoboth and 
 those belonging to Plymouth, having left their 
 horses three miles off, could not go back to 
 fetch them without much loss of time, and 
 therefore looking at it altogether bootless to 
 go after them in the morning, returned back 
 the next day, leaving Captain Henchman with 
 bis six files, and the Mohegins to pursue the 
 chase to Nipsachet, which he did the next 
 morning. Capt. Henchman, that ho might 
 the better engage the Mohegins to march with 
 him 30 miles, gave them half bis provision, 
 and was himself recruited again by the care of 
 Capt Edmunds of Proviilence, Lieut. Brown 
 who brought provision after him to the Nip- 
 muck fiirts. Mr. Newman the minister of 
 Rehoboth, deserved not a little commendation 
 for exciting his neighbours and friends to pur- 
 sue thus fur after Pliilip animating of them by 
 by his own example and presence : but why 
 Philip was followed no further, it is better to 
 suspend than too critically incjuire. This is 
 now a third time when a good opportunity of 
 suppressing the rebellion of the Indians, was 
 put into the hands of the English ; but time 
 and chance bappenetb to all men, so that the 
 most likely meuns are often frustrated of their 
 desired end. All human endcovours shall 
 arrive at no other success, than the counsel of 
 God hath pre-ordained, that no flesh might 
 glory in their own wisdom, but give unto God 
 the praise of all their successes, and quietly 
 bear whatever miscarriages he hath ordered 
 to hefal them. It appears by the issue of these 
 things, that although this wound was not incura- 
 ble, yet much more blood must be taken away 
 before il could be healed. But by this means 
 Philip escaped away to the westward, kind- 
 ling tho flame of war in all the western plan- 
 tations if the Massachusetts colony wherever 
 he came, so that by this fatal accident the fire 
 that was in a likely way to be cxtlnguised, as 
 soon almost as it begun, did on a sudden break 
 
 out through the wlinh' jiirindirlioii of Musstt 
 chusetls Cdlony, both caxtwiird iiiid wcniward, 
 riiiliingi'riiig also the neii^lilioiiiiii); culniiy of 
 Connecticut, which liiilli also siillrii il some- 
 what by the fury of this flume, lholl^h not 
 vonsiderablii to what the other colonies have 
 undergone. 
 
 While things after this manner proceeiled 
 in und about tho colony of Plymouth, tho 
 commissioners of the rest of tho colonies wero 
 consulting and advising whiit was to be donn 
 to prevent the mischief threatened from 
 spreading any further, feniing, (uh indeed 
 there was too much raiisi') that ullhoiigh 
 Philip only appeared to iiiiike the first at- 
 tempt, yet more either nireuily were, or soon 
 mlgtit bo persuaded to join with him in acting 
 tJiis b oody tragedy. 
 
 It lulh been already decltired what halli 
 been done fiir the securing of the Nurnigun- 
 si^ts, those thut Mere sent as messengers on 
 that errand, always reported that the elder 
 people were in appearance, not only inclinublu 
 to peace, but seemed very desirable thereof, 
 insomuch as their two eldersuchems express- 
 imI much joy when it was concluded ; but a* 
 slnco hath appeared, all was but to guiii time, 
 and cover their treacherous intents and Jiur- 
 poses, that they might in the next spring fall 
 upon the English plantations all at once, aa 
 some prisoners lately brought In have owned 
 and confessed ; nor have any "f those Indiana 
 with whom tho present war ■■< 1/een, ever 
 regarded any agreements of | nimle with 
 
 tho English, further than nece- ' tlaviah 
 
 fear compelled thcrciintn, as m - seen by 
 
 tho records of tho united col 'Vom the 
 
 year 1G43 to the present lime, u, ,i ,ili8tand- 
 ing all their fulr pretences ; for Niiiigret, the 
 old sachem of the Narragansetts, who alono 
 of all the rest of that country sachems dis- 
 owned the present war, and refused to have 
 any hand therein, had threatened, as waa 
 proved to his face befiire the commissioners, 
 in the years 1646 and 1G47, that they would 
 carry on tho war against tho Mohegins, what- 
 ever were the mind of the commissioners, 
 and thut they would kill the English cattle, and 
 heap them up as high as their wigwams, and 
 that an Englishman should not stir out of his 
 door but lliey should kill him ; all which ho 
 could not deny, yet this old fox made them 
 promises of peace, when the dread of the 
 English ever since the Pequod war moved 
 him thereunto ; forseelng as lie is sold to have 
 told his neighbours, that they would all be 
 ruined if they made war witii tho English, 
 as is since come to poss. However, the good 
 hand of God wos seen in so ordering things, 
 that the Narragansets wero for the present 
 restrained from breaking out into open hosti- 
 lity against the English, at the time when 
 Philip began ; which if they had then done, 
 according to the eye of reason, it would have 
 been very difl'icult, if possible, for the English 
 to have saved any of their inland plantations 
 from being destroyed. Thus, olthough God 
 hath in his wisdom suffered so much of the 
 rage of tho heathen to bo let loose against 
 this people bere, as sorely to scourge them, 
 that by tno wrath of men praise might be 
 vielded to bis holy name, yet huth he in his 
 abundant goodness restrained the remainder 
 that it should not consume. 
 
 The next thing in order to be related is tho 
 calamity that befel the village of BrockHi)ld, 
 
oni 
 
 THE INDIAN WARS. 
 
 n i. 
 
 ',- li 
 
 I m- 1 
 
 li 
 
 ry, 
 
 
 wliicli, notwitljstanJing all the care timt \vu9 
 luktni, fell into tlic lianda of the pcrlidious 
 NinpeC Indians, as sliuil here in tlio next 
 pluco 111! dfclnicd ; only as wo pass along, to 
 remind tho reader in a lew words, what was 
 tli(! issue of Capt. H'.'nchman'a pursuit of 
 Philip. The Plymouth forces being return- 
 ed home, OS was said before, Capt. Hench- 
 man with his six file of men, and the Mohogin 
 Inilians, having continued in the pursuit of 
 Philip till they had spent all their provision, 
 and tired themselves, yet never coming within 
 sight of him, the Mohegin Indians in their 
 company directed them to Mendham, and 
 then leaving them, returnL'd also to their own 
 country. Capt. Henchman in his march to- 
 wards Mendham, or at Mendham, met with 
 Capt. Mosely coming to bring him provision, 
 and advertising him of what success ho hud 
 met with in his pursuit, they altered their 
 course, for Capt. Ilenchman was sent down to 
 the governor and council, to know what they 
 should do: They presenlly remanded him to 
 Poci'.sset, and ordered him to stay there if 
 there was need, or else to draw off, sur- 
 rendering the fort he had been building to 
 the Plymouth forces, which last was chosen 
 by those of Plymouth, whereupon Captain 
 Henchman returning to Boston, was ordered 
 to disband his men. Captain Mosely was or- 
 dered to march to Quabaog or JJrookfield, 
 where he continued awhile, with the other 
 captains sent up for the relief of the people 
 there, and to seek after the enemy in those 
 woods ; but after some time spent in ranging 
 the country thereabouts, not meeting with any 
 of the infidels, he with his company came 
 downwards, searching the woods betwixt 
 Lancaster (where a man and his wife with two 
 cliildren were slain on the Lord's day, Aug. 
 22) an-l Marlboro', whore also a lad keeping 
 sheep was shot at by an Indian that wore a 
 siiin, as if he had been a friend : tlie Indian 
 w;is supposed to belong to the Hnssanemcsit 
 Indians, at that lime confined in Marlborough, 
 where lliey had lil)erty to dwell in a kind of 
 fort. The next day the inhabitants sent to 
 deinanil their guns; Capt. Mosely acquainted 
 therewith, marched to the fort and found 
 much suspicion against eleven of them, for 
 sinking and dancing, and having bullets and 
 slugs, and much powder hid in their baskets ; 
 insomuch that eleven of them were sent down 
 prisoners to Boston, upon suspici(ni that they 
 liail had a hand in killing the four at Lancas- 
 ter, and shooting at the Marlborough shep- 
 liard : But upon trial, the saiil prisoners wer<! 
 all of them ac(piitted of the fact, and were 
 either releasiid, or else were, with others of 
 that fort, sent for betliir security, and fi)r pre 
 venting further trouble of the like kind, to 
 some of the islands below Boston toward 
 Nantasket. 
 
 About this time Capt. Mosely was sent 
 with a company of soldiers to some Indian 
 planlatjons upcm Merrimac river, as high as 
 I'ennycook, iiut they found no Indians there; 
 those that belonged to the place having with- 
 drawn themselves from their native place, 
 that they might not meddle in the ))resent 
 quarrel, as is confidertly believed that VVoon- 
 aloiiset the sachem of tliat company had so re- 
 golveil. That cr.iist being clear of the ene- 
 mies, Capt. Mosely soon after was sent up 
 wtli bis men to the towns westward about 
 Hadicv, if it might be, to subdue the enemy, 
 
 who a little before, and at that time, was 
 doing all the mischief he could in those wei'.- 
 ern plantations, botli by fire and sword. 
 
 But to return and pursue the rebellious In- 
 dians, and keep pace with them in our his- 
 tory, though our forces as yet could never 
 overtake them in the woods. The governor 
 and council of Massachusetts were sensible 
 of as much danger from the Nipnet Indians, 
 as from the former ; they being the inland 
 part of the country betwixt the sea coast and 
 Connecticut river westward, and the towns 
 about the Massachusetts bay eastward, where- 
 upon some persons that used to trade with the 
 said Nipnets, were sent to soimd them, and 
 find how they stood afiected, for which also 
 there was the more rt^ason, because they 
 were always in subjection to the sachem of 
 Mount Hope, and so were the more like to 
 engage in the present quarrel; of which there 
 hjid been sufficient proof already ; when 14th 
 of July, sotne of the Nipnet Indians next_ 
 bordenng on Philip's country set upon some 
 of the inhabitants of Mendham,* whore they 
 killed fiiuror five persons, which was the first 
 mischief done upon any of the inhabitants 
 within the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, ac- 
 ted as was said by one Matoonas, who was 
 father to him that had committed a murder 
 soon after Philip's first rebelli(m. Anno. 1G71. 
 The messenger that was sent thither, brought 
 word back that they found the said Indians 
 wavering: the young men very surly and 
 insolent, the elder ones shewing some incli- 
 nation to maintain the wonted peace. Soon 
 after, July 28, IGTo, Capt. Wheeler was sent 
 to assist Capt. Hutchinson with a party of 20 
 horse to treat further about the peace, who 
 going first to Quabaog, or Brookfield, (a town 
 situate about 60 or 70 miles from Boston, in 
 the road of Connecticut, lying about 2.5 miles 
 from the said river, and not far distant from 
 thechii f seat of the Nipnet Indians) the in- 
 habitants of the said Urookfield had been so 
 deluded by those treacherous villains, that 
 fearing no danger, they obtained of those 
 Nipnets, tho promise of a treaty upcm the 2d 
 of August; whereupon some of the chief of 
 the town rode along unarmed with tho said 
 Wheeler and Hutchinson, with their party of 
 horse, until they came to the place appointed ; 
 but finding no Indians, so secure were they, 
 that they ventured along further, to find the 
 infidels at their chief town, never suspecting 
 the least danger, but when they had rode four 
 or five miles that way, they fell into an am- 
 bush of two or three hundrt'd Indians, laid in 
 such a narrow passage, betwixt a steep hill on 
 the one liand, and an hideous swamp on the 
 other, that it wa.-^ scarce possible for any of 
 them to escape, eight of them being shot 
 down upon the plane (whereof three were of 
 Brookfield) and three mortally wounded, 
 whereof Capt. Hutchinson was one; Capt. 
 Wheeler was also near losing his life, whose 
 horse was shot down under him and himself 
 shot through the body, so that all manner of 
 hopes to escape had been removed from him, 
 had it not been for his son, who was, byGod''9 
 good pn>vidence, near or inixt unto him, this 
 son l>eing of undaunted courage, (notwith- 
 Nlnnding his own arm was broken with a bul- 
 let) with great nimb'eness and agility of body 
 dismountPil himself, and speedily mount"d 
 
 * A town HJiiiitltt iiorltiwurj J'roiii Muiiiit Hope, wiiltin 
 ^0 inilefl of BuBtun. 
 
 his lather ujiofi his own horse, himself getting 
 upon another, whose master was killed, by 
 which means they both escaped, and wcro 
 afterwards cured. Much ado had those that 
 were left alive to recover Urookfie d, which 
 in all probabilty they would never have done 
 (tho comtnon road being waylaid with In- 
 dians on every side as was afterwards known) 
 had it not been for one well acquainted with 
 those woods, who led them in a by path, by 
 which means they got thither a little before 
 the Indians, who quickly came flocking into 
 the town, with full intent to destroy it with 
 fire and sword. But by special providence 
 the inhabitants were all gathered <i the prin- 
 cipal house of the village (there being scarce 
 20 in the town) before the barbarous mis- 
 creants came upon them, immediately setting 
 fire upon all the dwelling houses wuh most 
 of the other buildings in the town, save 'Vat 
 one into which the inhabitants were retired 
 which they several times attempted to burn, 
 but were almost miraculously defeated of 
 their purpose by the immediate hand of God. 
 In the mount of the Lord it shall be seen. 
 For when they had for two days assaulted 
 that poor handful of helpless people, both 
 night and day pouring in shot upon them in- 
 cessantly with guna, and also thrusting poles 
 with fire brands, and rags dipt in brimstone 
 tied to the ends of them to fire the house; at 
 last they used this devilish stratagem, to fill 
 a cart with hemp, flax and other combustible 
 matter, and so thrusting it backward with 
 poles spliced together a great length, after 
 they had kindled it; but as soon as it had be- 
 gun to take fire, a storm of rain unexpectedly 
 falling, or else all the poor people, about 70 
 souls, would either have been consumed by 
 merciless flames, or else have fallen into the 
 hands of their cruel enemies, like wolves 
 continually yelling and gaping fi)r their prey. 
 Thus was thatdistressed company strangely 
 delivered, who hav(! forever cause to say with 
 the Psalmist, blessed bo the Lord, who hath 
 not given us a prey to their teeth, our eoul is 
 escaped as a bird out of the snare of the fow- 
 lers, the snare is broken Rtid we are escaped. 
 For the next night Major Willard.by accident, 
 hearing of tho danger the people were in, 
 came with fi)rty-eight dragoons to their relief. 
 Tho occasion which brought Major Willard, 
 and Capt. Parker of Grolon with fi)rty-slx 
 more, ao timely to their relief, was this ; Major 
 Willard in pursuance of his commission from 
 the governor and council, was upon Wednes- 
 day, August 4th, in the morning, inarching o>it 
 after some Indians to the westward, to secure 
 then : just as they were settliig forth, some 
 of '.he people of Marlborough, who had intel- 
 ligence (by those that were going to Connec- 
 ticut, and forced to return) what distress 
 Brookfield was in, and knowing of Major 
 Willard's purpose to go out that inornitig from 
 Lancoster, sent a post to acquaint lilm there- 
 with, which, ttiougli it did not find him in tho 
 town, yet overtook him before he had gone 
 four or five miles from tho place : whereu|)on, 
 conceiving it more needful to succour Brook- 
 geld in so imminent danger, than to proceed 
 further upon his intended di-slgn, he altered 
 his course and marched directly thither, being 
 about 30 miles distant when the tiiiings were 
 I brought him ; so he arrived there that night 
 very seasoiuibly, about an hour alter it was 
 dark, or else in all probability they had all 
 
A NARRATIVE OF 
 
 080 
 
 liorsf, liinisclf'gi.ftin" 
 mstor was killed, liy 
 1 ('S(U|)-,'il, Hiid were 
 cti ado had those th»t 
 er ]iiookfie ;1, which 
 :>uld never have dont; 
 ng waylaid ^^ith In- 
 as afterwards known) 
 well acquainted with 
 hem in a liy path, by 
 thither a little heforo 
 y came flocking into 
 nt to destroy it with 
 y special providence 
 gathered <i the prin- 
 e (there being scarce 
 the barbarous mis. 
 I, immediately setting 
 ig houses with most 
 1 the town, save '''at 
 ibitants were retired 
 3s attempted to burn, 
 ;ulously defeated of 
 nediato liand of God. 
 ord it shall be seen, 
 two days assaulted 
 cipless people, both 
 1 shot upon them in- 
 I also thrusting poles 
 igs dij)t in brimstone 
 to fire the house; at 
 ish stratagem, to fill 
 nd other combustiblo 
 g it backward with 
 a. great length, after 
 ; as soon as it had be- 
 of rain unexpectedly 
 nor people, about 70 
 e been consumed by 
 a have fallen into the 
 lemies, like wolves 
 ;aping for their prey, 
 d company strangely 
 ver cause to say with 
 the Lord, who hath 
 leir teeth, our soul is 
 the snare of the fow- 
 aii<l we are escai)ed. 
 Willard, by accident, 
 ho people were in, 
 igoons to their relief, 
 ight .Major Willard, 
 ■oton with forty-six 
 lief, was this ; Majiir 
 his commission from 
 , was upon Wednes- 
 Drning, marching out 
 westward, to secure 
 setting forth, some 
 )ugli, who had intel- 
 re going to Connec- 
 tnrn) what distress 
 knowing of Major 
 lit that morning from 
 accpiaint him there- 
 i not find him in the 
 )eforn he had gono 
 place : whereupon, 
 il to succour Hrook- 
 er, than to proceed 
 I design, he altered 
 Irectly thither, being 
 en the tidings were 
 nd there that niglit 
 1 hour alter il wan 
 ibility they had all 
 
 perished before thr; relief sent up irom Boston 
 nould have reached them, which was not till 
 throe days after. The providence of (rod 
 likewise in bringing in the said majorso safely, 
 as well as seasonably to their relief was very 
 riiinarkable : for the Indians had subtly con- 
 trived to cut off all relief sent before it could 
 come at them, by laying ambushes, and pla- 
 cing their scouts at two or three miles distance 
 round the town : about an hundred of them 
 were lodged at an house not far off in the way 
 toward Boston, to cut off any succour that 
 might come from thence ; but it is supposed 
 they were so intense upon the project they 
 were about for firing the house, concluding it 
 would without fail take place, that either they 
 did not mind their business of watching, or 
 made such a noise for joy thereof, that they 
 did not hoar their centinels when they shot off 
 their guns, at two miles distance. It is said 
 that another party of the Indians let the major 
 and his company purposely pass by them, 
 without any opposition, waiting for the blow 
 to be given at their first approach near the 
 house, purposing themselves to have fallen 
 iinon their rear, and so to have cut them all 
 off, before the besieged understood any thiii'^ 
 thereof But it pleased God so to order 
 •.hings in providence, that no notice was taken 
 of them by the besiegers, nor were they at 
 all discerned by them, till they had made 
 themselves known to their friends ; and were 
 admitted within the court of God. When the 
 enemy had notice of it they poured in lInMr 
 shot abundantly upon them; but they were 
 now sheltered from the danger thereof; only 
 it seems their horses were exposed to their 
 furv, as many of them were mnimed and kil 
 led, as were most of the cattle belonging t< 
 the inhabitants of the place .soon after. This 
 honoured person, .Major Willard, continued 
 at Urookfield, after this famous exploit for the 
 preservation of the poor besieged there, divers 
 weeks, to order such companies as were sent 
 up that way for the securing the plantations 
 on that side of the country ; and not lot:ij after 
 he went himself also to Hadley u poll the like ser- 
 vice of the country in the present war but 
 after sometinie spent in those parts, he return 
 ed back to his own place, to order the affairs 
 of his own regiment, much needing his pre- 
 sence, and leaving the forces about Hadley 
 jniler the command of the major of that regi- 
 ment. 
 
 But to return to what was in hand before : 
 after the Indians understood that succours 
 wer(!Come in to the besieged, tlu-y fired all that 
 they bai'. Ii'ft stainling for their own shel- 
 ter, while they liad liesieged the |)lace before 
 inentionod, and ran all away into their own 
 dens, in the neighbouring woods : however, 
 it was confessed by one of themselves, that 
 the enemy had 80 of their men killed and 
 wounded in this business. But ere we pass 
 any further in pursuit of the history of these 
 ni;ilters, it will not be amiss to let the reader 
 understand the horrible, perfidious and treach- 
 erous dealings of those Nipnet Indians, who 
 although of all other they had the least roasi.n 
 as to any pretence of injury, yet did m )st 
 deceitfully and barbarously join with Philip 
 and his Indians, after they bad been several 
 times sent unto by the governor and council 
 of Massachusetts, b' the advice of I'lyraouth, 
 to have prevented their rising, as well iis ihe 
 lisiug of the Narragansets, and also had faith- 
 
 fully promised not to meddle in the ([uarrel, 
 as may more fully appear by the engagement 
 under the hands of their sachems, sometime 
 jeforo Capt. Hutchinson and Capt. Wheeler 
 were sent up to them, which by reascui of the 
 haste and unskilfulness of the messengers on 
 that behalf sent, is not so fit for public view: 
 but the account of it from their return, was 
 under their hand and oath, July 24, 1675, 
 when Lieut. Ephraim Curtice spake with five 
 of the Nipnet sachems, four too many to gov- 
 ern so small a people, but lying upon the head 
 of the principal Indian territories they were, 
 divided into so many small parties, two of 
 whom, viz. Sam, sachem of Weshacum, and 
 Netaump, were executed together afterwards 
 at Boston. All of thetn did at that time 
 solemnly renew their covenant and promise 
 under their hands to come to Boston to 
 speak further with the governor; instead of 
 which, what they perfidiously did against 
 Ca])tam Hutchinson and others, hath already 
 been declared. 
 
 Upon the report of this sad disaster that 
 befel the inhabitants of Brookfield, forces 
 were sent up under the command of Capt. 
 Lathrop and others, to pursue after those 
 Indians harbouring about those places, and if 
 it might be to prevent them from joining with 
 the Indians upon Connecticut river, who as 
 yet had not iliscovored themselves as willing 
 to espouse Philip's interest, but rather made 
 some si-mblance to the contrary. There was 
 much time spent by Major Willard, and seve- 
 ral companies of soldiers left under his coin- 
 miind, al)OUt the Nipnet country, but all to no 
 purpose, for partly by the treachery of some 
 of the Indians that came to their assistance, 
 thatse;Tned to fivoiir the English, but rather 
 acted in behalf of the enemy, partly by the 
 subtleties of the enemies themselves, who 
 could easily by their scouts discern the approach 
 of our soldiers, and by the nimbleness of th 
 feet escape thern, our soldiers could never 
 meet with any of them, but (Uily by that 
 means driving them furtlier westward, they 
 "athered all the Indians they could to their 
 party about Pecomptuck, alias Deersfield, 
 .Swanscot, and Squeakeag, where some ])lan 
 tatlons of the English newly began, whom 
 they assaulted in tlie next place, and did what 
 mischief they could upon them. 
 
 It is hereto be noted, that although that 
 worthy patriot and experienced soldier, Major 
 Willard, hearing of the distress of Brookfield 
 by some that were travelling to Connecticut, 
 was the first that relieved the distressed peo- 
 ple of Qnabaog or Brookfield, yet ftlajor 
 Pyuchon of Springfield also by accident hear- 
 ing of thi'ir calamity, had not only sent word 
 thereof to Hartford, (from whom he received 
 a supply of 2.0 or 30 soldiers under Capt. 
 Watts, but did also send a band of men under 
 Lieut. Cooper (afti^rwards villainously slain 
 by the Springfielii Indians) who, with those 
 sent from Hartford, and some Indians belong- 
 ing to Spiingfield) seemingly forward to help 
 the English) made up four score or there- 
 abouts : these inarched down to Brookfield 
 the same day that Capt. Lothrop and Capt. 
 Beers came iipfrom .Massachusetts who having 
 spent sometime in searching the wrods about 
 .Springfield, and finding none of the Indians 
 did the next day march up to a. place called 
 Memiiiiiiiisset by the Indians, where Capt 
 Hutchinson and Capt. Wheeler were assault 
 
 , and finding no signofany Indians aniongsl 
 those woods and swamps, the cunifiany that 
 came from Spiingfielii, left tlie soldiers (who 
 returned to their (jiiarters at l>rookfit;hi) and 
 and we It up themselves further northward, 
 at least 20 miles from the said Brookfield, and 
 finding no track of Indians i.n all those woods, 
 they returned liack to Springfield, leaving 
 
 lOugh to defend the 
 and the garrison there 
 
 enough to defend the people of Bruokfii 
 
 ,ing 
 eld, 
 
 By this it appears, that the Indians by this 
 occasion were driven more westward into the 
 woods between Hadley and Squakhead,* 
 where they soon effected their design, viz. 
 to leaven the Indians on that side the country 
 with the some prejudice and malice against 
 the English, with which they themselves 
 were (tliough without cause) embittered ; for 
 in a few days the device took place amonst 
 the Hadley and Deerfield Indians, and was 
 presently put in execution by the said Indians 
 withdrawing form the English and assisting 
 Philip and the Nipnets to spoil and destroy 
 all the towns westward, as soon after came to 
 pass: yet at the first some of the Hadley In- 
 dians pretended real friendship to the Enirlish, 
 and offered themselves to fight against Phili|), 
 )Ut the Mohegin Indians that came afterward 
 from Hartford began to suspect the treacli<!ry 
 f the other, and told the English plainly, 
 that no good would be done, while any of 
 that company went along with them iti pur- 
 suit of the enemy, foras was said, they woiilil 
 always give some shout when they came near 
 the enemy, as if they should thereby wish 
 them to look to themselves: insomuch that 
 the said Hadley Indians fell into great suspi- 
 ciim with the English, and for a proof of their 
 fidelity, they were required to bring in their 
 arms to the English, but that very night they 
 fled away from their dwellings which was in 
 a wooden fortification, within a mile of Hat- 
 field, whereby they plainly discovered ll'i'i 
 ihey had secretly plotted to join with Philip b 
 party,, as far as they had secretly plotted to 
 join witii Philip's party, as (iir as they had 
 an opportunity to do them any eniiiieiit ser- 
 vice. Some think the English failed in point 
 of prudence, not managing that buBine.''s so 
 warily as they might, which if they had done, 
 their defection had been prevented, but il is 
 most probable that Philip had hired them to 
 his own quarrel, by sending them gifts i" the 
 spring; and that the body of the said Indians 
 were mostreadily inclined thereunto : but the 
 sachems and the elder ones of them, seemed 
 loth nt first to engage against the English. In 
 the conclu.sion, when they bad so falsely left 
 their dwellings, and were ri, lining iilier Philip 
 and the Nipnet Indians (iil that lime harboured 
 in those woods) tlie Engli.-ih wereso provoked 
 that were under Capts. Lothrop and Hi'ers, 
 that they pursued after them very early iho 
 next morning, and overtook them abinit ten 
 miles above Hatfield, at a place called .Sugar- 
 loaf hill, and had a small skirmish with llirm, 
 wherein there were nine ortcii of the English 
 slain, and about 26 Indians : yet the" re.-t es- 
 caped, and so joined with Philip and his coin- 
 presently niter which accident, tliey « -re so 
 en.boldened, that upon tlie first of Sept. about 
 seven days after, they set u^^n Deertielil, kil- 
 led one man, and laid most ' the houses in 
 ashes. About two or three days lifter they 
 fell upon Squakeag, another new pliintation, 
 ♦ Norlhfietd, Hl'iy inikaup tlu^ rivrr ''roin llitdtey. 
 
ll 
 
 llJ 
 
 GIO 
 
 iitii'cii iijiioa liigluT up tlio river, above Deer- 
 field, nliere tlievkilliidniiieortenof tJie|H'0|ile, 
 till- rest liiirJK' esciipeil ir.lothe garrison house. 
 Tlie next (J:iy, tliia disaster not being known, 
 Caj>t. Ueers, tor fear ot" the worst, with 36 
 men, was sent up to the said Squakeag, with 
 supplies both of men and provisions to secure 
 the small garrison there, but before they came 
 very near the tovvn, they svere set upon by 
 many hundreds of Indians out of the bushes 
 by a swamp side. Uy this sudden sur[)risa!, 
 Capt. Beers (who was known to fight valiantly 
 to the very last) with about 20 of his men, 
 were slain, the rest flying back to Hadley. 
 Hero the barbarous villains showed their inso- 
 lent rage and cruelty, more than ever before, 
 cutting olF the heads of gome of the slain, and 
 and fixing them up'm |ioles near the highway, 
 an<l not only so, but one (if not more) was 
 found with a chain hooked into his under jaw, 
 and so hung up on the bough of a tree, (it is 
 feared he was hung up alive) by which means 
 they thought to daunt and discourage any that 
 ■night come to their relief, and also to terrify 
 hose that should be the spectators of so sad 
 in object ; insomuch tliat Major Treat, with 
 lis com[iany. geing up two days after to fetch 
 iff the residue of the garrison, were solemnly 
 llfected with that doleful sight, which made 
 them make the more haste to bring down the 
 garrison, not Waiting for any opportunity to 
 take revenge upon the enemy, having but 100 
 with him, tod few for such a purpose. Capt. 
 Appleton going up after him, met him coming 
 down, and would willingly have persuaded 
 them to have turned back, to see if they could 
 have made any spoil upon the enemy, but the 
 trreater part advised to the contrary, so ihat 
 they were all forci^d to return with what they 
 could carry away, leaving the rest for a booty 
 to the enemy, who shall ere long, pay a sad 
 reckoning for their robberies and cruelties, in 
 the time appointed : but the sufferings of the 
 Knglish were not as yet come to their heitrht, 
 <or after they were come to Hadley, the com- 
 mander in chief takingconnsel with the officers 
 ot the soldiers, ordered them that were then 
 present, to garrison the towns about ; some to 
 be at Xorthampton, liiitfield and Deerlield, 
 and some to remain at Hadley, where were 
 the head quarters of the English. But per- 
 ceiving that littl(> good was to bo done upon 
 the I'liemy in those parts, it was agreed that! 
 what corn was leftat Deerfield, biMng threshed ' 
 out as well as they cuuhl in those tuinulls 
 (aliDve 30011 bushels was supposed to be there 
 slaniliiiu in stack) should be brought to Had- 
 ley, and to wait further time to fight the ene- 
 my. It came to Capt. Lollirop's turn, or 
 niilier it was his choice with about 80 men to 
 guard several carts laden with corn and <uli<'r 
 goods. The cimipiiny under Capt. Mosely 
 then quartering at Deerfield, intended that 
 ilay to pursue iifier the enemy. Hut upon 
 Sept. 13, that most fatal day, the saddest '.hat 
 ever befel New Kngland, as the company 
 under Capt. Lothrop were marching along 
 with the carts, (it may be too securely) never 
 Bjiprehending danger so near, they were 
 sinldenly set upon and almost all cut off, 
 (00 killed, toainst(!rs included) not above 7 or 
 8 escaping : which great defeat came to pass 
 by the unadvised proceedings of the cajitain 
 wlio was himself slain in the first assault) al- 
 th(iui;h he wanted neither cournn'e nor skill to 
 leadhis soldiers ; bulhavinij taken up a wrong 
 
 THE INDIAN WARS. 
 
 notion about the best way and manner of fight 
 ing with tiie Indians (which he was always 
 wont to argue for) viz. that it were best to 
 deal with the Indians in their own way, i. e. 
 by skulking behind trees, and taking their 
 aim at sirglo persons, which is the usual 
 mannerof the Indians fighting one with another ; 
 but ''erein was his great mistake, in not con- 
 sidering the great disailvantage a smaller com- 
 pany would have in dealing that way with a 
 greater multitu<ie: for if five have todeal with 
 one, they may surround him, and every one 
 take his aim at him, while he can level at but 
 one of his enemies at a time : which gross 
 mistake of his, was the ruin of a choice com- 
 pany of young men, the very flower of the 
 county of Esse.x, all culled out of the towns 
 belonging to that county, none of which were 
 ashamed to speak with the enemy in the gate : 
 their dear relutionsathome mourningfor them, 
 like Rachel for her children, and would not 
 be comforted, not only because they were 
 not, but because they were so miserably lost. 
 The like mistake was conceived to be the 
 reason of the loss of tlie former persons slain 
 with the said Lolhrop, pursuing the Indians 
 that ran away from Hadley, and of the 20 slain 
 with Capt. JJeers, men, who betook themsel- 
 ves, at first to the trees, and at the last a few 
 got to their horses soon after the captain was 
 shot down. For hail he ordered his men to 
 march in a body, as some of his fellow com- 
 manders, advised, either backward or for- 
 ward, in reason they had not h)st a quarter of 
 the number of them that fell that day by the 
 edge of the sword. For the Indians, notwith- 
 standing their subtlety and cruelty, durst not 
 look an Englislmiaii in the face in the open 
 fidd nor were they ever yet known to kill 
 any man with ihi'ir guns, unless when they 
 could lie in wait for him in ambush, or behind 
 some shelti'r, taking aim undiscovered , so 
 that it was judged by those that escaped, that 
 there were 7 or 800 Indians at least that 
 encounten-d the company of 80 English, yet 
 if they had kept together in a body, and 
 fought marching, they might have e3ca[)ed the 
 numbers of the enemy, with little loss in coni- 
 parisiMi of what they sustained. For the 
 valiant and successful Capt. .Mosely, and his 
 lieut. coming (though too late) to their rescue, 
 marched through and through that great body 
 of Indians, and yet came off with little or no 
 loss in comparison of the other. And having 
 fought all those Indians for five or six hours 
 upon a march, lost not above two men all that 
 while, nor received other damagi! except that 
 8 or 9 were wounded, who were carried to 
 tlu'ir ipiarters at night at Hadley, whereas if 
 these had proceeded in the same way of fight- 
 ing as Capt. Lolhrop did in the morning, they 
 might have been surrounded, and so have 
 been served as the former were ; but God 
 had otherw ise determined in his secret coun- 
 sel, and therefore that was hid from the one, 
 which was a means to preserve the other com- 
 pany. 
 
 Other relief was also seasonably sent in, 
 viz. a company of English and .Mohegin or 
 Pequod Indians under thiM;omniand of .Major 
 Treat, wlio was in the morning marching 
 another way, viz. up toward ."^ipiakeag to 
 seek after thi" enemy that w ay, with about 
 100 soldiers, Indiansand Kiujlish, upon whose 
 iipproiic-li, till" enemy, f<ielty well iici|uiiinteil 
 by this lust encounter with the valour of the 
 
 English, immediately went clear away, giv» 
 ing Major Treat and Capt. .Mosely, who re- 
 turned to Deerfield that night, an opportunity 
 to bury the slain the next day. As Capt. 
 Mosely came upon the Indians in the morn- 
 ing, he found them stripping \kie stain, amongst 
 whom was one Robert Dutch, of Ipswich, 
 having been sorely wounded by a bullet that 
 raised to his skull, and then mauled by the 
 Indian hatchets, was left for dead by the sav- 
 ages, and stript by them of ail but his skin ; 
 yet when Capt. ^Iosely came near, he almost 
 miracuUiusly, as one raised from the dead, 
 came towards the English, to their no small 
 amazement ; by whom being received and 
 clothed, he was carried off to the next garri- 
 son, and is living and in perfect health at this 
 day. May he be to the friends and relations 
 of the rest of the slain an emblem of their 
 more perfect resurrection at the last day to 
 receive their crowns among the rest of the 
 martyrs that have laid down and ventured 
 their lives, as a testimony to the truth of their 
 religion, as well as love to their country. 
 
 'Ihis sore defeat of Capt. Lothrop and liis 
 men, was the more to be lamented, in that 
 (falling out so sorn after two other of the like 
 nature) it so emboldened the enemy, that they 
 durst soon after adventure upon considerable 
 towns, though well garrisoned with soldiers, 
 and gave them occasion of most insolently 
 braving the garrison at Deerfield the next day, 
 hanging up the garments of the English in 
 sight of the soldiers, yet on the oilier side of 
 the river. However, it pleased (iod, who is 
 always wont to remember his people in their 
 low estate, to put such a restraint upon tliem, 
 that when they passed very near the garrison 
 house at Deerfield, wherein were not left 
 above 27 soldiers) ihitir captain using this 
 stratagem, to cause his trumpet to sound, as 
 if he had another troop near by to be called 
 together, they turned another way and made 
 no attempt upon the house where that small 
 number was, which if they had done with any 
 ordinary resolution, so small a handful of men 
 could hardly have withstood the force of so 
 many hundreds as were then gathered together. 
 
 What loss the enemy sustained by the resis- 
 tance of Capt. Lothrop and his men, (who 
 no doubt being all resolute young men, and 
 teeing they should be forced by the hard law 
 ofthe sword to forego their lives, held them 
 at as high a rate as they could) is not cerlainlv 
 known. It hath since Ijeen confessed by some 
 of the Indians themselves, that they lost 90 
 of their men that day. Capt. .Mosely's men 
 coming suddenly upon them when they were 
 pillaging of the dead, fell upon them with 
 such a smart assault, that they drove lliem 
 presently into a swamp, following them so 
 closo, that forsevenmilestogether, they finight 
 them upon a march, charging them through 
 and through. Perez Savage, and Mr. Picker- 
 ing, his lieutenants, deserve no little part of 
 the honour of that day's service, being some- 
 times called to lead the company in the front, 
 while Capt. Mosely took a little breath, who 
 was almost melted with lab-iiiring, command- 
 ing, and leading his men through the midst of 
 the enemy. 
 
 The Indians gathered together in thoso 
 parts, appearing so numerous, and, as might 
 justly be supposed, growing more confider.t 
 by Home of their liite successes, and the num- 
 ber of our men beiiig aiier this sad rale dimiii- 
 
■ Wf nt clear away, giv 
 Capt. MosL'h-, w ho r(«. 
 lat iiii;lit, an o])|)()rtunity 
 ! next day. As Capt. 
 a Jtiiliuns in tlie niorn- 
 ppin;,' t^ie slain, amonrrgi 
 -Tt Dutch, of Ipswich, 
 ounded by a bullet that 
 id then mauled by the 
 left for dead by the sav. 
 em of all bi.t'his skin; 
 ly came near, he almost 
 raised from the dead, 
 iglish, to their no small 
 m being received and 
 'd off to the next garri- 
 in jierfect liealth at this 
 lie friends and relations 
 in an emblem of their 
 lion al the last day to 
 among the rest of the 
 d down and ventured 
 >ny to the truth of their 
 e to their country. 
 Capt. Lothrop and his 
 I be lamented, in that 
 er twoother of ihelikc 
 -'<1 the enemy, that they 
 ture ujHin considerable 
 rrisoned with soldiers, 
 ion of most insolently 
 Deerfield t!ie ne.xt day, 
 ents of the English m 
 et on the other side of 
 it pleased (Jod, who is 
 iber his peof)le in their 
 I a restraint upon them, 
 very near the garrison 
 A-herein were not left 
 ittir captain using this 
 3 truinjiet to sound, as 
 p near by to be called 
 another way and mmle 
 ouse where' that small 
 they had done with any 
 small a handful of men 
 listood the force of so 
 then gathered together. 
 ■ sustained by the resis- 
 'P and his men, (who 
 ()lute young men, and 
 'orced by the hani law 
 their lives, held them 
 could) is not certaitilv 
 een conlessed by some 
 ves, that they "lost 90 
 Capt. Mosely's men 
 lliem when they Were 
 fell upon them wiih 
 lat they drove theiii 
 ', following them so 
 8 together, they foiiirht 
 arging them 'through 
 vage.andMr. I'icker- 
 -•rvo no little part of 
 service, being some- 
 company in the front, 
 t a little breath, who 
 lalnuring, command- 
 tliroughthe midst of 
 
 J together in those 
 •rcHis, and, as might 
 *'iiig more confident 
 fes<es, and the num. 
 r this sad ratediium- 
 
 THE INDIAN WARS. 
 
 ?" 
 
 isheJ, recruits also not being suddenly expect- from Westfield time enough for their rescue, | bullet passlnif through his own hair, by thai 
 ed, at so great a distance as iin hundred miles but wantin;; boats to transport his men, could i whisper telling hini'thiit lealh was very near 
 from all supplies, the commander in chief with not d. I so murh as he ,lrsu-ed. Major Pyn-Jbut did him no other hiinn. Nl.'ht comino 
 the olhcers, saw a necessity of liirhting that cliori cmiiiir from ILidlev with Ciipt. Apple- >», it could not be discerned what h.ss tht ene"' 
 garrison at Deerfi.-ld, employing the foj-ces ton atid what forces they" could bring alon 
 they had to secure and strengthen the three «ii!i ih 
 next towns below upon Connecticut river. 
 
 pre< 
 
 ;;' my sustained, divers were seen to fall, sortie 
 
 ,32 houses lieinsr firj-t consumed,! run through a small river, others cist their "uns 
 1... - c .1... *, 1" i_.-_ ';... .1 * . -. 1 - 1 • '" 
 
 ed the rest of the town from lieingj into the water, it bein" their 
 
 And it was well that coupsel was thought turned to ashes, in which the over creduhius 
 upon; for now those wretched oaitilfs begin ; inhabitants might now see (what before they 
 to talk of great matters, hoping that by de- would not now believe at the burning Majo"r 
 grees they might destroy all the towns there- Pynchon's barns and stables a few days be- 
 
 abouts, as thi-y had already begun: their 
 hopes, no doubt, were not a little heigthened 
 by the accession (>f the Springfield Indians to 
 their party, who had in appearand' all this 
 time stood the firmest to the interest of the 
 Emjllsh of all the rest in those parts : but they 
 all hanging together, like serpent's ei.'(js, were 
 easily persuaded to join with those of Hadley 
 (there being so near alliance l«"tween them, 
 for the sachem of the Springfield Indians was 
 f.ither of Hadley sachem) not oirly by the suc- 
 cess of their treacherous and blood thirsty 
 coinpanio ■, but by the same inbred malice 
 and antipathy against the English manners and 
 religion. 
 
 The inhabitants of Springfielil were not in- 
 peiisllile of their danjer, and therefore had 
 uptiri the first breaking forth of those troubles 
 been treating with their Indians, and had receiv- 
 ed from them tin? firmest assurance and pledijes 
 of their fiitbfulnes? and fricMidship that could 
 beiin.igineil or ilesired, both by covenant, pro- 
 ml-cs, and bost.iires given for security, so as 
 no doubt was left in any of their iiiinds; yet 
 did these fiithlessand unsrratefiil monsters plot 
 v/lth Philip's Indians to burn ami destroy all 
 Springfield, as thi'v h.iil done Hrookfielil be- 
 fore. To that end they sent "unniii'jly and 
 titiced away the hosta>res from Hartfird, 
 vrherethey were perha ps too serun^ly watched 
 r'pr, a <lav or twi> before : then receivim; 
 rI out ihrei- hunrlred of Philip's Itiilians into 
 liieir fort, privately in the night time, so as 
 they were neither discerned or suspected. 
 Vea so confitlerit were such of the inhabitunts 
 as were most conversint with the Indians at 
 their f irt, that they woiiM not believe there 
 was any such plot in hand, when it was 
 strangely revealed by one Toto, an Indian at 
 W'iii.lsor, (about 19 or 20 miles below Spring- 
 field, upon tin- same river) better affected to 
 the Eni;li«h. and so by post tidings brought !o 
 SpriiiL'fii'ld the night bi'Tore, insomuch that 
 the lieutenant of the town. Cooper iiy name, 
 was 3,1 far fnnii believing the- stratagem, that 
 III till' tnoniinij hiinself with anotln'r would 
 vi'iiiuie to ride up to tin' f irt, to see whether 
 tliiiiijs were so or not. Tin.' fort was about a 
 mile from the town ; when he cami; within a 
 liilU' thereof, be met these bloody and deceit- 
 ful uionsters, newly issued out of their E'l'iuf 
 Triijitnii^ to act their iiitendeil tnischii'f ; thev 
 presently fired upon him, divers of them, auil 
 shot him In several places through the body, 
 vet being a man of stout couraL'e, tie kept his 
 liorsetill he reeovereil the next i;arrisoii house, 
 his coinp'inioii they shotilead upon 'he place; 
 by tliis means givinsr ii sad alarm to tin town 
 of their iutiMided mischief which was ins.antlv 
 fireil ill all places where there no gKr.-ifons. 
 
 fore, to the very great damasre of the owner 
 the faithless and ileceitfiil friendship among 
 these |)erfidious, cruel and liellish monsters. 
 
 Among the ruins of the said dwellings, the 
 saddest to behold was the bouse of Mr. Pela- 
 tiah Clover, minister of the town, furnished 
 with a brave library, which he had but newly 
 brought back from a srarrison wherein it had 
 been for some time before secured, but as if 
 the danger had been over with them, the said 
 minister, a great student, and an hilliio lihrn- 
 rum, being impatient fiir want of his books, 
 brought them back to his great sorrow, fit for 
 a bonfire fir tlin proml insulting enemy. Of 
 all the mischiefs dor.e by the said enemy be- 
 fore that day the burning of this town of 
 ,Sprin;.'field did more than any other discover 
 the said actors to be the children of the devil, 
 full of all subtlety and malioe, there having 
 been for about 40 years so good correspon- 
 (b'lice betwixt the English of that town and 
 the neighbouring Indians. Hut in them is 
 maile irood what is said in the Psalm, That 
 though their wonls were smoother than oil, 
 yet were they drawn swords. 
 
 After some little time siient in garrisonlntr 
 the place, and helping the inhabitants to secure 
 what they had left, the Enslish soldiers most 
 of them returned back to Hadley, their head 
 ipiarters, and Major Pynchon lieinsr so full of 
 incumbrances, by reason of the late spoils dmie 
 to himsell', and his neighbours at Sprloijfield, 
 could not any longer attend the service of coni- 
 inandiii'.;' in chief as he had done befiire, 
 wherefore beinir according to his earnest re- 
 ipiest of the council eased of that burden ; 
 Capt. Samuel A[i|)leton was ordered to suc- 
 ceed in takm;; the charge of the soldiers left 
 in those upjier towns, by whose industry, 
 skill aiiil couriii;e, those towns were preserved 
 from running the saint? fate with the rest, 
 wholly or in iiart so lately turned into ashes. 
 For the enemy growiiii; very confident by the 
 late successes, came with all their fury the 
 10th of ( )ctober fnllowini.' iipim Hatfield, hop- 
 ing' no less than to ilo the like mischief to them, 
 they had done to Springfield. But accordiiii: 
 to till' !:""d Providence of Almi'_'hty (lod, 
 Major Treat was newly returned to Xortli- 
 ampton, Cipt. Mosely and Capt. Poole were 
 then iiarrisimin? the said Hatfield, and Capt. 
 .■\ppleton lor the like end ijiiarterin? at Had- 
 ley, when on a sudden 7 or 800 of the enemy 
 came upon the town in all quarters, having 
 first killed or taken two or three scouts belonir- 
 ing to Capt. Mosely's company : but they 
 were so well entertaineil on all hamis where 
 thev attempted to bienk in upon the town, 
 that they f uind it too hot for thetti. Major 
 ■\ppleton with sreat nuirase defending one 
 
 manner to ven- 
 ture as much to recover the dead bodies of 
 their friends, as to defend them when alive. 
 
 At last after burning of some few barns 
 with some other buildings, the enemy basted 
 away as fast as they came on, leaving thb 
 English to bless (lod who had so mercifully 
 delivered them from the fury of their mer- 
 ciless foes, who had in conceit without doubt, 
 devoured them all : But this resolute and 
 valiant repulse, put such a check u[>on the 
 pride of the enemy, that they made no further 
 attempt upon any of those towns for the pre- 
 sent, but winter drawing on, they retired all 
 of them to their general rendezvous at Xar- 
 raganset, plotting their general design of ac- 
 complishing their intended mischief against 
 the English the next s|)ring. 
 
 Our western plantations upon Connecticut 
 river, the stage whereon were acted the most 
 remarkable passages <if this barbarous war 
 hitherto, was .soon after removed into many 
 other places of the country in the winter and 
 spring following, whither our discourse must 
 ill the next place pursue it. There was not 
 any great matter actt d by the enemy amongst 
 the jilantaticms upon the great rivi?r during 
 the winter, alter tiie assault maile iipim Hat- 
 field, October 10th. It is evident that the 
 body of them returned to Xarraganset upon 
 the approach of the? winter, which set in more 
 early than it used in other years. Whi're 
 Philip iiestowed himself in the winter season 
 is not so certain; some say that he repaired 
 further westward, to try his firtuno with 
 those Indians that lie towards Albany near 
 the Dutch river : (.)tliers more jirobably con- 
 ceive that he lay hid in some part of the 
 Xarraiianset comurv ; for tnniign ne was not 
 certainly known to be about tin? fort at Xar- 
 raganset, when it was taken by our forces in 
 the winter, yet as soon as ever they were 
 driven out of till' country in Febrnnry, he was 
 found amongst them that did the miscliief at 
 Lancaster in that month. 
 
 Some stragijling parlies of them remaineil 
 about Xorthamptoii, Westfield and SpriiiL'field 
 sometime alter their defeat at Hatfield : Se\eu 
 or eitrht of the inhabitants of Xorthaniplon in 
 the end of October, venturing to fetch itisimie 
 of their harvest, that was left siunewhere out 
 of town, were in danger of being surprised, 
 baviiifr laid tlii'ir arms under their -art, so 
 that beiiis; di'stitute of means to make theit 
 defence, they wi're glad to fiy away with the 
 horses out oil' their carts, leaving what they 
 were abinit to the pleiisiire of the Iiiiliann 
 that assaulted them. Major Treat upon hear 
 iiig the alarm, presently repaired thither, but 
 could not come time enough to destroy any 
 of : enemy, nor yet to pri'vent their burn- 
 ing of fiiir or five houses, with two or three 
 barns that stood somewhat out of the town. 
 Within a. little titne after they killed three of 
 the same town, as thev were at work in a 
 
 pe..ple 
 
 iaviii<j not an olRier to lead 'em} of the town, and Capt. Poole the other, meailow not fir from the town: They inteiid- 
 
 Tli 
 
 thein beiii'g like sheep ready fir the slauu:hter, end ; that they were by the resolution 
 
 Uiid he duibt the whole town had been tot.illv I Eiiijlisli instantly beolen olT. without doinsr'well guarded by two files c 
 
 iifthe ed also to have burned tin 
 
 , but it was too 
 f musketeers 
 
 
 
 destroyed, nut th:it a report of the plot beiiii; iiiiiih ^arm. Capt. Apiileton's serje.iiit was lod>;ed there fiir the purpose, who put them 
 
 lurriti, 
 
 J abi 
 
 inil over in 
 
 4!t 
 
 gilt, Major Treat came ■ mortally woiinJed just by his side, another" beside their intent Si.x or seven fier 
 
649 
 
 THK INDIAN WARS. 
 
 from Snriiii»fii!lJ soon after jj;(>iii'^ t> llif! in II 
 at WVsttiolJ (tliiit wliicli hclmigi'd to tlirir 
 own Ijuiiifj buriiOuOcloJicr Sth) urnl veiitciriiig 
 without Hrms, tlireo of tlit'm wito killed liy 
 soinu of tliu uiioiny ; wlio took tljo lulviintaLjo 
 also to burn fiiiror Kve licUHi-s tliat hi'longcd 
 to tliu siiid Westfiold : But by tlio i-tid of 
 November ttie const wiis pretty clear of tlu-rn, 
 except some few of them that lay lurking in the 
 Bwamps tbereaboula a'l the winter, doing 
 some small mischief upon some out dwell- 
 ings of Springfield. 
 
 'I'lio expedition into the Narragansct conn- 
 try following in order in the next place to be 
 related; but bi-fore we come thither, a lillle 
 notice must bo taken by the way, of an unsuc- 
 cessful attempt upon t)ii! Indians about Has- 
 sanemesit* and Popachnog, whither Cant, 
 llouchman was sent in the beginning of No- 
 vember; where also Capt. Still was ordered 
 to meet liiin with another company fiom 
 Cambiidge, with intent to have beat up the 
 Indian (piarti'is in those parts: They being 
 known to have hid an hand in the outra','es 
 eouinillted upon those that belonged to Jlarl- 
 borougli and Mendham, cutting off the scn'.p 
 of a miller's boy, who is yet alive. 
 
 Niivcmhcr \.:t. 1G7.1. — Capt. Ilenchmii 
 marched out of Rostmi, intending to visit t'lCr 
 Indians about llassanemesit : The third, day 
 they saw some fires of the Indians, yet could 
 not meet with those that made them: 'I'he 
 4lh day they marched tosomepartof tlie Indian 
 plantations called Hassanemesit : The captain 
 would have taken up his (juarters a mile on 
 this .side but some of his olFicers overrided 
 liim, to whose imporlunify he gavi? way, and 
 marched a mile further towards the enemy, 
 md by that means saved the miller's youth, 
 taken the week before from .Marlborough; 
 for in the morning, \'c\-\! early, as the scouts 
 were looking out they spied a wigwam, where 
 some Indians that had carrii'd away the youth, 
 had lodged all night, or iji some wigwam near 
 bv. When the Indians saw our solduus, 
 thev hasteil awiy and left the Marlborough 
 youtli behind them, who by that means es- 
 caped their liamls. Our men under cijit. 
 HerK^hman manhed on to Poppachuog, and 
 finding the Indians all fled, (alihough they 
 perceived by a messenger, accident.illy sent 
 back, that the Indians f.illowe.l thiun all the 
 way ihey marched) iliey came l.iick to Mend- 
 liain to settle things in that town. Some of 
 the inhabitants informed them of some wig- 
 wams about ten mih's o(V: The captain with 
 Philip Curtice, his lieut. resolved to give 
 thorn a caioisado in their wlirwainsthat ni^ht : 
 To that end they mounted "i'l upon horses, 
 riding npti'ii miles uito the woods, and when 
 ihey came near the wiu'wanis, they dismount- 
 ed, and intended presently to march up, and 
 give an assault U[)oii tlnun, alter they had first 
 gave a shout to fright the enemy : Thi-y or- 
 dered one half to follow the lieutenant, the 
 other to fidlow the captain, when they came 
 within a quarter of a mile of the place, their 
 dogs began to bark, at which they sloppeil, 
 unJ by marching again, intended presently 
 te fire it upon them, but the captain's foot 
 slipping, he could hardly recover himself, 
 when suddenly looking behind him, he saw 
 no man following him : The lieutenant had 
 five bijhind him, who with those five reso- 
 lutely tired on that side be was aiiiiointed to 
 * duiiiuiimoii calluJ HuiiaaiiuaaMiu, iiuw (jraUun* 
 
 I make the assault upon; but they were re- 
 pulsed by tlio (ndians, wlio fning out of their 
 dens, shot down the lieutenant and ano 
 ther, the rt!st pri'sently ran awav to a fence : 
 The captain with all voheincncy urged thcuii 
 to stay ; they replieil, they went back only to 
 chargi', yet went clear away by wliicli means, 
 together with the cowardice of the former, so 
 sad a loss befel the company, as could not 
 easily be rejiaired : However the enemy pre- 
 sently deserted ihi! wigwam and gave our men 
 the next day an o|)portuiiily to fetch off their 
 two dead men, and bu;y them, and .so with 
 grief and shame they were constrained to re- 
 turn to their tjuarters at Mendham, to whose 
 iidnibitants tin'y gave notice of 200 bushels 
 of corn belonging to the Indians, that might 
 have b(!enprescrved, whidi for want of hands 
 uas lost by the fire, that tl;e enemy might not 
 be benefitted thereby. It appears by the fore- 
 going passage that thetimi" of our deliverance; 
 was not yet come, and that (Jod had further 
 trials to acquaint ns with before he would turn 
 his hand upon our enemies. I>ut it pleased 
 t!ie Lord so to order things that they them- 
 selves li.'ll into that pit they were digging fiir 
 others, as ohall appear more fully in what 
 follows. 
 
 Tin; I'Inglish plantations about Iladley be- 
 i;!g ler the present set a little at liberty by 
 the Indians drawing ofi", like .seamen after a 
 storm, counted it their best course to repair 
 their tackling against another that may be 
 next ccuniiiiT, wherel'ore the inhabitants con- 
 cluded it the safer way to make a kind of 
 l>arricado about their towns, by setting up pal- 
 lisadoes or cleft wood, about eight feet long, 
 as it wer(? to break the fi)rce of any sudden 
 assault which the Indians might make upon 
 them ; which counsel proved \ery successful ; 
 for although it be an inconsiderable defence 
 igainst a warlik(> enemy, that hath strength 
 'tiough and confidence to bi'siege a place, yet 
 it is suHicient to prevetit any sudden assault 
 of such a timorous and barbannis enemy as 
 these were, fir alihough they did afterwards 
 in the spring break ihrouirh these pallisadoes 
 at Norlhain])t<m, yet as soon as ever they be- 
 gan to he repulsed, they saw themselves like 
 wolves in a pound, that they could not fiy 
 away at thejr jileasuri", so they never ven- 
 tured to break ihrough alierwards upon any 
 of the towns so secured. 
 
 As fir those of i^prinijfield they were now 
 and then alarini'd With a few skulking Indians 
 liirkin;,' about in the adjacent woods ; as once 
 at the Ijon>; Meadow, where half a score of 
 llurm were seen about an house remote from 
 the town, who were pursued by a party of 
 tilt* IOut:lish lowarils Windsor, aiut so es- 
 caped, after the IOiil'IisIi had madi.' one shot 
 upon them, not knowing certainly how many 
 ihey killed. So at another time, a (^'\\• of 
 ihosi" barbarous wri'tches killi-d a poor man 
 belonging to Spriiigfielil, as ]w was going to 
 his house to look alter his corn, on the ether 
 side of the river, and after they ha<l killed 
 the man they burnt down his house ; yet at- 
 tempted no further mischief on that part of 
 the town that had escaped the fury of the 
 flames, October H. Hy whiih it is evident, 
 that all the number of Iinlians that had as- 
 saulted ihem befiire, had withdrawn them- 
 selvi's now to their winter <piaiters, some to 
 the Dutch riii'r, but the ^^reiitesl number of 
 them to III' sure w<.'re fouii I in liio winter at 
 
 the Niirragaiiset fiirt, when' we shall leave 
 them fiir the present till tlie forces of the 
 united colonies shall lire them out of their 
 nests. 
 
 The soldiers continuing some time at Hat- 
 field after this victory, as we niav well call it, 
 (for it seems to have given the first check to 
 the rage of the heathen within the jurisdiction 
 of the unili.'d colonies, they have been oii- 
 serveii ever since to havi; been on the losin.' 
 hand, seldom or ever daring to iiu'ct our 
 soUliers in the open field, unless when they 
 had very great advantage as to their nninber.i 
 or covert of the woods and bushes : Although 
 like some raging beasts they jiave done 
 much mi.scliief several tiiiu'S since, when tliey 
 were ready to expire, or when the pangs of 
 death were cmning upon them) our forces 
 were all calli:d home, save some left fiir e.ir- 
 risoning the towns thereabouts. 
 
 The commissioners of thi? united colonies 
 taking into serious consideration the present 
 state of things, viz. tliat there were befon? 
 this time so manv hundreds gathered tntreilnr 
 into one body, and that ihei-e was great ri'ii- 
 son to fi'ar, if they were let alone till the 
 next spring they might all rise togi'ther as ono 
 man round about ns and that one nWvr arrotlier 
 might easily be di'sii-oyed, befiire any help 
 could be despatched to them. On the one 
 liarrd, the sharpness of the winter in these 
 pai-ts was well weighed, so extreme that it 
 might hazard the loss of a thousand men in 
 one night, if they were forced to lodi;e abroail 
 in the open field ; as also the diincnltv, if iini 
 impossibility of si'inliiigany relief to them :il 
 any ilistaiice, the depth of snow nsnally innk- 
 irig the ways impassable for divers months 
 togetln.'r. 
 
 On tlie otlier hand It was considiU'ed, tlmt 
 if the enemy wi'i-e let alone till lln; next sim- 
 mer, it would be impossible to dial withllieiu 
 or find them any where, bin they ini:;ht wal.' 
 ono company of' soldiers after aiiotln-r, as w.i-^ 
 si'en by the experience of the firmer vear 
 Considi'ring also that the Narriiiiaiisets, lii' 
 most nimnu'ous of all the ri'st, and the be.-t 
 provided fiir provision of all theoiher Indian , 
 had now declared iheinselves our eneniie,-, 
 who if they were let alone till the winter was 
 over, wo should be unable to ih'al with so 
 many enemies at once, that could on anv nc- 
 casion spread themselves like girisshoppei s 
 all over the counlry. 
 
 It was thereliiri' finally aeri'ed upon by the 
 general consent of all, to fill upon ihe winter 
 ipinrters <if our enemies, by a more cinisni- 
 I'l-abh' army (if I may so call it) galhered oi.t 
 of all the three colonies, and thiit with nil 
 expedition, at fiirthest not to exceed the Idiii 
 of Di'cemlier, befiire they should hine a 
 thousan.l nnui in arms, ready fiu- the desiiiri. 
 
 As fin' the late league made or rather reneu. 
 ed with the Narragansels, iFw assunicier.tly im i- 
 limit and known, that they had all along flum 
 the first day when it was cimfirnied, lirokrii 
 evi'ry article ol it, especially in not deliveiini; 
 up the enemies, which had sheltered tlnni- 
 selves with thi'in all this while, which thoiiMii 
 they did not positively deny, yet did nothing 
 but fiii'l excuses, to defi^r it one w<'ek iifier 
 another, till at last they would he excused nil 
 the next spring upon pi'<'terice that thi'V could 
 not befoi'e that time get them togelher. .■\ii.l 
 besides the fivourili;; of lllo«e llial lied to 
 theni, and sujiplyii.g the wiiole body of ilm 
 
I, « lu'if \vi: shall leave 
 
 lit till tlie t'orcus of tlio 
 
 lire tlit'tn out of their 
 
 iiuing somo time at Hat- 
 
 ,', 113 wi" may well rail it, 
 given ilie (ii-st check lo 
 pii within ihejuiisiliclioii 
 I'S, thi'y have hei'ii on- 
 have lieeii on the losing 
 er ihiriiiij lo meet oiw 
 liehi, unless when tliey 
 iliige as Id their miiiiher.i 
 3 ami Imshes : Alihoiiyh 
 beasts ihey have tlnnu 
 il tinu'S since, when ihey 
 e, or when the paiifjs of 
 upon them) our forces 
 '. save some left for "ai- 
 ereanouls. 
 
 9 of ihe uniieil colonies 
 insiilerali.iM llie prer-eiil 
 lliat there were liefore 
 iclretis jralhered tojjellier 
 hat there was great rea- 
 wei-e h't alone till lljo 
 It all rise together as oiio 
 ml thai one after anollier 
 roved, hefori- any In Ip 
 I to them. On the oiii> 
 of the winter in iIh-m- 
 led, so extreme that it 
 I of a thousand men in 
 e forceil to lndiie iihroad 
 also the dilliculty, if nut 
 ingaiiy relief to them at 
 ill of snow usually inak- 
 lalile for divers inoiiths 
 
 it was considered, thul 
 
 aloiii" till the next suni- 
 
 issihle to di 111 with iheiii 
 
 ri', lull lliey might waile 
 
 •rs after another, as \\a* 
 
 ice of the firmer vear 
 
 t the Narninansi'ls, lii- 
 
 I the rest, and the b.vt 
 
 of all the other Indian , 
 
 emsclves our eiiemie.-, 
 
 Uiiie till the winter was 
 
 iiialile lo ileal with so 
 
 that could on any or- 
 
 Ives like' grasshopneis 
 
 ;illy aiirced upon hy lli,' 
 to fall upon the winter 
 es, liy a more consi.i- 
 so call il) gathered out 
 ies, and that with ail 
 
 not lo exceed the lOiii 
 they should have a 
 
 ready for the desii^n. 
 
 maile or rather renew- 
 Is, (Fw iissnniciei.lly ei i- 
 
 ley hiul all along fi.nii 
 was ciinfirmeil, iiroki ii 
 cially in not deliveiiiu; 
 I had sheltered llieiii- 
 \s while, which llionuli 
 
 deny, yi'l did nothing 
 lel'er it one week after 
 would he excnsi'd I'll 
 retenc(? that tln.'V cotild 
 I llielil log.'llier. And 
 
 of ihose mat lied lo 
 the \v!iolo body of liiii 
 
 A NARRATIVE OF 
 
 648 
 
 enemy with victuals, upon nil occasions. Ililui.y ; Major Robert Treat for the forces be- 
 was likewise strongly suspected that ill all the longing to Connecticut, and .M; ior 15ra<lford 
 hue proceedings of the uneiiiy, many of their] for those of the colony of I'lymoutli, and 
 young men were known to bo actually in Major Samiiid Appleton, for those of .Massa- 
 
 arnis against us, many of whom were found 
 either wounded amongst them in their wig- 
 wams, or elsewhere occasionally seen return- 
 ing back, after exploits abroad, to ba healed 
 of llieir wounds at home. Also some of our 
 men's guns that were lost at Deerfiehl, were 
 round in ihe fort when it was fired. There- 
 line all scruples na to the justness and neces- 
 sity of the warlieing removed, the only (]iie9- 
 lion was, whether it were feasible and expe- 
 dient in the winter. The exigence wa.s very 
 great, ami the choice very liard : But as Daviij 
 when he was straitened with many dilfi- 
 cullies at once, chose ratlier to full into the 
 hands of (lod whose mercies were great, 
 though he might be provoked to cause his jeal- 
 ousy to smoke againat those of his own heri- 
 t ige for a time; so in this exigence it was 
 generally conceived to bo most expedient for 
 the country lo cast themselves upon the pro- 
 vidence of a merciful and gracious God, rather 
 til 111 by delays to expose themselves to the 
 treachery and cruelty of a perfidious enemy, 
 .\ war, iherefire, speedily to be carried on 
 in the very depth of winter, being agreed 
 noon, care was taken for supplies, as the diHi- 
 ciillv of such an alVair so circumstanced did 
 reipiire, though possibly not with so much ne- 
 cessary care and (.o suitable provi3ions, ashad 
 bi'eii desired, if what came afterwards lo pass 
 could hiivi! been forseen (which peradventiire 
 might be the reason things went on so In'avily 
 for wHiitof well oiling the' wheels) in the mean- 
 time a small army of a thousand fighting men, 
 well appointed, were ordered bythe commis- 
 rioners lo be gathered by proportion out of 
 all the colonies, of which niimber the share 
 of .Massachusetts was lo be ,527, the rest were 
 to be supplied out of Plymoiilh and Connec- 
 ticut colonies : All other supplies were taken 
 care fir, as well as the suddenness of the ex- 
 pi'dition, and diHiciilty of the season would 
 allow. The sai<l llioiisand men besides some 
 volunteers of Indian friends, w>'ri! bv the 
 lime and place nppointeil as near as couhl be 
 had, called together, and a coiiimisslon grant- 
 ed lo the honourable dosiah W'inslow, Ksip 
 the present governor of Plymouth colony, a 
 man of known ability and integrilv, every 
 way so well ipialified with coiiriige and reso- 
 lution, as well as prudence and dis<'relion, as 
 might have preferred him to the condiicl of a 
 fir greater army than ever 's like lobe gatlier- 
 eil together in this part of the world, in this 
 or the following generations. .And indeed, 
 as he was the first governor over any of the 
 united colonies in Ni'W Kiighmd, of them that 
 were born in the place, so may be, he will 
 piss for a pattern to ihe succeeding race, that 
 may come after. 
 
 Under him as commander in chief, were 
 ordered six (ompanies from Massachusetis, 
 under the commaiul of Major Ap|iletini, 
 ('aptains Mosidy, (iardiner, DaviMiporl, Oli- 
 ver, ami Johnson ; five companies from Con- 
 necticnl under Major Treat, Captains Sielv, 
 (iailop. Mason, Walts, ami Marshall; two 
 companies from Plymouth under Major llrad- 
 ford, and ('aplain (loruin. 
 
 t'nder the jiovernor of Plymoul 
 
 cliuselts, to whom by the bononrnble major- 
 general of the Colony were six companies of 
 loot; Delivered at Dedham, December the 
 9th, ICtTH, containing in number -IC.i fighting 
 men, besides a troop of horse, under the com- 
 mand of Capf. Thomas Prentice, attending 
 upon llicm. That niglit they marched to 
 Wood.'ock's, iibout 27 miles from Dedham. 
 The next night lliey arrived at Seaconk ; 
 Capt. Mosely and his company went from 
 • hence with .Mr. .Smith by water; the rest 
 ferried over the water to Providence. 
 
 The next day, December 12tli, they passinl 
 over Patuxet river, and then marchlngthroUi;li 
 Poinhnm's country, at night lliey met with 
 Capt. Mosely Hrd his company, at .Mr. Smith's 
 in Wlckford, the place intended for their 
 head (juarlers. Capt. Mosely in big way 
 thither had happily surprised 'M> Indians, one 
 of whom he took along with him as a giiiile, 
 Peter by name, that was at that time under 
 some disgust with his counlrymen, or his sa- 
 chem, which made him prove the more real 
 friend to our forces in that service, wherein 
 he faithfully performed what he promised, 
 and without liis assistance oiir men would 
 have been much at a loss to have found the 
 enemy, until it had been too late to have 
 foiiirlit them. 
 
 Two days after, December 1 Ith, five files 
 of men sent out tindt'r Si^rjeant IJeiinel, and 
 another upmi the sccnit killed one man and 
 one woman, and brought in four more by 
 one o'clock : The whole company marched 
 after into some of the country, where they 
 burnt l/iO wigwams, killed 7 of the enemy, 
 and brought in 8 prisoners when they return- 
 ed at night. 
 
 'I'lie next day an Indian called Stone-wall 
 .lohn, pretended lo come from the sachems, 
 intimating ibeir willingness to have peace 
 with the Kiiglish, yet could the messenger 
 hardly forbear ihreateiiing, boasling of their 
 numbers niul their slrengih, luhling withal 
 that till' Knglish durst not fight lliem ; What- 
 ever were pri'lended by this treacherous fel- 
 low, some of his crew as Ik" went home met 
 with some of (lapt. (l.irdiner's men, that wi-re 
 slragL'liDg about their own business, contrary 
 lo order, and slew his sergeant with one or 
 two more, '{"wo also of Capt. Oliver's men 
 were killed in like manner; a solemn warn- 
 ing for soldiers not to be too veiitiirous in an 
 enemy's country. For preventing the like 
 mischief upon other companies, more care 
 was taki'n as they passed to the head (juarters, 
 some of the companies being lodged three 
 miles therefrom. Ciipl. Mosely's, ('apt. Da- 
 veiijiort's, and Capt. Oliver's coiii|ianles being 
 also sent about that time to bring Major Ap- 
 plelon's to the general quarters, a few despe- 
 rate Indians crce|)ing undiT a stonewall near 
 the place, fired iwenly or thirty guns at 
 Mosely in particular, a commander well 
 known amongat them, but the rest of the com- 
 pany rnnnint: down upon them, killed one 
 and scalti'red ihe rest. 
 
 The next day Capt. Prentice with his Irooji. 
 ibelniisi'nt lo Pellyiiuiiniscot, retnriieil with 
 IS com- 1 the sail news of burninu' .lerry Ihill's garrison- 
 Inander in eh .'f in this espedilion, were seiit|liouse and killiiiL' I" I'lnelishmen ami ."> wo- 
 a:; im^or of the forces belonijini^ to <'iirh co-lincn uiid children, bm two osciiued in all. 
 
 This is the chance of war viliieh they who 
 indertook must prepare to iinderi;o. 
 
 The next day lironght from the same place 
 1 little better news, though not enough to 
 balanci! the sorrow of tln^ir I'ormer, viz. that 
 Connecticut forces were come thither with 
 hree hiimlred h^nglish, and an hundred and 
 fifty .Mohegins, ready fixed for war on the 
 behalf of the English against the Narragan- 
 set.s, their mortal enemies ; and by the way 
 meeting a party of the enemy, they .slew five 
 or six of them and look as many prisoner!!. 
 The whole number of all our forces being now 
 come, the want of provision w ith the sliarfinesB 
 f the cohl, minded them of expedllion, wliere- 
 fiire, the very next day, the w hole body of l!ie 
 Massachusetts and Plymouth liircea marched 
 away to Petlyquaniscot, intending to engage 
 the enemy upon the first oppor.'unily that next 
 olfered itself : to w liicli lesol illon lho.se of 
 Connecticut presently consenteil, as 'loon as 
 they met together, which was about five 
 o'clock in the afternoon. Uull's house, intend- 
 ed for their general rendezvous, being unliap 
 plly burnt down two or three days before, 
 there was no shelter left either for oHicers or 
 privati- soldiers, so as they were necessitated 
 to march on toward ■he i-iiemy through the sno w 
 in a cold storiTiy evening, finding no other de- 
 fiance all that night, save the open air, nor any 
 oilier covering then a cold and moist fleece 
 of snow. 'I'hrough all these dillicultles they 
 marcheil from the break of the next day, 
 Decemiier I'.'tli, till one of the clock in the 
 ifternoon, without even fire to warm them, 
 ir respite to take any fiiod, save what they 
 could iliew In their march. 'I'liiis having 
 waded fourteen or fifteen miles through ihe 
 country of the old (^ueeii or Snake Sipiaw of 
 Narragansel. they came at one o'clock upon 
 the edgeot'the swamp, where their guide a;:- 
 siired them they should find Indians enough 
 befiire night. 
 
 Our fiirces chopping thus upon the seat of 
 the enemy, upon a. sudden, they had no lime 
 either to draw up in any order or firm of but- 
 tle, nor yet opportniilty to consult w here or 
 how lo assault. As they marched, Capt. 
 Mosely and Capt. Davenport led the |)!aii, 
 Major .\ppleton and (.'apt. Oliver brought up 
 iherearol .Massachusetts forces : (Jen. Win.s- 
 low with the I'lymoiilh fiirces inarched In the 
 centre; those of Coniieclleut came U[) in the 
 rear of the whole body : but the frontiers dis- 
 cerning Indians in the swamp, fired itrime- 
 dlalelv upon lliem, who answering our men 
 ill till! same language, retired presetilly into 
 the swamp, ourmen !■ 'low iiig lliem in amain, 
 without slaying fiirtlu' w<ird of command, as 
 if every one were ambitious who should go 
 first, never making any stand till ihey came 
 to the sides of the liirt, Into which the Indians 
 that first fired upon them betook iheinsidves. 
 It seems that there was but one entru lice into 
 the fiirt, though the enemy ftnind many ways 
 to come out, but neither the English or their 
 sjuide well knew on which side the entrance 
 lay ; nor was it easy to have made another; 
 wherefore the g'sid providence of Almighty 
 (lod is the more to be acknowleilged, who as 
 he leil Israel sometimes by the pillar of fire, 
 and the cloud of his presence, a right way 
 through the w Ihh'riiess, so did he now direct 
 our forces upon that tide of the fort, whero 
 tliev nii!:lil ohly enter llnoiigli, not wiiboiit 
 the utmost danger ajid hazard. Tlie fort W4« 
 
» i 
 
 m 
 
 644 
 
 THE INDIAN WARS. 
 
 i 'il 
 
 
 raised upon a kind of island orfive or six acres 
 of lisinfi; land in the midst of a swamp ; tlie 
 eidus of it were m.ule of pallisadoes, set up- 
 riglit, wiiicli was compassed alxmt with an 
 hedge of almost a rod thickness, tlirough 
 wliich there was no passing, unless tin v conld 
 have fired a way through, which then they 
 had no time to do. The place whore the In- 
 dians used ordinarily to enter themselves, was 
 upon a long tree over a place of water, where 
 but one man could enter at a time, and which 
 was so waylaid that they would have ! . jci 
 cutoff that had ventured there: hut atone 
 corner there was a gap made up only with a 
 long tree, about four or five feet from the 
 ground, over which men might easily pass : 
 but they had placed a kind of block-house 
 right over against the said tree, from whence 
 ihey sorely galled our men that first entered, 
 some being shot dead upon the tree, as was 
 Capt. Johnson ; and some as soon as they en- 
 tered, as was Capt. Davenport; so as they 
 that first entijred were forced presently to re- 
 tire, and fall upon their bellies, the fury of the 
 enemy's shot was pretty well spent, which 
 some companies that did not discern the dan- 
 ger, not observing, lost sundry of their men, 
 but at the last two companies beirig brought 
 up, besides the four that fir'^t marched up, they 
 animated one another, to make another assault, 
 one of the commanders erring -iit, thi 'i, 
 
 they run, which did soencourr^, the - -.s 
 that they presently entered amain. Alter a 
 considerable number were well entered, they 
 presently beat the enemy o»i f u .lanker on 
 the left hand, which did a litl'a she. our 
 men from the enemy's shot, till more L^ai-: up, 
 and so by degrees made up higher, first into 
 the middle, and then into the Uj>perend of the 
 fort, till at last they made the enemy all reiire 
 from their sconses, and fortified places, leav- 
 ing multitudes of their dead bodies upon the 
 place. Connecticut soldiers marching up in 
 the .-ear, being not aware of the dangerous 
 passage over the tree, in command of the ene- 
 my's block-house, were at their first entrance 
 many of them shot down, although they came 
 on with as g;illant resolution as any of the rest, 
 under the conduct of their wise and valiant 
 leader. Major Treat. 
 
 The brunt of the battle, or danger that day, 
 lav most upon the commanders whose part 
 it was to lead on their several companies in 
 the very face of death, or else all had been 
 lost; all of them with great valoiiraiid resoln- 
 tion of niinil, not at all afraid to die in so good 
 a cause, bravely led on their men in that des- 
 perate assault ; leaving llii-ir lives in the place 
 as the bi!St testimony of their valonr, and of 
 liive to the cause of God and their country. 
 No less than six bravi? captains fell that day 
 in the assault, viz. Oapt. Davenport, Capr. 
 (lardiner, Capt. .Iohns(Ui, of .Massmhusetls, 
 besiiles Lieutenant Upham, who died some 
 months after of his wounds received at that 
 time. Capt. Gallop also, and Capt. Sieley, 
 and Capt. Marshall were .slain, of those belong- 
 ing to ConnectioU colony. It is usually Been 
 that the valour of the soldiers is nnich wrap- 
 ped up in the lives of their commanders, yet 
 It was found here, that the soldiers were rather 
 enraged than discouraged by the loss of their 
 commanders, which madethetu redouble their 
 courage, ond not give bark after they were 
 entered a srcond lune, nil llicy Ind driviMi out 
 tlltiir uiiemies : .so alirr iion li liionj tuid iiianv 
 
 wounds dealt on both sides,the English seeing' 
 their advantage, began to lire the wigwams' 
 where was supposed to be many of the ene-j 
 my's women and children destroyed, by the] 
 firing of at least five or si.x hundred of their 
 smoky colls. 
 
 It is reported by them that first entered the 
 Indians' fort, that our soldiers came upon them 
 when they were ready to dress their diiuier, 
 but our sudden and une.xpected assault |int 
 them beside that work, making their cook 
 rooms too hot for them at that time, when they 
 and their mitchin fried together : and proba- 
 bly some of them eat their suppers in a colder 
 place that night: most of their provisi( ns as 
 well as their huts being then conti 'med with 
 fire, and those that were left alive forced to 
 hide themselves m a cedar swamp, not far off, 
 where they had nothing to defend themselves 
 from the cold but boughs of spruce and pine 
 trees : fi)r after two or three lu)urs fight, the 
 English became masters of the place, hut not 
 judging it tenable, after they had burned all 
 they coidd set fire upon, they were forced to 
 retreat, alter the daylight was almost qnile 
 spent, and were necessitated to retire to their 
 quarters, full fifteen or sixteen miles oft', some 
 say mon?, whither with their dead and wound- 
 ed men they were forced to march, a difficulty 
 scarce to be believed and not paralleled in any 
 form(?r age. 
 
 It is hard to say who ac()ulttcd themselves 
 best in that day's service, either the soldiers, 
 for their manlike valinir in fighting, or the 
 commandiTS fiir their wisdom and courage, 
 '.. ; ■n\ in the very face of death. — Thi're 
 uiij;ht one have seen the whole body of that 
 little regimental army, as busy as bees in a 
 hive, some bravely fighting with the enemy, 
 oth(!rs hauling off and carrying away the dead 
 tttid wounded men (which I rather note) that 
 none may want the due testimony of their 
 vttlourand faithfulness, though all ought to say, 
 not unto us, but unto thy name, O Lord, &c. 
 
 For though there might not be ahore three 
 our four hundred at any time within the fort 
 at once, yet the rest in their turns came up to 
 do what the exigence of the service required 
 in briniring off the dead and wounded men ; 
 the Massachusetts regimtrnt, together with 
 Capt. Mosely, was very serviceable, forby that 
 mtNins the fort being clear of the dead bodies, it 
 struck a greater terror into the eni'inv, to sec 
 but eight or ten dead bodies of the English 
 left, than to meet with so many hundreds of 
 their own slain and wounded carcasses. The 
 number of the slain was not tli-n known lui 
 the enemy's side, because our men were fi)r- 
 ceil to leavi' them on the ground ; but our vic- 
 tory was found iil'lerwards to be much more 
 consiihnable than at first was Mppreliended ; 
 for nithough our loss was very great not only 
 becaus(! of ihe desperiiteness of the attempt 
 itself (in such a season of the year, and at 
 such a distance from our quarters, whereby 
 many of our wounded men perished, which 
 might otherwise have been preserved, if they 
 had not been forci-d to march so many miles 
 in a colli snowy night, beflire they coidil be 
 dressed) yet the enemy lost so many of their 
 principal fighting men, their provision also was 
 by the burning of their wigwams, so much of 
 it spoiled at the lakinsj of their fort, and by 
 surprising so much of their corn about that 
 time also; that it was the oirasion of their 
 tot.d ruin afterwards : they being at that time 
 
 driven away from their liabitations, and put 
 by from planting for the next year, as well as 
 dej)rived of what they had in store for lh(! 
 present winter. What iinmliers of the enemy 
 were slain is uncertain, it was confessed by one 
 Potock, a great cotinsellor amongst them, 
 afterwards taken at Rhode Island, and )>ut to 
 death at Boston, that the Indians lost 700 
 fighting men that day, besides three hundred 
 that died of their wounds. The nund>er of 
 old men, women and children, that perished 
 either by fire, or that were starved with hun- 
 ger and cold, tione of them could tell. 'J'here 
 was above 80 of the English slain, and ISO 
 wounded, that recovered afterwards. 
 
 There were several circumstances in this 
 victory very remarkable. 
 
 First, The meeting with one Peter a fugi- 
 tive Indian, that upon some discontent, flying 
 from the Narragansets, olfeied himself to the 
 service of the English, and diil faithfully per- 
 form what he jiroinised, viz. to lead them to 
 the swamp where the Indians had sealed 
 themstdves within a fort raised upon an Is- 
 land of Ron earth, in the midst of a swamp, 
 whither none of the English coidd have piloted 
 them without his assistance, the place being 
 very near eighteen miles from the place where 
 they were qnart<'red. 
 
 Secondly, Their being by a special provi- 
 dence directed just to a place where they 
 found so easy an entrance, which if they had 
 missed, they could never have made a way 
 through the hedge, with which they had sur- 
 rounded the palisadoeg of the fort, in half a 
 day's time. 
 
 And Thirdly, If they had entered the way 
 left by the Indians for a passage, they might 
 have been cut olF, before they could have come 
 near their fortification. 
 
 Lastly, In directing their motion to begin 
 the assault just at theday they did, fiir if ihi'y 
 had deferred hut a day longer, there fell such 
 a storm of snow the next day that they could 
 not have passed through it in divers weeks 
 after ; and on a sudden, there fell such a thaw, 
 that melted away both ice and snow, so that 
 if they had deferred till that time, they conld 
 have found no passageintotheir fortified place. 
 
 All which considerations put together, niiikc! 
 it a signal favour of God to carry llicni 
 through so many di(ricultiesloarconiplish their 
 desireil end. For after they had retireil to 
 their quarters, but sixteen miles from that 
 place, there was so great a wantof provision, 
 the vessels being frozen in at the harbour 
 about cape Cod, that should have broni;lit 
 them relief, and the frost and stiow set in so 
 viob-ntly, that it was not posslhhr (or iheni, 
 with all the force they ciuild make (so many 
 of their ablest soldiers being slain.and wonnii- 
 o<j) to have nnide another (Uisct: Ibit the 
 <:oodness of the Almighty (Jod was most o( 
 all to be admired, that notwithstanding all the 
 hardships they endured that winter, in very 
 cold lodgings, hard marches, scarcity of pro- 
 vision, yet not not one man was known to die 
 by any disease or bodily distemper, sa\c 
 them that perished of their wounds. 
 
 Our fiu'ces being compelled by the afore- 
 said occasicnis, to lie still some weeks after 
 In ;iing also that the enemy so sorely broken, 
 would ulndly have sued fi>r jieace : but as w iH 
 said of old, (lorl lianleneil their heaits to llieir 
 own ruin and deslrnclion aflerwanls: Ibr us 
 80on ns our soldiui'i wore abb; to march, lied- 
 
A NAUUATIVK OF 
 
 649 
 
 t.'lr liiibitntions, and put 
 lie next yi'nr, a« \vt;ll lis 
 cy liiiil 111 sliire for iho 
 lit iiiiiiiliLTs iifilii! cm^my 
 I, it WHS coiilt'sscii liy line 
 iiisullor iimoiijjst llicrri, 
 Jiodu IhIiiiiJ, iiiiii |>iit to 
 it tlic Inilinns lost 7U0 
 , besidos tliri^c liiiinlrod 
 uikJs. 'I'lio niiniliiT of 
 
 child riMi, tlmt pi-iislu'd 
 rt'ere stiirvcd wiili hiin- 
 lliem could tnll. 'J'litTi! 
 
 Eii<:lisli slain, nnd 150 
 ■oil iiftfi'wards. 
 il circuiii3tiinct'S in this 
 l)le. 
 ■ wiih OUR Pulrr a fiif^i- 
 
 siimi! discontent, dying 
 s, oiriMC'd hirnsolCio llm 
 I, and dill fiiilhf'iilly piT- 
 •d, viz. to lead thcni to 
 'le Indians Imd si-nlcd 
 i)it raised upon an Is- 
 
 the midst of a swamp, 
 iglish could have piloted 
 Slaiiro, the place liein^ 
 !os from the place where 
 
 ^ing liy a special pnivi- 
 to a pliice where they 
 nnce, which if lliey had 
 iver have iniide a way 
 ith which ihey had siir- 
 ■i of ihe fort, in half a 
 
 3y had entered the way 
 r a passaije, they niiu;ht 
 re they could have como 
 
 ij their motion to liep;In 
 ay they did, for if ihey 
 • ioncfer, there fell such 
 xt day tlmt they could 
 ijjh it in divers weelcs 
 , there fell such a lliinv. 
 
 Ice nnd siiou', so that 
 
 that time, they could 
 iilotheir liirtified phice. 
 ons puttoijelher, miike 
 
 God to cnrrv ilii'ui 
 
 IliestoaccoMiplish ihcir 
 
 er they had rellied lo 
 
 <teen miles from ihnl 
 
 at a want of provision, 
 
 en in at the hailioiir 
 
 should have hroiioht 
 
 ost nnd snow set in so 
 
 not possilile fiir llieui, 
 
 could make (so miiiiv 
 
 leiiijj slain.niid woiiiiij- 
 
 otlier onset: I'lit llie 
 
 ity (ind was ino.-t of 
 
 iiotwiihstnndiufr all llie 
 
 that winier, in verv 
 relies, scarcity of pM'- 
 iian was known (o die 
 idily distemjier, sum- 
 leir Wounds, 
 npelled liy the nforc- 
 lill some weeks iifler 
 •my so sorely liroKeii, 
 fi<r pence : liiilas \\:f> 
 ed iheir lieinls lo their 
 nil afieruards: liir iis 
 ro able to march, lii'd- 
 
 inff that all the enemy's overtures of peuce, 
 and prolonging of treaties, was only to gain 
 time, that they might get away iiilii llie 
 woods ; they [iiirsued afier them, and some- 
 times came upon th<;lr rear, hut then they 
 would iimnediatoly tly an liundred ways at 
 once into swamps, so as our mi.'ii could not 
 follow them, or if they did, could not see two 
 of them together ; so that now there was lillle 
 good like to be done, unless they could take 
 them at some advantage. At length having 
 spent all their provision, and tired themselves 
 in pursuing of them sixty or seventy miles, up 
 through the woods towards .Marlborough and 
 Lancaster, towns that lie on the road to Con- 
 necticut, having killed and taken near 70 of 
 them, our soldiers were ordered to ri'turn 
 towards Uoslon, to recruitthemselveasupjios- 
 ing that the Niirragansels, nnd those with 
 them, were so enfeebled that they would have 
 no mind suddenly tu assault any of the English 
 towns. 
 
 If any desire a more particular account of 
 the loss which we sustained at the taking ol 
 the Narraganset fori, December 19th, 1075, 
 they may take it as here follows : 
 
 Besides the six captains mentioned before, 
 that either were slain in the assault, or diej 
 afterwards of their wounds, to whom may bi 
 reckoned Lieut. Upham, that died lately at 
 Uosloii of the wounds he then received. 
 
 There were outofthe company belonglngto 
 killed. wourtthd. 
 
 to which side, and by what degrees pleuaelhiaid (jaiionchet's brother, one of the hoitagesal 
 him best. liarltiird, was released. This was brr a mere 
 
 The rest of the winier was spent in fruitless] pietiMice, for he and ihey to(i,b(ller ui.iier-ilood 
 
 liir bv 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 Major Appletou, 
 Capt. Mosely, 
 Capt. Oliver, 
 Capt. Gardiner, 
 Capt. .Johnson, 
 Capt. Davenport, 
 
 in all, 31 in all, 79 
 
 Tliero were shiin and wounded of 
 
 New Haven company, 20 
 
 Capt. Seiley's couipauy, 20 
 
 Capt. Watls's company, 17 
 
 Capt. Marshall's company, 14 
 Plymouth company umler Major 
 
 Bradford and Capt. Gorham, 20 
 
 in alt, 91 
 
 If there had not been so great a distance 
 between the place of ihe fight and their quar- 
 ters, nnd so much cold attending ihem in tlu'ir 
 relirement thereunto, some better account 
 might have been given of that expedition, than 
 now they were able to do. For a maicii of 
 Bixteenoreighlcen miles is too much to breathe 
 a fresh soldier, unless he were wi;!! mounted; 
 but enough to kill the heart of them that have 
 been wearied with a long and tedious fight. 
 As for the coldness of the weather although 
 it be a good besom to sweep the chauiber of 
 the air (which might be the reason there was 
 no more diseases amongst them) vet it is an 
 unwelcome companion to wearied, and espe- 
 cially lo woundeil men. In so long a retreat. 
 
 I5i;t the want of provision fiiiling, in con- 
 jancllon with the iinseasonableness of the 
 weather, and length of the way, our forces 
 were hindered I'lom any new attempt upon 
 liie eii"my, which if they would have attend- 
 ed, it W.-S thought it might have put an end 
 to our troul les : but he that holdclh the 
 icalos of the victory in hia hand turneth them 
 
 treaties aliout a peace ; both sides being well 
 wearied with the late desperate 'i\-^\i{, were 
 willing to refresh theiiiselvi^s the remaining 
 part of the winter, with the short slumber of 
 a [irelended peace, at least with a talk or dream 
 thereof: our coiiiiiiaiiders aim therein was 
 christian and if it had proceeded, i. e. to have 
 prevented the shedding of more blood : and 
 possibly some of the elder and wiser of the 
 enemy, did really desire what was pretended 
 by tliem all (for they liad now full [iroof of 
 ihevalourand resolution of the Knglish, which 
 some of them upon fiiruier successes might be 
 ready to cpiestion) and they could not but see 
 their destruction already begun, in the loss of 
 our dwellings, and all their provisions, as well 
 as the slaughter of the best part of their light- 
 ing mci ; but through consciousness of their 
 barbarous treachery and falsehood, they could 
 not trust others, and so were willing to run 
 the utmost hazard, as people hardened to 
 their own destruction. The particular pas- 
 sages of the treaty being carried on by the 
 enemy only iii pretence, (and by our men 
 that soon discerned their fraud) rather out of 
 necessity, to conceal their inca[)acity of en- 
 gaging them anew, than any real expectation 
 of a good elfect, are not worthy the relating. 
 However, though the foot were unable to do 
 any service iii the depth of the snow, and 
 sharpness of the cold, the troop was sent out 
 upon all occasions to scout about the country, 
 who brought in daily much of the enemy's 
 corn and bi-aus, which they had hid in the 
 ground under barns, or at least ke|)t them 
 Irom making use of their own provision, or 
 sjioiling the Knglish cattle; now and then 
 bringing in prisiuiers from their quarters, as 
 they were straggling about to get victuals. 
 
 On the 27th of December, Capt. i'rentice 
 was sent into iioiiiham's country, where he 
 burnt near an hundred wigwams, but found 
 not an Indian in any of them. 
 
 On the 2Stli of December, a squaw was sent 
 to them, who had been taken in the fight, with 
 a proffer of peace, if they would submit to 
 such terms as were propounded ; the principal 
 of which was, to deliver up all Philip's In- 
 dians, that were with them ; the squaw re- 
 turned, pretending that she was lame nnd un- 
 able to come again ; but the 30th of Decem- 
 ber, an Indian came from the sachems, with 
 with seeming thanks fi.r the peace proffered, 
 yet complained we made war upon them, and 
 yave them no notice; but bis mouth was soon 
 stopped, by the answer they made him: he 
 owned, as the squaw had said befi)re,lluit they 
 lost 300 of their best fighting men, and so did 
 two prisoners of theirs, taken .lanuary lllh, 
 whereof one being of Philip's company, was 
 put to death. The messenger that was sent 
 was fiirly dismissed, with the express men- 
 tion of what terms they must expect, if they 
 desired a peace. 
 
 .lanuary lili, there came two messengers 
 from theiii, as they said ti) make way for a 
 treaty of peace; who laid the blame upon 
 Canoiichet, who came to Boston in October 
 last, to confirm the jieace with the commis- 
 sioners of the united colonies, as if he had 
 misinliirmed them, viz. that they were not by 
 by the tiirmer treaty lo have delivered up the 
 Wampunoogs, or Philip's Indians, until the 
 
 tl;e particulars of the ngicciiieiil : 
 chance tlieailicles which thev had of the peace 
 concluded with them, wt^re found open (wheth- 
 er purposely or accidentallv was not known) 
 in a wigwam in the flirt when it wus taken, so 
 they could not be ignorant of the articles of the 
 agreement. 
 
 January 5th, an English child of about three 
 or four years old, taken from Warwick, was 
 sent in to put the better pretence upon the 
 treaty mentioned. 
 
 January 8lli, the messengers were sent 
 back, and told what ihey must trust to. In 
 the afternoon a messenger came fidni Nini- 
 gret, the old sachem of Narragansel, who 
 brought a hitler from .Mr. Stanton, the inter- 
 preter, signifying the reality of the said Nini- 
 gret, in his friendship to the English, ami the 
 straits of theenemy, ihatcoru was twoshillings 
 a pint with them. Yet notwilhslandiiig all 
 their dliriciiltles, they rather delayed tlie lime 
 till they could get away, than really endea> luir 
 to make a peace, as was soon inamfe»t: tor 
 that young and insolent saclietii, Cauonchet, 
 and Panoquiu, said they would fight it out to 
 ihe last man, rather than become servants lo 
 the English. 
 
 January lOlh, a fresh supply of ■,old'.ers 
 came up from Boston, wadlHg thinii^li a sharp 
 storm of snow, that bit somo of iheiii by the 
 heels with the frost. The next da .■ one thi>.' 
 came with them, going out with the scouts, fidi 
 amongst the Indians' barns, in one of which, 
 as ho was groping to find i rn fin- the reled' 
 of his horse, he catched hold of an Inilliiirs 
 hair, under the leaves, who presently hehi up 
 Ills hands, (when the soldier was diawing inr. 
 sword,) to spare bis life, which was granted, 
 but after he was brought to the bead quarters, 
 he would own nothing but w hat was forced 
 outofhis mouth, by the wooldliig of his he;id 
 with a cord, wherefiue be was presenlly 
 judged to die as a Wampanoog. 
 
 January 12lh, anothermessengercame liom 
 Cononicus, desiring the space of'a month long- 
 er, wherein to issue the treaty, which so pro 
 voked the commander of our fiirces, that they 
 resolved to have no more treaties wiih the 
 enemy, but prepare to assault them, with 
 God's assistance, as soon as ever the season 
 would permit, and it washit,'h time to lake up 
 fiir within a few days after they uiiderslood by 
 some that were taken ptisouers, that the ene- 
 my were gone, or going into the IS'lpmuch 
 country. 
 
 Wii'hin a few days after, about the ICtb of 
 ilanuarv, the scouts brought in one Joshua 
 Tilt, a renegado Englishman, of Providence, 
 th.it upon some discontent among his neigh- 
 bours, bad turned Indian, married one of the 
 Indian sipiaws, renounceil his ndigioii, nation, 
 and natural parents, all at once figliling against 
 them. He was taken by (.'apt. Feiiner, of 
 Providence, who with some of his neifjhbours 
 Indians that had driven 
 This Tilt being one of the 
 led In the knee, and so 
 he had in his habit 
 
 were pursuing some 
 away their cdllle. 
 company was wouiuleO 
 was siezed bvthe iMijillsh 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 1r 
 
 si: 
 
 i 
 
 conformed hi'mself to them amongst whom he 
 lived. After exaiiiination he was condemne 1 
 to die the death of a traitor. As to his reli- 
 gion he was found as ignorant as an heathen, 
 which II ) doubt caused the fewer Icars to be 
 
046 
 
 THR INDIAN WARS. 
 
 slu'J nt liiit fiiiienil, liy liuint; uiiwilliiig to luv- 
 isli pity iijioM liliii tlint liml divt'sK.'d liiiiisi'H' 
 of iiiiliiri! Ilsclt', as well lis n'lij;i(in, in ii tiiiii- 
 wlioii Sdiiiiicli [lity was nct'iloil rlsouliirt.', and 
 nutliiiis; It'll iii'siili'S wlifi-esvilli to rvlicve tlio 
 siiMi'ri'rs. 
 
 .faimaiy 21st, Ci|)t. I'reTilii'i''s troops Ijeiiii^ 
 abroad, iiu't willi a parly of lliu t'lu'iiiv, ol' 
 whom tliL'V took two pi'isoiKM'S, aiid killi'd 
 iiitiu; in wliicli fxploii, soiiii'lliint'; iiappiMii-d 
 very u-markaljli", i'orone \V. Dodgf.ol Salem, 
 riding ill company with anoilit-r tViend, tliey 
 happeni-d to iiicet willi two Indians, the said 
 Diiilge htnng hotter lioraed than his friend, 
 made ufier the foriMiiosf, leaving his friend to 
 deal with the hindmost, Init his pistol missed 
 firing, whereupon the Indian taking him liy 
 llie leg, turned him otl' his horse, and getting 
 upon liim, was about killing him with Ins 
 knife, wliich Mr. I)odg<! l.y chaiiet! espied, and 
 fame time enough to reseiie his friend, and 
 dispatcli the Indian lying upon him, and yet 
 overtook the first Indian lie was pursuing, 
 time enough to do his hiisiness also : liy that 
 means lie did three good oiiices at once, saved 
 the lilt; of one friend, and slew two of his 
 enemies. Hut wilhin twom' three days after, 
 tlio weather much ahering from what it was, 
 induced our forces to take the first opportu- 
 nity to pursue tlie enemy, who, as they under- 
 stood hy messengers from Providence, wen.' 
 now upon their Hight into the Nipmuc coun- 
 try : lint so many difficulties were cast in 
 their way, that diey could not lie ready time 
 enough to prevent the mischief they did ttt 
 Warwick, as they took their farewell of their 
 country : For, 
 
 January 27lh. they despoiled Mr. Carpen- 
 ter of two hundred sheep, and fifty head of 
 neat cattle, and fifteen horses; all wliich they 
 lirove along with them, and were gone too 
 far to be rescued before our fiirces set out. 
 Two that belonged to the said Carpenter 
 were wounded anil one of the enemy slain. 
 Aa they marched after the enemy, they found 
 a good hmise burned, with a barn belonging to 
 it. Tliev perceived also that the enemy dealt 
 much ill horso flesh, meeting with no less than 
 sixty liorses heads iiione place, which they iiad 
 left behind them. Our soldiers in their pursuit 
 came upon the rear, killed and took about 
 seventy of them, yet never could come to 
 charge them, for they would presently betake 
 themselves into swamps, and not two of them 
 running together, they saw it was an endless 
 work to proceed further in the chace of euch 
 an enemy; but our forces having pursued 
 them into the woods, belweiui Marlborough 
 and Brookfield, in the road toward Connecti- 
 cut, were constrained to turn down to Hoston, 
 III tlie beginning of February, fiir want of pro- 
 vision, both fiir themselves and their horses, 
 which gave an occasion totlie loss of those les- 
 ser towns that were destroyed by the Nipnet 
 Indians, who presently joined with the Narra- 
 gansetts, upon their first approach, as shall bo 
 related allerwards. 
 
 About the lOtli .'f February after, some 
 hundreds of the Indians, whether Nipnets or 
 Nashaway men isnncerliiiii, belonging to liitn 
 they call Sagamore Sam, and possibly some 
 of the stoutest of t!ie Narragaiisets that had 
 escapud the winter bruiii, fill upon Lancaster, 
 a small village of aboiii fifty or si.\ty faiuilies. 
 jnd did much inischief, Ir.iiiiing most -if the 
 liouses that wore not giirrisoncd ■ and which is 
 
 most sad and awful to consider, the house of 
 Mr. iuiwlaiidsoii, ininlster of said Iiiincastiu", 
 which was garrisoned with a competent num- 
 ber of the inhabitants ; vet the forlilication of 
 the house being on the hack aid)', closed np 
 [with fire wood, the Indians got so near as to 
 tire a leanter, whiili burning the house iiiiine- 
 idiately to the grouii<l, all the persons therein 
 were )iiit to the hard ciioice, either to perish 
 I by the flames, or to yield themselves into the 
 hands ol' those cruel savages, which last (ron- 
 sidering that a. living dog is better than a dead 
 lion) they chose, aiul so were 12 persons sur- 
 prised bv the Indians, above twenty of the 
 women and children they carried away cap- 
 tive, a ruefiil spectacle to behold ; the rest 
 i/eiiig iiieii, they killed in the place or reserved 
 liir further misery : and many that were not 
 slain in fighting, wen; kilh'd in attempting to 
 escape. The minister himself wasoccassion- 
 ally absent, to seek help from the governor 
 and council to di'fi'iid that iiliice, who return- 
 ing, was entertained with the tnigii'al news 
 of his wife and children surprised, and being 
 carried away by the eni'iiiv, and his house 
 turned to ashes, yet it pleased (lod so to up- 
 hold (lis hi'iut, comforting himself in his (iod 
 as David at Ziklag, that he would always say, 
 he believi'd he should see his wife undchiMren 
 again, which did in like manner soon come 
 to pass within five or six months after; all 
 all save the youngest, which being wounded 
 at ihe first died soon after, among the Indians. 
 And sucli was tb<! goodness of Ciod to 
 those poor captive women and children, that 
 they found so much favour in the sight of their 
 enemies, that they ofl'ered no wriuig to any of 
 their persons save what ihey could not help, 
 being in many wants theiiiselve.s. Neither 
 did they oiler any uncivil carriage to any of 
 the females, nor ever attempted the chastity 
 of any ofthein, either beingreslrained of (rod 
 as was Abiiiieleck of old, or by some other 
 accidental cause which wiihheld tliem from 
 doing any wrong in that kind. 
 
 Upon the re[)ort of this disaster, Capt. 
 Wadsworth, then at Marlboroiigh, with about 
 forty resolute men, adventured the rescuing 
 of the town that was remaining : And having 
 recovered a bridge, they got over safe, thougli 
 the planks were pulled ofPbythc! enemy, and 
 being led up in a way, not discovered by 
 them, they forced the Indians for the present 
 to ijiiit the place, after they had burnt and di!- 
 stroyed the better half of it. Yet afterwards 
 it not being judged feiiBble, it was abandoned 
 to the pleasure of the insulting foe. 
 
 Ten days after they were so flushed with 
 this success, that two or three hundred of them 
 came whc'ling down to .Modfield, a town 
 twenty miles from Hoston, westward from 
 Dedliam, which they surprised very early in 
 the morning (and though there were one hiiii- 
 dreil and sixty soldiers in it, or more, besides 
 the inhabitants) they burnt near one half of 
 the town, killing about twenty persons, but by 
 the resistance of the soldiers, as soon as they 
 could be rallied together (it lieiiig at or before 
 break of day, none in the least suspecting 
 such an assault so early) they were ipiickly 
 forced to forsake the place, and so (not with 
 out some loss) took their way to I'lymoutli 
 colony. 
 
 The western towns above Connecticut were 
 the chief seat of the war, and felt most of the 
 mischief thereof, in the end of the year 1675 ; 
 
 but the scene is now to be changed ; and tiiu 
 other towns aini villages that he eastward, 
 nearer liostmi, must bear their part in the liko 
 tragedies : For as was said belore, the Nar- 
 ragaiisets having been driven out of the coun- 
 try, fled ihrongh the Nipnet plaiiialioiis, to- 
 wards Wiitchii.si't hills. Hireling willi all the 
 Indians thai hail harboured all \\ inter in tho-^e 
 woods alioiit \a-liaway, lliey nil coinliihe<l 
 aijainst the Kiigli>li, yet divided tlii'ir niim- 
 liers, and one of them were observed to bend 
 their course towards I'lyiiioiilh, taking Mrd- 
 field ill their wav, which they endeavmireil to 
 burn and spoil, I'\'briniry 21, lUT.'i, as their 
 fellows had dime Lancaster ten days beliiie. 
 
 Tlu! siirprisal of this Medtleld, in regard 
 of some remarkable ciicunislances it wii'i at- 
 tended with, is not iiiiwiuthy a more paiiiie- 
 lar relating as to tlie manner thereof : 'Ihe less 
 of Lancaster had sullirii'iitly iiwakeiu'd and 
 alarmed the neighbouiing vilhojis, all to ?iiiiid 
 upon guard ; and sonn- had obtained ganls- 
 (Uied soldiers liu' their greater seciiiiiv, as was 
 till? case with them in the town of .Medlirld, 
 within twenty-two miles of Hoston. .\iid at 
 that time wiu'e lodged therein sevi'nd g:ir- 
 risoii soldiers, besides the iiiliiibitaiils ; vet 
 beiii^billelted up and down in all ipnoiers of 
 the town, could not be g.ilhered louelher lill il 
 great part of the town was set on fire and 
 many of the inhabitants slain, which, how it 
 could be elFected is sirange to believe : Hut 
 most of those inland plantations being over- 
 run with young wood (the inhabitants being 
 very apt to engross more lainls iiilu their hands 
 than they were able to subdue) as if they 
 were seated in the midst of a heap of biishis : 
 Their enemies took the advanlaire tlienol', 
 and secretly over nii.'lit. conveyed theiiisel'-es 
 round nlioiit the town, some getting under the 
 sides of their barns, and fences of their >i,- 
 chards, as is supposed, where they lay hid un- 
 der that covert, till break of day, when they 
 suddenly set iipiui sundry houses, shooting 
 them that came first out of their door<, and 
 then fired thi'ir houses ; Some were hilled as 
 they attempted to fly to their neighhoiirs fi.r 
 shelter. Some were only wounded, and some 
 taken alive and carried of!' captives ; In some 
 houses the husband running away with one 
 child, the wife with another, of whom the luie 
 was killed, the other escaped. They began 
 nt the east end of the tow n, where they llii'd 
 the house of one S.imiiel Mcu'se, that seems 
 to have been a signal to the rest to fiill in on 
 other parts : Most of the houses in the west, 
 or southwest end of the town were soon bnnit 
 down : And generally when tliev burnt any 
 out houses, the cattle in them were burnt also. 
 Two mills belonging to the town were biinit 
 also: A poor old man of near an hundied 
 years old, was burnt in one of the houses that 
 were consumed by fire. The lieulenan* of 
 the town, Adams by name, was shot downbv 
 his door and his wife mortally woimdid by a 
 gun fired afterwards accidi'iiially into ihe 
 house. After the burning id' fiirty or liliy 
 house! and barns, the cannibals were Irighteil 
 away rmt of the town, o\er a bridge iIimi lies 
 upon Charles river, by the shooting of a piece 
 of ordnance? two or three times ; W hen ihey 
 passed over the bridge tliev firi'd one end 
 thereof, to hinder our men I'loni |i'iisiiiiig 
 them; there were thought lo be aliove five 
 hundred ; there were slain and innrtMlly 
 wounded seventeen or eighteen poruonn, be- 
 
A NAKRATlVn OP 
 
 847 
 
 111' rliiiriiji'd ; ami lliu 
 ,'i's lliiit li(' ciiNlHiir-d, 
 ir llii'ir |iiirt, in ilir liko 
 
 wild l)^•t^|•l^ llic Niu-- 
 
 'liiv ml oI'iIk' cimim- 
 
 ■ ipiirt |i|iiiiliili(iiis, li). 
 
 . ' liiij; wiili iill llii^ 
 
 ri'il all \\ iiiitT ill lliii«() 
 y, tlicv all I'liiiiliiiii'd 
 
 t dividi'd ihi'ii- iiiiiii- 
 
 VCI-IMlllSlTVl'd 111 lllMid 
 
 yiniiiilli, tiikiiif; Miii- 
 li llicy iMidi'aVdiiri'd lo 
 arv a I, KiT'i, as llicir 
 l^tl•^ trii days liidiiif. 
 < Mcillii'ld, ill iTuaid 
 rcilinslaiiccs it «a- al- 
 nliv a iiinic [lai'ilri!- 
 iiirrtliri-i-df: 'I'lic ji.ss 
 ii'iilly awalit'iHil aiul 
 lir villatiis, all In viand 
 liad ulilaiiii'd j;ariis- 
 "•aUM- si'rniiiN , a-i was 
 
 lie tiUVll dl' .Slrdlirld, 
 
 s lit' liii.slnii. .\nd at 
 lliiTi'iii si'M'ial LJiir- 
 llic inlialiitanis; vi-t 
 iiwn ill all iiiiaitiTs'iif 
 falliiTi'd liim'llii'i- till a 
 was set 1111 llfi; and 
 slain, « liicli, liow it 
 iiiii,'!' t" liflii'M" : lint 
 antatiiiiis lannj; nvrr- 
 (llii' inlialiitaiits Ix-in^ 
 ^ lands iiitu tin'ii- JniiulH 
 > aniiiliii') as it' ilicy 
 lit n lit'ap 111' Inislii's : 
 I! advanta^'i' tlirrrot', 
 convcvi-'d llii'iiisid'cs 
 imic f,'i'lliii^' iindi'ftlie 
 1 f'iMici-s ot" their ..>• 
 vliiTi' llii'v lav hid mi- 
 lk lit' day, wiii'ii thcv 
 idry linnscs. sIkmiIiiiij 
 t 111' their doors, and 
 Senile were killed as 
 llieir nei;^hl)iiNrs fi.r 
 y WoMiideil, aiiilsiiMii! 
 ifT'raplives ; In some 
 MiiinL; iiway w ilh one 
 her, of wliDiii the one 
 aaped. 'I'liey hecr;,,, 
 "11, where they tired 
 '1 Morse, that seems 
 ihi! rest to (iill in on 
 I houses in the west, 
 own were soon Imrnt 
 vlien they linriil any 
 hem were Imrnt also, 
 the town Weil' Imrnt 
 111' near an iiiiiidred 
 me of the lionses that 
 'J'he lieiitenant iil" 
 e, was shot downliv 
 rtally wounded liy a 
 ncideiilallv into ilie 
 ni; (if flirty or liliv 
 inilials were Cntjhied 
 er n lirid^-e that lies 
 e sliootiiif: ol'a piere 
 ' times : When they 
 they (ireil om; eiiil 
 lien from piirsnin^ 
 lit lo lie ahove (n e 
 <l:iin and iin. rtally 
 ^litceii powoii.i, bt" 
 
 tides ntU':rs liiineeroiisly hurt. The loss siis- 
 tilini'd liy the iiilialiiliints aiiioiiiited lo aliove 
 two tlioi.saiid pounds, 'i'liis mercy was oli- 
 served in this sad priiviilence, that never a 
 earrison Inmse was lost in this siirprisal; nor 
 any 111" the principal dwi'llinf,'.s, so us the cliief- 
 est and liest of their Imildiiies escaped the 
 fury of the etieiiiy, who as they Jiassed the 
 liridi,'!', left a writing liehind tliein, oxpressinj; 
 sometliiiifr to this purpose, that we hud pro- 
 voked them to wratli, niid that they wonld 
 flight with lis these twenty yeurs, (lint they fell 
 short of their expectation liy nineteen) aJdiiif; 
 also, that they hud iiothiiif^ to lose, whereas 
 we hail lioiisea, liarns, and corn: These were 
 some of the liohl threats used liy the Imrliuroiis 
 crew, lint their ruije shall proceed no further 
 than the counsel of (iod hulli deteriiiiiiej. 
 'I'lie week lietiire was heard a very liideous 
 crv of II kennel of wolves rimiiil the town, 
 wiiicli raised Home <if the inhahitants, and 
 was looked upon liy divers persons, as an 
 oiniiioiis pres,ai;iii!^ ol the lollowing calutiiilv. 
 Another assault was feared, lint as soon as 
 the soldiers could he eathered together, thev 
 turned their hacks, us it' they never intended 
 to visit them more : whither these Indians 
 went when lliey left .Medlii'ld, is not certainly 
 kiiiiwii ; the soldiers in the town not havini; 
 opportunity to piirsni; them over the river, liy 
 rouson tliatlhe lindiie was part nf it Inirned : 
 ]{iit it is Illo^t proliahle that they took their 
 wuy toward IMymimlh, and eontiniu'd alumt 
 that side of the connlrv lor the futiiri", wait- 
 ini;- opportunities to do what mischief ihey 
 could to the l'^iii;lisli in those parts ; for within 
 a month afler the assault at. Medtleld, there 
 Were six liuiiilred of them si'eii alioiit I'atiixet 
 and Providence, were I'apf. I'ierce, with 
 ulioiit fifty of his men were lost, ihoiiiili wiih 
 liii ereat udvantaf;e to the enemy, who at that 
 time lost aliovu doulile that numher : Onr 
 worthy captains in this and other exploits, 
 lieini.' called to imitate Sampson, who was 
 content to die with his enemies, that he mii.'lit 
 overllirow them therehv : It haviiitf so fallen 
 out with many of our choice commanders and 
 soldiers at l)eerfield, Narraf^anset, I'aliixi'l, 
 und likewise not loiii; afler at Sniilmry. 
 
 The trovernor and council of I'lymoiith 
 jierceivinj; liy the report of these oiitrau'i's 
 commilteil upon the towns in Massaclmsetts, 
 that lliey were like to lie visited this sprini; 
 liy their (lid lieii;lilioiirs, sent (lilt Capt. I'ierce, 
 of Sitiiale, aliiiut the latter end of March 
 will] alioiit, lil'ty lvi<;lisli and Iweiitv christian 
 Indians, alioni C'ape (%id, who proved none 
 of his worst soldiers, as the seipiel of this his 
 last ex])eilitiiin will declare. 
 
 ("apt. Pierce, as is said hefore, lieiiifj sent 
 out lo pursue the enemy, marched towards 
 I'alnxet, where he iiiiderslood the Indians 
 Were many of them gathered toffelher : He 
 lii'ine; a man of lesolute couraf.,'e, was willini: 
 lo eiiL,'aii;e them, though upon never so irreal 
 a disadvantaije. .Some say the Indians liv 
 rounterfeitinjr, drilled him into a kind of am- 
 luish ; possihly more of them discovered 
 themselves after lie liegaii to eiii;as;e them 
 thiin ho was aware of; and Ijeinj; f;ot omm- 
 the river in pursuit of them, where lie dis- 
 covered so great a numher of iheiii, lie drew 
 down towards the side of the river, liopinj,' 
 tl i liottcr by that means to prevent their sur- 
 rounding him; but that proved his overthrow 
 uiiicli he inlendud as his greatest udvuntago: 
 
 I''or the Indians gitiing tiviu' tlni river ro 
 eiiUed him from I hence, that he was not uble 
 to deti'iid hiinsell ; thus ass.iilted on all sides, 
 and himself not lieii:<^ iilile In tia\'el much on 
 foot, was thereliy liindred from retiring' to anv 
 better place in time, so th.il he saw himself 
 constrained to lii,'ht it iint to the lust, which he 
 dill with most iiedaiinleil courage; und, as is 
 said, to the slaughter of an hnndied and forty 
 of his eneiiiK^a, before himself and his com- 
 pany were cut oH". It is suid also, that being 
 apprehensive ol' the danger he was in from 
 the greut numbers of the enemy, lie sent a 
 messenger timely enough to Providence, for 
 relief, liiit as Solomon saitli, it fuillifnl mes- 
 senger is as snow in liarvest, anollier is as 
 smoke to the eyes, and vinegar to the teetli. 
 (Whether through sloth or cowardice, is not 
 material,) this message was not deliviu'ed to 
 them to whom it was immediately sent ; by 
 accident only some of Hehobolli understand- 
 'iiig the dangi'r, afler the evening exercise (it 
 being on the Lord's day, March 27tli, 1(J70) 
 repaired to tlie place, but then it «as too late 
 to briiiLC help, unless it were to be spectators 
 of the dead carcasses of their friends, and to 
 perform the last ollice of love to llieiii. 
 
 It is worth the noting, what faithfulness and 
 couraije some of tlu! chnsliaii Indians, with 
 the said (!aptaiu Pierce, shewed in the fight. 
 One of them, whose name was Amos, afler 
 llie captain was shot in Ills leg or lliigli, so as 
 he was not able to stand any longer, would 
 not leave him, but diarging bis gnu several 
 times, fired stoutly upon tlii^ enemy, till he 
 saw that there was no possibility for him to 
 do any further good to Capt. Pierce, nor yet 
 lo save himself, if he stayed any longer; 
 therefore he used this policy, perceiving that 
 the enemy had all blackened iheir faces, he 
 also stooping down pulled out some blacking 
 out of a )i(iiicli he cariied with hitn, discolor- 
 ed his face therewith, and so iiiaUing himself 
 look as much like llobaniackco, as any of his 
 enemies, lie ran amongst them a liltle while, 
 and was taken for one of them, as if he had 
 been searching for the I'liiglibh, until he bad 
 an opportunity lo escape away anions; the 
 bushes; llierein imitalingthecntlle fish, which, 
 when, it is pursued, or in danger, caslelh out 
 lit' its body a thick humour, as black as ink, 
 tliioiu.'h which it passes away unseen by the 
 pursuer. 
 
 It is reported of another of tliese cn|ie In- 
 dians, (friends lo tlie Kiii;lisli of Plymouth) 
 that beins.' pursued by one of the enemy, he 
 betook himself to a gnat rock where he shel- 
 tered liimself for a while; at last |ierceiving 
 llial his enemy lay ready with his gnu on the 
 oilier side to discharge upon him, as soon as 
 he stirri'd away from the place where he stood : 
 111 the issue liethonu'ht oflliis politic stratagem 
 to save himself, and destroy h'.s enemy, (for 
 as •Solomon said of old, wisdom is better than 
 weapons of w.'ir) he took a stick, and hunt; his 
 hat upon it, and then by degrees gently lilted 
 it np, till he thought it wonld bi; seen, and so 
 become a til mark for the other that watched 
 lo take aim at. The oilier taking it to be Ins 
 head, fired a gun and shot through the hat ; 
 which our christian Indian perceiving, boldly 
 held up his head and ilischarged his own gun 
 npiiii the real head, not the hat of his adver- 
 sary, whereiiy he shot liiiii ileai.1 upon the 
 place, and so had liberty to march away wit.'i 
 tiic spoils of his enemy. 
 
 The like subtle device was used byniinlhor 
 
 of the cajie I ml ill iis.it I he said time, being one of 
 lliem that went out with ("apt. I'.en e; fl>r be- 
 ing in like m;iiiner pursued by ime of Philip's 
 Indians as the former \\iis, he iiimblv got be- 
 hind the bill end of a ll'ce newly turned ip 
 by the roots, which carried a considerable 
 breadth of the surface of the earth along with 
 it (as is very usual in those |iarls « here the 
 roots of the trees lie deep in the ground) wliicli 
 stood above tlii^ Indian's lielelit, in liiriii ol'a 
 large shield, only it uiis somewhat too heavy 
 too be easily removed; the (uieiiiy Indian lav 
 with his gnu ready to shoot him down upon 
 his first deserling bis stalimi ; but the subtle 
 wit taught onr christian Netopa better device 
 for boring a little hole through this his broad 
 shield, be discerned his enemy ulioiould not 
 easily discern him ; a ijooil nmskeler need never 
 desire a fairer mark to slioot at, wherenjion 
 discharging his gun. In' shot hi in down. \\ hat 
 can be more just than that he shoulil be killed, 
 who lay in wait to kill another man? ni'i/ur 
 iniin h.r jiixtiitr alhi est, quuiii vriis iiitijicr.i 
 tirxr /irrirv xiiit. 
 
 Instances of this tintnre show the snbllety 
 and ilexterousiiess of tlie.se natives, if they 
 Were Improved in fe:its of arms ; and |iossibly 
 if some of the Kliglish liail not been luo 
 shy in making use of such of lliem as wvvt^ 
 well alTecti'd to their interest, they need nei er 
 have snU'ered so inncli f'lom llu'lr enemies; it 
 having been f lund upon hue experience, that 
 many of them have proved mil only faithful, 
 but very serviceable and helpful to the F'^ii 
 glisli ; they usually proving good secoiubi 
 though they have not ordliiiirily ciiiilidenc.' 
 enough lo make the first onset. I>ul to return 
 to the procix'dings of thelndiiinslow aids Ply- 
 mouth. 
 
 I'Vliriiary S.'itli, they assaulted Weymouth, 
 and burnt seven or eight houses and bariij 
 there, w hicli Weymoiitb is a town lying to- 
 wards Plymonlh coloiiy. 
 
 March l::'tli following, they assaulted the 
 house of one .Mr. Clarke, in Ply month, cruelly 
 mnrderini; eh'vi'n persons that belonged to 
 two tiimilies that lodged therein, and then fired 
 ihe bouse. The cruelty towards these per- 
 sons w.is the more reiinirkiible, in that lliey 
 liad often received iiincli kindness from the 
 said Clarke. It is the custom of such debtors, 
 to use tlii'in worst, of whom they have tiikeii 
 lip much kindness upon trust beforeliaiid. 
 
 March 17lli, another parly of lliem fell upon 
 Warwick, a place beyond Philip's land, to- 
 ward the Narnigiiiset country, where they 
 burnt down to the ground all but a few 
 houses, which they left slaiidliii; as a monu- 
 ment of their barbarous fury. The bk(> mis 
 chii'f was acted by them npoii the houses ol 
 the Knglisli remaining in ihe Narragaiiset 
 coiinlry. 
 
 This 2()lli day of March, being the first day 
 of ihe week, as the first of the yiir after on;* 
 .Tiillan account, seemed omiiions at the first, 
 on sundry accounts, thri'ateiilng a titoomy 
 lime, yet proved in tin issue, but as a lower- 
 ing morn ti": befiiri' a li'jhtsome day. 
 
 For besides the b.irnilij; of !Mai Ihorough, at 
 least a ijreat pari of It, on the same day, a very 
 sad.-icinileiit felloiil ihesamelinieal Spiinefield 
 shall be specified hereafier; besldi's that w liicli 
 liefi'l Capt. Pierce, which is already related, 
 with whom fell so many of his soldiers on iho 
 same day also; yet had the enemy no cftiiso 
 
 ___|g^ 
 
M9 
 
 TIIK INDIA M WARS. 
 
 j I 
 
 to Ixittiit, lining foicHil \>y tlio valour oftliu Kii- 
 gli.ili, III ^ivn 9(1 iniiiiy of llit^lr iiwr, lives in 
 rxrliiiiiijr ; Sdiiiii I'l'W iiiiulo llicir i'Mt'ii|ii', n* 
 I'i Hind, liy Hiilillo ili'vicrM ; lir^ult's iIkt tliriM* 
 Iliri'iiii'ntioMi'il, iiiiiiilur liy II liki- hIiiI'i, nut 
 OiiU' Hiivi'd iiliiiHi'ir, but lii-!|ioil nil l'!n^lisliiMiiii 
 111 CHcainr iiUo, wliciiii lie rmi al'lcr willi liis 
 li.il('li(*t in Inn liiiiiil.an il'lni wiMiMiliniit In kill 
 liii wliiri'liy ImiiIi I't'ilii'm niiuli' ii Hliil't to 
 j;pt iiwiiy i '111' n-st with nil Idsl (ilio luiliiitli- 
 liiliii"n iil'llii' iiii'sHiMi({i!r lii'iii;^ as was inliiiia' 
 .ril lu'tiii'i-, ill!" niiisii! ol'llirir »Iiiiij;IiIit) hiivo ii 
 few lliat Inirijly i'!icu|iutl \>y llni iiilviiiiiii^i' of 
 till) l)ii!ilic« (^iviii); tlii'in o|i|»irtiinity to |iii9>i 
 uiisiuMi, yi't it WHS (•(infiissoil liy ii piisoiier of 
 
 tl noiny, tiikrii afuTwiirilH liy llio Kn^lisli, 
 
 tliat tlii'y lost nil liiiiulroil iiiiil fnrly in tliuton- 
 ciiiinii'r : uiul liml not tlin miid Kii^'lisli liy 
 wadiiiji nfirr lliii (MitMiiy ovim- n river iimdi- 
 tlicir iiiniiiiiniliiiii uhi'U'k.s, tline liad not half 
 9(1 iiiaiiy of llii'iii lii'cii cut oil". From tlioiice 
 tlicy liirniMl Imck towiinU Itclinliolli, near 
 •Svvan/.ey, wIhmi on Murrli SSlli, tlioy hiiriit 
 tliiity lw»rn» and near forty dwclliiif; lioiisea, 
 tliereliy as it wero tliieateiiiii(» llni iillur di'so- 
 lalioii of lliat |»ior town ; ami 9o|iroc('<'ilint^oii 
 that side tlie country, tlioy liiirnt llic very next 
 day hIioiii iliiily liousea in I'mvideiice, in their 
 way toward Narrajxanset. 
 
 Hilt it was now full sea with Philip's affairs, 
 fur soon after the tide of his auccesaos hepan 
 to turn aliout the si-a coast, which iiiadti way 
 for the falling of the water up higher in the 
 coiintry. 
 
 For nlioiit this time news came to Hostoii 
 that our neijjhlioiirs and friends of Connecticut 
 colony, hearins; of the attempis of the enemy 
 on that side of llie country, sent a parly of their 
 soldiers, under the command of Oapl. (ieorije 
 Denison, with some friendly Indians, part 
 Moheuins and I'eipiods, part Niantics, helons;- 
 inj; to Nlni^rel, a y rrajjanset sachem, who 
 never en^ns;eil in this quarrel ajjaiiist the Kn- 
 glisli ; who in pursuit of the enemy, nieetiuf; 
 with a coiisideralile part of them aliout the 
 Narni'^anset cnniiiry, killecl ami look forty- 
 fiveof them, without the loss of theirowii men. 
 This victory was the more consiilerahle, in 
 that several of the chief captains of tlit; eiiemv 
 were at this lime killed or taken; nmoii!;st 
 whom was Canonchet (who came down to 
 get seed corn to plant at Sipiakhea^;) he was 
 the chief sachem of all the Narraiifansrts, the 
 son of 'Mianloniinii, and the lu-ir of all his 
 fiilher's pride and insoh-iice, as well as of his 
 malice afjainst the Eiifrllsh, a most pertidious 
 villain, who had the last Ocloher heen at lios- 
 ton, preiendiiifr to make a firm peace with the 
 Enjflish, hut never intending to keep one arti- 
 cle thereof: Therefore, as a just reward of 
 his wickedness ho was ailjudged hy those that 
 took him to die, which was accordingly put 
 in execution at Soniiigton, whither he was 
 carried ; there his head heing cut off, was 
 carried to Hartford ; the Mohegins and Pe- 
 qiiods that had the honour to take him prisoner 
 having the honour likewise of doing justice 
 upon him, and that liy the prudent advice of 
 the English commanders, therehy the more 
 firmly to engage the saiil Indians against the 
 treacherous Narragaiisels. There are dilTer- 
 ing reports ahoul the maiinerofhisheingtaken, 
 and hy whom, whether the Indians or the 
 English first took him ; however, it wassuffi 
 eiont matter of rejoicing to all the coUinies, of 
 tLo English, that tlio ringleader uf ahnost all 
 
 this mischief, and great incendiary hi'lwixt 
 the Narragaiisels nnd us, died himself liy thai 
 
 sword of war wlilili he had drawn iif^iiiiisl 
 others. 
 
 Concerning llie Narriigaiisels, this is fur- 
 iher to lie added here, ih.ii Mr, Thomas Slaiin 
 ton and Ins son It'oliert, who have alongliiin 
 lived amon^sl tlielii, and hefll niipiaiiileil \>'illi 
 their language and nianner:! of any in .New 
 lOiigland do iillinn, thai In llieir knowledge, 
 the Narragansel sjieheins, lieloie ihe lale 
 tronliles, had I uo thousand fighting men under 
 them, and nine hiimlred anus, yet lliey are iii 
 this day so broken and HCUllered, that there 
 is none of lliein left on that side of the coiinlry, 
 unless some few, not exceeding seventy in 
 iniiiilier, that have sheltered iheniselves under 
 the inhabilants of Khoile Island, as a merchant 
 of that place, worlliy of credit, lately alliriiied 
 to the writer hereof. It is considered by what 
 degrees they liuvu heen coiisniiied and des- 
 siroyed. 
 
 'Ihe first week in April, l(i7li, Canonchet, 
 their child' sachem, having with this people 
 heen driven out of his own country, by the 
 sword of the Kiigbsh, the winter before, 
 breathed still nothing but riige and cruelty 
 against them : yet as appi'ared in the Issue, 
 himself and ihoy that escaped with him were 
 not much preserveil from the |iiesi'iit calamity 
 that befel those in the fort, beiiii; reserved to 
 another and more igmiininioiisdi'alh. For the 
 whole boily of ihe Indians to the west ward, I rus- 
 ting iindi.T the shadowoflliiit aspiring bramble, 
 he took a kiiiil of care of them upon himself: 
 Wherefore foreseeing so many hundreds could 
 not well subsist willioiit planting, he propound- 
 ed it in his coiiiii:il, thai all tin' west planta- 
 tions upon (jonnecticiit river, taken from the 
 Knglish, should l his last sum iiier be jilanled with 
 Imliancoin ; which was indeed initsell'a very 
 priident consiilenition : to that end ho resolv- 
 ed to venture hiniiielf with but thirty men 
 (the rest declining it) to fetch .seed corn from 
 Seacoiik, the next town to .Mount Hope, 
 leaving a body of men, not less than fifteen 
 hundred to follow him or meet him about Sea- 
 conk the week alter. The adventure brought 
 him into a snare, from whence he could not 
 escape: for Capf. (ieorge Denison, of Ston- 
 inglon, anil Capt. Aveiy of New London, 
 having raised fiirty seven Knglish, the most 
 part volunteers, with eighty Indians, twenty 
 of which were Narraeaiisetis belonging to 
 Ninigret,coiiiniamled by oiiecalled Calapazet, 
 the rest Peqiiods, under C'assafinamon and 
 .Mohegins, under Oiieco, son of I'ncas, being 
 now abroad on their third expedition, which 
 they began March 27th, 1G7(>, and ended on 
 tlio'lOth of April fiillowing: they met with a 
 stout Indian of the enemy's whom they pre- 
 sently slew, and two old sipiaws, who con- 
 fessed Nammttenoo, alius ('anonchet (these 
 chief sachems usually changing their names 
 at every great dance, and by the name of 
 Nammttenoo was he then known) was not far 
 ofT, which welcome mnvs put new life into 
 the wearied soldiers, that had travelled hard 
 many days, and met with no booty till now ; 
 especially when it was confirmed by intelli- 
 geiicu the same instant, brought in by their 
 scouts, that they met with new tracks, which 
 brought them in view of what isc.illed Black- 
 stone's river, the faid sachem was at that 
 moment diverting himself with the recital of 
 
 men a few ihiys before, but tint alarm of thu 
 I'in^lihh lit that time heard by himself, p it by 
 lliat disi-onrse. appalled by the silddiMnesi 
 tliireol, as if lie had been iiiliirini'd by tei ret 
 ileiii from Heaven, lliiil now liisowii lion was 
 roine ; for having bill 7 men iiboiil liiiii, he 
 sent lip two III llieni to the lop ol the lull, to 
 see wliiil the miiller Wiis, but lliey iillViyliled 
 u illi the near iippinaih of llie Kiiejiih, ui ilmt 
 lime with firrni speed iiioiiiilie" over a lair 
 eliainpaeiia on the oilier side ol the hill, inn 
 by, as if they wanted lime to tell wliiM they 
 saw J presenlly he sent u lliird, who did llio 
 like ; then sending two inoro on llii' siinii! 
 errand, one of these last, endowed with nioio 
 courage, ora better sense ol his duty, informed 
 him in great haste thai nil ihe lOnelish aimy 
 was upon him; whereupon having no time lo 
 consnil, and but little to iiltempl an exape, 
 and no means lo defend himself; he begun lo 
 dodge with his pursuers; rnnniiig round llio 
 hill on the contrary side ; but as he was run- 
 ning so hastily by, Calapa/et, with twenty of 
 his fiilloweis, and a few of the Knglish, bsilit 
 est of loot, guessed by the swiliness of his 
 motion, that he tieil as if an enemy, wliii h 
 made them immedliilely lake the cliiice al'lei 
 him, as fiir their lives ; he lliat was the swifier 
 jiiirsuer put him ho hard lo it thai he rust oil' 
 first his blanket then his silver laced coa! (given 
 him at lloston, as a pledu'e of their IViemlsliip, 
 upon the renewal of his league In October he- 
 line) and belt of peag, which made them pur- 
 sue as eaeerly as ilie other fled ; so that they 
 forced him to lake to the water, through which 
 as he over hastily plunged, his foot slipping 
 upon a stone. It made him fall into llie water 
 so deep thai it wet his gun, tipon which acci- 
 dent he confessed soon after, that his heart 
 liirned wilhiii him, so as he became as a rollen 
 stick ; void of strength, insomuch as one 
 .Monopoide, a Pecjnod, swiliest of fimt, laid 
 hold of him within thirly rods of the ri\er 
 side, wil hunt his making any resist mice; llioUi;li 
 ho was a very proper man, of goodly slatnre, 
 and great courage of mind, as well as sireiielh 
 of body; one of the first Knglish that camo 
 up with him was Kobert Stanton, a young 
 man that scarce had reached the iiid year of 
 his aee, yet adventuring to ask him ai|iieslioii 
 or two, lo whom this manly .sachem, looking 
 with a little neglect upon his youthful face, 
 replied in broken Knglish, you much child, 
 no iimlerstand matters of war : let your 
 brother or your chief come, him I will an- 
 swer; and was as good as his word ; acting 
 herein, as if by a I'lthagorean metempsycho- 
 sis, some old Kiiman ghost had posses.seil tin? 
 body of this western Pagan; and like Attiliiis 
 Kegulus ho would not accept of his own life, 
 when it was tendered him, upon that (In his 
 account) h)W condition of compliance wllli iIk; 
 Knglish, refusing to send an old counsellor of 
 his lo make any motion that way, saying he 
 knew the Indians would not yield ; but niore 
 probably lie was not willing lliey should, 
 choosing rather to sacrifice his own, and his 
 people's lives, to his private humour of re- 
 venge, than timely to provide for his own, and 
 their safety, by entertalnliig the counsels of a 
 leace, so necessary fiir the general good of all : 
 he continuing In the same obstinate resolution, 
 was soon after carried to Stonlngtoti, where he 
 was shot to death by some of his iiualily, ,vc. 
 the young sachem of the Mohegins, and two 
 
 Capt. Pierce's slaughter, surprised by hisluf the Pequods of like quality. This was the 
 
A NAItUATIVK OF 
 
 lull tliii Hliiriii iiP ihii 
 iiril li^v liiinni'ir, p It \iy 
 
 ll l>V llll' !lll(lll('.'llll-!<i 
 
 I'll iiirnriiii'il \iy sciri'l 
 
 iiiiw fii.Hiiwii liirn wiiH 
 V iiirii iiIkiuI tiiiii, III* 
 
 llll' liip III' llll' lull, t.i 
 ,11, lull llirv iiH'iii;lilril 
 
 III' llll' Kn^lisli, III lliiil. 
 
 Iiiiiiinlii'" iivi'i' II liiir 
 ■r Mitir lit llll' liilt, Mill 
 iiiiii' III Irll \t liiii lliry 
 
 u lllil'll, will) illil lllll 
 
 I iiiiini on llir saiiir 
 I, I'liiliiwi'il willi iniiin 
 ic III liin (lufv, inrnniiril 
 
 nil llll- l'iii>;liNli iiniiy 
 i|iiiii liiiviii^ nil Iiiiii' III 
 
 til lllll'lli[lt III) I'MlljII', 
 
 liiiiiHrir; III! Iir^iiii til 
 s ; I'liiiiiiii^ I'liiuiil lllll 
 ■ ; liiit lis III" was lllll- 
 |m/.rt, Willi twriilv nl 
 ' iifllii- Kii^^lisli, Iji^lit 
 (I lllll swilliirss 111' llll 
 < if an I'lH'iny, wliirli 
 V liiUi' llll' chiicii iil'li'i 
 III- tliiil was tliii swil'iiT 
 ll III il lli:il III' cast nil' 
 Hilviir liici'ili^na! (ijivnii 
 il^'i' iit'llii'ir rni'iiil.slii|i, 
 
 I Iraijiiii ill Ortiilirr lir- 
 wliii'li iiiailo lliriii jiiir- 
 lliiT tloil ; SI) lliat lliry 
 
 II WllIlM', lliriMi;,'li wliirli 
 |i,'imI, liis fiiot sli|i|iin^ 
 liiii tail into l)i)! wuirr 
 f;mi, iipon wliicli nrci. 
 II al'liT, lliat liin lii'iiit 
 s III! liiMaiiii' us n riilirn 
 ;lli, iiisiiliiiirli a.4 niiii 
 , swiltcst lit' rout, liiiil 
 illy loila oi" till- livrr 
 ;aiiv rt'Histaiiri'; tltiiii>^li 
 min, lit' tjiiDilly ulatiiii', 
 mil, as \v<>ll as slri'iijilli 
 I'st l'iiii;lisli lliat caiiiii 
 iiTt Slaiitoii, a viinntj 
 iclii'il lllll S2il year nl' 
 i; III ask liiiii II c|iics(liiii 
 lanly sarlii'lii, liiiikiii^ 
 |iiin liis yiiiitlil'iil taci', 
 isli, ynii iniirli rliilil, 
 9 of war : In your 
 !oini>, liiiii I will aii- 
 1 us liis word ; ailiiii,' 
 ifjorcnn int.'tfiii|)syi:liii- 
 lost hui) piissi'ssi'il llio 
 i<;an; unil likii Allilins 
 «crt'|)t of Ills own lil'i', 
 liim, upon tliat (in liis 
 iifcompliancu wiili ilio 
 (I un old coiinfti'llor of 
 
 I timt way, saying' liu 
 1 not yield ; Imt n.iiri) 
 willine; tlicy slnnild, 
 flee his own, and Ins 
 irivnte humour of n-- 
 ovido for his own, anil 
 nin^; tho connsf Is of a 
 he peneralpood of all : 
 le ohstinate resoliitioii, 
 I Sloiiini;toii, where lie 
 line of liis (jnality, «•. 
 e Mohegins, uiid two 
 [uality. This was th« 
 
 il visilily ill'- 
 :iiri' and ntli'i 
 
 ronl'iisiiin of ii diiinin-d vvreleh, lliut had ofleii 
 opened hii inoiitli lo liliisphi'iiii' ihii name of 
 llie liviii)^ ( lllll, and lli< e ihal iiiiiki' piiiti'ssiiiii 
 llii'ii'iif. Ill' was liilil lit liii'^Mi of Ins lireiieli 
 of liiilli, and liiuv he liiiasled In; wiiilld nut 
 deliver lip a Wiiinpaniiii;^', iir llie patiiit^ of u 
 Waiiip. lining's mill, lliat he wiinid liilin llie 
 I'lii^lish ill llieir liiiiises ; to wliieli he replied, 
 olIieiH were as tiirw.ir I fur lliii war as liiiii- 
 Mi'll : and that liii desired lu hear no inure 
 lliereof. And when he was tuld his nenlenre 
 was III die, he said, he liked it well, lliut he 
 Hliiiidd die liefiire his heart wiis siifl, or had 
 spiikeii uiiy tiling iiiiwoilliy of hiinself. lie 
 liild the l'iii<r|isli Jiefore they put liiiii lo deiitli, 
 that llie killing him would nut end llie war; 
 hut it was a lunsideriililii step thereiiiitu, nor 
 did it live mui'li Ioniser aflerlils death, at lea't 
 nut ill till se parts ; for after iSudliiiiy tif;hl, 
 when the hiiii of llieir liiipes wkh al Us lii^'li- 
 est; April the IHth I'ulliiwiii)^, il visilil 
 ('lined, till it set in a ni^htiif ulisci 
 darkness upon llieiii all, us is tii he teiiiud. 
 
 'I'lii! inhuliilaiitsiil New lionduii, Norwieh 
 'ind >Sliiniii^luii, appi'elieii.-.ive of tlieir danger, 
 hy reason iit llie near liiii'ilerini^ ol the enemy, 
 and iipiiii oilier prudent roiiHideralion, vulun- 
 larily listed theiiiselves under Hiiiiie alile (,'eii- 
 llo'iien, and resiiliite suldiers, iimuii^'st iheiii- 
 delves, iMajiir I'aliues, ('iipl. (leor^e Denisoii, 
 (,'apl. Aviu'y, with wlioui, or umler whom, 
 w illiiii the <:iimpas» of llie year l(i7li, iliey 
 made ten or more several oxpediliuns, in all 
 uhir'ii.at lliiise several limes, they killed itiiil 
 tuuk two hundred and tliirly-nlne of the eiie- 
 mv, liy die help and assistanee iiftlie I'eipiiids, 
 iMulii'i^ins, and a few fiiendly Niirnif^'aiiHets; 
 liesides lliirly taken inllieir lonf^ march home- 
 ward, after llie tort tif;lil, Deceinlier lIUli, 
 lli7.'> ; and hesides 10 captivated ilitlie second 
 i'xpi"liluin, not reckoned williin llie compass 
 of the said niimlier; tu^etlier with fitly f(uns, 
 :iiid Kpoiling iheuiiumy of ail hundred InisheU 
 111 com. 
 
 In January ihey weiita^aiii in pursuit, ttiid 
 tiiiik five men and u hiiy. (.'ertain Nijinels 
 inleiided lu have sheltered tliemselv(>s under 
 lliicas i liiithe perceiving It would lie distaste- 
 ful to the I'lii^lish, uiioii slialilied them oil', so 
 us they were in the liegiiiiiin^ of the winter 
 iiiiiiii,'ht into Itusloii, many of thiun hy Peter 
 I'^pliraini, and Andrew I'ilyme, with tlieir 
 fellows. 
 
 Ill all which expliiils, neilher they nur any 
 iif llieir followers siisiained any loss hy the 
 swuiil of the I'ueiiiy, or sickness ; as is ex- 
 pressly declared liy the reverend iniiiister of 
 Sliiniiiglon, Mr. diimes Noyce, which isa mat- 
 ter very admiralilo to consider, engaginij all 
 that were any way concerned in such signal 
 lestimiiiiies 111 divine faviiur, to he ready to pay 
 their vinvs lo the .Must High, who alone teacli- 
 I'lli the hands of his people to war, and tlu'ir 
 lingers to tight. 
 
 Not lung after Capt. George Denisoii, of 
 Stiiiiinglon, with sixly-si.x volunteers, and a 
 hundred and twelve I'eipiods, killed and took 
 seventy-six of thi; enemy, amongst whom 
 were two Narraganset suchems, oiieof wliiim 
 was the grand-child ol' Poinhani (who is ac- 
 iimnted llio most warlike, and the heat soldier 
 ef ull the Narraganset sachems) taking at the 
 came time lUO tnishels of the enemy's cum, 
 iiu small damage to our tmeiiiies al thai time, 
 and all this without the loss of uiiu man of the 
 •aid cuptain'9 followers. 
 
 'I'lie greater mischief wliieh iiflerthis liinoj .Metapoisel, n plaeu at tvvelvu milM 4lttUM 
 was dune hy llie enemy in I'lymoiilh culiiny, from .Swnnzey, lo slrciiglhen ihp pntriunn nt 
 
 was liv iiinniiig uf liMiises aiiil liariis, wliuti one lliiiiin's lioiisi', wliereiii were neieiily 
 lliey niiglil easily du, llie inhiiliilanls in must ; pi'l'HiiiiH, amongsi w liuin were only luiilid six- 
 uf lliii.He luwii.s hi'iiig repaired tu girrisiin teen men. After lliey had iiuiiilied livti 
 liiiiisesfur lleir Ljreali'r si'cnnly : fur uliiiiit llur miles lit' llieir way, having Mr. Ilrown's sun 
 M)l\\ of April, til'iy uf llie em my hiiriit aliuntfor llieir pilot, lliey met Willi minie Swan/.ey 
 
 leeii liiiiisesand tiarnn iiiSilnale, hut were . people, newly liirnid on I of their honsis (liy 
 so i'i'i:oliitely <'ncuuMi'ieil liy a few uf the in- which they were to puss 
 
 yet ii'sisli'd iiiilii hliiui 
 
 ileieil hy a few lA' 
 were driven awa 
 
 my. iN 
 
 all ihat i 
 
 lialiilanlH, that ihey were ilriven away, am 
 iherehy pruvenleJ fium doing liiither mis- 
 chief. 
 
 Not lung aflir. May Htli, lliey Inirnt ulioiit 
 neveiiteen hiiii.ses and luiriis in liridgewaler, 
 a small luwn in I'lymouth colony, iwi'lve 
 miles on this side 'I aiinluii ; hut It pleased 
 (ind just at llie lime In .send a thunder-show er, 
 wliicIi pill out ihe tire, or else il iniglil liiive 
 prevailed much further. 
 
 It is very reinarkalile, lliat ll,e iiihahitant.i of 
 the said liridgewaler, never yet lost one per- 
 son hy the swurd ut llie enemy, tliiiiigli llie 
 luwn is siliiale williin i'lymunlh ciiluny, yet 
 lliey have helped tudeslriiy many uf the eiie- 
 Niine kiiiiws either love or hatred hy 
 is hefure them in lliings of this iiiiture; 
 nor ought slanders hy lliat may escape, think 
 themselves less sinners tliaii tliuse that periuli 
 liy the swurd of the eneiny : yet alioiit this 
 nine four of the inliiihitants of 'raunlon were 
 killed as lliey were al their work in the tield, 
 wherehy it is said that lliirly children were 
 made tatherless ; .Su iinsearchalile are the 
 jiidgmenl.-i of the ;Mmiglily and his ways (lUst 
 liiiitingoiit. 
 
 During these calamities, (iod's dispensations 
 have lieen vanuiis, as well in reterences unto 
 towns and villages, us unto persons : as if 
 some places have heeii hy special priivideiicu 
 miirked out to preservation, us others unto 
 deslriiclion ; of winch no ulher reasuii (tan he 
 rendered, lliiiii the eiiud pleasure oi' (Jod so 
 lo Older and dispo.a,' of events, which .some- 
 times, as Suluniun says.areall one lo the good, 
 and tu the cle;iii and lu the unclean 
 
 And hecause special niitice is taken of the 
 luwn of liridgewaler, winch iillhuugh it is 
 feared, as it were in the midst of danger, and 
 liaili uflen heen assaulted hy considerahle 
 numhers uf the enemy, yet never lust any one 
 of their iiilialiitants, young or old ; a particu- 
 lar account .shall here he given of the most 
 reinarkalile passages uf divine pruvidi.'iice re- 
 lating lu that |ilaiilatiun since the war hegan. 
 .) line ^lith, l(i7.'i, when I'liilip's m.dlce agiiinst 
 the Knglish, mixed w ilh a particular prejudice 
 against (Jovenior Winsluw, hegan lo lioil up 
 III the height uf an open rehellion ; the people 
 of Swan/.ey heing likely tu he distressed hy 
 the Indians, a post w.is instantly sent to the 
 giivernor of I'lyinouth, ' i' ly l_\ iiig through 
 liriilgewater ; ihesai'! ,' 
 day, and aliiiut nine or ii 
 
 ed through the town, left an order from the 
 governor t'ur the raising uf twenty men, well 
 armed, and fiirnislied with horses, to he forth- 
 with dispatched a way lorthe relief of, SwttiiZey; 
 seventeen weie all that could In." raised on the 
 sudden, who were sent thither that night, and 
 were the fust that wi'ie U|ion their march in 
 ull the country ; and jiossihly they fared not 
 the worse fur their forwardness : as Dehiirah 
 
 ; ■■■' turned the next 
 o Liiick, as lie pass- 
 
 ) \N llll liaviii,^' mil :i I 
 yet mule diileful 
 amenlaliiins, » ringing of llieir ha id", and In • 
 wailing their losses, very miii li also persuad- 
 ing the liridgewaler men loliirn liiick, liecinnii 
 of the dii'iger, hut they having su clear a cull, 
 had alsii mure cunruge than i uvMiriliii' lu de- 
 sert the cause of ( iiid and his people, lest they 
 sliiiiild iherehy helniy the lives of so many uf 
 llieir friends inio the eneiiiy's I iiihIh ; iiiiil so 
 hy the good liuiid uf ( iud tuw arils them, i aiiio 
 safe lo .Melupiiisi I that night. 
 
 The next day in the iiiuriilng, a pari uf ihein 
 went to giiuiil Mr. Ilrowii, their pilot, hiii k 
 III his ipiarters ; In their return ihey came slid 
 ilenly upon a |iany of Inili.ins, uhuiit lliirlv ill 
 all ; lliey weie within »liot of one iiniillier, 
 liiit the i'^nglish having no coininissiun to li^lil 
 till ihey w ere assaulted, uiiil not heing iniped- 
 id ill their passage lliey ri'liiriied sate lo llieir 
 L'arrisoii at Melapoiset : the Indians preseirlly 
 drawing oil' and tiring three gims (llioiigh nut 
 with intent to du tlieiii any hurt, us was con- 
 leived) gave 11 sliiiiit, and Ml 111! I'lem. W hell 
 this parly of the I'^iiglisli ilrcv near lo llieir 
 garrison, they liiet with a iiiiiipany of (iiil.s 
 going tu fetch ciirn friini an huiise ilesei liil 
 near liy, uliuut a ipiarter of 'i mile fruiii Mr. 
 liiinrn's huiise, the suldiers g ; llieni liiitKO 
 uf ihe lii.lians which lliey iliMuvered, iiiid 
 wilhiil advised llielii hy iiu means lu veiilur. 
 any inure, hecause ut' the danger; llnv uerc 
 resulved nutwilhstaiidiiig these eurncst per- 
 suasiiins uf the suldiers lu have anuther liirn, 
 which they soon fuiind to he al the peril uf 
 tiieir own lives, six ot ihein hemg presenily 
 after killed right out, or inorlally vMiiinihil, 
 as soiiii as they came to the harii where was 
 the corn ; these six are said to he llie liist 
 that wete slain in this ipiarrel, 'llie suldii r.i 
 at the garrisun hearing the guns, made wliit 
 haste they ciiiild lo the pl.'u'e, hut heuig must 
 uf ihelii in that interim gone tu look for llieir 
 horses, they could not cuine lime eiiungh lor 
 the relief uf their friends, yet iipuii iheir iip- 
 appruacli, they wliii had dune ihe inisrhii f pii- 
 seiilly tied away : one .Junes, hard pursued 
 hy two Indians, was hy their cumingdelivereil 
 friim the extent of the enemy's cruelly, Imt 
 having his inurlul wininil, I . only the I'avunr 
 iherehy, to die in the uriiis of his friends, 
 though hy wounds received fiiim his enemies 
 The next week tifleeii of those soMieis 
 luoking utter their liurses, fell into un umliu-h 
 of twenty of the Indians, hut heing prepared 
 for the encounter, they di.scharged their guns 
 upon each other; hut our iiii-n received no 
 hurt, some of them fell the « ind of the Inilhl ; 
 passing liy tlieir faces ; w hat damage ih" eiu'- 
 iny received is uncerlain, yel .sunie uf the 
 English repo't they found some ol' their ene- 
 my's dead hodies in the place ulterward. 
 
 Thus were they not only preserved in many 
 I perils themselves, lull hecanie insininienia) 
 'also for the preservation uf must uf that uarri 
 
 *lf 
 
 the priiphetess, hlessed (iod for ihem that 
 
 oH'ered theiiLselves willingly among the pen- ' son, who with iheir goods, liy tlieir mean 
 pie: these seventeen uf IJiidgewater, were,; with the help of a small party of I'lyinoiilh 
 June 21fit, ordered hy CjjiL Bradford of j forces, sent thither ifler the six were killed 
 
1 .t 
 
 0.10 
 
 (in H mi'miidii'd iHtlorii) wuri! mion oilortmiia- 
 
 |ii>Mi'.l iiitli'ly to Ki'ikI laluiiJ, 
 
 M.iny imtr»i,'C!» wi'ro tliiit siiriimor coimnlt- 
 ti'il ii|mii llii'lr iicl^lilxiiirsiut 'ruiiiiton unci N.i- 
 m i^Uil, vi't il |>li'usr(l (iml ti) prdli'cl lliu [Mior 
 tiiuii 111' l!riilt;i.'wulc>i' I'lDmiiiiy otlii'r liiirt, nil 
 ilii' liri^iiiiiiii^' 111' April roilovvini;, wliuii iIumm- 
 M'lvi'4 Willi ilit'ir iiiiij^liliiiiiri III' 'ritiiiitiiii ikiiii 
 Itrliolii'lli wi'iv »tioiij;ly siiIuIii'lI to ili'Hi'rt 
 ilicii' ilwi'lliiiL's, mill ii'|iuir Jiiwii to llic tiivvii^ 
 liv till! sni rtiili', liiit (iiid i>iiriiiirui;i'ii (liotii to 
 ki'('|i tlii'ii' Hliitioiii), notwitliKtuiiiiin^ tliu ox- 
 tri'iiu" ilaiigiT tlirii presi'liti'il. It is n-portfii 
 t lilt IMiilip giivu iirilun) tliut Tauiilon unJ 
 'iricigi'WiitiT slioiild Tint liu destroyed till tlio 
 list, \\ liicli Ih all tli(! favour to bu fxpectt'd 
 f'liiiii nil ciii'iiiyi I'Ut tlu'srtlmigiiurc only in tlio 
 '^iiiida of tiod, and not to bu dutfrtniiii'd liy 
 iiiiin. 
 
 April Otii, bring Lord's day, a gmnli party 
 of ihu iMioniy iiiiiii! down upon tbu »uid 
 liridgt'Wiiti'r, biirnr iin oiitlioiisc uiid burn, 
 bi'oku up and rilli'd sovurul otiier lioujua in 
 tliu .liiini' ipiurtur of tliu town, wliicli aru not- 
 wiilistiuidin;,' yut ruinulning; lliey sunt out n 
 puny of tlii.'ir ini'ii to piirsiiu tliuiii tbat niglit 
 uiid nmny duys uftur, but could not lit'ur of 
 
 tlllMU. 
 
 .May 7lh, tin* Lord's day nUo (no doubt but 
 fill! bi.'lti.'riii'ss of the day will iiicrea«utlie bad- 
 ness of llieir deed utteinptcd tliereim) tliev 
 liiid intelligence of a groat liody of Indians 
 dispersed tjiat way, witli intent to liave fullen 
 upiiii (lie town lliat very day, but were caau 
 iilly prevented by a great deal of rain that fel 
 tlie iiiglit bel'uri; ; liowever, tliey were resol- 
 ved not to niissthe opportunity, wliereforu on 
 tlie next day (May btli) about three buiidred 
 of llieni, one Tisgimgen being tlieir thief 
 leader, at 8 or 9 in the morning made an as- 
 Hiiiilt iij)on the east end of the town, on the 
 giiutli side of the river; many of the inhabi- 
 luiits staved at home that morning, because 
 of ihe iiili'lligenee the day before, and so were 
 the more ready to entertain iheni ; some not 
 taking ihat warning, venliired into the field 
 ubinit their occasions, were in danger of sur- 
 prisal, but by tlie special favour of Goil esca)i- 
 ed, and came time enough to help defend their 
 own and their neigh l)oursdwellings,beiiigshot 
 at, and Imrd pursued a considerable way. 
 
 'I'he Indians presently bi^gan to fire the 
 town, but it pleased Hod so to spirit and en- 
 courage several of the Inhabitants, issuing init 
 of their garrison houses, that they fell upon 
 them willi great resolution, and beat them olf; 
 ul the same instant of time, the LortI of Hosts 
 also fighting fiir ihem from Heaven, by send- 
 ing a storm of thunder and rain, very season- 
 ably which prevented the burning of the houses 
 which were fired : The soldiers also fighting 
 under the banners of God's special prntection, 
 were so successful in repelling the enemy, 
 that none of the inbabitants wore killed or 
 taken, and but one wounded. The Indians 
 by this stout resistance, being beaten ofli'lo the 
 skirts of tlu! town, made a fresh onset upon an- 
 other (piurter thereof, on the north side of the 
 river, where they had done much more mischief 
 but that (lod stirn^l up sundry of the peo()le 
 to venture out of their fortified bouses, who 
 fired upon the enemy, and beat them from 
 their dwellings, so as in the evening they drew 
 oil' to an oiiihouse, thrive miles distant from the 
 town : The next day the inhabitants expected 
 another assault, but the onemy having burnt 
 
 THE 1 N i; 1 A N WARS. 
 
 till] house and burn where they kept their 
 rendi'/.voin over night, and one house more 
 t fur distant, they marchi'd all clear away 
 lor that lime. Thus it pli'Ur>ed (ioil so to 
 ordi'r Ins dispensaiions tow ard (Ins small town, 
 IS a bland plucked out of the fire, they did 
 but just taste of this bitter cup, which others 
 aiik deeper of; yet hail they not »uch mer- 
 cy, US lliest! bad, mixed therewith: under 
 (iod, the courage of the inhubitants was u 
 great means of their presiuvation, for they 
 lired so stoutly upon the enemy, that they 
 durst not come very near some of the garri- 
 soned hoiisei, Hahiting them only nt a distance, 
 (■oil was eminently seen upholding the spirit 
 of all sorts, men and women, so as no conati'r- 
 nuliun of mind was seen npon any of them, 
 during the whole time of the dispute. 
 
 In this assault they lost but thirteen dwell- 
 ing houses, whereof live only were in the 
 town (the rust being outhouses, and deserted 
 for the presiMit) with some few barns, and 
 some of their cattle; all which was a very in- 
 considerable loss, in comparison of what liefel 
 others, and themselves might endureil, if Uod 
 bad not by bis special favour prevented, 
 
 July 14th and Ifllh, another party of In- 
 dians came down upon the northwest side of 
 the town, but with no better success; for they 
 had no cominission from the Lord of Hosts to 
 touch any of the persons of the inbubiluiils, 
 their power reaching only to the slaying of 
 their catlli! at this time, 
 
 July J8th, llJth, and 20tli, they sent our 
 parties after (be enemy to pursue them by 
 their track, who fell upon some of them. On 
 the 20th they took sixteen, whereof two were 
 men: On this day tlii'v had to assist them, it 
 ■seems, soiiu; of the buy indiuns, sent them 
 from Capt, Uratlh- ; some of the captives in- 
 formed that there were but seventy or eighty 
 in the company, and but ten or twelve men 
 amongst them : lint within a few days these 
 Bridgewater men shall find belter success in 
 pursuit of their enemies, when I'liili|) himself 
 shall hiirdly escape their liunds.iis shall be seen 
 afterwards. 
 
 While one party of the enemy thus acted 
 their part about I'lyinouth colony and towards 
 the sea coasts, otiii'r parties of them were not 
 idle in the Mussachusetts colony, where they 
 assaulted many iilaces, doing what tnischief 
 they could by firing of houses, and killing sev- 
 eral persons in the inland plant itions, 
 
 iMarch 2d, they assaulted (iroton ; the next 
 day over night Major VVillard, with seventy 
 horse came into the town ; -10 foot also came 
 up to their relief from Watertown, but the 
 Indians were all lied, having first burnt all the 
 houses in the town, save four that were gar- 
 risoned, iIk" meeling house being the second 
 they fired ; soon after Capt. Still was sent 
 with a small party of dragoons, of eight files, 
 to fetch ofi'tbe inhabitants of (iroton, and what 
 was left from the spoil of the enemy, having 
 under his careabimt sixtycurts, being in depth 
 from front to rear about two miles, when a 
 party of Indians lying in ambush, at a |)lace 
 of eminent ndvanta<;e, fired upon the front 
 and mortally woiindrd two of the first car- 
 riers, who both died the next night. Had 
 (iod ])crinitted, they would havi.' done eminent 
 damage to the whole body, it being full an 
 hour before ihey could be drawn up, which 
 was done with cure and courage ; but the In- 
 dians after a few more shot made, without 
 
 doing harm, retired, and made no furtliur 
 assault iipiin lliein, being the siime party of 
 Indians which the ilav befure hud burnt son. ii 
 part of ('helliisford. Sonn iiftrr this vil iige 
 WHS deserted an. I ilrHtroMil by the enemy ; 
 yet it was a Bpeclul pro\ idiiice, lliiit lliiiligh 
 the carts were guardril with so slender a con- 
 vov,yet there was not any coiisidenible loss 
 siistaiiud. 
 
 The surprisal of Oroton wns after ibis niun- 
 iier: On March 2d, the Indians came in the 
 night and rifled eight or nine houses, carried 
 away some cattle, and alarmed the town. 
 
 On March Dili, about ten in the morning, a 
 parcel of Indians having two days lurked in 
 the town, ami taken possession of three out- 
 houses, and feasted the s niih corn, and 
 divers s.vine and po iiicli they there 
 seized, lay in ambush . two carls, w liich 
 went from their garrison to fi'tch in some hay, 
 attended with four men, two of which espy- 
 ing the enemy, made a difllciili escape, the 
 other two wen; set upon, and one of them 
 slain, stript naked, his body mangled, and 
 dragged into the lii<:bw'ay, and laid on his 
 back in a most shunieful mumier: the other 
 taken captiv»> and ul'terwards sentenred to 
 death ; but the enemy not coi" i rrlng in llie 
 niannerof il, execution was deferred, and he 
 by the providence of Clod escaped by a bold 
 attempt the in^iit befiue he was (b-signed to 
 bavo been eianghtered, anil fled to the gar- 
 rison at Lancaster, the cattle in both lowi.s 
 wounded, and five of them slain, 
 
 March l.'ilh was the day when the enemy 
 came in a full body, by their own Mccouiit 
 four liundred, and ihoiitiht by the inbabitants 
 lo be not many less, T'"> lown w as at this 
 time, (having been put ' i fright by the sad 
 catastrophe of Lancu ■'. next bordiM'ing 
 
 town) gathered into -risons, lour of 
 
 which were so near togi i.„., as to be able to 
 command from one to the other, between 
 which were the cattle belonging lo those fa- 
 milies, driven into pastures, which nfterwards 
 proved their preservation ; the other was 
 near a mil'5 distant from the rest. 
 
 This morning the Indians (having in the 
 niglit placed themselves in several parts of 
 the town) made their onset; which benan 
 near the fiiiir garrisons, for a body of them 
 having placed ihemsi'lves in ambuscaib", be- 
 hind a hill, near one of the garrisons two of 
 them mude discovery of themselves, as if lliev 
 had stood upon discovery. At ibis liims 
 divers of the people, not suspecting that any 
 »uch matter (for the day before, many had 
 been up<in discovery many miles, and fiuiiul 
 no signs of an enemy being so near) were nt 
 tending their occasions, some foddering iheir 
 cuttle, some milking their cows, of whom the 
 enemy might easily have made a seizure, but 
 (iod prevented ; they having another design 
 in hand, an soon after appeared: These two 
 Indians were at length I'spied, and the alarm 
 given : whereupon the most of the men in 
 the next garrison, anil some also in the second 
 (which was about eight or nine poles distant) 
 drew out and went to surprize those two In- 
 dians, who kept their station till our men 
 reached the brow of the hill, then arose 
 in the ambush and discharged a volley upon 
 them, which caused a disorderly retreat or 
 rather a rout, in which one was" slain, and 
 three others wounded ; Meanwhile another 
 ambush had risen, and come ii'ioti the back 
 
iiud tijiiJii ijii I'urlliur 
 'liij; ll]n aiiini' |inrt^' of 
 
 lirliirc llilll lllM'Mt M'lMI 
 
 .SiMiri ulirr tlija vil iijjit 
 ilMiMcl li_v \\w iMicinv ; 
 nn iiliricc, lljut lliiiiij;h 
 I ttilli HI) .tliiiiliT n ((III. 
 1111^ i:i)ii«iilcnil)li' UmH 
 
 :)t(iii wnH iiI'liT lliis iiiiiii- 
 liidiniia niiiii' in (In; 
 or iiiiii' liiHiscH, tarried 
 iiliirriii'il ilic tiiwii. 
 It Icii ill iliii iiioriiiii^', II 
 l\V(i days liirki'd in 
 
 lOHSI'Ssioil (if llllCM! Ollt- 
 
 -( «illi cdrii, and 
 
 I. I'll llicv llicrc 
 
 . l«i) carls, w lii(^|| 
 
 111 1(1 fcllll ill KdllH. liny, 
 
 II, t«(i of wliitli f)i|iy. 
 
 u didicull fscapc, liw 
 
 iifioM, and iini> of ilirni 
 
 li(id\- iiiaiii.:l('d, and 
 
 liwiiv, and liiid ,,„ lij, 
 
 fill Mianncr: lliu oiIkt 
 
 fti'rwurds scntenoed lo 
 
 y not cm. I I rrin^' in tin- 
 
 )ii was d.HTrcd, and In- 
 
 God fs(a|icil \)y a liold 
 
 iirt! Iio was di"mf,'ni'd to 
 
 I'd, and lli'd In ilie pir- 
 
 (' I'lillle in ijolli lci\yi;s 
 
 tliiMii slain. 
 
 m day wlieii tins enemy 
 , liy llifir own acToiint 
 iiilltit liy till! inl.»l)il;iiilrt 
 T*-" lown was nt ihij 
 !t •' 1 fri(,'lit liy ilio sad 
 ' nt'xt liordi-rinf; 
 "risons", four of 
 ));< .... . , as to l)« alilc to 
 to llic ollit'r, lii'lwccn 
 « Iii'lonirinr: lo lliosc fa- 
 ilures, wliicli iilierwnrds 
 ■lUion ; the other was 
 Ml the rest. 
 
 Indians (havinn;- in iho 
 ves in several parts of 
 r onset; which hei,'aii 
 IS, for a hody of llieni 
 'Ives in Hiiiliiiscade, he- 
 r the (jarrisoMs Iwo of 
 if lliemseives, ns if ihev 
 •overy. At ihls lime, 
 not suspecting that any 
 day liefore, many had 
 many miles, ntui "found 
 heinp so near) were at 
 *, some foddering iheir 
 leir cows, of whom ihe 
 vo made a seizure, hut 
 liaving aniiihi'r design 
 appeared : These two 
 1 espied, and thi! alarm 
 5 most of the mm in 
 some also in llie setond 
 t or nine poles distant) 
 snrprize those two In- 
 • station lill oiir men 
 the hill, then arose 
 charged a volley upon 
 disorderly relVeat or 
 h one was slain, and 
 ; Meanwhile utiother 
 come «'V)n the back 
 
 A NArniATlVK OP 
 
 m 
 
 ■ idi! of the garrison so ileHerled of men, and 
 pnlli'il down the piillisiidoes ; The soldiers in 
 iliis roiil, ri'irealed not to thi'irown, bill piiis- 
 ed bv thi^ next garrison, the Wdiiieii iind chil- 
 dren iiii'iinwliilu expii!.!'!! lo hazard, lint by 
 the giiiiiliiess iif (liid inude a safe escape to 
 tlie oilier fnrtilied hmise, without liny iiiirm, 
 li'iiving their substance to the eniMiiy, who 
 made a prey ol il, anil spent the residiur of 
 llie day in removing the corn and household 
 Btulf, (ill which loss live families were iinpo 
 verislieil) and firing upon the other garrison : 
 Here also they took some rattle. No sooner 
 was llie signal given by llin first volley of 
 shot, but iinmi'dnilely in several parts of the 
 town at once, did the smoke arise, they (iring 
 the houses. 
 
 In the iirternooii they used ii stratagem not 
 unlike the other. In have surprised tin; sini;le 
 garrison, but (rod prevented. An old Indian 
 passed along the street with a black sheep on 
 ins back with a slow pace, an one decrepid ; 
 they maile several shot a', him, at which se- 
 veral issuinl out lo have taken liini alive, but 
 tin! walcliiuaii seasonably espying an ainbuali, 
 behind the house, gave the signal, whereby 
 lliey were prevented. 
 
 The night following, the enemy lodgeil in 
 the town, some of them in the garrison lliey 
 had surprised, but thi! body of them in an ad- 
 jacent valley when' they made iheniselves 
 merry after their savage manner. The next 
 miiriiing lliev gave two or three vollies at 
 (,'iipt. l'iirk<U''s garrison, and so marched oft' 
 fearing as was thought, tiiut supply might be 
 near at liaiiil. 
 
 This assault of theirs was managed with 
 thtfir wanted subllcty and barbarous cruelty; 
 for lliey stript tin! Iiody of liim whom they 
 had slain in the lirst onset, and then cutting 
 oir his head, lixed it upon a pole, looking to- 
 wards his own land. The corpse of the man 
 slain ihi! wei'k before, they iliig out of his 
 gravif, and cut oil' his bead and one le r, and 
 set them upmi poli'S, and stript oft' his wiml- 
 ing sheet. An mi'aiit which they found dead, 
 in llie house they first surprised, tliey cut in 
 pieces, which afterward they cast to the 
 ewiiie. There were about forty dwelling 
 houses burnt at that time, besides other build- 
 ings. This desolation was followed with the 
 breaking up of the town, aniJ scattering of 
 till! inhabitants, am', removal of the caiidli!- 
 slick after it had been there seated above 
 twelve years. 
 
 ('i)nceriiingthe surprising nfGroton, March 
 l.'i, there was not ,niy thing much more mate- 
 rial than what is i;!ready mentioned, save only 
 the insolence of Joliii Monoco, or one eyiul 
 John, the chief capt. of the Indians in that 
 design; who having by a sudden surprisal 
 early in the morning, seized upon a garrison 
 house in one end of the town, continued to it, 
 phindering what was there ready ot hand, nil 
 that day ; and at night did very familiarly in 
 appearince, call out lo Capt. Parker, that was 
 Indgeil ill another garrison house, and enter- 
 tained u gi-eat deal of discourse wiih him, 
 whom he called his old neighbour ; dilating 
 upon the cause of the war, and putting an 
 end lo it by a friendly peace ; yet oft mixing 
 bitter sarcasms, with several blasphemous 
 scoft's and taunts, at their praying and wor- 
 shipping tied in the meetinghouse, which he 
 deridingly said ho had burnt. Among other 
 Uiinga whlcli lie boastingly uttcrod that night, 
 
 he said he burnt Mr. 'leld, (though it l>e not 
 known whether he » is there perxiinilly pre- 
 sent or iiol) Lancaster, and that now he \s uuld 
 ..urn till.' Iiiuii III (irnloii, an I ihi' next time 
 he would burn Clielinsforil, C'oncnrd, Water- 
 lown, Camliriilgi', Cliurlestium, Unxlmry, 
 Motion, adding lit la«l in llnir dialect, «•/(«/ 
 me I' ill, mi- Jo : Not mucli uiiliki' the proud 
 Assyrian (if his pnvter hud la'cn cipiiil to his 
 pride) siiiiiciiiiies ihieiilened against Jcrii'"a- 
 leni but was by the remarkable iiidvideiite 
 of (iixl, so ('oiifniiiiiled williiii a lew months 
 lifter, that he was hereft of his four hundred 
 and four score (of which he now boasted) and 
 only with II few more braggadocios like hiiii- 
 self, .Siiu'iiinore Sam, old .leihrn, and the ."Saga- 
 more nl l.^iialiaog. Here taken by the Knglisli, 
 and was seen (not long befnre the writing of 
 this) marching Inwards the gallows (ihidiigh 
 Hostoii streets, w liich he llireMtetied lo burn at 
 his pleasure) wiili a halter about his neck, 
 with which 111! washaiiged at ilie town's end, 
 ."'I'pl. lilitli, in ihis present year, ll)7(). So 
 let thine enemies perish, O Lord, uiul such 
 ennleinpt be pnkired nn all I'leni that open 
 their mouths to blaspheme thy Imly name. 
 
 Things looked willi a disiigreeabh! face 
 aboiil ihnse parts lit this time, yet llinugh the 
 riglitenus fall seven limes, let nol their ene- 
 mies rejnice, fur ihe righleniis shall rise again, 
 but their wicked eiieniles shall fall iiiln mis- 
 chief, and ris(! no more. Il was ebbing wiUer 
 w ilh New Knglaiiil at this time, and a while 
 after; hut Gnd shall liirn the slreani before it 
 be loiiu', and bring dnwii their enemies In 
 lick ll:i' dust bi'fni'e ihi'lii. 
 
 .^ IT this, .Vpiil I7tli, Capt. Still being ap- 
 ]inii;led In keep garrisiin at ( irolnii, some In- 
 dians coming In liiint fnr swine, three Indians 
 drew near the giirrisnn house, supposing it 
 to have bei'ii deserted, two of them were slain 
 by one single .shot, made by the captain's own 
 hands, and tlu: third, by another shot made 
 from the garrison. 
 
 The ilaiiger which these inland towns were 
 like to be exposed In frnlii llic' enemy, after 
 they were driven out of the Narraganset 
 coiiiilry, was foreseen by tlie council of Mas- 
 sachusetts, vea, ihev had some intimation 
 thereof from the enemy themselves; but they 
 were not well able to prevent it in that un- 
 seasonable liini! of the ye.ir ; no wnv fit for 
 marching of snldiers, and transporting of pro- 
 visions (llie winter then beginning to break 
 up in this country) for whih' our forces were 
 up in the Narratranset country in the winter, 
 a couple of chrisiiau Indians wore sent as 
 spies into the Nipnet and Xarraganset coun- 
 try through the woods, in the depth of winter, 
 when the ways were impassable fiir any other 
 sort of people : These two, James and Job, 
 (irdered their business so prudently, as that 
 they were admitted into those Indian habita- 
 tions as friends, and had free liberty of dis- 
 course with them ; they were at first a little 
 jealous of them; but by the means of one 
 I'ved .Tohn (a great captain of the Indians, 
 ti;at afterwards led them that spoiled CJroton, 
 who having been a companion of one of the 
 said spies, both in hunting, and in fighting 
 against the Mohawks fnrmerly, so esteemed 
 of him, that he would not siifl'er nnv of the 
 rest to touch him) they passed through all 
 the Indian towns lying thirty miles distant 
 from Quabaog, and twenty miles northward 
 of the road lo Connecticut. — One of the said 
 
 Hpies rt'tiiriied utioiit ihe :illh of January, iu> 
 fiirmuig iheni that sent him wliiil he had oik 
 servi'sli b ''h the iiiiniber ol'tlie Indiiiiis (iibout 
 thi't'«> ^i4,ii)rt'd in all) also their sc\enil low Ii4, 
 ami what pro\ isions ihey had; plenly of m- 
 inson, much pork frnni the I'lngli-liinen's ho'.;« 
 which they had iduli; thiy cnnlis^i'd also 
 thai he and snilio of his party had killed ihe 
 pi'ople il Nasaway, the last year, siisprclid 
 In have been done by ihe Indiiilis of Mail- 
 boroiigh : lie told iheiii also lliey iiileiiiled 
 III burn Lancaster vvilhln three weeks alter 
 lliiit time, w Inch accnrdingly lliey did ; lidding 
 mnri'over, ihiit smni! l''reiicliiiien were wllli 
 llieiii at i'ii('oniptiii:k, ei.coiira^iiiff of llieiii In 
 go on with thrir designs, proiiilsi' g ihiiii as. 
 sislance, w liicli made some ready lo ihink iho 
 Indians were slirreil up by lln' l''r<iicli lo do 
 all this mischief — but more of this iifler. 
 wards. — What might be giilherej frnm ihii 
 fiiresaid p|•(lmi^es is easy lo conceive: where, 
 upon new forces, willi as miiih K]ieed as the 
 season Wduld allow, were riiised and sent inlo 
 those purls, under the command of Miijur 
 Savagi' ill chief : They were dispatched away 
 'he be 'inning of March, iiinl appninled In 
 .licet w.ih such as slinuld be senl frnm ('(in- 
 necticiit ■.il.ii », which they did abiuil <,iiia- 
 baog, and sc intended lo march ilireclly iipio 
 those Indian towns iibniil Wati liii-et jlill. In 
 ihe norlhvvest ; but the Iiiilians w ere yniie, 
 and our forces in pursuit nf ihein taking llie 
 wrong jialh, missed nf llieiii, yet iiiiigii)g 
 ihroiigh those woods, lliey were iil niie lime 
 suddenly assaulted by a small parly of In- 
 dians firing upon ihein, wniiiiiled Mr. <ier. 
 shorn liiilkly, by a shot in his lliivih. and kill- 
 ing one of tlieii- snhliers ; alter which as ihey 
 marched along ihey nccidenliilly li'll iip'.n 
 annlher small parly of the eiieiny, nf wlmm 
 they slew .some and tnnk others lo ihe nuiii- 
 lier of sixteen, yet could not meet wilh iho 
 main body of the enemy, who il seems had 
 passed ever a great river by ral'ls, sn ihal nur 
 men cnilld follnvv them nn furlher. w lierel'nru 
 turning dnwii Inwards lladley and Nnrihiiinp- 
 ton, whither it was supposed llie Indiai •■ in- 
 tended In pass, ihey came very seii.«iiiiiil.|y 
 tn the relief nf the said towns, which else had 
 been in danger of being lost. Fnr, 
 
 March 14lh, llic enemy fell npmi Xnr- 
 ihaniiilnn, and in three places broke ihrniigli 
 the fnrlificalinn of jiallisadnes. set tiji roiiiid 
 about llie town a little befiire, liir iheir bellir 
 security; but the town beingat lliiil tiini! lull 
 of soldiers, they were ipiickly n'pulsed, iil'ler 
 they had killed fiiiirmen iindiwo women, and 
 fired four or five dwelling houses, and as 
 many barns, wilh tlii! loss of iiKiiiy nf iheir 
 lives, as was su)iposed. 
 
 While our forces under Major Sav.-.ge cim- 
 linued on that side of the cuinli-y, u sad ac- 
 cident fi'll out at Sprinfield, llie certiiiiily of 
 which it is judged meet here In reliueln pre- 
 vent mistakes ; the matter having iliroiigh a 
 great oversight been othi'rvvise represeiiled 
 than indeed it was, not only to ihe prejudice 
 of truth, but to the disadvantage of some 
 persons concerned therein. M'hile the sol- 
 diers were quartered at a place belnnging lo 
 Springfield, called the long meadow, lline 
 miles from the town below, toward Windsor, 
 several nf the inhabitants having nmsl nf ihe 
 winter kejit from the public meeting nn Ine 
 Lord's day for fear nf the enemy, were en- 
 couraged to adventure to tho ass<\mbly on 
 
 I 
 
 
8B3 
 
 THE INDIAN WARS. 
 
 I'l 
 
 the 86th of March, riding in the company of" 
 the troopers; but having heard of no Indians 
 thereabouts a f»ood while, were more sccun- 
 tliari they had cause ; for riding some of 
 them with womon behind them, and some 
 with children in their arms, yet not so care- 
 ful as to keep in the middle, but rather in the 
 rear, and at some dis'^ncestragglincf from the 
 rest of the company, a party of Indians lying 
 in the bushes, as they rode along, fired upon 
 the hindmost, end killed two, and wounded 
 others: Those in the front having also women 
 and maids behind some of them, were at a 
 stand to know what to do, fearing they might 
 ex^pose those women they had in their com- 
 pany, if they should ride back (in that wind- 
 ing road through awoody place for neara mile 
 or two together) to look after them that were 
 behind ; at the last, one that came riding up, 
 told the foremost company there was no hurt, 
 and that they were all coming : They that 
 were before rode away with all speed to the 
 end of the town, where setting down the wo 
 men, the troopers returned back, but too late 
 to recover two poor women, and two children, 
 •who upon the fi.-st assau't were thrown off 
 their horses, and immediatt ly hauled into the 
 bushes, and through a swi.mp on the other 
 side of a steep bank, so as they co'ld not be 
 heard of all that afternoon, nor the next day 
 till toward night, although thoy were diligent- 
 ly searched after by all the troopers in and 
 about the town ; at last when they were des- 
 cried just by a swamp side, the cruel wretches 
 endeavoured to kill them all, but in haste only 
 wounded them with their hatchets, yet so as 
 one of the poor creatures recovered ; the 
 other, with the children, died of their wounds 
 before they were brought home, or within a 
 little time after. They did not complain of 
 any incivility toward them while they were 
 in their power; but by the farewell given 
 them at their parting, they found it true by 
 their own experience, that the tender mercies 
 y- the wicked are cruelty. 
 
 There happened no other matter of moment 
 worthy the reporting while our forces tarried 
 in those parts, and the commanders observing 
 that the enemy was turned back again through 
 the woods, towards Massachusetts hay, after 
 a month's time retired back, yet could never 
 meet with the enemy in their return through 
 the woods, although while they were at the 
 towns aforesaid, they understood of several 
 attempts made upon Sudbury and Marl- 
 borough, the most part of the Ir.tter they de- 
 stroyed March 26tn, which mnile the inhabi- 
 tants forsake their dwellings, leaving only a 
 few houses garrisoncil with soldiers, the bet- 
 ter to secure a passage lo the towns westward 
 UDon Connecticut river. 
 
 The inhabitants of Sudbury, with the sold- 
 iers under lieutenant Jacobs, of Miirlborough, 
 sufficiently alarmed by the late mischief dene 
 about these towns, resolved to try what work 
 they could with the enemy in the night : 
 whereupon going forth, March 27th, toward 
 morning, they discerned where the enemy 
 lay l)y their fire, (near three hundred of them) 
 and within half a mile of a garrison house, 
 near the place where they had done so much 
 mischief the day before. Such was the cour- 
 a>re and resolution of the English, though but 
 forty in number, townsmen and soliliers, that 
 they adventured to discharge upen them as 
 Uiey lay by tlieir Rres, when it was so dark 
 
 that an Indian could hardly be discerned from 
 a better man ; yet God so directing, they dis- 
 charged several times upon them ; wound- 
 ed thirty, fourteen of whom either died of 
 their wounds the same d ly, or soon after, 
 which had been chief agents in this present 
 mischief against the Knglish. Such was the 
 success of this skirmish that the assailants 
 came off without the loss of a man. 
 
 After this time the enemy began to scatter 
 about in sniall parties, doing what mischief 
 they could, about Massachusetts, killing a man 
 at Weymouth, another at Hingham, as they 
 layskulkingupanddown in swamps and holes, 
 to assault any that occasionally looked never 
 so little into the woods : sometimes alarming 
 the towns about Hoston, by discharging the 
 guns upon particular persons at liillerica, 
 Braintree, and at Wrenlham, near to which 
 place, in the road to Rehoboth, they assaulted 
 one Woodcock's house, killed one man and 
 one of his sons, wounded another, and burnt 
 his son's house. 
 
 Notwithstanding ihe little s.iccess of former 
 attempts Philip and bis men have one piece 
 more to play in Massachusetts colony, before 
 they go off the stage, and then we shall see 
 their power visibly declining every where, 
 until their final overthrow come upon them. 
 There were several small parties of them scat- 
 tered up and down al! over the country, yet 
 the main body of them was still lurking up 
 and down in those woods that lie between 
 Hrookfield, Marlborough, and Connecticut 
 river. Possibly they had some hopes of driv- 
 ing all the country before them to the towns 
 upon the sea coast ; for having burnt the de- 
 serted houses at Marlborough, April 17th, the 
 next day they set upon Sudbury with all their 
 might (hoping, 'tis probable,) to do there as 
 they had done at the towns next beyond it. 
 They did at the first prevail so far as to con- 
 sume several houses and barns, and kill seve- 
 ral persons ten or twelve of the English, that 
 came from Concord to assist their neighbours 
 at Sudbury, a town five miles distant from 
 them, at the first hearing of the alarm, who 
 unawares were surprised near a garrison, in 
 hopes of getting "ome advantage upon asmall 
 party of the epemy that presented themselves 
 in a meadow ; a great number of the Indians 
 that lay unseen in the bushes, suddenly rose 
 up, and interceptin'; the passage to the garri- 
 son bouse, killed and t )<>k them all. 
 
 But our sonows and losses that day are 
 not yet come to their height ; fiy on the same 
 (lay, that resolute stout hearted soldier, Capt. 
 Wadsworth (who not long before, with not 
 above forty men, rescued Liincaster, when it 
 was in dani;or to have been all lost at once) 
 being sent from Boston with fifty soldiers to 
 relieve Marlborough, having marched twenty- 
 five miles and then understanding the enemy 
 was gone through the woods towards Sud- 
 bury : This wearied company, before ever 
 they had taken any considerable rest, marched 
 immediately back toward Sudbury (that lies 
 ten miles nearer Boston) and being come 
 within a mile of the town, they espied a party 
 of Indians not far from them, about an hun- 
 dred, not more — as they conceived, these they 
 might easily deal with ; who retiring a while, 
 drew Capt. Wadsworth and his company 
 above a mile into the v.wcJs, when on a sud- 
 den a great body of the enemy appeared, 
 about five hundred as was thought, who com' 
 
 passing them around, forced them to the top of 
 a hill, where they made very stout resistance n 
 considerable while ; but the night drawing on, 
 and some of the company heginning to scatter 
 from the res', their fellows were f()rced to 
 follow their, so as the enemy taking the chase, 
 pursued them on every side, as they made too 
 hasty a retreat, by which accident, being so 
 much overpowered by the enemy's numbers, 
 they were most of them lost ; The captain 
 himself, with one Capt. Brocklebank (achoice 
 spirited young man much lamented by the 
 town of Rowley to which he belonged) and 
 some others that fell into his company as ho 
 marched along, scarce twenty escaping in all 
 so that another captain and his fifty men per- 
 ished at that time, as brave soldiers as any 
 ever employed in the present service. 
 
 Thus as m former attempts of the like na- 
 ture, too much courage and eagerness in pur- 
 suit of the enemy, hath added another iiital 
 blow to this poor country. 
 
 The same day anoth r party of the English 
 coming from BroofieliJ, whither ihey were 
 sent as convoy with provisions for the garri- 
 son, were in danger likewise of falling into the 
 hands of the same Indians ; yet riding upon a 
 good speed, and keeping their guns always 
 ready presented against them they met, they 
 never durst fire at them; only throe or four 
 having unadvisedly first discharged their guns 
 against the enemy, and falling too much in 
 the rear of their company, were cut off and 
 lost. It is reported by some that afterwards 
 escaped, how they cruelly tortured five or six 
 of the English that night : Yet whatever their 
 success was this day, it was observed by some 
 (at that time their prisoners, and since releas- 
 ed) that they seemed very pensive after they 
 came to their quarters, showing no such sigrs 
 of rejoicing as they were wont to do in liise 
 cases; whether for the loss of some of their 
 own company in that day's enterprise (saiil 
 to be an hundred and twenty) or whether it 
 was the devil in whom they trusted that de- 
 ceived them, and to whom they made their 
 address the day before, by sundry conjurations 
 of their powaws 1 Or whether it were by 
 any dread that the Almighty sent upon their 
 execrable blasphemies, which it is said thev 
 used in torturing some of their poor captives 
 (bidding Jesus come and deliver them out of 
 their hands from death, if he could) we leave 
 as uncertain, though some have so reported, 
 yet sure it is that after this day they never 
 prospered in any attempt they made against 
 the English, but were contiiuially snitiercil 
 and broken, till they were in a maiuu>rall con- 
 sumed. After this time, however thev hml 
 braved it before, they seemed to apprehend 
 that it was scarce feasible with them to wiili- 
 stand the power of the English, and ihcreKirr 
 seemed more inclinable to a peace by several 
 overtures made by them, if they knew how 
 to have brought it about. For during these 
 encounters they were willing lo admit of some 
 l.ind of treaty with the English, about ihi; re- 
 leasing of sundry of their captives, vhlch they 
 took at Lancaster and elsewhere : to his end 
 sundry attempts were made by help of several 
 of the praying Indians (as they were called) 
 about the redemption of some of the women 
 and children, which were nt that time in their 
 possession, and by degrees something was 
 effected that way ; possibly their own present 
 sufferings and wants that were upon thorn. 
 
ed tfiem to the top of 
 ery stout ri'sislancu n 
 hp night drawing on, 
 bfginiiiiig to sciittiT 
 W3 were forced to 
 my takiiigthechn.se, 
 de, as they made too 
 h accident, being so 
 e enemy's numbers, 
 lost ; The captnin 
 rocklebank (a choice 
 :h lamented by the 
 h he belonged) and 
 his company as h(! 
 enty escaping in all 
 nd his fifty men per- 
 •ave soldiers as any 
 ssent service, 
 impts of the like nn- 
 nd eagerness in pur- 
 added another fatal 
 
 party of the English 
 whither thoy were 
 visions for the gani- 
 'iseoffidling into the 
 s; yet riding upon a 
 r their guns alwiiya 
 ;hem they met, tlie y 
 ; only three or foilr 
 lischarged their guns 
 falling too much in 
 y, were cut off and 
 ome that afterwards 
 y tortured five or six 
 ; Yet whatever their 
 as observed by some 
 TS, and since releas- 
 •y pensive after they 
 lowing no such sigrs 
 i wont to do in like 
 loss of some nf their 
 ly's enterprise (said 
 •enty) or whether it 
 hey trusted that de- 
 )m they made their 
 •sundry conjurations 
 whether it were by 
 ghty sent upon I heir 
 ivhich it is said they 
 their poor cnptives 
 deliver them out of 
 he could) we leave 
 ! have so reported, 
 lis day they never 
 they made against 
 intinually seiiiiered 
 I in a mannerall con- 
 however they hiid 
 Dmed to apprehend 
 with them to « ith- 
 iglish,and theief.ire 
 p a peace by severnl 
 if they knew how 
 For during these 
 Ing to admit of some 
 igliah, abcnit the re- 
 ;autives, vhichthey 
 where : to his enil 
 !eby help ofseveriil 
 they were culled) 
 ome of the women 
 at that time in their 
 Jes something Wiis 
 y their own present 
 «oro mion ihom, 
 
 A NARRATIVE OP 
 
 might induce them thereunto : For by this 
 time the spring <if the year came on, their pro- 
 vision was all spent, and they were forced to 
 live wholly upon ground nuts, and upon flesh 
 of the English creatures, both horse and neat 
 cattle, which they daily plundered. The 
 ground nuts running up to seed in the sum- 
 mer, begin to grow so sticky, as they were 
 scarce eatable ; the flesh also of the Kngli-h 
 cattle proving unwholesome for their bodies, 
 fillingthem withsundry diseases : one of them 
 having eaten much horso flesh, complained 
 that he had eaten much horse and now horse 
 began to eat him, meaning some deadly disease 
 growing upon his eating such rank flesh, un- 
 wholesotne for their bodies, especially without 
 salt, as their usual manner is. The fishing 
 season also began to come in, wherein they 
 'jsed to take abundance of all sorts, with 
 which those great rivers up the country are 
 abundantly stored ; they used to take thereof, 
 and drying it in the smoke, make provision 
 thereof fur the greatest part of the year; and 
 if the V, ar continued, they could not but see 
 they should utterly be cut off therefrom ; and 
 that if the planting season also were lost, they 
 should be in great want of summer fruits, sc. 
 beans and squash (besides their corn) with 
 which they were wont to live all the latter 
 part of the summer. Upon all considerations 
 they seemed pretty inclinable to hearken to a 
 peace, though some were apt to think they 
 would never have kept it further than would 
 stand with their own advantage, and their pre- 
 sent desire thereof were only to gain time. 
 
 A person formerly acquainted with the In- 
 dians about Lancaster, did adventure upon 
 the forementioned overtures, to go amongst 
 them to try if he could not prevail with them 
 for the redemption of the minister's wife, taken 
 cajitive in February last, from Lancaster, and 
 thrniigh the favour of him who lias the hearts 
 of all in his hand, inclines them as he pleases, 
 obtained the desired end upon an inconsider- 
 able sum, which gave encouragement to the 
 council to send two messengers on the like 
 errand the same week to procure the redemp- 
 tion of others, not without success : The for- 
 mer, vi',!. Mrs. Rowlandson being brought to 
 ISoston upon the election day. May 3d, it was 
 generally looked at as a smile of providence, 
 and doiililless was a return of prayer, and an- 
 swer of fiiith with which her husband had 
 been uphelil, and supported from the day of 
 her capli'.ity ; his two children also were 
 returned buck not long after, more by tlio 
 ovornillng hand '.>( God (that turns the cap- 
 tivity of his pel .pie as the streams of the south; 
 and something inclining llieiii to pity his ser- 
 vants, lliHt are of themselves more cruel than 
 the sea monsters) than by any contrivance of 
 man's policy. 
 
 And yet notwithstanding motions of this 
 nature about the redemption of some of our 
 prisoners still in their hands, there was no ces- 
 sation of arms between us. 
 
 About this time letters were sent lown 
 from Connecticut colony, inr)rmiug thi gen- 
 eral court then assembled at Hostoii, that some 
 of the Mohawks (a sort of fierce and savage In- 
 dians, yet mortal enemies to those wo were 
 at v.-arwilli) had fallen upon some of Philip's 
 piiity, and destroyed many of them : Likewise 
 that many i'f tln-m were destroyed by fevers 
 and flu xes.and other distempers I'lllingaiiiongst 
 Uieiu, which wiu Euino reviving to our hopes, 
 
 that the foot of our enemy should sliJe in due 
 time, and that destruction was hastening upon 
 them though still they were permitted to do 
 mischief in sundry particular places of the 
 country, which must be minded as we pass 
 along. 
 
 Those Indians that were our professed ene- 
 mies, after they had been beaten out of the 
 Narraganset country, February 1st, tarried a 
 while at VViniinazeag, a place two days jour- 
 ney north of Quabiiag, where they divided 
 themselves into two companies, one of them 
 tarried <m that side of the country, the other 
 made toward Plymouth colony, taking Med- 
 field in their way, from whence as they march- 
 ed along they met with a notable repulse at 
 Boggiston, a smallhamlet,orcomi)any of farms 
 nut far from the said Medfield, where they 
 attempted a garrison, but meeting with stout 
 resistance they left the enterprise, and kept 
 on their way towards Plymouth colony, where 
 they scattered themselves up and down, wait- 
 ing for opportunities to spoil and destroy the 
 English plantations on that side of the country. 
 
 Besides what is already mentioned, on 
 May, 11th, a party of them assaulted the town 
 of Plymouth, burnt eleven houses, and five 
 barns belonging thereunto : On the other side 
 a small party of tVe English seating about in 
 pursuit of the Indians, fell upon a party of them 
 that lay waiting in ambush, but being discerned 
 by an Indian in the company of our men that 
 gave timely notice, our soldiers had nn oppor- 
 tunity thereby to make the first shot, and 
 thereby not only prevented a mischief to them- 
 selves, but killed also some of the enemy (one 
 of whom was observed to be of more note 
 than his fellows, by his attire) the rest flej 
 away from them that pursued, though but a 
 small company ; so that there was daily re- 
 ciprocal acts of hostility in those parts. 
 
 Within a few days after this, seven houses 
 and two barns more were burnt by the enemy 
 in and about Plymouth ; who did the like 
 mischief about the same time to the remain- 
 ing of Namasketor Middleborough. 
 
 About this time another sort of Indians that 
 belonged to Wamesit, a pliice near Chelms- 
 ford, bordering upon Merrimack, (who had 
 been provoked by the rash, unadvised, cruel 
 acts of some of the English, about Oct. 27th, 
 and Nov. 4th, had fired upon them several 
 guns, both at Chelmsford and Woburn, killing 
 stune, and wounding others, upon suspicion 
 that the said Indians were guilty of burning a 
 barn and liny stack not far olf) suddenly turn- 
 ed our enemies, after the winter was over; 
 having first withdrawn themselves from the 
 place assigned tliein, and where they had 
 been relieved all the winter (some of them 
 after a former revolt) iiiul took their opportii- 
 ty to fire .Mr. Falconer's house in Andover 
 town, early that .spriiiu, and wounded one 
 lloger Mark"-, and killed his horse. Two 
 more houses about Shawskin, beyond the said 
 Andover, were burnt about March 10th : 
 Also they killed a young man of the said 
 town, April 8ih, the son of (leorgo Abbot ; 
 and anotlier scm of his also was carried away 
 the same day, who, notwithstanding, was re- 
 turned some few months alter, almost pined 
 to death with hunger. 
 
 At the s ime time they killeil some of their 
 cattle, cutting out only the tongues of Rome 
 of them for haste, be!'-.; shot nt by several of 
 the inhabitants from their garrison. 
 
 March 10th, at Concord, two men going foi 
 hay, one of them wa.s killeil. At Chelmi- 
 ford, the said Wamesit Indians, about Mnrcli 
 I8th before, fell upon smno houses on the 
 north side of the river ; burnt down three or 
 four that belonged to the fuinily of Edward 
 Colburn : the suid Cnlhurn, with Sutniiel 
 Varnham, his neighbour, being pursued, as 
 they passed over the river to look after their 
 cattle on that side of the river; and making 
 several shots against them, who returned 
 the like again upon the said Indians, judged 
 to be about forty ; what success they had upon 
 the enemy, was best known to themselves; 
 but tv. a of Varnham's sons were slain by the 
 enemy, shot before they could recover the 
 other side of the river. April IGlh. also, 
 were fourteen or fifteen hou.ses wet<. .^ jrnt 
 there. 
 
 Not long before this, February 1st, 1G76, 
 Thomas Eanics, that kept a farm at Sudbury, 
 whose dwelling was three or four miles out 
 of town, had his house assaulted and fired, 
 his wife killed, and his children carried cap- 
 tive among the Indians. 
 
 Also two men were killed nt a farm about 
 Concord, Isaac and Jacob, about the middle 
 of February and a young maid that was set 
 to watch upon a hill, of about fifteen years 
 of age, was carried away captive, who 
 strangely escaped away upon a horse that the 
 Indians had taken from Lanciisler a little be- 
 fore. In the like strange manner did one of 
 Eames' children escape away about May 3d 
 last, travelling thirty miles alone in the woods 
 without any relief till he came to an English 
 town. Eames' house was assaulted when l:o 
 was from home, by an Iixliiin called Netiis, 
 not limg after slain nt Marlborougli, which 
 had been very familiar with the English, with 
 nine or ten more of hisciunpaiiy, as perfidio.is 
 and barbarous as himself. They buriK.'d all 
 the dwellings that belonged to the farm, corn 
 hay and cattle, besides the dwelling houses 
 with what was therein ; it is possible those 
 nt Concord were killed by the same hands 
 about a fornight after. 
 
 Many such like remarkable Instances of 
 special providences might be mentioned, if it 
 were convenient to insert such particular pas- 
 sages Into the genernl narrative of the late 
 troubles with our barbarous enemies. 
 
 On May 3d a party of them killed a man at 
 Haverhill, upon tlie edge of Merriniiick river, 
 and passing over the said river to Hriidford, 
 spoiled another family, killing one Thomas 
 IClmball, and carrying his wife and five chil- 
 dren captive, forty miles up into the woods; 
 although it was ipiestioned whether this last 
 mischief w.is diuio by any of Philip's party 
 Imt rather by some that belongi'd to the east- 
 ward Indians, of which there riiny be occasion 
 (Joil willing, to spenk more of ni'lerwiird. 
 
 For the suppressing these iiisolencies. sev- 
 eral companies of fresh soldiers, both horse 
 and foot, were raifed in Miis-iiubiisetts by the 
 governor and council of thai colony, and sent 
 out to suppress the coiniiioii enemy ; the foot 
 under the ciunmanil of Captains Slill, Cutler 
 and Holbrook ; the horse under the command 
 of Captains Brattle, Prentice and Henchman; 
 till: last of whom wns commander in chief. 
 These several compa ies modelled as afore- 
 said, were sent out .\pril"2rpih, ICiTfi, to range 
 the woods towards Hassnnami'sit. 
 
 The Cth of .May they met with a considert^ 
 
654 
 
 THE INDIAN WARS. 
 
 ble party of the enemy ; they were first dis 
 coverod by the Natick scouts pursuing a 
 hoar, and at first not discovering that the Na- 
 ticic Indian scouts belonged to our men, it 
 gave somu advantage to our forces; our 
 horsemen falling upon them before they were 
 mvan;, killed and tjiik of the enemy about 16, 
 which they took no notice of at the present, 
 although it was confessed by themselves that 
 they lost twenty in that encounter. It was 
 reported that the sounding of a trumpet with 
 out order did much hurt, but the commander 
 .n chief alfirnieth that it was no disadvantage 
 to the service in hand, it neitlier being heard 
 by our own foot, nor yet by the enemy. If 
 liny error was committed by the English com- 
 panies, it was that the horse did not timely 
 enough draw down from tliu top of the hill, 
 whereby tliey came to be discovered by the 
 enemy, who thereupon made the more haste 
 to escape ; however, it was no small loss to 
 the enemy, some of the slain being known to 
 bo considerable persons ; and it struck such 
 a terror into them that they never durst face 
 our miMi afte wards ; fm- although after our men 
 returned to their (piarters at Medlield, they 
 saw two hundred Hres in the night, yet they 
 could never come near them again to fight any 
 company of them ; but the season proving 
 rainy hindered any further pursuit of them at 
 that time. And soon after this the soldiers 
 being visite«l with sickly distiMnper by rea- 
 son iif an epiiL-niieal cold at that time prevail- 
 il:g through the country, they were for the 
 prosont released for the recovery of their 
 liealtli with intent to be called together again 
 Bt a more convenient time ; this was done the 
 lOlh of May. 
 
 DiirinsJT this interval of time, upon a report 
 that a party of the enemy were discovered 
 about Rehoboth, busy in fishing in a river 
 thereabouts, Capt. Brattle was sent up about 
 the 23 of .May, who with the lu'lp of some of 
 the inli:il)itants, killed 11 or l:i of them, with- 
 out the loss of Init one of our men. Had they 
 not discovered smne of ours <ni the opposite 
 shcn-e, it was conceived a greater spoil might 
 have been made amongst them. 
 
 I5ul iei the next place we must lake notice 
 of the pnireeilings of the enemy about Con- 
 iieolicut. The yreatest body of them made to- 
 wards Plymouth colony early in the spring, 
 .IS Win Siiid before, where we shall leave ihem 
 for the present, and obs(!rve what tlie remain- 
 ing |)art of them did westward. 
 
 Some scattei.ng parlies were skulking 
 uboiitSpringfield and those lower towns, upon 
 a small nnrulier of wlmm (-'apt. Holyoke 
 (newly chosi-n captain of Springfield, in ihi' 
 roinn of his filher latiily deceasi:d) handselled 
 his iilHce early in the spring; for having no- 
 tice of some oft hem in those woods, he marched 
 idler ihem with ten or twelve ycniiig men, and 
 waiting his opportunity, sur|>rised them near 
 the gri'ul river so that two or three or them 
 were left dead upon the place; another mortally 
 wounded ijoton an island in the river, whi^re 
 it is coneluded he look his last night's lodging. 
 The other being sondy wounded was taken 
 nlive and brouglit home to Springfield, where 
 he roidi'ssed rinmy ihinus to one of the inlia- 
 lilianls that nnilerstood their language, own- 
 ing' ihi; truth in itiaiiy thiiujs against his own 
 eciiiiiianv. and ilicd soon after of his wounds. 
 
 This wa« but a preparative to an liiyher 
 picm of set vice which Ca|it. Holyoke WiU 
 
 soon after engaged in and wherein he acquit- 
 ted himself beyond expectation, and taking 
 more pains than ordinary in making his re 
 treat, he got a surfeit, which ended hia days 
 the September following, near Boston. 
 
 About the beginning of April likev/ise, 
 some of the inhabitants about Hadley, attend- 
 ing their tillage at Hockanum, within three 
 miles of the town, and having a guard '-' 
 soldiers with them, yet three of the company 
 were casually slain by a party of the enemy 
 that lay in wait for such an opportunity. One 
 of them was Mr. Goodman, a deacon of the 
 church, that went a little beyond the com- 
 mand of the soldiers tbatcaroe to guard them, 
 to view the fence of his own land, and two 
 others, that contrary to express orders would 
 venture upcm the top of an high hill near by, 
 to take a needless and unseasonable view of 
 the country, were shot down by the enemy 
 before they could recover their corps du 
 guard. 
 
 But the great company of the enemy that 
 stayed on that side of the country, and about 
 Watchnset hills, when the rest went towards 
 Plymouth, though they had been disappointed 
 in their planting bj tin; death of Canonchet, 
 were loth to lose the advantage of the fishing 
 season then coming in; wherefore, having 
 seated themselves near the upper falls of 
 Connecticut river, not fur from Ueerfield, and 
 perceiviiifT that the English forces were now 
 drawn olf from the lower towns of Hadley 
 and Northatiipton, now and then took advan- 
 tage to plunder them of their cattle, and not 
 fearing any assault from our soldiers, ^rew a 
 little secure, while they were upon their fish- 
 ing design, insomuch that a couple of Eng- 
 lish lads lately taken captive by the enemy, 
 and making their escape, acquainted their 
 friends at home how secure they lay in those 
 places, which so animated the iidiabitants of 
 Hadley, Hatfield and Northampton, that they 
 being willing to be revenged for the loss of 
 their cattle, Ijcsides other preceding mischiefs, 
 took up a reaoluti(Ui with what strength they 
 coidd raise among themselves (partly out of 
 garrison soldiers, and partly of the inhabitants) 
 to make an assault upon thein, which if it had 
 been done with a little more deliberation, 
 waiting for the coming of supplies, expected 
 from Hartford, might have proved a fatal 
 business to all the sad Indians: yet was the 
 victory obta-ned more considerably than at 
 first was ap[)rehended ; for not having much 
 above an liundred and filty fighting men in 
 their company, they inarcheil above twenty 
 miles silently in the dead of the night. May 
 ISth, and came upmi tin; said Indians a little 
 before breal. of day, whom they found almost 
 in a deep sleep, without any scouts abroad, or 
 watching about their wigwams at homo ; for 
 in the evening they had made themselves 
 merry with new milk and roast beef, having 
 latelv driven away many of their milk cows, 
 as an English woman confessed that was made 
 to milk lliein. 
 
 When ihev came near the Indiana' rendez- 
 vous, they 1 lighted off iheir horses, and tied 
 them to some young trees at a (]uarter of a 
 iTiilo distance, so mar(hiii'.r up, they fiii'd bri.sk- 
 ly into ilii'ir wiirwains, Uilliiii; many upon the 
 place, and frii;liliiiij others with the sudden 
 al.irin of iheir guns, and iiiadi; them r.in into 
 till- rivi-r whi'i-e tlu? swiftness of tin! stream 
 currying them down a steep fill, they perish- 
 
 ed in the waters, some getting into canoos 
 (small boats mode of the bark of birch trees) 
 which proved to them a Charon's boat, being 
 sunk, or overset by the shooting of our men, 
 delivered them into the like danger, the 
 waters giving them thereby a passport into 
 the other world : Others of them creeping for 
 shelter under the banks of the great river, 
 were espied by our men and killed with their 
 swords ; Capt. Holyoke killing five young 
 and old, with his own hands, from under a 
 bank. When tlie Indians were first awaken- 
 ed with the thunder of their guns, they cried 
 out Mohawks, Mohawks, as if their own na- 
 tive enemies had been upon them ; but the 
 dawning of the light soon notified them of their 
 error, though it could not prevent their danger. 
 
 Such as came back spake sparingly of the 
 number slain ; gome said they could noi. in 
 reason be less than two or three hundred of 
 them that must necessarily perish in the midst 
 of so many instruments of destruction ma- 
 naged against them with such disadvantages 
 to them" ' . Someof their prisoners after- 
 wards ,d that they lost above 300 in that 
 camisau^ some whereof were principal men, 
 sachems, and some of tholr best fighting men 
 that were left, which made the victory more 
 considerable than otherwise it would have 
 been ; nor did they seem ever to recover ihein- 
 selves after this defeat, but their ruin imme- 
 diately followed npon it.* Yet such was the 
 awful hand of providence in the close of the 
 victory, mixing much bitter with the sweet 
 that it might well be called a costly victory 
 to the conquerors, that so no flesh should glory 
 in itself. 
 
 The Indians that lay scattered on both sidcj 
 of the river, after they recovered themselves 
 and discovered the small number of them that 
 assailed them, turned head upon the English, 
 who in their retreat were much disordered 
 for want of the help of the eldest captain that 
 was so enfeebled by sickness before he .set 
 out, that he was no way able for want of bo- 
 dily strength (not any way defective for want 
 of skill or courage) to assist or direct in mak- 
 ing the retreat: For some of the enemy fell 
 upon the guards that kept the horses, others 
 pursued them in the rear, so that our men sus- 
 tained very much damage as they retireil, 
 missing after their returns thirty eight of their 
 men ; and if Capt. Holyoke had not played 
 the man at a more than ordinary rate, some- 
 times in the fr;)nt, sometimes in lh<( flank and 
 rear, at a fatal business to the assailants, our 
 loss would have been still greater. The said 
 Captain Holyoke's horse was shot down under 
 him, and himself ready to be assaulted by 
 many of the Indiana, .just nnniiig upon him, 
 but discharging his pistols upmi mie or two 
 of them, whom he presently ilispalched, and 
 A friend coming to his re.scue, he was saved, 
 and so carried off the soldiers willunit any liir- 
 ther loss. It is confidently reported by some 
 that were there present at this engagement, 
 that one told above an hundred Indians left 
 lead upon the place ; and another afilrnied 
 that he told near an hundred and fiirty swim- 
 ming down the fdls, none of which were ol)- 
 starved to get alive to the shore save one. 
 
 * Tlirm wan bin hne of our itmn killril In llio vmige 
 inrnt : (liPir to'iH following whs tiwiiic in tin* rf pitri o( a 
 rit|)f(iiil litl«(Mi, vvJMt Hiiiil riiilip UU1 iitsir »il)i liMHI mrn. 
 word wnn llirn civci) tor rvrrv iiinii to shin for h-tiisrll' . • 
 puiii: leiiieil llie inon, whu inMantly flnliii cuMuaiun. 
 
A NARRATIVE OP 
 
 655 
 
 getting into canoos 
 liark of hirch rrcps) 
 llmron's boat, liciiio' 
 hooting of our inon° 
 10 like tlaiigor, tlia 
 ■ebv a passport into 
 of them creeping for 
 of the prout rivor, 
 and killed with their 
 killing five young 
 ands, from under a 
 8 were first nwaken- 
 fieir puns, they cried 
 , as if their own ra- 
 upon them ; Ijut the 
 notified them of their 
 >revent their danger, 
 ike sparingly of '.ho 
 they couhl noi, in 
 )r three hundred of 
 y perish in the midst 
 of destruction ma- 
 such disadvantiii,'es 
 their prisoners after- ' 
 )st above 300 in tlmt 
 were prinripiil men, 
 ,ir best fighting men 
 ie the victory more 
 vise it would )i«ve 
 ver to recover thern- 
 ut their ruin immc- 
 Yetsuch was the 
 :e in tlie close of the 
 ter with tlie sweet 
 lied a costly victory 
 no flesh should glory 
 
 attered on both sidej 
 •covered themselves 
 number of them that 
 d upon the Enijlish, 
 e much disorileruj 
 eldest captain that 
 mess before Ik- set 
 iblc for want of b„. 
 y defective for want 
 ist or direct in niak- 
 e of the enemy fell 
 It the horses, others 
 so that our men sus- 
 e as they retireii, 
 
 thirty elfjht of their 
 ke had not jilaved 
 rdinary rate, some- 
 les in the (lunk and 
 
 the assiiiliints, nur 
 greater. 'J'lie said 
 as shot downuiuler 
 
 be assaulli'il by 
 coming u|>on hini, 
 ' upon one or two 
 ly dispalthed, ami 
 :ue, he was saved, 
 rs without anv fur- 
 reported liy some 
 this erifTHgenient, 
 
 ndred Indians left 
 
 1 another afllrnied 
 d and forty s«irn- 
 af which were oii- 
 i shore save one. 
 
 II liilli-d in ilii< piiiijo 
 • iriL' 111 Ihi- rijMirl iil' a 
 •• iif.ir niili tiiilli 11,,'n. 
 
 lu "hifl fur h t II', I 
 
 y flt'il ill cit'.i'uBtuii, 
 
 The loss that befel our men in the retreat was 
 occasioned principally by the bodily weak- 
 ness of Capt. Turner, unable to manage his 
 charge any longer, yet some say they wanted 
 powder wblcli force<l them to retire as fust as 
 they could by Capt. Turner's order. It is also 
 saiu by one present at the fight, that seven or 
 eight in the rear of the English through haste, 
 missed their way, it being a cloudy dark 
 morning, and were never heard of again ; 
 and without doubt fell into the Indians' hands, 
 and it is feared some of them were tortured. 
 About seven days after this they had a mind 
 to try the chance of war again, and see if they 
 could not recover their loss by returning the 
 like upon the English : For, 
 
 May 30th, a great number of them (suppo- 
 sed t'- 1: 1 six or seven hundred) appeared be- 
 fore Ha field, fired about 12 houses and barns 
 without the fortification of the town; a num- 
 ber of houses in the centre of the town were 
 surrounded with palisadoes ; these were at- 
 tacked ;n the daytime, when the men were 
 r.t\ out :n the fields, except one aged man ; 
 they drove away multitudes of their cattle 
 and sheep, spreading themselves in the mea- 
 dow near the town ; which bravado so raised 
 the courage of their .leighbours at Hadley 
 that twenty-five resolute young men ventured 
 over the river to relieve Hatfield in this dis- 
 tress, who charged the enemy with such un- 
 daunted courage aii.l resolution {Auilacesfor- 
 tunajuvat) that they beat down five or six at 
 the first shot they made ; so making way 
 through the thickest of their enemies, that lay 
 ready to take aim at them bob.ind every tree 
 as they oasscd by ; yet they escaped all their 
 ■liot till they ca;iie within a little of the town, 
 where they lost five of their number. 
 
 The enemy being amazed at the resolution 
 of our men, being but so small a handful, that 
 they fled immediately from the town; having 
 lost twenty-five of their men in the enterprise. 
 The council of Massachusetts gathering by 
 these proceedings of the Indians, that their 
 desire of peace was only to gain time, ordered 
 *.lmt the forces raised before April 27th, and 
 for a time released, should be hastened out 
 igaiii to range the woods towards Hadley, 
 and those parts, made an agreement with 
 Hartford colony to senJ 'irces from thence 
 to meet them aliout Ri kfield, and so to 
 scout along on both sides Connecticut, to dis- 
 rest the enemy what they could, and keep 
 them fniin fishing in those waters, their hope 
 of pliintiiig being now almost over. To this 
 end, about May 30tb, 1G7G, the forces under 
 Ciiiit. Henehiniin wen; called together again, 
 and sent to ISmokfield, lo meet with those ex- 
 pected from Hartford rolony ; in the way, 
 ours bv direotlim of Tom Doublet (a Niitlc 
 Indian, who was a little before employed in 
 the redemption of captives) following tracks 
 of Indians, rame upon a party of the enemy 
 fishing in Weshiiciim ponds, towards Lancas- 
 ter, of whom they killed seven, and took 
 tivenly-nine, mostly women and children ; y<'t 
 belonging to considerable persons, it made the 
 success the more to be vabn-d. Our forces 
 beiriii; by this means retarded, could not meet 
 wltli those of Ooimecliniit at Urookfield, but 
 followed them ihe week after ; liaving first re- 
 turned from Weshacom, to Marlborough to 
 siioply themselves with aininiinitlon, anil so 
 marilieddlreclly towards Hadley, where they 
 met with Coiinocticut forces: and from thence 
 
 according to mutual agreement, ours marched 
 on the east side of the river, and Connecticut 
 forces to the west up towards Squakeag (now 
 Northfield,) coming to Deerfield, and the 
 great fulls thereabouts, they sent up their 
 scouts, but not hearing of the enemy, they 
 marched up no higher, being in no good ca- 
 pacity to have gone further if there had been 
 occasion, by reason of a tedious storm of rain 
 which occasioned much damage in their am- 
 munition and provision. While our forces lay 
 about Deerfield, gome of our soldiers ranging, 
 lighted upon the body of Capi. '''urner, about 
 Green's river, in passing of which stream he 
 was supposed to have received his mortal 
 wounds. 
 
 While our forces continued thereabouts, 
 they did the enemy some little spoil, in sei- 
 zing much of their fish and goods stolen from 
 the English, and hid in their barns under 
 ground; conjecturing also that they found four 
 or five places where some of the English had 
 been tortured to death by cruel burning after 
 they liad been fastened between stakes set in 
 the ground ; but not meeting with any of the 
 enemy, they all returni-d home, conceiving that 
 having been forced from their quarters in 
 tho ^ parts, they were drawn down lower to- 
 wai s tho English plantations eastward viz. 
 Plymouth and Massachusetts. What success 
 Capt. Henchman's forces had in their retiring 
 homeward, and what they observed of the 
 motion of the Indians, may be seen in a letter 
 of his dated June 30tli : " Our scouts brought 
 intelligence that all tho Indians were in a con- 
 tinual motion, some toward Narraganset, oth- 
 ers toward Watchuset shifting gradually, and 
 taking up each others quarters, and lay not 
 above a night in a place. The twenty-seven 
 scouts brought in two sijuaws, a boy, and a 
 girl, giving account of five slain. Yesterday 
 they brought in an old fellow, brother to a sa- 
 chem, six squaws and children, having killed 
 five men, and wounded others, if not killed 
 them, as they su|)posed, by the blood found 
 in the way, and a hat shot through. These 
 and the others, inform that Philip and the 
 Narragansets were gone several days before 
 to their own places, Philip's purpose being 
 to do what mischief he could to tho English. 
 By advice I drew out a commanded iiarty 
 under the conduct of Capt. Sill, viz. si aeen 
 files of English, all my ti 'ops, and tho Ii dians, 
 excepting one file, being all we coiih' make 
 provision for, for what with the fallhig short 
 of the bread promised us, and a great deal of 
 that we had, proving mouldy, the rest of the 
 forces bad but one biscuit a man to bring 
 them to this place : This party was ordered 
 lowurds Watchuset, and so to Nashaway and 
 Waslmkem ponds, where we have notice In- 
 dians were, and so to return unto this place : 
 whereby your honour's letters ihatcauie to me 
 yesterday morning, 1 iindestood that provision 
 was ordered for us and which we found to our 
 great relief, which we met with lost night com- 
 ing hltlier, wenry and hungry. The com- 
 manded parly wo left at Quonsiquomon 
 where they intended to stay a while for the 
 last scouts we sent out : Eleven prisoners we 
 had in all, two of the eldest by council wo |>iit 
 to death, the other nine the commlgsiiry is or- 
 dered to convey to Boston, with the baggage, 
 horses, and soim' of their attendants not fit 
 for tho service. 
 
 DANIEL llEXCHMAN." 
 
 It plainly appears by the contents of tho 
 said letter, as by many other testimonies, that 
 about this time the Indians, our enemies, wlio 
 hitherto had been linked together as brethren 
 in iniquity and cruelty were now strangely 
 divided and separated the one from the other ; 
 some impute it to an assault made upon ihein 
 by the Mohawks, who falling upon Philip 
 with the inland Indians, slew about fifty of 
 them ; whereupon those of Philip's company 
 resolved to return to their own country and 
 do what mischief they could to the English 
 thereabouts; this was reported by an Indian 
 brought to Seaconk, June 29, 1776, taken at 
 Providence. 
 
 Others are ready to think that it was upon 
 some quarrel amongst themselves, occasioned 
 by an evil spirit sent from God upon them, 
 that thereby they might, being scattereil, the 
 more easily be taken and ruined by the Eng- 
 lish, now that the time of vengeance was 
 come when they shall be called to an account 
 for all their former outrages and cruelties : 
 for now is the snare hastening upon them 
 wherein they shall be hampered in their 
 own devices so to be taken and destroyed. 
 It cannot but be acknowledged as a very re- 
 markable providence, that Capt, Henchman 
 in his late expedition to Hudley, killed and 
 took about 84 of the enemy, without the loss 
 of any one of his own men ; the like favour- 
 able success happened to Major Talcot in his 
 passage from Norwich to Quabaog, as wai 
 said before, and soon after his r. airn. 
 
 But by the time our foices \.ere returned 
 home as far as Sudbury, they were ordered, 
 upon the solicitation of the governor of Ply- 
 mouth, two companies of them at least, to 
 march away immediately to Dedham, and s > 
 to Seaconk, or Rehobotli, to join Major Brad- 
 ford in the pursuit of Philip, who was it seems 
 with many hundreds of his barbarous followers 
 fallen upon the English plantations there- 
 abouts, and whither also a little before, Capt. 
 Brattle with a troop of horse, and Capt. Mosely 
 with a company of foot, were sent up from 
 Boston to pursue after them, now flocking in 
 great numbers to those woods. There wa.s 
 at this lime no small hopes of surprising Phil- 
 ip ; several reports being brought that he was 
 seen in this and that place, not having above 
 twenty or thirty men attending on him ; but 
 his time was not yet fully come, nor had he as 
 yet fully accomplished all that mischief he wiis 
 like to be suffered to d) ; For on the 1st of 
 July, 1C7G, a party of hi.' Indians coniniilted 
 a horrid and barbarous nurder upon Mr. 
 Hezekiah Willet of Swanzy , a hopefil young 
 gentleman as any in those parts. They used 
 frequently to keep a senllnel on thi; top of 
 their house from a wnfch-house built thereon, 
 whence they could discover any Indians be- 
 fore they came near the house, but not hear- 
 ing of the enemy in those parts for a consider- 
 able time, that necessary piece of circumspec- 
 tion was omitted that day, whereby that de- 
 serving person was betrnyeil into their cruel 
 hands ; for within a quartei* of an hour after 
 he went out of his own door, within .-!;'ht of 
 his house, he was shot at by three of tlieoi it 
 once, from every one of whom he received a 
 mortal wound; tbey after their larbarous 
 manner took ofTliis head, and carried it away 
 with them (which however was soon alier re- 
 covered) leaving tin. trunk of his body b« 
 hind, us a sad monument of tlieir iiihuinun 
 
858 
 
 cruelty. The same Indians, not being abo"e 
 thirty in nuinbttr, took away a negro belonging 
 to the same family, who being lailhiul to bis 
 master's and the country's interest, ventured 
 his life to make his escape, which was the 
 preservation of many others ; for the said nC' 
 gro being a little acquainted with their Ian' 
 guage discovered to the English ailer his es- 
 cape Philip's purpose to seize such and such 
 places : in the first place to assault Taunton, 
 which in all probability had been in great 
 danger, if their treacherous plots and purposes 
 had not so wonderfully been made known be- 
 forehand. The said negro afHrmed, that there 
 was near a thousand of them ; for he observed 
 that alth'jugh they killed twenty head of neat 
 cattle over night, yet there was not any part 
 of them left the next day at eight o' clock in 
 the morning. By this special providence the 
 enemy was defeated of their purpose, and 
 never after had an opportunity of doing any 
 consiJeriible damage to the English in that 
 part of tlio country. So, after this day, we 
 may truly dale the time of our deliverance, 
 and beginning of revenges upon the enemy ; 
 now is their own turn come, when it shall be 
 done unto them as they have done unto us : 
 llicy that before led others into captivity must, 
 henceforth go into captivity themselves : and 
 they tliBt killed with the sword must them- 
 selves be killed witli the sword, as in the se- 
 quel of this narrative will abundantly be man- 
 ifest : the history of which before we shall 
 any further pursue, we must a little while wait 
 upon our fnend8(tho8e forces sent from Connec- 
 ticut) in their return back into their own colo- 
 ny : before it be done, some things should be 
 premised concerning the occasion of their 
 coming, and the success tiiat did attend them 
 in tlicir ma.r.h thither. 
 
 Our friendi and brethren of that colony, al- 
 though they had never actually felt half of 
 those miseries that befel the people ofthe other 
 two, yet never denied their assistance to the 
 suppress'.ngof the common enemy, yea, some- 
 ifines they did offer it, before it was express- 
 ly desired, according to the tenor of the articles 
 of confederation and rules of common pru- 
 dence ; considering that if the fire of this war 
 was not timely extinguished it would endan- 
 ger th.^ir own fiibric; tbere/ore according to 
 agreement, the council of that colony ordered 
 tlieir succssful commander, Major Talcot, to 
 meet our forces at Q,uabaog, or Brookfield, 
 in order to the pursuing of the enemy in those 
 parts. In the way as they were marching 
 from Norwich thither, divine Providence so 
 far smiled upon the enterprise, as to give 
 them an opportunity to surprize 51 of the 
 eiiiMiiy, of whom 19 were slain, without the 
 loss of any one of their own company, which 
 could not but much enhance the price of the 
 victory to the cimquerors. The like success 
 had their friends which they left behind (the 
 volunteers gathered out of three towns by the 
 seaside, New-London, Stonington and Nor- 
 wich) and who were some of them releas- 
 ed by Major Talcot, when he first beg^n his 
 niarcli, that tlicy might better in the absence of 
 the army guard their own towr» • for before 
 the return of their forces unJ-- Major Tal- 
 cot to that side ofthe country, Ji^y had made 
 two expeditions against their enemies, the 
 Narragaiisets, that were skulkingupand down 
 111! llial siilii of the coiiiitry, in one of which 
 iha^' killed and look above 30, the most of 
 
 THE INDIAN WARS. 
 
 whom being men, are said to have been slain 
 by them. In the other 45, the most of whom 
 probably were women and children, but 
 being all young serpents of the same brood, 
 the subduing or taking so many, ought to be 
 acknowledged as another signal victory and 
 pledge of divine favour to the English. But 
 to return, it was not without the special direc- 
 tion of Providence that those Hartford forces 
 were sent to those western towns a week be- 
 fore those of Massachusetts could get thither; 
 for otherwise one or more of those towns 
 might have been lost ; seeing that on the 12th 
 of June, soon after, if not the next day after 
 they arrived there, the enemy, as if resolved 
 to try the utmost of their power, violently as- 
 saulted the town of Hadley, with a body of 
 about 700 men, at five or six o' clock in 
 the morning laying in ambush at one end 
 ofthe town, while the greater part of them 
 were alarming the other ; but the Connecticut 
 forces being at that time qiartered in the 
 towns thereabouts, (who were English, and 
 friendly Indians, Pequods and Mohegins, 
 about 500 in all) that were ready at hand, 
 besides those that had been quartered there 
 ever since March, who had been left by Ma- 
 jor Savage when he left those parts under the 
 command and charge of Captam Turner slain 
 at the great falls, as is noted before, but since 
 commanded by Captain Swoin. These by 
 their joint and ready assistance, wherein the 
 fence of palisadoes surrounding the town was 
 no little advantage, gave the Indians such a 
 smart repulse, that they found the place too hot 
 for them to abide it ; for the soldiers or towns- 
 men within firing a piece of ordnance.so af- 
 frighted the savages, or a party of them against 
 whom it wasdischarged.that although they had 
 just before surprised a house on the north port 
 of the town, yetthey instantly fled leavingsomo 
 of their dead upon the place; nordid they any 
 considerable mischief with all their numbers, 
 save firing abarn about that end ofthe town and 
 killing two or three of oursoldicrs, or two da- 
 ring mhabitants, who would against express 
 order, venture to go without the fortification. 
 It was accounted by some that were pres- 
 ent near the time of that assault, a great over- 
 sight that having so fair an opportunity to 
 chace the enemy upon so considerable advan- 
 tage, it was let slip, and not improved, for 
 Connecticut soldiers being all, or mostofthem 
 furnished with horses, they might have been 
 soon overtaken, and many of them destroyed, 
 but God hid it from their eyes. The com- 
 mander in chief, it is said, quartered at one 
 end ofthe town, (Hatfield was then within 
 the limits of Hadley) on the wesi, side ofthe 
 river, and did not apprehend the advantage 
 till the season was over ; nor was any such 
 assault expected from the enemy so early in 
 the morning ; it bein^ a general ot)servation 
 heretofore, that they seldom or ever used to 
 make any attempts in the night ; part of which 
 could not but be improved in way of prepa- 
 ration for such a design. But the Lord of 
 Hosts who is wise in council, and wonderful 
 in working will find some other way to des- 
 troy our enemies, wherein the hand of his 
 providence should more remarkably bo seen, 
 that so no flesh shiniid glory in its own wis- 
 dom or strength, but tlia salvation might ap- 
 pear to be from the Lord alone. The rest of 
 this month was spent without any other mat- 
 ter of moment happening lliercln. 
 
 The governor and council of Massachusetts, 
 taking into serious consideration the many 
 merciful occurrences that had returned upon 
 us, notwithstanding the mixture of many dis- 
 pensations of a contrary nature, thought them- 
 selves bound to make some public acknow- 
 ledgment thereof, to him whose name alone is 
 worthy to be praised. The 29th of June was 
 set apartasadayofpublic tha..ksgivingtoGod, 
 who had thus remembered his people in their 
 low estate. And that matter of thanksgiving 
 might not be wanting at the day appointed, 
 the very day before were most of our English 
 captives brought back from the Indians, and 
 many more soon after to the number of 16, 
 whose mouths might then well he filled with 
 laughterand theirtongues with singing, both of 
 themselves and all that were any way concern- 
 ed in their welfare. 
 
 And as this day appointed for solemn and 
 public thanksgiving was ushered in by several 
 special mercies, so also was it followed with 
 many remarkable benefits. For besides the 
 preserving the town of Northampton, March 
 the 14th, and Hadley June the 12th, by the 
 timely sending our forces the very nlglit be- 
 fore they were assaulted ; the saving of the 
 people of Marlborough from being cut off, 
 was very observal)le, when Mr. Graves by 
 occasionally going from the sermon with the 
 extremity of the toothache, March 26th, dis- 
 covered the Indians ready to assault the town, 
 and the people might have been cut off had 
 not the accident happened. It is certain that 
 after the end of this month the power of the 
 enemy began everywhere to full ; for tho 
 body of the enemy that lurked about Connec- 
 ticut river all this spring, being visited with 
 sundry diseases, disappointed of the fishing, 
 and put by their planting, began to be at va- 
 riance among themselves ; the Hadley and 
 Pocumtuck (now Deerfield) Indians quar- 
 relling with Philip for bringing all this mis- 
 chief about, and occasioning the English and 
 them to fall out, with whom they had always 
 good correspondence, and lived lovingly to- 
 gether, but now they were like to be ruined 
 by the war. This quarrel proceeded to that 
 height, that from that time forword, those se- 
 veral Indians that had for so long a time been 
 combined together, resolved now to part, and 
 every one to shift for themselves, and return 
 to their own homos ; Philip to Mount Hope, 
 and the Nnrragansote to their own country 
 ogain : the Nipnets and the river Indians ben- 
 ding their course westward, others north- 
 ward, towards Pennicook, upon Merrimack, 
 intending to shift for themselves as well as they 
 could for the future; all which is like to Le 
 the real and true state ofthe case with tho 
 Indians which were our enemies ; fiir the 
 next news we heard of Philip, was that he 
 had returned back to Mount Hope now like to 
 become Mount Misery unto him and his vaga- 
 bond crew, and that his friends and allies that 
 had hitherto stood as neuters, waiting only 
 which way tho scale of success and victory 
 would turn, began now to sue for mercy at 
 tho hands of the English : The Massachu- 
 setts' government having understood some- 
 thing of this nature, put forth a declaration, 
 that whatsoever Indians should within four- 
 teen daysnext ensuing, come in to the English 
 might hope for mercy. Amongst sundry that 
 came in, there was one that was one nanifd 
 James, tho printer, tho superadded title di> 
 
il ofMaasnchusctts, 
 oration the matij 
 lad returned upon 
 xture of many dis. 
 ure, thouglitthem- 
 ic public acknow- 
 ■hose name alone ii 
 J 29th of June was 
 a..ksgivingtoGa(l, 
 his people in their 
 :er of thanksgivins 
 he day appointed, 
 lost of our English 
 !i the Indians, and 
 the number of 16, 
 well be filled with 
 ,'it)i singing, both ol 
 ! any way concern- 
 id for solemn and 
 liered in by several 
 %a it followed with 
 For besides the 
 rthamplon, March 
 3 the 12th, by the 
 he very night be- 
 the saving of the 
 om being cut off, 
 n Mr. Graves by 
 e sermon with the 
 , March 26lh, dis- 
 o assault the town, 
 B been cut off had 
 It is certain that 
 the power of tho 
 i to fail ; for tho 
 «ed about Connec- 
 being visited with 
 ted of the fishing, 
 began to be at va- 
 the Hadley and 
 d) Indians quar- 
 ging all this mis- 
 the English and 
 they had always 
 ived lovingly to- 
 like to be ruined 
 Proceeded to that 
 orward, those se- 
 long a time been 
 now to part, and 
 elves, and return 
 to Mount Hope, 
 leir own country 
 river Indians ben- 
 •d, others north- 
 upon Merrimack, 
 vcs as well as they 
 hich is like to be 
 the case with tho 
 enemies; for the 
 lilip, was that ho 
 Hope now like to 
 him and his vaga- 
 M(ls and allies that 
 ers, waiting only 
 ccess and victory 
 sue for mercy at 
 Tho Massachu- 
 understood some- 
 rth a declaration, 
 )uld wiibin four- 
 ! in to the English 
 ongst sundry that 
 WHS one namfd 
 «radded title di.i- 
 
 A NARRATIVE OP 
 
 C.57 
 
 lingiiishirig him from others of that name ; 
 wlio being a notorious a])0stiit(!, that had 
 leanKid so inudi of the English as not only to 
 read and write, but had attained likewise some 
 skill in priiitintr, (and niij,'lit Imve attaini-dmoru' 
 had lie not like a f.dso villain ran away from 
 Ills muster before his time was out) he having 
 seen and read tho said declaration of the En- 
 glish, did venture himself upon tho faith 
 thereof, and came to sue for his life ; he alfirni- 
 ed with others that came along with him, that 
 more Indians had died since this war began, 
 of diseases (such as other times they used not 
 not to be acquainted with, than by tho sword 
 of the English. 
 
 Not long after many of them came and of- 
 fered themselves, to tho number of near two 
 hundred, men, women and chiblren ; nnd 
 many more would have done tho like ; but 
 their consciousness of guilt made them con- 
 clude that their cruelties and barbarous mur- 
 ders could never be forgotten by the English. 
 Hut what occurrences happrned ne.xt shall 
 appear in theirorder. About the end of June 
 news was brought to Boston that Philip with 
 a small party ofhis men lurked about Swansy 
 orRcihobolli.and that ho might easily betaken; 
 an Indian offering to bring them to the ])lace 
 where they might find him ; wliereiipon sol- 
 diers were instantly sent awny from Boston, 
 v/hospent some limein searching all thewoods 
 on thatsideof thecountry, but lit last were for- 
 ced to return, having missed oursoldiers upon 
 the same account, under Major Bradford, wli 
 by the help of some Indians of Cape Cod 
 always true to the interest of the Engllsli 
 not only escaped an unibush laid for ihein, 
 whereby most of them might have been cut 
 off, but slew many those of that laid in wait for 
 tlieni, without any loss to themselves ; yea 
 fiirttu-r, a squaw sachem of Seaconet, oiu; of 
 J'hillp's allies, having first sent three mcssen- 
 prrs to the governor of Plyinoulh, to sue fir 
 lite and liberty, promising submission to their 
 goverment on that condition ; but understiuid- 
 iiig that Plyinoiitli firces were iibroiul befmo 
 her messengers returned, she with her peopli^ 
 about ninety in .lumber, rendered themselves 
 tinto Ma|iir Bradford, so that above one hun- 
 dred and ten, on a moderate computation, 
 were killed that day. 
 
 The Connecticut forces had tho like suc- 
 cess wlu'n sent into the Narraganset cuiiiiti-y 
 under tlii^ eomniand of the Wduderfiilly suc- 
 cessful Major Tiilcot, Capt. George Denni- 
 jon, and Capt. Newbiirv, with other worthy 
 commanders of the same forces ; For, on the 
 2d of tJuly, IGTC), as iIk? said commaiulers 
 with the forces under them were pursuing the 
 enemy in and abmil the Narraganset cnuiitrv 
 towanls Mount Hope, hearing that Philip with 
 liis regiment of Warnpanoogs was thereabniits 
 their Indian scouts from the top of a hill dis- 
 covered a great luimbi'r of theenerny that hail 
 newly pitclied their station within the semi- 
 circle of a swamp. The English soldiers 
 were all mounted on horseback, to the iiiim 
 ber of three hundred ; wherefore the com- 
 manders nnlered the Indians to lit' ready nt 
 the top of a hill, upon a signal givcMi to run 
 down rapidly upon the enemy who were se- 
 r.irely lodged in the hollow of a swamp just 
 opposite them, while the horsemen lieinsi 
 divided into two S(pniilrons to ride round the 
 hill, so that at the same instant both the lierse- 
 lueii u|ton the two wings, and the Indians 
 •13 
 
 afiiot rushing down suddenly upon the enemy, I to bear, it forcing tears from their ey on, yot 
 put them into a terrible fright, making a la- did not the unhappy victim ever relent or 
 
 mi'iitalile outcry, some getting intothe swam]), 
 the rest that were prevented by the horsemen 
 and (riendly Iniliuns coming so suddenly 
 upon them, were all taken prisoners ; Capt, 
 Newbury wi'h his troop alighted from their 
 horses ran into tho swamp after them, where 
 they killed at least an hundred, as was judged 
 by some then present, taking also many pris- 
 oners out of those habitations of darkness, the 
 enemy scarce daring to make any resistance; 
 for none of the English, and but one or two 
 (if the Mnhegins and Pequods wero hurt in 
 the assault ; yet it was affirmed by a captain 
 present on the iihice that with those they killed 
 and took at Warwick neck on their return 
 home, (which were not above sixty) that they 
 killed and took oflho enemy at that time above 
 3000 young and old. At 'he same time was 
 taken the old sipiaw of Narraganset colony, 
 called the old Queen. 
 
 They were necessit.ated with this booty to 
 return homewards to gratify the Moheginand 
 Peqiiod Indians that accompanied them, who 
 had done them very good service in the ])ur- 
 siiit, having lost one or two of their men in the 
 chase ; but their return home was as it proved 
 in the issue, more beneficial than their longer 
 stay might have liecui, to have made a fruit- 
 less jiiirsult after Philip, (whose time was 
 not yet come although hastening apace) for 
 in their return they met (50 of the enemy, all 
 of whom they slew and took, so as their sword 
 returned not empty. 
 
 Among the prisoners then taken was a 
 sprightly young fellow, seized by the Mohe- 
 ins, who desired of the English commanders 
 that he might be delivered into tluur hands, 
 that they might put him to death in their own 
 way, and sacrifice him to their cruel genius 
 of revenge, in which iirutish and devilish pas- 
 sion they most of all delight in. The Eng- 
 lish, though not delighted in blood, yet at this 
 time were not unwilling to gratify their hu- 
 mour, lest by a denial they might disoblige 
 their Indian fiieiids, of whom they lately made 
 so much use — partly also that they might 
 have occular demonstration of the savage, 
 iiarbanms cruelty of tho heathen. And in- 
 deed, of all the enemies that have been the 
 preceding narrative, this villain does mostde- 
 si!rve to become an object ofjustice and sever- 
 ity ; fir he boldly told that he had with his 
 gun dispatched 19 of the Rnglish, and that 
 he had charged it liu- the ?0;h, b'l' not nv"-;- 
 Ing with anollier, ami unwilling ••> lose a fair 
 shut, he let fly at a Mohcjln, and killed him ; 
 with which having completed his number he 
 was fiiUv satisfied. But as is iismillv said, 
 justice vinilii'tive hath iron hands, though 
 leailiMi feet — this monster Is fiiUen into the 
 liiinds of those that will rejiay lilm seven-fold. 
 In the first place therefore, making u great 
 circle they plaeed him In the' middle that all tlii'ir 
 eyes nilglit at same time be pleased with the 
 utmost levengi! iipiin him ; they first cut one 
 of his liiiijers rmind in thi! joint, at the trunk of 
 Ills hamUvltli a sharp knife, and then broke it 
 oil', as was I'irmerly the custom to do with a 
 slaughtered ln'iist before he isuncased; and then 
 thev cut off another and another niter that till 
 
 show any signs of anguish ; for, being asked 
 by his tormentors how he liked the war? ho 
 liked it very well, and found it as sweet a£ 
 Knglishmen do their sugar. In this frame he 
 continued till his executioners had dealt with 
 tho toes ofhis feet as tliey had done with tho 
 fingers ofhis bands before ; all the time ma- 
 king him dance round the circle, and sing till 
 he had wearied both himself and them. At 
 last they broke the bones of his legs, after 
 which he was forced to sit down, which it is 
 said he silently did, till they knocked out his 
 brains. 
 
 Within a few days after, 200 of the enemy 
 within Plymouth jurisdiction being distressed 
 with famine 'and fear of danger, came and 
 f ubmitted themselves to the goverment there , 
 but i''ree of the company W(;re i)resen!ly de- 
 tec nd of a cruel murder, and villanoiis as- 
 sault upon oiic Mr. Clark's house of Plymouth 
 by a well minded squaw that was among 
 them (hoping that such a discovery would bo 
 pleasing to the English) and accordingly ad- 
 judged forthwith to undergo condign punish- 
 ment, which tho rest thui surrendered them- 
 selves, did not in the least resent ; such kind 
 of villains being always exempted ''roni acts of 
 favour and mercy. Those 200 that had new- 
 ly surrendered themselves, that they might 
 give full proof of their fidelity, offered to lead a 
 parly of the English to a place not far off, 
 wheretwenty moreof the enemy mightbe sur- 
 prised, amongst whom also was one known to 
 be a bloody murderer of an EnglLshman tho 
 year before ; accordingly 8 Englishman took 
 14 of the said Indians, and the next day 
 brought in all tbe aforesaid 20 of the enemy 
 together with ; the said murderer, who was 
 presently after executed, and the rest taken 
 into favour. 
 
 It is affirmed also tbat five orsix sachemr. of 
 Cape Cod, towards the eastern part of it, 
 came with 300 Indians to make peace with 
 the English, on the 6lh July, one ofihesaid sa- 
 chems earnestly desiring the English that none 
 of them might be suffered to sell any strong 
 liquors to the Indians, the trading of which, 
 possibly both in a measure contributed to tho 
 present mischief. 
 
 The next day, .Tuly 7th, a small party of 
 ours, with a few friendly or christian Indians 
 with them, killed and took seven of tho 
 enemy in tbe woods not far from Dedham, 
 one of which was a Narraganset sachem, 
 who either himself Informeil, orby someother 
 at iiat time certain Intelligence was brought 
 to Boston, ihnt some (d" our enemy Indians 
 had got to Albany, informing people there, 
 that they might the more easily get powder 
 and nmniunition, that the English and they 
 were now at peace. 
 
 One of the said Indians was the sacliem ot 
 Springfield, a bloody and deceltfid villain ; 
 It Is hoped that he is now taken in the f naro 
 from whence he shall not be suffered to escape, 
 Philip by this time C(Uild not but think his 
 ruin was near at hand ; yet that he might, in 
 Imilntionofhlm that stirred tip all this mischiel 
 express tho more wrath, because he knew his 
 
 i 
 
 time was butshort, intended if possible to des- 
 thev had finally dismembered (uie hand ofall lis 'troy one more town before his overthrow 
 illglta.the blooil sometimes spirting out in |came; wherefore on the llth of July, with all 
 stroums a yard from his hand; which liarbarous the force he could got, or that he had hrft, he 
 anJuiiheardofcruultythoEnglishworenotablulintendod to set upon Taunton, having as wai 
 
 WPW 
 
053 
 
 THE INDIAN WARS. 
 
 concciviMl, many IniiKlriHls in liis c<)ni|mtiy ; 
 Iml liis ilnsimi lu'iiig siriiiii;t'ly discovi'icd l)y ii 
 iii'f^ro whom itii-y liml tiiki'n niplivo ii lilllc 
 lii'lorc, tlml linviiig livod liriir llu! Iiidiaiis 
 111 lori', nndi^rslood iniich ol'llii'ir liiiif;iiii;,'i', 
 wlio milking Ilia csriipo li'oiii llicin, n('i|iiuliil('d 
 t)ii' iiiliiiliiliiiit!) willi lliu plot who liiivinglinu!- 
 Iv niiliri', fiiriiislifd tlinnini'Ivca wiili siililii^rs 
 wlii'irhy llit>y were idilo to rcpiilae liui tMii-iny 
 ii|>oii Ills first ii|)pmacli; so that ho only firrd 
 two honsi's, find tlion fled nwny : Kxci-pt tho 
 Lord kuopoth the city tliu watcliman wutcln 'i 
 in viiin. 
 
 The 22d of this month of July, as is liintod 
 lioforp, thiicompnnii-M sent from Concord, Miiy 
 .lOih, up toward Hiidloy, hnving spent imioli 
 lim<( mid piiins in pursuit of Philip nil the roiui- 
 trv over (whom tliey could not overliikf) Imv- 
 iiig tired themselves with miiny long mid tedi- 
 ous mr.rches through the desert woods before 
 llioy returned home, somooflhem were sent 
 towards Mount Hope, yet their labour was 
 well improved, and followed with good suc- 
 cess nt the Inst : for in ranging those woods 
 in Plymouth colony, they killeil and took (by 
 the help of Capt. Mosely's comnmiy of Ply- 
 ni',.. I colony) an hundred and hfty Indians, 
 without the loss of u man. 
 
 It was feared that Philip and his company 
 would have returned into tlie Nipnet country, 
 to prevent which several horsemen were sent 
 to guard the passage; but he lurked about 
 iiis own country in swiimps and oilier secret 
 places, where he wns as yet hid from the 
 sight of the enemy, although mnny times they 
 happened to lodge very near him, insomuch 
 as nil Indian captive promised in two liours 
 time to bring our soldiers to the very place 
 where ho wns ; but they not being able to 
 pass the nearest way, cnme a little too late; 
 for they being so chisely pursued, hasted nwny 
 leaving much of (heir treasure behind them ; 
 their kettles boilingover the fire, their dead iin- 
 buried, and 20 of their party were overtaken, 
 that fell into the English hniiils: Philip him- 
 self, and some few of his strnggling fiillowers 
 making llieir escnpe by a raft over an nrm of 
 the sea, into another neck of land, on Pocasset 
 side, not daring to trust himself nny longer in 
 Metapoiset woods, so full of our English sol- 
 diers, as those of Plymoulh, ns of Mnssacliii- 
 chuselts colony, who almost every day meet- 
 ing with some of his party, much lessened liis 
 number. Capt. Church, tlint active and un- 
 wearied commander of Plymouth colony, 
 was at this ns well a4 long before, out upon 
 the chase with but 18 English, and 32 Indians 
 that were friends, had four several engnge- 
 ments with Philip's party, wherein he spoiled 
 7G of the enemy, without the loss of one of 
 hia own men. In several of these skirmishes 
 those Indians that upon submission had their 
 lives given them, Iiave done nolible service in 
 hunting out the enemy in all their lurking 
 pluoes. 
 
 At another time they took Philip's squaw, 
 and one of his chief coujisellors ; and about 
 the same time another suchem about Pocas- 
 set with forty Indians submitted himself to 
 tho government of Plymouth, on promise of 
 life and liberty. It seemed that now the time 
 of our deli'-erance was come, and the time 
 also for tho I'estruction of our enemies : For 
 the last week in July, Massachusetts under- 
 standing that some Indians were seen roving 
 up and duwn the woods about Dedham, al- 
 
 most Hiarved fiir want of victuals, sent a small 'shot down, and had tho soldier that had choice 
 
 conipany of 2li, with about 9 or 10 ciiristinn 
 Indians, who pnrsneil mid look !>{) of the 
 enemy, without any loss to ihe English ; al 
 which lime also a great qiiantily of wampam- 
 penganil powder were Inkeii from the enemy, 
 flial which increased this victory wns the 
 slaughler of I'onilium, who wns one of the 
 most valiant .-..ichems that belonged to the Nnr- 
 raganselB, w hose cournge und strength wa^ so 
 great, llint nDer he had been mortally woun- 
 ded in the fight so as he could not stand, yet 
 ratching hold of an Englishman that l}y acci- 
 dent came near him, had done him an injury 
 if hud not been presently rescued byoneofhis 
 neighbours. Amongst ihe rest of the captives 
 at that tiii'ii wns one of the said Pomliom's 
 sons, a very likely youth, and one whose 
 countenance would have bespoke favour for 
 him, had ho not beloiiged to so bloody and 
 barbarous an Indian as his father was. 
 
 These siiccosyes being daily spread abroad 
 amongthe Indiaiis,put many of them in a trem- 
 bling condition, mit knowing well how to dis- 
 pose of themselves. Some that had been less 
 active in the.s<! tragedies, and were rather led 
 ly others than any wise inclined to mischief 
 themselves, of which number was one of the 
 Nipnet sachiuns, railed Sagamore .lohn, who, 
 July 27, cnme to siirreiuler himself to the 
 governor ami muncil of Mnssachusets at Hos- 
 tim, bringing along with him 180 of the enemy 
 Indians. This .lohn, that he might the more 
 ingratiate himself with the English, whose fa- 
 vour he was now willing to set^k after, did by 
 a wile get into his hands one Matoonas, nii 
 old malicious villain who was the first that did 
 any mischief within Massachusetts colony, 
 .Tilly, lull, 1G75; bearing nn old grudge 
 ngamstthem as is thought, for justice that was 
 done ii|)on one of his sons, lu71, whose hiMul 
 ever since hangs upon a pole near the gibl"l 
 were he wns hanged up : The bringing in oi 
 this malicious calitT was an hopeful presage 
 that it would not be long before Philip liim- 
 sel<', the grand villain, would in like manner 
 rec< Ive a just reward of his wickedness and 
 murders. 
 
 Sagamore John, who came in the 27th of 
 July, affirmed that he had never intended nny 
 mischief to the English at Hrookfield the Inst 
 year (near which village it seems his place 
 wns) but that Philip coming over night 
 amongst them was forced, fiir fear of his own 
 life, to join with them against the English. 
 Matoonns also when he wns brought before 
 the council, and asked what he had to say for 
 himself, confessed that he had rightly deser- 
 ved death, and could expert no other, adding 
 withal, that if lie had follov.-ed their counsel, 
 he had not come to this ; for he had seemed 
 to favour the praying Indians and tho chris- 
 tian religion, afterwards discovered ijuickly 
 that ho no had part or portion in that mailer. 
 
 About this time several parlies of English 
 within Plymouth jurisdiction, were willing to 
 have a hand in so good a matter as catching 
 of Philip would be, who perceiving that he 
 was now going down the wind, were willing 
 to hasten his fall. Amongst others, a small 
 party went out of Bridgewater, July 31sl, 
 upon a discovery, and by providence were 
 directed to fall upon a company of Indians 
 where Philip was | they came up with them 
 and killed some of his particular friends : 
 Philip himself was next to his uncle thot was 
 
 which to shoot al, known whi(di had been the 
 right bird, he might as well have taken him, 
 ns his uncle; but it is said that he had not 
 long before cut off his hair, that he might not 
 be known : The parly that did this exploit 
 were few In number, and therefore not biliig 
 able to keep close in the rear, that cunning 
 fiix escaped away through bushes iindisctMii- 
 ed in the rear of the English : That which 
 was most remarkable in this design, was that 
 trembling fear appeared to be upon the In- 
 dians at this lime, insomuch that one of them 
 having a gun in his hand well loaded, yet was 
 not able to fire it off, but HuliVred an English 
 soldier to come close up to his breast, mid so 
 shot him down, the other not being able to 
 make any resistance ; nor were any of the 
 English hurt at that time. 
 
 The like terror wns seen in others at that 
 lime ; for within two ilays after, Capt. Church, 
 the terror of the I.idlans in Plymouth colony, 
 marching in pursuit of Philip with about .'!0 
 Englishmen and 20 reconciled Indians, took 
 2.'t of the enemy, und the next dny following 
 timm by their trncks, fell upon their hend-ipiar- 
 ters, and killed and took about 130 of them ; 
 losing only one man. In this (>ngagenieiit (.tod 
 did appearin a more than ordinary manner to 
 fight for the English, fiir the Indians by their 
 number, and oilier advantages of the place 
 weresoconvenienlly provided, thai they might 
 have made the first shot at the English and 
 done them much damage, but one of their own 
 countrymen in Capt. Church's company espy- 
 ing them, culled aloud unto litem in their owi; 
 language, telling them that if they shot a gun 
 they were all dead men; with wliicn they were 
 so lunazed, that tlii^y durst not once ofl'er to fire 
 at the English, which made the victory the 
 more remarkable. Philip made a very narrow 
 escape at that time, being forced to leave his 
 treasures, his beloved wife, and only son to 
 the mercy of the English. Skin for skin, all 
 tlint a man halh will he give fiir his life. His 
 ruin being thus gradually carried on, his misery 
 wns not prevented but augmented thereby ; 
 being himself nctpialnled with the sense and ex- 
 perimental feellngof the raplivlly of his child- 
 ren, lossof friends, slaughter of his subjects be- 
 reavement of nil family n-Iallons, and being 
 St rlppedofall outward comforts, befiire his own 
 life slioiild be taken away. — Such n sentence 
 passed upon Cain, made him cry out, that his 
 punishment was greater than he could bent. 
 This bloody wretch hath oni- week more to live 
 an object ofplty, but a spectacle of divine ven- 
 geance, his own fiillowers beginning now to 
 plot against his life, that they might make the 
 better terms fiir their own ; ns they did nlso 
 seek to betrny squaw Sachem of Pocnsset, 
 Philip's near kinswoman and confed 'rate. 
 For, 
 
 August Glh, an Indian willing to shift fiir 
 himself, fleil to Tniiiiton, offering to lend any 
 of the English that would IblUiw him, to a 
 party of Indinna, which they might easily ap- 
 prehend, which 30 persons attempted and ac- 
 cordingly seized the whole compnny, 20 In 
 number,nllbiittheiiquaw Sachem herself, who 
 intending to make an escape from the danger, 
 attempted to get over the river, or arm of the 
 sea near by , upon a raftor some pieces of broken 
 wood; but whether tired and spent with swim 
 mlng or starved w ilh cold and hunger, she wns 
 stark naked in Metapoiset, not far from the 
 
[>IJiur tlint )ind choice 
 II wliicli liiiil l)<-i!ii tlie 
 vvW Imvi! tiikoii liiin, 
 mid lliiit III) liml iint 
 iilr, that lio iiiiglit not 
 
 lllllt tlld tills f'N|>ll)it 
 
 d tluTt-'loru not liciiig 
 liu rear, that ciiniiiii^ 
 f^\\ liiinht'N iiiidiHiH'i'ii- 
 lii^llsh : That which 
 this di'iiigii, wns that 
 il to Ih) upon thu In- 
 iich that oiiu oftht^m 
 wt'll loaJvd, y«'t wm» 
 
 I HuRVrfd an English 
 to his hrrnst, and so 
 
 i(.-r not hcing alilc to 
 or were any of thu 
 
 L'. 
 
 avcn in others at that 
 8 aflnr, Cupt, Clnirdi, 
 in Flynioiith colony, 
 Philiii with alioiit .'!0 
 mcilcd Indians, took 
 L> next day following 
 upon thi'ir h<>ad-<piur- 
 : ulioiit lliU of llifiii ; 
 lhis«>ngagi'nu"nt C!od 
 
 II ordinary inaniicr to 
 • tho Indians hy their 
 antagcs of tliu placn 
 ividcd, thatthi-y iniglit 
 : ut iho ICnglish and 
 , but OIK! of ihi'ir own 
 irch's company cspy- 
 itolhcin in ihcir ovvii 
 hat if ihi'V shot a gun 
 with wliicntlioy wi'io 
 St not onci! odi-r to (iro 
 ladc thc! victory iho 
 ) made very narrow 
 ig fiircod to leave his 
 ifc, and only son to 
 I. 8kin for skin, all 
 pve for his life. His 
 carried on, his misery 
 angincnied thcreliy ; 
 wil lithe sense and ex- 
 captivity of his child- 
 liter of hissiihjeclslie- 
 
 ndalions, and being 
 mforts, before his own 
 ly. — Sncli a sentence 
 him cry out, lliat his 
 ' than he could lieai. 
 one week more to livt. 
 lectacle ofdivine veil- 
 rs beginning now to 
 they might make the 
 n ; as they did also 
 Sachem of Pocasset, 
 an and confcd 'rate. 
 
 1 willing to bhift for 
 
 , offering to lead any 
 
 nid folUiw him, to n 
 
 lli(!y might easily ap- 
 
 ons attempted and ac- 
 
 lole company, 20 in 
 
 Sadiem herself, who 
 
 cape from the dai-ger, 
 
 le river, or arm of the 
 
 ' some pieces of broken 
 
 and spent with swim 
 
 1 and hunger, slio was 
 
 iset, not far from the 
 
 A NARRATIVK OV 
 
 6A0 
 
 water side, which made snmo think sho was 
 fust tiiill'ilrownerl, and so ended her wretched 
 life just in that place where the year Ixdiire 
 sill- liiiil lielpi'd I'lillip to make his escape ; lier 
 heail bring nil oH'aiid set upon a pnli; in Taun- 
 ton, was known by some Inilians then prison- 
 irs, whii-hsi'l them into a liorriMe lainiMiimioii; 
 but such was the righteous hand of Qod in 
 bringing at last that mischief iipnn theinselv>!s, 
 wliicli they had wlhoutcaiiselongacted against 
 others. 
 
 Philip, like a savage wild beast, having 
 lienn hunted by the Englsh forces through 
 tlie woods above an liiinilred mihis backward 
 and forward, at last was driven to his own den 
 iip'in Mount Hope, where he retiriMl with a 
 few of his best friends into a swamp, which 
 proved but a prismi to keep him fist till the 
 messenger ofdi.'ath came by divine pernilsHlon 
 to execute vengeance upon him, which was 
 tniis ocnomnlished. 
 
 .Such had been his inveterate malice and 
 wickedness against the lOngllsli, that despair- 
 ing of mercy from them, he could not liearthat 
 any thing should he suggested to him uliout 
 a peace, insomuch that he caused one of his 
 confederates to be killed for propounding an 
 j'Xpedient of peace ; which so provoked some 
 of his company, not altogether so despi^rate 
 as himself, that one of them lied to Uhode- 
 Ishinil, whither the bnive Captain Church was 
 newly retired to recruit his for a little tiiiie, 
 being much tired with marches all that week, 
 iniiirmiiig them that Philip was lied ton swamp 
 Kwanip in MountHope, whither he would un- 
 dertake to lead ihein that Would pursue him. 
 This was welcome news, and the iiest cordial 
 for such martial spirits; wheriMipmi lie irniiH!- 
 dlately, with a small company of men, part 
 lOngllsli and part Indian, began another march 
 which shall prove fatal to Philip, and eml that 
 controversy between the Knglish and him : 
 For coming very early to the side of the 
 swamp, his soliilers liegan to aiirroiind It, and 
 (whether the devil appeared to him in a dream 
 that night as he did unto Saul, forelioding I 
 tragical end, it matters not) as he was eiiilea- 
 viiring to make his esca|ie out of a swamp, 
 ho was shot through the heart by an Indian 
 of his own nation, as it is said, that had all this 
 while preserved a neutrality until this time, 
 but now had the casting vote in his power, 
 by which he d(?termined the (pu'iTel that hail 
 lieen so long in suspense. In ii !:i is fiiliilled 
 
 In the preceding narration monlion hiith 
 been made of one Capt. Church, whom God 
 alh made an inalniiiient of signal victories 
 VIM- the Indians In that colony, and of great 
 advantage in that respect to that whole jiiris- 
 dlcllon. It happened that the siilil Capt. 
 Cliiireli some lime in .Tune, of this present 
 year 1070, passing ovi-r in a canoe from Po- 
 casset to Ithode-lsland, as he used freipiently 
 to do, (having had much employment upon 
 the sail! neck of land so called) several Indi- 
 ans whom he had known before at Lacken- 
 ham, a village near Plymouth, beckoned to 
 him as If they had a mind to speak with him ; 
 he having had so much expi-rienre as well as 
 others of their treachery, was not willing to 
 adventure loo hastily to come near tlieinj but 
 when they seemed to urge very much, and 
 inadesigns to him, and at last laid down their 
 guns in his sight, he liegati to think with him- 
 self there mii;ht be something in the mutter 
 more than ordinary, therefore ho resolved to 
 go a little nearer to ihi! shore, and then he 
 perceived they had a great niind K; speak with 
 iilm, using much iiiipurlunlty for that end, in- 
 somuch that he ventured to go ashcre amongst 
 them, having but one Englishman and two 
 Indians with him; lie directed them to keep 
 oH'tlie canoe while he dlsciiursed with the In- 
 dians on slinre. As toon as he came among 
 them, they told lilm they were weary of fight- 
 ing, and that they had fought so loii<;by Phil- 
 ip's instigation; but they cou'.d not tell for what 
 end, and therefore resolved they would fight 
 no longer, and all they desired of him was, that 
 he would make way for them to the gover- 
 nor, that they might live quietly amongst the 
 I'jngUsh as they had done before, and that 
 llii-y would deliver up their arms, or would 
 go out witii ihem If h(! pleasiMl to accept of 
 them, and fight for him ; to that enil they de- 
 sired a time to parUiy with him further ahoiit 
 that business at what time and place he woiihi 
 apjioint: He told them he would meet them 
 two days after at .Seanonel, a place u[> higher 
 on the said neck, about 12 o'clock ; accordingly 
 lie came to the said place, found the same In- 
 dians with some others, and their Snake stpiaw, 
 or chief woman of that plantation, there ready 
 to meet him. 
 
 After they had fallen into discourse about 
 the beginning of the war, as well as the suc- 
 cess and mischief of it, they would have put 
 the blame ofT from themselves, and laid it 
 
 what was said in the prophet, '\Vo to thee that upon the Knglish : Hut he presently convinced 
 spoili-st anil thou was not spoiled, and dealest 1 them by an undeniable evidence, that they first 
 treacherously, and they dealt not treacherous- liegan the war : For, said he, upon this Pocas 
 
 ly with thee; when ihou shall cease to spoil 
 thou shall be spoiled, and when thou shall 
 'Tiake an end to leal treacherously, they shall 
 deal treachero-.sly, with thee. 
 
 With Phir.p at this time fell five of his trus- 
 tiest follow', rs, of whom one was said to be 
 the sm- ot his chief captain, that had shot tin- 
 first gun at the lOngllsh the year liefore. This 
 was done the 12th day of Auijusi, 1(57(5, a re- 
 Kiarkalile testimony ofdivine fivour to the co- 
 lony of Plymouth, who had for the former 
 success, appointed the 17th day of August fol 
 
 set.Fuly 7tli, IG?-^, you first finight with som<. 
 of Rhode-Island, whereof one waiiny ownser- 
 vant,whose le;; you broke.and the same day you 
 shot at myself and company, before we med- 
 dled with villi. They were so fully convinced 
 herewith, that they found nothing to reply, 
 but fell into other discourse about a peace which 
 tliev were very desirous to obtain upon any 
 oipial terms, as was said before. There were 
 about fifteen of the Indians present, be'sldes 
 their Snake squav/ (which is with us their 
 governess or lady) In conclusion they engaged 
 
 lowing, to he kept .iS a day of solemn Thanks-: forever after to leave Philip, and to go out 
 giving to Almighty God. There having been! with him; which they did forthwith, as soon 
 so strange a turn of Providence observed in ' as he had obtained a peace for them with the 
 the late successes obtained in and about Ply- governor. 
 
 mouth colony, it may not be amiss here to en- 1 It is here to bo observed, that these were 
 ipiire into the progress and continuance thereof j not properly Philip's Indians, but belonged to 
 after the slaughter of Philip that grand rebel. I the .Seaconet sijuaw. who was nearly related 
 
 to Philip, and her subjects had hlherio fought 
 In Philip's quarrel till they saw nolhins; hut 
 misery and michlef like to he the -ssii,- o( It lo 
 themselves, as well as theirnelghbntirs. Aioiit 
 ;.'() or .'JO of these .Seaconet Indians have coii- 
 fitaritly gone out with ('apt. (Jhurcli ever since, 
 and not only been fiithful and servlceabh- to 
 him, but very successful in every enterprl/.e 
 they have gone about, nor hath he lost any of 
 them in any skirmish with the other Indians : 
 And it Is said that this act of these Indians 
 broke Philip's heart as soon as ever he iiiider- 
 stood it, so that he never rejoiced after, or had 
 any success in any of his di^slgns, hut lost his 
 men one time after another, till himself at last 
 fell into the hands ofthose under Capi.Church's 
 command : Foratthe swamp, wlieii Phillpwas 
 slain, Capt. Church appointed an ICnglishmaii 
 and an Indian lo stand at such a place of the 
 swamp, when; it happened Philip was break- 
 ing away; the morning being wet and rainy, 
 the Kngllsliman's gun would not fire ; the In- 
 dian having an old musket with a large loiirli- 
 hole,lttook the more readily, with which Philip 
 was dispatched, the bullet pasting directly 
 through his heart, whore ,Toab thrust his darts 
 into rebellious .\bsalom. 
 
 Thus did divine vengeance retaliate on this 
 notorious traitor, that had against his league 
 and covenant risen up against the government 
 ofPlymoulh, to raise up against him one of his 
 ow-n people, or one that was in league with 
 him, as he was with the Knglish : The Indian 
 that did this execution was called Alderman 
 of Seaconet.that had never done sny sctof hos- 
 tility against the English. Hy these passages 
 It is manifest, that as the hearts of all are in 
 the hand of God, so he turns them as he jilea- 
 ses, either to favour his people, or to hate and 
 deal subtly with his servants, as seems good 
 to him. Since this engagement with the Sea- 
 conet Indians (to leave Philip, an J to go with 
 Capt. Cliurrh) it is credibly affirmed, that such 
 hath been "Jieir success that since .Tuim! afore- 
 said, to tlie end of October following, there 
 have been 700 Indians sidKlued. either by kil- 
 ling or takiiis captive by means of Capt. 
 Church a-id his company, (part Indians and 
 English) besides 300 that have come in vo- 
 luntarily to submit themselves lo the govern- 
 ment of Plymouth. It appetirs thus by the 
 secpiel of things, that after the Lord had ac- 
 complished his work upon his people, that ho 
 is beginning lo call his enemi^'s to an account, 
 and punish them for the pride of their hearts, 
 and for all their treachery and cruelly against 
 Ills servants. Philip's captains have run the 
 same fate with himself, some before and some 
 since Us own fall. 
 
 In .luno last one Tiashi], a great Captain 
 of his, his wife and child, or children being ta- 
 ken though lie escaped himself at first, yel 
 came since and surrendered himself. The 
 next noted captain of Philip's Imlians that 
 was brought in after Philip's death, was called 
 TiMspiquIn, a notorious villain, next to Philip, 
 he was called the Vilack sachem's son ; It was 
 this Tespiipiln thai burnt so many houses in 
 Plymouth lately. Capt. Church with his com- 
 pany were in pursuit of him in September 
 last, two days before they could get near 
 him; at the last, on the ihinl <lay, they found 
 the track made by the English orchards : This 
 was something of a blind track, therefore ihey 
 were forced to take up their quarters that night 
 without discovering any place of their run- 
 
 . 
 
 ■pnepi 
 
eno 
 
 TIIK INDIAN WARS. 
 
 ■ I 
 
 r I 
 
 1 •; I 
 
 ili'3iviiii4, Tliti iii'xl iiiiiriiiii){ nliciiit 1) i<'cliirk 
 llii'V iMiiii' li> tlii'ir lii>l. riMiili'i'.VdiH, Cicnri 
 wliii'li llii'v wiTi' jiisi };i>iii' : Al 1 <)' cluck llii'v 
 riiilli' III llic .sci'oihl, aiiil mi^isinn; iIh'Iii iIiiti', 
 llii'v «i'i)ii iiI'lcM' ciiiiii' lollin lliii'il li'iit'li, wlici'c 
 ill iiricr tlicy liiiil iimrclicil ii wliili-, llicy |ii'r 
 .'iMvcil llii'v p;n>\v very mvir iliiiiii, liy ilm cry 
 ills; of II dilUl wliicli llu-y lii'iini : 'I'lic |iliicc 
 Will iiciir Liickdiiliaiii U|iiin I'licnKsi't mick, !>ii 
 full of I) ::<!ic 'liat ti mini (UiiiK) luil sen n rml 
 lii'l'iiro liiii. , Ciipt.Clmroli i>rilci-i<i| liin iikmi to 
 niiiroli up liinctliiT in oim niiik, licciiiiso lie 
 (lisoi)Vi<rt'ii till- liiiliiiim were laid in one i'iiM|jfi' 
 ItV ai'vi'i'iil lirii!!, HI) liiiit l>y tlml linio llmv till 
 ;'iiiiu' 11)) liitii nil t-von riiiik very iieiir lofreilier, 
 williin II few yiii'ils of llieiii n* lie IiikI ii|i- 
 jviinli'il ; lliey all Hiniileiily nislied loijellier 
 upon tliein, iinil (■atclied liolil of tliciii, not 
 fliiHeriiii; any lo i'.icii|ie, tlieni lieiiijj ahoiit 
 SO <if tlieiii in all : TeHiiiiinin'M wife aiitl cliil- 
 lircMi wore lln'i'o, ImiI lie was iiliseiit, an also 
 one Jaciili.Hiul iiiiirlllmtlielonsjed lolliat roin- 
 iiaiiy. The raiitiiln's liasie would notmlmil of 
 Ills tiirryins; nil lln'y caiiio in, (lli(inp;li tlio In- 
 tiiaiis siild lliey iiiij;lit come tliiit iiii;lil) wliere- 
 forelio llioiit?lit upoiilliis project, to li'ave two 
 old sipuiws upon tlie place willi victuals, and 
 liid tliem tell 'resjiiijiiiii lliat lie should lie his 
 captain over Ills linliaiH if ho was found to 
 lie so stout a man as tliey roportod him to lie ; 
 for the Indians had said that 'rospiipiiii roiiM 
 not i)o pierced liy a hiilli'l, for, said they, 
 he was shot twice hut the Imllels glanced liy 
 him and could not hurt him. Thus the cap- 
 lain marched away with his liooty, leaving this 
 trap liehind him to take the rest: The next 
 morniiii; he came to see what his trap hail 
 catclied, there he found Jacol) afori'said (a 
 notorious wretch) aiiil the girl he missed, lie- 
 fiire, lull not Tespi<piin : Hut within n day or 
 two after the said I'espiipiiu upon tin- 'lopesof 
 lieing made captain under Oapt. (^hurcli, 
 came after some of the lomp.iny, and sulniiit- 
 led himself ill llii- captain's aliseiice, and was 
 nent to I'lyinouih, Init upon trial (which was 
 tlie ctiii.lition on which his being promisoii a 
 captuin's commission under I'apt. I'hurch did 
 depend) he was found piMietrulile liy the Kn- 
 glish guns, for he fell down at the first shot 
 and llipreliy received the just reward of his 
 former wickedness. Alioiit a (iirtniglit after 
 the surprising of Tespiipiin, was one Toto- 
 Kui's company taken, wherein were aliove .'jO 
 persons ; lint Totoson escapeil, and is still 
 out ill relifllion, unless vengeance hath ovor- 
 tukon him. 
 
 The next that was seized wasone Annawan, 
 every suKlh", politic fellow, and one of Plii- 
 li|)'s chief counsellor:? ; he had aliout twelve 
 men, and as m my women and children in his 
 company, who were discovereil liy their shoo- 
 ting at ihe Knglisli horses, and cattle ; some 
 of whiim liel g taken made know the rest. 
 Church al tint time had lint five ll]nglislimen 
 and twenty Imliaiis. The place where this 
 Annawan had lietaken, was a ledge of rocks 
 in iccessilile li;it at one place, which liy a few 
 hands miirht easily have lieen defended 
 a.:ainst agreaf niimlier of assailants: Hut Ciipt. 
 Cliurch liy direction got up to their wigwams 
 lieforo they were awaro of it ; and presently 
 told Annawan that he cami! to sup with him ; 
 whereupon Annawan (who hadl'illen flat up- 
 on the earth, expectiiigto have his head cut iijr) 
 l(«)kpd lip and cried tanhut, in their language, 
 Ibank yuj, as oiiu buiog much alfeclcJ with 
 
 the geiiei'o.i^iV <if our I'iiiglisli raptiiin ; they 
 found some ol the l')nglisli lieef lioiliiig in the 
 kettle: After supper he had iiiiiih discourse 
 with the said Aliliawaii, and they lay down to 
 sleep lofjether in the wigwam ; (!iipt. ('Iiiirch 
 laving one of his legs upon Annawan and the 
 oilier upon his son, that he might have notice 
 if liny of them hIiouIiI olli'r to stir : jM'ler inid- 
 iiight Annawan rose up, and (.'iipl. ('liiireh 
 wax presently awake, and inteinled to wutcli 
 after his prlHoner: I le thought ill iiml ho tiiiglit 
 have gone forlli upon boiiui iiecessary (iccii- 
 sion ; liiit not long iifliu- ho returned again, 
 having fetched out of tlio swamp hard liy, 
 two horns of powder, and a largo lielt of peag, 
 supposed to he I'liilp'shell, all wliichhe deliv- 
 iireii to Oapt. (Church, in a. way uf thankful 
 iicknowledgment of his ciiiirtesy. Amongf't 
 other discourses that passed lietwen them con- 
 cerning the oi;casion of the war, carrying it on, 
 the Indian would fain liavi< excused I'hilip, 
 and laid the lilanie upon the praying Indians 
 (as they are distiiiguishi'd from others liy that 
 character)and others of the voiingest sort of his 
 followers, who (Mining with their several tales 
 (whii^li lie likened to slicks laid on a liiMip) till 
 liy a multitude of them a great fire came to 
 lie kindled: They make much use of piiralio- 
 lical expressions: fiir so said iSolonioii, where 
 no wood is there the fire goetli out; so where 
 there is no tale-lieariu-s, there the strife ci'ii- 
 selh, I'rov. ati, -'0. Hut I'hilip hail had large 
 and long experience of the geiilhiness and 
 kindness of the lOnglish liotli to himself and to 
 his people, so that unless he liiidliorae an evil 
 and malicious mind against the English, he 
 would never have hearkened to those stories, 
 contrary to his fuithful promises of allegiance. 
 The Siiid Annawan coid'essud also that he 
 dill lieliove liy all those late occurrences that 
 there was a great (tod that overruled all ; and 
 that he had fiiiind that whatever he had done 
 to any of those, whellnu- Indians or linglish, 
 the same was lirought upon himself in after 
 lime. He (Minfi'ssed also that lie had put to 
 ileatli several of the lOnglisli which they had 
 taken alive, ten in one day, and could not de- 
 ny liut that some of them had liecn tortured 
 
 and now he could not hut sen the justice 
 the great (!od upon liiniself, with many other 
 things of a like nature. Hut whatever his 
 confessions of this nature were, lii'iiig forced 
 from him liy the poiver of conscience, after 
 he was didivcri'd up lo authority, Ikj was put 
 to death, a.s he justly had desi-rved. 
 
 It is saiil that I'iiilip when he first lii-gan 
 lis reliellion, had iiliout ,'100 lighting men uii- 
 ler him, liesides those that lic^longed to his 
 kinswoman, Welamoo drowned nliout Taun- 
 ton, that had almost as many umler her; and 
 one Qiienoipiin, a Narraganset sachem thai 
 lived near him, and joined with him in his 
 
 larrel with the Knglish: Hut it is certain 
 that there are scarce any that are now left, 
 that belonged to either of them . So although 
 the Almighty hath mailo use of them to bo a 
 scourge to his people!, he hath now turned his 
 lauil against them to utter destruction and ex- 
 tirpation from off the face of the ;arlh, peniil- 
 veiiluro to make mom for others of his peo- 
 
 le to come in his stead. 
 As for the rest of the Narragnnsets that joi- 
 ned in Philip's quarrel, it is already declared 
 what end they were come unto. As for the 
 rest of the Indians, whether Nipnet, Nashn- 
 way, I'acomptuck, Hadley, or SpringliulJ In- 
 
 diaiiH, it is not so certain wliiil liait become ol 
 them; but iiliir llieir sepaialion one from 
 llie other iilioiit .Inly lust, it was iibseived by 
 all the Iracka in those woods they went still 
 westward; and about the iniihllo of yXiigust 
 last, a gri'iit party of them weie oIphcimmI lo 
 pass by Westlield, a small town to the we«t o( 
 Siiringlield, and were judged to be alioiit '.'(It); 
 r>iew» thereof being brought to iMajor Tiilrol, 
 ho with Noldiiu's of Oiim,ecticiil colony under his 
 comniaiid, both Imlians and lOnglish, pursued 
 after them as far as Ausoliniiioog river (m the 
 iniddh) way betwixt Weslfield and llie Dutch 
 river, and l'"orl Albany) where lie overlook 
 thiuii, and fiiught with them;* killinij; iiiid In- 
 king ■l.'i prisoners, iJ.'i of whom were lighliiig 
 men, without the loss of any <iiie of his com- 
 pany tiavo a IMohegin Indian: Many of ihi' 
 rest wiu-e badly wounded, as iippiared by 
 the bushes being much besiiieiired with blooil, 
 as was observeil by those that followed ihriii 
 further. 
 
 It is written since from Albany, tli.it there 
 were sundry lust besides the •I,') aforeiiieii- 
 tinned, to the iiunilier of three HCore in all; 
 and also that an hundred and twenty of tlieiii 
 are since liead of sickness; so that vengeance 
 seems to bu pursuing of them as well as the 
 rest. Heveriil of their friends that bclongeil 
 to Nasliaway, and the places adjoining, re- 
 pairtMl lo l'iHcata(|nii, hoping to shroud them- 
 selves under the wings of some honesler In- 
 dians about (.iuecliecho, under preleniui of n 
 declaralion sent out by the governor and 
 (\iuncil of Massachusetts in the liei.'iiiiiliig of 
 .luly last: Hill some of our finces under (^ipl. 
 Uatliorne and <!apt. Sill, with the help ol 
 Major Walilen, (Japt. l''rosl, and others resi. 
 duig in those parts bi'iiig in readiin'ss, sepa- 
 rated the vile and wickeil from the rest | 
 
 sent them down to llin goviunor at lioston, 
 
 where 8 or 'J of the ringh^adeis, such aw 
 
 eyed .lohn, Sagamore .Sam, of Nashiiwiiy, 
 chief actors of the late outrages and bloody 
 mischief, had justice done upon them soon ni- 
 ter. As for the massacri'S and calaniitii's thai 
 lii'fel the Knglisli liirther eastward, they shall 
 in till! second part of this niirrative be dichinil 
 
 The Indians being thus dispiu'sed several 
 ways, were .strangely confoiindt'd ami destroy- 
 ed OIK! parcel after a iiotlier, until iheii' wa- 
 iione left in the western or southern parts tlinl 
 durst make any opposition all the followiiiL.' 
 part of the year. As fiir those that lied west- 
 ward toward Albany, we nIiiiII there leave 
 them fiir the preseni, wishing, we iniiy never 
 hear any more of iIkuii : A person of ipiiiliiy 
 infiirms, that at ilartfurd in Sepleniber hist, 
 ho was presiMit at the exaniiiii,:'oii of one 
 Clioos, an Indian, formely of (Jonneclicut, but 
 of the Narraganset for the last winter, who 
 confessed that he was one of iliat company of 
 Indians tlial went westward the month beiiire, 
 toward IjuiIsoii's river; but iifler the light al 
 Ausotu:inoog, he returned back to C'oniiecli- 
 ciit for fear of the Mohawks; and lliiit he l;iy 
 hid about Karniington, till he was iilmost slar- 
 ved, and then he went to the seaside lo make 
 use of the oyster bank at .Stratfiird fiir his re- 
 lief, where ho was espied by the Indians, iiinl 
 so brought to Ilarlfiird. 
 
 Ho alfirmod that there were about SOO fiL'li- 
 ting men amongst those Indians ihatned west- 
 ward, beside.1 womon and children ; and lliiil 
 
 ♦ [This Imiilo will proliiilily riiinilii in Sioekbidu'i', 
 vlicto the meeting huuae uuw sieadi.] 
 
 IliMl' 
 
W'liiil liiiM lirniiric ol 
 
 l('|>lllllli(>ll CHIC I'i'dlll 
 
 , il w IIS nliMi'i veil liy 
 iiiiiU lln-y wnil Hiill 
 
 II lllillllll! Ill' Allj^llHl 
 
 III wrii' iilisi'i \i'(l 1(1 
 
 I lllWII III llll' \\l'>*l III 
 
 ^l'll III III' iiImhiI '.'Oil; 
 l^lil III iMiiJiii- 'riilrol, 
 Uciiliuiliiiiy iiiiiii'i'liii 
 mil lOii^liMJi, iMii'Miiril 
 
 mm J5 liver (in llm 
 
 slIii'M mill iIki DiiIoIi 
 ) wliri'i' III! iivriliiiik 
 iiiiii ;* killiii;j; iiiiil lii- 
 wliiiiii Weill lii^liliii^ 
 any one of IiIh ihim- 
 niliiin : iMany nl' llie 
 leil, iiH ii|i|ii'iil'e(l liy 
 I'snieiireil Willi lilooil, 
 111 lliat liilloweil llii'in 
 
 II Alliiiiiy, tlial llieie 
 I'H lliii -if) iiiiiri'Mii'ii- 
 r lliiec! Home In all ; 
 I ;inil twenly of lliriii 
 IS ; 811 lliiil veii^'eanri' 
 
 iIkiiii IIS well lis till' 
 rieiiilM lliiil lM'lon);ei| 
 |ilai'i's iitljiiiiiiMi;, re- 
 |iiiit; III hIii'oikI iIii'IM' 
 of diiine lioni'sler In- 
 miller preleniMi of n 
 ^ lliii ^overniir anil 
 Is ill IJiii liei,'iiiniii|^ iif 
 ur fiirees ninli'r C,'ii[)t. 
 II, witli llie liel|i III 
 I'li.sl, anil iilliers nisi- 
 i; in ri'inliness, se|m' 
 III fi'Diii tliii resl, anil 
 jiovcrniir at linslon, 
 j^leiulei'S, siicli i\v one 
 Sinn, of Nasliiiway, 
 oirlriif^es anil lilomly 
 lie n|ioii llieiii soon ni- 
 I'l'H ami ciilainilies llml 
 T eastward, lliey sliiill 
 narrativii lie ilii'liinil 
 .liilH il)s|)erse(l several 
 iifonii(l(i>l mill ilestroy- 
 illier, iinlil llieie wii- 
 or soiitliern |iarts lliiit 
 inn nil till! liilliiwini: 
 r tliose tliat (led wesl- 
 «■<! sliall tliiire leine 
 isliinfT, wp niiiy never 
 : A person of ipniliiy 
 d in iSe|ileinlier lll^^ 
 I i"xiiniini.:iiiii of one 
 ly of (/'oniieclieilt, liiit 
 tlie last winler, wlin 
 nil of ilial riiin|>any of 
 .aid tlie iiioiitli liefnre, 
 ; Init after tlie Iji^lil ill 
 I'll liaek to ('onnerli- 
 iwks ; ami lliiit lie lay 
 ull lie was alniost slai- 
 to iImi Heaside lo niiike 
 It Hlraiford liir lii.< re- 
 id by till! IiidiuiiH, iiiid 
 
 3 wero nliniit SIO fifjli' 
 Indians tlial (led west- 
 lid children j and lliiil 
 
 ' roiiictil la Hluukbldge, iicii' 
 standi.] 
 
 lienr 2M) of iIhiiii |iiiiiHeii ting ({rriit, river lin- 
 liiw Alliany, and were sliel'i'ied l.y tlie liidi- 
 nns of lliiit |iliire, called MoheeamlerN ; lint 
 nliiiiil HI) of iliciii iMriied on tliii liitlier nidii of 
 lliiil river, nciir a Oiilcli viiiiici' (Init Im licini; 
 ronvictcd of fi,ditln^' le^aiiiHt tlie I'lij^lisli, was 
 ('ondciiincd to die, iinil excriilcil) aliont llic 
 Nnrrin,'aiiHcl coniilry lliii lust fall, liopiiif,' lo 
 hlii'llcr llieinsclvcH under nneim, Init lin not 
 willing to eive lliciii countenance Hj;iiiiiNt the 
 mind of Ins IViemU nl ( loniiecliriit, liiilli since 
 iiliandiined lliem to sliil't fur tlieinsclveH, wlio 
 liHve lieen most ofiliem taken and liroiif^lit in 
 prisoners lo tliii I'jiii^lisli tins winler. 
 
 Alioiit llie nionlli of ( )itolier last, Mr. Stan- 
 ton clianced to coiini from ,Seai'oiiet willi .'1 
 liidiiins in Ills company, l'ei|iioils or Molie- 
 ^'ins, tliey licariMt; liy a captive at one of the 
 next towns, that ihi'ie was a ninnlier of the 
 enemy not fur oil', presently led Mr. iSiimlon 
 liiid pursued after iheiii, whom tliey soon af- 
 ter overlook, and miide llieiii all prisoners : 
 Amniitjst ihcm was an old man, not iilile lo i.ro 
 their pill! liiit promisint; In come after them, 
 lliey spared Ins life; lint as soon as the men 
 reliinied at iiiL;lit from hiinlin;;, tliii old man 
 lold what had liefel their women and children, 
 wherenpon llni nest morniiif^ they presenlly 
 following afler them, overlook them, and so 
 recovered the prisoners, and slew one of the 
 three that curried them away; the other two 
 hardly escaped; one of them is called Major 
 ■Syniiin, liein^ part a I'eipiod iind part a Nar- 
 rai,'iitisel, liiil of eMranrilmary sirenijlh and 
 conia^'i" ; he perceiving the diinijer lliey were 
 ill, chalh'in.n'il to fit;ht hand to hand with any 
 live of lliem with llieir halchelH : hiil. they iin- 
 williii;,' to liaii;^ llieir siiccess upon the hazard 
 of II sin^'le combat, (aniii all towards him at 
 once, whereupon first di«chari;ini^ his fjnn 
 Hiiioiie;st the whole company, he brnketliriiii;;h 
 lliem all by force, and so escaped their hands, 
 wi';li oni- of his companions. 'riiis.Svmon hiilli 
 been very uctivii in killinj,' and lakliiu' many of 
 the enemy ; some say that Im with his own 
 hands hiilli taken and killed above ihreescore, 
 and eillier out ol hatred lo the enemy, or love 
 lo llni l'Ini,'lish, is this last week ^one willi the 
 Moldiers to the east wind, in pursuit ofoiiripiar- 
 rel ai.'aiiist lliem in thnsii parts. 
 
 At aiiiilhrr tlinii lint Ions.' before, when ho 
 was out iif^ainsl llni enemy, he came siiddenlv 
 upon a f^reiil number of llieni as they were 
 spreail under a sli'cp b.inU, frnni wlii'me leap- 
 ■iiL' down into the mid- 1 of them he killed some 
 and look others. I''ii.'lilliii,' it seems isa recre.i- 
 lioiito liini,for lie is seldom at home above four 
 ,)r live days to^^elhiir. .Some say that in one 
 of his former expedliic.ns, beini^ miicli wea- 
 ried and spi'iil he laid himself down lo sleep, 
 lull towards inornim^' he fell into a dream, 
 wherein he apprehended the Indians were 
 upon him, when suddenly rislnu; ii|ihi! espied 
 the Indians comiiif^ toward him, but suddenly 
 presenting' his jjiiiis ai/ainst them lieso frlc/htdii- 
 ed them, th.it lliey L'avii him an opportunity to 
 inakii an escape from a mnltiliide of them. 
 
 Sinci! the bof^inniiii^ of December last, 
 news comiiif^downlo Mostonthat mischief was 
 iliiiii- about .Seacmik and Itehobotli, liy soirv 
 remaiiiiii"; Indians ihereaboiils, killinu' their 
 Rwineanil horses, several persons of .Medlield 
 went out nfler them, mid piirsiiinrr them by 
 their tracks, came iipona small party, of whom 
 lliey took three, onu of which escaped while 
 euino of tiin company were going after thu rest. 
 
 A N A IM? A T I V K O P 
 
 Oil 
 
 TlioHii that were luken conleHneil ihiirii wni 
 about III) that were liiikiiii^ np mid down in 
 ihose \\'oods. 'I'liii said two Imliaiis were 
 broiii;lit into Ihision the Hih of .lanuary. 
 
 A commission was formerly i.'riinled to I'eler 
 Mphraim, an inilian of N'alick, lo ).^ii out in 
 pursuit of ihi'iii. with ^1) of his company; ii 
 few of llni l';in,;hsh from Medlield went with 
 liini, who bein^ soon tired with marchin^^ in 
 ihe snow, returned. The Indians kept on in 
 llii'ir desii,'ii, and came across a considerable 
 parly of theeiiemy liavinj;lraceil them till they 
 liiiiml wherethey lod(.'eil ovdrni^'hf ; theysiir- 
 rounded them early in the morning,', in their 
 manniir is, and then oirered them i|narler If 
 lliey would yield ; ei;;lit resoliilii fellows rii- 
 lilsed who were iristiiiiily shot, the rest were all 
 si'i'/.ed, the whole number was i'i. This was 
 donii about the middle of .lamiary.nncii which 
 seviiral such exploits have been done by them, 
 .lanuary l^^td, the same company of Indians 
 look 'iy III the eiiemv, anion;; whom were live 
 able men, and live arms; lliey sent I he prisoners 
 home by Kve of their company, the rest went 
 fiirlher m the chrtcc. 
 
 ilamiary yiilli, another parcel of the enemy 
 were bioii;;lit in, eifjhl in number, of whom 
 live were men, amoii;,'st whom was thii Indian 
 called (Niriieliiis, who three years since was 
 indicted for killinu'an ICiiL'lisliiiiaii'scow ; upon 
 which 111! was said to have iiiiered Heveriil 
 llirealiiiii(; speeches, that he would kill l'".ii- 
 L;lisliineiiaiid their cows too ; which was iniw 
 remembered a;;alnst him when he was in piir- 
 ticnlar called to account or having,' a hand in 
 killing; some of the I'ln^'li-^h and Indiansalso in 
 leafrnii with ii.s, liir which he was sentenced 
 to die, and was accordin^'ly executed thi! Kith 
 of February followint;. 
 
 (/'oncerninL' the resl ofliie Indi.ins either in 
 ihecolony of I 'lyinonlli,(Ioiini'ctic lit, or .Massa- 
 chusetts, lliere is no ocrurrence more of mo- 
 ment come to li'_;lil since the end of Ai|i;iisl 
 last, save what is last menlioned before; vel 
 il is very rem.irkable, that allhnni;h terms of 
 peace were oll'ered to all that would come in 
 and .surrender lliem«eves (as appears by a de- 
 claration put out in .Inly lasljand ihat a .N'ipnet 
 .Siichem called ,lohn, did tliereiipon wllli n 
 iiumbiirof his ciimpnny come in and od'er them- 
 selves, and were accordinely secured of iheir 
 8 and oiher concernments ; yet did that 
 
 And lirniiiiiii in llni preKcnt narrative ihern 
 hath been fieipient mentii made of I'neaH, 
 the Mohi'i; n nachein, and of his faitlifnlneiD 
 III till; interest of the Kiielish, I add in thiii 
 (ilace, that it is suspected by lliem that kiew 
 him best, that in his lieiirt he is no beller iiih''- 
 leil III the I'lnclish or their reltt'ion, llem ilm 
 
 ri'st of his connlrymen, and that it halh I n 
 
 his own advantage lliiit hath led him lo be thus 
 true to them who have upheld him as formerly 
 au'niiisl the I'equods, ho of lain a'.oiiiist llni 
 .Varra^misiils ; yet halh he not lon;^ since been 
 convinced of the triilli ofoiir reli;,'ion, nnd vaiii- 
 ly of his own, as himself hath solemnly coides- 
 si'd ; which will evidenily appear by tie pas- 
 Hiif^e thill follows, which I shall here represent 
 just in it was from under the hand of llni ev- 
 reiid person il relates unto, namely, Mr.l ili h, 
 pastor of the church of Norwich, near unto 
 nncas's place. There was a f,'ri'al droiieht 
 the last Slimmer ; but as il seems, il « a- iniMii 
 extreme in those parts than with nsaboiit las- 
 saclinselts ; and allhoneh probably the Kiii;ii-li 
 iiiiehl have praved for rain lhem-;elves without 
 any motion from the Indians, yet their address 
 to the said .Mr. I'"itcli on such an account, with 
 till! conseipiences thereof, is very remaikable, 
 which take in his own words : 
 
 "(Nincernini^ the droii!;lil,iVr.tnie narrntive 
 of that providence is this : In An^oist last such 
 was llll! want of rain, that ihe Indian corn was 
 not only dried and parched up, but the apple- 
 trees withered, the fruit and leaves fell olf an 
 in autumn, and some trees .seeming to be dead 
 with thaldroii^jht ; the Indians caimi into town 
 and lainented their want of rain, and that their 
 powaws could (,'el none in their way of wor- 
 ship, desiring,' me that I would seek to (iod fiir 
 rain: I a[ipoinled a fast day (iir the purpose; 
 the day bein;^ come il proved clear without 
 any clouds until .siinsettinj.j when we canm 
 from till! meetinj.', and then Fornii clouds 
 arose ; the next ilay rcnained cloudy ; then 
 l.'iicas with many Indians ,aine to my lion'^e, 
 I Micas larncnied there was such ii .'.■i"' '.('rain . 
 I asked whether if (iod should send in rain 
 h(! would not Htiribiile it lo their powaws; 
 he answered no, for they had done their ut- 
 most nnd all in vain ; I ie|ilieil,if yon will dii- 
 cliire il before all these Indians yon shall .see 
 what (iod will do funis, forulthoneh this year 
 111! halh shewn his ani,'er ay;Hinst the Kii^^lisli 
 and mil only aeaiiisl the Indians, yet halh be- 
 (/nil t.i save ns, and I have found by experi- 
 liar;,''' '"■' "as put, about (,'ambrld;;e villaire) encii twice in the like ease, when we miifrht 
 and with iiboiit :>() more lied away into the I by fistiiiiT and prayer he hatli triven lis rain, 
 woods to shift for himself anioii;.'st ihe resl ofiaiid never denicl lis. 'J'lieii I'licas iiiaile n 
 his bloody companions ; they were soon after ■ U'f'at speech to the Indians (which were ma- 
 pur-^ned, but lia.l t'one loo last and loo far lojny) confes'lie^' that if (iod should then send 
 iieoverliiken. Wliellier it were conscioiisness ! rain, it cold. I not be asiribed to their pownw- 
 of iheir own trmll.ihat had a hand in the blood linir, but must be ackiiowli'd>.'ed to he an an- 
 of the I'^iiijlish, or whether not likint.' theirlswer lo oiir prayers. This day they spread 
 maiiner.s so well as to be cuiitined ihereimto ; | more and more, and ihe next dny there was 
 wildcrealnresordinarily love the liberty id'ihe !such plenty of rain that onr rivtir roso morn 
 woods beller than the restraint of a cu^je. i than two feel in heltrht. ' 
 
 They made noiio ncni|ainled wilh their disn_'ii I liy ull recorded in ihe forcpoinf; nnrra- 
 befnre they went away, and as yet litlle ac- jlive, there are Iiotie into whose hands it shall 
 count can he niven of them, only it is known 'come, bill will be pensibln that the present 
 that one or two of their families are enter- ! lime hiilli been a day of u'reat rebuke and Iron 
 taiiied by Uiicns, lint what is become of ihcible lo thii poor jieople sojonrnini.' in this wil 
 resl is uncertain , there were but seven of the; derness, iifioii whom siindiy calaniities havo 
 company trien, so tliey are not ca|>ahleofilninL' broke in at once, this hist as v.ell as to th>) 
 anv mischief. Some of hiti- have travelled former years : In many places they have hern 
 lhroiii;h the woods to Connenticiir, lint liavo visited wilh sickness and mortably, more than 
 met with no Indians, nor did liny hearofatiy linmmiy years before, deprivinp; them of many 
 in their passing between this place nnd liiat. 'useful persons; amongst others the losa of 
 
 1 
 
 ire.icherons villain make an escii[ie tins winter 
 
 from (-apt. Prentice's house (tinder whose 
 
063 
 
 THE INDIAN WARS. 
 
 Mr. Jolin Winthrop, the late worthy gover- 1 
 nor of till! colony ot'Connecticut, is lis it ought 
 to he, much liiiiionlcJ by all, who died atBos- 1 
 ton, th<;5lh of April, 1670, in ihi; 73d year ofi 
 !iisiige, wliitlierlie was occasionally called the 
 lii»t winter, to sit with the rest of the commia- 
 iiioners of the united colonies to consult about 
 the f^reat afl'uirs of them, row newly engaged 
 ill these troubles from the heathen. Ho was 
 the eldest son of the furnoiis governor of the 
 Massachusetts, deceased March 20, 1649, 
 Proles aimilima parentii. The memory of the 
 fiither, though he died so long time ago, yet 
 Btill lives in the minds of the surviving gene- 
 ration, and is like to continue much longer by 
 the remembrance of the many eminent virtues 
 found in this the eldest of his ofl'spring, who 
 being not long after, or about that time called 
 to take up his residence in that colony, was 
 by tiie importunity of the people tliere, pre- 
 vailed with to accept of the governor's place, 
 which for a long time after he sustained in 
 that colony, though annually chosen thereunto; 
 being so well furnished with many excellent 
 endowments, as well moral as political and 
 iiliilosophical, which rendered him most fit to 
 to bo an healer of that people. Though we 
 uio dealing in another subject, yet shall not 
 we pass by his tomb as we go along, without 
 paying the homage due to the memory of so 
 lioiiorable a gentleman. 
 
 After all the foremenlioned calamities and 
 troubles, it pleased God to alarm the town of 
 Boston, and in that the whole country, by a 
 sad hro acciuentaily kindled by tlie cireless- 
 iiess of an apprentice that set up too late over 
 iiiglit, as was conceived ; which began an hour 
 before day, continuing three or four days, in 
 which time it burned to the ground forty-six 
 dwelling houses, besides other buildings, to- 
 gether with a largo meeting house. Some 
 mercy was olisorved mixed with tiie judgment 
 for if a great rain had not continued all the 
 lime (the roofs and walls of the ordinary buil- 
 dings consisting of such combustible matter) 
 that whole end of the town had at that time 
 been consumed. Whereby we s<"e that God 
 in his providence can turn our dwellinos into 
 Afihes, without the help of either foreign or 
 domestic enemies. Which coimideration may 
 nwaken all from security and confidence in 
 these uncertain and unslable possessions, 
 that have no firmer fimndiition that may so 
 noon after their first erection eaten up by the 
 flames of the fiie, before the iron teeth of time 
 have had leisure to devour and feed upon 
 them. 
 
 God grant that by the fire of all these judg- 
 ments, we may be purged from our dross and 
 Im'Cohio a more refined people, as ves^'ls fit- 
 ted for 'lUr master's use. 
 
 A NARnATIVB OPTIIE INIIIAN WARS I\ NEW-E.MQ- 
 LANU, FROM nSCATAQUA TU I'KM.MAQIJIU. 
 
 The occasion, rise and progress of the war 
 with the Indians in the southern and western 
 piirtH of New-Knglaiid, together with the is- 
 sue and success thereof, hath in the firmer 
 part of this nairative been already declared. 
 IJefore un entrance be made inloa rcMalion of 
 those troiil)les that beful the eastern and nor- 
 thern parts, it will be requisite to give some 
 general description of the place, as being less 
 
 frequented, and so more unknown than the 
 other, like heralds that used to blazon the field 
 befiire they medilled with tlie charge, as un 
 historian once said, that so tt"! reader may 
 not miss the truth in a story, by being un- 
 acquainted with the places connected with 
 the discourse. Briefly therefore, that more 
 cost and pains be not spent in the survey- 
 ing a barren and rocky country, than will 
 quit cost (the list or border here being known 
 to bo worth more than the whole cloth) that 
 whole tract of land being of little worth, un- 
 less it were for the borders thereof upon the 
 sea-coast, and some spots and skirts of more 
 desirable land upon the banks of some rivers, 
 how much soever it be valued by them that 
 know nothing thereof, by the uncertain and 
 fallible reports of such as only sailed by the 
 country or viewed some of the rivers and ha- 
 vens, but never passed through the heart of 
 the continent. The whole being worth scarce 
 those means that have been lost these two 
 last years in hopes to save if. 
 
 This north part of New England, did first, 
 like Zarah put forth hi. hand, thereby inviting 
 the adventurers to twisc the scarlet thread of 
 their hopes about the same auspicious begin- 
 ning they were ready to promise themselves 
 prosperity in having that advantage before 
 others to plant and people that part of the 
 country. But that fair opportunity was al- 
 most quite lost by some fatal and mischievous 
 accidents happening soon after that noble en- 
 terprise was first set on foot, as bath been al- 
 ready in part and may hereafter be more ful- 
 ly declared. 
 
 The first place that ever was possessed by 
 the English, in hopes of making a plantation 
 in those parts was a. tract of land on the west 
 side of the river Kcnnebeck, then called Sa- 
 gatawock, since Sagadanock. Other places 
 adjoining were soon after seized and impro- 
 ved for trading and fishing. The more re- 
 mote and farthest northward at this time Ik-.- 
 longing to the English (Penobscot forty years 
 since being surprised by the French, and by 
 them held to this day) is called Pemmaqiiid, 
 distant seven or eight leagues from Kennebeck 
 and is the utmost boundary of New England, 
 being about forty leagues distant from the 
 mouth of Tiscataipia river ; I'l-mmaquiil is a 
 commodious haven for ships, and hath been 
 fiiund very advantageous to such as used to 
 come upon these coasts to make fishing voya- 
 ges ; south west or south east from thence 
 about six or sev<Mi leagues, lies an island called 
 Monhlggon, of much use on the same account 
 fiir fishing, it lying three or four leagues into 
 the sea from Damarils's cove, a place of like 
 advantage for stages of fishermen in former 
 times. There have been fiira longtime sev- 
 en or eight considerable dwellings about Pem- 
 maqiiid which are well accommoilated with 
 pasture land about the haven for feeding cat- 
 tle, and some fields also for tillage ; all the land 
 improvable for such uses being already taken 
 up by such a number of inhabitants as is al- 
 ready mentioned. 
 
 In the mouth of the river Kennebeck lies a 
 considerable island called Arowsick, some 
 years since purchased by Major Clarke and 
 Capt. Lake, two miircliants of Koslon, on 
 which they built several largo dwellings, with 
 a ware-house and many other edifices near 
 the water side, it being intended by the ow- 
 ners for a place of tradingas well as planting ; 
 
 there being many of late seated there fit to rnr 
 ry on such design; where also was built a fori 
 which if it had been carefully defended, might 
 have proved the defence and security of nil 
 that side of the country, as it used to be iheit 
 magazine. Up higher beyond the river Ken- 
 nebeck, fiiur leagues eastward towards Pein- 
 maquid, is another considerable rive.' nilleil 
 Shcepscot, upon the bunks of which were ma 
 ny scattered planters, who lately flying IVoin 
 their dwellings fiir fear of Indians, left as wiis 
 judged, a thousand head of neat cattle for the 
 use of the Indians that made the late insurrec- 
 ti<in against the inhabitants of those parts, be- 
 sides their fields and barns full of corn. There 
 is a another river that issues into Kcnnivbeck a 
 little higher up intho country, called Pegyps- 
 col, that comes down from behind Oasco bav. 
 This Pegypscot is the seat of the Anioscoggin 
 Indians, who have had a great, if not a prin- 
 cipal hand in the late mischief. 
 
 Some few leagues to the south of Kenne- 
 beck lies the famous and spacious hoven culled 
 Ciisco bay, the northeast cape of which is made 
 by an Island called Saguin ; the southern and 
 ojiposite point of land is called cape Elizabeth. 
 Within the bosom of this bay, being about 
 eight or nine leagues over at tlio mouth of it, 
 are a great numlier of small islands, many of 
 them being inhabited by fishermen nnd others ; 
 one of the principal of those is called .Tewtl's 
 island. There are many places about the bay 
 fit to make commodious habitations, and on 
 the south side of it is a small village called 
 Falmouth ; all or most of it lately destroyed 
 by the Indians. 
 
 Not far from Casco, to the southward or 
 south west still is a river called Spiirwick, 
 over against which lies Richmond island, not 
 fitr from the main land, being diviiled there- 
 from by n small channel, for<luble ut low 
 water ; it hath for a long time be('n the seat 
 of Mr. Jordan, in right of Mr. Winter, the 
 former if nut the first proprietor thereof, 
 whose daughter he married. 
 
 The next jilantation southward is called 
 .Scarborough, a small village seated upon 
 Black [)oint, over ogainst « hicli is another 
 point, for distinction from the fiumer, lalled 
 IjIuo point. This Black point was lately the 
 seal of Mr. .losselin, being a parcel of the 
 province of Maine, on falling wiiliin the pie- 
 ciiict thereof, and fiiriiierly by patent granted 
 to the said .losselin or his predeix'ssois, 
 since |)urcliased by Mr. Scotto, of Boston. 
 
 Saco river lies next in order to the Piscata- 
 qna, a navigable river, where Major Philips 
 hud a commodious situation lately ; at the 
 mouth of which river lies Winter harbour, 
 encompassed on one side by a iiecJ' f hinil, 
 liirinely the property of one Mr. Wiiiier, 
 whose name it still retains, but lately pur- 
 chased by Major Pendleton, where he eii- 
 joyei, a very comfiirtable seat and habitation. 
 
 There isanother harbour lying a little soiiih- 
 %vard of Saco, made by that which is called 
 cape Porpoise; a convenient sent lor fisher- 
 man, as are most of the other places above- 
 named. Between cupe Porpoise and Pisca- 
 ta()iiay there are but two small towns more, 
 (ihnugli ainbitioiM of great names) the one 
 called Wells and the other York. Wells is 
 seated upon a small river orcieek, iiU'ordinir a 
 small harbour fit only for barks ami siiiallc r 
 vessels ; on each side of which t<iwn lies a 
 small rivor, the one is called Kenncbuiik, l.'.e 
 
A NARRATIVE OP 
 
 uUhI tliiTB fit to nnr 
 ildo wna hiiilt n furl 
 lly (lufiMiilcil, niiijlit 
 ind 91'ciirity of hII 
 1 it used to Ih; llit'ir 
 fond tlie river Ken- 
 .•ord t<i\viir(is I'l'in- 
 LTulilo river riilit'd 
 of wliicli were nia 
 ) lalfly flying from 
 Iiidiims, left ns wns 
 f ncnt ciitllc for tlic 
 Jo the late insurroc- 
 I (if those |mrls, Iic- 
 
 fiill of corn. Tlicro 
 !s into KeniK^heck a 
 try, culled lVp;yps- 
 
 bt'hiird Ciisco hay. 
 
 of tlio AtnoscoiTfiiii 
 frcat, if not a iiriri- 
 ihief. 
 
 lU south of Kcntio- 
 lacioiis haven called 
 i|)(! ofwliich is made 
 L ; the soiilhern and 
 lied cape Kliznhelh. 
 3 bay, heing alioiit 
 
 at the month of it, 
 ill i.standn, nmiiy of 
 iherrnen ami olliers ; 
 so is called .Tewtl's 
 daces about ihe bay 
 habitations, and on 
 small villapfe called 
 ' it lately deetroycd 
 
 the southward or 
 ' called Spnrwick, 
 chniond island, not 
 ling divided lliere- 
 1, fordable at low 
 lime been the seat 
 if Mr. Winter, the 
 proprietor thereof. 
 
 other Maguncuck. The other town, York, 
 formely known by the name of Agmenticus, 
 from a high hill of that name not fur tlierefnim. 
 The point of land which lies between the said 
 towns, is called cape Nadduck, making u 
 tmull harbour likowido, into which ixsnes an- 
 other pretty river on the banks of which is 
 situate the town of Vork. All or most of the 
 foreniunlioned towns and plantations are seat- 
 l-d upon nnd near some greater or less river 
 whose streams are principally improved for 
 driving of saw mills, those lute inventions so 
 useful for the dostriiction of wood and timber, 
 especially of fir trees which do so abound in 
 those coasts, that there is scarce a river or 
 creek in those parts that hath not some of those 
 engines erected upon them. 
 
 The upper branches of the famous river of 
 Piscataquabi'ingalsoomploycd all of them that 
 Wiiy, namely. Sturgeon creek, Sahnon falls, 
 Nevvechewannick, Quecheco, Oyjler river, 
 Swamscot, Greenland, Lamprey l<]el river, 
 together with the townsof Ksthcr and Dover, 
 seated upon or near some ofthe main branches 
 thereof, whose principal trade is in deal boards 
 cut by those saw mills, since their rift timber 
 is near all consumed. On each side of that 
 fine navigable river of Piscataqua, down to- 
 wards the mouth of it are seated on the north 
 eide, the town of Kittery, (a long scattering 
 plantation made up of several hamlets) on the 
 Houthsideof the town of Portoraouth, to which 
 belongs the great island lying in the mouth of 
 the said river, a place of considerable trade of 
 late years, which together with Strawberry 
 l>ank, the upper part of the said town of 
 Portsmouth, are the magazine and chief or 
 only place of trade and commerce for uU the 
 plantations betwixt it and the Cusco bay 
 All the said plantations have in these two last 
 years 1675 and 1676, felt more or less ofthe bar- 
 barous and perfidious Indians belonging to 
 that side ofthe country, a.s shall more particu 
 larly be declared in what follows, after a short 
 discourse ofthe first planting ofthe country, 
 which may serve as a kind of prologue to 
 the following tragedy. 
 
 This part of New England began first to 
 be planted about the same time with Vir- 
 ginia, vl/. in the year 1606. There the first 
 letter patent fjranled by the king, for the 
 limitation of Virginia, did extend from 31 to 
 41 degrei!S of north latitude, and was divided 
 into two parts, namely the first and the se- 
 cond colony ; tlie former was appropiated to 
 the city of London, the other to the cities of 
 Bristol, Exeter and tJie town of Plymouth, 
 each of which had laws, privileges, and au- 
 thority for the government, and advancing 
 their several plauiatiiins alike as saitli Capt. 
 Smith ill his history of Virginia and New 
 England. This second colony of New Eng- 
 land, promising but little advantage to the 
 undertakers, by reason of its mountainous 
 and rocky situation, found but few adventu- 
 rers forward to promote the planurig liierool' 
 alter the death of Sir John Popliani, who was 
 the first that ever procured men or means to 
 possess it ; for when the main pillars are re- 
 tiioved, what can be suspected but that the 
 whole building should fall to the ground. 
 Yet notwithstanding the discouragements 
 the first planters met with in their first winter 
 seasoning in that eld and rocky desert 
 (which made them all return home in the 
 year 160S) Sir Francis Popham his son, hav- 
 
 ing the ships and provisions which remained I years in England, and coming back unto th» 
 
 ofllic cimipany, ami supplying what was 
 necessary for his jmrpose, sent divers times 
 to the coast for trade and fishing, of who.su 
 loss or gain, as sailh my author, himself was 
 best nbli! to give an account ; and some of 
 the ships sent by him, and the Earl of South- 
 hampton, with other noble adventurers, did 
 bring home some ofthe natives of the place 
 in one of the following years, by whose in- 
 formation some of till! first undertakers were 
 encouraged once more to try the verity of 
 their hopes, and see if possibly they might 
 find something that could induce a tresh re- 
 solution to prosecute so pious and honorable 
 a work. 
 
 Hut in the mean lime befiiro there was yet 
 any speech or endeavour to settle any other 
 plantations in those parts, that about Sagada- 
 iiock being thus abandoned for the present, 
 by the first undertakers, the Frenchmen im- 
 mediately took the opportunity to settle them- 
 selves within our limits, being understood by 
 those of Virginia, they discreetly taking into 
 their consideration the inconveniences that 
 might arise by sufTering them to harbor there. 
 Sir Samuel Argal was sent with u commis- 
 sion to displace them which he with great dis- 
 cretion, dexterity, and judgment, performed 
 about the year lei.'S, which made way for the 
 plantation at Nova-Scotia, E-ranted afterwards 
 by King James to Sir William Alexander, 
 one of his majesty's most honorable council of 
 Scotland. The said Argal seized the forts 
 which the Frenchmen had built at Mount 
 Mansel, St. Croix and Port Real, and carried 
 away their ordnance and provisions to the 
 colony of Virginia, to their great benefit. The 
 said places were held by the English many 
 years after, till about the year 1695 by com- 
 mission from the Scotch lord aforesaid j but 
 how his right came afterwards to be alienated 
 to any of the French nation, doth not concern 
 us with reference to the business in hand, fur- 
 ther to enijnire. 
 
 Things remaining in this posture for the 
 space of near seven years, some ofthe first ad- 
 venturers apprehensiveofbetter hopes of good 
 that might ensue by a fresh attempt, resolved 
 to set the design a foot a second time, to which 
 end several ships were sent on that account in 
 the year 161.5, but with as bad success as the 
 fiiriner ; for in the year before, viz. 1614, 
 Capt. Smith, desirous to jTromoic the colony 
 of New England, as well as that of Virginia, 
 came thither with two vessels, and returned 
 back to England in the least nfthem, with in- 
 tent to bo there again the next year to pro- 
 mote the said plantation; but al'i irhe was gone, 
 one Thomas Hunt, mailer ofthe ship he left 
 iiehind, like a dishonesi man, to prevent the 
 carrying on the plantation, that he and ii few 
 merchants might wholly enjoy the beneHt of 
 the trade of the country, aiVer he had made 
 his voyage, seized upiui'.l of the poor innocent 
 natives, tlial in confidence of his honesry, had 
 put themselves into Ir.s hands, then clapping 
 them under hatches carried them away to Ma- 
 laga, whither he wi.s bound with the fish he had 
 made upon the const, for that market ; but this 
 vile act, although it deprived him forever after 
 of any more em|'loyment in those parts, yet 
 that was the least part ofthe mischief that at- 
 tended this wicked practice; for upon the ar- 
 rival of the adventurers ships the next year, 
 two natives of the place that had been some 
 
 said ships, as soon as thev uiidii'tood the in- 
 jury so treacherously done to theiri ■ unlrymen 
 they contracted such a hatred H>r4inst our 
 whole nation, that all hough one of the said iia- 
 tives dii'dwiiin afler,yet the other called l'l[)e- 
 now, sfiiilied how to be revenged, which he 
 so far fi>und means to etVect that he frustrated 
 this second attempt of settling a pluntution i. 
 these parts. 
 
 Yet did not the adventurers cast oft" all 
 hopes of carrying on their design. Wherein 
 F'l-ovidence within a --w years so favoured 
 them that one or more of the savuecs called 
 Tisquantom and Sainoset, carried away by 
 Hunt, was brought I.;.' k to NewLiuntflaiul. 
 from whence he was s. . m after conveyed by 
 the prudent endeavour of Capt. Mason (then 
 i;overnnr of the plantation began upon New- 
 foundland) into the hands of some ofthe ad- 
 venturers, by whose means they hoped t(> 
 work tt peace betwixt the said natives on 
 that coast where the fire had been kindleo 
 bidbre; for the adventurers employed ("apt. 
 Thomas Darmer, a prudent and industrious 
 gentleman, lo settlellie aft'airofihe plantalioa 
 now a third time revived again about Ken- 
 tucky, aboutthe year 1619. JJy his prudence 
 and care a lasting peace was made betwixt 
 the natives ofthe place and the English, who 
 were but a little before so abhorred by them 
 fur the wrong formerly received, so that ibo 
 plantation began at last to prosper, and con- 
 tinue in good liking, and assurances of the 
 friividship of their neighbours that had been 
 lately exasperated against them. This Tis 
 qauntum before mentioned, was most instru 
 mental and helpful to the plantation begun at 
 New Plymouth about the following years, 
 1620, in iheir weak beginnings, there being 
 frequent mentionof bis name,asal30of one .Sii 
 moset, a native ofthe same place, by the liko 
 providence brought back to Kennebeck, and 
 from thence with Tisquantiimcaine to the new 
 planters at Patuxet, or Plymouth, and brought 
 them into acciuaintance with Massasoit, the 
 sachem about those parts, wilhout whoso 
 friendship that new pliiiitation would hardly 
 have subsisted long. 
 
 This story premised, is the more to be ob- 
 served in this place because the friendship 
 upon the means and occasions nforesiiivl, con- 
 firmed between the Indians in t'lies. eastern 
 parts and the Eiiijlish, had cominmd stedfast 
 and constant to this year, « hen it was broken 
 by another treacherous mid wicked jirartico 
 of a like nature, and paiallel to that of the 
 aforesaid Hunt, as may more fully be decla- 
 .-ed afterwards. 
 
 Possibly the like satisfaction may prove the 
 more probable means lo jirociire a settled 
 peace. But to return whence this digression 
 hath been made. Some years were spent to 
 bring things to this issue : The adviMiliirers 
 were put to much care and pains beiiire they 
 could get their patent conhrined and renewed 
 again : .Many obstructions they met with from 
 some interlopers who began to look into tho 
 traile of this country, and would irregularly 
 have had a share therein, or grade it common 
 to all traders, to which end they peiitionej lo 
 a parliament then called to bring about iheii 
 ends, but at the last it was settled firmlv in the 
 hands of sundry noble and worthy paienteos, 
 lords, knights, gentlemen, and merchants 
 commonly known by tlio name of tlie council 
 
004 
 
 THE INDIAN WARS. 
 
 It: 
 
 n 
 
 of Plyinoiitli, who liiul iho iilnoluto |i(iwt!r 
 uiulfT till! kiiif; fur iniikin;,' nil (.'niiits, nml liis- 
 piiiiii!^ (if nil IiiikU friiiri tlui 'lOlli to tlio t^tli 
 ili'tjrci'R iiorlli liuitiidi! ; nil wliicli wns iKMoin- 
 plislii'd iiliom till' 3'oar 10^1, Soriii) |>rintoil 
 ri-lHtioiiD lliat ii|M!uk iiftlii'Hi- ti aiisiiclioiij, wrilo 
 niucli nf tliii fli>iii'i?<lilii(; sliiti-, and iKipt'l'iil 
 pi'i)!>|n'rily oflljirt |i|aiitatinii, |iiilili»hi'd nlintil 
 fifty y>'(ira siiicc, yi.'t did it lu'vur niipciir by 
 U'Imt fcilliiwud, that liny coTisidarnliii) iidvaii- 
 lagn did ovor iiccnii; to tlio (irat uiul<'rtiiki.T», 
 from this tlii'ir new plnntatioii of tlin rnstcrn 
 
 fmrtfl, unless hy llio trado oi fish and tirs, which 
 litter niiitinuud lint Iiin^ ; that iiiaiiiit;t'ci it liy 
 their own piirlicnlar flocks und ixMsuniii I'ti- 
 di'iivoiirs; and if without iiflV'ncu it may i>u 
 RpokiMi, thu iniillitiiili' of piitciils soon ufti'r 
 praiiti^d to g(3iitlomi'n of hrokcii forliini's, have 
 jn'oviih.'d l)iit pliict'S of wnhorjoralilo cxilf or 
 conlinuniont, whither many dcscrvini^ persons 
 of lit'tti'r education than foitune, were sent to 
 shift for themselves in a foreign land, without 
 b<Mng further troiiblesonn' to those iieiirer 
 home, on whom they had their hopes and de- 
 punihtiice ; yet it must not be deiiieil lint thiit 
 iomi^ of tlie nnderlakers were at vast t-\- 
 ponce, castinfT their bread n|)on tl'tse waters, 
 where none of their friends anil rel.ilions havt? 
 OS yet hail nn opportunity to find it; The 
 reuson of whicii is not haid to ^ive, in refe- 
 rence to all those lauds and territories that He 
 to the eastward of l'is(aiac|iia river. One 
 muincuuse had been the luultiplicify of jjranis 
 niul patents for thu dividin;^ of the said tract 
 of land for besides tiu! strife that hath liein 
 occasioned by the intricacy and indistinctness 
 of their liberties and iiounds, (enough to linve 
 maintained n greater iininber of lawyers than 
 ever were the inhabitants) if tlie grantees had 
 lieon supplied with monies proportionable to 
 jheir suits und controversies about theirboiinds 
 and jurisdictions, wliich Hometiiiies they have 
 been ready to decide with their swords, wit- 
 ness those fatal names iin|)osed on such ac- 
 counts upon some jilaces belonging to those 
 parts, ns lilooily Poii ' ]!lack Point, liliie 
 Point, and every considi'rabli! parcel of land 
 lieing by patent granted to several parllc- 
 nhir persons lilndci'(!d the erection of town- 
 ships ami villages, which if itliad been olher- 
 wise disposed of, might have been full of 
 towns, and well |)etiplril, and thereby the in- 
 liabilaiits had been able to have stood upon 
 their guard, and defended tliiMiiselvi's against 
 the common enemy, w hereas now thev were 
 but like scopoc iliiiihtinf, or like his arrows 
 that biMug l)ouiid up ill oiii- bundle could not 
 be broken by an ordinary fiirco, but being 
 huise, were easily siia[ipi'd asunder by any 
 single hand. Another reason might be, the 
 einpliiylng of such ngeius and instriiiniints as 
 either wanted skill or lideliiy to manage wliiit 
 they were entrusted with, which niaile many 
 of the adventurers long ago complain, that in- 
 gtond of bills of exchange und other relnrns 
 which they expected, they received nothing 
 bulliirge inventories of the wants of their sev- 
 eral plantations, and the servants sent over to 
 improve them, wliicli were all the returns that 
 inuny o( tliein ever received for llie h-rge sums 
 of money many disburced for the carrying on 
 their affiiirs. A lliird reason may lie the sev- 
 eral changes of government the inhabitants 
 liave passed under, which have occasioned not 
 only much vexation and ex pence to such as 
 wcro upon tho place, but much diacourago- 
 
 I inent to sevi'ral others wlio by thu coniino- 
 (bousness of the place winild willingly have 
 chnsiMi stations in lliose parts, hud they seen 
 I any hope of asellled goviMiimeiit ever like to 
 ' be obtained ; whirli is not hard to ileinonstrute 
 by givin|^ a bttle loncli us wo pass along, on 
 the several changes of government the jilaces 
 aforeinenlioned have been moulded into, and 
 the several proprietorc that of late have elui- 
 inud interest ill the land. III the year IGS'I, u 
 patent was grunted by the council of I'ly mouth, 
 tliegrund proprictors,toCapt. Mason, for a largo 
 Irart of land about Piscutaipia, but it not being 
 distinctly bounded, himself with Sir I'Vrdi nun- 
 do (iorges, obtained a joint patent in the year 
 l.AiO, liir till' hind betwixt the east of fiagiula- 
 hock, and west of Nainukeiig, but that also 
 interfering with the bounds granteil before that 
 timo to sundry gentleineii merihants that had 
 obtained n patent from the south of Charles 
 river, to tho northward of Merrimack, dipt. 
 .Mason's bounds were afterwards by consent 
 (as is said) of bis agent or agents, reduced to 
 some branches aboi ( i iscataipia river (who 
 yet could not agree vitli those that acted in 
 the name of Shrewsbury men) but being whol- 
 ly neglected by the pretended proprietor or his 
 successor (till of late days) was by tho desire 
 of the inhubilants yielded up to the Massachu- 
 setts government near twenty years since. 
 
 In iho year llJIiO u patent was grunted by 
 said ciuincil of Plymouth (signed by thu Eurl 
 of Warwick, and Sir Ferdinando Gorges, und 
 sealed with the < oinmon seal of the council 
 aforesaid) to John l)y, Thomas Lupe, (Irace 
 Harding, and John Itouch, of London, for 
 a largt; tract of land on the south side of Sa- 
 gadahock, forty miles sijiiaro by tho sea-side, 
 und so up into the country; John I)y, ufore- 
 saiil, und his partners took in another as part- 
 ner and associate witli them, Mr. Richard 
 Durnmer.of Newbury, in England, in the year 
 1G33, to wliom they delivered tho original 
 patent, with an order from them, and in their 
 name to take ui) tho land described in the 
 patent, but he being denied opportunity to 
 elfect it, as also a nhip formerly sent by the 
 patentees for that end, not accomplishing their 
 desire, they not long alter sold all their interest 
 in the said patent, to oni! Mr. Uigby, a Lan- 
 cashire geiilleii' ■;, who inailo Mr, Cleaves 
 his agi'iit to manage lliebusinessof bis [lurclia- 
 sed interest in the said patent: to whom I\Ir. 
 Duinmer was ordered to deliver the original 
 patent, which accordingly he did : What troii- 
 lile was occasioned soon afterbetween tlie said 
 .Mr. Cleaves and .Mr. Ume.s, agent for SirFer- 
 dinando (iorges, is w\ll known to the inhabi- 
 tants of the place and need not here bo men- 
 tioned ; nor yet how the said Mr. Uigby came 
 forward to lose his interest, ut least with the 
 inhabitants in the patent. 
 
 In the year 1G02, Sir Fordinado Gorges not 
 trustmg in the joint jialent for himself and 
 jCapt. Mason, obtained a distinct patent for 
 j himself and got cnnrumed by King Charles 
 I the first, of blessed memory, for all that large 
 I tract of land from Sagadahock to Piscataijua 
 river, and so about an hundred miles up into 
 the country, by tlio name of tho Province of 
 .Maine. What benefit and improvement was 
 ever made thereof by liis agent or successors, 
 is best known to themsidves; but for the in- 
 habitants, who upon one account or nnnllier 
 had been induced, either by any precedaneous 
 grant or liberty from himself ur hia agents, to 
 
 lake up any land within tho bounds of the iniil 
 province ; they iuiding much inconvriiieiicier 
 und tnniblo for want of an orderly and settled 
 government, did ut the last, prtition the gen- 
 eral cmirt of Massachiisetts to he taken under 
 their Jurisdiction and government (reserving 
 the bborlies and privilegesof their former pur- 
 chases und grunts, as to the title, poHsession, 
 and properly of themselves) which was gran- 
 tod them, though not only und altogeihei upon 
 tlie grounds on which it was desired by iho 
 petitioners. Yet notwithstanding nil this, 
 things wero not settled either to tho comfort 
 or content of the inliubitants : For sometime! 
 soiiio I'emanded right of jurisdiction over 
 them, by virtue of Sir Ferdinando's jialenl, 
 sometimes commisaionors employed by his 
 Highness the duke of York, attempted In set- 
 tle a governtiU!iit amongst the peojile j soino- 
 times they tried what might bo done by agree- 
 iiient amongst themselves, but ufli^r their re- 
 turn for Knghind, by one mean or other tho 
 government relapsi^d again into the hands of 
 .Mussacliiisotts, ullhoiigh a snpersedus there- 
 unto seems to liuve been put by uii order from 
 his majesty this last year. 
 
 IJy till! several vicissitudes und changes of 
 government, the iiourishingofthe said provinco 
 hath been much obstructed, whicli else might 
 have been advanced, and the inhabitants beeii 
 put into a capacity to have secured ihemsiflves 
 against the late barbarous incursions of the In- 
 dians, might tliereby liuvo been prevented, and 
 so the mischief also which hath ensued might 
 thereby have been averted: For a well ordered 
 goverinent would never have siiirered those 
 that now wero connived at, wliicli if they had 
 been timely looked into by such as h id abso- 
 lute or positive and iintpiestioned poweroi rule 
 in their hands, would have been otherwise or- 
 dered, the present mischief that is come upon 
 those places, miglit tliereby have been, if not 
 prevented, yet more easily redressed, than 
 now it is liko to be. 
 
 As for die tract of land that lies eastward be- 
 yond Kennebeck betwixt that und Pcinma- 
 (piid,it is said to have belon!.'ed loone Mr. Aid- 
 worth and his successors, who was alderman 
 of Bristol, und on that hud a patent llieieot' 
 and employed some as bis agents, tliat did 
 somiaiines reside upon the place, and « as late 
 ly settled in some order or goverinent by his 
 highness the duke of York's commissioners, 
 by whom also w as an agreement made betwixt 
 the sagamores of the Indians in those partrt 
 und the English, ut a court kept by their up- 
 pointrnent in Kemiebeik v ' .1, jf li Imd been 
 observed, might ii pr. have pre- 
 
 vented in I It Ti ure the ipiai 'il winch is 
 now I'll' een tho EiiL-lisli and In- 
 
 dians (line jenlousie.- the rising 
 
 (if till .ns about twelv thirteen 
 
 years it was atrrecd that i any mis- 
 
 chief slu. 1 :ippen t l,e done by the ?]n- 
 glish or liiili 1 s one ,'ainst another, though it 
 Wire to the killing ,ny person, neither side 
 should right themselves, but complaint should 
 bo made to the sagamon^s if the Indians did 
 the wrong and to the court if it was done liy 
 the English : both which did promise that 
 satisfaction should be made for the previmtini; 
 any quarrel : The iiami'S of the sachems, n, 
 likewise of them that wero in [lower nt the 
 court, do still remain upon [lul.lie record. 
 Hut matters of government in those parts Ijc- 
 ing since collapsed, no authcrity more tliai 
 
10 bniiiiil!) (iI'lliK aniil 
 iicli inuiiiivi'iiit'iicicr 
 
 oi'ilorl^ iiiid si'llli'd 
 It, |>rlitll>ll lli(.> jii'U- 
 n to liu tuki'ii iiikIit 
 LTiiiririil (ii'ScrvMijf 
 (if llirlrloiimrjitir- 
 'K^ title, |)()rtsc'sti<in, 
 s) svliifh wiin j^riiii- 
 
 Utid IlltO^L'tllCI II|IIII1 
 
 ,ns denired li^ llio 
 isliindiii^ nil lliii, 
 llitr to tlio iriiinfiii't 
 Its : F(ir Konictiiiiia 
 jiiiimlictKiii over 
 
 i'diiiuiidii'« )iiiti'nt, 
 1 L'ni|ilovi'd liy Ills 
 k, nttt'iiijitod tci «et- 
 
 tlin |H'C)|ile ; goine- 
 it liu doMi! Iiy ngreu- 
 1, Imt ulii;r lljtNr ic- 
 iiiuRii or (itlicr tlio 
 
 11 iiitn l|je liiiiids of 
 . giipcrsi'dus tlioru- 
 ut by ail oi'dtir from 
 
 di'9 Dtid rlinnprs of 
 ;oft!io siiid priivinco 
 d, wliicli L'lftu nil^'lit 
 » inlmliltttiilx livi'ii 
 auciiied tlii'nis(dvi.'s 
 
 Ill'llliiiollS of tilt! Ill- 
 
 iccii |ir<,'veiitiMl, iiiii] 
 
 lllllll )MI9llcd llllgllt 
 
 I For a wi'lloiileicd 
 mve sidl'i'fi'd tlioso 
 t, wliitli if llioy Imd 
 y sucli iis It'.id iiliKo- 
 tionod powcriil lulo 
 ! bft'ii otIiLTwisuor- 
 f that is conio upon 
 ly bavt! bi'iMi, if not 
 ily redrusnud, than 
 
 iRt lies pnstw.ird b(>- 
 tbat anil I'riiiitia- 
 lU'i'd to one M?-. AM- 
 ivlio was iililcriiian 
 I a patriit lliiMcol* 
 ia ai^fiil'4, tliat. did 
 Jilaro, and \mis Into 
 r f^ovt'rini'nt bv bi^ 
 rk's coiTiinissioni'rs, 
 'tiii'iitiiiade bt'twixt 
 ian9 ill tliost! purtii 
 •t kept li_v tlirir up- 
 if it bad bfun 
 liavf pic- 
 I! "I wli ell la 
 i~li uiid 111- 
 'III! risin» 
 
 tllil'tlM'll 
 
 i any mis- 
 >y llic Kii- 
 
 U' <iil;i 
 
 bo Kn 
 lonsicf. 
 tufh 
 'd tliui 
 done 
 
 t anolbur, lboiii;b il 
 iTson, iioitbiT siilf 
 lit complaint slmnld 
 if the Indians did 
 ■t if it was done by 
 I did proinise that 
 ! for tbo provi'iilini; 
 of tbi! iiaciii'Mis, 115 
 (! in power at llie 
 pon public iicorj. 
 t in tlioso parts lie- 
 Jtbtrity more tliat 
 
 A NATIRATIVE OP 
 
 0U1 
 
 WB« iiii'rily voluntary, and piTMiasivn b<ini,'| tiiri", Irani to bi'wnro of tbiit mibtlo brood and 
 owni'd, tiling* iirr now broiigbt to tlial iiiiii- U;i'n«'ratioii of vipers. Kvcr Biiiio I'liinity was 
 irubli- "italr wbiib follows iii'Xt to be ili'ilaroil,| put brtwccii tlio st'od of tin? woiniiii and llir 
 Kvi>r nini-i' llic lirnt sittliiif^ of a!iy Kiif^lisb si'i'd of tbo S('r|ifiit, it baili bi-oii tin- porliiiii 
 plantation in tliosii jiarts about Konnrbuckiior 
 
 till' spaco ofaliiiiit lll'ty scars, tbo Indians i 
 wavs carried It fair, niiil bolil (.'ood corrcs- 
 ponib'iii'o Willi tbo ICn;;lnib, until tbo tirws 
 canii- of I'liilip's rcbollin;;, and rising against 
 tliu inbabitiinlH of I'lyinoiilb colony in tbc end 
 of.Iiinc, l(i7o| after wliicli time it wiis ap- 
 pri!bended by such as liiiil the I'Miininalioii of 
 llio Indiiiiis iiboiit Kenncbi'ck, tliat tberu was 
 a pcnenil siirmiie aiimngst ibeiii, tbiit tliev 
 ■boiild III) rci|iiiri'd to assist tbo said I'liilip iil- 
 llioiigb tbey would not ou ii tbat tbey were at 
 oil eii'^aged in tliu ipiarrcl. llic like jealoii. 
 ales (lid appear in all tint Indians tliat inbabi- 
 ted to ;be eustwai'dof I'l^cataqiia, wbicb plain- 
 
 of her need in I'veiy gem ration, ami in every 
 nation to meet witli ibe sad clbi Is of ibnt en- 
 mity I nor can tbey ever expi-ct to find better 
 dealing fi'orii any of ibii oilier soil, fiirllier 
 lllllll eilb.'r of llieir power or bope of benillt 
 by tbeir favour may induce tliciii to anotber 
 disposition, as we tbc inbabitants of New ICii- 
 gland bavo found by ibcir late and sad oxpe- 
 riincc in reference to lliese pagans in the west 
 wbotn ainogst whom our lot is cast, tbey pro- 
 ving, is one says of tbo Mubometans in tbc 
 east, like a nest of borni'ts, that if anv one of 
 ibeiii chance to be provoked llicy will lie all 
 about bis ears that comes near tFieiii. Ibit it 
 is tiino to begin with the particulars of llie 
 
 ly show that there was a design of general ri- 1 tragedy itself, that tbo nailer account not 
 ■ing of the Indiana against tht; lOnglisb ulbtbu prologue too long. It was on the 2ltb 
 
 (d' iluno 1075, when the first mischief was 
 dono by tbo Indians about Mount Hope, 
 
 over the coiinlry (possibly as far as V irginia, 
 tbo Indians there iiiaking insurrections the 
 aaine year) and that many if not most of tbein 
 were willing it should succeed, nlthoiigh the 
 oldest and wisest of them, did not liko it, fear- 
 ing the issue as they had cause ; Ibit many 
 of the young men about ("asco bay, and Ain- 
 oscou'gin, were lu-rtainly known to flock thith- 
 er the last year, and did sundry of them come 
 short lioiiie : For lierein they acted but bkt? 
 
 eavagi'S, as those of Virginia did but fifty and that a coursu was taken to disarm tiiem 
 
 e, shewing tbi'iiisclves friendly and along tbo shore. This rumour did so far 
 
 llitir new neighbours till tlioy bad awaken tbo inhabitants, that the very next 
 
 before 20 days wero over, tbo first firo 
 gnn to kindle in iheso more reinole and nor- 
 therly bounds of the said country, or two hun- 
 dred and tifiy miles distance, and upon this 
 occasion, the lltli of .Inly, Id?/), a letter was 
 brought to Kennelieck from one Henry Saw- 
 yer, an inliabilant of York, sigiiilying the 
 news of tbo Indians rising about Plymoiilb, 
 
 years befo 
 
 courteous tot 
 
 opportunity to do them mischief So that 
 
 notwiibstanding many of tbo inhabitants in the 
 
 eastern, as in the wi^slcrn parts of the country, 
 
 that wore wont to triido with tlio Indians, 
 
 were not willing to beliovu any such purpose 
 
 among them, but were ready to think some of Itbero was occasion. The third day after mar 
 
 the ruder sort of the linglisli, by their iinpru- ching np tbo river, to Qiiegebeck, they met 
 
 dent and irregular actions, have driven tlieiii with the inhabitants of Sbi^epscot river, which 
 
 into this rebellion; yet is it too evident that : is a river lying about twelve or fourteen miles 
 
 tiio said Indians (who naturally delight in to tiio northeast of Kennebeck. Divers of 
 
 bloody and deceitful actions) did lay hold of the Indians thereabouts by the persuasion of 
 
 lay, at a general meeting of the Eng- 
 lish, at one Capt. I'atlishal's house, several 
 ofTerod themselves as volunteers to go up the 
 said river of Kennebeck, to make discovery 
 of the Indians fidelity, or else to figlit them if 
 
 any opportunity that might serve as a pretence 
 for their barbarous practices. Indians about 
 Wamineset and Piscataipia, that had joined 
 with their coiiiitrvinen in their rising against 
 the lOnglish the hist winter, when they were 
 jiincbed with hunger, in the cold winter f'ol- 
 linving returned back to the English, anil de- 
 siied to miike peace, and firmly engaged to 
 continue their wonted (Hendship; yen, some 
 of them, as if tbey were really sorry for the 
 murders and cruelties, of their own vobinlary 
 motion came with the prisoners they had ta- 
 ken, and resigned thoni up to the English, yet 
 when their own ends were answered and an- 
 other opportunity was oH'ered of doing fur- 
 llier mischief of a like nature, they presently 
 returned to their former practice, as is well 
 known of Simon and Andrew, that had killed 
 siiine, and led others captive the last spring 
 fVoiii liradford and Haverhill, who came in the 
 end of.Iune to .Major Walden's, briiiL'ing home 
 English prisoners with them, yet did the ve- 
 ry same Indians within less than two months 
 after join with Amoscoggin oiid Kennebeck 
 Indians in committing the said tragedies that 
 were last acted in those parts, yet was be 
 and Ills partner siifTerod to escape for want 
 of sufficient guarding t'le prison where lliey 
 were put in ord t fiir further trial. Hut .irio 
 inpriant p/n/rgce ; it is lioped that we sliall 
 »Aor aomo few more experiences of thi« na- 
 
 no Mr. Walker, that used to trade with them 
 brought down an inconsiderable part of their 
 ammunition, as a few guns, a lillle ])owder 
 and shot, with a lew knives. About 7 of the 
 Kennebeck Iniliniis, and five of those called 
 Amoscoggin Indians, about Pegypscot (a ri- 
 ver more southward towards Casco) made 
 this pretence of bringing their arms, Cajit. 
 Lake, Capt. raltishall, with Mr. Wiswal in 
 whoso hands was settled a kind of military 
 power for those parts, wero sent for further 
 to examine the said Indians, of whom upi 
 examination they saw reason to suspect some 
 if not all ; wberenpon tbey sent messengers a 
 second time to the Amoscoggin Indians, and 
 also a letter to Mr. Walker, to send down 
 their arms and ammunition to them for their 
 irreater security. After Mr. Wiswal was re- 
 turned home, the 5 Amoscoggin Indians afore- 
 said, brought in their puns, but probably with 
 no good intent; for an Indian called Sowen, 
 having an axe in his band, struck nt one Hosea 
 Hallet, a Frenchman, but was prevented from 
 doing him mischief; however, the said Indian 
 was presently bound ond put np into a cellar. 
 Someof the English that used to trade with 
 those Indians were ready to excuse the Indian, 
 saving he was drunk, or that he wasa distrac- 
 teil fellow. Mr. Wiswal with the other two 
 examinents, looked upon those as mere excu- 
 ses, and altogether groundleso, for one of tliem 
 
 to this day affirms that ho was as rational and 
 M'lisible as any of the ie.it. 
 
 The ancient Indians being asked whnt I'ley 
 llioiight was meet to be done in I'lC ■■ i cii- .•, 
 said he was worthy to die fur sub ' i iiHri nt, 
 set they would be gbiil if bis li'e inigli' bii 
 <piiriil, oU'ering to be jointly biiind in bn be- 
 half, til pay fnity beaver skins at next fill' voy- 
 age, giving their hands in lok.n o*'.iiiir fidel- 
 ity, and also leaving their arms in the hiiiids 
 of the English as a pledge of tlii'ir fuitbfiil kee- 
 ping those articles of peace concluded on be- 
 twixt tlieni. If they proved ibemselves hon- 
 est men they were to have their arms again, 
 w liich was accordingly perforineil the Inst of 
 .Tune, 1()70; they having in the meantime car- 
 ried themselves peaceably towards the Eng- 
 lish, 'J'he day aiier, an Inilinn called Itobiii- 
 Hood, with gre"t applause oftlie rest, made a 
 dance, and sang a .song to declare their conteni 
 in what was transacted ; and so they parted, 
 .setting the Iniliiins at liberty that bad thus en 
 ged fiir their friend Sowen, the Indian ; but 
 yet to ibis day not oiii! skin of beaver w n« 
 ever paid lo the English, as was promised, the 
 Indians all ibis while were well proviiled fbi 
 victuals by dipt. Lake, with other supplieg 
 of rum and lobncco, even to the digiisling of 
 Huwi) English then pren>nt. 
 
 lint the Indians h.lt as hostages upon Sow 
 en's account, however civilly they w ere Ireiit 
 ed, ran all away at the last, trusting more to 
 the celerity of their own fi'ct, than to the 
 civility of their Englifih friends, who after 
 tbey were escaped, joined witli u parcel of 
 their It'llows soon after, about 20 in all, in rob- 
 bing the house of one Mr. Purchase, an an- 
 cient planter about Pegypscot river, and a 
 known trader with the Indians, wliatever 
 wrong may be pretended by the said Indians, 
 as done them in their trading, (of which tiioro 
 may be spoken afterwards) that will in no- 
 wise excuse tbeir perfidious treachery nnd 
 falsehood, in breaking coveniint with the En- 
 glish, dissembling nnd seeking all advnnla- 
 tages of cruelty against their English neigh- 
 bours, of which in the following winter and 
 Slimmer, 107G, there will be a more lull and 
 undeniable discovery. This was done in tbo 
 beginning of Si'plember, iri?."). Those Indi- 
 ans that first assniilled Mr. Purchase's house, 
 did no other mischief than plundering it of 
 strong liquor nnd ammunition, also killing a 
 calf or two, with a few sheep, but no inoro 
 than what they ate, and sjioiling a feather bed 
 by ripping it open to turn out the feathers, 
 ciinlenling ibi'mselves with the case, which 
 they might more easily carry away. They 
 ITered no incivility to the mistressof ihehnuse 
 (her husband and sons being at that time 
 from home) yet oni; of her sons ajiproaching 
 near the house and finding it possessed by 
 those new inhabitants, he rode nway witli all 
 speed, and yet no faster than there was need, 
 fiir an Indian followed biin with a gun under 
 bis coat to have got xyitbin the reach of bis 
 piece. 
 
 It is said tbnt at tbe first they used fair 
 words and spoke of trading, but as they went 
 away, told those of tbe bouse, that there wero 
 others coming afltrtbat would deal fur worse 
 with them: which within a short time after 
 came to pass, fiir these were but the inis.sen- 
 gers of death which was soon after infiictod, 
 and that in amostbarbaroiismanneri.pon sun- 
 dry inhabitants of the ncigboriiig plantations. 
 
068 
 
 THE INDIAN WARS. 
 
 l! 
 
 ll 
 
 The En^Iisli in tliuso parts being much in- 
 censed hiM'ciit, 25 of thiMii soon ulier going up 
 Cusco bay in a sloop and two Ijoau to giitht'r 
 Indian torn and to look lo what they .'iad up- 
 on the said buy, near Ainoacoggin 'iver; 
 rt hen tliey canio near the houses they heard 
 u knocking, and a noise about the liouaes, and 
 presently espied two or tlireo Indians, who 
 us yet did not see tlieni. Tho English being 
 come a good way I'roni tlieir vessel, endea- 
 voured to get between the Indians and the 
 woods, whicli when they perceived they ran 
 towards the water side, but the Eegiish in 
 pursuit killed one of ihein and wounded an- 
 other, who liowever escaped away i.i a ca- 
 noe across the river, a third running back to- 
 wards tlie woods (led to the other Indians and 
 acquainted them witli what was done, wlio 
 presently came down and lay in wait to in 
 tercepC the Knglinh, that thought of no dan- 
 ger, but scattered themselves all about the 
 place to gather iheircorn and lade their boats 
 therewith, but before they were ready to go 
 away the Indiand coining down fired upon 
 them and fenced ihem all into the sloop ; had 
 not some of them been better iirepared than 
 the rest, they might all liave been cut oil'; 
 fur sonn; Utile resistance being made by them 
 that were ready with their guns, it gavi! tin' 
 rest an opportunity to get all into the sloop, 
 Vi't not without many w<uinds. .So withmnch 
 ado, they all escapeil with thiir lives, leaving 
 the two boats almost laden with corn, a prey 
 to the Imhaiis, who pu sently burnt one, and 
 pl.indered tlie other of all that was therein; 
 some are ready to think that the English ilid 
 itn|)riideiitly begin the ipiarrel, and not first 
 enquire into what the Indians were about in 
 the housi", and seek redress accoidm * to the 
 aforemeinicMied agreement, made at the court 
 at Hennebeek. JJnt if this happened alb'r 
 what follows next to be related, viz. that 
 whicli was ilone to old Mr. W'akely and his 
 family, the Knglish can be blamed for noth- 
 ing but their negligence and security, in ilia', 
 having alarmed their eneinii-s, they stood not 
 lictter iijion their guard, which is not vei-v 
 lertaiii; for it is tlnmghl that within a fi'W 
 (lass afier, or the in'Xt week, a more horribh' 
 oi rage was committed u|))ii the fiinily of an 
 ancient man, whose name was Wakelv, an in- 
 iiabitani of Cisco bav, who had some discon- 
 tent \\ Inch al'terwards he often bewailed, re- 
 solving either to have returned back, or else 
 to have removed '•! some si'curer place, but 
 h" was arrested by llie sons of violence lie- 
 lore he conld ell'cct his purpose. 
 
 Tins old nnn, toj^eiher with his wife, his 
 son, and lils daniihti'r in law.(tlien far advan- 
 ced inpregancy)« itlithiei- grand childrenwere 
 cruelly mu'-di'red bv those barbarboiis savag"s 
 U one time; another of his grandchildren was 
 taken alive and leil into captivity, a daughter 
 of his was said to be rnrried to Narragansi't, 
 which shows that they joined with the south- 
 ern India, I-' in the rebellion. When one these 
 Indians had embrued iheh' hands in English 
 blood, they were einbokhnied lo tli.; like bloo- 
 dy attempts in the adjacent places. 
 
 This W'akely lived so far from his nelgl. 
 hours, or else was encompassed with creeks 
 nr rivtrs, that no relief cmild presently be 
 »'Mil lo him : liowevcr, Lieut lnger«oll, of 
 Casco, the next day with a file iil men, re- 
 paired to the place where his house stood to 
 sue whut was the reason of llie fi>-i> itiuy dis- 
 
 cerned the day before, where they (bund the 
 house burnt to ashes, the body of tho old man 
 lialf consumed with the fire, tlie young wo- 
 man killed and three of the grandchildren ha- 
 ving their brains beat out and their bodies 
 laid under some oaken planks not far from 
 the liousc ; one girl of about 11 years old, was 
 carried captive by them, and having been car- 
 ried up and down the country some liundreds 
 of mill's, us far us Narragunset fiirt, was this 
 last .Tune r.'tiirned back to .Major Walderii's 
 by one S()uaiido, the sagamore of Saco; a 
 strange mixture of mercy and cruelty. 
 
 Soon after Capl. Honiihon's and Major 
 Philips' dwellings were assaulted, one on the 
 I'ast, the otlier on tiie west side of Saco river. 
 It is said they iiad seasonable notice of what 
 was intended against them by their barbarous 
 enemies, those Amoscoggin li.dians, bv the 
 Indian of Saco, their neighbour, better mind- 
 ed than the rest of his countrymen, wlio ob- 
 serving a ntrangc Indian coming to his wig- 
 wam ill coinpany with some of his acquain- 
 tance, one oi whom im"irir.e,l him of the rest 
 with the stranger were gone, that tho said 
 Strang! r came from the westward, and that 
 his busine.'S was to persuade tlie eastern In- 
 dians .11 full upon the l<]iiglish in their dwell- 
 ings here, as tho rest had done to the west- 
 ward. Cu,it. Honitlion, either upon this in- 
 formation, or upon the knowledge (if what 
 was done a little before at Casco, had left his 
 house, and was retired over the river witti 
 his family to .Major Philips' garrison. Thus 
 two are better than one, tor otherwise both 
 might have b'eii destn -ed ; fir upon tlie 
 t'ighteeiith of September following, being the 
 seventh day of the week, about 11 o'ehick 
 thosi! ut Major Philips' garrison saw Capt. 
 Honlthoii's house on fire, which by the good 
 providence of (iod was lo tliem as the firing 
 a beacon giving them notice to look to them- 
 selves, their luiemies being now come; for 
 otherwise they might, to their great disadvan- 
 tage, have been too siiildenly surprised, liir 
 within half an hour after they were iijion 
 lliem, when a sentinel placed in a chamber 
 L'uve notice that he saw an Imlian by the 
 h'lice side near a cornfield; Major Philips, 
 not willing to believe ,11 he might see with 
 his own eyes, run hastily up, another of his 
 nieii coining afier crieil, major what do vou 
 mean I do you intend to bi; killed ! at which 
 Words he turned from the window out of 
 which he was looking, when presently a bul- 
 let struck him on the shoulder, grazing only 
 upon it without breakiiiL; tin" bone. The In- 
 dians upon the shot, thinking he had Ix'eii 
 slain thereby (as they had heard afterwards) 
 Uavi' a great shout, upon whii;h they discern- 
 ed that they were snrroundid by them, where- 
 upon they instantly fired on the enemy from 
 all ipiarters, and from the flankers of the fiir- 
 lification, so as they wounded the captain of 
 the I:,diiiiis, who presently leaving iheussaul', 
 retired three or lour miles from the place, 
 wliei'e he soon after died, as they were iiifor- 
 tiled : He counselled them lo leave the siege, 
 out iliey were resolved not so to quit tlii^ 
 place, nor were those within less resolute !o 
 defend it ; one of the best men '-as soon after 
 disiibled f'diii aiiv fiirllier servici', bv a wound 
 
 he riceived in oi f tin" vollii s, made bv the 
 
 Hs~ailants; but that ilid ii it in the least daunt 
 the rest (d'llie deOndiiiits, \' ho contii.ued ,'ti|l 
 tu fire upon lliu enemy : Thi« dispute laslei! 
 
 about an hour, after which the eiu-iny despair- 
 ing to take the hvuse by assault, thought up- 
 on a device how to burn it. 
 
 First, firing the house of one of his tenants, 
 then his saw-mill, hoping by that ineuns to 
 draw them out of the garrison lo put out tho 
 fire, but missing of their purpose in 'hut, they 
 called out, you English cowardly dogs, n,;iio 
 out and quench the fire. They continued this 
 sport all ihi! uftorno-n continually firing upon 
 them. The liesieg'...i hoped fiir relief fnuii 
 the towns but none came, tho major still en- 
 couraging his men to hold it out w Inch they 
 manfully did all that night, when they were 
 alarmed almost every half hour ; and be- 
 tween whiles they could hear their axes and 
 other instruments, knocking about the mills till 
 the next day. Those within the house con- 
 ceived they were preparing some engine 
 wherewith to burn the house, which really 
 waj the case, for about four o'clock in the 
 morning, ot the sitting of 'die moon when ho 
 saw a cart with four wheels, having a hurri- 
 cado built in the forepart to keep off shot, and 
 filli'd with combustible matter, birch rinds, 
 straw, powder, and poles 20 feet long ready 
 to fire the house ; he bid them let ihein drive 
 it within pistol shot, befiire they made any 
 ohot against them ; his men were a little dis- 
 couraged at the sight of this engine; but he 
 bid them be of good couruire, and use means, 
 putting their trust in tjod. who, lie was con- 
 fiilent would relieve them. The curt when 
 brought a little nearer became unwieldy by 
 reason of the barricudo planted in it, and be- 
 ing to pass through a small gutter, one wheel 
 stuck fast in the slough, which brought the 
 cart suddenly to the left whereby the drivers 
 lay all open to their right Hanker, when they 
 fired upon them out of tho said flanker, and 
 having so fair a shot upon them, and not be- 
 ing above pistol shot from the place, they kil- 
 led G of the enemy, and wounded 15, as they 
 found afterwards, which no doiilit made them 
 too late to repent of their resolution, not to 
 fiillow their captain's counsel and example 
 in leaving the siege ; for now they preseiiily 
 [inrted : so as at sunrise those within the house 
 ■10 of them inarching away, but how many 
 more were in the company they coiihl not tell. 
 
 The Indians it seems went towards Him; 
 Point w". ere it is said they killed several per- 
 sons, but those ill the house feared, the inajot 
 wascalhul by the men to look out fiir more help, 
 as they expected their return; but it seems their 
 courage fiiiledlhemus toano'ther ulieinpt upon 
 an house so well garrisoned and munfnlly de- 
 fended. Major Phillips sent to the town fiir 
 help acquainting tliein with what hud passed, 
 but none was sent them either that day or the 
 next, so liuving spent almost all their uniniii- 
 nitions, the people that were with him would 
 not be periisadeil to tarry Ioniser than Tuesday 
 morning, w hich constrained liii nnd his faiiiily 
 to remove lo the town. Aboiii a fiuliiight 
 after, the Indians hearing thereof, cnine and 
 burnt down the empty house. There were 
 riO persons in the siiid house during ihi' time oi 
 the sieixe, and but 10 able hnnils, they had livo 
 mori! thut could do something, bill through 
 age or iniiiorily not able to make any great 
 aisislance ; yt it pleusi'd ({od, in whose hands 
 are all men's lives and limbs, who is never 
 wont to fiiil them, who in time of ihuiger are 
 ready to confide in his power ami gnodresa, 
 as nut tu neglect the use uC due nieaiiii fur 
 
v»... 
 
 Ii tlie I'lifiiiY ili'S|iiiir- 
 
 llSSIllllt, lllllljgllt up- 
 
 it. 
 
 [)f one (if Ills tenants, 
 J by thai nji'ima to 
 I'ison to put Old tliu 
 pnrpost! in Oiut, tlii'y 
 owurilly (lugs, i..,;iit) 
 Tlipy continued this 
 ntinnuUy Krin<; upon 
 )ed for relicC iVurii 
 , the miijor still on- 
 1 it out wliith thi-y 
 it, when th(!y worts 
 ulf hour ; uiiil be- 
 honr their axes and 
 ig about tlic mills till 
 thin the house con- 
 arinor some engine 
 loiisc, whicti really 
 iiiur o'clock in the 
 '.he moon when lie 
 L"U, Imviiig a barri- 
 to keep ofl' shot, ami 
 mutter, birch rinds, 
 i 20 ffvl long ready 
 them lot tliem drive 
 ;)re they made any 
 en wore a little dls- 
 his engine ; but he 
 Kge, aiul use means, 
 I. who, he was con- 
 n. The cart when 
 •cnni(' unwieldy by 
 lanted in it, and be- 
 lli glitter, one wheel 
 which brouglit the 
 whereby the drivers 
 
 danker, when liiey 
 c said flanker, and 
 I theid, and not be- 
 1 the place, they kil- 
 .vonnded 15, as they 
 no doubt made them 
 r resolution, not to 
 unsel and exampli> 
 now they pi'esenllv 
 ose within tlie!ious(! 
 
 ay, but liow iiiaiiv 
 y they coi;!.l not tell, 
 went towurils Illue 
 y killed several per- 
 feared, the major 
 ok out fiirniorelielp, 
 irn; but ;tseeMistlieir 
 no'lher alienipt iipun 
 ed and maiiliilly ile- 
 len't to tli(3 town for 
 
 h what had passed, 
 ilher that day or the 
 
 St all their uinmu- 
 ere with him would 
 
 umer than Tuesday 
 J hii nnd his family 
 
 About 't fortnight 
 r tliereof, cnrtu' and 
 )use. Then! were 
 
 c (hiring the time o( 
 hnnds, they had live 
 thing, but ihruugh 
 • to maki' any great 
 iod, in whose hands 
 inbs, who is never 
 tmii! of danger are 
 iwer and goodrens, 
 
 (jf due means fur 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ti 
 
 m 
 
 '? 
 
 bi 
 
 ^ 
 
 I— 4 
 
 ■§■ 
 
 £^ 
 
 a 
 
 H 
 
 > 
 
 M 
 
 
 t> 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^1 ^S 
 
 
 '[ 
 
 I 
 
1 
 
 
^m 
 
 A NARRATIVE OF 
 
 067 
 
 tlu're own preservation, 9> to order things, 
 tlmt not one person of all those ,50 was either 
 killi'il or rriortally woiincled. Major I'liilips 
 liiin-clf was wouiidfil hut not dangerously, 
 at tlic hegin; ;^ of the assault, his mills with 
 other edi"'' s \'ere the first day burnt hy the 
 ei" iiiv. <iiiil itn wore all the houses at Saco, 
 or most of ihcin soon after, that were above 
 the fishc.ineii stages. One Mr. Hitchcock 
 I . in;^ carried captive by the enemy from the 
 same place, died in the winter following by 
 eating some poisonous root instead of ground 
 nuts, ns was reported by the Indians after- 
 wards. 
 
 Much about the same time, five persons 
 poing up the river of Saco, were all killed by 
 the same Indians. 
 
 These tragedies being thus acted at Casco 
 buy and .Siico, those barbarous enemies dis- 
 persed thetnselves in parties ; intending to do 
 nil the mi.schief they could to the English in 
 habiting about that side of the country. In 
 the same month of September they came down 
 towards Piscataipia, <loiiig the like spoil upon 
 the inhabitants of the several branches of that 
 river which they had been doing elsewhere 
 In the first place they burnt the two Chestyes 
 houses about Oyster river, and killed two men 
 lliiit were passing along the rivi'r in a canoe 
 and carried away an old Irishman, with a 
 vouni; man taken from about Exeter, whc 
 both of them soon after made an escape to a 
 garrison at Salmon Falls in Kittery. by tlui 
 help cif an Indian belter disposed than the rest, 
 the first after seven weeks, the oilier alter a 
 month's captivity. 
 
 About th(! same time one Goodman Robin- 
 son, of Kxeter, with bis son, where travelling 
 towards llatTiptcni, where as they passed 
 along, they were waylaid by three Indians, 
 viz. .Tohn Sampson, Ormnwell, and John 
 Linde, who shot the old in'iu, and left him 
 dead U|)on ihi? place ; his son, hearing the 
 guns, escapeil their hands bv running into a 
 swamp, whither the Indians lufsiied hitTi, but 
 could not overtake him, so he got safe into 
 Il.iniptim about midnight, where he related 
 what had befel him l)y the way, and how nar- 
 rowly he avoided the danger, intimating like- 
 wise that he feared his fa her was killed, 
 which wjs found too true by Lieut. Sweet, 
 who the next d:iy with 1'' soldiers of the town 
 went to 8<'nn!h these wo whi're they f luiid 
 tlie poor old man shot I. .igli his back, the 
 bullet having passed through his body, and 
 Wiis stopped by the skin (Ui the other slile. 
 Another person of Kxter, wliosi- iiami- was 
 l''oulsam, was at the same time driving a pair 
 ofoxen in the same roail, where soon after he 
 heareil ihi- report of the guns when Robinson 
 was killed, he espied the three Indians creep- 
 ing upiui their bellies towards him, to ilo as 
 much for him as tlu-y hail done for Robinson, 
 but leaving his oxen.he put on his horse with a 
 speed, anil so was delivered from the danger 
 that the other fell into; it is reportivl that lUir 
 of till* Indians tinule a shot at him : but he was 
 I'ilher got out of their reach, or else they mis 
 si'd their aim at that time. Tin- same Imlians 
 hud a little before met with another English 
 ■nan in those woods, one (.harles itandlet 
 whom they carried captive, Hllhoiigh he soon 
 afli-r escaped out of their hnnds, by the helj 
 of another Indian ealli-d .Tami's. it is said 
 there were four Indians^int <d' that compa- 
 ny, and that the fcmrth was sunt away with 
 
 Randlet, so thatthere were but three seen to- 1 themselves in the twilight, uttering several 
 gelher at the killing and pursuing the other 'insolent and barbarous speeches, calling our 
 aforementioned. One of the said Indians, men English dogs, &c. yet all this while out 
 
 of reach of their shot, and then they runaway 
 
 VIZ. .lohn Sampson, was killed by some of 
 Capt. Hathborn's soldiers at Casco bay, in 
 September following, 1676, when the scouts 
 of our forces came upon the Indians on a sud- 
 den, and had a small brush with them, but nil 
 the rest made a shift to get away : As for the 
 other two, viz. Cromwell and .lohn Linde, one 
 f them it is said, is since killed, or taken and 
 sold away, the other is at Kennebeck, whom 
 vengeance may also in due time overtake, as 
 it hath done the other. 
 
 Within tt few days after that barbarous act 
 at Oyster river, two Indians viz. one named 
 Andrew, and the other Hopehood, the son of 
 him called Robinhood, assaulted the house of 
 one Tozer, ot Newechewannick, wherein 
 were fifteen persons, all women and children, 
 who without d(uibthad all id'them fallen into 
 the merciless hands of the two cruel and bar- 
 barous caitiffs, had not a young maid of about 
 18 years of age, first espied them, who being 
 endued with more courage than ordinarily the 
 rest of the sex use to be (the blessings of Jael 
 light upon her) first shut too the door, where- 
 by they were denied entrance till the rest, 
 within escaped to the next hcnise, that wns 
 better fortified ; that younij heroess kept the 
 door fast against them so long, till the Indians 
 had chopped it into pieces with their hatchets, 
 when entering the bouse they knocked tiie 
 poor maid down with their hatchets, and gave 
 her many other wounds, leaving her for dead 
 upon the place ; niter which they passed (Ui 
 toward the next dwelling, in their way meet- 
 ing with two children that had escap<'d the 
 house first broken o])en I y them, they killed 
 one of them, of three years ohl, which could 
 not foUow fast enough or else iIm'V that carri- 
 ed it could not convey it over a fence soon 
 enough to save themselves and it ; and carried 
 away the other of seven years ohl, which how- 
 ever was returned safi; within half a yenr nfier. 
 The poor maid that had vtuitureil her life so 
 far to save many others, was by a striinse 
 Providence enabled to ri'rover so much 
 strength after they were gone, ns to repair to 
 the next garrison, where she wns soon after 
 healed of her wounds and restored to perfect 
 health again. 
 
 The next day toward night more of the bar- 
 barous eneiTiies being gathered together, they 
 iniule an assault upon the ncigliboiir:ii!.'dwell- 
 nigs. The English as many ns C(nild be spa- 
 ri'il out of the i;arrison (not above 8 in num- 
 
 like dogs after they had <lone barking, 
 
 After this those very Iiuiians, as was si:p. 
 posed, burned five or six houses about Oyster 
 river, and killed two men, viz. one William 
 Roberts and his son-in-law. The inhabitaius 
 of Dover, with some other resolute yoing men, 
 being much provoked by these many insolen- 
 ces and injuries done by the enemy, obtained 
 liberty from the mnjor of the regiment to try 
 whether they coidd not meet with some of tiie 
 Indians, by secret ambushes and skulking 
 amongst the bushes and trees as the Indians 
 used to do with them ; to which end abi>ut 
 twenty divided themselves into small parties: 
 Soon after ns they were looking fiir theenen)y, 
 a party of ours espieil five of the Indians, 
 some gathering corn in tlie field, while the 
 lest of them were busied in heating nn oven 
 to bnke sonu? of the fruit which they also 
 gathered in the snnu! field. The English were 
 at such a distance that they could not make 
 any sign to their comrades, without being ilis- 
 covered by the Indians in the fii'lil ; wliere- 
 fiire two of tli(Mn crept as near ns they could 
 to the house, at oiu' emi of the field where 
 they suddenly rushed upon two of llio 
 wretches, nnd knocked them down with the 
 butt end of their muskets, which was not done 
 so silently b\it the other three in the field took 
 the alarm and fled away, who might else ns 
 easily as the other two liave been surprised. 
 These outrages tiius daily committed filleil 
 all the jilnntntions about Piscataqua with ft ar 
 and ciuifusion ; scarce any place where there 
 was not renson for some to c(unplai neither of the 
 lossof their friends or burningof their houses ; 
 which caused most of them that lived scatter- 
 ingly, at any distance fnun neighlH>urs, either 
 to garrison their houses or else to desert their 
 own dwellings, nnd to repair to their next 
 neighbours that were better fiirtified than them 
 selves; but all the inhabitants in general were 
 alarmed to stainl upcui their trnard. 
 
 On the 7th of October fiillowing, ceing a 
 day of public hnmiliati(Ui,a niun wns illicit down 
 ns he wns riding between two garrisDii hou- 
 ses nbout Newechewai\nick, nnd died of his 
 wounds two months nfti'r; the snme uisip.nt 
 of time two younsj ineti wert? shot dead about 
 a mile from that |)l.i(e ; these two had their 
 arms or guns with thi-m, which were carried 
 nwny by those who killed them, tii-;i 
 their upper gnrnients : 
 three Inst (thonuli kill 
 
 their repairing ti 
 if public worsliii 
 
 !ier with 
 It is notsaiil that these 
 pun a liny of hu- 
 
 ber) pursued after them about half n mile, but 
 
 night lomini; on. it wns judged best to retri-af, liniliation) were surpriseil ii 
 lest iitherwise they might have been intercep- iir returning from tlie place 
 led in their return home, liy any of them lying j which would in a great measure have abntrd 
 in ambush, which is their usual way of iloini; jthe sorrow of their sad funerals, if whei/they 
 mischief After divers shots made on bnthjwere suddenly arrested by the harbingers of 
 ides, but ;') of the enemy appeared ; who vet jdenth, they had been so doinir. Soon aflir 
 
 this they as<nulteil another house at Oyster ri- 
 ver, iiiitwithstnniling it was garrisoned, nnd 
 meeting with a good old man, whose name 
 was Heard, without the garrison, they killed 
 him upon the place, and in n bnrbnioiis man- 
 ner cut off his head, and set it upon a pole in 
 
 time 
 
 • appeareil ; wlioyet 
 p;. Winrol's absence 
 
 took the advantage of Cup' 
 
 (whose dwelling was imt fir oil) to iMirn Ins 
 house and two barns nmre, wherein was much 
 Knglisli corn, supposed to be above nn hun- 
 dred bushi'ls in one- of then'. After they had 
 done this mischief they il.-i' away. The next 
 
 ilav after, thi' same Indians or others of their 1 derision. Not fiir olf about the same 
 fellows, came upon the oilier side of the river, they burnt another hmise and barn, 
 from whence lliey shot over several limr-s to l^pon the l<ith of October, being 
 some that were giinding in the tnill, but afteriaboiit nn humlred of tin' ' uliaiis « err' cnllier- 
 exdiauging of many shot on both sidi-s, the' •' together to assault Newechewannx-k ; 
 river betwixt them, six of the enemy showed ley begnn wi'li one named Tozer. halt a mdo 
 
 ' Siitnrdav, 
 
THE INDIAN WARS. 
 
 
 from tiio upper garrison, at Salmon fiilU : 
 Tin- »iii(l TiiziT WHS pri-auntly killud, his son 
 taken (Mipiivo (l>nt rutiiriu'd ut'lersoniR iiioiitlis 
 ri'sliainl) m'vertil guns hi'ing shot at ihls as- 
 sault, alarnii'd Liout. PliiistccI, at the noxt 
 giirrisoii, who hko n man of pulilic 8|iint, i'u- 
 mi-illalcly sent out sovmi men from llie garri- 
 son (inil"r his command, to see what the inat- 
 tcr was, but l>eing met hy an atnl>ush laid in 
 the way as they went, lost 2 or 3 of the com- 
 pany, thereat lianily escu_ .ng hack to tlie 
 place from wlieiice tiiev came; whereupon 
 llie said Lieuteinint Plaisted immediately des- 
 patched away a messenger to Major Wald- 
 ern, at Qnecliecho, which, hecausu it seems 
 to lie the last time that ever that good ami 
 useful man set pen to pajjcr, the letter nhall 
 be iiere insertej. 
 
 SaJmnn/alh, Orf. 16, 107.5. 
 Mr. Richard WaUlern and Lieut. CoIRn, 
 tliese are to inform you that just now tlie In- 
 dians are <Migaging us with at least an luin- 
 dreil men, anil liavi- slain four of our men al- 
 ready, Richard Tozi-r, .lamias Rarney, Isaac 
 IJolles, and Tozer's son, and burnt lienoni 
 Hnilsdan's house : Sirs, if ever you have any 
 love for MS and the country, now shew your- 
 selves willi men to lielp us, or else we are 
 all in great danger of being sl.iin, unless our 
 God woiiderfullv appi'ars for our deliverance. 
 They thatcaimotKght let them pray: nothing 
 elso, but I rest. 
 
 Yours to serve vou. 
 
 R()(ii:k I'L.MSTKO, 
 GKORUli RROmJIITOX. 
 
 What answer was returned to the importu- 
 nate and pathetical letter is not fully known 
 at present; most probably he that wasmost con- 
 cerned in the (contents of it was either absent 
 from home or in no capacity to send the relief 
 desired, which if it coulil have been had, might 
 liave prevented tin? .sad mischief lliat fell out the 
 lie.xt day; when Lieutenant Plaisted being 
 more earnestly lient to perf irm that last oflice 
 of love to lii^ deceased b'iellds, whom he could 
 not by all his endeavours save fniin iIk? ilanger 
 ofdealh, while they were in land of the living, 
 woidd niM'ds viMiture himself with 'JO soldiiTs 
 out of his garrison, to fetch oil llii' dead bodies. 
 
 To thai end he ordereil n pair of oxen to be 
 yoked to bring them to his garrison, in ordi'r 
 to their christian burial, not considt'ring that 
 the Indians lay skulking thi'reaboiils, waitnii; 
 for such opportunities. They went lirst to 
 the (iirlhest place, where they found l{. 
 Tozi'r's budv, and [)ut it in a cart, but corning 
 back to take up tlje <ithi'r two bodies which 
 were fallen in a lillle swamp near to the gar- 
 ris(Ui, they vvere set upon by l.")lt of the ene- 
 my, who had hid themselves in the bushes, and 
 iiinler a stone wall, and logs in the way as 
 they were to pass; by the sudden noise of 
 llie guns the cattle Iieing frighted, ran away 
 to the uarrisim with such of the dead as wen; 
 fn-sl laid thereon (and possibly with one of 
 them wouiiiied at that instant) leaving their 
 owners to fight it out with the enemy. Lieut. 
 Plaisted being thus desperately assaulted, he 
 with his twenty mi^n were forced to retreat 
 to II place of iietter advantage; but being 
 there so warmly pursued, tliey were not abh- 
 to abide it long, although tliey killed and 
 tnorlaMy wounded several of the Indians, as 
 llieiiuulvcs have siiico confodsed; but they 
 
 most of them Iieing so much overmatched, took 
 the opportunity of a fair retreat and so got sale 
 to their garrisons, while Lieut. Pla'.steui out of 
 the height of his courage, disdaining either to 
 fly from or yicild himsilf (lor, 'lis said the In- 
 ihans were lolh to kill him, but desirous rather 
 to take him prisoner) into 'he hands of such 
 cursed caitilfs, did tight it on; desperately, till 
 ho was slain upon the place; his eldest son 
 and another man were slain in ilieir too !;;ie 
 retreat, and his other son was sort ly ,vound 
 ed, so that he died in a few weeks after. 
 
 The Indians were contented with the mis- 
 chief for the pri'sent and slunk away into the 
 woods before the ne.\t day, when Capt. Frost 
 came from Sturgeon creek, a few miles below 
 the river, with a parly of his frienils and 
 buried the dead. During these onsets tiie 
 enemy also took the advantage to burn three 
 houses and two barns before they left the 
 place. 
 
 The hitter end of the same month they 
 burnt a mill near the same place belonging 
 to Mr. Ilutchinson, a merchant of Hoston ; 
 from whence they came down towards Sliir- 
 gi'on creek, where they burnt one house and 
 killi^d two men not far from Capt. Frost's 
 lUvelling. h(' escaping himself very narrowly, 
 bi'ing shot at by the enemy, Hlioiit ten in 
 number, who might easily have burnt his 
 house and taken all that was in it, being o..t 
 thrc^e boys besiiles himself, had he not \ised 
 this policy, to call out to some to march this, 
 and the <ilhiT way, to look after the Indians, 
 as if he had many at hand to comin.ind, which 
 under '' id was the means of his esi-spe ; liir 
 his house was neither fortified, nor well man- 
 ned, although far from neighbours. 
 
 'I'he next day the said Indians passed down 
 the river on Kittery side, killed one man, 
 whose house they first plundered, and then 
 .set it on fire; all this was done just .over 
 against Portsmouth, from whence out of a 
 small battery was disc^liarged a piece of ordi- 
 nance, which by II gooil ProvidcMice wasdirect- 
 ed BO to fling its shot, as it fell very near a 
 parly oftlii" Indians,f ir they were so affrighted 
 therewilh (if none of them were killed) that 
 ihey left a good part of their [ilunder near the 
 place. They were pursued by some of the 
 ICnjilish beliire they could recover their home, 
 and by the help of the snow that fell about 
 that time, were traced till they were overta- 
 ki'n, but being nearaswam|> escaped, through 
 haste leaving two of iheir packs behind. 
 
 Soon after they went up the river again to 
 <iiiecln'cho, where they burnt a house and 
 t«d or three barns. Another party of tliein 
 got over or beyond the other branchesof Pis- 
 cataipia river, towards Kxi'ter, and Lamprey 
 Kel rivi'r, where they killi'd one man. Many 
 <iflhem were in the woods about lOxeter, and 
 between Hainptonand Kxeter, where thi-y kil- 
 leil one or two men as they wen; travelling 
 homewards, occasioning the people of those 
 towns to stand continually upon their guard, 
 whic^h proved a great annoyance to thu inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 Hut let us look a little back to the planta- 
 tions more eastward from I'lscata(|ua river, 
 where these outrages of the Indians first began. 
 
 At C^asco bay, Lieut. Irigersoll'a son with 
 another man, trolng out a fowling about this 
 lime, were both killed before they returned 
 homi;, hij father's house beinj^ burnt, Vikii 
 iimny utiiera also thoreabuuts. 
 
 At Rhick point, Lieut. Augur with two 
 more weie asnaulted by the Indians, where 
 after many shot exchanged IxHwixt ihein, 
 himself was so woundi'd, that he d ed sfion 
 after, and his brother also Has killed within a 
 lew days after, not liir Iron the same place. 
 
 When the rising of the Indians lijsl began 
 in those eastern parts (with us called th<) 
 county of Yorkshire) ('apt. W'incol ol' Xewe- 
 chewannick, with soim? others, having a sym- 
 pathy for some of his neighbours, niaiched u|) 
 that way with a small party of nuui. In his 
 first skirmish with the enemy he chanced to 
 lose two or three of his company ; the rest not 
 being above 11 in all, as ihey were marching 
 along by the sea-side were iis.<aulled by a 
 great number of the Indians, judgi'il to bo 
 150; being hard beset with so great a num- 
 ber, they retreated to an heap of bolts that 
 lay near the water side, by the shelter of 
 which they lay safe from the! enemy's guns, 
 and so well playtMi their fi;w guns, that they 
 slew many of the Indians, and put them all 
 to a kind of rout at last ; alter which, by the 
 help of an old canoe they recovi'red sale to 
 the other side of the bank. Rut nine .Sacomen 
 had worse success who caiiM! with u good intent 
 to help their friends, upon the liearing of their 
 guns; but as they came to rescue (^ipt. Win- 
 col with his small party, ihey themselves lidl 
 into an ambush of the? enemy and so were all 
 cut off, with two <ither men also, near the 
 place where the first skirmish was, for the 
 Imjians from the shori' siile coiihl discern any 
 that were coming towards them when they 
 were at a gn'at iljtanre, and .so might easily 
 way-lay them b.Tore they couhl come ii|> to 
 them. Ni-ar upon seven houses were burnt 
 about this time, and some persons killed at 
 lilack point. 
 
 Two persons were killed at Wells in the 
 beginning of winter, one of them was a ser- 
 vant to Mr, William Symmonds (one of the 
 principal men in the town aforesaid) the gen- 
 tleman him.self with his fiimilv were removed 
 to a garrison house in the miilille of tint town. 
 His servant going early in the morning to look 
 after some business there, tarried longer than 
 was needful to provide something liir liini<eif, 
 the Indians invited thernselv(>s to breakfist 
 with him making the poor fellow pay the shot 
 when they liail done wilh the loss of his life. 
 
 A week after one Cross was sl.iin at Wells 
 likewise, who was a kind of a distracted fel- 
 low. Also one Isaac (^onsins was there kil- 
 h^d in the beginning of winter, al'tiT there had 
 been some overtures of peaci? between Major 
 Walderu and tlie Indians, 
 
 With such kind of mutual enrounti i f was 
 the latter part of the yi'ar spent belwix' the 
 Indians and the Knglish from l'iscalai|n.i ri- 
 ver to Kennebeck, from the beglnni'ig of Au- 
 gust to the end of November, whiui'lii many 
 were slain on both siihs; of the KuliIIsIi in 
 those parts were slain upwards of fifty; the 
 enemy lost, as appeared afierwards by their 
 own confession, above 1)0 partly in the iifoie- 
 said skirmislu's, and ]ianly in their joining 
 with the Indians to the westward, whither it 
 is said many were iiiviti'd to repair, to Inip 
 destroy the Knglish, in hopes to enjoy their 
 possessions afterwards ; lint (!od hail other- 
 wise determineil, \\ ho dlil arise at last to save 
 till! meek (Uies of the earth, and jilead the 
 cause of his people. 
 
 The Quvcriiur and council of Massncliu 
 
A NARRATIVE OF 
 
 GIIO 
 
 iriir with two 
 
 illilIlN, wllirri! 
 
 K'twixt llicm, 
 
 111" <1 I'd MOOIl 
 
 iilli'd wliliiii a 
 
 ^ same |iliir.c'. 
 
 iDH first lir^iiri 
 
 us ciillrtl ihii 
 
 iciil of Xcwti- 
 
 iiiviii"; (I syrii* 
 
 s, niiiiclii'd iiji 
 
 imwi. Ill Ilia 
 
 (! cliaiK'i'd til 
 
 llic rost not 
 
 vorc! iiiarcliiiijT 
 
 s<iiiiltc'd liy a 
 
 jiidj,'i'd to l)n 
 
 ^Ti'at a imni- 
 
 liiilti iliat 
 
 till! sliidtrr (if 
 
 Mii'iiiy's f^mis, 
 
 mis, tliat. llifv 
 
 |>iit llu'iii all 
 
 wliicli, by till! 
 
 "vcii'd sail' Id 
 
 t iiim.' Siicriint'ii 
 
 ill a i;(Hi(l iiilriit 
 
 licariii;,' iit'llifir 
 
 MIC V;\f)t. Wiii- 
 
 iIkmiim'Ivcs Frll 
 
 iiid SI) wcic all 
 
 1, iirar lliu 
 
 I was, fur lli<! 
 
 will ilisccin any 
 
 I'ln wlicii tlicy 
 
 Hii iniglit imsily 
 
 Id CIIIMI' up lo 
 
 SI'S were liiiriit 
 iKons killed at 
 
 t WrlU in ttie 
 cm was a scr- 
 ds (one of llii! 
 'csaid) llie i;cn- 
 ' were removed 
 ille o('i1m> Town, 
 morning' to look 
 ied liiiif;er llian 
 linj; tcir limiseir, 
 :'!* to liieakliist 
 >w pay the shot 
 loss of liis lile. 
 s slain at Welh 
 distracted I'cl- 
 was llii're kil- 
 aftcr there had 
 lietweeii Majop 
 
 'iiroiinli t f was 
 lit lielwi\' iht! 
 I'iscataijiu ri- 
 •eiiiiii'i^; ol'All- 
 whi'ieiii many 
 the ICiiL;lisli in 
 Is of (il'ty; the 
 Aards liy their 
 ly in the afiire- 
 I llii'ir Joiiiinpr 
 ard, whither it 
 re|iair, lo help 
 lo I'lijoy ihi'ir 
 oil had other- 
 e 111 last to SMVo 
 Mini jileail till) 
 
 1 of Massachit 
 
 fU'M* Imd at lliii time their hands lull with the|lhiisii Indiana uijout the river of Merrimack 
 like attempts III' L'liilipaiid his accoinplices at and I'iscataipia, that still stood out in hustil.ty 
 tlie wistwitrd. yet wi.Tc not unmiiRil'iil of the ai,'aiii3t the lvi^;lisli, meeliiii^ with those uri- 
 ileploriiidi! coiidiiion of these eastern [)laiita-: dcr tlie conmiaiid of Major Walderii afore- 
 liui.s ; haviii'^ eiiinniitted the care thereof to' said and (Japt. i'Vost of Ivittery ; it was inu- 
 tile majors ni'the respective rcffimeiils of the liially a;,'rei'il hetwixt those several eominan- 
 sevtsral cimnties on that side of the' countrv ilers to sieze upon all those Indians which at 
 hut more especially lo the care and jirudence that lliiio were met lo^'etlier about Major 
 uf the honoiiralile Major U. Dennison, major Waldern's dwelliiif^ at (.iuechi'cho ; the de- 
 (jeiieral of the colony, a ({entleiiiaii who liy si^n succeeded accordiiifj to expectation, and 
 liis ;;reat insight in, and long experience of i all the Indians were hunilsoniely surprised the 
 ull martial all'.iirs, was every way accomplish- Otli of Septcmher ll)7(i, without iIk! loss of 
 
 any person's life, either Indian or l'>n>^lish, to 
 the number of near 100 ; by which di!vice, 
 after our (iirces had them al in their hands, 
 they separated the peaceable from the jicr- 
 lidioiis, that had been our enemies diiriiiir 
 the hill! troubles ; (indiiij( (iliout 200 involved 
 ill the former rebi^llion inon; or less, they tc- 
 cordinuly were sent down to the governor 
 and council at JJoston, who adjudged 7 or 8 
 of them imniediately lo die ; such as were 
 known to have had their hiinds in the blood 
 of the Knglish, or that had been slii-d by tliinr 
 means; tlie restlh.it wrru found only ucccs- 
 sorics lo the late mischiefs, had their lives 
 
 eii fir the manairing that whole alFuir j he had 
 to eas'' the oilier side of the country, drawn 
 out a sullicient number of soldiers from the 
 next counties, to have reduced all the Indians 
 eastward to iheir obedienci? ; but just as they 
 were intendird lo inarch upto the head-ipiarters 
 Indians, to fall upon ihoiii then*, viz. 
 
 iif till 
 
 on the leiilh of Decembiir, so as it was not 
 possible for any to liave travelled that way 
 unless they carried rackets under their feet, 
 v.lierewitli lo walk upon the snow : Tliisonlv 
 itoiisideralion forced them to lay aside the 
 d.csign for llie prt'si'iit, but soon after it was 
 done to their hands ; for tlie deplli of the 
 Miosv, and sharpness of the i!old, were so ex- 
 treme, that the Indians in those part were 
 Id pinched tlierewilh, that being starved they 
 •ned i':n- pi'acc, making their address fust to 
 Major Waldern, on that account by wliosi 
 mediations that whole body of Indians east- 
 v.'ard were lirought to an hopeful conclusion 
 of pcai-e, 
 and possib 
 
 lo this day, hail llieie not been loo just an occa- 
 sion given for the breaking ol' the same, bv 
 tin? wicked pactice of some lewd persons 
 wliieli openi'd tlie door, anil made way for llie 
 bringing in all those sad calamities and inis- 
 cliielstliat have since fillen upon those parts 
 of the country as shall hereafter lie declared. 
 In the latter end of.liine, l(i7(), the liulians 
 
 at ()ssa|iy and I'igwaiichi't, about an hiindrci 
 
 inilesiipintothe country northward, the winter 
 
 setting in so sharp and severe in the beginning 
 
 of December, and latter end of November, it 
 
 was not possible to have marcheil a day's jour- 
 ney into tlie Woods without hazarding all tlii'ir 
 
 lives that should venture up, the snow being 
 
 found generally in those woods four feiU thick | spared, but were sent into dill'erent parts of 
 
 the world to try the dilliTeiice between the 
 friendship of their neighbours here, and their 
 service with other masters elsewhere. 
 
 Thosi! who had been always peaceable 
 and trii.! to the ICiii;lisli, never inlernieddling 
 in the ijuarrcl, as W'analancet, the ,sai,'amore 
 of I'ennlcook, and some others, were (]uieilv 
 dismissed totlieir own places. Hesilcs those 
 that wi-re surprised at the time aforesaid, 
 there v.ere several others who had been the 
 chief actors, that were taken up and down in 
 those wiioils lieyoiiil .Merrimack, and so were 
 delivered up to justice; as John Monix'o, Sa- 
 ganion? Sam, old .letliro with some others, as 
 hath been ah-cady inentioned, yet young. letli- 
 ro brought in 10 at one time. It was a spe- 
 cial liivoiir I'roin (lod so to order it, that the 
 Indians aforesaid, were so sill prised ; hir had 
 they coiitiiiiicd ilieir former rebellioti, ami had 
 taken the opportiinily to have joini'd with the 
 eastern Inillans, as some of them did a few 
 mouths before, they would in all likelihood 
 have utterly destroyed all the plantations of 
 the Knt'lisli beyond l'iscatMi|iia river, as ap- 
 scliief tliiit was lately done bv 
 
 iifpeai'e, wliiili was mutually agreed upon 
 possibly inijjht have remained lirm eiiouj,'li 
 
 that had made a general conspiracy aLMinsi i pears by tl 
 
 the lOiiglisli, were slraiiLTely dispersed and 
 
 dispirited, so that from that time they began 
 
 to separate one from anuther, andi'vcry nation 
 
 of iheiii III shift f iilhemsclves, as liiitli .dready 
 
 been inentioned in the loriner part of this iiiir- 
 
 riilivi'. ( 'iiiionicus, the great sachem of the lird day 
 
 Narragansels, dislriisliiii; the prollers of the' murderei 
 
 I'liiglisli. was slain in the woods by the Mo- 
 lia\\ ks, his sipiaw surrendering heu'self, bv 
 this means her li(e was spared. 
 
 Many of those about liancasti'r, and the 
 places adjeiiiiiig therein, did cunningly en- 
 deinour to hide themselvi'S among those In- 
 dians about l*iscatai|ua, that by .Major Wal- 
 dern's means had concluded a peace, yet could 
 neither dissemble their iialiire and disposition 
 from suspicion of II li'-.ciiief, nor yet sua rliliciiilly 
 conceal their passions, nut they were easily tors in the aforesaid iiiischiel 
 
 means ot a lew, Irom too inindi connivance 
 of some in those parts that entertained a bet- 
 ter opinion of them than it seems ihey deser- 
 ved. For whereas mention was liirmerly 
 of a small party of Indians, that on the 
 f May, in this present year, had 
 one 'I'liomas Kembel, of Mradford, 
 and carried away his wile and Kvi- childten 
 captive; yet two or three of the actors ilid, 
 upon what consideralion is not known, return 
 the woman and children again within six 
 weeks, and because of their voluntarily re- 
 turning of them weri! dealt more favourably 
 with; being only put into firison at Dover, 
 for a lime; yet possibly conceiving that a 
 prison was but a preparation lorn worse evil, 
 ihev look an opporluiiity (two of the diief ac- 
 
 by such as m I, inner tunes 
 
 had 
 
 Mc'piaiiilance with the easli 
 
 <il trade, or other conversi 
 
 III 
 W 
 
 nilians hy way 
 lereiipon the 
 
 lories newlv raised in 
 
 lassachiisetts iiiiil 
 
 lied Si- 
 noii the other Andrew) lo convey themselves 
 lilt of the place of restraint, and iiflerwards 
 
 beck 
 
 iigainoiigstthe Amoscogginand Ki'iiiii 
 
 Some little colour or pretence of injury wa» 
 alli'g;'d before those eastern liulians be^iaii 
 their outrage, both in the firmer, as well as in 
 the i)resent year; tin- chief actor or rather iKo 
 begimior of all the nforesliid niischiel's east- 
 ward, is one Sipiando, the saganinre of.'saco 
 Indians, whose sipiaw, as is said was abused 
 by a rude and iiidiscri'et act of somi? I'Jnglish 
 seaman, the last suminer, l(J7."i, who oilier 
 overs<!l tlu! canoe wherein the said squaw with 
 her chilli vv'cre sailing in a river tliereaboiits,or 
 else to try whether the children of the Indians, 
 as th(!y had heard, could swim as naturally as 
 any other creatures, wittingly cast her child 
 into the water ; but the sipiaw immediately 
 ilivinginto the water after it, fetdied itiip from 
 the bottom of the river, yet it falling out 
 within a while after the said child died (w Inch 
 it might have done if no aU'ront had been of- 
 fered) the saiil Sipiando, fitlier of the child, 
 hath been so provoked thereat ihat he hath 
 ever since set himself to do all the mischief 
 he can lo the English in those parts, and was 
 never as yet, siin^i that time, truly wiling to 
 be reconciled, although he is said lo have 
 sent home some that were taken captive the 
 last year. Surely if their hearts had not been 
 secretly lilled with malici-and reveiii.'e lieioro 
 they might have obtained salisfiction for the 
 wrong done at an easier rate; more probab'y 
 it is that this was onlv an occasion to vent this 
 mischief they had formerly conceived in their 
 hearts. 
 
 There is an injury of an higher nature innn- 
 tioned as the ground of their ijiiarrel with us 
 who live about I'emmaipiid, which happened 
 the last spring, viz. one LaiiL'hton, with an- 
 other person or more, who having oblaineil 
 under the hand of Major Waldern, a war- 
 rant to seize any Indians east ward that had 
 bivn L"i;!,_v of any murder or sjioil done lo the 
 English in those parts, did most peilidionsly 
 and wickedly entice some of the Indians about 
 cape Sables (who never liail lieen intheleast 
 manner giiiltv of any injury done to the Kn- 
 glish) on board their vessel, or else some other 
 way, and tlnni carried them away to sell tliein 
 liir slaves ; wh'cli the Indians in those parts 
 look upon as injury done to themselves, have 
 alleged it to the iiihabitants of I'emniiiqiiid, 
 as one of the princij'al u;ri"inils of their pres- 
 ent i|inirrel : ThiMliing alleired is too trim 
 as to matter of fact, and the persons that dio 
 it were lately coinmiiled lo prison in order to 
 their further trial. Yi'l all those Indians ilo, 
 or may know full well, that they who did 
 them that wrong, were liable to due punish- 
 ment (or else their quarrel might be arcoiiiit- 
 ed just, and they considered as Indians, must 
 have the more allowance) if they could be 
 liiiind, nor ever were any countenanced 
 amongst us, that had done them any kind of 
 injiirv, nor did those that take upon them 
 the reveii'.ri'iir ol the injury, know that they 
 were inhabitants of this coiinlry that did the 
 wrong ; nor was there ever any orderly com- 
 plaint made thereof; but this cannot excuse 
 their perlidionsiiess and cruelly. Some other 
 pretenses Hlleged by the said Indians lliey 
 vet do bear no proportion to the mi'iilion of 
 a wrong, or injury, viz. because our traders 
 were forbidden lo sell any iimmiiMition to 
 Biiy Indians whatsoever ; w hicli those Indians 
 
 he rominand 
 
 if Caiit. Will! 
 
 Ilatli 
 
 lorne and .and criii 
 
 liave |i 
 id dc' 
 
 ned w ilh them in those blooi 
 
 lately 
 
 till 
 
 Cu|il, .loseph Still, dusljjiied furlliu Hubdiiingl J>arts, whicit fulluw iiiurjur uuxltu be rulatod 
 
 say 
 
 till 
 
 lit live without ; yet seeing 
 ward Indians 
 
 hemselves, as the west 
 
 ii 
 
 f .„ 
 
 have gu ill Improved that which they had Iju- 
 
^■^ 
 
 070 
 
 THE INDIAN WARS. 
 
 run', tlicie was little rcasun why thoy should 
 ijunrrcl with us for selling no more. 
 
 Furlher ulso, it is anirmed by some per- 
 sDna worthy of credit, that for divers yeurs 
 past Imve lived in those parts, that the Indiiins 
 thureiilMUts need not huvo wanted powder 
 iind shot, only they wanted something where- 
 with to cloak their malicious and barharons 
 ))ractices of late committed against us; but 
 there being different opinions about this 
 jjoint, we shall leave it for the present. But 
 this beingpremised in reference to the pre- 
 tended ground or occasion of the quarrel, it 
 remains that the efTects therefore be now 
 rt lated. 
 
 Before the war with Philip was well ended 
 to the southward, there was a fresh alarm 
 pounded again to the eastward; for on the 11th 
 of August, 1C7G, the very day before Philip's 
 heart that had harboured so many mischievous 
 and treacherous devices against the English, 
 was by one of his own company shot through, 
 a party of Indians began tlieir outrages at 
 (/asco in a most perfidioi s and treacherous 
 manner, killing and carrying away captive, 
 to the number of 30 persons, and burning 
 tlieir houses ; amongst whom was the family 
 of one Anthony Bracke,', an inhabitant of 
 Casco who was thought ',o have been killed, 
 but he himself, with his Vfife, and one of his 
 five children carried away captive, with a ne- 
 gro did happily make an escape from their 
 bloody and deceitful hands, in November next 
 ensiling. 
 
 The manner how Anthony Bracket and 
 his wife made their escape was very re- 
 markable and therefore judged worthy to be 
 here inserted, although out of duo place. The 
 Indians that had led them captive having 
 brought them to the north side of Casco bay, 
 news was brought to the said Indians of the 
 surprizal of Arowsic's house in Keniiebeck, 
 with all the stores therein, which did so re- 
 joice them, that they made all haste to share in 
 the good things there to be had : Thus eager 
 to be gone, they promised Bracket and his 
 wife that they also should have a share there- 
 in if they would haste after them: The wo- 
 men having a little before obaerved nn old 
 birch canoe lying at tiie water side, ho|ied it 
 was an opportunity Providence ofTered for 
 their escape ; whiireupon she first prudently 
 ttiked the Indians to let the negro, their own 
 servant (at the sa'"-? time carried captive by 
 tliem) help them to carry their burthens, which 
 was granted : then she begged for them a 
 ])iece or two of meat, whicii wiis not denied 
 them. Thus being furnished with help and pro- 
 vision, the Indians leaving thetn behind to 
 some after with their several burthens, and 
 a young child, they could not but look upon it 
 OS a nufna Difinuf, to bid them shift for 
 themselves : The woman also found a nee- 
 dle and thread in the house, with which she 
 mended the canoe, while they tarried at tl.'f 
 side of the bay, in which they soon venture 
 to get away, which prosperously succeeded ; 
 for in that old canoe they crossed a water 
 eight or nine miles broad, and when they 
 came on the soiitli side of the bay, they might 
 have been in as much danger of other Indians, 
 that had lately been about Black point, and 
 had taken it ; but they were newly gone. So 
 things on all sides thus concurring to help for- 
 ward their deliverance, they came safely to 
 the seat at Black point, where also by spe- 
 
 cial providence they met with a vessel bound 
 for Piscataqua, that came into that harbour 
 but few hours before they came thither, by 
 which means they arived safe in Piscataquu 
 river soon after ; uU which circumstances are 
 very worthy to be noted. 
 
 Amongst those Indians that siezed this 
 Bracket's family, the chief was one Simon, 
 who had but a little before escaped out of 
 Dover prison, where ho was not carefully 
 overlooked ; lie had had his hand in the mur- 
 der of sundry English, as he had confessed; 
 not missing any, savo one, on whom he had 
 discharged his gun ; but because he came in 
 voluntarily, bringing in a woman and five 
 children of the English, who had been carri- 
 ed captive a little before, it was questioned 
 whether his last act of submission might not 
 balance his former transgression, and there- 
 fore he was committed to that, not so secure 
 a prison, till his cause tniglit be further consi- 
 dered of. It is said that coming to Brack- 
 et's house over night, lie pulled Uirth a coun- 
 terfeited pass under the hands of some public 
 officers, or men entrusted with that services 
 making shew of all friendship; but the 
 morning, or soon after, he pulled off the sor 
 of a friend, and discovered what he was; -et 
 granting life to this person and his fur, , 
 that did not or could not resist, which he de- 
 nied to some of the neighbours not far off, 
 who were many of them killed by this bloody 
 villain and his partners. 
 
 There are some circumstances in the as- 
 sault of Anthony Bracket's house very con- 
 siderable, which, because it was the first out- 
 rage committed by the Indians in the second 
 insurrection, 1670, are worthy of a more par- 
 ticular remembering. 
 
 This Indian before mentioned called Simon, 
 after he had escaped out of the prison of Do- 
 ver came to Casco, and either in the end of 
 July or beginning of August, acquainted him- 
 self of this Anthony Bracket, ami oil fre<pien- 
 ted his house. Upon the 9ih of August some 
 of the Indians liaving killed a cow of his, the 
 Indian Simon coming to his house promised 
 to bring the Indians to him that had killed 
 his cow. In the meantime they of the place 
 sent two men to Major Waldern's at Dover, 
 to complain of this injury done by the Indi- 
 ans, but befiire their return, very early in the 
 morning on the 11th of August, Simon with 
 a party of Indians came to Anthony Brack- 
 et's house, and told him there were the Indi- 
 ans that had killed his cow; but as sooii as 
 they had said that, the Indians went further 
 into his house and took hold of all the guns 
 they could see: Bracket asked what was the 
 tneiuiing of that, Simon replied, that so it 
 must be, asking him withal, whether he had 
 rather serve the Indians, or be slain by them; 
 which ho answered, that if the case were so, 
 he would rather choose to serve them than be 
 killed by them: Simon replied, that then 
 they must be bound whicli was presently 
 done. The said Bracket, his wife anil a ne- 
 ^■ro were all bound by the Indians; his wife 
 had a brother, who offering to resist was kil- 
 led forthwith; the rest, with five children 
 were led away prisoners. 
 
 Two hours afVer one Pike, that lived not 
 far olT, but knowing nothing of all this, wont 
 up in a canoe, toward one Robert Corban's 
 house where he found one Humphrey Dur- 
 ham and Benjamin Atwel at work about their 
 
 lay ; after a little stay he left them, intending 
 to go up higher with his cano.'!, but as soon 
 us he was a little past, he heard the report of 
 uns which made him witli another man he 
 liud with him, presently return buck; before 
 lie came beyond Corban's house he saw an 
 English boy running with all haste whicli made 
 him fear some mischief was at hand, and pre- 
 sently a volley of shot came against them, but 
 the bullets flying over their heads, did them 
 no hurt; presently Simon uppeare<l, and called 
 them to come on shore; but they liked not his 
 courtesy, and turning their canoe into the 
 stream, got out of the reachof their guns, has- 
 ting down to his own house with all spec ! ; 
 when he came near to his house, he called to 
 the people to make haste away towards the 
 garrison house, and bid the rest look to them- 
 selves, and fire upon the Indians tiiat were 
 coming against them : In the meanwliile tho 
 Indians passing from Anthony Bracket's to 
 Corban's, killed Corban himself, together 
 with Humphrey Durham and Benjamin Atwel, 
 before mentioned; then passing on to the oth- 
 er houses, killed some, and carried others 
 away captive. At one of the next houses the 
 women and children got off into the water by 
 a canoe; but one James Ross, his wife and 
 children were carried away. Corban's wife, 
 with one of the other men's wives, and tho 
 ehildriMi of another, they carried away like- 
 wise. 
 
 In another side of the town as three per- 
 sons were going to reap at Anthony Bracket's, 
 passing from an house where they left their 
 canoeinet with John Mouiitjoy undone Wake- 
 ly, to whom they told what had happened, 
 soon after they heard two guns fired, whereby 
 it seems two men were killed ; wherefore co- 
 ming back towards T. Bracket's, where thtty 
 left their canoe, they saw him shot down by 
 the Indians ; one of the thiee not so well able 
 to run, hid himself in the bushes in hopes to 
 escape more conveniently afterwards, which 
 accordingly he did; but in the mean lime he 
 saw the Indians carry away Thomas Brack- 
 et's wife and children. Soon after the three 
 men aforesaid got safe to Mr. Mountjoy's gar- 
 rison, but not truijting to the security of that 
 garrison, they soon after repaired to an island 
 in the bay, called James Andrew's island. 
 One George Lewis and his wife tarried all 
 this time in their house till the next day, when 
 they had opportunity to get safe to the island 
 aforesaid, together with the two men that wero 
 now returned from Major Waldern's ; whither 
 they had been sent but too late, to make com- 
 plaint of the Indians that had counterfeited his 
 )>ass to travel into those parts, and had done 
 'his mischief. 
 
 The day after, one George Felt, suspecting 
 the worst by reason of asmoke he saw cm the 
 opposite side of town, took his wife and chil- 
 ren in a canoe to see what the matter was, 
 but when he came near n point of land not far 
 off he found several of his neighbour's goods, 
 svhich made him conclude their owners wero 
 killed, which was a sufficient warning to him 
 likewise to fly for his life, which he did to tho 
 same island. After a number of them had es- 
 caped thither, they recollected that they had 
 left powder behind them in one or two pla- 
 ces : whereupon they determined to venture 
 a party of them in the night, to prevent the 
 Indians from having any advantage thereby, 
 and fur their own defence if occasion ahoulj 
 
thum, intending 
 (1% but as soon 
 rJ tlie report of 
 nnutlior man tie 
 rn bacit; bi.'fore 
 )iise lie saw an 
 ustewliicli made 
 t iiaiid, and pre 
 gainst tliem, but 
 mills, did tliem 
 arud, and called 
 iie^ liked not his 
 canue into the 
 I'llu'ir guns, lias- 
 with all spec 1 ; 
 UHe, he called to 
 ay towards tlio 
 t<3t look to iheni- 
 Jians tiiat were 
 meanwhile the 
 ny Hracket's to 
 imself, together 
 ienjamin Atwel, 
 iigon to the otli- 
 I carried othera 
 next houses the 
 nto the water by 
 IS, his wile and 
 Corban's wife, 
 wives, and tlio 
 ried away like- 
 
 n as three per- 
 ithony Uracket's, 
 they left their 
 y iinuone Wake- 
 t had happened, 
 ns fired, whereby 
 I ; wherefore co- 
 tet's, where thtty 
 n shot down by 
 e not so well abin 
 shes in hopes to 
 fierwards, which 
 lie mean lime he 
 Tliomas Urack- 
 n after the three 
 . Mounljoy's gar- 
 security of that 
 aired to an island 
 Andrew's island, 
 wife tarried all 
 e next day, when 
 safe to the island 
 wo men that were 
 sidern's ; whither 
 [He, to make corn- 
 counterfeited his 
 ts, and had done 
 
 ! Felt, suspecting 
 ke he saw on the 
 •lis wife and chil- 
 
 the matter was, 
 int of land not far 
 sighbour's goods, 
 leir owners were 
 t warning to him 
 liich he did to tho 
 LT of them had es- 
 led that llioy had 
 
 one or two pla- 
 'niined to venture 
 It, lo prevent the 
 [vantage thereby, 
 f occasion should 
 
 A NARRATIVE OP 
 
 en 
 
 require ; accordingly their attempt succeeded 
 well, lor they bnmglit away ii biiriel of pow- 
 der fiiiin one Wells's house, and likewise a 
 Considerable (piiiiilily out tif a chest in a 
 store liiiusi', wliii'li tlie Indians hud been 
 raiisiickiiig, ami liiul laki'U things out of the 
 Otiier end of I lie chest, yet overlooked the 
 (iinvder. In tins siirprisiil of the plantation in 
 Cascn bay, called FuiiiKiiiih, tlieie were 34 
 pei'siins killi'd and cunieil into captivity. 
 
 Tiiat tliis was not a casual attetnpt, but a 
 designed plot, will appear in that, just alxnit 
 the same time, tliu Indians at Ivennebeck 
 made the like insurrection whereby it is con- 
 cluded, either that the Indians ivliich escaped 
 fioiii Dover stirred tliein up thereunto; or that 
 the said Indians tiiidiiig ihein in a dispnsiliuii 
 lending that way, iiy reason of some injuries 
 done those that dwell farther northward, they 
 offered their service to help forward the 
 design. 
 
 It is to be noti^d here that the Indians 
 about Ivennebeck were persuaded to continue 
 their fbrnii - amity with the English, iiot- 
 withslanding the report of Philip's rising that 
 year before, and the outrages committed the 
 last autumn and winter Ibllnwing; yet which 
 is more, they hail lately renewed their league 
 will, "he English in those parts, iillhough they 
 had often complained to those of I'emmaipiid, 
 of the injury they suffered in the willihold- 
 "ng from them the tnuh; of powder and shot, 
 without which they said they could not siib- 
 eiat, and for want of wiiich, it is alleged by 
 themselves, that some uf them perished the 
 last winter. 
 
 IJiit the quarrel of late fallen out betwixt 
 the English and the Indians about Kennebeck 
 and eastward thereof, being a matter of i.'re;it 
 importance, it snail, fiir the satisfaction of ttie 
 reader, in what follows be more particularly 
 described; it being the duty of every one thai 
 publish things of this nature, to do the right 
 of an historiiin to all who are any ways con- 
 cerned in what is made public. 'I'lie infor- 
 mation was received I'rom a prudent person, 
 na eye and ear witness of all that happened 
 amongst the said Indians both the former and 
 present year, and one that was more publicly 
 concerned in those transactions than some 
 others, therefore the more credit may be 
 givtMi thereto. 
 
 Mention is already made of what happened 
 in September, 167.5, lo the company belong- 
 ing to a sloop and two boats that went up 
 Casco bay to gather corn, upon lliut accident 
 it is said divers Indiiins on the east side of 
 Kennebeck river repaired to their fort at To- 
 lonnoi'k, (a place higherup in lliecounlry be- 
 yond Kennebeck and Sliee|iscot river) wli(!re 
 was an English trading house : and the In- 
 dians eastward of said river, had as yet done no 
 harm lo any of the English, yet did Ciipt. 
 Sylvaniis Davis, agent for Major Clarke and 
 Ciipl. Lake of Hoslon upon these overtures 
 ihiiik fit lo fetch down the powder and shot 
 with other goods from the said trading house, 
 telling the Indians by the messeiigersent up, 
 he would have them come down and live be- 
 low in that river to lake off jealousies, and 
 tint he would then supply them with what 
 W:is needful. — Hut the messenger told them 
 in case they would not come down and de- 
 liver up their arms the English would kill 
 Ihem. lie that »rn<hth a matiiige hi) the 
 hand of afoul, gailh Solomon, cuttcth off the 
 
 ,fi'ff, und (Irinketk iLimiiifc. 'I'liis message I 
 delivered by him as he afiiTwarils confessed,] 
 but who put it into his mouth, or whether it 
 was the device of liis own heart does not at 
 present concern us to iiiipiiie, but the dainiige 
 that side of tin; couiilry had siislaiiied theieliy 
 is not easy to recount j for upon this threaten- 
 ing message the Indians forsook their lint and 
 went further eastward and sent to .Tohii's 
 river, and to the sea side, to get all the In- 
 dians they could together to come up Penob- 
 scot river. 
 
 A gentleman who nt that time lived at Pcm- 
 muqiiid, a kind of superinlendant over the af- 
 fairs of that place, considering the sad stale 
 things were running iiito,'laboured to obtain a 
 parley with the said Indians, or with some of 
 them, which after much trouble and cost he 
 did accomplish. But in the meantime, such 
 was the violence used by some refractory En- 
 glish in those parts, that ihey could scarce be 
 restrained from offering violence to the per- 
 sons he sent up as messengers, and others 
 that lived <piietly amongst ihem, and did also 
 as violently set themselves up to oppose him or 
 any others that acted with more moderiition 
 than the rest ; protesting against them as tliosi^ 
 who, for gain, sup|)!ied the Indians with pow- 
 der and shot, and said they would kill any In- 
 dian they met; others at Monhiggon oll'ered 
 five [louiids for every Indian that should be 
 brought, yet would not these jiersons that 
 were so violent against the Indians in tlieirdis- 
 course, be persuaded then or afterwards to 
 light ihe Indians in an orderly way, as ap- 
 peared both by their security in not acting 
 better upon their guard, and by their sudden 
 flight afirrwards, running away, like a flock 
 of sliee|) at the barking of any little dog. 
 Things being in this posture, what could be 
 expected lint a present war with llie Indians, 
 allhougli as it seems there wiire fi3W or none to 
 be found willing to manage it in those parts. 
 However, the person af^iresaid nndersland- 
 iiig the general court at Hoston had appointed 
 a council of war at Kennifbeck, applied him- 
 self to them, laying before them the des[ierate 
 state things were fallen into ; whereupon they 
 issued out warrants to restrain all mariner of 
 persons meddling with the Indians without 
 further orders, which within a few days 
 should be had. In the meanliine the sa- 
 chems of the Indians met at Pemmaqiiid, 
 where after many complainls made of the 
 hard dealing of the Hnylisli in Kennebeck ri- 
 ver, they came to terms of peace, promising 
 to keep true friemlship with the English, ami 
 to hiiuler thi! Amoscon'i.rin Indiiins f'rnrii med- 
 illiiig with the English, if tiy any means they 
 could, and also to return peaceably in the 
 spring of the year. This gi'iilleiimn afore- 
 said, having a loiigtimi' wanted to uo to Hus- 
 ton, was willing to take the opportunity of 
 the present winter, hoping things were now 
 pretty well settled in those parts bitween the 
 Indians and the English, found soon after that 
 he was cited thither to answer some rem- 
 plaints, though ill grounded, fiir selling pow- 
 der and shot lo ihi- Indians contrary to or- 
 der. But those false opinions being easily 
 blown away by his iippearance at Boston, and 
 having despatched his business there, he re- 
 turned before the v inter was over to Pem- 
 maqniil, where hearing of a vessel thai inten- 
 ded lo take Indians in those parts and carry 
 them to market, which ho had many strong 
 
 reasons to believe, (it being no hard matter 
 to surprise many such, that siispecling no 
 fraud, would ..•asily be entice,! abnard a ves- 
 sel to trade, or may be lo drink liiiuor) .sent 
 lo both the master and the company, if they 
 hail any such intent, to fiirbear, seeing those 
 Indians wei'o at peace with iis ; iinil llkewi-e 
 to the Iniiiins, to infiirm iheni of such a ves- 
 sel, and to beware thereof; but yet it seems 
 the master and company took .several Indians 
 eastward, who were also at peace with ns, 
 and to our great sorrow sliippi^d them on 
 board for a market. 
 
 The winter being now over, the nl^irenien- 
 tioiied agent of Peiiinia<piid went lo a ineeiing 
 of the Indians eastward, to persuade lliriii of 
 the country's willingness to continue a peace 
 with them. They seemed very joyful thereat, 
 and in flie spring brought some piesenls lo 
 confirm the peace, and lolliat end also deliv 
 ered up an English captive boy lo those of 
 Keniieneck. — But when the siiniinercanie on, 
 the said Indians having lilierly to visit ilieir 
 friends as they used to do, they missed many 
 of them who had in iIk! winter been perfiii- 
 ioiisly carried away, anil as is related, they 
 fell into a rage iiijainst the English, niaking 
 complainllhereof lolhesaid agent, Mr. Earthy 
 .Mr. Richard Oliv<'r, and others. They were 
 told means should be usei. fir briiigiiiL: those 
 back again which had been so tians|)oiteo. 
 Those lo whom the coinpla nt was maile did 
 scarce believe it to be true, not having heard 
 thereof from any other ham. and probably 
 hoping none, especially afiersiirh solemn war- 
 ning, would deal so perlidioiislv wth hea'hens, 
 to lay such a stmnbling block lirfiire liieni. 
 
 The Indians being certain of the thing dope, 
 could not be easily pacified, lieing lil<e» ise in- 
 censed against the English liir wiilihoid'ng 
 the trade of powder and .shot the last w inter, 
 saying they were frighted from their corn the 
 last winter, by the people about Kennebeck, 
 insomuch that many i I (hem died in tiieliillovv - 
 iiig winliT fiir want of powder, and where- 
 with lo kill venison and fowl ; adding willial 
 that if the Ein;lisli were their friends, thi'V 
 would not suffer ihem to die fir want ihereol'. 
 However, the said agent making the best he 
 could of a bad cause, used all means lo pacify 
 the complainants, .ind lo that end |ironiiseil 
 them that if they would meet Witli any of the 
 .Vmoscogiiin Indians (who h:id all along the 
 bitterest enmity against the English) he wonl.l 
 give them a meeting to treat in onli'r to a 
 peace. Major Waldern liavlni.'- already conclu- 
 ded a peace with the Piscataiiua and (^asco 
 Indians, and bv that means, iftliey could con- 
 clude the like peace with the .Aincscoggiii 
 men (that could not yet be found) there would 
 be a general peace with all the Indians east- 
 ward of Pisrataipni, which the Indiiins that 
 were present at this discourse seemed very 
 joyful at. Yet still by one fital accident nr 
 another, jealousies still seemed to increase 
 in their minds, or else the fiirmer inpiiies be- 
 gan lo boil afresh in their spoils, and not being 
 easilv digested, whatever had been said nr 
 done lo allay the olfelisiveness thereof .Sior 
 after comes a po«t from Totomiock, to desire 
 him lo repair thither according lo his promise, 
 where they lohl him he should meet .Sipnin- 
 ihi, and divers .\mo»copi.'in sachems, aid 
 the Miii; was sent post to fetch the said Sqan. 
 do. This gentleman mindful of his promise, 
 went with the post to Kennebeck, finding 
 
 
 
 mmmmm 
 
073 
 
 THE TNnFAN WARS. 
 
 rf I'! 
 li 
 
 1 
 
 Capt. Ldki) lit Ills liouso in Arowaick. It 
 win jii(lj^(!il Mii'oi tliiit Cnpt. Sylvaniis Diivia 
 should ({<> vvilli liiin, wllli iiHtnictloiia Iniiii 
 thucoiiiicil tlioii siitiiii; ill Klmiiii!1h,'c1<, iiow to 
 carr^' (in tlu'ir tiviity. Aftiir tlicy liuil gcini! 
 part oi' llu) way towarJa TotciiMKick, tlii'V 
 
 fiirm,' to III! lillijiisll llDIISI', wllLTC lilCV Vfl'I't! 
 
 tolil lliat >;ri'al JfalKUsie.H (ifilt'Ccit in t[ii.> lii- 
 iliaiM wiTo ii|iiiii tlitsir spirits, from what tla-y 
 liaii licuril of Mug, ami Turuinkin, an Amos- 
 ci)j;s;iM saeliein. Going fiirtliur, to a place 
 called Kedoiiufiook, tliey met with Inuiaiis, 
 who were very shy of telling ihetn any thing ; 
 which addiid to their former intiinalion greatly 
 increased their fears ; but being ri^solved on 
 their voyage, they proceeded in their way 
 thither, yet falling sliort of the place on pur- 
 pose, that tliey might tiiiiah their business with 
 them the next day. When they came to tlieii- 
 fort, they were saluted with a volley of slsct, 
 then brought into a wigwam where their sa- 
 clienis were : Madockawuiido sat as a chief, 
 who now stiles himself their minister. Being 
 set in council, they made Asaiminasijua tlieir 
 speaker, whoso n(hipted son was the said Ma- 
 dockawando : He told them it was not their 
 custom, if any came ai meaaengers to treat 
 with them, to aei/.e upon their persons, .assonie- 
 timos the .Mohawks diil with sucli as hud been 
 sent to them : Captain Davis and the other 
 gentleman, told them tliL-reiii they dealt like 
 men : answer was presently maile tiiem, you 
 (iid otherwise by our miMi, when foiirteim 
 came to treat with you, you set a guard over 
 them, and took away their guns; aiiil not only 
 go, iiut a second time you required our guns, 
 and demanded us to come dosvn unto you, or 
 else you would kill us, which was the cause 
 of our leaving both our fort and our corn to 
 our grea', loss. 
 
 It was without doubt no small troiilile to their 
 minds, in a treaty with those pagans, firrc tliri 
 piitiiUxe, iiad mm potuis.iv rr/i//i : Vet to put 
 the best constructions that might be on such 
 irregular actions, which couhi not wi'll be jus- 
 'irted, they told them the persons who had so 
 done, were not within the govi'rnineiif, and 
 therefore, though they could not tall them to 
 an account for so acting, yi't they diil utterly 
 disallow thereof; we sent for you to I'einnia- 
 quid, and treated you kindly, and kept you, 
 ns you know, from the violence of the Ivig- 
 iiah; t)in Indians replied, we do but iirlorin 
 you, and will treat further in the al'lL'rnoon ; 
 but when the afternoon came, our two mea | 
 sengors told them their biisinesa was to mat' 
 with the Amoacoggin sachema, and thai thev 
 were sorry Scjuaiiiio was not there ; then hav- 
 ing confirmed peace with those easlward In- 
 dians they entreated the Ainnscoggin men to 
 speak, who likewise urged Tarumkin, the 
 cliief Amoacoggin sachem to apeak, who after 
 some pause said he had been to the westward, 
 where he had found many Indians unwilling 
 for peace ; but says I found three sacliems 
 (v;hom he named though those ho spake to 
 knew them not) willing to have peace ; and 
 for my own part I am willing for peace, and 
 gave them his hand with protestation of his 
 continuing in friendship ; so did seven oreight 
 more of the Amoscoggin men ; whose names 
 they took, of whom Rlug and Robinhood's son 
 were two. After this Maihickawando asked 
 them what they should do for powder and 
 shot, when they liad eat up their Indian corn, 
 wr.ul they g^iould do for tho winter, for their 
 
 hunting voyages f asking withal, whether they 
 would have them die, or leave their country, 
 and go nil over to the French I Our mesaen- 
 ger.s told him they would do what ihcy could 
 witii the governor; aonn: might be allowed 
 them Cir necessity : He said they liudwaiteil 
 long already, and therefore would have them 
 now, say V''a or nay, whether they should 
 have powder, as formerly or not 1 Our mes- 
 sengers then replieil, you yourselves say 
 many of the western Indians would not have 
 peace, and ihendbro if we sell you powder, 
 and give it to the western men, wliat do we 
 but cut our own throats 1 Adding further, it 
 isnot in our power without leave, if youshould 
 wait ten years moro, to let you have powder; 
 at which words they seemed much to bo offen- 
 ded. 
 
 But yet tho next day tliey resolved to go 
 down with them and speak with tho western 
 men, thereby, if it might be, to stop their fur- 
 ther proceedings. 
 
 So going down with tliom tlie next day, 
 they met with some Indians who had got 
 strong liipior, with whom tliey fell a drink- 
 ing ; our messengers stayed at two places 
 for thi'm, and finding that still they tarried 
 behind, not knowing what further to do, lliey 
 went home, it being tliu sixth day of the 
 week ; but the next night save mie, news 
 came to Keiinebeck, that the Indians had kil- 
 led divers English in Casco, although It was 
 not yet known at Peinmaciuid : Upon this 
 news Capt. Davis sent out one sentinel tho 
 next night ; tho rest (snch was their security) 
 went all to bed, ami in the morning were all 
 like Laish surprised : Thus might it be said 
 Inmilaiinl JEvtlcn nommo (.sinn) vinoq ; te- 
 piiltam. The particulars of the surprising of 
 Kennebeck, and Arowalck house, are thus re- 
 lated by such as we ••■ I'cijuaintijil therewith. 
 
 Upon the 13tli of August, JG76, several 
 Indians repaired in the evening to tho liouse 
 of Mr. Ilamnioiid, an ancient inhabitant, and 
 trader with the Indiansiipon Kennebeck river, 
 his dangliter, or a maid that was servant in 
 the lioiisi', either naturally afraid of the na- 
 tives, or else frtun soini'tliing she observed in 
 the countenance or carriage, manifested so 
 inui-li fear, as made her run out of the house 
 to hide herself in some place abroad; the In- 
 dians perceiving it, the more to dissemble 
 their tfi'acherv, ran after her and brought lier 
 into the house, telling her, (although they 
 could not |iersuade her to believe) that there 
 was no reas(ui to be afraid of them ; presently 
 afier more of the barbarous villains coming 
 into the house, slie grew more afraiil than be- 
 line, being now mine strongly persuaded that 
 they came on purpose to kill or surpiisi! those 
 in the fimily, whereupon she suddenly made 
 an escape out of the house, and presently 
 passed into a field of Indian corn, whereby 
 she might the better avoid tho danger of any 
 pursuer, and so run across over tlie land that 
 night, ten or twelve miles, to give them no- 
 tice that lived at Sheepscot river; it is said 
 that after she got out, she heard a noiso in 
 the house as if they were fighting or scuffing 
 within doors; liut sho did not count it wis- 
 dom to go back and seo what tho matter was, 
 knowing before enough of their villainies, 
 how well soever lier mistress (that was more 
 versed in tho trade of tiio Indians) might 
 think of them. Thoao of Sheepscot taking 
 this warning, escaped away as soon as tliey 
 
 could, leaving their cattle and ilwellings iiii a 
 prey to the Indians. What befil niaater 
 Ilainmond and his family, is not yet certain- 
 ly known: Krports pass lip and down, that 
 some who came ilown the river atierward <, 
 saw some of the ileinl stripped upon the bank 
 of tho river, which make us fear the worst 
 concerning all the rest ; for certainly the 
 whole ilimily, l(i in number, were all iit that 
 tiino either killed or carried away captive, 
 none savo tho maid aforesaid beii.g known 
 to make an escape to inform their friends, 
 like Job's messengers, what ijofel tiiu rest of 
 tho family. 
 
 Tho Indians having in this manner surpri- 
 sed Mr, Hammond's houao, they pased down 
 the river the same night, but going by anoth- 
 er house, they meddled not willi the people, 
 only turned their canoes adrift, that lliey 
 might not find means afterwards to escape 
 themselves, or help others so to do: Possibly 
 their chief aiming at Arowsick house, they 
 would not for fear of being discovered make 
 any attempt U[)on a place near by; whert'- 
 Ibre the 11th of August, very early in tho 
 morning, having in the night, or before break 
 of day, passed over on the island called Arow- 
 sick; several of them undiscovered lay hiil 
 under the walls of the fort, and behind a griMl 
 rock near adjoining, till the sentinel was genu 
 from his place (who went olT it seems sooner 
 than he should, considering the danger) when 
 presently some Indians followed him in al 
 tho fort gate (as smiie repmt) while others of 
 them immediately seized the port-holes there- 
 of and stiot down all they saw passing up and 
 down within the walls, and so in a little tiino 
 became masters of the fort, and all that was 
 within it: Capt. Lake, joint owner with .Ma- 
 jor Clark of the whole island, hearing the 
 bustle that was below betwixt the Indians and 
 those that belonged to the place, was strange- 
 ly surprised, yet himself with ('apt. .Sylvanus 
 Davis and two inm'e, iinderstaiidiiig that the 
 Indians had seized the fort, and killed divers 
 of the liiigiish, apprehending it bootless, or 
 rather heartless to stay, as not being able to 
 stand iipcin their guard or make any resist- 
 ance, made a shift to find a passage mit of 
 the back door, wliereby they escapcil to the 
 water siile, where they finind a canoe, in 
 which they all entered, and made away 'oward 
 another island near by : This was not done 
 so secretly but tin; Indians discerned them be- 
 forn tliey were gone fir: four of them there- 
 fore hasliul after those that hail escaped in an 
 other canoe, and coming within shot dischar- 
 gi^d their guns upmi them, whereby said Da- 
 vis was badly wounded ; yet making haste, 
 ns they generally use to do that fly fiir their 
 livi'S, timor iiihlidit itln.i, they got ashore be 
 foro the Indians overtook them ; it isaaid they 
 were strangely dispirited, or v\si: they might 
 easily have defended themselves against theii 
 pursuers : but when once men's hearts are 
 sunk with fear and diacoiiragement upon a 
 sudden surprisal, it is hard to liuoy tliein np, 
 to make any resistance, dipt. Davis being 
 badly wounded, could neither trust to his legs 
 to fly, nor yet make use of his hands to fight, 
 yet was strangely preserved: Providence di- 
 recting him to go into tho cleft of a rock near 
 by the place where he first hinded ; the Indi- 
 ans liy the glittering of the sunbeams in their 
 eyes as they camo naliore, did not discern him; 
 so tiiat lying hid under the covert of tho hand 
 
I iitiJ (Kvi'Hiiigs iiR n 
 W'liut licl'il iimstiT 
 ', is not yrt ci'iliiiii- 
 ii|> itritl J(j\vii, tliiit 
 ic^ livi'i' iilirrwiinl*, 
 ■i|i|ic(l iijKin till- liiink 
 i; iiH I'l.'ar tin' \viii-.-*t 
 lor ciiriaiiily tlic 
 Ix'f, wciu (ill lit llml 
 Tried iiwuy rii|ilivi-, 
 rt'suiil Ix'ii.^ known 
 nl'urni tlit'ir iViond.'i, 
 Imt ijL'fol tiie real of 
 
 1 lliis iniiniiiT snrpri- 
 sn, (iii'V I'usod (liiwii 
 lit p>ini; by iiniitli- 
 not wiili tlio ]»'i>jili', 
 H iidill't, lliut tiicy 
 I'tiTWiirds to t'srapo 
 s so to do: Possilily 
 rowsick house, liu'y 
 nf^ discovered iiiako 
 CO near hy ; wliere- 
 very early in llio 
 i^lit, or liel'ore lireak 
 e island called Aro« - 
 ndisooviM-ed lay iiiil 
 •t, and lieliind a great 
 le sentinel was gono 
 It ofT it seems sooner 
 ni; tlie dan^'er) when 
 followed him in at 
 i>orl) while others of 
 tlio port-holes ttiere- 
 V saw passini; np imd 
 lid so in a little tiino 
 rt, and all that was 
 lint owner with .Ma- 
 island, )ieariii<^ tho 
 twixt till! Indians and 
 le place, « as slraiif^'e- 
 with Ciipl. Sylvaniia 
 iderstaiidinj; thai the 
 Ml, and killed divers 
 iiiliiig it liodiless, or 
 iM not lieiiig alilu to 
 or make any reslsl- 
 id II passaj^e out of 
 thi'v esca|)ed to tins 
 found a canoe, in 
 id made away 'owanl 
 This was not done 
 s discerned tliein lie- 
 ; limr of lliem there- 
 at liad escaped in an 
 within shot dischar- 
 n, wherehy said Da- 
 ; yet inakiiii; haste, 
 1 do lliiit (ly tiir their 
 they j^ot asliori; ho 
 lliein ; it issaid lliey 
 I, or else they inifjhl 
 mselvos ajjainst theii 
 no men's liearls are 
 i)nra>.'ement upon a 
 I'd to buoy them up, 
 dipt. Davis heiiiy 
 i'itlier trust to his lej^s 
 of his hands to rij.'ht, 
 ved : Providence di- 
 ) cleft of n rock near 
 rst landed ; the Indi- 
 lip siiiiheams in their 
 , did not discern liino; 
 lio covert of tlio haiid 
 
 A NARRATIVE OF 
 
 073 
 
 of Providence for two days, liu at lust craw hid 
 u lilllo ahove the waterside, till he ((iiind n ca- 
 noe, wherehy he escaped witli his life. The 
 other two were lietU'r fooliiien, and partiii}^ 
 with ('apl. Lake, made their esca|)ii ten or 
 twelve miles to the firther end of the island, 
 and so esciipiNl from I ho Indians, till they found 
 ineaiu to gi^l oil'. Poor Capl. Luk(!, who a 
 fi.'W lioiirs liefore sh-pt ipiietly in his mansion 
 house, surrounded with ii slroiiij fortification, 
 defended with many soldiers, is now forced 
 to tly away with iioni! to uttend him; and as 
 the awful hand of Providence ordered thiiif^s, 
 was as sonii! say, pursued hy such Indians as 
 were mere straiif^ers to the place, that knew 
 not llie master from the man, liiit hy one of 
 whom he was shot down, as is siipposivi soon 
 after he came ashore: Ijieul. Davis heard two 
 (jiins, hy wlii<'li it was thoii'^ht and soon after 
 was known lo lie hy an Indian, wJ!:; halli since 
 confessed III ('apt. Davis tliat '.le shot him that 
 tlay Arowsick was taken, which he intended 
 mil lo have done, hut that he held up liis pis- 
 tol afjaiiist him, whereas if he had hut asked 
 ipiarler, he should hav<! hud his life. Cajit. 
 Lake was slain at that time, iilllioii<;h many 
 hopes were for some time entertained that he 
 was taken alive, and kept with other captives 
 anioni;st the Indians; and it is said the In- 
 iliaiis of those parts did not intend to kill him 
 if they could have helped it : hut it was 
 known his hat was seen upon an Indian's li<!ad 
 not 101141; after, wliich maile his friends con- 
 clude what had hefallen that good man, who 
 niii'lil emphalicidly lie so termi'd, in distinc- 
 tion from them thai may truly he called just 
 men and no more : For it seems according lo 
 the just agreement lietwixt hiinselfandhis part 
 owner of Arowsick Island, it was notliis turn 
 this yeiirto have heen upon the place, but such 
 was his goodness, that he yielded lo the desire 
 of his friend and partner, as in his room and 
 stead to lake upon himself that service in ihis 
 lime of danger; it is hoped his goodness in 
 future time will not be forgollen by such ns 
 w ere liiiy way concerned therein, or had ad- 
 vaiitagi! thereliy. 
 
 This island (called Arowsick, from an In 
 dian so named that formerly possessed it, am. 
 of whom it was purchased by one Mr. Uich- 
 ards, who sold it lo ('apt. Lake and .M,i|or 
 Cliike) lies up ten miles within the month of 
 Kenneheck river; it is some miles in Kuiglli 
 iiiid contains many llioiisand acri's of very 
 good land ; where meadow and arable ground 
 are in a good proportion well suited togeth- 
 er. Within the fort aforesaid, were many 
 convenient liiiililinu's for several ollicers, as 
 well fir wares and trailing, as hahitations : six 
 several edilices are said to have been there 
 erected. The warehouse at that lime was 
 well furnished with all sorts of goods ; be- 
 sides n mill and other accomnilatioiis and 
 dwellings, wilhiiia mile of the fort and man- 
 sion house; some inhabilants of which hard- 
 ly made their escape upon the first surprisal 
 of the fort. 
 
 All which considered, the loss that befel 
 the proprietors at the surprisal of this island, 
 seems to be very great, valiii'd at inaiiy thou- 
 sands; but those that were the owners, with 
 others of late times, hmo fouiiil from ihi-lr 
 own experience, what Solomon said of old, 
 lliere is a lime lo get, and a lime lo lose, a 
 lime to keep and a lime lo ca«l away ; a linie 
 to break down as well as a time to build up. 
 41 
 
 Till! persons killeil and taken at Kenneheck,' English removed lo .lewell's island, wlierp 
 at Mr. Ilammoiid's and Hi Arowsick, are said ihey hoped to be more secure! from the In- 
 
 to be .Vi, jdiaiis, but the barbarous enemy finding se little 
 
 Upon the! report of the sail disaster, all the I resislanre made agaiiisl them on the main 
 
 plantations of liie lOnglish in thus.' parts were ' land, a consiilerable party of them came wiih 
 
 soon after left, and liirs.ikeii by degrees. All llieir canoes lo destroy the island, also, iiliont 
 
 rees, 
 the rest of the inhahilunts of l'Lenii(;hei:k ri- 
 ver, Sheepscot river, ^Sagadallock, niiil Da- 
 maiiicottee, li'aring to be served in the same 
 way, lied to the islands of cape liunawagon 
 anil Damsril's cove. 
 
 On the second day at iiiglil a post was 
 sent to PeinmaquiJ to inform them of what 
 had happened, who being but eight or ten 
 men, had a mind to go on the island railed 
 .Monhiggon, having secured the best of their 
 goods, but the wind taking them short, they 
 were forced to turn into Daniaril's <:ove 
 where they found .Mr. Wiswall, and .Mr. t^il- 
 licot; there they laboured two days lo .settle 
 a garrison; hut through the mutinous dispo- 
 sition of the people, and the want of provi- 
 sion nothing could be done lo secure the Is- 
 land, so lliiit it was soon desertiid. From 
 thence they went lo Monhiggon, resolviii" 
 there to tarry till they heard from IJostoii, 
 from whenci! Mr. Collicott and Mr Wiswall 
 promised to do their utmost endeavour to 
 send li(!lp. There they settled three guards 
 and appointed 25 lo watch eviiry night not 
 knowing but that the Indians iiiight come 
 every hour. l5ulcoiitinuliig there a fortnight, 
 and Knding no relief like to come, and seeing 
 all the i!ouiitry burnt round about, (for after 
 tliey liail got all that could ho saved from 
 Pi!mmii(piiil, they saw all the other islands, 
 Windgin's, (^irbin's sound, New-Harbour, 
 and Peinmai|iild, all on tire in two hours 
 time) then considering what was best to be 
 done, they found no boats could be sent to 
 sea for fear of weakening the Island, and that 
 most of those who were on it were .itrangers, 
 coasters, and such as c:ame from the main and 
 ready to he gone upon every occasion, they 
 laid an embargo for one week; after which a 
 letler-'.vas received from Major Clarke, desi- 
 ring iheir assistance in liKpilrlng after dipt. 
 Lake, if alive, saying, what could be had at 
 ICenni!lieck, &c. but intimating nothing of 
 any help like lo come; besides, those that 
 lironght the letter told them it was in vain to 
 expect any help from Uoslon, it being ipies- 
 tioneil there what ihey had lo do with those 
 parts. I'pon which liie inhabitants consid- 
 ered, that if ihey should tarry there iiiid spiuid 
 all their provision and neither bi! alile to go 
 to sea, nor yet lo live or be safe ash ire for 
 want of help, it were brlti'r for llnni to re- 
 move while they had something to live upon, 
 and seek ein|iloynienl elsewhere; so by con- 
 sent thev resolved forthwith lo transport them- 
 selves and what they hud savi'd nf their goods, 
 to some place of security, so ihey sailed the 
 first opportunity, some fir Piscatai|iia, some 
 for Hoston, and some for Salem, at one of 
 which places they all safely arrived. 
 
 Having thus escaped at first, as Lot out of 
 Sodom, bill not counting themselves safe in 
 that Zoar, where for a lillle while they made 
 out lo hide their heads, till they might escape 
 to some sure place, there waiting for belter 
 times, when they may with peace and ijuiel- 
 
 three Weeks after I he aiiiremenlioned misihlefs. 
 
 There was a fortilied house upon the said 
 Island, where the English that either kept 
 upon the island, or repaired thither, hoped to 
 secure themselves. I5iit at that time the In- 
 dians assaulted the place many of the English 
 were ahseni, and few left in the garrison but 
 women and children. Some were gone to 
 other places lo fetch Indian corn, others wero 
 in a boat employed about Hsh, amongst 
 whom was one Kichard Pols willi two more. 
 The wife of said Pols was washing by ihe 
 water side where she was surprised with her 
 children; and carried awny in sight of her hus- 
 band, who WHS not a Utile distressed at that 
 lad spectacle, but was incapable of afrording 
 any relief either lo his wife or children. One 
 of the Utile innocents espying his flilher in the 
 boat, ran into the water, calling out for 
 help ; but an Indian was running after him to 
 catch him up; the poor man in great agony, 
 liiMiig within uun shot, was about to fire upon 
 the Indian, tint learlii:; he might wound or per- 
 haps kill his child, which the villain had sei- 
 zed and was carrying ofl", he forbore, choosing 
 rather lo have him carried away alive, than 
 expose him lo the loss of his life or limbs, by 
 shooting at llie Indian. 
 
 It is said some of the Indians wero killed 
 hy those in the [.'arrisoii; it is mentioned that a 
 lad at one shot killed two or three of them; 
 some guns were found afterwards under the 
 fort, which were supposed to have belonged 
 lo some of the liiillaiis thai were killed. Some 
 that were abroad when the f irt was assaulted, 
 desperately broke in tliroiigli tlie Indians, 
 whereby at the last many p(!op|e were pre- 
 served. — Some Hying away to .lewell's is 
 land, in a canoe toward Klchinonil's islaiiil, 
 met with a ketch, to which they made known 
 the distress the people wi're in, tliereu|ion 
 went lo the place and look all the people they 
 found there, and carried lliem oil' to a place 
 of more sali'ly. Vet there were several per- 
 sons said to be killed and carried away at 
 that time, vi/. three men, who were known 
 to he killed, two woman and two children llial 
 are supposed to be yet alive, though in the 
 enemy's power. 
 
 From thence they went lo .Spurwinks, 
 where they assaulted one place, or more, and 
 carried another away capli\'e. .■Vinon^st thosi* 
 that were in danger of surprisal, one that 
 I'liiild not run hid himself In a ganleii of cab- 
 liiiLTes, so that he was not fiiiiid, yet was very 
 near theni, tiir he overheard sc!veral ipiestioiis 
 they asked him they took ; by which me, ins 
 he was the better enabled aflerv.ard to pre- 
 vent the danger two more were coming into, 
 lor the poor fellow ihey hiul taken, told them 
 t hat one ( ■endalaiid another man, were to come 
 that way by and liy ; whereupon this man that 
 hidiiimself, meeting (iendal and the other man, 
 gave them notice of the danger, whereby they 
 were delivered out of the snare for that timr. 
 
 hat; 
 
 ilalions, or seel 
 
 iiess return to their former 
 some oilier elsewhere. 
 
 When the afoii'sald exploits were done bv 
 the Indians about Casco bay, several of the 
 
 Not hi 
 
 nfier Mr. (leiidal fell into their 
 
 hands as shall hereafter he relalei 
 
 With 
 
 in It 
 
 while afier the siime time, another fatal acci- 
 dent befel six or seven persons beloinjlng to 
 Ciisco: For upon the '-i'ld of September, some 
 
674 
 
 THE INDIAN WARS. 
 
 I Hi- 
 
 norsdtiii ihat Ix^liiiif^od to u slonp nnd a bIibI- 
 jop, that worn pressed iiitu the servico (hih! 
 roiiHon iifwliinli was to prevent their strni;- 
 glini^, they lieiiiH; persens that helinisjecl tii 
 those parts ahniit ('iisco) wen? ovit di'siroiis 
 ti) 8avi! SDiiK! ril'iheir previsioii, lo which end 
 they first inaile their address to C'apt. Ha- 
 thorne, (under whom they were ordered to 
 ■orve) desirini^ they might he rch^ased ; tlie 
 captain told them he could not do it, hut (h>si- 
 nul them to have patiunro for a whih' ; 
 they told him they must and would go, else 
 their families would starve at home ; the eap- 
 tain told theui furtlier of the danger, and lud 
 them not stir at their peril. However, go 
 they would, and soon after went to .Mount- 
 joy's island to fetch sheep where they landed 
 seven men ; hut the Indians fell upon them, 
 when they hetook themselves to the ruins of 
 A stone house, where tlipy defeniled them- 
 selves as long ns they could ; hut at last 
 they were all destroyed either with stones 
 cast in up(m them or with the iMiemii^s' shot, 
 except one who, though at the first it was ho- 
 peil his wounds wert; nut mortal, yet soon after 
 dieil thereof. AinoTigst these sviisone (teorge 
 Felt, much lamented, who had heon more 
 active than any mau in those parts against the 
 Indians, hut at last he lost his own life amongst 
 them, in this too desperate adventure. 
 
 The Indians growing more hold by these 
 attempts in those remote places, drew down 
 nearer towards Piscataqua, for tint long after 
 a party of them came upim capo Nidduck 
 where they killed and carried away all the in- 
 liahilants of a few scattering houses, to the 
 numher of seven in all ; and such was their 
 savage cruelty exercised in this place, as is 
 not usual to he heard of, for having clashed 
 out the hrains of a poor woman that gave suck, 
 they nailed the young child to the dead body 
 of his mother, which was found sucking in 
 that awful manner, when the people came to 
 the place. The day oefore a man and his 
 wife were killed at Wells, and two more soon 
 after. On the I'-ith of October following near 
 100 of the Indians maile an r.ssault upon Black 
 point, all the inhabitants being gathered into 
 one fortified place upon that point, which a 
 few hands might have defemlod ; but as it 
 seems one called Mus.';.', was the leader of the 
 Indians, one that had from a chilil been well 
 acquainted with the English, and had liveil 
 some years in English families, who thouirh 
 a cuiuiing fellow, and had succi-ediid mucii in 
 his attempts, but as this time shewed more 
 courtesy to the English, than according to for- 
 mer outrages could bo expected t'rom any of 
 those barbarous miscreants, arid was williritr 
 to make offer of a treaty to Mr. .losselin, chief 
 of the garrison, to whom the said MuiTg prom- 
 ised liberty for all that were there to ch-part 
 with their goods upon the surrender of the 
 
 1>lace : The said .losselin reports that wlien 
 le came back from his treating with Mugg, 
 that all the people were fied away out of the 
 garrison, having carried away their goods by 
 water before his return, insomuch that having 
 none but his househoM servants to stand by 
 him, he was capable of making no resistance, 
 and so surrenderifd. 
 
 When people liave once been frighted with 
 reports and sense of danger, they are ready to 
 fly away like a hare before the hunter or his 
 hounils; one of the itilnbitants of the place 
 affirmed he saw 2.'>0 Indians, which was muru 
 
 by an hundred than any body else ever saw 
 near the fort. Mut when a place is consigned 
 to ruin, every thing they take In hand shall 
 tend that way. 
 
 The loss of Mlack i)oint was ncconipaiiied 
 wilh anotliiT sad accident that liappeni'd about 
 thesame time at Richmond's island: Koryoung 
 Mr. Fryer, wilh s<une others at Piscataqua, to 
 whom it seemed grievous that the Indians 
 should make all that spoil in every place in 
 those plantations, ventured, upon the great 
 importunity of .Mr. (Jendal, with a ketch, to 
 try what they could save of such things as the 
 Indians lia<l left; but things were so ordered, 
 that bi'forc they had loailed their ketch, com- 
 ing too near the stage head, they presently 
 found themselves in danger of a surprisal; for 
 part of their company being ashore, seized by 
 the Indians, or in danger tluTeof, whiuu thev 
 were not willing to leave behinil ; and besides 
 the wind blowing in hard upon them they 
 coidil not g<!t out of the harbour, but were for- 
 lu'd to abide the danger of an assault, the 
 Indians getting many <if them into the stage 
 head, aiuioyed them so fast with thi'ir shot 
 that not a man of them was able to huik above 
 <leck, but he was in dangerof beingshotdown; 
 amongst tli(! ri'st Mr. .fames Fryer venturing 
 too much in view of the enemy, received a 
 wound in his knee, which appeared not dan- 
 gerous at first, but for want of better looking 
 to than could be found amongst that black 
 regiment, into whose hands he soon after fell, 
 it proved mortal unto him within a few days 
 after; he being by a strange accident brought 
 home to his father's house at tlu! great island 
 in Piscataipia. Mr. Fryer Ix'inu tlius woun- 
 ded the rest of the company <lelended them- 
 selves for a while with much courage and 
 resolution till they were l)rought to the sad 
 clioic(? of f.dling into the; hands of one of these 
 three bad masters, the fire, the water, or the 
 barbarous heathen, to whom at last they 
 thought it best to yield in hopes of liberty 
 afterwards, at least of lengthening out their 
 lives a little longer for the Indians had man- 
 ned out a canoe wilh sev(!ral hands to cut 
 their cable, and others stood ready within the 
 defence of the stage head, by whiidi means 
 the Vf.'ssel after the cable was cut, soon drove 
 ashon; ; and then it was threateneil to be 
 pri'sently burnt, if they did not all yield, to 
 which they all at last consiuiti'd. 
 
 The Indians, how barbarous soever in their 
 own nature, yet civilly treated their prisotu!rs, 
 and upon farther discourse sent two of them 
 to Piscataqua, to give; them there an opp(M"tu- 
 nity to ransom their friends. The persons 
 sent honV' to procure a ransom, were to re- 
 turn with such (pnintity of goods as the In- 
 dians had desired, by such a precise; limi'; but 
 they that brought the things for their ransom, 
 coming a ilay or two before the time, when 
 tlmse that sent them was gone up the river at 
 Black point, and not returned: Some other 
 Indians waiting fi)r such an opportunity, sei- 
 zed the goods, at least that part which they 
 most desired, and through mistake, killing one 
 of the three men that brought them, illsmissi'd 
 the other two, without return of the prisoners 
 as was expicted. 
 
 As to what happened afterwards we are 
 yet much in the dark, ami l^ir the present can 
 write but by guess : l''or within a few days 
 afl(!r the return of .Mr. flendal, and the other 
 man thai went lu carry the runsoni, before 
 
 the 1st of November, Mugg himself came to 
 Piscalaepia, briiisiing Mr. .lames Fryer, « hr 
 soon alter died uf his wound ; one of ihi' piis. 
 oni-rs along wilh him complaining that wiili. 
 out his knowledge some of the Indians liiid 
 seized what was sent for the riiiiHoni of the 
 rest, pronusing upon his faith, thai hi- won!.,' 
 make good his word for ihe sending hoini; all 
 the prisoners, and odered also in the name of 
 the other Indians to confirm a ni'W peace with 
 till! English for the future. The innjor gen- 
 eral of the Massachiiselts colony was llien at 
 Piscalaqiia, but not willing to transact a mat. 
 ler of that nature and iniuiient by bis sole iiii- 
 ihorily, ordered ihe said .Mugg (supposed to 
 be the chief leadiT of ihe Indians) to be car 
 ried down to lloston to the governor nnd 
 council there, to conclude the business, wilh 
 whom he soon after agreed iipiui a firm jieacH 
 with the English of Massachusetts, in tho 
 name of Mailockawando the chief of all liio 
 Indians in tlu; easti'rn parts about Penobscot, 
 engaging also to remain himself as liostai,'e, 
 aboard the vessel (in which he was siuit home 
 from Boston, the 21st November followiiiL') 
 until the prisoners (which are saiil to hi; fifty 
 <ir sixty) that lliey have still in iheir hand i bo 
 sent home, and the rest of the articles per- 
 formed; the issue of which we as yet wait to 
 hear in God's good time, this 12th day of 
 December fiillowing, 1()7(), when they there 
 have made an end of the retrkoning, it is ho- 
 ped we may have our rights again. 
 
 Tlii'ri! are two principal actors amoni.'st 
 the Iiiilians that have all along promoied these 
 designs amongst llieiii, one named Si|uanilo, 
 sagamore of .Saco, ainl the aforiunentionid 
 Madockawanilo, the chief commander of the 
 Indians eastward about Piuiobscot, who are 
 said to be by them that know them, a strangB 
 kind of moralized savages; grave and serious 
 in their speech and carriage and not without 
 some show of a kind of religion, which no 
 doubt but they have learned from ihe iirinco 
 of darkness (by help of some papist in those 
 parts) that can transform himself into an an- 
 g<d of light, under that shape the belter lo 
 carry on the designs of his kingdom. |i Is 
 said ilso, they pretcuid to have som<! visions 
 and revelations, bv which they have been 
 commanded to worship ihe great (ioil, iiiuj 
 not to work on ihi; Lord's day. We know 
 where that foiinlain hath its rise, that sendeih 
 forth at the same place sweet and bilter wa- 
 ters; and from whence their hiNirts are inspi- 
 red, that join blessing of God with cursing 
 and killing his servants. 
 
 It is reported by some that came lately 
 from those parts, that the Indians there as yrt 
 
 refuse to Im'. e any | ce with ihe English, 
 
 and will not as yet return any of our capilvi! 
 friends till God speak ID the aforesaid luithii 
 siasis, that are their leaders, tlnit ihey slioiilil 
 no longer make war with us, ami the like. 
 
 But not to trouble ourselves farther with 
 those ministers of Satan, or those that are nc- 
 tiiated by the angelof the boltomless pit, who 
 possibly since their delusions are but twofold 
 more the children of hell than they were be 
 fiire. We know belter how to iindersiand 
 the mind of 'the great Lord :)f heaven and 
 earth, than to depeml on such lying oracles. 
 
 That God who hath at presi.iit turned their 
 hearts lo hate his people, and ileal siibllv 
 wilh his servants, we hope in lime, will either 
 luru ll»o btroum, and ouusu them lo deal 
 
A NARIIATI VK OF 
 
 0TB 
 
 » liinuKrH'cnnic! to 
 itn<'!( FrviT, « lie 
 ; nric of tin' |»r-H- 
 .iinin>; lliiit wiili- 
 
 till- IlllliilllS llllll 
 
 (' riiiisciiri iif llio 
 li, tliiil lie wniili.' 
 .HfMiiliiti; lioMie nil 
 
 •II) ill tin! flllllll' of 
 
 a new jii'iiiM' wltti 
 'I'lio iMiiidr jji'ii- 
 my WHS (lii'ii ut 
 lo tiiinsiirt H milt- 
 lit l>y liii soil! nil- 
 
 |i;rj (sil|ipoHl'(l to 
 
 (liiiiis) III III! ciir 
 
 |]i^ L;i)V("rii()r iinr! 
 
 i(> liiisiiii'^s, will) 
 
 iIKiii n firm [icact) 
 
 sacliiisi'tts. in liio 
 
 • cliirf III' nil llio 
 
 nlx'iit Pi'iiiOi-irot, 
 
 insclf in liostniio, 
 
 \r wiiH sent liimic 
 
 vcmlxT liilldw int') 
 
 iiri" siiiii Id 1)1! (ifiy 
 
 II in llicir liniidi liu 
 
 if till! urlicli'S )i('r- 
 
 I wo ns vol wiiil lo 
 
 , thit 12tli (lay of 
 
 i, win'ii llioy tlicTo 
 
 rcckoiiiiii;, it is lin. 
 
 its np-iiii. 
 
 i!il iirtors nin(inL"*t 
 iiiitr pr.inidlrd lln'>ie 
 H! llllMM'll S(|iiniiilo, 
 111' iirin'cmi'iitidiifil 
 
 CdtlllllillKllT of tin! 
 
 'iMidliscdt, wild nr« 
 idw llu'iii, a slnin^H 
 ; i;ravtMiTi() si'iioiis 
 i;o ami iidt witlicpiit 
 ri'liyion, wliicli no 
 (!rl froin llic ])riii(-() 
 mt! |iii|iist in llidsi; 
 liiinself into an an- 
 
 llU|»! till! l)l'ltl'r lo 
 
 lis kiii<;ildni. It is 
 liiivc sdini! visions 
 •li tlicy liai'r la-rii 
 he tji'i'iit (idil, llllll 
 3 (l:iy. \V(! kniiw 
 
 Is llic, llllll S<!llll('lll 
 
 ■ert and lilllcr «a- 
 eir hearts am iiispi- 
 God with ciirsiiii» 
 
 (■ that came lately 
 Indiuiis lliort! as yi't 
 with till! KiiLllish, 
 aiiv of diir ra[ili\ 
 ;hi' af ircsaid riillni 
 rs, that llii'V shoiilil 
 us, and the like, 
 selves farther with 
 )r those lliat nit! iir. 
 hol'ntnless pit, wlio 
 oils art? hut twofotd 
 than they weri! lie 
 how to undemiaml 
 lOrd :)f heaven and 
 siK'h IV ins; orurle*. 
 pri'si.iit turned tlieir 
 e, and deal suhilv 
 1 in liirie, will either 
 I1U5U lliL'iii tu deal 
 
 friendly and miicerely with his peo|ilu asiiiioii after lie was tiikeii was let go liy the 
 lieri'lotiire, or }^ivo us an opportunity to de- Ireiicliery or e.ireleisiiess of llieiii tliiil held 
 ^ln)y iheiii, hull. I' or when our liirces wiTe ciime with- 
 in till' next pl'ire it remains, that some ai!- in a few miles nfiln- hillier side of disco lniy, 
 i-oiiiil lie i;ivee of our f irees, under (lapl. ILi- oini! of our Naliik liidi.ins iiiuler llliiul Will 
 tliorne, and of llie,r several expedilions into (a Sa^'aincire of I'isealinpri, who went in i om- 
 llie eiiHlerii parts, since the middle of ;;L'|iteiil- Jiaiiy with b of his men, supposed lo lie ^iiiid 
 her last; first up towards ('asco, hy the sea pijols firtiiu places iiioie < a>tward) mel with 
 
 Hide, then afierwiirds through llit! woods, di 
 redly iiortliward, toHiird Ossapy aiui I'ijj- 
 waiuliel, in hopes to liiivo found the enemy ut 
 their head ipiarlers. 
 
 Upon lice lirsl report of ihosu duvnstntiolis 
 and spoils that hid heeii made hy Kri! and 
 swiird in those eastern plaiitaliiins it wasjiid- 
 geil necessary to semi soen! foriu'S that way 
 to pill a stop lo the current o those oiitra- 
 (.'es, hitforij the riiiiaiiidir of llie soiilherii In- 
 dians Could have an opportunity to join with 
 lh(!m: To that end alioiit 1)10 Knglish, with 
 fiirly Inilians, sveio desjiati^hed away into 
 tliosi! parts, under the cominand of Capt. 
 WMliam lialliorne, ('apt. Still, and Cupl. 
 lliinlilif;, who were to jom with such as could 
 hi! raised in tlmse pints, under .Major Wald- 
 erii and (-'apt. Frosl. Afier they had surpri- 
 sed till! Indians that flocked into those parts, 
 (as was related heliire) which was done upon 
 tilt; (lili of .Se|)tt!ml)er, llJVl), ('apt. Ilathoriie, 
 who was cominaiider in chief, marched the 
 forces hy ihe sea side, towards Casco : For 
 lit llllll time ihey wt!r« upon some dtiniur 
 whether to march directly imvardOssapy and 
 I'igwauchet, where the ln!ad t|Uarters of I lie 1 
 eueiiiy was supposed to lie, or else to march 
 direcily toward Casco hay where they heard 
 parties of llie i:iieiiiy were dally spoiling the 
 planlaiioiis of the Knglish; the lust it was 
 judged the most e!(pedii!iit to try if lliey eoiild 
 not meet with some parties of the enemy 
 uinongst those plantations near iho sea side, 
 by liiat means at le.ist to prevent them from 
 doing inure mischief, if they could not liiid an 
 opportunity to fill upon some of them and 
 ilestroy tliem; hiit tiielr time was not yet 
 come, iiiir were all the desolations as yet uc- 
 coiiiplislied, which (iod had a purpose to 
 liriiii,' iiliiiiit hy llieir means: For notwithstan- 
 Aui'^ lliere was a siitlit!it!iit force to have sup- 
 pressed nil llie iiiiinhers iif the enemy, if they 
 li id lieeii maiiv more than they were, yet lie- 
 iiigi!iill)'ilileiied and grown suOlle hy their for- 
 mer siiciesses, lliey had so dispersed lliem- 
 se'ves all aliout the woods ill those parts, that 
 when our forces were in one place, they 
 wuiild lit! in another, and so did much mis- 
 chief ilierealioiits, while diir soldiers wert! out 
 after them; For after they hail liy several 
 steps 111 ten days lime got to ('asco from Ne- 
 wei'liewaiiiiiik (about the Dill of Septeinher) 
 I Lev marched I,) Wells and from Wells to 
 Winter liirhoiir, mid so f'roiii tlierice to Ulack 
 point they passed hy water, and tlieiiarrived 
 111 ('asco hay, ahoiit the :illtli of Septeinher, 
 \el alioiit that very lime were several of the 
 lvii,'lisli cut off at .Moiiiiljoy's ialaiui, and that 
 ill sight of our forces, when they were not 
 al>le lo come at them fiir want of hoalj the 
 island lying two leagues off in the hay; this 
 h.iiilienei 
 
 sdiiiiMif llie enemy, and laid hold of a couple 
 of th(!m ; justice was doiii! to one of them ; 
 lilt! olhiT, although he was led hy two of 
 Itlind Will's Indians, they madt! shift to lei 
 go, who escapini,', got over a river iiiid gave 
 iiolice to the Indians who were on the dllit!r 
 side, and were lieartl lint a lillle l)eli)re 
 threshing in a liiirn that helonged lo Anlhony 
 llracket, whom they had lately surprised. 
 Another disappointment our forc(!S met with 
 ahoiit the same time; for when (!apt. Ha- 
 thoriii! was up ut ('asco hay with his soldiers, 
 he never could coiiii! up with the Indians, 
 either thniugli want of skill in them that were 
 his scouts, or riilher want of faithfulness in 
 one that should have Im-oii hit) guide, who had 
 got his living hy trading with the Indians, 
 llit!ri!f ire seemed unwilling to have the hrood 
 of them deal roy I'd, as was known after wards; 
 and hy that means a party of the enemy 
 capedthe hands of our soldiers. Yet it pleas- 
 ed (lod at mil! time to hring the forlorn of 
 our forces upon a party of the ent!my, who 
 i!Spying the l']nglisli presi-iilly fled away into 
 the Woods like so many wild deers; yi!t oiii! 
 f tht!iii, viz. ,r. Sampson, who had iiuen of 
 the company that killed Roliitison the year 
 hefore, was hy tin- special hand of divine jus- 
 tice, silfTered to fall ity some of our forces ; 
 ho was a very lusty, stout man, and one that 
 was armed with several sorts of weapons. Inn 
 tht!re is no weapon shall defend them whom 
 death liiiih a commission to di!slroy ; there is 
 no rans'.n in that war. The rest of the In- 
 dians that were scatlered ahout Casco hay 
 having discovered our forces made their es- 
 cape; hilt we hope their time is short, and 
 that (tod will find some way to cut off tlit! 
 hloody and ih'ceilfiil enemies of his people. 
 
 and not sillier them to live out half their days. 
 
 Iliit hv one such accident or other, our sol- 
 diers ciiiild iidt meet with any nf lliem that had 
 dont! the mischief in those parts. While our 
 forces lav ahout ('asco hay, a small party of 
 tlieeneiny came down upon the horders ol llie 
 town of Wills, where they lay in atnliusli 
 iit!ar a garrison house at one end of the town, 
 and shot Mr. dames (ioiige from his horse, 
 on Lord's day, .Sept rilth, as he was going 
 home from mei!ting, and then knocked down 
 his wife, giving her several woiinds with their 
 halcheti aliiiut the head, of which she died 
 ill three days nfler. 
 
 The next day, Sept. S-'dh, llie same party, 
 lieing not more than seven in niinilier, weni 
 toward York, and siirpriserl Capt. Nidduck 
 in a most liarharous manner, killing most of 
 the poor people helonging thereunto. Some 
 of their iieighlioiirs hearing the guns, came to 
 their rescue; the Indians heiiig on the further 
 
 sideofthe river, dared lliem to come over and 
 the y:ird of ihe same month as was] light with tliein man to man, using many re- 
 ■, and w!l'iiii two il lys after aiiolh-i proaclifnl expressions, and making i\ shot at 
 
 Haul l.el 
 
 er piity of the enemy wert! doing mi-'cliief ; tlit!m, which somi! of the com|)ai)y not lieing 
 at Wells and cape Nii.iluck, and yet esca-'alile lo hear, did very resolutely adventure 
 prd away when they had done. ! through the river after them; hut they were 
 
 .\or c.iiild our fliices in all the expi'dilion not willing lo try the valour of ll,e Knglisli, 
 lueel v/iih any of tlleiii hut IWti; one of which i when they j«sroeived ihej found a wuy to 
 
 pass over llii! river upon ihem, lint ri!turnej 
 iiack toward Wells, \« here they killed one 
 (leori,'!' Farrow, .Si'pieiiilii r L'<lli, iis he « as 
 loo carelessly veliliiniig lo hi.-, house williinil 
 any cuinpany. These lliings happened while 
 oiir fiirres were at Casio, where they lariie.l 
 st!Ven or t!iglit days; and hearing uf ll ese 
 oiitrngi's coiniiiilled in soiiie of those places 
 v\ Inch tliey left hehiiid lliem, and iiol lieiii)^ 
 alile to meet with any of li.em ill the plavu 
 where they were, they ritnriied hack toward 
 Wells and Yiirk ; Inn the Indians were es(!a- 
 ped away into the woods after their coinpuii- 
 loiis liefiire they came there. Our soldiers 
 having thus spent much lime and pains in a 
 fruitless expedition toward ('asco, resoK eti tn 
 venture anolher march after them up lowards 
 ( )ssapy, siipposing lliey might hy that lime hu 
 drawn lioini!waiils towards their winter oiiar- 
 ters; orelst! that lliey might ilestroy w hat they 
 had left liehind lliem, to prevent their harlioiir- 
 iiig there fiir the future : lint it si I'ineil good to 
 him, who hy his sovereign power and infinite 
 wisdom orderelli all events and purpose!) 
 (wherein his peiiple or others are concerned) 
 III disappoint all endeavours used at that timu 
 fiir the suppressing of the (!nemy, or putting 
 any stop to their wonted successes; for Joon 
 after iMir fiinres wert! returned hack from 
 Casco, news was liruiiglii of the siirprisal of 
 Ulack point, on the Irjili of Ocloher, as was 
 ii>"nlioiied hefore; whit^li notwithstanding it 
 w,;s judged more ailvisahle to venlure and 
 proceeil on with the ev[""l""n towards Os- 
 sapy, (whither it was supposed hy this tiiiii! 
 lilt! greatest niimher <<i iliem were retired) 
 rather than to reliirii hack again to recover 
 lllack point, where was nothing to he expec- 
 ted lint an empty fiirt, and some deserted 
 houses, which it seems the Indians had forsa- 
 ken liy that time. And hesiiles, that oilier 
 forces were ahout the saint! time ordi-red li> 
 repair thillier, s.illicit!iit for the repairing anil 
 securing llie place, with what else was left 
 remaining from the hands of the enemy : And 
 likewise several snldiers were ordered to 
 garrison the towns tlnreahonts, to prevent 
 them from making any foriher assault upon 
 tiiem. However, they well! so far emriol- 
 ileiied hy the taking of IShu:k point, ami the 
 ketch at Richmond island that a party i)ftherii 
 taint! the vi!ry next week after towartlis 
 Wells. Iiopiiu; to attain lliul, and all the towns 
 and plait's hitween ('ascn hay and Piscata- 
 ipia, as they had dune Bla(!k point; Fiw a 
 parly of them iiinler -Miigg their chief l('a«ler, 
 liroui;lii ,Mr. (lelidal along with ttieiil to 
 Wells, where lliey siiinmoneil the fir.st gar- 
 rison at the town's end. To lacililaM the 
 hiisiness, they sent the said (iendal as their 
 agent »r messenger to inovi! them to siirteii- 
 tier witliimt lia/ardiii<; an onset; hut ino 
 pi'oph* were not so despondent us to yield 
 up the place upon so slight an occusion; 
 which when the enemy iliscerii*'tl, lht!y soon 
 drew till', after they liiiil dune some little 
 mischief to the inhahiluiils; for first they 
 killed Isaac Littlefield not far from the gar- 
 rison; it is said they would willingly huv 
 had him yield himself prisoner, hut he re- 
 fiisins;, they shot him down, yet they were 
 so civil as to suffer his friends to fetch away 
 his hotly wilhout olleriiig any further act oi 
 inliiimanitv to il, or hostility towards thtist} 
 thai (iirrietl it i.!!'. 
 
 All old man called Cross, was likewise kil- 
 
ars 
 
 THE INDIAN WARS, 
 
 U>(i l>v tlii'iil iiliiiiit till' iiiiiiii' liiiic ; iiikI iiiidiIi 
 
 tir wIkhi" ipiiini" 
 
 
 iriHiin, vvat m 
 
 liii; Id till" c 
 
 lllrit III! lili'l HXOII itl'i'r. 
 
 'I'lMrt 
 
 _v Wdiiiidc'il 
 
 I'IMl llCttll 111' 
 
 rii'iil ciililc wiTi" .il.Hii killi'il liv lliriu 
 
 It III 
 
 wlilcli (llinm^jli liinii') tliry iirily tmik llii' 
 tiiiinuiM liiiviii'; till- liiidirH wliiilr In llii' i)« ii- 
 
 [)f till 
 
 ("I'* lllllr^H II VMIH llll! Il'l( (ll Olio (it tllCIIl, 
 
 wliicli Willi aUo liikrii iiway. 
 
 'I'liii wii« hII till- iiiijirliii'f iliinn \iy tlirm 
 nflor till' tiikiii); ofillac-k |ii>iiit, Tiio inliiilii- 
 lanU oC Wiiitrr liiiili(iiir, iii-iir iiiljdiiiiTijj 
 tlirri'tn, lii'iiiir iiliirini'd with llii' Niirpriiiil nf 
 till' olIiiM' pliu'r, lli'il iiwiiy willi llirir ^mikN 
 fur It lliiii' iiiilil llii'y lii'iiiil llii> I'lii'iiiv wiMi' 
 iiKivi'il liirilmr I'lisiwiird, mid tlii'ii it is !«:iid 
 tlii-y iTtiiriird III llii'ir |iliu'i' n;,'iiiii. In this 
 pnsliliv liiivo tliiiu'H ri'iimiiii'il fViT «iii(i" in 
 (liii-ii' iiiistiTti |ilaiilutiiiii.s lii'twi'i.'ii I'isialaijiia 
 (III! Cascii liay. 
 
 Hilt iiiir liirrrs iiiidi'r tlii- rimiinaiid iif Capl. 
 Iliilliiiriii' iiinl ('ii|it. Slill, having' at last iili- 
 laiiin) all tliinifs iirci'ssary liir awiiili'r iiiarrli 
 iiitii ihi) Wddd.s, dill ii|iiiii till' lirit of N'livrin- 
 liiT (iillinviin;, si'l lint tnward.s Otsapy, wlii'ir, 
 nftiT liiiir days inariii nfii vi-py diUlciilt wav, 
 iivi'r many liwrs, nut ivisy t" p.i«< at tlial 
 tiino id' till" yi-ar. llii'V arrivi'il ; Imt fonnd imi 
 an Indian ritliiT iIiiti- or in llii! way as ihrv 
 marclird alonij. Tlin Imliaiis lii'lon^'iiiu lo 
 tliiisi? pirN liiid not many yrars lii't'ori-, liin-d 
 «onii> ICii^'lisli tradirs to Imild lln-in a fort for 
 tlirir siTiirity iinaiiitt llio Mnliawks, wliirli 
 was limit vfrv slnm:; for tliat piirpusi', four- 
 liM'ii fiM'l liiijli, willi llaiiUiM-H al riicli roriior; 
 tiut this tiini- ll.o soldiiTs liiti'iidini; to disap- 
 point fiu-m of tlii'ir ri'fiiiji', iiiado furl tlii'ri'iif, 
 wliicli at ttiat tinio was vrry nri'dful for our 
 ppoplc wlio had inarrhrd many niilos lliroiiijli 
 a iJi'iTsnow in a vory roM si'nson, wIiimi thoy 
 could hardly ki'i'p from fn-ezini^MH thoy passed 
 ulonjr, so i-ariy in tlio wintiT. None of tin- 
 iMiiMny being to In; found tliori" in tlii" 9troni.'i'St 
 fort, it was not coiiiili'd worth wliili" fir all 
 thi' company to in ircli any llirlhi'r; wlirri'- 
 fore a small piivty lii'iiig sent up eiglitei'ii or 
 twenty miles firtlier norlhwaril aiiioiigsl the 
 woods, where as they passed along they met 
 with many vast lakes, (supposed to he the 
 cause of the sharpness of the cold in that side 
 of the country) making the phice scarce halii- 
 lalilo for any lii.'sides those sava'^'os that used 
 to hunt thereahoiits for tnooso in the winter, 
 and lieaver in the summer; liut at this time 
 it i« supposed they were all gone lower, to- 
 wards the sea side, to share the spoils of the 
 l']n!;lish plantations lately surprised liy them, 
 which IS all the rewani lliey have met wiili, 
 who informer years liir till- sake of a little lucre 
 l>y tratfic with ihein, Imve run theinselves 
 there into the very jaws of destruction, either 
 liy irregular dealing with them or liy their 
 too iniicli confidence in their deceitful friend- 
 ship. 
 
 The 9th of Novomlipr, our forces having 
 spent nine days in this service, returned safe 
 lo Ncwechewannick from whence they set 
 forth at first, having run more hazard of their 
 limhs by the sliarpness of the front, than of 
 their lives by any assault from their enemies. 
 
 There was a great probability that the de- 
 sign might have had some good elTect if Mug'_' 
 did not much abuse those he llei! unto, with prof- 
 fer of peace ; for he told them that there were 
 about an liundred about Ossapy not many 
 dii^s before. JSul it becomes un Ic look L<9- 
 
 yond second cause in events of this niijiire only for Ids friend's siike niceplid, which 
 
 and coiicliiile ihal (lod had raised up their bar- proved a fatal iiilvenliire lo Mr. .laniis l''i'\er 
 
 barons eiieiiiies t{i bring a like chasliseinent and innjlit have I ii lo the oilier iil-o has iii>| 
 
 upon the Kiighsli in this side of llie country, (iml oiherwise ilis[iosed of him. Inn iiiL' us is 
 
 with that whichotliers had I'lidiired elsewhe 
 
 ■ [leil, more servint' in I 
 
 he la 
 
 111' ihi 
 
 111 llii> end of the former and beginning of the Aiiioiii;st nil the prisoners at that lime taken, 
 
 ireseiit year. 
 
 Thi 
 
 ; the said Tie una s Cobbet seemed to hi 
 
 •dered by llii 
 
 ide 
 
 hid 
 
 lings were so ordereil hy lliu proviilence 
 of(iod, that the vessels before iiientiiined, 
 arrived safely at Penobscot in the beginning 
 of the inoiilh, where they found the said 
 .Madiickawando, who was ready to ronlirm 
 and make yiiod the articles of the peac" con- 
 cluded III Huston by his agent in his naiiie; 
 and was willing also to deliver all the prison- 
 ers that were then in jus power, or under his 
 coininand, w hicli were but eleven, who wi're 
 taken in the vessel at Kichniond's island, the 
 1 :2tli of October last. The said .Mtigg like- 
 wise being sensible of the iililii;ation lie lav 
 underlo make his word good, did vi'iiliirn lo 
 ^o up himself lo aiiollier planlalion of the In- 
 dians, where we supposed some more of the 
 Knulisli prisoners were, lo seo whether he 
 could obtain a release, as also to persuade the 
 rest of the Indians thereabouts to join in the 
 confirmation of the peace: ll ap[ieared lo 
 the persons lieloiii;ing to the vessel that the 
 said .Muu-g went with reliii tancy, and fearinj; 
 the Indians lie was goiiiLT amongst, would 
 either kill him or keep liiiii in prison ; lo 
 which end, lieordered the coiniiiand belonging 
 to till' vessels, lo tarry for him about three 
 days, or four at the most, assuring ijiem that 
 if he did not return by that time, they might 
 cert liiily conclude that either his life or liber- 
 ty was taken from him ; however, the vessels 
 tarried about or near a week beyond the 
 time limited in e^tpectation of his coming; 
 but after so long a stay, they neilher seeing 
 nor hearing fir him, were ready to f.'ar the 
 worst, viz. that his countrymen bad made 
 him sure, from having more to do with the 
 Knglish, W'lii'reupoii for fear of being shut up 
 by the sharpness of the winter from returning 
 themselves, they look the opportunity of the 
 next lair wind, of setting sail for Hoslon 
 (only turning into I'eminaipiid, lo see if they 
 could hear any further news there) where 
 they arrived with such prisoners as were 
 freely delivered by Madockawando, the 
 25lli of Deceiiiber following, anno. ll)7(i; 
 amongst which prisoners, besides the two 
 af iremeiitioiied, who were found at Penob- 
 scot, there was a third, by n more remarkable 
 [irovidence than ordinary, added iiiilo them, 
 .Mr. Thomas Cobbet, sou of that reverend and 
 worthy minister of the gospel, .Mr. Thomas 
 Cobbet, pastor of the church at Ipswich, ii 
 town within Massachusetts jurisdiction, who 
 had all the time of Ins son's caplivily, together 
 with his friends, wrestled with (Soil in their 
 daily prayers fir bis release, and accordingly 
 he was with the more joy received bv his 
 friends, as an answer and return of their 
 prayers. The saiil younffman has lived with 
 .Mr. Fryer, merchant, of Portsmouth, for some 
 years before, and liad been often at sea with 
 Mr. .Tames Fryer the eldest son of the said 
 merchant, and who had after much experience 
 of his fiilfulness, dexterity and courage on all 
 such accounts, borne him so much respect, tliat 
 when he was urged by bis father to go alonir 
 with .Mr. fteiidal as was said before, be would 
 not venture unless his friend Thomas Colibet 
 would gu along willi him ; which survice ho 
 
 the liarde 
 
 lardest poilion ; tur liesides the ilesperali) 
 daiigi-r lliiil he escaped before lie was liikeii, 
 first by a bullet shot ihroiigh his waistcoat, 
 secondly by a drunken Indian ; who Inula 
 
 I knife at his throat, lo cut it, when his liaiidi 
 were bound, when llie Indians came to sham 
 
 I the prisoners amon^'sf them he fell into tin.' 
 Iiiinils of one of the niUijedest fellows, by 
 
 1 whom within a few days alier his snprisal, 
 ho was carried first from lilack point to 
 Sheepscot river, in the ketch, \\ hicli the In- 
 dians made lo sail in, in the siiid river, from 
 whence he was fiirced lo trai'el with his pa- 
 lerooii, four or fii'e miles over, and to Daiiia- 
 riscotiee, where he was compelled lo row 
 or paddle in a canoe, about hfty miles far- 
 ther to Penobscot, and there taking leave of 
 all^liis Miiglish fi •endsaiid ac piainlance, at leas', 
 for the winter, he was put lo paddle a canon 
 up fifty or sixty miles farther eastward, to an 
 island called .Mount Desert, where his pate- 
 roon used to keep his winter station, and lo 
 appoint lii.s liiiiiliiig voyages : and in that ile. 
 sert like condition was the poor young inaii 
 f irced to continue nine weeks in the service 
 of a savau'e miscreant, who sometimes would 
 tyrannize over him, because he could not iin 
 dersland the language and fir want iheref ue, 
 might occasion him to miss of his game, ortlm 
 like. Whateversickiiess he wassuliject lo, by 
 change of diet, or on any other account, ho 
 could expect no other nllowance than the 
 wigwam will alTord : If .loseph be in the 
 prison, so long as God is with him lliere, ha 
 shall bo preserved, and indue time remem- 
 bered. 
 
 After the end of the nine weeks, the Indian 
 whom he was M serve, had spent all his pow- 
 der, whereupon on a sudden he look up a re- 
 solution to send this young man dow n to Pe- 
 noliscot lo Mr. Casteen to procure more jiiiw 
 der to kill moose and deer, which it seems is 
 all their way of living at .Mount Desert; the 
 Indian wascertainly overruled by Divine Pni- 
 vidence in sending his captive down ihitlier 
 for a lew days before, ns it seems, after the 
 Indians 111 that place had been powawing to- 
 L'elher, he told him that there were two En- 
 L'lisli vessels then come into Pemmaipiid, or 
 Penobscot, which indeed proved so; yet was 
 it not minded by him surely when he sent his 
 captive thither for powder, for it proved the 
 mi aiis of his escape, which his palermui 
 iiiiu'hl easily have conjectiiied, if it had not 
 been hid from him. As soon as he arrived at 
 Penobscot, he met with Miiirsr who presently 
 saluted him by the name of .Mr. Cobbet, and 
 takini; hun by the hand, told him he had been 
 at his father's house (which was the 1st or 2d 
 of November before, as lie passed through Ips- 
 wich to Boston) and had promised to send 
 him home, as soon ns he returned. .Madocka- 
 wando taking notice of what .Miigg was spi lik- 
 ing that way, alllioni;h be was willing he 
 should be released according lo .igreemeiit 
 (his pateroon being one of this sagamore's 
 siiipjects, though during th'i hunting vovasie 
 of the winter, he lived at such a distance from 
 him) began to dumaiiil sonielhiiig for sutisliiv- 
 
A N A U It AT IV !•: (J I' 
 
 077 
 
 ncri'iiti'il, w liirji 
 Mr. ,liinir< Krvcr 
 iilliiT iiNii liii.s not 
 liitri. Inn ill!.' iiM i( 
 iihd (if ihi- li\ iMt;, 
 I tfiiit tirni- fiilii'M, 
 llll'cl 111 llllMi It kI 
 ilm till' ili'Hpi'iiiln 
 ii'i- lip WHS liikrii, 
 l,'li liif wiii^icniit, 
 III! ; wiiii liiiil II 
 l( wlirri Ills liiiriil] 
 iiri< ninic Id hIihio 
 !•■ ti'll iiitii fill) 
 >^t fillinvs, liy 
 il'iiT liin minrimil, 
 ISIiirk |iiiiMt lo 
 'h, u liicli till' lii- 
 Hiiicl river, frorii 
 rl with lii.it |tii. 
 r, iiiiil til Diwiiii. 
 inijM'lli'il In riiw 
 It hl'ty niili'H llir- 
 II' tiikin^ li'iivi' 111' 
 '|iiiiiiitiin(')', III |i'ii"if. 
 Ill |iii(l(lli' n rniioo 
 ■r i-ii«i«iiril, to nn 
 , wliiTi' liii |inti'- 
 ■r sinlliiii, nritl lo 
 i : iiikI ill tl.ai ilr. 
 pour youiij; iiiiiii 
 fki ill tilt' scrvii'o 
 somitinii'n wiiiilil 
 ' 111' could not iin 
 ir wiiiit tlicri'loii', 
 ofliii •.'nnii', ortlie 
 wn.Hsiilijcit to, hy 
 (itIii'riK'couiit, lin 
 liiwnnri' limn the 
 Iini<|)li In; ill tho 
 lilli him tlipfo, )i0 
 lino time remcm- 
 
 wrcks, tlio Indlnn 
 sjiriil nil Ills pow- 
 II lie look up a re- 
 nan ilow II to Pe. 
 rociire niori) pow 
 wliicli it seeins ij 
 oiinl Desert; flio 
 •d hy Divine Pm- 
 ive down lliitlicr 
 seeiiirj, lifter tlio 
 'II piiwawiiif; to- 
 •e were two En- 
 
 I PenimHipiid, of 
 oved so; yet wns 
 
 wlien lie sent his 
 liir it proved thii 
 ell liis paleriioii 
 I'd, if it lind not 
 
 II m lie arrived at 
 'ir who pre.sentiv 
 Mr. Col.liel, niiii 
 
 him lie had lieen 
 rtas tlie 1st or 2d 
 ssed tliroiiirli Ip,. 
 rnmiHi'd to send 
 lied. .Madoeka- 
 Hiis:!^ was spi ak- 
 WBs \villin;> hu 
 ijr to .iffreeiiient 
 this SBfjainore's 
 liiiiilinfj vovHt'o 
 \i a distance from 
 liiii{{ for gulisiiic- 
 
 tioii, III a wiiy of ruiiiiiin, not iiiidi^rstuiidiii^ 
 heliire that \in fatlier Will ii irre.it prenilinmn, 
 in liny ii"i'd to rail it ; Ui'|ily\sa< liiaile liiiii 
 that lie thoiild liiive Doiiiellniii; in lieii ofa ran- 
 •oill, vi/. a l!ii(> coal, w Incli tliey lia<l for lam 
 III! Iiiiiird till! vessel; wliiili the «ai,'iiiiiore de- 
 •ire, I lij nee liefure he would iilxuhilelv ^Tunt 
 
 II releii'U ; lull upon siirlii of ilm s.iiil coiit 
 Ki'i'iiiicl \fiy well salislii'd,aiid i;avi! Inm fire 
 liht'ily to reliirii lioliie. W'liiUt this Mr, 
 TliomiM (.'ohhel was it piisoner ut .Moiiiit De- 
 iert, i;oin^ aloni; with the Indians lo hunt on 
 uii extreme cold dav, he was so iiverciiiiie 
 wiili the sharpness liiereof, that all his senses 
 weres'iiUlenly hi'niiinhrd.Ho that lie fell ilowii 
 upon llie snow, not lieint; ahle to stir hand or 
 fool, and had willniul dniihl iliere perished in 
 a hull! lime, hill the Indians he Mas i;iiiii){aloiu.' 
 with, luissiiiL,' him presently, ran ahimt thi' 
 woods loseek Inm, and wlien lliey fmnd liiiii. 
 tliey were ».> pitiful to him, or so careful of 
 llii'ir own piod, us not to cast away a likels 
 yoiliij^ liiiii, from whom lliey expected I'llher 
 nnicli service, or a ^'iiml ransom, for want of 
 a lillle care and pains lo pp'serve his lili' ; 
 wherefori! taking; him upon tlieir shoulders, 
 they lariieil him into the next «ii.'wam, ho 
 llial lie soon .il'ier revived, and came to him- 
 self iiifaiii, without any firiher mischief 
 
 At aiiolher time, the saviiLTi' villain, whose 
 prisoner lie was, hh lorii; as he had stroiii; li- 
 c|ilor, for live days toi;eilier was so drunk 
 \i". was like u mad furious heasl, so that none 
 durst come near him, his sipiaw lit: almost kil- 
 cd .11 one of those driinkeii tils. 
 
 The said Thomas to i;et out of his aiijht 
 went into the woods for fear of heiinj injured 
 hy Inm; where niakiiii,' ii fire, he kept himself 
 ttlivi'; thesijuaws heini,' hy (ioil's speiMal pro- 
 vidence so inclined to pity, lliat lliey caim; lo 
 him daily with victuals, hy which ineaiii he 
 WHS at thill tiiiu' also pie>,rved ; all whii-h put 
 toi;elher, iiiakes his deliverance tliu more re- 
 inurkalile, as an answer of prayer. 
 
 As Ilir the rest ol the prisoners (which nre 
 said to he ,00 or lilt) they were left with those 
 who first siiprised tliem at Keniieheck and 
 Shei'pscot river : Tht' women were employ- 
 ed it .seems to sew, and inaki! fjiriuenls f u' 
 them; tliey ha vini; plundered many Kii^'ish 
 efoods at Arowsick. Tlies are so much ela- 
 ted with their late successes, in .spoiliiiff so 
 miiiiy Eli;>;lisli hahitalions, thai they seemed 
 not very ready to hearken to terms of peace, 
 as their sairamore .Madockawamlo doth de- 
 sire: Xor are the Eiif^lish iihlo lo come near 
 tliein with any of their fiici'i this winter sea- 
 son, in ri'ijard Imili of the remoteiiess of the 
 place, and sharpness of the cold, which used 
 
 III ho extremi' in those parts. How their 
 hearts may he inclined in the f illowliifj year, 
 or what tin Eiij;lisli may he enahled to do 
 ngainst them, is known unto (iml onlv, on 
 whom we desire lo wait lor a. confortahle 
 issue of these our Iroiihles. Iiiit until they 
 have spent all the plunder that is taken, it is 
 no doiiht, hut thev will seem averse from liav- 
 llir peace ; us others lo the westward did. 
 whose hearts were hardeni'd ii;iainst all jirof- 
 f'ors of that nature, till they were destroyeil ; 
 po3.-.ihly .some remnants of them that e-ica- 
 ped ill those other parts, are got hillier 
 amon^^st llie§e and do uiilmate tliem all they 
 can lo hostility aijaiiut us, till they make 
 these as niiseriiule as themselves, and so forced 
 at last U> fly from their country Many liave 
 
 lini-'it ihi) troilhles svo liiivu met with from eiitliiisi.inliral or iiiilni ih.iliiilii al miscrc int ; 
 these harharoiis tieiu:lihours roiinil iihoiil us, who hath put on a |.'aili of reli^illll, i-iid order 
 hill (lod »e trust \\ill deliver us nut of them ed Ins peuple to do ihe like; pel lilrlllill^' I'e- 
 all as lie haili promisrd to do for the ri;.;hleoiis, li|;ioiis wiii'ship iimon^'Ht the Indian.s in liiii 
 who may in the darkest inuht of iilllii.tiiin aay way, yet is Miipposed to liiivu very fainiliiir 
 h^'lil Is sown till' tliem, winch shall iipriii({ up Converse with the devil, timi ii|ipeiirii lo him 
 III the appointed time thereof 'as an atiu'el of lij;ht in some Ahape or olhrr 
 
 No lurllier news caiin' to hand concerniiif; sery liei|Uenlly, '1 Ins Francis ( iird also nf- 
 llie Kn){l,Hli piisoners at Keniieheck, alter firineih, that there is not so ^'I'eiil a luiliiher 
 the return of Capl. .Moore, liom J'eiioliscot,'of Indians as is liercin reporteii ; for he saitli, 
 till the .I'll of .lanuiiry ; when one I'Vuncisj when they were |,'iiinj{ out upon some design 
 ('aid. with anollier youni; man, formely an ; while he was in iheir hands, he had oppoitii- 
 inhahilaiit ofsoine place uhoiit Kinieheck, or^nily to roiinl iheni all and could lind hut !I8 
 of Arowsiik (hut then the prisoner with llieiof them that were tiieii ; neither could he dis- 
 Indiaiis) made an escape friuii them, and ^'oticern that there wore any of the wislern lii- 
 ovi'r to (y'asco Imv, and then lo Mlack point, dians unless Simon and Andrew, that form- 
 froiii thence he was conveyed to I'iscataipia I eriy escaped out of Dover prison ; allliiiiH>li 
 
 soon after, and then to Ihislon, 
 
 The manner of Ins escapi', as he reports, 
 was this : He was employed hy the Indians 
 lo thresh corn at a harii a lillle lower in the 
 river, than the place where the Indians com- 
 monly kept ; heinj; trusted alone, to ^o and 
 come of himself, hecaiise there was no sus- 
 picion of liny coiniiij^ to cany him away, or 
 seeinini,' [(ossihility lo i;et awiiy without heini; 
 discovered, he found means to plot'wilh an- 
 other vomit; man, who was sent lo look fir 
 horses, whose lli-sh it seems i' hy those wild 
 savai^es preferred hefore the h 'st heef, so that 
 liavini; their I'lioice of holli, lli ry took what 
 they hked he-l. This lieint,' the ti'iployment 
 of ihe youni; man, he had the hetter opportu- 
 nity when he was in the woods to make a 
 contrivance to f,'et away. Thus liein;j resol- 
 ved upon their desii^n, they provided neces- 
 saries acconliii'.'lv, ami rent such ii mess \i,'e 
 I 'lie o their masters, as iiiii;lit occasion th 'in 
 III. (o expect tliem very soon lliatnieht. Thus 
 resolveil, they mariOied away as soon asl'iey 
 perceivi'd the coast was clear; and haviiij; 
 provided a c.iiioe accordmL'ly fit for llie de- 
 si;,'ii, hy the help ol' which they ijot over the 
 wilier hy which they were to pass, which was 
 not frozen; and in the nit^ht lime liirned into 
 
 It was liefore nppreheiiiled there were iinilli- 
 tiides of them hocked thither. 
 
 Fnim.in Cdril'.i tlirlaratiim «/' llirir he 
 ginning, August, Will., 
 
 The Indians come to Richard Ifammond's 
 and there killed Kichard Hammond, ,'^aiiiiipl 
 Smith, and .loshiia (irani, there parting theii 
 coinpany, eleven men came up Keiineheik 
 river to my house, ami there took me, and my 
 liimilv. 'I'lierefore the rest of their coinpiiiiv 
 went lo Arowsick and lliern took the (;airi 
 son : Aliont a fortniudit after, ihi'V ranie down 
 Ivi'iinelieck river, and so went down to |)a- 
 maril's cove, and there huriit houses niiil kil- 
 led catth' ; then comiiif,' hack parted their 
 coinpany; one party went to .fewel's island, 
 and the other party went to Sauaihihoik, he- 
 iiiir in niimher 81. Those that went lo Saga- 
 ilahock took a shallop; from ihence came to 
 Kennelieck river, and then went to killint^anil 
 destroy iii>; of cattle and houses; liir they had 
 iiilelli;;ence ofa ketch and a shallop lit Damii- 
 ril's cove, and i;oint,' there they look the shal- 
 lop, and killed two men, lieiiig in the nuinher 
 ahout 80. The next das made up their forces 
 went ahout to Hlack point lieiiii' ahout 120 
 
 a swamp, v\ lu're they mit;lit make a tire toi lit;litlii^' men, and are now in two forts ahout 
 keep them from sulferini; with the cold with- j HO at a place, with six or eielit wigwams he- 
 out lieinir discerned; so that within two or tween the two forts. 
 
 three days they recovered the fort and pirri- 
 soii at lilack point, from whence they were 
 soon conveyed lo I5o>ton. 
 
 This Francis Card made his relation of 
 initlers when he came lo Mostoii, viz. that the 
 prisoners which he left hehind were well, and 
 not much ill used, only put to do the servile 
 work ahout the Indians. Woe must it needs 
 he with Christians, when put not only to so- 
 joiirn, hut to serve in those leiits of Kediir. 
 
 Now the heat place to land men is inCiisco 
 hay, and in Keniieheck river; the one place 
 heiiitr eitilit, the other ahoiil fourteen miles 
 from the fort where I was kept ; and if the 
 arinv do not |jo with speeil, tliey will hi' fioiie 
 f irty miles liirtlier up in the country. Al tho 
 first takii: ' of nu? they carried me up lo Ta- 
 connet, and the men coniini; down, they 
 liroiiiiht me and two more men down for fear 
 of onrkiUint; their women and children; for 
 
 Such of the Women as wiTe skilled in knit-|tliey kept their women and chiMren at Ta- 
 
 lini; ami sewinj; were employed lo make 
 stockiiiiis and ijarinents for their |iaIeroons: 
 so it seems the ware-house at Arowsick fur- 
 nished them witli cloth, sliilf and linen, and 
 the inhahitaiits siMVed for arliticers to cut it 
 out and make it up. 
 
 He reported also that the Imlians spake 
 nothing of aiiv peace; hut rather heiiii; heis,'h- 
 tened with their late and great successes, 
 were conlriviiiii how to get possession ol the 
 oilier places in the hands of the iMitrlish on 
 
 coniiet all tin" summer. As soon as the warm 
 weather doih set in thev do intend to go a wav 
 to Taconnet, and there to hiiild two forts, 
 for there ift their lisliiin; places and plmtin<; 
 i;;'oiiiid. .S(|uaiido dotli infirm tln'in that (.ioil 
 doih speak to him, and doth tell him that 
 (ioil hath left our nation to them to destroy, 
 and the Indians take tiir truth all that he tells 
 them; hecause they have met with iioatrronl. 
 Now Mugt; the rogue, lieint; come again f-; 
 the fort, doth make his hnigs, and laiit;lis at 
 
 that side ol the countrv, wliicli 
 
 (tod firhiil the I'wiglish, and saitii, thai I 
 
 nth fl 
 
 UIRl 
 
 tl 
 
 1} 
 
 llld 
 
 ever come to pass 
 
 hut fimling so way to hiirn IJoston, and doth make laughter 
 
 :y work of their former exploits, they hope, at your kind entertainmi'iit ; they make their 
 
 to accomplish their inirpose 
 
 s, with the like hrags how the 
 
 to tal< 
 
 ike vessels, and 
 
 ig islands, and so Unvc 
 
 facility in all other places where they come, to go lo all the tisliii 
 
 It teems SquunJo is their ciiief leader, that . the countrj^ before iheia ; ruckonuj to be -A 
 
678 
 
 THE INDIAN WARS. 
 
 |;rL'it iiiuiilxir in tho spring. There arc a 
 great many Iiulluiis at Canada that havn not 
 liuoii out this summer,. Ixilh of Kennebock and 
 OaniarnHCoggln, iherefure a great many of 
 tliesu Indians at ICenncb'jck du intend to go 
 to Canaila in the spring to them, and tliey do 
 give gifts lioth of captives, and of goods to the 
 eastern Indians, to hav<3 them go with tliem; 
 Imt as yet I do not know what tlioy will do, 
 fur Madockawando and fSijnando are of seve- 
 ral judgments, and so hiivu parted and Ma- 
 dockawando doth pretend love to t)iu English 
 captives as civilly as wc can exjioct liv snch 
 a people. That this is a (ruth, is di-ulared 
 l)y me Francis Card, the S'ind of Jan- 
 nary 1C79. 
 
 Hy the report which he brings it does no' 
 npperir so diin<:uU a matter to make an at- 
 tempt III recover the place and ilestroy lliem 
 that hold it, '!! v.ns bt^fore apprehemled : In- 
 scimncli as hat design that was under debate 
 'iit-r.i'e the governor and council a liitle bi!- 
 fore and was let iidi for the present, as a matter 
 nol'feasible, hath since been set on foot with 
 u fresh resolution : .\nd another tiling also 
 occurred about the saifie time which put new 
 life into the saiil design, viz. an apprehension 
 that there were s<'>eral of the Naragansetts 
 scattered about in these woods near Piscata- 
 qua, who it was feared might join with those 
 (if Kennebeck in the spring, and so conn? 
 down upon the I'^iifiish plantiitlon.-i, and spoil 
 them all that were tliereabouts. For soon af- 
 ter Francis Cird came to IJust.in, some of 
 Major VValderu's Indinns at <.iueeliecho, as 
 they were hunting in the woods, chanced to 
 meet willi thri-e strange Iiulians, two of which 
 had gims, but those of Qnechecho were with- 
 out. The other Inilians began to have a talk 
 with them, ij see if they ooidil make way (i)r 
 their acceptance with the Knglish; Those In- 
 dians that this motion wis made unto, in a 
 most perfidious manner gave them encounige- 
 ment in the business, and appointt^d a place 
 where to meet them the next day, saying they 
 could not have them go ln>iiu> with them to 
 their wigwams lest their women and children 
 woidiJ be frighted wiih the sight of their 
 guns; all which spoken upon a treacherous 
 ac<:ount, by that means to betray them, for 
 they had neither women nor children at their 
 wigwams; but not having guns themselves, 
 as the othi-rs hail, ihey durst not then sei/.e 
 upon them. 'I'he iii-xt ihiy thi'refore, nccor- 
 dnig to appiiintuient, their gui-sta expecting a 
 treaty and a fni'ndly compliance (vet coming 
 apart as was ordereil the day bi'l'oreto be the 
 more easily surprised) arrived at the plact' 
 appointed and then- presiuilly the first, being 
 thus treuehi'musly brought into th<! snare, 
 was despatched out of hand. The like was 
 also dont^ to tlie sei'oiid. Tiic third was at a 
 distani^e, but he either discerned or suspected 
 ivhttt beca-.iio of his fellows, and therefore 
 made the more haste to escape, but his de- 
 ceitful friends wen- loo <piick i()r him, who 
 shot him down before he cmihl get out of 
 their reach; so that thi'V took him ulive, as is 
 said ; but he could imt live much !ong<!r by 
 reason of his wounds. The Qui'checho Imiians 
 cut off the scalps of theu' poor countrymen 
 (which 9 thiur usual niiiniier w hi i it is loo 
 far to carry their bends) which b'^iig brought 
 to Major Waldern, they wen- presently dis- 
 cerned to be Narragansetts by thi! cut of their 
 h«ir. This Instance k u sulHcieiit evidence 
 
 of the subtlety, guile and falsehood, natural 
 to all these Indians, and may satisfy any ra- 
 tional person, what little trust there is to 
 put in their words, promises or engagements, 
 though ever so solemnly made, farther than 
 they that make them, for ailvantage in the 
 keeping and performing. Subtlety, malice 
 and revenge, seems to be as inseparable from 
 them, as if it were a part of their essence. 
 
 Whatever hopes may bo of tl»ur conver- 
 sion to Christianity in after time, there is but 
 little nppeuriince of any truth in their hearts 
 at present, where so much of the contrary is 
 so ordinirily breathed out of their moullis. 
 
 Tht-se manners of the Uentilcs in former 
 tiMos, while they remained chililri :. of disobe- 
 dience, until tlu!^ w ere reneweil after another 
 image : Nor are these incapable subjects for 
 divine grace to work upmi; yet are there 
 some natural vices proper to every nation in 
 the world, as I'aul speaks of the Grecians, 
 from the testimony of one of their own 
 poets. 
 
 I!ut to return. These things so concurring 
 and several gentlenuMi from about I'iscataqiia 
 repairinjf to liuston, so represented the state 
 of things er-jtward beliirc the governor and 
 council, tl It it is apprehi-ndeil imtiuily neci-s- 
 sarv, but casible also to suppress the aforesaid 
 Indians in those parts : Wlieriuipon it was 
 forthwil'' concluded ihat an expeditiiui should 
 be made against tliem ; t) which end 2.')0 sol- 
 diers, whereof about GO wiTC of Nalick In- 
 dians, who had given good proof of their value 
 and fiilhfulness to the English ; all which 
 were immediately despatcheil away the first 
 week in Febriiarv, by water undi'r the con- 
 duct of Major Waldern, as commander in 
 chief; u persmi well approved fiir his activity, 
 as well as fidelity and courage in matters of 
 this nature. They had to encounter with 
 rough and contrary winds, and mucli cohl 
 weather the first week after their setting out; 
 but having so much experience of the favour 
 aiiil goodness of Almi;.'lity (iod, who is always 
 wiuit to be nreseiit w iili his servants in like 
 cases, though he hath often fiir a time ilefi'rri I, 
 fiir the trial of (heir fiiitli and exercise of their 
 patience, yet iisi'th not to fiiil his people, that 
 put their trust in him, being appointed fiir 
 that end, to which we expect a comfortable 
 answer. We thii! have jeiit f irth luir friends 
 on the public serv'ce, being thus engagcil to 
 follow them with piiivi'rs, at present iti silence 
 wait upon the Ijord of Hosts to give a blessing 
 to till' design ; hoping our friends in this ne- 
 cessary, though dirtirnit service, thus called 
 fiirtli, liave gone out with the like eiu ourage 
 nieiit .mil resolution that sometimes ,Ii'ab did. 
 Let us be of good courage, and phiy the iimmi 
 of our people, and fiir the cause of our (lod. 
 And let the Lord do that which leemeth him 
 
 g" 
 
 III. 
 
 Upon the 11th of February, two Indian 
 squaws that had run away fiom Major Wal- 
 ilern's in the beginning of winter, out of dis- 
 content, because the husband of one of them, 
 and some of the relations of the other were 
 sent away, came back with more wit than 
 they curried away with them, though with 
 less fiesb upon their backs; having wandered 
 up towards I'lgwaiichet, till they .vero almost 
 slarved there. They siiy some of the Indians 
 were seen by tlieiii, pretending they were go- 
 ing to the head of Connecticut river, with 
 hostile inliMli against the English; but they 
 
 going away in the niunner before descrilwd, 
 Rttle heed is to bo given to the stories they 
 tell on their return. 
 
 The 19lh of February fiillowlng, John Ab- 
 bot, the master of Mr. Fryer's ketch taken 
 October 13th at Hhick point, came into the 
 ishtof Shoales, havini; made a desperate ad- 
 venture to escape. He gave a more probable 
 account of ihiiigs in those parts. 
 
 He salt h they first carried to Seeepscot river, 
 wliere the vessel in which they were taker 
 was moored all the winter ; in which lime 
 the Indians have spent all their ammunition 
 and most of their provision, thought it high 
 time to be looking out fiir more ; to wliicli 
 end they caused the s.iii; il hot to fit ii|) the 
 vesstd (lieing a pinnace of about .'!() iiuis) as 
 well as he coiilii, with such assistaiicii us they 
 could alTord him ; and ten of theMi shipped 
 lemselvesin the same, iiilendliig fiir I'ennli- 
 scot ; from thence to sail up that river as (iir 
 as they could ; ami then leaving tin ir vessel 
 to proceed on with their Cannes as high lip 
 the river as the stream would jiermit, and so 
 to pass on to Canada, to buy powder of tho 
 French there ; it being at this lime thirtv two 
 shillings a pound ninongst the Indians at Ken- 
 nebeck. Hut as I'rovidence onlered il, after 
 these mariners launched into the deep a small 
 storm with a contrary wind began to rise ; of 
 which the English skipper fiiund ways in his 
 steering to make the danger seem more than 
 really it was, insomuch that they resolved to 
 put in ut cape Hoiiawaggon, three leagues to 
 the eastward of Sheepscoi, where eight of 
 them went on shore, leaving two Indians on 
 board with the English i kipper. Afli'r he had 
 got so well lio of them he contrived how to 
 get clear of the others also ; therefiire he per- 
 suaded iheii; that the vessel wouUI net ride 
 safely in that place, so that he prevailed with 
 lliem to let biin go to another harbour called 
 Damaril's cove, two or ihree leagues more 
 eastward. In the way as he sailed he so or- 
 dered 1 is steering that uniiieliines the waves 
 wen; ready to overtake the vessel, which put 
 his two Indians into n fright, so that they 
 niiiili- all the haste they oulil to get ashore, 
 as soon as they come within the harbour, urging 
 him to go along with them; but he pretended 
 a necessary excuse to stay behind to look after 
 the -vessel but with intent as soon as he should 
 see them ashore, to hoist sail fi)r some English 
 harbour, having no lioily on board with him, 
 but a small English child about three years 
 old. It seems the Indians hud a child or two 
 ofliieir own dead in the vessel, who died after 
 they began their voyage, they wi-re the fiir- 
 warder to go on sliore with them liir burial. 
 The said Abbot now perceiving he had ob- 
 tained his purpose (fiir he reviilved on this 
 project before) first greasing the mast with a 
 piece of fat pork left by tin; Indians, as high 
 he cnuld reach, that he with his own liiiiids 
 might tho more easily hoist the sail, so clioov 
 ing rather to cast himself upon the I'rovulenco 
 of Ood on tho waters, than to trust himself 
 any longer with the piM-fidious savages on tho 
 dry laml; he came safe to the isle ol Slmales 
 befiire llie evening of the next day, the 10th 
 of February. 
 
 Within a. few days af\er ,Tolin Abbot iifiire- 
 said made his escape in the vessel, there came 
 an express from Nlajor VVhIiIimii (the com- 
 mander in chief over our fiirces sent to Ken- 
 nobcck to subduo :ho Ir ' j in those parts. 
 
lufurc (lc8cril)t>(i, 
 
 I lie 8ti>ric8 llit'v 
 
 lini;, Icilin All- 
 's ki'trli liikin 
 riiiiK! iiiti) il,i) 
 i]i'9)ii'rnl(' 11(1- 
 
 II IIKMC |)rollul)|»j 
 
 In. 
 
 'i'0|).ic<il rivrr, 
 
 7 wt-ri! iiikiT 
 
 in wliirli riino 
 
 li'ir nmiiiiiiiiliiiii 
 
 nu'lit it liii 
 hint' ; tri wliicli 
 
 l)f til fit up till! 
 
 ll .'!(> tci;is) iin 
 
 i-iistlllicc IH thl'V 
 lIll'MI .slii|i|ir,| 
 
 (ill* I'l'PKlll- 
 
 lliiit liver m du 
 »i,' llicir vrssfl 
 
 "■S IIS lll^.li |||, 
 
 "''iiiit, mill so 
 
 |)ilWlllT III' ill,. 
 
 tiinii lliirlv lwi> 
 Indiiiiisiil Ki'M- 
 inliri'd it, iificr 
 111' i!ri>|i n siimll 
 •ijnii to risi-; i)f 
 mill wiiys ill liiii 
 I'l'iii iiiiirc lliiiii 
 "•V rrsiilvcd lo 
 lirre l(Mi(;iics to 
 wlicri> risrjit of 
 tWd Imliiiiii) (III 
 ■r. AfitTJK. Imd 
 'itrivdd how Id 
 liiTffiini lie por- 
 wcMild iK't rido 
 ' prrviiilcd with 
 r hiirliiuir ciilli'd 
 ^ li'iiljiics iiioro 
 siiili'd lie nil or- 
 mi's til,' waves 
 •»si'l, which put 
 >, so tliiit they 
 til t,'«'t iishiire, 
 liiiilHiiir, iirf;iiij» 
 lit liepri'ti'iiih>(| 
 lid fi> lucik niter 
 nil as lie -iliiiiild 
 r soiiie Kiiiijish 
 lard with hiin, 
 lit three vears 
 I 11 rliild or two 
 who ijiivj iiCicr 
 were the (lir- 
 'III liir liiiriHl. 
 fT he had ol,- 
 ■ilved nil this 
 e iiia-it with II 
 iiliaiiii, as hi^h 
 lis own liiiiids 
 sail, sii ehoiiv 
 le I'rovidciico 
 tniKi himself 
 laviiires nil tho 
 le (i( Slmales 
 da^', tin; lOlh 
 
 Ahhot uCnre- 
 *l, there ciiini' 
 I'll (the eoiii- 
 
 sent til Ken- 
 
 thuae part*. 
 
 A NARRATIVE OF 
 
 070 
 
 and deliver tho English captivi>8 tliut have 
 been detained in their iiands since August 
 Insi) which givelli thidaccouiit of their poceed- 
 
 I'Vli I7lh. This iTKirning the wind north- 
 east, soon iiiier south ami smith-west, \vn set 
 Kiiil with our vease'.s tVoin lilack point, tor 
 I'orlliiiid, liiit on the east aide of cape Klizii- 
 betli, we espied .lolin I'aiiie (who was sent 
 out a scout) who hrouglit word the way was 
 clear of ice and Indians; whereupon wo steer- 
 ed for Mary point at the head of Casc<i bay, 
 and got there this night, hut loo late to get to 
 the fort liefore iiioriiiiig, 
 
 Feb. IStli. We sent this morning our scouts 
 out liy land, who returning about 8 o'clock, 
 brought word they saw the tracks of three In- 
 dians, and found a lurch raiioi' at Mnckipiil, 
 about iciiir n. lies olV, by which we feared «e 
 wi^re discovered ; the coin|iaiiies about four o' 
 dock were drawn lort'i, and just beginiiiiig 
 iheir iimrch when we espied live of tho ene- 
 my abeut half a mile oil'; they lainliil over 
 against us on nn island, and hollaed to us, 
 whereby we perceived they desired a treaty ; 
 Imping to gam the captives, we sent .Toliii 
 Paine to them, ilii'y promised bull to bring the 
 captives by morning and dcKired peace. Af- 
 ter I'^s .fnhii I'line win sent again, and 
 stayed aiiiong the liuliaiis in the ronm ul Si- 
 mon, who came In the major' lie tvus ipies- 
 tioned, and answoied as liillows. 
 
 Quest. How caiiio you to know we wi-re 
 here ( 
 
 Ans. We coiitininilly kept *iiit our scouts, 
 and yeslerday our Indians left a canoe at 
 Muckquit, which this day we missed, and 
 perceived the Knglish h.d taken it, and our 
 liU'ii that left tho canoe espied you u great 
 way olf at I'orlland. 
 
 Qiieat. Why did you break yuur covenant 
 with me ! 
 
 Ans. Blind Will stirred us up to war here, 
 and saiil hu wieild kill you at Quechechn. 
 Simon having said this, asked the major what 
 his business was here, to whom it was an- 
 swered, we came lo let. h oU'llie captives and 
 liKtko war as we see good. Simon also told 
 us that the captives were all well, (hat we 
 should have them by morning, that Sipiando 
 was there, and would give (he captives (o 
 Major Walilern ; tha( they iiid'iided peace, 
 Hiid had HOiil to linslon before now, but ihal 
 Mugg told them that the English would be 
 here shortly. 
 
 The major upon this ilisiiiissed Simon, and 
 sent for Si|iianilo, lo wli;ch Sipiaiidoanswered 
 hi) would iiiei'l hull half way if lie would 
 come alone in a birch canoe. To this I 
 inajiir niiswereil, he wniild not venture liiin- 
 SellMi one of their leaky caiioei, and that if 
 lie had no more lo siy, the tri'.iiy was I'lided ; 
 To ihis Sipiaiiiln aiiswereil, he would be wilh 
 US again at ten n'lhick, and bring the I'aplives. 
 
 Feb. 9lli. Wind north-east, the wi'ather 
 thick : About noon we diseovored a party of 
 Indians in f iiiriecn canoes abniit three miles 
 above US in (he bay ; they lainled on a pniiil 
 of land, mill burnt one Kiii;lish house and 
 slioiili'il to some nf our me.i that were senilis, 
 challenging tliein (o light : Iiiiiiieibalely on 
 the re(urn of our scoiKs we luari'hed aga list 
 them as secretly as we could ; iipnii sight nf 
 us they tied ; but ('apt. KrosI came U|ii>ii 
 llu'ni with his whole body before lliey were 
 balf out of gun shot. In this tkirmiiS we 
 
 judged wc killed and wounded several of 
 them witliniit any dmnago, yet soniu ol their 
 biilleta bit some of our men. For the captain's 
 sake imineiiiately after this wo hung out a 
 tlag of truce and the enemy did (!;'■ like. ,Iohn 
 I'aiiio was sen? lo them lo dcinaii J (he reason 
 why thoy fired the houses, and broke their 
 prniniso, 
 
 Simon met him half way, and answered, (ho 
 house was fired accideiilally without order 
 fiiiil S<]uando ; that they had sent ftir (hu cap- 
 tives who wore a great way oil", and the foul 
 weatherhindored their coming : He riuestion- 
 ed John Paine also why wc fought them wiiile 
 wo were in a treaty. 
 
 Paine answered, they broke it thnmselvos 
 in not performing their prnmises, challenging 
 our soldiers to figlit ; tli<! latter Simon denied, 
 and answered tho other u:i beliire : Simon told 
 him they had two men wounded, and expect- 
 ed satisjaction, lint also promised the captives 
 the next day and so h'lt un. 
 
 Feb. yOth. The wind north-east, and snow, 
 it was resolved to sail tor Kenm'beck (he tirs( 
 fair wind, whither we had iiiiiiiediately gone 
 upon our knowleilgo that we were discover- 
 ed by (he enemy, biitdiatdie wind and weadier 
 hindered us hilherdi. 
 
 Fi'b. 21. This morning the Willi! iiDrlh-weMt, 
 we .set sail for Keimebeck, and arrived at (he 
 harbour's inoiilh at liiiir o'clock. About sun 
 set we set sail up the river, and got to the 
 lower end nf Arowsirk. 
 
 Feb. 22d. Wo sot sail this mnrning but 
 could not get to (ho liead of the river lor ice, 
 whereupon wo landed our soldiers at (wo 
 o'clock abiut twelve miles olf Aboundessll 
 tiii'l, mill iinmediately began our inarch ; at 
 8 o'( lock 111 night came to the fort ; we fiiiind 
 i;o Ii:(ii'i:;4, there we took up oir ipiartcrs 
 this i;i.;)it. 
 
 Feb. :J.">d. Wo sent out scouts 'luliscover 
 the march nf tho enemy, but found so iiiaiiv 
 (racks every way, (hat we knew iint what 
 way (11 follow tiieiii. At a ooiincil of war it 
 was resolved that Major Waliicrn should sail 
 for Pennb.cot, wilh (wo ketches, aiel part of 
 (he soiiliers to seek after (ho capdves, and 
 light (ho enemy if In; hud opportunity ; the 
 re-i( til build a garrison. In the iibseiico of 
 our forces, the vessels espied si'veral fires be- 
 low the river, and niie Knelish house was 
 liiirni ; about sunset the soldiers re(uriied (o 
 the vessels. 
 
 Feb. 'Jllli. This morning the major with 
 two boats and a shallop, went to spy out n 
 place (iisi'lllea garrison, and fiiiind one against 
 the Inwerend of Arowsu k island and the vos- 
 .sels are broiiulil to it. 
 
 I''eb. U/iili. Wi rested here this sabbath. 
 
 .Iiiliii linker's house opposite the lower end 
 of Ann. ;■'' being juili,'ed (he most conve- 
 nient pl.iee fir (Inir piiipo«e, as well for (he 
 conveiiK'iH^y of wiKerlor llie soldiers, as fiir 
 a cove wherein ships mii;lil rid,', within com- 
 inaiiil thereof, (he vi'ssels (lieri'fore were im- 
 ini'iliad'ly aiuhored (here, where they restoil 
 on the I, mil's day, February '2-'>l\\. 
 
 iNexl d.iy according lo the advii'O of the 
 (•miiinainhrs, .Major Waldern embarked (iO 
 mill ill two vessels, will which he set sail 
 iminedi.ilely for Peiir.iscol, leaving the rest 
 to bei'inploved in making prepiiralion for se( 
 tliiii^ .'i garrison in (he said pluce. 
 
 In their way olf from (cyobscnl point they 
 espied two Indians ill a canoe, (hut waved 
 
 (heir caps as if they desired to speak widi 
 them, John Paine and Wal(er(ieiiil.'il were 
 presondy seii( ; tliev gave them intelligence 
 that many Indians wito at I'eiiiiiiiii|uid with 
 till! English captives, upon which they bent 
 their conrsi! thither; when arriviiii;, they 
 anchored at four o'clock the same ilay ; soon 
 after two Indians halloed to them I'lom Mr. 
 (iardner's fort. John Paine « as seiil ashme 
 to enipiire who (hey were, and what was lie- 
 cmne of (he captives. Sundry sorts of Indians 
 were found about the place wilh several sa- 
 gamores, (he chief (if whom was Mallahando, 
 who told them ho was glad to see Englishmen 
 there and that he desired peace, and promised 
 lo deliver such captives iis « ire at Piuinbvciit. 
 the next morning; adding olso, that he de- 
 sired to speak «illi('apl. Davis. Alier.lnhii 
 Paine returned (o the major, he was at-nt 
 back wilh (he said Davis and sliiyed a-ilioK' 
 (ill three sigainores went on board, ai.<l sig- 
 iiified as imich to .Major Waldern. as they had 
 before to John Paine. Wliili! thev wi're in 
 liscmirse, an Knirlish captive was espied in 
 a caiioir with his palernoii, with whom they 
 
 desired to s| k. but it was not granted at 
 
 that (line ho being carried farlhes- up the river 
 It of sight. 
 
 So. ,11 alter (lie major went on shore v 'lli -.ix 
 men, yi'l carrying noarin.- with tliein. lie 
 found their words smoml er ihaii nil, yet 
 were there drawn swoids in their heiiils, of 
 which some nf their ar'.ions i;ave no small 
 .'round of suspicion ; Inr lliey defiured all 
 nil the next moriiinij ; nor were they willing 
 111 let the man that was espied before in t.'n? 
 canoe come on board (o see his friiiiils ivilli- 
 niK leaving an ho.slage in l.i- room, of which 
 he inajnr was very j;hiil, that he inii.'lil bavo 
 ipportiiiiity of a little discourse with on,; 
 whom they inii;lit trust. When tlie\ ii'tiirii- 
 from the slime the sign was prnnii>ied le 
 
 given Inr the appeaiMiice of the liidiai s 
 by the tiring of three guns. 
 
 The next iiiorniiii.', Febuarv L'Tili, the 
 major with the s.iini. number as bef ire, went 
 1 neat with (hem, they, wilh .loliii I'aiue, 
 first hollaini^ to (hem : I'pmi (lieir cniiiiiig 
 on shore their persons weri' .searched on bnlli 
 ides, and all arms laid aside. The whole 
 I'orenoon was spent in a treaty, whereat lliev 
 seemed much to rejoice in expeclalion of a 
 peace with thi' English; \el when Mn)or 
 Waldern desired a pre-ienl delivery of cap- 
 tives, with assistance of men mid canoes to 
 figlit the Moiiosciii.'L'.iii Indiani, eueniii's to 
 them boll , it was denied, llioii(>li thev could not 
 ave had a better lefliinony of their liilelity. 
 
 They alleeed that the captives were (jiver 
 dieiil by (he Kenneiieck _ Indians, and they 
 must have sometlilnir for Ueepiiu; (hem for a 
 wiiilor, and therefore were not willliii,' in h^t 
 Iheiii sjo ^ ' ' lilt a ransoMi ; and as I'or their 
 canoes, till 1 they had them in present 
 
 service, bei. (hen Imuiid for Penobscot. 
 The price deinandeil, twelve skins a person, 
 WHS yielded to; iipoii which they delivi'red 
 William ('liadbiirn, .lolin Wannick.and .Inlin 
 Wiirwooil, which were all that thev wnuld 
 own, or could In! provi'd lliil lliey h.id. 
 
 The part of pay which was to lie In lioiinr, 
 was peVseiilly laid iliiwii, the rest was pro- 
 niiseil to be sent in (he afleriioon. The com- 
 manders debated what was further to be done; 
 iHie or I wo of till" old s.i.;ainiires (who were 
 believed) seemed aincero about the iicacu, 
 
 HlMnnm 
 
680 
 
 THE INDIAN WARS. 
 
 professed that none of them had any hand in 
 the war, hut only some of their young men, 
 whom they coiiM not ruh) ; liiit several of 
 the cntniiany affirming they saw sonic of the 
 ■aid Indians at Casco engaged in hostility 
 Against the English, it was resolved not to 
 enter into any league of peace with them, !• t 
 rather fight or suprize them aflsr <h:-j iiad 
 dispatched the business about the captives. 
 
 'I'his being determined, the major with five 
 of his men went on shore, with part of the 
 ransom, the better to beget a confidence in 
 them, and then to return on Woard again, and 
 fit his men for fu'iher service; but if be had 
 not wis'^ly provided against all exigencies be- 
 forehand, ho might have been prevented 
 from going on l)oard any more, for stepping 
 aside a rod or two from the place for t>etter 
 circumspection, he espied the point of a lance 
 from under a boai-d, hid there, as were other 
 arms near by, for a treacherous design (hat 
 was in their minds, soon after, upon the re- 
 ceiving the rest of the pay, lo have been put 
 into execution. Whereupon .Major VVJdern 
 took up the liince und came towards them, 
 charging them with liilsehood and treachery, 
 for hiding wi-ino;is just by, wherewith to de- 
 ■troy them as soon as they had delivered the 
 goods. The Indians discovered the r ^uili 
 by their countenances, some of them making 
 towards him, thinking to get the weapon out 
 of his hands ; but he bid them stand off 
 threatening to kill every one thot offered to 
 touch him ; and immediately waved his cap 
 over his head (which was the sign agreed 
 upon for all the soldiers to come on shore in 
 case of need) upon which token the soldiers 
 all hasted away. In the meantime the En- 
 glish that went on shore to wait upon the 
 major, were forced to bestir themselves, both 
 to secure the goods from being carried away, 
 and to defend Msyor Wuldern. Some of the 
 ■quawg, with others of the enemy ran away ; 
 one of them calched up a bundle of guns that 
 wore hid near by, and then ran off with them. 
 Captain Frost seized an Indian called 
 Megunnaway, a notorious rogue, (that had 
 been in arms at Connecticut last June at the 
 falls, and saw the brave and resolute Cupt. 
 Turner, when he was slain aliout Green- 
 river, (and he helped to kill Tlioinos Bracket 
 at Casco in August last) ami with the help of 
 Lieut. Nutter, according to the major's order, 
 carried him on board, while himself searching 
 absut farther, found three guns in a cow- 
 
 house just a: hand, wherewith he armed the 
 other three men that 'rcro with him. By 
 this time some of the soldiers were got ashore, 
 and, instantly, aocor.liiig to their major's 
 com?r2!'d. pursued the enemy towards their 
 L-anoes ; in il:^ <'!;use several of the enemy 
 were slain whose bodies were found at their 
 return to the number of seven, amongst 
 whom was Mattahando, the sagamore, with 
 an old I'owaw, to whom the devil had reveal- 
 ed, as sometimes he did to Saul, that on the 
 same day he should be with him; for he had 
 a little l)efore told the Indians that within 
 two J.'iys the English would come and kill 
 them all, which was at the very same time 
 verified upon himself. The body of our men 
 overtook them before they all recovered their 
 canoes so that without uoubt, divers others 
 of them were slain likewise, for they sunk 
 a canoe wherein were five drowned before 
 their eyes, and many others were not able to 
 paddle; four they took prisoners, whom 
 they brought away with them. There were 
 about '2i> Inili ns present at this encounter. 
 
 Much moi image might have been done 
 by our men upon the enemy, if ti^-^y had 
 known the moit direct way to their canoes ; 
 but the Indians having prepared all things 
 ready for flight, as well as for fight, the more 
 easily made their escape. One of the cap- 
 tives was sister to Madockawando, who was 
 entertained very courteously by the comman- 
 der in chief, and would have been carried 
 forthwith to her brother in hopes by her 
 means to have gained the better terms for our 
 remaining English captives, bad it not been 
 certainly known that he was gone from home 
 upon a hunting design, and not to return in 
 two months. 
 
 The English took much plunder from ttie 
 Indians, about a thousand weight of dry beef, 
 with other things. Megiinnawuy was shot 
 to death the same day or next ; so that justice 
 is by degrees pursuing those perfidious vil- 
 lains, and they, one after another brought un- 
 der the wheel of destruction. Simon, the 
 arch-traitor, seems as it is said, by his con- 
 sumptive looks, to have received the sentence 
 of death, which may bring him into the same 
 place or state with the re.^t. 
 
 Feb. 28, they set sail for Sheepscot, but 
 the wind failing, they put in at Kennebeck, 
 from whence Captain Fiak with 40 men, 
 were sent to the same place to seek after 
 plunder, were they found between 30 and 40 
 
 buaheli of good wheat, which they brought 
 away with them several other things they 
 lighted upon here and there, some of which 
 were brought away, such as one or two grei» 
 guns, from .Sagadahock, and boards from 
 Arowsick, where they found an hundred 
 thousand foot, of which they brought home 
 enough for the lading of their vessels, leaving 
 the rest to be transported in a more conveni- 
 ent season. 
 
 While our soldiers were upon Arowsick, 
 two of the enemy chanced to come upon the 
 place, and one of them instantly received his 
 reward, the other received his payment in 
 part, which however is supposed to amount 
 to the whole, the canoe wherein he was es- 
 caping, being found the next day all bloody, 
 and split asunder, 
 
 March Ist, one of the Indian squaws, a 
 captive, was sent to Taconnet fi)rl, with a 
 message to the Sagamores treat for the rest 
 of the captives. Five days were given her 
 to return, which were not expired, when Ma- 
 jor Waldern with most of the soldiers were 
 called to return home towards linston, where 
 they arrived on the ICth of March, 1C76 — 7, 
 having first put in at Portsmouth ; bringing 
 along with them the bones, or rather body of 
 Captain Lake, preserved entire and whole, 
 and free from putrefaction by the coldness of 
 the long winter, so as it was found by the one 
 that was near him when lie was slain, easily 
 discerned to be his, by such as had known 
 him before. 
 
 It is supposed by those that rcturr< ,1 .'l.st 
 the enemy are by this encounter of :!io En- 
 iglish so scattered and broken that i y w'! 
 i.jt bo able to rally again suddenly, or iiklk - 
 any attempt hereafter, if the present advan- 
 tage be seriously pursued. Thus have our ene- 
 mies, many of them fallen into the pit them* 
 selves which they have been diggingfor others. 
 
 This day also letters were received from 
 Major Pynchon of Springfield, but without 
 mention of any appearance of the enemy in 
 that quarter : whereby we ore encouraged to 
 believe, that thev have stumbled and fallen 
 down backward, so that they shall never rise 
 any more to make farther disturbance. That 
 which crowned the present service was the 
 performing it without loss of blood ; all safely 
 returning. Let them accordingly reineniber 
 to pay a suitable tribute of lliuiikfiilness to 
 Him whose banner they went forth undsr and 
 returned in safely. 
 
Ih they brought 
 ler things ihcy 
 j some of wliitli 
 Ine or two grea 
 Id hoards frnri. 
 |id an hundred 
 brouglit home 
 vcssols, leaving 
 more conveni- 
 
 ppon Arowsick, 
 ' come upon tlie 
 Itly received hia 
 |his payment in 
 Med to amount 
 ^rein he was cs- 
 Iday all bloody, 
 
 idian squaws, a 
 
 let fiirl, wiili a 
 
 jat for the rest 
 
 were given her 
 
 pired, wlienRIa- 
 
 soldiers were 
 
 '">-iton, where 
 
 eh, 1G76— 7, 
 
 louih ; bringing 
 
 r rather body of 
 
 tiro and whole, 
 
 the coldness of 
 
 found by the one 
 
 uas slain, easily 
 
 :h as had known 
 
 Im 
 
 at returr. 
 nter of ' 
 
 .1 Slat 
 I,. ?.:■.,. 
 
 that i y u-'i 
 Jdenly, or niak.-> 
 
 present advan- 
 bus have our one- 
 to the pit them- 
 liggingfor others, 
 e received from 
 !ld, but without 
 of the enemy in 
 e enciiurnged to 
 ibled and fallen 
 ' shiill never rise 
 lurliniice. That 
 service was the 
 >lood ; all sufi-ly 
 ingly remember 
 
 ihunkfulneiis to 
 forth unJ'jr and 
 
 THE 
 
 ENTERTAINING HISTORY OF 
 
 KING PHILIP'S WAR, 
 
 WHICH BEGAN IN THE MONTH OF JUNE, 1076. 
 
 AS ALSO OF EXPEDITIONS 
 
 MonC LATSLV MADE AGAINST THE COMMON KNKMY, ANP INDIAN REBELS, IN TIIU CAitTEU.ll 
 
 PARTS OP NEW ENOLAND : 
 
 WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF THE DIVINE PROVIDENCE TOWARDS 
 
 COI^. BEXJAiHOT CIIVRCfIS 
 
 RY TilOMAS CHURCH, £8(1. HIS BOS. 
 
 AS ORtOtNAM.T PniNTKD AND PlTni.IgnBD IN 
 UUSTON: PRINTED, 1710. NEWPORT, KlIODE I3I.ANI): ItEPRINTED ANDSOLD BY 
 SOLOMON SOUTIIWICK, IN QUEEN STREET, 1779. 
 
 TO THE READER. 
 
 TiiK subject of this following narrative of- 
 ferin{» itself to your friendly perusal, relates 
 ti.the former and later wars of New England, 
 which 1 myself was not a little concerned in: 
 Form the year 1675, that unhappy and bloody 
 Indian war broke out in Plymouth colony, 
 wh«r« I WM ihon building, and beginning a 
 
 plantation at a place called by the Indians 
 Sogkonate, and since by the English Little- 
 Compton. I was the first Englishman that 
 built upcm that neck, which was full of In- 
 dians. My head and hands were ful I about set- 
 tlieifj; a new ]ilantution where nothing was 
 brought to ; no pre])aration ofdwelling-house, 
 or out-houses, or fencing made. Horses and 
 cattle were to bo provided, ground to be 
 cleared and broken up; and the utmost cau- 
 tion to be used, to keep myself free from of- 
 fending my Indian neighbours all round 
 
 about me. While I was thus busily em 
 ployed, and all my time and strength laid out 
 m this laborious undertaking, I received a 
 commission fmm the goveriunent lo en;,'iigo 
 in their defence ; And with my conimissiun I 
 received another heart, ii.clining nie to put 
 forth my strength in military wrvice: And 
 through the grace of (Sod I was spirited for 
 tliot work, and direction in it was reninveJ to 
 me day by day. And ultliongli many of the 
 actions that I was concerned in were very 
 difficult and dangerous, yet myself, and thosA 
 
I 
 
 683 
 
 KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 who went with me voluntarily in the service, 
 had our lives, for the most part, wonderfully 
 prt'gorved, by the over-ruling hand of the Al- 
 mif?lily, from first to lii»t ; which doth aloud 
 l>i"S|)fak our praises : And to declare his won- 
 derful works is our indispensable duty- I 
 was ever very sensible of my own littleness, 
 and unfitness to bo employed in such great 
 siTvioes, but 'lling to my mind tliat God is 
 strung, I endeavoured to put all my confi- 
 dence in him, and by his almighty power was 
 ;«rried through every difficult action : And 
 my desire is that his name may have the 
 praise. 
 
 It was ever my intent, having laid myself 
 under a solemn pronilso, that the many and 
 rcpi'Hted favours of God to myself, and those 
 ■.vith me in the service, might bo p-jblished 
 for generations to c(nne. And now n:y great 
 age recjuiringmy dismission from service mtho 
 niilitiii, and to put olTmy armour, I am wil- 
 ling that the great and glorious works of Al- 
 miiiiity (iikI, to us children of men, should 
 apfieiirto the world; and having my minutes 
 by nic, my son has taken the care and pains 
 to collect from iheTn the ensuing narrative of 
 many passages relating to the former and lat- 
 ter wars ; which [ iiave had tiie perusal of, and 
 fiml niilhintr amiss as to the truth of it; and 
 with as little rcHection upon any particular 
 person as might be, either alive or dead. 
 
 And seeing every particle of historical 
 Irutli is precious ; I hope t'.a reader will 
 pass a favourable censure upon an old soldier, 
 ti'lling of the many rencounters he has hail, 
 and yet is come olT alive. It is a ])leasure to 
 remeinlier what a great number of families, in 
 this and the neighbouring provinces in New 
 ICngland, did, during the war, enjoy a great 
 measure of liberty and peace by thehazardous 
 aiiilions and marches of this'! engaged in mil- 
 itary exercisi-s, who were a wall unto them 
 on this side ai.il on that side. 
 
 I desire prayers, that I may be enabled well 
 to accomplish my spiritual warfare, and that 
 I may be more than coiKjueror through Jesus 
 Christ loving of me. 
 
 JJEN'JAMIN CHURCH. 
 
 TIIK l'.NTF.ItTAIN'I.V(i lilSTORV OF KINO Pllll.ip's 
 Will, WHICH HKdVN IN TIIK VKAK 11)75. 
 
 wtTii Tin: ■■nocECDiNns or bf.njami.n 
 
 CIII'IU II, KSU. 
 
 \\ till- year 1G74 Mr. nenjamin Church, ol 
 Duxliiiry, beinir providentially at Plymouth, 
 in the time of the court, fell into acipiainlance 
 with ('apt. .John Alinv, of Rhode Island. 
 Oapt. A liny, with sireat importunity, invited 
 blm to ride with him, and view that part of 
 riymoiith colony, tliat lay next to Rhode is- 
 land, known then by their Indian names of 
 Pocasset and Sogkonale. Among other ar- 
 guments to persuade him, he told him the soil 
 Wiisvery rich, and the situation pleasant ; and 
 pi-rauH<les him by all means to purchase of the 
 riimpiiny some of the cmirt grsiit rights. He 
 accepted of the invitation, views the country, 
 and was pleiiseil \\ il!i it ; made a purchast!, set- 
 lli'd a firm, found the gentleint'ii of the island 
 vi'ry civil and obliging. And being himself a 
 persnu of iini'nmnion iictivily and industry, he 
 scpin I'li'cted two iiuildings ujmii liis farm, and 
 gained a good ac<]uaintance with tho nativei ; 
 
 got much into their favour, and was in a little 
 time ill great esteem among them. 
 
 The next spring advancing, while Mr. 
 Church was diligently settling his new farm, 
 stocking, leasing and disposing of his alfuirs, 
 and had a fine prospect of doing no small 
 things ; and hoping that his good success 
 would be inviting unto other good men to lie- 
 come his neighliours : Heboid ! the rumour 
 of war between the English and the nativei 
 gave check to bis projects. People iicgan to 
 be very jealous of the Indians, ana indeed 
 they had no small reason to suspect that they 
 had formed a design of war upon the En- 
 elisli. Mr. Church had it daily suggested to 
 him that the Indians were |)lotting a bloody 
 design. That Philip, the great Mount Hope 
 sachem, was leader therein ; and so it proved, 
 ho was sending his messengers to all the 
 neighbouring sachems to engage thorn into 
 a confederacy with him in the war. 
 
 Among the rest he sent six men to Awa- 
 shonks, stpiaw sachem of the Sogkonate Indi- 
 ans, to engage her in his interest : Awa- 
 shonks 8 1 far listened unto them, as to call 
 her subjects together, to make a great dance, 
 which is the custom of that nation when they 
 advise about monii'iitous affairs. But what 
 does Awashonks do, but sends away two of 
 her men that well understood the English 
 language, (Sassamon and George by name) 
 to invite Mr. Church to the dance. Mr. 
 Church upon the invitation, immediately 
 takes with him Charles Ilazelton, his tenant's 
 son, who well niidi-rstood the Indian lan- 
 guaiie, and rode down to the place appointed ; 
 where they found hundreds of Indians gath- 
 ered together from all parts of her dominion. 
 Awashonks herself, in a foaming sweat, was 
 lesding the dance ; but she was no sooner 
 sensible of .Mr. (.'hurch's arrival, hut she broke 
 ofl', sat down, culls her nobles round her, or- 
 ders Mr. Church to be invited into her pre- 
 sence ; compliments being passed, and each 
 one taking seats, she told him. King Philip 
 had sent six men of his, with two of her peo- 
 ple, th.it had been over at Mount Hope, to 
 liraw her into a confeder.icy witli him, in a 
 war with the English, desi.ing him to give 
 her his advice in the case, and to tell her the 
 truth, whi'ther the Uni])aiie men (as Philip 
 had told her) were uatherins; a great army to 
 invade Philip's country? He assured her lie 
 would tell the truth, and give her his best ad 
 vice : then he tuKl her it was but a few days 
 since he came from F'lyinouth, and the Kn- 
 U'liili wen> then making no preparations for 
 war; tliat he \v;is in C(Uiipnny with the prin- 
 cipal giMith'ini'n of the government, who had 
 no discourse at all abcnit war; and he helie- 
 ved no thiiiigliis about it. lie asked her, 
 whether she ihoiiglit he would have brought 
 up his ijoods to settle ill that place, if he aji- 
 prehended an enteriiii; into war with so near 
 a lieiyhbour I ."^he seemi-d to be somewhat 
 convince I by his talk, and said she believed 
 he spoke the truth. 
 
 Then she called for the Mount Hope men, 
 who nnidu a furmidiilile appi'arance, with 
 their luces iiaiiitcd, iiiul their hair tninined up 
 in comb lashiiui, with their powder horns and 
 shot bags at tlunr back--; which among that 
 nation is the posture and figure of prepared- 
 ness for war. She told Mr. Church these 
 wore the persons that had brought her the re- 
 port uf tiu) English preparatiuns fur war, 
 
 and then told them what Mr. Church had 
 said in answer to it. 
 
 Upon this began a warm talk among the 
 Indians, but it was soon tpiashed, and Awa- 
 shonks proceeded to tell Mr. Church, that 
 Philip's message to her was that unless she 
 would forthwith enter into a ciml'ederacy 
 with him, in a war against the I'^nglish, he 
 wpuld send his men over privately, t > kill the 
 English cattle, and burn their houseo on that 
 side the river, which would provoke the En- 
 glish to fall upon her, whom they would 
 without doubt suppose the author of tin! mis- 
 chief. Mr. (/hurcli told her he was sorry to 
 see so threatening an aspect of affairs; and 
 stepping to the Mount Hopes, he (idt of their 
 bags, and finding tlieni filled with bullets, 
 asked them what those were fir? They scof- 
 fingly replied, to shoot |>igeons with. 
 
 Then Mr. Church turned to Awashonks, 
 and told her if Philip was resolved to make 
 war, her best way wouhi be lo knock those 
 six Mount Hopes on the head, and shelter 
 herself under the protection of the English : 
 Upon which the Mount Hopes were for the 
 present dumb. But those two of Awa- 
 uhonk's men, who had been at Mount Hope, 
 expressed themselves in a furious manner 
 against h s advice. And Liltle-eyes, one of the 
 (jueen's council, join<>d with tliiun, and urged 
 Sir. Church to go aside with him among the 
 bushes, that he might have some private dis- 
 course with him which other Indi.ins imme- 
 diately forbid, being sensible of his ill design; 
 But the Indians began lO side and grow very 
 warm. Mr. Church, with undaunted cou- 
 rage, told the Mount Hopes they were bloody 
 Wretches, and thirsted after the blood of 
 their English neighbours, who lin<l nt^ver in- 
 jured them, but had always alxninded in 
 their kindness to them. That for his own 
 part, though he desired nothing more than 
 peace, yet, if nothing but war w.nild satisfy 
 them, he believed he should prove i\ sharp 
 thorn in their sides; Bid the coinpany ob- 
 serve thoso men that were of such bloody 
 dispositions, whether Providence would suffer 
 them to live to see tlio event of the war, 
 which others, more peaceably disposed, 
 might do. 
 
 Then he tcdd Awashonks he thought it 
 might be most adviseable for her io send to 
 the govern:>r of Plymouth, and shelter her- 
 self and people under his protection. Sim 
 liked his advice, and desired him to go on tier 
 belwlf to 'he Plymouth gnvernmeiit, which 
 hc! consented to, ami at parting ailvised her, 
 \vliatever she did, nut to desert the Kngllsh 
 interest, to join with her nei;;lilioiiis in a re- 
 bellion which would certainly prove fatal to 
 her. [He moved none of his goods (Vom his 
 house, that there might not be the least um- 
 brage from such uii Hition.j Slie thanked 
 him for his advice, ami sent two of her metl 
 to guard him to his house ; which when they 
 came there, urged him to take care to securo 
 his goods, which he refused for the reasons 
 befiire mentioned ; IJut desired the Indinns, 
 thiit if what tiiey feari'd Hhouhl happen, they 
 weald take care of what he lel'l, and iliiecled 
 them lo a place in the womls where tliev 
 should dispose uf them ; which they faith- 
 fully observed. 
 
 He took his leave of his jjiiHrd and bid 
 them tell their mistress, H' slie riintinued 
 •teady in ber Jopendaiicu un the English, and 
 
KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 091 
 
 Cliurcli had 
 
 iilk nmoiig tho 
 It'll, and Awii- 
 
 Cliiireli, tliiit 
 at iinlrss sliu 
 I ciiiili'ilcrncy 
 1v<t;li^li. lie 
 [f\\, I) kill the 
 lioiisca (III llidt 
 uviikt! tliu Kn- 
 n tlicy woiilil 
 lior of iIk! nii'<- 
 
 was sorry to 
 of iilTiiirs; nnil 
 
 liu fi'lt of llii'ir 
 t will) Imlli'ts, 
 irl Tliry scof- 
 t with. 
 
 to Awnslionkg, 
 (lived to tniiko 
 o knock tlioso 
 il, and slicllor 
 :' tlio English : 
 3 wore for the 
 
 two of Awa- 
 t Mount Hope, 
 "iirioiis nianniT 
 •eyes, one of the 
 i(!tn, and iir^i'd 
 him anion^ the 
 inu! private dis- 
 
 Indii'ins iinine- 
 if his ill desijjn; 
 
 and grow very 
 ,:'daiiiited cou- 
 ley were lilood y 
 
 the lilood of 
 
 had neviT in- 
 ys alxiunded in 
 lat for his own 
 hinj;; more than 
 ar would satisfy 
 
 prove a sharp 
 le company oli- 
 
 of such lihiody 
 ■nee would siilfer 
 cnt of the war, 
 icahly disposed, 
 
 3 he thought it 
 r her !o send lo 
 and Bhfller her' 
 prcitecliiin. Sht< 
 
 him to tto on her 
 ■eriiment, which 
 iiii; advised her, 
 sert the Kiit;lish 
 i;lihoiiis ill a re- 
 iy prove fatal to 
 is plods fiiiin Ilia 
 lie the least nm- 
 ,| Shi- thanked 
 two of her men 
 wtiirh when lliey 
 Ue care to secura 
 
 for the lensoiig 
 red the liidinng, 
 iild happen, they 
 left, anil ilii ecled 
 Hills where they 
 k'liich they faith- 
 
 « );iiHr<l and liid 
 if she riiiitinneil 
 
 1 tliu Gnglijii, and 
 
 kept within her own limits of Soekonale, he 
 woiihl sec her aijain quickly ; and then lia>- 
 lened away to Pocasset,* where he met with 
 Peler Niinniiit, the hiisliand of the iiueeii of 
 Poeassi't, who was just then come over in a 
 canoe friini Mount llojie. Pinter told him 
 that tinre would certainly he war; for Philip 
 Inid held a dance of 8U\ era! weeks coiitiim- 
 ance, and had entertained the youni» men 
 limn all parts of the country. And inhled, 
 thill Philip expected to l,u sent for to Plv- 
 
 at some distance from the main body. Their 
 orders were to keep so far before as not to 
 he in siglit of llie army. And so they did, 
 for l.y the way they killed a deer, flayed, 
 roasted, and eat the most of him, before the 
 army caini.' up wiili them ; but the Plymouth 
 forci s soon arrived at Swanzey, and were 
 rhiefly posted at Major Urown's and Mr. 
 Mile's gMriisoiis; and were there soon joined 
 with those that came from Massachusetts, 
 who had entered into a confederacy with 
 
 nioutli, lo be examined about iSassamon'8| their Plymoiilh brethren, against tho perfidi 
 death, who was murdered at Assawomset oiis heathens. 
 
 ponds ;t knowing himself guilty of contriving I The enemy wlio began their hostdities 
 that murder. 'I'lie samo Peter lold him that wilh plundenng, and destroying cattle, did 
 he saw Mr. James Urown, of Swan/.ey, ami , not long conlent themselves with that game ; 
 Mr. S.imuol (torton, who was an interpreter, ihey ihirsleii for ICiiglish blood, and they 
 uiid two other men, who brought a letter ^ soon broaeheil it ; killing two men in the way 
 fiom iho governor of Plymouth to Philip. ' not far fnini .Mr. Mile's garrison ; and soon uf- 
 He observed lo him further, that the young, ter, eiglit more at .Maltapoiset :* I'poii whose 
 ineB were very eager lo begin the war, and bodies ihey exercised more than brutish bar- 
 would fiin have killed Mr. Urowii, but Philip : barilies ; bihradiiig, ilismembiring and man- 
 prevented it J idling them that his father uling them, and exposing ihem in the most 
 hwil charged him to show kindness lo Mr. ' inhuman manlier; which gashed ".nil ghostly 
 liiown. In short, Philip was forced lo pro- 1 obje.ts struck a damp on nil biholders. 
 inise them that, on the next Lord's day, when The enemy, fliisiied with these exploits, 
 llii- l']n"llsli were gone to meeling they should ; grew yet bolder, and skulkiiii; every where 
 
 nlle their houses and from that time forward 
 kill llii'ir eallh". 
 
 Peler desired Mr. Church to go and see 
 his wile, who was but up the hilH He went 
 and iiiund but few of her pi-ople wilh her. 
 .She said ^!::y were all gone, against her will, 
 lo the dances; and she much feared thvre 
 would be a war. Mr. Church advised her 
 to go to the island and secure lierself, ami 
 those that wen; wilh her ; and send to the 
 giiverihu- of Plyinoiith, who .she knew was 
 h.T friend ; and so left her, resolving to has 
 ten to I'lymoulh, and wiiit on the governor: 
 And hi- was so ex|)edilious lli.it he was willi 
 the governor early next niorniiig, thou.,'h he 
 wailed on some of the magislrates by the 
 way, who were of ihe council of war, and 
 als-; I.T?*. run at the eoveinor's. lie cave 
 them ail aoccunt of his observations and dis- 
 coveries, which cohfirmed iheir former inlel- 
 
 lii'ences, and hasleneil iheir preparation for lielcher received a shot in his knee, and his 
 
 ill-fence. 
 
 Philip, arcording to his pmmis.' to his peo- 
 i)le. pel— '.led llieiu lo in.irih out of llie neik 
 on the next Loril's day when ihey pI'Mulere.l 
 the nearest houses that the inhabilanls had 
 ileserlerl: Hut as yel oifeieil no violence lo 
 till! people, at least none were killed. Ilmv- 
 ever ihe alarm was given by their iiiimbers and 
 hoslile eipiipage, and by llie pii'y they made 
 of what ihey coulil lind in the forsaken houses. 
 
 in the liushes, shot lit all passengers, and ki 
 led inanv ihat ve'itured abroad. They came 
 so near as to sliool down two senlinels at 
 .Mr. Mile's ['arris'in, under the very noses of 
 lnu^t of our forces. These provocutions 
 drew out the nsenlnient of some of Captain 
 I'lentiee's troo^is, who desired they might 
 havf; liberty lo go out iind sei-k ihe enemy in 
 llieir own ipiarler. qiiarler-niiislers (iill and 
 lielcher commanded the p;irlies drawn out, 
 who earnestly desired ^lr. Church's com- 
 p.iny: Ihey provided him ahorse and fur- 
 niliire (his own being mil of llie way;) he 
 readily complied wilh their desires and was 
 soon mounled. 
 
 This parly u :is no sooner over Mile's 
 bridge, but were fired upon by an ambuscade 
 of aboiil a dozen Imliuns, as lliey were afler- 
 wards discovered to lie. When lliey drew 
 oil', llie pilot was inorliilly wounded, Mr. 
 
 horse was killed under him, .Mr. dill was 
 slrilck willi a miiskel Imll on the side of his 
 belly; bill beiiii,' dad with a bull' coal, and 
 some ihiikness of paper under it, it never 
 broke his skin. The irooperswere surprised 
 to see both their cominanders wounded and 
 wheeled olf: liul Mr. Cliurch persuaded, at 
 length slorini'il ami slaniped, a. id told them it 
 was a shiiiiie lo run. and leave a wounded 
 man there to become a prey lo the barbarous 
 enemy: l"or ihe pilot M'l sat on his horse, 
 llioiiirh so ina/ed Willi ihe shot, as not to have 
 
 An express came the s.iine day to llie gov- 
 ernor, who immediately gave orders lo the 
 ciiptains of llie lowiis lo iiiardi the gieausl 1 sense lo guide him; .Mr. (iill seconihd him, 
 part of llidr companies, and lo rendezvous' and oU'ered, ill. nigh much disabled, to assist 
 al Taunton, on . Monday niglil, where .Major , in bringing him oil". Mr. Church asked a 
 
 stranger who gave him hiscompany in that ac- 
 tion, if he would go w illi hmi and li'tcli olf ihe 
 He readily consenled, ami 
 
 I'lr.idl'ord was to receive them, and dispose 
 them under Capl. (now made .Major) Cut- 
 worth, of Sciluiile. The guverni.r desired 
 Mr. (!liiirdi to give llieiii his conipanv, and 
 to use his intere-t in iheir behalf, wilh the 
 geiillemen of Uhode Island. I'e complied 
 wilh it, and ihey ni.iirhed the monI diiv — 
 Major lirailfonrdesireil Mr. Church, with a 
 coiimninded parly, i on:.i»liiig of Knglish ami 
 some IVieiidlv Indiiiis, to nwN h in the froiil, 
 
 ' Tivprliiii pliiin^ utrr agiitii»( iUv • 
 IoIiiikI. 
 t MidillelHii' ' ch- 
 
 illi laiil ur Uliiiili 
 
 woiimleil man 
 
 ihev, wilh .Mr. (iill, weni hut ihe wouiiileil 
 man fainled and fell oil' his horse before they 
 liime lo him ; liul Mr. '.'Iiiircli and the stran- 
 eer dismounle.l. look up llie man d'ad, and 
 laid him befori Mr. (iill on his horse. Mr. 
 ('Iiiirch lold ihe other two, if ihey wouhl take 
 care of the dead man, he would go mid lelch 
 his horse buck, which was going oll'lhc cau- 
 
 isey toward the enemy; but before he gul 
 over the causey he saw the enemy run to the 
 right into the neck. He brought back the 
 
 'horse, I'lid called earnestly and repeatedly to 
 the army to come over and fight the enemy ; 
 and wliiie he slooil calling and persu.iding, 
 llie skulking enemy relumed to their old 
 stand, and all discharged their guns at him at 
 one clap, lluv:gh every shot missed him; yet 
 one of the army, on the other side of llie river, 
 received one of the balls in his foo:. Mr. 
 Church now began (no succour coming to 
 him) to think it time to retreat : fsayini.', the 
 Lord have mercy on U3, if such a handful o*' 
 Indians shall thus dare such an army ! 
 
 Upon this it was imined'aldy resolved, and 
 orders were given to march down into the 
 neck, and having passed the bridge and cau- 
 sey, tho direction was to extend bolh wings, 
 
 which being not well heeded, bv those that 
 
 I - . V 
 
 remained m the centre, some ol ihem mislook 
 
 their friends fur iheir enemies, and made a 
 fire upon them in the right wing, and woun- 
 ded thai noble heroic youth, Kiisit;ii Savag", 
 in the thigh, but it Impjiily proved but a tltsh 
 wound. 'I'hey marched iinlil ihey came lo 
 llio narrow of the neck, at a jilace railed Kee- 
 knmiiit,* where lliey look down ihe heads nf 
 eight Knglislinien that were killed at ihe 
 head of Mallapoisel neck, and set upon poles, 
 after ihe biirbaious manner of ihose savages. 
 There Philip had slaved all his driinis, iinii 
 conveyed all his canoes lo the east side of 
 .Maltapoiset river; hence il was concluded, 
 by tho.se that were acqiiainled wilh llie mo- 
 tions of those people, thai they hail quilled 
 the neck. Mr. Church lold them thai Philip 
 was doublless gone over to Pocassel side, lo 
 engage lliosi! Indians in rebellion wilh him: 
 which lliey soon found to be true. The ene- 
 my were not really beaten out of .Mount 
 Hope neck, though il was true ihey lied from 
 thence; yet it was before any pursued llieni. 
 It was but to slrciiglhen iheniselves, aiul lo 
 gain a more advanlageous post. However, 
 some, and not a few pleased lliemsi Ives w ilh 
 the fancy of a mighty coiniuest. 
 
 A grand council was held, and a resolve 
 past, to biiilii 1 liirt then , lo mainlain llie 
 tirsl ground they Irid gained, by llie Indians 
 leaving it to litem ; and lo speak ihe tnilh, 
 il must be said, that as ihey gained not thai 
 Held by ifieir sword, nor their bow ; soil was 
 rather ihe'r fear than iheir coiiiiige, ihat obli- 
 ged them to set up llie marks of iheir con- 
 qiiesl. .Mr. Church hiokid upon il, and 
 talked of il with coi. tempt, and urged hard 
 the pursuing the enemy on Poi asset side, 
 and wilh the greater earnesliiess, because of 
 his promise made to Awashoiiks, bdiire meii- 
 lioiied. The council adjourned llneisdves 
 
 :ft-om Mounl Hope to Kehohoih, where Mr. 
 Treasurer Soulhworth, being weiiry of his 
 charge of commissary eeiieral, pnn ision be- 
 ing scarce and difficull lo be obtained, for 
 llie army, that now lay slill to ciner llie peo- 
 (ile from no body, while lliey were building 
 a fort for iiolhiiig) relired. ami llie power and 
 trouhlo of that post was lell w ilh Mr. ( 'liiiieh, 
 
 'who still urged the comniaiiding nllicers lo 
 move over lo Pocassel side, to piirsui." the 
 
 .enemy, and kill Philip, w hidi would, in his 
 opinion, be i««>re probable lo keep possession 
 of llie neck, ihuu lo tarry lo build a fort. He 
 
 III ."S\MUIf.l'>. 
 
 * I'ppi'r jmrt iil* Ui-i-lol. 
 
est 
 
 KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 was still rC9tli'i9 on timt iide of thu rivor, and 
 (lie rntlicrhccuiisK ofliiH promise to the squaw 
 ■nchciii iif Sogkoiinto, ami Captain Fuller al- 
 so ui'<;t!il till! suniu, until iit length there cnme 
 fiirlliiT ordiTi concerning the fort; and with- 
 al an order for Captain Fuller with six files 
 to cross liie river to the side so much insisted 
 on, and to try if ho could got speech with any 
 of the Pocussct or Sogkoniito Indiand, and 
 that Mr. Church should go his second. Upon 
 the rapluin receiving his orders, ho asked 
 Mr. Church whether he was willing to en- 
 gage in this enterprise! To whom it was in- 
 deed too ngieealile to he declined ; though he 
 thought the enterprise was hazardous enough 
 for them to have more men assigned them. 
 Ca|)taiii Fuller told him, that for liis own 
 part he was grown ancient anil heavy, h<^ 
 ibared the travel and fatigue would be too 
 much for him : hut Mr. Church urged him, 
 and told him, he would cheerfully excuse 
 liim his hardship and travel, and take that 
 part to himself, if he might hut go; for he had 
 rather do any thing in the world than to stay 
 there to huild the fort. 
 
 Then thi y drew out the numlier assigned 
 them, and inarched the same night to the fer- 
 ry, and were transported to Rhode Island, 
 from whence, the next night, they got pas- 
 sage over to I'oca-iset side, in Rhode Island 
 boats, and coiicIucIihI there to dispose them- 
 selves in two ambuscades before day, hoping 
 to surprise some of the <Miemy by their failing 
 into one or other of their ambushmcnts. But 
 Cupt. Fuller's party, being troubled with the 
 epidemical plague of lust after tobacco, must 
 needs strike fire to smoke it; and thereby 
 discovered themselves to a party of the ene- 
 my coming up to them, who immediately fled 
 with great precipitation. — — 
 
 This amlniscade drew off about break of 
 day, perceiving they were discovered, the 
 other continued in their post until the time 
 assigned them, and the light and heat of the 
 sun rendered tlieir station both insignificant 
 and troublesome, and then returned unto the 
 place of rendezvous, where they were nc- 
 •piainted with the other party's disappoint- 
 ment, and till- ocrnsinn of it. Mr. Cliurcli 
 calls for the breakfast he had ordered to be 
 brouilht over in the boat; but tin? man that 
 had ihe charge of it confessed that he was 
 asleep when the boalmen called him, and in 
 baste came away, and never thought of it. 
 It happened that Mr. Chiirch had afewcakes 
 of rusk ill his pocket that Ma<lam Cranston 
 (the governor ni' Rhode Island's Lady) gave 
 him when he came olVthe island ; which he di- 
 videil among the company, which was all 
 the provisions they had 
 
 Rir. Church, after their slender breakfast, 
 pn)p.;scd to (^apt. Fuller, that he would 
 march in ipiestof the enemy, with such of the 
 company as would be willing to march with 
 )iim, which he complied with, though with a 
 great deal of scruple, because of his small 
 nuinber, and the extreme hazard he foresaw 
 must attend them. 
 
 Ikt some of the company reflected upon 
 .Mr. ('hurcli, that iiotwiihstaniling his talk on 
 the other side of the river, he liiul not shewn 
 them any Indians since they came over. 
 WhicI now moved him to tell them, that if 
 it Wiis llieir desire to see Indians, he believed 
 he slimild now soon shew them what they 
 should say was enough, 
 
 The numbi^r allowed him soon drew ofl'to 
 him, which could not be many, because their 
 whole company congisteii of no more than 
 thirty-six. They moved towards Sogkonate, 
 iinlil they came to the brook that runs i;.to 
 Nunna(|uah(|at neck, where they discovered 
 a fresh and plain track, which they concluded 
 to be from the gieiit pine swamp, about a mile 
 from the rord that leads to Sogkonate. Now, 
 says Mr. Church, to his men, if we follow 
 this truck, no doubt but we shall soon see In- 
 dian" enough; they expressed their willing- 
 ness to follow the track, and movei! in it, but 
 had not gone far before one of them narrowly 
 escaped being bit with a rattlesnake: And 
 the woods that the track led them through 
 was haunted much with those snakes, which 
 the little company seemed to be more afraid 
 of than the black serpents they were in r|Uesl 
 of, and therefore bent their course another 
 way, to a place where they thought it proba 
 ble to find some of the enemy. Mad they 
 kept the track to the jiine swamp, they had 
 been certain of meeting Inilians enough; but 
 not so certain that any of them should have 
 returned to give account how many. 
 
 Now they passeil down into Piinkatees 
 neck ; and in their march discovered a large 
 wigwam full of Indian truck, which the sol- 
 diers were for loading themselves with, until 
 Mr. Church forbid it, telling them they might 
 expect soon to have their hamis full, and bu- 
 siness without caring liir plunder. Then 
 crossing the heail of the creek, into the neck, 
 they again discovered fresh Indian tracks 
 very lately passed bef ire them into the neck. 
 They then got privately anil undiscovered un- 
 to the fence of Capt. Alniy's pease field, and 
 divided into two parties, Mr. Church keeping 
 the one party with himself, sent the oth.'r 
 with Lake, who was acjuainted with the 
 ground, on the other side. Two Imlians 
 were soon discovered coming out of the 
 pease field towards them ; when .Mr. Church, 
 and those that were with him, concealed 
 themselves from them, by falling flat on the 
 ground; but the other division not using the 
 same caution, were seen by the enemy, which 
 occasimied them to run; which when Mr. 
 Church perceived, he showed himself to them 
 and told tliem he would not hurt them : Hut 
 they ran, and Church pursued. The In<lians 
 climbed over a fence, and one of them facini; 
 about discharged his p'ece, but without e(r<'ct, 
 on the English : One of the Knglish soldiers 
 ran up to the fence and fired upon him that 
 had ilischarged his piece; and they conclu- 
 ded, by the yelling they heard, that the In- 
 dian was wounded; but the Indians soon got 
 into the thickets, whence they saw them no 
 more for thi^ jiresent. 
 
 Mr. Church then marching over a plain 
 piece of ground, where the woods were very 
 thick on one side ; ordered his little cor.ipany 
 to march at a <iiiuhle distance, to make as big 
 a show (if they should be discovered) as 
 might he; but before they saw any body, 
 they were saluted with a volley of fifty or 
 sixty guns; some bulh'ts came very surpri- 
 singly near Mr. Church, who starling looked 
 behind him, to see what was heciuneofhis 
 men, ex]>ecting to have seen half of them 
 dead, but seeing llitun all upon their legs, 
 anil hriokly firlnjr at the smoke of ihelr ene- 
 mies' guns (fiir that was all that was then to 
 be seen,) He blessed (iod, and culled to nig 
 
 men not to discharge all their guns at one- 
 lest the enemy should lake the advimtage of 
 such an opportunity to run ii|ion tlieni with 
 their hatchets. 
 
 I Their next motion was immediately inio 
 jthe pease field.* When they came to the 
 I (i'lice, Mr. Church bid as many as had not 
 discharged their guns, to chip under the 
 fence, and lie close, while the oilier, ut somo 
 distance in the field, stood to charge; lopii.g 
 that if the enemy should creep to the fence, 
 to gain a shot at thos'* that were cliargioL' 
 their guns, they might he siirprl.ed by tlioso 
 that lay tinder the fence ; but cestmg his 
 eyes to the side of the hill above lein, the 
 hill seemed to move, being covered over with 
 Indians, with their bright guns glittering in 
 the sun, oiid running in a circumference witft 
 a design to surround them. 
 
 Seeing such mullituiles surrounding him 
 and his little company, it put him upon think- 
 ing what was become of the boats ihat were 
 ordered to attend him; and looking up he 
 espied them ashore at Sandy point, on the is- 
 land side of the river, with a number of horse 
 and foot by them, and wondered what ■.hoiild 
 ho the occasion, until he was afterwards in- 
 formed, that the boats had been over that ,.ior- 
 ning from the island, and had landed a party 
 of men at Fogland, that were designed in 
 I'unkatees neck, to fetch oil' some cattle and 
 horses, but were ambuscaded, and many of 
 them wounded by the enemy. 
 
 Now our gentleman's courage and conduct 
 were both put to the lest, he encourages his 
 men, and orders some to run and take a 
 wall fiir shelter before the enemy gained it. 
 It was time fiir them now to think of escaping 
 if they knew which way. Mr. Church or- 
 ders his men toslrijilo liieir \\ hile shirts, ihiit 
 the islanders might discover them to be En- 
 glishmen; and then orders three guns to be 
 fired distinct, hoping it might be observed by 
 their friends on the opposite shore. The men 
 that were ordered to lake the wall, lieiiig 
 very hungry, stopped a while among the 
 pease to gather a few, hi'iiig uboiii fcnir rods 
 from the wall ; the enemy from behind hailed 
 them with a shower of bullets ; but soon all 
 but one came tiimhlirig over nil old hedge 
 down ttie bank, where .Mr. Church and the 
 rest were, aii.l tohl him that his brotlu'r U. 
 Soiithworth, who was the man that was mis- 
 sing, was l.llled, that they saw him fill; and 
 so iln'v ilid Indeed see him fall, Kill il was 
 without a shot, and lay no liuiger than till ho 
 had an opportunity to cla|i a bullet into one 
 of the enemy's liirihead, and then caine run- 
 ning to his com|iaiiy. The ineaniiess of the 
 liiigllsh powili-r was now their greatest mis- 
 fortune; when they were imiiiedialely upon 
 this beset with multitudes of Indians, who 
 possessed thomsiUes of every rock, stump, 
 tree or fence that was in sight tiring upon then: 
 withoutceasing; while they had no other shel- 
 ter but a small hank and bit of a wiitor i'tiice. 
 And yet, to add to the dlsadvanlage of this 
 Utile handful of distressed iii'Mi, the Indians 
 also possessed themselves ol the ruins of a 
 stone house that overlookeil them; so thut 
 now they had no way to previwit lying quite 
 open to some or other of tlie enemy, but to 
 heap up stones beliire them, as they did, and 
 still bravely and wonJerfully defended them 
 
 * Tifirton, about hair a mile above FoglsinJ (erry 
 
pilld Ut (>IIC>- 
 OllvillltllgO of 
 
 loii tliiTii with 
 
 ncilinti'ly imo 
 c'liinc In tlio 
 
 iV 114 liHll not 
 umliT the 
 
 illiirr, ut 3onio 
 
 inrj^r; Inpif.g 
 111 tlio foiico, 
 
 KOiv charging? 
 
 )ri.f<l liv tlioso 
 
 It ci'stinp; liis 
 
 IHH(! I (Mil, tliC 
 
 cri'ii (.vor with 
 lis (.'littfring in 
 iiiiri'ieiicc witfi 
 
 Tniiii(liii<; liiin 
 iiii iijioii tliiiik- 
 (iiils llmt wcriy 
 Doliiiif; ii]> lie 
 nillt, (111 thi' 13- 
 iiiilic'i'iiC h<irsii 
 
 ^(1 wllllt ^illOlllll 
 
 s iiftorwiirds iii- 
 M ovrr lliat ;.i(ir- 
 1 laiiilril a |i:iriy 
 ■ri' (Ic'sis^iuu) ill 
 SDtiio cuule -111(1 
 ^d, mid many of 
 
 ii;(! niid conduct 
 ! (>n(!iiiirii<;«'8 his 
 till und tuki! a 
 ncniy fjiiiiicd it, 
 liink (il'osciipiiig 
 Mr. ("Iiurcli or- 
 wliili' sliiits, tliut 
 r tlicin 111 lie Eii- 
 hrrv >;iiii3 111 I'C 
 I lio iiliscrvi'il liy 
 iliiiro. Till' men 
 till! wall, lii'iiit; 
 .liilc iiiiiiini; llui 
 aliiiiii four i-Diia 
 iiin lii-liiiid liailcd 
 IH ; liul Moon all 
 i>r nil old licdsje 
 (,'liiircli and tliO 
 t liis lirotlii'i' 15. 
 laii that was iiiis- 
 i\v him i'vill; and 
 I fall, I'lil it was 
 in;jor than till lie 
 1 Imllft into one 
 d ihen lainc riiii- 
 L' meaniuss ol the 
 heir ^jrealest inis- 
 niinediiitely ii|ioii 
 ..f Indians, whc 
 (TV rork, slump, 
 it tirinjjuponllien: 
 had no other shel- 
 of a water iinee. 
 advaiilaj;e ol this 
 iii'M, the Indians 
 111' the ruin.t ot" n 
 •d iheiii; so that 
 r(!veiit Ivini; (luite 
 le eii(!iiiy, liut to 
 , ns lliey did, and 
 ly del'eiided them 
 
 KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 fi81 
 
 Helves uiraiiist all the miiiilHirii of the eneuiy.lMr. C'liureh's turn to go ulioard, lie had left 
 At length eaiiie over one oi'the hunts fium thuihiii hat and cutlass at the well wluTe he went 
 island shore, liiit the enemy (ihed their shot, to drink, when he tirsl came down; hi- told 
 so warmly to her as made Imm- keep at soiiKi'his coinpauy, he would never go ollaiid leave 
 disliinee; .Mr. Cliureh desired them to send Ins hat and eutluss for the Indians; they 
 their canoe ushore to fetch iheni on hoard ; .should never have that to relliKt upon him: 
 but no persuasions nor arguments could pre-! Though he wa» much dissuuded from it, yet 
 vuil » iih tlii-ni to liriiig their canoe to shore;! he would go find fetch them. He put all the 
 which some of Mr. ('hurch's men perceiving, powder lie had I'.'ft into his gun (and a poor 
 Legaii to cry out, For Ciod's sake to take | charge it was) and went presenting his gun 
 them oil', for their aniiniiniiioii was speii', &c. at the enemy, until he took u|i what he went 
 Mr. Clhiirch laMiigsensilile of ihedangerof the for; at his return he discliurg(!d his gun at the 
 
 enemy's hearing their coinplaints, and being 
 made acipiaiiited with the weakness and scan- 
 tiness of their umniimition, fiercely culh^d to 
 the boat's master, und bid him either send his 
 (•alloc ashore, or else be gone presently or lie 
 would fire upon him. 
 
 Away goes the boat, and leaves them still to 
 shift for themselves; but then another dilli- 
 culty iirosi!, the enemy seeing the boat leave 
 them, were reanimated, and Hred thicker and 
 
 enemy, to bid them farewell for that time; 
 but had not powder enough to carry the bul- 
 let half way to them. 
 
 Two bullets from the enemy struck the ca- 
 noe as he went on board, one grazed the hair 
 of Ills head a little bi'tbre; another stuck in a 
 small stake that stood right against the middle 
 of his breast. 
 
 Now tills gentleman with his nrmv, ma- 
 king in all twenty men, himself and Ins pilot 
 
 ove KogUii'i (arry 
 
 /dster than ever; upon which some of ihebeing niimbrred with them, got all suH^ oi 
 .Tii'ii that were lightest of fool, began to talk: board al'ler six hours engagement with three 
 of ullemptiiii; an escape by llight, until .Mr. ! huiidi'ed indians; whose number wo were 
 Church solidly convinci;d them of the iniprac- ! told iificrwards by some of themselves. A 
 ticableness of it; and encouraged lliem yet,;dcbverunce which that good giMilleinun often 
 told lliem, that he had observed so much of mentions to the gloiy of (iod, and his proti^c- 
 th(? remarkable and wonderful [irovldence of , ling providence. The next day meeting with 
 Ctod hilh(!rto preserving iheiii, that it eiicou-lihe rest of his little company, whom be had 
 ragc'd him to believe, with much confidence, : left at I'ocasset (that had also u small skir- 
 I hilt (.1 Oil would yet pre'-('rv(! them ; that not i niisli with the Indians, and hud two men 
 nliair of their head should fall to the ground; ^ wounded) they returned to the Mount Hope 
 bid them be patient, courageous and [irudent- , garrison; which Mr. Church used to call the 
 ly siiariii;; of iheir ammunition, and he made lootang fort. Mr. Church then reluming to 
 no doubt but ihey should come well oll"yet,'lli(> island, to s(!rk provision for the army, 
 &c. until his lillle army again resolved, one i meets with Alderman, a noted Indian, that 
 und all, to slay wilb, and stick by him. One vvns just ciiiiu! ov('r from '.he si|uaw sucliem's 
 oflliem, by ,\|r. Cliuroh's order, wus pitching I cape of I'ocasset, haviiitj deserted from her, 
 a (lat sloiie up an end before bin in the sand,jtiiiij brought over his family; who gave him 
 when a bullet from the enemy, with a full I im account of the state of the Indians, and 
 force, struck the stone while he was pitching: where each of the jagamore's head (piarKus 
 it an end; which |int the poor fellow to a | were. Mr. t!liu;-cli then diHCoursed with 
 miserable start, till ,Mr. C^hurch called npon;siiiiie who knew the spot well where the In- 
 liim to observe, how < lod ilirected the bullets, ' dians said Weetamore's* Inad iinarters were, 
 that the enemy could not Inl him when in the j and oll'i'i-cd thi'ir ser\ ice to pilot him. With 
 same pl.ice, yet could lilt the stone as itwasihis news be hastened to the .Mount Hope 
 ericteil. garrison. The army expressed their readi- 
 
 While iliey v.en; thus making the best de- ness to embrace such an opportunity, 
 fence ihey could ai/ainst their nuin(;roiis ene-| All the ablest soldiers were now immedi- 
 lilies, that made the woods ring with their jntely drawn oil', eipiipped und despatched 
 eonslant yelling and shoiiling: And nijilit j upon this design, under tiie coinmand of a 
 coming on, somebody told Mr. Church they, i,>rtain olficer ; and having marched about 
 espied a sloop up the river as lar as tjold is- (wo miles, vi/. iiiililiheycamelo the cove that 
 land, that seemed to lio coming down towards lieu <iouth west Iroiii the Mount, whi're or- 
 them; H(! looked up and told them, succour ,i,.rs « ■•re s^ivfii for an hill: The cominan- 
 was now coming, for he believed it wuslder in chief told them he tlioui;lit it ]iroper to 
 (!aptiiiii (lolding, whom he knew to be a i mke advice beliire he wiuit any further ; cab 
 mini (iir business, and would certainly fetch |,.d .Mr. (.'Iiiirih and the pilot, and asked 
 lliem oil', if he came. The wind being fair, 'them, how they knew that I'hilip and all his 
 the vessel was soon with them; and ("aplainnii'ii were not by that lime gni to Weeta- 
 (lolding it was. Mr. Church (as soon as they ' more's camp ; or that all her own men were 
 came to speak with one anolher) desired him 'mil liy that time returned to hcrairainl Willi 
 to come to anchor at such a distance from the' maiiv more fri'j;hlfiil iiueslions. Mr. Church 
 shore, that he might veer out bis cable ind^tnld him, they hiid aciiuaiiiled liiiii with us 
 ride alloiil, and hi slip his caiioi', that it miehl ' murh as they knew, and that for his part, he 
 drivi! ashore; which direction Ciiplmn (iold-' cMild discover nolhing lliiil need to discoii- 
 ini; observed; but llie eni'iny gave hiiii sin h nijre them I'niin pioceediiii.'; that he ihought 
 a warm snliite, that bis sails, colour, and ' it so priiclicable, that he, with the pilot, would 
 stern, were full of bullet holes. 'willinglv lend the way to the spot, and hazard 
 
 The cniioe came asbon-, but was so sinalb the biiint. Ibit the chief coinmander ii.sis- 
 that she would not bear above two iiiiii at a ted on this, that the enemies, number were so 
 lime; kihI when two wiu'c ijot aboard, ihey irreal, and he did not know what niirnbets 
 turned her loose to drive ashore for two more, ' nKiri' might be adde(i unto them by that time 
 
 aiid the sloop's conifiiiny kept the Indians in , . . 
 
 pmy the while; bul when at hist it came to i • HqutwMcli'ui uI'l'iKBsw^t. 
 
 time: And his company su siiiull, that lai 
 ciuild nut think it piacticable to ntt.ick tliem: 
 .\dded moreover, that if be was sure if Kil- 
 ling all the enemy, and knew thai he nns' 
 los(! the lite of one of his men in the aiiion, 
 he would not attempt it. I'ray .'^ir, then (re- 
 plied .Mr. Church) pleiis(! to lend your c.nii- 
 paiiy to yonder windmill, on Ithoile Isl.Hfd, 
 and there they will be out of danger of being 
 killed by the enemy, and we shall have less 
 trouble to supply them \\ lib provisions. I!iit 
 return he would, and did, unlo the garrison, 
 until more strength cann! to them, and a sloop 
 tu transport them to the Full river,* in order 
 to visit Weetainorij's camp. .Mr. ('Iiurcli, 
 one ]ia.\ter, and Captain Hunti'r an Indiini, 
 proll'ered to go out on the discovery on the 
 left wing, which was uccepled; they had not 
 marche(r above a (|uarter of a mile l.ebue 
 they started three of the enemy, ('apliiiu 
 
 Hunter wounded one of them in his ki , 
 
 whom, when he came up, he discovered to 
 be his near kiisman ; the captive desired fa- 
 vour for his sipiaw, if she should fall into 
 their lianils, but ask('d none lor himself, ex- 
 cepting the liberty of taking a whilf of tobac- 
 co, and while he was taking Ins whilf, bis 
 kinsman with one blow of his halcliet de- 
 spatched him. I'roc'eding to Weetamore's 
 cain[i, they were discovered by one of the 
 (!nemy, who run in and gave information, 
 upon which a lusty young ti Mow left his meat 
 upon his spit,t running hastily out, told U\H 
 coin|)anioiis, he would kill an Fiiglishmun be- 
 fore h(! eat bis dinner; bul failed of liis de- 
 sign, being no sooner out but shutdown. '1 ho 
 enemies' hres, and what shelter they had \\as 
 by the edge of n thick cedar swi,inp, into 
 which, on this alarm, they betook themselve.s, 
 and the English km nimbly pursued ; but 
 were soon ctjinmanded back by their chief- 
 tain, after th(;y were come within hearing of 
 the cries of their women and children, and so 
 ended that exploit; bul returning to their 
 sloop the enemy pursued lliein, und wounded 
 two of llnur men. The next day they re- 
 turned to the Mount Hope garrison. 
 
 Soon after ibis, was I'hilip's head ipiarters 
 visited by some other English forces; but 
 Philip and his gang had the very fortune to 
 escape, that W('etaniore and her's (bul now 
 
 itioned) had; they took into a swamp, 
 
 and iJieir pursuers were commanded back. 
 .M'ter this Darlmoulli's distresses re(|iiired 
 succour, great part of the town being laid 
 desolate, and many of the inhabitanls killed; 
 the mosi of i'lyinoulh forces were ordered 
 ihilher; and coming to Kussel's garrison at 
 l'onagiinset,| they met with a number of llit) 
 enemy that bad siirrenilered themselves pris- 
 oners on terms promised by Capt. Eels of 
 ihe siarrison, and Hi!l|ih Karl, « ho persiiadea 
 them (by a fnend Indian he had employed) to 
 come in. And had their promises to the In- 
 dians been kept, and the Iniliaiis fairly treat- 
 ed, it is probable that most if not all the Indi- 
 ans in those parts had soon followed the ex- 
 ampli! of those who had now siirrendereii 
 ihemselves; which would have been a gooa 
 step towards (inishing the war. Ibit in spite 
 of all that Capt. Kels, Church or Iviil coiiht 
 SUV, argui", plead, or lieg, somebody else that 
 had more power in their bunds improved it; 
 
 * Soulli pnrl iif I'rniiiwii. I I'ri.liiiliy n numlnn «|iii. 
 ) 111 llurliiiuuUi 
 
080 
 
 Kl Nd I' II I Lll'S WAR. 
 
 anil w itiiout iiriy rfj^iird In tlu; proiiiiari) iiiiuli- 
 lliiMii on llicir HurrtMiilcriiig tliiMini'lvi-a, tliry 
 Wfic ciinii'ii iiway to I'lyiiunilli, llii'rr oolil, 
 ami tniiis|iorl<'(l out of tlic country, liriii^; 
 iilxiiil oi^lit scoru persons. An aciioii »o 
 li.iti 'fill lo Mr, ('liin\:li, lliiit hu opposi'il it to 
 t'lt' loss ol'tlii^ )^oik1 williiml ruapucU ot'soniu 
 llml l)rlori- WOK.' Ills good friendii. Hut wlillu 
 lliiMi- tiling's wi'ro nctiiig nt Durliiioutli, Pliij- 
 i|) niiiili! Ins fsciipi!, ifuvuig liit country, 'k-il 
 oviT Tiiunlon rivor, iinil Iti'hobotli plain and 
 I'aiuxct riviT, wlii-ro Capt. Edinund.i, of 
 I'roviili'nin", iniidu some spoil upon liitn, and 
 liiitl proliul)ly done more, but was provenlfd 
 liy tlu! c-opiiii(» of a superior ollicer, timt i)Ut 
 l.lni liy. And now anollierfort was built at I'o- 
 caHsel, tliat proved as troublesome and clnirgu- 
 abli' HsjIiatuI Mount Hope; und tliu remain- 
 der of tlie summer was improved in provi- 
 drtii; f,ir llie forts and forces tliere liiaintainetl, 
 wliile our eneinits wero (led some hundred 
 of miles into tlie country, near as far as Alba- 
 ny. And luiw strong suspicMons began to 
 arise of llie XarragaiiMit Indians, lliat tbey 
 were ill alleeleil, and designed miscliief; and 
 BO llie event .sooti discovered. Tlie next 
 winter tliey began tlieir lioslililies upon the 
 Unglisli. Tlie iiniteil coliuiies then agreed 
 to siMid an army to suppress them : (Jovi'r- 
 nor Winsliuv to c(Hnniaiiil the i:rin\. He 
 iiinlerliikiiig the expeilillon, invited Mr. 
 Oliureh to roinmaiul a coiiipany in the expe- 
 dition, which he decliiii'd, craving excuse 
 from taking coiniiiissloii, he promised lo wait 
 upon him as a lii'liirm.ulo tlirougli the expe- 
 dilion. Having nule wilh the general to 
 lioston, and from thence to Rehoboih; upon 
 the geneial's reipiesl lie went tlience tin- 
 nearest w.iy over the ferries, wilh Major 
 Siniili, lo his garrlMPii in the Narraganset 
 country, to prepare and provide for the com- 
 ing of (ic'iieral Wiiislow; who marched 
 round llii'iiii};li ihe toiiiitry with his army, 
 propuslnt; by night lo surprise Piimliam* (a 
 certain Narr.igaiiset sachem) ami his town; 
 but being aware of the approach of our ar- 
 my, made llieir escape into ihe di'Si'rts; but 
 Mr. Church meeting with fair winds arrived 
 8atc> at the mijor's girrison in the evening 
 und soon began to inipiire afler the enemies' 
 resorts, wigwams, or sh'epiiig places, and 
 having gained some inlelligenci-, he iiroposed 
 to the Khlriges, and some other brisk hands 
 that he met with, to alleinpl the surprisinLT of 
 some of the enemy, to m:ike a present of to 
 the iieneral, when he should arrive, which 
 miirhl advantaL'C his design : Ueing l>risk 
 blades, they readily complied with the molion, 
 ami were somi iipmi their march. The night 
 was very cold, bill blessi d wilh tin? tuooii ; 
 berore the clay broke lliey ellectcl their ex- 
 ploit, and by the rising of the s irrived at 
 
 the ma|or's garrison, where they met the 
 getH'ial, and presented him with eighteen of 
 the enemy they had captured. The general, 
 please(( wilh the i^xploit, gave them thanks, 
 parliriilarly to M"-. (Miiirch, the mover ami 
 chief actor of the biislness ; and sending two 
 of lliein, (likely boys) a pnvsent to Hostim ; 
 smiling on Mr. Church, told liim, that he 
 made no doiibi but his faculty would suppl'j 
 them wilh Indian boys I'nougli before the 
 V'li-'vas ended. 
 
 'J'lieir next niove was to a swamp, which 
 
 * tiuclivai oi :>linwuu»:i, or Warwick. 
 
 ihe Indians Ind fortiKed with a furt. Mr. 
 
 C'hurch rill in ihe giiieial's guard when the 
 liliiody en;'agenient began ; but being impa- 
 Iieiit ol iieiiig mil of the heat of the action, im- 
 piirliinalely begged leaveof ihe general that liu 
 might rundown lo the assistance of his friends: 
 the general yn'lded to his reipiust provided 
 he could rally some hands to go with liim. 
 Thirty men immedialely dre>.% out and fol- 
 lowed him : They entered the swamp, and 
 passed over the log, that was the passage into 
 tho fort, where they saw many men and se- 
 veral valiant captains lie slain : Mr. Church 
 spying Captitin Gardner nf Sulom, amidst the 
 wigwams in tlie east end of the fort, mado 
 towards him, but on a sudden, while they 
 wero looking vi" \: other in the f;xcu, Captain 
 Ciardner settled down Mr. Church stepped to 
 him, ond seeing tho blood run down his cheek, 
 lifted up his cup, and calling to him by his 
 name ; he looked up in his face, but spoke not 
 a word, being mortally shot ihroiigh the lii'ud ; 
 and observing his wound, .Mr. Church found 
 the ball entered his heail on the side that was 
 next the iiplaml, when' ihe I'^iglish entered 
 llie swamp, upmi which, lun iiig ordered some 
 care to be taken of the captain, he iles|ialcli- 
 ed information to the gener.il, that the best 
 and forwurdest of his army, that ha/.arded 
 their li\es to enter the lort, upon thi' muz/.le 
 of the enemies' guns, wi'resliot in 'heir backs, 
 and killed by lliein that lay behind. Mr. 
 Church wilh his small company hastened cnit 
 of the fort that the I'^nglisli wen- now posses- 
 sed of, to get u shot at the Indians that were 
 in the swamp, and kept firing upon th ' 
 He soon met wilh a broad and bloody Ir 
 where tliu enemy had fled with their woiliiil- 
 ed men ; follo.ving hard in the tract, he soon 
 spied one of the eii"iny who clapped his 
 gun across I. is breast, inaile towards .Mr. 
 ('liurcli, and beckoned lo liim wilh his hand ; 
 Mr. Church immediately commainleil no man 
 lo hurt him, hoping by him to have gained 
 some intelligence of the eni'iny, that might 
 be of advantage; but it iinliappily fell out 
 that a fellow that lagged behind coming 
 lip, shot down the Indian, to .Mr. (Church's 
 great grief and disappoiiiliiKmt ; but iniiiK'- 
 diately they heard a gnat shout of the enemy, 
 which .si'emed to be behind ihein, or betwei-n 
 them and the fort ; and discovi-red them run- 
 ning from tri'e to tree to gain advantages of 
 tiring u(ion the English thai were in the Ibrl. 
 Mr. Church's great dillicully now was how 
 to discover himself to his friends in the (brt, 
 using siHeral inventions, lill at length he gain- 
 ed an opportuniiy to call to, and inform a Ser- 
 jeant in the f nt, that he was tliere, and 
 might be exposed to their shots, unless they 
 observed it. liy this tiiiii! he iliscovered a 
 number of the enemy almost within shot of 
 him, making toward-^ the fort. Mr. ('hiirch 
 and his company were liivoiired by a liiMip of 
 brush that was belwei-n them ami the enemy, 
 and prevented their being discovered to 
 them. .Mr. ('liiirch had given his men their 
 particular onlers f,ir firing upon the enemy, 
 and as lliey were rising up lo make their shot ; 
 the hire-mi'iitioneil secgeaiit in the f irt called 
 out lo them, for (iod's sake not to Hn-, for he 
 believed lliey wen- some of their friend In- 
 dians; they clappi'd down again, but were 
 soon sensibh^ of their serieanl's mistake. The 
 enemy got to the top of ilii? tree, llie body 
 whereof the serjeanl stood upon, and there 
 
 'chipiH'd ilown out of sight of tliu fort, but 
 all lliis while never disiiivered Mr. ('Iinrcli, 
 who observed llieni lo keep galheriiig net i 
 lliat place, until lliere .seeini'd lo be a forim- 
 j liable black heap of them. Now brave Imys 
 (said Mr. Church to his men) if we inind 
 our hits, wu n.iiy have a brave shot, and let 
 our sign for firing on them, be their rising to 
 fire into tho fort. It was not long before tho 
 Inilmns rising up as one body, designing lo 
 pmir a volley into the fort ; when our ('liurcli 
 nimbly started up and gave them such n 
 round volley, and iinexpecled chip on ihi'ir 
 backs, that tliey, who <'scapid w illi llieir lives, 
 wero so surprised, that tlii'y si aiii|H'red, they 
 knew not whilher themselves, about a >lo/rii 
 of them ran right over the log into the fort, 
 and took into a sort of hovel ihiit was built 
 with jioles, after the niaiiner of a corn crib. 
 -Mr. ('hurch's nn-ll having their carlriilges 
 fixed, were soon able lo obey his onier, 
 which was immedialely to charge, and run 
 on upon the hovel, ami overset il, calling, as 
 be run on, to some that were in the fort, lo 
 assist him in overselling il ; ihey no sooner 
 came to face the enemie.s' shelter, but .Mr. 
 Clinrch discovered that one of them had 
 found a hole to point his gun through, right 
 at him ; but however encoiirageil his compa- 
 ny and ran right on, lill he was lilriick will' 
 three bullets, one in his ihigh, \\ hicli was 
 near half cut oft" as it glanced on the joint of 
 his hip-bone ; unolher th ■diigh the gallicring 
 of his breeches and drawers, with ii small llesh 
 wound ; a third pierced his pocket, and 
 wounded a pair of mittens, that he had bor- 
 rowed of Cujitam Prenlice ; being wrapped 
 up together had the misfortune of having 
 many holes cut throueli them with one bul- 
 let ; but however, hi! made u sliifl. to keep (M\ 
 his legs, and nimbly discharged his g in at 
 them that had wonndird him ; being disabled 
 now to go a step, his men would have carried 
 him oil', but he forbid their touching of him, 
 until they had perfected their pmjecl of over- 
 setting the enemies, shelter ; bid them run, 
 for now th(> Indians had no guns charged. 
 While he was urging them lo run on, the In- 
 dians begun to shoot arrows, and wilh one 
 pierced through the arm of llie Knglishman 
 that had hold of Mr. Chiiri'h's arm lo support 
 him. The Knglish, in short, were disi'onraged, 
 and drew back ; and by this time the ICnglish 
 people in the fort had begun lo set firi' to llui 
 wiirwams and houses in the fort, which Mr. 
 Church laboiireil hard lo prevent; they told 
 him, They had orders from llie general to 
 burn them ; hi? begged llieni to forbear until he 
 had disciMirsed with the general ; and hasten- 
 ing to him, he bes;ged lo spare the wigwams, 
 iVc. in the fort from fire, lohl him, the wig- 
 wams were iniisket-pn.of, beiiej all lined wilh 
 liask(>ts tubs of grain, and oilier provisions, 
 siiiricieiit to supply the whole army, iinld 
 the spring of the year; and every wounded 
 man might have a good warm house to 
 lodge in, who otherway would necessarily 
 perish wilh the storms mi ,1 cold : And more- 
 over, that the army had no otlnT provisions 
 to trust unto, and depend npf.n ; that he 
 kninv that tho I'lymoiilh forces had not so 
 much as one biscuit left, for he had seen 
 their last dealt out, ffc. The general advis- 
 ing a few words wilh the gei tli'iiien that 
 wi'i'e about him, moving 'oward-. tlii' (iirt, de- 
 signing lo ridi! in himself, and bring in tho 
 
KIN (J PHI LI I" S WA». 
 
 8^7 
 
 (if tliu fort, lull 
 It'll Mr. Clmrrli, 
 
 I gallioriiij,' iir't > 
 I'll III Iji' u ruriiii- 
 
 Now lllllVl' lillVH 
 
 irii) if \vi' iiiiiiil 
 ii\>' hIiiiI, anil lit 
 1)1' (lu'ir risiiig I.) 
 il Idii^; lu'liirt' ill" 
 tlVi ilrni^iiini; III 
 vliL'ii unr Cliuirli 
 
 VO llu'lll KMcIl II 
 
 li'il rliii) on llirlr 
 il with ilirir livi'-i, 
 
 si'iiiii|><'ri'il, llii'y 
 's, iiliiiiit a dii/i'ii 
 lii){ ihio till- fort., 
 ■I lliiit was liiiill 
 r III II I'lirii crili. 
 
 lliinr railiiil};r< 
 iilii'v liis iinii'V, 
 cliiir^i', anil run 
 M'l il, ralliinj, as 
 II' ill llii' fort, 111 
 ; tliry 111' siiiiiicr 
 
 slirlirr, liiit Mr. 
 II' III' tlii'iii liaii 
 
 II llii'iiiii;li, rij,'lrt 
 nifiril liis <'iiiii|iii- 
 ' was tilniiU w III' 
 if;li, wliirli win 
 :1 on till' joint of 
 gli till- liallii'riiii; 
 willi II Hiiiall lli'sli 
 liis piickrl, ami 
 
 lliiit III! Iiail liiir- 
 ; liriiii; wra|i|ii'il 
 rtuiii' III' lunini; 
 
 'Ml willl lllil' I'lll- 
 
 I Hliil'l. to ki'i'|) on 
 irf>i-il Ills ;; III at 
 
 ; liritii^ ilisalili'ii 
 mill liavo nirrii'il 
 loiicliiiif; ol" liiiii, 
 r |>riiji'Ct 111' iivrr- 
 
 ; liiil tlii'in run, 
 
 II fjiiiis i-liari.'1'il. 
 11 run on, tlir Ill- 
 's, anil willl ('111! 
 ' llio Kn^'lisliinaii 
 I's arm to sii|i|iort 
 icri- ^li^<^oll^lll.•<'.l, 
 
 tiini' till' Kii^'r:--li 
 
 I 111 si't tin' to llm 
 ' full, wliioli Mr. 
 ri'vonl ; lliry lolil 
 
 II till' •ii'iii-ral lo 
 to forlii'ar iiiilil In; 
 rral ; anil liasli-n- 
 Ml' tlic wii;wiiiii.i, 
 
 I'M llllll, till' wiLT- 
 
 'iiiLT all liiii'il willl 
 oilier jirovisiiiiis, 
 hole nriuy, niilil 
 I every woiiiuleil 
 
 warm liiiiise In 
 voiilil necessarily 
 L'lilil : Anil niore- 
 
 otlier |irovisii'iis 
 I u|ioii ; lliat lie 
 "iirce.s liail rmt sii 
 
 for lie linil seen 
 lie general ailvis- 
 • f;ei tleineii tliat 
 Mini- till' fort, ili'- 
 
 aiitl liriiii; in tlio 
 
 wtioUi army ; Imt jint us In) wiih enieriiit; llie 
 »wniii|i, one nf tlie raptiiiis iiiel liiiii, ami ii'^k- 
 ml liim, wliiilier lie was >;oiii^ I lie l.ilil Imii 
 into '!'!. I'irt ; llie rii|ilaiii liiiil linlil of lii'* 
 lior •, III il llllll llllll, Ins life was worth an 
 111!: liri'il of llieirs, iiiiil he slimiM nol i'\|'o,i' 
 Ilimsi'If. The ^enerul InM him, llial llie liriiiil 
 was iner, aiiil that Mr. Chiiivh hail iiilormeil 
 liiiil thai the f irl was laken, Ike. ami as the 
 riisii wai eimiiiistaiireil he wis of ilie iiiimi, 
 that it was most iiraiiiriilile for him, iiiiil Ins 
 liniiy to shelli-r theinseln's in the fort. The 
 rn|itaiii in a i^'ieat heat ri'|ilieil, that Cliiinli 
 lieil ; aiiil tnhi ihe t;eiieral, lliiil if hi' iiinveii 
 miiitlier ste|i towanls the fort he wonhl si., ml 
 his horse iimler him. Then liriisheil up an- 
 other (^elillemaii. a I'erlaiii lioelor, ami n|i|ioseil 
 Mr. ('hiinh's inlvice, ami iiaiil, if il wrrfi emu- 
 plii'ii willl, it Wiiiil.l kill iiiore men than llie 
 enemvlniil killeil; l'iir(saiii he) liy lo-inorrow 
 the woiiiiileil men will lie no siilf that there 
 will III' no iiMvinir of ilieiii : Ami looking' 
 upon Mr. ('hiircli, ami seeiiii; the liloml How 
 npace fniin his woiiiiils, lolii him, That if he 
 pive siirli iiilvice as that was, he slioiihl lileeil 
 to liealli like a ilo:; lief ire he Winild eiidea. 
 Viiiir toslaiini'h his hlooil : ihoiii^h after tliev 
 li.ail prevaileii a:,'aiiisl his ailvlee ihey wen' 
 giiHieieiilly kiiiii to him. Ami liiirniii^ up all 
 the houses ami provisions in ihi! fort ; the 
 army returneil the same ni;;ht in the storm 
 ami eohl ; ami I suppose lliilt every one who 
 was ai'ipniinleil with that nii^hl's march 
 deeply laments the miserie.s lliiit altemleii 
 them, especially the woiimleii niul ilyinjj 
 men. Hut it mercifully cniiie to jmss thai 
 Captain ,\mirew' llelclier iirriveil at Mr. 
 Smith's that very nielit from Huston, with a 
 vessel !;iailei] with provisions for the army 
 who miisl otlierwisu hiiv.i peri.shvil fitr want. 
 Simie of the eneir.y t'lat wore then in the 
 fort have since infiirinr,! •», that near a tliinl 
 of the Imlians lieliiii;.'in!; to all th" Narraijan- 
 net country were killeil liy the Kn:;li«li ami 
 liy the colli of ihat niu'ht, that I'ley Hi'ii out of 
 their fort so liaslily that lliey carrieil nolhiiit; 
 with ihem : That if the l'^i<;lisli hail kept in 
 the fort, the Imiians woiihl certainly have 
 been necessilateil either to surremler theni- 
 B'.Ives to them, or to have perislieii hv hiiiis^'er, 
 ami the severity of the season.* Snmetime 
 after this fort-li'^ht a cerlaiii Susjkonate In- 
 dian iiearinij Mr. Olniri'li relate the iiianner 
 of his lieiii'^ woundi'il, told him, that he did 
 not know hut he hiiinelf was the Indian that 
 wounded him oi he was one of ihat coiiipa- 
 ny of Ihiiians ihut Mr. Church made a shoi 
 upon, when lliey were rlsiiij; to make a shot 
 into the firt. They were in niimher alimit six- 
 ty iir seventy, th it just then c.iiiie down from 
 I'uraham's towi. nml never liefoie then tired 
 a Kun iiL'ainst th.> Kii'.;lisli ; th.it when Mr. 
 Church tired upi.'i llniii he killed fourleen 
 (load upon the spot, .tiid wounded a i^realer 
 numlier than he killed, many of whom died 
 adcrwai Is of their Wi.iinds, in tbo cold and 
 storm ill ! followins; niyrlit. 
 
 • Til.' svvdhip fiirlil )i(t|i|i'Mit?iI nil Ofi'i-mlitT 'i'}. Ilir.'i 
 in ivhii'li iilioiii liHy r.iiilisli wc'ri' iiiiini'. la llii' lulinii 
 leiil ilir.j nl" llifir vviiiimiIh ; tiiiil riliitut Iliri'c liiiinlrr'l iir 
 Ihri'i' jniiiflri'il mmiI tiri\ Intli(iii.i, iiicii. vvuiiii'ii, unit tliil- 
 .^A'li, WIT.' Iiillt'il, niiii ;1M miitiv iimn' i-u)inin'<l. tl ii 
 H.iiil lit,' tiini.jn'.j \vi..svinii'i wi'ri' Iniriit wiili itii' furl; 
 iiii.l Ivvd liiiiiitrril miirr in iillvr jiiirH ill" \'iirrni;jiiHi'l. 
 Till' |il,ii'o 111' III.. I'lirl 1V11.1 nil i-li'v:ilr,l Kroiiml iir |iii'i'i' nl' 
 i.j'lsiit, iiI'iltIi i|i<llin't< IT f'liiir u.'n'«, in llii- niiildli' nl'ii 
 hi ti'iii)4 .4,viiiii|i; iiliiiiil n.'ven iiiiluii iii^ur ilui! west friilil 
 Kitrrai^uatioi mhiiIi luri'^. 
 
 Mr. Chiircii was moved with iitlier Wdiinil- 
 I'd men, over to Khode Island, whi'ri', in 
 ilioiil tliree liionlhs lime, he was ill .some ^'lllld 
 incisure I'eeovered ol'liis wounds, and iheti'- 
 ver llial allemled llniii : .■\lid then went overlo 
 Ihe ei'iieral Ik lake his leiiM' ol hiiii, \\ illi a de- 
 si;4n to ritiini home. 
 
 Hut the j; al's (;reat imporluiiily apiin 
 
 persuaded him to ari'ompany him in a loii^ 
 iiianli into ihe Nipniiick* counlry, though he 
 had then leiils in his wounds, and so lame us 
 not 111 he alile to iiioiinl his hoi'.su without 
 I wo men's assistance. 
 
 Ill this march, llie lirst I'lini; rcmarkalile 
 » as, ihey came In an Indian town, where 
 there were many wij^wams in sii,'hl, hut an 
 '.cy swamp, lyiii:; lielween them ami llie wij;- 
 w.inis, preventeij llieir riiniiiii;^ at once upon 
 it as they intended : There was much Cxnujf 
 upon I'arli side liet'ore they passed the Hwutnp. 
 lint Hi lein^tli the i my all lied, anil Ik cer- 
 tain Miiliei,'an, ihat was a friend Indian, pur- 
 sued ami seized one of the enemy that had a 
 small wound in his lei,', and hroui^dit him he- 
 lore the ijeneral, where he was examineil, 
 .■^oiiie were tiir lorliiriiii; him to liriiii^ him to 
 a more ample conl'ession of what he knew 
 conrerniiii; iiis ciiunlrymen. Mr. (Mmrch, 
 verily lieheviiif; he had lieeii ingenuous in 
 his confession, inlei'ceded iiiul prevaileii for 
 his e.scapin;; lorliire. Hut the army lieini; 
 lioiinil f irwani in their march, and the Indi- 
 an's wound somewhat disenaliling him for 
 travellin;^, it was concliiiled he fih'Uild he 
 knoi'ked on the head: Accordini^lv he was 
 lirouj;lit hefore a (^reat tire and the .'.Iohe(.;an 
 ihut took him was allowed, as lie desired, to 
 he his oxecutloiiiT. Mr. Church liikiiifj; no 
 deli;;lit in the sport, framed an errand at some 
 distance ainoii'^ihe ha^iHasje-horses, and when 
 he (Jot leii nids, or therealioiits, from the fire, 
 the exe;,.iiiiiiii'r felchinj; a Mow with u hatchet 
 at the head of the prisoner, he heini; aware of 
 ihe lilow, iiiidi;ed his head aside, and ihe 
 executioner missir.i; his stroke, the hatchet 
 Hew out of his hand, and had like to have done 
 execution where it was not di'si(;ned. The 
 prisoner, upon his n.irrow escape, broke from 
 them that held him, and, notwillHtandin^ his 
 wound, made iiseiif his li'ijs, and happened to 
 run ri^'ht upon Mr. ('Inircli, who laid hold on 
 him, and a close sciillle they had, hut the In- 
 dian haviiiij no clothes on slipped from him, 
 and ran iiijain, and Mr. Church pursued the 
 Imliiin, althi'iiijh lieiiii.^ lame, there was no 
 en-at odds in the race, iiiuil the Indian slum- 
 hied and fell, and they closed aijain, siiullled 
 and fiiUi,'lil prelty sim'.rlly, until the Indian 
 livlheadvant.ieeiifliis nakedness, slipped from 
 his hold aicaiii, and set mil on his third race, 
 with Mi.Chiii'ch close at his heels, emleavour- 
 Iiil; Io liv hold on the hair of his heail, which 
 w.is all llie hold could he laken of him : and 
 riinnini^ ihroueli a swamp that was covered 
 with hollow ice, il made so loud a noise that 
 Mr. ('liiirch expecled (hut in vain) that some 
 of his Kiurlish friends would f 'How the noise, 
 ami coini'to his assistance. Ihit the Indian hap- 
 pened to run athwart a larije tree, thai lay fal- 
 len nearlireasl hi'^l;, where he stopped and cried 
 out aloud liir help ; hut Mr. Church lieini^ soon 
 upon hiin aijaiii. the Imli.iii sei'/.ed liim f.ist liy; 
 the hair of his lie.id.andendi'avouriii'^ liy twist 
 iiij' to hri'iik his neck, hut thoiit;li \Ir. Churi'h'si 
 
 ' Couuiry alniil WonTHBIor, Oxfiiril, Cnisliin, Jjfi'. 
 
 [woiintla had Hiimewhal weukeiinil liiin, ami 
 
 ihe Indian u sloul lillow , yet he held hini II. 
 play, and Iwislcd llie Imhiin's neck as well, 
 anil took the iid\ aiita^e ot' iiiany iippoitiini- 
 lies, while they hunj; hy each oiher's hair, 
 ' ^ave llllll III iloi'ti Ills I llllll I IS III the liice \\ ith hiN 
 head. Hut III llie heal of this MiiDIe lliey 
 heard the ice hreak wiili soniehinly ciiiinn^ 
 apace to them, which when ihey lieani, 
 ( hiircli concluded there « as help llir mm 
 or other (if them, hiil was ihniliirul which ii( 
 llicin must now receive ihe f ilal slmke ; anon 
 someliody comes up to iheni, who piiited lit 
 he tliu Indian that had lirst laken ihe pi isoiier. 
 Wilhoiit iipenkiii){ a wind, he fell them out 
 (for it was bo dark he could imt ilistin^nisli 
 tlii'in liy si^'") llu' one heiHL; i li'lhed, and llio 
 other naked, he felt when' Mr. Church's haMihi 
 wen- fisleiiud in the Nelop's hair, iiinl « iili 
 one blow settled his halchel ii hel«een llieiii 
 and ended the strife, lie llieii spoke to .Mr. 
 ('hurcli, :id liii^eed liiin in his arms, a:»l 
 thanked him aliundanlly for calchiiii; his pris- 
 oner, and cut oil the heiid of his Mcliin, nml 
 car-ied il tolhecainp; and ijiviiii; an acconiit 
 to the rest of the friend Indians in the caiiip, 
 how Mr. (Church had seized his pnsoin r, 
 Jcc. Ihey nil joined ii iniehty shout. 
 
 I'roceedint; in this march, tiiey had ihe suc- 
 cess of killiii(5 many of the enemy: until a* 
 leiifjtli their provisions I'ailiiii;, they I'lturne.i 
 home. 
 
 KiniJ Philip (as was hei'ore hiiited) was tieil 
 to a place called Scailacook, helween Vorkaml 
 Alliany, when' the Moohaas* made a descent 
 upon him and killed many of his iiieii, wliudi 
 moved him from thence. 
 
 His next keniielliiif.'ph was at the falls of 
 
 Connecticut river, t where, somelime alter, 
 Cnpl. Turner fouiid him, came upon him hy 
 nijjht, killed him a (jreat many men, and fri^'ht- 
 eiied many more into the river, that were 
 hurled down the falls and dniwned. 
 
 Philipgotovor the river, andontlieliacksido 
 of U'etiiset hills meets with all ihe reimmnt* 
 of the Narrnf^anset and NipmiickJ Indians that 
 were there (gathered tof^ether, aiul hecamo 
 very numerous, and made their descenl on 
 .Sudbury and the adjaceiil parts of llie connlry, 
 where they met with and swallowed up valiant 
 Capt. WaiUworth and his ciinipany, and miiihf 
 many other doleful desolalions in llmse parts. 
 The n(!W3 whereof comiiii; to Plynioiilh, niitl 
 they exp(M'tiiii.'' probahly the enemy woiilil 
 soon return afraiii into iheir colony ; the coun- 
 cil of war was called lo^'etl.er, and Mr. 
 ('liurch was sent for to them, beini; ohserved 
 hy the whole colony to he a person exlraor- 
 diuarily ()Ualitied tiir, and adapted to, llio 
 alTairs of war. It was pmposed in council, 
 that lest the eiieniy. in llieir reliirn, should 
 fill on Kehoholh, or some olher of their oiil- 
 tiiwns, a ciiinpany, ciin>islin^ of flO or 70 
 men, aliould he sent into ihiise palls; and Mr. 
 Church invited to lake the eouiinaml of ihem. 
 He told them, llinl if the ineiiiy relumed 
 into that colony auain, ihey iiiinht reasonably 
 expect that they would come very numerous, 
 and if he should take the comniaml of men, ho 
 should not lie in any town or f;arrisiiii with 
 them, lint would lie in ihe woods as tliB 
 enemy did : Ami liial to send out sindi smalt 
 companies U'j;aiiist such niiilllludes of theeiie. 
 my ihat were now musten'd Io jreilier, would 
 
 • Mob«wli». t Abo»o Dwrlilil. | Alwut RulUml. 
 
ess 
 
 KINO PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 I)iit to Jflivur HO miny inun into their | next to it liiiirot!'; iijidii wlilrli lit- siiiilint;ly tlie Ima i , iinj tiiot liiin they not having any 
 
 no 
 
 liiiiiiN, to l>e ili'<itniyril, as tliu worthy Cn|)tiiin 
 Wiidnwiirtli mill \n» coinpuny wnro. His lul- 
 vici! ii|ioii tilt' whiilii wus, that it' thi'y m'lil 
 out any liirciM, to aciul out no \as» than 300 
 •olUiiTH ; und that tim ottior colonies shoiilil 
 bi> iiHkcii to Kfiid out their (|uiitait nUo ; ml- 
 Jiiij^, that if they iiiloiidej to ninku an end 
 of the war by subduine the enemy, they 
 must make a business of tlie war, as the ene- 
 my did ; anil that of his own part, ho )iud 
 wholly laid aside all his own private business 
 coiict-rns, ever since the war iiroko out. He 
 told them, that if they would send forth suuh 
 forces as he should direct, ho would gn 
 with (hem fora six weeks' march, which was 
 long enough for men to be kept in the wooiIh 
 at once ; and if they might bo sure ofliborty 
 to return in such a space, men would go out 
 cheerfully ; and he would engage 150 of the 
 best soldiers should list voluntarily to go with 
 him, if they would please to add 50 more ; 
 und 100 of the friend Indians ; and with such 
 nn iirmy, he made no doubt, but he might do 
 guild service ; but on other terms ho did not 
 iiirliiie to be concerned. 
 
 Tlii'ir reply was that they were already in 
 di-lit, and so big an army would bring such 
 rliiir^'o upon tliein, that they should never 
 lie iilile to pay ; and as for sending out In- 
 dian.'), they thought it no ways aaviseable, 
 mill in sliiirt nmie of his advice practicable. 
 
 .\(iw .M r. Church's consort, and his then only 
 sun wi'i'f tilllhlstime remaining at Duxbury, 
 mill lie flaring fur their safety there (unless the 
 war wus mure vigorously engaged in, rcsolv 
 ill to iniivi' III Kliiide Island, though it was 
 iiiiicli iipposcil liiith by government and rela 
 iiiHs ; lint at length, the governor considering 
 tIm' lie mii^iit he no less serviceable bv being 
 on I hat "ide of the colony, gave his permit, 
 anil wislied he had twenty more Osgood men 
 to siind with him 
 
 Then preparing for his removal, he went 
 Willi his small family to Plymouth, to take 
 leave of tlieir friends, where they met with 
 his wife's parents, who much persuaded that 
 she might be left at Mr. Clark's garrison 
 (which they supposed to be a mighty snfi 
 place) or al least that she might be there iinti 
 her soon expected lying-in was over, (being 
 near her time.) Mr. Church no ways inclin 
 ing til venture her any longer in those parts, 
 and nil arguments prevailing with him, lic! n 
 siilvedtiisetout fir Taunton, and many oftheir 
 friemls accompanied them. There they found 
 Capiain Pierce with a commanded party, who 
 ofU'reil Mr. Church to send a relation of his 
 with smne others to guard him to Rhode 
 Islaiiil ; lint Mr. ('hiircli thanked him for his 
 re-ipecil'iil olftT, bill for uiimu good reasons 
 ref IS 'd t'l accept it. In short, lliey gut safe 
 lo Caiiiaiii .lohii Almy's house upon Rhode 
 Island, where they met with friends and good 
 i!itertiiinment. But, by the way, let me 
 lint forget this remarkable Providence, viz 
 That within twenty four hours, or there- 
 aliiiiits, after their arrival at Rhode Island, 
 Mr. Clark's garrison that Mr. Church was so 
 iniicli importuned to leave hia wife and child 
 ren at, wii'? destroyed by the enemy. 
 
 Mr. Church being al present disenabled 
 from any particular service in the war, began 
 to lliiiik of some other employ; but he no 
 ■sooner took a tool to cut n. small stick. Inn 
 DC cut off the top if his fore-finger, and thi; 
 
 said, that ho thought 
 
 to leave ihi! war, ami 
 
 to war again. Accordin^'ly 
 
 being born on the l:iih of .Slay, and his wife some discourse with hiin. 
 
 e win mil of his way,jarnis, excepting that one of tia'in hail It lante 
 
 resiijvi'il III! would go in l.is hand ; they urged Mr. (^'Ir.irch to come 
 
 s seciiiid son ashore, fur they had a great desire to 
 
 and son like to do well, Mr. Cluirch embraces 
 
 le opportunity of pa.ss.ige in a sloop bound to 
 liarnslable ; which landrdhim at .Sogkoneiiet, 
 from whence he rid to I'ly mouth ; and arrived 
 there on the first Tuesday in .lune : Tho 
 general court then sitting welcomed him, 
 and told him they were glad to see him alive. 
 Hu replied, he was glad to see them alive, 
 for he had seen so many fires and smokei 
 towards tlieir side of the country, since he 
 left them, that he cuiild scarce eat or sleep 
 with any noinfurt, for fear they hud all been 
 destroyed. For all travelling was stopped, 
 and no news had passed fiir a long time 
 together. He gave them an account that 
 the Indians had made horrid desolations at 
 Providence, Wursvlck, Pawtuxet, and all 
 over tho Nurragainet cimnlry, and that they 
 
 irevailed daily against the English on that 
 side of the country : Told them, he longed to 
 hear what iiicthoils they designed in tho war. 
 They told him, they were particularly glad 
 that Providence had brought him there at that 
 juncture ; for they had concluded the very 
 
 lext day lo send out an army of :i00 men two 
 thirds English, and one third Indians, in some 
 measure agreeable lo his former proposal ; 
 expecting Uustoii and Connecticut to join 
 with their cpnitas. In short, it was so con- 
 cluded, and that Mr. Church should return to 
 the Island, and see what ho could muster 
 there, of those tliat had moved from Swanzey, 
 Darliniiiith, &c. So returning the same way 
 ho came ; when he came to Sogkonesset, he 
 had a sham |iut upon him about a boat he 
 had brought to go liiimo in, and was forced 
 lo hire two of the friend Indians to paddle 
 him in a eaiiou from Elisabeth's to Rhode 
 
 Ishifid. 
 
 It fell out, that ns they were in their \'oyagc 
 passing by Sogkiiimte-point, acme of the eiie- 
 
 u-poi 
 icks I 
 
 my were iipmi the rocks a fidhing; he bid the 
 Indians that manngcd the canoe to paddle so 
 near tho rocks a.i that ho might call to those 
 Indians ; told them, that he had a great mind 
 ever since the war broke out to speak with 
 some of tho Sogkonnte Indians, and that they 
 were their relations, und therefore they need 
 not fear their hurtingof them. And he added 
 that he had a mighty conceit, that if he could 
 get a fair opportunity to discourse with tliein, 
 that he could draw them ofi" from Philip, fur 
 he knew they never heartily loved him. The 
 enemy halloed and made siijns for the canoe 
 to come to them ; but when they appruHcheii 
 them they skulked and hid in the clefts of the 
 rocks; then Mr. Church ordered the canoe 
 lobe paddled o(F again, lest if he came too 
 near they should fire upon liim. Then the 
 Indians appearing again, beckoned and calh^l 
 in the Indian language, and bid them come 
 ashore, fiir they wante,! to speak with him. 
 The Indians in the canoe answered ihetn 
 again ; but ;!iey on the rocks told them, that 
 the surf made such a noise against the rocks, 
 they could not hea r any thi n g t hey said . Then 
 Mr. Church, by signs with his hands, gave 
 them to understand that lie would have two 
 of them go down upon the point o( the beach 
 (a place where a man might see who was 
 
 have 
 He tnlil them, if 
 ho that had his weapon in his hand would 
 carry it up some distance upon the beach, and 
 leave it, he would come ashore ami discourse 
 with them. He did so, and Mr. Church went 
 ashore, hauled uphis canoe, ordered one of the 
 Indians to stay by it, and the other to walk 
 above on the beach, as a sentinel, and lo see 
 that the coasts were clear; and when Mi. 
 Church came up to the Indians, one of them 
 happened to bo honest George, one of tho 
 two that Awashonks formerly sent to call him 
 to her dance, and was so careful to guard him 
 beck to his house again, the lust Sogkonule In- 
 dian he spoke with before the war brokt! out ; 
 ho spoke English very well. Mr. Church asked 
 him where Awashonks was? He told him 
 in a swamp about three miles off, .Mr.t'hurch 
 asked him, what it was he wanted that ho 
 halliH'd and called him ashore I He answer- 
 ed, that he took him fur Church as soon as 
 he heard his voice in the cunoe, and that he 
 was very glad to see himulive, and he believed 
 his mistress would be glad to see him, and speak 
 with him; he told him further, that ho believed 
 she was not fond of maintaining a war with 
 the English, and that she hud left Philip, and 
 did not intend to return to him any more ; he 
 was mighty earnest with Mr. Church to t.irry 
 there while ho would run and call her ; but 
 he told him no, for he did not know but the 
 Indians would come down and kill him be r.v.ii 
 ho could get buck again ; he said, if Mount- 
 Hope, or Pocasset Indians could catch him, 
 ho lielieved they would knock him on the 
 head, but all Sogkonate Indians knew him 
 very well, and he believed none of them 
 would hurt him. In short, Mr. Chinch refiis 
 ed to tarry, but promised he would come vet 
 again, and spe^k with Awashonks, and s : 
 other Indians that he had uiiiiiul to talk with 
 Accordingly ho appointeil him to notify 
 Awashonks, her son Peter, their chief Cup 
 tain, and one Nompash (an Indian that Mr. 
 Church hud formerly a particular respect for, 
 to meet him two days after, at a rock at the 
 lower end of Captain Richmond's farm, which 
 was a very noted place ; and if that day slinuUI 
 prove stormy, or windy, they were loexpec' 
 him tho next moderate day, Mr. Church tell- 
 ing George that he would have him come 
 with the persons mentioned, and no mure. 
 
 They givintr each other thi'ir hand upon it 
 parted, and Mr. (Jhiirch went home, and tho 
 next morning lo Newport, and iiifurmi'd the 
 government of what had passed between him 
 and the .Sogkonate Indians, und desired iheir 
 permit for liirn and Daniel Wilcox (ii man tluit 
 well understood the Indian language) to fii 
 over to them. They told him, that they 
 ihought be was mad, after such service as 
 he had done, and such dnni.r<'fs as he escaped, 
 now to throw away his life, fijr the rogues 
 would us certainly kill him, us ever he went 
 over; and utti-rly refused to grant his permit, 
 or to be willing to run the risk. 
 
 Mr. Church lold them, that it ever had 
 been in his tliousiht since the war broke out, 
 that if he could discourse with the Sogkonate 
 Indians, he could druw them off from Philip 
 and employ them against him ; but could not, 
 
 near him) accordingly two of them ran along | till now, ever have an oppurlunity to speuk 
 
KINO PHI MP'S WAR. 
 
 m 
 
 liim hf !'.vi8 
 
 willi niiy i>f tlinrn, iinil wnit vnry Icitli t<i li>«(>||il'i!il, only their ^'iiiiii at loiiit! miiull iliiilaiict*, 
 it, &.(!. At Irn^lli llicy tiilil liiin, if li" wniiM liir furnmlily'it ■..iki- ; ii|iriii w Imli, wiili oin' 
 ^it, it .hIkiiiIiI III' Hilly will) [III! two Iniiiiiiisii'iiii^t'Ml, lliry l.iul .im.Ii' llini ^111114, uihI rami' 
 lliiil ('111111' Willi him ; hill ihi'V wiiuhl j,'ivi' liiiiijitiiil ■•iit liiiwii. 
 
 ii'i'iiiil iiiiiirr ihi'ii' hiiiiil-i. lii' luiik hit Ml', (/hiii'i'h |iiillril Hill lii^ ciiIiiIiikIi mill 
 Ivii 
 
 nil |ii 
 
 li'iivr 111' llii'Mi, ri'.tcilviiii; to (iroscciilii hi< ili'- iiski'il A\t ishoiiks, whrlhi'i' ihi' liiiil Inril so 
 »if;ii ; llifv toM liiui ihiiy wciu noriy to ncu liiii({ iit VVutuict, h.h to for^'rt toilrink Octii- 
 liiiii ao ri!Hiiliili', Mill' if ho wmit dill lliry ever )ir(;liL's ; und drinkiiijf to lier, he |ii'r<;oivi'd 
 
 (hilt hIiii wiiti'liiMl liitii vrrv <lili|^(Mitly, to gi'c 
 (hk h(! tlioii^hl) wIhiIh'P 111' nwiillovvcil iiiiy ol" 
 iht) nun; hi- oiri'i-t'd her tlio slicll, Imt she 
 dimircd liini In drink ii^iiin liritt, In- tlii'li told 
 hiT, tliuri! wan no [loiKun in it, and |ii>uring 
 aonio into thu piilni of liin hand, sippud il ii|i, 
 Ulid took the hIii'II nnd drank tn hur iighin, and 
 drunk u good iiwifj, \v( irii indrcd wim no mori' 
 than hii nuedud. 'I'lu'ii they all »tandiii(? up, hii 
 said to Awttnhoiiks, you won't drink for Irar 
 tliure slioiild lje poison in it ; and tlioii hanilotl 
 it to a litllit ill-lookiii); Cullow, who calchi'd if 
 rt'iidily ononjjh, and as grt't'dily vonld have 
 swallowed the lirpior when he had it nt li'.s 
 miMith J Imt Mr. Church calched him liy the 
 throat and took it from him, nskint; him, 
 whether lie intended to swallow shell and all ? 
 and then handed it to Awashonks, she ven- 
 tured to lake a fjood hearty drum, and passed 
 'I amoni; h 'r iiitendaiils. 
 
 The sliell bein).' emptied, ho pulled out liis 
 lolja<:(vj, and ha\'.i;g distriliuted il, they iK'gan 
 to talk. 
 
 Awgshcnks duiranilod of iiim the reason 
 why he iiid nit (ni»roeahli t l.'s promise 
 when she siw him list) leun u.'Wn nt Soi;- 
 j|tonate liefi ru now, Rayi.i|< l!i«' prohalily if 
 ho liud coino tl.cii, aecr.r.i iif^ to his promise, 
 they had never j jiricd v'li'.: P .ilip a;;ain3t the 
 English. 
 
 He told her ho was provented liy the war 
 lireakin)^ out so suddenly, and yet he was 
 afterwards ciuniiifj down, and came as far as 
 Punknleese, where a (»reut many Indians set 
 upon liim, and fouf^ht him a whole af;prnoon, 
 thou!;h he did nut come prepared tii fiijlit, and 
 liiid Imt nineteen men wilh hitn. whose chief 
 design was to gain an opportunity to discourse 
 with some iSogkonate Indians, nponthisihert 
 at once arose a mighty murmur, confused noise 
 and talk amonj^ the fierce looking creatines, 
 and all rising up in a liiiblnili; and a great 
 surly looking fellow took up his tornhog, or 
 wooden cutlass, to kill iMr. Church, but some 
 others prevented him. 
 
 The interpreter asked Mr. Church, if he 
 understood what it was that the great fellow 
 (tliey had hold of) said ( Ho answered him, 
 no. Why, said the interpreter, he says, vou 
 killed his brother at Punkateese, and therefore 
 he thirsts for your blood. Mr. Church bid the 
 interpreter tell him that his brother began 
 lirst ; that if he had kept at Sogkonale, accord- 
 ing to his desiro and order, he should not have 
 hurt him. 
 
 Then the chief captain coininaiidcd silence, 
 and told them, that they should talk no more 
 about old things, Sic. and ipiulled the tumult, 
 so that they aat down again, and began upon a 
 discourse of making peace with the English. 
 Mr. Church asked them, what proposals thev 
 would make, and on what terms they would 
 break their leauue wilh Philip ? Desiring 
 lliein to make some pi'oposiils that he might 
 carry to his inastors, teliiiii: them that it was 
 
 expect to see his face again. 
 
 lie bought a bottle of rum, and a small roll 
 of tobiicco, to carry with him, and returned 
 to his family. Tiio nixl day, being the day 
 appointed for the meeting, he orepared two 
 light canoes hir the tiesign, and his own man, 
 with the two Indians for his company. He 
 used such argumenls with his tender, and now 
 almost broken lieartifd wife, from the expe- 
 rience of fornii'r preservations and liie pros- 
 pect of the great service he might do, might 
 it please God to succeed his design, &:c,. that 
 he obtaini'd her consent to his ultempl ; and 
 committing her, tho babes and liitnsolf to 
 Heaven's protection, lie set out. They had 
 from the shore about a league to paddle ; 
 drawing near the place, they saw the Indians 
 setting on the bank, waiting for their coming. 
 Mr. ('liiiich sent one of his Indians ashore in 
 one of the canoes to sec whether lliey were 
 the same Indians whom he had appointed to 
 meet him, and no more; and if so to stay ashore 
 and send Ueorgi! to fetch him ; nccordingly 
 (ieorge came and fetchi'd Mr. Church ashore, 
 while the other canoe played oil' to see the 
 event, and to carry tidings if the Indians should 
 prove false. 
 
 Mr. ('lunch asked (ii'orge wli(^lher Awa- 
 shonks und the otiier Inilians he appointed to 
 to meet him were there 1 He answered thoy 
 were ; he then asked him if there were no 
 tiiore than they whomheappoini jd to be there) 
 To which he would give b' ii no direct an 
 iuver. However, he wei.t ashore, where hi 
 was no sooner landed, biit vXwashonks am: 
 the rest that he had appointed to meet him 
 there, rosi? up and came down to meet him ; 
 and each of them successively gave him their 
 hands, and expressed themselves glad to see 
 him, and gave him thanks for exposing liim- 
 sell'to visit them. They walked togetheraboiit 
 a gunshot from the water, to a convi?nient 
 place to sit down. Where at once rose up a 
 gri'.it limly of Indians, who had lain hid in tin 
 grass, (that was hii;h as a man's waist) and 
 gathered round them, till they had closed them 
 in ; being all arined with guns, spears, hachets, 
 iVc. wilh their hair Iriiiinied and lares painted, 
 ill their warlike appearance. It was doubtless 
 some what surprising to our gentleman at first, 
 but without any visible discovery of it, after 
 a small silent pause on eai.'h siile he spoke to 
 Awashonks, and told lirr, that (ieorge had 
 inlormed him that she hail a desire to see him, 
 und discourse about niakini; peace with the 
 I'jiiglisli. She answered yes ; then said Mr. 
 ('Iiiirch, it is ciiitomary when people meet to 
 treat of |'eiice, to lay aside their arms, and not 
 to appear in such hostile form as voiir people 
 do ; and desired of her, that if they iniglit talk 
 al out peace, which he desired they might, her 
 iiii'ii iniglit lay aside their arms, and appear 
 more triicliible. Upon wliii'h there betran a 
 considwable ninsn und iniiriniir aniong them 
 in their own language, till Awaslioiilvs asked 
 
 Liin, what arms they should lay down, and not in his power to concluile a peace with 
 where 1 He (perceiving that the Imiians them, but that lie knew that if their proposals 
 locked very surly, and much displeased) re-iwere reasonable, the goverinent would not be 
 ■lb 
 
 unreasonable ; and that he would use his in> 
 tercKt wilh the L;"veriimeiit lortliein; ami to 
 encourage llii-ni lo proceed, put tln'iii in loiiid 
 that the l'ei|Uols once made war wilh the Kif 
 glisli, and that afler they suli|i rtid theiiHrlvi'S 
 to the Kiiglish, the I'^iglish liecame lliiir pri>- 
 lectors, and defended them against otherniitionS 
 that would otherwise have destroyed them, 
 icv. After some furtherdiscourse and debate, 
 he brought them iil lenuth to consent, that if 
 the government of Plymoiitli would firmly 
 engage to them, that they, and all of them, 
 and their wives iiiiil children, ahiiuld havo 
 their lives spared, and none of the in transportej 
 out of the country, they would subject tliem- 
 selves to tliein, and serve them in what they 
 were able. 
 
 Then Mr. Church told them, that lie wn4 
 well satisfied the government of I'lymoulli 
 would readily concur with what was propo-ii'ii, 
 and would sign tlii'irarticles; andcomplin.ent. 
 ing lliem upon it, how pleased he was with 
 llie thoiit;!its of their return, and of the former 
 friendship that had between tliiin, &c. 
 
 The cliief captain rose up. and expressed 
 the great value and respect lie bad for Mr. 
 Church ; and bowing to him said. Sir, ifyou'll 
 
 filease to except of me and my men, and 'vill 
 lead us, we'll tight lor you, and will help you 
 to Philip's head befori? the Indian corn be ripe; 
 and when he had ended, they all expressed 
 their consent to what he said, and told Mr 
 (.-'liurch they loved him, and were willing to 
 go with him and fight fiir him, as long as the 
 I'Jniilish bad one enemy U'fl in the country. 
 
 .Mr. Church assured them, ihiit if they proved 
 as good as their word, they should find Mm 
 their's and their children's last friend. And 
 (by the way) the friendship is still maintained 
 betwi-en them to this day. 
 
 Then he proposed unto them, lliat tliey 
 should choose five men to go straight with hirn 
 to Plymouth : they told him no ; they would 
 not choose, but he should take which five liu 
 pleased ; some compliments passed about it, 
 at length it was agreed, they should chooso 
 three, and he two. Then he agreed, that ho 
 would go back to the island that night, and 
 would come lo them the next morning, and 
 go through the woods to Plymouth ; but they 
 afler wards objected, tliHt his travelling tli rough 
 the Woods would not be safe fiir him ; theene- 
 my might meet wilh him, and kill him, and 
 llien they should lose their friend, and the 
 wholi) design ruined beside. And therefore 
 propoied, that he should come in an Knglish 
 vessel, nnd tlii\v would meet him, and come 
 on boaul at SoL'konate point, nnd sail from 
 thence to Sandwich, which, in fine, was con- 
 cluded upon. 
 
 So Mr. Church promising to come as soon 
 as he could possibly obtain a vessel, and then 
 lliey parted. He returned to the island, and 
 was at great pains and charge to get a vessel 
 but wit hunaccoii lit able disiippointnients,.somo- 
 times by the liilseness. and soinetimes by tha 
 fnintlieiirlediiess of men that be bargained 
 with, and somi'iiines by wind and weather, 
 kc. until at leinztb .Mr. Anthony Low put into 
 the harbour wiiii a laden vessel bound to tho 
 westward, and lieiiur made aciiuaiiited with 
 Mr. Church's case, tohl biin, that he had so 
 much kindness for him, and was so pleased 
 with tho business he was engaged in, that ho 
 would run the venture of his vessel ami targo, 
 tu wait upon hiiii, Accordingly, next niuro 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 '**IIIIM IIIIM 
 " K IIIIM 
 ■ m 12.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 6" 
 
 
 ► 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 ^. 
 
 \ 
 
 # 
 
 \\ 
 
 4\^ 
 
 i'l? 
 
 
 <^ 
 
 ■<^ 
 
 % 
 
 n? 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 %^ 
 
S" 4p^ 
 
 #, 
 
 i^< 
 
 Q- 
 
 t/j 
 
690 
 
 KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 I'l 
 
 itg tlioy set sail with a wind that soon 
 brought them to Sogiionate point; hut cotninj; 
 there tliey met with a contrary wind anJ a 
 great swi'lMiig sea. 
 
 The Indians were tliero waiting upon tlie 
 rocks, but liad nothing hut a miserable brolten 
 canoe to get aboard in ; yet Peter Awashonka 
 ventured off in it, and with a great deal ol' 
 difiicully and danger got aboard : and by tliis 
 time it began to rain and blow exceedingly, and 
 forced them up the sound j and then they went 
 away through Bristol ferry, round the island 
 to Newport, carrying Peter with them. 
 
 Then Mr. Church dismissed Mr. Low, and 
 told him, that inasmuch as Providence opposed 
 his going by water, and he expected that the 
 army would be up in a few days, and prob- 
 ably if he should bo gone at that juncture, it 
 might ru..i the whole design ; would therefore 
 yield his voyage. 
 
 Then he writ the account of his transactions 
 with the Indians, and drew up tlie proposals 
 and articles of peace, and despatclied Peter 
 with them to Plymouth, that his honour the 
 governor, if he saw cause, might sign them. 
 
 Peter was sent over to Sogkonnte on tin- 
 Lord's day morning, with orders to take thosi' 
 men that were chosen to go (h)wn, or some 
 of them at least with him. The time being 
 expired that was appointed for the English 
 army to come, there was great looking for 
 them. Mr. Church on the Mondiiy morning 
 (partly to divert himself after his fatigue, and 
 partly to listen for the army) rid out with his 
 wife, and some of his '•lends to Portsmoutli, 
 under a pretence of cherrying; but came home 
 without any news from the army : but by 
 midnight or sooner, he was roused with an 
 express from Major Kradford, who was 
 arrived with the army at Pocass(!t; to whom 
 he forthwith repaired, and informed him of 
 the whole of his proceedings with the Sogko: te 
 Indians. With the major's consent am! ad- 
 vice, he retun.ed again next morning to the 
 island, in order to go over that way to Awa- 
 sh'Miks, to inform her that the army was ar- 
 rived, &c. Accordingly from Sucliueesct 
 neck* he went in a cantie to Soiikonate ; told 
 her that Major Bradford was arrived at Pocas- 
 Fet, with a great army, whom he hail informed 
 of all his proceeillngs with her; that if she 
 would be advised and observe order she nor 
 her people need not to fear being hurt by 
 them; told her, she should call all her pi-oplt- 
 downintotlie neck, lestifthoy sliould befouml 
 stragglingahouf, mischief might light on them; 
 that on the morrow they woidd come down 
 and receive her, and give her furtlier orders. 
 She promised t(t get as oiaiiy of her people 
 together as possibly she could ; desiring !Mr. 
 Church to consider that it would be dillicidt 
 for to get ihetn together at such short warn- 
 ing. Mr. Church returniMi to the island and 
 to the army the same night. Tlie next morn- 
 ing the whole army marched towards Sogko- 
 natp, as far as Punkafee.so ; and Mr. Church 
 with a few men went down to .Sogkoiiafe to 
 call .\washonks, and her pi'oph; to come up 
 to the Kngllsh camp. As he wiis going down, 
 they met with a Pocassi't liiilliin; who bad 
 killed a cow anil got a ipiarler of her on his 
 back, and her tongue In his pnrUet ; wlio gave 
 •hem an nrcount, that li(! lauie from Pocasset 
 two days since In company with his mother 
 und several other ludlam, now hid in th 
 
 I'lie SUUlil-Klldt CIHHIM uf KII'kIo lll.lUil. 
 
 swamp above Nomquid;* disarming of him, 
 ho sent him by two men to Major Bradford, 
 and procieded to .Sogkonate. Tht-y saw si?v- 
 eral ImliiiiH by thi! way skulking about, but 
 let them puss: arriving at Awasjionks carnp, 
 told h(!r, lie was come to invito her and lier 
 people up to Punkateese, where Major Brad- 
 ford, now was with the Plymouth army, ex- 
 pecting her and her subjects to receive orders, 
 until fiirthiT order could be had from the gov- 
 ernment. She complied, and so:)n sent out 
 orders for such of her subjects as wero not 
 with her, immediately to come in ; imd by 
 twelve o'clock of the next day, she with most 
 of her number appeared before the Kngllsh 
 campatPunkateeso. Mr. Church tendered the 
 major to serve under his commission, provided 
 the Indians mlirht beacce|)ted withhim, to fight 
 tlie enemy. The major told him, his orders 
 were to improve him, if he pleased, but as for 
 the Indians he would not be concerned with 
 them. And presently gave forth orders for 
 Awashonks, and all her subjects, both men, 
 women and children, to repair to Suiidwich, 
 and to be there upon peril, in six days. Awa- 
 shonks and her chiefs gathered round Mr. 
 Cliurch, (where lie was walked off from the 
 rest) expressed themselves concerned that 
 they coulil not be conlided in, nor improveiJ. 
 He fold them, it was best to obey orders, and 
 that if he could not accompany tlnnn to Sand- 
 wich, it should not be iibovo a week before 
 he would meet them there ; that he was coii- 
 lident the governor would commission him to 
 improve tliem. The major hastened to send 
 them away with .Tack Havens, (an 'ndlan who 
 had never been in the ward) in th- front with 
 afliigof triiee ill bis linnd. 'riicy being gone, 
 Mr. Church, by the help of bis iii.iii Toby (the : 
 Indian wlioiii be had taken prismiir us he | 
 was ifoiiig to ."^ogkoniiti) took •^nid Toby's 
 niotbrr, and those iliiit xicre with lirr, pris- 
 oners. Next nioniiui; the wlnile urniy moved 
 back to I'ocussi'l. This Toby inioriiKMl them 
 that there wire a tirenl many liidiiins gone 
 to Wespoist! to eat Chiiiis, other provisions 
 being very scarce with them, that I'lilllp 
 himself was expected within three or four 
 days at the same place ; being asked what 
 Indians they were ] he answered some Wee- 
 temores Indians, some Mount Hope In- 
 dians, some Narragaiiset Indians, and some 
 other Upland Indians in all about three hun- 
 dred. 
 
 The Rhoilo Islanil boats by the major's 
 order, meetluij them at Pocasset, they were 
 soon embarked, it being just In the dusk of 
 the evening, they could plainly discover the 
 enemies fires at the place the Indian illrecteii 
 to ; and the urniy concluded no oilier iiut they 
 wcM'u bound directly thither, until they came 
 to the north end of the island, and heard the 
 word of command for the boats to bear away. 
 Mr. Church was very fond of having this 
 probable opportunity of surprising that whole 
 company of Indians embraced ; liut orders, it 
 was said, must be- obeyed, which was to go to 
 Mount Hope, and there In fight Philip. This 
 with some otlii^r good opportuiii'ies of dolni^ 
 spoil upon the enemy, beoig unhappily miss- 
 ed, Mr. Church obtalneil the major's consent 
 to meet the Soirkorrate Indians, accordlnir to 
 his pr-omise. lie was offered a guaril to I'ly- 
 'iviinli, but chose to go with one man only, 
 wlio was a good pilot. About sunset he, 
 
 ^ la 'i'ivurtuu. t Adjuiiiiiig t'dgluikl ferry. 
 
 with Sabin his pilot, mounted their horscB nt 
 Rehoboth, wher-e the army now was, and by 
 two hours by sun next morning arrived safe 
 at Plymouth ; and liy that time they had 
 refr-eshed themselves, the governor and treas- 
 urer came to town. Mr. (Miunh glvliitr them 
 a short account of the affairs of the army. See. 
 His honour was pleased to give lilin thanks 
 for the good and great service he liad done 
 at Sogkoiiate, told him, he had confirmed all 
 that he had promised Awashonks, and had 
 sent the Indian back again that br-onght his 
 letter from Awashonks He askeil his hon- 
 our whether Ire had any thing later from 
 Awashonks 1 He tolil him be had not. 
 Whereupon he gave bis honour an account 
 of the major's orders relatlrrg to her and 
 hers, and what discourse passed j>ro arrd con, 
 about them ; and that he had promised to 
 meet them, and that he had enconrasjed them, 
 that lie thought he might obtain of his lioirour 
 a commission to lead them forth lofi(;lit Philip, 
 His honour smilingly told lilin, that he should 
 not want commission if he would accept it, 
 nor yet good Englishmen enough to maku 
 up a good army. i5ut In short, be told his 
 honour the time was ex|)lri ' that ho had ap- 
 pointed to meet the Sogkouates at .Sandwich. 
 The govenor asked him, when he would go 1 
 He told him that afternoon, by his honour's 
 leave. The governor asked him how many 
 men he would have with him i He answered 
 not above hall a dozen, with an order to take 
 more at .Sandwich, if he saw cause, and horses 
 provided. He no somier moved it, but had 
 his nunilier of men tenderlirg to go with him, 
 among which were Mr. Jabez Howland, and 
 Nathaniel South worth; they went to Sandwich 
 that night, where Mr. Cliurrh (with need 
 enough ) took a nap of sleep. The next morn- 
 ing, witli about sixteen or tnghteen men, ho 
 proceeded as far as Agawom, where they had 
 great expectation of meeting the Indians, but 
 met them not; bis men being discouraged 
 aliout half of them returned : only half a dozen 
 stuck by him, and prmnised so to do until 
 they shiuild meet with the Indians. When 
 they came to Slpplcan rlviT,* Mr. Howland 
 began to tire, upon which .Mr. Church left 
 him, anil two more, fiira reserve at the river, 
 that if he should meet with enemies and be 
 forced back, they might be ready to assist them 
 in getting over the river. Proceeding In their 
 march, they crossed another river, and opened 
 a great bay, where they inlsrht see many miles 
 along shore, where were sands and H its ; anil 
 hearing a great noi.se below them towards the 
 sea, they dismounted their horses, left thorn 
 aiiil crept among the bushes, until they 
 came near the bank, and saw a vast compary 
 of Indians of all ages and sexes, some on 
 horseback riiurilrrg races, some at foot-ball, 
 some catching eels arrd flat-fish irr the water-, 
 some clammlni;. Sec, but which way with 
 safety to find out what Indians they were, 
 they wi're at a loss. Itut at li'ngth retiring 
 into a thicket, .Mr. CIrirr-ch hallooed to them; 
 they soon ar:-wereil him, arrd a couple of 
 smart yonirir fi'llows, wi'll moiinteil.cann- iijion 
 a full career to see who it might be that calli d, 
 anil came just upon ^Ir. (JhurcOi beliire they 
 discover-eil him ; but wherr they perceived 
 till mselves so near ICrrijIislimeri, ami armed, 
 were iinrch surpiisi'd, ami tin'ked short nriout 
 to run as fr.st back as they came forwar'd, until 
 
 * ll3c!ir«lL'r. 
 
ted their liorsca nt 
 
 now waa, and liy 
 iriiliiij arilvccl safa 
 
 It tiriK! llicy had 
 rovfi-iior and 'I'eas- 
 ,'liiiri'li iriviric; tlicm 
 rs of the artiiv, &i'. 
 o give liiin thaiika 
 
 vice he had done 
 
 had coiifirtned all 
 
 va>ih(ii]ks, and Ijad 
 
 II that ljnin:;ht Ilia 
 
 He asked his hon- 
 
 thiii;jf hiter from 
 
 liin he had not. 
 
 lonniir an account 
 latini; to her and 
 
 asscd ]}ri> and con, 
 
 had promised to 
 eiicoiMasjed them, 
 itain of his honour 
 
 forth to fijiht Philip, 
 liiii, that he should 
 would accept it, 
 enoiif^li to make 
 
 1 short, he told liia 
 
 KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 6&1 
 
 ' that ho had ap- 
 iiiates at Sandwich, 
 ivhen ho would go ? 
 
 n, liy his honour's 
 ied him how many 
 iin \ He answered 
 ith an order to take 
 w cause, and horses 
 
 moved it, hut had 
 iiiiT to a,n with him, 
 tihez Howland, and 
 
 y wi'iiltoSandwich 
 Clliurcli (with need 
 p. The next iiiorn- 
 ir eighteen iiieii, ho 
 om, where they had 
 ing the Indians, lint 
 
 being discouraged 
 J : only halfa dozen 
 seil so to do until 
 le Indians. When 
 !r,* Mr. Howland 
 h .Mr. Church left 
 'eservo at the river, 
 ilh enemies and ho 
 ready to assist theiu 
 
 Proceeding in their 
 vv river, and opened 
 iu'ht see many miles 
 «ands and II its ; and 
 w them towards the 
 ir horses, left ihoni 
 iiishes, until the',' 
 aw a vast coiiipary 
 id sexes, some on 
 
 some at foot-hall, 
 iit-lish in the water, 
 t which Way with 
 Indians they were, 
 t at length retiring 
 I hallooed to them ; 
 , and a couple of 
 iiiounled.caine upon 
 might lie that called, 
 ''liuieh liefore they 
 len they perceiveil 
 iliuien, and armed, 
 I tackeil tliort ariout 
 came forward, until 
 
 one of the men in the liu.«hi's called to lliem, 
 <inil told them his nnnie wus ('hni'cli, tiiid 
 need not li-nr his hurling of them. I'pou 
 which, after a small piiuse, I hey turned iilioiit 
 th< ir horses, iind came up t<i him ; one 
 them that could spe.iU I'^nglish .Mr, Church 
 took aside and examined, who informed him, 
 that the Iiidijins lielow were .\\v:.shoiiks mid 
 her company, and that Jack Havens was 
 among them ; whom Mr. Cinr-ch imme- 
 diately sent for to come to him, iiiil ordered 
 the messenger to inform .Vwashonks that he 
 >viis come to meet her; Jack llii.eiis .soon 
 came, and hy that time Mr. (Clinch hud ask- 
 ed him a few (piestions, niid hr.d been satis- 
 fied hy him, that it was .Vwashoiiks and her 
 company that were lielow, and that Jack had 
 been kindly treated by them. \ company of 
 Indians all iiioiiiited uii horseliiick, and 
 well armed, came riding up tn Mr. Church, 
 lint treated him with all due respects. He 
 then ordered Jack to go tell .Vwasiionks, thai 
 he design) ' to sup with her in the evening, 
 Mild to lodge In her caiii|i that night. Then 
 taking Eome of the Indians with him, he went 
 back to the river to tidie care of Mr. How- 
 land. Mr. C uircli having a mind to try 
 what metal he was made uf, imparted his 
 notion to the Indians that were with him, 
 riiiil gave them directions how to act their 
 parts; when he came pretty near the place, 
 lie and his liiiglislnnen pretendedly tied, 
 firing on their retreat towards the IikIImis 
 that pursued llieiii, and they firing u>'; fast 
 after them, Mr. Howland being upr.n his 
 guard, liearing*tlie guns, iind by and liy see 
 ing the motion both of the l'!iigllsh and In 
 diuiis, concluded his friends were distressed, 
 was soon on the full career on horsehiick to 
 meet tlieiu, uiili! lie perceiving their laugh- 
 ing, mistriisted the truth. As soon as Mr. 
 Church had given him llic news, they hasten- 
 ed away to Awaslioiiks Lpmi their arrival, 
 they were immediately conducted to a shel- 
 ter, open on one side, \vhitlier .\waf honks 
 and her chiefs soon camo and paid their re 
 Kpeels ; and the multitude gave shoiits as 
 made the heavens to ring. 
 
 It being now about sun-setting, or near 
 the dusk of the cvi ning, the iN'etops came 
 running from all (|'.iarters loadeii with the 
 t<i['S of dry pines and tlu; like combnstihle 
 iiiatler, making 'i huge pile thereof, near 
 IMr. Church's sin Iter, <iii the open side' there- 
 of ; hilt by this lime supper was brought in, 
 ill three dishes, vi/.., a eurioiis young bass in 
 one dish, eels and thit fish in a second, and 
 Bhell-fish in a third, hut neither bread nor 
 salt to be seen at table ; but by that time 
 Slipper was over, the mighty pile of pine 
 knots and topi, vVc,, was fired, and all the 
 Indian-' great and small gathered in a ring 
 roiiiiil it. \waslioiiks with tli(> oldest of lii'r 
 p:'iiple, mi'ii and women niixiMl, kneeling 
 down made the first ring next the lire, and 
 all the lustv stout men standing up made the 
 iie\t, ind then all the rabble in a confused 
 crew surrounded on the outside. 'I'lieii the 
 chief CMplain sleppi'd in between the rings 
 mid the lire, uilli a spear in one hand, and 
 11 h itelii'l ill the other, danciMl round the fire, 
 Iind bi'!;an to fiirlit with it, making iiiei.tiuii 
 of all the srveral natioiin and coinpantee ef 
 Indians in the eonntiy that wen; eiieir.ijc to 
 the r.iu'li'li ; anil at naming of every \ttx- 
 
 ticiila,' tribe of Indians, he would draw out 
 ami 'iiilit a new lire-brai J, a:d at linishinv. 
 his light with each p.irtieiilar liri'-bi'> ,id, 
 wonhl bow to him '.nil thank him and 
 wlii-n he hail iiami.'d all the several nations 
 an i tribes, and fought them all lie stuck 
 do rii his spear and hatchet, and came out ; 
 am another stepped in and pctcd over the 
 sail c dance, with more fury if possible, than 
 the first ; and when about half ii dozen of 
 their chiefs had thus a''tcd their parts, the 
 captain of the guard stepped np to iNIr. 
 Church and told him, they were making 
 soldiers fjr him, and what they had been 
 doing was all nne swearing uf them, and 
 having in that manner engaged all the stout 
 lusty men ; Awashonks and her chiefs came 
 to iMr. Church, and told him, that now they 
 were all engaged to fight for the English, 
 and he might call forth all, or any of them 
 at any lime as lie saw occasion to fight the 
 enemy ; and iinseiited him with a very line 
 firehA'.k. Mr. Church accepts their offer, 
 drew out a iiiimber of them, ami set out next 
 morning before day for Plymouth, where 
 they r>rrivcd the same day. 
 
 'IV'ie governor being informed of it, came 
 early to town next morning, and by thai 
 time he had Englishmen enough to make up 
 a good company, when joined with Mr. 
 Ciiurch's Indians, that offered their volun- 
 tary service, to go under his command in 
 ipiest of the enemy, 'i'lie governor then 
 gave him a commission, which is as folluv.'s : 
 
 "Ca])tain nenjamin Church, yon are 
 hereby nominated, ordered, conimissioiicd, 
 and empowered to raise a company of vol- 
 unteers of about two hundred men, Kiiglisli 
 and Indians ; the I'jnglish not exceeding the 
 number of sixty, of which company, or so 
 many oflliem as yon can obtain, or shall see 
 cause at present to improve, you are to take 
 the eoininand and conduct, and to lead them 
 forth now and hereafter, at such time, and 
 untt, .such places within this colony, or else- 
 where, wilhiii the confederate colonies, as 
 yon shall think lit ; to discover, pursue, 
 tight, surprise, destroy, or subdue our Indiiin 
 enemies, or any part or parties of lliem that 
 liy the providence of (Jod you may meet 
 with ; or lliem, or any of them, by treaty aiid 
 composition to receive to mercy, if you see 
 reason (provided they be not iiinrderous 
 rogues, or such as have been |iriiicipal actors 
 in those villaiiies :) and forasmuch as your 
 eoinpany may be uncertain, and the persons 
 often changed, you are also hereby em- 
 powered, with the advice of your company, 
 to choose nw\ eoiiiiiiissionate a lieutenant, 
 and to establish sergeants, and corporals as 
 yon see cause: And you herein improving 
 voiir best judgment and discretion ami in- 
 most ability, faithfully to serve the interest 
 of God, his majesty's interest, and the in- 
 terest of the colony ; and carefully govern- 
 ing your said company at home and abroad 
 riiese shall Ii(! niito yon full and ample com- 
 missuin, warrant and discharge. (Jiven un- 
 der the piibliu seal, this '^4tli day of July, 
 1070. 
 
 Per JOS. WINSLOW, Gov. 
 
 Receiving coiumission, he marched the 
 i.ri-.e night into tli" woods, gut to Middle- 
 
 buronub before d:iv, and as soon as the ligli- 
 appeared, took into the woods and swainpy 
 thiekets, towards a place where th-'V had 
 some reason to expect to meet with a parcel 
 of Narragansel Indians, with some others 
 that bilongial to .Mount-Hope. C'lininij 
 near to where they expected them, ( aplaiii 
 Church's Indian scout discovered the enemy, 
 and well observing their fires, and postures 
 returned with the iiitelliirenee to their cai> 
 tain, who gave such directions for the sui- 
 rounding of them, as had the desired effect ; 
 surprising them from every side so unex- 
 pectedly, that they were all taken, not so 
 much us one escaped. And upon a strict 
 cxaminntion, they gave iiilclligence of 
 another parcel ol^ the enemy, at a placi, 
 called Munponset-Pond. Captain Church 
 hastened with his prisoners through the 
 woods to Plymouth, disposed of them all, 
 excepting only one Jeffery, who jiroviiig 
 very ingenuous and faithful to him, in in- 
 forming where other parcels of Indians har- 
 boured ; Captain Church promised him, that 
 if he continued to he faithful to him, he 
 should not be sold out of the country, hut 
 should be his waiting man, to take care of 
 his horse, tkc. and accordingly he served 
 him faithfully as long as he lived. 
 
 Unt Captain Church was forthwith sent 
 out again, and the term* for his eiicouriige- 
 meiit being concluded on, vi/,, That the 
 country should find them ammunition and 
 provision, and have half the prisoners and 
 arms they took : the captain and his Kng- 
 lisli soldiers to have the other half of the 
 prisoners and arms, and the Indian soldiers 
 the loose plunder. Poor eiicoiiragenieiit ! 
 IJiit after some time it was iiieiided. 
 
 They soon captured the Muiiponsets, 
 and brought ihein in, not one escaping. 
 This stroke he held several weeks, never re- 
 turning empty handed. When he wanted 
 intelligence of their kennelling places, he 
 would march to some phice likely to meet 
 with some travellers or ramblers, and scat- 
 tering his company, would lie close; and 
 seldom lay above n day, or two, nt the most, 
 before some of them would fall into their 
 hands, whom he would compel to inform 
 where thi'ir company was ; and so hy his 
 method of secret and siiddt^ii surprises took 
 great iiunibers of them prisoners. 
 
 The government observing his extraordi- 
 nary courage and conduct, and the success 
 from heaven added to it, saw cause to en- 
 large his commission : gave him power to 
 raise and dismiss his t< ces, as he should 
 see occasion ; to coiiiniissioiiate officers un- 
 der him, Iind to mareli as far as he should 
 see cause, within the limits of the three uni- 
 ted colonies : To receive to mercy, give c, nir- 
 ter, or not ; excepting some particular mid 
 noted murderers: viz. Philip and all that 
 were at the destroying of Mr. Clark's garri 
 son, and some few others. 
 
 Major Itradford being now at Taunton 
 with his army, and wanting provisions, 
 some carts were ordered from Plymonlli for 
 their supply, and Captain Church to guard 
 them ; but he obtaini'd other guards fiir the 
 carts, as far as Middlehoroiigh, ran befiivo 
 with a siniill eoinpany, hoping to meet with 
 some of the (■iiciiiy, appointing the earls and 
 their guards to iiiict with tlieiii at Neiiiaa 
 
HHHl 
 
 693 
 
 KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 cot,* about nil hour after sun's rising next 
 mornini; ; lie iirrived there iilioul the hrcnU- 
 ing of the diivMght, discovcrcil ii ci>m|);iiiy dl' 
 the enemy ; hut liis time was too sliort to 
 tviiit for guiiiiii!; mlvantii^c', and therefore 
 ran ri<rht in ii|)oii them, surprised and capti- 
 vated about 10 of them, —ho, upon examina- 
 tion, informed, tliat Tisp-quin, a very famous 
 captain among the enemy was at Aiisawninp- 
 »et,t with B numerous company. 
 
 Diit the carts must now he ^unnh'd, and 
 the opportunity of visitiiii; Tispaqiiiii must 
 now be laid aside : The carts are to be faith- 
 fully guarded, lest Tispaquiii should attack 
 lliem. 
 
 Comingtowards Taunton, Captain C'hureh 
 taking two men with him, made all speed to 
 the town ; and coming to the river side, he 
 hallooed, and iiKjuiring of them that came to 
 the river, for Major IJradford, or his cap- 
 tains ; he WIS informed they were in the town, 
 at the tavern. — lie told them of the carts thai 
 werecoining,that he had thecumberof guard- 
 ing thein, which already prevented his im- 
 proving opportunities of doing service. — 
 Prayed therefore that a ipiard might he sent 
 over to receive the carts, that he might be at 
 liberty; refusing all invitations and persna- 
 sioiis to go over to the tavern to visit the 
 major: he at length obtained a guard to re- 
 ceive the carts ; by whom also he sent his 
 piisonera, to l)e conveyed with tlie carts, to 
 Plymouth, directing them not to return l>y the 
 way they came, hut by Bridgwater. 
 
 Hastening hack, he proposed to camp that 
 night at Assawompset neck. Itnt as soon 
 ns they came to the river that runs into the 
 great pond through the thick swamp, at the 
 entering of the neck, the enemy tired upon 
 them, hut hurt not a man. Captain Ch .„h'.s 
 Indians ran rigiit into the swamp, and fired 
 upon them, but it being in the dusk of the 
 evening, the enemy made their escape in 
 the thickets: the captain then moving ahont 
 a mile into the neck, took the advantage of a 
 Binall valley to feed his horses ; some held 
 the horses by the bridles, the rest on the 
 guard looked sharp out for the iiiemy, willi- 
 ili hearing on every side, and some very near; 
 but in the deail of the niirht, the enemy be- 
 ing out of hearing, or still. Captain Church 
 niove<l out of the neck, (not tiie same way 
 he came in, lest he should be amhuscaihied) 
 towards Cushnet,]: where all the houses were 
 burnt; an<l crossing Ciishnet river, being 
 extremely fatigued with two niiihl?' and one 
 day's ramble without rest or sleep; and ob- 
 serving good forage for their horses, tlie cap- 
 tain concluded upon bailing, and taking a 
 nap: setting six men to watch the passage 
 of the river, two to watch at a time, while 
 the others slept, and so to taki their turns, 
 while the rest of the company Went into a 
 thicket, to sleep under the guai'<l of two sen- 
 tinels more. Uiit the whole company being 
 very drowsy, soon forgot their dan:rer, and 
 we'e fast asleep, sentinels and all. The 
 captain first awakes, loid<s up, and JMilges 
 he had slept four hours, which being longer 
 than he designed, immediately rouses his 
 C(Hnpany, and sends away a file to see what 
 was bnc(nnu of the watch at the passa<re of 
 llic livt.T, hut they no sooner opened the riv- 
 
 * New Itayiilmiii * la Sliililluuoruiigli.i liiUjriiiioiiili. 
 
 er in sight, hut they discovered a company 
 of the eiieiny vii'wing of llieir tracks, where 
 lliey eaiiie iiiiolhe neck; Caplaiii (,'lnircli, and 
 those wilh liiin.siion (lisperse<l inlolhe brush 
 on eacli side of tin.' way, while the lile sent 
 got undiscovered to the passage of llie river, 
 and found their watch all fast asleep : but 
 these tidings tlmrnughly awakened the whole 
 company. Hut the enemy giving ihem no 
 present distiirhanee, they examined their 
 knapsacks, and taking a litllc refreshment, 
 the captain orders one party to guard the 
 horses, and the other to scout, who soon 
 met with a track, and following of it, they 
 were brought to a small company of In- 
 dians who proved to be Little Eyes, and 
 family, and near relations, who were of Sog- 
 koiiale, but had forsaken their countrymen, 
 upon their inaUii.g peace with the English. 
 Some of Captain (,'liurcli's Indians asked him, 
 If he did not know this fellow? Told him, 
 this is the rogui! that would have killed yon at 
 Aw.'ishonk'sdance ; and signified to him that 
 now he hail an opporluiiily to be revenged 
 on him. ISiit the captain told them, it was 
 not Eiiglishinen's fashion to seek revenge; 
 and that he should have the same quarter 
 the rest had. Moving to the river side, they 
 found an old canoe, with which the captain 
 ordenul Little Eyes and his company to be 
 carried over to an island ; telling hiin, he 
 would leave liini on tiiat island until ho re- 
 turn, d ; and lest the English should light on 
 lliein, and kill them, hi^ would leave his cou- 
 sin Light-foot (whimi the English knew to he 
 tlieir friend) to he his ^raard. Little Eyes 
 expressed himself very thankful to tin; ciip- 
 taiii. He leaving his onlers with Light-foot, 
 returns to the river side, towards Poneiran- 
 S(!t, to nusscll's orchard; coiiiiiiir neat the 
 orchard, they clapped into a thicket, and 
 there lodged the rest of tin: niirht without 
 any (ire ; and upon the morning light appear- 
 ing, moves towards the orchard, discovers 
 some of the eneniy, who had been there the 
 day before, and had heat down all the apjiii s, 
 and carried them a'.iay ; discovered also 
 where they had lolged that night, and saw 
 tlie ground wlier,.- lliey set their baskets 
 bloody, being, !is they supposed, and ua it 
 was afterwards discovered to he, wi'ii the 
 ll'sli of swine, .5ci-. wiin;!. th'y had killed 
 lliat day. They had lain uinler the fences 
 without any tires, and seemed, by the marks 
 they left lieliind tlii'in, to he very nninerous ; 
 perceived also by llii' dew on the grass, that 
 they had nal been hni;; ginie ; anil therefore 
 moved apace in pursuit of them. Travi'lling 
 tliri'e miles, or more, they eaine into the 
 country rnad, where the tracdi parted, one 
 parcel slierid towards the west end of the 
 irreai cedar swamp, and the other to the east 
 end. Tile captain halted, and told his In- 
 dian soldiers, that they had heard, as well 
 as he, wliiit some men had said at i'lymoiith, 
 about thein, iVe. That now was a good oppor- 
 tunity for each party to prove iheniselves : 
 the track heiiii; divided, they should follow 
 one, and the l',ni;li>h tin' other, beini; equal 
 in niimber. The Indians deermed the mo- 
 tion, and were not willin;r to move anvwlnre 
 witlnnit him ; said, lliey should not think 
 thenisi Ives sale witlnnit him. IJnt the eap- 
 tain insistiiiir upon it, they silliniitled ; he 
 ({live the Indians their choice to follow which 
 
 track they pleased ; tliev replied, they weio 
 light, ami able to travel ; therefore, if .10 
 pleased, they wonhl take the wist track. 
 And appointing the riiii.s of .lohn Cook's 
 house at Cuslmet, for the place to meet at, 
 each company set out briskly to try their for- 
 tunes. Captain Cliurch, with his English 
 soldiers, followed their track until they came 
 near entering a miry swamp, when the 
 ca|)taiii heard a whistle in the rear, (which 
 was a note for a hall) looking behind liini, 
 he saw William Fobes start out of the com- 
 pany mill make towards iiim, who hastened 
 to meet liiin as fast as he could : Pohes told 
 liiin they had discovered abundance of In- 
 dians, and if he pleased to go a fi'w steps 
 back be might see thein himself: be did so, 
 and saw thein across the swamp, observing 
 them, he perceived they were gathering whor- 
 tle-berries, and that they had no npprehen- 
 dons of their being so near them ; the cap- 
 te.in supposed them to he cliielly women, and 
 therefore calling (Uit Mr. Uillano, who was 
 acquainted with the ground, and the Indian 
 language, and another named Mr. Itarns; 
 with these two men he takes right through 
 the swamp as fast as he could, and orders the 
 rest to hasten after them. Captain Church, 
 with Dillanoand liarns, having good horses, 
 spurred on, and were soon amongst the thick- 
 est of the Indians, and out of sight of their 
 own men. Among the eneniy was an Indian 
 woman, who with her husband had been 
 drove otl from Rhode Island, notwithstanding 
 they bad an house upon Mr. Sanford's land, 
 and bad planted an orchard before the war ; 
 yet the inhahitaiits would not be satisfied till 
 tliey were sent ort"; and Captain Church, with 
 his family, living then at the said Sanford's, 
 came ac(|iiainted with them, who thmight it 
 very linrd to turn off such old ipiiet |>eople: 
 but in the end it proved a )irovidence and an 
 advantage to him and his family, as you may 
 see afterwards. This Indian woman knew 
 CaptninClinrcli, and as soon as she knew him, 
 held lip both her hands, and came running 
 towards him, crying aloud. Church, Church, 
 (iiiirc!;. (.'aptain Church hid her sloplhe rest 
 of the Indians, and tell them, the way to save 
 their lives was not to run, but yield them 
 selves prisoners, and he would not kill lliem ; 
 so with her help and Dillano's, who c(ni!d 
 call to them in their own language, niaiiv of 
 them slopped and surrendered tliemstdves, 
 others scampering and casting away their 
 baskets, &c., beloidi themselves to the 
 thickets, but Captian Chinch being on horse 
 hack, soon came np with them, and laid liidd 
 of a gun that was in the hand of one of the 
 foremost of the company, pulled it from him, 
 and told liiiii he must go back. And when 
 he had turned them, he began to look altont 
 him to see where he was, and what was he- 
 conn! of his company, Inqiing they might bo 
 all as well employt'd as himsidf, but could 
 find none hut Dillano, who wns busy gather- 
 ing up prisoners. The captain drove his 
 that he had stopped to the rest, inqnirintr of 
 Dillano tor their company, but could have 
 no news of theni ; lint moving back picked 
 np now and then a skidkinu; prisoner by the 
 way. When they came near the place where 
 ih.y first started the Indians, they discovered 
 their einnpany stnnding in a body tcgelber, 
 and had taken some (\:w pi isoiars ; when 
 
■plied, tliey weib 
 
 tlieicfore, if ;io 
 
 the wi'St liiick. 
 
 (if .loliii Conk's 
 
 luce to iiicct iit, 
 
 y to tiT their for- 
 
 villi liis Kiiglisli 
 
 L iijitil tliey value 
 
 iiii|), wlieii tliu 
 
 the reiir, (wliicli 
 
 iti<; beliiiiil liiiii, 
 
 out of tlie coiii- 
 
 111, who husteui'd 
 
 II hi : I'ohes tolil 
 
 ihiindiiiice of In- 
 
 .'() 11 t\-\v steps 
 
 iiiself : he did so, 
 
 wiiiiip, oliserving 
 
 iutheiiiij; wiior- 
 
 id no npprehen- 
 
 r them ; the cnp- 
 
 fly woineii, and 
 
 Dillaiio, who wa^ 
 
 , anil the Indian 
 
 iiied Mr. Darns; 
 
 es ri^ht tliroii>r|i 
 
 Id, and orders the 
 
 Captain Church, 
 
 ivinji ijood horses, 
 
 inion<;st the thick- 
 
 t of sight of their 
 
 my was nn Indian 
 
 ushand had been 
 
 I, notwilhstandiii;; 
 
 r. Saiiford's land, 
 
 d before the war ; 
 
 lot be satisfied till 
 itain Chiireh, willi 
 ;he said ISmiforilV, 
 in, who thmi<:ht it 
 
 old quiet people : 
 providence and nil 
 iiinily, as you may 
 liaii woman knew 
 111 as she knew him, 
 ml came runniiii! 
 , Chinch, Church, 
 lid her stop the rest 
 III, the way to save 
 
 II, but yield them 
 mid not kill them ; 
 llano's, who could 
 liiiiifuaire, many of 
 ideied themselves, 
 nsliiii: away their 
 lemselves to the 
 eh beinjr on horse 
 hem, and laid hold 
 ami of one of the 
 lulled it from him, 
 back. And when 
 H»\\ to look about 
 and what was be- 
 liii!; they iniulit bo 
 himself, but could 
 
 I was busy (rather- 
 L'liptain drove bis 
 ! rest, iiKpiirinir '>( 
 ly, but could have 
 iviii^ back picked 
 iiif prisoner by tlin 
 
 iir the placid where 
 lis, they diseoverei! 
 
 II a liiuly tcjjether, 
 / pi isoiiers ; w hen 
 
 KING PIIIMP'S WAR. 
 
 003 
 
 they saw their captain they hastened to meet 
 biiii : they told him they fuiliul it dillioiiit gel- 
 liiij; thrciiiuh the swaiiiii, '""^' neither seeiiii; 
 nor lieiiriiig any thiiij; of him, they conclud- 
 ed the enemy had killed him, and were at a 
 j^irat Kiss « hat to do. 
 
 Ilaviiii; broiiglil their prisoners together 
 i.luy fiiiiiid they hail taken and killed sixty- 
 six of the enemy. Captain Clmivhthen asked 
 the old sipiiiw, what company they belonged 
 inilo'? She said, they belonged |iart to Philip, 
 mill part to Qiimiappiii and the Narraganset 
 Sachem, discovered also, upon her declara- 
 tion, that both Philip and (Jmitiappiii were 
 about two miles olf, in the great cedar 
 swamp; he inquired of her, what company 
 they had with them? She answered, abiili- 
 daiue of Indians, The swamp, she said, 
 was full of Indians from one end unto the 
 other, that were settled there, that there were 
 near a hundred men came from the swamp 
 with them, and left iheiii upon that plain to 
 gather whortle-berries, and promised to call 
 them as they came back out of Seonticiit- 
 Neek ; whither they went to kill cattle and 
 lior-.es for provisi.nis fm- the company. She, 
 jiereeiviiig Captain Chinch move towards the 
 liwk, told him, if they went that way they 
 would all be killed, lie asked her, wheiv- 
 nlioiit they crossed the river? She pointed to 
 the upper passing place. Upon which Cap- 
 tain Cliiireh jiassed over so low down as he 
 thought it Hot prolialile they should meetwilh 
 bis track in their return; and hastened lo- 
 w.irds ilie inland, where he left Little Eyes 
 wilh Light-f'iot. t'iiiiliiig a coiiveiiieiit place 
 by the liver side for securing his prisoners, 
 Caplain Cliiireh and Mr. Dillaiio went down 
 to ■^ce what was become of Captain Light -foot, 
 and the prisoners left In his charge. Light foot 
 seeing and knowing them, soon eaiiu: over 
 W'lli his broken canoe, and informed tlieiii. 
 thai he had seen that day about one hundred 
 men of the enemy go down into Scontieiit- 
 Nei-k, and that they were now ri'tiiriiing 
 again : upon which they three ran down im- 
 nied'llely to a ineiidow where Light-foot said 
 the iiidiaiis had passed, where they not only 
 saw their tracks, but also them: whereupon 
 they lay close until the enemy came into the 
 said meadow, and the f uemost set down his 
 load and halted, until all the company came 
 up, and then took up their loads and inari'hed 
 again the same way that they came down in- 
 to the neck, which was the nearest way imtn 
 their camp; had they gone the other way 
 along the river, they could not have missed 
 Caplain Church's tracks, which wculJ doubt- 
 less have exposed them to the loss of their pri- 
 soners, if not of their lives. Ibit as soon as 
 the co.ist was clear of lliein. the captain sends 
 his Light-foot to fetch his prisoners from the 
 island, while he and Mr. Dillaiio returns to 
 the company, sent |iart of them to conduct 
 Light-foot and his company to the aforesaid 
 meadow, where Captain Clinrcli and his 
 coiiip-my met them. Crossing the enemies' 
 track they made all haste until they got 
 over Mattapoiset river,* near about liiiir 
 miles beyond the ruins of Cook's house, 
 where he appointed to meet his Indian com- 
 pany, whither he sent Dillaiio wilh two 
 more to meet them ; ordering them, that if 
 
 ' In Rochester. 
 
 the Indians were not arrived to wait for them. 
 Accordingly, finding no Indians there, they 
 waited until late in the night, when tliey ar- 
 rived with their booty. They dis|iatched a 
 (lost to their ca[)tain, to give him an account 
 of tiieir success ; but the day broke before 
 they came to him ; and when they had com- 
 pared successes, they very remarkably found 
 that the number that each company had 
 taken and slain, was equal. The Indians 
 had killed three of tho etuuiiy, and taken six- 
 ty-three pri.soners.as the English had done be- 
 fore them. Ijoth English and Indians were 
 surprised at this remarkable providence, and 
 were both parties rejoicing at i! ; being both 
 before afraid of what might have been the 
 iineipial success of the ])arlies; but the In- 
 dians had the fortune to take more arms 
 than the English. They told the ca|)taiii, 
 that they had missed a brave opportunity by 
 larting ; they came upon a great town of 
 the enemy, viz. Captain Tyasks' comiiany, 
 (Tyasks was the next man to Phili]).) They 
 (ired upon the enemy before they were dis- 
 covered, and ran upon them wilh a shout; 
 the men ran and left their wives and child- 
 ren, and many of them their guns. They 
 took--Tyasks' wife and son, and thought that 
 if their captain and tho English eoinpany 
 had been with them they might have taken 
 some hiind'cds of them ; and now they de- 
 termined not to part any more. 
 
 That night Philip sent (as afterwards they 
 found out) a great army to waylay Captain 
 (.'hiireh at the entering of Assav.-ompset- 
 Neck, expecting he would have returned the 
 same way he went in ; but that was never his 
 method to relnrn the same way that he came; 
 and at this time going another way, he escap- 
 ed falling into the hands of his enemies. The 
 next day they went home by Scipican, and 
 got Well with their prisoners to I'lymoiitli. 
 
 He soon went out again, and this stroke he 
 drove many weeks; and .vheii he took any 
 nnniber of prise i;ers, he would pick out some 
 he took a fancy to, and would tell them, he 
 took a particular fancy to them, and had 
 chose them for himself to make soldiers of; 
 and if any would behave themselves well, he 
 would do well by them, and they should be 
 his men, and not sold out of the country. If 
 he perceived they look.'d surly, and his Indian 
 soldiers called them treacherous dogs, as 
 some of iheiii would sonietiines do, all the no- 
 tice he would take of it, would only be to 
 clap them on the back, and tell them, come, 
 come, you look wild and surly, and mutter, 
 but that signifies nothing, these my best sol- 
 diers were a little while. -igo a>- wild and surly 
 as you are now ; by that time yon havt' been 
 but one day along wilh me, you'll love me 
 too, and be as brisk as any of them And il 
 proved so ; for there was none of them but 
 (after they had been a little while with him, 
 and seen his behaviour, and how cheerful 
 and successful his men were) would be as 
 really to pilot him to any place where the In- 
 dians dwell, or hannted (though their own 
 fathers or nearest relations should lii^ among 
 them) or to light for him, as any of his own 
 men. 
 
 Captain Church was in two particulars 
 much advanliiged by the great Englisli army 
 I that was now abroad. One was, that they 
 'drove the enemy down to that part of the 
 
 country, viz. to the eastward of Taunton ri- 
 ver, by which his business was nearer home. 
 The other was, that when he fell on wilh a 
 push upon any body of the enemy (were they 
 never so many) ihey lied, e\|iecling the great 
 army. And his maiiuer of niarcliing tlinnigh 
 the woods was such, as if he were discoven-ii. 
 tliey appeared to be more than they were ; I' r 
 he always marched at a wide distance eiic 
 from another, par ly fir their safety : And 
 this was ail Indian custom to inarch thin and 
 scattered. Cajitain Church inquired of some 
 of the Indians that were become his soldiers, 
 how they got such advantage often of the En- 
 glish ill their marches through the woods? 
 They told him, that the Indians gained great 
 advantage of the English by two things; the 
 Indians always took care in their marches 
 and lights, not to come too thick together ; 
 but the English always kept in a iieap toge- 
 ther, thai it was as easy to hit them as to 
 hit a house. The other was, that if at any 
 time they discovered a company of English 
 soldiers in the wfiods, they knew that there 
 w as all, for the English never scattered ; but 
 the Indians always divided and scaltered. 
 
 Captain Church now at Plyir.ouih, s(uiic- 
 tliing or other happened that kept him at 
 home a few days, until a post came to Marsh- 
 field on tho Lord's day morning, inliirming 
 the governor that a great army of Indians 
 were discovered, who it was supposed were 
 designing to get over the river towards 'I'aiin- 
 loii or IJridgwater, to attack those towns that 
 lay on that side of the river. The governor 
 hastened to Plymouth, raised what men he 
 could by the way, came to Plymniith in ihe 
 lieginning of the fiireuoon exercise ; sent I'or 
 Captain Church out of the nieetinglioiise, 
 gave him the news, and desired him inimcdi 
 ately to rally what of his company he could; 
 and what men he had raised should join them. 
 The captain bestirs himself" but fiiiind no 
 bread in the slore-honse, and so was forced 
 to run from house to house to get household 
 bread for their march ; but this nor anylhiiig 
 else prevented his marching by the lieginning 
 of the afternoon exercise. Marching wilh 
 what men were ready, he look wilh him the 
 post that came from IJridgwater to pilot him 
 to the ph.ee, where he thought he might meet 
 with the enemy. In the evening tliey heard 
 a smart firing at a distance from them ; but 
 it being near night, and the tiring lint of short 
 continuance, they missed the place, and went 
 into Uriilgwaler town. It seems the occa- 
 sion of the firing was, that Philip fniding 
 that Captain Church made that side of the 
 country too hot for him, designed to return 
 to the other side of the country that he came 
 last from. And coining to 'raimlon river 
 with his company, they felled a great tree 
 across the river, for a bridge to pass over on ; 
 and just as Philip'.s ' uncle Akkoni|ioin, 
 and some other of his chiefs were passing 
 over tho tree, some brisk Uriilgwaler lads 
 had ambushed them, fired upon them, and 
 killed the old man, and several others, wlii, h 
 put a stop to their coining over the river [U.A 
 night. 
 
 Next morning Caplain Chiin-h iiioved 
 very early with his company, wliiih was in. 
 creased by many of liridgwatcr, that eiilisti-d 
 under him for that exjiedilion, and, by their 
 piloting, soon camo very still to tlio top ol 
 
604 
 
 the ffCiiut tri-e wliiuli the riiniiy hail I'lMcii 
 across iho livt-r; iiml ihf <'.i|itiiiii spied mi 
 Indinii silliiii; on tin' sliiiii|i of It on ihr 
 other »\iU: III' the ritrr, ami he ('la|i|)i'cl his 
 ^iin U|>, ami had ihnihih'ss drspatrhi'd him, 
 hut that iMit; ol'his own Indians calh'd hastily 
 in him, not to lire, lor lie l)i licvcd it was oni' 
 of tlii'ir own nirn ; upon wliioh the Imhaii 
 upon thi' stump hioUiil aliout, ami ('a|ilain 
 ChiM'ch's Imliau st'i'in<; hi.< t'acr prrrcivrd 
 his niistakf, for he knew him to he Philip, 
 vhippi'd upliis^iui and fired, lint it was loo 
 late, for I'hilipiMiniediately threw himself oiV 
 tliu Hliiuip, leaped down a hank on the side 
 of the river, and made his escape. Captain 
 ('hurch, as soon as possihie, jj^ot over the ri- 
 ver, and scattered in quest of Fhili(> and his 
 uompany ; hut the enemy scattered and lied 
 every way ; hut he picked up a considerahle 
 many of their women and children, amon!> 
 which was I'hilip's wife, and son of ahout 
 nine years old. Discovering n considera- 
 hle new track alnn>r the river, ami examin- 
 ing the prisoners, found it was Uunnappin 
 ;ind the i\arra;iansets, that were drawin;; otf 
 iVoni those parts towards the iVnrra^tan- 
 set cinintry ; he inquired of the prisoners, 
 whether Philip was !;one in the same track? 
 'I'liey told him they did not know, for he lied 
 in a jrreat frisrht when the first Knsrlish j^mi 
 was fired, and they had none of them seen 
 or heard anythiuj; of him since. Captain 
 I'hiirch left part of his company there to se- 
 cure the priscuiers they !;ot, and to |iiek np 
 what more they could find ; and w ith the 
 n'st of his ciniipany hastened in the track of 
 llie enemy, to overtake them, if it miirht he, 
 hi'lore tliey got over the river, and ran some 
 miles nlouii tlie river, until he eame to a place 
 where the Indians had waded over ; and he 
 with his company waded over after them np 
 to the arm-pits; heini; almost as wet hefoi'e 
 with sweat as the river could make ihcm. 
 Followin<; ahont a ii;ile further, and nol 
 overtakinif them, and the captain hei'iir un- 
 der necessity to return that iiiijht to the ar- 
 my, came to a halt, told his company, he 
 innst return to his other men. Mis Indian 
 soldiers moved for leave to pursue tin' eiie 
 my (thoiiirh he returned ;) said, the Niu-ia- 
 jraiisets were ;;reat ro^rues, and they wanted 
 to ho r<'ven;;ed on them for killini; sinne of 
 their relations; named 'ro(!kamima, ( Awa- 
 shonk's hrotlier) and some others. Captain 
 Church hid them <ro and prosper, and made 
 Liithtfoot their chief, and ;rave him the title 
 iif captain : Rid ihein ■;i) and quit themselves 
 like men. .\n<l away they scampered like 
 so innny horses. Next morniu;r early they 
 returned to their captain, and informed him, 
 ihut they had come up with the enemy, and 
 killed several of llieni, and hroiisrht liini thir- 
 teen of them prisoners ; were niifjhty proud of 
 their exploit, and rejoiced much at the op- 
 |iorturiity of avenjrini; themselve.". Captain 
 Church sent the prisoners to Uridirwater, 
 nild sent out his s<'onts to see what enemies 
 or tracks they eoidd, diseoverinn some small 
 tracks, he lollows them, found where the ene- 
 my had kindled some tires, and roasted some 
 lleshi ^-c, hut had put out their fires and 
 were gone. The captain followed them 
 by the track, putiin;; his Indians in the! 
 front I some of which were such as he had ' 
 nowl/ taken from the enemy, uiid ndded I 
 
 KINO PHILIP'S W.AR. 
 
 to his company, (iavi: them order.-i lo march | 
 sillily, and iipini liiMriiii; a whislle iiillie rear, 
 to sililiiwii, nil fiMilier order : or, upon diseo- . 
 very of any of ihe enemy, lo stop, for his di- j 
 si;;n was, if he could ihseiiver w here lln' eiie- j 
 inv were, not to fall iipoii them (unless lie- { 
 eessilaleil to it) nnlil next miirniiii;. The! 
 Indians in llie front came up with many wo- 1 
 men and eliildreii, and others that were faint I 
 and tired, and so not ahle to kee|) up wilh 
 the eonipany ; these sjave them an iiccouni 
 that Philip with a <;reat niiiiiher of the ene- 
 my, were a little hefore. Ca|Jtain Chrrch's 
 Indians told the others, they were their pri- 
 soners, hut if they would siihmit lo order, 
 and he still, no one should hurt them : they 
 heini; their old acquaintance, were easily 
 persuaded to conform. A little liefore sun- 
 set there was a lialt in the front, imlil lln- cap- 
 tain came up, they told him, they discovered 
 the enemy. He ordered them to do>r them, 
 and watch their motion til! it was d.-irk. 
 ISnt Philip soon came to a slop, and fi'll to 
 hreakini; ai:d choppini; wood, to make fires ; 
 and a i;reat noise they made. Ca|>lain 
 Church draws his company up in a rin;;, and 
 sal down ill the swamp w ithoiit any noise or 
 fire. The Indian prisoners were nineli sur- 
 prised to see the Kiii;lisli soldiers ; hut the 
 captain told them, if they would heipiiet and 
 not make any disturhaiice or noise, lliev 
 slionld meet with civil treatment ; hut if they 
 made any disturliaiice, or ofiVred to run, or 
 make their escape, he would ininieiliately 
 kill them all ; so they were very snhniissive 
 aiiilohsequi(m;». When the day liroUe, Cnp- 
 taiii Chtirell told his prisoners, that his expe- 
 iliiion wixa such at this lime that he cuiild iiDt 
 allord llieiii any ijiiaril : told them, they 
 would find it to he their interest to atteinl 
 the orders he was now ahont to uive them ; 
 » liicli was, that when the fiirlil was over, 
 which they now expected, or as soon as the 
 lirint; ceased, they must follow the track of 
 his coinpaiiv, and come to them. (An In- 
 dian is next to a hlood-houiid to follow a 
 iraek.) He said lo them, it would he in vain 
 fur them to think of disohedieiiee, or lo iraiii 
 any ihiiii; hy it, for he had taken and killed a 
 ifieat many of the Indian rehels, and should 
 In a llllle lime kill and take all the rest, iVc. 
 I'y this lime it heu-aii lo he so llyhl, as the 
 nine that he usually chose lo make his onset, 
 1 le moved, sendini; Iwo soldiers hefore, lo Irv 
 if lliey could privately discover the I'liemies' 
 postures, 15ut very unhappily it fill out, 
 that the very samt! time Philip had sent two 
 of his as a scout upon his own track, to see 
 if none do!;!red them ; who spied the two In- 
 dian men, and turned short nliout, and tied 
 w ith all speed to their camp, and Captain 
 Church pursued as fast as he could. The 
 two Indiaiis set a yelliiii; and howlintr, and 
 made the most hideous noise they could in- 
 vent, sonn jiave the alarm to Philip iiiid his 
 camp ; who all (led at the first tidings, left 
 their kettles hoilinir, and meat roasting upon 
 their wooden spits, niid ran into ii swamp 
 with no other hreakfast than what Captain 
 Church at'lerwards treated them with. </ap- 
 taiii Church pursuing, sent I\lr. Isaac Ihiw- 
 hind wilh a parly on one side of the swamp, 
 while himself with the rest ran on the other 
 side, airreeing to run on each side, until they 
 met on the further end, plucing some nieii in 
 
 secure stands at that end of the swaiiip wm re 
 Philip enlei'ril, eoni'liiiliii<r llial il'lliey IiimiIi il 
 him and lieat him liaek, thai he woiilil lake 
 hack in his 'iw ii iraek, 1 'aplain C'liiireli and 
 .Mr. How land snon mil al ihe Inrlher eliil ol 
 llie swamp, (it not liii"i_> a !;ital one) w her.' 
 they inel wilh a ;;ieal Miiiiilier nf llie i iiiiiiy, 
 Well armed, eiimMi;;oiil nflhe sw.iinp; lint, lei 
 sif;lit of llie I'.n^listi, lliiy seemed very iiiiieii 
 surprised and lacked siiiirt. Captain Chin eh 
 e.'illed haslily lo tlieiii, iiiid said, if lliiv lireil 
 one gun they were all dead men ; tor he 
 would have them lo know llial he had lliem 
 hemmed in, wilh a foi'(!esnfiieieiitloeoiiiiiiaiiil 
 them ; hut if ihey peaeeahly surrendered 
 they should havi' giioil <piarler, iVe. i'hey, 
 seeing hoth Indians and I'.ni^lish come so 
 thick upon tin in, wtii- so surprised that ma- 
 ny of them stood .still and let the p,ii>r|i^fi 
 come and take the iruns onl of their hands, 
 when they were hoth chaiged and cocked. 
 
 Alaiiy, hoth men, women, and eliildreii ol 
 the enemy, were imprisoned al lliis lime, 
 while Philip, Tispaqiiiii, Toloson, tVe., eini- 
 eliided that the Knglish would pursue tliem 
 upon their tracks, so were wayl.iying tin it 
 tracks at the first end of the swamp, hopiiii; 
 iherehy lo i;aiii a shot upon Captain Chnreh 
 who was now heller employed in lakiii!; pris- 
 oners, and running lliein into a vallev, in 
 fiirm shaped sonielhin;; like a piincli-hnw I 
 and appoiiiliiiir a guard of two files, Irehle 
 armed wilh gnns taken from the eneiin. 
 Hut Philip having waileil all this wliili' in 
 vain, now moves on after the rest nf his cmn- 
 pany, to see what was hecimie of tin in. 
 .\iid hy this time (\ipiain •'hurch was :;ei 
 into the swamp re.iily to meet him ; anil as 
 it happeiK I made the tirst discovery, clapped 
 hehiild a trei^ nnlil Philip's eoiiipanv eaiiie 
 pretty neii, and then fired upon tliein, kilhil 
 many of them, and a close skirmish fiillow- 
 I'd. rpiin this I'hilip, having grounds siilli- 
 cieiit to suspect the event of his compaiiv 
 that went hefiire them, lied hack ii|ioii his 
 own track; and coining to the place where 
 the amhiish lay, they fired on each other, and 
 one Liiciis, of Plymouth, not lieing so care- 
 ful as he might have heen ahout his stand. 
 was killed hy the Indians. In this swamp- 
 skirmish Captain Church wilh his two nn n, 
 who always run hy his side as his guard, 
 met with three of the enemy, two of wliieli 
 surremlered themselves, and the ea|itaiii's 
 guard seized them ; hut the other, heiiig a 
 great, stout, surly fellow, with his two locks 
 tied up with red, and a great rattle-snake skin 
 hanging to the hack part of his head, (whom 
 Captain (^hiircli concluded lo he 'J'oioson) 
 ran from them into the swamp ; Captain 
 Church in person, pursued him close, till 
 coming i»retty near up with him, presented 
 his gun hetween his shoulders, hut it inissinii 
 fire, the Indian perceiving il, turned and 
 presented at Captain Church, and missing 
 fire also, (their guns taking wet with the fiig 
 nnd dew of the morning ;) hut the Ir. linn 
 turning short t'or another run, his fiiot tripped 
 in n small grnpe-vine and he fi'll fiat on his 
 face ; Captniii Church was hy this time up 
 with him, and struck the mu/./,le of his gun 
 nn inch and a half into the hack part of 
 his head, which despatched him without an- 
 other hlow. liut ('a|itaiii CImrch loiikili;> 
 hehind lihn, eaw Totoson, the Imliau whom 
 
ilicf<wii!ii|) win re 
 
 llllltil'llll'V IlI'Mlll'll 
 
 liMl he »iiiil(l liikii 
 ipiMJn Cliiircli Mild 
 llii' riirllMT Mill III 
 I mini our) wlirr.' 
 Iirr 111' ilii' I iiiiiiy, 
 Mic .>u:iiii|i; liiii, iiM 
 sii iiinl HIV iiiiirii 
 <':||i1;mii Cliinrli 
 I s.llrl. il' llirv lilril 
 i'ikI iiirii ; fur In' 
 iIkiI III' hiiil llii'in 
 Tlriililliirniiiiiiiiliil 
 riilily siiiTiiiilciril 
 ll.unT, At. I'Iii'v, 
 l'jM;^li>li rornr so 
 
 MlPlllisill lll.lt lll.'l- 
 
 111 li'l llii' r,Mi;li>li 
 mil iiI'llHii- liiiiiil.s, 
 ^:ril .■mil ciM'Knl. 
 I'M, mill I'liilili'i'ii (if 
 ["iii'il nl llii.s linir, 
 
 'I'llllPsdll, »Vc., I'llll- 
 
 winilil piM'siii' tlii'iii 
 II' «,'iyl;iyiii;r lln ii 
 llic s>viiiii|>, liiiiiiiii; 
 III ('ii|)liiiii Cliiirrli 
 iiycil ill liikini; |)ii^. 
 Vii iiili) II v.'illi'v, in 
 
 iliC II pillll'll-jlllH I 
 
 III" two (ilc^, iii'lilr 
 
 rioiii lilt" ciM'iny. 
 
 (I all llils nliilc in 
 
 tlio rt'St oCliis i-oiii- 
 
 lll'I'OlllC III' lllllll. 
 
 ill riiiircli WHS yi't 
 Mii'i't liiiii ; iiiiil lis 
 itiliscoHTv, rlii|pj)i'(i 
 i|>'s i'iiiii|miiy riiiMi' 
 il iipiiii tlii'iii, kill, il 
 I.'*!' ."kiliiiifli fiilliiw- 
 iiviiij; j;roiii)ils Milli- 
 iit dl" his t'oiii|)iiiiv 
 lied liiick upon liis 
 to till' pliici' whcrt. 
 I 1)11 1'lirli Dllii'i', iiiul 
 , not liriiif; so ciiii'- 
 I'll iilioiit iiis sliind. 
 s. Ill tlii» swiiinp- 
 I with his two incii, 
 siilu I1.S his ifiiiinl, 
 ■iiiv, two of viliji h 
 anil till' caplaiii'.s 
 the oilier, lii'iiig n 
 wi;li his two lock.s 
 •at rattli'-siiiikr skin 
 i)f his luad, (whoiii 
 lod to 1)11 'J'otosoii) 
 swamp ; Captiiin 
 led liliii close, llii 
 'ilh him, presented 
 ders, but it niissiiij; 
 11^' it, turned and 
 inreh, and inissiiifr 
 ijr wel with the fog 
 ;) hut thf II. liuii 
 ■nil, his foot tripped 
 
 I lif fell tint on his 
 lis hy this time up 
 
 muzzle of his gun 
 the hark part of 
 d him uiihoiit an- 
 
 II ( 'lunch liiokilii; 
 I the Indian whom 
 
 Ki.NU l'lllLli"S WAU. 
 
 00.'. 
 
 hn thought he iitid killed, cunie Hying at him 
 
 like a ilr.iL'oli ; l.ill this hilppeiied to he fair 
 ill >\'^U{ III' llh' iiiiiuil that were set to keep 
 till' pii^oiu'i's, who, s|i_viii}{ Toloson anil 
 (illni-. iImI were lollowiiig liiiii, 111 the very 
 sca^onalile jiineliire nia.le a shot upon tlioni, 
 and resi'iieil llieir laplain ; thoii^li he was in 
 no Miiall dau!,'!'!- (Vom his friends' Imllels, for 
 si'iiie of llieni eanie so near him that lu' 
 ihoiifiiil he felt the, wind ii! them. Tlio skir- 
 iiiisli lii'iiig over, they g;itliered their prison- 
 ers togellnr, and found the nninlier they had 
 kilh'd and taken was one luiiidred .'iiid seveii- 
 ty-lliree, (the prisoners wliieh they took over 
 liijlhl iiiehideil) whoaflerlhe skirmish, came 
 to tlielil as they were oidered. 
 
 Now having no provisions but what they 
 took from the enemy, they hastened to 
 iiiiclgwater, sending an express belore to pro- 
 vide I'or them, their lonipaliy being now very 
 iHiiih ions. 'llie. gentlemen of Itridgwater 
 iiiel(.'aplain ( 'laircli with great expressions of 
 lioiinr and thanks, and received him and his 
 arniy w lib all due resp.'et and kind treatment. 
 
 t'aplain t'lniicli drove his prisoners that 
 night into Hridgwater poniid, and set his In- 
 dian soldiers to guard llie.ii. 'I'liev being 
 Well treated with victuals and drink, tliey had 
 a merry night; an. I the prisoners laughed as 
 loud as the sol.licrs, not being so treated u 
 long time before. 
 
 ^sonie of tile lii.lians now sai.l to Captain 
 (..'hiireli. Sir, you have now "i;i.le I'hilip ready 
 to die, tor yuii have ina.lc him as poor and 
 miserable as h.j iised to make the English; 
 for M'U ba\. limv killed oi' taken all his re- 
 lations. That they believed he would now 
 soon have his heail, and that this bout had al- 
 Miosi broke his heart. 
 
 'I'lie next day Captain Church moved and 
 arrived with all his prisoners safi? at I'ly- 
 nioulli. The great baiglish army was now 
 at 'raunlon, and Maj.ir Talcot, wilh the 
 Coiiiieetieut forces, being in these parts of 
 the country, did considerable spoil upon the 
 enemy. 
 
 Now Captain Church being arrived at I'ly- 
 month received thanks from the government 
 for his giiod service, ijcc.; many of his soldiers 
 were disbanded ; and he thought to rest him- 
 self awhile, being much fatigued, and his 
 health impaireil by excessive heals and colds, 
 aii'l wa.ling through rivers, A:c. Hut it was 
 not long before he was called upon to rally, 
 upon ailvice that some of the enemy were 
 discovered in Darlmoulh woods, lie took 
 his Indians, aii.l as m.my English volunteers 
 as presented, to go with him ; and scalter- 
 iiii; into small piircels, Mr. .labez Howlaiid 
 (who was now, and ofleii, his lieiilenant, and 
 a worthy good soldier) hail the fortune to dis- 
 cover and imprison a jiarcel of the eiieiiiy. 
 In the evening they nut together at an ap 
 |ioiiited place, and by exiimining the prison- 
 ers, they g.ihied inlelligence of Totoson's 
 Il Hint ; and being brisk in the morning, tiny 
 soon gained an advantage of Totosoirs eom- 
 p.inv, though he himself with his son of about 
 eii;lit years old iiuulo their escape, and one 
 old sipiaw wilh them, to Agawoin, his own 
 eoinilry ; but Sam Harrow, as noted a rogue 
 as any among the enemy, fell into the hands 
 of the iMiglish at this time. Captain Church 
 told him, that because of his inliiiman mur- 
 ders ttiid barbarities, the court had allowed 
 
 him no (juiirtor, but wu.s to lie forlhwith put} 
 to death, and therefore he was to prepare Ibr 
 il. Harrow replied, that the .sentence of 
 ileath against him was Just, and that imlei'd 
 he was aslian .1 to live any longer, and de- 
 sired no more favour than to smoke a uhilVof 
 lobacco before his execution. When he had, 
 taken a few w hills, he said he was ready ; 
 upon which one of ('ap>aiii Church's Indians 
 sunk his hatchet info jii.s brains. 'I'lie fa- 
 mous Totosoii arriving at Agawom,* his son, 
 which was tlu; last that was left of the family, 
 (Captain Church liaving destroyed all the 
 rest) fell sick; the wretch, rcllecling upon 
 the miserable Oondition he had brought him- 
 self into,his heart became a stone w illiin him, 
 and died. 'J'liu old sipiaw filing a few leaves 
 and brush over him, and came into Sand- 
 wich, and gave this account of his death, and 
 ofli fed to show them where she left his body ; 
 but never had the opportunity, fiir she imiiie- 
 dialely fell sick and died also. 
 
 Caplain C'hnrcii being now at I'lymouth 
 again, weary and worn, would have gone home 
 to his will! and family, but the government 
 being solicitous to engage him in the service 
 until I'hiliu was slain, and promising satis- 
 fiietioii and redress for some mistreatmi'iit 
 that he had met wilh ; he fixes f'or another 
 exiiedition. Jle had soon volunteers enough 
 to make up the company he desired, and 
 marched through the woods uiilil he came to 
 I'oeasset; and not seeing or hearing of any of 
 the enemy they went over the ferry to Uhode- 
 Islai'.d, to refresh themselves. The captain 
 with about half a dozen in iiis company, look 
 horse and rid about eight miles down the 
 island, to Mr. Sanford's, where he hail left 
 his w ife ; who no .sooner saw him but f'aiiited 
 with surprise; and by that lime she was a 
 little revived, they spied two horsemen com- 
 ing a great pace. Captain jL'liurch told his 
 eonipany that those men (by their riding) 
 eaii.e with tidings. When they came up 
 they proved to be Major Sandlord and Cap- 
 tain (iolding; who immciliately asked Cap- 
 tain Church, what he would give to hwr 
 some news of "liilip ; He replied, that was 
 what he wante.l. They told him, they had 
 rid hanl wilh some lio|ies of overtaking him, 
 ami were imw come on purpose to iiiloriii 
 liiiii, that there w.is just now tidings from 
 Moiint-llopc ; an Indian came down from 
 thence iwlicie I'liilip's camp now was) on 
 to Sand-point, over a'jainst Trip's and hal- 
 looed, an. I ma.le signs to be fetchcil over; and 
 being felchcil over, he reportcil th.'it he was 
 lied from I'hilip, who (suid he) has killol 
 my biother just belbre I came away, liir giv- 
 ing some a.lviee tli.it displcaseil him. And 
 said, he was (led for fear of meeting wilh the 
 same his brother had met with. 'I'ol.l them 
 also, that I'hilip was now in Monnl-llope 
 neck. Captain Church thanked lliem for 
 their good news, and sai.l, he hoped by to- 
 morrow morning to have tin rogui''s head. 
 The horses that he ami his company came 
 on, standing at the door, (liir tliey had not 
 been unsa.l.llcd) his wife must coiilcnt her- 
 self with a short visit, when such game was 
 aliea.l ; ihcy imniediately mounted, set spurs 
 to their horses, and away. 
 
 ° Scveriil place." wi'io called A.jawimi ; ns at Ips- 
 wich, lunl Spriiiglit'ld. This Ajjawoui lies in Wiire- 
 ham. 
 
 The two genlleiiieii that brought him thu 
 liiliiigs, told him, they would gladly wail up- 
 on him lo see the event of the exp.'.lilioi, ; hi' 
 lliaiike.l lliem, ami toM them, he should be 
 as loll. I of iheir company as any men's; and 
 (in short) they went wilh him. And tiny 
 Were soon at Trip's ferry (with Caj.lain 
 Chnrch's eomp.iny) where the deserter was , 
 who was a li'llow of goo.l sense, and lol.i 
 his story h.uidsomely. lie olli'red Captain 
 (.'liiireh lo pilot him lo I'hilip, and to help 
 to kill him, that he might revenge his bro- 
 ther's death. 'I'old him, that l'liili|) was 
 now upon a little spot of upland, lli.'it was 
 in the soulh end of the miry swamp, just at 
 the foot of till' .Mount, which was a spot 
 of grouini that C.iplain Chiinli was well 
 acipiainteil with. Hy that lime they were 
 got over the ferry, and came near the ground, 
 half the night was spent. The captain coni- 
 mandsahalt, and bringiii;; the I'ompany toge- 
 ther, he asked M.ijor Saiidl'onl's and Cap- 
 tain (folding's advice, what metl oil was best 
 to take in making the onsi'l, but they declin- 
 ed giving him any a.lviee, idling him, that 
 his great experience and success forbid their 
 taking upon theiii to give aihice. Then 
 Captain Chiireh otrered Captain (lol.ling lli.il, 
 he should have the honour (if 11.' woul.l please 
 to accept of it) lo beat up I'liilip's head ipiar- 
 ters. lie aeeeple.l the ollir, and had his 
 allotted number drawn out to him, and the. 
 pilot. Captain Chuiili's iiistrmlions lo him 
 were, lo be vi'i'y careful in his appixi.nh lo 
 the enemy, and be sure not to show himselt' 
 imlil by daylight they might see ami discern 
 their own men from Ih.' enemy ; told him 
 also, that his custom in like eases w.c, to 
 creep wilh his company on their bellies, un- 
 til they came as near as they coiil.l ; i.ii.l 
 thai as soon as the enemy discovered tin 'u 
 they woiil.l cry out ; and that was the word 
 for Ills men to lire an. I fall on. Hirecleil him 
 when the enemy slioid.l start ainl lake into 
 the swamp, they should pursue with speed, 
 every man shouting ami '.naking what noise 
 they colli. 1 ; (iir he woiiM give onlcis to his 
 ambuscade to fire on any that should come 
 silently. 
 
 Captain Church knowing that it was I'hi- 
 lip'scustom to be foremost in the flight, went 
 down to the swamp, ami gave Captain Wil- 
 liams of Sciliiale the command of the right 
 wing of the ambush, and placed an i'^nglish- 
 iiian and an In.liau together behin.l such 
 shelters of trees, iVcthal he coiil.l find, and 
 took care to place them at such distance 
 that none might pass midisc.ivi re.l belweeii 
 them, charge. I them to be earctiil of them- 
 selves, and of hurting their frien.ls. an. I l.i 
 lire at any that should come silenlly tliron.jh 
 the swamp; but being somewhat fuiilur 
 throngli the swam)) than he w.'is aware of, he 
 wante.l men to make up his ainbiiscail.'. 
 Having pl.'iecil what iiieii he lia.l, he look 
 .Maj.ir Sandford by the h.ind, said. Sir, 1 
 have so placed them that it is scarce pos- 
 sible I'hilip should escape tli.'m The same 
 moment a shot w histle.l over their bi'als, .in.l 
 llicn the noise, of a gun towar.ls I'liilip's 
 camp. Captain Cliur.'h at first thought it 
 niijlht be some gun fired by acci.lenl ; but 
 bet. ire he could speal', a whole volley follow- 
 e I, which was ear "iir than he expected. One 
 of Philip's gang going forth tu eu.s«> himself, 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
608 
 
 KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 when he had doiit!, louliud roiiiiil him, iiiul 
 Ciiptiiiii (ioldiiii; tlioiiiciit till! liKliiiii lodki'il 
 ri^lit at him, (tli(>iii;h prolmlily it wii? Inn his 
 I'liiioeit) S(i tired at him, uriil iijion hi^^ liiiii^^lhc 
 wholu conipaii)' that wcii: with him tired U|>(iii 
 the enciiiies' slielter, hefcire the liKhaiii' liail 
 limo to risi^from their shep, and so over.-hot 
 ihi'ui. Uiit their shehiT wad upeii on that 
 oiih! next thesvTuntp, hnilt ^u<ai pinpose tor 
 tile coiwoniencu ol'tlii;ht on occasion. They 
 weru 8oon in liie 6Wamp, and I'hihp tlie I'ore- 
 nioAt, vvlui »tnrtui<r ut thu first i;un, threw his 
 petiiiik, and puwt1e:-liorii over his head, 
 uatehed up his i;un, and ran as t°a.<t as he 
 eonid scamper, without any more clutlies 
 tl'an his small hreeclies and stocUini;s, and 
 ran directly on two of Captain Church's 
 itaihn:jh ; they let him cunic fair witliin shot, 
 nnd the Englishman's t^un nnssing tire, he 
 l)id tiru Indian tire away, and he did so to 
 pin'pose, sent one mnsket bnllet liu'ou<rh )iis 
 lieart, and another not ubovc two inches from 
 ■t ; he fell upon his face in the mud and water 
 tvithhis^niitnider him. liy this time the ene- 
 my perceived they were waylaid on the east 
 side of the swamp, tucked short ahont. Oin; 
 of thee lieniy, who seenn.'d to be a areat, surly 
 old fellow, hallooed with a Itnid voice, and ol- 
 ten called out, lootash, lootash. Captain 
 Church culled to his Indian, l'eter,aiidaske<i 
 him who that was that calh^d so ] lie answer- 
 ed, it was old .Vnmiwon, Fhilip's j^reat captain, 
 culling on his soldiers to stand to it, and ii<;ht 
 stoutly. Kow the enemy tindini; that place 
 of the swamp which was not andaished, nni- 
 ny of ihein made their escape in the Kn<.dish 
 tracks. The man that hail shot down I'hilip, 
 r.ni with all speed to Captain Church, and in- 
 fornied him of his exploit, who commanded 
 him to be silent about it, and let no man more 
 know it, until they hail drove llie swamp 
 clean ; but when they had drove the swamp 
 through, and found the enemy had escap 
 ed, or at least the most of them, and the sun 
 now up, ond so the dew gone, that they could 
 not easily truck them, the whole compuny 
 met together ut the place where the enemies 
 night-shelter was ; and then Captaii. Church 
 gave them the news nf I'Inlip's death ; 
 upon which the whole army gave three loud 
 hn/.zas. Captain Church ordered his body to 
 he pidled out of the nilru mi to the upland, so 
 some of Captain Church's Indians look hold 
 of him by his stockings, and some by his 
 small breeches, (being otherwise naked) and 
 drew him through the mud to the upland, 
 and a doleful, great, naked, dirty beast he 
 looked like. Captain Church then said, 
 that forasmuch us he had caused nniny uii 
 (Englishman's body to be unburied, and to 
 rut above ground, that not one of his bones 
 should be buried. And calling his old In- 
 dian executioner, bid him behead and quar- 
 ter him; accordingly he came villi his 
 luitchet and stood over him, but before he 
 struck ho made a small speech, directing it 
 to Philip, ond said, he Inid been a very great 
 man, and had made many a nuinufriiidofhini, 
 but so oig as be was he would now chop his 
 arse for him ; and so he went to work, and 
 did as he was ordered. I'hiiip having one 
 very remarkable hand, being iiiuch scarred, 
 occasioned by the splitting of a |)istol in it 
 formerly ; Cuptaiii Cliurch gave the head nnd 
 that hand to Alderman, the Indian who shot 
 
 , him, to show to such I'riiHi'inen as wiiiild be- 
 |Stow graliiiliib upon him; and aecoidiiigly 
 ! Ill' got many a pinny by it. 
 
 This being on the last day of the week, 
 jlhe captain with his eompaiiy ritnnied to the 
 I island, tarried there until 'I'uesilay ; and thin 
 iwentotrand ranged through all the woods to 
 j i'l\ moiilh, and received their preniiinn, w hieb 
 was thirty shillings per head, tor the eneniies 
 which they had killed or taken, instead nf nil 
 wages ; and I'hilip's head went at the same 
 |)rice. ftlethinks it i.« scanty reward and 
 poor encouragement ; though it was better 
 than what had been for sonic time before. 
 For this imirch they received fmir shillings 
 and sixpence a man, w Inch was all the re- 
 ward they had, except the honour of killing 
 Philip. This was in the latter end of Au- 
 gust, 1G70, 
 
 Captain Church hud been but n little while 
 ut Plymouth, before u post from liehobolb 
 came to inform the government, that old An- 
 nawon, Philip's chief ciiptnin, was willi his 
 coinpjiny ranging about their woods, and 
 was very olVonsive and i)crnicious to l?eho- 
 holli nnd Swunsey. Captain Church was 
 immediately sent for again, and 'rented with 
 to engage in one expedition more ; he told 
 them, their encouragement was so poor, he 
 feared bis soldiers would he dull about going 
 again ; but being a hearty friend to the cause, 
 he rallies again, goes to iMr. Jabe/ ilowland, 
 his old lieutenant, and some of his soldiers 
 that used to go out with him; told them how 
 the case was circumstanced, and that he had 
 intelligence of old Amiawoii's wallt and 
 haunt, and wanted hands to hunt him; they 
 dill not want much entreating, but told him, 
 tli:v would go w ilh him, us long as there was 
 an Indian lert in the woods, lie moved and 
 ranged thro'igh the woods to Poeassi t. 
 
 It biiiig the latter end of the week, he pro 
 |insed to go on to Ithode Island, and rest 
 until Monnity ; but on llie Lord's duy morn- 
 ing, there came u post to inform the captain, 
 that early the same morning a canoo w ith 
 several Indians in it passed from J'riiilence Is- 
 land loPoppusquash-Neck.* Captain Church 
 thought, if he could possibly sur()rise them, 
 he might probably gain some intelligence of 
 more game; therefore he made all possible 
 speed after them. The ferry- boat being out 
 of the way, he made use of canoes; by that 
 time they had made two freights, and had 
 got over the captain, and about tifteen or six- 
 teen of his Indians, the wind sprung up with 
 such violence that canoes could no more pass. 
 The Captain seeing it was impossible lor 
 any more of his soldiers to come to him, 
 he told his Indians, if they were willing to 
 go with him, he would go to Poppastpiush, 
 und see if they could cutcli some of the ene- 
 my Indiuns. They were willing to go, but 
 were sorry they hud no English soldiers ; so 
 they marched through the tliicl(ets that they 
 might not be discovered, until they came un- 
 to the suit mendow, to the northwurd of Bris- 
 tol town, thut now is. Then they heard n 
 gun, the cuptuin looked ubout, not knowing 
 but it might be some of his own company in 
 the rear; so halting till they ull came up, he 
 found it WHS none of his own company 
 that tired. Now though he had but a few 
 
 * On tlie wcel-«ido of Urietol 
 
 men, was minded tu send simie of tin in mil 
 on u scout, lie inovrd il to Caplain Li^hr- 
 foot to go with three nioie on a semit ; he 
 said he wastvilhng, pri;\iilid the itiplan's 
 man iN'albaiiiel, (w hieb was an lliih.iii tiny 
 hud lately taken) might be one of ihini, ln- 
 caiise he was well acipiainied with the iiirk, 
 and eoming lately I'roni aniong tin in, knew 
 how to call them. The eiiplain hal hiiii 
 elioose his three eompaniims, and un ; and 
 iftheyeiiine across any of llii'ininiy, not 
 to kill them if ihey could possibly l:ike ihiiii 
 alive ; thut they might gain inlelligeiice eon- 
 cerning Aiinawon. The enplain with the 
 rest of his compuny innveil lint a lillle \t ay 
 further toward l'o|ipasipnish, In line ilny 
 heard another giin, wliieh sii nn d to he ihi- 
 same way with the other, but fnrtlii r i If; 
 but they made no halt until tiny eanie on to 
 the narrow of I'oppasipiasli i\icU ; where 
 Captain Church left three men mine, to 
 watch if any should come out of the nirk, 
 and to inform the scout when they reliirni (I 
 which way he wns gone. 
 
 Ilepurted the reniuinder of his einnpnnv, 
 half on OIK! side of the neck, und the othi r 
 wilh himself went on the other side of ihe 
 neck, until they met; and meeting iieillier 
 with I ndiuiis nor eu noes, returned big wilh in - 
 pectations of tidings by their scout ; Init « In ii 
 they came back to the threi' men at the inir- 
 row of the neck, they told their ca|)liiin the 
 scout was not returned, had heard nor seen 
 anything of them: this tilled them with 
 tlionghts of what should become of ilnni ; 
 by the lime they hud sut und wuiled an Innir 
 longer, it was very dark, und they dispainil 
 of their returning to them, f-'ome of ilie In- 
 diuns told their captain, ihey feared his m w 
 man Nathaniel had met with his ohi Minirit- 
 Ilope friends, and was turned rogue. TInv 
 concluded to make no tires that night (anil 
 indeed they had no great need of uiiy) for 
 tliey hud no victuals to cook, had not sonijch 
 us a morsel of bread with them. 
 
 They took up their lodging scattering, 
 that if possibly their seontshould come in the 
 night, and whistle (which was their sign) 
 some or other of them might hear them 
 They lind a very solitary, hungry night ; and 
 as soon as the day broke they drew oti 
 through the brush to a bill without the neck, 
 and looking ubout them they espied one In- 
 dian man come running soinewlmt towuids 
 them ; the cuptaiii ordered one uinii to step 
 out and shew himself. Upon this the In- 
 diiiii ran right to him, nnd who should it bo 
 hut Captain Light-foot, to their great joy. 
 Cuptuin Church asked hint, whut news? 
 lie answered, Good news, they were till well, 
 nnd had cutehed ten Indiuns, und thut Ihey 
 guurdeii them all night to one of the Hunkers 
 uf the old English garrison ; that their pris- 
 oners were part of Annuwon's compuny, and 
 that they hud left their families in u swamp 
 above Mattnpoisct Neck.* And ns they were 
 nmi'ching towards the old garrison, Linbl- 
 foot gave Cuptuin Church a parlicnlur ae- 
 coiint of their exploit, vi/,. that presently af- 
 ter they left him, ihey heard another gun, 
 which seemed towards the Indian hnr^'ing 
 place, nnd moving that way, they iliscovereil 
 two of the enemy tleeing on ahorse. 'I'he 
 
 ' In Swniizcy. There is uiiotlier fllattapoisfl hi 
 Rochester. 
 
KINO PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 C07 
 
 sitwu; <it' iIjiiii tiiil 
 (• KM II Ml lit ; lit! 
 
 Ill< ll lIlC <'ll|ll||.||'!l 
 
 ii> Mil liiili.iii [Itiy 
 r iilic III' llii III, III'- 
 led widi llir III ck, 
 imii^ llii 111, Kiirw 
 
 cii|iUiiii liiil liiiii 
 cms, lllul i;o ; imd 
 I" llif <iii iin , nut 
 H)s^il)lv liilir iIkiii 
 II iiiltlli^iiicf loll- 
 
 i-ii|itiiiii \iiili tlio 
 I'll liiit a Hull' tiny 
 lll^ll, iMliiri- iliiy 
 
 SI run ll III III' ijii,' 
 , lillt I'llrllii I- I ll'; 
 I liny ciiiiii' on III 
 isli Ai'cK ; » III re 
 
 ' inrn iimri', in 
 
 I'll! ol'llll' nirii, 
 
 Inn lln'v riliuni (I 
 
 ■r of Ills i'(iin|innv, 
 '(-•k, iiinl till' ollit r 
 
 mill T sitif III' ilio 
 [| nii'cliiijr nciihir 
 tiirncd llii; Willi , \- 
 •ir si'onl; liiit win n 
 •Of iiicii III lilt' nnr- 
 
 llnir cii|iliiin tin; 
 mil liciii'd iiMi' seen 
 
 lillt'd tlnin niili 
 
 ln'fonio of ilii'in ; 
 iiid wniU'il nil lionr 
 iind tlii'y (!i>|iiiiii ll 
 Sonic oI'iIh' In- 
 liry Crnrcd Ins in «■ 
 illi Ills old Miiiint- 
 iM'd ro^nc. 'I'In-v 
 I's llint iiifilit (nnil 
 t iifi'd of uny) I'or 
 k, hud iiul suiiijuii 
 tlii'in. 
 
 I(i(li;in<r f-cmti'riiiir, 
 slioiild conii' ill tliu 
 i;li wns llii'ir sijiii) 
 iiii^lit liciir tlii'in 
 Imnjrry iii{>lit ; nnil 
 ilu! llicy drew oil 
 I u'illioiit the neck, 
 hoy I'spicd om; Iii- 
 iiomewhat towards 
 d one man to step 
 I'poM this the lu- 
 ll who slioiild it ho 
 to their ^'rent joy. 
 him, what news? 
 they were all well, 
 ans, and that tliey 
 one of the Hunker.' 
 1) ; that their pris- 
 m's company, and 
 milies in a swamp 
 And ns they were 
 d fjarrisoii, I,ii;lii- 
 li a partiuiiliir m'- 
 thnt presenllj af- 
 nrd iiniither sun, 
 le Indian hiir^in^ 
 y, they discovered 
 on n horse, 'I'lie 
 iiullier Alultapout'i, In 
 
 gi'oiit cliip|iil)|r Into till) hriisli, Nathaniel hid 
 tlii'in sit lowii, and he would presenlly 
 cull all the Indians therealiont unto him. 
 'I'liry hill, and he went a little distani'i' hack 
 rioiii tliein, and set 'ip his note, and howled 
 like a Willi'. One of llic two immediitily 
 lift his horse and eaine riinniiiifto see who 
 was tlnre ; hiit Nathaniel howling liiwi'r and 
 linver drew liini in lietween those that lay in 
 wait for liiiii, who seized him; Nathaniel 
 contiiiiiiiii; the same note, the other left the 
 horse also, fi)llowin>r liis mate, and met with 
 lliesanie. When they caught these two they 
 examined tlieiii apart, and found them tn 
 iiitree in their story, that there wi're eight 
 mure of llieiii come down into the ni'ck to 
 (ret provisions, and had agri.'ed to meet at 
 the limy inn place that evening. These two 
 beiiii; siime of Nathaniel's old acipiaintanee, 
 he hill gri^iit intlnenue upon them, and with 
 liis enticing story, (telling what a liiiive cap- 
 tain he had, how tiravely he lived since 
 he had heeii with him, and how much tlii'y 
 miirlit hi'tter their conditior, liy turning to 
 liiiii, kVc.) pei'siiadcii and engaged them to 
 he on Ins side, which indeed now hegan to 
 he the hetler side of the hedge. They waited 
 hut a lillle while hi'fore they espied the rest 
 of theirs coming np lo the hiirying place, ami 
 Nailiaiiii'l soon howled them in as he had 
 doll!' llii'ir mail's liel'ore. 
 
 \\'lii'ii (.'aplaiii Chinch came to the garri- 
 son he met his lieutenant and the rest of| him, whet 
 
 ti'lling thiin, what they iiinsi ini.-l lo if they 
 told false sloriis. lie a-kiil tin yonn;; vii- 
 man, what (Company they eanie fioin last ) 
 .She sail), from Capli.m Aniiawon's. He 
 asked her, how niiiiy wi re in eonipany with 
 him whin she hit liiin ! She said llfiy or 
 si.vtv. lie asked lier, how inaiiv miles it was 
 111 tiie place wlnre -he left liiin ! She said, 
 she dill nut nndei'slaiid iiiilis, lull he was np 
 
 seiitly, I 
 then.' Iiy 
 jfoini; ! 
 
 ill .Si|iianiiac'iiiili swaiiip.* The old man 
 who had liieii oiie of l'liili|i's coiliieil, npoli 
 examination, gave exaelly the same aceonnl. 
 ("aptain ('hmch askid liiiii, if liny eonld get 
 there that lii^htf lie i- lid, if liny went pie- 
 ii! Iravelli'il slinilly, thi'V might gel 
 aiiiset. lie a-kril, wliillier he was 
 lie answri'i'il, that Aiiiiawun had 
 sent him down lo luuk fur smiie Inilians, thai 
 were iroiie down into .Muniil-llope iieek lo 
 kill some provisions. ('ii;iliiiii <'liureli let 
 him know thai lliose Indians wire all his 
 prisoners, l>v lliis lime came llie Indian 
 soldier and hioniilit his fither and one In- 
 dian more. Till' captain was now in great 
 strait iif mind what lo do next, he had a 
 miiidtoifive .Aiinawon a \isit, nmv he knew 
 where to find him ; lint his lompany was 
 very small, hut half a ilo/en men liiside J^im- 
 self, nnil was iindrr a necessity lo send sonie- 
 hiiily hack nnil aeipiaiiit his lieuleiiaiit anil 
 eompaiiy wilh his prueredings. However, 
 he asked his small eonipany that were with 
 ihi'V would willinglv iro with 
 
 his company; iind then making iii| good fires 
 they fell to ronr.tiiig their horse-heef, enough 
 to last tliem the whole day, hut had not a 
 morsel ofhriad ; tlionuh salt they had, which 
 they always earned in tlieir pockets, which, 
 111 this limi! was very acceptahle to them. 
 Tliiir next motion was towards the ph.ce 
 \vlieri' the prisoners told them ihey had left 
 ihi'ir women and cliililr<'ii, and surprised them 
 all, and some iilhers ilmt were newly come 
 to lliein. And upon examination they held 
 lo one story, that it was hard to tell where lo 
 Iind Annawon, for he never roosled twice in 
 n place. .Now a eirlain Indian soldier that 
 C>aptain Church had irnined over to he on hid 
 side, prayed that he might have liherty to go 
 und (etc'li in his father, who, he said, was 
 ahoiit four miles iVoir. that place, in a swamp, 
 with no other than a young sipiaw. (Jap- 
 tain Cliuich inclined to go with him, think- 
 ing it might he in liiswav lo gain some iiilel- 
 ligeiici' of Annawon; and sotakinirone I'.ii- 
 (;lishinaii and u fetv Indians with him, leav- 
 ing the rest there, he went with his new sol- 
 dier to loiik for his father. When he came to 
 the swamp he hid the Indian go to see if he 
 could find his fallier; he was no sooner gone 
 lint <'aptain Chureh discovi'red a track cnin- 
 in:r down out of the wiiod.^, upon wliieli he 
 mill his lillle company lay close, some on or ' 
 side of the track, and some on tlie ol' er. 
 They heard the Inilian soldier make a howl- 
 ing for lii.s father; and at length some- 
 body answered him, hut while they were 
 listeniiiir, they ihouirht they heard some- 
 hody coming towards them, presently saw 
 III) old man cominir np with a gun on 
 Ills shoulder, and a young woman following, 
 in the track w liioli they lay hy. They let 
 themcomc up lietween them, and then started 
 up and laid hold of them hnlh. Captain 
 Church imincdintely examined them apart, 
 
 liim, and :;ive Annawon a vi-ii ( Tlie\ loM 
 him, liny were always ready to oliey his 
 eommands, iVe,, lint withal lolil him, that 
 they knew this Captain Aimawnn was a great 
 soldier; that he had heeii a valiant cnplaiii 
 under Asidimi'ipiin, I'liillp's father, and that 
 he had lieen I'hilip's iliiil'iain all this war ; a 
 very sniille man, ami 'if i;reat resiilniion, and 
 hail often said, that lie would never he taken 
 alive hv the I'^ngli.-h ; and moreover lliey knew 
 that the men that wi re wilh him weii.' reso- 
 Inle fellows, sonii' of I'hilip's chief soldiers ; 
 and therefore feareil whether it was praeliea- 
 lile lo make an attenijit upon him with so 
 small a handful of assistants as were now 
 wilh him : told him fiirilier, that it wonlil he a 
 pily that afti'r all tliein-eat things he had done, 
 lie should throw away his life at last. I'p- 
 oii which he replied, that he donliled not An- 
 nawon was asiililleand valiant man : thai he 
 had a loiii; time hat in vain sought for him, 
 and ni'vertill imw eonld iind his ipiarlers; and 
 he was very loath In nii>- of the ii|ipi)rliiiiily ; 
 and douhled not hill if they woiilil eheerfnlly 
 iro with him, the same Almighiy I'rovideiiee 
 that had hilheilo protected anil lirliieiiiled 
 them would do so still, iVe. l|ioiitliis with 
 wilh one consent lliev said, they wiinld go. 
 Captain (^Imreh then tmiied lo one Cook, of 
 
 rivmonlh, (ll ly l',iii;lisliniaii then with 
 
 him) and asked him, what he lliiiniiht of it? 
 Who replied, ."<ir, 1 am never afiaid of going 
 anv where when von are with me. 'J'licn 
 Captain Chiireh a-ked the old Indian, il h 
 eonld carry his horse w iili him ] (I'nr he con- 
 veyed a horse tlias far wilh him.) lie replied, 
 llnit it was impossihle lor a Imrsi to pass the 
 swamps: therefore he sent away his new In- 
 ill.in soldier with his filherand the captain's 
 horse to his lieutenant, and orders for him 
 to move to Tannton w itii tin prisoners to se. 
 
 cine them there, mid tn come out in thn 
 morning in the llehohoth road, in uliieii lie 
 might expect to meet him, if In: were alive 
 and had snecess. 
 
 The "aptain then llskeil the old fellnw, if 
 he wonlil pilot him iiiito .Xnii.iu on ( lie 
 answered, that he having i;i\eii him lii^ life, 
 he was iihh<reil to serve him. He hid him 
 move on then, mid they I'lilliiwiil. The ehl 
 inaii would out-travel llieiii .-o far MimilimeH 
 that they were almost ont of sinlil ; looking 
 over his shiinliler, and sei iiig llniii lirhiml, he 
 would halt. .Iiist as the smi was selling, the 
 old man iiiaile a full slop and sal down, llie 
 company eoiiiin^ np iil>o sat iluw n, heiiii; nil 
 Weary. Caplain Clmrih asked, what news? 
 He answered, that alioiil that lime in tin! 
 eveninir Captain Annauon sent on I his sconl.s 
 111 see if the coast was clear, and as siiini ii.s 
 it hegan to grow dark the seonls n turned 
 And iheli (said he) we may move iii;,'iin se- 
 cnrelv. When il hegan to grow d.irk the olil 
 man stood np ng.'iin. Captain Cliiireh n.-ked 
 him, if he Wonld lake a gun nnil light for 
 linn ? He hiiwed very low and prayed him 
 not to iinpose siieh a tliinu upon him, ;i> lo 
 li^ht aiiain.-t Captain Annawon his old I'm lid 
 lint says he, I will go aloni; with mhi and he 
 helpful to yon, and will lay hands on any 
 man that shall iilfer to hurt yon. Ii hiiiig 
 now pretty dark they iniived close logeiher ; 
 an.in they heard a noise ; the caplain slaved 
 the old mini witll his hand, and aske.l liin 
 wii men what noise tliev iIioiimIiI it iiiiijhl 
 e ? They eonehliled il lo he llie ponniling 
 of a mortar. The old man had given ('ap- 
 tain Church a description of the place when; 
 Annawon now lay, and of the dilhenliv of 
 getting at him. Ileing seiisihli,' that lin v 
 were pretty near lliein, with two of lll^ In 
 ilians he creeps lo the edge of the rock.-, 
 from whence he could see their camps. He 
 saw three companies of Indians at n lillle 
 distance from each other, heing easy lo lie 
 discovered hy the light of their fires. He 
 saw also llie great .\nnawiin and !,is coinp.i- 
 ny, who had formed his camp or kennelliiii;- 
 place, hy falling a tree miller the .-ide of the 
 great clefts of rocks, and seltiii:; n row of 
 larch hushes up against il, w here I e himsilf, 
 his son, and some of his chiefs had <.iki n ii|> 
 
 their lodginij and 'iiade great fins willioiH 
 lliein, and had their |iiits and keltlis b.iiliiig, 
 .iiiil spits roasting ; 
 
 • Sioalliuiisterly pari of lleliuliolli 
 
 their arms nf-o he ilisei 
 vered, all set logeiher in a place lilted for the 
 purpose, standing up an end iiL'ainst a slick 
 lodged in two crotches, and a mat placid 
 over llieni, lo keep them from the wi I nr {\iw. 
 The old .Vnnawon's feet and his son's In nil, 
 were so near the arms ns almost to lotnh 
 ilieiii ; hat the rocks were so sleep that it 
 was impossihle to get down, hut ns liny 
 lowered ihemselves hy the hoiiuhs mill llii: 
 Imslies that grew in the cracks of the rocks. 
 Captain (Jhnrcli ereepinu hack again to li.e 
 old man, ashed !iim if lliere was no po-filn',- 
 ty of geltinir at them some iilln r way ? I .' 
 an.'avered, no: that he and nil that In Ioh'^mI 
 to .Vnnawon were ordered lo come that w.iy, 
 and noiii' eonld coiiie any other way witlnail 
 dillicnlly or danger of heiiiL'' shot. 
 
 Caplain <'liiinli then orihrnl llie old man 
 and his ilaii;;iiler to no dow 11 foirniosl with 
 ilieir haski Is nt their hacks, that w hen Alilia- 
 voi! saw till III wilh their liask' ts he should 
 
 i<lJiWil 
 
i 
 
 I! 
 
 s 
 
 C08 
 
 KINB PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 nnf mistnut tlii' iiitrii/iii'. Ciiptaiii Cliiircli 
 mill Ills liiiiiiiriil 1)1' ^iildii'i'.'* >'ri'|)t down -.ilan 
 iitiilir till' '•liiiiliiw iif'lii'ir two mill tlirir Ims- 
 liL'tH, mill till' tM|il.iiii liiiiisi.'ll' cri'pt floMi,' lic- 
 liiiiil tin: olil iiian, witli Ills liiilclirt ill liis 
 li.'iliil, mill >lr|i|iril orrr tlii' yoiliiu: iiimi'.-i Inviil 
 to till' iiniis ; till' yoiiii:; Aiiiiawoii iliscovcr- 
 iiiir ol'liiiii, \vlii|ip>'il III" liliiiiki't over Ills lii'.'iil 
 mill mIii'iimU up III M III Mp. 'i'lii' olil Ciiptaiii 
 Aiimiwoii ^l;ii'li'il up (III Ills liri.'1'cli, miil 
 ci'icil oiu llowoli, mill ili'.'imiriiig nfcitciipi', 
 tliri'tv liiiiisi'ir liMck ii;;.'iiu, iiiul lay xlU'iit un- 
 til (Jnpliiiii Cliurclt liiiil seciirt'd nil the arms, 
 iVi'. Anil li.'ivini; si'cureil that coinpmiy, In' 
 si'iit his Indian soMiiTs to the othur liri's and 
 roinpanirs, i;iv in;; tlii'iii instructions, what to 
 do and sav. Ai:cordiiii;ly, they went into 
 the iniilst ot" llieni. When they diseoviied 
 tlii'iiiselvi'3 who they were, told tlieiii thai 
 their (^'aptain Annawun was taken, and it 
 would he liest for them (|uietly and peacea- 
 lily to surrender tlieniselvos, which woulij 
 procure ^ood i|iiarti'r for Jieni: otherwise, it 
 ilies' should pr.'li'iid to resist or luake their 
 escape, it would he in vain, anil they could 
 expect no other Imt that Captain (hiircli 
 \('itli his irreat army, who had now entrap- 
 ped them, would cut them tn )iiece.s ; tohl 
 tliem also it° they would suhmit themselves, 
 mid deliver all their arms unto them, and 
 keep every man his place until it was day, 
 lliey w nnlil assure iheiii that ('apt:iin Church, 
 who had 1) .ell so kind to themselves when 
 tliey smreiiihri'd to liim, should he as kind 
 unto them. .Now they hein/ old aciiuaiiit- 
 iiiice, and many ol'lliem relations, did much 
 the readier ;;ive heed to what tlicy said, com- 
 plied and surrindered up their arms unto 
 tlii'iii, hotli their ;;uii> and hate.hets, iVc, anil 
 were rorlliwitli carried to Captain Cliiirch. 
 
 'I'liiii^s hiiiiir '"• tar settled. Captain 
 Church asked Aiinawon, What he had lor 
 si|]iper? For (s-iiil he) lam come to sup 
 with von. Taiiliiit (saiil Annawon) with a 
 biiT voice ; and lookiiiir about upon his wo- 
 •neii, hid them hasten and tret (Captain 
 Cliurcli ai: ' his company somesnp|)cr ; then 
 turned to Captain t^liurch and asked him, 
 whether he would eat cow-lioet" or horse 
 I'oct"; the captain told him cow-heef would he 
 most acci'ptalile. It was soon !;ot ready, am 
 piillin;; his little ha;; of salt out of his pocket, 
 which was all the prnvision he brought with 
 him; this seasoned his cow-beef so that with 
 it mill the dried !;reiii com, which llie old 
 
 lies, whicli liiMvus wont to iiilorn liiinself with 
 
 ulnn lie sat in state. That lii'tliiiii:;lit liini 
 
 self happy that he ImiI an opportmii'.y lo pi r- 
 
 sent llieiii toJ'aptaiii Clinreh, who had wnii 
 
 them, iVc , i-pent the leinaiiider of the iiii:hl 
 
 leeoniit of w hat 
 
 niierly in wars 
 
 iiii>hl III line ; till. I Ills iiii'ii that if they woiilil a<.'ainst many nations ofliidian^, when he 
 
 let him ship two hours, liny should sleep all served Asuhmeipiiii, Philip's father, iVe. In 
 
 the morniii!;, as soon as It was li^ht, the eap- 
 laiii marched with his prisoners out ui' lli.it 
 
 have ^ood ipiarler, mid that In.' would curry 
 tlieiii III 'I'lnnloii, w here they might see their 
 friends ai'mii, iVc. 
 
 'I'lie nii'sseni'ir n tnnieil, that the Indians 
 yielded to Ins |M'opos,ils. Capl;ijii Clinreh 
 liion:;lit It was now time for linn to lake a ' in di-eoiirse ; mid L'ave an 
 nap, haviiii; had no sleep in two days mill one niii;lilv sneeess he had f 
 
 sipiaw was poiiniliii<; ii 
 
 tl 
 
 tl 
 
 lev were sll 
 
 lin<; ill) 
 
 tl 
 
 le mortar, wliih 
 le rocks, he madi 
 
 n very hearty supper. And this poumlin:; 
 in the mortar piovei! lucky for Captain 
 Church's i;ettiiii; down the rocks ; for when 
 the old sipiaw pounded, they moved, and 
 when she ceased to tun; the corn, tliev 
 
 cri'epinz, the noise o 
 
 f till 
 
 mortar 
 
 prevented the eiiemv's hearing their erei'p- 
 iiiL'. Am! the corn bein;; now dressed 
 ipplied the want of bread, and ^ave a line 
 
 relish with the eow-heet. 
 
 upper 
 
 lemi; over, 
 
 ('aptain Clinreh sent two ol his men to in- 
 
 form the other eoinpanie; 
 
 that I: 
 
 le had killed 
 
 Philip, and had taken their friends in Aloniit- 
 Jfope neck, but had spared their lives, and 
 that ho hail subdiied now all the enemy (he 
 supposed) excepting this company of Aniia- 
 vvoii's, mill now if they would be orderly and 
 kceji their placed until morning, they slinnid 
 
 the rest of the ni<>lil. lie l.iid himself iliiwii 
 illd eiideavonred lo sleep, but all disposition 
 to sleep ili'parli il frinii him. .\l'ler he bad 
 lain a little while he looked up to see bow 
 his watch liiaiia;;i'il, hut 'nillid them all fast 
 asleep. .\ow Captain Chrieli bad told Cap- 
 tain Aiina-von's cmiipaiiy, as he had order- 
 ed his Indians to tell the oihers, that their 
 lives sholllil all be spared, e\eeptiii<; Captain 
 Annawon'ii, and it was not in his power lo 
 priaiiisc him his lite, hiil he must carry him 
 to Ins iiiadters at I'lyinonlh, ami he w oiild en- 
 treat them for bis life. .Now w hen Captain 
 ('linrch found nut only bis own men, but all 
 the Inil ia lis fast ash" p, Annawon only except- 
 ed, whom he perceived was as broad awake as 
 himself ; and so they lay looking; one upon 
 the other perhaps an Imur. Captain Cliureh 
 said nothiii^r to him, for lie could not speak 
 Indian, and thoii^rlit Annawon eiinid not 
 speak I'li^lisb ; at leiii;tli Annawon raised 
 liiinself lip, east ol)' his blanket, and with no 
 more elolhes than his small breeches, walked 
 a little way back iroiii tin' company; Cap- 
 tain Cliureh ll:iiil;:lit no other hut that he 
 was tiled \\>(li lyini; still so loii^, and 
 wished to walk a little to stretch bis limbs 
 but by and by be was i;oiie out of si;;lil and 
 liearini;, .mil then Captain Clinreh hen^aii lo 
 suspect some v\ ih si:;ii in him, mid i;ot all 
 the ^'uiis close to him, iind crowded himself 
 close under voiin;; Annawon, that if he 
 should any where u'et a i;iiii he should nut 
 make' a shot ai him witboiil eiiilan!;eriiii; 
 his son ; lyiiii; very still a 
 the event ; at leiii;lli, heard somebody com 
 iiii; the same way that AnnaMon went. The 
 moon now shiiiini; hriiiht, be .'aw him at ii 
 istance comiiii; with somelbiiii; ill his liiinds. 
 
 swampy country, towards Taiinton, met his 
 lieutenant mid company about four niihs out 
 of town, who expressed ii L'leal deal of Joy 
 til see him a{;aiii, and said, it was liiori.. 
 than ever he expected. 'J'liey Went iiilo 
 'J'aunton, were civilly and kiinlly treat- 
 ed by the inbabitmits, refiesbed and rested 
 themselves that niiflil. Marly next morning;, 
 the caplain took old .Annawon, am! half a 
 ilo/eii of his Indian soldiers, and bis own 
 mail, and went to Ulmde IslamI, sendin;; the 
 rest of his company and his prisoners by his 
 lieiilenanl to Plymoiilli. Tarruiii; Iwo or 
 three days upon the island, he then went to 
 I'lymomb, and carried his wife and bis two 
 children with him. 
 
 Captain Church bad been but a little while 
 .It Plyinoulb, when ho was iiiforined of a 
 parcel of Indians who had haiinled the 
 woods between Plymouth and Sippican, that 
 did ureal ilaiiiiii;e lo the l''iiulisli, in killin:' 
 their cattle, liorse.i, and swine ; the c.iptaiii 
 was &OOII in pursuit of them : went out 
 from Plymoiali the iie.xt Monday in the af 
 ternoon ; next muriiing early they discover- 
 ed a track ; the cajitain sent two Indians on 
 the track to see what they could discover, 
 whilst he and bis company followed <:eiitly 
 after, Imt the Iwo Indians soon returned w illi 
 tidin;;s that they discovered the enemy sittini; 
 round their tires, in a thick place ol' hiiisli. 
 M'liei. tliev caiiie prelly near the place, the 
 while, wailing < l captain ordered every man lo creep as he did 
 andsnrionnd I be in by eiei piny; as inarastln y 
 could, till they slioiild hi' d.seovered, and linn 
 to run oil upon them and lake them alive, 
 if possible, (for their prisoners were their 
 pay :) they did so, took "very one that was 
 
 and coiiiim; up to Captain Clmrrli, be fell 
 
 upon his knees before him, and ofiered him „( the fires, not one escapiiii;. I p(>n ex 
 w hat be had bron^'lit, and speakini; in |)laiii ! mninalion they a;L;reed in their story, that they 
 I'.iiL'lisli, said, (ireat captain, you have killed ■ |„.|i,in;,.d to Tispaipiin, who was ^oiie w itJi 
 Philip, and conquered his country; for I | John ISump, uiid one more, to Ai;awom* 
 
 ippican,j: to kill horses, and were not 
 
 1)1 lievi' lli.it I mid my company are thi' last 
 that war a!;ainst the I'.iiL'bsb, so suppose tin 
 
 war IS cm 
 
 Ion 
 
 till 
 
 led 
 thill 
 
 )V ^•ollr means 
 
 Illd then 
 
 iiiL' unto von. 
 
 Then 
 
 lit Phili 
 
 opeiiiii;; Ins pack, he pulled oil 
 
 enrioiislv wroiiL'bt with wmnpiim, lieiiiy: nine 
 
 inches broad, wroii^'lit with black mid white 
 
 w.impi in various fi;;iiresaiiil flowers, and 
 
 beasts. This, 
 11 (.'hnrcb's shoulders. 
 
 pictures ol many lards 
 
 when hiin;; iiiioii 
 
 died 1 
 
 Captii 
 
 cles ; 
 
 mill another he 
 
 It of' 
 
 piim be presented him with, w rouL'ht after 
 the former manner, which IMiilip was wont 
 
 lo put lipilll 
 
 bis III 
 
 it Ii 
 
 ad Iwo lla!;s on 
 
 the back 
 
 aiiotln 
 
 part. 
 
 which Iniii!; down on bis back, 
 
 • mall belt with a star upon the 
 
 end ofit.wbieb he used to li.ini; on his breast; 
 
 I'd hair, which 
 .Mil 
 
 till 
 
 ith r 
 
 \niiawon said they y;iit in til .»loho!; s coiin- 
 
 ry. Then be pulled out two horns of ghiz- 
 
 eil powder, and a red cloth blanket lie 
 
 told Captain Cburclnhesc were Philip sro; 
 
 oyul- 
 
 expected hack in two or three days. 
 This same 
 
 laqii 
 
 n a great 
 
 ipt 
 
 caiitaiii, mil 
 
 was such a i; 
 
 I the Indians reported that he 
 rent I'miwaii, that no bullet 
 
 lid 
 
 enter liini, iVc. 
 
 Capti 
 
 lin Chni'cb said, 
 
 he would not have liiiii killed, for there was 
 a war broke out in the eastern part of tin 
 
 coiiiitrv, uikI lie Moul, 
 
 hi 
 
 d tfi 
 
 !;o with him to fi^lit the eastern Imiimis. 
 .Agreeably lie left two old sipinws of the pris- 
 oners, and bid them tarry there iiniil their 
 Captain Tispaqiiin returned, and loiell him 
 
 that ( hiirch bad been tliei 
 
 lid bad taken 
 
 his wife and cbildren, and conipany, and car- 
 ried tlienidownto I'lymoutli; and would spare 
 all their lives and his too, if he would come 
 down to them, and brins; the other Iwo that 
 
 ith lii 
 
 mid tliev should be his sol- 
 
 iliers, &c.. Captain Church then reluriitd to 
 • AVareliaai. t Rocheiter. 
 
luliirii liiiiiKcIf willi 
 Lit III' tliiiiii:lit liiiii 
 i|i|Mjiliiin!y 111 |ii I- 
 rcli, « Iki iiail "iPii 
 liul.Tof till' iiiylil 
 1, Tcmiit III" " liiit 
 
 r. II liirll/ III wins 
 liiiliiiii-, ttlifii lie 
 liillii r, iVi:. Ill 
 H;irt li;.'lil, thr oii|>- 
 
 .-nlltTS lllll ot lll'l' 
 
 'r.iiiiiiiiii, iiu't i>i* 
 
 Hint I'lllll' mill H (lilt 
 
 irri ill ilriil "t' j'ly 
 
 111!, il wiia iiiiiri; 
 
 'J'licy wrut iiilo 
 
 lllll Uiiiilly tri'iit- 
 
 rir.''lii'il >iliil nslril 
 
 riv iK'.vt iiiiiriiiiii;, 
 
 iiwoii, Mini liiilf a 
 
 lici's, ami Ills iiwii 
 
 UIiiikI, sniiliiiif tlio 
 
 i.-i |irisiiiiiis liy Ilia 
 
 'rmniiii; Iwo (ir 
 
 il, lie tlii'ii wi'iit to 
 
 s wll'u iiml lii!< Iwu 
 
 I'll lllll a Hull' uliile 
 t'liri iiir<irim'(l (if a 
 
 liail liaiiiiti'il tliL' 
 
 and f«ip|iiciiii, lliMt 
 l''.ii<;lisli, ill killiii!'' 
 w'iiii! ; till' caplaiii 
 
 tlii'iii : went out 
 MoiiiImv ill the at' 
 ailv llii'y ilisc'over- 
 I'lit two Imliaiis oil 
 
 V coilKI ilisnivi'l", 
 iiv I'lilliiwril ijriilly 
 siioii I'cliii'iii'il Willi 
 il llir riH'iiiy i-illiii^ 
 rU |ilai'i' of liiii.-li. 
 mar llii' |ilacr, llic 
 II to cri'ip as III' (lid 
 |iiii;r as maiasllicy 
 lisciivcri'd, ami lliiii 
 id lake tlii'iii alive, 
 isoiiers were tlieir 
 ■very one lliiit was 
 capiiiir. r|i(>ii ex 
 llieir story, that lliey 
 wliii was ijoiie willi 
 lore, to Afiawoin* 
 irses, and were not 
 hree days. 
 I liad been a great 
 IIS reported lliat lit; 
 an, tliat no Inillet 
 aptain Cliiiieli said, 
 illed, lor tliiie was 
 rasterii part of tiic 
 have liini saved to 
 lie eastern Indians. 
 1 sipiaws of the pris- 
 TV then' niilil tlieir 
 lied, and to tell hiin, 
 lere, and had taken 
 I company, and ear- 
 iitli; and would spare 
 ), if he would come, 
 g the other two that 
 y should he his sol- 
 rcli then returned to 
 
 Koclieater. 
 
 K i\<; I'll n, IP'S \v A II. 
 
 r,oi 
 
 Plyilioiith, leaviiii; tin' old squaws well pro- 
 vided fur, and liiseult iiir 'rispaipiin when hi' 
 ri'lnrni'd : 'rilliiii: his soldii rs that lie ihinlit' 
 eil not hut he had laid a Map lliat winild lake 
 liini. ('aplain ( hiireli, two diivs al'ier, went 
 to |{ii«tiiii, (llie eiinimlssiiimTS linn sitlini;) 
 and wailed iipnn the hoininrahle liovirmir 
 l.i'veiell, who ihen lav sick ; who reipiisied 
 (' iplaiii ('liureli to give him some ai'eonnl 
 of the war; who readily ohlured Ins limiour 
 tlii'i'i'in, to his great satisfaetioii, as he was 
 pleased to express himself; taking him liy 
 tliu hand, and telling him, if It pleased (ioil 
 he livid, he would make it a hrace of a hiiii' 
 died pounds ailvaiitai;i' to him out of the .Mas- 
 saeliiisells colony, and would endeavour that 
 the rest of the (polonies should do proportion 
 alily ; lint he died williin a fortnight after, and 
 so I'liliinj; was done of that nature. 'I'he 
 sain.' day 'rispaipiin came in, and lliose ill il 
 were Willi him ; hut when Captain Clinreh 
 relumed from Itoston, he found to his irrlif, 
 the heads of Annowan, Tispaipiin, <.Ve. eiil 
 III)', Mhieh was llie last of I'lnllp's friends. 
 'J'lie U;eneial eoiirt of I'lymonih, then sillliiir, 
 sent fur t'aplaln Chnrcii, who walled upon 
 llii'in ae>'i,rdiii<;ly, and reeeived llnir thanks 
 for Ills ^iiiid service, which lliey niiaiiimou>U 
 viiieil, wliieh were all llial '.'aptain Church 
 liail for his .iforesaid service. 
 
 Aflerwarils, in llie year I(i7(i, in the moiil 
 
 oners as, liy llie lilcssiiig of (iod, the said 
 captain and eompany, or any of lliem, shall 
 lake, loL'ellnr w illi llieir arm.- and oiln r plilii 
 der, rihill he llieir own, and to he dislnlmleil 
 aiiioiii.'-l iheiii.-rlvis, aeiiirdiliL''lo such iiyri e- 
 iiieiit IS lliey niav he at one w nil aiioiher: .\iid 
 
 II sliall he lawful, and is In rehy warranlahle, 
 for him and tin in to make sale of such pris- 
 oners as their perpiiiial slaves; or oiheiwlM' 
 
 III relaiii and i.reji tjieiii as they lliiiik 
 meet, (lliey lieini; .-iich as the law allows to 
 he kepi.) I'iii.illy, the said Caplain Cliureh 
 herein improving' his hot jiiil<.'iiieiit and dis- 
 ereiion, and ulnio^t aliilily, f iitlil'iilly to serve 
 ihe inlerest of (iiid, his majesty's interest, 
 and the inlerest of the culony ; and carefully 
 1,'ovei'iiiiii: lii.s said com|iaiiy al home and 
 aliroad ; 'I'liese shall t>e iiiilo linn full and am- 
 jile coniniissloii, warrant, and diseli ir^o'. <ilv- 
 eii miller llie piihlii' se.il, .lanii irv loili, IliTli. 
 
 Per JOSI All WI.N.SLOW, (.'ov. 
 
 -\ccordliii.'ly, Caplain Church, accoinp.i- 
 iiied wIlli sever.d genii, 'men and others, went 
 out, and look divirs p.irlies of Indians; anil 
 ill one of which parlies there was ii certain 
 old iiiaii whom Caplain (liili'cli sceiiied to 
 lake parlicniar noilce of, and asking' him 
 v\Iii're lie heloiiinil, he told lilni to .'«waii/i'V ; 
 llie captain asked his naiae, who replied his 
 iianie was Cimseieiice ; (.'onscicnee, said the 
 
 :if .lanilary, t'aptam Church received a com- 'captain, siiiilliiL', then the war is over, for llial 
 inissliiii from (iovernor Winslow, III scour llie was what lliey wen- searching for, il heini; 
 woods of some of the Inrkinu; enemy, which much wauled ; and then returned llie said 
 liny Were well informed were there. Which Conscience to his postaizaia al Swan/.ey, to a 
 commission is as follows: — cerlaln person ihe^aid Inillan desired to he 
 
 sold III, and so retarned lioiin;. 
 lieiiiii well informed thai tlicru are certain 
 
 [)arlles iif our Indian enemies (renialns of the' 
 
 people or allies of Philip, lale Sachem of 
 
 .Moniil Hope, onr mortal enemy) that are \ i ri:riif.ii .\rcoi'\r or riii; .\crio\.s i\' riir. 
 slill lin kinil in the woods, near soiiie of onrj Mom; i..\tk w.mi.s .voMNsr tiik commo.n 
 |ilaiitatioiis, that go on to disiurli the peaci'| i:.m;mv .\xi> i.niiia.v iii:iiki,s, i.v tiii; CAsr- 
 of Ills majesty's sniijiels in this and the t.ii.v i'.\urs, u.voi.it riii; i'i.mma.m. op 'nil: 
 lii'iL'lilionriiiir colonies, hy their frequent roll- Aldi!i>Ai!i ( mt vi.n iirv.i v\u\ riuinii. 
 Iirries, and oilier insolences: Caplain Iieiija- 
 
 inlii Church is iherefon.' Iierehy iioinlnaled. i In the time of .^Ir I'diiinnil .\ndross'.'- 
 onlered, coniinlssion.ed, and empowered to governnieiit, heiraii thai lilooily war in llie 
 raise a company of volunteers, consisiliii; of eastern parts of .New I'.n^laial ; so that ini- 
 KiiLdlsli and Indians, so many as he shall iiiedialely Sir IMiiiniid sent an e.\pre.-s for 
 jiidLc necessary to im prove in the present ex- ('aptain Clnirch ; w ho, then lieiiig al l.illle- 
 pi'dillon, and can ohtaiii : .Vnd of tliein lo Coinptoii, received It on a Lord's day. In llie 
 take llie command and eondnct, and to lead aflernoon ineeliin;' ; ijoliiu lionie afler miel- 
 llirin forth iliilo such place or plaei's, wllliin inir, took his horse and set mil for Iloslon, 
 tills or llie iiei;:liliini!in!r colonies, as lie shall as ordered ; and hy sunrisi- ne.\t inornln;; uul 
 think lit, and as the provideiiciMif (lllll, and to liraintree, where he met wllli Ciiloiiel 
 Ills intellliicnce, may lead him ; to discover, Paire on liorseliack, iroiiii to Weynionlh and 
 piiisiic, linlit, surprise, deslroy, and snhdiie llin:;liaiii to raise forces to go east; who 
 onr said Indian enemy, or any party or par- said lie was lilad to see liliii. and that his ex- 
 tics of ilicni, that, hy the providence of (iod, cellency would he as ulad lo see liini in !!os- 
 ihey may meet with : Or them, or any of ton so earlv : So pariliig he soon irot to l!os- 
 them, to receive to mercy, if he see cause; Ion, and walled upon his excellency; » ho 
 (provided tln.'y he not iiinrderoiis roirnes, or informed him of an unhappy war hroke oiil 
 Biicli as have heeii principal actors in those in the easiern purls : iind said he was goliii; 
 villanies.) And for the prosecution of this himself in person, and llial he wauled his 
 design, lilierty is hereliy granted to the said com|iany with liiiii ; l!ut Caplain Church 
 Caplain ('Imrch, and others, to arm and set not lindins himself in llii' same spirit he used 
 out such of our friendly Indians as he is wil- lo have, said he hoped his excellency would 
 linir to entertain. — And forasmuch as ail these !:lve him lime to coii.-lder of it. I le lohl him 
 our enemies that have lieeii taken, or at any he ini^hl ; aid also said that he iniisl come 
 time may ho taken hv our forces, have, liv and dine wiili linn. Capiain Clinrch hav in;; 
 onr courts and councils, licen rendered law- many aeqnainlance in liostmi, w ho made il 
 fill captives of war, and condemned to per- their liusiness some to encourai.o' and others 
 peliial .•ervilude ; this council do also deler- to (lisconra!;e him froiii l'oIiil'" i'h his e.xci 1- 
 niiiie, iiiul hereby (leclare, 'I'lmt all such pris-, leiicy : So afler dinner his exnllency toi k 
 
 liim iiilo liii< rooin and discoursed freily ; 
 sav iiii;, that he haviiii; knowleil:;e of hi- lin'- 
 nier acllons and sncces-es ; iind ihiii he nin-t 
 now lib him, and he his second, w llli olhi r 
 I nconrai'i ineiiis. Itiil in slmrl, llie said ( up- 
 tain Cliureh did not accept, so Wiis dismissed 
 and went lioine. 
 
 Soon afler I'lis was the nvoKilloii, and ihe 
 oilier uovernmeiit reassniiied ; aiil lien 
 (lovernor Itradslreet sent for Caplain Cliureh 
 to come to Itoston as soon as his liusini ss 
 would permit; whereupon he went In I'os- 
 toll, and wailed upon Ins honour; uholuld 
 him he was reqiiesled liv llie ciiiineil lo send 
 
 for him, to see if III llil he pri tailed willi 
 
 to raise volnnleers, hoih I'null-li ami linlians, 
 lo i;o easi ; for llie eiislw anl linliaiis had dene 
 :;ri at spoil upon llie l',ni;li>li In lliose pans; 
 L'lv iiiL' him ail aeeonnl of ihe miseries anil 
 snlleriliL's of ihe people there. Capl.iiii 
 Chiireli'ssplrils lieiii;.' atreeted, said If he ei mid 
 do any sert lee for his honour, ilie eoiinliy and 
 llieir relief he was ready and u illiii;;. lie 
 was asked how he would a"l ? lie said, lie 
 would lake w nil linn as many of los old sol- 
 diers as he einild net, bolli Tainhsh aiiil 
 Indians. 'I'he I'enilemen of l!osloii re- 
 qiiesled liiiii to ill) III lEIiode Island loivern- 
 iiieiit lo ask llieir asslslance : ."''o ^i* Imr him 
 llnir li'tler and ahonl forlv shilliii:;- in nionet , 
 he look leave, and Weill hniiie lo ItrisN I on a 
 Saturday, and ilie next Aloinlay niornin:i he 
 Went over lo Itlioile Isl mil, and wailed iipun 
 their iiovernor, dilivering llie leller ii- ordi i- 
 eil ; prayed his liononr for a speedy aiisin r : 
 \Vlio said lliey ciiiild not ■;ive an answer pre- 
 .seiitly ; so he w.ailed on them llll he hail lie ir 
 answer; and when hi' had oliialned il, he 
 earriid it to the Hoston ai nllenien ; u ho de- 
 sired him lo raise wlial velnnliers he could 
 in Plymonlli colony, and II hod.' Island ::ii\. 
 ernmeiit, and « hat was wantiii!.' lliey wiiiild 
 make up oiil of llieirs that was alreadv oiil 
 III the (astern pans. 'I he s ininier hi nig f.ii 
 spent, Caplain Clinreh iiiaili w hat ih spali'h 
 he could, and raised alioiil Iw ' hundred and 
 liflv men, volnnleers, and nei ,ed his com- 
 inisslon frniii (■'overnor llineM. v, whlehis 
 as followelh, vi/ : — 
 
 ** '/'/o' (%'iiiifil iif war III llnir }fi!]tsli/:i^ 
 rntdiii/ III' \i ir I'li/Diniif/i, in .\iw i'.iii; 
 IiiikI, III Miijiir linijiviiin C/iiirc/i, Com- 
 moitiUr-in-Cliiif. 
 
 " Whereas llie Keiineheek and easlel i In- 
 dians, willi llieir coiifederales, have openly 
 made war upon llnir ninjeslvs' siili|ei'is 
 of lllll provinces of .Maine, Mew llampshire, 
 and llie .MassaclinseUs colony, having' eoiii- 
 niilKil iiiaiiy harharoiis innrders, spoils am! 
 rapines upon their persons and (stales : .\nii 
 whereas lln re are some forces of -oldli rs, 
 r'n^rlish and Indians, now raised and ih lailn'i! 
 (llll of the several n ^imenls and plaei > w iililii 
 this colony iif.New rivmoulh, lo ^o forili lolhe 
 assistance ofonr neii;lilioiirs and frleiidsol llii; 
 aforesaid |iroviiices and colony of llie .Miissa- 
 chnselts, snlijeels of one and llie same crow n, 
 and to join with their forces for lln repi lliiig 
 and destruction of llie eominon eniiiiy : 
 .Villi whereas you, Itenjamin (lurch, are ap- 
 )ioiiited lo lie major and coininai'lcr in-chief 
 of all the forces. I'.nelish and Indian ;, dc- 
 
i i i' 
 
 ] ;. 
 
 TtO 
 
 Iiii'ImmI Millilii lliM Cdloiiy, Cur tlio Dcrvicc of 
 tic ir Mi.ij •■•Urn iilons.iiil : tlicsf iiir in llicir 
 liiMii'silcH iiiiiiii' to iiiitliiii'j/c mill i'i'(|iiiri' )iiii 
 •ii t:\ir iiilii ymir iMrc iiiiil oniiiliicl nil llic 
 siilil I'lHVrii, liiiirliMli mill liiilimis, iiiiil tlili- 
 ^I'lilly Id iiIIi'MiI iIimI N<'r\i(M', liy Icmliii^ iiiiil 
 ivri'cisiiiij (il'yiiur iiilirjiir oirntcrrt miil mil- 
 tih'i'i, i'iiiiiMi:iiiiljii;r iliciii til iilii'V you ii.«lliiir 
 cliji'l' uiiiiiiiiiinilri'; mill to |mii'!1||i', ti<;lit, tiiki 
 kill, or ili'-'imy tin- siiiil i'lii'iiiicii, llirir iiiilrrs 
 liiiil iilii'lliiis, liy nil llir ui'.ys mill iiii'iiih you 
 c:iii, Ml* you .sliiill lliivi; o|)|ioi'tUMitv. Aiul 
 yuil me to olisi'in' miil olii'y all sucii onlris 
 mill iiistrucliiiiis as IVoiii tiuii; to tiiiiu you 
 kIiiiII rriM'ivr iViiiii \\iv <:oimiiiti!<iourrii of tliu 
 coloiili's, llic ciiuiit'il of wiir of this roloiiv, or 
 t II' jiiiviiiioi- mill fiiuiicil of tliu MiisHiicliu- 
 siIIm' coliiiiy. Ill Irstiiiioiiy wlirrnif tin- piili- 
 lir si'iil of till' Hiiiil colony of iViw I'lyiiioulli 
 is lirnuiito iillivi'il. Diitcil iu I'lyiiioiitli, llii; 
 •■ixili iliiy of .Sr|it('iiilii'r, Anni) Dnm. I68U. 
 Aiiiitiiiiir Irani Jlri^h el llcgiiias Willivliui et 
 ftliiii,!' Aiifilxr, &c. I'l-imo. 
 
 J IIO.M AS IIINKLKY, Prcs't. 
 
 Anil now imii'i'liiii;; tlicm nil down to llos- 
 liiii, llii'ii ifCi'iMil Ins fiirtlii-r orders mid iii- 
 •Iruelions, which are na foliowetli: 
 
 /Jos/d/i, Srpt. XCth, 108!). 
 ' ']\t all shvrilf.i, miirshah, constaliles, and 
 (jtliir iijiiirs milihiri/ and civil, in their ma- 
 jislii's piorinci' of Maine, 
 
 " Wheirns, |iiirsuiint to mi iiirrcciiietit of 
 till' coniniissioiii'i's of ||ic iiiiiii'd coloiiii s, 
 IMiijnr llriijmiiiii Cliiirch is coiiiiiiis!'ioiii'<l 
 I'oiiiiiiiiiiili'r ill chief over that part of their 
 Mnjeslies forces (levied for the proseiil cxpe- 
 riiiion a^taiiist the ciiinmoii uiicmy) whoso 
 lieail-(iuarters ore nppniutcd to be at I'lil- 
 Mioiiih, ill Caseo liny: In tiicir Majesties 
 II inns, you, auil every one of you are re- 
 (piirnl to he aidiiij: mid assistiior to the said 
 AInjor t'hureh in his pursuit of the enemy, 
 us any einer^reiiey sli.ill re(|uire; mid so im- 
 press hoats, or other vessels, carts, carriaires, 
 liurses, o.vcii, pri. vision, and aniniuiiition, mid 
 men for ituides, ite., as you shall receive 
 wnrraiils I'nnii the said chief commander, or 
 his liiutenmit so to do: you may not fail to 
 do the same speedily and ellectually, as you 
 will ansiver your iie;.r|eet mid contempt of thiir 
 iMnjrslies authority and service at your iitt<'r- 
 ninst peril, (iiveii uniler my hand and seal 
 till' day and year ahove written. Annoque. 
 lir^ni RigisKllicgina: U'illiclniinnd iMaritf, 
 I'limii. 
 
 15y Thomas Danfortli, President 
 of the province of Maine, 
 
 III/ the governor and council of the iMassachii- 
 sells colony : to Major Benjamin Church. 
 
 NVhereas, you are appointed mid coinniis- 
 .slmied hy the council of war, of the colony of 
 '\rw I'lymoutli, conimaiider in chief of the 
 fiiires raised within the sai<l colony, ai;aiiist 
 the common Inilian enemy, now ordered 
 into the eastern parts, to join with some of 
 (he forces of this colony ; for the prosecution, 
 repelliiiir, and suhduing of the siiid enemy ; 
 It h therefore ordered that Cnptuin Simon 
 
 KING IMIILIF'S W A I{. 
 
 Wilhird, mid «'nptaiii Nathiiniel Hall, with 
 
 the two eonipami's of soldn rs uniler llieir 
 
 I several eonimind, heloniiiiiij to this eohiiiy, 
 
 I now in or nliinit Caseo liny, lie, mid are 
 
 I heiehy put iiii.Irr you, as llii'ir eoininmider ill 
 
 chief for this present e\pi dilioii. And in 
 
 piirsnanee of the eomiiiis.'.iiiiis severally ijiven 
 
 to eilhiT of tliiiii, they are onlered In olisi rve 
 
 and ohey ymir iiideis mid ilireelions iis llieir 
 
 commanili r in chief iiniil I'lirlher order IVoin 
 
 the ixoverimr and eoiineil, or llie eomniission- 
 
 ers of llie eolonles. Dnieil in llostnn, the I7lli 
 
 day ofSeptendiir, .1h»i) Doni, Ki-il. Annoi/nr 
 
 Uigni liigisil llii^intr, (^nilhehni ft iMiiriii', 
 
 Angliii: 1.^'c. t'riiiio. 
 
 S. r)it\iisiiir.KT, (iov. 
 Past in ('oinicil, 
 Attest. Isaac Aildiii!j;lon, Seer. 
 
 liy the Commissioners of Ihe colonics of the 
 Massachnselts, I'ti/monlh and Connecticut, 
 for managing the present war against the 
 common enemy. 
 
 " Instrnelions for !Major lienjamiii Church, 
 eomiiimider iiiehief oflhe I'lvnioulh forces, 
 wilh olhers of ihe Slassaehiisetts, put un- 
 der his command, 
 
 " In pnrsuaneeoftheeonimission rrivenyoii, 
 for their iMa|e>lies service in the present ejl- 
 pedition a;;aiii>t the eoimnon Indian eiien y, 
 their aiders and alienors; reposiiiif eonfnieiice 
 in your wisdom, prndeiiiM' and liilelilv in the 
 trust eommilled lo yim, for the honour of 
 • ■oil, yood of his piople, and the seemity of 
 the inli rest of Cliiisl in his ehurehes, ex- 
 pectin:; and piayinur ihal in your depeiiileiice 
 upon him, you may he lielped and assi.-ted 
 with all lliat <,'raee and wisiloin which is re- 
 (piisile for carryiiif^ you on with success in 
 this diiricult rcrvice; and tlioui;li much is 
 and must he left to your diserelion, as I'rovi- 
 denco and opportunity may present from time 
 to time in places of atteinlaiice : yet th(! fol- 
 lowing' instrnelions are coininemled unto 
 your ohservation, and Iu he allended to so 
 far as the slate of mailers with yon In such 
 a transaction will admit. Von are wilh all 
 possihle speed lo take care that the I'lyiiioulh 
 forces, holli Kn^lish and Indians, under vonr 
 command, he fixed and ready, and the first 
 opportiinity of wind and weather, lo ^ni on 
 hoard such vessels as are provided to trans- 
 port you and iheni to ('a^^co, where, if it shall 
 please (Jod you arrive, you are to take under 
 your care and eommmid the companies of 
 Cupt. IS'athaniel Hall, and ('apt. .<*imou Wil- 
 lnril,whnareor>lered loaltend your command, 
 whom, together wilh the I'lyiiioulh forces, 
 and such as from time lotimi' may he added 
 unto yon, you are lo improvi? in such a way 
 as you shall see meet, for the discovering, 
 pursuinjr, suhduiii;.', and de.slroyinj the said 
 common enemy, hy all opportunities you are 
 eapahle of; always intemlin!! the preservinjr 
 of any of llie near towns from incursions, and 
 destruclion of the enemy, yet chielly improv- 
 iniryour men, for thefiiiilin<r and followinirtlie 
 said eiieinv ahroail, and if possihle to find 
 out and attack their head qunrtprs and ])riii- 
 cipnl rondezvons, if you iind you are in a 
 rational capacity for so doiiijf. The better to 
 enable vou thereto, wo hiive ordeied two men- 
 
 lof-wnr iiloopa, niid other iinnll vexselit for 
 iransporliilioii to attend yon, for some eiiii' 
 siderahle time, )'oU are lo see thai your 
 soldiers arms he always tlxed, and that lliey 
 I he furnished wiih aniiniinilion, pro\isioiiii 
 and oilier neeissmies, that so they iiiiiy he in 
 a readiness to repel and altairk llii' enemy. 
 In your pursuit you are lo lake special cure 
 to avoid danger hy iiniliiishiiieiils, or lieini; 
 drawn under any ili»iidvanta|.'e hy the enemy 
 ill your marches, keeping; nut seoiiis and a 
 forlorn hope before your iiiiiin body, and hy 
 all possihle nieans rndeavonrint; to surprise 
 some of the eneiiiy, that so you may ^ain 
 iiitelli|;eiice. Vou are to suppress all inniiiiieii 
 and disorderH ainoii<; your sohlier.s, us much 
 as ill you lies, and to punish such as disobey 
 your oflicers, according to the rules of w ai 
 herewith friveii you. 
 
 " You are, acconliiif; to your opporliinily, 
 or any occasion more than ordinary occur- 
 iujr, to bold corri'spondence wilh Major 
 Swiiine, and lo yield mutual assistmiec w hen 
 and as you are capalile of it, and you may 
 have reason to judi;e it will he of most public 
 service ; and it will be meet you and h<' should 
 a(,rrce of tiome sijinal whereby your IndiaiiS 
 may be known from the enemy. Yon are to 
 encourage your soldiers to he indiislrioiis, 
 viijorous, mid venturous in their service, to 
 search out iiiid destroy the ciieiiiy, iieipiaint- 
 iiif; thiMii, it is agreeil liy the several colonies, 
 that they .shall have the benefit oflhe captives, 
 and all lawful plunder, and the reward of 
 llight Pounds per bead, for every fif;lilin» 
 Indian man slain by them, over and above 
 their stated wat;es ; the same heiiiir made ap- 
 pear to the conimaiider in cliii'f, or such as 
 shall be appointed to take care therein. If 
 your cominission officers, or any of tlieni 
 should be slain, <ir otherwise uiicapable of 
 Beivice, and for sncli riasoii dismissed, you 
 are to appoint <illiers in their room, who shall 
 have the like wii<;es, mid a eomniissioii sent 
 upon notice given, you toi;ive them coinmls- 
 sioiis in the mean time. Von are to take ef- 
 fectual care that the worship of IJod be ki pt 
 up in the army, inornini; ami evenini; prayei 
 intended as far ns may he, and as the einer 
 ireiicies <if your alTairs will admit, to see that 
 the holy .sabbath be duly sanctified. Vou arc 
 to take care as much as may be, to prevent 
 or punish drunkeiiness, sweiirinjr, cuisiii<r, oi 
 such other sins, as do provoke the ani'ir ol 
 (lod. You are to advise with your chief of- 
 ficers in iiiiy matters of momfuit, asyoii shall 
 have opportunity. You are from time totinie 
 lo fiive intelliirenee and advice to the governor 
 and council of the Massachusetts, or commis- 
 sioners of the colonies, of your proceedings 
 and occurences tbiit iniiy happen, and how it 
 shall iilease the Lord to deal with you in this 
 present expedition. 
 
 " If you find tlie vessels arc not likely to 
 to be serviceable to you, dismiss them ns suoii 
 ns you mny. 
 
 " Captain Sylvnnus Davis is n prudent 
 innn, and well acqiniinted with the atTairs 
 of those parts, and is writ unto to ndvise mm 
 inform you all he can. 
 
 " Such further instructions ns we shall see 
 reason to send unto you, you are carefully to 
 nttend mid observe, and in the absence of tho 
 commissioners, you simll observe the orders 
 
iiimll vmceli' fur 
 
 II, I'cir Hiiliii' cull- 
 
 ici KIT tliiit your 
 
 I'll, mill lliiil ilii) 
 
 liliiiii, iiiiivi:"iiiii» 
 
 sii liny limy lir in 
 
 iltnrk llir I'llrliiy. 
 
 tiikr H|ii'riiil nirr 
 
 liiiii'iil.i, or lirini! 
 
 ilii^T liy llii' t'liriny 
 
 Dill Hi'iiiilH mill a 
 
 mill liiiily, mill l>y 
 
 iiii'iii)! til tiiii'prii'o 
 
 Hii you iiiiiy ^iiiii 
 
 ipiiri'SH all iiiiitiiiirst 
 
 Hiililii rH, lis liiiirli 
 
 ill riiicli MS (lisiilicy 
 
 llio riiliM 111" w III 
 
 your opporlunily, 
 
 II oriliiiiiry orc.tir- 
 
 iii'n Willi Miijor 
 
 il Mssistiiliri! ulirll 
 
 it' it, mill you limy 
 ill III' (if most piililic 
 ■tyoii mill lie slioiilil 
 it'i'i'liy your iiiili;iii3 
 ■luiiiy. Voii nil' to 
 I to ill' iiiiliislrioiiH, 
 I ill tlii'ir srrvii'f, to 
 K! iMii'liiy, iioqiliiiiit- 
 tlii' srvi'nil roloiiirs, 
 I'lii'lh ot'tlic cnplivi'S, 
 mill llic iTWiiril of 
 I, lor rvi'ry lii;liliii!.' 
 I'lii, ovtr mill iiliovi! 
 
 slllllf lliilljt lllllllr iip- 
 
 iii cliirf, or such us 
 
 lii! cmt' llniriii. It 
 ITS, or liny of iliiiu 
 lii'rwisi' iiiiciipiililu of 
 tUHOM (liHiiiissnl, you 
 
 tliL'ir ri)oiii,"lio sliiill 
 ml n coiiiiiiissioii sriit 
 
 lofrivc lliriii coiiiiiiis- 
 . You iirr to tiilu- rl- 
 irsliip of (Joil lie ki pt 
 in mid cvciiiiif; priiyn 
 
 III', mill as till' ciiirr 
 will admit, to sii' lliiit 
 y saiictilU'd. You iiic 
 IS limy he, to prcvriit 
 , swi'iirinir, ciirsiiifr, oi 
 
 provoke the miirir ot 
 ise with your eliiifof- 
 f monieiit.iiByou sliiill 
 III are from time totime 
 1 advice to the iroveriior 
 sachusetts, or coiiiiiiis- 
 :, of your proceediiifrs 
 my liappeii, and how il 
 o deal with you in this 
 
 ?8se!s arc not likely to 
 u, dismiss them as soon 
 
 9 Davis is a prudent 
 linted with the iifTiiirs 
 writ unto to advise aiiu 
 
 •uctions as we sliall see 
 iu, you are carefully to 
 id in the absence of tho 
 hnll observe the orders 
 
 mill inaWMliOlli directed unto ymi from (In: 
 i;ovi.'rnor nnil Roiiiiril of the ,Miiss:ii;liii.4i'll-i, 
 (•itrii iiiiiirr our Imnils in Itosloii, Sept, 
 H, llHK. 
 'I'liiiA. IliiiLli I/, VViiiwKU l)itnfiirl/i, I'ith. 
 ./«/i/i ll'dllii/, Ijlin/ia t.'iiiiLr, 
 Samiiil Miiion, W'iltifiiii I'Ukin. 
 
 KiN(; I'll iMi"s \\ \ n. 
 
 eral 
 
 71t 
 
 'nir. I'lKsT i:xi>i:iiirioN kaht. 
 
 IJeiiiir ready. Major (/liiirch eiiiliurked 
 with his foriM'H oil hiiiiril tin; vesselit providi'd 
 to li'iiiisport them lor (yiiseo, Imviii^ ii liriive 
 fr.ile lit S, W., mid on Friday iihoiit tliree 
 o'cloek, they j;ot in si;r|it df Ciiseo Imrhoiir ; 
 mill disi'.iinriiii; two or three siimll ships 
 lliere, not kiiowiii!; whether ihey were friends 
 or eiieniies ; wliereiipmi the siiid eoiiimmi. 
 der, iMiijor <'liiireli, j;MVe ordi;rs tliiit every 
 iiiiiii tliiit was iililis should make ready, mid 
 all lie elose, ;;ivin;; orders how tliev shmilil 
 Met ill ease they were em lilies. Me ^oin;; 
 ill the iMary sloop, toirether with the Kes". 
 Iiltlon, wi'iit fii first, heiii:; hiitli well litt ,1 
 with ifiiiis mill men ; eominifto the first, Inil- 
 ed them, who said they were friends, present- 
 ly iiimined their lioiil, hroui,dit to, mid so 
 came aloiii; side of them ; who ^iivi.' the said 
 Church nil account, that yesterday there was 
 II vrry i;ieat army of Indians mid I'reiicli 
 with them upon the island, at the fioiiii; ruit 
 of the liarlioiir, mid that they wen: come on 
 'iiirposi! to take ('iisco fort and town ; liki'- 
 ivise iiiforiiied him that they had irnt a cap- 
 tive winiian ilioard (Major Walden's daiiL'h- 
 ter of I'lst.alaipia) that could |rive him a full 
 account of their mimlier and intentions: lie 
 bid them i;ive his service to their ciiplaiii, 
 and tell him, he would wait upon him after 
 he had lieeii on slioi'i' and given some orders 
 ,iiiil illieelions. lieliifi come pretty near, he 
 ardered all the men still to keep close, iriviiii.' 
 nil account of the news he had received, and 
 then went ashore, where were several of the 
 chief men of the town who met him, lieiii:; 
 irjail that he came so happily to their relief; 
 told him the news Mrs, Lee had i;iveii them, 
 (leiiiiT the woman aforesuid. lie, !;oiii;r to 
 ('ii|itain Davis's to get some refreshment, 
 liavini; not eat a morsel since hi> came hv 
 Itostoii castle ; and now liavini; inipiired in- 
 to the state of the town, fotiiid them in a 
 poor condition to defend themselves against 
 such a iiumhi'r of enemies : lie <;ave them 
 an aceomit of his orders and instriii'tions, 
 and told thi-iii what forces In: had hroii<;lit, 
 and that when it was dark they should all land, 
 and not before, lest the enemy should dis- 
 cover them. And tlien he wi.'iit on board the 
 privateer, who were Dutchmen ; but as he 
 went, called aboard every vessel, and order- 
 ed the otHcers to take eare that their men 
 nii;>lit hi; all fitted and provided to fi^lit, for 
 the people of the town 'xpeeted the enemy 
 to fall upon them every minute, but withal 
 charifin;; them to ki.'ep undiscovered ; and 
 coniiii!; on board said privateer was kindly 
 treated, discoursed with Mrs. Li'e, who in- 
 forined him that the company she came with 
 had fourscore canoes, and that there were 
 more of them whom she had not seen, which 
 i;aiiie from other places, and that tiiey told 
 her wnen they came all to:;etlier, they should 
 I, lake lip seven hundred men. lie asked 
 hor whether Cast;en was with them ? tjhe 
 
 I answered, that there Wi re neveral i' renulimeii 
 luitli them, hut did not know whether Cas- 
 leen was there or liol. He tliiii havin;; 
 
 I cot what liilelli<(enee .>lie eiiiilil:4Ue him, 
 {went iishiire iiiiil viewed ihe fort and town, 
 
 dineoiir.'-nii; Willi the (.nnileiiii'ii ilirre iiecnr- 
 diiii; to Ills iiistriie.tions ; mid i.lien it bei;aii 
 III );row dark, he ordered the vessels lo ciiiiii' 
 us near the liirt as nni>lit lie, and land the 
 soldiers wjlli as Utile muse as |ios-,ilple ; or- 
 deriii); them as lliey landed lo <,'ii Into llie fort 
 and houses that sloinl near, that so they 
 niiiflit be ready upon oeeasion ; haviiiu: or- 
 dered provisions for tin in, went to every 
 company and orderiiiu' them to i;et every 
 tiling' ready ; tin y thai had no powder-lionis 
 orsliot lia<;s, >hoiilil immediatelv make lliein; 
 
 orderiii!; the ollicers to lake s| iai eare 
 
 that they were ready to iiianli into the 
 woods an hour before day: And alsii direel- 
 iiii; the waleli to call him two hours lieliire 
 day ; so he hastened In lied lo net some res'. 
 At till.' time preliveil he was ealliil, iiiiil 
 preseiilly orderiiii; the coinpaiiies to make 
 ready ; and ahmit half an liniir bet'ore ilav 
 lliey mo !. Several of the towns people 
 went with tli'' m into a thick place of lini~li, j 
 about half ii mile from the town ; now i 
 orderiii!; tliem to send out their scouts, as 
 they ii-ed to do, and seeini; ihein all settled 
 at |l I work, .1. went in' . iwn by sunrise 
 ai.,'aiii, and desired I'le iiilmbilants to take 
 rare of them- Ives, till his men had lilted 
 ihemsidves nn'.i Home necessaries: For his 
 Indian-'' i 'ost of them wanted bolli liaL:.-> and 
 horn ' ; so In- ordered them to make ba<rs like 
 wallets, to put powder in one end, and shot 
 ill the other. .^;j most of them were reailv 
 for action, (vi'Z. ) the .Sieonet India. is, but 
 the("a|ii! Indians were very bare. Kin., r ^,i 
 loiii; at lloston before they iinbarked, tliiil 
 they li.id sold iverytliiii!; ihey eoiild make 
 
 II penny of; some tyiiii; ^llot and powder in 
 the corners of their blankets. He beiiiif in 
 town, just <;oiii|r to breaklasl, there was an 
 alarm, so he ordered all llie soldiers in town 
 to move away as fast as tiny eoiilil, where 
 the firini;was; and lii',willi what ineii iiiore 
 were with liiiii of Ins xilflier.-, mined imme- 
 diately, and mielliii; u itii Caplain Itraeket's 
 sons, who told him their fallier was taken, 
 and that they saw a irreat aiinv of the In- 
 dians in their father's orchard, liy this lime 
 our Indians that wanted hairs and horns 
 were fitteil, but wauled more mnniiiiiitlon, 
 I'resently came a iiiessi'iiu:er to him IVoiii the | 
 town and informed him, that lliey hail knock- 
 ed out the beads of several ca.-ks of biillets, 
 anil they were all too bi;r, IniiiLT iniisket bul- 
 lets, and would not lit llieir iiiins, and that 
 if he did not Lm bai'k liiinseh'a ^M'e.'it part of 
 ihe army would be kept b.ick from service 
 for want of siiilabli: Inillels, 
 
 He ran back and ordered every vessel to 
 send asliori,' all their casks ofliiillets; bciii^f 
 broi|i;lit, knocked out llieir heads, and turned 
 them all out upon the irreeii by the fort, and 
 set all the people in the town, that were able, 
 to make sliii;s ; beiii!,' most of lliein too larye 
 for their use, w liicb bad like to have been the 
 overthrow of their whole army : be (in ling 
 some small bullets, and what sIiil's were 
 ni.'ide, and three knapsacks of powder, went 
 immcdi ilely to llii? army, who wen! very 
 hotly u 'Imaged ; but coming lo the river tin.' ! 
 
 tide wiin np ; he ealled to his nicii tinil wera 
 
 entca;;ed, I'licoiiraeiii^ tin ni, mid tidil tlniii 
 he Imd bronubt more aiiiiniiiiiiioii fur tin in. 
 An Indian called I'aplaiii l,i<:liiroiil, laid 
 down Ills t;iiii, and cinn'owr tin' iimi, l.iKiii^ 
 the powder iipini Ins bead, and a killle ol 
 bullets in each hand, and uol safe lo Ins Ii I- 
 low Noldiers, He pirceiMiiii; cnat liiiiii; 
 upon that side he was of, went lo see ubo 
 they were, and foilinl tin in lo be two of 
 .Major ('hnreh's ciiiii|iiiiiics, one of l'.n;i|i>li 
 and the olln r of Indians, In iiii; in all aliniit 
 fourscore men, that bid noi ::ot over llie rivir, 
 but lay liriii;; over our nn n's Iniids m tl.i) 
 enemy ; he preseiilly orderid them lo rally, 
 and come all toirciher; ami ;riivi' llie woril 
 for a (.'iisco inaii ; so one .'■•uiiriini, a .ler.-ev- 
 man, appcarinir, who he could hardly iindi'r> 
 stand ; he asked him how far it was to tlm 
 head of the river, or wlietln r lliere was any 
 place to i;ct over? he said lliere was a Inidiiu 
 about three ipiarlers (if a mile ii{i, w here ijn y 
 iniirbl ifi'i liver; .So be, ealliiiij In In* .-oldn rs 
 en^.'iired on llie other side, liiM them llial Ini 
 Would soon be w illi lliein over the bridge, anil 
 come upon the backs ol'llie eneiiiy ; \\ hicli put 
 new (■oiira^e inlii llieiii ; so lliey iiniin dialrly 
 moled lip towards ibe bridite, inarcliiii;r very 
 thin, lieinjr wilhiiir to make ubal -bow lliev 
 eoiilil, .slionliiii; as they marehed : tiny .saw 
 the I'liemy riinniiiir I'loin ilie river-sidi-, wlicrii 
 
 they had made siainl , wiili w I lo pri'vent 
 
 anybody from coming' over the river; mid 
 eoiiiin:; to the bridi;e, liny saw on ihe oilier 
 side that the enemy bad laid loirs .ind sliii'k 
 birch brush aloii;; t(, |||,|,.. iliemsclvcs from 
 our view. 
 
 He ordci'd the company to come allo> 
 irelher, biilc.m; them all to run aflei- bini, 
 who would /o lirst, mid that is soon as lliey 
 iiot over the bridire lo scatter, that so liny 
 miirlit not be all shot down toireihcr. expect- 
 ing the eiieiny to be at their si mils ; ..^ i niii- 
 niii:.riiplollie>iaiids, foil nil nnintlnre, fur lliey 
 Were )i.-t (Tcine, the irionnd Iniii;: ^»r\\ lliey 
 
 tumbled with them In I I llie laid siainls. 
 
 He ordered the Captain ullh his company of 
 l''ii:;lisli to march down to our men i iiir.'iged, 
 and that they slioiilil keep iiloni; upon lln: 
 eiliri; of the niarsb, and liiinsi If willi his In- 
 dian soldiers would niarcli down lliriiiii.>li ilm 
 lirnsli : and eoniin<rto a parcel of low irroiind, 
 which bad beeii formerly biiriil, llnold briisli 
 heinir fallen down lay \<i'y ibiek, and llie 
 voiliii; brll^il bein^ ;r|'ii\vn up nnnlc it bml 
 Iravellinif ; but coniin;; ncarihc biick of the 
 enemy, one of iii'> nieii calleil iiiilo him llieir 
 commander and said, iliat the enemy ran 
 westward t. (ret betwren lis and the bridire, 
 and he, lookini; that way, saw iiieii rnnniiiir, 
 and niakiii<!; a small slop, licird no liriiiLr, 
 but a irreat clioppin!> with lialcheN; so con- 
 eluding that the li;;lil was over, made the lie>t 
 of their way to the briti;:,. iiirnii,, lot tlm 
 enemy should fiet over the bridire into the 
 town, the ineii beiiiir most of them out 
 (our animnnilion lay exposed) cominir tn the 
 bridge where he left six Indians I'm- nn mil- 
 hlls(^'lde on the other side of the river, that if 
 any <.'neiiiy olVered to conn' over, they should 
 lire at them, which would i/wr him noiice, 
 so would col le to llieir a>sislaiice ; (but in ibu 
 way lia\iiii.r he;ird no fjinir nor -1101111111;, I'lm- 
 eluded the enemy wir,' drawn oil) he a.-ki i| 
 the ambuscade, v.hi'llnr tin v law any In- 
 
7n? 
 
 KIN(; I'lril. IP'S WAR. 
 
 Vi 
 
 :f 
 
 Ml' 
 
 iliantil TIk-v siiiil yv*, iihiiiuliinco. Il<> 
 lli^Ui'il lliriii wliiM't;.'' 'I'licy iiiisvKrrid, lliiit 
 llicy mil OKI' tlir lii'iiil of llic river by llic 
 ct'iliir s\v'Miii{i, iiiul WL'ru riiiiiiiii;r iiitii tlir 
 liL'cU louiircls lilt; ti)«ii. 
 
 'I'licri! Iirjiiir |)iit (iiii! Mii!;lisliiiiaii willi 
 liiiii, lie bid liiK liuiiiin siililitrs suattir, run 
 viy lliii; to |insi'rvo llll'llls('lvl'^l, iiiid lie 
 tliu lii'ttur mIiIi: to liiiikr ii discovery of the 
 cm my ; mid soon eoiiiiii;; to l.ieiiteiiiiiit 
 Cl.'irli's field, on llie .south side of tli(! iieeU, 
 mill seeiiii; tliu e.;ittl(; feeding; quietly , uiiii 
 pireeiviiiif no truck, eonchided the miiliiis- 
 eitde had tolil them a fiilsehooii ; they hastily 
 returned hack to the said hrid;;;i!, perceiving 
 there was no iioisu of the enemy, lie heariiii; 
 several ^reai i;niis lire at the town, eoiie.iiided 
 that they were either assaulted, or that lliey 
 had discovered tiie enemy : lie liaviiiii; ordi'icd 
 that ill case such .should be, that they shoiilil 
 lire some of tliei,' ijreat f;tliis to (jive liiiii 
 noiii'e ; he briii^ .1 straii;;er to the country, 
 eiiiicluded tlii! (.neiiiy had by some other way 
 ::iit to the town ; whereupon he seist hi-, men 
 to ilie town, ami himself ftoin;; to the river, 
 near where the finht had been, ii-ked them 
 liDW they did, and what was becoini.' of the 
 enemy f Who int'ormed him that the enemy 
 drew oil' ill less than an hour after he left 
 them, and had not fired a>;un at them since. 
 lie tidd them he had been within little more 
 ill 111 a ^iin shot of the back of tlii! enemy, and 
 h:id l-eeii upon ilieni had it not been for thick 
 biiishv irronnil, &.c. Now some of his men 
 relnriiiii^ iVom the town ijavi; him the iic- 
 coiint, that they went while they saw the 
 C'lloiii's iftandiii^ and ini'ii waikiii<; about as 
 not nii/lesteil. lie pri'sontly ordered that all 
 his aniiv should pursue the enemy ; hut they 
 lul I him that most of them had spent their 
 .■inimiiMition, and that if the eni'iny hail eii- 
 ^.'.■i.'e ' them a liltli! loiiirer they miirht have 
 eoiiie anil knoekeil them on tlie head; and 
 that some of their Imllets weri' so niisi/eable 
 that some of iliem were forced to make slui;s 
 while llii'V were eiiL'aired. lie then ordered 
 tlein to iret over all the woiindeil and dead 
 111^ II, .iiid to leave none behind ; which was 
 (liiiie bv some canoes they had ijot. Captain 
 Hall and his iiii'ii beill^■ first enaraired, did 
 iireat sirvice, ami siillered the iri'eale,;t loss in 
 his iiirii; but (Viplaiii Soiilhworih with his 
 eompanv, ami Captain .\uinposli with the 
 Sreonet linlian<, and the most of the men 
 beloii'jfin^ to the town, all coniiii|f suddenly 
 t'l his reliel', pri'Veiiled him and his whole 
 comp.iiiy from beiiivT cut oil". 
 
 Hy this lime iIk- day was far spent, nnd 
 mareliiii^ into town about sunset, caryinir in 
 all ilieir wounded and dead men, liein;; all 
 
 sen^ihli- of (lod's irooilni'ss to tl i, in ;;iviii:x 
 
 lliein the viclory, and eansiinr the enemy to 
 tlv with shame, wliii never ^ave one shout at 
 their drawiiiir oil'. 'I'lie poor inliabitiints 
 wondi'ifiilly I'ejoieed that the Alniiirbtv had 
 f ivoered iheni so iiiiieb , sayiiiL', that if Major 
 Cbiireli,\vilh his I'orees, had not come at thai 
 iuiictnre, tlii'V hail been all cut olV; and said 
 lurlber, thai it wa-i the first time that ever the 
 ea-twaid Indiiiis had been put to IliL'bt, mid 
 the said Chnreli with his voliinleers were 
 woiiderfnllv presi^rved, bavin;; never a man 
 killed oiiiriiili!, and hut one Indian morl.illy 
 nimiiileil, \t h'l dir'd, several more heiiiL; badly 
 Wiaiiided, bill recovered. 
 
 After this iaii;a^eiueiit iMnjor Church, with 
 bis forces, raii;;in;; all the country thercaboilt, 
 in pursuit of the enemy ; and visilin;; all the 
 garrisons at ISIack I'oini, Spiirwink, nnd 
 ISIilc Point, and went up Keiinebeuk river, 
 but to littl.i ellecl. .Villi now winter drawing; 
 near, he r 'leived orders from the i;overiiment 
 of the iM.issachnsetts Itay, to .settle all the 
 garrisons, and put in suitable olficers aecord- 
 in<; to his best discretion, and to send home 
 all his soldiers, volunteers nnd transports; 
 which orders he presently obeyed. Uein^ 
 obliirt'd to buy him a horse tn ^o homo by 
 land, that so he niii>bt the better comply with 
 his orders. The poor people, the inhabitants 
 of Casco, and places adjacent, when they 
 saw he was f;oin;r away from them, lamented 
 sadly, and be^r^red earnestly that lie would 
 sull'er ihein to come away in the transports ; 
 sayin;:, that if he left tlieiii there, that ill tl.c 
 spring of the year the enemy would come 
 and ilestroy them ami their families. So by 
 their earnest request the said jMiijor Church 
 promised them, that if the i;overiiiiients tliiit 
 had now sent liini, would send him the next 
 sprinjr, he would ei'rlainly come with his 
 volunteers and Indians to their relief: and 
 that as soon as he had been home, and taken 
 a little care of his ow ii business, he would 
 certainly wait upon the ireiitlemeii oflioston, 
 and inform them of the promise h<^ had made 
 to them ; and if they did not see cause to 
 send them relief, to inlreat their honors 
 seasiinably to draw them olF, that they mii;lit 
 not be 11 prey to the barbarous eiiemv. 
 
 'I'akiii;; his leave of lliose poor inhabitants, 
 some of the chief men there waited upon him 
 to itlack Point, to (^aptaiii Scottawav's iiar- 
 risoii ; coming till re, they prevailed with the 
 said Captain .*>eottawiiy to ijo with him to 
 Itoston, wliicli he reaililv complied with, 
 providid the said Cliiirch woiih! put another 
 into commanil the garrison; which beiii^ 
 done, and taUiiiu their leave one of another, 
 tliev set out and travelled tliroiiirh all the 
 
 oil", ntlierwiso they would uertiiliily he de- 
 stroyed, 'riieir iinswer was, they could do 
 nothiii!; till 8ir I'idmnnd was <;oiie. Waiting 
 iberi! three weeks upon i;reat I'xpenses, l.j 
 concluded to draw up some of the circnin- 
 stances of Ciiseo, iiinl phiees adjacent, aiid 
 to leave it upon tlie ('oiincil Hmird, befori! 
 the Governor and Council; jiaviii;; pol it 
 done, obtained liberty to ^o up where tliu 
 (iovernor nnd Council were sitting, lie in- 
 formed tlieir hoiiiu's, that he had waited till 
 hiii piiticiice WHS worn out, so had drawn up 
 the mutter to leave upon the ISoard hcforu 
 them, wliicli is as follows: 
 
 To the honored Governor nnd Council of the 
 Massachustth. 
 
 Genti.kmkn, 
 Whereas, by virtue of yours, with Ply- 
 inontli's desires and commands, I went east- 
 ward ill the late expedition a<;aiiist the com- 
 mon Indian enemy, wliere Providence so 
 ordered that we altiieked their jrreatest body 
 f forces, coiniii!; tlieii for tlie destruction 
 of Falinoutli, which we know marebed of)', 
 repulsed with cmisidernble (Iaiiia4;e, leiivini; 
 the ground, and never since seen there, or 
 in any place adjacent: the time of the year 
 beini; then too latt? to prosecnle any fiirtbir 
 desif;n, nnd other accidents fallin>; conlraiy 
 to my expectation, impedinir the desired 
 success. Upon my llieii removal from the 
 province of Maine, the inhabitants were very 
 solicitous that this enemy niiirht he further 
 irosecnted ; williiifi to veiitnre their lives 
 and fortunes in the said enterprise, wherein 
 they miitlit serve (lod, their kin;: and coun- 
 try, and enjoy quiet and peaceable habita- 
 tions; upon which I promised to siunily tlie 
 same to yourselves, ami willin^r to venture 
 that little which Providence hath entrusted 
 I7ie with, on the said account. The season 
 of the year bein;; such, if some speedy action 
 he not performed in a'laekinn; them, they 
 will certainly he upon s in our out low iis. 
 
 himself to ibe utmost to fiillii Ins instruelioiis 
 last received from linstoii ^jentlinien, which 
 cost him about a moiilli's service over and 
 above what he had pav for from the I'lymouth 
 ;;eiitleiiieii : and in bis travel homeward sev- 
 eral ^reiitli'men waited upon the said Major 
 Clinrcb, who was olilii;ed to bear their ex- 
 pellees. When be came to 15ostoii ^reiitle- 
 iiieii, he iid'ormed llieiii of the miseries those 
 poor people wire in by bavin:;- their |irovi- 
 sioiis taken frnm them by order ol'tlie Pre- 
 sident — then went home; stavial not loiii; 
 there before be relnnied to |{oslon, w here 
 : aplaiii Si^oitaway waited for his comiiii;, 
 that be niijlit have the delerminatioii of the 
 i;overnineiit of lio>iiin lo earrv home with 
 him ; and it beiiin' the lime of llie smallpox 
 there, and .Alajnr Chnreli not bavin;; had it, 
 takiii;; up his lodiiim; near the <'oiirl-liouse, 
 took the fust opporiuiiiiv to inform those 
 !;eiitlemeii of the Court bis business ; who 
 said they were very busy in sendinu home 
 .•^ir Kilmiiiid, the sliip beinu ready to sail. 
 The said .Major Church still waiting; upon 
 them, nnd at every opportunity entreatiiiL' 
 ibiKC i;i'iitleineil in beliilfofthe poor people 
 of Caseo, iiiforiniii;; the necessity of taking; 
 care of llii'in, eillnr by sendiil';: llieni relief 
 earl\ in the spriii',', or suli'riii;; them to draw 
 
 coiinlry, home to Hosioii; haviiiu^ employed i<ioil knows where, and the inhabitants tliere 
 
 not liein:; able to defend themselves, without 
 dmibt many souls may be cut idV, iis our 
 last year's experience wofully hath declared. 
 The iiibabitants there trust to your protee- 
 lioii, liaviii;; nndertaken <;overnineiit ami 
 your priqiriety ; if nothing; be performed on 
 the said account, the best way (under cor- 
 rection) is to demolish the ;;arrison, and 
 draw olT the inliahitants, that they may not 
 be left to a merciless eiieniy ; and thai the 
 arms and amninnilion may not be there for 
 the fitrenslheniii;; of the eneiiiy ; who willi- 
 oiit doubt have need enoui;li, jiaviii;; ex- 
 hausted their greatest store in this winter 
 siasoii, I have performed my promise to 
 them, ami acqiiittei! myself in speeifvni;; the 
 same to yourselves : not that I desire to be 
 ill any aelion, iiltliou;;b willing; to serve my 
 king ami eonntry, nnd may pass under tin; 
 censure of seandalons longnes in the last 
 expedition, w liicli I hope they w ill aineiid nil 
 the first opportiinily of service. I leave lo 
 mature consideration, the loss of trade ami 
 lisliei ■ ; the war hronght lo the doors ; w li.it 
 a triumph it will he to the enemy, derision 
 lo iiiir iiei^rhbors, besides dishonor lo (Joil 
 and onr nation, and grounds of frowns froiii 
 our prince, the frusiraiioii .if lho>e wli'e 
 eyes are U|iiin you for lielji, who ini^ht li.ivo. 
 
ctTtuiiily 111' lit- 
 is, tlicy CDiikl do 
 
 IS rr.)IIC. Wllitillg 
 
 1 
 rent expense.'-, t.J 
 
 lie <il' tiio circmii- 
 
 ces iidjiiceiit. iiiul 
 
 i^il Hoiiril, heroro 
 
 il ; liiiviii;; pol it 
 
 ijo ii|i wlieie the 
 
 re silliiif:, lie iii- 
 
 le IiikI \v:iiteil till 
 
 so liiiil (Ir.iwii ii|i 
 
 the Itiiard before 
 
 vid Council offhe 
 (Is. 
 
 voiirs, willi Ply- 
 tiiuls, I went eiisl- 
 1 ii<;Miiist tlie etiiii- 
 re I'loviileiiec! so 
 lieir ^ienle>t liody 
 ir the dcslniclioii 
 iiKiw iniirelied olV, 
 
 d.inuii.'e, Iciiviiic; 
 licr seen there, or 
 e time of ilie yeiir 
 isicnte any filltlier 
 ta fiiliiim conlniry 
 edinjr llie desired 
 reinoviil IVoin llic. 
 iidiitiiiits were very 
 ' niiulit he i'lirliier 
 .eiitiire their hves 
 nlerprise, wherein 
 ir itiii^ iinil conn- 
 peiiceahii^ hiihila- 
 iiised to siu'iiily the 
 wilhiifr lo ven'.iire 
 nee hath cnlrnsted 
 oiint. The season 
 some spi'edy aelicni 
 ii''!\iiiijr them, Ihey 
 < in our oiil towns, 
 le inhahitants there 
 themselves, without 
 he iMit off, as onr 
 fully hath deelaied. 
 1st to year protee- 
 I jxoveninieiit and 
 i<; he perfiaiiied on 
 ■St way (iiiichr ecn- 
 tlie (.'arrisiin, and 
 , that they may not 
 einy ; and that tin; 
 iiv not hc^ there for 
 cneiny ; who with- 
 iioiiuh, haviii!,' ex- 
 tore in this winter 
 led my promise lo 
 ■If ill speiilynif; the 
 that I desire to ho 
 iviHin;r to serve my 
 may pass under the 
 iMi<;nes in the last 
 they w ill anieiul on 
 erviee. I leave lo 
 e loss of trade iind 
 lo the doors ; wlnU 
 llie enemy, derision 
 s dishonor to ti'oil 
 inds of frowns froiu 
 ion ,d' those wh'."e 
 ■l|i, who might luiMO 
 
 iiiilo yon, that I iniiilit disclmr/ie myself in 
 •ii\ triisl from yourselves, and promise lo the 
 inhaliilaiits of llie province, hut espeeially 
 i\iv iliity lotiod, her majesty, and my nation, 
 liniviii^ for your honors' prosti'^rity, sidi- 
 iiCfilie, Your servant, 
 
 BKNJ. CIIUKCir. 
 .■1 true copi/ given in at JSosto'i, this Vit/i of 
 Vcbruary, KW'J, at the Council Board. 
 Attest. T. S. 
 
 Major Church aaid, moreover, 'Imt in tliiis 
 Join<; in; had complied with liis Droniisu to 
 those poor people of Casco, and should he 
 quit from the gnilt of their hlood. Tlie 
 Covurnor was pleased tn thank him for his 
 care and |Miins taken ; then takini; his leave 
 of them went home, and left Captain Scolla- 
 way in a very sorrowful condition, who nv 
 lii lied home some lime after with only a 
 copy of what was left on the hoard hy the 
 said Clnireh. Major Chinch not lieariii<; 
 any thini; (ill May followiii>;, and then was 
 inforimd, that those poor people of Casco 
 were cut off hy the barbarous enemy ; and 
 lliat altlioii;;li they made llieir terms -.villi 
 Monsieur Castcn, who was commander of 
 those enemies, yet he suffered those merci- 
 less s.ivaijes to massacre and destroy the 
 most of them. To conclude this first e.vpe- 
 Jilion east ; I shall just ^ivu you a hint how 
 ^lajor Church was treated, although he was 
 eonimaiider-in-eliief of all the forces out of 
 riyiuoiitli and Itoston governnient, lifter he 
 eiiine home, for I'lyinoiitli fri.'iitleinen paid 
 liiiii but f>v>y-tw'o pounds; telling him, he 
 niiist go to Uostou gentlemen for the rest, 
 who were his employers us well as* they. 
 U" whom he never had one penny for all 
 travel and expenses in raising volunteers, 
 and services done ; except forty shillings or 
 thereabout, fm' going from Itoston to Rhode 
 Island on their business, and back to Itoston 
 again ; also, for sending a man to Provi- 
 dence for 4'aptaiii lidiniinds, who raised a 
 company in tiiose parts, and went cast with 
 theiii. 
 
 intended 
 
 that night at li'' (iraylionnd, in 
 
 and that in tli. moriiiiii; w<mld 
 
 I'ollard's at the sou'h end of Ilos- 
 
 KIXG IMlILir'S WAR 
 
 otiierw'ist: applied tlK'iiiselv(:<i to their king. |\>'itli a message, that the uovernor and ciniii- 
 (lenllemen, liiis I Ibonght humbly to propose led wanted to have some discourse with him. 
 ■ ' ■' ' '" ' "J'lie answer relnnied was, dial ln' intend 
 
 to lodge 
 Uoxbnry 
 come to 
 
 Ion; which aeeordingly In: did. Soon af'.er 
 he eaiiH! thither received a letter front the 
 honorable Captain .'^ewall, to i>'i)nesl him to 
 the council; the aiisurr he retiiriK-il bv the 
 bearer was, that he llioii<;lit lliire W'ls no 
 need of his lia/.ardini; liiinself so niiieli us to 
 conio 11 nd speak with lliom ; not that lie was 
 nfriiid of his lifi>, hut because be had ro laliiil 
 to he concerned ; and farther by reason lliey 
 would not hearkin to him about the poor 
 lieople of (^asco. Itiit immediately came 
 Mr. iMa.vlield to liim, savin/, that the conn- 
 eil bid him tell tli said (Jhnrcii, that if he 
 would take bis horse and ride along the 
 middle of the street, there iiiighl he no daii- 
 irer, they were then silting '.n council : he 
 bid them go and teil his mai.lers, not to 
 trouble thi^mselves, «lietl er he came upon 
 his hi'ad or feet, he was coaling: however, 
 t'linkiiiii the return was sometliing rude, 
 called him back to drink a glass of wine, and 
 then he woiil',1 go with hiir.. So eoining to 
 the coiineil, they were very tliankfiil to liini, 
 anil 'old him ilia', the occasion of their send- 
 ing for him was, that lliere was a captive 
 come ill who gave them an account, that the 
 iailians wer.: come down, anil had taken 
 .lossession of ihe stone fort at Pejepsco;, so 
 that they wnnted his advice and t.'ioiights 
 iihoiit the matter; wlieihrr lliey would tarry 
 and keep in the fort or no'; and wlietiier it 
 was not expedient lo send -inne I'oiees to do 
 some spoil upon them; and rnrlliir le know 
 whether he could no', he prevailed with lo 
 raise some volunteers and no, to ilo some 
 spoil upon them ? lie answered them, he 
 was unwilliiiLr lo be coacerned any more; it 
 being very dirtieiilt and ehargealile lo raise 
 volunteers, as be foiiiul by experience in tlie 
 last expedition, lint lliev using iiiaav arsjii- 
 ineiits prevailed so fir w itii liiiii, that if the 
 government of I'lyiiKMith saw cause to send 
 him, be ivoiild ^ro, lliinkiiig the expedilion 
 would he short; look his leave of llieiii anil 
 went home. .\iid in a slnat time after, there 
 came an express from (loKrn.ir I'.inkley, to 
 reipiest Major Chiireh lo come to Harnstable 
 lo bini — he having reeeivi il a leltir iVomlhe 
 government of l!o>toii lo r.iise some forces 
 to go east: whirinpoii the said INIiijor 
 ('liiireb went the iiex; {\:\y to Ihirnstable, as 
 ordered; fnidiiit' llie uovirnor and some of 
 the eonneil of war there, diseinirsed him, 
 eoneliiiliiig that he slmnld take his Indian 
 soldiers, and two l^'n^lisli eaplaiiis, with w hat 
 volunteers could he raised ; anil that one 
 captain slnndd go out of I'lvniontb ami 
 I tar II slalile eon Illy, and llie oilier out of It ris- 
 lol eonnty, with vvliat forces he naild raise, 
 eonelildinu' to have but {\\v olfieers, lo save 
 charge. The said Chinch was at !;real 
 charge and expense in raisiiii; of forces. 
 (JoviTiior lliiikley promised that he would 
 lake care lo provide vessels to transport the 
 said army with animiniilion ami provisions, 
 by the time pri'lived hv bim-elf, for the no- 
 vernnient id" l!o>lon hul ohliire,! them>elves 
 by tliiir lelier, to provide any llilnir lliiit was 
 wanting; so at the time, Majnr Cliiireh 
 
 703 
 
 Tin; sf:cond expedition E.tsr. 
 
 In the year 1090, was the expedition lo 
 Clanad.i, and Major Walley often reipiested 
 Major ('liiircb, that if he would not i>o him- 
 self in thai expedition, that he would not 
 hinder others : he aiiswereil the said Walley, 
 that he slionld hinder none hill his old sol- 
 diers, that used to I'll along with him. And 
 the said Chnrcli uoim; down to (^harlestown, 
 lo lake his leave of some of his relations 
 and friends, who were u:oiiig into that expe- 
 dition, promised his wife and finiily not to 
 go into Ihiston, the sinall-pox being very rife 
 tliere. (nniiing lo Charleslown, several of 
 his friends in Itoston came over lo see him ; 
 and the next day after the said Church came 
 there. Major Wiilley ciime lo him, and in- 
 formed him, iliat the governor and council 
 wanted to speiik with liiiii : he answered 
 him, that he had promised his wife and 
 family not to ltii into Itoston ; saying, if they 
 had anv business, lliey could write lo him, 
 .iiid iliMl he would send them liis answer. 
 Lion al'ii r came over two other gentleinen 
 
 inarclied down all liis sidiliers out of Itri'-tol 
 (laintv to I'lymonlli, as or.li n d ; ami beng 
 Come, found it not as he evpeeled, lor lliero 
 Were neilher provi>ioiis, animiiiiilion, nor 
 transports; so be iiiiiiiedialely si iit an ex- 
 press to the i;i '. enior w liii H as .11 liai ii-lable, 
 lo give ir>m an aeconiil that he w illi llie nii-n 
 were come lo I'lymonlli, ami foliiiil nothing 
 ready; in his reliirn to the said Chnreli, 
 gave him an aceoiint of his disappoint- 
 ineMs ; and sent .lohn l.iiilirup of Itarnsia- 
 blu in u vessel with scme ammunition and 
 prevision on hoard, to liim at I'lymonih ; 
 Ills.) sent him word that lliire wa« more on 
 board of Saniiiel .\ilin<; of Itai n>lali|e, who 
 was to go lor a transport, and that he IiIiiim If 
 would he at Plyinonlh iiexl day; bill .'Jliiig 
 never cnme near him, bin went to liiihiii^s. 
 gale, at Cape Cod, as be was infoniiid 
 The governor heing come, said to .Major 
 Church that he iinist take some of the open 
 sloops, and maUc spar deejts to them, anil 
 lay platforms for the soldier-' lo lie iipini ; 
 wliicli delays were very expc^n.-ive lo ihe saiil 
 (hiircli ; bis soldiers hi iiii; all voliinleers, 
 daily ex|iecled to be treated by him, and the 
 Indians always he<>giii!r for iiionev to ^et 
 drink ; but be, using his ntniosi dili:.'eiii'e, 
 made what dispatch lie could to he gone, 
 being ready lo embark, received his eonimis- 
 sion nnd instriielions from (loveriior llinli- 
 ley, which are as follow iili, >i/.. 
 
 The Council III \\<ir iif lluii Hfojrslii s' co- 
 limti nf IS'iir-l'li/mniit/i, in yiw-Hnnliind: 
 To Miijiw linijiimin Church, Cunimandii- 
 in-Chiil\ J^'c. 
 
 Wberer.s, the Keiiiielieel. and I'astw.ird 
 tndians, with the I'Veneli, tliilr einifi diralei; 
 have openly made war upon iheir majeslie;' 
 siibjeets of the proviiiies of .Maine, .\ew 
 llamp^hiie, and of the .Massaeliiiselis eolo- 
 iiy, liaviiii; eoinmitteil manv barbarous mur- 
 ders, spoil.<, and rapines upon t;:eir perMOis 
 and estates: and w larea-, there are somo 
 forces of soldiers, I'liigll.-li and liiillaiis, imw 
 raised and detiiebed oiil of the several legi 
 ments and places within this colony of .\ew- 
 I'lymoutb, lo go forlli to the as^isIallce of 
 onr neighbors and friends of the aloresaiil 
 provinces and colony of the iMii>»aihiiMlls, 
 snhjecls of one nnd the same crown: anil 
 whereas yon, Itenjamln Clinnli, are ap- 
 pointed mijor and comniander-iiieliief of all 
 the forces, {''iigli-b and Indians, ilelaehi (I 
 wiiliin ibis colony, loj.'i ther willi siieli other 
 of their majesties' snhjeets as i Isew here sh.ill 
 enlist tin mselvcs, t\y shall be orili riv pat 
 under your eommand for llie service of their 
 majesties, as aforesaid. These are ill their 
 majesties' name to aiitliorl/e and reipiire Mni 
 lo take into your care iiinl eoinhiei all lliii 
 said forces, Knglish and liidian;>, and dili- 
 gently to iiitend that service, hv leadiiiL' and 
 exercising yonr inferior ollieers and siddlirs, 
 eommamling tlieiii lo ohev von as Hit ii ehli f 
 commaiKler : and to pnrsne, IimIiI, lake, kill 
 or deslroy the said enemies, llii Ir aiders and 
 abettors hy all the ways and means yon cm, 
 as you shall have ( pportiiiiily, and lo accept 
 lo mercy, or L'raii; piarlirand favor to sncli 
 or so many of said enemies as you >liall fiml 
 needful lor promoting; ibe design aloresaiil: 
 anil yon are to observe and olii v all sacU 
 orders and inslrii' lion ., m, iVoin liiee to tiuH! 
 
roi 
 
 KING PHILIP'S \VAR. 
 
 von sliiill ri'ceive from the cnriiniissioiieis <>(" |to disiiiiss lliriii, or iiiiv nm; of Ilium, which 
 
 the colonics, (-r the 
 
 CdllllCI 
 
 1 of 
 
 ciih>iiv "f NcM-l'lviiiDiilh, or from the thai ll 
 
 war of ihells (hslred lo he. (hiiic llie llr.-t opfiorliinity 
 
 rrvici.' will iiiliuit. 
 
 t on iire to SIC 
 
 govcniiir aiiil ciiiiiioil of the iMassuchilsi ttb>.! that viiiir sohhcrii' anus he alwiivs fixe 
 
 In ti'sliiiionv whireot' is allivcd tin 
 
 itllilii 
 
 ll' lliis I 
 
 Dated 
 
 I' 
 
 VIIKIIIIh, llic 
 
 second day ol S'eiilcnnher, Anno Doiii 
 
 iwm. 
 
 Aniioi|nc ic'jrni Ileijis et Ueginic Williehni el 
 AIaii:i>, i&e. Secniuhi. 
 
 Tito. IIINKLEY, President. 
 
 vy pi 
 
 idcd 
 
 Willi aniinnniluin, and oilier 
 
 varies, llial llic 
 
 to r<'|Ml or attack ihi: tiirniy. 
 
 he aUvays ready 
 
 1 ou are to 
 till 
 
 take special car(^ to avoid dan<;er in tlie pur- 
 suit of Iheeneiny hy ke('pini;out scouts, and 
 a forlorn, to prevent llie anihnshiiicnts of tliu 
 
 for Major lien 
 
 Chi, 
 
 Iiislruelini 
 
 CiiiainaiKlir-tn-llticf nj the I'li/inuut/i 
 fnrccs, with other of the Massachusetts put 
 under hh cummaird. 
 
 In pursuance of the commission n;iveii yon 
 for III -ir M ijislii's' service, in llic present ex- 
 pedition aL'ainsl thi' eoiiimon enemy, Indian 
 an I French, their aiders and alienors, on the 
 re(|iiest of our hrilliren ami friends of the 
 Rlassachnsells colony, siilijecis of one and 
 the same crown of lliiiilaiid | for our assis- 
 tance of iheni tiiereiii : repiisiiif; confidence 
 in vcinr wis loin, (niidence, pr(mencss and 
 faithfulness in the trust under (iod commit- 
 ted to voii for the honor of his iiaiiie, the 
 interest of ('hrisi in these chinches, ami the 
 jjood of the whole people ; prayiiifr and ex- 
 pectimf that in your defieudence on him, you 
 ni:iy he helped and assisted with all ihal 
 j.'race, wisdom and coiira;;e necessary for the 
 cirrvin;; <d' voii on with succi'ss in this dilli- 
 ciill stTviee; and thoii^'h much is anil iniisl 
 ll" lel'i to voiir diseretioii, with your ci> iiicil 
 of otIlL'ers, as I'rovidi'iice and opporlnnity 
 iiiav |)reseiit IVom time to lime in places of 
 action: yel the followini; instriielions are 
 commended to you to In.' oliserved ami ni- 
 tendcil to liv ymi.so far ns tlii> stale and cir- 
 cnnislaiie.es of that atl'air will admit. 
 
 " Yon are with all possihle speed to take 
 care that the Plyinonth forces, both liiiulish 
 aiiil Indians, ninlcr your command, he (ixed 
 itiid readv on ilu' lirsl opporliinily of wind 
 and we.illier. Ill j:o ou hoard such vessels, ns 
 lire provided to transpml you lo Piscalaipia ; 
 and there lo take under yonr care and com- 
 inand such companies of thr .Massaclinsilts 
 cnloiiv, as shall hv lliein he ordi'i'ed and ad- 
 ded to vou there, or elsewhere from lime to 
 time; all which yiiii are lo improve in sneli 
 wav, and from place lo place, as w illi the ad- 
 vice of your conned, consislinir of the coin- 
 missioii ollicers of the .Massachnsetis colony, 
 mill IMvmonth, under yonr conduct, shall 
 snni iiiret, for llie findiii!: out, pnisninif, 
 tukiiii; or deslroyiiiL' of said common enemy, 
 iin all opporlniiilies, aecordiiijr to conimis- 
 xioii, and sill ll further orders and instrnc- 
 tioiis as vou have or may receive from the 
 (iovernor and ("oiineil of the .Massaelinsells, 
 ill ■ (Iinniiiissioiiirs for the United colonies, 
 or the (iovernor and Conncil of i'lymonth ; 
 so fir as vou may he capahle, inlendiiiL' what 
 von can the preservin;r of the ne:.r towns from 
 the ineiir>ions and destriictioio; of the en- 
 cniv ; hill ehiilly lo inieiid the lindinu' out, 
 destrovint; ihe eneniv 
 
 enemy on your mam hoilv in llieir iiiarclies, 
 
 till 
 
 And hy al 
 
 )f 1 1 
 
 possihle means lo surprise some 
 
 le enemy, that so you may gniu Uetter 
 
 iiitelli 
 
 " Yon are to take efl'eclnal care that llie 
 worship of (lod he kept up in the nriuy, that 
 luorninj; and evenini; prayer he attended, 
 and the holy sahli illi duly sanclified, as the 
 enieri;eiicy of your afl'airs will admit. 
 
 " Y'ou are to take strict care to prevent o, 
 punish drunkenness, ciirsini;, sweariii<r, iiiid 
 all oilier vices, lest the an^er of God be lliero- 
 hy provokeil to fiijiit ajrainst you. You are, 
 from lime to lime lo f;ive init llijieiicc and 
 advice to lilt" (iovernor id' the iMassachiisetla, 
 and to us, of ymir proceediniis and occur- 
 rences that may attend you. Ami in case of 
 a failure of any commission officers, you are 
 lo appoint others in iheir slead. And when, 
 with the advice of yonr council aforesaiii, 
 you shall afler some trial, see yonr service 
 not like to I.. I ndvanta:;eoiis to ihe accimi- 
 plislimi'iit of the puiilic end aforesaid; that 
 then you return home with the forces ; es- 
 pecially if yon shall receive any onlers or 
 directions mi to do fnnn the Massachiisetls, or 
 from us. (iiven unoer my ha, id, at Ply- 
 mouth, the second day of .Sepleinhcr, Anno 
 Dum. :(i!)0. 
 
 TllO. IIIMvLKY, (in. & President. 
 
 Now hayiiis: a fair wind Major Church 
 soon licit to Piscalaoua, who was to apply 
 himself to Major I'llie, a worlhy t'enlleman, 
 who said lie liad advice of his coiniii!; from 
 ISoston ;.'eiilleniei' ; nisi? he had received di- 
 rections that what men Ihe said Church 
 should want iiin-^t he rdsed out of llaiiip- 
 sliire, out of the several towns and irarrisons ; 
 .Major I'ike asked him how many men he 
 should want? lie said enoiii;li to make up 
 his forces that lie lirou<;lit with him, DUO at 
 least, and not niore than '>\'t^^. And so in 
 aliiinl nine days' lime he was siipplieil with 
 two compilliii'S of soldiers. Ilr havilli; heeii 
 ■It ahoni twenty sliilliiii;.-. \\ day idiarfje in ex- 
 perisis whilst there. .Now lip ri-ceived Maiiir 
 I'ike's iii.-trnetions ; w Inch are as followetii : 
 
 I'orstinnnlh, \ew llKiiiji^liire, Sept.'.}, KiOO. 
 
 To Major lirojaniiii Chiirrh, ('oiiimtiiiilcrin- 
 Chiif of t/ii ir Mdjislii!,' forces now de- 
 .«/i,'"<'/ upon Ihe present etpedition east- 
 word, mid now resident iit t'ortsmonlh. 
 
 The (iovernor and Conneil of tlio Rlas- 
 sachnsetts Colony reposini; a:reat trust and 
 pnisuiii;:, laliiai', ami ilestrovint; ine enemy conliileiice in your loyally and valor, from 
 ahroal, and if possihle to attack them in ■ e.vpeririiee of your former actions, iind of 
 their head ipiailers and principal rendezvous, (iod's presence with yon in the same; in 
 if v on are III a ralioiial capacity of so doiii<j ; i pnrsnanee of ail order received fiiim them, 
 .anil fi'r the lietiir eiiahhier vou ihereunlo, j eommandini: it : these are in their niajislies' 
 we have aiipoiiited the vessels that Iransporl ! names to empower nnd reipiire you, as coni- 
 viiii, and the priivi<ion<, Ac. to alieml yonr ' niaiiil"r-in-eliiil'. to take into yonr care and 
 'million and order, niilil yon ■-hall sei' can-e I conilnet lhe>e forces now liero present al 
 
 tlicir rendezvous nt Portgniuiilli ; nnd they 
 are alike required In obey you : and with 
 them to sail eastward hy the lirsl opportnnilv 
 to Ciiaco, or places luljaeent, thin iniiv he 
 most coiiiliiodious for landing; wiin salety 
 and secresy ; and lo visit the French and Iii 
 diaiis at their liead-(|uarlers at Aineras-coupii, 
 Pejepscot, or any other place, iiccordiiiii iis 
 you iniiy liavfi hope or iiilidliiicnce of the 
 residence of llie enemy ; iisiiif; always your 
 utmost endeayour ilir tiie |)reservalion of 
 your own men, and llie killin<;, deslroyinir, 
 and utterly looting; out of ihe enemy, w liere- 
 soever they may he fmiud ; iiinl also as much 
 as may possibly he done for the redeeminifor 
 recoveriiifj of our caplives in any |daces. 
 
 You hviui; there arrived, and underslnnd- 
 iiiij your way, to take your journey back 
 airaiu either by hind or water, as you shall 
 jiid{f<! most convenient for the accomplish- 
 in:; of the end intended ; nnd lo ^'ive Intel 
 liiience iilwnys of yonr motion whe.isoevci 
 you can with safely and cimvenience. 
 
 Lastly, in all to consult yonr council, llie 
 commanders ur commission oflicers of yoiii 
 sevtnid companies, when it may be obtained, 
 the greater part of w limii lo delerniine : and 
 so the Lord of Hosts, ihe (Jod of armies, jro 
 aloiiir with you, and he your conduct, (iiven 
 under my hand the day and year above- 
 said. Per nOHEUt PIKE. 
 
 Heiiijr ready, they look the first o|>porl'.i- 
 iiily, and made the best of their way to Pe- 
 jepscot fort, where they found nothiiia;. — 
 From thence they marched to Anieras-coj;eii, 
 nnd wlieii they came near the fori. Major 
 Church inadi; a hall, orderinir the captains to 
 draw out of their several companies sixty 
 of their ineaiiest men, to he a i;iiard lo Ihc 
 doctor and knapsacks, beiiii; not a mile from 
 said fort; and then inovini; towards the fori, 
 they saw youn^r Honey and his wife, with 
 two Kniilisli captives. The said Diniey 
 made his escape lo the fort, his wife was shot 
 down, and so the two poor captives were re- 
 leased out of their hondafie. 'I'lie said Major 
 Church and Captain ^Valloll made no slop, 
 inakiiifr the best of their way to the fori, « ith 
 some of the army, in hopes of irellinn to the 
 fort before youii!» Doney; but the river, 
 ihrontrli w hich they must pass, beiiii; as dei^p 
 as their armpits; however, iMaj. Church, as 
 soon as he was pot over, stripped lo his shirt 
 and jacket, leavinj; his hreeches '"lond, ran 
 directly lo the fort, haviiii; an eye lo see ii 
 yontiir Honey, who ran on the other side o, 
 the river, should fret there before liiiii. The 
 wind now blow in;; very hard in their faces an 
 ihey ran, was some lielpio them ; forsev.'ial 
 of (Mir men (ired fjiins, which lliey in the furl 
 dill not hear, so that we had taken all in the 
 fort had it not been for yonn;; Honey, who 
 irot to the fort just before we did, who ran 
 into the south flMv, and out of the iiorlh, all 
 of ibe men follo\vin(r him, except one, who al 
 ran directly down to the jirvM river and f.illj. 
 The said Church and his forces, beinj; cimin 
 pretty near, he ordered llie said Walton lo run 
 direclly, with some forces, into the fort, and 
 himself, with the rest, ran down lo the rivet 
 after the enemy, who ran some of tlieiii into 
 the river, nnd the rest under the firent falls; 
 those who ran into llie river were killed ; for 
 he baw hut one man ^et oyer, and he only 
 
omil ; nnd ilit-y 
 
 Mill : Mlul WItll 
 
 tiisl (ippfjctiiiiily 
 111, tliin I'liiy 111' 
 
 in;; witn s:ilVty 
 
 Flrlicll iillll III 
 It Aiiitrns-t'oiiiii, 
 iicciiriliii^ 11:1 
 Uilli^i'iice iif llii: 
 iiiig nlwiivs yciiif 
 
 liresiTViilidii of 
 
 iii^, (Icslroyiiiji:, 
 le iiiciiiy, « lirii'- 
 iiiiil aliio as iniu'li 
 
 tilt' redcciiiiny ur 
 in any jilacLS. 
 
 aiKJ iiiul('i>tiiii(I- 
 iir jmiinry back 
 Hit, as ymi ^llail 
 
 llie ac';oiii|ilis!i- 
 mil 111 ^'ive iiilcl 
 
 Itillll wllt'.iSIIUVCI 
 
 nvi'iiiriicc. 
 
 yiiiir L'liiiiicil, the 
 
 III (ifliiMTs of yciiii 
 
 may lie olilaitii'd, 
 (I (li'lirminc : and 
 liiid nl° arniit'S, ^u 
 ir ciiiidiict. (liven 
 
 and vciir aliiive- 
 lUatt IMKIL 
 
 llie first o|)|)oif.i- 
 llieir way to I'c- 
 fmiiid iM'tliiiiir. — 
 I to Ameras-cojjL'ii, 
 ar llie fcrt, 3laji)f 
 iiiir llie caplaiiis to 
 coiii|iaiiies sixly 
 
 KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 705 
 
 I 
 
 lie a ^nard to llit 
 iii^ not a mile fioin 
 li; towards llie loll, 
 :iiiil liis wife, with 
 
 Tlie said Doiiey 
 t. Ids wife was shot 
 ir captives were re- 
 re. The said Major 
 Itoli maile no stop, 
 vay loilie fori, with 
 lea of ^'elliiiy lo the 
 ■y; hilt the rinr, 
 pass, heiliil as deep 
 T, iMaj. ("hiiieli, as 
 stripped to his shirt 
 reeelies '"loiid, ran 
 11^ an eye lo see il 
 on llii.' oilier side oi 
 e liefoii' liini. 'I'lio 
 iird in their faces as 
 1) llieiii ; for several 
 liell they in llie fori 
 lad laUeii all in llic 
 ■oiin;; Doiiey, wlin 
 re we did, who ran 
 lilt of the norlli, all 
 
 except one, w ho al 
 ureal river and falls;. 
 
 forces, lieiiifT coiiln 
 :; said >Valloii to run 
 ', into the fori, and 
 11 down to the rivei 
 
 some of them into 
 tdiT t'le frreiil falli^ ; 
 ver were killed ; tor 
 I over, and liu only 
 
 crept up the hank, and llicre lay in open 
 bi.'lil ; and those that ran under the fallit 
 they made no discovery of, nof.vithstaiidinjr 
 several of his men went ill under the said 
 falU, and were itoiie some considerahle time, 
 could not Itiid them ; so, Icaviii;!; a watch 
 tliore, returned up to the fort, where he found 
 hut one man taken, and several women and 
 children, itinon^ whom was Captain llakins's 
 wife and Worumhos's wife, llie Siiclieni of 
 that fort, with tlieir children ; the said Iln- 
 kins was Sachem of I'eniiiicook, who de- 
 stroyed Alajor Waldeii and his family, some 
 time before. The said two woiiien, viz. Hu- 
 kiiis's and Worumhos's wives, requested the 
 said Church that he would spare them and 
 their children's lives, proinisin<;, upon that 
 coiidilion, he should have all the captives 
 that were taken, and in the Indians' hands. 
 lie asked them how many. They said alioiit 
 fourscore : so upon that condition, lie pro- 
 mised tliem their lives. And in the said fort 
 then; were several Eajrlisli captives, who 
 weri^ ill a miserahle cmioilion ; aiiiony; them 
 w as Captain lliickiiigs's wife, of Oyster-river. 
 Major ('liurcli proceeded to examine the man 
 taken, who ^ave him an account that most 
 of llie fijihtiiii; men were gone to Winter- 
 h irhor, to provide provisions for the Bay of 
 I'liiidy Indians, who were to come and join 
 IV illi them to flight the English. The soldiers 
 hriiiit very rude, would hardly spare the In- 
 dian's llie, while in eifaminatioii, intending 
 when helmdduiie that he should be executed; 
 hut Captain lluckin<;s's wife, and another 
 Woman went down on their knees and begged 
 for him, sayiii;;, " lie had been u means to 
 save their lives and a great many more, and 
 liail helped several to opportt'iiities to run 
 away and make tlieireseape ; and that never, 
 since he came among them, had fought 
 aiiaiiisl llie l''.ii!<risli, but being related to lia- 
 kiiis's wife, kept at llie fort with them, lie 
 liiuiin; been there two years ; but his living 
 was to llie wesiward of Boston." So, u|)on 
 their reqin^t, his life was spared. Next day 
 the said ('liiireh ordered that all their corn 
 should be deslroyed, being ii great quantity. 
 Bavin;; a little fur the two old Squaws which 
 he desi;;iii'd lo leave at the fort, to give an 
 aeconiit who he was, and from whence he 
 came ; the rest being knocked on the head, 
 except the aforementioned, for an example, 
 onlering them all to be buried. Having 
 inquired w here all their best beaver was, they 
 said il was carried away to make a present to 
 the Hiiv of rundy Indians, who were com- 
 ing lo iheir assistancr, 
 
 j\ow beimj: ready lo draw off from thence, 
 lie called the two old Squaws to him, and 
 gave each of lliiiii a ki llie and some biscuits, 
 biddiii:; llieni to tell the Indians when they 
 came bonie.ihal he was known by the name 
 of Captain ('hiireli, and lived in the westerly 
 part of riynioiilh government; and that 
 those iiidi ins thai eaiiie with him w-re for- 
 merly Kin:; I'hilip's n, and that he bad 
 
 met Willi tlii'in ill I'hilip's war, and drew 
 llieni oil' from him to fi^ht for the Knglisli, 
 auainst the saiil I'hilip and his associates, 
 who then promised hiii I tight for the l'<n- 
 ghsh as loll!; as they bad one enemy left ; 
 and said that they did not qiieslioii hut be- 
 foK' Indian corn was ripe lo have Philip's 
 heuil, iiotwillii<tanilin>( lie had twice as iiiaiiv 
 l<i 
 
 men as were in their country ; and that they 
 had killed nnd taken one thousand three 
 hundred and odd of Philip's men, women 
 nnd children, nnd Philip himself, with several 
 other Sachems, and that they should tell 
 ilakins and Worumbos, that if they had a 
 mind to see their wives and children they 
 should come to Wells' garrison, nnd that 
 there they might hear of them. Major 
 Church having done, moved with all his 
 forces down to Mequait, where the transports 
 were (but in the way some of his soldiers 
 threatened the Indian man prisoner very 
 much, so that in a thick swamp he g.tve them 
 the slip nnd got away), nnd when they all got 
 on hoard the transport, the wind being fair, 
 made the best of tlieir way for Winter-har- 
 bor, and the next morning before day, nnd 
 as soon ns the day appeared, they discovered 
 some smoke rising towards Skaman's gar- 
 rison. He immeiiiately sent nwiiy n scout ofl 
 sixty men, nnd followed presently with the I 
 whole body; the scout coming near n river 
 discovered the enemy lo he on the other side 
 of the river. But lliree of the enemy were 
 come over the river, to the same side of the 
 river which the scout was of; ran hastily 
 down to their cnnoe, one of which lay at 
 each end of the canoe, nnd the third stood 
 up to puddle over. The scout fired at them, 
 and he that paddled fell down upon the 
 canoe, and broke it to pieces, so that all 
 three perished. The firing put the eiiemyi 
 to the run who leA their canoes nnd pro-| 
 visions to ours; nnd old Uoiiey, and one, 
 Thomas Baker, an Englishman, who was n 
 prisoner amongst them, were up nt ihc fulls, 
 nnd heard the guns fire, expected iho other 
 Indians were come to their assistance, so 
 cnine down the river in n canoe ; but when 
 they perceived that there were English as 
 well as Indians, old Doney run the canoe 
 ashore, and ran over Baker's head, and fol- 
 lowed the rest, and then Baker come to ours 
 and gave an account of the beiiver hid nt 
 Pejepscot plain, nnd coming to the place 
 where the plunder was, the major sent a 
 scout to Pejepscot fort, to see if they could 
 make any discovery of the enemy's tracks, 
 or could discover any coming up the river ; 
 who returned and said ihey saw nothing but 
 old tracks at tiie said fort. 
 
 Now having got some plunder, one of the 
 captains said it was lime to go home, and 
 several others were of the same mind ; and 
 the major being much disturbed at the mo- 
 tion of theirs, expecting the enemy would 
 come in n very short time, where they might 
 have a great advantage of tluui. Notwilh- 
 standiiig all he could say or do, he was 
 obliged to call a council, according to his in- 
 structions, wherein he was out-voteil. Tlie 
 said commander seeing he was put by of his 
 intentions, proffered if sixty men would stay 
 with him, he would not embark as yet ; liut 
 all he could say or do could not prevail ; 
 then they moved to the vessels andemharked, 
 and as they were going in the vessels, on the 
 back side of Rlayr-point, they discovered 
 eight or nine canoes, who turned short about 
 and went up the river ; neiiig tlie same In- 
 dians that the major expected, and wouhl 
 have waited for ; and the aforesaid caplain 
 jiiring niiiell disliirbed at what the major had 
 Uaid to him, drew off from the lleet, and in 
 
 the night ran aground. In ilie moriiin(;An' 
 tlioiiy Bracket, having been advised and 
 directed by the Indian ihal had made his 
 escape from our forces, came down near 
 where the aforesaid vessel lay naround, and 
 got nhoiird, who has proved a good pilot and 
 captain for his coiinlry. The next day be- 
 ing very calm and misty, so lliat they were 
 nil day getting down from Maqiiait to Per- 
 podnck ; and the masters of the vessels think- 
 ing it not safe piiltin^ out in the night, so 
 late in the year, aii.hoied there at I'erpo- 
 dack. The vessels being much crowded, 
 the major ordered that three companies 
 should goon shore, and no more, himself with 
 Captain Converse went with them to order 
 tlieir lodging, and finding just houses con- 
 venient fiir them, vi/.. two barns and one 
 house ; so seeing them all settled nnd their 
 watches out, the major and (^apiain Converse 
 returned to go on board, and coining near 
 where the boat was (it was pretty dark) they 
 discovered some men, hut did not know 
 what or who they were. The major ordered 
 those that were with him nil to clap down 
 and cock their guns, and he calleil out and 
 asked them who they were. And they said, 
 Indians. He asked them whose men they 
 were? They said. Captain Soiitbworlb's. — 
 He asked them where they intended to lodge. 
 They said, in those little huts that the enemy 
 made when they took that garrison. The 
 major told theiii they must not make uny 
 fires, for if lliey did, the enemy would be 
 down upon them before day. They laughed, 
 and said, our major is afraid. Having giv- 
 en them their dneetions, he, with ('apt. ('on- 
 verse went on board the Mary sloop; de- 
 signing to write home, and send away in the 
 morning the two sloops which had the siniiil 
 pox on board. But before day our Iiidiaiik 
 began to make fires, and to sing and dance ; 
 so the major called to Captain Sonthworlh 
 to go ashore and look after his men, for the 
 enemy would he upon them by and by. He 
 ordered the boat to be hauled up to carry 
 him ashore, and called Captain Converse to 
 go with him, and just as the day began to 
 appear, as the major was getting into the boat 
 to go ashore, the enemy fired upon our men ; 
 the Indians, iiotwithstandiiig that one Philip, 
 an Indian of ours, who was out iijioii iho 
 watch, heard a man cough, and the slieks 
 crack; who gave the rest an aee<Miiif, that 
 be saw Inilians; which they would not be- 
 lieve, but said lo him, " You are afraid." — 
 His answer was, that liny might see llieni 
 conic creeping. They laughed, and said, 
 they were hogs. "Aye," said he, "and 
 they will bite yon by and by." So pri seiiily 
 lliey did fire upon our men, but the niorniii^' 
 being misty their guns did not go oil' ipiicU, 
 so that our men had all time to fall down be- 
 fore their guns went ofl", and saved lln iii- 
 selves from that volley, except one man, w ho 
 was killed. 
 
 This sudden firing upon our Indian sol- 
 diers surprised them so that tin y hl'i llnir 
 arms, but soon recovered iheiii au:iiiii, and 
 got down the bank which was but lo«-. The 
 major, with all the forces on board, l.iiidi d 
 as fast as ihey could, the enemy firiiii; sniarl- 
 ly at them ; liowever all got safe a>liori . — 
 'I'be enemy had a great advantiige of oa-- 
 forces, who were between (he siiiiii.an:^ rani 
 
 f i 
 
706 
 
 KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 !; 
 
 Ihe enemy, so that if ii iiinii put up liis lieiid or 
 hand they couhl see it, luid wouhl tire lit it. 
 However some, with the iiiiijor, irot up the 
 blink hehind stiiiiipH and rocks, to hiive the 
 ndvantii^u of lirin;; at the enemy ; bill when 
 the sun was risen the major shpped (h)\vn the 
 bank iiijain, wliere all the forces wereorih'red 
 to observe his inoti )n, viz. tiiat he wouUI <i\ve 
 three shouts, and then all of them should 
 run with him up the bunk. So, when he 
 had ^iven the third shout, ran up the bank, 
 and Captain Converse with him, but when the 
 said Converse perceived that the forces did 
 not follow as commanded, called to the ma- 
 jor anil told him the forces did not follow ; 
 who, notwithstandin!; the enemy fired smartly 
 at him, i;ot safe down the bank aj^ain, and 
 rallyin<r the forces up the bank, soon put the 
 enemy to (liitht, and followiii;; so close, that 
 they took thirteen canoes, and one Instyinan, 
 who had .(oseph Uanisdel's scalp by his side, 
 wild was taken by two uf our Indians, anil 
 having his deserts was himself scalped. — 
 'i'liis bein:; a short and smart fi:;lit, some of 
 our men were killed and several woniided. 
 Some time after an Englishman, who was 
 pi-isoaer ainoiii;st them, iiave an account that 
 (iiir forces had killed and wounded several of 
 Uie enemy, for they killed several prisoners 
 according Cc custom. 
 
 After this action was over, our forces em- 
 b irlu'd for I'iscataqua, and the innjnr went 
 to Wells, and removed the captain there, 
 and put in Captain Andros, who had been 
 Willi him and knew the discourse left with 
 the two old squaws at Ameras-cogen, for 
 llakins and Worumbos to come there in 
 fourteen days, if they had a mind to bear of 
 llieir wives and children. Who did then, or 
 soon after, come with a flag of truce to said 
 W> lls's garrison, and had leave to come in, 
 and more appearing came in, to the num- 
 ber of eight, without any terms, beint; 
 all chief sachems, and were very pleased 
 to hear of the women and children, viz. Ha- 
 kitis's and Wornmbos's wives and children ; 
 who all said three severid times that they 
 would never fiiiht against the Env'lish any 
 more, for the French made fools of them. — 
 Tney saying as they did, the said Amlros let 
 th !m !io. Major Church being come to I'is- 
 cataipia, and two of his tranK|)orts having 
 the small-pox on bor.nl, and several of the 
 men havinir got iireat colds by their liardscr- 
 vii-e, piiieiided they were going to have the 
 siiiall-piix, thinking by that means to be sent 
 liMiiie speedily. The major being willing to 
 trv them, went to the gentlemen there, and 
 ilcsind lliein to provide a house, for some 
 of his mi'ii expected they should have the 
 siinll'pox; who readily did, and told him 
 ill. It ihe people belonging to it were just re- 
 ciiviT.^d of the small-pox, and had bi'en nil 
 a; ineetinst. The major, returning to his ofli- 
 ivrs, milered them to draw out all their men 
 lliMt were lining to have the small-pox, for he 
 hid provided an hospital for them. So they 
 ilri'W out seventeen men, that had, as they 
 ••liil, all the symptoms of the small-pox. — 
 lie ordered them all to follow him, and cum- 
 in;; to the house he asked them how they 
 iilii'd it I They said very well. Then he 
 mid them that the people in the said house 
 Jul all had she small-pox, mid were reco- 
 •■eriil ; and that if they went in they iiinst 
 
 not come out till they all had it ; whereupon 
 they all presently began to grow better, and 
 to make exci'.si^s, except one man who de- 
 sired to stay out till night before he went in. 
 The major u'"'ng to the gentlemen told them, 
 that one thing more would work a pi.'rfect 
 cure upon his men, which was to let them go 
 home ; which diil work a cure upon all, ex- 
 cept one, and he had not the small-pox. 80 
 he ordered the ]>lnnder should be divided 
 forthwith, and sent away all the Plyiiiouth 
 forces. Hilt the gentlemen there desired 
 him to stay, and they would be assisting to 
 him in raising new forces, to the number of 
 what was sent away ; and that they would 
 send to ISoston for provisions, which they 
 did, and sent Captain Plaisted to the Gover- 
 nor and Council at Boston. And in the 
 mean time the major with those gentlemen 
 went into all these parts and raised a sufli- 
 cient number of men, both officers nnd sol- 
 diers; who all met at the bank on the same 
 day that Captain Plaisted ieturned from Bos- 
 ton ; whose return from the Boston gentle- 
 men was, that the Canada expedition hail 
 drained them so that they could do no more : 
 so that iMajor Church, notwitlistanding he 
 had been at considerable expenses in raising 
 said forces to serve his king and country, 
 was obliged to give them u treat und dismiss 
 them. Taking his leave of them caine home 
 to Boston, in the INIary, sloop, Mr. Alden 
 master, and Captain Converse with him, on 
 a Saturday ; nnd waiting upon the Gover- 
 nor and some of the gentlemen in Boston, 
 they looked very strange n])on them, which 
 not only troubled them, but put them in some 
 consternation what the matter should be, that 
 after so much toil nnd hard service could not 
 have so much as one jileasant word, nor any 
 money in their pockets ; for Major Church 
 had but eight pence left, nnd Captain Con- 
 verse none, as he said afterwards. Major 
 Church seeing two gentlemen who he knew 
 had money, asked them to lend him forty 
 shillings, telling them his necessity: yet 
 they lefnsed. So being bare of money was 
 obliged to lodge at Mr. Alden's three nights, 
 and the next Tuesday morning Captain Con- 
 verse came to him, not knowiiiir each others 
 (nrcnnistances as yet, nnd said lie would 
 walk with him out of town ; so coming near 
 Pollard's at the south end, they had some 
 discourse ; that it was very hard that they 
 should part with dry lips. Major Church 
 told Captain Converse that he had hut eight 
 pence left, nnd could not Ivirrow any money 
 to carry him home. And the said Converse 
 said, that he had not a |)enny left, so thry 
 were obliged to part without going to Pol- 
 lard's. The said Captain ('imverse returned 
 back into town, and the said Church went 
 over to Hoxburv ; and at the tavern he met 
 with Stephen Braton, of Bhode-Islaiid, n 
 drover ; who was glad to see him, the said 
 Church, and he as ijlad to see his neighbour ; 
 whereupon Major ('hiircli called for an eight- 
 penny tankard of drink, and let the said 
 Braton know his circumstances, asked him 
 wheiher he would lend him forty shillings ? 
 fie answered, vcs, forty pounds, if he want- 
 ed it. So he thanked him, and said lie would 
 have but forty shilliiiiis, whieh he freely lent 
 him. And prcsenlly afler Mr. Chnreli was 
 told that iiis 'irnihir, Caleb Chircli, of \\i\- 
 
 tertown was coining with n spare horse for 
 him, having lieard the night before that hia 
 brother was come in ; by which means the 
 said Major Church got home. And for all 
 his travel and expenses in raising soldiers, 
 and service done, never had but JCI4 of 
 Plyinonth gentlemen, nnd not a penny of 
 Boston, notwithstanding he had worn out all 
 his clothes, nnd run himself in delit, so that 
 he was obliged to sell half a share of land 
 iu Tiverton, for about £00, which is now 
 worth £300 more and above what he had. 
 
 Having not been at home long, before ho 
 found out the reason why Boston gentlemen 
 looked sodisnfl'ected on him, as you may see 
 by the sequel of two' letters Major Church 
 sent to the gentlemen in the eastward parts ; 
 which are as followeth : — 
 
 Bristol, November 27, 1090. 
 WonTiiY Gentlemen: 
 
 According to my jiromise when with you 
 last, I waited upon the (iovernor at Boston, 
 upon the Saturday, (Captain Converse being 
 with me. The (iovernor informed us that 
 the Council was to meet on the Monday fol- 
 lowing in the aflernoon, at wliicli time we 
 both there waited upon them, and gave them 
 nil account of the state of your country, nnd 
 great necessities. They informed us, that 
 their General Court was to convene tlio 
 Wednesday following, at which time they 
 would debate and consider of the matter ; 
 myself being bound home, Captain Converse 
 was ordered to wait upon them, nnd bring 
 you their resolves. I tlicn took notice of the 
 Council that they looked upon tne with an ill 
 aspect, not judging rae worthy to receive 
 tliankb for the service I had done in your 
 parts, nor as much as asked me wlieihtr I 
 wanted money to bear my expenses, or a 
 horse to carry me home. But I was fnreed, 
 for want of money, beinir far from iVii'iids, 
 to go to Roxhnry on foot, hut niceliiiii iIk re 
 with a Rhode Island gentleinan, aeipiaiiilcil 
 him of my wants, who Inidend me ten 
 pounds, whereby I was accnniniodaled li,r 
 my journey home. And being come liiuni', 
 I went to the minister of our town, and gjve 
 him an account of the transactions of the 
 great iiff'airs I had beeti employed in, ami of 
 the great favour God was pleased to »how 
 me, and my company, and the bein lit I 
 hoped would accrue to yourselves, and de 
 sired him to return public thanks ; but at ilii> 
 same interim of time n paper was presenii il 
 unto him from a Court of I'lyinonih, wliicli 
 was liolden before I came home, 10 eoiiimaiiil 
 a day of humiliation through the \\ hole ^>>^ 
 vernment, because of the frown of Gud upon 
 those forces sent under my coiiimaiid, ami 
 the ill-success we had, for want of iiood rnn- 
 duct. All which was caused by those (mNc 
 reports which were posted home by those ili- 
 aff'ected otiieers that were under my em;- 
 duet, especially one which yourselves very 
 well Know, who had the advantage of briii." 
 at home a week before nie, beins; sick of ac 
 tioii, and wanting the iidvnntaue to he at tin; 
 bank, which he every day was mindful of, 
 more than figliling the eiiijiiiy in their own 
 I country. 
 
 I After I came home, lieiiii: iiil'urmed of i- 
 
 General Court at PIvinoiith, and net fiirun 
 
 I ting my faithful promise to yon, and the dii.y 
 
KING PIIILir'S AVAR 
 
 707 
 
 a spare horse for 
 lit hcTore tliiit his 
 wliicli nii'ans tlio 
 line. Anil for all 
 I laisiiiu soldiers, 
 had hut £14 of 
 
 I iiiit a priiiiy of 
 
 had worn out all 
 
 If in (leht, so tlint 
 
 f a share of land 
 
 (iO, which is now 
 
 ve what he had. 
 
 no lonji, before ho 
 IJoston {gentlemen 
 
 in), ns you may see 
 Ts Major Church 
 
 he eastward parts ; 
 
 wmbcr 27, 1 090. 
 
 se when with you 
 
 )vernor at Boston, 
 
 in Converse heini; 
 
 r informed ns that 
 
 in the iNlonday fol- 
 
 at which lime we 
 
 lem, and travc tlieni 
 
 f your country, and 
 
 ' informed us, that 
 
 na to convene the 
 
 It which time tiiey 
 
 dcr of the nmtter ; 
 
 e, Captain Converse 
 
 >n them, and hring 
 
 n took notice of the 
 
 upon me with an ill 
 
 worthy to receive 
 
 I had doni^ in your 
 
 isked me wliiMliir I 
 
 my expenses, or a 
 
 . 15nt I was loiecd, 
 
 nir far from iVicmls, 
 
 )l, hut mceiiiiir ilirrc 
 
 ntlenian, ae(|iiMint('il 
 
 ti'nderi'd me leii 
 nccoMinioclaleil for 
 
 il heiiisr come homi', 
 r our town, and i.Mve 
 transactions of I he 
 employed in, and of 
 ras ))leased to show 
 , and the hrnefit I 
 
 1 yourselves, anil de 
 ic ihaidis ; hut al tli6 
 paper was [iresepilrd 
 of I'lymouih, wliicli 
 e home, to eonim.iiid 
 ronsih the whole yi' 
 e frown of (iod ii|iiiii 
 r mv eommanil, ninl 
 or want of uood eon- 
 lalised hy those f;d<e 
 ed h(une hy those dl- 
 tore under my coi:- 
 hich yourselves very 
 V advanla;:e of heinji 
 me, iM'inj; sick of nc 
 rivnntaiie to he at the 
 day wa:< mindful of, 
 enemy in their own 
 
 heiiiit informed of p 
 oiHJi, and net foruri 
 • to you, and llu- dn.y 
 
 I lay under, I went thither, where, waiting; 
 upon them, I iirave them an account of my 
 eastward transactions, and made them sen- 
 sihle of the falseness of those reports that 
 were posted to them hy ill hands, anil found 
 siiine small favorahle acceplance with ihem, 
 so far tliat 1 was credited. I presented your 
 thanks to them for their aeasonahly sending 
 those forces to relieve you, with that expense 
 and charge they had been at; which thanks 
 they irratefully received, and said a faw lines 
 from yourself would have been well accept- 
 ed. I then gave them an account of your 
 );reat necb~-,ities, by bein^ imprisoned in 
 yinir garrisons, and the great mischief that 
 would attend the public concerng of this 
 country hy the loss of their Majesties* inte- 
 rest, and so much good estate of yours and 
 your iieighhours, ns doubtless would be on 
 the deserting of your town. I then moyed 
 fur a free contribution for your relief, which 
 they with tireat forwardness promoted, and 
 then ordered a day of thaidisgiving through 
 the government, upon the Stith day of this 
 instant — upon which day a collection was 
 ordered for your relief (and the places near 
 adjacent) in every respective town in this 
 govermneat ; and for the good management 
 of it, that it might be safely conveyed unto 
 your hands, they appointed a man in each 
 county for the receipt and conveyance there- 
 of The persons nouiinated and accepted 
 thereof, are : for the county of I'lymouih, 
 Captain .\utlianiel Thomas of Marshlield ; 
 for the county of ISariistahle, Captain Joseph 
 Lathrop of liarnstahle ; and for the county 
 of Bristol, myself. Which, when gathered 
 you will have a particular account frmn each 
 person, with orders of advice how it may he 
 disposed of for your best advantage, with a 
 co;;y of the Court's order. The gentlemen 
 (he elfecls are to he sent to, are yourselves 
 that I now write to, viz. .lohii Wheelwright, 
 Ksi|., Captain John Littlefield, and Lieutenant 
 Joseph Story. 1 deferred wrilinf^, expecting 
 every day to hear from you concerning the 
 Indians comiii!; to treat about their prison- 
 ers that we had taken. The discourse I made 
 with lliem at Aineras-cogen, I knew would 
 have that effect as to bring them to a treaty, 
 which I would have thought myself happy 
 to have been improved in, knowing that it 
 would have made much for your good, Uut 
 no intelligence coming to me fnnii any gen- 
 th'iniMi in your parts, and hearing nothing 
 but by accident, and that in the latter end of 
 the wi'i.'k, hy some of ours coming from I!os- 
 ton, iiifiirmedme that the Indians were come 
 into your town to seek for piNice, and that 
 there was to he a treaty speedily, hut the time 
 they knew not. I took my horse, and upon 
 the Aloiiday set out for ISoston, expecting the 
 treaty had been at your town, as rationally it 
 should ; hut on 'I'ucsd.iy night coming to 
 Hostoii, there met with Captain Elislm An- 
 dros, who informed me that the place of 
 treaty was Sacaty-hi>ck,and that('aptain .VI- 
 den was gone from Hoston four days before I 
 canic ihire, and had carried all tlii! Imlian 
 prisoners with hiiii, and that all the forces 
 were drawn out of your parts, exce|)t twelve 
 men in your town, and twelve in I'iscataqmi, 
 which news did so amuse me, to see that 
 wisdom I'.as taken from the wise, and such 
 ioi|)i u<iu.*iue iu their aciioiiij as to be deluded 
 
 by Indians, and to have a treaty so far from 
 any English town, and to draw off the 
 forces upon what pretence soever, to me looks 
 very ill. My fear is that they will deliver 
 those that we have taken, which, if kept, 
 would have been greatly for your security, 
 in keeping them in awe, and preventing them 
 from doing any hostile action or mischief, I 
 knowing that the English being abroad are 
 very earnest to go home, and the Indians arc 
 very tsdious in their discourses, and by that 
 means will have an advantage to have their 
 captives at very low rates, to your great 
 damage. Gentlemen, as to Rhode Island, I 
 have not concerned myself as to any relief 
 for you, having nothing in writing to show 
 to tliem ; yet upon discourse with some gen- 
 tlemen there, they have signified a great for- 
 wardness to promote such a thing. I lying 
 under great reflections from some of yours 
 in the eastward parts, that I was a very 
 covetous person and came there to enrich 
 myself, and that I killed their cattle and bar- 
 relled them up and sent them to Boston, and 
 sold them for plunder, and made money to 
 put into my own pocket ; and the owners of 
 them, being poor people, begged for the hides 
 and tallow with tears in their eyes, and that 
 I was so cruel as to deny them, which makes 
 me judge myself incapable to serve you in 
 that matter. Yet I do assure you, that the 
 people are very charitable at the island, and 
 forward in such good actions, and therefore 
 advise you to desire some good substantial 
 person to take the management of it, and 
 write to the government there, which I know 
 will not be labor lost. As for what I am ac- 
 cused of, you all can witness to the contrary, 
 ami I should take it very kindly from you to 
 do mo that just right, as to vindicate my 
 reputation ; for the wise man says, "A good 
 name is as precious ointment." ^^ heii I 
 hear of the eflects of the treaty, and have an 
 account of this contribution, 1 Intend ngnin 
 to write to you, being very desirous, and 
 should think myself very happy to be fa- 
 vored wiih a few lines from yourselves, or 
 any gentlemen in the eastward parts. Thus, 
 leaving you to the protection and guidance 
 of the great God of heaven and earth, who 
 is able to protect and supply you in your 
 greai difficulties, and to give you deliverance 
 in his own due time. 
 I remain, gentlemen. 
 
 Your most ossured friend, 
 
 To serve you to my utmost power, 
 
 BENJAMIN CHURCH. 
 
 Pojtscript. Esquire Wheelwright, Sir, I 
 entr'iat you, after the perusal of these lines, 
 to communicate the same to Captain John 
 Littlefield, liieutenant Joseph Story, and to 
 any other gentleman as in your judgment 
 you see fit, — with the tenders of my respects 
 to you, and to Major Vauglian, and his good 
 lady and family. To Captain Fryer and 
 good Mrs. Fryer, with hearty thanks for their 
 kindixcss whilst iu those parts, and good en- 
 tertainment from them. My kind respects 
 to Major Frost, Captain Walton, Lieutenant 
 Honeywell, and my very good friend, little 
 liieutenant I'laisted. With due respects to 
 all gentleineii my friends iu the eastward 
 parts, as if particularly imniod. Farewell. 
 
 Ik C. 
 
 ToMaJnrPikc. 
 
 JJnstol, Nov. 27. ICOO. 
 Honored Sia : 
 
 These come to wait upon you, to briny 
 you the tenders of my hearty service toymir- 
 self and lady, with due acknowledgeiiieiit oi 
 thankfulness for idl the kindness and I'lvor 1 
 received from you in the eastward parts, 
 when with you. Since I came from those 
 parts, I nm informed by Captain Andros, 
 that yourself ond all the forces, are drawn 
 off from the eastward parts. I ailmire at il, 
 considering that they had so low esteem of 
 what was done, that they can apprehend the 
 eastward parts so safe before the enemy were 
 brought into subjection, I was iu hopes, 
 when I came from iheiice, that those who 
 were so desirous to have my room, would 
 have been very brisk in my absence, to have 
 got thrmseJvcs some honor, which they very 
 much gaped after, or else they would not 
 have spread so many false reports to defame 
 me — which had I known before I left ihe 
 bank, I would have had satisfaction of them. 
 Your honor was pleased to give me some 
 small account, before I left the hank, of some 
 tilings that were ill represented to yon, con- 
 cerning the eastward cxpedili.in, which being 
 rolled home like a snow-ball through botii 
 colonies, was got to such a bigness that it 
 overshadowed me from the influence of all 
 comfort, or good acceptance among my 
 friends iu my journey homeward. But through 
 God's goodness am come home, finding all 
 well, and myself in good health, hoping that 
 these reports will do me the favor to quit mo 
 from all other public actions, that so I may 
 the more peaceably and quietly wait upon 
 God, and be a comfort to my own family, in 
 this dark time of trouble ; being as one hid, 
 till his indignation is overpast. I shall take 
 it as u great favor to hear of your welfare. 
 
 Subscribing myself, as I am, sir, 
 
 Your most assured friend and servant, 
 BENJAMIN CilUUCII 
 
 Major Church did receive, after this, an 
 swers to his letters, but has lost them, ix 
 cept it be a letter from several of the geiille 
 men in those parts, in June following, Hliiel. 
 is as follows : 
 
 Portsmouth, June 29, 1G91. 
 Major Benjamin Church, 
 Sir:— 
 Your former readiness to expose yourself 
 in the service of the country, against the 
 common enemy, and particularly the late 
 obligations you have laid upon us, in these 
 eastern parts, leaves us under a deep and 
 grateful sense of your favor therein ; nml, 
 forasmuch, as you was pleased, when last 
 here, to signify your ready inclination to fur- 
 ther service of this kind, if occasion should 
 call for it, we therefore presume confiilenlly 
 to promise ourselves compliance accordingly, 
 and have sent this mcssengf-r on purpose to 
 you, to let you know that, notwithstanding 
 the late overture of peace, the cHemy have 
 proved themselves as perndions as ever, and 
 are almost daily killiiiir and destroying upon 
 all our frontiers. The governor and coun- 
 cil of the Massaehuselts have been pleased 
 to order the raising of one hiim'.red .ind fifty 
 men, to be fortlnviih dispatched into ihoso 
 
709 
 
 KINO PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 parts; niul, ns wu uiitlcrstand, liiivu written 
 to your <;ov( rin>r niiil cipiiiiril of i'lymoiilli 
 for fiirllicr iissisitmici', \vliii:li «c piMv voii to 
 |iri)iiioti', li(>{iiiii: it' voii imii ohciln iiboiit two 
 liiiiuli'i'il iiii'ii, l^iL'llsli iiiul liidiaiiM, to vMt 
 t!i<'iii lit soiiK! o(' tlii'ii' licMcl qiiarlt'rs up 
 Ivriiiii'l)cck livir, or tlscivlicrt', wliicli, lor 
 want of iii'crsHiU'ic's, wiis omitted lust jcur, it 
 iiiiiy l»e of •;r«'iit ailvaiitiigu to us. We oft'er 
 iiotliiiii; of ailvioe as to what uictliods are 
 most proper to lie takeu in this alVair, your 
 acquaintance will) our eircumstanees as well 
 IIS the enemies', will direct you therein. We 
 leave the conduct thereof to your own ilis- 
 cretion, hut that the want of provision, i&'C. 
 may he noreinora to your motion, you may 
 please to know Mr. (Jeaft'onl, one of our 
 ]irincipal inhahilanls, luiw residin<; in ISos- 
 ton, both promised to take care to supply to 
 liiu value of two or three hundred pounds, if receive 
 occasinn require. We (iray a few lines liy 
 the bearer to ifive us a prospect of what we 
 may expect for oar further eacouragemeut, 
 and remain, sir. 
 
 Your obliged friends and servants, 
 William Vaiig/iaii, Richard ^Ir.rtyv, 
 Nalhanicl I''ri/cr, Vi'iiham Fernald, 
 Francis Ilookc, Charles Frost, 
 
 John Wincol, Robert FAliott. 
 
 A true copy of the oriiiiual letter — which 
 letter was presented to mu by Captain Hutch, 
 who came express. 
 
 Major Church scut them his answer, the 
 contents whereof was, that he had <;one often 
 enough for notliiu!;, and especially to be ill- 
 treated with scandals and false reports, when 
 Inst out, whicli he could not forget; and sig- 
 nitied to liiem, that doubtless some amont; 
 them thoU!;ht they could do without him. — 
 And to make sliort of it, they did go nut, and 
 meeting with tin: enemy at Maquait, were 
 most shamefully beaten, as I have been ia- 
 furmed. 
 
 To Jtcnjamin Church, (Jcnt, lireetiiif^. 
 
 lieposing special trust and confidence in 
 your l<iyaliy, courage, and good conduct, I 
 tio by lh(si' presents eonstilnte and appoint 
 you to be iMajor of the sc'veral companies of 
 militia, detached for their iMajesties' service 
 against their French and Indian enemies. — 
 You are therefore authorized and required iii 
 their Majesties' names, to discharge the duty 
 of a major, by leading, ordering, and exer- 
 cising the said several companies in iiriiis, 
 both inferior officers and soldiers, keeping 
 them in good order and discipline, eoin- 
 inandiitg them to obey you as their major; 
 and diligently to intend the said service, for 
 the prosecr.ting, pursuing, killing, and de- 
 stroying of the said common enemy ; and 
 yourself to observe and follow such orders 
 and directions as you shall from time to time 
 from myself, according to the rules 
 and discipline of war, pursuant to the trust 
 reposed in you for their Maje.«tie8' service. — 
 (liven under my hand and seal nt Itoston, 
 the 25tli day of July, l&M, in the fourth year 
 of the reign of our sovereign lord and lady 
 William and Mary, by the grace of (Jod, 
 King and Queen of England, Scotland, 
 France and Ireland, defenders of the faith. 
 WILLIAM PHIPS. 
 
 Hy !iis Excellency's coininand, 
 
 Isaac Addinutun, Secretary. 
 
 niB Tiinin EXPEmTioN east. 
 
 This was in the year 1()9'2. In the time of 
 Sir William Phips's government, Major Wal- 
 ley being at IJostoii, was nquested iiy his 
 fxcelleney to treat with .Major Church ab<iiit 
 going east with liiin. .Major Walley coming 
 lionie, did as ilesiri J ; and to encourage the 
 said .Major Cnurcli, told him that now was 
 the time to have recompense for his former 
 great expenses, saying also, that the country 
 could not give him less than two or three 
 hundred pnuiids. So upon his excellency's 
 request Major Church went down to Hoston, 
 and waited upon him, who said he was glad 
 to see him, and alter some discourse told the 
 said Church that he was going cast himself, 
 Hiid that he should be his second, and in his 
 absence command all the forces. .And being 
 requested by his excellency to raise what 
 volunteers h*^ eoiild of his old soldiers in the 
 county of Kristol, both English and Indians, 
 received his commission, whicii is ns fol- 
 lows : 
 
 Sir William I'hips, Knight, Captain Gen- 
 eral and Govcrnor-in-Chief in and over 
 hit Majrsti/'s province, of the Massachu 
 Htl's Day in New England, 
 
 Reltirning home to the county nforesnid, 
 he soon raised a sufficient number of volun- 
 teers, both English and Indians, and officers 
 suitable to command them, marched them 
 down to liostoii. IJut there was one thing I 
 would just mention, which was, that Major 
 Church, being short of money, was forced to 
 borrow six pounds in money of Lieutenant 
 Woodman, in Litllc-Conipton, to distribute 
 by a shilling and a hit at a time to tlic In- 
 dian soldiers, who, without such nlluremeiits, 
 would not have marched to I'oston. This 
 money Major Church put into the hands of 
 Mr. William Fobes, who was going out their 
 commissary in that service, who was ordered 
 to keep a just account of what each Indian 
 had, so that it might be deducted out of their 
 wages at their return home. Coming to 
 IJoston, his excellency having got things in 
 a readiness, they embarked on board their 
 transports, his excellency going in person 
 with them, being bound to IVmequid, hut in 
 their way stopped at Casco, and buried the 
 
 excellency di<l, and gave Major Church his 
 orders, wiiicli lU'e as followi lb : 
 
 liyhiseieelLncySir William I'hips, Knight, 
 Captain General and Govcrnor-in-Chiif, 
 in and over their Majesties'' province of the 
 Massachusetts Hay, in New England. 
 
 Instructions for Major lienjamin Church. 
 
 Wherens you are IMajor, and so chief offi- 
 cer of n body of men detached (Uit of the 
 militia appointed for an expedition against 
 the Frencli and Indian enemy, yon are duly 
 to observe the following instructions : 
 
 Imprimis. You are to take care that the 
 worship of God he duly anilei/ristaiilly main- 
 tained and kept up among you, aiitl to suffer 
 no swearing, cursing, or other prolanalion ol 
 the holy name of (iod ; and as iiiiich as in 
 you lies, to deter and hinder all other vices 
 amongst your s(ddiers. 
 
 2dly. Yon arc to proceed with the sol- 
 diers under your cominaiid, to Penobscot, 
 and with what privacy and nndiseoverable 
 methods you can, there to huid your men, 
 and take the best measures to surprise the 
 enemy. 
 
 3dly. You are, by killing, destroying, and 
 all other means p'issible, to endeavor the 
 destruction of the ei.cmy ; ::■ pursuance 
 whereof, being satisfied of your coiiraiie 
 and conduct, I leave the same to your dis- 
 cretion. 
 
 4thly. You nre to endeavor the taking 
 what captives you cr , either men, women, 
 or children, and ihe ame safely to keep and 
 convey them unto me. 
 
 othly. Since it is not possible to jiidire 
 how iiffairs may be circumstanced with y.m 
 there, I shall therefore not limit your return, 
 but leave it to your prudence, only that you 
 make no longer stay than yon can improve 
 for advantage against the enemy, or may 
 reasoinibly hope for the same. 
 
 Cthly. You are also to take care ami bu 
 very induslrions by all possibli; means to find 
 out and destroy all the enemies' corn, iiiid 
 other provisions in idl places where you can 
 come at the same. 
 
 7lhly. You are to return from Penobscot 
 and those eastern pans, to make all dispatch 
 hence for Ketineheek river, and tln^ placis 
 adjacent, and there prosecute all advaiilage« 
 against the enemy as aforesaid. 
 
 Sibly. If any soldier, officer, or otliei 
 
 bones of the dead people there, and took off' shall be disobedient to you as their eomiiiaii. 
 the great guns that were tliere ; then went to der-in-chief, or other their superior <ifficer, 
 Pemeqiiid — coining there, his exceMency ' or make or cause any mnliny, eiaiimit other 
 asked Major (Jliurch to go ashore r.iid give J offence or disorders, yon shall ee.ll a council 
 his judgment about erecting a fort there. — 1 of war amongstyonr officers, ami having tried 
 He answered, '.hat his genius did not incline him or them so offending, intlict sneb pun- 
 that way, for he never had any value (or 
 them, being only nests for destructions, — 
 His excellency said, he had a special order 
 from their Majesties King William und 
 Queen JIary, to erect a fort there. Then 
 they went ashore and spent some time in the 
 projection thereof. Then his excellency told 
 iMajor Church that he might take all the 
 forces with him except one company to stay 
 with him and work about the fort. The 
 Major answered, that if his excellency 
 pleased he might keep two companies with 
 iiim, and he would go with tin; rest to I'e- 
 nobscot, and places adjacent. Which his 
 
 ishnient as the merit of the offriiee requiri s, 
 death only excepted, which, if any shall de- 
 serve, you are to secure the person, and sig- 
 nifv the crime unto me by the first oppor- 
 tunity. 
 
 Given under my hand this lllli day of 
 August, Hi'M. 
 
 WILLIAM PHIPS 
 
 Then the miijor iind his forces embarked 
 and made the best of their way to PeimK 
 scot; anil coming tc an i>lai'.il in these \mit< 
 in the evening, landeil his forces at one en. I 
 of the said island. Then the major I'.iok 
 
or Cliiirch hia 
 
 J'/iips, A'»(i,'/i<, 
 cnior-iiiChirf, 
 troviiicr of llie 
 
 (imin Church. 
 
 (I so chief iiflj. 
 ictl <lllt lit" lliu 
 ilitloii ii<;!iiiist 
 villi lire iliily 
 icliiiiis : 
 
 an- lliiit tlii> 
 
 iiislniilly iiiiiin- 
 
 Mini to siiU'cr 
 
 |ll'llfllllMlillM <if 
 
 lis iniu-li IIS ill 
 ill (lllltT vici'd 
 
 ll witll till! 8ol- 
 
 to IViiolisciit, 
 iiiiiliscoVL'i'iiblu 
 iiikI ymir iiicii, 
 to f^iiipiise tliu 
 
 (Itslrovmir, iiml 
 
 1 fiKJriivor tin; 
 
 i:i |iiii'siianci' 
 
 vmir rutirii!.'!' 
 
 iiif to viiiir ilis- 
 
 nvor the tnliiiia 
 r IIICII, woiiirn, 
 My to ki'i'j) iiiul 
 
 nssililo to jiidire 
 t.'iiici'ii with you 
 mil your rttiirn, 
 i', only tliut you 
 I'oii onii iiii|ii'ovu 
 ciiciiiy, or iniiy 
 
 ike can; anil lie 
 ill.' means to tiinl 
 riiiies' corn, and 
 < uliere you can 
 
 from I'l'iioliscol 
 imIu' nil ijii'iiatcli 
 
 ami till' |ilac( s 
 Ic all advaiita<;r4 
 lid. 
 
 oiliccr, or otiiri 
 s ilii'ir conitiiaii- 
 Mipcrior oiliccr, 
 iy, commit oilier 
 ill call a Cdiiiicil 
 and liavinu tried 
 iillict siicli piiii- 
 ort'riicc reijuires, 
 if any ^^liall de- 
 person, and siii- 
 
 tlic fnst o|ipnr- 
 
 liis Ilth day of 
 
 ws\ I'nirs 
 
 orces eniliarkiil 
 ■ way to I'eniiK 
 id in tin SI' piti:-' 
 nrrch at one i-i,,| 
 till,' major ImoK 
 
 KINO IMII LIP'S WAU. 
 
 :03 
 
 part of his forces nnd moved towiiid day to 
 tlio other end of tlui said i>land, where the\ 
 fiiiind two Frenchmen and tluir families in 
 their houses, and that one or both of them 
 liiid Indian women to their wives, and had 
 thililr.'ii liy them. The major presently ex- 
 'laiiiiin;; the Frenchmen wlicn; the Indians 
 Were, they told him that there was a };reat 
 coaipaiiy of them upon an island just hy, 
 uiid sliowiiii; liiui llie island, presently dis 
 (overcd several of them. Major Church nnd 
 his forces still kecpini; undiscovered to them, 
 iiskud the (''renchnieii where their passiii<; 
 place was, which they readily showed them, 
 so presently they placed an amiiiiscade to 
 take any that should conic over, then sent 
 orders for all the rest of the forces to cuuie, 
 xcndini; them an account of what he had 
 seen and met withal, strictly cliar<;iiiK them 
 to keep themselves undiscovered by the 
 (Mieniy, The ambuscade did not lie lon^ 
 bet'ore an Indian man and woman came over 
 in a canoe, to the place for landing;, where 
 the ambuscade was laid, who hauled up their 
 ciinoe, anil came ri;;lit into the Ininds of our 
 iimhiiscMde, who so suddenly surprised them 
 that they could not fiive any notice to the 
 others from whence they came ; the major 
 orderinir that none of his should ntfcr to 
 meddle with the canoe, lest they should be 
 discovered, bopiiii; to take the most of them, 
 if his forces came ns ordeie'd, he expecting 
 thcni to come as directed ; but the first news 
 lie had of them was, that they were all com- 
 in<r, though not privately, as ordered ; but 
 the vessels fair in siulil of the enemy, which 
 soon put them all to t1i<.dit; and our forces 
 n^t haviiiir boats snilahle to pursue them, 
 they i{ot all away in their canoes, which 
 caused Major Clinich to say, be would 
 never iro out n:rain wilhoiit asiitllcient num- 
 ber of whale-boats, which for want of, was 
 the mill of thataciion. Then .Major (burcb, 
 accordinir to bis iiistrnctinn, raiii;ed all those 
 parts, to find all their corn, and carried a- 
 board their vessels what he tboiiiiht conve- 
 nient, and deslroyed the rest. Also, finding 
 considerable (piantilies of plunder, vi/,. bea- 
 ver, moose-skins, <."tc. Ilavi ijr done what 
 service they could in those parts, he returned 
 back to his excellency at I'emeipiid ; where 
 bcin;^ come, staid not Ioiil', they bcini; short 
 of bread, bis excellency intended home for 
 lioslon, for mori! provisions; but before i{o- 
 in^t with Major Church and bis I'orces to Keu- 
 nebcck river, and eomiinj there, j;avc bin: 
 farther orders, which are as follows: 
 
 liy Ills Iltcilkntij llic Governor, 
 To JTajor liciijam'.ii Church. 
 
 You bavinir already received former in- 
 i-lructions, are now further to proceed with 
 the soldiers under your command for Ken- 
 iiebcck river, and the places ailjaceiit, and 
 use your utmost endeavors to lull, destroy, and 
 take captive tin; Kreneli and Inili.in enemy 
 wheresoever yon shall Iiml any of them; and 
 lit your return to I'eiinipiid (which you are to 
 do as soon as you can conveniently, after 
 yoiirliest endeavor done against the enemy, 
 nnd bavinir destroyed their corn and other 
 provisions.) you arc to stay with all your sol- 
 diers and otlicers, nnd set them to witrk on 
 llie fort ; and make what dispatch you can 
 
 in that business, staying there until my fur- considerably loiii,'er. liein;; n<AV at Huston 
 ihcr order. he received his commission and instructions; 
 
 WlLLiAM PIIIPS. 
 
 Then Ilis excellency takinij; lenvo went for 
 noston, and soon after Alajor Church and 
 hia force had a smart fii;lit with the enemy 
 in Keiinsbock river, pursued them so Imrd 
 that they left their canoes, and ran up into 
 the woods, still pursued them up to their fort, 
 at Taconock, which the enemy perceiving 
 set fire to their houses in the fort, nnd ran 
 away by the light of them ; and when Major 
 (^'liiircb came to the said fort found about half 
 their bouses standing and the rest burnt ; 
 also found great (piantities of corn, put up 
 into Indian cribs, which be and his forces 
 destroyed as ordered. 
 
 Having dune what service lie could in 
 
 which are us follows ; 
 
 William Stoughlon, Esquire, Lieutenant Go. 
 vcrnor, and Comm iitiler-iii-Chirf, in and 
 uvt) his Afdjesty'a jirorliiit: of t/ic Maa 
 suchuaells liny, in Xcw Eufjar.d, 
 
 To Major licnjumin Church, Greeting: 
 
 AVhcrens, there nre several compaiiicd 
 raised, consisting of P.nglishmen auil In- 
 dians, for his majesty's service, to go forth 
 upon the encouragement given by the great 
 and general court, or asseinbly of this, his 
 majesty's province, convened at IJoston, the 
 the 27lh day of May, KiUli, to prosecute the 
 French and Indian enemy, &e. Ami you, 
 having offered yourself to take the coin- 
 
 those parts, returned to I'emequid, and cnm-lniand and conduct of the said several com- 
 
 ing lliere employed his forces according to 
 Ilis instructions. Being out of bread, his ex- 
 cellency not coming. Major Church was 
 obliged to borrow bread of the captain of 
 the man-of-war that was then there, for all 
 the forces under bis coinmaiid, his excellency 
 not coming as expected ; but at length liis 
 excellency came and brought very little bread 
 more than would pay what was borrowed of 
 the man-of-war ; so that in a short lime 
 liter Major Church, with his forces, retu'-ti>.d 
 tome to Boston, and had their wages for 
 their good service done. Only one thing by 
 the way I will just mention, that is, about 
 the six pounds iMajor Church borrowed as 
 aforementioned, niid ])Ut into the hands of 
 Mr. Fobes, who distributed the said money, 
 all but thirty shillings, to the Indian soldiers, 
 IS directed, which was deducted out of their 
 wages, and the country bad credit for the 
 same ; and the said Fobes kept the thirty 
 shillings to himself, which was deducted out 
 of his wages; whereupon Major Walley and 
 saiil Fobes had some words. In short, Alajor 
 Church was obliged to expend about six 
 pounds of his own money in marching down 
 the forces both Kiiglish and Indians, to Bos- 
 ton, having no drink allowed them upon the 
 road ; so that instead of Major Church's 
 having the allowances aforeiiienlioned hy 
 Major Walley, be was out of pocket about 
 twelve poniiils over and aliove what he had ; 
 all which had not been, had not bis excellency 
 been gone out of the country. 
 
 THE FOURTH i:xpi;niTioN east. 
 
 panics; by virtue therefore of the power 
 and authority in nnd by bis majesty's royal 
 commisssion to me granted, reposing special 
 trust and confidence in your loyally, pru- 
 dence, courage, and good eoinliiel, I do bv 
 these presents constitute anil appoint yon to 
 he major of the said several compaiiies, both 
 Englishmen and Indians, raised for his 
 majesty's service upon the enconrairi uient 
 al'oresaid. Yon arc therefori! carifnily and 
 diligently to perforin the duly of your place, 
 by leading, ordering, and excrci.-iiiir the said 
 SI eral companies in arms, both inferior of- 
 ficers and soldiers, keeping tbein in good or- 
 der nnd discipline, coinnianding them to 
 obey you as their major: and yourself dil- 
 igently to intend his majesty's xrvice for the 
 prosecuting, taking, killing, or destroyiii<r the 
 said enemy by sea or land ; and to olisiTve 
 all such orders and instructions as you shall 
 from time to time receive from myself, oi- 
 commander-iu-chief for the time being, ac- 
 cording to the rules and discipline of war; 
 [lursuantto the trust ri posed in you. (liveii 
 under my hand and seal at arms, at Boston, 
 the third day of August, Ki'.MJ, in the cigbih 
 vear of the reign of our sovereign lord Wil- 
 liam the Third, by the grace of d'od, of 
 Fiiglaiid, Scotlnnd, France, and Ireland, 
 king, defender of the faith, &c. 
 
 WILLIAM .»iT(»l <;HTON. 
 By cumniand of the Lieut, (iov. «kc. 
 
 Isaac Aduinoton, Secretarv. 
 
 Province of the .}fassachusrtls Hoy. 
 
 By the liiglit Ifonorablr the Lieutenant Go- 
 vernor and Cummandrr-in-Chief. 
 
 Instructions for Major Benjamin Church, 
 Commander of the forces raised fer his 
 M<ijesty''s service, against the French and 
 Indian enemy and ribels : 
 Pursuant to the commission giu'iiyoii, yon 
 whale-boats, and other' are to emiinrk the forces now furnished nnd 
 he would. 
 
 In 1091), Alajor Cbm'cli being at Boston, 
 and iu'lonsjing to the bouse of representa- 
 tives, several gentlemen re(|iiested him to go 
 cast again, and the general court having j 
 made nets of cncoiiraiiement, he told them, 
 if they would provide 
 
 necessaries einiveiiicnt, he would. Being' eipiipped for bis majesty's services on the 
 also requested bv the said general court, be j present expeilition, to the la.-tcrn parts o( 
 proceeded to raise volunteers, ami made it! this |)rovince, and wiili tbciii, and such 
 ilis whole business, riding liolli east and 1 others as shall offer themselves to go forth on 
 west ill onr province and Connecticut, al;iliesaid service, to sail unto risealaipia, to 
 :;reat c!iari;'e and expenses ; anil in about a jjoln those lalely di.-palebed ihitlicr for tlie 
 month's time raised a .-nllicieiit number out; same expedition to await your coming; and 
 of those parts, and marched tlicni down tol with all care anil diligence to improve tlio 
 Boston; where he had the promise that vessels, boats, and men under your coni- 
 everv thing should lie ready in tliri'c weeks inaiid, in search for, prosecution and pursuit 
 or a month's time, but was obliged to stay |of, the said enemy, at such places where you 
 
■no 
 
 KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 (nay be informed of their iilioile or resort, or 
 where yon iimy proluilily cxpict lo fliul, or 
 liicKt with lliiMii, mill take nil iidviiuliisri'-' 
 '.(irgiiii.tt llii'ui »liieli iiroviiUiicL' rliiill favor 
 you willi. 
 
 Yon are not to list or aecept iiny solilicrs 
 tliat are alreaily in liis iniijesly'.s pay, i 
 |io.«t tl at any town or L'arrison williin llus 
 jij'oviiice, wiiliont ^pecial order from my- 
 self. 
 
 You arc to require luul j;ive strict orders 
 tliiit tliu (liitiex of reliiiioii lie atteiuied on 
 huiird the several ve^duls, and in the several 
 companies under your command, hy daily 
 prayers unto God, and remlin^; liis licdy word, 
 uiid ohservaiice of the Lord's day, to the ut 
 most you can. 
 
 You are to see that your soldiers have their 
 due allowance of provisions and other ne- 
 cessaries, und that the sick or wounded he 
 iicconiinodated in the liest manner your cir- 
 cumstances will admit. And that ^ood or- 
 der and command may he kept up and main- 
 tained in the several companies, and all dis- 
 orders, drnidienness, profane cnr^in;;, swear- 
 inir, disuhedieiice to ollicers, mutinies, omis- 
 sions, or neglect of doty, he duly punished 
 uccordini! to the laws martial. And yini are 
 lo retpiire the captain or chief ofUeer of each 
 company, with the clerk of the same, to keep 
 an exact jonrnal of all iheir proceedinirs from 
 lime to lime. 
 
 In case any of the Lidian enemy and 
 rehels offer to swhmit themselves, yon are to 
 receive them oidy at discretion ; hut if yon 
 think lit to improve any of them, or any 
 others which you may happen to taKe pri- 
 soners, you may eneonra<;i! them to In- faith- 
 ful hy the promise of their lives, which shall 
 be granted upon approhation of their li- 
 delily. 
 
 You are carefully to look after the Indians 
 which you have out of the prison, so that 
 they may not have opportunily to esca|)e, 
 but otherwise improve them to what advan- 
 tnge you can, and return them hack a^ain to 
 this place. 
 
 You are to advise, as you can have occa- 
 sion, with Ca|>tain .lohn (lorham, who ac- 
 companies ytni in this expedition, and is to 
 take your command in case of your death. 
 A copy of these instructions you are to leave 
 with him, and to i;ive me an account from 
 time to time of vour proceediu'.'s. 
 
 WILLIAM .STOUGIITON. 
 
 Boston, Aujiust l-.ith, IG'JU. 
 
 In the time Major Church lay at Roston, 
 the news came of I'emequid fort heinjj; taken ; 
 it came hy u shallop that hroU!;ht some pri- 
 soners to Boston, who ^ave an account also, 
 that there was a Krencli ship at Mouiit- 
 Desart, who had taken a ship of ours ; so' 
 the discourse was that they would send the 
 man-of-war, with other forces to take the said 
 French ship, and retake ours. Itut in the 
 mean-time Major Church and his forces hc- 
 ini; ready, einharked, and on the L>thday 
 of Auunst set sail for Piscatacpia, where! 
 more men were to join them, hut hefore they 
 left Boston, Major CImreh discoursi.'d with 
 the captain of the maii-of war, who promised 
 him, if he went to Monnt-Desart, in pnrsiiil 
 of the I'Venchship, iIieiI he woidd call for Inm 
 and his forces at Piscataqim, cxpectiag that 
 
 the French nnd Indians mi);lit not he far 
 from the said French ship, so that he inii;ht 
 have an opportunity to fi^ht them wliilif he 
 was eii^aijcd with the French ship. ISoon 
 al'ler the forces arrived at I'iscatai|ini, the 
 major sent his Indian soldiers to ('nloiiel 
 (iiilney, at York, to he assisliiii; for the <le- 
 fiiiee id' those places ; who jjave them a 
 uood comnoMid lor iheir ready and willini; 
 servicvs (hnie, in scoulini;, and the like. — 
 Lyiiij; at l'iscata(pia with the rest (d' our 
 forces near a week, waitin;^ for more forces 
 who were to join them, to n\ake up their 
 complement, in all which time heard never 
 a word of the man-of-war. On the 22d of 
 Auijust they idl end)arked for Piscataqim, 
 and when they came against Y'ork, the 
 major went ashore, sending Captain Gorhain 
 with some forces, in two hrigantines and a 
 sloop to M'inter-llarhnur, orderinj; him to 
 send out scouts, to see if they could make 
 any discovery of the enemy, and to wait 
 there till he came to them. Major Church 
 coming to York, {'(doiiel Gidney told him 
 ' is opinion was, that the enemy was drawn 
 olf from those parts, for that the seoals 
 coidd not discover any of them, nor their 
 tracks. So having done his husim-- there, 
 went, with what forces he had there, to^Via- 
 ter-llarhoio', where he had the same aeconnt 
 from (^'aptain (lorliam, that they luid not dis- 
 covered any of the enemy, nor any new 
 tracks; so, concluding they were gcnie from 
 those parts towards l'enol)scot, llii' major or- 
 dered all the vessels to sail and make the hest 
 of their way to Monhegin, wliicli laing not 
 far from I'enohscot, where the nniin hody of 
 our enemies was living ; heini; in trreat hopes 
 to come up with the army of French and In- 
 dians, hefore they had scattered and were 
 gone past Penohsciit, or Monnt-Desart, 
 which is the chief place of their departure 
 from each other after such actions; and hav- 
 ing a fair wind, made the hest of their way, 
 nd early next morning they got into Mon- 
 hegin, ami there lay all <lay fitting their hoals 
 and other necessaries to embark in the night 
 it .Mnssel-neck with thi'ir boats ; lying there 
 all day to keep undiscovered from the 
 enemy ; ut night the major ordi'ied the ves- 
 sels all to come to sail, and carry the forces 
 over the hay, near I'enohscot, hat haviiij; lit- 
 tle wimi he ordered all the soldi<'rs lo emhark 
 on hoard the boats with eight days' provision, 
 and sent the vessels hack to iMonhegin, that 
 they might not be discovered hy the enemy ; 
 giving them orders when and where they 
 should come to him. 'i'lie forces being all 
 ready in their boats, rowi'g very hard, got 
 ashore at a point near P< ""hseot, just as the 
 day broke and hid tin hoals, and keeping 
 a good look out hy sea, and sent scouts (Uil 
 by land ; hut could not discover either ca- 
 noes or Indians ; what tracks and fire places 
 they saw were judged to he seven or eiiiht 
 days hefore they came. As soon as night 
 came, that they might be undiscovered, got 
 into their boats, and went by Mussel-neck, 
 and so amongst Penobscot Islands, looking 
 very sharp as they went for fires on the shore, 
 and for canoi's, but found neither; getting up 
 to M al behest licks hi I Is, day coming <m, landed, 
 ami hid their boats, looking out for xhv en- 
 emy, as tlicday hefore, but to liltle purpose. 
 Night coining on, to their ours again, working 
 
 very hard, turned the night into day ; made 
 several of their new sohliers griimlile, hiit 
 lelliiig them they hoped lo eonie up ipiirMy 
 willi the enemy, put new lil'i' into idem, and 
 hy day-li'lht lliey got inio llie iiionlh of ihe 
 river, when' landing, I'niinil many rendc/vuiis 
 and fire places where the Indians liad in in, 
 hill at the same space of lime as belnji' men- 
 lioned; anil no canoes pa.-sed op llie rivi r 
 that day. Thiir pilot, .losepli York, in- 
 formed the major that ")(» or (i(» miles up llial 
 river, at the great falls, the enemy had a great 
 rendezvous, and planted a great (luantily of 
 corn, when he was a )iris<mer willi them, 
 four years ago, and that he was very well ac- 
 quainted there ; this gave great enconnige- 
 inent to have some consiiU'rable adviiii- 
 tage of the enemy at that place ; so using 
 their utmost endeavours lo get up ihere un- 
 discovered, and coining tlier<' found no en- 
 emy, nor corn planted, they having descried 
 the |tlace. And ranging about the falls oh 
 both sides of ihe river, leaving men on the 
 east side of the said river, and the lioals just 
 below the falls, willi a good guard lo secure 
 llieni, and to la!\e llie enemy if they came 
 down the river in their canoes. 'J'he west 
 side beiiii; the placid where the enemy lived, 
 and best lo travel on, they resolveil lo range 
 as privately as they conld ; a mile or two 
 above the fills discovered a birch canoe com- 
 ing down wilh two Indians in it, the major 
 sent wio'd immedialely hack to ihose at the 
 falls, to lie very close, and lei iheiii pass 
 down the fills, and lo lake them alive, that 
 he might have inlellij,'eliee where ihi' enemy 
 was, wliieli winild liavi^ been a great advan- 
 lage to them, lint a f'ooli-hsiddier seeing them 
 passinghy him, shot all hem, colli rarylo orders 
 given, which preveiiled them Toing into the 
 ambuscade that was laid for them ; where- 
 upon several more of our men being near, 
 shot at them ; so thai one of tlieiii could not 
 stand when he got ashore, but crept awiiy 
 into the brush, the oilier stepped out of the 
 canoe with his paddle in his hand, and ran 
 about a rod, and llien llirew down his paddle, 
 and turned hack and look up his gnii, so es- 
 ca|ieil. One of onr Iniliaiis swam over the 
 river, nnd telehed Ihe eaiioe, wherein was a 
 considerable (pianlily of blood on llie seals, 
 that the Indians sat on ; llie canoe having 
 several holes shot in her. 'I'lny stopped llio 
 holes, and then Captain Bracket, wilh an In- 
 dian soldier, went over llie river, who Iraeked 
 them by the blood about half a mile, found 
 his gnu, took it op, and seeing the blood no 
 farther, concluded ilial he slopped his blood, 
 and so got away. In the mean-lime anolher 
 canoe with three men were eoining dow n llie 
 river, were fired at hy some id" onr forces, ran 
 ashore, ami left two of their gnus in the ca- 
 noe, which were taken, and also a h Hit fioiii 
 a priest to (^asteen, that gavi' liiiii an account 
 of the French and Indians reliirning over the 
 lake to Moiiiil-Koyal, and of their little ser- 
 vice done upon llie Maqiias Indians west 
 warii, only ilemolishing one fort, and ciit- 
 tiiiir down some corn, lie desiring to heal 
 of the proceedings of Dehorahiiel, and the 
 French inaii-ofwar; and informed him lliiit 
 there well' several canoes coming wilh work- 
 men from {|nehec, lo St. .loliii's, w lieresinet^ 
 we coneliidi'd, it was lo I iiild a fori iit llic 
 'iver's mouth, where the great giins wero 
 
KING PIIILII'VS WAIt. 
 
 71 1 
 
 lit 
 
 I (luy ; nmilf 
 !:iuiiili!i-, Imt 
 ii;i ijuiiMv 
 Id iIh'Im, mill 
 iiiiiili III' llii' 
 
 ,■ ll'lllll /.Millst 
 
 IS IkiiI Iii'cii, 
 1 licliilr liirii- 
 ii|> llir iImt 
 li VnlU, 111- 
 inili'K ii|i lliiit 
 y li:iil II ^'iciit 
 it qiiiilillly of 
 r with tlu'iii, 
 vi'iy well ac- 
 
 lllCdlll'lllJl'- 
 
 iilile ail\ un- 
 ci' ; so iisiiit; 
 lip llii'ir iiii- 
 Coiiiiil no 111- 
 \iiig iliscrlfd 
 llii' ImIIs iih 
 it iiirii on llii; 
 I till' liiiiils just 
 mini lo sntiiro 
 iC llnv caiiii! 
 rs. 'J'iic wi'st 
 1' riiriiiy livril, 
 siilvcii to l!ilii;i! 
 I mile oi' two 
 icli niiiiic i'(im- 
 1 il, tin; niiijor 
 til lliiisi.' at the 
 let tliriii |iass 
 lii'lll lilivi', that 
 Inri' llir cnciiiy 
 a ijlriit Milvaii- 
 ilic rsriili;,' tlirm 
 ontrnry loordira 
 II ';iiiii<; into tlio 
 r tlirin ; wlicre- 
 nrli lii'iii^ nriir, 
 llii'in could not 
 lint crept iiwiiy 
 pped out of tliu 
 s liaiid, and tan 
 lou II liis paddle, 
 ) liis i;iiii, so es- 
 1 swiiiii over lilt; 
 , wherein was a 
 lod on the seals, 
 le canoe haviiif; 
 liev stopped the 
 cUet, Willi an la- 
 yer, w ho iracliiil 
 df a mile, fiiiind 
 hi; the hlood no 
 opped his lilood, 
 'aii-tinie another 
 •oniiiiir down llic 
 il' our forces, ran 
 r irnns in the ca- 
 iilso a letter fiom 
 ' him an acciiniit 
 itnrniii;; ovir tho 
 if their little ser- 
 s Indians wcel 
 c fort, and cut- 
 ilesirin^ to heat 
 oraliiiel, and the 
 ifiirined him that 
 iiniiiif willi work' 
 Ill's, w lii'l'esiiK'c 
 ild a fort iit lli<: 
 ;reiit [•aim wero 
 
 tukuii. It bciiijr Just iii<r|it, the otViriMs were 
 cnilud t());ctlier to lulviHc, and I heir pilot, Yorli, 
 tiifornied theiii of a tort up lli;it river, and 
 
 It was limit on a 
 
 liitl 
 
 e islam 
 
 III Unit river, 
 
 to do, concliidin!; that the enemy, liy some i lliein (piarter if they asked it. Our forei > 
 means or oilier had received some iiilel- soon took three I'l'iiicliuien, ulio, upon i x- 
 
 liiieiiceof their liiiiiii come oiil aLMin-l llieni. 
 
 amiiiiilioii, 
 
 <l, Ihi 
 
 liidi 
 
 ins were iiU 
 
 and there was no <ri'tliii<; to il lint in canoes, 
 
 or on tin; ice in llie wiiiler time. This, wilh j now lieinufal. 'I'liey linn aij;reeil to!:o fir east 
 the certain kiii>wledi;e that we were dis jaiid employ lliemselves, llnit the eiieinv he- 
 covered hy the eiieiny tliat escaped out ofj liiii;>iii;r lo those parts miiilit think that 
 the upper ciiinic, coiicliideil il not proper, at they were i;iine home. Ilavini! some dis- 
 thal nine, to proceed any fiirlher up, ami that , course iihoiit <;oiii<r over to St. .lohii's ; hut 
 thi're was no );cUin;; nay fnrlher wilh (iiir|'.lii; inaslers of the vessels said, he had as 
 liiials ; ai.'d the' enemy liciiiu; alarmed would | i;ood carry them lo old France, \\ liicli put olV 
 eirlainly lly from llicni, and do as tiiey did that ih'sii;n, lliey cnneludiiiLf that the rrciich 
 four vears a^o at their fort lit 'racoiioi^k ; 
 having 8oii^;ht tlieiil in Keiiiieliecl. river, and 
 /iiirsiied til 
 
 and that they were in no necessily lo come ^ run into the woods. The rreneli fired Hcv- 
 down lo the sea side as yet, inoose and heaver ' eral nuns at our forces, and ours at llieiii ; 
 
 alioiit thirty miles to Taco- 
 iiocU ; for lliey tlien set their tort on tire, 
 and ran away hy the lii;lit of it, our forces 
 not heiiii; alili.' to come up with them at thai 
 place. iMajor Church then encoiira^in:; his 
 soldiers, told theiil. In; hoped they shoiilil 
 meet wilh part of the enemy in I'eiiohscot 
 I5av, or at .Monnt-Desarl, where tin; French 
 ships were, .^o, notwillislaiidin^ lliey had 
 herii rowiiii; seveial niiihts liefore, wilh ninch 
 toil, liesides were short of provisions, they 
 chei.'rfnlly emharked on hoard their hoals, 
 and went down tlu; river, liolli with and 
 against the tide : and next inornin;; came to 
 
 their vessels, where the major had ordereil j Cawley, was a i;reat (hiniai;(! to them, vv 
 tlieiii to meet him, who could <:ive him no in- knew all those parts: however, Mr. .loliii 
 teiligcnoo of any eni-niy. Where heiiij; come,' Alden, iiiUBtcr of tin? brigaiitine l^-ndcKvor, 
 
 piloted them up tlie hay to Seimotacii ; and 
 coiiiiii;; to (irindslone-point, iK'iiii; not far 
 from Seneelaca ; then came lo willi all the 
 vessels, and early next inornini; came lo sail, 
 and ahoiit sun-rise iiot iiilo town ; hut it hi!- 
 in^ so late liefoie we landed, that llic enemy, 
 most of them, tiiaile their escape, and as il 
 happened landed where the IVeiich and In- 
 dians had some time hifore killed l.ieiilenant 
 Jolin I'aine, and .seviial of Captain i^iniih- 
 son's men, that were with said I'aine. They, 
 seeing our forces cominij, took the oppor- 
 liinilr, tired several <;uiis, and so niii all into 
 the wood;!, carryinu; all or most part of their 
 il'oods with them. One .larinaa lirid;rway 
 came runiiiiii; towards our lorees, wiili a iiiiii 
 in one hand, and his c.'irtridi;< -liox in the 
 the other, calling lo our forces lo slop, that hi' 
 iiiii,'lit speak wilh them ; hut Major Chiircli 
 ihinkiii!; it was that ihey nii^lit hav(; some 
 advanla^e, ordered ihem to run on ; when 
 the said liridirway saw they would not stop, 
 turned iiiid ran, hut the major called iiiiio 
 him, and hid him stop, or he would In; shot 
 down ; some of our forces lieiii^' near to the 
 said llriiljiway, said it was the (ieneral that 
 called to him. lie iiearin;: that, stopped and 
 turned ahoiit, layiiii;down his <:un, stood, lil! 
 the major came np lo him ; his desire was 
 that the commaniler woiilil make haste w illi 
 him to his iiotise, lest tin 
 
 hut lliiy heiiiir Ik llir acipiaiiileil with tho 
 w ooils tliaii ours, i;ol away. Tlie inajnr took 
 the aforesaid .larmaii Itriduwiiy for a pilot, 
 end \villi some of his lorees went over n 
 river, to several of their liousis, lint ihe peo- 
 ple were i;one and carried their udoils wall 
 them; in raii<,'in<; the woods foiiuil several 
 Inilian houses, their tires heiii<;jiist ml, hut 
 
 ships were there. Then the major moved i no Indiuns. f^pendin:; that dav in ranuiii^ to 
 
 for ifoiii^ over the hay, towards l.ahaiie, and j iiiiil fro, found considerahle of their l'oiiiIs, 
 
 towards the nut of Cancer, w here was anolli- I and lint (fw people; at iiiiilil llie niiijor wiit 
 
 er considerahle fort of Indians, who often a leller, and seal out two French prisoners, 
 
 cairn; to the assistance of our enemy, the 
 
 harharous Indians; sayin<: that hy the lime 
 
 llicy should return ai;aiii, the enemy lieloii:;- 
 
 in^ to iliese parts would coiiii' (low n iifiain, 
 
 expeclini; that we are •,'oiic home, lint in 
 
 short, could not prevail wilh the inaslers of 
 
 the open sloops to venture across the hay ; 
 
 who said it was very (lani;erous so late in the 
 
 year, and as niiicli as their lives were worth. 
 
 Then they concluded and ri'solved lo <ro to 
 
 Senactaca, wherein there was a ready com- 
 pliance, hut the want of their pilot, Holiert 
 
 lliey refreshed thcmaelves ; ineelin^ then 
 with another disappoinlmenl, forllieir pilot, 
 York, not heiii;! acipiainled any furlher, lie- 
 jjan to lament the loss of one Uoliert <'aw- 
 lev, who they cliietly di peiided on liir all the 
 service to he done now eastward ; he having: 
 been taken away from them the iiii;lit hefore 
 tliev set sail from Itosloii (and was on hoard 
 Mr. Thorp's sloop) ami put mi hoard the iiiati- 
 of->Viir, unknown to .Major Church ; nolwilli- 
 standiii!; he had liceii at tin' char:;!' and Irou- 
 lile of prociiriiii; him Then the major w.is 
 olili"ed lo one Uoril, procured hy Mr. Wil- 
 liam Aldeii, who heini; aci|iiainled in those 
 purls, to h'iive his vessel, and !;o wilh him in 
 the hoals, which he readily complied with, 
 and so went to Naskel-point ; » here heinif 
 informed was a likely place lo meet wilh the 
 ciieinv ; coiiiiii;; there fouinl several liou.-cs 
 and small lields of corn, the fires liaviiiir 
 lieeii out several days, mid no new tracks. — 
 lint upon l'enolis(!ol i-laml lliey found several 
 Indian houses, corn and liirnips, lliinii;li the 
 enemy slill heiii^ all iroiie, .-is hefore iiien- 
 lioneil. 'J'lieii lliey diviiled and sent their 
 hoats some one way, and .some another, 
 thinking; that if iiiiy strair^iiini; Indians, or 
 (jiisteen himself, shonlil he iherealiont, they 
 lui^dit find them, hut il proved all in vain. — 
 Himself and siveral hoals wi'iit to Mouiit- 
 Desart, to sec if the I'reneh ships were irone, 
 and wliether any of the enemy niijiht he 
 there, hut to no purpose, the ships heiiiir irone, 
 
 Hiid the eiieinv also. They lieiiii; now ;;ot j The major asked the said UridiiW ay w hellier 
 several leagues to llie weslwaril of their yes- there were any Indians ainoiii; llieiii, and 
 dels, and seeing that the way was clear for when; they lived; he shook his head, ami 
 their vessels lo pass, and all their exlreine isaid, he durst not tell, for if he diil lliey 
 rowiiiu', and lravelliii;r hy land and wall r, j would take an opporliinily ami kill him and 
 niirht and dav, to he iiH in vain, the enemy i his ; so all that could he ;:ol out of him w as, 
 liaviii!; left lliosc parts, as lliey jiidned, ahoni ' that they wen^ run into tln^ w oods w ilh the 
 ciirht or ten davs hefore. And then relurniii!.' ■ rest. Then onlers were !.nveii lo pursue the 
 
 avaues sliiaild kill j wen.' 
 
 wherein was siiinilied, that if tliev woiih 
 eonie in, lliey should have <rooil tpiarlers. — 
 The next day several ciiliie in, which did 
 heloiii; lo that part of llie town where our 
 forces first landed, who had eiicourap ineiils 
 ifivcii them hy our coniinainler, that if they 
 would assist him in lakiiii; those liiiliaiis 
 which heloni;ed to those parts, they should 
 have their ^oods returned lo lli'iii ai;aiii, and 
 their eslales sliunld not he damnilied ; \\ lin h 
 lliey refused. Then the major and his forces 
 pursued their desii.'ii, and Went I'lirllier, ran;;- 
 ini; their country, loiind several iin'ie houses, 
 hut the people tied, and carrii d t\hal ilny 
 Inuliiwiiy ; but in a en ek fi.iiiid a prize hark, 
 that was hroni;lit in tlii'n'hy a French priv.i- 
 K er. Ill ran^inir the woods look some pri- 
 soners, who upon eMiminalion trave our 
 eoinmander an account, ihat there were soiiin 
 Indians upon a neck of hunl, towards Mi'- 
 nis ; so n parly of men was sent iiilo llioHe 
 woods, and in their raniiini; alioni tln^ said 
 neck foniiil some plunder, and a considerahle 
 ipianlity of w horlleherries, luilli •:ni'ii and 
 dry, which were j;allierid hy llie Indians, 
 and had like to have taken tw ii Indians, w ho, 
 hy the help of a hireli I'anoe, jjol our the. 
 riv'.'r, and made their escape. Also lliey 
 found two harrels of powiler, and near half 
 a hiishel of hnllels ; llie I'n'iich deiiyinjr it 
 lo he theirs, saiil lliey were the sjiva^'es', hut 
 sure it was a supply for our enemies; also 
 they took fniiii .larnian liridifw.'iy several har- 
 rils of powder, wilh hullels, .-hot, spears, and 
 knives, anil other supplies to relieve our 
 enemies; he ow niii:; that he hail heen trad- 
 iiii; wilh those. Indians alon;i Cape-Sahlu 
 shore, with I'eler Assnow, in sloop our 
 forces took from him ; ami that there he met 
 with llie l''reiieli ships, and went aloiip; willi 
 lliem lo .Si, John's, ami helped lliem lo nii- 
 load the said ships, and carrieil up ihe river 
 provisions, ammiinilion, and other !;oods to 
 Vilhoon's lorl. 
 
 The major liavini; raii^'ed all places that 
 tlioii<ilil pniper, reliiriieil hack lo the 
 
 to tiii'ir vessels, the ciMiimaniler calling; his 
 orticoru tJirether, to cuiisult irid resolve what 
 
 his father and niolher, who wcie upward ofi place where liny tirst landed, and lindini; 
 
 fourscore yi'iiis of ai^e and could not j;o.— | several prisoners come in, who were trouhled 
 
 lo see their callle, sheep, lioijs, and dojrs ly- 
 iiiir dead ahoiil their houses, eliopped iilid 
 hacked uilli lialehels ; which was done willl- 
 oiit onler I'loiii the major, liowi ver he told 
 llielii it was nolhini! lo w lial our poor l'',n;;lisii, 
 in our frontier low lis, wi re forced lo look 
 upon; for men, w omen, and children wero 
 eliopped iiiiil hacked so, and left half deini, 
 wilh all llieir scalps taken olV, and that they 
 and their Indiain served ouib so ; uiid uur 
 
 enemy, and to kill what Indians they could 
 find, and tiiUe the French nlive, and give 
 
713 
 
 KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 1^ 
 
 naviigi'i* would be gliid to siTve tliein hu ti)ii,< 
 it' III' wiiiilil |ii'i'iiiit tliiMii ! wliirli ritii4(>(l 
 tluMM Id lie iiiiulit)' Fiil)iiiiH!<ivf, anil l)i';;<;('d 
 
 lilt' lllljdr lllllt III] would not ll't lIlU HIIVII^rrN 
 
 Bei'vc llii'iii »i>. Our Iniliaiis liuiii;; hoiiRwIiiit ' 
 slIi«iIiIi' oI' llic d^courM', di'sired to liiivc'' 
 .soiiii' ol' lliriii to roii^t, Mild .>'ii liiiiki II iImiici' ; 
 mid ilMiiciii<; ill a liiilt'oii.s inaiiiii'r, In trrriiy j 
 tliiiin, "iiiil, tliat iIr'V could tut iiny »ort of 
 ll.'.sli, nod lllllt s".<mt' ol' tliiiiii would Minium 
 tliuir lii'iii't!! strong; Ht('|i|iin<; ii|i to hoiiio ol' 
 tilt! |ii'inoni'r!>, Haul, tliey uiuat liiivu tlniir 
 M'ul|):4, wlilcli iiiucli ti'i'i'Ui).'d tliu (innr pri- 
 KonL'1'.x, who lifg!;i'il for tlii.'lr llvx'ii. The 
 major told tlioiii he did not ilu!>i;^ii the riiv- 
 ugc'd tihoiild hurl liii.'in ; hut it was to let them 
 nee a little wliiit the poor r,njj;li.'«li felt, saving', 
 it was not their sealps he wanted, hut the 
 yavnL'eH, t'or he Hhoiild uet nothing hy them ; 
 iind tuld iheiii, that their i'iilliei'!<, the friarx 
 and {fovernors, eiitoiiraijed tliiir smviiiie.", and 
 pivu ihi'iii money to sieiilp our KiiuIikIi, iiot- 
 wilhijluuding they were with them ; which 
 several of our Kiigliiih, there present, did '.es- 
 tify to their faee.i, that their fathers and 
 mothers were nerved so in their sl<;lit. l!ut 
 the major hid them tell their fathers, the fri- 
 ars and {jovernors, ihatif they still persisted, 
 and let their wretehed savaijes 'till and de- 
 stroy the poor Knglish at that rate, he would 
 come with some hundreds of savaijces, and 
 h't them loose among them, who would kill, 
 sealp, and carry away every Freneli person 
 ill uil those parts, for they were the root from 
 whence all the briinulies came that hurt us ; 
 for the Indians could not do us any harm, 
 if they did not relieve and supply them. — 
 « The French being sensible of the major's 
 kindness to them, kissed his hand, and were 
 very thankful to him for his favour to tliein 
 in saving their lives ; owned that their priests 
 were nt the taking of IVmeipiid foil, and 
 were now gone to Layhone, with some of the 
 Ti>dians, to meet the French ships, but for 
 what they would not tell. The coiiiinnnder 
 with his forces, having done all they could in 
 those parts, roncliided to go to 8t. John's 
 river, to do further service for their king aod 
 coiiutrv, embarked all on board their trang- 
 ports ; and having a fair wind, soon got to 
 MonoLieiiest which lies a little ilistanue from 
 till.' inoiilliof St. John's river. JN'e.vt morning 
 early, the miijor, with his forces lauded to 
 gee what discovery they could make, tra- 
 velled across till.' woodstolhe old fort or falls 
 nt the mouth of St. John's river, keeping 
 tlieiiiselvcs nniliscovered from the enemy ; 
 tinding that there were several men at work, 
 and having Inl'ornii.'il themselves as much as 
 they could, the enriiiy being on the other side 
 of the river, could not eonie at them, return- 
 ed hauk, but iiiglil coming on, and dark wet 
 weilllicr, wilii bad travelling, was obliged to 
 slop in the woods until towards day next 
 morning, and then went on board ; soon af- 
 ter the major ordered all the vessels to come 
 to sail, and go into the mouth of the river; 
 bi'ing done, it was not long before the major 
 and his forces landi'd on the eastside of the 
 river, the Freiieh tiring briskly at them, but 
 did them no liariii ; and running fiercely up- 
 on the enemy, they soon ded into the woods. 
 The niiijur ordered a brisk parly to run across 
 a neck to cut them oti' from their canoes, 
 which tlie clay befuie thuy hud made a dis- 
 
 covery of; so the commander, with the rest, 
 ran directly towards the new fort they were 
 building, not knowing' but they had some 
 ordiianee moiintcil. 'J'lie eiieiny running! 
 diirclly to their canoes, were nut by our 
 forces, who tired at tlieni, and killed one, and 
 Hounded Corporal ('anion, who was taken, 
 the rest threw down what they had and ran 
 into the woods, 'i'lie said prisoner, Canton, 
 being brought to tint iniijor, told him, if he 
 would let his surgeon dress his wound and 
 cure him, he would he serviceable to him as 
 long as he lived ; so, being dressed, he was 
 examined, who gave the iiiajor an account of 
 the twelve great guns which were hid in the 
 beach, below hlf{li water mark ; the car- 
 riages, shot, and wheelbarrows, some flour 
 and -pork, :il! hid in the woods. And the 
 next morning the oflicers being all ordered 
 to ineet togi'ther to consult about going to 
 't'ilboon's fort, and none amnngst them being 
 acqiiaiiited but the Alliens, who said the wa- 
 ter in the river was very low, so tint they 
 could not get up to the fort, and the prisoner, 
 Canton, told the commander, that what the 
 Aldeus said was true ; so not being willing 
 to make a Canada expedition, concluded it 
 was not practicable to proci^il. Then or- 
 dered some of the forces to get the great 
 guns on hoard the open sloops, and the rest 
 to range the woods for the enemy, who took 
 one prisoner, and brought in ; who in their 
 ranging found there a shallop haled in a 
 creek, and a day or twii afler there came in 
 a young soldier to our forces, who, up. in ex- 
 amination, gave an iicconnt of two more 
 which he left in the woods at K";iie distance ; 
 so immediately the major with some (,f his 
 forces went in pursuit of tlrjm, t:'.hi;ig the 
 said priso!:er with them, who conveyed tiiei;; 
 to t!ie place where he left thera, but they 
 were gone. Then asked the prisoner, wheth- 
 er there were any Indians in llinse parts. — 
 iSaid no, it was as hard for Vilhoon, their < 
 governor, to get an Indian down to the wa- 
 ter side, as it was for him to carry one of 
 those great guns ujKin his back to his fort; 
 for they having had iiitellig''nce by a |>risoner 
 out id' Itostoii gaol, that gave them an i;:- 
 coiint of Major (^liiircb and his forces com- 
 ing out against them. Now having with a 
 great deal of pains and trouble got all the 
 guns, shot, and other stores aboard, intended 
 oil our design wliieli we came out first for, but 
 the w iiid not servinir, the commander sent out 
 his scouts into the woods, to seek for the 
 enemy, and fmir of our Indians came 11)1011 
 three Frenchmen undiscovered, who con- 
 cluded that if the French should <liscover 
 them, woulil fire nt them, and might kill one 
 or more of them, which to prevent, tired nt 
 the French, killed one, and took the other 
 two prisoners; and it happened that he who 
 was killed was Shanelere, the chief man 
 there. The same day they mended their 
 wbale-honts, and the shallop which they took, 
 fitting her to row with eight oarSi tliat she 
 might be helpful to their prosecuting their in- 
 tended design against the enemy in their re- 
 turning homeward. 'I'lien the commander 
 ordering all the olRcers to come togi'ther, in- 
 t'ormed them of his intentions, and ordered 
 that no vessels should depart i'loni the fleet, 
 hut to attend the motions of their com- 
 modore, as formerly, except they were part- 
 
 ed by storms, or thick fogs, and if so it 
 should happen that any did part, when they 
 Inline to I'assameqilaily, shoiilil slop tlieriil 
 while, for there lliiy ioteiiilnl to slop, and 
 do b:isiiiess with the help of tin ir tioals 
 n^:aiiist the eneiiiv, and if they inisseil llini. 
 to slop at IMiiehias ; which was the ne\l 
 place he intended to slop at, baviiiir an in • 
 count by the prisoners taken, lliat .Mr. l-a- 
 teril was there trading; with the Indians in 
 that river. F.ncouraging them sanl, he did 
 not doubt hut to have a good booly there ; 
 and if they should pass those two pl.iees, he 
 sure not to go past Naskege-poiiit, hut to 
 stop there till he came, and not In depart 
 thence in aforlnight wilhonl his orders, hav- 
 ing great service to do in and about I'e- 
 nobscot. Then the major iliseoiirsed willi 
 (!?aptaiu llrackit, Caplain lliinewell, and 
 Captain Larking, with iheirlieiiteiiMiils, com- 
 manders of the forces belonging lo the east- 
 ward parts, who were to iliseoiirse tbcir sol- 
 diers about their proceeding, w ben ibey eaine 
 to Penobscot ; and the loiijor himself was lo 
 discourse his Indian soldiers, ami their eap- 
 tiiins : who with all the rest readily eoinpliid. 
 The proji'clioii heiiii; such, that whin liny 
 came to I'eiiobscot, the eommander designed 
 lo take what ]irovisions eonid be spared out 
 of all the .'-loops, and put on board llie two 
 briiianlines, and lo send all (be sloops home 
 with Koine of the oflicers and men that want- 
 ed to hi; lit home ; iind then willi those forees 
 aforementimied to wit. the easlvirard men 
 anil all the Indians ; and to take what pro- 
 visions and ammunition was needful, nnd 
 to march with himself up into the Penobscot 
 coiinlry, in search for the enemy, and if 
 possible to take that fort in Peiiobs.'ot river. 
 Captain Itraekit, iiiforining the inajur. lliit 
 when the water was low they cmild w.idi! 
 ovi'i', wliie!: was (at that time) the lowest that 
 had been known in a long time. And being 
 there, to ran»c tlirongli that coiintiy ilowi: 
 to Pemeqnid ; where he intended the iwc 
 brigantines should meet iliem ; iinil iiDiii 
 thence taking more provisimis, viz. bread 
 salt, and aminuiiilion suitable (lo send those 
 two vessels home also) to travel ihroiigh ihe 
 coiintiy to Neriiriwaek, mid from ihiiice 'o 
 Aineriis-cogen fort, and so down where tat! 
 enemy used to plant, not doubling bin ilial 
 in all this travel lo niei t willi many of ibe 
 enemy before lliey should get to I'lseiitnipia. 
 All which intenlions were very aeeeplalile lo 
 the forces that were to undertake it, ulio re- 
 joiciiiif, said, they had ralher go limne by 
 land than by water, provided their comniaii- 
 iler would go with them ; who, lo try lliiir 
 fiilelity, said, he was grown ancient and 
 might fail them; they all said they would 
 not leave him, and when he could nol ir.iM I 
 any further, they would carry liini. Ibnin;; 
 done what service they could at and about 
 the mouth of St. John's river, resolved on 
 their intended design ; and the iie.vt morning 
 having but little wind, came all to sail, llii^ 
 wind coming against them, I hey put into 
 Mnsliqiiash-Cove, and the next day, llii' v. iiid 
 still being against them, the major willi part 
 of his force's landed, and employeil ilieni- 
 selves in ranging the ciMinlry for the eiieoiy, 
 hut to no purpose; and in the niiibi. llie 
 wind came pretty fair, ai.d at 1:^ o'clock 
 they came to suil, mid had not been long bo- 
 
KINO I' INI, IP'S WAR, 
 
 riu 
 
 {S, iiiul if HO it 
 
 |>nrt, wiii'ti liny 
 
 iilllll hl<)|( lliiTr n 
 
 ll cl III Sllljl, i 
 
 (if lliiir '"liiN 
 lirv mi^^'cil lliiii. 
 1 '\\:\7t llic lll\l 
 ll, ll.lvillL' I'll "' • 
 
 (11, iliMi .Mr. 1.11- 
 till' lii(liMii?< ill 
 
 lll'lll Mini, III' lilli 
 
 noil liiiiiiy lliiiT ; 
 SI' two phicc!', 111! 
 
 l'jr('.|ll)il!t, llllt lit 
 ml llllt to llr|lill't 
 111 liis (iiilrrs, liiiv- 
 II mill iiliiiiit I'l- 
 
 • ilisODIIlsrll Willi 
 
 I lliiiii'wrll, mill 
 lii iiti'iimil'', ciiiii- 
 
 ii;;ili;,' ti) tin' •H"'- 
 lim-iilllci' llirir •"iil- 
 ir, wliiii till y riiimi 
 jiir hiiiisilf WHS to 
 •IS, mill lliiir i-iij)- 
 t rriiilily riiiniiliiil. 
 ll, tliiit hIiiii tliry 
 iiiiiimiiirr ilisiiiiird 
 iilil III' spmi'il llllt 
 nil liiiiinl llii^ iwii 
 
 II (III' sllllips llllllli' 
 
 111(1 men ihiit wmit- 
 II willi tliosr rorcfs 
 till! I'lisHviiril iiirii 
 
 I to liiki: wliiit piii- 
 wiis iit'i'iiriil, iiiiii 
 iiil'i tli« rriiolisciit 
 11! iiieiiiy, mill if 
 ill I'i'iiiilisfot liviT. 
 insf tin; iiiiijiir. iliit 
 V tliry I'liiilil w.-iili: 
 illii') till' Inwcat Unit 
 i; tiiiic. .'^iiil lit'iiil? 
 tliiit ciiUMliy (liiwi; 
 • iiitriuK'il till' iwc 
 t llirm ; mnl IV'Hii 
 ivisiiins, viz. Iirtiul 
 itiilik' (ill ."^I'lnl ill""''' 
 ) tiiivi'l tliriiii;;li iliv! 
 mill from tlniici? l'> 
 so ildWii w here Un: 
 It (IlilllHillL' llllt lll'll 
 t with iiiiiiiy iif llif 
 
 III j;it to risciiliupiii. 
 rv, wry ticcrpiiiMi' to 
 iiiiliilnlu' il, wliii in- 
 liilliir po llllllli' I'X 
 iilllll thrir I'dimiiiiii- 
 
 II ; wliii, to try llirir 
 fiiiiwii miiMi-iil mill 
 nil sniil tlii'y woiilil 
 
 I In; coiilil mil II"1M I 
 (;iirry liim. Illl^illl; 
 r cmilil at mnl r.lniiit 
 I's river, rrMilvnl mi 
 mil till' iKXt iiir.riiiii;,' 
 ciiiiie nil to siiil, tin; 
 tliLiii, llwy put intii 
 lie next iliiy, lln' wiinl 
 ,tlit! iiiiijor Willi pmt 
 mil cmployi'il llirm- 
 iiiiiliy I'lir tin; riirniy, 
 
 III ill till' liiL'lil. llif 
 , lu.d at i'i o'l-Uitl; 
 liad not bt'cu long bo- 
 
 fofij limy spycil tlirci) HiiH of vi;sst'L< ; iixpecl- bi-.uk to St. .lolm'H, 'I'lirii iliiiuoiirMiiijf \vilh|tliiiu);li it proved in llii; eoiitrary ; 
 
 M<( tlleiil til Ih; I'Vi'iicli, lllleil In ili rnid tliem- ('iilimel lliillioriii', !;iive liim mi iiei'iiiiiit i>f|Wiiiil up with ii jiisl liiiil of w lint I 
 
 ui:lves, Ml (iiimiii^; iieiir, limlid iIiimii ; wlio wliiit lliey InnI ilmie ill St. .Inliu's, vi/.. lliiit iis 
 
 fiillinl llii'iii III lie II iiimi-iil'-wiir, tin; I'rovliii'L'- to ileiiinlislim^ lln; in\v I'nrt liny liiiil iloin it, 
 
 <■ cilli'y, mill iiM .Mr. Alli'ii in a slimp, with iiinl ^rni ^11 tin ir Liriat L'mis mnl .-Inrei iilmmd 
 
 moil.' lor(!i;s, ('iilmiel lliilliiiriiu ciiimiiainler. {llieir vessels; mnl llnii if il Innl not liceii ilnii 
 
 Maiiir i liin'<:li wi'iit liliiianl tin; ciiimiiinliiri', tin; wati;rs weii.' so low would have tiiUiii tlie 
 
 wliero ('i)liiiiel llallioriii; was, who yavehiiii fort up the river also liifore lie ciiiiie away ; 
 
 (111 accoiiiit of !us eoimiiis.sioii anil n, :lers. [tiild liim iiImi that mii' of llie prisoiierH w Inch 
 
 mill read llieiii to liiiii. 'I'lieii his lioiiiir told'liu had taKi;ii ill ."^i. .Inliii's, upon exaiiiiiia- 
 
 iMajor Church, thai there was a particuliir|tioii, (;oiiueriiiiiL; the linliiiiis in those purls, 
 
 order oil hoitrd (Jiiptui,' Soiitliback for him, told him it was a.-i hard for Vilhooii, their 
 
 !;overiiiir, to ;;el oiii; of their liidiaiiH down 
 
 to the water side, at to carry oin; of those 
 
 ureal !<:uiis iipim his hack ; mid that ihev 
 'had ail iiecoiiiil of him and his forces eoiiiiiiL' 
 
 wiiicli is uii follows : . 
 
 liostoii, Scpiumbu.-Otli, lOOO. 
 
 Siii; 
 Uii .Majesty's xliip Orford hiiviiif,' iiilely to those parts liy a prisoner out of IJostoii 
 siirprisi'd a French shiillop, with tweiily-li..''i'C' iraol ; also told his lioiinr, thai if they went 
 of tin; soldieis heli.ii;riii;; to lln; f)rt upon : hack it would wholly ilisiippoiiit iheiu of their 
 
 HO itlinll 
 
 nippi'Ui tl 
 It their eotiiini; lioiiie In liii'-loii. .Vl'lir all 
 llii'ir hard sertire liolli iiiL'hl and ilav, ihu 
 iroveMiiiieiit toiik away all the i:iiMt uiiiis, 
 and warlike stores, and itaM' tlnin not ii 
 penny for llieiu, except il was sonii' puwdir, 
 and that they i.'ave w hat lliey plensril I'nr ; iiiiil 
 he.-iiles ihe assrinlily p.issi il a vole lli.il liny 
 should have llllt hall' pay; hm his linmirlhii 
 lleuUMiaiit irnvennir heiii;; iiiinh ili-lmlud at 
 their so doiii!;, went iiilo l;',i low n-lioiise, 
 where the represinl.ilives wiie silliii;:, mnl 
 
 told them, except liny did re is>i llial 
 
 vole, which was toeiil .Mainr Climili and hin 
 forces oil' their lialf-pa\ , liny slnmlil >ii there 
 till tin; next spriii:;. \\ Inreiipoii it was re- 
 assuiiied ; so that liny had yt>\ tin ir hare 
 wiiu'cs. i!iit ns vet never had iiiiv alliiwnnee 
 
 liihii's river, ill .\ova-Scotia, toifether with ;iliiiii!r any fiirlher .service, which was that fur the irreat amis and sion s ; iniiher h, 
 \illiiiu, their eaptain, I'rovideiico nceiiis lo'lhey imiiic for to I'eiioliscot, and placesad- 
 eiie.ouraife lln; foriiiiui,' of all expeilitioii to jaceiit ; hut all wiis to no purpose, his honor 
 iillack that fort, and to disre.-'t and ri'iiiovo , Iclliiiir the iiiajor that he iiiiisl attend his iir- 
 llie enemy frnm that post, which is the chief ilers then received. .And to encouraiji; the 
 
 sinirci; from wdienci; ihi; most of our tlisas- officers mnl soldiers tuld lliein, tliev should 
 tirs do issue, mnl also to favour with an op-, lie wholly at the luajcir's orderiiiir mid coiii- 
 l>'irlmiily for f; liniiiij out of their hands the nimiil in the wlioh' aetiiia ; mnl to he short 
 nrdn.iiici', arldlery, and other warlike .stores, [did jjo hack, and llie ivent ii. ay Ik; seen in 
 mid provisiniis, lately supplied tn them friiiii '('olnnel llalliorin's .liniriial of the said ac- 
 I'rance, for ereetiii'r a new fort near the lion. Only I iinist oliserve one tliinir hv the 
 river's iiioiith, wlnrehy they will he i;reatlyw'ay which was, that when they drew olf to 
 slren^thi'ued, and the rediicinitof them reii- coim; down the river iiuaiii. Colonel llalli- 
 ihreil more ditfijiilt. I have ihereforc or- ' oriie ciiiue oft" and left lliu major heliind to 
 dered a detachiiiciit of two new coiiipaiiies,|scL' that all the forces were drawn off; and 
 consistinij of alioiit an liundred men to join coniiii!; down tin; riviT, in or near the rear, 
 the force's now wiili yon for tliiit expedition, in the niirlil heard a person halliiw , not know- 
 and li.ive ciiimnissioned Lieutenant Colonel in:; at first hut it mi;;lit lie a snare to draw 
 ilolin llathonii', one of the members of his then) into; hut upon consideratinn, sent 
 Majesty's council, who i.-i acquainted with to see who or wiiat he was, found liiiii to he 
 
 thai river, and in whose coura<;e and con- a iie^rro iiimi lii'liinuini; to Marlileliead, that sokilled in cool M I. .Ml whieli, w illi soiiu; 
 
 due'. I repose special tnisl, to lake the chief had been taken, and kept a prisoner miiiini; 
 e.ommand of the whole dmin;; that service, ' them for some time. The major asked him 
 lieintr well assuri'il thai yoiii' yoiid aflcclioiis whether lie could unve any account of llii' 
 mill /.eal fur his .M.ijr-ty's s( rvicc will indiicu IndimiR in those pi:rls. lie said, ye;', they 
 your ready cinupliaiice and assistance there- were or had heeu all drawn off from lln; sea 
 in, which, I hope, will t:ik<; up no lull!; time, Coast, up into the woods, near an liundred 
 nil. I lie of Hi'eat lienetit and iidvantajri' to miles, liaviii<r had an aecoiinl hy a prisoner 
 these his .Majesty's territories, if it please' out of Boston i;iiol, that Major Chnreli and 
 (ioil to succeed the same. IJesides, il is very' his forces were coiiiin;.'- out a;;ainsl them in 
 piohalile to he the fairest opportunity that lour liriiraiitines, and four .-loops, wiili 
 cmi In; offered unto yourself mid men, of twcnly-four peliiaiiijers, meaninij wliale- 
 
 .Major C'liiireh had any allowaiiii' for all lii;< 
 Iravel and jireat i xpeiises in rm.-iii^ lie' saiil 
 forces volunteers. 
 
 TlIK FIFTH ANO l..\;iT rXfllirriON |;\KT. 
 
 In the year I70.'l-I, IMiijnr Chiinh had an 
 account of tin; iniseralile divaslalions maili; 
 on Deerfield, a tow n in the >ve.-lward parts if 
 this province, innl the hiirilile harharilies aid 
 crileltie.s cxer('i.-(d on those poor imnu'ent 
 people, hy the French .-iinl Indiiins, espeeinllv 
 of their cruellies toward.s tl.at Hinlliy Liinile- 
 woman .Mrs. Willimiis, and several ollnrs, 
 whom they marched in that exlrenie siasi n ; 
 forciiiii them to cany iinal loarls, and m lieu 
 uiiy of them hy tin ir h ird u; i;ie eenhl not 
 hear Willi It, were Uinickeil on llie hiinl, ami 
 
 other hiirrilile instances done hy ihuse 1i:m'- 
 baroiis .savages, which Majnr Climch hioi. 
 self was an eye-wilness In in his former tra- 
 vel in the easlward parts, did iniicli asloiiish 
 him. To see a woman thai iIiom' liarli.iroii:' 
 savai-es had taken and killed, exposed in a 
 most lirutish inamier (as can he expressed) 
 with ;:yiiiiiii; eliild seized I'asl w ill. slrinirs to 
 her lireast ; which infant had no ti|ip.'ireiil 
 wiiiind, which iloiililh ss was lel'l alite to siiek 
 its dead molher's liieasi, mnl so iiiiseraMv to 
 
 doiiiHr exeeiiiion upon the luilian enemy and boats, which put theiii into a fright, that iiol- ; |ierisli and die. 
 riliil.s, who may nasoirililv he expected to 
 be drawn In the defeiici; of that fort. I have 
 also ordered his .Majesty 's ship .Aniiidel, mid 
 
 tin; I'roviiiee (I'alley, to iiltend this .service. 
 
 Colonel llathorii'; will comniiinicate unto 
 you the contenls of 'ni.s coiiimission and in- 
 htriictions received from my.self for this ex- 
 pcdilioii, which I expect and order that your- 
 self, iilHcers, and soldiers, now under you, 
 yield ohedieiiee unto, lie is to advise with 
 yourself and others in all weighty allcmpts. 
 I'ravini; for a hlessin;; from Heaven upon 
 tin; said enterprise, and that all eil>;;aired in 
 the .same may be under the special protee- 
 lioii of the Aliiiiu:hty, 
 
 1 mil your loviii<; friend, 
 
 \VII,I,1.\.M STOUGIITOX. 
 
 The Major h'lvini; read his last orders. 
 Olid coiisiderins; his commission, found that 
 bo wm ohlij'eil to attend all orders, was 
 
 Also to see oilier poor eliil. 
 willistandini; tlnv were so far up in theldreu hanuini'' upon fences dead, of eilliet 
 woods, were afraid to make tires hv day, lest sex, ill their own poor rau's, not worlli llnii 
 he and his forces slioiild ili-eover llie sinokes. 
 
 lrilipin;r lliem oil', in seoni 
 
 (I ill li ion. 
 
 mill in the ni<;lit 
 One tliiiiu more 
 
 le>l ihev •should si'c the lij;lil. I .Anoiher in»lmiee was, of a sliaL:;;liH:; si 
 I woiilil just i;ive a hint of, ilier who was I'nniiil at Caseo, exiinsid in 
 
 shameful and harliaroiis inanner; his body 
 heiiiir staked lip, his In. id ent otf, and a 
 ho;;'s head set ill the rooin, hi- lioily ripped 
 up, and his lii'arl and inwaiils taken onl, and 
 hiiii<:' with hells of their own, the inwards at 
 the side III' his body, in scorn mnl derision ot' 
 then i;oiiin; all diiuii the river, ihe l",ni;lisli soldiers. These and siieh like 
 went lioniew aril ; eiilv by the harharilies caused Major ( 'liiireh In expri's.s 
 
 ilirpose, ihal i'' In; were eom- 
 ' of these provhiees, he w onld 
 Midi, put mi end to those liarliariliis done by 
 ihe barbarons enemy, by niakiii;: it his win lu 
 business to fii;lil and deslroy those sa\ai;es, 
 as they did our poor neighbors : w liieli donbl- 
 li'ss iiii;:lit have been iloiie if ri^lilly ma- 
 mured, and that in a short tiiiie. So that 
 these, with the late iiihiinianilies dciie ii|iih 
 
 that is, how the I'reiieh in the eastward p.iri 
 wen; much surprised at the inolioii of the 
 whale-boats ; said, lliere was no iihidiiiif for 
 llieiii in that comilrv ; an.! I have I ii in- 
 formed since, thai soon al'lef !liis expeililion, 
 ihey drew oil' from ."-t. ,lolin's Iinl and river. 
 Itiit to retiiri 
 embarked m 
 
 way, candid reader, I would lei you know of hini.-elf to tin.' 
 Iwii thiiiiis that proved very prejudicial to mander-iii-ehi 
 .Major Climch and liiu forces. The llrsl 
 was, that the uovernnicnt sliould miss il so 
 iiiiich as to send any prisoner away from 
 liostoii before the expeililion was over. ."Se- 
 condly, thai tliev .'^lioiild send (.'ololiel Ila- 
 lliorne In take them from the service and 
 
 inufcb concerned lb, it he and his were pre- 1 bufines.s they Went to do; who, with subniis 
 
 vented ill ihcir intended projeclioit, if carried I sion, doubllesE lliought thry did fur tlic beet, ihu iiihabiinn'..'; of Decrfield, iiinile such an 
 
7U 
 
 imprt'fiMiiiti oil liU lii'iirt iih eiiiini>t woll be ux- 
 |ilrH!«'il ; I'll llril Ills liliiiiil liiiilnl wiljiiii liilii, 
 niaUiii^ Illicit iiii|iiil.->i's (III his iiiiiiil, tliiit lii' 
 I'lirtinl ull riiniirr trriitllirlltM, wliiuli urri' 
 
 i'iiiiiii.''i i<i liiiiilir liny iiiiiii, eg|a'ciiilly ilii' 
 Huiil .Miijiii' C liiircli, iViiiii (luiii); iiiiy I'lirdiL'r 
 ticrvlcr, i\iiin'illi^tiiii<liii|j; all wliicli, liiiviii); 
 u iiiinil til liilti' Miiiii! Hiitistiiciiiiii iiii llic 
 L'liriiiv, Ills lii'iirt lii'ini; full, tniik jiix liiiive 
 liiiil wi'iit Iriiiii Ills iiwii lialiitiitiiiM, iieiir 
 Hrvi'iity mill's, In wiiit ii|iiiii IiIh uxci'llriicy, 
 mill oUV'ri'd liiH fii'i'vici: tii tlio ()iu'l'ii, Iiid ex- 
 ci'lleiicv, ami tin; ciiiiiitry ; wliicii lii-i I'X- 
 Ctili-'iu'y leiiilily uccrpli'il of, iiikI ili^ircil 
 31iijor Cliiircli III ilrinv ii kcIil'iiic for tin- ■ mmii- 
 iti<{ iicliiui, iir aclimis; an iakiii<; Iriivti W(.-iit 
 iiiiiiK', iiiitl tli'evr it ; » liicli is iih t(illii\V!< : 
 
 Tifirtiiii, I'lhriKiri/ ii, 1703-1. 
 Mui/ it phuic ytiiir Kxiiltniii/, 
 
 Accoriliii;; to yniir r(M|ii«'»t, wlicii I was last 
 with viiiirsulf, mill in nlicilit'iici' thi'ri'iiiitii, I 
 |ir('.«i'nt yiiii with iliiv<r riillii\viii<; lines, that 
 tiiiii'iM'ii till! iiri|iariitiiiii fur iiuxt spriii^j's 
 t'\'|iL'ililiiiii to attack tin.' rnt'iny. Acuoriliiii.' 
 to my riinnrr ilint iimi, lor it is jjnod to liavt; 
 n I'lill slrolu; at lliiiii first, lii'loru tlify have 
 iipportnniiy to riin for it ; fur the first of our 
 iiciion will lie our opportunity to destroy tlieni, 
 mid to prcvnit tlitir rnnnini: awiiy, in way- 
 iM'iiii; i>vt'ry piissa:.:^ ; and iiiiiku tlieni know 
 wi' are in {{ood i iiniesi, and so we lieine in ii 
 ilili<:i'iit U!iu of melius, we may hope for a 
 iilessiiii; from tlie Aliiiiirlity, and that lie will 
 III' pleased to put a dnad ill their hearts, that 
 tlii'v may fall before us and perish, l''iir my 
 iidviee is, 
 
 I St. 'J'liiit ten or twelve liundred fjood able 
 soldiers well I'lpiipped, he in ii readiness fit 
 for action, liy the lirst of April at farthest, fur 
 thin will lie the time to he upon action. 
 
 tldly. 'I'liiit live and forty, or fifty jroiid 
 whale-lioats he had ready, well fitted, with 
 live iiiiod oars, mmiI twelve or fifteen flood 
 paddles to every boat; and iipoii the wale of 
 rucli bout five pieces of stroiif; leuther be 
 f'nstunod on oacli side, to (-lip five pmall ash 
 Lnrs tliroiiifh, tlnit so, wheiieviT they land, 
 tlie men may step overboard, and slip in said 
 bars across, and take up said boat, that she 
 r"iy not bo hint airaiiist the rocks ; and that 
 I I suitable brass kettles bo jirovided to be- 
 lonir to each boat, !o dress the men's victuals 
 111, to make their lives comfortable. 
 
 ;MIv. That foiii- or five hundred pair of 
 fjDod Indian shoes be made ready, fit for the 
 siriice, for the Kniilish and Indians, that 
 iiiiist improve the whale-boats, and bireli ca- 
 noes, for tliey will be very proper and safe 
 for lliat service ; 'iinl lit there he a ifood store 
 of eoH-liides, well tanned, for a supply of 
 such sillies ; and lieiiip to make thread, and 
 wax, to iiieiid and make more such shoes 
 when wanted, and a uooil store of awls. 
 
 4ililv. That there be an liundred lari;e 
 haieliils, or liiilit axes, made pri'tty broad, 
 mid steeled with the best steel that can he 
 gut, and made by jrood workmen, that may 
 i:iit well anil liolil, that the lieliiloek knots 
 m.iv not brc^k or turn them, to widen the 
 landiii!; place up the falls, for it may bap|)en 
 that we may fret i.p with some of our wliale- 
 LdiUs to their falls or headquarters. 
 
 otlily. That there be a siiiiiiblc quantity 
 cf Bluull bugs, or wuiluta provided, tliut every 
 
 KING Pill LIP'S WAU, 
 
 nmii that waiitii may bavu uiic, to put up 
 
 his bullets ill, of such a ni/.u as will lit Ins 
 Klin, mill not be served as at C'liseo. Tlial 
 livery man's ba^ bi.' so marked that lie iiiiiy 
 not eliaiii;e it : for if so, it will make ii iinal 
 confusion in action ; that every mail's store 
 of ball be wei;;lied to hiin, that so he niiiy be 
 aecountable, and may not sipiaiider it iiwiiy : 
 iind also his store of powder, tiiat so lie iiiiiy 
 try Ills powder mid ^uii before action. And 
 that every particular cunipaiiy iiiiiy have a 
 iiarrel of powder to themselves, nnd so 
 marked that it may by no means be cbaii);rd ; 
 that men may know beforehand, and may 
 not be cheated out of their lives, by liavin^ 
 bad powder, or not kiiowin<; how to use it : 
 and this will prove a i;reat advaiitago to the 
 action. 
 
 (itiily. That Colonel John (iiorhniii, if he 
 may be prevailed with, may be concerned in 
 the iminaireineiit of tlie whale-boats, he liav- 
 iiiir been formerly concerned in the enstern 
 parts, and experienced in that iiifair. And 
 whale-men then will be very Berviceabli; in 
 this expediliiin, which liavini! a promise iiiniie 
 to them, that they shall be released in uixii! 
 season, to ^o home ii wlialini; in the fall, 
 your escelieney will have iiii'n eiioujrii. 
 
 7tlily. That there ni.iy be raised for this 
 service three hiindred linliaiis at least, and 
 more if they may be had ; fori know cer- 
 tainly of my own kiiowledire, that they ex- 
 ceed most of our Kii<;lisli in limitini; mid 
 sknlkini! in the woods, beiiii; always used to 
 it ; and it must Uv jiractised if ever we intend 
 to destroy those Indian enemies. 
 
 btlily. 'I'liat the soldiers already out east- 
 ward in the service, men of known jiidi;ineiit, 
 iiiay take a survey of them and their amis ; 
 and see if their arms be i;ooil, nnd that they 
 know how to use them, in shootini; riplit at 
 a mark ; and that they be nun of j^rood rea- 
 son and sense, to know how to manaiic them- 
 selves in so di'lienlt a piece of service, as 
 this Indian hnntiii!; is; for bad men arc lint 
 a clog mid hindrance to an uniiy, beini; a 
 trouble nnd vi.'xation to t'ood comninndcni, 
 and so many iiriuths to devour the country's 
 provision, mid a hindrance to all good ac- 
 tion. 
 
 Ollily. That special care be had in takiiiL' 
 lip the whale-boats, that they he good and til 
 fur that service ; so that the country be not 
 cheated, as formerly, in having rotten boats; 
 and as much care that the owners may have 
 good satisfaction for thiiii. 
 
 lOllily. That the tenders or transports, 
 vessels to be improved in this action, be good 
 decki'd vessels, not too big, because of goiiiif 
 up several rivers; having four or six small 
 iriiiis a piece for defence, and the fewer men 
 will defend them. And there are enough 
 such vessels to be had. 
 
 lllhly. To conclude all, if your excel- 
 lency will be pleased to make yourself great, 
 and IIS a lia|ipy people, as to the destroying 
 uf our enemies, and easing of our taxes, &c. 
 lie pleased to draw forth all those forces now 
 in pay in ullthe laslward parts, both at .Saco 
 and CiiBCo-lJay ; fur those two trading houses 
 never did any good, nor ever will, and are 
 not worthy the name of (iiieen's forts; and 
 the first bnildini; of them liad no other effect, 
 but to lay us under tribite to that wretched 
 pugnii crew ; uiid Ihope never will be wanted 
 
 for lliiit they were first built for; but sure it 
 i«, they are very sen iceable to them, fur they 
 get many a good advaiila^e of us to ih rlroy 
 our men, and laugh at us for our f'ollv, that 
 \vu should be at so iiiiich cost and troiihle to 
 do 11 thing that does lis so iiineli hanii, and 
 no milliner of good. Hut to the emiiraiy, 
 when lliey »ce all our forces driiwii forlh, and 
 ill the pursuit of them, they will think that 
 we begin to be roiisial up, and to be awake, 
 nnd will not be siilisfied with what they have 
 pleased fo leave lis, but are resolved to ntiiku 
 from them, that they took formerly from iis, 
 and drive tiicni out of their coiiiitry also. 
 Tlio which being done, then to build n fort 
 nt a suitable lime, and in a coiiveiiieiit place ; 
 and It will be very lioiioruble to your ex- 
 cellency, and of great service to her iimjesly, 
 and to the enlargement of her niajesly's 
 government; (the place meant being at I'orl- 
 lloyal.) 
 
 I'Jilily. That the objection made ii<;aliist 
 drawing off the forces in ilie easlwaril purls 
 will be no damnge to the iiihaliitaiils ; fur 
 former expi'rience teaehetli us, lliiil so suoii 
 as drawn into their country, they will pre- 
 sently forsake ours to lake eiire of their own. 
 And that there be no failure in makinir pre- 
 paration of these things aforenieiitiunrd, for 
 many times the want of small thiniis pre- 
 vents the completing of great a.'liiiiis ; and 
 that every thing be in readiness hefuie the 
 f' rces be raised, t.i prevent charges, and ihc 
 enemy having intelligence. .And tlial the 
 general court be moved to make suitable nets, 
 for the encouraging both F.nglisli mid In- 
 dians ; that so men of business may freely 
 offer estates mid concerns to serve the piililie. 
 
 Thus hoping what I have taken the paiiiA 
 to write in the sincerity of my hi'iirt and 
 good all'ection, will lie well accepted, I 
 make bold to subscribe, na I am, your ex- 
 cellency's most devoted biimble servant, 
 J5i;NJAS..NCliriUII. 
 
 Then reluming to bis excellency presented 
 the snid Eclicmc, which Iiis rxcelleney ap- 
 proved of, ond returned it again to Alajur 
 C'hnrch, and desired liiin to see that eviiv 
 thing was provided, tellii.g him that he should 
 have mi order from the eoinmissary griieral 
 to proceed. Then returned home and made 
 it his whole business to provide oars and pad- 
 dles, and a vessel to carry tlieni runi.vl ; and 
 then returned again to his exeilli'iiey, who 
 !;ave liiin a comininission. Whieli is as 
 follows : 
 
 Joseph Viiillfi/, Esq., Captain (levrral ami 
 (j'ui-eriior-in-Cliirf ill anil ovir Inr Mnjis 
 ty's Provinces of the Massarhnsi /ts- Unit 
 and NciB-IIanipshirr, in Ne.io-lhinliiiiil, In 
 America, and \'icc-Adtniral of llir miinr. 
 
 To Benjamin Church, Esq., (Incline : 
 
 IJv virtue of the power and iiiilhiHiiy, in 
 and by her majesty's ruyal cnmiiiissiun, to 
 me granted, I do by these presents, ri posiii;; 
 special trust nnd euiilideiice in yunr lu\aliy, 
 courage, and good condnct, consiitnle iiiid 
 appoint you to be colonel of all the furees 
 raised, and to be raised for her majesty's ser- 
 vice, against the I'Veiich and Indian enemy 
 and rebels, that shall lie improved in t'le ser- 
 vice to the eastward of Casco-Bay ; and tu 
 
KIN (J I'll I LIP'S \Y\U. 
 
 TtS 
 
 ('(ir : but Mill' it 
 II tlii'iii, Inr liny 
 cil' lis III lit rtniy 
 ' imr I'lillv, tli^il 
 
 I mill li'iiiililr III 
 iiiicli liiinii, mill 
 
 II till' CllllllMIV. 
 
 Iriivvii fiii'lli, mill 
 will lliiiik iliiit 
 
 ml III 1)1 iiHiiUi', 
 wliiit llir.v liiivi! 
 
 solvi'll III IrlllKl.' 
 
 iriiu'dy rinm "'', 
 ir ciiiiiilry mImi. 
 
 I to llllllll II I'lllt 
 
 ili» riiiriil |iliii'r ; 
 lili! to yiiiir ix- 
 !• Ill Iter liiiijri'ly, 
 r licr lllllj^^ly'!^ 
 
 lilt lii'iii;;iil I'ori- 
 
 loli iniidi' iit!»ilift 
 • (•ii>l\VMril |iiirl>! 
 iiiliiiliiliiiils ! Inr 
 
 I IIS, lllHl Sll sunn 
 
 y, liny will |iir- 
 ■mr of llirir II" II. 
 •0 ill iiiiiKiiiir |iri" 
 il'Cliiflllliiliril, lor 
 
 llllllll tilings |iri' 
 cut iii'lioiis ; mill 
 lilicss llllllll' I In: 
 cliiiriri'S, Mini ilio 
 '. Anil lli.'it lli>^ 
 
 iiiiUfSiiiliililr iirls, 
 KiijLtlisli mill In- 
 
 siiK.'ssi iiniy iVrily 
 o serve till' pnlilir. 
 
 ,■<! tulu'ii till' inline 
 of my liemt mnl 
 well iiccepteil, I 
 
 lis I mil, your ex- 
 
 iinlili' serviiiil, 
 
 ..NCIIIHCII. 
 
 icelleiicy prppeiUe>l 
 Ills cxci'llem'y iip- 
 it iiiriiin to Miijor 
 to see lliiil every 
 him lliiit III' slioiilil 
 omiiiif^siiiy t"'innil 
 
 I'll llOIIII' Mini IIIMlUl 
 
 )viile UMTS mill piiil- 
 ' tlicm liiiii.'il ; ninl 
 is exeelliiiey, wlio 
 III. Wliieli is MS 
 
 plain (inirriil and 
 md orn- Inr Miijis 
 Mtissarliiisi tfs- lliii) 
 t« New-I'iii:ltiii)l, ill 
 niral of llif siiinr. 
 
 Ksq., (Jrvetiiiii : 
 
 r nml millioriiy, in 
 yal comiiiissiiiii, in 
 ! presiiits, ri posiiii: 
 nee in your Inyiiliy, 
 liiet, eoiislitiite mill 
 L'l of all llie foiees 
 ir her iiniji'sty's sir- 
 mill liiiliiiii <'iiemy 
 iniproveil in I'lc sor- 
 Cusco-Biiy ; and to 
 
 III- ciiptiiiii of the first coiiipiiiiy of the siiid .liiiiiK very well miiisliiil in hi^ iipinioii, tliiit 
 
 fori' n. Yon lire ihireliireeMnfiilly mill (lili- ttllhllie lilessiiii.' of (Jml, with winit fnrees 
 geiillv In pi'll'iMin the ililtv of II eoliinel mnl llii V liiiil or slinlijil hiive ; mill » hiile-hiiMis 
 i:iip;i.iii, hv hiiihiii.', onleriii;;, mnl exereisliii; so mil liiiiil wilh nais mnl pMihlhs, mh they 
 t!i:' siilil I'liiiijiiiny mill rr<>inii'iil III nriiis, liolh Iniil Willi thiiii iiiiL,'lil he stiirniiiit lo hiive 
 i'.ll'.rinr ollieers :iliil sohlnrs ; mill In keep' tiiUell it. His i xrelli iiey, Innkiiiu lipiiil 
 
 them ill >i I iiriler mill ilisciphne. Iliri liy i Coliniel <'hiireli, riplnil, he iniihl not inlinll 
 
 eoniiiiiiiilini; thrill 111 iiliiy you iis their col- 1 of tliiit, liy reason lie hiiil liy the iiilviee of 
 iiiiel mill I'liplam ; ami with llniii In ilo mnl her miiji'sly's eomn.'il, writ to her imijesly 
 iMTiile nil iiels of hoslihlv ii^rainst the saiil i alioiit the liikin>; of I'nrt-ltoval fori, mnl how 
 
 ciii'inv mill ri'hels. Ami ymi are to ohserve 
 mill fiillnw siieli onlerH ami ilireetioiisas you 
 hIiiiII l'l e.eim from myself, or other your su- 
 perior ollieer, aecoriliii^ to the rules ami ilis- 
 ripliiie of war, pursuant to the trust repiiseil 
 ill you. (liven umler my limnl niil seal at 
 iirnis, lit liosliiii, the I81I1 ihiy of iMareh, in 
 •he ihiril year of her iiiiiji'sIv'h leigii. Anno 
 Doin. 1TU:M. 
 
 J. DIJDLKY. 
 liy his Kxeelleiiey s commami. 
 
 Is VAC AiiDiNO'l'UN, .Secretary. 
 
 Colonel ('hiircli no sinnier received his 
 eoinmi'sioii, lint procei.'deil to the raising 
 of volmileirs, hy fioiii;; into every town 
 vvllliin the lline eouiitirs, which were for- 
 inei'lv I'lviiiniith irovi'rniiient ; lulvisiiii; with 
 the chief ollicir of each cinnpaiiy, to call 
 1 - eiiinpaiiv to^retlier, that so he mi^lit have 
 ho III ttiT opporliiiiity to iliscoiirsi: ami eii- 
 Uonra:;u them to serve iheir ((ileell ami ciiiiii- 
 try; ireiiiin:; llieiii with ilriiik eoiivenient, 
 tiilil them he diil not doiilit lint with iiod's 
 lilessiu;; to hriiii; them all home aifaiii. All 
 w hieh, with many other arii;iinieiits, animated 
 their iiearls to do service, no that Colonel 
 CIniri'.li enlisted out of some coiiipailies iiear 
 tvvi'iilv mill, and iilhers fifteen. lie liaviii>r 
 ruiseil a siillicii'iil miiiiher of lln^ilisli soldiers, 
 proceeileil to the enlisting of Indians in all 
 those (larts where they dwelt, which was a 
 (;iee/. fatiifiie and expense ; lieiiij; a people 
 that need much ireatini;, especially with 
 drink. Ilavini; enlisled tlie most of his sol- 
 diers in those parts, who daily lay upon him, 
 was not less tliaii ."1/. per day expenses, some 
 ilavs, ill viclnals and drink ; who douhtless 
 iliiiii!>lit, especially the I'iii^lish, that tlie 
 conntrv vvonld have reimbursed it airain.otlier- 
 wi:-c they would hardly have accepted it of 
 liiin. Colonel Chnreh's soldiers hiitli Kn^'- 
 lish mid Indians in those parts lieiiii; raised, 
 mari'hed them all down in Nantasket, ac- 
 eordini; lo his exceiieney's direclioiis; where 
 biiiiij come, till.' follovunj; piulemeii were 
 Coinmissinned lo lie coinmmiilers of eacii 
 particular eompaiiy, vi/.. Lieiileiiaiit ("oliinel 
 Gorhaiii, Captains .lohii Brown, Constant 
 Churcli, •Imiies Cole, .liihn Dyer, .liihn ('ook, 
 Caleh Williamson, and Kilwanl Church, of 
 the forces raisi'd hy ('nloiiel Churcli, eaeli 
 company liiiii!; filled up with l'jiii;lisli mid 
 Inihaiis as they aiireed ainiin<; themselves, 
 and hy the coloiiers directions ; Captain 
 Llllllll, and Ciiptinu iMirick's company, who 
 were raised hy his excellency's direction, 
 were ordered to join those aforesaid, under 
 the eommaiul of Colonel (Church. Matters 
 liciiii; lii'ou;;ht thus far on. Colonel Church 
 wiiiti'd iii>oii his excellency at Boston to 
 ki nvv his pleasure, what further measures 
 were to he taken ; iind did hiimhly move 
 
 it hIioiiIiI he disposed of when taken. How- 
 ever (Joloiiel CJmreli proeeedinj; to ){et every 1 
 tliiiijj ready forllie forces down at Naiitaskel, 
 which was llii' place of parade. He liiip- 
 pi'iiin^; one day to he at Captain Belcher's, 
 when; his excellemy happened to come ; 
 who wiiH pleased to order Colonel Church to 
 put on his swiii'il, mid walk with him up the 
 common, which he n iidily complied with. 
 W here lieiiii; come lie saw two inorlar pieces 
 wilh shells, and an eimineer Iryiiin with 
 them lo throw a sliill tVoiii them lo any apot 
 of jrniiiiiil wheri' he said it Hhoiihi fall. 
 ^^ Inch, when Coloinl (.'liureli had seen done, 
 ijave him ^reat encniirai,n'ineiit and hopes 
 that it W'Kild promiite their f^oiii;; to I'ort- 
 Koyiil, which he had solicileil for ; and re- 
 turnini; from tlienei , afier they Imil seen 
 them tried hy the .-aid eii!,'iiieer, and per- 
 formini; what was proposed, coiniii!; near to 
 Captain William IJIark's house, over ai;aiiist 
 the horse-shoe, his excellency was invited liv 
 (.'a|itain Clark lo walk over ami take a ^rlass 
 of wine ; which he was pleiised to accept of, 
 and took (Hilonel Church with iilin ; iind in 
 lliu time they were taking a glass of wine. 
 Colonel (.'hiircli once more presumed to miv 
 to his excellemy, " .Sir, I hope that now we 
 shall i;o to I'ort-lioyal in order to lake it ; 
 those mortars lieinj,' very siiilahle for such an 
 enterprise." His excellency was pleased to 
 re|)ly : "('oloiiel (,'liurch yon nilist say no 
 more of that mailer, for the letter I told you 
 of 1 writ hy the advice of her majesty's 
 cuiincil, now lies at home on tin' hoard lie- 
 fore the lords ciimniissioners if her majesty's 
 foieiiin plantatiiins." Afler so.;-- davs everv 
 thiiijj heiiiy: ready to emhaik, (Colonel Chureii 
 received his instructiuns, which arc as fol- 
 lows ; — 
 
 Bjl his Eicrllnici/ Jnsrph Diullri/, llsi/., 
 Ctijitain-iitiiiial (iiul (iiiiuriiiir-in-C/iii f 
 ill anil »('(;• Inr Mnjisli/'s I'lnviiirc nf the 
 ilassachiisilh-ISiii/, i\'c., in .\iw Ihiglaiiil, 
 and Vice-Admiiiii of the same. 
 
 fnslructions for Cnliinil liciijamin Church, 
 in the pns' nt llrjiiditioii. 
 
 Ill piirsuaiiee of the ciimmissinii i.riveii von 
 to take the chief cnnimmiil of the land and 
 sea forces liy mi' raised, eipiipped, and set 
 liirlli on her majesty's service, against her 
 open declared enemies the I''reiieli mid In- 
 dian rebels, you me to observe the folliiwinir 
 insiriictioiis : 
 
 First, you are to lake eare, that the duties 
 of religion he attended on hoard the several 
 vessels, and in the several compmiii s under 
 your comniaml, by daily prayers iiiitn (loil, 
 and readin;> his iiiily word ; and that the 
 Lord's day be ohsirveil and duly sanctified 
 to the utmost of your power, ns far as tin 
 
 thai ihey iiiii;lit nave liberty in their instriic-: cireuinslances and necessity of the service 
 lions to tniike nii utlack upon I'ort-Royitl ; {can admit, that so yuu may have the presence 
 
 of (ioil with, Iind ohlain his blessing on yuiil 
 iindertakinu'' 
 
 Villi are to take eaie I'lal Minr soldiei'* 
 have their due allowaiiie of pi'iivi>iiiiis ami 
 other neeessarii's ; that their anus be well 
 fixed, and kept III for service, mnl lliat lliey 
 be furiii>lied Willi a siiilahli' ipiaiilily of pii V- 
 der and ball, and be always in nadim.-:) tn 
 pass upon duly. 
 
 'I'liiit guild order and di>i'iphiie be iiiaiii- 
 tiiined ; and all ilisnrdeis, ilrnnkeiiiiess, prn- 
 fane Kwearinir, eiirsiiiir, omi<>iiiii or niijleet 
 of duty, disohedieiice to nUieers, inuliny, 
 deseriiim ami sedilion be duly piiiii-hed lu- 
 cording to the rules and arlieles of war ; iht) 
 which you are inici.' a nionlli, or nl'iemr, to 
 cause to be |iiililislieil and made known lo 
 your ollieers and soldiers for llnir oliMrvancn 
 nml direeliim in their duly. Let iioliirioii'i 
 illiil capital oireliders be sent away In lliis 
 next garrisons, there to be iiiipri-oned iiniil 
 they can he proceeded Willi. 
 
 Let till' sick and woiiinled he can fully 
 looked iifler, and aei'nmmiiiliileil iiller llie 
 best inminer your eireiiiii^lanei s will iidiiiit 
 of, mill be sent eillnr lo Ca>iii-l'ort, or to 
 Mr. I'eperil's at Kiltery, vvhieli may bo 
 easiest, so soon hs you can. 
 
 You are fnrlliwilh to send away llie fmces 
 and stores ly the trmispnrls, willi llir wliale- 
 biiats to I'iscalaipia, on Killi ry side, ilii re to 
 altelid your ciillliiiL' ; whiller ynll are In fol- 
 low them wilh all expeihtinti. 
 
 You are to iinhark in the l'riiviin'e-(ialley, 
 Caplain .'"ioiitlibaek, ei niiiiainl.r, and let 
 Lieleiiiiiit Colonel (lorlnim go on board Ci\\t- 
 tain (ialliip ; u Im are bnili ilineted In Mlleinl 
 your iiioliiin on the l''reiieii .'-iile, afier wlneli 
 they are to reliirii. Let the eipMimanders of 
 nil the store sloops and traii>ports know that 
 they sail, anchor, and serve at your dnec 
 lion. 
 
 When you sail from IMsealaipia, Keep at 
 such distanee olV the shnre, that yon be not 
 observed hv tbi' enemy lo alarm I Iniii. ."^lop at 
 Moiitiiiiciis, nml tlier embark the forei sinllic 
 whale-boats for the main. In rani;i' tbal part of 
 the country, in search of the em my, 10 .Minint- 
 Desart, sending llie vessels In ini 1 t voiilln re ; 
 nml after having refn shed and reniiiled vmir 
 soldiers, |iroi'eed to .Maeliia.-,aiiil frmn lliincc 
 to I'assanieipiado ; and liavmi.' 1 H'leleil what 
 spoils yon possibly may iipnn ihe eneiiiv in 
 those parts, embark on yniir vessels for Me- 
 liis and .''i^'iieclii, lo rnrl-lloyal (i'lit ; anil 
 use all pns.-ihle melhnds fur llie biiriiiiii; and 
 desli'nyinir of llie enemy's Iiiiiims, mnl hii ak- 
 in:; the dams of their eorii eroniiils in the 
 said several places, and make what oilier 
 spoils you can upon llieni, and liriiiL' away 
 the prisoners. In lonrriliirii call al l*i nob 
 seol, mill do wlial you can lliire, and mi pro- 
 ceed westward. 
 
 '!'!.;s will probably emplnv vmi a niontli 
 or six weeks, when yon will ilruiv loi;elher 
 mraiii, anil by the latter end of .liine con- 
 sider whethi'tyoii can niareli In .Vnrri^vvaek, 
 or oilier parts of their plaiiiiiiij, lo ili^troy 
 their corn ami selllemenls. ami keep ibe ex 
 peditioii on foot until tin.' miilille of Aiii.'iisi 
 next. 
 
 \( twilhstandinir the |iioiii'nlari!y of l! 1: 
 afori'Loin^ inslriielions, I lav vnii iiiiilir no 
 restraint, because I am well assured of voiir 
 courage, care, caution, and industry ; but 
 
718 
 
 KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 refer you to your own rosiilvcs, by the iid 
 vice of your ciiiiiiiiis:iioii olHceri>, not under 
 tlic (li'iirce of c;i|)liiiiis, iind tliu sen com- 
 mission uiipluiiis (ivlioiu you will, iis often as 
 you can, iiilvise with) iiucording to tlie intel- 
 lijrencc you amy receive, or us you may find 
 nei.iiful U|ioM liie siiot. 
 
 V'oii are hy every opportunity, nnd once a 
 «('e.k cerlaialy, liy some nieiiiiii, cither liy 
 Cujci), I'lsciitaiiua, 4>r ullierwisu tu acquaint 
 nie of your proeeedin<!8 and all occurrences, 
 and what may lie further necessary for the 
 service. And to observe such further and 
 other instructions us you shall receive from 
 myself. 
 
 As often as you may, advise with Captain 
 Smith and Captain Itogcrs, conimander.s of 
 lier majesty's ships. 
 
 Let your minister, comissnry, and sur- 
 geons be treated witii just respects. I pray 
 tu (jod tu preserve, prosper, and succeed 
 you. 
 
 (i ivcii under my hand at Boston, the fourth 
 d.iv of Jlay, 1704. 
 
 J. DUDLEY. 
 
 I'lirsiiiim to ids instructions he sent away 
 liis transports and fin'ces to Piscatucjuu, bat 
 was oliliifi'd himself to wait upon his excel- 
 lency by land to Piscataqua, in order to raise 
 more forces in the way thither; and did raise 
 a company under the cotnmand of Captain 
 Ilarriilon; taking care also to provide u 
 pilot for lliem in the bay of Fundy ; Colo- 
 nel ("liurcli liein^ directed to one Fellows, 
 wlioiii he met with itt Ipswich. And goiiijir 
 fiimi tlii'iiee to Piscataqua with his cxcel- 
 leiicv, was tlirre met by that worthy (fentle- 
 nian Alajor Wiiithrop llilton, who ••':<? very 
 lii'l|il'ul to liim in the whole expedition whose 
 name and memory oni;lit not tu be foigot, 
 Ijiiiiif rciidy to einliarU from Piscataqua, 
 ('olonel CImreli reipiested the cnuiinnnders 
 of her maji'sly's ships. Captain Smith and 
 ('a|iiaiii Rogers to tarry at Piscataqua u fort- 
 iii^rlit, that SI) they ini^'ht not be discovered 
 by the enemy before he had done some spoil 
 upon them. Then moving in their traiis- 
 porls, as directed, ^ot safe into Montinicus, 
 umliscovcrcd by the enemy. IVext morning; 
 e.irly, filled out two whale-boats with men, 
 (^'aplaiii .liilin Cooke in one, and Captain 
 ('oMsiant Church in the other; and sent 
 them to (iieeii-Island, upon a discovery; 
 
 and c iiii; there tlii'y parted, one went to 
 
 OIK! part, and the oilier to the other part, 
 that so tlii'V mi^dit not miss of what could be 
 discovered; where they met with old Lafaure 
 with Ills two soiiM 'riiomas and Timothy, and 
 a Canada Indian. The eiieniy seeing that 
 llii'y were discovered, threw down their ducks 
 and eggs, having a eoiisiderahle quantity of 
 each, and ran to their canoes, getting into 
 tlirm, stoiid diri'ctly fur the JMain ; looking 
 l>eliind llicie perceived the whale-boats to 
 gain so fast upon ihein, clapt side by side, 
 and all lour got into one canoe, which proved 
 of llllle ailvniitairc to them, for the whale-boats 
 g'liiied so nineh upon them, and got so near 
 that ("iiptaiii '"cuds, tiring at the steer's-nnin, 
 tile liidian, and happened to irraze his sk.dl, 
 and ipiite f.poilt'd Ills paddling: upon which 
 ilil Lafaure and sons, seeing their compa- 
 nion's condition, soon begged for (juarter, 
 nnd IkkI it grunteJ. The two ca|>tuina witli 
 
 their success presently returned tu tlieircom 
 nntnder, taking care that their captives should 
 iKit discourse togetluT before they were ex 
 amined ; when brought to Colonel ('hurch, 
 he ordered them to be apart, and first pro 
 ceeded to examine old Lafaure, whom he 
 found to be very surly and cross, so that lie 
 could gain no manner of intelligence by 
 him ; upon which the commander was re- 
 solved to put in practice what lis had for 
 merly dune at Seneeto ; ordering the Indiiins 
 tu make twu large heaps of dry wood, at some 
 distance one from the other, and to set a large 
 stake in the ground, close to each heap ; then 
 ordered the two sons, Thonuis nnd Timothy, 
 to he brought, and tube bound to the stakes; 
 also ordering; bis Indians to paint themselves 
 with cidoui!, which they bad brought fur thi.t 
 use. Then the colonel proceeded to exam- 
 ine tirst Timothy ; and told him, lie had ex- 
 amined his father idready ; and that if ho 
 told him the truth he would save his life, nnd 
 time liioi into his service ; nnd tiiat hesli<.<uld 
 have good pay and live well. He answered, 
 that he would tell him the truth ; nnd gave 
 him an accoutu of eveiy tiling lie knew ; 
 which was all minuted down : he being asked 
 whether his brother Thomas did nut know 
 more than liet ills answer was, yes, for his 
 brother 'i'homas bad n commission sent him 
 from the governor of Canada, to comnnd n 
 cuinpany of Indians, who were gathered 
 together at a place where some French gen- 
 tlemen lately arrived from Canada, who were 
 officers to command the rest that were to go 
 westward to light the English, and that there 
 was sent to his father and brother Tom, n 
 considerable quantity of fiuur, fruit, nininu- 
 nitioii nnd s ores, for t!ie supply of the said 
 army. He >eing asked, whether he could 
 piibt our forces t;: t!:em ? Said no ; but his 
 brother Tom could, for he had hid it, nnd 
 that he was not tliLii with him. The colonel 
 asked him, what gentlemen those were that 
 came from Canada] He answered Monsieur 
 Gourdnn, and Mr. 8harkee. Being nsked 
 where they were! Answered at Piissuuic- 
 quado, building n fort there. Being also 
 asked, what number of Indians and French 
 there were at Penobscot 1 He answered, 
 there were several families, hut they lived 
 scatterini;. Asked him further, if he would 
 pilot our forces thither? answered, he would 
 if the comniiiiider would not let the savages 
 roast him. Upon which the colonel ordered 
 liiin to be loosed from the stake, n<id took 
 him by the band, told him, he wonhl be as 
 kind to him as his own father; at which he 
 seemed to be very thankful. And then the 
 colonel proceeded to examine his hroti" r 
 Tom, and told him that he had examined his 
 father and brother, and that his brother had 
 told him «very tittle he knew, and that he 
 knew more than bis brother Timothy did ; 
 and that if he would be ingenuous and con- 
 fess all be knew, he should fare as well as 
 his brother ; hut if not, the savages should 
 roast him. U'hereupmi 'he solemnly pro- 
 mised that he would, and that he would pilot 
 him to every thing he knew, to the value of 
 a knife and sheath (wliieli with doubt he 
 did.) Then the colonel immediately gave 
 orders for the whale-boats to be ready, and 
 went directly over wImm'o the said goods and 
 stores were, and found them as iiifurined, 
 
 tuok them on board the boats, and returneii 
 tu their transports ; luid ordering provisions 
 to be put into every man's knapsack for six 
 or eight days ; so in the dusk of the evening 
 left their transports, with orders liov/ they 
 should act; and went directly for the main 
 land of Penobscot, and mouth of that river, 
 with their pilots Tom and Timothy, who 
 carried them directly to every place and lin- 
 hitatiun, both of French and Indian therea- 
 bouts, with the nssislunce of one De Young, 
 whom they curried out of Boston gaol for the 
 sumo purpose, who was very serviceable to 
 them. Being there we killed and took every 
 one, both French and Indians, not knowing 
 that any one did escape in all Penobscot ; 
 uinnng tliose that were taken was ISt. Caa- 
 teen'g daughter, who said that her husband 
 was gone to France, to her father Monsieur 
 Casteen. She having liercbildreii with lier,tbo 
 commander was very kind to her and them 
 All the prisoners that were then taken, hefd 
 to one story in general, which they had from 
 Lafaure's sons ; that there were no iiiort 
 Indians thereabouts, but enough of them et 
 Passainequado ; upon which Sbey soon re- 
 turned tu their transports with their prisoners 
 nnd plunder. The commander giving order 
 inmediutely for the soldiers in the whale- 
 boats to have a recruit of provisions for a 
 further pursuit of the enemy, giving orders 
 to the transports tu stay a t\:w days more 
 there, and then go to Mount-Desart (and 
 there to stay for her majesty's ships, who 
 were directed to come thither) nnd tlii'ie to 
 wait his further order. Then Colonel Church 
 with his forces immediately embarked on 
 board their whale-boats, and proceeded to 
 scour the coast, nnd to try if they cuiild dis- 
 cover any of the enemy coining from Passu- 
 mequado; making their stops in the day- 
 time ut all the points and w here they were 
 certain the enemy would land, or come by 
 with their canoes, nnd at night to their pad- 
 dles. Then coming near where the vessels 
 were ordered tu come, having made no (lis- 
 cuvery of the enemy, went directly to Mount 
 Desart, where the transports were just come ; 
 and taking some provisions for his soldiers, 
 gave direction for the slii|is and transports in 
 six days to come directly to I'assaniequndu, 
 where they should find him and his forcciJ. 
 Then immediately moved away in the uhalo 
 boats, and miule diligent search along shore 
 as formerly, inspecling all plaos where ilu 
 enemy was likely to lurk: piini('iil<irl\ lU 
 iMachins ; but found neither fires iiiir Irneks 
 Coming afterwards to the wi'st harbour a! 
 l'assaine(|uado, where they entered upon 
 action ; nn account whereof Colnnel Church 
 did communicr.te to his excelleiiey, being us 
 followeth : 
 
 ifaif it please your Ezetllcnci;, 
 
 I received yours of ibis instant, Oelobt 
 0th, with the twoeneloseil inforniatioiiH, tliiit 
 concern my actions at Passaiiieipiado, wliieli 
 I will give a just and true aeeoiiiit of as mar 
 as possibly I can, viz. on tlieTtb of .Iniie last, 
 I7U4, In the evening we entered in at the 
 westward harbour nt said Passainequado ; 
 coming up said harbour to nn islmid, where 
 lauding, we came to n French house, and 
 tuok It French woman and children ; the wo- 
 man upon her cxuuiination said, her bus- 
 
KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 717 
 
 III! |)llicrs wlirn 
 
 bund WHS iibroiid fishing. 1 asked licr wlibthiT, thuir Imtcliets, and not firu a puw. This or* 
 thurc were any liuliniis therealtoiits. 8hu iler I always gave nt hiridiii<!, telling them 
 said ye;i, tlicre were a great iniiiiy, and sev- the iiieoiiveiiieiicy of firing, in that it might 
 I'ral on lliat island. I asked her wheili;:' he. first, dangerous to themselves, they being 
 slu' ciiidil |)ilot me to them. Said no, they I many of them yonng s(ddiers, as I had 
 hid iii the woods. I asked her wlic'i she saw i some time observe>l that one or two guns 
 them. Answered, just iioT, or a little while being fired, many others would fire, at 
 
 smee. I asked her whei.lif£ she knew where 
 they had laid the canoes. ' Sr-o aiisw-.^r' H, no, 
 they carried their canoes in 'Me sor.-'i; with 
 thi'Mi. We then hastened i.way ait. '<g shore, 
 sei/.ing what prisoners we -^ould;-' iking old 
 Lolrii! a!id his fa'»''y. 
 
 This intelligence caused me to leave Col- 
 onel (iorham, and a considerah/e pnrt of my 
 men and boats with him, nt th>it island, partly 
 to guard and secure those prisoners, being sen- 
 sible it would be u great trouble to have them 
 to secure mid guard at our next landing, 
 wli'jre I did really expect, and hoped to have 
 an opportunity to tight our Indiun enemies; 
 for all our i'reucli prisoners that we had 
 taken at Penobscot, and alongshore, had in- 
 formed us, that when we came to the place 
 where these Canada gentlemen lived, we 
 should certainly meet with the savages to 
 figlit us, those being the only men that set 
 the Indians against us, or upon us, and were 
 newly come from Canada, to manage the 
 war against us, ^pleading in this account and 
 information their own iniiucency) and partly 
 ill hopes that he, the said Colonel tiorham, 
 would have a good opportunity in the morn- 
 ing to destroy some of those our enemies, 
 (we were informed by the said French woman 
 as above,) with the use of his boats, as I had 
 given direction. Ordering also Major Hilton 
 to pass over to the next island, that lay cast 
 of us, with a small party of men and boats, 
 to surprise and destroy any of the enemy 
 that in their canoes might go here and there, 
 from any place, to make their flight from us, 
 and, as he had opportunity, to take any 
 French prisoners. We then immediately 
 iiiovi^l up the river, in the dark night, through 
 great diffie.nlties, by reason of the eddies and 
 whirlpools, made with the fierceness of the 
 current. And here it may he hinted, that 
 we had information that Lotriel liad lost part 
 of his family passing over to the iie.xt island, 
 t'alliiig into one of those edilies were drowned, 
 which the two pilots told to discourage me. 
 But I said nothing of that nature shall do it ; 
 for I was resolved to venture up, and tliere- 
 
 tliey knew not what, as happened |)rejeiitly 
 lifter, and it would alarm the enemy, and 
 give them opportunity to make their es- 
 cape ; and it might alarm the whole country, 
 and also prevent all further action from 
 taking •■(feet. Orders being thus passed, we 
 moved directly towards the woods, Le Faver's 
 son directing us to a little hut or wigwam, 
 which we inimediat"ly surrounded with a 
 few men, the rest marching directly up into 
 the woods, to see what wigwams or huts 
 they could discover; myself made u little 
 stop, ordering the pilot to tell them in the 
 hut that they were surrounded with uii army, 
 and that if they would come forth and sur- 
 render themselves, they slumld have good 
 quarter, hut if not, they should all be knocked 
 on the head and die. One of them showed 
 himself; I asked who he was. He said, 
 Gourdan, and begged for quarter. I told 
 him he should have good quarter; adding 
 further, that if there were any more in the 
 house, they should come out. Then came 
 out two men ; (jourdan said they were his 
 sons, and asked (piarter for them, which was 
 also granted. Tlieu came out a woman and 
 a little boy ; she fell upon her knees, begged 
 quarter for herself and children, and tliat I 
 would not siilfer the Indians to kill them. I 
 told them they shoulil have good quarter, 
 and not be hurt. After wliicli I ordered a 
 small guard over them, and so moved (ire- 
 seiitly up with the rest of my company, after 
 them that were gone befcre ; but looking on 
 my right hand, over a little run, I saw some- 
 thing look black just by me, stopped, and 
 heard a talking, stepped over, and saw a lit- 
 tle hut or wigwum, with a crowd of peojile 
 round about it, which was contrary to my 
 firmer directions. Asked them what they 
 were doing. They replied, there were some 
 of the enemy in a house, and would not 
 come out. I asked, what house. They said 
 a bark house. I hastily bid them pull it 
 down, and knock them on the head, never 
 asking whethiM' they were French or Indians, 
 they being all enemies alike to me. A.'id 
 
 I direction, expo.-iii!; tli 
 
 em- 
 
 hole army to niter ruin, by 
 
 fiH-e, forthwith paddling our boats as ])ri- passing then to them, anil seeing them in 
 vately as we c<iuld, and with as much ex- great disorder, so many of the army in a 
 pedilion as we could make with <iur paddles, crowd together, acting so contrary to my 
 and the liidp of a strong tide, we came up 
 to Monsieur Courdan's a little before day ; 
 where taking notice of the shore, and tinding 
 it somewhat open and clear, I ordered Cap- 
 tain Miriek and Captain Cole, having Eng- 
 lish compiinies, to tarry with several of the 
 boats to be ready, that if any of the enemy 
 should come down out of the brush into the 
 bay, (it being very broad in that place) with 
 their canoes, they might take and destroy 
 llinm; ordering the remainder of the army 
 lii'ing landed, with myself and the other 
 odii'rrs, to march up into the woods, with a 
 wide front, anil to keep nt a considerable 
 diitaiice, for that if they should run in heaps 
 the enemy would have the greater ndvan- 
 (.igc ; and further directing them that, if 
 pu.isiLle, they sliuulJ destroy the enemy with 
 4 
 
 command am 
 selves and the 
 
 their so disorderly crowding thick togelliir; 
 (had an enemy come u|ion lliem in that in- 
 terim, and fired a volley anioiii;st llieni, they 
 could not have missed a shot ;) and whiilly 
 neglecting their duty, in nut attending my 
 orders, in searching ililigintly for our lurk- 
 ing enemies in their wigwiiiiis, or by their 
 fires where I had great hopes, and real ex- 
 pectations to meet w ith tliiiii. 
 
 I most certainly know that 1 was in an ex- 
 ceeding great passion, but not with those 
 poor miserable enemies ; for I took no no- 
 lice of half a dozen of the enemy, when nt 
 the same lime, I expeeled to be engaged with 
 some hundreds of lliein, of whom we bad a 
 continued account, who were e,\|'ecled from 
 
 Port-Roynl side. In this heat of acti,>ii, every 
 word that I then spoke, I eaniiot give an ac- 
 count of, and I presume it is impossible, I 
 stopped but little here, but went ilinelly up 
 into the wooiU, hoping to be bcller eioplnyrd, 
 with the rest of the army. I listeneil lo lieiir, 
 and looked earnestly to see what iniulit be 
 the next action; but meeting with many of 
 the soldiers, they told nie they had discovered 
 nothing, we fetching a small compass round, 
 cnmc down again. It being prelly dark, I 
 took notice, 1 saw two men l.-iy dead, as 1 
 thought, nt the end of the bouse where the 
 door was, and immediately I be guns went 
 off, and they fired every man, as I tlioiii;lil, 
 and most towards that place where I left the 
 guard with Monsieur (ionrdan. 1 hud iiiiich 
 ado to stop their firing, and told iheni I 
 thought they were inn ', and I lieliived they 
 had not killed and woundi^d It :■> man ftaiy 
 or fifty of our own men. And I asked 
 them what they shot ill. They answered, 
 at a Frenchman tiiiit ran nway. I!ut lo nd- 
 miriition no man was killed, but he, and one 
 of our men wounded in the leg; and I turn- 
 ing about, a Frenchman spoke lo ine, ...'iil ( 
 gave him quarter. Daylight coining on, mid 
 no discovery made of the enemy, I went lo 
 the place where I had left IMoiisieiir (■'oiirdan, 
 to examine him and bis sons, who agr.'eil in 
 their examinations; told me two of ilieir 
 men were uliroail. It proved a damage ; 
 and further told me, that Monsieur ^*hariten 
 lived several leagues up at llie head of the 
 river, at the falls, and all the Indians were 
 fishing, anil tending their corn l!iei'e ; and 
 that Monsieur Sharket^ had sent down to 
 him to come up to him, to advise about the 
 Indian army that was lo g.i weslward ; but 
 he had returned him answer, his business 
 wns urgent, and he could not come up ; and 
 that 8harkee and the Indians would ceruiiuly 
 be down that day, or tin' next at the farthest, 
 to come to conchnle of lliiit mailer. This 
 was a short night's action, and all sensililu 
 men do well know, that aclions done in llio 
 dark (being in the night as alincsnid) nmler 
 so many difliculties, as we then labored un- 
 der, as before related, was a very hard task 
 for one man, mattiM's being eirennistanced loi 
 ill this action; wliieli woiiM not admit of 
 calling a council, and at that lime eoiild no', 
 be confined therennlo ; at uliieb lime i ujs 
 transported above fear, in' .iiiy sort of ilreiid ; 
 yet being sensible of the (i.iri;;er in my .ir- 
 inies crowding so thick logelber, ami of the 
 great duly iiiciimhent on me lo preserve tliini 
 from all the danger ! pii.>si!)ly eoiilil, lia' I'lii- 
 llier improvement in tlii^ distriK^rnin oi our 
 implacable enemies ; inn ready to eimelnde, 
 that I was very ipiiek iiiid alisuliite in titing 
 such coinniands and ordris, as I then iippre- 
 liended most proper and adtaiilaueoiis. And 
 had it not hei'U for the inlelligenee I had re- 
 ceived from the French we took at I'eiiob- 
 scot, as hefiire liiiited, and the false report 
 the French woman first look uave me, I had 
 not been in such liiisle. I (pieslion not but 
 those Frenchmen that were slain, bad the 
 same good quarler of other prisoners. ]tnt 
 I ever looked on it ii good providence of 
 Almighty (iod, that simie few of imr erin I 
 and bloody enemies were ii ide sriisilile id" 
 their bloody cruellies, jierj etraled on my dear 
 uiid luvinir friends and couiilryincn ; and lliiil 
 
718 
 
 KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 tile f Hill! luciisiiri', ill |iiirt, nit'ti'd to tlii'iii, 
 its llii'v li:iil lii'i'ii guilty t>r ill II liiirbiii'Dii^ 
 lu.'iiiiicr at Di.'i'j'lii'lil, iiiiii 1 lio|U' jiistlv. I 
 licp|ir iiin\ .Miiiinhiy will accr[it lu'ivdl', al- 
 lliir.i^li it liiav iMit III! eli^ililc to our rrciicli 
 iiii,iiliU!alili' riiriiiii's, iiiid siicli otlicrs a.s aiv 
 liiu oiii- Irit'iids. The t>iri'<;oiii!; jiiiiriial, and 
 tills sliort iiiiiioMiitMit 1 tlioii^lit It my duty to 
 cxliiliit, tor tliu siili^fautioii of my tViciids and 
 (.'oiiiitrymt'li, whom 1 very laitliliiily and 
 willingly scrvt'd in tlie late cxpt'ditioii ; and 
 t lio|n: will find acfO|)taiioc' wiili your i-xcil- 
 Iciicy, tilt; lioiioiiralilu council and ri'proscn- 
 tativTM now assembled, ils licini; done from 
 till' vu'iil I liad in tlie said Hrrvice of lier 
 majesty, ami lirr y:ood subjects liere. 
 I ri'iiiiiiii your most iinnible, 
 And oliciiicnt servant, 
 
 iil;\jaminciiuucii. 
 
 Tliis iii:rlii's siTvicc 
 
 (liati'lv Colonel Clinreli leaves ii sntlicient 
 ^niard u itii (■oiirdan and the otlier prisoneri!, 
 niovi'd in some wliale-lioats with tlie rest, 
 and as tliey were <roiii!l spieil a small tliiiiij 
 ii|ioii tlie water, at ii >i;reat distance, wliieb 
 proved to Ik; a bind) canoe with two Indians 
 ill lier. The colonel presently ordered the 
 liulitest boat he hail to make the best of her 
 \ay and ent them otV from the shore ; but 
 I'le Indians perceiviiijr their design, run their 
 e.inoi' ashore and tied, (^oloiiel Clinreh tear- 
 injithey v.oiiM run directly to Sharliee, made 
 all the expedition iiiiai,Mnable ; hut it biiii;; 
 ehl) and the water low, wasoblip'd to land, 
 iiiid make tlie best of their way tliriMiixb the 
 Woods, liopini; to intcrci'pt the Inilians, and 
 fret to Sliarkee's house before iliem ; which 
 was two mill':* from where our forces landed. 
 The colonel heinj; ancient and unwieldy, de- 
 sir.id serjiMiit Ivlee to run with him, and 
 comiii!; to several Irei's talleii, wliieli he could 
 not creep under or readily ^et over, would lay 
 his breast aijainst the tree, the said Kdee 
 Inrnini; him over, fienerally had cat-hick, 
 fallinir on his feet, by which means kept in 
 the front ; and comlnir near to Sharkee's 
 liniise, discovered some French and Indians 
 iiiakiiiiT a wi^ar in the river, and presently 
 ili<(!over(<d the two Imlians aforementioned, 
 w ho ealleil to them at work in the river ; tidd 
 tliini there was an army of l''ii<;lisli and In- 
 dians just by ; who immediately left their 
 work and ran, endiavorini; to fjet to Shar- 
 kei''s house, who, hearing; the noise, took his 
 lady and child, and ran into the woods. 
 Our iiieii riinniiiji briskly tired and killed one 
 of tin: Indians, and took the rest prisoners. 
 Then lioinir to .Sharkee's lioilse foiiiiil a 
 Woman and child, to whom they trave uooil 
 ;|iiarler ; and lindiii!; that .Madame Sliarkee 
 jail Irl't her silk clothes and line linen behind 
 Iier, onr I'orces were ilesirons to have pursued 
 and taken her ; but (!7olonel Clinrcb forbade 
 tliein, saying he would have her run and suf- 
 fer, that she iiiii;ht bo made sensible what 
 Iliirdships our poor people hail siitiVred by 
 them. Then proceeded to exiimine the pri- 
 Nonerii in wly taken, who <;ave him the same 
 iiecoiint he had before of the Indiiiiisi lieiiii; 
 up al the i'ulU'. It beiii;.' just iiiidit prevented 
 uiir allacki il' of ihem that iiii,dit ; but next 
 lliornin;; e irly liny innved iiji to the falls, 
 Wliirb was about a mile hiirber. Uiil doiibl- 
 
 twoaforesiiid Indian?, before our forces cumu, 
 811 that they all jrot <i4i the other side of the 
 river, and hit some of their ij;iioda by the 
 water-side to decoy (uir nieii, that so they 
 niiifht lire upon them, which indeed they 
 iii'ected ; hilt tlirouf;h the providence of (lod 
 iii!ver a man of oiir^ was killed, and but one 
 slightly wounded. After a short dispute, 
 Colonel Clinrch ordered that every iiiaii 
 ini<;ht take what they plcaiied of the fish 
 wliicli lay bundled up, and to burn the rest, 
 which was a frreut quantity. The enemy 
 seeinjr what our liirces were about, and that 
 their stock of tisli was destroyed, and the 
 season beiii" over for fteltiiii; any more, set 
 i:p a hideous cry, and so ran all nvvay into 
 the woods ; who bein>!; all on the other side 
 of the river, ours coulil not follow them. 
 Ilavin<r done, our forces niarched down to 
 Itlieir boats at Sharkee's, and took their pri- 
 bein-; over, imnie-lsoners, beaver, and other plunder which tliey 
 
 Icbn the enemy \\m\ boiiiu inlelh^'i nco by tlie|lo\vt<: 
 
 had ffot, and put it into their boats, and went 
 down to(iourdan's house, w here they had left 
 l.ieutenant ('ohniel (iorliam and Major Hil- 
 ton, with part of the forces to j:nard the pri- 
 soners, and kept a <;oo(l look-out for more 
 of the enemy, who, upon the Colonel's re- 
 turn, irave him an account that they had 
 made no discovery of the enemy since he 
 left them, .lust then lur majesty's ships and 
 transports arrivin;;, the coinmanders of her 
 majesty's ships told ('(iloiiel Church that 
 they had orders to ::o directly for I'ort-Hoyal 
 (Jilt, and wait the eoniinir of some store- 
 ships, which were expecliil at i'ort-Hoyal 
 from France ; and (.'olonel Church lulvisinj; 
 with them, proposed that it was very ex- 
 pedient and serviceable to the Crown, that 
 Captain .Soiithbaek in the Province (jjalley 
 sliimid iiccompany them, which they did 
 readily ncipiicsee with him in. Upon which 
 the colonel iinniediately embarked his Itirces 
 on board the transports, and liiinself on 
 board Captain Jarvis ; orderiiitr the com- 
 missary of the stores, the minister, siirijeons, 
 and pilots all to embark on board the same 
 vessel wiih him ; orderinj; all the whale- 
 boats to be put on board the transporlH, and 
 then to come to vail. 'J'lie ships standing 
 away for I'ort-lloyal (iiit, and (^oloind 
 Clinreh with the transports for Menis. In 
 till ir way the colonel iinpiired of their pilot 
 l'ello«s, what depth of water lliere was in 
 the creek, near the town of Menis. He 
 answered him tliiit there was water en<i;i>'-b 
 near the town to lloat that vessel they were 
 in at low water. So when comiiii; near, 
 Cidonel Church observed n woody island 
 between tiiem and the town, that they run 
 lip on the back side of ilie said island, with 
 all their transports ninlisi overed to the enemy, 
 and came to anchor. Then the colonel and 
 all his forces embarked in the whale-boats, 
 it beiiiii late in the day, moved directly tor 
 the town, and in the way asked for tlie pilot, 
 whom he expcelril was in one of the boats ; 
 but III! had <;iveii liiiii the slip, and tarried 
 behind. The eidoiiel not knowing; the 
 dilii(ailties that nii<>lit attend their !;oin<r up 
 to the town, immediately sent Lieutenant 
 (lilesj who could speak I'reneh, \tilli a 
 lla<; of trnee up to the town, with a siini- 
 iiions, wliieli was wrole bifure tliev landiil, 
 expecliiij; their siirreiidrr; which is as fol- 
 
 Aboarti Ifer Majesti/s Ship Adventure, vtar 
 the Out I)) JUtiiis, June 'M, 1704. 
 
 An agreement made hi/ the FieUl Oj/iccn 
 commanding lier Majesty's force!' for (he 
 present expedition against the jyr.nr.lt ene- 
 mies, and Indian rehils ; 
 
 AanKKD, 
 
 Tliiit a declaration or suminnns be fient on 
 shore at Menis and rort-Koyal, under ii Hag 
 of truce. 
 
 Particularly, 
 
 Wo do declare to you tlic many rrue)lie» 
 and barbiiritiea that you and iIh' Indians have 
 been fjnilly of towards us, in layintr waste 
 oiir country here in the east, al ('asco, and 
 the places adjacent; particularly, the horrid 
 iiclion at Deertield, this last winter, in killiiiji, 
 massacreini;, murderintr, and scalpini;, with- 
 out ;;ivin<; any notice at all, or opporlnniiy 
 to ask tpiarter at your hands ; and, after all, 
 carryini; the remainder into captivity in the 
 heiirht of winter, of which they killed many 
 ill the journey, and exposed the rest to the 
 hardships of cold and famine, worse than 
 death itself. Which ernillies we are yei 
 every day exposed unto, and exercised w itii. 
 
 We do also declare, that we have alreaily 
 made somi! be<;iniiini!s of killing' and scalp- 
 ing some Canada men, (which we have not 
 been wont to do or allow) i; re now come 
 with n i;reat number ol Lr iiid Indians, 
 
 all volunteers, with resolntioii. . . siibiliieyoti, 
 and make you .sensible of yo'ir criiellies to 
 us, by treatiiif: you after the same manner 
 
 At this time we expect our men-of-war 
 anil trnns|iort ships to be at I'ort-Hoyal 
 \\'<- liaviiii; but lately parted with them. 
 
 In the last place, we do tieclare to ymi, 
 • liat inasmuch as some of yon have shewn 
 kindness to our captives, and expresseil it 
 love to, and a desire of beinu under the 
 English frovernnienl, we do therefore, i ot- 
 witlistandiii<; all this, i;ive you timely notice, 
 and do demand a surrender immediately, by 
 the layintr down your arms, upon which we 
 promise very ^otn\ i|iiarler ; if ;iol, you must 
 expect the utmost severily. 
 
 Uknjamin i'lif lieu, Ciiionrl. 
 
 .loiiN (ioiiiiAM, Lieutenant Colonel. 
 
 WiNTiiitor Hilton, Major. 
 
 To the Chief Cominander of ilie town of 
 Menis, and the inhabilanls thereof, anil wc 
 expect your answer positively, williin an 
 hour. 
 
 Then niovin<; to the creek, expeclin|{ to 
 have had water enoniili for the boats, as llie 
 pilot had informed iheiii, lint found not watei 
 enoniih for a canoe ; so were oblijied to land, 
 intendini; to have been up at the tow n before 
 the lioiirwasont,tliiit the summonsexpressed, 
 (for their relurii was, that if oiir forces 
 would not hurt their estates, then they would 
 surrender, if otherwise itilended, they should 
 tijlhlfor them,) but meetinawilb several creeks 
 near twenty or thirty feet deep, which were 
 very mnildy and dirty, so that the army could 
 not \iv\ over them, was obliL'cd to return to 
 their boats atraiii, and wait till within iiijilt 
 before the tide servi d them to ^o up to the 
 town, and then inteinli il tnp-oiip, and not in 
 I'lll to till inoniiii;;, lit ill'.' in liiipi;. that tliii 
 banks of tlie en i ks woiilil sin III r them fruui 
 the I'liemy ; but tin: tides rising so high, ex 
 
Iii[> Adventure, mar 
 lutif 20, 1704. 
 Ilic rUld OJficcn 
 ist^'s fiircci Jhr the 
 iiist the Frritck cnc- 
 
 mmmoRs lie sent on 
 lloyiil, Uliilvr 11 lliig 
 
 l!ie iiinny criiollip* 
 iiul (Ih- lii(liiiii!<liiive 
 
 us, in l:i.vih!i was'tc! 
 
 (■list, lit ('asc(., mill 
 iru-,iiliirly,tlif lioiriil 
 list winlir, in killing, 
 , mill sciiliiint!, witli- 
 t III), or ii|i|iiiiliiiiii.v 
 iinds ; mill, n(u-r nil, 
 
 into ciiiitiviiy in llic 
 cU liny lulliil many 
 losftl llir li'sl to llie 
 
 ramini', Miiisf tliiiii 
 rncllics «<■ aii' \v\ 
 
 and t'MTci.'^fd with. 
 
 hat wi- liiivi: alicliily 
 [if lulling' mid scalp- 
 
 (whicli \M' liavi- not 
 i) I, it' now come 
 I'.i' iiid Indians, 
 
 iitioii siilidiicyoii, 
 
 of yi.'ir ciiifllifs to 
 rr till' smiKi nianiu'i- 
 ii'C.t our iiu'ii-of-war 
 ( 111' at I'ort-Koyiil 
 irtrd with llirin. 
 V do dfclan; to yovi, 
 I of you have slit'Wii 
 rs, and rx|iri'ssi'd u 
 of lirini: under tlit! 
 ,vu do llirirfoii', I ot- 
 vt> you timely notice, 
 ■iider iiiiMiediately, liy 
 linns, upon wliieli w«.' 
 rier; if .lot, yon must 
 iiy. 
 
 nil, {'inoiirl. 
 Liciitinaut Colonel. 
 TON, Major. 
 imider of I lie town of 
 laiils thereof, mid we 
 posilivily, wiliiiii an 
 
 i> ereeU, expecliii),' to 
 [h for the hoals, as ihe 
 111, hilt found not watei 
 11 were oliliiii'd to land, 
 I lip at the town I.eforo 
 le siiniinonsexpressed, 
 s, that if our foreet; 
 stales, then they would 
 •intended, they slioiihl 
 liimwilli several creeks 
 feet deep, wliicli wer.i 
 so that the army could 
 IIS ohIiL'id to return to 
 wait till uilliiii ni)!l t 
 I them to «" lip to the 
 li il to jr(i up, and not la 
 
 KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 710 
 
 lll'J Ml liopil 
 
 that till) 
 
 <aild sh< her ihein fnuil 
 ides rising !*o high, tX 
 
 pu»i-d tlieiii all to the eiit-iiiy, who had the 
 truus and woods to hefrieiid them. And so 
 came down in tlic niuilit and fired smartly 
 at our forces ; hut (Colonel (Jliurch liciii^ in 
 a piniiiice tliat had a small uaniioii placed 
 ill tlie lieiicl, or<lered it to hi! i;liari;ed several 
 limes, with biillels ill small hai,'s, and tired at 
 tliu enemy, which made such ii riittliiig 
 iimongsl the trees, that caused the enemy to 
 draw oil; and hy the j;reat providence of 
 Almiillity (Jod, not one of our forces was 
 hurt that ni<>lit ; hut, as I have hcen informed, 
 ihcv hud one Indian killiMl,aiid some others 
 wuiiudcd, which was some discoura<;ement 
 to the enemy. Next morniii!;, hy break ol 
 day. Colonel (^liiirch ordered all his forces, 
 and placed Major Hilton on the ri<;lit win^, 
 to run all up, driviii<; the enemy before them, 
 who leaving tlieir tuvvii to our forces, but hud 
 carried away the best of their goods, which 
 were soon found by our soldiers. The hulk 
 of tbeeneiny happening to lieagainst our right 
 winir, caiiseil iIk; hottest dispute there, who 
 lav behind logs and trees, till our forces, and 
 Major Hilton who led them, came on upon 
 them, and lorced tlieui to run ; and notwitli- 
 standiug the sharp tiring of the enemy, by 
 the ri^peated providence of (iod, there was 
 never a man of ours killed or wounded. 
 
 <^>ur soMicrs not having been long in town 
 before thev found considerable quantities of 
 strong drink, both brandy and claret, mid 
 being >erv gri.'edy alter it, especially the In- 
 dians, were very disorderly, tiring ut every 
 pig, turkev, or low I they saw, of which there 
 were verv plenty in the town, which endan- 
 gireil oiir own men. ('oloiiel Church per- 
 ceiving the dis(Hder, mid tiring of his own 
 ineii, ran to put a stop to it, ban several shot 
 uiiiiie verv mar him ; and lindiiig what had 
 occasioned this disorder, commanded his 
 oflicers to knock out the heads of every cask 
 of strong iiipior they could llnd in the town, to 
 prevent any further disturbance amongst bis 
 armv ; know iiig it was impossible to huv" kept 
 ilfriun tlieiii, especially the Indians, if it was 
 saved, 'riieii some of the army, who wen 
 desirous to pursue the enemy, liaviiig lieiird 
 them driviiiiraway their cattle, requested the 
 colonel to let them go ; w ho did and gave 
 them their orders. — ("aplaiii ('oidte and Cap- 
 tain ("liiirch to lead the two wings, iini 
 Ijeilteiiaiit Itarker, who led the colouel's 
 coinpiiiiy, in the centre; and tin; said (^ip- 
 lain Cooke and ('aplain Church desirei 
 lieiileuaiit ISarker not to move too fast, si 
 that he iniulit hiive the benefit of tlieii assis 
 taiice, if he bad occasion ; but the said 
 lieutenant not being so careful as he slioul 
 have been, or at least was too eager, was shot 
 down, mill another laan ; wliieh were all the 
 men that were killed iii the whole expedition. 
 Towards night (^oloiiel (Jhiirch ordered some 
 of his I'lirces to pull down someof the liiiuseH, 
 and others to get lo!;s iinil make a fortiflca- 
 tiim for his whole army to lodge in that night, 
 tliat so they iiiighl be together: and just 
 belore uiL'lit ordered some of bis liieli to go 
 Mild see if lliere were any men in any of the 
 lioa.'<>'s ill the town ; if not, to set them all on 
 lire, wliicli was done, and the whole town 
 si'i'iai'il to be on tire all a. once. The next 
 iiioriiing the colonel gavi orders to bis men 
 \i< di<r (hiwii the dams, a id let the tide in to 
 d'"-'4ivall t.'stir corn, a id every tliinj that 
 
 was good, according to lii» instructions, iind 
 to burn the fortification which they bad built 
 the ilay before, and when the tide served to 
 put all their pluiiiler which they hail got into 
 llie boats. Then ordering his soldiers to 
 march at a good distance one from another; 
 wliicii caused the enemy to think that there 
 were no less than a thousand men, as tliey 
 said afterwards, and that their burning of 
 the fortifiuution, and doing us they did, caused 
 the enemy to think that they were gone clear 
 olf, and not tu return again. Hut it proved 
 to the contrary, for Colonel (Church and his 
 forces only went aboard their transports, and 
 there staid till the tide .served ; in the night 
 embarked on board their whale-boats, landed 
 some of his men, expecting they might meet 
 with some of the eiieiny mending iheirdiiins ; 
 which they did, and with their boats went 
 up iiiiother branch of the river, to another 
 town or village ; upon sucli a surprise took 
 IS many prisoners as they could desire. And 
 it happened that Colonel Church was at the 
 IVeiicb captain's house when two gentlemen 
 came post from the governor of I'ort-iSoyal 
 to him, who was the chief coimiiamler at 
 Menis, with an e.vpri'ss to send away two 
 coinpaiiies of men to defend the king's fort 
 there, and to give him an account, tlial there 
 were three English men-of-war come into 
 I'ort-Uoyid (iiit or harbor; and that the 
 men sent for iiiiist be posted away with all 
 s|>eed. Colonel Church, as was said before, 
 being there, tn ated the two gentlemen very 
 handsomely, and told ibein, be would send 
 them back again post to their master on his 
 business ; and bid lliein give him his hearty 
 thanks for sending him such good news, that 
 part of his lleet was in so good a harbor. 
 Tlieii reading the summons to them that he 
 had sent to Meiiis, further added, that their 
 master, the governor of Port-Koyal, must 
 immediately send away a post to the gover- 
 nor of Canada, at l|iiebec, to prevent his 
 further sending any of his cruel and bloody 
 rreiich and savages, as he bad done lately 
 upon Deerlield, where they had committed 
 such horrible and bloody outrages upon those 
 poor people that never did them any liariii, as 
 is intolerable to think of; and that for the fii- 
 liire, if any such hostilities were made upon 
 our fi'Mitier towns, or any of them, be would 
 come nut with a thousand savages and 
 whale-hoals coiiveiiieiil, and turn his hack 
 upon tlieni, and let his savages scalp and 
 roast the French ; or at least treat them as 
 their savages bad treated ours. Also gave 
 llieiii an account of part of that action at 
 I'assameqaado, and that his soldiers had 
 killed ami scalped some ('auada men there, 
 mid would he glad to serve llieiii so too, if 
 be would permit them, whiidi lerrilied them 
 very niiicli. The two I'reiieli gentlemen 
 that came post, made solemn |iroinises that 
 they would punclilally do the colonel's mes- 
 saire to their governor, .'•o with the desire 
 of the I'reiicb pi opie there that the governor 
 might have this iiitilligenee, ('olonel l^buieli 
 dismissed them, and sent I hem away ; telling 
 the same story to several of tin; prismiers, 
 and what they must expect if some speedy 
 course was not taken to prevent lumber out- 
 rages upon the I'jiii;lisb. The number of 
 prisouirs then present, which wiMe eoiisidrr- 
 able, did iiiianimously entreat uf (.'olonel 
 
 Church that he would lake them under tho 
 protection of till- crown of llii^daiid ; niik- 
 ing great promises of their lidehly to the 
 same, begging wiili .'ireiit agony of spirit in 
 sa\e their lives, and ;o proleel llieiii from hit 
 savages, whom they exiiemely dreaded. As 
 to the matter of the savages, he told them, it 
 would he just retaliiitiim for liini to permit 
 his savages to treat the French in the saiiii; 
 manner ns the French with their savages 
 treated our friends in oiir frontier towns ; but 
 as to his taking them under the protection of 
 the crown of England, he utterly rel'iised it, 
 urging to them their former |ierliilioiisness; 
 they also urging tu him that il would he im- 
 possible fur any French to live any where in 
 the Uiiy of Fuiidy, if they were not taken 
 under the I'.nglish governinenl ; for with ihii 
 benefit of whale-boats, as the Kiighsb call 
 them, they could lake and destroy nil tlieir 
 people in the town of Meiiis, in one niiilit. 
 ISiit he replied to them, it should never be ; 
 alleging to them that when they were so 
 before, when Port-Koyal was taken by llni 
 I'lnglisli, that it proved of very ill conse- 
 quence to the crown of F.nglaiid, and tin; 
 subjects thereof in our froiiiiirs ; for tliat 
 our Knglish traders supplying them, eiiahli d 
 them (wliicli opporliinily they improved) to 
 supply the Indians, our bloody enemies ; and 
 tberelbre he could make no oilier terms of 
 peace with them than that, if the I'n luh a 
 Meiiis, Signecto, and Canada, would keep at 
 home willi their bloody savages, and not 
 commit any hostilities upon any of our trim- 
 tiers, we would return home and leave lliem ; 
 for that we lived at a great dlstiiiice oil", and 
 bad not conic near them to hurt them now, 
 had not the blood of our poor friends and 
 bretlireii In all the frontiers of oiir province 
 cried for vengeance ; especially that late iiii- 
 heard-of harbarity eonimitted upon the town 
 of Deerlielil ; which wrought so generally 
 on the lieiirts of our pLiiple, that our fnrees 
 came out with that nnanimily id spirit, botli 
 among the F.nglish mid our savages, that Me 
 had not, nor needed a pressed man among 
 them. The colonel also tellini; tliein, that 
 if ever hereafter any of our liontii rs, nisi 
 or west were molested by lliem, as formeilv, 
 that he wiiiild, if (iod spared his life, reliirn 
 upon tliem with a tlioiisaiid of his sava::es, 
 if he v. anted them, all volunteers, wiib mir 
 whale bonis, and, Mould pursue them to llie 
 last extreinily. The eiduinrs warm dis- 
 course with tlit-m wrought such a consierii i- 
 tioii in tliem, which they discovered bv llieir 
 tears, their hearts sensibly healing, and rising 
 lip as it Mere ready to choke them ; eonfessed 
 ihey were all bis prisoners, and beirgi'd nf 
 hiiii, for Jesus' sake, to save their lives, and 
 ibi.' lives of their poor families, mIiIi siieb 
 melting terms, as wrought nleiiliiigs in the 
 colonel's breast towards them ; but however, 
 he told thein, that liis intent Mas to carry 
 as many |>ris;-:;ers i:oiiie as m: could, hit 
 that he hiid taken so niaiiV I'ney wi re morn 
 llian he had occasion for, iioi di sired aiiv 
 more, and therefore he wonlil leave tin in. 
 The colonel resolving the next day to com- 
 plete all bis action at JSIeiiis and to draw olV, 
 iiccordi.iiily, sent his nnli is In Colonel (ior- 
 ham and Major llilloii, with all ilie I'.nglisli 
 coinpniiies, liiiih iiU'icers ami soldiers, exeepl 
 bome few, which he llioiight he might liuvo 
 
720 
 
 KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 occasion tor, to go with tlio Indinns in tlie 
 wimli'-lioiits up the (Mistward river, where n 
 ihli'il part of the iiiliahitiints hvei] ; that so 
 ho Jiii<rht prevent any rclloclioii made on 
 thini, III hNuiii^ any part of" the serviee uii 
 
 lier majesty's suhjeets to act us ahove men- 
 tinned. Thomiis Smith, 
 George Rogers, (^yjiriaii Soiithack. 
 
 After this, they coiiehidtui wliat shonid he 
 
 dime. And therefore in the evening or(h"ied i next ihiiio ; which was, that the ships should 
 
 all the whale-hoats to be laid ready for the 
 night's service; and accordingly, when the 
 tide served, he went with his Indians np the 
 river, where they did some spoil upon the 
 enemy going np. In the min'iiing several of 
 their iraiispiirts caniu to meet them, to tlieir 
 gri'iit njoieiiig, whom they went on hoard, 
 and soon came np with the whole fleet, with 
 whiim they joined, hending their einirse 
 diieevly towards Port-Uoyal, where they were 
 ordered. Coming to Port-Royal (iut, where 
 their ships were, and calling a council ac- 
 cording to his instructions, drew up their re- 
 sult, which is as follows : — 
 
 Present all the Field Officers, and Captains 
 vf the land forces. 
 
 Aboard the Province Galley, Ath Juli/, 1704, 
 in Port-Royal harbour, 
 
 ^Ve whose names are hereunto subscribed, 
 having deliberately cinisidered the cause in 
 hand, whetlii'r it be proper to land nil onr 
 forces, to olVend and destroy Uj much as we 
 can at Port-Royal, all or any part of the in- 
 hahitaiits thereof, and their estates, we are 
 of opinion, that it is not lor our interest and 
 honor, and the country's whom we serve, to 
 land or expose ourselves ; but quit it wholly, 
 and go on about our other business we have 
 to do, tor this reason, that we judge ourselves 
 inferior to the strength of the enemy ; and 
 therefore the danger and risk we run, is 
 greater than the advantage we can, or are 
 likely to obtain, seeing the enemy hutli such 
 timely notice, and long opportunity to pro- 
 vide themselves against us, by our ships lying 
 here in the road about twelve days, bel'ore 
 we could join them from Meiiis, where we 
 were during that time, and being so very 
 meanly provided with necessaries convenient 
 for such an undertaking with so small a iinin- 
 ber of men, not being above four hundred 
 capable and tit for service to land ; and iiii- 
 derstaiuliiig by all the Intelligence we can 
 get from both I'jiiglish and l''reiieli prisoners, 
 that the fort is exceedingly strong. 
 
 John (iorbain, Lieut. Col. 
 
 Winthrop Hilton, Major. 
 
 Ji.s. Rrowii, 
 James (jole, 
 John Cook, 
 Isaac iMyrick, 
 John llarradcH), 
 Having, pursuant 
 
 Constant Church, 
 John Dyer, 
 Joshua Lamb, 
 Caleb Williamson, 
 Ldward Church, 
 to my iiistrnctions. 
 
 taken the advice rd' the gentlemen above snb- 
 (cribed, and considering the weight of their 
 reasons, I do concur therewith. 
 
 HENJ. CHURCIL 
 
 Whereas Colonel Chnrch hath desired our 
 opinions, as to the landing the forces at P<H't 
 Royal, they being but four hundred eftective 
 men to land, and by all the information both 
 of Krei.cli Mild Lnglisb prisoners, the enemy 
 having a tin'alej- nniiiber (>f men, and mneh 
 b:'l''r proviiled to receive, than I hey are to'icMpossiM 
 attack them, \Ve do believe it is for the sit- llie I'liijl 
 
 tay some days longer at Port-Royul Gut, 
 and then go over to Moiint-Desart harbour, 
 and there stay till Colonel Church with his 
 transports came to them. Being all ready, 
 (be cidonel with his transports and forces 
 went up the bay to Signecto, where they 
 needed not a pilot, being several of them well 
 aeqiiaiiited there ; and hail not met with so 
 niany dilliculties at Menis, had it run been 
 that their pilot deceived tliein ; who knew 
 notliing cd' the matter, kept out of the way 
 and landed not with them. And coming to 
 Signecto, the enemy were all in arms ready 
 to receive lliem. Colonel Church landing 
 his men, the coniin;ir..ier of the enemy wav- 
 ing his swi-rd over his .'lead, bid a challenge 
 to tliera. The cohciei ordering bis two wings 
 to march np a pace, and eoine upon the 
 hacks of the enemy, himself being in the 
 centre, and the enemy knowing him, having 
 been there before, shot chiefly at him ; but 
 through God's goodness received no harm, 
 neither had he mie man killed, nor hut two 
 slightly wounded, and then all ran into the 
 woods, and left their town with nothing in ' 
 it, having bad liinely notice of onr forces, 
 had carried all away out of the reach of our 
 army ; for Colonel Cnnrcli while there with 
 part of his forces ranired the woods, hut to no 
 purpose. Then returning to the town, did 
 them what spoil he could, according to his 
 instructions, and so drew olf, and made the 
 best of their way for Passametiuado, and 
 going in, in a great fog, one of their trans- 
 ports ran upon a rock, hut was soon got off 
 again. Then Colonel Cliiireh with some of 
 his forces embarked in lliiir ■.vhale-boats, and 
 went amongst llie islands, with an intent to 
 :;o to Sharkre's, where they had destroyed 
 the (isli ; but observing a springy place in n 
 cove, Went on shore to get some water to 
 drink ; it beiii!; a sandy hcaeli, they espied 
 tra.ks, the colonel presently ordered bis men 
 to scatter, ami inaki.' search ; soon found 
 l)e Roisse's wife, who had formerly been 
 Colonel ("hiireli's prisoner, and carried to 
 Rostnn ; but returned, who seemed glad lo 
 set! him. !SIm! had with her two sons that 
 were near men !»rown. 'I'lie eolonel ordering 
 them apart, examined the wrmian first, who 
 gave him this ai'eount following, that she 
 had lived tlii'reabonts ever since the fleet 
 went by, anil lliat she hail never seen but 
 two Indians since, who (^anie in a canoe from 
 Norrlgwock ; who asked her, what made her 
 to he there alone 1 She told them, she had 
 not oeen a Frenchman nor an Indian, except 
 (hose two since the lingiisb ships went by. 
 Then the Indians told her there was not 
 one Indian left except those two, who belong 
 to the Gut of Canso, ini tins siile of Canada ; 
 for those friars coming diiwii with the In- 
 dians to IVI. (ionrdans, and linding the 
 Frenchmen slain, anil their hair spoiled, 
 being sealprd, put llieni iiilo a great coii- 
 nternalinn ; and the friars told thein it was 
 for llii'iii to \\\i'. ihi'reahonts, for 
 li with llnir whale-boats would 
 
 vic>) of Iho .'rown, and the preservation ofi serve them all so ; upon which they all went 
 
 to Norrlgwock : also told tier that when tlio 
 English came alone tlirongh PiHiobscot, they 
 had swept it of the inhabitants, as if it Inid 
 been swept with a hioom, neither French 
 nor Indians escaping them : further told heri 
 that when their fathers, the friars, and the 
 Indians met together at Norrlgwock they 
 called It council, and the friars t(>ld rlie In. 
 dinns, that they must look out for some other 
 country, for that it was impossible tor llicni 
 to live there ; also told them there was a river 
 called Mossippee, where they might live 
 quietly, and no English come near them — it 
 being as far beyond Canada, as it was to it, 
 and if they would go and live there, they 
 would live and die with them, but if not they 
 would leave them, and never come near them 
 again. Wli«reupon they all agreed to go 
 away ; which they did, nnd left their ro ;.1| 
 household stuff, nnd corn behind them, and 
 went nil, except those two for Canada. Also 
 her sons giving the same intelligence, so wo 
 had no reason to think hut that it was true. 
 
 Colonel Chiireh having done what he 
 could there, embarked on board the trans- 
 ports, and went to RIount-Uesart, t'onnd no 
 ships there, but a rnndlet rid off" by a line in 
 the hnrbour, which he ordered to be taken 
 np, and opening of it found a letter, whieli 
 gave him an account that the ships were 
 gone home for lloston. Then he proceeded 
 and went to Penobscot ; where being come, 
 made diligent search in those jiarts for the 
 enemy, but could not find or make any dis- 
 covery of them, or that any had been lliere 
 since be left those parts, which caused him 
 to believe what De Roisse'a wife had told 
 him was true. 
 
 I will only by the way just give a hint of 
 what we heard since of llie eft"ects of this ex- 
 pedition, and then proceed: First, that the 
 English forces that went to Norrlgwock, 
 found that the enemy was gone, and had 
 left their rough household sliilV and corn be- 
 hind tliein; also not long after this expedi- 
 tion, there were several gentlemen sent down 
 from Canada, to concert with onr governor 
 about the settling of a cartile for the ex- 
 change of prisoners ; and that the governor 
 of Canada has never since sent (hiwii an 
 army upon onr frontiers, except sometimes a 
 scout of Indians to take siniie prisoners, that 
 he might lie inforinid of our state, and what 
 we were acting; and always look cine that 
 the prisoners so taken should be civilly treat- 
 ed, and safely returned, as I have been in- 
 l"orined ; that some of tluf prisoners that were 
 taken gave an aeeoiint; so that we have 
 great cause to believe that the message Colo- 
 nel Clinreh sent by the two French gi nilemen 
 from Rleiiis, lo the governor of I'ort-Roynl, 
 look eftecl, and was a means to Iiring pence 
 in our borders. Then C^olonel Chnrch with 
 his forces embarked on board the transportti, 
 and went to Casco-l5ay, where they met with 
 Captain (lallop, in a vessel from lloston. 
 who had brought Colonel Chiireh furthcp 
 orders ; which was lo send somt.' of his forces 
 up to Norrrigwock, in pursuit of the enemy; 
 hut he being sensible that the enemy were 
 out, and fatigne'd in llie hard serviee they 
 had already done, and naiitrd lo get home, 
 called a eonneil, nnd agreed all to go, which 
 iiecoidingly they did, tlius iMKliiig this ex- 
 pedition. 
 
r tliiit when tlio 
 I'lMiobscot, lliey 
 Its, IIS if it liiid 
 K'illitT French 
 'iirtiicr told lier, 
 fiiiii'ii, iiiitl the 
 iirinwdck. they 
 irs t(>liJ rhe In- 
 
 tor some other 
 )ssiblc for them 
 lit're wns a river 
 ley niiijlit live 
 ; netir them — it 
 
 11^ it WHS to it, 
 live tiiere, they 
 , but if not ihey 
 jonie nenr tiieiii 
 
 I agreed to go 
 left their ro ;.Ii 
 hind them, and 
 • raiiada. Also 
 .'llijrencc, fo wo 
 lilt it was true, 
 done wliat he 
 onrd the trans- 
 esiirt, I'ound no 
 off by a line in 
 ed to be tnUeti 
 
 a letter, wliieli 
 the siiips were 
 ;n he proceeded 
 ■re being come, 
 <e ])arts for the 
 r make any dis- 
 
 had been there 
 icli ciiiiBod him 
 
 II wife had told 
 
 t iiive a hint of 
 ffects of this ex- 
 : First, that the 
 to Norrigwock, 
 
 ^one, and had 
 ntr and corn be- 
 fler this expedi- 
 lemen sent down 
 ith onr governor 
 •tile for the ex- 
 lat the governor 
 i sent (lown an 
 cept sometimes a 
 le prisoners, liiat 
 r state, mid what 
 8 took care that 
 d lie civilly treat- 
 
 I have been in- 
 isoners that were 
 io that we have 
 le message Colo- 
 'reiich gcnilemen 
 ir of I'orl-lJoynl, 
 IS to liriiig peace 
 inel Church willi 
 rd the transports, 
 ere they met with 
 el from lloston. 
 
 Church further 
 !onie of bis forces 
 (lit of the enemy ; 
 
 the enemy were 
 an! service they 
 nil il lo get home, 
 d nil to go, which 
 
 emling this ex-